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Do not deface books by marks and writing. ccmeuoowersuyubrarv I TD525.N6A4«« „.,„„ o1 Mew Vork h ^6" |=. 1- \ 3)5-55" Ilia V^J NOV 25 1912 E. E HASKELL, Director, New York Harbor, Showing the Boundary between New York and New Jersey, and the Five Boroughs of New York City PRESENT SANITARY CONDITION OF NEW YORK HARBOR AND THE DEGREE OF CLEANNESS WHICH IS NECESSARY AND SUFFICIENT FOR THE WATER REPORT OF THE Metropolitan Sewerage Commission OF NEW YORK Appointed under Chapter 639, Laws o( 1906, amended by Chapter 422, Laws of 1908 and by Chapter 200, Laws of 1910, of New York State AUGUST 1, 1912 GEORGE A. SOPER, President JAMES H. FUERTES. Secretary H. de B. PARSONS CHARLES SOOYSMITH LINSLY R. WILLIAMS "Do I lUKARY Ill c /i^alj'lj.l WYNKOOP HALLENBBCK CRAWFORD CO. NEW YORK Y'l li: Ji.'HVIHll Y V, AM lil.) LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL New York^ August 1, 19l2. Honorable William J. Gaynor, Mayor of the City of New York, Executive Chamber, City Hall, New York City. Sir : This report describes the sanitary condition of New York harbor in the years 1909 and 1911, as that condition was determinable, by means of analytical investi- gations, as well as by the unaided senses, and proposes a standard of cleanness for the waters. Attention was first called to the polluted condition of the harbor in the reports of the New York Bay Pollution Commission, dated March 31, 1905, and April 30, 1906 ; further investigations of the quality of the water, and the causes which lead to its con- tamination, were reported on by the Metropolitan Sewerage Commission in its report of April 30, 1910. The present report brings the subject up to January 1, 1912. In the year 1910, an investigation of the pollution of New York harbor was madt by Col. Wm. M. Black, U. S. A., and Prof. Earle B. Phelps, at the request of the Board of Estimate and Apportionment of the City of New York, the outcome of which was & report, dated February 16, 1911, and published by the Board of Estimate and Appor- tionment on March 23, 1911. Basing their opinion on their studies, which covered a period of 15 months, the authors recommended that a chemical standard of purity be established for the harbor and considered that 70 per cent, of the saturation value of dissolved oxygen would be a proper standard to be maintained, if possible. Upon the receipt of the report of Messrs. Black and Phelps, the Board of Estimate and Apportionment proposed to appoint a commission of five engineers, to consist of Colonel Black, the President of the Metropolitan Sewerage Commission and three other persons, to advise the board as to the percentage of saturation value of dissolved oxy- gen which the city should strive to maintain in the waters of the harbor. On June 9, 1911, the Metropolitan Sewerage Commission, which had already been making studies in this direction, offered to undertake such further investigations as were necessary and to advise the Board as to its conclusions. By resolution, adopted June 22, 1911, the Board of Estimate and Apportionment accepted this offer and placed the subject in the hands of this commission for report. The degree of cleanness which should be maintained in the more frequented parts of New York harbor should, in the opinion of the Metropolitan Sewerage Commission and their consulting experts, depend as much upon the evidence of the senses as upon 6 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL data collected by chemical and bacterial analysis. The standard of cleanness suitable for any part should also depend upon the uses to which the water in that locality is, or may reasonably be, put. The investigations described in this report show that it will be necessary to make extensive improvements in the prevalent manner of disposing of New York's sewage, and that main drainage works will be necessary in order to divert the sewage from many of the present points of outfall. How to deal with the sewage after it has been collected to other and more suitable points depends upon the condition of cleanness in which the harbor waters should be kept. It is possible to purify the sew- age to any desirable degree, but the cost depends largely upon the extent to which the impurities are removed. In disposing of sewage into New York harbor, the possibility of creating unpleas- ant consequences in two principal respects should be kept carefully in mind: First, the possibility of creating local nuisances at the new points of outfall before the sew- age becomes mixed with the water ; and, second, the chance of overloading the digestive capacity of the water after admixture takes place, with the consequent production of a general nuisance. Local nuisances are almost always due to lack of prompt diffu- sion of the sewage through the water into which it is discharged. General nuisances are produced after the sewage has been thoroughly intermingled with the water. The investigations made prior to May, 1910, on which the subject matter of this report is in part based, were discussed more in detail in the commission's report of April 30, 1910. Respectfully submitted, Metropolitan Sewerage Commission of New York, George A. Soper, James H. Fuertes, H. DeB. Parsons, Charles Sooysmith, Linsly R. Williams. FOREWORD The following report, like its predecessor issued April 30, 1910, is in three parts. Part I describes the sanitary condition of the harbor and discusses the question of its pollution in easily understood terms. Part II gives the Commission's opinion and the opinions of various persons con- sulted by the Commission as to the degree of cleanness which should be considered necessary and suflftcient for the water. Part III contains tables and plottings of analytical data relating to the condition of the harbor. An extensive table of contents and numerous page and sectional headings will facilitate reference to the various subjects contained in the report. TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I PRESENT SANITARY CONDITION OF NEW YORK HARBOR PAGE Chapter I. General Description of the Harbor 15 Chapter II. Volume and Circulation of the Water 20 Chapter III. Composition and Voliune of Sewage Discharged into the Harbor 28 Chapter IV. Appearance of the Water with Reference to Sewage 31 Chapter V. What Becomes of the Sewage Discharged into the Harbor 34 Chapter VI. Digestion of Sewage 42 Chapter VII. State of the Water as Shown by the Dissolved Oxygen 49 Chapter VIII. Intensity of Pollution as Shown by Analyses for Bacteria and by Microscopic Examinations of Deposits 62 PART II THE DEGREE OF CLEANNESS WHICH IS NECESSARY AND SUFFICIENT FOR THE WATER Chapter I. Opinion of the Commission as to the Degree of Cleanness Suitable for the Waters. 69 Chapter II. Summary of Opinions of Various Experts Consulted by the Commission with Respect to Standards of Cleanness for the Harbor 71 Chapter III. Reports of the Experts Consulted by the Commission with Respect to Standards of Cleanness for the Harbor: Section I. Report of W. E. Adeney 80 Section II. Report of Charles V. Chapin 121 Section III. Report of Harrison P. Eddy 127 Section IV. Report of Desmond FitzGerald 147 Section V. Report of William P. Mason 151 Section VI. Report of William T. Sedgwick 154 Section VII. Report of F. Herbert Snow 158 Section VIII. Report of C.-E. A. Winslow 164 PART III TABLES AND PLOTTINGS OF ORIGINAL DATA RELATING TO MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATIONS, NUMBERS OF BACTERIA AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN Chapter I. Examinations of Dredgings from the Harbor Bottom: Introduction to Table XIV. Collection of Dredgings 171 Analysis of Samples 172 Evidence of Pollution I73 Bacteria in Dredgings I74 Analysts I74 Table of Contents for Table XIV I75 Table XIV. Results of the Examination of Dredgings from the Haibor Bottom in the Years 1908 and 1909 176 10 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter II. Bacteria in the Water: Introduction to Table XV. paqb Sampling and Controls 223 Method of Analysis 223 Location of Samples 224 Table of Contents for Table XV 225 Table XV. Numbers of Bacteria in the Water in the Year 1909 226 Introduction to Tables XVI, XVII, XVIII, XIX and XX 260 Table XVI. Average Number of Bacteria in the Water in the Year 1909. Averages for Various Parts of the Harbor 261 Table XVII. Average Number of Bacteria in the Water in the Year 1909. Averages of Samples Taken near Surface and Bottom for Various Parts of the Harbor 261 Table XVIII. Average Number of Bacteria in the Water in the Year 1909. Averages of Samples Taken on Ebb and Flood Currents for Various Parts of the Harbor 263 Table XIX. Average Number of Bacteria in the Water in the Year 1909. Summary of Tables XVI, XVII and XVIII 264 Table XX. Average Number of Bacteria in the Water in the Year 1909. Averages of Samples Taken at Miscellaneous Locations in the Harbor 264 Introduction to Bacteria Diagrams 265 Bacteria Diagrams. Numbers of Bacteria in the Water at Different Depths in Various Parts of the Harbor, in the Year 1909 265 Chapter III. Dissolved Oxygen in the Water: General Introduction to the Dissolved Oxygen Work: Method of Stating Results 297 Reasons for Using the Oxygen Test 297 Rate of Replenishment of Oxygen from the Air 298 Method of Analysis 299 Professor Gill's Criticism 301 Critical Examination of the Method by a Committee of Experts 302 Reagents Used 303 Collection of Samples 303 Method of Making Test 304 Computing Results 305 Introduction to Table XXI: Location of Sample 306 Time of Making the Analysis 306 Table of Contents for Table XXI 307 Table XXI. Volume and Percentage of Saturation of Dissolved Oxygen in the Water in the Year 1909 308 Introduction to Tables XXII, XXIII, XXIV, XXV and XXVI 337 Table XXII. Average Volume and Percentage of Saturation of Dissolved Oxygen in the Water in the Year 1909. Averages for Various Parts of the Harbor 338 Table XXIII. Average Volume and Percentage of Saturation of Dissolved Oxygen in the Water in the Year 1909. Averages of Samples Taken near Surface and Bottom for Various Parts of the Harbor 338 Table XXIV. Average Volume and Percentage of Saturation of Dissolved Oxygen in the Water in the Year 1909. Averages of Samples Taken on Ebb and Flood Currents for Various Parts of the Harbor 340 TABLE OF CONTENTS H Chapter III. Dissolved Oxygen in the Water — Continued: ■^ ° PAGE Table XXV. Average Volume and Percentage of Saturation of Dissolved Oxygen in the Water in the Year 1909. Summary of Tables XXII, XXIII and XXIV 341 Table XXVI. Average Volume and Percentage of Saturation of Dissolved Oxygen in the Water in the Year 1909. Averages of Samples Taken at Miscellaneous Locations in the Harbor 341 Introduction to Table XXVII: Difference Between General Scheme of Collection in 1909 and 1911 343 Table of Contents for Table XXVII 344 Table XXVII. Volume and Percentage of Saturation of Dissolved Oxygen in the Water in the Year 1911 345 Introduction to Table XXVIII: Distinction Between Tide and Current 415 Method of Sampling at Cross-Sections 416 Avoidance of Local Contamination 416 Table XXVIII. Average Volume and Percentage of Saturation of Dissolved Oxygen in the Water in the Year 1911. Averages of Samples Taken in Cross-Sections of the Tidal Channels 417 Introduction to Oxygen Diagrams 1 419 Oxygen Diagrams I. Volumes of Dissolved Oxygen in the Water at Different Depths in Various Parts of the Harbor in the Year 1909 419 Introduction to Oxygen Diagrams II : Explanation of the Oxygen Curves 447 Lines of Equal Oxygen and Equal Salinity 447 Oxygen Diagrams II. Variations During a Tidal Cycle, in Dissolved Oxygen in the Water through Cross-Sections of Tidal Channels in the Year 1911 448 PART I Present Sanitary Condition of New York Harbor PART I Present Sanitary Condition of New York Harbor CHAPTER I GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE HARBOR Main Divisions. New York harbor is situated in a re-entrant angle of the Atlantic coast line. It consists of ten main divisions, as follows : 1. Lower bay 6. Newark bay 2. Jamaica bay 7. Hudson river 3. Arthur Kill 8. Lower Bast river 4. Upper bay 9. Upper East river 5. Kill van KuU 10. Harlem river Fig. 1 is a map of the harbor showing the main divisions. The two largest divisions are the Lower and the Upper bays. The Upper bay is joined on the north by the Hudson and Lower East rivers and on the west by the Kill van KuU, which, in turn, is connected with Newark bay. The Arthur Kill joins Newark bay with the Lower bay by a narrow, winding channel. The Hudson and the East rivers are joined by the Harlem river. These three rivers, together with Upper New York bay, bound the Island of Manhattan. The Upper East river connects the Har- lem and Lower Bast river with Long Island Sound. Jamaica bay is situated near the outer limits of the harbor. Lower Bay. About one-half the total water surface of New York harbor lies be- tween the Narrows and the sea. The ocean boundary extends from Sandy Hook to Rockaway Point. This large expanse of water is comparatively shallow. Ships mov- ing in and out of the harbor pass through the Lower bay in channels artificially built and maintained. Much of the shore line of the Lower bay is unoccupied, although extensive places of amusement and bathing beaches are located at points which are of comparatively easy access to the residence parts of the city. The cultivation of shellfish is an ex- tensive industry in Lower New York bay. Jamaica Bay. Jamaica bay is sheltered from the sea by a low-lying, sandy penin- sula, which extends from the main body of Long Island in the direction of Sandy Hook and terminates at Rockaway Point. Jamaica bay is bordered on all but the ocean side by low-lying tidal meadows. Grassy islands, many of which are, like the mainland shores, flooded at spring tides, occupy a large part of the total area. About 16 PRESENT SANITARY CONDITION OF NEW YORK HARBOR three-quarters of Jamaica bay is less than 6 feet in depth at low water. The waters of Jamaica bay are used for shellfish culture, boating, fishing and bathing. A large population exists on and about these shores in summer. A project is under way whereby the city of New York and the United States Government are to develop Jamaica bay for commercial purposes. Arthur Kill. Arthur Kill is a narrow, winding tidal stream, about 13 miles long, which separates Staten Island from the mainland. A channel about 20 feet in depth traverses its whole length. Throughout most of its course, Arthur Kill is bordered by extensive tidal marshes. Except near its two ends, the shores are sparsely populated. A number of industrial establishments are located on its banks. Upper Bay. Upper New York bay is connected with the Lower bay by a deep strait known as the Narrows, which lies between Brooklyn and Staten Island. About one-quarter of the Upper bay has a depth of. 35 feet or more and about one-third is 1.2 feet deep or less. Navigation in the Upper bay is chiefly confined to a broad, natural main channel which runs nearly through the iniddle of the bay. The east side of this channel shoals gradually; the west side is steep and bordered by a long stretch of shallow water ex- tending to the shore line. The shores of Upper New York bay are mostly occupied by piers, docks and other facilities for shipping. There are few residences near the water, although many in sight of it. Along the southwest shore Qf Brooklyn there is an extensive parkway. One of New York's most famous and most frequented parks, the Battery, is situated on the shore at the north end of the Upper bay. Three islands in the Upper bay, which are used for immigrant and military purposes, are owned by the United States Government. The waters of Upper New York bay are used extensively for shipping. A few oysters are taken from natural beds in the vicinity of Bobbins Reef, which lies near the center of the bay. Bathing is indulged in on the Brooklyn shore. Yachting is a favorite pastime. Upper New York bay is the port's greatest highway for commerce. Ships pass through it on their way to and from the ocean and from one docking center to another. Kill van Kull. The Kill van Kull is a strait about three miles long, connecting Newark bay with the Upper bay, and separating Bayonne on the north from Staten Island on the south. It is an important, navigable body of water of considerable depth. Oil refineries, ship-yards and numerous manufacturing establishments are located on its shores. Some of the most thickly settled portions of Staten Island lie along its ^outh bank. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE HARBOR 17 Newark Bay. Newark bay, which lies west of Upper New York bay, has about two-fifths as much area as the latter. The water is very shallow. More than half of the bay is less than 6 feet in depth, and about seven-eighths is less than 12 feet at low water. The deepest channel has been dredged so as to give a permissible draft of 12 feet for vessels to the City of Newark. At its north end it receives the flow of the Passaic and Hackensack rivers, and at the south end it is connected with the Upper and Lower bays by the Kill van KuU and Arthur Kill. The shores of Newark bay are, for the most part, sparsely inhabited. There are some manufacturing plants and a few ship-yards, but there is little deep water ship- ping. Newark bay may be regarded as a commercial highway which connects a num- ber of municipalities, of which Newark is the chief, with New York bay and its tributaries. * Hudson River. The Hudson is the largest river which enters New York harbor. The size of this stream, however, gives an exaggerated idea of the volume of water which it discharges. For 150 miles the river is tidal. Salt water flows up it at times for a distance of 50 miles or more. There is a wider deep channel in the Hudson river than in any other part of New York harbor except the Upper bay. The docks on the New York shore can be utilized by ocean-going vessels of the deepest draft. About one-half of the Hudson river below Yonkers is 35 feet or more in depth. The Hudson is used for purposes of transportation and for the docking of coast- wise and trans- Atlantic vessels. Like other parts of the shores of New York harbor, the great railroad companies which enter New York make extensive use of the water-front for handling freight. About one-half of the New York City shore of the Lower Hudson is used for park purposes. In some localities residences, in others tall ofl&ce buildings, crowd the water front. The New Jersey shore is partly developed for manufacturing, shipping and railroad uses. Lower East River. The East river, which extends from the lower end of Man- hattan Island to Long Island Sound at Throgs Neck, is, in reality, a strait. It is divis- ible into two parts of approximately equal length, the point of division being just east of its confluence with the Harlem river. The part which lies northeast of this point is here called the Upper East river and the part south of it the Lower East river. The shores of the Lower East river are smooth and regular, having been made so largely by improvements to the water-fronts of Manhattan and Long Island. The water is deep and almost everywhere navigable to the shore lines for ocean-going vessels. The shores are closely built up and are largely occupied by wharves. In many cases 18 PRESENT SANITARY CONDITION OF NEW YORK HARBOR freight is exchanged between ships and railroad cars which are brought alongside of the piers on barges. There are many large manufactories on both sides of the river. Midway in its course, the Lower East river is joined by Newtown creek, a densely polluted tidal stream which winds through a manufacturing district on Long Island. The Lower East river is essentially a commercial highway. It is, at the same time, much used for purposes of recreation and health, as may be seen from the presence of numerous recreation piers, hospitals and parks which are maintained at the city's ex- FIG. 1 Map of New York Harbor, Showing the Main Divisions FIG. 2 Areas of the Mam Divisions of New York Harbor pense. Floating bathing establishments, through which water from the harbor freely circulates, exist on both shores. Two large islands, between the Lower East river and the Harlem, and Blackwell's Island in the Lower East River, are occupied by charitable and penal institutions. Upper East River. The half of the East river which lies to the east of its con- fluence with the Harlem differs in many respects from the half which lies between the division line and the southern end of Manhattan. The shores of the Upper East river, instead of being smooth and parallel, like those of the Lower East river, are irreg- ular and deeply indented with bays which are separated by prominent points of land. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OP THE HARBOR 19 Although the total water surface of the Upper East river is large, the volume of water in it is comparatively small, for the depths over much of its area are slight. A broad, deep channel runs between all the prominent headlands, but the bays are, for the most part, less than 6 feet in depth. The Upper East river is used chiefly as a highway to and from the shipping centers of the inner harbor and Long Island Sound. The shores are partly occupied. There are factories in some places and in others some residential districts are situated close to the water. For the most part, the shores are in a transition stage of development. The land is no longer desirable for large country estates and has not yet been utilized for purposes of commerce and manu- facture. At Olason Point and North Beach extensive summer recreation centers have been established by pri- vate enterprise. These points are fairly convenient of access from dense centers of population. Much of the amusement afforded is con- nected more or less with the water. Bathing and boating are among the most common pastimes. Harlem River. The Harlem riv- er, which extends from the Hudson to the East river, is a comparatively narrow, shallow, rapid-flowing stream. For about one-quarter of its course the Harlem is bordered by a parkway. The Harlem is used not only for purposes of transit, but as a center for recreation. The headquarters of most of the rowing clubs of New York are situated here. Area and Depth,. The total water surface of New York harbor is about 210 sq. miles at high tide. The areas of each of the main divisions are shown on Fig. 2. Pig. 3 shows the comparatively small proportion of harbor occupied by the main channels. t=| Depth less than Wat M.L.W. / ^^ Depth between S4'and 60'atM.LW. 1 m '^ H Depth Qreaterthan 60 'otM.L. W. a fe •l 4 ^H 6l/to(SS'-~m' / m ^1 I 4 #"w ep'toiog'A ^ 1 >%£J'^ |_^;— ^ ^eo'toTs'm. M=%^ ^1 /ggy-^S^^a ™ y l==f /^Az^^^eo'toio' Lka. / .M^w ^^^^f^j 60 'to lie '-^lErr-, ^ 5_i / ^ rir^^^^^-''^^ ■J ^3^^K?5 ^^ « — 'Vii -&--■ _r^ ^^^= s^^^ y^ r-= m^J ^ ^/==^^^ -s- 1 ^ s^^ ^ ^ \ ^^^^^^ H >-^a ^ I FIG. 3 Main Channels of New York Harbor CHAPTER II VOLUME AND CIRCULATION OF THE WATER Sources of Harbor Water. The water in New York harbor, practically all of which is available for the disposal of sewage, consists of the runofif from the natural drainage areas and the sea water which circulates in the harbor under the action of the tidal influences. The Hudson river discharges much more water seaward at some seasons of year than at others. This discharge is least during the summer months when it is most needed. The action of the sea water as it flows in and out of the harbor is more constant than the discharge of the Hudson, but is susceptible of considerable varia- tion because of wind and is less effective in some parts of the harbor than in others. The range of tide is not the same in all localities, and the times at which high and low water occur at different points vary considerably. These changing conditions produce marked irregularities in effect. Quantities of Water. The United States Coast and Geodetic Survey and the Metropolitan Sewerage Commission have studied the quantities of water flowing at the Narrows, and at the mouths of the Hudson and East rivers ; that is, where the Hudson and East rivers join Upper New York bay; but it seems unnecessary here to describe the researches which have been made into this subject.* The volume of water discharged on each tidal current has been estimated in accordance with methods used for calculating the flow of rivers. The estimates are of necessity only approximately correct. They are based on the area of a selected cross section below the level of the water surface, the velocity of the current and the time during which the current flows. The basic data for these estimates were ob- servations of levels, determinations of velocities attained by floats and surveys of cross sections. For practical purposes, the quantity of Avater which ebbs and flows through the Narrows may be taken as 12,000,000,000 ca. ft. per tide. The excess of seaward-mov- ing water over the water which returns is about 1,300,000,000 cu. ft. per tide. The water which comes down the Hudson from the land, in excess of the water which is carried back up the river by the tide, is 1,100,000,000 cu. ft. per tide. An excess of water which probably amounts to 100,000,000 cu. ft. per tide flows toward the sea from the tidal actions in the East river. *See Report Metropolitan Sewerage Commission of New York, April 30, 1910, pp. 149 to 215, incl. VOLUME AND CIRCULATION OF THE WATER 21 It was once thought that the difference in range of tide and difference in time of high water, at the ocean and sound entrances of the harbor, caused a large amount of sea water to flow through the East river into Upper New York bay and thence to the ocean, as is the case with the Hudson. The studies made by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, and supplemented by the investigations of the Commission, do not substantiate this theory. It has been found that if a net discharge occurs it is so small as to be negligible from the standpoint of sewage disposal. Nearly as much water flows in one direction as in the other. That there is more water flowing southward through the Hudson river than re FIG. 4 Volumes of Water which Lie Beneath the Level of Mean Low Tide in New York Harbor FIG. 5 Volumes of Water which Normally Flow Past Various Points in New York Harbor turns is due to the land water which is discharged from the drainage area of the river. At the Narrows, where the waters of the Upper bay and its tributaries dis- charge into the Lower bay, there is an excess of seaward-moving water. This excess is not far different from that of the Hudson river itself. Although the actual quan- tities of water moving in each direction under tidal influences are greater at the Nar- rows than at the mouth of the Hudson, the surplus which passes seaward at each point is nearly the same. The volumes of water in New York harbor are shown b? Table I and graphically by Figs. 4 and 5. 22 PEE SENT SANITAEY CONDITION OF NEW YORK HAEBOR TABLE I. Volumes of Water and Tidal Flow in Millions of Cubic Feet. Division Volume below Mean Low Water Tidal Prism Tidal Flow Total Volumes each Tide Ebb Flood Jamaica bay Arthur KiU Upper bay KillvanKuU Newark bay Hudson river**. . . Lower East river. Upper East river. Harlem river 2,029 1,735 12,970 728 1,542 12,330 2,700 8,460 368 1,977 743 2,541 150 1,071 1,697 434 2,049 143 1,989 330 12,773* 1,479 1,972 6,722 4,068 1,965 297 11,490* 1,391 1,867 5,635 3,968 176 161 *At the narrows. **Below Mt. St. Vincent. Range of Tide. The differences in both range and time of tide sometimes cause the currents to flow in a direction contrary to that which would naturally be expected from the stage of tide. There are places where the flood current continues after the tide begins to fall, and where the ebb current continues after the tide begins to rise. At the southern end of Manhattan Island the mean range of tide is 4.4 feet. In the East river, near Long Island Sound, the range is 7.2 feet. The range of tide in New York harbor is small as compared with the rise and fall in many other cities. In Boston, Mass., the average difference in 9.6 feet between high and low tide; in Ant- werp, 11.5; in London, 17.6; and in Liverpool, 21.3 feet. Current Velocities. The greatest current velocities occur, as a rule, just below the surface of the middle of the main tidal channels. The maximum velocities which are likely to occur in the open channels of the inner harbor vary from about 3 to 5 feet per second, except in the Lower East river, where they frequently attain a rate of 10 feet per second. The velocities which are likely to be maintained for a consider- able period of time vary from about 2 to 3 feet per second. There is about the same velocity during rising as during falling tides. Currents as Shown by Floats. According to experiments made with floating ob- jects set adrift by the Commission, the water of New York harbor is a long time in finding its way to sea. The floats were carefully constructed, so as to minimize the pos- sible effects of wind upon them, and they were so made as to permit the velocity and direction of currents at different depths to be determined. Can floats and spar floats were employed in this work. OF THE VOLUME AND OIECULATION OP THE WATER 23 About 70 separate records were made. Eacli record represented a path covered by a float during a period varying from a few hours to SV2 days. The floats were fol- lowed by boats with trained observers who de- termined the position of the floats at frequent in- tervals, generally by means of a sextant or azimuth compass. It is not necessary to describe all the records In detail. It will be sufficient here to give some of the most important results. The floats which were set adrift in the Hudson river oscillated back and forth in the Hudson, Upper Bay and Narrows until they were finally carried into the Lower bay. Fig. 6 shows the movements of a float started in the Hud- son. The extent of the os- cillation and the length of time taken for the floats to reach the Lower Bay were not always the same. Many of the floats set adrift in the East river re- mained there and in the vicinity of the stream with- out showing the tendency to move seaward which existed in the Hudson, as illustrated by Fig. 7. A net pro- gression of current from Long Island Sound through Hell Gate appeared probable from the experiments, but one record covering three days indicated that at times, at least, this progression was insignificant. This remarkable record was made by a float KOCKA WAY PT vo W.eR H£W YOft/f "^Float Taken up Nov. I2.I909,2--Z0A.M. ^4 SANDY HOOJt Si FIG. 6 Movements of a Float Started in the Hudson River 24 PRESENT SANITARY CONDITION OP NEW YORK HARBOR started on December 27, 1909, in the East river, and taken up about SVa days later. During this period the float moved between Whitestone Point and Brooklyn Bridge, doubling backward and forward on its course, as often as the tidal current changed, but without going to sea or leaving the river. The maximum velocities were 6.8 miles per hour on the flood currents and 8.6 miles per hour on the ebb, for very short periods. The interval of slack water was short. On the ebb current the float always passed to the west of Blackwell's Island on the flood it passed sometimes to the west and sometimes to the east of this island. There were 39 experiments with floats in Upper New York bay. Fifteen floats were set adrift near the proposed Passaic valley sewer outlet at Robbins Reef. This point is 3.8 miles from the Battery, 1 mile from St. George Perry, Staten Island, and 1.5 miles from Con- stable Hook, New Jersey. The furthest point up the Hudson reached by a float during a single tide was 9.1 miles from the starting point; this was covered in 6 hours and 18 minutes. Going down the bay and outward through the Nar- rows, a float reached a point near the south shore of Staten Island, a dis- tance of 11.2 miles from the point of beginning ; this was covered in 6 hours and 30 minutes. A float passed through the Kill van Kull to Shooter's Island, a distance of 5.3 miles, in 4 hours and 38 minutes. Another went across the Upper bay to Red Hook, 2.8 miles, in 3 hours and 23 minutes. One float set adrift on February 26, 1907, landed at Quarantine. Another, set adrift on July 8, 1907, went ashore at Clifton and again at Port Wadsworth, Staten Island ; still another went ashore near South Beach, Staten Island. Of the floats which passed up-stream on the flood current, one, on July 16, 1907, landed on Liberty Island; another drifted through the Kill van Kull and went ashore on Shooter's Island, and a third crossed over the bay and went ashore at Sixty- seventh street, Brooklyn. A study of all the results obtained with floats started at Bobbins Reef in the FIG. 7 Movements of a Float Started in the East River VOLUME AND CIRCULATION OF THE WATER 25 Upper bay leads to the following conclusions : Floating matters starting in the chan- nel near Robbins Reef may, within a tidal period of 6 hours, reach the shores of the Hudson as far north as Sixtieth street, Manhattan, or the shores of Staten Island at any point in the Kill van Kull, Upper bay or Lower bay, as far as South Beach. With a westerly wind, they may strand on the Brooklyn shore at any point south of Red Hook, but a strong ebb current may carry them out into the Lower bay as far as Romer Shoal. It is probable that some floating matter will reach the shores of the Kill van Kull or Upper bay before passing out through the Narrows. Starting in the channel at the Narrows on the beginning of the flood current, floating material may be carried up the