JllFEESOJir G0UN1B:N.T Cornell University Library The original of this bool< is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924075483184 All books are subject to recall after two weeks Olln/Kroch Library DATE DUE J**™t ■ok: » GAYLORD PRINTED IN U.S.A. ' d2. THE GROWTH OF A CENTURY AS ILLUSTRATED IN THE History of Jefferson County, NEW YORK, KROM 1793 TO 1894. "The war-worn lived content upon his unmenaced pension, with no anxious thought as to penury or the poor-house. And when his worlc was done it was left to the historian to write that in material prosperity, in moral force, in the power which comes from the respect of other nations, the United States held a position never before attained." — [i88o-g2.] Daniel Webster once wrote: "There maybe, indeed, a respect for ancestry which nourishes only a weak pride. But there is also a moral and philosophical respect for ancestors which elevates the character and improves the heart — a respect which is laudably manifested by perpetuating their lineaments and de- scribing their virtues." COMPILED FROM STATE, COUNTY AND TOWN RECORDS, WITH MANY ORIGINAL ARTICLES UPON INTERESTING SUBJECTS, JOHN A. HADDOCK. ALBANY, N. Y. WEED-PARSONS PRINTING COMPANY, PRINTERS AND BINDERS. 1895. DEDICATION. Upon the Peristj'le at the Chicago World's Fair, of 1893, were inscribed the words printed below — the author being President Charles W. Eliot of Harvard University. They are inserted here as strikingly appropriate for our purpose : TO THE BOLD MEN, THEIR NAMES REMEMBERED OR FORGOTTEN, WHO FIRST EXPLORED, THROUGH PERIL'S MANIFOLD, THE SHORES, LAKES, RIVERS, MOUNTAINS, VALLEYS AND PLAINS OF THIS NEW LAND. TO THE BRAVE SETTLERS WHO LEVELLED FORESTS, CLEARED j;iELDS, MADE PATHS BY LAND AND WATER, AND PLANTED COMMONWEALTHS. TO THE BRAVE WOMEN WHO IN SOLITUDE, AMID STRANGE DANGERS AND HEAVY TOIL, REARED FAMILIES, AND MADE HOMES. A FEW DARED, TOILED AND SUFFERED, MYRIADS ENJOY THE FRUITS. OF MANY RACES, TONGUES, CREEDS AND AIMS, BUT ALL HEROES OF DISCOVERY. THE WILDERNESS AND THE SOLITARY PLACE SHALL BE GLAD OF THEM. BUT BOLDER THEY WHO FIRST OFFCAST THEIR MOORINGS FROM THE HABITABLE PAST. AND VENTURED, CHARTLESS, ON THE SEA OF STORM-ENGENDERING LIBERTY. I, FREEDOM, DWELL WITH KNOWLEDGE; I ABIDE WITH MEN BY CULTURE TRAINED AND FORTIFIED. CONSCIENCE MY SCEPTRE IS, AND LAW MY SWORD. WE HERE HIGHLY RESOLVE THAT GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE BY THE PEOPLE SHALL NOT PERISH FROM THE EARTH. COPYRIGHT, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED, 1895. A FEW EXPLANATIONS. The desire to write a History of my native county first formulated itself in my mind in 1892, largely developed through the advice of Dr. A. R. Thomas, now Dean of the great Haiineman College and Hospital in the city of Philadelphia, who was once a Watertown boy, born upon Beebe's Island about the same year as my- self (in 1823). His advice was gratefully received, for he has had much to do with books, as student, reader, teacher and publisher. I hesitated long before under- taking such a task, but gradually the thought became one of simple " duty," and I was led to my final decision in a way which a judicious friend advises me it would not be proper to speak of in public, for fear that some hypercritical person might say I was " poseing for effect." Suffice it to say that when my decision was reached my desire to take up the work became altogether predominant. It was like a con- suming fire. I knew that the times were hard. Nevertheless I persevered, and have worked for about fourteen months continuously and conscientiously, early and late, with the result which is before the reader. I am painfully conscious that the work has many imperfections. There are some errors that ought to have been avoided, and a few articles that might have been omitted. I have at the last been much puzzled as to what to leave out, for not half the material I have prepared has obtained a place. My promise was to make a book of 480 pages. This volume contains over 950. My labors have been materially aided (and at a trying crisis) by Gov. Flower and his two noble brothers, John D. and Anson R., and by his nephew, Fred., son of Col. G. W. Flower; by Mrs. C. H. McCormick, and by Dr. A. R. Thomas, of Philadelphia city. To Mr. J. W. Brockway, of Watertown, a gentleman who knows full well the trials of publishing, I have been indebted for material aid, as well as for sound counsel, and for kindest words of encouragement. No man's friendship has pleased me more than his. Indeed the press of the country has given my work ample and hearty endorsement, while the great mass of the people have treated me fully as well as I deserved. For assistance in editing and preparing matter for the History, I am under obligation to Hon. L. Ingalls, Col. A. D. Shaw, Gen. Bradley Winslow, Col. D. M. Evans, now of Minneapolis, Minn.; to Mr. Geo. Allen, of Pierrepont Manor; to Mrs. E. J. Clark; to Mr. Joseph Fayel and his talented brother William, now of St. Louis; to Mr. L. G. Peck, of Carthage; to General Bradley Winslow; to Mr. Theodore Butterfield, of Syracuse; to Lieut. Don M. Watson, of Redwood, and to my early friend, Mr. Andrew J. Fairbanks, one of the oldest Watertown-born citizens now upon the stage; and last, not least, to Miss Florence Ida Bickford, my indefatigable assistant. We beg indulgence from the reader if he perceives trivial errors. The page of " Errata " is referred to for a settlement of some crooked lapses, and the reader will perhaps be more charitable when he considers how many names and dates are herein recorded. We are aware that in each town some deserving people have not been men- tioned, and possibly that some are noticed who might well have been omitted. The public should remember that the history of a county is not a census report, nor yet would it be a history if none were named especially. Men and families are what make history, so far as personalities are concerned, and these, after all, make up the greater part of what we call "life," and the delineation of "life" is history; add to this the indifference manifested by the average American citizen as to his own or parents' genealogy, and the reader will appreciate why some people are omitted who think they ought to have been mentioned. Now that the work is done, we become more and more conscious of its de- merits. Another may come who will be glad to read what we have written and compiled, and if he be chastened by experience, to him the author willingly leaves his fate, and we shall perhaps rest easier if by chance he may say a word in praise. Jno. A. Haddock. A PLEA FOR PERSONALITY. Colonel Shaw, in his excellent "Founder's Day Oration," delivered at Cornell University in 1892, quoted Horatio Seymour as declaring that " History was robbed of its most useful details through the omission of little things, which are the real basis of character, and enable us to become acquainted with the associa- tions and conditions which have much to do with moulding the lives of past generations." Harriet Beecher Stowe, in her admirable "Old Town Folks," says there is so much that is human in every man that the life of a single individual, if really and vividly portrayed, in all its aspirations, struggles, failures, and suc- cesses, would command the interest of all. Beyond this, however, it should be considered that every individual is part and parcel of a great picture of that society in which he lives and acts, and his life cannot be depicted without reproducing the picture of the world he lives in. It has appeared to me that by introducing many biographies and vivid descriptions of transactions which may be strictly classed as "personal," I shall be able to present to the reader the image of a period in Jefferson county's growth most peculiar and interesting, the impress of which has almost faded away. I mean those ante-railroad and telegraph times, the period when our isolated position made us a self-contained, ultra-democratic collection of farmers and denizens of small villages, shut out from the older portions of the State — and separated by a pathless ocean from the Old World, whose refinement and civilizing influences were almost forgotten — and yet, under all these depressing conditions, there burned, like a live coal, individual characteristics and personal yearnings which could only be satisfied by experiences (sometimes fruitless for good) with the great world which was beyond our limited horizon. Before Macauley began his History of England, none but educated Englishmen were familiar with the early history of their native land — for the men who had up to that time written English history were learned pedants, with minds full of dates and naked facts, but lacking in a single spark of imaginative power, and their books were not read by the common people because uninteresting. When Macauley's book began to be known, however, the printing presses had to be forced to extra speed to supply the enormous demand ; for he introduced his own inimitable powers of description into every chapter, and the reader saw real men and women parade before him upon the stage of what seemed to be real life. He neglected no fact or date or person, but he wove them all together in such a way that his His- tory read like an attractive essay. When this distinguished author passed away with only a part of his great work completed, even the common people mourned his loss, and it was felt by all that a great light had gone out in England. No one has yet taken up the work he left unfinished. If, then, in these pages the reader shall find considerable personality — in biographies, in political delineations and in the chronicling of leading incidents in certain prominent men's lives — let him not pass them over as unbecoming a "history;" but regard such efforts, rather, as really the best way of impressing history upon the human mind. Nor will these pages fail in trustworthy data in IN TR OD UC TION. Statistics, or facts, with such other details (often dry as dust) as are demanded in a faithful portraiture of that condition to which we apply the generic term "life." It should not be forgotten that the need for publishing personal biographies is much greater in this democratic government than in one where royalty rules, and by its titled court gives tone to society, to literature, even to morals. Royalty beholds its own greatness reflected in its nobles, and their individual history is well looked after, published at public expense, and religiously preserved among the archives of that nation; and in America there are many ancient families who can any day appeal to these records, printed and written, and trace their lineage back for a thousand years. But in our own Republic there is no public method of preserving a record of those (perhaps more truly noble), who, from generation to generation, perpetuate patriotism and love of goodness and respect for learning. For a record of such lives we must depend upon private publication and upon such histories as local pride or the hope of gain may bring forth from one era to another. Emerson, in his admirable lectures upon " Representative Men," strikes the true note as regards greatness and our present duty to perpetuate its memory ; not as slavish idol-worshippers, but as men who, by their common humanity, are in some sense allied to a higher life, and may perhaps in their own breasts feel the latent yearnings of a sentiment which those we call "great " can deliver to our listening ears or to our ready understanding with such facility. Nature, he says, seems to exist for the excellent. The world is upheld by the veracity of good men (and he might have said of good women, too, for he doubtless meant it); they make the earth wholesome, and those ,who live with them find life glad and nutri- tious. They grow to be good in an atmosphere of goodness, and such noble ones we immortalize by calling our children and our towns after them. Their very names are wrought into the verbs of languages ; their effigies are in our homes, and each day we recall them by some apt remembrance. The knowledge that from Watertown emanated the cunning device (long sought and needed in every household) by which any oil can be burned without a chimney; and that in that town was born the inventive mind that produced a railway car in which the sick, the wounded, the aged or the weary may be borne in a decent bed from ocean to ocean; or that, soaring above pure mechanism into the realms of deductive phi- losophy, a Jefferson county man discovered, by analytical chemistry, that God- sent anaesthetic which gives painless forgetfulness under the surgeon's cruel knife — we say that such a knowledge raises the credit of all that county's citizens, and loosens a thousand streams of ambitious emulation, and may quicken the womb of all futurity. The great moral of biography is that it brings us in touch with the good who have preceded us, or (better still) are yet spared to our daily observation. Every ship that comes to America got its chart from Columbus ; every novel-writer (not excepting our beloved Wm. Dean Howells, the printing-office graduate), is a debtor to Homer and to Shakespeare. Every carpenter who shaves with a fore- plane is in debt to some former inventor. We may justly be said to be as great gainers by finding a new property in the old earth as if we had discovered a new planet. INTRODUCTION. Men are helpful to one another, too, through the affections and the finer sensi- bilities. One cannot read Plutarch in his delineations of the characters of great warriors or rulers without a tingling of the blood. One obscure sage may be the instructor of an hundred ages. Plato, through the mechanism of the printed page, speaks to a thousand millions, while in his own day he ranked as only the teacher of a village. How long ago Confucius lived no archfeologist can tell, but his influence is the one grand gift of the oldest people to all later mankind. Human society has been compared to a Pestalozzian school, where all are teach- ers and pupils in turn. We are equally served while receiving or imparting. Men who know the same things are not the best company for each other. But bring to each an intelligent person of an another experience, and it is as if you let off water from a lake by cutting another basin. It seems a great mechanical advantage, and becomes a decided benefit to each speaker, because each supplements the other; and so when we read of genius or exceptional moral worth or proud achievements, we desire that our inward aspirations may conform to what we read. Who will deny that we are in some indefinable way linked for good to those we admire ? For we know that every possibility must have for its germ a resolution to achieve. The genius of humanity is the right point of view of history. The endearing and desirable qualities abide — the men who exhibit them serve their purpose and pass away, but their qualities are preserved, and adorn some other life. The ves- sels upon which the beholder reads sacred emblems, turn out to be common pot- tery, but the sense of the picture is sacred, and may (by the printed page) be transferred to the whole world. At last we shall doubtless cease to look to even the best men for completeness, and content ourselves with their social or delegated qualities. In all things there are some imperfections.- Even the finest marble reveals some coarser specks. And it is well that such should be the fact; else man, conscious in his inner soul of many imperfections, would cease to press upward and onward, discouraged by the perfection around him. But he struggles forward, approaching completeness as closely as his limitations will permit; and, with such thoughts in his mind, the writer begins the work upon this History. JNO. A. HADDOCK. 1793-1893 As THIS is an "alleged" History, and is expected to be read 50, 60, perhaps 100 years hence, it may be appropriate, in its first pages, to concentrate a few thoughts connecting the year 1893 — which has just closed as we begin the preparation of this work — with that '93 of a century ago. These '93's seem to be phenomenally un- propitious years. In 1793 terror reigned in France, then just past its zenith as the first political power in Europe. The infuriated people took their poor fat king, who did not know enough to act as conductor upon a city trolley car, and with no more harm in him than there is in a watermelon, and barbarously guillotined him. And his wife, the beloved Marie Antoinette, a peerless, charitable, eminently religious Catholic lady, they took her from her miserable prison one morning and chopped oli her head, in the name of " liberty, equality and fraternity " — and this, after the mob had led before her grated window her poor, de- luded little son, the legitimate heir to the throne of France, and made him shout, for her to hear, " Vive la Commune ! " After that inhuman cruelty, death must have been a glad release. The '93 of the last century was a dreadful year — none darker in all the centuries. France was literally crazy, and the insanity spread even to surrounding countries. Would you believe it ? — in the grand old Quaker city of Philadelphia, American patriots in various conditions from grog, danced the can-can and sang disreputable communist songs. Then try to realize the contagious panic which swept over sedate England, when Burke, one of the greatest statesmen that or any other country ever produced, even with his sovereign reason and capacity for thought, dashed a dagger down upon the iloor of the House of Com- mons, to emphasize his hatred of the French, an animosity which seems to have taken possession of every Englishman. And then the Germans— who have about as much business in France as we would have in Brazil — must needs invade France and be shrivelled up at Valmy and Jemappez. And Napoleon, that Corsioan scourge, just beginning his fateful career, that was to end with the allies in his capital, and he a caged prisoner in St. Helena. Passing to our own '93 — the rounded cen- tury in the development of that once wildei'- ness Black River country, now " blossoming as the rose," and literally "abounding with fatness," and again concentrating our thoughts upon France, we see, not heads chopped off — but what a chopping of credit, of public reputations, of national self- respect ! — the culmination of the Panama business developing a state of morals that found but poor vindication in sending the principal promoters to prison ; the most dis- tinguished engineer of his time dragged down to the level of a common swindler. The head-chopping of 1793 could hardly have been worse, and may possibly be ex- cused on the plea of " general insanity" — but the France of 1893 made public that dry-rot which had eaten away the vital honesty of so many of her high officials. And has the '93 of our day been much kinder to Germany ? Take her young, am- bitious, restless, meddling, fussy emperor — can you imagine any thing more trying to the nerves than to live under such a ruler, when any midnight whistle of the wind may suggest a summons to mobilize that vast human machine, his army, and start it any day on the familiar road to Paris, via Sedan and Strasburg. And Italy, that land of the she-wolf's suckled infants — the home of modern art and artists — so rich in storied memories, sun-kissed, and environed with purpling vineyards — she is bankrupt, almost beyond any fate short of repudiation. And then Austria, with her antagonistic nationalities, tlireatened by destruction between the South and that ponderous Russia, halting between barbarism, anarchy, or war. And then England— the country from which we so largely sprung ; which has amiably sought, by two wars, to bring us back to her motherly protection and her peculiar love, but failing in her benevolent and unselfish designs, becoming our clamor- ous competitor in the markets of the world; and then, in our hour of sorest need, turn- ing loose upon us armed cruisers, to burn our unarmed merchant-ships, and drive our flag from the ocean. And then, when the gallant Winslow had brought one of these English-built-and-manned pirate ships to bay, and had left her decks level with the sea, just then a watchful British ship inter- feres, and rescues from capture the pirate's captain, bearing hinr away to a reception in England's capital. This is that friendly England which is even now attempting, in many ways, to shape to her own selfisli ends the tariff laws of the country her great Gladstone sought to dismember. Think of the losses brought upon her by her over- reaching greed; the fall of her greatest banking-house, and the later disclosures of mal-administration in the Bank of England itself. Staggering under these and kindred disadvantages, her heavily taxed people are asked to add new war-ships, to cost $125,- 000,000, to her already enormous navy, be- cause her supremacy in the Mediterranean is threatened by Russia and France. And the United States — possessing the bravest, freest, most enlightened people 8 THE GROWTH OF A CENTURY. under the sun (if we are not greatly mis- taken)— even we are finding this fateful '93 the worst year of the century: surpassing even '57 or '7iJ — all springing from a sense- less newspaper and monometallist crusade against silver, thus weakening public con- fidence, and resulting in a far-reaching panic that has stopped mills and foundries all over the land, and thrown nearly half of the railroad mileage of the country into the hands of an unprecedented body of men known as ' ' receivers," responsible to no body on earth save the judges who appoint them. All this has come about by a wicked and senseless attempt to destroy silver as a circulating medium, when the whole land is filled with plenty; with storehouses burst- ing with every earthly product that contri- butes to man's comfort or happiness ; with good flour at $3.50 a barrel, wheat 70 cents a bushel, and other grains in proportion. The strongest moneyed institutions have trembled to their foundations, and feebler ones have fallen in every direction. It has indeed been a year of gloom and of pro- found sorrow to men as well as nations. But it has passed, and the worst has been endured. We are already emerging from the dark cloud that so suddenly darkened the whole mercantile world, and we shall go forward with loftier ideas of human brotherhood, and will press on to new achievements and a more advanced civiliza- tion. We add the two following articles, as they throw some additional light upon the year 1893: From the Philadelphia Times (Democratic), Dec. 31, '93. The End op 1893. — The year will be re- membered all over the world as the year of ' ' hard times. " It has not been every where or in the same degree a panic year, but it has been everywhere, from Hindostan to Oregon, one of commercial and industrial depression. We have not yet got quite free from the habit of our forefathers of regard- ing every nation as separate from and an- tagonistic to all other nations. This medias- val conception still maintains on the continent of Europe, to the great cost of the people — but every year demonstrates more plainly that the real relations between nations are those of trade, commerce and finance, and that the railway, the steamship and the telegraph have knit them together so closely that the conditions which affect one affect all. While the universality of the depression of 1893 shows this, it also shows how closely the extent and effect of such periods of depression are connected in every country with either particular mis- fortunes or with particular mistakes. In Germany we see this very plainly. That great empire is oppressed by the diversion of the best enei'gies of a large part of its population to the unproductive pursuit of war. The cost of the imperial army is not only in direct taxation, but in its bad effect upon the industrial development of the country. The effort to overcome this result of militarism by an unreasonably high pro- tective tariff, enhancing prices without thereby establishing sound industrial con- ditions, has simply aggravated the disease, and has brought Germany to a condition of "hard times" which even the general re- covery expected during the new year will not do much to relieve without a decided change of imperial policy. Italy affords an even more conspicuous example of the results of excessive taxation. The existing poverty in that country is probably greater than in any other part of Europe, both because the military burden of Italy is relatively the greatest, and be- cause the administrative machinery of the country is very inefiicient, and the taxes imposed upon the people are out of all pro- portion to any benefits received from them. France feels the military burden less because the French people are more industrious and thrifty, and because the political adminis- tration of the country, under whatever form of government, is well organized, efficient and economical . But France also has been dabbling in economic quack remedies, pro- tective tariffs and the like, that have dis- turbed her commercial system more than it has been disturbed for many years past, while the wild speculations in canals, in cop- per, in all sorts of securities and insecurities indulged in during the past decade, have brought about the inevitable reaction, and France has been suffering with the rest of us, the complaint of " hard times." In Austria the conditions have been ag- gravated by an unsound financial system and by an effort to reform it, undertaken at an unfortunate time, and not as yet entirely successful. Tlie connection of Russia with tlie rest of Europe is less intimate, and Russia might, perhaps, have profited some- what by the misfortunes of her neighbors at this time had she been in a condition to do so. But the disastrous failures of the crops in the preceding year, the resulting famine and the following pestilence, the burden of her own great military establishment, and various arbitrary regulations that have hampered her commercial enterprise, have made Russia also a great sufl:erer from •' hard times." Further off still, in British India, an artificial stimulation of industrial enterprise, arrested by the collapse of a. de- based monetary system, has plunged the people of that land into unusual distress. Under such conditions England, the cen- tral clearing house of the world's business, could not escape the universal depression. Investments have failed in the East and in the West ; the wrecks left by the bursting of the South American bubble have not yet been clearerl away ; trade has everywhere been lessened by the poverty of England's best customers, and the long strike of the coal miners paralyzed every branch of in- THE GROWTH OF A CENTURY. dustry, and left nothing but poverty in its train. Alarmed by threatened naval su- premacy in the Mediterranean, England sees that her influence there can only be contin- ued by enormous expenditures for new ships-of-war. The United States, closely united with England in finance and commerce, must under any circumstences have shared in the general depression of 1893. But with us there were special causes which converted mere " hard times " into what may be de- noQiinated a panic. The artificial stimula- tion of our industries prepared the way for the collapse that came with the farcical fail- ure of confidence in our national currency. In this country, more than in any other, the government has practically assumed not only the regulation of commerce, but a monopoly of the most important functions of banking, so that our commercial credit is more than elsewhere dependent upon the condition of the public treasury. The result of a gradual substitution of silver for gold as a basis of the national currency had long been foreseen, but the critical point was reached just when the general conditions throughout the world presented the most imminent danger, and at the time when the turning point was reached there ensued a needless panic more severe and far reaching than any which this generation at least has known, and from whose effects the country is just beginning to emerge. Such is the record of 1893. Happily it is.a record that we may now regard as closed, not merely because we shall write a new date in our books, but because the signs of revival are everywhere apparent. Here and there the silent factories are starting up again, not a few of them with the confes- sion that they are behind with their orders and must work hard to make up for lost time. The integrity of our currency is absolutely assured (indeed it should not have been questioned); the economic policy of the government is virtually decided — a policy that will stimulate industry and make pos- sible the wide extension of our commerce. There are difficulties remaining as the fruit of past mistakes, but they are not beyond the power of Congress and the people to correct with reasonable certainty and promptness. The one thing needed in closing the ac- count of 1893 is that all true Americans should with it close the prejudices and par- tisan animosities that have contributed so much to increase the sufferings of the people, and come together with the new year in true devotion to our common national honor and prosperity. The country needs at such a time the honest help of every honest man, not so much to promote his private interests or personal views, but to build up mutual trust and a feeling of restful security. "Hard times" were never yet cured by bickering and scolding. If we but drop our minor differences and go for ward, with a genuine spirit of American loyalty and courage, the gloomy record of 1893 will soon be forgotten. London, Jan. 3, 1894. — In a review of English trade in 1893, the ' ' Times " asserts that the year has been a more trying one than any in the decade. It recalls the lock- out of the Lancashire districts, the strike of the dock laborers at Hull, the lock-out on the Midland coal-fields and the attendant strikes in the coal-fields of South Wales and Scotland. All these dislocated trade, which was further disturbed by the long series of bank failures in Australia and the depression in American railway stocks, and by home- investment troubles. These depleted in- comes and forced economy upon a large number of English people. In addition, manufacturers and traders had to meet in- creasing foreign competition. The Kidder- minster carpet trade and the screw-making industry at Birmingham, as well as the Leicester shoe trade, have felt the effects of American competition, while the lace- makers at Nottingham have felt the com- petition of the continent. Sheffield has had to endure German competition in cutlery, the Yorkshire woolen trade felt the effects of the American financial crisis as well as the wide-spread industrial depression at home, and English steel-makers have suf- fered from the effects of over-production. Since the lock-out terminated, in the spring, the Lancashire cotton trade has been benefited by cheap supplies of raw material and b3' a good and steady demand from India. The lock-out and the silver troubles have, however, absorbed the ad- vantages enjoyed during the latter part of 1893 by the cotton trade. On the other hand, the building and engineering trades have been in a generally satisfactory condi- tion, and the silverware industry at Shef- field has i-eceived a fillip by the fall in the price of silver. The inherent conditions of trade have been generally sound, and remain so. What is now lacking is confidence and stability of affairs abroad. In America, affairs are clearing, and there is likely to be a revival of trade. If uncertainty in Brazil and Ar- gentina were removed, the deferred ship- ments to those countries would stimulate industry in England. The Indian financial situation may be the retarding element, and remain so until the price of silver becomes more specific. With abundant supplies of raw materials at almost bottom prices, and a steadily enlarging demand, the prospect for 1894 is more promising than was the prospect for 1893. The cycle of depression which followed the Baring collapse in 1890, is now showing signs of exhaustion. With these articles before him, the his- torical student of the next hundred years will be able to get a fair idea of the condi- tion of the commercial and financial world on the 1st of January, 1894, when our record ends. J. A. H. 10 THE GROWTH OF A CENTURY. THE WATERWAYS OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. BY HON. LOTUS INGALLS. Commencing on the north side of the county, the Indian river first attaots the ob- server's attention. Rising in Lewis county, easterly of Natural Bridge in Wilna, it enters Jefferson county at the Bridge, cross- ing a corner of the town, and again enters Lewis county for a distance of 10 or 12 miles, and re-enters Jefferson in tire town of Wilna near the Antwerp line — thvougli which town it runs in a very crooked man- ner, making several large bends — as if heading for the St. Lawrence; but, correct- ing itself, concludes to water more country by turning westward for a distance, then southward — making an immense bow. Entering the town of Philadelphia on its northern border, it crosses the town south- westerly, enters the town of LeRay in the same direction, evidently inclining towards the valley of Black river, but again cliang- ing its purpose when within a mile of Evans Mills, it turns abruptly on its heel and re- traces its course northward, entering the town of Theresa on a northward by western trend, serving as outlet for several small lakes in its course — finally emptying its darkish waters into the Oswegatchie. The color of the waters of all these rivers that rise in the Adirondack region, is of a brown- ish cast, but soft, and classed by chemists as among the very best. The junction of the Indian and the Oswegatchie is not far from where they find their final resting place in the mighty St Lawrence. The Indian river has a good fall at Natural Bridge, a nioderate one at Sterlingbush, one at Antwerp village, also one at Pl^iladelphia, another two miles above Theresa, and two more (one of them of over 50 feet) at Theresa village — affording good mill privileges at all these points. But in dry summers and in long, severe winters, the water supply is not adequate to the demands upon it for continuous work. Below Theresa village the river is navigable for steamers of light draught, and such are used there for busi- ness as well as pleasure. Maskolunge are caught in the river and lakes below the high falls, and mullet and suckers at the time of spring fresliets. Bullheads and suckers are abundant above the high falls. The river has several tributaries, but they are scarcely entitled to historical mention, except as they serve the important uses of agriculture. Black River. — This is the most important stream of the county, and gave its generic name to this region of the country. It rises in the Adirondacks, northeast of Boonville, and after reaching Jefferson county runs i-ather directly and centrally through it from east to west, though the territory of the county is larger north of the river than soutli of it. Between Cartha,§e, just above which im- portant village this river enters the county, and Dexter, below which it enters the ex- treme northeastern end of Lake Ontario, Black river falls 480 feet, and is an almost continuous series of rapids, with several precipitous falls, varying from 3 to 15 feet in height, affording about 25 miles of con- tinuous water power of rare excellence and usefulness. The bed and banks of the river are of limestone, affording firm foundations for dams and manufactories. Black River Bay, into which the river discharges its waters, is accounted the finest and safest harbor on Lake Ontario, not sur- passed by any on the entire chain of water, ways between Sackets Harbor and Duluth on Lake Superior. The harbor is absolutely safe from heavy winds, being completely landlocked, and covers an area of 60 square miles, with a depth of water sufficient to float large steamers or sailing craft. It was this depth of water that led the government to build (at Sackets Harbor) the llO-gun frigate, the " New Orleans," near the close of tlie war of 1812 with England. This ship was never launched, but would have been had the war continued another year. The waters of Black river ax-e dark and soft. Its principal tributaries are the Bea- ver, Moose and Deer rivers, receiving, of course, many lesser streams on its way to the lake. Many of the lakes of the Adiron- dack region find outlets into the head waters of Black river or some of its main tribu- taries. It is not a stream in which fish are plentiful — even the proverbial " oldest in- habitant" can scarcely recall ilie daj' on which he saw anybody' fishing in its waters. But it is said there are more fish in it now than formerly. Black River Bay, however, at certain seasons of the year, furnishes ample supplies of pike and pickerel. Black River Floods. —Like most large streams this river is more or less subject to floods. It usually has two stages of high water in the spring — the first occurring when the early spring tliaw dissolves the snows on the low lands and the cleared fields in its valley; and the second flood is due two to three weeks later, when still warmer weather melts the deep snows on the higher wooded ranges of the Adirondacks. where the river and its main tributaries have their rise. Out of one of these floods grew a memorable law suit between the mill and factory owners on Black river and the State of New York. The Great Flood op 1869. —This was an occurrence of more than passing interest, happening on the lower part of tlie river on the morning of April 32, 1869. It was oc- casioned by the breaking away of the For- THE GROWTH OF A CENTURY. 11 estport dam, built by the State in creating a great reservoir to supply the lack of water in a dry time; but more especially to make np for the water diverted by the State from Black river to supply the canal of that name and feed the 60-mile level on the Erie canal from the " Feeder," which enters that canal at Rome. This greatest of floods ever known here, damaged to a greater or less degree nearly every mill owner on the stream from Forestport to Dexter, of whom there were over 300 in number. The cir- cumstances were peculiar; there was the usual spring flood prevailing at the time, which had reached its climax on the 31st of April, and had begun to recede, when sud- denly (in the night of the 31st, at Lyons Falls, and in the early morning at Water- town), the water rose prodigiously and with great rapidity. The water was high from the natural causes when the Forestport dam gave way. between 4 and 5 P. M. on the 31st, and that fact gave occasion for the State to excuse itself from paying damage, on the plea that it was providential; holding tena- ciously to the questionable allegation that the mischief could not have been due to the water from the reservoir, for after the dam gave way there was not time enough for that deluge to have reached Carthage, Great Bend, Felts Mills. Black River, Watertown, Brownville and Dexter, soon enough to in- flict the damage at the several hours and places it was claimed to have been done. This point proved to be the cliief contention in the numerous suits brought against the State for dauiages. The plea of the State was that it was not possible for the waters of the reservoir to pass down the rapids above Lyons Falls, then through the 37-mile level to "Carthage, and thence on to Water- town, in 13 or 14 hours — between 4 to 5 P. M. of April 31st, at the Forestport dam, and 5 to 8 o'clock the next morning at Water- town. This was at flrst rather a stunning plea to the complainants. But where else could the water have come from ? The nor- mal flood had readied its climax and began to recede, when suddenly there came a rise of 8 to 10 feet in the briefest period, like a tidal wave, and with herculean force. The books upon hydraulics and liydrosta- tics were appealed to, and they solved the conundrum readily. Expert testimony was then introduced to show that the rise of water at Carthage (the lower end of the 37- mile level) was much quicker than if it had traversed that distance in the usual way — establishing the fact that the rise at Car- thage was by what they denominated a " wave of translation," which would inevi- tably soon occur on there falling into the upper end of the level 12,000,000 tons of water. It was estimated that 600,000,000 cubic feet of water poured over Lyons Falls into the upper end of that long level within the space of two hours This enormous weight must mechanically make room for itself somewhere, and it could only do that by pressing the whole unbroken body of water below it (in the channel of the river) further down stream, as that was the direc- tion of least resistance— very much as if the river bed were a huge pipe thirty seven miles long. The river, again, was likened to an open trough filled with water; pouring water into it at one end would raise it at the other end instantly without the added water flowing through the mass. Witnesses vari- ously described it as a " wave of transla- tion" and as an " impulse," something like a passage of slow electricity. One witness testified that the pouring in of such a body of water at the upper end of the level in so brief a time would cause the water to level up at the lower end long before the added water could flow to that point. This extra water would make a river twenty-five miles long, 500 feet wide, and six feet deep, hav- ing a weight of 12,000,000 tons. The ex- perience of eminent enginee'rs and the dicta of the text- books successfully established the genuineness of the theory that the volume of water pouring into the upper end of the level was a force of herculean energy con- tinuously applied, and when the pulsation or " wave of translation," reached the end of the level at Carthage, it would be kept up as long as the force was applied , which would be until the reservoir had emptied itself. Some Strange Decisions. — The taking of testimony in these important cases, and the interesting incidents at the trial, ran through two years. Elijah Brooks, Beman Brock way and William Wasson were the canal appraisers, who rendered a decision only the day before some of their terms ex- pired. This gave occasion for the State to ask for a new trial before new appraisers, which request the Legislature granted, and so the cases were tried before a, new board. Their decision demonstrated to the public, "the glorious uncertainties of law" — for some of the sufferers, with mills on opposite sides of the same flume, and the damage done in the same hour, were denied the right to recover, while neighbors on the other side of the flume, were awarded dam- ages. This was the case as between Knowl- ton Bros, and Gilderoy Lord, located oppo- site each other (at Watertown) — the former recovering, while the latter got nothing. At Brownville, three men owned each a part of the same continuous flume. It was carried away bodily. One of these men re- ceived damages, but the other two were defeated. In justification of such apjjarent incon- sistencies, the appraisers are said to have found that the normal flood, just passhig its climax, tore away the end of the Cobuim dam at Carthage, setting free the waters of the level above, and that those waters did the earlier damage below Carthage; while the breaking of the Forestport dam and the rush of the reservoir waters did not reach 12 THE GROWTH OF A CENTURY. the lower part of the river until an hour or two later — holding that the State was not liable for damage done by the flood which followed the breaking of the Carthage dam, but might be for that caused by the burst- ing of the Forestport dara. This is given by them as an explanation of the very strange and apparently inconsistent decis- ions they made. But the " vulgar " public is prone to believe that these commissioners were not above Lord Bacon in resisting temptation, and that peculiar influences modified their decision. The amount of damages claimed by more than 300 suitors, aggregated nearly $800,000 and the amount awarded was not far from $450,000, scattered from Forestport to Dex- ter. It must have cost the State not far from $600,000 for having a political super- intendent, who resided twenty-five miles away from his post of duty — for if he had resided near the Forestport dam and hoisted the waste-gates in season, no damage would have resulted. It appears to the editor of this History that if the counsel for the complainants had also alluded to the incompressibility of water, they could have made their conten- tion more readily compi-ehended. This me- chanical quality of water is none too well understood. You can compress (make smaller) iron or any other metal in a nor- mal condition, but water, a fluid, limpid, simple substance, declines to shrink in size in the least degree under the heaviest pres- sure. In this connection we may mention that a serious earthquaking disturbance under the sea near Callao, in Chili, produced a tidal wave that was observed at San Fran- cisco (over 3,500 miles distant) within three hours. A Sublime Sight. — This great flood will long be remembered by the inhabitants of the river regions. Thousands of people flocked to the banks of Black river on the ' forenoon of April 23d, to gaze upon the sub- lime spectacle. One of the most imposing sights of the many presented by that raging flood was to be seen between the Knowl- tons' paper-mill and Lord's factory, where a volume of water like an improvised Niag- ara poured through, half as high as the buildings. It was curious how it walled it- self up in such a way, explainable only by the velocity of the current and the tremen- dous force behind it. It was an inspiring and a thrilling sight, not soon efl'aced from the beholder's memory. But Black river, when left unvexed by abnormal interfer- ence, has ever been a blessing to the people of its vicinage, and in spite of the State's deliberate robbery of its water, still brings healthful prosperity to the central part of the county, where her power has been har- nessed to the varied machines that lighten yet greatly magnify man's intelligent labors and so developed industries, thrift and wealth among an intelligent and prosperous people, who surely join us in the wish that her volume may never be less. Sandy Creek. — The next important stream, as we pass southward, is Sandy Creek, sometimes called the Big Sandy, though it is not very large in a dry time. The bed of the stream is broad enough for a much larger volume of water. This creek rises in'the south part of the town of Champion, two brooks uniting there to form the Sandy. Its first waterfall is at Tyler ville (or South Eutland, as the post- office there is named). A grist-mill and saw-mill were erected here in the early davs, and are yet used to do the work of that vicinity. Thence this stream flows southwesterly through Rodman, Adams and Ellisburgh, emptying into Lake Ontario at Woodville. Its utilized falls are at Tyler- ville, Whitesville (otherwise known as East ' Rodman), at Zoar (or Unionville), at Rod- man village, Adams, Belleville and Wood- ville — making a serviceable stream for the people of its neighborhood, especially in the spring and fall, when an abundant supply of water for milling purpose courses down its rocky bed. The land bordering on Sandy creek is very fertile and productive, constituting some of the best farm lands in Jefferson county. The people along its banks are prosperous much above the average. South Sandy Cheek. — This is the princi- pal water course in the extreme south part of the county, passing through the towns of Worth, Lorraine, and centrally through the large and wealthy town of Elisburgh, and empties into Lake Ontario, and into the same bay as Sandy Creek — hence it is sometimes called the South Branch of Sandy Creek, though both streams are of nearly the same size. Tills stream has some romantic gorges. It has cut its channel through the soft slate rock of its upper region, from 100 to 200 feet in depth, with a valley from 4 to 10 rods wide. The bottom lands, and sometimes the adjacent sides of the bluffs, are grown up to timber, or have been cleared and sown to grass for pasturage or culture. Across these ibottom lands the stream has cut a zig-zag channel from bluff to bluff, causing a per- pendicular cliff of quite imposing grandeur where it strikes the banks — illustrating, in a smaller way, that erosive action of water ways so magnificently manifest in tlie cafions of the Yellowstone in the great National Park of Colorado. The South Sandy rises in the wooded region easterly from the town of Worth, re- ceiving several tributaries in its descent to the lake. It has but few mill privileges, for in the summer and winter seasons the creek maintains only a small flow. Other streams in Jefferson county are Chaumont river, Perch river, both slow THE GROWTH OF A CENTURY. 13 streams or estuaries : Stony creek in Hen- derson, and Mill creek in Houndsfield. The "Gulf Stream" in Rodman (a tributary to Sandy creek), celebrated for its deep gorges, has cut through the shale rock from 50 to 300 feet in depth. Jefferson county abounds in small streams, some of them containing trout (notably Cold creek in Watertown), and as many springs, which have proved very serviceable to farmers in Duke, James. Foster, Charles. Fredenberg, John, Freden- berg, David, Fuller, George, Graves, John, Gardiner, Edward, Hart, William, Hare. Thomas O. , Happ, John, Hunter, Franklin, Hoover, Josiah, Hungerford, Elbert V , Hare, Daniel, Johnson, John, Jackson, WilHam W., Kelley. John, Keenan , William, Long. Robert J., Lizil, William, Lonetol, Alphonso, Mobbs, George, McDonald, Frank, Miller, ^be, Phelps, Rob- ert B., Potter, Newman H, Potter, John S., Rus- sell, Edward, Rafter, Edward, Robbins, Maitland S., Robbins, John L., See, Byron, Savage, Thomas, Smitn, Martin, Switzer, Charles, Stokes, Joseph, Tomlinson, Richard, Wright, Henry J., Wait, John. Discharged— Ault, Hiram, Dolan. Patrick, Fish, Charles C., House, George, Harlow, Charles, Jeffrey, Thomas, Lago. Benjamin, Muldoon, Franklin, Marks, Joseph, Patrick, Jiicob, Patrick, Marcus, Powers, Thomas, Robbins. Isaac, Stanton, George D., Sam- pier, WiUiam. Tripp, William C, Weller, Elazell, Wiley, Mark, Wright, Chester, Wright, Henry, Van Allen, John, Alexander, Wilbert. Transferred— Barnes, Friend, Demarsh, Francis, Pill, John. Latimore, William. Died— Broadbent, Julius, Carpenter, Orville, Har- rison, William H., Lowe, Stephen W., Sheely, Wil- liam, Stevens, Ohver B., White, George. THE GROWTH OF A CEXTUKY. RECRUITING FOR THE 35TH. When Fort Sumter was fired upon I was running the old Jefferson Cotton Mill on Factory Square in Watertown, having pur- chased it and put in about $5,000 worth of new machinery, and had got it in shape to spin No. 16 yarn, and weave it into common unbleached sheeting. All I had saved in my newspaper experience during ten years of earnest effort was put into that factory — but my dwelling was clear of debt. The war affected me in many ways. I only hesitated as to how I could be of the most service to my country, for my business was tempo- rarily ruined, and I had ample time in which to discharge my duties as a citizen. It seemed clear to me that I must go into some infantry regiment, perhaps as a private soldier, but having decided to go, I was naturally inclined towards the 35th, which had taken with it to Elmira many acquaintances, and two valued friends, General Bradley Winslovv and Captain George W. Flower. As to slavery and its relation to the struggle which was now be- gun, I had been little disturbed. It was a gangrene sure to die of its own accui'sed- ness. But the thought of a dismembei'ed country, and what was especially exasper- ating, the insults at Sumter, settled for me (as it did for so many thousands) what I ought to do. I sold the cloth I had on hand to Norris Winslow at a low figure, paid my debts and started for the front. I took time to look over the field at Washing- ton, but did not join the 3.5th Regiment until it was encamped beyond the Potomac. Col. Lord offered me the position of 1st lieu- tenant. On presenting my detail for recruit- ing duty (duly made out by the Colonel), at the adjutant-general's office in Washington. I was in citizen's clothing, but there being a friend in the office who identified me as the man named in the detail. Col. Samuel Breck (just now retired from the army for age) duly authenticated my papers, and I proceeded at once to Watertown to recruit for the 35th. Probably I was the greenest 1st lieutenant in the world at that time, but I thought I knew what I was to do. At iUbany I got my commission and an army uniform, and in its disguise approached my home on High street. My wife burst into tears when she saw my blue coat and shoulder straps, and throwing her apron over her head, refused to be comforted. "Why, my dear," said I, " I felt it my duty to do something in this emergency. If not now, when would j-ou be willing to have me join the army?" Turning her tear-stained face towards Rutland Hill, she said : "I would be willing you should go when the Rebels come marching over that hill," and it was so with many others — they wanted the war kept as far from their own fireside as possible. I was possessed of considerable energy but not overbalanced with judgment, and soon found that my efl'orts to secure men for my regiment were to meet with more or less opposition from the few "copperhead" Democrats— though the local leaders of that party were almost, without exception, favorable to a vigorous prosecution of the war. James F. Starbuck. an able lawyer, and a life-long Democrat, took an active part in recnaiting, while Governor Beach and Levi H. Brown gave liberally to aid the Union cause, as did also Governor Flower ; and Lysander H. Brown made patriotic speeches whenever asked to do so, in aid of recruiting. The opposition I was to encoun- ter was of a peculiarly mean character, as this incident will illustrate : When I had raised about 40 men and my son had drilled them a few days, I sent word to the U. S. mustering officer at Syracuse, to come on and muster them into the service — a duty not then relegated to any volunteer oflScer of low rank. When he came on, and before he had met me, he called at a store in the Arcade and was told that I hud no commis- sion or military status, but was enlisting men upon my own authority. When he came to my office, in the Hayes block, he frankly told me what he had heard. I immediately produced my commission and the detail from the adjutant-general's ofiSce at Washington . His ajjologies were profuse, and he gave expression to pretty strong language in denouncing the man who had volunteered to post him up. He mustered the men, and they were immediately for- warded to the front. I will I'elate another incident to show the characteristic " back fires " which were being set by a few unpatriotic men in their efforts to suppress enlistments. I had en- listed a young man from Ellisburgh, but his family overpersuaded him, and he kept away when the detachment to which he belonged was ready to go to the front. I promptly arrested him ; but his counsel, an Ellisburgh lawyer, who has lately died, sued out a writ of habeas corpus, and a trial came on. Some one was found ready to swear that I had no authority to enlist men, and that this recruit was unlawfully held. The judge took a few days to adjust his thinking apparatus, in the meanwhile, instead of having the recruit locked up, committed him to the care of his counsel. When the judge at last decided that the enlistment was binding, and that the man must be given into my custody, the recruit had gone to Canada, and his counsel said he was "real sorry" at not being able to produce his client ! This was in the early days of the war, when tlie newspapers ' had" not taken that higher patriotic ground which they afterwards attained, and neither of the Republican newspapers in Watertown made any allusion to this outrageous legal THE WAR FOR THE UXION. farce, but the Democratic organ thought it a good joke. Here is another instance, but in this were involved higher and better nien than those who aided in trying the habeas corpus dodge. I had enlisted a peaceable young Dutchman from the town of Pamelia, but his grandfather, a life-long Democrat and party pillar in the Dutch settlement where he lived, bittei-ly opposed all enlistments, and brought strong arguments to bear upon his grandson to induce him to run away. The young fellow, however, was not willing to go. At last his grandfather came to Watertown, and sought counsel, as had been his custom, of a leading and conspicuous Democrat. What was then advised I learned afterwards from the recruit himself. It was for the old man to send his grandson away to Canada. Yielding at last to his grandfather's importunities, the young fellow disappeared. The second day after that I resolved to follow up a clue which involved a similar case on the border of St. Lawi'ence county, and set off at dark with a horse and buggy. About midnight I had reached a point beyond King's tavern in the town of Hammond, where I overtook a fellow on foot, and asked him to ride, as I was lonesome and sleepy and desired com- pany. Would you believe it ! — this was my young Dutch recruit. The recognition was mutual. He was glad to see me, for he was tired, and made confession that he was on his way to cross into Canada from Morris- town. Gradually I drew out all the facts in his case, which seriously implicated the Democrat hinted at above. But he was a personal friend and I did not take any steps to make him trouble ; but the language I used when I told him what I could prove, induced him to desist from further opposi- tion. This continual flight to Canada by recruits who changed their minds after being en- listed, had gathered near the Canada border, but safe within that country, many of these "deserters," The most conspicuous camp was upon a large Canadian island quite near the American shore, near Clay- ton. Here they had adopted a code of signals which told those fleeing to their camp from tlie United States when it was safe to cross over, and when to keep off. Their frequent raids across the narrow channel of the river in pursuit of young pigs and cliickens, and the threats they had made against American citizens who op- posed their forays, at last attracted public attention, and I was appealed to, as an army officer, to break up the nest if possible. Remembering the attack made at Schlosser, on the Niagara river, under an English officer during the so-called "Patriot" war, where he had cut out an American steamboat and set her on flre over Niagara Falls ; and that the British government had approved of the act and knighted its officer for his bravery, I concluded tliat it would be meritorious (and I still think so) to break up the nest of deserters who had so audaciously made their headquarters within speaking distance of our shore. I organized a small but lesolute partj' and crossed the channel one night, broke up the nest, bringing away one man who had deserted from the 94th regiment, and quietly returned to Water- town. Some months after this I was called upon (when in the field) by the War Depart- ment for a statement of the facts in the case. This I forwarded, and in due time was dismissed from the volunteer service for " having crossed into the territory of a friendly power and made an arrest there." This dismissal was upon the demand of the British minister, though in a much more flagrant instance his government had ap- plauded its officer's act and promoted him. Possibly the matter would have a different turn if such an occui'rence were now to transpire. At that time Mr. Seward greatly feared English influence against the Union cause, and as only one man would suffer by my dismissal, he complied with the British demand. There were many other discouragements in that recruiting business. Notably when 1 was attacked by an Irish mob, while arresting a deserting Irishman, a worthless fellow, but defiant— in which I was struck by a stone on the head, causing a permanent thickening of a skull already thick enough. In this episode I was patrioticallv aided by Calvin Decker, Hon. Geo. A. Bagley and a Colonel Martin, son of the Martinburgh banker of that name, and by several other good friends, who kept back the attacking force until I was able to collect my senses and get my enlisted man behind the bars at the jail. In this connection I will also mention the threatened raid upon my home on High street during the New York draft riots, which would have met a peculiarly warm reception had it been made As I look back upon these occurences, I am filled with wonder at the manner in which certain Democratic citizens opposed recruiting. They seemed possessed of a kind of madness, and under its influence forgot the needs of the country and their own duty as citizens. The name of Lincoln was like shaking a red rag before a mad bull. I remember that a quarrel was forced upon a party of soldiers who were armed and in uniform at the Woodruff House, where they were waiting for a delayed train. A blatant copperhead who chanced to be there sneei'ingly denounced them as "Abe Lincoln's hirelings," which wound up by his being sbot to death — a disaster he had brought upon himself by attempting to disarm one of the soldiers his libelous tounge had abused. A Democratic clothing merchant when the murdered body of the great and patient Lincoln was being taken through the North on its way to Springfield (after Lee had surrendered and the war was at an end), unfolding a morn- 7-i THE GROJl'TH OF A CEXTURY. ing newspapei' in front of his store, one morning, made a remark peculiarly and disgustingly offensive. Yes, in loyal and beautiful Watertown just sucli scenes occurred It was hard work to enlist -men under such discourage- ments. Yet I enlisted over 300 recruits for my regiment — some of whom were doomed to perish in the great struggle, leaving memories and names that are proudly cherished. Many of theui returned, and some are yet alive, drawing, I hope, suitable pensions for their services. The i-eflecting mind sees in those incidents, imperfectly described, how a few misguided men may retard and embarrass a good and a popular cause, though they may not be able to overthrow it or long delay its victori- ous course. Myself a Democrat, I can but regret that that party, now over an hundred years old, should have had its proud escutcheon smirched by those who with- held their hearty support of a cause which saved the Union from tlireateued disinte- gration. The just historian, however, will -not fail to record that there were many distinguised and able members of that party in Jefferson county who sought, by in- creased activity and greater self-denial, to make amends for what their laggard party friends failed to perform. Having mentioned Col. Martin as aiding me when attacked upon the streets by a mob of Irislimen, I will tell of an effort to aid him in return for his kindness. The Colonel was a true patriot, an earnest and wholesom* man in all respects, and came from the distinguished family that had given to Martinburgh, N. Y., its name. One day Colonel Martin came to me where I was on duty in one of the bureaus of the War Department, at Washington, and told me he was in trouble. I had not forgotten the Watertown episode and desired to aid him. He told me he had been on duty with hisregiment under Butler in Virginia, and the General had peremptorily dismissed him upon a false charge of drunkenness while on duty. Of course every one knew that an officer could not be dismissed in such a way as that, and I suggested an appeal to the President. Through my superior officer I was able to procure an audience with Presi- dent Lincoln, who was evidently impressed with Martin's story, and wrote a note to Secretary Stanton, who issued an order to Butler to reinstate Colonel Martin in his command or file proper charges against him. This ple.ased us mucli, as we thought the Colonel was soon to be all right. But inside of a week he was back again in Washington, declaring that Butler had refused to obey the order, and, after abusing him afresh, had torn the paper up and stamped it under his feet. Now the matter had become- serious, and my chief and myself felt sure the President would do something " awful" to Butler for his insubordination. On the following day President Lincoln gave us another interview, and after hearing Colonel Martin's story appeared somewhat annoyed. Finally he himself wrote an order in his own hand and over his own signature directing General Butler to reinstate Colonel Martin in his command upon receiving the jjaper. Now, surely, the matter was settled all right, and we felt happy. Ten days afterwards Colonel Martin came back and reported that Butler had flatly refused to reinstate him, declaring that he knew the facts in the case better than the President did, and that he would not obey the order, as he had already put another officer in command of the regi- ment. When this was reported to the President he smiled a little, and at last spoke: "Now, Colonel, you see yourself how I am placed. Of course, I could de- prive Butler of his command, but would that be the best thing for the country? Under all the circumstances, I feel like letting the matter drop : but I will gi^e you another place, that will perhaps suit you as well. " The President kept his promise and Colonel Martin did not leave the service under a cloud. Those who delight to hear how a head- strong and unreasonable man may at times be brought to taste of some of his own ill- manners, will be pleased to learn that in General Joseph Hawley, the distinguished Senator from Connecticut, General Butler found a man his equal in forcible language as well as ingenuity in expedients. At the time Butler was digging his canal in Vir- ginia, Hawley was under his command, and one day received from Butler an order to do something distasteful. Turning to the aide who brought the order, he remarked: ' ' You tell General Butler that I shan't obey his or- der. He is a d — d old fool, and if he wants this thing done he had better come and do it himself." The aide departed and that was the last of it. J. A. H. THE i86th new YORK VOLUNTEER INFANTRY. It is fortunate for our history that we ai'e able to present, from living participants, vivid descriptions of the service of their commands in the field. The 186th N Y. Vol. Infantry was an exceedingly gallant regiment, and we can do no better than trace its history as related by General Brad- ley Winslovv, who fell, shot through the body, while gallantly leading his comrades to the assault upon Fort Mahone, one of THE WAR FOR THE UXIOX. 