Hudson as far as Warren Street, Manhattan, and on the return ebb current pass out nearly to Coney Island Light. These distances depend largely on the land water flowing down the Hudson, and on the wind and tide. Ordinary velocities encountered in the Upper bay on the flood current are : mean, 1.2 miles per hour; maximum, 1.8 miles per hour. Ordinary velocities encountered in the Upper bay on the ebb current are: mean, 1.6 miles per hour; maximum, 2.5 to 3.1 miles per hour. From a study of the action of floats in Newark bay, it was inferred that floating materials may remain during several tidal cycles in Newark bay or in Arthur Kill. The distance traveled on one tide was about 6 miles ; this was covered at a mean rate of 1 mile per hour. It seems reasonable to believe that the distance traveled during a single tide in Newark bay may be 4 or 5 miles, with a mean velocity of about 0.8 miles per hour. Floating matter may be carried through the Kill van Kull in from 1% to 3 hours, at a mean velocity of from 1 to 2 miles per hour, depending on the stage of tide. Maximum velocities of 3 miles per hour sometimes occur. Float experiments made in the Lower bay lead to a number of inferences which relate chiefly to the ebb and flow of water through Rockaway Inlet, but are not of interest in connection with Upper New York bay. In addition to the float records just referred to, some special observations were made to ascertain whether sufficient velocities existed to prevent deposition of solid matters from sewage at particular places. The places selected were near the pro- posed Passaic valley sewer outlets in the vicinity of Robbins Reef, at three points on the Jersey flats, in Upper New York bay and at Rockaway Inlet. These current observations were made with double can floats set adrift from a boat anchored at the chosen location. One can floated at the surface and the other, a larger one, was sunk to a depth which could be regulated by adjusting the length of wire connecting the two cans. The velocity was determined by noting the period of 26 PEESENT SANITARY CONDITION OP NEW YORK HARBOR time during which the float was carried 100 feet by the current. It was found that the velocity of the surface currents at Robbing Reef varied from 0.6 to 3.7 feet per second during ebb tide, and from 0.7 to 1.9 feet per second on flood tide. Intermixture of Harbor Water. Contrary to a former belief, it has been found that the water circulates in every direction. This fact is well supported by analytical data which in amount greatly overbalance the results of the examinations upon which the earlier theories were based. It is, moreover, in accordance with a reasonable con- ception of the behavior of the waters as they ebb and flow through the harbor under tidal influences. Many forces help to bring about a uniform admixture of the water. In the East river, for example, where the currents run swiftly, they frequently impinge upon the shores. At a point on the Brooklyn shore, just west of the Navy Yard, the current strikes against a bulkhead which apparently produces a complete overturning of the water to an enormous extent. Irregularities of bottom frequently occur in the tidal channels of the harbor. The water flows over these irregularities in some cases with a velocity sufl&cient to force the bottom waters to the surface. Examples of this kind of mixing occur near Blackwell's Island and elsewhere in the East river. Tide rips occur. There is a tide rip at the northwest corner of Governor's Island. Here a rapidly flowing current impinges against a large body of water flowing in another direction, with the result that a violent agitation takes place which can be seen at the surface. When strong winds blow, the surface of the harbor is pushed over the under- lying water. On reaching the lee shores, the onward-moving water sinks before the water which follows, causing a reversal of its original position. As the water flows along the shores, it encounters piers and docks which help to bring about a vertical circulation. These structures are built upon piles which ex- tend out from the shore line sometimes for a distance of 1,000 feet. The spaces between the piers are dredged for the use of ships, but the water beneath the piers is left at its original depth. The water that Hows among the piers, therefore, must pass over a series of ridges and hollows. The general configuration of the bottom and of the main channels of the harbor is such as materially to aid in keeping the water well mixed. Proceeding southward, the Hudson river is remarkably straight to a point opposite Thirty-fourth street, where it turns slightly and the main channel then proceeds through Upper New York bay directly toward the shore of Statcn Island. The current which follows VOLUME AND OIEOULATION OF THE WATER 27 this main channel is then deflected from the Staten Island shore and passes out through the Narrows to the Lower bay, where it flows through a number of channels and over many sand-bars. What has been said here concerning the deflection of the outgoing currents from the Hudson, and the intermixture of the water which passes out from the Narrows, ap- plies to the East river, Newark bay and elsewhere. The conflguration of the shore line and bottom, and the velocity of the tidal currents, all combine to bring about a thor- ough intermixture of the water. The shape of the bottom and of the shore line suggests that the phenomenon known as the under-run does not occur in New York harbor, as a current of strongly saline water flowing along the bottom in a landward direction, irrespective of the flow of water above it. The water is usually more saline at the bottom than at the top, but the difference is usually slight and there is apparently no sharp line of demarcation. ' CHAPTER III COMPOSITION AND VOLUME OF SEWAGE DISCHARGED INTO THE HARBOR General Characteristics. The term sewage is here used to mean the wastes which flow from dwelling houses, factories and streets through the municipal drainage sys- tems of New York and neighboring municipalities. In a general way, sewage in dry weather may be considered to contain about 999 parts of water and 1 part of other substance, the latter being about equally divided between organic and mineral matter. Sewage contains, besides human feces, number- less solid and liquid wastes of human and animal origin. Among the visible ingre- dients are garbage, matches, corks, bits of paper and cloth, and particles of human excrement. Sewage is not constant in quality or quantity. The sewage of a residence section differs from that of a manufacturing district. The sewage produced in any locality varies both in quality and quantity at different hours of the day, different seasons of the year and with the weather. Being of such changing composition, it is obviously impossible to give figures which will carry an exact idea of the chemical or physical properties of the sewage of New York and its neighboring municipalities. Fortun- ately, a sufficient knowledge of the composition of the sewage can be had from figures which have been compiled for other cities. Solid Matter. Winslow and Phelps* consider that 800 parts per million of total solids is a liberal figure for American cities and is exceeded by few. Of the total solids, from 60 per cent, to 70 per cent, are in solution, either liquid or colloidal, the remainder being insoluble matter in suspension. As to the nature of the solids, about one-half is chiefly organic matter and capable of decomposition. The residue is mineral matter. About 50 per cent, of the organic solid matter in sewage is dissolved and the remainder is held in suspension. Of the mineral solids, 75 per cent, are present in a dissolved state. In a sewage containing total solids to the extent of about 800 parts per million, Winslow and Phelps estimate that 500 parts per million of solids are in solution and 300 parts are in suspension. Of the organic solids, amounting to 400 parts per million, 200 parts are in solution and 200 parts in sus- pension. Of the organic matters present, either in solid or liquid state, 150 parts per •"Investigations of the Purification of Boston Sewage," U. S. Geological Survey Water Supply and Irrigation Paper, No. 185, p. 13. COMPOSITION AND VOLUME OF SEWAGE 29 million are nitrogenous and 250 parts are not nitrogenous. The total carbon amounts to 200 parts, the total nitrogen to 15 parts, and the fats, etc., to 50 parts per million. This sewage represents the liquid wastes of a population which uses an average of 100 gallons of water per capita per 24 hours. It is not necessary that the composition of the sewage which is discharged into New York harbor should be accurately known in order to form a conception of the burden of pollution which is put upon these waters. The aggregate quantity of the impurities constitutes the chief matter of interest. The quantity of solid excrement produced by an average human adult has been taken by Roechling* to be one-quarter of a pound for each discharge. The specific gravity of feces this author takes at 1.067, and from this he estimates that the bulk of a human discharge is about 0.0281 gallons. This is diluted with from 100 gallons to 200 gallons of water. Estimating the present population of New York at 5,000,000 people, there is discharged every day about 625 tons of fecal matter. Some idea of its bulk can be had from the fact that to transport ,this material away by rail would require a train of about 16 ordinary freight cars. The quantity of sewage impurities can be estimated in several ways. According to figures brought together by George W. Fuller before the International Engineer- ing Congress, held at St. Louis, 1905,t the average result of analyses of the sewage of ten cities for which figures are available indicates that the impurities are equivalent to 42.3 tons of dry solid material per year for every 1,000 inhabitants. Winslow's and Phelps' figures, prorated for New York conditions to 120 gallons per capita per day and reduced to Mr. Fuller's basis, represent 46 tons of dry solid material per year per 1,000 inhabitants. The 1910 population in the metropolitan district was found by census to be 4,937,243 for New York and 1,486,392 for New Jersey, a total of 6,423,635. Assum- ing that 90 per cent, of the population was connected with the sewers, the total num- ber of persons whose sewage entered the harbor or its tributaries was 5,780,000. The aggregate quantity of dry solid sewage material discharged in the year 1910 was therefore about 266,000 tons. About one-half of this is capable of putrefaction, or already advanced to some extent toward that condition when discharged. Assuming one ton of dry suspended matter to be equivalent to about 45 tons, or about 53 yards of wet sludge, it appears that the population of the metropolitan dis- trict empties into the harbor each year the equivalent of 12,000,000 tons of sludge, having a bulk of 14,100,000 cubic yards. A conception of this volume may be had •"Passage of Excreta Through House Drains," Journal of the Royal Sanitai^r Institute, July, 1909, p. 216. tTrans. Am. Soo. C. E., Vol. LIX, p. 166. 30 PRESENT SANITARY CONDITION OF NEW YORK HARBOR from the fact that if this sludge was spread out over an area equal to that of the water surface of New York harbor above the Narrows, it would raise it about two and one-half inches in one year. Population and Sewage Flow. The populations of the several boroughs of New York City and the average daily quantities of sewage discharging in dry weather into the various divisions of the harbor are shown by Figs. 8 and 9, respectively. The 1910 populations are as given by the U. S. Census, and the sewage flows for that nAlllSIO.~5S,O0D.D[b GM.B.IWLV1V' ^ I p. (.t* ^ FIG. 8 FIG. 9 Population of New York City and Part of New Sewage Discharged into Various Divisions of Jersey New York Harbor year are based on the actual consumption of water. The 1940 figures are as esti- mated by the commission. The quantities of sewage entering the Lower bay and Arthur Kill are comparatively small and are not shown on the map. It will be seen that the quantity of sewage which will be discharged daily from New York City by the year 1940 will probably be more than twice the quantity which was produced in the year 1910. CHAPTER IV APPEARANCE OF THE WATER WITH REFERENCE TO SEWAGE Most of the sewage produced in New York City and vicinity is discharged near the center of that area in New York and New Jersey which is called by the commission the Metropolitan Sewerage District.* Here the refreshing action of the sea is least active. There is no large permanent population close to the ocean, and consequently but little sewage flows into the waters from this area. Lower Bay. The open waters of Lower New York bay are not, at the present time, badly polluted by sewage. Quantities of driftwood and kitchen refuse may often be seen, and oily sleek is visible at times upon the waters, but solid matters readily recognized as of sewage origin do not occur regularly or frequently in any place or at any season. The shores are sometimes piled high with inflammable debris. The water is normally fairly clear and clean in appearance. Heavy rain and winds produce a general appearance of turbidity. Jamaica Bay. In parts of Jamaica Bay the discharge of sewage is often evi- dent to the senses. Large sewers which discharge from Brooklyn, from Far Rock- away and elsewhere make the water in the vicinity of the outfalls look turbid and greasy. Small sewers along the ocean side of the bay discharge sewage which is easily recognizable as such. A gas-works on the ocean side, a large garbage reduction plant and other industrial works near the mouth of the bay at times discharge refuse which causes large areas of sleek to form on the water. Upper Bay. The water in the main channels of the Upper Bay is normally some- what turbid and of an olive-gray appearance. During periods of storm, and at seasons when unusually large volumes of water are being discharged by the Hudson river, the water becomes more turbid and ocular evidence of sewage less frequent. Areas of greasy sleek are of common occurrence during much of the time. Near the shores traces of the sewage which is discharged into the waters are evident. The sewers discharge at or near the surface. Their location can generally be detected by streams of turbid liquid on the surface of the water. Solid particles recognizable by the unaided eye as of sewage origin exist in the Upper bay, being most common near the shores where the sewers discharge and in the line of the currents which flow past the sewer outfalls. The amount of this solid material varies considerably with the stage of tide, the quantity of water moving in the harbor, the wind movement and the nearness of the sewer outfalls. *See Report Metropolitan Sewerage Commission of New York, April 30, 1910, p. 51. 32 PRESENT SANITARY CONDITION OF NEW YORK HARBOR Newark Bay. Newark bay receives on the north the highly polluted Passaic river and the Hackensack river. These are tidal streams which wind through low- lying meadow lands. Their waters are strongly affected by rains. Near its mouth the Passaic is black from the sewage and manufacturing wastes which it receives. The water of Newark bay is always more turbid in appearance and more brown than the water of Upper New York bay. Except near the mouth of the Passaic river, and in the vicinity of some large sewers near its shores, it looks to the eye to be free from pollution by sewage. Occasionally, fields of greasy material, largely from oil works on the shores of the Kill van Kull, are carried into Newark and Upper New York bays. The waters of these two bays, however, are generally quite differ- ent in appearance. Hudson River. Except during periods of rainfall, the water of the Hudson is but little more turbid than that of the other main divisions of New York harbor. Newark bay is generally more turbid than the Hudson. At times of heavy rain, the influence of the Hudson can be detected by the turbidity which it produces through the Upper and Lower bays, Kill van Kull and the East and Harlem rivers. This effect is, however, temporary. The run-off is rapid. It takes a heavy storm to make a visible effect upon the Hudson. The water of the Lower Hudson above New York is not, for the most part, vis- ibly polluted by sewage. The sewage which is discharged into the Hudson comes mostly from Manhattan Island. The water is discolored near the outfalls and be- tween the piers; close to the shore the odor, discoloration and other evidences of pol- lution are often excessive. There is little sewage entering the Hudson from New Jersey, as compared with the quantity which enters from New York, although the amount taken by itself is not inconsiderable. Lower East River. The sewage which is discharged into the waters of the Lower East river is soon diffused. Except where piers and slips interfere with the normal tidal action, the mixing effect of the rapidly moving currents is clearly apparent. The mouths of most of the sewers can readily be detected by the discolored appearance of the water in their vicinity, and the water near shore is often visibly contaminated with solid sewage matters for several hundred feet from sewer out- falls. But, except near the shores and in some other localities where tidal scour is prevented by turns in the river, as at Wallabout bay, for example, a rapid and thor- ough intermingling takes place. The water in the tidal channels of the East river is of a somewhat turbid, green- ish color under normal circumstances. Solid particles, easily recognizable from pass- APPEAEANOE OF THE WATER 33 ing steamboats as of sewage origin, exist in all parts and at practically all times. Greasy sleek is often conspicuously present. The water is turbid and foul-smelling in the vicinity of the sewer outfalls. In the quiet waters, between the shipping piers, an evolution of gases occurs during much of the time. Solid sewage materials are continually present in the large volumes of water which well up from great depths where the currents are particularly swift. The Lower East river receives more sewage than does any other main division of the harbor. It receives not only the sewage of the dense population naturally trib- utary to it, but a great deal of the sewage-polluted water of the Harlem river. Upper East River. The water of the Upper East river is generally clearer and cleaner in appearance than the water of Upper New York bay, and much less polluted than the water of the Lower East river. The water improves in appearance as one proceeds toward the Sound. A few large sewers discharge into the Upper East river, as, for example, at Hunt's Point. In the vicinity of the outfalls, the surface water is turbid and greasy over a large area. Fields consisting apparently of but slightly di- luted sewage may extend over 50 acres or more at Hunt's Point. The fact that a nuisance exists at this point cannot be disputed. Harlem River. The water of the Harlem is usually turbid and dark in color, bearing unmistakable evidence of the sewage which is discharged from heavily pop- ulated districts in The Bronx and Manhattan. The southern end of the Harlem river is particularly polluted. The sewage is diffused through the waters not only by the action of the natural tidal currents, but by reason of the constant movement of vessels. CHAPTER V WHAT BECOMES OF THE SEWAGE DISCHARGED INTO THE HARBOR General Considerations. The whole problem of what becomes of sewage dis- charged into New York harbor resolves itself largely into a question of how, and to what extent, diffusion and digestion are carried on. A consideration of the possible ways in which the sewage which is discharged into the harbor can disappear shows that the liquid and solid ingredients must be (1) mechanically transported to sea by the water, or (2) assimilated and so converted into mineral matter, or (3) they must accumulate. Research has shown that all three of these ways operate to cause the sewage to disappear. Little need be said here concerning the mechanical transportation of the sew- age materials to sea. Theoretical studies supplemented by experiments have shown that the tidal currents do not carry the sewage away with the promptness and com- pleteness which are necessary in order to account for the condition of the water. An- alytical investigations show that the sewage disappears largely by assimilation. The phenomena of assimilation are collectively termed digestion. Studies of the phenomena of assimilation have been made in order to determine the circumstances under which the solids and liquids of sewage disappear. These investigations have been carried on partly by observations with the unaided senses, partly by analytical studies and partly by experiment. As a result, the Commission has been able to learn something of the disappearance of the solids, both those which sink and those which float. Some information has been obtained concerning the behavior of the suspended matter which neither rises nor subsides quickly. Some information, also, has been collected concerning the disappearance of the oil and grease which exist at the surface and of the liquid organic matters. Inspection shows that, where pollution is recent and excessive, the water is ren- dered turbid, greasy and discolored. The hue is almost always lighter than that of the adjacent water. It varies according to the freshness and concentration of the sewage, the amount of trade waste and other factors. Where the pollution is not recent, the water is darkened and made somewhat opaque. In extreme cases the water is black. Gases are produced and rise to the surface in bubbles which break, leaving in many cases iridescent films upon the surface. It appears that the liquid portion of the sewage which is now discharged into the harbor becomes thoroughly commingled with the water soon after it loses its WHAT BECOMES OF THE SEWAGE 35 identity as sewage. After it has once become mixed with a few times its bulk, it be- comes difficult to recognize it by sight. Marked stratification usually does not long persist. Immediate Visible Effects of the Discharge of Sewage. Where sewage dis- charges into the harbor, marked discoloration of the water usually results. The water contains many visible particles of paper, feces and other solid matters. The size of these particles varies from scarcely distinguishable objects up to solid masses sev- eral inches in length. The water, which is generally of an olive, slightly turbid appearance, becomes brownish or grayish and decidedly turbid. The discolored surface is sharply separated from the surrounding water. As the tidal cufrent carries the sewage away from the outfall, the discolored area expands — it changes shape contin- ually. It keeps its integrity for a long time, but the characteristically turbid hue is eventually lost by intermixture with the water beneath. Some intermixture between the sewage and harbor water takes place from the outside edges of the discolored area, but diffusion proceeds chiefly, apparently, from the bottom of the mass of sewage. The surface of the discolored area is covered with a film of grease. This greasy film is persistent; it lasts much longer than the dis- colored area with which it is at first associated. Eventually the grease becomes broken up by the waves and eddies, but it long remains upon the surface in detached films varying from a few square inches to many acres in extent. Beneath the surface of the water, after the brownish turbidity has disap- peared, are small particles of paper and great numbers of minute white flakes. These flakes consist partly of insoluble soaps which have been produced by the chemical combination of soluble soaps in the sewage with the calcium and magnesium salts of the sea water. Kinds of Undissolved Sewage Solids. The solid matters which are carried by the sewage, otherwise than in true solution, may be divided into three classes : First, the solids which continue to float for some time on the surface of the water; second, those which are long carried in suspension in the body of the tidal streams; and, third, those which sink soon after the sewage is discharged into the harbor. Floating Matter. The solid sewage particles which float upon the surface are objectionable because they add to the organic content of the water and on account of their appearance. During calm weather, fields of grease, fioating sewage matters, wood and other debris may be seen in New York harbor. These fields are often many acres in ex- tent and sometimes a mile or more long. They preserve their integrity with re- markable persistence and are not easily broken up by ordinary winds or waves or 36 PRESENT SANITARY CONDITION OF NEW YORK HARBOR by the movements of vessels. There is usually solid human excrement in these float- ing masses. The floating particles of sewage are not necessarily composed solely of matters which are lighter than water. Such sewage solids are often made up of aggregates, most of whose ingredients are heavier than water, but which contain enough gas to keep them at the surface. There is a more or less constant deposit of solid matter from the sewage particles which float at the surface. Some of the disintegrating particles join the mass of ma- terial which flows in the body of the current and some descend to the bottom. The ceaseless action of the waves, the attrition which the floating particles experience in contact with other floating solids, the impact of the water against piers and other structures and the destructive effects produced by vessels, all help to disintegrate the solids and resolve them into smaller masses. The effect of these forces is plainly dis- cernible. While large pieces of excrement are nearly everywhere observable in the Upper harbor, by far the greatest number of solid particles are of comparatively small size. Although solid matters are broken up into smaller particles by mechanical action, actual liquefaction does not take place so much at the surface as at the bottom of the water. Putrefaction is apparently not necessary to liquefaction, but it occurs in the deposits which settle to the bottom and in water whose oxygen is entirely exhausted. Large quantities of driftwood come to the shores, carried there by the action of the tidal currents and wind. Much driftwood is collected by poor persons and used for fuel. There are places on the shores of New York harbor where this supply is prac- tically inexhaustible, and where men, women and children may be seen almost any day gathering wood. On the south shore of Staten Island and on the west end of Coney Island drift- wood is collected into piles and burned at the water's edge in order to get rid of it. There is a peculiarly greasy, disagreeable odor to these accumulations. It has frequently been noted that floating solid matters often go ashore. The cause of this shoreward movement was at first thought to be due to wind alone. This was found to be an insufficient explanation to account for all the strandings, and it was then for a time believed to be caused by the movements of vessels. Later, it was observed that the floats went ashore on flood more than on ebb currents. From this it has grad- ually come to be believed that, aside from the winds, a principle of general application is at work to strand the floats. It seems probable that a movement of floating matters shoreward occurs in all rivers during rising stages. WHAT BECOMES OF THE SEWAGE 37 When floating solids reach the shores of New York harbor, the piers, shipping basins and bays formed by irregularities in the shore line catch and hold them. These places, protected as they are from the direct force of the tidal currents, afford excellent opportunities for sedimentation. Knowledge of the behavior of sewage in the slips makes it easy to understand why it is that the slips continually require to be dredged in order that a proper depth of water may be preserved for navigation, why the dredged material is so foul, and why it is that sewage solids accummulate between the piers even when the bottoms of the main tidal channels beyond the pierhead line are relatively free from deposits of sew- age origin. This knowledge makes it easier to understand why the extension of the sewer outfalls a little further toward the center of the tidal currents produces only partial improvement. Oil and Grease. Sewage contains nothing which is more characteristic or which alters more slowly in composition when discharged into harbor waters than oil and grease. The quantity of the greasy matter is not large, but its effects are unmis- takable. Mention has been made elsewhere of the greasy sleek which sewage pro- duces upon the surface of the water into which it is discharged. The sleek is con- spicuous in New York harbor, and at times large patches of it are distinctly visible. The sleek floats onto the shores and imparts a strong, unpleasant, greasy odor. The driftwood smells of it. Balls of grease formed in the sewers of New York have been found on the sea beaches of New York and New Jersey many miles from the city. There are many industries situated on the shores of New York harbor which produce oil and grease and discharge it as waste into these waters. Of these, oil reflneries are the most prominent. It is probable that oil tank vessels entering the harbor in ballast sometimes pump their greasy water overboard before taking on a new load of oil. Manufactur- ing establishments, slaughter houses and, in fact, most factories, refineries, gas houses and industrial establishments empty their liquid wastes into these waters. The aggregate quantity of grease wasted from private dwellings, hotels and restaurants is large, although figures are not available to show the amount. Grease enters the sewers in concentrated condition when poured, in liquid and semi-liquid form, from cooking utensils through kitchen sinks, but a continuous stream of greasy matter is contributed by the soapy water which is an invariable and prominent con- stituent of sewage. Finely Divided Suspended Matters and Colloids. In the second class of undis- solved sewage solids are the colloids and finely divided particles of suspended matter. 38 PRESENT SANITARY CONDITION OF NEW YORK HARBOR the specific gravity of which is nearly that of water itself. Some of the colloids are precipitated by sea water. When allowed to settle from sewage, the precipitated colloids and solid matters form sludge or, as sometimes termed in the investigations of • the Metropolitan Sewerage Commission, black mud. Transporting Effects of Currents. The velocity of the currents into which the sewage of New York and neighboring municipalities is discharged is sometimes less than the velocity which occurs in the sewers. When harbor water backs into the sewers by reason of the rising tide, the flow is retarded or reversed. At these times, deposits take place in the sewers. These deposits are usually flushed out by the accelerated flow which takes place when the tide recedes, so that about the same amount of solid matter is emptied into the harbor as would be discharged if a uni- form rate of flow were maintained. The velocity necessary in order for sewers to be self-cleansing is generally assumed by engineers to be two to three feet per second. Currents of less velocity than this permit sewage matters to be deposited, and this is true whether the currents occur in a sewer or in the harbor. The velocity of the water into which the sewage is discharged varies consider- ably according to the location of the outlet and the stage of the tide. The velocity in the main tidal currents is also different in different parts of the harbor. Some- times the sewers discharge well out from the shore, but, for the most part, the points where they empty are not in the main currents. The studies of tidal phenomena show the greatest velocities of currents which ordinarily occur in the main tidal currents at and near the surface when the tide is running at its full strength. It is to be remembered, however, that these velocities are maintained only for a portion of the time. During the four occasions each day when the currents slacken, stop and begin to flow in the opposite direction, the velocities are not what these figures indicate. Nor are the currents ever so strong near shore or near the bottom as near the center and top of the channels. Inasmuch as the currents stop and reverse four times a day, it is evident that the figures stated simply show what currents exist for a part of the tidal period. They do not show the existence of currents capable of keeping solid matters from settling to the bottom. In no part of the harbor do the currents flow with such velocity and uni- formity as to prevent the temporary deposit of sewage solids. It is probable that deposits are alternately being formed and flushed away in some parts of the harbor. At the Narrows, the currents are slow enough to permit sewage solids to sink to the bottom during nearly 12 hours each day. There must be a great deal of movement of sewage solids along the surface of the harbor bottom. Alluvial rivers carry a large share of their suspended matters WHAT BECOMES OF THE SEWAGE 39 in this way. Currents which are entirely incapable of keeping suspended matters from sinking are often abundantly able to drag or roll them along. The currents necessary to move solid particles along the bottom are very slight. Effect of Salinity on Transporting Power. It is a fact of great importance, but one generally overlooked, that the transporting power of a river for solid particles of any kind in suspension is diminished by the presence of sea water. Water which is strongly saline will not transport as much finely divided solid matter in suspension as will water which is without salt. Rivers which discharge into the sea deposit solid matters not alone because the velocity of the current is checked by the waters of the ocean, but largely because they become more salt. Sewage which is discharged into a tidal harbor will deposit more solids than would be deposited if the discharge took place into a land-water stream flowing at the same velocity. The capacity of a harbor for carrying sewage matters to sea, therefore, cannot be estimated safely from information obtained merely from a study of inland rivers. In order to compare the relative rate at which sewage sludge deposits in land and sea water, the Metropolitan Sewerage Commission made a number of experi- ments, the results of which show that deposits take place much more rapidly in sea water than in land water. Two bottles were nearly filled, with sea water in one case and land water in the other. An equal quantity of sewage sludge was then added to the water in each bottle. The bottles were thoroughly shaken and set upon a table to permit the de- posit to settle out. At the end of half an hour the water in the bottle containing sea water was noticeably clearer than the other water. At the end of one hour the difference was marked. A heavy deposit had settled upon the bottom of the bottle containing sea water and the supernatant water was clearing rapidly. There was little change in the bottle containing land water. At the end of two hours there had been little improvement in the appearance of the land water mixture since the beginning of the experiment. Most of the sludge had settled to the bottom of the sea water and the sea water was clearer. At the end of three hours some deposit was visible at the bottom of the land water, but the water itself was not as clear as the sea water had been at the end of the first half hour. The sea water had deposited practically all the sludge which had been put into it. As nearly as could be estimated from inspection, the sea water had deposited its suspended matter more than twelve times as rapidly as had the land water. 