75 the largest Confederate strongholds about Petersburg, Va. On the occasion of a re-union of the vet- erans of that regiment, some 125 in num- ber, in Music Hall, Watertown, April 2, 1888, Genex-al Winslow spoke as follows: Comrades of the 186th Regiment, ladies and gentlemen: — Heartily we greet each other, comrades, after a separation as to the greater number, of twenty-three years. Mutual congratulations are offered that our lives have been prolonged and that we are able to meet to renew acquaintances and friendships that were formed when we were environed by the perils of war. The occasion to us is one of reminiscence and of hallowed memories. In thought we go back through the intervening years to tlie time when we abandoned the callings in which we were respectively engaged to become soldiers to fight for the preservation of the Union which was then- the only ex- isting government based upon the broad principle of the equality of political rights. The most of us were young men then, filled with the ardor of youth and burning with righteous indignation that armed rebellion, which was without justification or pallia- tion in the sight of humanity or justice, should seek to destroy that national unity which was the heritage of all the peojjle of this land, and which had showered upon us blessings without number. It was in the summer of 1864 that we left the peaceful walks of civil life and enrolled ourselves as volunteer soldiers in response to the call of President Lincoln for "five hundred thousand more." The losses attending the campaigns of the army of the Potomac and the forces in the west under Gen. W. T. Sherman during the spring and summer of that year, had been very great, and the terms of enlistment of many thousands of Union soldiers were about expiring. Formidable Rebel armies were still in the field, but the sentiment to continue the war until the authority of the Union should be fully restored was still strong and dominant in all the loyal States. That sentiment President Lincoln voiced in making the call I have referred to for five hundred thousand volunteers for the mili- tary service. A certain period of time was given in the call in which volunteers could be enrolled. If in that interval a sufficient number were not obtained, then a resort was to be had to a draft. The quota for each of the States was agreed upon, and then again api^ortioned to the several coun- ties, towns and districts. In the early part of August, 1864, a meet- ing was held in Watertown of citizens who were earnestly devoted to filling the quota of the county and of the several towns with volunteers, and thereby avoid the irritation probable to result from an enforced draft. At that meeting a committee was appointed to aid in the procuring of volunteers and in their organization. The committee con- sisted of such well-known citizens as James F. Starbuck, W. V. V. Rosa, E. B. Wynn, A. M. Farwell, L. J. Bigelow, and E. S. Lansing. Under date of August 17, 1864, one month after the call of the President had been made, this committee entered upon the work of organizing a Jefferson county regimsnt. Dr. E. S. Lansing went to Albany and obtained from Governor Horatio Seymour, authorizations to recruit the companies that were to compose the proposed regiment. Such authoritv was issued to E. J. Marsh, H. J. Welch, Lan- sing Snell, J. D. McWayne, A. D. .Stern- berg, Richard McMullen, and D. B. Rood, and perhaps others. Such was the zeal with which these gentlemen entered upon the work of recruiting, and such the enthusiasm of the people, tliat in about two weeks' time a sufficient number of volunteers had been enrolled to organize eight companies. Two additional companies only were re- quired. These were soon found: one headed by Capt. Squires, recruited in Lewis county, and another headed by Capt. Wallace, re- cruited in Herkimer county. In perfecting the regimental organization E. J. Marsh was appointed lieutenant -col- onel, A. D. Sternberg, major, and your humble speaker colonel. Madison Barracks at Sackets Harbor was designated as the rendezvous while the enrollment and or- ganization were being perfected. That ac- complished, but little time was given for preparatory drilling. The order to move soon came. On the 23d day of September, 1864, the 186th regiment, about 900 strong, left Madison Barracks for the seat of war. The route was by way of this city, tlien by rail to Albany, thence to New York by the steamer "St. John" of the People's line, landing at Castle Garden. In barracks near Castle Garden the regiment remained two days, and then embarked on a large trans- port for City Point, Va. The passage took four days, and was without incident except experiencing a storm that disquieted the stomachs of some of the boys. City Point reached, the life of a soldier in the tented field began. There were many of us in the regiment who had seen service before; some who had been in regiments that were first raised and had served a term of enlist- ment. To such, of course, the new life was without novelty. But to most of the rank and file, and to some of the officers as well, the duties entered upon were new. The regiment became temporarily a part of the command of Gen. Benham of the engineer corps. Large details were at once ordered daily, and indeed for fully two weeks the effective force of the regiment was devoted to the building of fortifications. The work was hard to perform, and some who were unaccustomed to severe manual labor were reported on the sick list and wei'e sent to the hospital. Some three weeks were thus employed, when the regiment was sent to the immediate front and assigned to the 7t5 THE GROWTH OF A CENTURY. second brigade, second division of the ninth army corps. Its first camp after leaving City Point, was in the vicinity of Poplar Grove church, to the south of Petersburg a nuinber of miles. Here was the regiment's first experience in the presence of the enemy, and its daily details for outpost duty put tile boys in the position for the first time of looking into the faces of their foes. Outpost duty, guard mount, camp duty, squad drill and battalion drill were among the daily duties. 'J'here were no idle hours, and those who were inclined to shirk were made very uncomfortable. In this way the days passed until the 27th of October came, when a movement of a portion of the Army of the Potomac, including the ninth corps, was undertaken for the purpose of further extending the left and to strike, if possible, the South Side Railroad, which was an im- portant channel of supply for General Lee, The movement substantially failed, the 5th corps doing the most of the fighting on the Union side and getting pretty roughly han- dled. Beyond a little skirmish firing and taking a defensive position near the enemy, the l»6th regiment had no part. When it marched from camp in the early morning of the 27tli of October, it was generally be- lieved that in a short time the regiment would be in action, and that hurtling shot and shell would soon be thinning its ranks. The prevalence of this belief brought the few who were cov^ards prominently to no- tice. These, on one pretense or another, absented themselves from the ranks. One scalded his foot with hot coflee and could not march; another had a box of hard-tack fall on his feet in some mysterious way, and then there were cases of severe attacks of diarrhoea. There were only a few of these untimely accidents, as there were only a few cowards. One little incident occurred at the expense of the colonel, which may be related. While the regiment was occupying the defensive position referred to there were occasional shots from some concealed foe, possibly fired by sharp shooters. One came rather close to the colonel's head as he sat quietly on his horse, awaiting developments. Now, when the ping of a riiJe ball is heard very near one's head, to duck the head is an instinct, and the strongest and bravest will do it. The colonel at this time was probably no exception, and his head dropped a little. Thinking that the mounted officers might be rather conspicuous marks for sharp shooters, he gave the order for them to dis- mount, which was obeyed with alacrity. Whereupon officers and men who were ly- ing along the ground in comparative safety indulged in a little laugh. As the second day from leaving camp wore away, and the evening shadows lengthened, we marched back to camp. As we came near it a fur- ther incident occurred which many will re- call when mention is made of it. If there is one thing that is apparently disagreeable to a soldier, it is to unload his gun by draw- ing the charge. He wants to do it in an easier way, namely, by firing it. Just as we had reached camp, as stated, it occurred to some one that his gun must be unloaded, and forthwith he filed in the air. This was contagious, and immediately a fusilade be- gan that took some minutes to arrest. The firing was a gioss breach of orders and dis- cipline. We were not only near the enemy, but camps and troops were near by, and there was imminent danger that the balls fired in the air, in their descent would kill or wound men or animals. Such a gross breach of discipline could not be overlooked. The company officers were directed to ex- amine every musket, and report every man whose piece was found empty. The result was that about 1.10 men were immediately marched to brigade headquarters and their offense reported. What the punishment was, not having witnessed it, I shall not now relate. Those who suffered it will no doubt remember, and they are not called upon to say anj'thing about it. Outpost duty and constant drill filled up the autumn days until the 29th of November, when the regiment was ordered to a new position. This was in front of Petersburg, slightly to the left and a little in the rear of Fort Davis, and about a half mile to the left and in the rear of Fort Sedgwick. Fort Sedgwick was a large, strongly constructed fort, on wliich were mounted a large number of heavy guns, and which also had a mortar battei'y. This fort was confronted by one perhaps equally strong, built by the enemy, called Fort Mahone. Between these hostile works there was almost a daily exchange of shots. So constant was the firing, and so dense oftentimes became the sulphurous clouds of smoke caused by the frequent dis- charges of the great guns and mortars, that the forts received nick-names from the soldiers. Our fort (Sedgwick) was called " Fort Hell," while the confederate was called " Fort Damnation." At this point the out-posts of the hostile armies (protected by an embankment and ditch, called a rifle pit), were not over twenty rods apart. During the daytime the sentinels on one side rarely fired at those of the other, but when night came, in order to guard against a surprise and to keep the pickets on the alert, con- stant firing was maintained. In our camp it was nothing unusal to hear tlie whistle of hostile bullets passing overhead, one occa- sionally striking in the camp. One astonished the sutler one day by passing through his tent. I may remark here, as illustrative of the dangerous character of the service the regiment performed, that from the date in October of making our camp near Poplar Grove church, until the evacuation of Peters- burg, April 2 thereafter, the regiment was, except when away from camp on battalion drill or engaged in some movement, within rifle range of the enemy's picket line. The service under such circumstances was most arduous. Alarms and sudden turnouts to THE ]VAR FOR THE UXIOK. 77 resist expected attacks were frequent. In uiiclwinter, about Dec. 10, I think, the regi- ment, with other troops, made a forced march to Nottoway river, twenty-five miles distant, which, witli the return march, made a distance of fifty miles, in thirty-six hours. On the outward march the weather was moderate, with rain and mud. On the re- turn we faced a piercing wind , with the tem - perature low enougli to freeze tlie mud and cover the wayside pools with thick ice. No member of the regiment, who participated, will ever forget the discomfort and fatigue of the march to Nottoway river and return. With constant daily duties, such as I have mentioned, the winter of 1864-5 wore away. In the early part of the winter, the area of country included between our camp and the outposts was covered to some extent with a forest, which obstructed the view to both sides of the camps and works of the other, but the timber was gradually used for fuel, and as spring approached the face of the land had been denuded of trees. And this reminds me of another incident. The regi- ment was out for battalion drill one day, not far from camp and near brigade headquar- ters. The drill closed with a movement in line of battle at a charge bayonet and double quick time, accompanied with aterrfic yell, in imitation of the well-known " rebel yell." It attracted the enemy's attention, and several VVhitworth shells were fired at us, which came dangerously near. One passed between the right of the regiment and drum corps as both were marching away from the field. The drum corps was not more than ten or twelve paces from the right of the regiment. The time of the marching step was being beaten on the large bass drum. The shells made double quick time for the drum (!orps,and the frantic efforts of the man with the big drum to climb over it were quite ludicrous. It was an occasion well calculated to try the nerves and test the steadiness of the regiment. This shot proved that the bat- tery from which it was fired had the proper range and we had good reason to expect that another shot would follow and very likely crash through the moving ranks. Looking back from my position at the head of the marching column, I noted that every man was in his place. There was no panic, no excitement, the same measured step was maintained. Fortunatel}', no more shells were thrown. From that moment my con- victions were confirmed that in the worst of positions the men of the 186th regiment could be relied on to bear themselves with the cool- ness of veterans. And not long afterwards was the ordeal presented that proved their heroism, and which entitles them to the honor and respect that just men ever award to the brave who peril their lives in their country's service. At the date of which I am speaking, the tireless brain of Gen. Grant was forming plans and putting them in force which were soon to culminate at Appomatox, the crowning victory of the war, the surrender of the army of Northern Virginia. Not until then could it be clearly foreseen that the " last ditch " for the rebellion had been -nearly reached. The gallant Sheridan, with his victorious army fresh from the conquest of Early in the Shenandoah, had come to the assistance of the army of the Potomac. For- three days his. conquering legions had been passing some distance in our rear. They were mov- ing to join the left of General Meade's army with the object of making a strong effort against tlie right flank of General Lee's army. This formidable array it did not seem possi- ble for General Lee to successfully cope with, and the sequel proved that he was unequal to the task. In his efforts to meet the crisis it is presumed that he had drawn from the defenses of Petersburg and Richmond such numbers as he thought could be spared and not impei'il the safety of those points. The defensive works were strong — believed to be too strong to be carried by assault. Evi- dently the Union commanders had a different opinion or else they deemed it %vise to make a demonstration against them to prevent the withdrawal of more troops to fight against Sheridan. On the evening of the 30th of March, the regiment was ordered to report at 3 o'clock the next morning to the com- mander of the first brigade of our division in rear of Fort Sedgwick. The purpose of the movement was not explained. On reaching the point designated, however, it was apparent. It was to make an assault upon the enemy's line in our front. Perfect quiet was observed, the necessary orders were given in a low voice. The order to at- tack was momentarily expected. All knew that a simple movement of a few rods to the left, passing a projecting angle of the fort and making a sharp wheel to the right, would bring the attacking force within easy and direct range of hostile batteries and of a musketry fire that would sweep every foot of the ground. Of course the hope was that the intervening space between where the movement was to begin and the objective point would nearly or quite be covered be- fore the enemy should be aware of our ap- proach. What if he should be fully in- formed? What if some spy had given a warning signal and every gun be shotted and every man at his post to aid the work of de- stroying the assailants? These thoughts were doubtless in the minds of all who, in that still morning hour, awaited the order to attack. But it came not. After an hour of suspense we were ordered back to camp. But the expected fearful struggle was not long delayed. About nine o'clock in the evening oif the 1st of March, the regimental commanders were summoned to brigade headquarters. When we had assembled, the General said that it had been determined that we should attack the enemy's works the next morning at three o'clock; that we would see that our regiments were promptly turned out at that hour, and that everything 78 THE GROWTH OF A CENTURY. should be in readiness. He spoke encourag- ingly as to probable success, but little con- versation was indulged in. All seemed im- pressed with the gravity of tlie situation. As we rose to leave, with much feeling visible in his expressive face, he took each by the hand and good-byes were exchanged. Re- turning to camp, the order to be in readiness to turn out at the hour named was given to the company commanders through the ad- jutant. Midnight came, and at that hour swift, galloping feet were heard, and in a moment stopped at the colonel's tent. Quickly the order was delivered: " The Gen- eral directs that you turn out your regiment at once and march to the picket line." The unfinished letter was quickly locked in a valise, and in a very few minutes the regi- ment formed and we marched to the picket line and halted, and were ordered to lie down. We then learned that the 179th regi- ment had charged the enemy's picket line in our front and taken a number of prison- ers. What induced this movement at an earlier hour than had previously been named was not explained. Apparently, besides the capture of a few prisoners, it had the effect to alarm the enemiy, for very soon his bat- teries began a terrible fire that brought a prompt response from our own, and opened a scene which I could wish some more com- petent witness than I would accuratelj' and eloquently describe. But first it is proper to observe that the lines of the opposing armies were many miles in extent, nearly parallel to each other, and at intervals of about a third of a mile were forts and re- doubts on either side, connected by other strong defenses. And these works were so constructed that if any one of them should be taken it would be commanded by others comprising the series of defenses on the same side. Cannon seemingly without num- ber were mounted thereon. And now, in that calm, still night, with darkness only relieved by the light of peaceful shining stars in the vaulted heavens above, these fiei-ce engines of war opened their brazen throats; sulphurous smoke and fire issuing therefrom in visible form, which seemed to freight the impalable air with noisome odors. Screaming, hissing shot and shell, inter- spersed with the sharp whiz and ping of leaden bullets, seemed passing everywhere above our heads. Crash after crash in quick succession, and then, as if to swell the roar, hundreds of simultaneous discharges of great guns were heard and felt, the con- cussion causing the earth to tremble. As far as the vision could extend to the right and left, the burning fuses of bombs and shells in graceful curvatures could be seen, all making a pyrotechnic display wholly unrivalled in the experience of all who «it- nessed it. Not all the enginery of the great Jove himself could equal this warlike dis- play of puny man. While our men were lying along the ground to escape as much as possible these hurtling missiles; a shell struck the earth and ploughed under a file of men, killing one of them and wounding three others. Another shell exploded in the ground near one of the companies, doing no further harm than to cover the men with earth. For more than two hours the terrific storm of war continued, and then there seemed a little lull, during which the regiment moved by the right flank until its right rested on the so-called Jerusalem plank road. Faced to the front, the order to lie down was again given. Here we had not long to wait. Our regiment now composed part of a column of assault. In a recent communication, addressed by General Griffin to your hum- ble speaker, he says : " Concerning the formation of my brig- ade for that final assault on the 2d of April, I formed in column of regiments, each regi- ment in line of battle, six regiments deep, with one in reserve, the whole preceded by a company of pioneers to clear away the abatis. Two regiments, the 7th and 11th N. Y., were left to hold our main line in case of repulse. I made the formation thus because I knew the head of the column would be swept away by the enemy's terrific fire, and I must have lines enough till one complete in its formation could reach and pass the enemy's lines and hold them. My records are still at Keene, and I can only give you the relative positions of the regi- ments in the column from memory, which may not be wholly accurate. My recollec- tion is that they stood thus: The 31st Maine, 179th New York, 17th Vermont, 2d Indiana, 186th New York, 6th New Hampshire, with the 56th Massachusetts in reserve. The column was not repulsed or driven back at all, although a great many were panic stricken, and fled to the rear.'' The column was not moved as a unit. The regiments in column preceding the 186th were first ordered forward, but they never reached the enemy's works. In relation to them it should be said that the 31st Maine, the 17th Vermont, and the 2d Maryland were mere skeletons of regiments, their numbers having been wasted by long and arduous service. The 179th had fuller ranks, having been more recently recruited. That it suffered seriously is well known. Its gallant Lieut. -Col. Daily was mortally wounded, and its C'ol. Gregg received a severe wound in the head. 'These ti-oops, panic stricken, rushed back, trampling upon our boys as they were quietly resting on the ground. But the panic was not contagious enough to extend to them. And now came the decisive moment. A staff officer from the brigade staff, Capt. Goodwin, if I re- member his name correctly, a brave and faithful officer, whom we all remember from the sobriquet given him of "Old Corduroy " because he wore corduroy pants, came to me and said: "The General directs you now to advance," and as the last word fell from his lips, he extended his hand, and THE WAR FOR THE UXIOX. 