40 PRESENT SANITARY CONDITION OP NEW YORK HARBOR Heavy Suspended Matter. Sludge Deposits. The third class of undissolved sewage particles, those which sinl: as soon as the sewage is discharged into the har- bor water, finds a lodgment on the bottom which is permanent or temporary accord- ing to a number of circumstances. Among these circumstances, the weight of the particles, the velocity of the tidal current into which they are discharged and the smoothness or roughness of the bottom are the most important factors. Analyses made by the Metropolitan Sewerage Commission have shown that de- posits of sewage solids exist not only in the immediate neighborhood of sewer out- falls, but at considerable distances from the sources of contamination. In the Lower bay, deposits of black, muddy material, much of it bearing evidence of sewage contam- ination, occur in and near the main channels at some distance from shore. The bottom of Upper New York bay is almost entirely underlaid by deposits of black mud. The analysis of about five hundred samples of deposits from this part of the harbor has demonstrated the presence of solid materials of sewage origin over nearly the entire bottom. The bottom of the Harlem contains extensive deposits of black, muddy material in which solid matters of sewage origin are easily found. The only parts of the harbor which are not contaminated by sewage sludge are those where the tidal currents are too swift to permit deposits to form. Most of the bottom of the Lower bay, the Upper Hudson and the Long Island Sound approaches to New York are covered with sand, silt, and unpolluted mud. The water of the Lower East river flows too swiftly for deposits to accumulate in the channels. The investi- gations upon which these statements are made have been extensive. Over 1,100 samples have been collected from the bottom and carefully analyzed to determine the extent of the pollution. The bottom has been penetrated to a depth of ten feet, and samples have been collected which show that sewage solids have been deposited to at least that depth. Wherever tidal conditions permit sediment of any kind to accumulate, pollu- tion with sewage takes place. The material at the surface of the bottom of New York harbor varies consider- ably in composition at different places. Taking a standard United States Government Chart of the harbor as a basis, areas described as "soft," "sticky," "mud" and "ooze" were outlined and colored by the Metropolitan Sewerage Commission. These colored areas showed interesting results. Above the Narrows the hard areas were found to be all situated well out from the shores and the softer areas were near the land. Below the Narrows this order was reversed. This suggested that the soft sewage matters which originate near the shores of the harbor above the Narrows were flushed out by the tidal channels into the Lower bay where the currents even in the main tidal channels were not sufficiently strong to prevent the sewage matters from depositing. WHAT BECOMES OF THE SEWAGE 41 Accumulations of sewage deposits are difficult to handle except by pumping. When raised in the bucket of a dredging machine, much of the mud flows back into the water from which it is taken. The United States Government, in dredging Ambrose channel, now the principal entrance to New York harbor from the sea, made use of suction dredges and pumped large quantities of sludge, as well as sand, into sea-going vessels which transported it to the open ocean. Effect of Currents on Deposits. A slight current has sufficient force to move the light sewage particles which settle upon the surface of the harbor bottom. This is well illustrated by the fact that the deep permanent deposits do not rapidly increase in the main tidal channels of the rivers nor upon a large part of the flats in Upper New York bay, although suspended matters are undoubtedly present in the water. The currents over the flats attain a velocity of about one foot per second at ordinary tides, and this, apparently, is sufficient to keep them free from sewage debris. The capacity of water to move solid matter from a condition of rest on the bot- tom of a stream varies with the sixth power of the velocity of the stream. If the velocity is doubled, the increase in the force which is capable of putting the particle in motion is multiplied 64 times. This power of a stream to move or roll solid matters along the bottom accounts, in part, for the formation of sand bars at the mouths of rivers, as well as for the movement of gravel and other heavy solids along the beds of streams. Solid material, such as accumulates near the mouths of sewers, is continually being moved in this way by currents. CHAPTER VI DIGESTION OF SEWAGE Putrefaction of Sludge Deposits. There are reasons for believing that the deposits on the bottom of New York harbor make a considerable demand upon the oxygen. In some parts of the harbor, bubbles of gas rise continually to the surface. This condition, when active, is termed effervescence. It is common along practically the whole of the built-up waterfront of the harbor above the Narrows. It is most active in the neighborhood of sewer outfalls, but it extends throughout the open waters of some of the smaller arms of the inner harbor, such as the Harlem river, and has been observed in some of the main tidal channels. Such bubbling as occurs in the larger tidal channels or broad arms of the harbor is likely to pass unnoticed, be- cause of the movement of the waves. The bubbles are usually small, although, in some cases, several inches in diameter, and are often accompanied by masses of solid, black sludge which sink back into the water when the bubbles burst at the top. Bubbling rarely, if ever, is due to the condition of the water itself. It origi- nates in solid matter at the bottom. By stirring up the bottom, the ebullition of gas is greatly increased. Deposits of putrefying matter on the harbor bottom containing sewage sub- stances vary in consistency from a thin, watery mud to a relatively compact and solid mass. The densest material is below and the lightest on top. The con- sistency at and near the surface is relatively liquid. The surface of the deposit is often indefinite for the reason that the deposit merges in consistency into the water above it. Only relatively dense and compact deposits exist in the open chan- nels where the currents flow freely. Whatever the consistency of the deposit, the nature of the putrefaction and the consequences to the overlying water appear to be much the same. Assuming a deposit of such consistency as to preserve its integrity and position beneath a cur- rent of water of, say, 1 foot per second, the following conditions are present: The material is black, the color being due to sulphide of iron. Iron is almost universally present in nature, and in the deposits it assumes the fine, black, granular form of the sulphide. All the oxygen available has been used up, not only that which was present in solution, but that which was available in chemical combination with other elements. The surface of the deposit is not black. It may be gray or brown or some other color, depending upon the composition of the deposit aside from its sewage content, DIGESTION OF SEWAGE 43 but it is not black like the material under it. The lighter color at the surface is due to the fact that the top is in contact with the water which contains oxygen. Below the surface, putrefaction is carried on through the action of bacteria. There is a limit to this action. It can proceed only while the solid and semi-solid substances acted upon are in circulation. It is probable that the products of bac- terial life on the mass prevent the further activities of the organisms. Only when the mass is in circulation can the products be carried off and the bacteria resume their activities. Circulation is provided for by the evolution of gas. The gas bubbles, rising, stir up the deposits and enable the putrefactive changes to be resumed with undiminished activity. It is necessary, however, for the gas bubbles to be free to rise. In the lower and more compact parts of the deposits, the sludge is too dense for the gas to escape, in consequence of which putrefaction proceeds with slowness, if at all. Putre- faction is most active near the top. The rate at which putrefaction proceeds depends not alone upon the amount of circulation which may be possible in the sludge by reason of the escaping gas. Tem- perature has a bearing upon the process. Cold retards putrefaction and warmth accelerates it. It is doubtless for this reason that bubbling is more active in summer than in winter. The phenomena of putrefaction in the deposits on the harbor bottom are anal- ogous to those which take place in sewage sludge. There seems to be little difference in the process or in the results. The final product is a somewhat granular mass of dark-colored, inoffensive material which is capable of flowing freely like water so long as it is wet and which parts with its water readily and forms an inoffensive mass when suitably drained and dried. It is the presence of putrefaction, leading to this permanent and stable condition, which is objectionable. The liquefaction of solids in the absence of oxygen is attended by the production of offensive-smelling gases. The gases take the form of bubbles which rise to the sur- face. In so doing, the bubbles often carry back masses of deposit toward the surface. Bubbling is a constant phenomenon in the slips of Manhattan Island. So active is it in places that the water takes on the appearance of effervescence accompanied by a sound like rain falling upon the water. Actively assisting in the mechanical disintegration of sewage sludge at the bottom are multitudes of minute animals and plants, including the infusoria. These propagate in vast numbers in the sludge and by their activities tear apart, and render still more minute, particles of solid matter which contain enough organic material to serve them as food. Some of these organisms require a considerable 44 PRESENT SANITARY CONDITION OP NEW YORK HARBOR supply of oxygen and live at the surface of the deposits while others are able to exist with a very small supply of it and do their work beneath the surface. The odors caused by the putrefaction of the deposits are the most offensive of any odors produced by the discharge of sewage into the harbor. Offensive, also, and more prevalent, is the peculiar greasy odor. This odor is noticeable along the whole shore line of the inner harbor, particularly near beaches. The odor of fresh sewage is generally musty and not unlike that sometimes noted in damp cellars and other enclosed places which are in need of proper ventila- tion. This musty odor is doubtless produced by molds, enormous growths of which have been found by the Commission in some of the sewers of Manhattan. Sewer air is usually warm and saturated with moisture, for which reason the odors present are especially noticeable. The odor of sewage is familiar to the people of New York, for the sewers are ventilated through manholes and catch basins in the streets, and some of these streets are daily crowded with people from curb to curb. Many large buildings discharge spent steam into the sewers, with the result that clouds of vapor possessing the odor of cooked sewage are discharged into the streets. Reference has been made to the action of bacteria and minute animals in break- ing up the solid particles of sewage and liquefying them. The liquid so produced, as well as the liquid natural to the sewage, passes through certain chemical changes while undergoing assimilation. Nature requires that all organic matters be resolved into stable mineral forms. In this final shape matters of sewage origin are not offen- sive, and are incapable of becoming so. They are oxidized. Oxidation of Organic Seioage Matters. About 50 per cent, of the organic matter of sewage is present in liquid form. Beside this, it is to be noted that all solid organic matters must assume the liquid form before they can be assimilated. The most sig- nificant process concerned in assimilation is therefore oxidation. The oxidation of sewage takes place in several ways : First, there is a small amount of direct oxidation of certain liquid chemical sub- stances in the sewage. The oxygen for this reaction is that which was contained in the water with which the sewage is mixed. Second, bacterial action may oxidize directly another portion of the liquid organic matter and abstract more of the dissolved oxygen. If sufficient oxygen is present, the process takes place without producing foul odors. Third, liquid and solid organic matters broken down by putrefactive action pro- duce unstable compounds which must later become oxidized. If there is an insuffi- cient amount of dissolved oxygen present, it will be abstracted from compounds containing oxygen, if available. DIGESTION OF SEWAGE 45 The oxidation of organic matters is essentially a process of combustion. Oxygen is required and carbon dioxide is produced, as are ammonia and water. Finally, the ammonia is oxidized to nitrous and nitric acids, and these, uniting with alkaline sub- stances natural to the water, form nitrites and nitrates, respectively. In sea water, nitrites, and especially nitrates, appear to be sparingly formed. The oxygen which is available for the oxidation of the impurities is that which is dissolved in the water and in dissolved chemical compounds containing oxygen. The ultimate source of the dissolved oxygen is the atmospheric air with which the water has been in contact. The depletion and replenishment of the oxygen available for oxidation purposes are taking place continually. The original water or carrier portion of the sewage is originally saturated with oxygen. As the sewage flows towards its discharging point, the dilution may be so small and the time so long that a large part of the original oxy- gen may be consumed. The discharge into the harbor of a sewage deficient in oxygen dilutes, so to speak, the dissolved oxygen of the receiving water. This operates to deplete the amount of oxygen per unit available. The demand for oxygen, by those products of putrefactive decomposition which are formed in the sludge at the bottom of the harbor, causes a further depletion of the dissolved oxygen. The chemical changes, and particularly the absorption of oxygen, which occur during digestion of sewage by water, have been investigated by Professors Letts and Adeney of Ireland and made the subject of an exhaustive report to the Royal Com- mission on Sewage Disposal of Great Britain. The work of these investigations was based on the well-known researches of Frankland, which showed that the essential cause of change was one of oxidation, and those of Dupr6, who proved that oxidation was dependent upon the activities of bacteria. It appears that the significance of the presence of sewage matters in water depends not alone on the quantity and chemical composition of those wastes, but also upon the fermentative properties of the mixture of water and sewage. Letts and Adeney have likened the purification of sewage in sea water to a physiological process analogous to the respiratory action of higher vegetable organisms. There are two stages of decomposition when sewage is discharged into water, according to Letts and Adeney. In the first, the organic matters are first fermented completely. The products of this fermentative change are carbonic acid and am- monia and organic substances possessing the chemical and physical properties of the humus of cultivated soils. In the second stage of decomposition, the humus matters and the ammonia compounds are further fermented, the resulting products 46 PRESENT SANITAEY CONDITION OF NEW YORK HARBOR being carbonic acid, nitrous and nitric acids and water. The central feature of the first stage is the oxidation of organic carbon to carbon dioxide and the central feature of the second stage is the oxidation of the ammoniacal nitrogen to nitrous and nitric acids. The self-purification of sewage-polluted water ultimately resolves itself into a question of oxidation. The amount of dissolved oxygen in the water of an unpolluted tidal harbor consisting of half sea water and half land water is 6.15 cubic centimeters per liter at 18 degrees Centigrade. Letts and Adeney state that it can be reduced to 3.45 cubic centimeters per liter, temporarily, at least, without danger of billing fish. Below this point it appeared unwise to exhaust the oxygen, due reference being had not only to the importance of fishing interests, but also to the necessity of main- taining a wide margin of safety against the exhaustion of oxygen and the conse- quent production of putrefactive odors. Oxygen is replenished slowly from the atmosphere. The rate of absorption varies, according to Letts and Adeney, between 0.08 c.c. per liter per hour for sea water and 0.03 c.c. per liter per hour for land water at ordinary summer tempera- tures, and may be taken as 0.055 c.c. per hour for water such as that in the harbor of New York when the latter contains equal parts of sea water and land water. The experimental conditions upon which these results are based were obtained by break- ing the surface of the waters either by a discharge of air 3 inches below the surface of the waters or by a mechanical stirrer. The results seem also based upon the assumption that no oxygen is present in the water to start with. The waters of New York harbor are not ordinarily so much broken by the wind action, and the absorp- tion of oxygen by water already holding some oxygen will be slower than where the oxygen is entirely gone to begin with. Assuming, however, that these favorable conditions indicated by the experiments obtain, it appears that an admixture of sew- age which would not cause a greater draft upon the oxygen than 0.055 c.c. per liter per hour would not cause exhaustion and lead to putrefactive changes. As a practical result of their studies, Letts and Adeney concluded that the dis- solved oxygen in harbor waters is generally not in danger of being completely ab- sorbed in forty-eight hours if the waters are mixed with sewage in the proportions of 20 to 1, provided that the solid matters have been separated by simple subsidence and the sewage does not contain appreciable quantities of directly oxidizable sub- stances. This opinion is in accord with American experience where sewage has been discharged into rivers. The study of rivers in America has shown that to avoid exhaustion of oxygen, the dilution must be in the proportion of, at least, 20 or 25 parts of water to 1 part of DIGESTION OF SEWAGE 47 ordinary sewage, although there may be conditions where nuisance may arise when the dilution amounts to nearly 50 parts of water to 1 part of sewage. Whether sea water will absorb more sewage than land water without producing a nuisance has not yet been definitely determined in a practical way, although it seems certain that land water, gallon for gallon, is capable of disposing in a normal manner of more sewage than will sea water. It is worth bearing in mind in this connection that sea water, when saturated with oxygen, contains nearly 20 per cent, less oxygen than land water under the same conditions. The absorption of atmospheric oxygen by water proceeds rapidly from the sur- face downward once it has penetrated the surface, according to Letts and Adeney. These authors believe that as soon as oxygen is dissolved by the water at the surface, it is drawn rapidly throughout the depth of the water. The assimilation of sewage matters proceeds satisfactorily only so long as a supply of oxygen is available. When the oxygen becomes exhausted, putrefactive changes set in and offensive odors are produced. These odors are particularly dis- agreeable when putrefaction takes place in sea water. In this case the demand for oxygen is so great that various compounds of oxygen, which under ordinary circum- stances are stable, are destroyed for the oxygen which they contain. In order to employ the great volume of water flowing in and out of New York harbor so as to dispose of sewage without producing a nuisance, there is required the fulfillment of, at least, two main conditions: First, the sewage must be mixed with the water before the sewage creates a nuisance. Second, the quantity of sewage must not be too great for the quantity of water with which it is mixed. The presence of minute particles of suspended matter well distributed through the volume of the main tidal currents is in itself the least objectionable feature con- nected with the disposal of sewage by diffusion. But the accumulation of these small particles upon the bottom forms extensive masses of sludge and renders large arms of the harbor water black and foul-smelling. Large particles which fioat upon the surface are offensive to the sight and, when broken up, form smaller particles which are carried in suspension or de- posited. Yet the total quantity of the large suspended particles is not great when compared with the total quantity of solid organic matter carried beneath the surface. The heavy particles carried by sewage, notably sand and other solid substances which rapidly deposit near sewer outfalls, are, for the most part, inorganic in com- position and contribute but little directly to the offensiveness of the water. Yet, as 48 PRESENT SANITAEY CONDITION OP NEW YORK HARBOR Dunbar* has remarked, it may be a mistake to regard mineral matter, like sand from sewers, as unobjectionable because of its original inorganic composition. The mineral particles are covered with organic matters which are putrescible. When sand from sewers accumulates in quantity, it may give rise to unpleasant odors. The grease which flows upon the surface and is deposited upon the shores gives rise to peculiar and unpleasant odors and is unsightly in appearance, but its worst effect is local. It is not to be compared in offensiveness with solid floating particles of excrement, or, in potential harm, with the other organic impurities which are in solution and suspension in the harbor waters. The organic matters which are in solution, and the solids which are capable of producing compounds which make a direct demand upon the oxygen in the water, constitute the principal objections which may be raised against the discharge of sewage into New York harbor, except from the danger of infectious bacteria. 'Principles of Sewage Treatment." By Prof. Dr. Dunbar, 1908, p. 47. CHAPTER VII STATE OF THE WATER AS SHOWN BY THE DISSOLVED OXYGEN Dissolved Oxygen as a Measure of Sewage Pollution. In seeking to get com- parative figures to represent the relative intensity of pollution in the different parts of the harbor, the Commission decided in the year 1909 to make tests of the amount of dissolved oxygen in the waters, instead of undertaking the usual estimations of the nitrogen compounds. The considerations which led to this change of procedure were the far greater rapidity with which the oxygen tests could be made, the uncer- tainty of the occurrence of nitrates in salt water, and the more direct indication of the extent of pollution furnished by dissolved oxygen determinations. There is no single test which, when applied to the water of any part of the har- bor, shows the concentration of sewage pollution which there exists. A fresh dis- charge of sewage produces quite a different set of conditions from that which occurs when the pollution has reached the black, fermenting stage. It seems probable that the forms of life which exist in the water vary and that the bacteria which are present in the freshly discharged sewage may be quite un- like those which are present where black, septic conditions occur. At the outset of its work, the Commission made careful search for a scheme of analysis which would convey some knowledge of these conditions and serve as a measure of the intensity of pollution. Fortunately, investigations concerning the assimilation of sewage matters in tidal estuaries had recently been carried on in Great Britain under the auspices of the Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal. Through the courtesy of one of the in- vestigators for the Royal Commission (Adeney), the attention of a member of the Metropolitan Sewerage Commission (Soper) was attracted to the importance of noting the demand which the sewage made upon the dissolved oxygen in the waters. Dis- solved oxygen determinations had long be6n a matter of more or less regular routine in water and sewage investigations in America, but it remained for the Royal Com- mission on Sewage Disposal to show, through the studies of Letts and Adeney, the central importance which attaches to this subject. Briefly stated, the digestion of sewage by water involves a liquefaction of the solids and oxidation of the liquids. Oxidation is the final stage in the destruction 50 PRESENT SANITARY CONDITION OF NEW YORK HARBOR of all organic and nitrogenous matter, irrespective of its origin. It is a necessary step in the economy of nature and it proceeds whether the substance is discharged into water or upon land. Oxidation is a burning process and the complete disappearance of sewage matters in water may be regarded as slow combustion. So long as there is a suflScient quantity of oxygen present, the offensive and potentially offensive ingre- dients of sewage are disposed of by natural agencies, with the production of conditions to which there can be little or no objection. When the oxygen becomes exhausted, putre- faction sets in, accompanied by the production of foul odors and a black discoloration of the water. If the water of New York harbor should be so charged with sewage that the oxygen would fall to zero, the harbor would be in a condition resembling that of a cesspool. There are some limitations to the useful application of dissolved oxygen tests as a measure of sewage pollution. For example, the amount of dissolved oxygen present is much greater in a fresh mixture of sewage and water than in the same mixture after it becomes old. The reason for this is that some time is required for the fermentative changes to make their full demand on the oxygen. In this case the amount of dis- solved oxygen present gives no indication of the bacterial state of the water. Again, the presence of disease germs is not indicated by the dissolved oxygen test. There may be as many typhoid organisms present with a large supply of oxygen as where no oxygen whatever exists. The amount of dissolved oxygen in a sample of water tells nothing of the appearance of the water with reference to the presence of large, solid matters of sewage origin, of oily sleek or of marked turbidity. With proper reservations, however, the amount of dissolved oxygen present is of great service in forming an opinion concerning the intensity of pollution. It is, in fact, the most serviceable single test of tidal water which can be made to determine the intensity of sewage pollution. When applied over a sufficient period of time and through a sufficient range of conditions, it indicates well the burden of pollution by showing how rapidly the demand for oxygen is being made. Applied to New York harbor, the dissolved oxygen figures shoAV well the burden of pollution which is being carried. In the open ocean, outside of Sandy Hook, the amount of oxygen present is 100 per cent, of the normal. Long Island Sound, east from a point just beyond the limits of New York City, and the other open bodies of water traversed in going from New York to Boston, have been found to be saturated with oxygen. The amount of dissolved oxygen in the water of the Hudson river, as it crosses the boundary of New York City near Mount St. Vincent, has been found to be from 70 to 90 per cent, of the amount which would be present if the water were saturated. DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATER 61 Studies have been made to determine whether all the deficiency in oxygen dis- covered in New York harbor was attributable to sewage. For this purpose, samples have been collected not only from the ocean, Long Island Sound and Massachusetts bay, but from a number of uncontaminated bays and creeks in some of which natural vegetation was luxuriant. The result of these tests has been to show that, except where decomposition of an obvious kind was making a demand upon the oxygen, the waters contained all the oxygen which they should have to be saturated. Temperature of Water in Degrees Fahrenheit. 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 2 4 6 & iO 12 14 16 18 20 22. £» ^ £3 SO 22 ^ I- Tecoperature of Water in Degrees Cetd-iciradB. FIG. 10 Amount of Oxygen Required to Saturate Distilled Water, Sea Water and Mixtures thereof The methods of collecting and analyzing samples have been described in detail in Part III, Chapter III. The amount of oxygen in per cent, of saturation was com- puted from a diagram of which Fig. 10 is an abbreviation. This diagram, based on the table here given, shows the amount of oxygen required to saturate sea water and dis- tilled water, and various mixtures of the two, at all temperatures up to 93° Fahr. They are based on the figures published by the Royal Commission on Sewage Dis- posal, in their Fifth Report, Appendix VI, 1908, page 58. 52 PRESENT SANITARY CONDITION OF NEW YORK HARBOR TABLE II Volume of Oxygen at 0° C. and 760 mm. barometer required to saturate sea water, distilled water and mixtures of the same, in c.c. per liter. Temperature Centigrade Sea Water * Dist. Water * Sea Water 20% DiBt.Water80% t Sea Water 40% Dist.Water60% Sea Water 60% Dist. Water 40% Sea Water 80% Dist.Water20% t —5° 9.42 9.14 8.89 8.63 8.40 —4° —S" —2° — l" 0° 8.18 7.97 7.77 7.58 7.39 10.24 9.97 9.71 9.46 9.22 9.83 9.57 9.32 9.08 8.85 9.42 9.17 8.93 8.71 8.49 9.00 8.77 8.55 8.33 8.12 8.59 l" 8 37 2° 8 16 3° 7.96 4" 7.76 6° 7.22 7.05 6.90 6.74 6.59 8.99 8.78 8.57 8.37 8.18 8.64 8.43 8.24 8.04 7.86 8.28 8.09 7.90 7.72 7.54 7.93 7.74 7.67 7.39 7.23 7 57 6" 7 40 7" 7 23 8° 7.07 9° 6 91 10° 6.45 6.31 6.19 6.06 5.94 8.00 7.82 7.66 7.50 7.35 7.69 7.52 7.37 7.21 7.07 7.38 7.22 7.07 6.92 6.79 7.07 6.91 6.78 6.64 6.50 6.76 11° 6 61 12° 6 48 13° 6 36 14° 6 22 IS" 5.83 5.72 5.61 5.51 5.41 7.20 7.06 6.92 6.78 6.66 6.93 6.79 6.66 6.53 6.41 6.65 6.52 6.40 6.27 6.16 6.38 6.26 6.13 6.02 5.91 6 10 16° 6 99 17° 6.87 18° 5 76 19° 6 66 20° 6.31 5.22 6.13 6.04 4.95 6.53 6.41 6.30 6.18 6.07 6.29 6.17 6.07 5.95 5.86 6.04 5.93 5.83 5.72 6.62 5.80 5.70 6.60 6.50 5.40 5 55 21° 5 46 22° 5 36 23° 5 27 24° 6 17 25° 4.87 4.79 4.71 4.64 4.55 5.97 5.87 5.77 5.68 5.58 5.75 5.65 5.66 5.47 5.37 5.53 5.44 5.35 5.26 5.17 5.31 5.22 5.13 5.06 4.96 5 09 26° 5 01 27°..: 4 92 28° 4 85 29° 4.76 30° 4.50 4.43 4.36 4.30 4.23 4.17 5.495 5.41 5.32 5.24 5.16 5.08 5.30 6.21 5.13 5.05 4.97 4.90 5.10 5.02 4.94 4.86 4.79 4.72 4.90 4.82 4.74 4.68 4.60 4.53 4.70 4.63 4.55 4.49 4.42 4.35 31° 32° 33° 34° 35° * From Lett's Table of Dittmar'e Experiments, Royal Com. on Sewage Disposal, Fifth Report, Appendix VI, 1908, p. 58. t Interpolated between values for sea and distilled water given in first two columns of this table. DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATER 53 Per Gent, of Saturation in Various Parts of the Harbor. In general terms, the inner harbor has been shown by the dissolved oxygen analyses to be heavily polluted by sewage. While the water of the Lower bay contains over 90 per cent, of dissolved oxygen, the water in the middle of the Upper bay has about 70 per cent., that of the Lower East river about 55 per cent., and that of the southern part of the Harlem river only about 30 per cent. These figures represent warm weather conditions. They show the quality of the water during the comparatively dry seasons of year when the discharge from the Hudson river is at a minimum. It is, of course, at this time that the condition of the water with respect to dissolved oxygen is of most importance. Effect of Direction of Current. The water of the incoming tide is usually better than the water of the outgoing tide, at almost all points in the harbor. In many in- stances this difference is not great. The least improvement occurs in the Lower East river where the pollution is relatively intense. Here the volume of tidal water is large and the importance of keeping the water clean is apparent. Differences at Different Depths. There is generally but little difference in the amount of dissolved oxygen present at different depths. The water near the surface generally contains slightly less oxygen than the water near the bottom; but, for the most part, there is enough intermixture to prevent stratification. This condition is reversed in the Hudson near Mt. St. Vincent ; in this part of the harbor the purest water is usually near the surface. It would seem that if sewage deposits exist, they must putrefy, and in so doing set free bacteria and products of decomposition which make a demand upon the dis- solved oxygen in the water, and that if these conditions occur, their presence should be apparent through the oxygen analyses. The bottom of the harbor is, however, being swept continually by the water and the circulation is apparently neutralizing what- ever inequalities in the water the putrefaction of the deposits produces. When samples have been taken at several points across a stream and at various depths, there has usually been less oxygen found near the shores and near the surface than elsewhere. These differences have been comparatively slight. The small differ- ence has apparently been due largely to the fact that the samples for analysis have purposely been taken at a considerable distance from shore to avoid the obvious con- tamination which there occurs. It has been found that much of the sewage which is discharged along the immediate water-front clings to the shore and is carried along by the tide without promptly mixing with the main body of water in the more open parts of the channels. This is particularly true where the sewers empty at the bulkhead line. Conditions in Slips. The water which lies between the docks and piers and in the canals and creeks and smaller rivers in the metropolitan district is not renewed with 54 PRESENT SANITARY CONDITION OF NEW YORK HARBOR sufficient promptness to allow crude sewage to be discharged into them. Since these places receive more polluting matter than do the open waters, it is reasonable to require that they should be kept particularly clean. The water is often practically devoid of oxygen, a condition which is invariably accompanied by a state of pollution which is apparent to the unaided senses. Number of Analyses Made. The total number of analyses for dissolved oxygen made by the Metropolitan Sewerage Commission in and near New York harbor was FIG. 11 Locations where Samples for Dissolved Oxygen were taken in 1909 FIG. 12 Locations where Samples for Dissolved Oxygen were taken in 1911 about 2,670. Of this number about 800 were made in the year 1909 and the remainder in 1911. Figs. 11 and 12 show the locations where samples were collected. In some respects the results obtained in the two series of investigations are com- parable. The method was identical and the technique was performed by the same analyst. In both cases most of the work was done during the summer months. It ap- pears that there was less oxygen in the water during the year 1911 than in 1909. General Results of 1911 Work. A general idea of the results of the analyses made by the Commission in the year 1911 may be had from the following figures, DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATER 55 which are averages for the whole body of the tidal stream and represent the condi- tions which existed during dry summer weather: Narrows 64-89 per cent, of saturation. Mouth of Hudson 51-64 per cent, of saturation. Mouth of East river 50-64 per cent, of saturation. Such differences as occur at different hours of the day were not indicated in the results. If any existed, they were obscured by differences which were apparently due to tidal currents. There was no difference observed at the mouth of the Bast river between morning and evening conditions at the same stage of tide. Such a difference would be expected here if it existed anywhere. EqtmUzing Effect of the Upper Bay. Upper New York bay appears to be a great equalizer so far as oxygen is concerned. For this reason, polluted water from the Hud- son and East rivers which reaches the Nar- rows after four or five hours does not produce a sudden reduction in the oxygen at the Nar- rows, as might be expected. The oxygen at the Narrows diminishes gradually throughout the ebb current, the effect of the flow from the Hudson and East rivers being impercep- tible. Rates of Change with Tidal Changes. FIG 13 The changes in the amount of oxygen which Changes in Dissolved Oxygen which Ac- accompany changes in the tidal currents dif- . - ^, . ,n.j , « ^ mt. '' companied Changes m Tidal Currents. The fer in rate and extent in different parts of Number of Analyses included is 300 the harbor, as illustrated by Fig. 13. In gen- eral, the greatest and most rapid changes take place in the outermost parts of the harbor. In the polluted parts of the harbor the changes are least. The greatest changes which occur in the amount of oxygen present at any point generally occur at the surface. The changes in oxygen which occur at the three prin- cipal entrances of the harbor (ocean, sound and Hudson) are the greatest which take place in any of the main channels. 56 PKESENT SANITARY CONDITION OF NEW YORK HARBOR The following data express the ranges in per cent, of saturation which occurred during a single tidal cycle at various points: Narrows 20 per cent. East river at Throgs Neck 18 per cent. Hudson river at Mt. St. Vincent 16 per cent. Hudson river at mouth 11 per cent. East river at mouth 10 per cent. Kill van KuU 10 per cent. East river at Lawrence Point 10 per cent. Lower end of Newark bay in the channel 10 per cent. Lower end of Newark bay west of channel 15 per cent. Relation Between Oxygen and Salinity. As a general thing, changes which take place in the salinity of the water at different tides are not accompanied by equal changes in the oxygen. At the Narrows, where some resemblance exists between the two, the range in oxygen is over twice the range in salinity. In most localities the salinity varies with the depth and the oxygen with the distance from shore. Surface, Mid-depth and Bottom Compared. There is usually the same amount of oxygen at the bottom and at mid-depth, but the oxygen is often 5 per cent., and some- times 10 per cent., less at the surface than at mid-depth. The oxygen seldom varies more than 5 per cent, of saturation between opposite shores, conditions in slips excluded. The oxygen studies neither show the rate at which oxygen is being subtracted from the water by the accumulations on the harbor bottom nor the extent to which it is being added to the water from the atmosphere. Samples were almost always taken at three depths — surface, mid-stream and bottom. The results of analyses, when reported by the analyst, were turned over to a draughtsman who plotted on a map the points from which the samples had been taken. Each point was indicated by a small circle. The results of the analyses were shown by writing alongside of the circles the percentage of oxygen present. General Results in 1909 Worlc. An examination of a map made in this way, (see Plate E, p. 343; also Fig. 14, p. 57) indicates that the water of the Hudson river, opposite Manhattan Island, usually contained, in the summer of 1909, from 50 to 65 per cent, of saturation of oxygen. The water of the Lower East river and Upper bay was in about the same condition. The average for the Kill van KuU was much like that for the Upper bay, although in some cases there was over 80 per cent, of satura- tion. From 60 to 80 per cent, of saturation occurred in Newark bay. The Passaic river had from 40 per cent, to no oxygen in it. At Throgs Neck there was 80 per cent, or more of oxygen. At the Narrows there was upward of 60 per cent. In the Arthur Kill the oxygen was generally about half gone. In such samples as were taken in Jamaica bay the oxygen ranged from to 50 per cent., although in some cases it was DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATER 57 much higher. The samples were not thoroughly distributed through Jamaica bay, but were taken, for the most part, near sewer outfalls. The results of the 1909 analyses of surface samples are summarized on Fig. 14. The work done in 1909 was divided into two parts: The first covered dry weather conditions of summer and the second part the early fall. Summer Conditions in 1909 and 1911 Compared. In order to compare the summer conditions in 1909 with those of a similar period in 1911, the dissolved oxy- gen results between June 21 and July 26, 1909, so far as they related to the waters above the Narrows, were plotted on a map (Plate F, p 343). If more than one analysis was made at one point, the average of the results was taken, irrespective of depth or the direction of the current. The result of this average was plotted alongside of the point where the sample was lo- cated on the map. Arrows and small numerals showed how many samples were taken, and on what currents, at each spot. The data collected between June 27 and July 28, 1911, in the same territory, were worked up in the same way and plotted, for purposes of comparison. (Plate G, p. 419). Referring to Pig. 14 showing the results in 1909, it appears that the proportion of oxygen was about the same in the Hudson as in the Lower East river, except in the northern part of the Hudson opposite and above Manhattan, where the percent- age of oxygen was greater than was found elsewhere. The average for the Lower Hudson and Lower East rivers appears, from an inspection of the maps, to have been about 65 per cent. Over 80 and even above 90 per cent, was not uncommonly found in the waters of the Lower Hudson north of Grant's Tomb. The water of Upper New York bay contained from 60 to over 80 per cent. Figures in the Kill van KuU ranged between about 64 and 95 per cent. In Newark bay, the percentage of sat- FIG. 14 Dissolved Oxygen Percentages in 1909 as Shown by the Analysis of Surface Samples. The Number of Analyses included is 289 58 PRESENT SANITARY CONDITION OF NEW YORK HARBOR uration varied between 77 and 91 per cent. Over 95 per cent, occurred at Throgs Neck, the Sound entrance of the harbor. A close comparison should not be made between the results obtained in 1909 and those found in 1911. The samples were not taken from the same points nor were they sufficiently distributed in 1911 to enable an exact idea of the condition of the water in the Upper bay between June 27th and 80,000 o >n 60,000 July 28th to be obtained. Samples col- lected at the mouth of the Hudson and East rivers in 1911 averaged about 56 per cent. The water of the Hudson above Grant's Tomb seldom contained 80 per cent. The water of the Kill van Kull held much less oxygen than was present two years before. At Throgs Neck the average was 77 per cent. It appears that the water of the har- bor was not in as good condition in 1911 as it had been in 1909, so far as the month of July was concerned. In order to ascertain whether there was a material difference in the quantity of water discharged by the Hudson in the years 1909 and 1911, figures showing the run-off of the Hudson were obtained from the New York State Engineer and Surveyor. The records thus secured related to gauge stations on the Hudson and Mohawk rivers above the confluence of those streams and about 150 miles c. <|: 40.000 30,000 80,000 o <« 60,000 a> e. 4: 4-0,000 u 20,000 o 80,000 V ^ 60,000 Q * 40,000 a U 20,000 ■Full Line 'Avemge in 1301 -Bnkenllne- Averageibr 9Yean,l90l- 1909- ■Broken Line- Averaqe for 9 rears, 1901-1903. I:u 1 1 Line- Average in 1309. <£ t/> O 'Z O r 1 igii —. ... m JK 77} TTT m ^ % 7^ .__ ... 1 M. M A ■ss. azz i ,-- fati line •* Average in /9ft J' Broken Une-Average.fbr 9Yearj./90t-/§09 FIG. 15 Discharge of Land Water at the Mouth of the Hudson River. Calculated from Gaugings of the Hudson River at Mechanicville, and of the Mohawk at Dunsbach Ferry, with an equal pro rata Allowance for the rest of the Drainage Area of the Hudson from the river's mouth. About 59 per cent, of the whole Hudson river basin was included in this gauge. A computation was then made of the quantity of water dis- charged at the mouth of the Hudson, assuming that the discharge per square mile of the total drainage area was the same for the Lower Hudson as gaugings had shown it to be for the Upper Hudson and Mohawk. These calculations proved that the Hudson river was discharging slightly less water in 1911 than in 1909, as shown on Fig. 15. During the summer months in 1909, the per cent, of oxygen ranged in the DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATER 59 neighborhood of 58 on ebb currents, and from 60 to 70 on the flood currents, at the mouths of the Hudson and East rivers. At the Narrows, the per cent, of oxygen on the outgoing currents ranged from 72 to 81, and on the incoming currents it was in the neighborhood of 96 per cent. At Throgs Neck the oxygen on the outgoing cur- rents varied between 87 and 97 per cent., and on the incoming currents it was often 100 per cent. In Upper New York bay outgoing currents contained between 54 and 73 per cent.; incoming currents between 63 and 75 per cent. In the summer months of 1911 the oxygen was considerably less on both outgo- ing and incoming currents wherever observed. At the mouths of the Hudson and East rivers the outgoing current contained from 50 to 60 per cent, of oxygen, and the incoming current from 55 to 60 per cent, of oxygen. At the Narrows the outgoing current contained 65 per cent, and the incoming current 83 per cent, of oxygen. Incoming currents in the Kill van Kull contained from 62 to 66 per cent. In Upper New York bay outgoing currents contained from 60 to 65 per cent, and in- coming currents from 61 to 70 per cent. At Throgs Neck, outgoing currents con- tained 71 per cent, and incoming currents 84 per cent. In the Hudson, opposite Mt. St. Vincent, about 2^/4 miles north of Manhattan Island, the incoming currents ranged from 64 to 72 per cent, and the outgoing currents from 66 to 83 per cent. Averages of Surface Samples. Calculations were made to show the average amount of dissolved oxygen in the water at the surface in various parts of the harbor in the summer of 1911. There were 289 samples considered in arriving at these fig- ures. In calculating the averages the following plan was followed. First, all samples taken at the surface on an ebb current at one point were averaged. Next, the aver- ages for each of these several points of collection were averaged to obtain the average for the whole locality for ebb currents. In a similar way the average for the whole locality for flood currents was calculated. The mean of the averages for flood and ebb currents was finally taken as representing the average condition of the water, irre- spective of currents, in the locality under consideration. In this manner the following figures were obtained : Lower New York bay 98 per cent. Narrows 73 per cent. Upper New York bay 63 per cent. Kill van Kull 66 per cent. Newark bay (ebb current only) 54 per cent. Upper East river 71 per cent. Lower East river 55 per cent. Hudson river to the north end of Manhattan Island 64 per cent. Hudson river a few miles above Manhattan Island 81 per cent. Long Island Sound north of Throgs Neck 96 per cent. Harlem river 42 per cent. 60 PRESEJSTT SANITARY CONDITION OF NEW YORK HARBOR Examinations of Gross-sections. A large part of the work done in 1911 was in the examination of cross-sections of the main tidal channels. A total of 1835 samples was collected at about 180 locations in and near New York harbor. Special attention was given to variations which occurred in the percentage of oxygen at various places at different stages of tide. Samples were invariably collected at the surface and at different depths at each point. In some cases over 100 samples were taken at a single cross-section in one day. There were about ten sections w i »() 1 ( EBB riooo CBB tLOOD (90 Vfevcu EBB 1 CVCLL FLOOD CBB FLOOD CSS FLOOD EBB FLOOD , ' CBB FLOOD EBB FLOOD EBB FLOOD K^ UbtRivwatTMiouNeck — J' Thc Narrows ii] Mouth OF Kill van Kuu j^ Ufper Bav near Rosbinb R£Cf HuDMN River AT mt. St. Vincent Cast River at Clabon Point Newark Bay at Lower end t^ Cabt River at Lawrence Point HuotoN River at the mouth II „....,„. JKv.-.S~^ Eajt River at the Mouth FIG. 16 FIG. 17 Dissolved Oxygen Percentages in 1911 in Cross- Dissolved Oxygen Percentages in 1911 in sections of New York Harbor Averaged for all Cross-sections of New York Harbor Averaged Depths and Tides. The Total Number of Analyses for Ebb and Flood Currents. The Total included is 1062 Niunber of Analyses included is 1062 examined. The averages of all analyses of samples taken in cross-sections are shown by Figs. 16 and 17. Much of the data collected in the examination of cross-sections of the main tidal channels was plotted in the form of diagrams. These diagrams indicate the amount of oxygen at each sampling point in the cross-section and at each hour of the tidal cycle. There were usually fifteen sampling points in each cross-section. In connec- tion with these studies of oxygen in cross-sections, careful account was taken of the DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATEE 61 changing salinity of the water and diagrams were made to show the salinity at the points and times when the oxygen was determined. Work Done in Boston Harbor. During the course of the oxygen work done in 1911, it became desirable to obtain knowledge of the distribution of oxygen in the harbor of Boston. The sewage of Boston and many towns in its vicinity is collected by a system of main drainage and discharged at three principal points remote from the closely built-up shores of the harbor. Information as to the amount of oxygen in Boston harbor was not available at this time. On August 17th the Commission sent its launch and analyst to Boston by way of Long Island Sound. About 100 samples were taken at 36 locations between New York and Boston. The stay at Boston lasted from August 21st to September 18th. The number of samples collected and analyzed in Boston harbor was 401; they were collected from about 40 differ- ent points. The points included the water-front of the inner harbor and especially the neighborhood of the three sewer outfalls. CHAPTER VIII INTENSITY OF POLLUTION AS SHOWN BY ANALYSES FOR BACTERIA AND BY EXAMINATIONS OF DREDGINGS Bacterial Content of the Harbor Water. The average numbers of bacteria in the water during ebb and during flood tides were determined for the period from March 26 to October 5, 1909, in the various sections of New York harbor, the number of analyses being 1,091. The average numbers at surface and at bottom during the same period in the various sections were determined from 835 of these analyses. The approximate loca- tions of the points at which the samples of water were taken are shown on Fig. 18. On Plate D, opp. p. 265, are shown the averages of all samples taken at each location above the Narrows. In the Upper bay the average num- ber of bacteria during the ebb tide was 13,800. During the flood tide there were 9,300 per cubic centimeter. The average number at the surface was 14,- 600; at the bottom there were 10,300 per cubic centimeter. The average number at all tides and at all depths was 12,500 per cubic centimeter. In the Hudson river, from its mouth to Spuyten Duyvil, the average number of bacteria during ebb tide was 8,100, and during flood tide 5,100 per cubic centimeter. The average number for all tides and depths was 6,600 per cubic centimeter. In the Hudson river, from Spuy- ten Duyvil to the upper end of Yonkers, the average number of bacteria during ebb tide was 5,200. During flood tide there were 4,700 per cubic centimeter. The average number at the surface was 6,300 and at the bottom 4,400 per cubic centimeter. The average number for all tides and all depths was 5,100 per cubic centimeter. In the East river, from the mouth to Hell Gate, the average number of bacteria dur- ing ebb tide was 6,700. During flood tide there were 5,600 per cubic centimeter. The average number at the surface was 7,700 and at the bottom 4,500 per cubic centimeter. The average number for all tides and all depths was 6,100 per cubic centimeter. FIG. 18 Locations of Points from which Samples of Water were taken for Bacterial Analysis BACTEKIAL AND MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATIONS 63 ATUHTIC OCUH lONO ISLtND SOUND LOWUH.V.BAV ROCKAWWMEI In the East river, from Hell Gate to the entrance of Long Island Sound at Throgs Neck, the average number of bacteria during ebb tide was 1,800. During flood tide there were 4,200 per cubic centimeter. During flood tide the current in this sectiozi of the harbor is assumed to run toward Long Island Sound and during ebb tide from the Sound toward Hell Gate. The average number of bacteria at the surface was 3,300 and at the bottom 2,400 per cubic centimeter. The average number for all tides and all depths was 3,100 per cubic centimeter. In Long Island Sound the aver- age number of bacteria during ebb tide was 390. During flood tide the number was 250 per cubic centimeter. The average number at the surface was 410 and at the bottom 190 per cubic centimeter. The average num- ber for all depths and all tides was 310 per cubic centimeter. These aver- ages were based on a series of samples taken about every six miles from Ori- ent Point to Throgs Neck, In the Harlem river the average number of bacteria during ebb tide was 16,200. During flood tide there were 15,000 per cubic centimeter. During ebb tide the currents in the Harlem river were from the East river toward the Hudson river, and during flood tide from the Hudson river toward the East river. The average number at the surface was 22,800 and at the bottom 8,000 per cubic centimeter. The average number for all tides and all depths was 15,600 per cubic centimeter. In the Arthur Kill the average number of bacteria during ebb tide was 7,300, and during flood tide, after the comparatively unpolluted water from Earitan bay had entered the Kill, 350 per cubic centimeter. The average number at the surface was 5,500 and at the bottom 4,400 per cubic centimeter. The average number for all tides and all depths was 5,000 per cubic centimeter. The relative bacterial condition of the water in various parts of the harbor is shown graphically by Fig. 19. Newhk Bw jAMMCkBW HULM RiVU FIG. 19 Relative Bacterial Pollution of the Water in Various Parts of New York Harbor. This Diagram is Based on 1127 Analyses 64 PRESENT SANITARY CONDITION OF NEW YORK HARBOR Bacterial Pollution Greater at Surface than at Bottom. The belief, founded largely on the oxygen analyses, that the waters of the harbor are well mixed from top to bottom appears to be contradicted by the Commission's analyses for numbers of bac- teria. It has repeatedly been found that there were more bacteria on the surface of the water than in the depths below. The difference is usually not great but it is note- worthy. It is not easy to understand why the bacteria are relatively so numerous near the surface if the water is in an active circulation. The explanation seems to be that the water at the surface continually receives large quantities of bacteria whereas the water below receives its bacteria chiefly from the water above it. The surface of the water doubtless receives bacteria from the air and from refuse which is swept overboard from ships and docks. At the surface of the water there is a considerable amount of solid, floating material which is in a more or less advanced stage of decomposition. Some of this material has come from the sewers, some has been swept overboard from vessels and lost from the piers and barges of the Street Cleaning Department. Analyses of Dredgings Made Prior to 1908. Prior to 1908 bacterial and chemical analyses had been made of deposits on the bottom of New York harbor, but the in- formation which these examinations furnished lacked deflniteness as to the presence or absence of sewage matters. The work here described was undertaken in order to make this information more complete. About 700 samples of solid matter were examined by the Metropolitan Sewer- age Commission before 1908 for the number of bacteria which were contained, the results ranging from 7,500 to 26,000,000 bacteria per gram of dried material. In one case 400,000 bacteria were found in a sample close to another sample which contained 19,000,000. Comparing one section with another, the bacteria in the material at the harbor bottom were numerous in the Upper bay and in that section immediately west of the Brooklyn shore, and it is to be noted that they were usually most numer- ous where the pollution was most intense. But it was impossible to say how many bacteria would have been present in the absence of sewage matters. Colon determinations to the number of 322 had been made of material from the bottom. In nearly all these cases this organism was found according to the pre- sumptive test, but this test is not conclusive, nor is the presence of colon bacilli to be looked upon as certain proof of the presence of sewage. There had been 566 samples of solid matter in the harbor bottom analyzed for loss on ignition. This test did little to make it plain whether the deposits were composed of sewage matters. No ex- amination had been made of mud from uncontaminated places. Microscopical Examination of Dredgings. The Commission decided to confine its method of examination chiefly to the microscope. The procedure adopted consisted of BACTERIAL AND MIOROSCOPIO EXAMINATIONS 65 two parts: (1) Observations of the color, odor and composition of the sample when col- lected; and (2) a search for debris which had probably come from sewage. The locations of the points where samples were taken are shown by Figs. 20 and 21. The microscopical examinations made, of which there were altogether 1,100, showed that a large part of the bottom of New York harbor was polluted with de- FIG. 20 Locations where Samples were taken for Bacterial Analysis of Dredgings from the Bottom of New York Harbor FIG. 21 Locations of Points from which Samples of Dredgings were taken from the Bottom of New York Harbor for Microscopic Analysis posits of solid matter from sewage. The bottom of the Upper bay was generally pol- luted. Midstream in the Hudson and East rivers the bottom was fairly free from deposits containing sewage solids and was generally so hard that the samples could be obtained only with difficulty. The Lower bay was polluted in the principal ship channels. Foul deposits were found in the Kill van KuU and in the Newark bay, especially near Eliza- bethport and Newark. The deepest were found at the pierhead line off Elizabethport, Port RicTimond, Hoboken and at the mouth of Gowanus Canal. Plates A, B and C, p. 223, show the results of examinations of solid matter from the harbor bottom. / PART II . The Degree of Cleanness which is Necessary and Sufficient for the Water PART II The Degree of Cleanness which is Necessary and Sufficient for the Water CHAPTER I OPINION OF THE COMMISSION AS TO THE DEGREE OF CLEAN- NESS SUITABLE FOR THE WATERS To arrive at a decision as to the degree of cleanness suitable for the waters of New York harbor, it is necessary to consider what is required on the score of public health and decency. Risk of disease is of paramount importance, but it is not the only con- sideration. At the outset it must be understood that to improve the present polluted condition of the harbor public works will be required. Were it not for the expense involved, prac- tically all the sewage which is produced in the cities bordering on the harbor, could be carried to some distant point and there be purified or applied to agriculture or dis- charged into the sea. Were the harbor as clean as it could be made, it is doubtful if the water would be employed otherwise than as at present. The danger of accidental and direct pollution would make the taking of shellfish for food unsafe within the harbor limits. The benefit of bathing without danger of contracting disease can be obtained by the estab- lishment of bathing pools supplied with clean water and by suitably protecting the sea beaches. The harm done by excessive pollution of the harbor water is indisputable. Al- though experts differ with respect to the amount of sickness which is produced by sewage contaminated water, the Commission considers that there is considerable dan- ger in coming in contact with it, whether through bathing, fishing, the eating of shellfish or otherwise. Water which is black, greasy and effervescing with sewage, and in which plainly recognizable ingredients of sewage exist should not be tolerated in any part of the harbor. It is evident from the studies made by the Commission that large quantities of sewage can be assimilated by the waters of the harbor without risk of creating offensive conditions, and if the dangers which lie in bacterial impurities be disregarded, it will be possible to discharge large quantities of sewage from which the most objectionable matters have been removed, into these waters without injury and without excessive cost for public works. The Commission considers that in many parts of the city the 70 DEGREE OF CLEANNESS NECESSARY construction of disposal works which make use of the principles of screening and sedi- mentation in combination with outlets which will secure a prompt diffusion of the treated sewage in the water, is the remedy now required, and that these works should be so built as to form part of a more extensive and composite plan for the exclusion of sewage from the harbor if greater protection should be needed in the future. Upon the matter of the jurisdiction which should be exercised over the harbor, the Commission in its report of April 30, 1910, expressed the opinion, which it now re- iterates, that it would be desirable to establish by acts of the Legislatures of the States of New York and New Jersey, an interstate sewerage commission to protect the harbor waters. If this interstate action cannot be brought about, then the conservation of the harbor waters of the Metropolitan District of New York should be undertaken by a New York Commission. With regard to the degree of cleanness that should be maintained in the harbor waters, the Commission is of opinion that no single standard, such as the amount of dissolved oxygen present, would be practicable. As a result of much thought, many investigations and the best expert advice procurable, the Commission has adopted for its guidance the general standards of requirements stated below : 1. Garbage, offal or solid matter recognizable as of sewage origin shall not be visible in any of the harbor waters. 2. Marked discolorization or turbidity, due to sewage or trade wastes, efferves- cence, oily sleek, odor or deposits shall not occur except perhaps in the immediate vicinity of sewer outfalls, and then only to such an extent and in such places as may be permitted by the authority having jurisdiction over the sanitary condition of the harbor. 3. The discharge of sewage shall not materially contribute to the formation of deposits injurious to navigation. 4. Except in the immediate vicinity of docks and piers and sewer outfalls, the dissolved oxygen in the water shall not fall below 3.0 cubic centimeters per litre of water.* Near docks and piers there should always be suflflcient oxygen in the water to prevent nuisance from odors. 