79 with evident emotion said: "It will be hot. God bless you ! " Turning then to the duty in hand, the order -was given: "Attention, battalion!" Instantly the men were in place. Then followed: "Shoul- der arms ! For\i ard, guide centre. March !" And forward it was. First our own rifle-pit was reached, and behind the embankment, crouched and cowed, were a large number of our own troops. Steadily, and in as good order as possible, the line went over the embankment, and then across the inter- val of 20 rods between outposts, then over the rebel rifle pits. Meantime the Are from Fort Sedgewick was redoubled, the hissing shot and shell passing above so as to strike the works of the enemy, doubtless to lessen the fire of his batteries and drive his infantry fi-om the top of tlie works, and so prevent their fire. Nevertheless, we had to face a Ifeaden storm. Here and there along the line some noble fellow dropped from his place, and here and there the cry of anguish could be heard from the brave fellows who had been wounded. The abatis is reached . The brave pioneers, who, under cover of the darkness, had sought to remove it, had only made an opening wide enough to admit the passage of a company front. The right company passed through the opening and perhaps the second right company. The advance of the right was cliecked to give the remainder a little time to surmount the obstruction. This was quickly accomplished ; then the order was given : " Charge bayo- nets! Double quick time, march!" and with a rush accompanied by a wild yell, our men soon reached the enemy's works. There was no resistance to the onslaught. As we approched the foot of the parapet the enemy, in a crowd, rushed out towards us, calling out: " We surrender! We surrender ! " And now an incident occurred tbat is worthy of mention. Among the enemy was a large, bushj'-headed man, with long, heavy whiskers. He seemed to tower above his comrades, and as he rushed down the parapet towards us, he threw up his arms, and in a loud, hypocritical voice, exclaimed: " I thank God I am once more under the stars and stripes." His hypocrisy was ap- parent, so it seemed to the brave Capt. J. P. Legg, who instantly responded in language more emphatic than graceful, and seizing the man by the shoulder he gave him a kick that greatly accelerated his passage to the rear. Standing for a moment upon the high parapet, and looking down into the fort, the scene was most impressive. The blue-coated boys were swarming in. There were the great guns, and a little distance from each a charcoal fire, where had been heated the iron rods that were applied to the priming powder when the guns were dis- charged. While thus standing, looking upon this scene, a large shell dropped down within the fort, and sinking into tlie eartli, exploded. Uprose a great column of smoke, dust and earth, and when it had reached a certain height it spread over like an um- brella, the debris covering everything about. It looked like the pictures we often see of a volcano in a state of eruption. Fortunately, no one v^as hurt. The capture of the fort was a great victory, which our gallant fellows appreciated, and made their joy manifest in ringing cheers. But remembering that the order was to advance, the regiment was quickly re- formed in rear of the captured fort, and commenced marching towards the city of Petersburg, which seemed some little dis- tance away across a comparatively level space. Its steeples and roofs were plainly visible. Directly an oi-der was received to change direction to the left and halt — witli the information that we were in danger of being flanked. After the changed direction the fire in our front was giving us trouble, and to avoid its effect a lie-down was again ordered, and even while in this position men were killed and wounded. Again, we were ordered forward, but had proceeded only a little distance when we found a strong work, which the enemy still occupied. At the point of approach was a deej) ditch, filled with water, too wide to be crossed witliout scaling-ladders, or other appliances that we did not possess. Passing a little to the right, in search of some opening to enable us to eff'ect an entrance, my own active career with you, comrades, in the field, suddenly terminated. What I may further say as to your subsequent doings will be from hear- Say. Much has been said of the achievements of the second brigade on this memorable 2d of April. Great praise of its gallant conduct has been awarded in the public prints and in army recoi-ds, but it has seemed to me that the credit to which the respective organizations composing the brigade are entitled has been quite lost sight of. Readily will it occur to you, my comrades, that if the 186th regiment had not been there but little would have been accomplished. Indeed, but for it, at the point of attack, the enemy's line would have remained un- broken. So far as to results accomplished, the ISfith regiment was the second brigade. Considering tlie actual and reported strength of Fort Mahone. the perils and difficulties to be encountered, its assault and capture by the 186th regiment was a magnificent success. Tennyson has immortalized the charge of the Light Brigade at Balaklava upon a Russian battery : " Cannon to right of them. Cannon to left of them. Volleyed and thundered; Into the jawR o( death, Into the mouth of hell. Rode the six hundred," On the occasion of which I speak you had cannon in front of you, cannon to the right of you and cannon to the left of you, that volleyed and thundered. A military critic who knew of the blunder that was made 80 THE GROWTH OF A CENTURY. when the charge of the Liglit Brigade was ordered, and who witnessed the heroic sacri- fices, said of the charge: " It is magnificent, but it is not war." No less praise is due for your conduct in the charge you made, with this distinction: It was magnificent, and it was war — the object being one of possible attainment, and the resulting victory was the test. During the night succeeding the battle of Petersburg, its remaining defenses, which so long kept the Union troops at bay. were evacuated, and the second brigade, with other troops, when morning came entered the city. You continued the pursuit of the retreating enemy as far as Burkesville, some sixty miles. But Appomattox, near by, was the closing scene of the bloody drama in which the Army of the Potomac and that of Northern Virginia had played leading parts. After a brief period you marched back to Petersburg, thence to City Point, thence by transport to Alexandria. Here you rested for a few days, when the order for your muster- out was received and your discharges made June 2, 1865. You marched in the grand re- view with the victorious troops cf Meade's army and of the army of General Sherman. Thence jou came by rail to New York, thence by steamer to Albany and by rail to Watertown. Your proud record and heroic deeds had preceded you. On your arrival the citizens came out to welcome you: speeches of welcome by our leading citizens were made; a bountiful banquet was spread in Washington Hall. Continuing on to Madison Barracks, after a few days, your honorable discharges were delivered, and the 186th regiment became history, and you who comprised it were once more citizens in the land your patriotism and valor had done much to save and redeem. THE lOTH NEW YORK HEAVY ARTILLERY. The oi'ganization of the artillery of an army, and especially in the old arraj- of the United States, has been almost invariably by independent batteries. Such form of organization has always proved the most effective, because, being a small force, with four to six guns, and perhaps 100 men, it could be quickly moved, easily handled, and so small as to be readily governed and trained to quick movements — often by a hasty concentration at a given point, changing the fate of battle. It was the artillery that saved the day at Gettysburg by nearly decimating Pickett's division before it had reached the first Union line, over which it might have poured but for the heroic work done by the artillery. In each " division and corps there are chiefs of artil- lery, who have control of these separate batteries,, which they can concentrate, as at Gettysburg, upon a definite line, giving confidence to the infantry with wliom the^- serve. This much is necessary to explain what follows. There had been sent out from this county, in the spring of 1863, two such bat- teries as we have above described, known as batteries " C " and " H," tlie former com- manded by Capt. Joseph Spratt, a vi'ell- known Watertown boy, and the latter by Captain Barnes. These batteries proved efficient, serving in the Peninsula under McClellan, where Captain Spratt was seriously wounded. They formed a part of what was known as Bailey's 1st regiment New York artillery. These batteries had done so well that a movement was made to raise in Jefferson county, ten or more com- panies, or independent batteries, which should be concentrated and operated as one regiment. Enlistments were made with that understanding, the men believing that their duty would be confined to guarding the many forts which environed Washing- ton on the south, east and west. Officers from batteries '-C" and " H," which had done good work before Richmond, were designated to fill the important positions in the new organization at IMadison Bar- racks. It ought to be stated that before many enlistments had been made for the purpose described above, Capt. E. P. Webb had en- listed some 50 men for an independent battery, and was directed to bring his men to Sackets Harbor, and himself to instruct and send out recruiting parties. This was done, and his small detachment formed the nucleus around which there soon congre- gated 16 companies, aggregating nearly 2,300 men. Thus originated what was known afterwards as the famous 10th N. Y. Heavy Artillery. It was natural to expect tliat so large a force, devoted to a single arm of the service, became an embarrassment to the officials at Washington, who wanted batteries, not regiments of artillery. To make a long story short, while tlie regimental officers wanted to retain their regimental organiza- tion as lieavy artillery, for which thev had been enlisted, the government finally con- sented to their remainino enrolled as such, but required them to serve as infantry, in which capacity they behaved nobly. We can only give a brief sketch of the company histories : COMPANY A. Capt. Edward P. Webb's Co. " A." This company was recruited at Watertown, N. Y., early in July, 1862, composed of men from that place, Lewis and Oneida counties. The company rapidly filled to the maximum. THE WAR FOR THE UNION. 81 many being transferred to other companies of the regiment. About fifty men were en- listed for this company when they were transferred to Madison Barracks, Sackets Harbor, and were mustered with tlieir original battalion into the Uniced States service, September 11, 1863; on September 18 the company advanced with the bat- talions 1 and 3, as then numbered, to New York city, Capt. Webb in command of the battalions; here the battalions were equipped for the field. Leaving New York, it arrived with the battalions at Camp Barry, in the department of Washington, D. C, on the 23d of September, 1863, laying in camp until September 39th, when, with the bat- talions, it was transferred to the fortifica- tions near the city, remaining there until the regiment was ordered on active duty, March 27, 1864, in command of Lieut. E. H. Toby. The company was never commanded by Capt. Webb, he being in command of the battalions, headquarters at Fort Baker, until May 15. 1863. Edward P. Webb, captain, Watertown; Elijah H. Toby, 1st lieutenant, Watertown; Leeman A. Rising, 1st lieutenant. Water- town: Morris A. Reed, 3nd lieutenant, Watertown; Addison W. Wheelock, 2nd lieutenant, Watertown. COMPANY B. Capt Giles F. Kitts' Co. " B." This com- pany was recruited from Adams, Rodman, and Lorraine, rendezvoused with the bat- talion at Madison Barracks, and mustered with them into U. S. service on the 11th of September, 1863. This company is entitled to, and claims the banner, being the only company mustering its complement of men, all being present. The company was origi- nally " I " of 1st Battalion, subsequently becoming "B" of 10th regiment, served with that regiment in the army of the Potomac until mustered out, June 33d, 186.5. Giles F. Kitts, captain, Rodman ; F. O. Sherman, 1st lieutenant, Adams: E. H. Smith, 1st lieutenant, Adams; Chas. B. Spear, 3d lieutenant, Rodman; Daniel Ran- ney, 3d lieutenant, Adams. COMPANY C. Capt. C. C. Abell's Co, " C." This com- pany was recruited principally from the towns of Antwerp, Philadelpliia and LeRay. It was mustered in at Sackets Harbor, Sept. 11, 1862, as company " C " of the 2d bat- talion, Black River Artillery, subsequently becoming "C" company of the 10th regi- ment. It marched with its battalion from Sackets Harbor, Sept. 18, and occupied the fortifications in the department of Wash- ington until the regiment was ordered into active service, March 37, 1864, and subse- quently was in the engagements in front of Petersburg and Bermuda. It was mustered out June 33, 1865, with the regiment. 6 C. C. Abell, captain, Antwerp; Alexander Kennedy, 1st lieutenant, Evans Mills; Tim- othy A. Ackerman, 1st lieutenant, Philadel- phia; Wm. M. Comstock, 3d lieutenant, Evans Mills; Eugene Miller, 3d lieutenant, Antwerp. Col. Charles C. Abell went out as captain of Co. C, 10th N. Y. heavy artillery. Served with his company and regiment until June 1864, when he was detailed as inspector of artillery for the 18th corps, commanded by the distinguished " Baldy " Smith. Aftei- serving as inspector for four months, he was promoted to be chief of artillery for the same corps. The 18th corps and the 10th each had colored troops and white troops intermingled. By putting all the colored troops of each corps under one command, they became the 2.5th corps, and the white troops were designated as the 34th — and Col. Abell remained with the 24th as chief of artillery. He served through with that corps until Appo- mattox, and was honorably mustered out witli his regiment in September, 1865, after being relieved from duty with the 24th corps. Col. Abell soon made Chicago his home, where he remained eighteen years, then he was two years in Mexico, and since then he has resided in Denver and Omaha, cashier of the Omaha Packing Company, an hon- ored citizen, one whom it is great pleasure to meet and "fight one's battles o'er again." COMPANY D. Capt. S. R. Cowles' Co. " D." Originally mustered as " B," 1st battalion, at Sackets Harbor, Sept. 11, 1863, was recruited in Champion, Croghan, Diana, Rutland and Wilna, subsequently being numbered with 4th battalion; served with the regiment in the campaign of the James, with distinction, Captain Cowles being commanding officer of the battalion in its charge on the rebel works on April 8, 1865. The comnany dur- ing the siege of Petersburg-, met with con- siderable loss. Mustered out with regiment June 23, 1865. Seneca R. Cowles, Captain; Lucian E. Carter, 1st lieutenant; George D. Salter, 1st lieutenant; Walter A. Horr, 2d lieutenant ; James S. Ward, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY E. Capt. A. Cleghorn's Co. "E." This com- pany was originally mustered as " A," 1st battalion, subsequently becoming " A " 4th battalion, was recruited from Ellisburgh and Henderson; mustered with the battalion Sept. 11, 1863, at Madison Barracks; ad- vanced with the battalion, Sept. 18th, to the department of New York harbor; served with the regiment in its movements in front of Petersburg, Bermuda Hundred, and in the Shenandoah Valley; subse- quently mustered out with the regiment June 33d, 1865. 82 THE GROWTH OF A CENTURY. Adams Cleghorn, captain; Elman Tyler; 1st lieutenant; A. A. Wheeler, 1st lieuten- ant; Russell M. Jones, 3d lieutenant; M. G. Cook, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY F. Capt. J. F. Vandenberg's Co. "F" was recruited principally f-rom the towns of Alexandria and Theresa, originally lettered " D." of the 8d battalion, subsequently "F" of the 5th battalion, mustered with the battalions Sept. 11, 1863, at Sackets Harbor; moved with the battalions to the defense of Washington, and with the regi- ment when ordered inactive service; served in the siege of Petersburg and the opera- tions at Bermuda Hundred, and mustered out with the regiment June 23, 186.5. John S. Vandenberg, Captain; I. L. Hun- tington, 1st lieutenant; Elias Getman, 1st lieutenant; Robert McNight, 2d lieutenant; Levi A. Butterfield, 2d lieutenant. COMPANY G. Capt. R. B. Biddlecombe's Co. " G." This company, originally mustered as " B " 2d battalion, subsequently as "G" 5th bat- talion; was recruited from Clayton and Orleans: mustered at Madison Barracks; Sept. 11, 1862; advanced with the battalion Sept. 18, 1862; served at Fort Mahan, de- partment of Washington, until the advance of the regiment, March 1, 1864; served in the army of the James, sufiEering consider- able loss at the siege of Petersburg; was subsequently mustered out with the regi- ment and discharged at its original muster- ing place, Madison Barracks, Sackets Har- bor, in June, 1865. R. B. Biddlecorae, captain; G. H. Mar- shall, 1st lieutenant; E. A. Chapman, 1st lieutenant; V. B. Rottiers, 3d lieutenant; W. J. Hart, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY H. Capt. Samuel Middleton's Co. "H"was recruited at Brownville and Houndsfield ; mustered in at Sackets Harbor on the 13th day of September, 1863; left the barracks for Washington on the 20th day of Septem- ber, joining the preceding battalions in the defenses of Washington. At the siege of Petersburg and battle of Bermuda Hud- dred the company took an active part, be- ing commanded by Captain Parker. Sub- sequently mustered out with the regiment, June 33, 1865. Samuel Middleton, captain; Stephen W. Fowler, 1st lieutenant; John N. Parker, 1st lieutenant; J. Randolph Knight, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY I. Capt. H. O. Gillmore's Co. " I " was orig- inally mustered as " B " of the 3d battalion. Black River Artillery, and was recruited in Brownville, Houndsfield, Watertown and Worth. Date of muster, September 13, 1862, by W. G Edgerton, 11th Infantry, U. S. army. This company rendered service in the department of Washington, advancing to the front with its regiment, March, 1864 ; was engaged in the siege of Petersburg and battle of Bermuda Hundred, retiring from the service with a record second to none; mustering out with the regiment, June 23, 1865, and discharged at Sackets Harbor, N. Y. At Cold Harbor the captain narrowly escaped. The enemy charged on our lines, and one of the men in his fright ,held his thumb over the muzzle of his piece, stooped down and with the other hand fired his gun. Either the thumb or the ball passed through the captain's hat. sadly marring that appendage. H. O. Gilmore, captain ; R. R. Bell, 1st lieutenant; P. B. Grant, 3d lieutenant. COMPANY K. Capt. B. B. Taggart's Co. "K" was re- cruited in Adams, Antwerp. Brownville, Osceola, LeRay, Houndsfield, Watertown, Worth, Clayton, Rutland and Orleans; originally mustered as Co. "C,"8d battal- ion, subsequently mustered as 7th; served in Ne^w York harbor; joined the regi- ment in the department of Washington in the winter of 1863, and served with the regiment in defenses of Washington until the advance in 1864; served in front of Petersburg and Bermuda Hundred, and in the Shenandoah Valley; mustered out with regiment in June. 1865; suffering its full share in loss of killed and wounded. B. B. Taggart, captain; Fred Lansing, 1st lieutenant. COMPANY L. Capt. Jas. E. Green's Co. " L," Tenth N- Y. Heavy Artillery, was raised mostly in Ellisburgh, Henderson and Lyme. James E. Green, M. A. Hackley and C. E. Seaton were the parties who were the most effec- tive in getting the enlistments of men. Capt. Gould had some men whom had en- listed in the northern part of the county, mostly from Lyme. The command gath- ered at Sackets Harbor about the middle of September, 1863, which place they left about the 19th of September, and arrived in New York on the 30th. Under the com- mand of Captain Gould; after one night spent at Park Barracks, they were sent to Camp Arthur, Staten Island. Up to this time none of the men had been mustered into the U. S. service. About this time dif- ferences of opinion arose between Gould, Green and otliers, as to who should be the company's officers, the finale of which was that Capt. Gould was ordered to turn his men over to J. E. Green. The men were nearly mutinous, and refused to be mus- tered, but they were ordered in line at the camp, and marched on board a steamer, and conveyed to Fort Schuyler, where they were mustered. James E. Green, captain; O. Williams, Ist lieutenant; C. E. Seaton, 3d lieutenant. THE WAR FOR THE UNION. 83 COMPANY M. Capt. J. B. Campbell's company was originally mustered as " C," of 3(1 battalion; were enlisted at EUisburgh. Henderson, Adams, Watertown, Lyme, Cape Vincent and Houndsfleld ; was mustered September 11, 1862, by W. D. Edgerton, lltli U. S. In- fantry; served in the department of Wash- ington: advanced with their regiment in 1864, took part in the siege of Petersburg and the battle of Bermuda Hundred; was then commanded by J. C. Armstrong, cap- tain; was mustered out with the regiment June 23, 1865. Losing heavily in the cam- paign of the James and Shenandoah Valley, its ranks were badly depleted on its final discharge at Sackets Harbor. J. B. Campbell, captain; J. C. Armstrong, 1st lieutenant ; R. B. Brown, 1st lieutenant; John M. Wilcox, 3d lieutenant; Philip Riley, 2d lieutenant. This regiment saw important service, and made an honorable record, as did all the Jefferson county troops. We have not space to follow in detail its many movements and engagements. It performed, with credit, every duty imposed upon it, its ranks were filled with a fine body of men, and its ser- vices appreciated by the people. Of the 10th Heavy Artillery roster we can only give the names of the officers: Spratt, Joseph, lieut.-ool. Spear, Chas. B., Istlieut. Campbell, Jas. B., maj . Reed, Morris A-. 1st lieut. Osborne, Thos. W., maj. Parker, H. A., 1st lieut. Abell, Charles C. , maj. Eottiers, V. B., 1st lieut. Cowles, Seneca R. , maj Eeeiian. P. H., 1st lieut. Wheelock, Ad'n W., adjt. Kennedy, Alex., 1st lieut. Flower, Stephen W., q. m. Frame, S. W. 1st lieut. Copeland. Oliver S., surg. Seaton, A. B., 1st lieut. Goodale, A.W., asst.-surg. Ackerman, T. B., 1st lieut. Hubbard, G.N. , aast.-surg. GrifBn', Morrison, 1st lieut. Hobbs, Benj., asst.surg. Westcott, J. H ,1st lieut. Pope, B. F., asst.-surg. Burdick, D. W., 1st lieut. Wilson, Moses B., chap. Bell, Robert R , 1st lieut. Cleghom, Adams , capt. Hill, Wallace R., 1st lieut. Huntington, I. L., capt. Lansing, Fred., 1st lieut. Carter, Lucien E . capt. Riley, Philip, 1st heut. Armstrong, Jno. C, capt. Andrews, Mark, 1st lieut. Kltts, Giles F., capt. McKnight, E. 1st lieut. Sherman, Frnk'n O . ,capt. Williams, O., 1st lieut. Webb, Edward P., capt. Ranney, Daniel, 1st lieut. Chapman, Bug'e A., capt. Allen, M. J., 1st lieut. Hart, William J., capt. Seaton, C. E., 1st lieut. Biddlecome, R. B., cnpt. Flint, Wm. H., 2d lieut Marshall, Guvera H.,capt. Cooper, D. W . , 2d lieut. Tobey, Elisha H., capt. Wilkinson, J. L., 2dlieut. Getman, Elias, capt. Marshall, T. B., 2d lieut. Vanderburgh, J. S., capt. Horr, W. A., 2d lieut Middleton Sam. (2d), capt. Rouse. Gaylor, 2d lieut. Parker. John H., capt Cowan, E. R , 2d lieut. Taggart. Byron B., capt. Kellogg, E. H , 2d lieut. Grant, Philander B., capt Morris, Jas. H., 8d lieut. Rising, Leman A., capt. Farnham, P. F., 2d lieut. Green, James B., capt, Wilhams, W. A,, 2d lieut. Smith, Edward H. , capt. Spalsbury, H. E,, 2d heut. Tyler, Elman, 1st lieut, Watson, D. A,. 