5. The quality of the water at points suitable for bathing and oyster culture should conform substantially as to bacterial purity to a drinking water standard. It is not practicable to maintain so high a standard in any part of the harbor north of the Narrows, or in the Arthur Kill. In the Lower bay and elsewhere bathing and the taking of shellfish cannot be considered free from danger of disease within a mile of a sewer outfall. *With 60 per cent, of sea water and 40 per cent, of land water and at the extreme summer temperature of 80 degrees F., 3.0 cubic centimeters of oxygen per litre corresponds to 58 per cent, of saturation. CHAPTER II SUMMARY OF OPINIONS OF VARIOUS EXPERTS CONSULTED BY THE COMMISSION WITH RESPECT TO STANDARDS OF CLEANNESS FOR THE HARBOR In the summer of 1911, the Commission requested a number of sanitary experts to express opinions as to the degree of cleanness which was necessary and sufficient for the waters of New York harbor. The experts were selected from the professions of civil engineering, chemistry, biology and sanitary science. Each expert was given a list of questions to which he was asked to make reply. The experts were afforded facilities to inspect the harbor in order to become personally acquainted with the conditions created by the present method of dispos- ing of sewage and with the uses to which the harbor waters were put, and were fur- nished with the printed reports of the Commission. Following is a list of the persons employed : The Expeets W. E. Adeney, D.Sc, F.I.O., formerly Curator and ex-Examiner in Chemistry of the Royal University, Dublin. Professor Adeney is one of the most eminent liv- ing authorities on the chemistry of sewage-polluted tidal waters. With Prof. Edmund A. Letts, he is the author of an exhaustive monograph on the digestion of sewage by harbor water, published as Appendix VI of the Fifth Report of the Royal Commis- sion on Sewage Disposal of Great Britain. Charles V. Chapin, M.D., Health Officer of Providence, R. I. Dr. Ohapin is an authority on the transmission of communicable diseases. He is the author of well- known books of reference on Municipal Sanitation in the United States and Modes and Channels of Infection. Harrison P. Eddy, B.S., Member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Consulting Engineer, Boston, Mass. Mr. Eddy has had much practical experience in the design, construction and management of sewerage and sewage disposal works for large cities. Desmond Fitzgerald, C.E., Past President of the American Society of Civil En- gineers, Consulting Engineer, Boston, Mass. Mr. Fitzgerald has had wide experience in engineering and has been connected with sanitation work in Boston, Chicago, Manila and many other cities. He has made a special study of harbors in Europe and America. 72 DEGREE OP CLEANNESS NECESSARY William P. Mason, C.E., M.D. Dr. Mason is Professor of Chemistry in the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute of Troy, N. Y. He is an eminent sanitarian and the author of various treatises on sanitary subjects. William T. Sedgwick, Ph.D., Professor of Biology in the Massachusetts Insti- tute of Technology, Boston, Mass. Professor Sedgwick is a prominent sanitarian. He is the author of a treatise on Principles of Sanitary Science and the Public Health. F. Herbert Snow, C.E., Member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Chief Engineer of the Pennsylvania State Department of Health. Mr. Snow has had wide experience in the sanitary disposal of sewage. C.-E. A. Winslow, B.S., M.A., Assistant Professor in the College of the City of New York and Curator of Public Health of the American Museum of Natural History. Professor Winslow has had much experience in sanitary investigations, particularly with reference to the purification of sewage. The Questions. The questions submitted to the experts were intended to elicit opinions concerning the degree of cleanness suitable for the harbor and on what con- siderations a standard of cleanness should be established. The questions follow: "1. Do you think it would be desirable and feasible to establish a standard of cleanness for the waters of New York harbor? "2. If a standard is established, should it be based solely on chemical analyses or would a mixed standard which would take into consideration the appearance of the water and perhaps its physical, chemical and bacterial condition be better? "3. Should a standard of cleanness rest upon the amount of sickness and death which can be shown to be produced by pollution or should the standard be based on what seems suitable and appropriate on the score of cleanness? "4. Should the waters be kept pure enough for bathing and, if so, where? "5. Should the waters be kept pure enough for oyster culture and, if so, in what parts of the harbor? "6. Should effervescence, marked discoloration, decided turbidity, oily sleek, floating solid sewage materials or deposits of sludge be permitted anywhere in the harbor and, if so, where and under what circumstances? "7. Should we establish one standard of cleanness for the whole harbor, or should there be different standards for different parts of the metropolitan district? "8. If a definite standard of cleanness is desirable, how should that standard be expressed? Please give us a draft of your opinion as to the proper wording? "9. Will the amount of dissolved oxygen in the waters of the harbor, expressed in a percentage of its saturation value, furnish a reliable index of the •cleanness of the SUMMARY OF OPINIONS OF EXPERTS 73 water and, if so, what percentage should be adopted to secure each of the following results : "(a) That the waters of the harbor may not become offensive under any weather conditions. "(b) That the use of public baths, if judiciously located, may not be prejudicial to the health of those using them. "(c) That shellfish taken from the beds in present use may be eaten without danger to health. If the percentage of dissolved oxygen will not furnish a satisfactory standard, what standard would you suggest, and should it be based upon chemical analysis, or should it take into account chemical, physical and bacterial conditions?" Replies to the Questions. All the experts considered that it would be both desir- able and feasible to ' establish provisional standards of cleanness for the harbor. Some were in favor of one standard while others favored a number of standards. Dr. Adeney, Professor Sedgwick and Mr. Eddy preferred to consider such stand- ards as may be required in the light of restrictions against pollution rather than as degrees of purity. There was remarkable unanimity of opinion as to the importance of providing for a suitable state of cleanness apart from what was necessary simply on the score of health. Only Professor Adeney would base a standard solely on chemical analyses. The best and simplest chemical analysis was considered to be the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water, but no one was willing to accept this test as an all-sufficient criterion of the condition of the water. As Mr. Eddy expressed it, a standard based solely on the dissolved oxygen might prove satisfactory with respect to offensive odors, but it would give no indication of the existence of offensive floating matters or throw much light upon the danger to health from bathing and from eating shell- fish. Professor Winslow considered that the oxygen should be regarded as a reliable index of the cleanness of the water only when dealing with conditions of gross pollu- tion, and only then in conjunction with observations of the appearance and physical condition of the water. Professor Adeney thought it would be desirable to take ac- count of the ammoniacal nitrogen as well as the dissolved oxygen. Mr. Fitzgerald and Professor Mason advised a mixed standard which gave prom- inence to the physical condition of the water. Mr. Snow would not have a standard of cleanness based solely upon analyses of any kind. The experts were all of opinion that the standard of cleanness should not rest solely upon the effect of the polluted waters upon health. All laid great emphasis upon the necessity for regulations which would keep the waters in a suitable condition on the score of cleanness. In their 74 DEGREE OF CLEANNESS NECESSARY opinion the sewage of the metropolitan district should be disposed of in such ways as not to offend the sense of decency nor depreciate the value of shore property, nor interfere with the use of the water for bathing where it was fitting that bathing should occur. Professor Sedgwick thought that bathing could never be wholly discon- tinued in the populous parts of the harbor and that the water should be kept clean enough to make bathing reasonably safe. So far as sickness is concerned, it was Dr. Chapin's opinion that the present condition of the harbor was not a serious menace to health; but that was no reason why sewage should be permitted to defile the water. Strong reasons existed for keep- ing the harbor clean. There was a public demand for clean highways and clean waterways as well. To the occasional visitor to New York, it appeared that the limit of permissible pollution of its waterways had been reached. The waters were evi- dently heavily polluted with sewage. Professor Mason considered that the amount of disease and death directly pro- duced would not be a proper measure of the objectionable nature of the harbor's con- dition. Conditions which offended the senses, and of the existence of which he saw abundant evidence, should also be taken carefully into account, for such conditions indirectly lead to disease. Mr. Fitzgerald pointed out that while many lives probably could be saved and much ill health alleviated by reducing the pollution, it was still more important to consider the question of a clean harbor from the standpoint of what was suitable and appropriate on the score of cleanness. It was a case where civilization demanded a remedy on the score of what was necessary for the comfort, happiness and welfare of the public. Bathing and Shellfish. There was a preponderance of opinion among the experts that it would not be practicable to keep the waters of the inner harbor clean enough to make bathing entirely safe, but it was held to be both feasible and desirable to maintain bathing places near the sea, and within easy reach by the public, in satis- factory condition. Because some bathing was likely to occur in the populous parts of the harbor in spite of any restrictions which might be made, and because the shores were certain to be crowded with human beings engaged in gainful occupations or seek- ing the water-fronts for relaxation and fresh air. Professor Sedgwick and others thought the water along the shore ought to be kept as clean as practicable. In Mr. Eddy's opinion, it seemed probable that if the open waters of the harbor were maintained as clean as the requirements of business, pleasure and recreation de- manded, there would be little danger to the public health, provided bathing and the taking of shellfish for food were restricted or prohibited. Dr. Adeney did not think SUMMARY OF OPINIONS OP EXPERTS 75 there was great danger in bathing, provided analyses showed that the water contained plenty of oxygen, was comparatively free from ammonia and there was absence of visible sewage matters. Dr. Chapin did not consider that there was great danger of sickness from bathing in polluted water, provided the sewage was discharged at a considerable distance from the bathing places. On the other hand, Mr. Eddy found it impossible to avoid the conclusion that considerable sickness was produced by bathing in the polluted harbor of New York. All thought it unnecessary that the waters of the inner harbor should be kept pure enough for bathing, if suitable bath- ing places, such as Coney Island and Rockaway, could be maintained in satisfactory condition. Professor Sedgwick would have such bathing places as Coney Island kept in scrupulously clean condition. Mr. Fitzgerald did not think it practicable to make bathing in the waters of the inner harbor safe against disease, and regarded this as an unreasonably high standard of cleanness to seek to maintain. Dr. Mason considered that it would not be possible to keep the water in any part of Upper New York bay clean enough for bathing and thought that bathing establishments on the water front of Manhattan and Brooklyn were a menace to public health. The very presence of these places, Dr. Mason pointed out, was a guarantee by the City authorities of the safe character of the water. Professor Winslow expressed the opinion that the waters of the inner harbor should be abandoned for bathing and shellfish culture. The waters of the Lower bay could, he thought, be kept clean enough for bathing and the cultiva- tion of shellfish and should be maintained in that condition. All the experts considered it impracticable to keep the waters in the inner part of New York harbor pure enough for oyster culture, but, with care, it seemed to some to be possible adequately to protect oyster grounds near the sea. The value of the oyster industry did not appear to Mr. Eddy to be of suflflcient consequence to warrant the construction of the expensive works which would be necessary to insure to the waters 'of the inner harbor a sufiflcient degree of purity to warrant oysters being taken from them. Professor Sedgwick did not consider the oyster business to be of enough im- portance to require any special degree of purity for the waters. The danger of pollu- tion from passing ships was so great as to forbid the culture of shellfish in New York harbor. Mr. Fitzgerald felt that shellfish should be protected against sewage in areas which were remote from centers of human activities, if this protection could be made genuinely effectual. Mr. Snow would not permit oysters to be cultivated anywhere within the metro- politan district except under strict supervision and control, and Professor Winslow admitted that it might ultimately be necessary to sacrifice all oyster beds within the metropolitan district. 76 DEGREE OF CLEANNESS NECESSARY Visible Pollution. All the experts held the opinion that, while visible evidence of sewage was practically unavoidable near sewer outfalls, large sewage solids should not be present anywhere in the harbor except perhaps to a limited extent from the shipping. A small amount of oily sleek was permissible, but sludge and the escape of putrefying gases should be prevented. Dr. Adeney believed that sewage solids, either floating or deposited, should certainly not be permitted anywhere except from boats, but that some discoloration and turbidity might be allowed in the vicinity of suitably situated outfalls. Mr. Eddy considered that turbidity and discolora- tion might be tolerated over relatively small areas in the immediate vicinity of prop- erly located sewer outfalls, and oily sleek be allowed, provided it consisted simply of very thin films of oil in isolated and relatively small areas. Mr. Fitzgerald would not permit sewage to be visible at the points of sewage outfall or elsewhere, and con- sidered that the sewage should be purified or discharged into deep water under cir- cumstances which would prevent its appearance from the shores, docks and other places where it might prove offensive. The water should not be allowed to become so polluted as to be blackened. Deposits of putrefying sludge should not be permitted to occur along the docks. In Dr. Mason's opinion, the presence of oily sleek was not objectionable since he did not consider it unsightly and an infinitesimal amount of oily matter might pro- duce it. He considered that it would be impossible to keep the water free from dis- coloration and turbidity, on account of the natural silt which the Hudson river carried down from the northern part of the state. Floating solid sewage material should not occur. Conditions which were disagreeable or disgusting either to the sight or smell of the average citizen using the waters for rowing, sailing or similar pleasure purposes. Professor Sedgwick thought, should not be permitted. Mr. Snow felt that the visible evidences of sewage were so objectionable, and al- ready existed to such an extent, that immediate steps should be taken to construct a system of main drainage and sewage disposal. This view was also held by Dr. Chapin and others. Mr. Fitzgerald expressed the opinion that no time should be lost in determining upon, and beginning, this work, so that the pollution of the har- bor might be reduced rather than increased, a result which he considered inevitable if wise action was not soon begun. Suitable Standards. Most of the experts favored the establishment of some stand- ard of cleanness, or, better, a limit of pollution for the water. Two favored a single standard as the ultimate limit of impurity to be permitted anywhere. Another thought that the standard should rest not upon the quality of the water which was SUMMAEY OF OPINIONS OF EXPERTS 77 desirable, but upon the degree to which it was practicable to purify the sewage before discharging it into the water. Mr. Eddy was of opinion that one standard for the whole harbor would be best. He believed that attempts to formulate different standards to meet the conditions in different portions of the harbor would lead to great complexity and would be of little practical value because of the constantly changing character of each loteality. It seemed to him more practicable to fix upon a single standard which should represent the worst condition which was permissible at any point. Professor Sedgwick would have various restrictions adopted which might be termed standards, although he thought they should be regarded as provisional and temporary and not rigid or inflexible. Mr. Fitzgerald thought it would be impossible to establish one standard of cleanness for all parts of the harbor, for in some places such a standard could never be attained. Different standards of cleanness for dif- ferent regions would be better. Professor Winslow would have different standards for different parts of the harbor. His idea was that certain areas must necessarily be so polluted as to be unsuitable for bathing and shellfish and that these should be given over to the purposes of sewage digestion, subject to such proper regulation that offensive sights and smells should be avoided, while other regions should be maintained in a condition suitable for bathing and shellfish culture. All agreed that suitable standards of cleanness for the harbor would take full account of the degree of purity necessary on the score of cleanness alone and provide against the presence of solid matters readily recognizable as of sewage origin, the existence of gas, the production of sludge and an excessive amount of turbidity pro- duced by sewage. So far as the permissible draught upon the oxygen was concerned, there was no unanimity of opinion. All who expressed themselves upon this point considered that a deficiency of 50 per cent, indicated serious conditions. Mr. Fitzgerald's idea was that the sewage should not reduce the percentage of dissolved oxygen anywhere be- low 50 per cent. In the neighborhood of permanent or comparatively permanent beds for the cultivation of shellfish, the standard should insure bacterial purity. In the vicinity of bathing places, the water should not only be of a high standard bacterially, but should also be free from floating garbage, should have a large amount of dis- solved oxygen and should be chemically near the normal condition of pure salt water or water of the normal salinity due to its position. In the neighborhood of docks and thickly populated shores, it might be suflficient to provide a physical standard of purity. Professor Mason was not prepared to suggest a definite amount of oxygen as 78 DEGREE OF CLEANNESS NECESSARY the most suitable to seek to maintain, although he believed 70 per cent, was an unduly severe measure by which to be guided. He considered that the physical appearance of the water, more complete chemical analyses than determinations of dissolved oxy- gen and bacterial examinations should be included in the standard of cleanness. For the more polluted parts of the harbor, Professor Winslow suggested that the dissolved oxygen should be at no time and at no place allowed to fall below 50 per cent, of its saturation value. No effervescence, marked discoloration, decided tur- bidity, oily sleek, floating solid sewage materials, deposits of sludge, or other condi- tions offensive to sight and smell, should be permitted in any part of the harbor. For the less polluted regions, the outer bay, for example, the standard should be primarily sanitary and should rest upon bacterial rather than chemical data. In Mr. Eddy's opinion, the waters should not contain floating sewage matters which were readily recognizable as such. Grease, oil and tar should not be discharged in quantities sufficient to cause them to accumulate on beaches, sea-walls, piers and boats. The suspended matter of sewage should not be present to an extent which would be recognizable to persons in the parks, upon the recreation piers or upon the water itself, except in the immediate vicinity of sewer outfalls. It should not form sludge banks which would require dredging or, by the formation of gas would give to the waters the appearance of effervescence. Organic matter should not make such a de- mand upon the water as to exhaust the supply of dissolved oxygen to a point below 3 cubic centimeters per liter of water, at any place during any week in warm weather. Dr. Adeney would establish a higher standard of purity than any of the experts mentioned, so far as oxygen was concerned. He would not permit the oxygen to be exhausted below 60 or 70 per cent, of saturation, at low tide under calm weather conditions and at any point within 200 yards of a point of sewage discharge, either at the surface or at any depth below it. Before discharge, the sewage should be freed, as far as possible, of solid matters by means of mechanical subsidence, or, in the case of unfavorably situated outfalls which it would be difficult or impossible to re- move, by chemical precipitation. In Professor Adeney 's opinion, such a require- ment would insure proper protection to the harbor without undue hardship upon the taxpayers. The water beyond the neighborhood of the sewer outfalls would, in all probability, show no appreciable deficiency in dissolved oxygen, not even when the volume of sewage to be disposed of became largely increased with the increase of population. A glance at the reports shows that all the experts thought the harbor should be kept in very clean condition. Strong language was used by men noted for conserva- tism, to express their sense of the unsuitability of allowing the present conditions of SUMMAEY OF OPINIONS OF EXPEETS 79 pollution to continue. The restrictions suggested were to prevent intolerable condi- tions, not to establish an ideal. The future was certain to be more exacting. Professor Sedgwick said in a letter accompanying his report : "I wish that it might be possible for your honorable Board to convince the people of Metropolitan New York, as I am convinced, that no investment, however great, would be too large to secure the complete and perpetual con- servation of these waters for purposes of health, of pleasure and of agreeable and attractive commerce. Nor is this condition merely an iridescent dream. A sum such as is already set apart for clean, pure drinking water for the Metropolis would go far toward making this a reality; and I hope you will understand that while in answering your questions, I have tried to tell the truth as to the possibility of the disposal of the sewage into the adjacent waters without the creation of an intolerable nuisance, I am of opinion that any such disposal should be regarded as merely provisional and temporary; the ultimate solution of the problem before you being the complete and total removal of all sewage and other polluting materials from the harbor waters." CHAPTER III REPORTS OF THE EXPERTS CONSULTED BY THE COMMISSION WITH RESPECT TO STANDARDS OF CLEANNESS FOR THE HARBOR SECTION 1. REPORT OF W. E. ADENEY I. Method Employed by the Metropolitan Sewerage Commission of New York FOR THE Determination of Dissolved Oxygen in the New York Harbor Waters. The Metropolitan Sewerage Commission have adopted the ferrous sulphate method for the determination of dissolved oxygen in the waters of New York harbor ; employing the form of apparatus devised by Professor Letts and Mr. Blake for use with the method; but introducing some important changes in the chemical re-agents required, whereby the manipulations involved in carrying out the method have been simplified, and the skill, time and labor required in making determinations of dissolved oxygen in tidal waters have been reduced to a minimum. The changes referred to consist of the substitution of a solution of carbonate of soda for ammonia in the precipitation of the oxygen-absorbing ferrous compound, and the use of potassium permanganate instead of potassium bichromate for the neces- sary titrations, with attendant simplifications in manipulation. The accuracy of the method, as carried out by the Commission, has been inde- pendently tested by a number of chemists in America against the absolute eudio- metric method, and concordant results have been obtained by them. The writer himself had opportunities of observing the method, as worked by the oflBcers of the Commission, during his inspection of New York harbor in October, 1911 ; and he has formed the opinion that the method, as carried out by the Commission, yields accurate and reliable results. Furthermore, owing to the extreme simplicity of the manipulations involved in the carrying out of the Commission's modification of the method, it can be operated in small boats in stormy weather, when it would be practically impossible to employ the modification of Letts and Blake, in which bichromate is used for titration, or REPOETS OF EXPERTS— ADENEY 81 any other method. For the same reason, a given observer could make by its means a greater number of determinations in a given time than by any other known method; a consideration of very great importance in carrying out extended investigations of tidal waters for the purpose of ascertaining their conditions as regards pollution. II. The Rate of Re-aeration of Polluted Inshore Tidal Waters. Amongst the known conditions, which affect the rate of re-aeration of large volumes of polluted inshore tidal waters, that is to say, of sea water mixed with pol- luted fresh water, there are three of fundamental importance — (1) the area of water exposed to the air; (2) the temperature of the water; and (3) the humidity of the atmosphere. When the surface of a tidal water remains calm and \anbroken, either by wind or by water currents, and when the atmosphere is calm and saturated with moisture, the rate of re-aeration will be practically at zero. As these conditions change, re-aeration will begin to become appreciable, and the rate will reach the maximum when the surface of the water is broken to the maxi- mum extent by the force of the wind and tidal currents, and when the temperature of the water and the humidity of the air are such as to cause a maximum evapora- tion from the exposed surface of the tidal water. The rate of re-aeration must therefore be an extremely variable quantity from day to day, and even from hour to hour. The dependence of the rate of re-aeration upon the area of water exposed to the air is obvious, and the effect of the wind and tidal currents, in so far as they may tend to increase the area of exposed surface, and to cause a mixing of those waters which have been exposed to the atmosphere with the mass of water below the exposed surface, will also be readily recognized as factors of practical importance. Circulating currents from the exposed surface downwards, arising from thermal changes, must also be incltided amongst the conditions which may affect the rate of re-aeration. The effect of evaporation from the exposed surfaces of large volumes of inshore tidal waters has not hitherto been generally recognized. But as evaporation occurs, the layer of water exposed to the air becomes concentrated, and sinks, or "streams," to adopt the expression suggested by Huefner, downwards, and carries with it a charge of dissolved oxygen, and thereby effects the re-aeration of the water below the surface, when the dissolved oxygen therein has been exhausted by sewage pollution. Colonel Black and Professor Phelps have however denied, in a recent report pre- sented to the Board of Estimate and Apportionment upon the Discharge of Sewage 82 DEGREE OF CLEANNESS NECESSARY into the New York harbor, that evaporation exercises any effect upon the re-aeration of inshore tidal waters. They hold that the effects of evaporation may certainly be ignored in the case of inshore waters, since their surface layers are generally fresher, and therefore less dense than the deeper layers ; and they have assumed, without, it may be added, any experi- mental evidence, that the rate of re-aeration of a quiescent body of polluted tidal water strictly follows Pick's law of diffusion. Careful consideration of these two assumptions will serve to show, however, that neither has any real foundation in fact. With regard to the first, it may be pointed out that liquid sewage matters are borne by fresh water, and that, consequently, when the physical conditions of a tidal water, into which such matters drain, are favorable to the accumulation of fresh waters along its surface layers, the liquid sewage matters will also gather there ; and under these circumstances the heavy sea water below the fresher and lighter surface layers will remain practically unpolluted, unless its bed be polluted with solid sewage matters. Consequently, exhaustion of the dissolved oxygen in the tidal waters by the sewage matters will be limited to that contained in the surface layers. The question, therefore, of re-aeration need only be considered in reference to the surface layers, when the drainage of sewage matters into the tidal waters is under proper control, and their re-aeration will be effected in the various ways above enumerated, but chiefly by downward "streaming" from the exposed surface of air-saturated and relatively denser liquid, as above indicated. The description by the writer of the estuary of the River Liffey, County Dublin, Ireland, which will be found in Appendix VI to the Fifth Report of the Royal Com- mission on Sewage Disposal, may be referred to as affording an excellent illustration of a tidal water, the physical circumstances of which favor an accumulation of fresh water, including liquid sewage matters, along its surface layers. The phenomena of "streaming" will be fully considered later on. With regard to the second of the above assumptions, the writer desires to point out that Messrs. Black and Phelps have made no experimental investigation whatever with sea water, and that they have no experimental evidence to advance in support of the statement, which they make on p. 52 of their Report, which runs as follows: "Therefore there is no apparent reason to believe that the re-aeration of salt water follows any other laws than those which we have determined mathematically and ex- perimentally for fresh water." Messrs. Black and Phelps have put forward a working formula for calculating the rate of re-aeration in fresh waters, which, as already stated, they regard as ap- REPORTS OP EXPERTS— ADENEY 83 plicable to sea water, and which they state is expressed in terms of time, depth, the diffusion co-efficient, and the initial dissolved oxygen value. The diflfusion co-efficient has been determined by a method and apparatus especially designed by them. But on turning to the description of the method given on p. 93, it will be found that the values resulting from its employment bear no resemblance, and no relationship, to the diffusion co-efficient of dissolved oxygen in water, and as determined by Huefner (Ann. Phys. Chem. II, Vol. 60, pp. 134-168). Thus the water employed for an observation is boiled in a glass flask with "iron- excelsior," and it afterwards is retained in the flask over night. The water, therefore, even if distilled to start with, cannot be regarded as .such, when it is exposed to the air for a diffusion co-efficient test, since it must by that time have dissolved appre- ciable quantities of mineral matter from the glass, and possibly also from the iron. But the method is open to much more serious objection — the rubber stopper em- ployed for closing the tube is made "wet with a very dilute caustic solution to assist the sliding" (p. 93). In this way a further quantity of soluble mineral matter is taken up by the water. This latter source of soluble matter must be regarded as serious, since the volume of water employed in the experiment is very small, not as much as 10 cc, especially when compared with the area of glass surface over which the rubber stopper after being wetted with the caustic solution has to be drawn. Thus the water to be exposed to the air for the determination of the diffusion co- efficient of oxygen must be regarded as holding decided quantities of mineral matter in solution. Consequently, if any evaporation occurs, as it must freely do from the exposed surface of the water during the experiment, a denser layer of water will be formed over the exposed surface, with attendant downward "streaming" of dissolved oxygen, at a rate depending upon the temperature of the water bath, in which the experimental tube is kept, and the dryness of the air. There can be no doubt, in the opinion of the writer, that this affords the explan- ation of the increased values which Black and Phelps have obtained, and which they have recorded on p. 44, for increasing temperatures of the water bath from 5° C. to 25° C. ; they are as follows, expressed in per cent, of saturation : 5° 0.65 10° C 0.75 15° C 1.00 20° 1.42 25° C 2.43 That the results obtained by these observers do not represent the true co-efficient of diffusion of oxygen in water becomes evident on carefully examining them. 84 DEGREE OF CLEANNESS NECESSARY Black and Phelps admit themselves that their results were attended with great un- certainty. They refer to them, on p. 94, thus: "the values are somewhat scattering, and a closer analysis indicates that some unknown factor is involved. Exceedingly concordant results are readily obtained upon one day, while upon the following day another group of concordant results will be obtained, differing from the fifst. Baro- metric corrections were later applied without relieving the situation." After this admission by the observers themselves, it is unnecessary further to labor the point that the values adopted by them for the diffusion co-efficient of dissolved oxygen in water have been arbitrarily selected, and have no resemblance nor rela- tionship to the true co-efficient of diffusion of oxygen in water; and that, conse- quently, their proposed formula for calculating the rate of re-aeration of large volumes of polluted tidal water is valueless, and must lead to seriously misleading results. To return to the consideration of the phenomena of "streaming," the writer has found, as a result of a considerable number of direct experiments on the rate of re- aeration of sea and of fresh waters with 6-foot columns of de-aerated sea water, and of de-aerated distilled water, that the rate of re-aeration of polluted tidal waters may be affected by two forms of downward transmission, or "streaming," of dissolved oxygen from the exposed surface, which in magnitude far surpass that due to true diffusion according to Fick's law, and which, or one of which at least, may exercise an influence sufficient in magnitude to be of importance in connection with the prac- tical question of the protection of tidal waters from over-pollution by sewage matters. The term "streaming" may be applied to these forms of downward transmission of dissolved air, to distinguish them from the transmission caused by true diffusion. It is not difficult experimentally to determine the behavior and magnitude of these two forms of "streaming" under a particular set of conditions in the laboratory. Thus, for each of the following experiments, except the first two, three tubes, each 6 feet long and 0.75-inch bore, were filled with de-aerated sea water; the tubes were closed each with a cork fitted with an inlet and outlet tube, and were connected together in series so as to allow the same current of air to be drawn continuously through the surface layer, down to a depth of 2 to 8 inches, of first one tube, then another and finally the third. Similar experiments were made with distilled water. During an experiment the tubes were placed in a cold water jacket, so that their contents from the bottom to about a foot from the top could be kept at distinctly lower temperatures than the surface layers. This was done to prevent the formation of convection currents in the experimental columns of water. REPOETS OP EXPERTS— ADENEY Experiments with Sea Water. 85 Duration of Experiment Temp. C. Degree of Aeration, in Percentages of Saturation Uppermost Layer Middle Layer Bottommost Layer No. Columns Columns Columns 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 20 hours 25 hours 48 hours 48 hours 18.2 19.5 10.0 13.5 80 86 86 78 72 47 69 47 53 65 44 70 52 64 2 3 4 Experiments with Distilled Water. 48 hours 48 hours 11.8 10.0 78 71 73 70 73 18 22 17 23 17 23 13 16 9 16 8 16 Note. — ^The air currents were filtered through glass wool in the case of experiments 3, 4 and 5; they were un- filtered in 1, 2 and 6. On referring to the experiments with sea water, it will be seen that when, as in the case of the first columns of each of the experiments, Nos. 3 and 4, the air current was dry, and evaporation from their exposed surfaces could freely occur, the rate of "streaming" of dissolved air from the surface layer to the bottom was remarkably uniform and comparatively rapid. Thus the air content of the bottom layers of the first columns in Nos. 3 and 4 was nearly equal to that of the middle portions of the same columns, respectively; it was 53 and 52 per cent, of saturation in No. 3, and 65 and 64 per cent, in No. 4, respectively. In the case, however, of the second and third columns in each experiment, no sign of re-aeration is indicated by the results recorded. The only apparent explanation of this is that the current of air, employed to keep the surface layers of the columns in question continuously broken, could not cause any evaporation therefrom because they had been saturated during their passage through the respective first columns. It may be noted that the results obtained with these columns conclusively prove that re-aeration by diffusion according to Pick's law cannot take place to a sufficient ex- tent to be of any practical importance in polluted tidal waters. Incidentally it may be pointed out that very different results would be obtained if the quantity of oxygen, which should be found, according to the proposition of Black and Phelps, at the bottom of each of the columns of sea water in experiments 3 and 4, were calculated out by means of their suggested formula. The quantity would be the same for each column, viz., about 6 per -cent, of saturation, if the surface layer of each column had been preserved unbroken during the experiment, and pre- sumably more under the condition of the broken surfaces of these experiments — ^very 86 DEGREE OF CLEANNESS NECESSARY different, it will be observed, from the quantities actually found by experiment, which were 52 and 64 per cent, of saturation in the case of each initial column, from the ex- posed surface of which evaporation could freely occur ; and 0.0 in the case of the other columns, from the exposed surfaces of which evaporation could not occur. Thus, whether evaporation can or cannot occur, Black and Phelps' proposed formula yields seriously misleading results. As these experiments directly prove, the rate of diffusion of dissolved oxygen in water is so slow that it cannot possibly affect the problem of the rate of re-aeration, so far as the question of supply of oxygen available to large volumes of tidal water for the purpose of digesting and satisfactorily disposing of sewage matters, which may be discharged into them, is concerned. The results obtained from the experiments with the columns of distilled water Avere, it will be seen from the above table, quite different in character and magnitude from those obtained with the sea water columns. They show that "streaming" took place in each of the three tubes, but more markedly with unfiltered than with filtered air. A tendency for the dissolved air to remain concentrated in the upper portions of each column is also indicated. The results of these experiments illustrate the second form of "streaming" above referred to. It is evidently not due, at least that which is shown by the second and third columns in each experiment, to evaporation at the exposed surface, but to some other cause — possibly to the formation, as suggested by Huefner in his paper on the diffusion co-efficient of gases in water, of layers of increased density, due to the dis- solved air, at the exposed surface, or possibly to some other cause as yet unrecognized. It is important for practical purposes to note that this latter form of "streaiQ- ing" takes place much more slowly than does the form due to evaporation. It is, however, much more rapid than true diffusion according to Fick's law, and must con- sequently be regarded as a more important factor in the question of the rate of re- aeration of polluted tidal waters. The writer has, it may be added, confirmed the general character of the results of the above experiments by several others. The precise effect which evaporation from the surface of a polluted tidal water exercises on the rate of re-aeration of the mass of water below the surface is not diffi- cult to understand. As evaporation proceeds, the surface layer, consisting as it does of a solution of sodium chloride and of other salts, becomes concentrated, and "streams" vertically downwards, carrying with it the atmospheric gases, which it dissolved when ex- posed to the air. REPORTS OP EXPERTS— ADENEY 87 Tlie writer has further found from experiments, specially devised for the pur- pose, that the "streams" of the concentrated and air-saturated layers, from the ex- posed surfaces of columns of de-aerated sea water, passed vertically downwards to the bottom without suffering any marked loss of dissolved air by lateral diffusion. This explains the fact, shown by the above experiments with sea water, that the re-aeration of the de-aerated columns bf sea water proceeded practically at the same rate throughout their whole length — the lower half of the columns being re- aerated almost as quickly as the upper halves. It follows from this that the rate of re-aeration of a polluted tidal water, if approximately uniform in density, will ap- proximately vary inversely as its depth. In this way sea water exhibits another important advantage over distilled water, so far as the question of re-aeration is concerned. Bearing in mind the foregoing prefatory remarks, the question of the rate at which the re-aeration of a given polluted tidal water may be expected to proceed under, say, average weather conditions, at different seasons of the year, may be use- fully considered. The known important factors, which may be regarded as normally affecting the question, have been shown above to be: area surface exposed to the air (depend- . ing upon the state of the wind and the flow of the water), the temperature of the water, the huhiidity of the air, and the uniformity, or otherwise, in density of the water in a vertical direction downwards. It is quite evident that under their combined influence the rate may vary prac- tically from zero to a value of such magnitude as to be of great practical importance especially during summer season. It need scarcely be pointed out, however, that a good deal of work has yet to be car- ried out, both in the laboratory and on the open water, before a definite value can be put to the extreme rate at which re-aeration under the most favorable conditions would occur, or even to the average rate — both would certainly vary with different classes of inshore waters. But it is fair to conclude from the laboratory experiments that have been made that the rate of re-aeration, under normal conditions, of a given class of tidal waters would always be of practical importance in the consideration of the question of the maximum power that a particular water of the class might possess for the disposal and digestion of sewage matters within limits of safety to public health and fish life. The experiments recorded in the above table show, for instance, that when the surface layers of de-aerated sea water columns, 6 feet deep, were kept continuously broken by a current of air, the re-aeration proceeded uniformly down the whole depth 88 DEGREE OP CLEANNESS NECESSARY of the column at a rate amounting to 50 per cent, of saturation in the case of one experiment, and to 64 per cent, in the case of the other, in 48 hours; or at the rate of 0.067 cc, and 0.077 cc, oxygen per litre of water, respectively, per hour. And in the opinion of the writer it may be concluded from these experiments, and from others that he has made, that the rate will approximately vary inversely as the depth. These columns were, it must be noted, uniform in composition, but not quite so in density, since the upper portion of each was kept at 3 to 4° C. higher than the lower portions; that is to say, the lower portions of each column were slightly denser than the surface layer. On the whole it may be taken that the results ob- tained from the experiments with these columns probably indicate about maximum, rates of re-aeration which may occur in inshore waters. As regards the humidity of the air, or the actual extent of evaporation which took place during these experiments, neither was noted Another experiment with de-aerated sea water, which was carefully designed and carried out to exclude all danger of movement in the water except that due to "streaming," showed a rate of re-aeration, practically uniform to depth of 12 feet, amounting to 51 per cent, of saturation in 48 hours; when the air current in this experiment was dried by passing it through concentrated sulphuric acid. The tem- perature of the surface layer of the column at the conclusion of the experiment was 6.9° C. The rate of re-aeration of a polluted tidal water by "streaming," resulting from evaporation, would no doubt be retarded if the surface layer were much fresher than the deeper layers, but it would not be stopped altogether, as assumed by Black and Phelps, at least in the case of the waters of New York harbor, where the differ- ence between the surface and bottom layers, in their fresh water content, rarely exceeds 12 per cent, and generally does not amount to more than 6 per cent, (see Section III). The writer has found as a matter of fact that "streaming" takes place freely in columns of sea water in which the upper portions have been fresher than the lower portions, when in fact the upper portion has had as much as 20 per cent, fresh water mixed with it. In connection with this point, the writer would like to point out that the aera- tion of the deeper portions of a tidal water ought not, for reasons which will be explained in Section III, to be allowed appreciably to be affected by sewage matters. If they are, it usually is caused by a fouled bed, and this should not be allowed to occur under any circumstances. REPORTS OP EXPERTS— ADENEY 89 III. The Permissible Limit of Exhaustion of the Dissolved Oxygen in the Waters of New York Harbor. The question of the permissible limits of exhaustion, by sewage matters, of the dissolved oxygen in the waters, generally, of New York harbor, or locally, in any particular portion of them, largely depends upon the extent to which the configura- tion of the harbor, and volume and rate of flow of its tidal currents, including land water, naturally favor the satisfactory disposal of the sewage matters, which are be- ing discharged into it, whether by transport with its ebbing currents to the open waters beyond it, or by direct, or indirect, oxidation by means of the oxygen dis- solved in its waters. The data necessary for the discussion of this latter question have been carefully investigated and collected together by the Metropolitan Sewerage Commission, and have been published by that body in its Report of April 30, 1910, and it will be first considered. New York harbor, for the purpose of the discussion of the latter question, may be regarded as consisting of a central basin, viz., the Upper Bay, with the East river, the Hudson river. Kill van KuU and the Narrows acting as inlet and outlet channels for land and tidal waters. The areas, average depths and volumes of the waters lying below the level of mean low water in the different divisions of the harbor, and the average tide ranges, are given in the Commission's Report, p. 156, as follows: TABLE III Lengths, Depths, Areas and Volumes of Water, and Tidal Ranges. Division of Harbor Length in Milea Area Miles Average Depth Feet Volume* below M. L. W. Tide Range*' Feet Upper bay Hudson river, Battery to Mt. St. Vincent East river, Battery to East 88th street East river, East 88th street to Old Ferry Point East river. Old Ferry Point to Throgs Neck Harlem river Newark bay KUl van Kull Arthur Kill Total water surface Total volume of water below mean low water, 6.5 16.0 20.0 6.5 2.25 8.0 5.0 4.5 16.0 20.74 14.49 3.31 8.98 2.51 0.49t 8.35 1.12 4.93 22.4 30.7 29.2 22.3 41.0 13. 6t 6.6 23.4 12.6 64.92 12970 12330 2700 5590 2870 187. 7t 1542 728 1735 40652.7 4.4 4.2 4.7 6.2 7.1 5.3 4.6 4.8 6.4 •In millions of cubic feet. **No great difference occurs in the range of Spring and Neap Tides. tEditorial Note by Commission. These figures, taken from an early report of the Commission, are in error, but they do not materially affect Dr. Adeney's opinions. 90 DEGREE OP CLEANNESS NECESSARY The volumes of flow, in millions of cubic feet, in the different divisions of the harbor, per lunar hour, are given in the same Report, p. 178, as follows : TABLE IV Volumes of Flow^ in Millions of Cubic Feet per Lunar Hour in New York Harbor Lunar Hour Hudson River East River KiU van KuU The Narrows Water in Upper Bay Into Upper Bay Out of Upper Bay Into Upper Bay Out of Upper Bay Into Upper Bay Out of Upper Bay Into Upper Bay Out of Upper Bay De- creasing In- creasing I 1,600 1,730 1,430 710 200 1,050 155 860 1,360 1,460 1,200 600 1,010 730 260 290 750 1,030 270 730 1,010 990 710 260 340 160 70 260 390 420 65 250 380 400 320 150 430 1,820 2,690 2,840 2,230 1,020 3,160 2,490 1,120 480 2,060 3,000 290 70 400 600 650 540 II 70 Ill 400 IV... 600 650 V VI un Vll 290 VIII IX X XI XII Ebb flow 6,720 5,635 4,070 3,970 1,640 1,555 11,030 12,310 2,550 Flood flow. . . . 2,550 The above figures show that the average total flow through the Narrows, out of and into the Upper bay, amounts to 12,310,000,000 and 11,030,000,000 cubic feet, re- spectively. "The resultant flow, or excess of ebb over flow, is the land water from the drainage areas above the Narrows, and the excess of flow through the East river from the Sound. The land water is 1,182,300,000 cubic feet, and the resultant through the East river may be taken as 100,000,000 cubic feet, per tidal cycle, or a total of 1,282,- 300,000 cubic feet" (p. 172). It is to be noted that the so-called East river is in reality a strait connecting Upper New York bay and Long Island Sound. "Tidal waves enter at both ends, the Sound wave being approximately twice as high as the Bay wave. There is a decided interference of these waves traceable to the southerly end of Blackwell's Island." "The two tides ordinarily meet at a point between Throgs Neck and Stepping Stones Light, so that, strictly speaking, the flood (or ebb) currents on each side of this meeting point flow in opposite directions. The ebb current may therefore be considered as flowing the entire length of the East River from Throgs Neck to the Battery, and the flood current as flowing from the Battery to Throgs Neck" (p. 174). EEPORTS OP EXPERTS— ADENEY 91 On comparing together the figures in the above two tables, it will be seen that of the average total volume of salt and fresh waters, which the harbor contains and receives within a cycle of a flood and ebb tide, only about 23.00 per cent, passes out of the harbor through the Narrows during the ebb flow. It follows from this that the water remaining in the harbor at a low tide is freshened, but never completely dis- placed and renewed, by clean sea and land waters flowing into, and out of, the harbor during the ensuing tidal cycle, as occurs in the case of certain other harbors more for- tunately circumstanced in this particular ; e. g., Dublin harbor on the River Liffey, Newport (Monmouthshire) harbor on the Usk, Liverpool on the River Mersey (see Appendix 6 to the Fifth Report of the Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal). The detailed investigation which the Metropolitan Sewerage Commission has made of the tidal phenomena of the harbor shows that this conclusion is fully warranted in point of fact, as will be gathered from the following quotation from p. 75 of the Report of the Commission : "Imperfect Conditions for Assimilation. The quantity of water which flows in and out of New York harbor, although large, is not a measure of the capacity of the harbor to transport or assimilate sewage. The idea of transportation involves the assumption that the matters which are carried away are not brought back again. The oscillation of the tide carries the sewage back and forth indefinitely. The idea of as- similation involves the assumption that the sewage becomes so mingled with the water as properly to be considered part of it. Again, investigation shows that this condition is not fully fulfilled. "The movement of the tides produces a refreshing effect upon the harbor, but this benefit is restricted because (a) tidal action is usually least in those places which need it most; (b) thorough mixture of the sewage with the water does not always occur promptly; (c) the currents are intermittent, and not continuous as are those of a river fiowing in one direction; (d) the action of the tidal currents carries some sewage matters on the surface and some toward shore; (e) the force and direction of the tidal currents are materially infiuenced by the wind; (f) excepting near the sea and Sound entrances the same water flows back and forth and is not pure sea water by any means. "Oscillatory Movement of Harbor Waters. Contrary to popular belief, the move- ment of river and tidal water to sea does not proceed in a regular and reliable manner. Studies of the course followed by objects so constructed as to float just below the sur- face of the harbor have shown that the vater oscillates back and forth, sometimes to an indeflnite extent, before escaping to the sea. "In the more open parts of the Hudson river and Upper and Lower New York bays 92 DEGREE OF CLEANNESS NECESSARY there is a generally northward and southward oscillation, the southward movement being in excess. "The waters which pass out of the harbor by way of the Narrows go to sea, for the most part, by the northerly channels of the Lower Bay. "The water of Newark bay oscillates between the head of the bay and the eastern end of the Kill van KuU, eventually escaping chiefly to New York bay and so to the ocean. "The water flows more rapidly in the East river than in any other arm of the harbor, but most of the water moves back and forth, like the pendulum of a clock, without escaping to the ocean or to Long Island Sound. A buoy which was made to float, except for a small tell-tale, just below the surface of the water, was followed fback and forth for three and a half days in the East river. At the end of this time it had travelled 108 miles without passing out of this stream. It returned several times to the locality where it had been set adrift." Although, as is obvious from the foregoing considerations, the waters of New York harbor are only freshened to a slight extent by the relatively small quantities of land and sea waters which they receive during each tidal cycle, they must be credited with the advantage, which the physical conditions of the harbor ensure them, of be- coming, on an average, somewhat rapidly intermixed with the same freshening waters, and also, it may be added, with the sewage matters draining into them. This tendency to intermixture is shown by the fact that the lighter land waters are not found to be restricted to the surface and upper layers of the heavier salt waters in the harbor, but generally mingled with them, so that, although the larger proportions of land water occur at the surface, considerable proportions are also to be found at the bottom; the differences between the surface and bottom layers, in their fresh water content, rarely exceed 12 per cent., and generally do not amount to more than 6 per cent. (Commission's Report, pp. 525 to 530.) Again, the very careful and extended examinations which the Metropolitan Com- mission has made of the quantities of oxygen that occur dissolved in the surface and bottom waters of the several divisions of the harbor, at different states of the tide, also bear witness of the considerable amount of mingling which occurs within the har- bor between the sea and land waters, especially in vertical directions from the surface to the bottom. The results of the examinations referred to show that "as a rule there was not much difference between the amount of oxygen in the water at the surface and in that at the bottom." (P. 409.) The explanation of this comparatively intimate intermixture of the land (includ- ing liquid sewage matters) and sea waters, which occurs within the harbor, is no EBPORTS OF EXPERTS— ADENEY 93 doubt to be found in the peculiar configuration of the harbor, and in the to-and-fro oscillating movements produced in its waters by the play of its tidal currents, as above described. These latter vary considerably, and are fairly strong at times. The average maximum and minimum velocity in each direction of the currents at the prin- cipal points in New York harbor, and at a time when each current is strongest, are given in the subjoined table. It is quoted from p. 182 of the Commission's Report. TABLE V Velocities of Currents in the Channels op New York Harbor When Conditiona are Mean Ebb Flood Maximum Ebb Flood Minimum Ebb Flood The Narrows Hudson river, 39th street East river, Brookl}^ Bridge. . . East river, 11th street East river, 19th street East river, 31st street Kill van Kull, Port Richmond Kill van Kull, Bergen Point. . . Harlem river, 144th street. . . . Harlem river, High Bridge 2.0 3.0 3.8 3.0 2.6 2.9 2.2 2.0 1.0 1.9 1.6 2.0 3.6 2.9 2.3 2.6 1.8 1.8 1.0 1.8 2.8 4.7 4.6 3.7 3.2 3.5 2.7 2.4 1.2 2.3 2.3 3.0 4.4 3.5 2.8 3.2 2.2 2.2 1.2 2.2 1.1 1.4 2.6 2.1 1.8 2.0 1.5 1.4 0.7 1.3 0.9 1.2 2.6 2.0 1.6 1.8 1.2 1.2 0.7 1.2 The above velocities are surface velocities or the velocity of the water just below the surface and are expressed in knots per hour. With the foregoing information in mind regarding the physical features of the harbor and of its waters, a definite answer may be given to the question set down in the opening paragraph of this section, viz., the extent to which the configuration of the harbor, and the volumes and rate of flow of its tidal currents, including its land water, favor the satisfactory disposal of the sewage matters which are discharged into it. The powers possessed by the harbor waters for transporting the sewage solid matters to open waters beyond the harbor boundaries are obviously extremely limited. They are nil so far as the heavier solid matters are concerned, and at best they can transport a small fraction only of the lighter sewage solids beyond the harbor limits during the ebbing tides. The Commission has dealt very fully in its Report (pp. 432-446) with the sub- ject of the powers of the currents, which obtain in the different divisions of the harbor, for carrying solid sewage matters, and it is unnecessary therefore here to con- 94 DEGEEE OP^ CLEANNESS NECESSARY sider them except to emphasize the point brought out in the Report that the cur- rents in the harbor stop and reverse four times a day, and that theyare to be re- garded as available more for moving, for short periods of time, particles which have settled upon the bed of the harbor, than as currents capable of transporting solid matters beyond the harbor, and of so preventing deposits therein (p. 441). The Commission has also made a careful and valuable investigation of the bed of the harbor to determine the distribution of the solid sewage matters upon it; and it has found that "a large part of the bottom of the harbor was polluted with de- posits of solid matters from sewage. The bottom of the Upper bay was generally polluted, although the Jersey flats west of a line from Constable Hook to Black Tom Island were found to be singularly free from sewage deposits. The bottom near Man- hattan Island, near the Jersey shore opposite Manhattan, and the bottom near the Long Island shore in the East river, were polluted almost everywhere, at least to the pierhead line." "Midstream in the Hudson and Bast rivers the bottom was fairly free from deposits of sewage solids, and was generally so hard that the samples could be ob- tained only with difficulty. The Lower bay was polluted, particularly in the principal ship channels. Frequent foul deposits were found in the Kill van KuU and in the Newark bay, especially near Elizabethport, Port Richmond, Hoboken and at the mouth of Gowanus canal." (P. 425.) The harbor waters present more favorable conditions for the effective disposal of the liquid sewage matters draining into them, provided the outfall sewers are suit- ably situated. As already shown, an ebb tide may transport about 23 per cent, of the total vol- ume of liquid sewage matters, draining into the harbor during a tidal cycle, to open water beyond the harbor; while the waters available for diluting the residual 77 per cent, that remain within the harbor are sufficient in volume to ensure the gradual purification of the same by bacterial oxidation, the products of oxidation being grad- ually carried, beyond the limits of the harbor, away by subsequent ebb tides. The liquid sewage matters, moreover, unlike the sewage solid matters, do not con- tinue to accumulate indefinitely within the harbor, but cease to do so when the total quantity of them remaining within the harbor has reached a certain maximum limit, which can be approximately estimated for the average conditions, which obtain in the harbor, by a simple calculation. The total volume of sewage, which is produced in the various towns and dis- tricts draining into the harbor, has been estimated by the Commission to amount to 741,000,000 gallons, or 118,980,000 cubic feet (p. 146). REPORTS OP EXPERTS— ADENEY 95 It may be assumed, for the purpose of calculation, that the volume of sewage daily produced is constant, and the whole of it drains into the harbor. It may further be assumed that — (1) the flow is uniform during the day; (2) the sewage matters, which drain into the harbor, during each tidal cycle, become intimately mixed with the waters, which the harbor contains and receives during the same cycle; (3) the sewage matters undergo no appreciable chemical change or puri- fication during the period of accumulation; (4) the waters of the harbor, to commence with, are free from sewage pollution ; (5) the land and the flood waters entering the harbor through the Nar- rows from the Lower bay, and from the Sound, are practically free from sew- age pollution. The last assumption is warranted from the observations and the results of the Investigations which the Commission has made touching this question. These are : (1) that the ebbing waters which pass out of the Narrows "go to sea, for the most part, by the northerly channel of the Lower bay" (p. 75) ; (2) that the flowing waters, which enter the Narrows with the flood tide, contain a much smaller proportion of land water (on an average about 10 per cent.) than does the water in the Upper bay (on an average 25 per cent.) ; (3) that the land waters and flood waters coming in from the Lower bay and Sound are practically saturated with dissolved oxygen (pp. 412 and 413). If the whole of the sewage which is daily produced drains into the harbor, it may be taken for practical purposes that 59,400,000 cubic feet will flow into it during a cycle of flood and ebb tide, i. e., during 12 lunar hours. A fraction of it will pass out, during the first tidal cycle, through the Narrows with the ebb tide, approximately similar to the fraction of the harbor waters which, as above shown, flow out of the harbor during an ebb tide under average conditions, namely, about 23 per cent., leav- ing about 77 per cent, intermixed with the harbor waters at mean low tide. The quantity of liquid sewage matters subsequently remaining within the harbor will obviously gradually increase with each succeeding tidal cycle until the quantity which passes away with the ebb tide — assuming for the moment that the accumulated liquid sewage matters have become intimately intermixed with the harbor waters, and have meanwhile undergone no change — becomes equal to that which drains into the harbor during the tidal cycle. 