2d lieut. Miontague, H., 1st lieut, Gunn, Chas, L , 2d lieut. Freeman, W. P., 1st Iieut. Wood, Geo, W,, 2d lieut, Wheeler, A. A., 1st lieut. MoKee, R, J,, 2d lieut, Jones, R. M,, 1st lieut. Comstock, W. M,, 2d lieut. Cadwell, O, B , 1st lieut. Hall, Alonzo P,, 2d lieut. Salter, Geo B,, 1st lieut Miller, Eugene, 2d lieut Johnson, F, B,, 1st lieut. Gorse, John W., 2d lieut. Jaylor, J. A,, 1st lieut, Payne, H. D., 2d lieut. Cook, Mal'm G., 1st lieut. Butterfleld, L, A, ,3d lieut. Brown, B, B,, 1st lieut. Dwyer, Jas, A,, 2d lieut. Wilcox, J M,, 1st lieut. Knight, J H , 2d lieut. Ward, Jas. S , 1st lieut. Smith, G. St, Clair,2d lieut. Welch, J, S , 2d lieut. Hoyle, Jos, T,, 2d lieut. Evans, John F,, 2d lieut, Seaton, L,, Jr., Sd lieut. Swan, Martin D,, 2d lieut. Hurd, DeWitt C, 2d lieut. Richards, A, D, 2d lieut. Porter, G.. Jr.. (died) 2d It. Thurber, C, K , 2d lieut. Webster, F. F., 2d lieut. Cross, Isaac T., 2d lieut. Bell, Robt. R , 2d lieut. In March, 1864, when the regiment was ordered into active service, the regimental officers were as follows: Alexander Piper, colonel; Joseph Spratt, lieutenant-colonel; George D. Arden, major; James B. Camp- bell, major; C. C. Abell, major; L. R. Cowles major: A. W. Wheelock, adjutant; Stephen R. Flower, quartermaster; Dr. O. S. Copeland, surgeon; A. W. Goodale, assistant surgeon; Rev. M. Wilson, chap- lain. Twenty-fourth Infantry. Company K of this regiment was organ- ized at EUisburgh, by Andrew J. Barney, who became its captain. The regiment was organized by the State Military Board May 16, 1861, and on July 2 it was mustered into the service of the United States, leaving Elmira the same day. fully armed and equipped, and proceeding via Harrisburg and Baltimore to Washington, where it arrived July 3, and camped on Meridian Hill until July 21, at which date it received long Enfield rifled muskets in exchange for the percussion muskets with which it had left New York State. During the winter of 1861-2 the regiment was enca,mped on Upton's Hill. After being brigaded differ- ently several times it was, in March, 1862, assigned to the 1st Brigade, 1st Division, 1st Corps, and in September, 1862, the brigade was known as the Iron Brigade, commanded by General Hatch and Colonel Sullivan. Col. Phelps, of the 22d regiment, took command of the brigade September 14 and continued in that position until its dis- solution by reason of the expiration of the terms of service of the 22d, 24th and 30th regiments. After various minor engagements a sharp skirmish was had in May, 1862, called the battle of Falmouth. August 10th they left Falmouth for Cedar Mountain, where they stayed four days under artillery fire, the regiment losing one man killed in company D. On August 28th they were under fire at Groveton, but were not engaged. On the 30th they were sharply engaged at Bull Run for about an hour and twenty minutes, losing several men. Between four and five o'clock on Sunday evening, September 14, 1862, they went into the fight at South Mountain, Md., to which point they had been moved via Washington, Rockville, New Market and Frederick City. After several times changing position, and con- stantly skirmishing, they forded Antietam creek on the morning of the 16th and moved to the right, abreast of the celebrated corn- field. On the morning of the 17th they be- came hotly engaged and lost several men, among them Capt. J. D. O'Brien, of com- pany A, and Ensign John S. McNair. The 84 THE GROWTH OF A CEXTURY. regiment next participated in General Burn- side's unfortunate Fredericksburg battle, December 13, 1863. In the battle of Chan- cellorsville they were also engaged, and about the middle of May, succeeding that engagement, they were ordered home and mustered out at Oswego at the expiration of their term of service — two years. Major Barney was killed in one of the One Hundred and Ninety-third Inf. This regiment was raised at Auburn, N. Y., to serve for one, two and three years. Jefferson county furnished a considerable number of men for it. although it was filled up with men from the counties of Cayuga, Oswego, Onondaga, Oneida, St. Lawrence and Franklin, besides. It was mustered into the service of the United States in the spring of 1865 and mustered out of service January 18, 1866, in accordance with orders fi'om the War Dopartment. Sixth Cavalry — "Second Ira Harris Guard." Jefferson county furnished a number of men for this regiment, which was mustered into the service of the United States from September 13 to December 19, 1861. The original members were mustered out on the expiration of their term of service, and the organization, composed of veterans and recruits retained in service, and on the 17th of June, 1865, consolidated with the 15th N. Y. Volunteer Cavalry, the consoli- dated force being known as the 3d N. Y. Provisional Cavalry. Its list of engage- ments embrace the following: South Moun- tain, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Spottsyl- vania, Chancellorsville, Beverley Ford, Middleburg.Upperville, Gettysburg, Brandy Station, Rappahannock Station, Mine Run, MechanicsviUe, Wilderness, Todd's Tavern, Hawe's Shop, Cold Harbor, Deep Bottom, Opequon, Fisher's Hill, Cedar Creek, Appo- mattox Station, Siege of Richmond. Thirteenth Cavalry. This regiment was organized in New York city to serve three years, and a de- tachment of men from Jefferson county joined it. It was mustered into the United States service from February, 1863, to March, 1864. On the 33d of June, 1865, the regi- ment was consolidated with the 16th N. Y. Cavalry, and the consolidated force known as the 3d N. Y. Provisional Cavalry. Its principal engagements were at Aldie, Fair- fax Station, Centerville, Culpepper and Piedmont, and its loss was comparatively slight. The men from Jefferson county be- longed in four companies of the regiment. Eighteenth Cavalry. This regiment was organized in New York city to serve three years. The companies of which it was composed were raised in the counties of New York, Albany, Jefferson, Lewis, Fi-anklin, Herkimer and Erie. It was mustered into the service of the United States from July 13, 1863, to February 3, 1864. On June 13, 1865, it was consolidated with the 14th N. Y. Cavalry, the consoli- dated force retaining the name — 18th N. Y. Cavalry. This force remained in service until May 31, 1865, when it was mustered out in accordance with orders from the War Department. The following were officers in the 18th: Smith, Warren S., capt. Bell, John A. , 1st lieut. Enos, William W., caot. McNeil, Floyd, 8d lieut. Gaige, William H., uapt. Davenport, E., 3d lieut. Simpson, Jos. H ., capt. Clark, G. P , 2d lieut. Montenay, Charles, capt. Smith, John M., 2d lieut. Cummings. A., 1st lieut. Keenan, John, 2d lieut. Hall, Ira, Jr., 1st lieut. Cady, Aaron C, 2d lieut. Folts, Ira I., 1st lieut. Twentieth Cavalry. The 30th Cavalry was organized at Saokets Harbor, N. Y., to serve three years. Its men were principally from Jef- ferson county, although the counties of Lewis, St. Lawrence, Oswego, Onondaga and Albany were also represented. The regiment was mustered into the United States service from September 3 to Septem- ber 30th, 1863, and after a varied experience was mustered out July 31 , 1865, in accord- ance with orders from the War Department. It was known as the McClellan Cavalry; went out with 13 companies, and was a fine body of men. Lord, Newton B., col. Hubbard, Wm., 1st lieut. Evans, David M,, col. Croissant, L, 1st lieut. Gates, Jabob S., lieut.-col. Hodge, DC, 1st lieut. Cudworth, John G., maj. Randall, W. H., 1st lieut. O'Hara, John, maj. Goddard, E. P. , 1st lieut. Fitzpatrick, Patrick, maj. Lee, Luther, Jr., 1st lieut. Horn, Albert V., adjt. Wilcox, Sam. B., 1st lieut. Zimmerman. C. E., q. ni. Cook, H. C, 1st lieut. i Pollard, E. D. C, qr. mr. Choatc, Geo. R , 1st lieut. Carter, N. M., asst.-surg. Dillenbeck; J. S., 1st lieut. Catlin, Chas., asst.-surg. Watson, L. C, 2d lieut. W'inslow, Jedediah, chap. Budd, Jos. P., Sd lieut. Ford, Wayland F., capt. SaJEord, Wm. H., 2d lieut. Budd, Benj. C, capt. Joy, S. H., 2d lieut. Reynolds, Wm., capt. Robb, Walter, 8d lieut. Eyther, Wm. F.,capt Bodge, E C, 2d lieut. Chittenden, H. C, capt. Johns, James, 2d lieut. Butler, Thos. H.. capt. Betts, Wm. H., 2d lieut. Spencer, James, Jr., capt. Wood, Greo. W., 2d lieut. Lee, John D., capt. Malone, Henry, 2d lieut. Carse, Alfred J, capt. Thompson.C E.,2dlieut. Betts, Wm. E., 1st lieut. Town, Charles, 2d lieut. MoNally, J. J., 1st lieut. Trout, Wm., 2d lieut. Twenty-fourth Cavalry. This regiment was oi-ganized at Auburn, N. Y., to serve three years, and contained a number of men from Jefferson county. It was mustered into the service in January, 1864, and on the 17th of June, 1865, was consolidated with the 10th N. Y. Cavalry, the united force being called the First New York Provisional Cavalry. Its principal THE WAR FOR THE UNION. 85 engagements were the battles of the Wil- derness, Spottsj'lvania, Guinea Station, North Anna Tolopotoniy, Bethesda Church, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Cemetery Hill, Weldon Railroad, Reams's Station. Peeble's Farm, Vaughan Road and Bellefleld; and in these the regiment lost to a considerable extent. A number of its officers were killed in action and others died of wounds, while tlie loss among the men was propor- tionate. r Twenty-sixth (Frontier) Cavalry. This regiment was organized in the States of New York, Massachusetts and Vermont, under special authority from the Secretary of War, to serve on the frontier for one year. It was principally engaged in protect- ing the northern frontier and looking after suspicious characters, " bounty jumpers," rebel sympathizers, etc., one detachment being stationed at Saokets Harbor. Five companies were organized in this State, composed of men from the counties of St. Lawrence, Jefferson. Lewis, Franklin, Clin- ton, Essex and Erie. The regiment was mustered in from December 29, 1864, to February 28. 1865, and was mustered out by companies from June 29, 1865. to July 7, 1865, in accordance with orders from the War Department. First Regiment "Veteran" Cavalry. This was organized at Geneva, N. Y., to serve three years, and mustered into the U. S. service from July 25th to November 19, 1863. The 17th N. Y. Cavalry was con- solidated with it Sept. 17, 1863, and the new organization contained a considerable number of men from Jefferson county. The regiment was mustered out July 20, 1865, in accordance with orders from the War Department. First New York Light Artillery. Company C, Capt. John W. Tamblin, was organized in Jefferson county, and mustered in from September 6 to October 24, 1861. It participated in the battles of Fredericks- burg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Rappa- hannock Station, Mine Run, Spottsylvania, North Anna, Tolopotomy, Bethesda Church, Petersburg and Weldon Railroad, and was mustered out, in accordance with orders from the War Department, June 17, 1865, after nearly four years of active service. Company D, Capt. Thomas W. Osborn, was in part from Jefferson county, and was mustered in from September 6 to October 25, 186i. Its list of important engagements is a long one, and tells a truthful tale of bravery and hard service. It took active part in the battles of Yorktown, Williams- burg, Seven Pines, Battle of June 25, 1862, Peach Orchard, Savage Station, White Oak Swamp, Glendale, Malvern Hill, Fredericks- burg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Rappa- hannock Station, Mine Run, Wilderness, Spottsylvania, North Anna, Tolopotomy, Bethesda Church, Petersburg, Weldon Rail- road and Chapel House. The battery was mustered out of service June 15, 1865. Major Osborn was afterward U. S. Senator from Florida. Company H. Capt. Joseph Spratt, was raised principally in Jefferson county, and mustered into the service of the United States from the 10th to the 28th of October, 1861. It was engaged at Yorktown, Fair Oaks, White Oak Swamp, Malvern Hill, Mine Run, Wilderness, Spottsylvania, North Anna, Tolopotomy, Bethesda Church, Petersburg, Weldon Kailroad, Peeble's Farm and Hatcher's Run, and was mustered out of service June 19, 1865. First Regiment (Gov. Morgan's) U. S. Light Artillery. Company H, of this regiment, Capt. Chas. L. Smith, was raised at Watertown and Carthage, for the term of three years, and mustered in July 24, 1861. This organiza- tion became a part of the 2d N. Y. Light Artillery On the expiration of its term of service the original members were mustered out, and the regiment, composed of vet- erans and recruits, retained in service. It was consolidated into eight companies, and four companies of the 9th N. Y. Artillery transferred to it June 27, 1865. The regi- ment was mustered out Sept. 29. 1865, in accordance with orders from the War De- partment. Its battles were ; Second Bull Run, North Anna, Spottsylvania, Tolo- potomy, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Straw- berry Plains, Deep Bottom, New Market Road, Charles City Cross-Roads and Reams's Station. The 2d Regiment lost 841 men in killed, wounded and missing. Fifth Artillery. The third batallion of the " Black River Artillery," assigned to this regiment, con- sisted of several companies raised in the counties of Jefferson and Lewis, mustered into the U. S. service in September, 1862. They were attached to the 5th Regiment, forming batteries I, K, L and M, to serve three years. On the expiration of its term of service, the original members of the regi- ment (except veterans) were mustered out, and the organization composed of veterans and recruits retained in service until July 19, 1865, when it was mustered out in accord- ance with orders from the War Department. The principal engagements in which the regiment participated were at Point of Rocks, Berlin, Sandy Hook and Harper's Ferry. Thirteenth Artillery. Jefferson county furnished a number of men for this regiment, which was organized in the city of New York, and composed of THE GROWTH OF A CENTURY. men from various parts of tlie State. It was mustered in from August, 1863, to Sep- tember, 1864. On the 27th of June. 1865, the organization was consolidated into a battalion of five companies, and transferred to the 6th N. Y. Artillery. Fourteenth Artillery. This regiment was organized at Rochester, to serve three years. Jefferson county fur- nished a considerable number of men. The regiment was mustered in from August 29 to December 17, 1863, and after participa- ting in the battles of Spottsylvania, Peters- burg, Weldon Railroad, Poplar Spring Chui-ch, Cold Harbor and Hatcher's Run, was mustered out, in accordance with orders from the War Department, August 26, 1865. Hnntington.G. B.,2d lieut. Van lirakle, C. H., adjt. Hunt, Wm. W., 2d lieut. Proctor, Jerome B, capt. Cuppernell, B., 2d lieut. Cooper, Jerome, capt. Curtis, Kelsey, 2d lieut. Gardner, S. , 1st lieut. Corbin, Daniel, Sd lieut. Warring, Wm.. 1st lieut. Thompson, F. M.,lst lieut. Sixteenth Artillery. This regiment was mustered into the U. S- service from Septeaiber 28, 1863, to January 28, 1864, and contained a small detachment of men from Jefferson county. It was mustered out of service August 21, 1865. Independent ■ Batteries Nos. 20 and 28. Each contained men from Jefferson county, the latter having quite a detach- ment. The 20th Battery was mustex-ed in December 27, 1862, and mustered out July 31, 1865. The 28th Battery was mustered in and out at the same dates as the 20th. Other Regiments. Aside from those already mentioned, the following regiments contained men from Jefferson county: Infantry — The 3d, 53d, 57th. 59th (U. S. Van-Guard), 81st, 93d, 97th, 102d and 106th. Cavalry — 1st, 11th (Scott's 900), and 25th; and possibly the county was also repre- sented in other regiments, of which we find no account. Numerous individuals en- listed and were mustered into the service from other States. Officers of the 186th. The following roster of officers of the 186th New York should have appeared on p. 72: Winslow, Bradley, col. Marsh E.Jay, lieut. -col. Sternberg, A . D . , maj . Field, Andrew J., adJt. Marsh, Luther M, adjt. Timmerman,Calvin,q. m. Bailey. William C , surg. Carlisle, E. S , asst.-surg. Coleman, J. C., asst.-surg. Shaw, Jas H., asst.-surg. Burnett, John H. , chap. Snell, Lansing, capt. Mc Wayne. Jay D , capt. Legg, Judson P., capt. Swan, Edwin, capt. Yates, Heniy, capt. McMuUen, R. R., capt. Squires. Charles D., capt. Ferris, George E., capt. Wallace, Wm. R., capt. Hood, Daniel B., capt. Brown, K. W , capt. Reynolds, John M., capt. Bates,. Huxham P , capt. Gleason, W. W., 1st lieut Edwards, C. J., 1st lieut. Brown, B. B., 1st lieut. Phillips, A. S., 1st lieut. Phelps, C. N., 1st. lieut. Peck, Wm. K., 1st lieut. Taylor, Jas A., 1st. lieut. Morse, Amos, 1st lieut. Jones, Ed. E., 1st lieut. Matthews. Jas., 1st lieut. Herring, W. P., 1st lieut. Marsh. Walter P., 2d lieut. Failing, Walsteen, 2d It. MoComber, E., 2d lieut. Staplin , Delos, 2d lieut Grunett, H. C, 2d lieut. Ladd, Alex., 2d lieut. Robertson, C. C, 2d lieut. Brown, H. W., 2d lieut. Cutler, O. L. 2d lieut. nartlett, J. W,, 2d lieut. Horr, Jas. G, 2d lieut. THE 94TH NEW YORK VOLUNTEER INFANTRY. We have said hitherto that we are fortu- nate, nearly thirty years after the Civil War closed, to be able to record, from the obser- vations of living participants, an account of the brave men who went to the front in response to President Lincoln's call for troops. Capt. Charles W. Sloat, well known in our city and county, has prepared some data relating to the 94th, and we insert it with pleasure, for it helps to make history of one of the most gallant regiments that went from old Jefferson. No braver or more loyal officer than the writer of tliis history of the 94th, served during our war. He was ever true to duty, fearless in action and efficient always. Beloved by his men, a model in personal character, he was a fine type of the resolute and patriotic American volunteer. The captain says: The 94th Regiment N. Y. Vols, was among the first of the 3-years' troops. It came upon the scene of war after it had be- come certain that the rebellion was not the 60-day affair of the early summer of 1861; yet not so late that the burning heat of patriotism had lost any of its fervor. Its ranks were composed mainly of the youth of Jefferson county, whose hearts thrilled with a love of country. No thought of gain, and nothing of personal ambition for office had place in the hearts of those early volunteers. The 94th in its inception was" a Jefferson county regiment, but the fortunes of war afterwards made it a composite affair — it being largely recruited from Buffalo just before the Second Bull Run battle, and in the winter of 1862-3 was consolidated with the 105th New York. The original organ- ization was mustered into service at Sackets Harbor, Dec. 9, 1861. The rank and file soon understood that politics as well as patriotism were among the motives which moved men, and that they must go into war, not with the acquaintances and friends of their lives, but with strangers as officers. Yet all would have been well if the colonel who shortly took command had been as sober and reliable as he was gallant and THE WAR FOR THE UNION. 87 soldierly in appearance. He was a gentle- man, and but for the one too common fault, would no doubt have been a credit to the regiment. Col. Viele had next under him Col. Calvin Littlefield, and for adjutant, brought with him, from Buffalo, J. Fred Ernst. The regiment marched to Watertown, over the still remaining snow banks, and took the cars at the lower depot. It was nearly up to the maximum in numbers, and was greeted by a large crowd of friends and well-wishers, who sent it on its way with many a. glistening eye and " God speed." It seemed destined from the start to be a regiment of more than ordinary adventure. Its first experience was a plunge into the Hudson river at Tivoli, through an accident to the train. Here several of the officers' horses were drowned. There were a num- ber of narrow escapes. Quartermaster D. O. DeWolf , of Sackets Harbor, took a bath in the icy river, which nearly proved fatal to him. He afterward did good service in his department. The regiment stayed in New York city a couple of days, living in the barracks, then occupying the City Hall park. From there it passed through Phila- delphia and partook of the hospitality of the famous" Soldier's Rest," thence through the streets of Baltimore and Washington — at the latter city going into barracks at Meridian Hill. Here a cold and continuous rain, combined with the dirtiest of quarters, caused many a boy to think of his mother's comfortable home; making him, if not exactly homesick, something very like it. Next we were called to Alexandria, Va., doing guard duty for the town, then, after about a month, we occupied Fort Lyon, south of the city. Here Colonel Adrian R. Root, of Buffalo, took command. Colonel Root was a man of fine appear- ance, then about 30 years of age, of good executive ability, and proved a very useful officer. Straight as an arrow, six feet or more in height, with a pronounced military bearing, he made his regiment proud of him. Discipline and good order prevailed, owing, in a great measure, to the influence of Col. Root. After about a month at Fort Lyon, the spring campaign of 1862 began. The regiment's first move was down the Poto- mac to Acquia Creek, and then marched to the Rappahannock, at Fredericksburg. We lay there but a day or two, when, with the rest of the division, under General Ord, we were put upon a forced march to the Valley of the Shenadoah to intercept Jack- son, who was just then making his famous record as a marcher. Stopping a week in the vicinity of Front Royal, the regiment then retraced its steps to Manassas, and camped. About this time General Pope was put in command of all the forces in front of Wash- ington, and the campaign with "headquar- ters in the saddle " was begun. On the 4th of July, 1863, our march was again resumed. which brought us during the next day under fire at Cedar Mountain. The regiment was not called upon for any real fighting, but the sight of wounded going to the rear, the shriek of shot and shell, continuing longinto the night, made a picture well calculated to try their mettle. During the night the rebels retired, and we followed towards the Rapidan. A short stay there and again a ' ' skedaddle " to Rappahannock Station, with the enemy in hot pursuit. Here, under a furious cannonade from across the stream, we again marched away toward the gaps in the mountains, and to the line which finally brought us up to Second Bull Run. This regiment, then in the division of General Ricketts, was ordered to intercept Long- street at Thoroughfare Gap. We were partly successful — delaying his march, though finally brushed away by superior numbers. During the 29th of August, marching and countermarching, Rickett's division was finally posted on the east side of the Sudley Road, near the Warrenton pike. On the afternoon of the 30th, when the last grand struggle of the battle was at its height, the regiment with the rest of Tower's brigade of Rickett's division was pushed forward to the assistance of the Union left, where Gen. R. C. Shenck had been wounded, with a somewhat demoralizing effect upon his men. Genera) Pope, in his report, said of this movement: "Towers' brigade of Rickett's division, was pushed forward to Schenok's suppoi't, and the brigade was led by General Tower in person, with con- spicuous gallantry. The conduct of these two brigades and their commanders, in plain view of our whole left, was especially distinguished, and called forth hearty and enthusiastic cheers. Their example was of great service, and seemed to infuse new spirit into the troops who witnessed their intrepid conduct." Whatever may have combined to defeat the Union forces at Second Bull Run, cer- tainly one of them was not the failure of Tower's brigade to perform its duty there. A word of praise is due the memory of the 300 or more killed and wounded in the 30- minutes' exposure to the fire of overwhelm- ing numbers upon that barren knoll. There are several brave men now walking the streets of Watertown whose bodies bear the scars of that day. Lieut. George Macomber there received a bullet through his shoulder, which disabled him for futui'e service. Lieut. W. J. M. Woodward, of Co. K, was so severely wounded that death followed . His body was sent home to Adams Centre and buried in the family lot. Private John Scott was borne down, and before he could be removed received as many as eight dif- ferent wounds. Sergt. Bi-ayton C Bailey, of H. Co., carried a buck shot in his skull for years. Col. Adrian R. Root gallantly exposed himself in front of his troops while in the most critical period of the fight, and 88 THE GROWTH OF A CENTURY. was Slightly wounded. All the sacrifice was of no avail, and a general i-etreat, not to say rout, followed. At Centerville that night a wonderful picture was presented. For miles on the plains could be seen the camp-fires, where were bivouacked the bulk of General Pope's army. About those fires were groups of three to five soldiers — and in most cases strangers to each other. A 94th man going toward Centerville that evening was hailed by a group at one of these fires — "Hallo, comrade, where are you going : stop here and cook your coffee. That fellow belongs to a Massachusetts regiment, tliis one to a Pennsylvania, and another to the 1st Vir- ginia, so you, being a New York man, will be entirely ' at liome ' here." Following the action at Second Bull Run, in common with the rest of the army, the 94th took up its march for South Jlountain and Antietam, doing its share of the fight- ing at both places. Then came Dec. 13, 1862, and the Fiedericksburg engagement. Here Lieutenant Levi Carpenter was ruined for life by a wound in the head, whicli finally resulted in brain trouble and death long years after. Alfred Turcott, a brave and good soldier, lost a leg. The regiment here was under command of JVajor Kress, a gallant fellow from the regular army. Charles E. Scoville, its adjutant, was par- ticularly conspicuous for gallant bearing and encouragement to the men during a charge. After Fredericksburg we went into camp at Belle Plain, where in March, 1863, we were consolidated with the lOoth. The men of both organizations were dis- posed to resent this consolidation, but many good officers and men were thus brought together and soon the best of feeling ex- isted. The campaign called ' ■ Burnside's Mud March,"' took place long before good weather could be expected, and the fruitless Mine Run was the result. Then came Chancel- lorsville under Hooker. Then a long period of camp life, followed by Lee's invasion of Pennsylvania and the battle of Gettysburg. Here the 94th was in the 1st corps, Rickett's division, with General Paul commanding our brigade. He was wounded, and the command of that brigade devolved upon Colonel Root. It was the misfortune of the 1st and 11th corps to meet here on the first day nearly the combined rebel force. The 94th occupied ground adjoining the 11th corps, whieli was on their right, facing nearly north and about a mile outside of Gettysburg. The 11th corps gave way al- most bodily, as did the left of the 1st, leav- ing the troops near the 94th, which were in the woods, in advance of both wings, so that when they began also to give way, they found the roads so obstructed that escape for many was impossible. About one-half of the 94th was captured at this time, and corralled with about 5,000 other prisoners that night. They accepted parole on the field, and were soon returned to their com- rades at the front. During the following winter we were or- dered to guard Camp Parole at Annapolis. Stayed liere till Grant's camijaign of the next year was well under way, and joined the army at Cold Harbor. From thence to the close of the war were identified with the Army of the Potomac, and were in most of its battles. At Petersburg, on the 18th of June, 1864, it charged the fort, which was afterwards mined and blown up, caus- ing such destruction to Burnside's colored division. In this chai-ge Comrade Levi Rel- yea was so badly wounded that he died — a record of his devotion to his countrj' and sacrifice for it, is worthy a place in the his- tory of his county. During the summer of 1864 the duties of the regiment were both arduous and dan- gerous. In constant exposure from the enemy, with many long marches and much building of earthworks, the tedious days were passed. In August occurred the affair at the Weldon Railroad, in which another large detachment of the regiment fell into the hands of the enemy ; most of them not returning until the close of the war, when Andersonville gave up its almost dead. Among these was William Loan, an honored name both in the army, and afterward as a citizen of Watertown. Its battle record is nearly that of the Army of the Potomac. The last campaign, which was ended at Appomattox, closed the story of one of the best regiments in the service. Among a noble band of recruits, which joined the regiment just before the second Bull Run, was a young man from Buffalo, N. Y., about 20 yeai-s of age, named Henry H. Fish. He had joined the army actuated by patriotic motives, and from the first was anxious to know and do his duty. Of a prominent family, his influence enabled him soon to get a commission as 1st lieuten- ant, and then as captain, followed by that of major, which, by the absence of (Jolonel Moffett, a prisoner of war, made him com- mander of the regiment. His gallant dis- position was manifested in this last cam- paign, and when lie might, without re- proach, have sought safety by being less conspicuous as a mark for the enemy by going into action dismounted, he insisted on leading his regiment on horseback. He was wounded early in the action, though not seriously. After a hasty visit to hos- pital, with bandaged head he again ap- peared, to encourage his men, and while cheering them on to the last final effort, he received his death wound. It is recorded upon an historical monument in Groton, Conn., of an uncle of Henry H. F'ish's mother: "Left his plow standing in the furrow to take part in defense of Fort Gris- wold, near here, during the Revolution, and next day his remains were brought home on an ox cart." The bodv of Major Henrv H. Fish was carried from the field of battle COL. ENOS. CAPT. MAC WAYNE. COL. SHAW. COL. DOLAN. GEO. VAN VLECK. GEN. WINSLOW. LT. GREENLEAF. LT. SLOCUM. THE WAR FOR THE UNION. 89 across the hoi-se of his chaplain, Rev. P. G. Cook, of Buffalo. Who shall say that the blood of that patriot of '76, flowing through this lad in '65, was not again performing service for its country ? Major Fish's body has honored rest in the family lot at Forest Lawn Cemetery, Buffalo. In the winter of 1864-65, many of the three-years men who had not enlisted were discharged; and when the victory was won and the regiment disbanded, so few from Jefferson county were left, that the return was only of a few individual members. Of a regiment whose rolls had contained, by consolidation and recruiting, nearly 3,000 names, it may be said that not a ripple of excitement was made by its absorption into the citizenship of its native county. Ex- cept among the few survivors, its name is scarcely heard, but is surely entitled to the few lines recorded here. To most of its membership the hope that they did not march, fight or die in vain, is all the reward they desire. The names of many brave men must necessarily be omitted from a record like this. When the final roll is called, the names of Moffett, and Hulbert, and Leonard , and French, and Chester ; of White, Par- sons, Demarse, Chaplain Cook, Drs. Cham- berlain and Derby— and hundreds more will not fail to receive the " Well Done " which is the reward of those who perform their duty and their whole duty. Major D. W. C. Tomlinson, lately de- ceased, was a special favorite in the 94th. He was a man who could never have ex- celled as a tactician or in the formation of an army — but as a " good plain fighter " he had no superior. His true place would have been in the quartermaster's department, for his early knowledge of the means of trans- portation, often demanding the best skill of an army officer, would have enabled him to get out of the teamsters all that was in them. Every soldier knows the importance of the vpagon train of an armj-, but it is a curious fact that the teams were usually an hour or two behind the infantry regiments at the end of a day's march, and the tents could not be erected until the wagons caught up. In closing the record of this gallant regi- ment it should not be forgotten that its early organization and care at Madison Bar- racks were constantly looked after by Col. Walter B. Camp, who was directed by Gov. Morgan to perform that dutj' — and he dis- charged it in a manner that met the ap- proval not only of the Governor, but of all the men. who were well fed, well housed, and well protected. Ttiis mucli is due to Col. Camp, as part of the history of those times so full of excitement, and which have passed into history, to be looked upon in the future as we older ones regarded Lex- ington, and Bunker Hill, and Yorktown, or as the Revolutionary heroes looked back even to Thermopylae. Officers of the 94th. Viele, Heniy K.,col. Root, Adrain R., col. Littlefleld, C. . lieut.-eol. Kress, John A., lieut.-coI. Moffatt, S. A., lieut.-col. Hanford, Wm. R., maj. Tomlinson, D. C, maj. McMahon, John, maj. Fish, H. P. (killed in ac- tion), maj. Parson, Byron, maj. Erust, J. F., Jr., adjt. Scoville, Chas. E., adjt. Hulbert, Clias. E., adjt. Sprague, Chas. H., adjt. De Wolf. D. O., qr. mr. Shedd, Jerome I., qr. mr. Reed, J. S., qr. mr. Goodale, Cliarles, surg. Smith, A. H., surg. Avery, George W., surg. ChamlJerlaiD, D. C., surg. Seymour, E. G., asst.-surg. Brown. J. T., asst.-sui'g. Reynolds, J. D., asst.-surg. Derby, E. G., asst.-surg. Fuller, W. S., asst.-surg. Reynolds, Porter L. F., asst. -sui'g. Nichole, Wm. A., chap. Cook, Philos G.. chap. Beebe, Isaac M , capt. White, Horace G., capt. Mason, Orlo J., capt. Snell, Lansing, capt. Gates, Jacob S., capt. Lyttle, LafayettR F., capt. Chester, Waiter T. , capt. Emerson, James, capt. Searle, B. D., capt. Sears, T>exLer C., capt. Comee, Chris. C, capt. Oolton, H. S., capt. Hawkins, Oscar F., capt. Kilborn, C. W., capt. Place, Samuel, Jr., capt. Joy, Royal N., capt. Crawford, A. McL., capt. Mesler, Charles V., capt. Bibbins, Harri.son, capt. Nichols, Duane M., capt. Dayton, Ed. A., capt. Horr, Austin, capt. I.acy, John, capr. Doolittle, Isaac, capt. French G. (killed in ac- tion), capt. Leonard, Michael, capt. Briggs, I. E., capt. Carpenter, Levi, capt, Whiteside. John C, capt. Mallison, Joseph, capt. Nutting, Abel M., capt Tyler, Wallace W., capt. Rodgers, Chas. F., capt. Parker, Edward C, capt. Cooley, A. E., capt. Field, Augustus, capt. Moore, Abraham, capt. Benham, Willis, capt. Currie, James, Istlleut. Thomas, Jas. P., 1st lieuli. Johnson, A. A., Istlieut. Phillips, Jas. 0., 1st lieut. Philes, H. H., Istlieut. Moore, John D., 1st lieut. Colton, H. S., Istlieut. Hatch, Junius H., 1st lieut. Strong, Hayden, 1st lieut. Timraerman, C., 1st lieut. Mather, George, 1st lieut. Osham, Geo. H., 1st lieut. Swan, Henry, 1st lieut. De Marse, S., 1st lieut. Mayhew, E. V., 1st lieut. Cole, John B., 1st lieut. McComber, G., 1st lieut. Whiteside, B , 1st lieut. HoUey, Jas. D., Istlieut. Mansfield. J. M., 1st lieut. Coltier, Robert, Istlieut. Massey, F. J., Ist lieut. Merriam, R. B., 1st lieut. Woodward, W. J. M. (died of wounds), 1st It. Wodell, Isaac P.. 1st lieut. De Graff, John, 1st lieut. Crawfoi'd, P. (killed m ac- tion), Istlieut. Hendricks, Jas., 1st lieut. Ludlow, M. H., 1st lieut. Knowles, Wm., 1st lieut. Brainard, O. H., 2d lieut. De Forest, C. L , 2d lieut. Rundell, C. R., 2d lieut. Cook, Horace S., 2d lieut. Ford, Wayland, 2d lieut. ; Locklin, A. W., 2d lieut. Burns, E. M., 2d lieut. Washburne, Levi, 2d lieut. Swan, Henry, 2d lieut. Roseboom, H., 2d lieut. Smith, Warren S., 2d lieut. Burrows, Thos., 2d lieut. Merrill, E. M., 2d lieut. Smith, Frank, 2d lieut. Shuttis, S. G., 2d lieut. Ryan, P. R. , 2d lieut. Sloat, Chas. W., 2d Kent. Young. Richard, 2d lieut. Ludlow, M. H., 2d lieut. Mercer, D. D., 2d lieut. Flattery, John, 2d lieut. Quildthrite, W. W., 2d It. Williams. W. H., 2d lieut. Crane. W. E., 2d lieut. Hay, Alexandei', 2d lieut. Patterson, A . , 2d lieut. Smith, John R., 2d lieut. Wilder, G. D , 2d lieut. Brewer, Allen, 2d lieut. Hafie, Jonas, 2d lieut. AVhalon, Daniel, 2d lieut. Longmire, G , 2d lieut. SOME SOLDIER BIOGRAPHIES. The likenessess which appear on the pre- ceding pages are fair representations of the type of volunteei' citizen soldiers who com- prised the famous 35th Regiment. Tliese illustrations are here made use of as being a fair group of those veterans who have added to their military honors by success in civil life after passing into the history of the War of the Great Rebellion with a record as brave private soldiers or as distinguished officers. Several of these men were severely wounded — notably George F. Dressor, who lost a leg at Fredericks'ourg, and General Bradley Winslow, who was shot through 90 THE GROWTH OF A CENTURY. the body while gallantly leading his men at the successful assault on Fort Mahone be- fore Petersburg. General Bradley "Winslow. The subject of this sketch comes from good New England stock, who were promi- nent pioneers in settling Northern New York. He is a direct descendant in the seventh generation of Knelm Winslow, a brother of Edward Winslow of Mayflower fame. Bradley Winslow was born August 1, 1831, at the home of his father, the late Hon. John Winslow, on the Winslow home- stead, 2J miles from the city of Watertown. He was educated in the common scliools near his home, until, in his 16th year, he went to Cazenovia Seminary. Here he enjoyed the advantages of an excellent faculty, and made good progress in all his studies. In the winter of 1850-51 he at- tended school at Falley Seminary, in the village of Fulton, Oswego county. In 1852 he entered as a student at Wyoming Semi- nary at Kingston, Pa., where he spent a year. This covered his school life, and he laid the foundation of an excellent educa- tion, and was famous in his accomplish- ments as a forcible and polished writer and effective orator. He began the study of law in the office of Hon, James F. Starbuck, in the fall of 1853, at the age of 23. Here he continued till the fall of 1854, when he en- tered the Poughkeepsie Law School, where he remained until the following spring. He was admitted to practice in all the courts in the State in 1855. He remained with Mr. Starbuck until Jan. 1, 1856. Mr. Winslow was married Nov. 15, 1855, to Miss Geraldine M. Cooper, daughter of John C. Cooper, of Adams. One son and two daughters were the offspring of this union. The son, John Cooper Winslow, graduated from Dart- mouth College, and after a promising career in the law, died of consumption in Pa,s- adena, California, in 1890, whither he had removed on account of failing health. January 1, 1856, Mr. Winslow opened a law office in Watertown. In the same year he associated with L. J. Bigelow in law prac- tice under the firm name of Winslow & Bigelow. In the fall of 1859 he was elected district attorney, and entered on its duties January 1, 1860. He at once came to the front as an able official, and proved his eminent litness for his high position by several important cases which were de- fended by the first talent of the bar — notably the Sprague trial. The opening of the evei-memorable Civil War in 1861, found Mr. Winslow a first lieutenant of the Black River Corps, a military organization of the village of Watertown. Shortly after the news came of the firing upon Fort Sumter, Mr. Winslow met John A. Had- dock in the Paddock Arcade, who, with some asperity of tone, asked " what the Black River Corps intended to do in the emergency? " and remarked that the organi- zation was in the way of other people's go- ing to help the government. Young Wins- low keenly felt the sting which this ques- tion carried with it, and the full responsi- bility of the situation burst upon him. He at once sought Captain Potter, who was in command of the Corps, who, after much earnest persuasion, consented to calling a meeting to see if the organization was will- ing to offer its services for the war. The result was that a company was organized, made up largely of the Corps; Captain Pot- ter was made captain and Mr. Winslow first lieutenant. The company proceeded to Elmira, one of the depots for assembling troops, where a regiment was organized, mostly of Jefferson county troops. Wil- liam C. Browne became colonel of tlis 35th N. Y. Volunteers, and Captain Potter lieu- tenant colonel. On the promotion of Cap- tain Potter, Lieutenant Winslow was com- missioned captain. In July the regiment passed through Baltimore on its way to the capital at Washington. Only a few days before, Massachusetts troops had been cowardly shot down in the streets of Balti- more, while on their way to Washington, and great excitement prevailed when the splendidly-equipped and gallantly-marching 35th regiment passed through that disloyal and decidedly pugnacious city. The first file of Co. A on that day was composed of D. M. Evans, W. W. Enos, A. D. Shaw and Milton Converse. On the resignation of Lieut. Col. Potter, in August, 1861, Captain Winslow was promoted to the vacancy. Col. Winslow was a daring, energetic and brave officer, and kept the rebels on the alert in front of his command. He partici- pated in all the marches of the regiment to relieve General Banks at Cedar Mountain, and his command effectively covered the retreat. During these experiences he con- tracted typhoid fever, and his health became so impaired that he was forced to resign, in December, 1862, receiving an honorable dis- charge. Rest and care brought back good health, and when the call for 500,000 men was issued in 1864, he helped raise the 168th regiment N, Y. Volunteer Infantry, and in September of that year was commissioned and mustered into service again as its colonel. The regiment, soon after its organization, joined the army of General Meade, then making its last great campaign against the rebel army under Gen. Lee, and was assigned to the second brigade, second division, ninth corps. During the re- mainder of the campaign the regiment was actively engaged in the trenches or in picket duty in the lines before Petersburg ; took part in the affair of the 31st of October, in the attempt to force the Weldon railroad. On the morning of the 3d of April, Col. Winslow's regiment led the attack upon the fortification known as Fort Mahone, in front of Petersburg, and by a gallant charge captured the work. In an attempt to get THE WAR FOR THE UNIOK. 