96 DEGEEE OF CLEANNESS NECESSARY This would occur when the total volume of liquid sewage matters, remaining intermixed Math the harbor waters at mean low tide, had become equal to about 196,500,000 cubic feet, which it would do after about 20 tidal cycles. The volume of liquid sewage matters passing out of the harbor through the Nar- rows would then, on an average, continue to equal the total volume of liquid sewage matters flowing into the harbor during a complete tidal cycle, that is 59,490,000 cubic feet. The average total volume of water passing out of the harbor through the Nar- rows during the ebb tide is, as already stated, 12,310,000,000 cubic feet. If the above quantity of sewage matters formed part of this 12,310,000,000 cubic feet, and if it were intimately mixed with the ebbing water, the average dilution of sewage matters would be in the proportion of 1 : 200. Similarly the dilution of the liquid sewage mat- ters remaining in the harbor at mean low tide would be in like proportion. It need scarcely be pointed out that the above calculated value for the maximum extent to which liquid sewage matters can accumulate within the harbor waters is, under the average conditions which obtain in it, an extreme value, and one which can never be reached in practice. Because it has been assumed for the purpose of calculation that, during the time required (about ten days) for the liquid sewage matters to accumulate in the harbor to the maximum extent, they undergo no chem- ical change or purification. In practice, however, they at once, upon discharge into the harbor, come under the influence of an active process of indirect oxidation, set up by the bacterial flora, which has, it may certainly be taken for granted, been thoroughly well established in the waters of the harbor, under the favorable condi- tions for growth presented by the polluted condition of those waters, and which there can be no doubt, indirectly oxidize the liquid sewage matters decidedly more quickly than would be anticipated from laboratory experiments upon the indirect oxidation of sewage matters by water bacteria, under like conditions of dilution and temperature. As a matter of fact, therefore, the liquid sewage matters which are to be found at any time polluting the harbor waters are not all in the crude state, but in various stages of oxidation, from the earliest steps of the carbon fermentation of the organic constituents of fresh sewage to, no doubt, the later steps of the nitrogen fer- mentation of the ammonium compounds and humus organic matters remaining over from the fermentation of the organic constituents of the sewage that had drained into the harbor at an earlier date. It will be convenient at this point to digress for a time from the subject of the Report in order to explain the above technical terms. REPORTS OF EXPERTS— ADENEY 97 According to modern and now generally accepted views, the most important effect upon tidal waters of the introduction of sewage into them, and one which in- variably follows it, is the more or less complete exhaustion of their dissolved oxygen. The loss of oxygen may be caused by three distinctly different actions of the sewage, thus: (1) the waters carrying the sewage matters, from their own state of de- aeration, may lower the aeration of clean waters simply by dilution ; (2) the sewage matters may contain substances which are easily oxidized when brought into direct contact with the dissolved oxygen of clean waters; such substances do not, however, usually occur in fresh sewage matters, but only in sewage that has been subjected to putrefactive processes, especially so in the presence of sea water, as for instance when sewage solids are allowed to accumulate on the bed of a tidal water, and to undergo bacterial fermenta- tion in the absence of a sufficient supply of oxygen ; (3) the organic constituents and the ammonium compounds of the sewage, when in the fresh state, exert no direct action upon the dissolved oxygen of clean waters; they are gradually oxidized, it is true, when mixed with clean water, but only during the fermentative processes set up by water bacteria in the presence of an excess of dissolved oxygen, when they indirectly cause a loss of the said dissolved oxygen. When town sewage, in the fresh condition, is allowed to drain into relatively large volumes of clean water, the last only of the above three de-aerating actions will show itself by appreciable influence upon the dissolved oxygen of the same. When, however, the conditions are such that all three actions may be set up, they will take effect in the order in which they are enumerated above. The effect of the first is obvious, and it is practically instantaneous. The effect of the second may also be practically instantaneous. Thus sulphuretted hydrogen and black sulphide of iron, both of which are amongst the most commonly occurring bodies of a directly oxidizable character to be found in sewage matters when subjected to putrefactive processes, especially in the presence of sea water, are oxidized by direct contact with the dissolved oxygen in clean water with great rapidity. The effect of the third action upon the dissolved oxygen of clean waters is very distinctly different, especially in those cases when the clean waters are only polluted with relatively small quantities of sewage matters. In these circumstances the exhaus- tion of the dissolved oxygen proceeds with extreme slowness, and occupies several days under natural conditions. ^ 98 DEGREE OF CLEANNESS NECESSARY It must be remembered in this connection that oxygen is only very slightly soluble in water, and that consequently tidal waters, even when saturated with it, hold rela- tively very small quantities of the gas in solution. Hence, if the admixture of sew- age matters with clean tidal water be strictly controlled in accordance with the power of the latter to supply sufficient dissolved oxygen for the complete fermentation of the former, the proportions in which the sewage matters may be mixed with the tidal waters must also be very small; and under these conditions the growth and development of water bacteria also proceeds slowly, and the rate with which they ferment the sewage matters and eJBfect their oxidation is likewise very slow, so slow, in fact, that several days are required for the completion of the fermentative proc- esses which they give rise to. A further important point to be noted in reference to the fermentation of sew- age matters by water bacteria is that it is effected in two distinct and progressive stages. The organic matters are first completely fermented, and are almost entirely oxidized during the process to the ultimate mineralized products, water, carbon dioxide and ammonia. But small quantities of organic substances also appear amongst the final products of this process of fermentation. They are excretory bodies, and possess the chemical and physical properties of the humus of cultivated soils, and of the organic matters in peaty colored river and lake waters. When the fermentation of the organic constituents by water bacteria has been completed, the second stage of the fermentative processes may occur, and during this process the ammonium compounds, together with the humus matters formed during the first process, are oxidized to nitrites, nitrates, carbon dioxide and water. The terms "carbon-fermentation" and "nitrogen-fermentation" are now employed to describe these two stages of fermentative processes ; and with their employment the following classification of the bodies which may occur in polluted waters has been adopted : (1) carbon fermentable substances, that is nearly all existing organic sub- stances other than antiseptics, which have not been subjected to the fermenta- tive action of water bacteria ; (2) nitrogen fermentable organic substances, or nitrifiable organic sub- stances, that is, organic substances which have resulted from the carbon fer- mentation of other organic bodies; (2a) ammonium compounds. It will be observed that the fundamental conception of this classification is that the oxidation of organic carbon to carbon dioxide constitutes the central feature of the first stage of fermentative change; and that the oxidation of ammoniacal nitrogen REPOETS OP EXPERTS— ADENEY 99 to nitrous and nitric acid constitutes the central feature of the second stage of fer- mentative change, and that these products of the second stage of change are the ana- logues of the product, carbon dioxide, of the first stage. It will also be observed that the sequence of these changes is in strict conformity with thermo-chemical prin- ciples.* To return to the subject of this Report, the New York sewage must be a weak one, having regard to the large consumption of water per head of the population, and the quantity of oxygen which would be required completely to ferment 1,000 volumes of it, after the removal of the heavier suspended solids as far as possible by mechanical subsidence, would on an average certainly not exceed 250 cc, measured at O C, and 760 mm., bar. So that if the New York harbor waters be regarded as being uniformly polluted with 0.5 per cent, of liquid sewage matters, they would require 1.25 cc. dis- solved oxygen per liter for their complete fermentation. Of this quantity about 0.75 cc. would probably be required for the fermentation of the organic substances, and about 0.5 for that of the ammonium compounds, in the sewage matters. Data are not yet available to show at what rate the dissolved oxygen of the harbor is actually absorbed by the liquid sewage matters /.luting them — it would be dif- ferent at different seasons of the year, being the more rapid the warmer the season. The writer, however, from a considerable experience, believes that the maximum rate would not exceed 0.75 on an average throughout the waters of the harbor, in 48 hours, at summer temperatures of 25 0., when it would be at a maximum. It will be seen from Section 2 of this Report that this rate of absorption of dissolved oxygen would be completely counterbalanced by the rate of re-aeration, by absorption of oxygen from the atmosphere, of the harbor waters, under ordinary atmospheric con- ditions and at a temperature of 25 C. On reviewing the foregoing discussion regarding the extent to which the physical features of New York harbor, and of its waters, can assist the disposal of the sewage matters discharged into them, it may be concluded : (1) the heavier sewage solids cannot be transported beyond the harbor, but must remain and accumulate within it, and form permanent foul deposits over a large portion of the bed of the harbor; (2) the harbor waters are capable of satisfactorily dealing with the large volumes of liquid sewage matters at the present time draining into them, and without, on an average, suffering appreciable diminution of their dissolved oxygen, and only markedly so in the vicinity of the outfall sewers, provided *An exposition of the scientific basis upon which the modem views of the chemistry of polluted waters is founded will be found in Section 1, by the writer, of the Appendix VI. 100 DEGREE OF CLEANNESS NECESSARY that the points of discharge be carefully selected, so that the sewage matters will not drain into slack waters, but will pass away into tidal currents, anc where they can be subjected to favorable conditions as far as they are avail able, for intermixture with the harbor waters. The last conclusion may, at first sight, seem to be at variance with the results obtained by the Commission from its investigations of the dissolved oxygen conteni of the waters in different parts of the harbor and at different states of the tide. But a little reflection will show that this is not necessarily so. The deficiencj in dissolved oxygen from which, as the Commission has shown, the waters of the har bor generally suffer at the present time, is chiefly, in the opinion of the writer, to bf ascribed to the sewage solids, which have been for some years past, and are, accumu- lating over the greater part of the harbor, and are there forming foul deposits and permanent sources of injury to the waters flowing over them. The writer has had occasion to study the effects of the deposition of solid sewage matters in a number of tidal rivers and estuaries in Great Britain, and has been led to the conclusion that, of all the constituents of sewage the solid matters in suspen- sion cause the most injurious results in tidal waters, unless the tidal currents are sufficiently strong to transport them from the point of discharge, and effectually tc dispose of them by breaking them up and dispersing them through sufficiently large volumes of water to ensure that their subsequent purification by bacterial fermenta- tion shall be effected in the presence of an ample supply of dissolved oxygen. When the suspended solids are not so transported and dispersed, but are de posited, as in the case of New York harbor, in close proximity to the outfall sewers, they undergo putrefactive fermentation, during which sulphuretted hydrogen, ferrous sulphide and other products of chemical reduction are formed, and impart to the de posits a black color and foul odor. Gaseous bodies, such as marsh gas, carbon dioxide and hydrogen are also formed, and collect in small bubbles about the putrefying deposits. From time to time masses of black mud are detached by bubbles of these gases, and are buoyed up by them towards the surface of the overlying waters. Ir this way, and by the mechanical action of the waters themselves, under the influenc( of high winds or of strong tidal currents, black mud from a fouled bed becomes dis persed through the overlying waters, and injuriously affects them. The effects which sewage solid matters exert when they become diffused througl tidal waters, after having been subjected to putrefactive processes in the presence o: sea water, are much more injurious than those which the same matters cause whei in the fresh condition, whether liquid or solid, with tidal waters. The explanation of this is simple. During putrefactive processes in the presenci REPOETS OF EXPERTS— ADENEY 101 of the sulphates of sea water, relatively large quantities of sulphides are formed. These sulphides are very easily oxidized, while in the wet condition, by the direct chemical action of dissolved oxygen upon them. Consequently, when masses of black, putrid mud become detached from a foul bed, and become diffused through the over- lying tidal waters in the manner above described, the sulphides are rapidly oxidized, and the waters at once show, on examination, more or less considerable deficiency in dissolved oxygen according to the quantity of sulphides mixed with them. It is obvious that when the bed of a harbor, such as New York, becomes grossly polluted by sewage deposits, it is impossible to control the amount of sulphides and other directly oxidizable products of putrefaction that may at any time become dis- persed through the tidal waters, or in any way to limit their injurious effects upon the waters. Liquid sewage matters, on the other hand, in the fresh condition in which they are usually discharged from a tidal outfall, are not oxidized by direct chemical action with dissolved oxygen. On the contrary, their oxidation can only be indirectly effected by fermentation processes set up by water bacteria in the presence of an ex- cess of dissolved oxygen. When liquid sewage matters are discharged, under proper controlling condi- tions, into tidal waters, they rapidly become diluted, and under the condition of con- siderable dilution (in the proportion, say, of 1:50 or 100 and upwards), the oxida- tion of the sewage matters by bacterial processes proceeds very slowly and progres- sively in stages, and not rapidly and practically in one step, as occurs in the case of the direct oxidation of sulphides and other reduced products of putrefaction. Two series of experiments which the writer made for the Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal of England (see Appendix VI, pp. 88, 433-434), may be quoted to illustrate the difference in behavior of processes of direct and indirect oxidations, so far as the course and rate of absorption of dissolved oxygen are concerned. They were made with (1) a sample of grossly polluted tidal water, after it had been kept out of contact with air and allowed to putrefy until it had become very offensive and decided quantities of black sulphide of iron had been formed; and with (2) a sample of liquid sewage matters in a fresh and non-putrefactive condition from Belfast. Experiment with Sample 1. A portion of the sample of known volume was kept gently shaken by means of a mechanical rocker in a closed vessel with an excess of air, and the volume of oxygen which was absorbed was ascertained periodically by a method described by the writer on pp. 103-105 of the Appendix above referred to. The results which were obtained are recorded in the following table: 102 DEGREE OF CLEANNESS NECESSAEY TABLE VI Determinations of the Eates of Absorption of Oxygen by a Sample of Polluted Tidal Water Showing That Directly Oxidizable Products of Putrefactive Fermentation May Absorb Oxygen Much Moke Quickly than Indirectly Oxi- dizable Substances. Time Oxygen Absorbed Expressed in cc. per Litre, at 0° C, and 760 mm. Bar. Time Oxygen Absorbed Expressed in cc. per Litre, at 0° C, and 760 mm. Bar. First day (24 hours) after com- mencement 57.5 8.5 4.8 5.8 5.0 Sixth dav . ... 6.0 Second day 6.2 Third day Eiehth dav . . 6.2 Fourth day 3.7 Fifth day Tenth dav 0.0 The sample at the commencement of the experiment contained, as above noted, black ferrous sulphide in suspension. At the end of 24 hours the black color had entirely disappeared, so that it may be taken that the reduced products of putrefac- tion had mostly, if not entirely, been oxidized by this time, when 57.5 cc. oxygen per litre had been absorbed. During the next eight days the indirectly oxidizable sub- stances were gradually fermented, as shown in the above table. The total volume of oxygen which they had absorbed in that time was 46.2 cc. per litre. Thus the easily oxidizable substances absorbed more oxygen in one day than did the indirectly oxidiz- able substances in eight days. Experiments with Sample 2. The sewage employed in the second series of experi- ments was an average sample collected from the main sewer of Belfast. It was mixed with a little magnesium hydrate to fix the free carbon dioxide, and allowed to stand for a short time. The liquid matters were then decanted from the heavier solids. Por- tions of the decanted liquid, immediately after being well stirred, were mixed with dis- tilled water and with sea water in proportions of 20 per cent. Portions of these mix- tures, and of the sewage, were separately placed in suitable vessels, and kept gently and continuously shaken, in contact with an excess of air, by means of a mechanical rocker. The volume of oxygen, which was absorbed by each portion, was daily ascer- tained by the same method as that employed in the above experiment with Sample 1. The following results were obtained : REPORTS OF EXPERTS— ADENEY 103 TABLE VII Determinations of the Rates of Absorption of Oxygen by a Sample of Liquid Sew- age Matters^ in the Feesh Condition, and of Dilutions of the Same with Fresh and Sea Waters. Note. The free carbon dioxide in the sewage and in the dilution was fixed by the addition of magnesium hydrate The volumes of oxygen are expressed in cc. at O. C, and 760 mm. bar. Sewage Mixtures of 20 Per Cent. Sewage with Sea Water Fresh Water Total oxygen absorbed Oxygen absorbed per 24 hours Total oxygen absorbed Oxygen absorbed per 24 hours Total oxygen absorbed Oxygen absorbed per 24 hours At end of — 1st day 51.5 86.5 106.6 115.4 119.7 123.2 126.4 129.7 136.1 148.8 155.8 177.3 181.7 197.2 232.0 254.4 263.8 51.6 35.0 20.1 8.6 4.3 3.5 3.2 3.3 3.2 2.1 2.3 3.3 1.5 3.1 4.4 3.7 1.9 5.8 14.9 19.8 22.7 24.3 25.9 27.4 28.5 30.2 34.2 36.3 41.5 43.4 48.1 58.0 61.9 6.8 9.1 4.9 3.9 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.0 0.9 1.2 0.8 5.8 15.9 20;4 24.9 25.9 26.5 27.4 28.5 30.3 34.3 36.6 42.4 46.9 54.1 61.6 64.7 6.8 2nd « 10.1 3rd « 4.6 4th " 4.5 5th " 1.0 6th " 0.6 7th " 0.9 8th " 1.1 10th « 0.9 16th " 0.7 19th " 0.5 26th « 0.9 29th " 1.5 34th " 1.4 42nd " 0.9 47th « 0.4 48th " 53rd " The above results show : (1) that the oxidation of fresh liquid sewage matters by fermentatiTe processes is slow and progressive ; and required many days for completion ; (2) that the effect of dilution was greatly to reduce the rate of absorption of oxygen; (3) that the rate of absorption of oxygen was similar in the dilutions with sea and with fresh water. On more closely examining the above results, it will be seen that in all three liquids the rates of absorption of oxygen gradually lessened from the second day to the sixteenth day in the case of the undiluted sewage, and to the nineteenth day in that of the diluted portions. On the twenty-sixth day the rates showed a marked in- crease in the undiluted sewage, and a decided increase in the fresh water dilution. On the twenty-sixth day to the forty-second the rates increased in all three liquids. On 104 DEGREE OF CLEANNESS NECESSARY the forty-seventh day it had again fallen in both dilutions; and on the forty-eighth day it had also again fallen in the undiluted sewage. These variations in the rates of oxygen absorption are to be ascribed to the course of chemical change occurring in the sewage matters during the processes of indirect oxidation. During the first period above noticed, that is, from the first to the nine- teenth day of the experiments, the "carbon oxidizable," or "carbon fermentable mat- ters" were undergoing oxidation. During the second period, from about the nineteenth day, the "nitrifiable," or "nitrogen fermentable," matters were being oxidized. To afford evidence regarding the character of the fermentation changes that oc- curred in these liquids, while they were under observation, an analysis of the nitrogen compounds in each liquid was made at the commencement of the experiments, and on the expiration of the fifty-third day of observation, with the following results : TABLE VIII Nitrogen Compounds in the Sewage and Mixtures Employed for the Experiments Recorded in Table VII, Expressed in Parts per 100,000. Sea Water Mixture Fresh Water Mixture At commencement — Nitrogen as ammonia Nitrogen as nitrites. . Nitrogen as nitrates. . Organic nitrogen At conclusion — Nitrogen as ammonia Nitrogen as nitrites. . Nitrogen as nitrates. . Organic nitrogen 0.825 0.0 0.0 0.675 0.165 0.0 0.01 0.135 0.165 0.0 0.01 0.135 0.02 0.0 0.92 0.5 0.0 0.14 0.0 0.072 0.0 0.0 0.142 0.076 The foregoing results show that at the conclusion of the experiments the ammon- ium compounds in each liquid had been completely nitrified in the two dilutions, and almost completely so in the undiluted sewage. The only difference exhibited by the two dilutions was that in the fresh water dilution the nitrogen fermentation was wholly nitric, while that in the sea water dilution was wholly nitrous. A third series of experiments by the writer may be quoted from the Appendix VI, p. 86, to illustrate, in more complete detail, the nature and course of the chemical changes that occur during the purification of a polluted water containing both directly and indirectly oxidizable substances. Experiments mth a Sample of Polluted Water from the Manchester Ship Canal. The sample was a brownish black, turbid liquid, with small quantities of finely divided REPORTS OF EXPERTS— ADENEY 105 matters in suspension, including black ferrous sulphide, and emitted an offensive, put- refactive odor. The following experiments were made with the sample : (1) The sample was first examined after it had been kept out of contact with air for 2 days after collection. (2) A portion of it, of known volume, was then enclosed in a suitably constructed bottle together with a known volume of air, and was kept for 7 days, when both the air and the sample in the bottle were analyzed. (3) Another portion of the sample was similarly kept for 14 days and analyzed. (4) Another portion was similarly kept for 35 days and analyzed. (5) Another portion was similarly kept for 45 days and analyzed. (6) Another portion was similarly kept for 60 days and analyzed. The bottles were immersed during the time of keeping neck downwards in dis- tilled water; the temperature varied between 12 and 16 C. The results which were obtained are recorded in the following table: TABLE IX Gaseous constituents expressed in cc, at 0° C, and 760 mm. bar., per 1000 cc. of water Other constituents bb parts by weight per 100,000 volumes of water Dissolved Gases Atmosphere in Bottles Nitrogen as — No. After Fermentation Before Fermentation la n s 1 a 1 1^ 0-5 1 1 1 1 o 1 i s 1 1 1 4.16 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 82.63 88.46 89.77 80.25 81.39 80.45 0.0 5.45 5.4 2.42 3.30 3.55 15.33 14.70 14.71 14.75 14.68 15.42 99.00 100.25 73.9 59.45 65.00 506.5 535.15 544.65 491.25 513.9 133.86 140.86 143.28 129.34 134.91 503.59 529.89 539.02 486.56 507.53 0.18 0.15 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.12 0.8 0.88 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.16 0.0 0.0 2 11.55 12.2 23.20 23.7 23.85 0.0 3 0.0 4 0.64 5 0.75 6 0.93 It must be noted that, in the case of these experiments, the bottles and their con- tents were allowed to remain quiescent during the entire period they were under ob- servation. The figures giving the rates of absorption of oxygen are not, therefore, strictly comparable with those recorded in Tables VI and VII, when the samples were kept continuously shaken with an excess of air — the effect of continuously shaking a sample of over-polluted water with air is, as a matter of fact, to cause a greatly in- 106 DEGREE OF CLEANNESS NECESSARY creased rate of absorption of oxygen, and consequently to bring about a more rapid oxidation of both directly and indirectly oxidizable substances in a polluted water. In all the experiments, the black ferrous sulphide was converted into red oxide of iron in the course of two or three days from the commencement. For convenience of reference, the quantities of oxygen which were absorbed by the directly and indirectly oxidizable substances, and of the products of oxidation of the latter, during each experiment are separately given in the following table: TABLE X Gases in cc. per 1000 cc. of water Products in parts per 100,000 No. of days Experiment Oxygen absorbed Carbon dioxide formed Ammonia Nitrites Nitrates under observation 2 3 4 5 6 29.41 35.21 66.96 66.60 66.36 17.38 19.34 20.82 22.46 21.67 0.08 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.16 0.0 0.0 0.64 0.75 0.93 7 14 35 45 60 It may be noted that the volume of oxygen theoretically required to oxidize 4.16 cc. sulphuretted hydrogen, when originally present as ferrous sulphide, was 7.28 cc. It will be seen from the results recorded in the above two tables: (1) that the whole of the directly oxidizable substances were quickly oxi- dized relatively to the indirectly oxidizable substances (Exp. 2) ; (2) that of the indirectly oxidizable matters the carbon fermentable sub- stances were first fermented, and that the process required at least 14 days for the completion of the process (Exp. 3) ; (3) that the nitrifiable matters subsequently required a further 21 to 31 days for complete oxidation (Exp. 4 and 5). Thus these results, as those already quoted, show that, whilst the oxidation of directly oxidizable substances was rapid, having regard to the conditions of the ex- periments, and complete in practically one step, that of the indirectly oxidizable sub- stances was progressive, and took place step by step, and required several days for completion. The writer has had opportunities of applying the lessons to be gathered from the foregoing three series of experiments to the investigation of some typical cases of the fouling of tidal waters by solid sewage matters. The reports of these investiga- EEPORTS OP EXPERTS— ADENEY 107 tions have been published by the Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal in the Ap- pendix VI to its Fifth Report (see pp. 89-91, 269-303, 325-341 and 380). Chemical examinations of the tidal waters referred to, viz., the River Liffey, from Dublin to its mouth, the River Ouse, below the junctions with it of the Aire and of the Don, and the River Thames, from London to its mouth, have shown that the defi- ciencies in dissolved oxygen, from which they severally suffered at the time of inves- tigation, could not be caused by the relatively small proportions of liquid sewage matters with which they had been polluted, but that they were to be ascribed to the easily oxidizable sulphides and other products of putrefaction, detached from foul sew- age deposits along their beds and diffused through them in the manner already described. The River Ouse is the most striking of these examples of pollution of waters by putrefactive solid deposits. The River Ouse, for a great part of its course, where it is fed by the rivers Swale, Nidd, Ure, Wharfe and Derwent, is a fairly clean, natural stream. In spite of some rather considerable pollutions by the sewage of towns and villages, there is nothing in its waters to prevent or destroy fish life. But near Goole, where it is joined by the Aire and the Don, it becomes at times seriously polluted, and it is a matter of yearly complaint that the gross pollution of these streams has not only destroyed fish life in them, but that their dirty waters occasionally poison the waters of the Ouse where they join it and prevent the passage of salmon and other fish trying to ascend from the Humber. The Ouse, above the point where it is joined by the Aire, drains an area of some 2,630 square miles, and with its chief tributaries comprises a length of stream consid- erably over 450 miles, nearly the whole of which is available as breeding ground for salmon if they were permitted to reach it. The Aire, with' its nearly equal affluent, the Calder, drains an area of 810 square miles, within which lie nearly the whole of the towns, including Bradford, Leeds, Huddersfield and Wakefield, and villages in which the woolen trades of the West Riding of Yorkshire are carried on, as well as many chemical works, collieries, paper works and other premises from which grossly pollut- ing liquids are discharged. The waters of the Aire and Calder, above their junction at Castleford, are grossly polluted by sewage and trade refuse, but between Castleford and Airmyn, near to which the Aire joins the Ouse, a distance of about 25 miles, there is little additional pollution, and considerable purification takes place under dry weather conditions by the deposition of solid sewage matters on the river bed, and by the fermentative oxidation of the liquid sewage matters by water bacteria. The solid deposits are, however, swept out into the Ouse by freshets, and thus that river is 108 DEGREE OF CLEANNESS NECESSARY most polluted at the time of floods just when salmon are trying to ascend to the uppe waters. The Don drains an area of 682 square miles, within which lies much of the coal field of the Riding, and in its upper reaches is seriously polluted by the sewage of town and villages, more especially by the sewage of Sheffield. But the most serious pos sible pollution, with regard to fish life, is that by the discharge from mines of ochr water, w^hich contains iron in suspension and solution. Between the most pollute( stretch of the river and the junction with the Ouse, the river has, like the Aire, a lonj course in which it receives little further pollution, and in which a similar temporar; deposit of sewage solids, and the fermentative oxidation of liquid sewage matter take place. The Aire empties itself into the Ouse at Airmyn, a place about 5^/^ miles abov the junction of the Don with the Ouse. The banks of the Aire about Airmyn are almos perpendicular, and are covered under high-water mark with a thick, slimy mud. Thi width of the stream averages about 150 feet at low water, but the mouth of the rive: is divided into two portions by Asselby Island, around which the Aire waters an held up by the flood tides, and which divides the flow of the waters as they pass u] and down the channel. The Ordnance map, accompanying this Report, shows Rusholme on the Ous( about 11/4 mile above the main mouth of the Aire. From Rusholme to the Don mouth 6% miles, the Ouse varies very considerably in width, being about 800 feet across a the mouth of the Don and 1,700 feet at Howden Dyke Island at high water. The banki of the Ouse are steep and covered below high water mark with clean-looking yellov clay and sand, except after freshets, when they are temporarily discolored by the filtl brought down by the waters of the Aire. The channel of the Don, it may be explained, is artiflcial ; it was made by Vermuy den in 1637, and this portion of the river is locally known as the Dutch river. The rivers are influenced by the tides for a great distance above Goole; the Ous for a distance of 27 miles ; the Aire and Don 16V^ and 17 miles above their respectiv junctions with the Ouse. The rate of flood and ebb varies very greatly. During spriuj tides the flow lasts about 214 hours, with an ebb of 9^4 hours, and a period of quies cence of about V2 hour at high and low water. During neap tides the flow lasts hours and the ebb 7V^ hours. Dr. Maclean Wilson, Chief Inspector of the West Riding of Yorkshire River Board, made the following tests in order to determine the amount of sea water brough up by these tides : At a spring tide on October 29, 1901, samples were collected at Swin( fleet every 5 minutes during the 21/^ hours of flow, and every 15 minutes during th REPORTS OF EXPERTS— ADENEY 109 ebb of 9 hours. Similarly, at a neap tide on November 4, 1901, samples were taken at the same place every 10 minutes during the flow of 4 hours, and every 15 minutes during the ebb of IV^ hours. The chlorides were estimated, and the following results were obtained : Parts of Parts of Sodium chloride Sodium chloride Spring tide per 100,000 Neap tide per 100,000 Low water, 5 a.m. 70 Low water, 9.50 a.m. 20 6 a.m. 310 10 a.m. 20 7 a.m. 960 11 a.m. 25 7.20 1 a.m. 1490 12 noon 60 High water, 8 a.m. 1400 1 p.m. 150 9 a.m. 1300 High water, 1.55 p.m. 370 10 a.m. 1120 2 p.m. 400 11 a.m. 750 2.35 p.m. 520 12 a.m. 620 2.50 p.m. 540 1 p.m. 520 3 p.m. 480 2 p.m. 380 4 p.m. 280 3 p.m. 260 5 p.m. 190 4 p.m. 180 6 p.m. 140 5 p.m. 120 7 p.m. 90 8 p.m. 60 9 p.m. 30 10 p.m. 26 Taking the amount of sodium chloride in sea water at 3,000 parts per 100,000, the above figures show that while at the top of a spring tide the water at Swinefleet consists of an equal mixture of river and sea water, at low water of a neap tide there is scarcely any sea water present. At dead low water of a spring tide, on the other hand, there is still a small proportion of sea water present, and at the height of a neap tide there is, roughly, about one-fifth of sea water to four-fifths of river water. During the spring tide the river rose 12 feet in the first hour of flow, 5 feet in the second hour and 3 feet during the remainder. The first big rush of flood water is therefore practically the flooding back of the waters which have come down during the latter part of the previous ebb, and this is followed by a slower flow with a grad- ually increasing admixture of sea water. It is apparent from these results that the river water passes several times up and down the river channel before it becomes thoroughly intermingled with the sea water. In order to show the effect of the waters of the Aire and Don upon the river Ouse, during spring and neap tides, some analyses are quoted in Table XI from the Appendix VI, pp. 330-331. The analyses were made by Dr. Maclean Wilson from samples collected at the following points: (1) At Rusholme Grange, on the main stream of the Ouse, I14 mile above the mouth of the Aire. (2) In the river Aire, at short and varying distances up the stream. no DEGREE OF CLEANNESS NECESSARY (3) At Skelton, on the Ouse, 3 miles below the mouth of the Aire, and 2V2 miles above the Don. (4) In the river Don,. at short and varying distances up the stream. (5) At Swinefleet, on the Ouse, 2 miles below the mouth of the Don. These samples were collected at different tides, spring and neap, at different states of the tide, and, as far as possible, under different weather conditions, as will be seen from the table. The analytical results recorded in this table are extremely interesting and in- structive. On carefully studying them, it will be seen that, while the spring tide samples were more affected by tidal water and consequently contained decidedly smaller quantities of liquid sewage matters than the neap tide samples, they also contained smaller quantities of dissolved oxygen. The only possible explanation for this apparently anomalous condition is that the more powerful tidal currents of the spring tides stirred up putrefactive sewage solid matters from the beds of the lower portions of the Aire and Don, and from that of the Ouse, and that these putrefactive matters rapidly absorbed dissolved oxygen from the tidal waters as they became dis- persed through them. As already noted, the waters of the Ouse at Swinefleet rise 12 feet in the first hour, 5 feet in the second, and 8 feet during the remainder of a spring flood tide. A rise of water so rapid must obviously produce an extremely powerful tidal current in the Ouse, Aire and Don immediately above Swinefleet, and one quite sufficient effectively to stir up sand, clay and sewage solid matters deposited during the less powerful currents attending neap tides, and during periods of slack water of both springs and neaps. That such a disturbance of solid matters from the beds of these rivers does in reality take place at flood spring tides is shown by Dr. Wilson's an- alyses Nos. 37 and 39, Table XI, when they are compared with Nos. 36, 38 and 40. The first two samples referred to were collected at the mouths of the Don and Aire, respectively, and the three last at different and intermediate points along the Ouse. The first two samples contained 685 and 1,093 parts of suspended solids per 100,000, while the three latter contained 421, 648 and 704 parts per 100,000 respectively. On referring to the quantities of suspended solids recorded in Table XI for neap tide samples collected at the same points along the three rivers, it will be seen that they are much less, varying between 24 and 97 parts per 100,000. It is evident from these results that the disturbance of the beds of the rivers in the localities referred to is relatively slight at neap tides, and very considerable at spring tides. REPORTS OF EXPERTS— ADENEY HI TABLE XI Analyses of Samples of Water Collected from the Ouse^ Aire and Don During Different Tidal Seasons^ and at Different States of the Tide During Sep- tember AND October, 1901, by Dr. Maclean Wilson. results in parts per 100,000 September 3, 1901 Weather fine Spring tide, 18 ft. 1 in. at Goole River and Place State of tide Solids in suspen- sion Sodiimi chloride Nitrogen as — Oxygen in cc. per liter* No. Am- monia Albu- menoid am- monia Ni- trates Remarks 1 2 3 4 5 Ouse at Rusholme Aire at Airmyn Ouse at Skelton Don at mouth.. Ouse at Swinefleet 2 hrs. ebb 2| « « 4 « « 6 « « 7 « « 66.72 186.0 238.0 516.6 425.0 211.0 127.5 262.5 187.5 281.0 0.014 0.01 0.01 0.015 0.01 0.09 0.22 0.33 0.64 0.53 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.03 2.00 1.60 River calm. River cahn. River choppy. River choppy. River calm. September 17, 1901 Spring tide, 16 ft. 4 in., Goole Weather, slight drizzle during day, but no heavy rain; water calm. 6 7 8 9 10 Ouse at Rusholme . Aire at Airmyn. . . . Ouse at Skelton.. . . Don at mouth Ouse at Swinefleet. 