91 possession of still another fortification to the left, and in the same line with the one already taken, Colonel Winslow fell, shot through the body — a minnie ball entering between the lower ribs on the right side, and coming out to the left of and near the spine. The following letter will speak for itself, from the commander of the second division. It imperishably fixes General "Winslow's name on the great records of the war. It was an unsought and unsolicited tribute to as brave an officer as ever faced a foe on any battlefield of history. Headquarters Second Division, Ninth Army Corps, Alexandria, Va., June 13, 1865. My dear Colonel: — It is with sincere pleas- ure I inform you that I have recommended your promotion to the rank of Brigadier- General by brevet, for bravery and gallant conduct on the field at the assault on the enemy's lines in front of Petersburg, April 2, 1865 I am very happy, Colonel, to make this acknowledgment of your meritorious services as commander of your regiment, and of the gallant and judicious manner in which you handled you regiment in my presence, during the engagement of the 3d of April; an engagement that will be forever memorable in our nation's history. With sincere esteem, I have the honor to be, yours, etc., S. G. Griffin, Brigadier-General Commanding. Col. Bradley Winslow, 186th N. Y. Volunteers, Water- town, N. Y. His wound compelled his retirement from the army, and he returned to his home, where he slowly recovered from his almost fatal injury. Unsought by him, he was appointed a lieutenant in the regular army, in the 22d regiment of U. S. Infantry. This rare appointment he declined, preferring civil to military life in time of peace. In 1868, Gov. R. E. Fenton commissioned him Brigadier- General in the National Guard, and appointed him to the command of the 16th Brigade— a position he admirably filled. He was elected district attorney for the second time in 1865, and served the term of three years with distinguished ability. As a lawyer. General Winslow has won a high position at the bar of Jeff ei-son county. He was admitted to practice in the District Court of the United States for the Northern District of New York, December 10, 1869. In politics General Winslow is a Republican. In 1856, in his early manhood, he espoused the cause of that party, and has ever since been a staln'art supporter of its principles. He has long sinte been a favorite campaign speaker over a wide range of this State. In December, 1875 he was elected mayor of the city of Watertown, which office he filled to the general satisfaction of all the people. He was elected State Senator in 1879, and served two years, winning the confidence of his colleagues, and the high esteem of all, for his integrity, dignity and usefulness as a legislator. General Winslow has always been con- spicuous for his high ideals of public duty. No man ever questioned his business integ- rity, his perfect uprightness in every trust committed to his hands by his clients, and his unfailing loyalty in his profession. As a soldier and in his professional life, he has won enduring fame in the circle of his life- work. [Albert Duane Shaw. The limits of local history, not wholly bio- graphical, will not permit so complete a sketch of the life and achievements of Col. Albert Duane Shaw, as a man and citizen would justify. His career has been so closely identified with current events for the last thirty years in this section of our State, that its history would be incomplete without copious mention of the honorable and distinguished part he has borne in that respect. He comes from patriotic stock; his great- grandfather, on his mother's side, was a major in the Revolutionary War, and his grandfather, on his father's side, although he was but a lad, also saw service under Washington. His mother, Sally Ann Gard- ner, was the daughter of Mr. Samuel Gard- ner, and his father was Henry Shaw, son of Thomas Shaw, descendent of the Shaws of New Jersey. Albert Duane was born in the town of Lyme, Jefferson county, N. Y., De- cember 27, 1841, and was educated in the conimon schools, at Belleville Union Acad- emy, and at St. Lawrence University, at Canton, N. Y. The son of a farmer, and in youth himself a toiler on the farm, produced in him ready sympathy with the efforts of the farming class for improvement and the advancement of agriculture. His active interest in this behalf has won for him the highest esteem of the farmers. When farmers gather in the interest of their calling, on public occa- sions, the eloquent and instructive speech of Col. Shaw, always demanded, is an inspira- tion, and makes the future brighter and more hopeful to all who experience the charm of his eloquence. In youth, in his eighteenth year, the slave- holders' rebellion, formidable in dimensions, its promoters maddened by the poison of chattel slavery, threatened the destruction of both liberty and the Union. This his patriotic soul would not brook, and so, with no thought of gain or fame, but of sacrifice for his imperiled country, in June, 1861, he enlisted at Watertown as a volunteer soldier to serve jn Co. "A," 35th regiment of New York volunteers, being the first volunteer from the town of Cape Vincent. With his regiment at Elmira. N. Y., he was nmstered into the service of the United States in July, 1861, to serve two years. His career as a 92 THE GROWTH OF A CENTURY. soldier is a part of that of the noble 35th, elsewhere chronicled in this history. Dur- ing the term of service of his regiment he was never for a day absent from the ranks of his company (except for a couple of months in the winter of 1863, when on de- tail in recruiting service, while his regiment was in winter quarters at Taylor's Tavern, Va.), and he never failed while on a march, to be present with his comrades when they stacked arms, except on two occasions, when, owing to the severity of the march, only two were present, himself and another, and so they reversed arms and stuck their bayonets into the gi-ound. In 1863 he was appointed special agent of the provost marshal's office in Watertown, under Capt. Fred Emerson, and was dis- charged at the close of the war, in 1865, re- ceiving the warm thanks of the command- ing officer for his "able and faithful performance of every duty.'' In 1866 he was elected member of Assembly from the Second district of Jefferson county, and served one year with credit to himself and the district. During his brief legislative career, the writer well remembers a notable speech upon the tariff question, made by Col. Shaw, which was an earnest promise of his subsequent fame as an orator. In 1868 he was appointed U. S. consul at Toronto, Canada, and his consular service at that point was made conspicuous by his consular reports, which Hamilton Fish, Sec- retary of State, declared were " tlie very best of any consular officer in the service."' In 1878 he was appointed to the important consulate at Manchester, England. Just before his departure for England, the citi- zens of Toronto tendered him a public dinner at the Queen's Hotel. The Prime Minister of the Dominion, the Honorable Alexander Mackenzie, sent a laudatory letter from Ot- tawa, complimenting him for his ability and impartiality in the discharge of his official duties. Hon. Oliver Mowat, Premier of On- tario, was present, as was the Hon. George Brown and Mayor Morrison, who presided, and many other leading citizens of Canada, and of the United States. An address was presented to Col. Shaw, couched in warm terms of approval, for his services as an offi- cial, and his good qualities as a man. In 1885, owing to a change of administra- tion at Washington, he was superseded by an appointee of President Cleveland. Upon his retirement from Manchester, a public ineeting was held in the town hall of that city, at which the citizens presented him with a silver casket and an illuminated ad- dress, both of great intrinsic value and beauty. The speeches on that occasion were freighted with good words, and some eigh- teen hundred of the leading citizens were present. In 1880 he was elected a member of tha famous Manchester Arts Club, and from time to time delivered addresses before it. This Club represents the highest type of English art and literature. To be elected a member of it is an honor awarded to but few foreigners, and Englishmen only of social distinction and culture are admitted. At the Saint Andrew's Society dinner in Manchester in 1882, he presided in the ab- sence of the Earl of Aberdeen, the first time an American ever took the chair at a dinner of that society. The Colonel made two speeches, which were highly complimented. Soon after the death of General Philip Sheri- dan, a memorial meeting was held in Lon- don, England, in his honor, by members of the United States army, past and present, temporarily sojourning in England. Colo- nel Shaw made the principal address, and it was eminently worthy of the occasion and of the memory of the distinguished soldier in whose honor the memorial meeting was held. In 1867, Governor Reuben E. Fenton ap- pointed Col. Shaw to be colonel of the 36th regiment of the N. Y. S. N. G. In 1872 he married Mai-y Sherwood Keith, daughter of Charles W. Keith, Esq., of Chi- cago, 111. His was tlie first marriage after the great fire in that city. Three children have blessed this happy union — Henry L. Keith Shaw, Mabel Keith Shaw and Minnie Scott Shaw. Since his retirement from the consulate at Manchester, Col. Shaw has resided in this city, but since coming to Watertown to re- side, he has made several trips to Europe. In the intervals he made several addresses on Grand Army occasions, which were char- acterized by graceful thought and fervid eloquence, among which was an address on the laying of the corner stone of the monu- ment to the soldiers and sailors of Jefferson county, and which now decorates the public square of our city. His address upon tliis occasion was replete with earnest thought expressed in cultured and eloquentlanguage; its delivery enchaining tlie attention and charmed all who heard it. [See that ad- dress in full.] In several presidential campaigns he has been in demand as a Republican orator, and under tlie direction of the National Repub- lican Committee has addressed the people in various parts of the country in a convinc- ing and effective manner. In January, 1893, he was unanimously se- lected by the board of trustees of Cornell University, to deliver the Founder's Day oration. On that eventful occasion he was surrounded by men of culture and of high literary attainments, but he was fully equal to the occasion, and his effort won the en- comiums of all who heard it. That Foun- der's Day oration will always be cherished by the friends of Cornell University, and will rank with the masterpieces of oratory. Col. Shaw has been three times elected President of the Young Men's Cliristian As- sociation, and in 1893 was elected President of the Chamber of Commerce, Watertown. Thus do we record on the printed page of THE WAR FOR THE UXIOX. 93 our History a brief summary of a most bril- liant career, fully believing that the record thereof will carry with it an influence that will be lasting for good, and especially will it stimulate youthful minds to higher en- deavor, and illustrate what success and noble achievements are possible, yea prob- able to him who industriously labors with an honest, intelligent purpose, to do the best he can in his day and generation. Col. Shaw is now in the prime of life, in the full enjoyment of mental and physical vigor, which indicates that his distinguished career of usefulness will be greatly pro- longed, and we are confident that the future will bring to him greater preferment and honor than have yet crowned his brow with the laurel of victory. j. A. H. Lieut. Lothario D. Moegan. Chauncey D. Morgan came to Watertown about 1825, and settled upon a large farm near the centre of the town. He was for a time in the employ of the K. ,W. & O. Railroad , but he is best remembered as a progressive farmer, a man of enlarged intelligence and one who kept up with the times. He raised two sons, Homer Bartlett and Lothario Don- aldson. He died in 1872, and his beloved wife (Almena Bartlett) in 1877. Homer graduated from Hamilton College, and be- came a Christian missionary to Turkey, dy- ing at Smyrna in 1865. Lothario D. was born in 1829, and came to man's estate upon his father's farm. He married Evalina M. Manning. In 1861 Lothario enlisted in the 35th New York, was made lieutenant in Company A, and served nearly through the regiment's term of two yeai-s, resigning af- ter Antietam, from impaired health. Return- ing to Watertown, he engaged in business, and lived respected by all. He died in 1884, leaving his widow with one daughter. They reside at 27 Ten Eyck street, Watertown. Lieut. Morgan is remembered by his com- rades as one of the most courageous, ami- able and democratic officers of that brave regiment, which went at the first call, with- out bounties, and gladly went, to aid the Union cause. Colonel William Wallace Enos Was born in Depauville, Jefferson county, in 1835. He was the son of Gaylord and Minerva Enos, who were among the early settlers of this region. Gaylord Enos was a man of strong character, striking individu- ality and superior ability. He was long prominent in the life of the section, and his wife was a beautiful woman, eminently en- dowed with all the home virtues that make married life sweet and tender. As a neigh- bor, she was loved for her interest in the sick, and her ever faithful friendship; as a wife and mother, she gave her life to her family, and was the ever dear center of her home. William W. Enos was reared at his father's home in Depauville, until his 16th year. He was educated in the common school and at the academy in Lafargeville. He was a good student, and early developed a fondness for commercial life. In 1852 he accepted a posi- tion as clerk in a country store at Chaumont, N. Y., with Mr. Ira Inman, in whose employ he passed two years. At the age of 20, in 1855, he became the junior partner with Messrs. Ira Inman and George W. Smith, of Chaumont, and continued with this prosper- ous firm until the breaking out of the great rebellion in 1861. The wave of patriotic fervor which throbbed through the whole North when Sumter was fired upon, stirred young Enos like a bugle call, and he left his business and enlisted in defense of the Union. He was the first to respond from the town of Lyme, for two years' service — under President Lincoln's first call for 75,000 vol- unteers. In April, 1861, he joined Co. "A," 35th N.Y. Vols., and served two years faith- fully, until mustered out at the expiration of the term of service of this famous regi- ment. Owing to causes resulting from jeal- ousies and combinations, common in the first two years of the war, Mr. Enos did not receive the promotion so plainly his due — and he was mustered out as sergeant. Brave, loyal and faithful, his service was a proud part of the gallant record of the 35th, which was made up of some of the best material of any regiment in the Union service. In the fall of 1863 — having been mustered out of service in June — he entered Co. " K," 18th N. Y. Cavalry, as lieutenant, and served in the Department of the Gulf until the close of the war. He passed through the famous Red River campaign under General Banks, and was promoted to a captaincy for meri- torious services in the field. In June, 1865, after the last rebel had surrendered, he re- signed , and returned to his home and friends in Jefferson county. This covers, very briefly, a record of faithful service unsur- passed for pure patriotism and unselfish de- votion to principle and duty. Young Enos left a very promising commercial business, ■which would undoubtedly have made his fortune. He was a business man — full of enterprise — and the war period was a rare one for accumulating wealth. As it was, he came home to re-enter business just as prices began to decline, and he found it hard work to get a foothold on a paying basis. How- ever, by the exercise of great caution, he gradually won his way to fair success. His subsequent business career in Cliaumont, N. Y. , has been most creditable, and fairly prosperous. He has dealt in dry goods, grain, real estate and other commercial lines. Since his return from the army he has been prominent in the public life of his town and count}'. He has been justice of the peace, postmaster, supervisor and mem- ber of Assembly. In 1867 Mr. Enos was commissioned lieutenant colonel of the 36th Regiment, N. G. State of New York, by Governor R. E. Fenton. Mr. Enos was mar- 94 THE GROWTH OF A CENTURY. ried to Miss Emma Dayan in 1872. Foui- children have blessed that union. Miss Clara was educated at Albany, N. Y., and his sons George and Copley are at Cornell University; Julia, the youngest, is now at- tending school at home. The above brief record gives an outline picture of one of that grand army of volun- teers who periled all for the defense of their native land, and without bounties. Col. Enos was a type of citizen to which our present civilization owes a debt of gratitude that can never be repaid. His highest am- bition was to see the laws of his country en- forced, and freedom become the heritage of all our people, black as well as white. He passed safely through the four terrible years of the war, and at the age of 59, in fairly good health, with an interesting family about him, a competency sufficient to secure him all his needed comforts, he looks back upon a useful life-work with no regret over the part he played in the wonderful events which secured a new birth of freedom to this country and its people. Colonel Enos is a man of peculiar force of character, but of a high standard of citizen- ship. His word is always regarded as good as his bond. He is frank and outspoken almost to a fault, but his heart is in the right place and his impulses broad and gen- erous. He is a man of large intelligence, loyal friendship, and ranks among the best citizens our county has ever produced, for integrity of character, patriotic services and usefulness in all relations of life. a. d. s. The author of this history is glad to bear honest testimony to all our beloved comrade, Col. Shaw, has said above. Young Enos I first knew in the field, a soldierly, enterpris- ing, resolute and sham-hating man. The wet, cold ground was only too often his rest- ing place after a weary day's travel. I well remember when vi'e were stalled near Cat- lett's, in Virginia, by an unprecedented snow storm, with no shelter save the light summer tents, which were so short at both ends that if your head was protected your legs from the knees down were " out in the rain," and by frequent changes in the night, at morning both legs and head and should- ers would be soaked through. And how well I remember that Enos and some dozen of those Co. A. boys had got on the lee side of a hay rack, built for feeding cattle, and were bragging how comfortable they were! Think of it; such a party of tenderly-raised young men only too glad to lie down in a place built for cattle. The very next night after we left Catlett's, under a forced order to relieve troops at Fredericksburg, Col. Lord, at dark, was holding regimental head- quarters in an abandoned hog-pen, and was thankful to get enough clean straw to drop down upon, fatigued almost to insensibility. These are episodes which endear men to each other. J. a. h. Geokge F. Deessor, whose scholarly face is shown on tlie composite picture of ofHcers and men of the 35th Regiment, was born in Houndsfield. in 1841, was one of the first to enlist, and was assigned to Co. A, . Cape Vincent to Alexandria Bay. " " " Kingston 10 *• " ** Gananoqne 16 Alexandria Bay to Westminster Park 1 Rockport 8 Central Park... » Names of Points indicated by Figures in Red. 1. Carlton Island 2. Governor's Island Ex-Lieut.-Gov. T. O. Alvord. 3. Calumet Island Mr. Chas. G. Emery, New York. 4. Eock Island Light-Honse, head of American Channel. I Occident and Orient E. K. Washburn, New York. ( Isle of Pines Mrs. K. N. Eobiuson, New Tork. ~ ' .C. L. Fredericks, Carthage, N.Y. Rev. Goodrich, Lafargeville, N. Y, I Arthur Hughes, Stone Mills, N. Y. I Frederick Smith, Watertown, N. Y. . S. Ainsworth, Watertown, N. Y. 8. Waving Branches 9. Jolly Oaks. ^y„,-^-g,-; Prof. A. H. Brown, Carthage, N. Y. " D. Ferguson, juounnoFKiu, ( Hon. W. W. Batterfleld, Redwood, N. Y. Names of Points indicated by Figures in Red. 10. Island Royal ISoyal E. Deane, New York. 11. Seveulsles Bradley Winslow, Watertown, N. Y. 11. Point Vivian; Beisot Tozer, J. J. Kinney, Dr. Jones, Geo. Jones, William Cooper, and others. Stone Mills, New York. 13. Bella Vista Lodge F. J. Bosworth, Newport, R. I. 14. Comfort Island A. E. Clark, Chicago. 15. Warner Island H. H. Warner, Rochester, N. Y. 6. Cherry Island | ^: I. S'aiX'' *-"" '^°- 17. WauWinet 0. B. Hill, Chicago. 18. Nobby Island H. R. Heath, New York. 19. Welcome Island S. G. Pope, Ogdensbuii 20. Linlithgow Islanu E. A. Livingston, New Yorl 21. Bonnie Castle Holland Estate, 22. Isle Imperial Mrs. H. Q. Le Conte, Philadelphia. 23. Point Marguerite £. Anthony, New York. 24. Sport Island Packer Estate. |g" j-Snmmerland Qronp. 27. Manhattan Group, THEIR HISTORY. 'HE importance of these islands, which form the northwest- ern boundary of Jefferson county, demands historical consideration distinct and separate from the towns in which they are situated. Cape Vincent, Clayton, Or- leans and Alexandria each claim a part of the islands, since they are mapped and described as belonging to the towns which front upon the river opposite. The islands proper really begin at Cape Vincent, and extend to Morristown and Brockville, about thirty-eight miles below, and are about 1 , 500 in number. The author has been sometimes puzzled what to believe as he listens to diverse statements of the same general facts as related by diflFerent individuals. To understand the errors of many such statements at once demonstrates the un- reliability of oral testimony, and the importance of serious investigation before making a record for the printed page. It was once believed by many that Wells Island was for a time held half-and-half by both Canada and the Unitad States. The inconsistency of such a location of the dividing line between two governments will be apparent to the most casual observer. But under such misinformation there were numerous settlements by Canadians upon that important island, claiming that they were within the limits of their own country. The truth is that in the treaty division of these islands there was no attempt to divide any island. The treaty called for a line running up the " main channel of the St. Lawrence," but when the commissioners came on to locate the line, they found two main chan- nels, both navigable, though the southeast (the American) channel was by far the straightest, and is undoubtedly the main channel of the river at that point ; and so the commissioners "gave and took" islands under the treaty. Wells Island falling to the United States be- cause so near its main, shore, and Wolf Island going to the Canadians for a similar reason. The place which this beautiful region holds in American history is second only to that occupied by New England and Plymouth Rock, while the memories and traditions which cluster around it are as thrilling and romantic as are to be found in the new world. Wars, piracy, tragedy and mystery have contributed to its lore. The St. Lawrence was discovered by Jacques Cartier, the French explorer, in 1535, but he did not proceed further up the stream than to explore the St. Louis rapids above Mont- real. There is much uncertainty as to the identity of the white man who first gazed upon the beautiful scene presented by the Thousand Islands. The early discoverers were less in- terested in scenery than in the practical things which pertained to navigation, trade and travel, and the spreading of Christianity. Champlain, in 1615, beginning at the western end of Lake Ontario, explored that lake and the St. Lawrence to Sorel river, thus passing through this region. 154 THE GROWTH OF A CENTURY. View in The Lake of The Isles. How or when or by whom the world's attention was first called to this archipelago is a matter of doubt, but certainly at an early date it had impressed itself upon the lover of the grand and beautiful, for at least two centuries ago the French christened it " Les Mille Isles" — The Thousand Isles. The later and more completely descriptive English name for it is " The Lake of a Thousand Islands. ' ' The St. Lawrence has marked the line of separa- ^^^^^H ^^^^^^^H tion, and the ^^B^^ ^^ii— ^^^"^""^^^^^^^"^.^ ^^ ^^^Tl Thousand Isl- ^^^^ _^