2 hrs. ebb 2J « 4J « 6 « 7J " 53.6 365.0 118.0 616.0 317.0 262.5 171.0 332.5 228.7 310.0 0.015 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.0 0.08 0.45 0.07 0.63 0.42 0.10 0.0 0.07 0.07 0.07 2.50 1.86 2.77 2.26 2.67 River calm. River calm. Rivei calm. River calm. River calm. September 23, 1901 No rain, water calm Neap tide, 11 ft. 3 in., Goole 11 Ouse at Swinefleet i hr. flood 60.2 23.0 0.17 0.10 0.22 2.30 River calm. 12 Don im. above mouth i " a 24.0 37.0 0.60 0.07 0.19 4.12 River calm. 13 Ouse at Skelton li« a 74.8 9.0 0.21 0.13 0.16 3.10 River calm. 14 Ouse at Rusholme 2 « a 70.6 5.2 0.11 0.14 0.12 4.27 River calm. IS Aire l^m. above mouth 2i" « 85.6 7.0 0.14 0.14 0.14 3.85 River cahn. October 1, 1901 River very calm, very slight rain dining day Spring tide, 19 ft., at Goole 16 17 18 19 20 Ouse at Rusholme,,,. . Aire at Airmyn Ouse at Skelton Don at mouth Ouse at Swinefleet. . . . 2 hrs. ebb 3^ " 4| « 51 « 6i « 47.0 85.0 222.8 691.6 359.4 360.0 265.0 465.0 360.0 460.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.02 0.06 0.1 0.27 0.94 0.56 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.25 1.37 0.97 1.92 1.58 1.62 Fine and calm. Calm; slight rain. Calm; slight rain. Tide very fast. Cahn; no rain. *By Winkler's methods. 112 October 7, 1901 DEGREE OF CLEANNESS NECESSARY TABLE XI— Continued Weather fine, with strong wind. Neap tide, 13 ft. 11 in., Goole River and Place State of tide Solids in suspen- sion Sodium chloride Nitrogen as — Oxygen incc. per litre* No. Am- monia Albu- menoid am- monia Ni- trates Remarks 21 22 23 24 25 Ouse at Swinefleet. . . . Don Jm. above mouth Ouse at Skelton Ouse at Rusholme Aire lim. above mouth J hr. flood li " " If " " 2 « a 3i '' " 78.0 73.6 183.0 76.4 74.6 15.3 27.0 14.2 8.0 9.5 0.28 0.46 0.37 0.37 0.38 0.15 0.13 0.29 0.17 0.16 0.08 0.14 0.06 0.0 0.0 4.51 4.22 4.62 5.30 4.89 Water very choppy. Water calm. Water very choppy. Water very choppy. Water calm. October 14, 1901 Weather very fine, but cold, rivers dead calm Spring tide, 16 ft. 4 in., Goole 26 Ouse Jm. above Swine- fleet 1| hr. flood 575.0 245.0 0.03 0.84 0.25 1.57 Tide very strong, river rising very rapidly. 27 Don §m. above mouth 2 " " 663.0 200.0 0.04 0.83 0.23 1.23 Tide very strong. 28 Ouse at Skelton 2J « « 66.8 335.0 0.03 0.11 0.23 2.0 Tide not strong. 29 Aire at Airmyn High water 88.2 110.0 0.05 0.12 0.20 1.01 No tide. 30 Ouse at Rusholme i hr. ebb 60.0 105.0 0.09 0.09 0.18 1.13 Tide slowly ebbing. October 21, 1901 Weather cold and foggy, with slight rain Neap tide, 10 ft. 8 in., Goole 31 32 33 34 35 Ouse at Rusholme. Aire at mouth Ouse at Skelton Don at mouth Ouse at Swinefleet. 2 hrs. ebb 31 4 11.2 7.8 31.6 48.8 97.2 3.7 4.2 4.5 6.7 8.7 0.12 0.15 0.12 0.15 0.07 0.10 0.05 0.11 0.18 0.23 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.09 6.55 6.63 6.19 5.85 5.29 River calm and clear. Tide very low, sample taken just below mouth. Calm. Calm. Cahn. October 29, 1901 Weather calm and fine, no rain on previous day Spring tide, 19 ft. 11 in., Goole 36 Ouse at Swinefleet. . . . i hr. flood 421.0 245.0 0.03 0.81 0.10 3.13 Tide very strong, rising rapidly. river 37 Don outside mouth. . . I (I II 685.0 142.5 0.04 1.16 0.08 2.29 Tide very strong. 38 Ouse at Skelton 70mins.'' 648.0 115.5 0.04 1.10 0.08 2.27 Tide strong. 39 Aire at Airmyn l|hr. " 1093.0 45.0 0.06 1.28 0.06 2.12 Tide strong. 40 Ouse at Rusholme 2 " " 704.0 92.5 0.03 0.94 0.12 2.23 Tide not so strong other places. as at *By Winkler's method. As regards the possibility of liquid sewage matters contributing, to an appreciable extent to the exceptional deficiency in dissolved oxygen that has been found to obtain in the waters of the Ouse, at spring tides, several reasons may be advanced to show that it is impossible. Thus, on referring to the analytical results recorded in Table XI, it will be seen that the proportions of liquid sewage matters in the neap tide REPORTS OF EXPERTS— ADENEY 113 samples were about 10 times greater than those in the spring tide samples, and yet they show less deficiency in dissolved oxygen. Again, according to the quantities of ammonium compounds shown by the an- alyses, liquid sewage matters were present in the crude state in the waters of the Ouse in the proportions of about 5 and 0.5 per cent, during neap and spring tides, respectively. But it may be assumed that the organic constituents of the crude sew- age had been largely, if not entirely, fermented during their passage from the upper reaches of the Aire and Don to the Ouse. This follows from the descriptions of the incidence of pollution of the Aire and Don, and of the tidal phenomena that obtain in the river above given. Thus the Aire and the Don, between their most polluted reaches and their junc- tions with the Ouse, distances of about 25 and 20 miles, respectively, receive little or no further pollution ; and the distances along which the Aire and the Don are affected, above their junctions with the Ouse by the tides, amount to I6V2 and 17 miles, re- spectively. It is evident from these conditions that the liquid sewage matters in question must travel through long distances, several times, up a.nd down the tidal portions of all three rivers referred to, in response to the flow of the ebb and flood tides, before they can escape to the sea, except perhaps when the rivers are in heavy flood, and that they would be subjected to the fermentative processes of an active bacterial flora all the time. In order to determine the actual character of the liquid sewage matters in ques- tion, the writer has on two occasions made an examination of the waters of the Ouse, first in August, 1904, and again in August, 1911. The results which he has obtained are given in the following Tables XII and XIII : TABLE XII Analyses of Samples op the Tidal Waters of the Rivees Ouse and Aire, Col- lected August 31, 1904. Weather Fine. High Water at Goole 10.17 a. m.* The particulars of collection of the samples were as follows: Place of Collection State of tide Temp. C. 1 River Ouse just above mouth of Aire 2 River Aire at mouth 3 River Ouse abreast Howden Dyke, IJ miles below R. Aire 4 River Ouse just above Goole, 4 miles below R. Aire 5 River Ouse just above mouth of Trent, 12 miles below R. Aire. 6 River Ouse at mouth of Trent, 12^ miles below R. Aire I hour ebb J « « •t u a U " « 2i « « 3 « " 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 114 DEGREE OF CLEANNESS NEOESSAEY Gases expressed in cc, at 0° 0., and 760 mm. bar., per litre; other constituents as parts per 100,000. At time of Collection Thirteen days after Collection, the samples being kept out of contact with air Sample Sodium chloride Oxygen —Per cent, saturation Dissolved Gases Nitrogen as — Oxygen = Per cent, saturation Nitrogen Carbon dioxide Am- monia Ni- trates Ni- trites Organic 1 8.3 50.0 68.0 207.0 464.0 506.0 1.72 24.4 2.16 30.7 2.01 28.4 3.60 66.6 4.35 64.2 4.36 64.8 0.47 6.7 0.52 7.4 0.29 4.0 1.91 28.2 1.17 17.4 14.09 14.08 14.18 13.67 13.46 63.33 55.09 63.85 54.27 57.94 0.0 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.25 0.007 0.0 trace 0.0 0.04 2 0.037 3 0.035 4 5 0.056 6 Note. All the samples contained large quantities of brown clay and sand in suspension. 'Quoted from the Appendix VT, p. 336. TABLE XIII Analyses of Tidal Waters Collected fkom the River Ouse^ About 1 Mile Above GooLE, During the Ebb Tide, on July 14, 1911. The Weather Was Very Fine and Dry ; the Wind Was also Calm. High Water at Goole 9.34 a. m. Spring Tide. Dissolved gases expressed in cc, at 0° C, and 760 mm. bar., per litre; other results as parts by weight per 100,000. No. When and where collected Temp. C. When examined Dissolved Gases Chlo- rine Nitrogen as Oxygent per cent. Carbon dioxide Oxygent Nitro- gen Organic Am- monia Nitrates & nitrites satura- tion 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 10.15 a.m., at surface.. . . 10.16 a.m., at surface.. . . 10.20 a.m., 7 ft. below.. . 10.20 a.m., 7 ft. below,.. 12.10 p.m., at surface... . 12.16 p.m., 12 ft. below. 2.15 p.m., at surface 3.0 p.m., at surface 3.0 p.m., at surface 3.30 p.m., at surface. . . . 4.10 p.m., at surface 4.10 p.m., at surface 21.0 21.0 20.0 20.0 21.0 21.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 At once.... July 24... At once... July 24... At once.. At once. . At once. . At once. . July 24... At once. . At once. . July 24... 56.7 62.9 63.9 62.9 3.2 0.9 3.7 1.16 0.9 1.9 0.8 1.8 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.4 11.7 11.4 12.42 12.39 101.3 118.6 16.0 8.8 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.001 0.001 0.003 0.006 0.27 0.23 0.25 0.23 54.7 16.4 64.9 23.5 29.0 6.4 12.9 6.5 Note. Sample Nos. 1 and 2 contained no nitrites; Nos. 6 and 8 contained decided quantities of nitrites. Nos. 1, 2, 6 and S contained 25, 57, 333 and 153 parts of suspended solids (clay and sand) per 100,000; the other samples also contained considerable quantities of clay and sand in suspension. fThese two columns should be read together. REPORTS OF EXPERTS— ADENEY 115 The analytical results recorded in the three preceding tables, when compared to- gether, show that the state of the waters of the Ouse, and of the lower reaches of the Aire and Don, was much the same as far as the degree and character of pollution were concerned, in July last, in August of 1904, and in the autumn of 1901, under similar weather and tidal conditions. They also show, in the case of the samples that were kept out of contact with the air, that the quantity of dissolved oxygen which each sample contained at the time of collection was much reduced during the period of keeping, and that the ammonium compounds were at the same time reduced to mere traces in quantity. On comparing the quantities in question with those given in Table XI for the spring tide samples at the time of collection, it will be seen that they are from 10 to 20 times less. It may therefore be concluded that the reductions in dissolved oxygen suffered by the same samples on keeping were caused by the fermentation of the ammonium com- pounds to nitrites and nitrates; and that, consequently, the fermentation of the organic substances originally associated with the ammonium compounds had been effected in the rivers previously to the collection of the samples. From a careful consideration of all the results given in the three tables, it will appear that the same conclusion holds good for the neap tide samples, under fair weather conditions, except at times, perhaps, during dead low water, when the river waters are practically unaffected by sea water. Thus it appears that, notwithstanding the enormous quantities of sewage and trade refuse matters that were being discharged into the upper reaches of the Aire, Calder and Don, at the various times the above investigations were made, the pollut- ing effects of the liquid portions thereof upon the tidal waters of the Ouse were not sufficiently marked to render them injurious either to man or to fish life, so long as the weather conditions were favorable to the temporary deposition of the solid mat- ters along the beds of the tributary rivers. When, however, the weather conditions became sufficiently unfavorable to cause flooding in the rivers, the temporarily deposited solids were dislodged and carried down in a putrefactive condition through the lower reaches of the same rivers, and thence into the Ouse, and they not only fouled the tidal waters of the same for the time being with black, putrid mud, but more permanently fouled their beds. The conclusion is therefore warranted that had the solid matters been removed from the liquid sewage and trade refuse matters before the latter were discharged into the upper reaches of the tributary rivers, no injury would have been caused at any time either to the tidal waters or to the bed of the Ouse. This example of the Ouse will perhaps serve as a sufficient illustration of the 116 DEGEEE OF CLEANNESS NECESSARY extremely injurious results which follow the discharge of large quantities of solid sewage matters into tidal waters, the strength and volume of whose currents are not sufficient to dispose of them by transport to open water. Other examples, as already noted, will be found in the Appendix VI referred to. The discussion of the question with which this Section is chiefly concerned, "The Permissible Limits of Exhaustion of the Dissolved Oxygen in the Waters of New York Harbor," may now be usefully taken up. There can be no doubt that the waters of New York harbor are being injuriously affected by the sewage solids which are being deposited over the greater portion of its bed. The writer, during a careful inspection which he made of the harbor in company with Dr. Soper, the President of the Metropolitan Sewerage Commission, and with some members of its expert staff, early in October last, found that small masses of black mud were to be noticed constantly rising to the surface of the waters of the more highly polluted portions of the harbor. He found also that very finely divided solid matters were generally diffused throughout the waters of the harbor ; they were specially noticeable in the waters of the Upper bay, and were easily traced as far up Long Island Sound as the Stepping Stones Lighthouse. The injury from the accumu- lation of sewage solids over the bed of the harbor will certainly become more intense in the more highly polluted localities, and more widespread, if the discharge of these matters into the^ harbor be allowed to continue. The writer has no doubt whatever that it is easily and directly oxidizable sub- stances from the foul deposits that now cover the greater portion of the bed of the harbor which cause the large deficiencies in dissolved oxygen which have been shown to obtain in the waters of the harbor by the investigations of the Metropolitan Com- mission. If therefore a standard is to be formulated with the object of controlling the dis- charge of sewage matters into the harbor, in the public interest, depending upon the permissible limits of exhaustion of the dissolved oxygen in the waters of the harbor, there must be an antecedent condition that only liquid sewage matters be allowed to be discharged into the harbor, and that all solid matters must be removed as far as possible by mechanical subsidence, or, when necessary in the case of unfavorably sit- uated outfall sewers, which it would be difficult or impracticable to remove, by chem- ical precipitation. In fixing the permissible limit of exhaustion of the dissolved oxygen of the tidal waters of the harbor, care must be taken to ensure that, while it does not prevent the legitimate use of the harbor for the disposal of liquid sewage matters, so far as the natural advantages, presented by the harbor for such purpose, permit, it shall safe- EEPORTS OF EXPERTS— ADENEY 117 guard as far as possible the legitimate interests of the great communities residing round the harbor, and shall preserve to them and to the owners of property due con- sideration for the public health and for the amenities of the great sheets of water com- prising the harbor. Having regard to the favorable nature of the conditions which obtain in those portions of the harbor that are directly affected by the tidal currents for the ad- mixture of river and sea waters, the limit might, in the opinion of the writer, be safely fixed at between 60 and 70 per cent, of saturation, provided that the tests be made at low water, and under calm weather conditions, and at any point not exceeding a dis- tance of 200 yards from the point of discharge, either at the surface or at any depth below it. Such a limit to the permissible exhaustion of the dissolved oxygen of the harbor waters, in the near neighborhood of the outfall sewers, would ensure, without undue hardship upon the rate payers, reasonable attention to the selection of suitable sites for outfall sewers, and adequate protection to the owners of property and to the amen- ities of the harbor. Furthermore, with such a controlling limit to the permissible exhaustion of the dissolved oxygen of the harbor waters, and with the antecedent condition requiring the removal of the solid matters from the liquid sewage matters before the discharge of the latter into the harbor, in force, the general body of the harbor waters beyond the neighborhood of the outfall sewers would in all probability show no appreciable deficiency in dissolved oxygen, not even when, as is anticipated, the volumes of sewage to be disposed of become largely increased with the expected development of Greater New York. Replies to Specific Questions Put to the Weitek, De. W. E. Adeney, by the Meteopolitan Sewerage Commission of New Yobk. Question 1. Do you think it would be desirable and feasible to establish a stand- ard of cleanness for the waters of New York harbor? It would not be advisable, in the opinion of the writer, to establish a uniform standard of cleanness for the New York harbor waters — it would indeed be impossible to maintain one in practice. It must be remembered that the shipping in the harbor constitutes a constant and unavoidable source of pollution, and that the incidence of pollution therefrom is also practically uncontrollable. Furthermore, as explained in Section III, the harbor waters are quite capable of satisfactorily disposing of the liquid sewage matters from the whole population 118 DEGREE OF CLEANNESS NECESSARY of Greater New York, and they will be for many years to come, provided that the solid matters in suspension in the sewage be first removed, and that the discharge of the liquid matters be strictly limited and controlled so as not to over-pollute any por- tion of the harbor waters. A standard of minimum cleanness to which the waters at any point of the harbor may be reduced is, however, essential for the purpose of limiting and controlling the volumes of liquid sewage matters draining into the harbor at any point, and for pre- venting the discharge of such matters into slack waters. Question 2. If a standard is established, should it be based solely on chemical analysis or would a mixed standard which would take into consideration the appear- ance of the water and perhaps its physical, chemical and bacterial condition be better? It should be based solely upon chemical analysis. Question 3. Should a standard of cleanness rest upon the amount of sickness and death which can be shown to be produced by pollution, or should the standard be based on what seems suitable and appropriate on the score of cleanness? The standard should be based on what seems suitable and appropriate on the score of cleanness. Question 4. Should the waters be kept pure enough for bathing and, if so, where? For the reasons given in the reply to Question 1, it would at all times be impos- sible to keep the waters in every part of the harbor pure enough for bathing. It ought, however, to be possible to maintain the waters in those portions of the harbor to which sewage matters in the crude state do not gain direct access in a sufficiently pure state for such purpose. It is impossible to offer any useful opinion as to the particular parts of the har- bor that are, or would be, under the conditions formulated in Section III as necessary for the maintenance of a proper sanitary condition of the harbor, sufficiently pure for public bathing, without having first definitely ascertained the exact chemical con- ditions of the bed and waters thereof. Any part of the harbor, the bed and waters of which are free from solid and liquid sewage organic matters in an unfermented condition, and the waters of which contain dissolved oxygen in quantities not less than 80 per cent, of saturation, and am- moniacal nitrogen not exceeding 0.01 part per 100,000, may be regarded as sufficiently pure for public bathing. It is possible to determine whether unfermented sewage organic matters be pres- ent, or absent, in a sample of harbor water by a very simple test. The dissolved oxygen and ammoniacal nitrogen are determined in the sample REPORTS OF EXPERTS— ADENEY 119 while the latter is in the fresh condition. A portion of the sample is also kept in a suit- able vessel out of contact with the air for seven days, at a temperature of 18° to 22° C, and the same constituents are again determined. If the dissolved oxygen be found to be unaffected, or reduced by not more than 0.5 to 1.0 cc. per litre, and the reduction of the dissolved oxygen be accompanied by a decrease in the quantity of am- moniacal nitrogen, it may be concluded that unfermented organic matter was entirely absent in the sample at the time of collection. If, on the other hand, the dissolved oxygen be more largely reduced, and the am- moniacal nitrogen remain similar, or become greater in quantity, it may be con- cluded that unfermented organic matters were present in the sample at the time of collection, and that the water in question is not sufficiently pure for public bathing. Question 5. Should the waters be kept pure enough for oyster culture and, if so, in what parts of the harbor? For the same reasons as those given in the preceding reply, it would be impos- sible to keep the waters of large portions of the harbor sufficiently clean for oyster culture. No shellfish industry should be carried on in waters liable to pollution by unfer- mented sewage organic matters. Waters of the purity defined in the preceding reply may be regarded as sufficiently pure for oyster culture. In the case, however, of the examination of waters for the purpose of oyster cul- ture, bacteriological as well as chemical tests should be made, but in reference to the results obtained from them, the writer desires to refer the Metropolitan Commission to the Fourth Report (on Shellfish) of the Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal, England. It will be found that this short report deals as thoroughly with the ques- tion of Oyster Culture and bacteriological tests as existing knowledge permits. It must be remembered that oysters have the power of absorbing and concentrating organisms from water, freshly polluted by sewage matters, flowing over them. Question 6. Should effervescence, marked discoloration, decided turbidity, oily sleek, floating solid sewage materials or deposits of sludge be permitted anywhere in the harbor and, if so, where and under what circumstances? Marked discoloration and decided turbidity should only be permitted in the im- mediate neighborhood of suitably situated outfall sewers, as indicated in Section III. Oily sleek, floating solid sewage materials, or deposits of sludge should under no con- ditions be permitted anywhere in the harbor except to a reasonable extent from the shipping. Neither should effervescence be allowed. 120 DEGREE OF CLEANNESS NECESSARY Question 7. Should we establish one standard of cleanness for the whole harbor, or should there be different standards for different parts of the metropolitan district? One standard of minimum cleanness should be established in accordance with the requirements explained in the replies to Questions 1, 4 and 5. Question 8. If a definite standard of cleanness is desirable, how should that standard be expressed? Please give us a draft of your opinion as to the proper wording? No sewage or refuse matter shall be discharged, or shall be allowed to drain into any part of the harbor except, within reasonable limits, from the shipping, unless the solid matters in suspension therein have been previously removed, as far as possible, by efficient mechanical subsidence or by chemical precipitation when unfavorable local conditions in the vicinity of the outfall sewer require it. The discharge of liquid sewage matters, from which suspended solids have been previously removed in the manner above described, shall be limited and controlled so as not to reduce the cleanness of the waters of the harbor, at any point not exceed- ing 200 yards away from the point of outfall, below that represented by a dissolved oxygen content of 60 to 70 per cent, of saturation, and an ammoniacal nitrogen con- tent not exceeding 1 to 1.5 parts per 100,000. The samples for testing shall be collected at low water and during calm weather. They shall also be collected at the surface or from any depth below it. Question 9. Will the amount of dissolved oxygen in the waters of the harbor, ex- pressed in a percentage of its saturation value, furnish a reliable index of the clean- ness of the water, and, if so, what percentage should be adopted to secure each of the following results: (a) That the waters of the harbor may not become offensive under any weather conditions; (b) That the use of public baths, if judiciously located, may not be preju- dicial to the health of those using them; (c) That shellfish taken from the beds in present use may be eaten with- out danger to health? Reply : (a) An amount of dissolved oxygen amounting to 60 per cent, of saturation would be amply sufficient to prevent the harbor waters from becoming offensive under any weather conditions, provided that the bed of the harbor were free from pollution with solid sewage matters. (b) Besides the assurance that the waters of the localities selected for the public baths contain a quantity of dissolved oxygen amounting to at least 80 per cent, of saturation, it is necessary to know that they do not contain unfermented EEPORTS OF EXPERTS— OHAPIN 121 sewage organic matters, and that ammoniacal nitrogen is not present in larger quan- tities than 0.01 per 100,000. The bed must also be free from pollution from solid sewage matters. (See reply to Question 4.) (c) Similar information is necessary concerning the waters and bed of the local- ities in which oyster beds are maintained. ( See reply to Question 5. ) SECTION II REPORT OF CHARLES V. CHAPIN Meteopolitan Sewerage Commission op New York. Gentlemen : In accordance with your request I made a tour of inspection of the waters of New York harbor in your company on June 28, 1911, and discussed with you a number of problems which are under consideration by your Commission concerning the possible relation of the pollution of these waters and the public health. Later, I received your letter of June 29th, setting forth more explicitly the points on which you desired an opinion. On June 29th I spent most of the forenoon at the Depart- ment of Health making inquiries in regard to the sources of the reported cases of typhoid fever. In the afternoon I made a trip to Staten Island, observing the condi- tion of the waters of the harbor and of the water along the piers on the easterly side of the island. There are four somewhat related topics referring to ways in which the polluted harbor water may have an influence upon health which may be first considered. 1. The Transmission of Disease by Means of Oysters and Other Shellfish. Typhoid fever is the only disease which has been definitely shown to be transmitted by oysters, though in the light of our present knowledge there is no theoretical reason why infec- tive diarrhea, dysentery and cholera might not be transmitted in the same way. That well marked outbreaks of typhoid fever have been caused by oysters grown, or "fat- tened," in polluted waters is established by satisfactory epidemiological evidence. Such an instance of disease due to oysters infected near a sewer in Jamaica bay was reported by yourself in 1904. It is to be noted that in most of these well-authenticated out- breaks the shellfish were infected in water grossly polluted by fresh sewage. There is no doubt that oysters from such waters are a real source of danger. With the pro- gressive dilution of the sewage, and increasing distance from the sewer outfall, the danger diminishes. How much danger is to be apprehended from oysters grown in large bodies of water in which sewage is greatly diluted it is impossible to say. We cannot at present draw the danger line with any degree of accuracy. Outside of 122 DEGREE OF CLEANNESS NECESSARY well-defined outbreaks the relation of sporadic cases of typhoid fever to shellfish consumption has been much studied in England and there is considerable evidence to show that a very appreciable amount of the disease is caused in this way. It often appears that typhoid fever is more prevalent among shellfish eaters than among those who do not use them. The Department of Health of New York City has studied this subject somewhat, and from rather meager published figures it does not appear that oyster eaters form an excessive proportion of typhoid cases. Additional figures have been promised me but have not as yet been received. It is, however, difficult to trace oyster infection in a city like New York. In my own city, Providence, condi- tions are different, for the local market is supplied exclusively from oysters grown in the waters of Narragansett bay, parts of which are grossly polluted with sewage. From the fact that only 10 per cent, of our typhoid fever cases have eaten raw oysters during the incubation period of the disease, and that the disease is far less prevalent when oysters are consumed in the greatest quantity, and is less prevalent among well- to-do people who are the larger consumers of oysters than among the poor, and from the fact that our typhoid death rate is low, I am inclined to think that very little of our typhoid fever is due to oysters, and it is quite likely that the same is true of New York. Efforts have been made by English authorities, and also by those of our own States, to fix a standard of purity for oyster grounds. Such standards must at present be merely tentative. If the impurities allowed by such standards are ex- ceeded, the sale of oysters from the polluted waters should be prevented in some way or the waters should be purified. In such cases the cost of purification must always be considered in connection with the value of the industry. It may be more economical and wiser to destroy the industry than to purify the waters. 2. The Transmission of Typhoid Fever and Other Diseases by Means of Flies. This is a subject which has been very widely discussed, but one concerning which there is very little really decisive evidence. On general principles it would appear that the fly, which delights to come in contact with human excreta, and which has often been observed to pass directly from such excreta to milk and other easily in- fected human food, may easily in this way be the cause of disease. There is an al- most universal consensus of opinion that where conditions are especially favorable, as where there are large masses of exposed human excreta, great numbers of flies and unprotected food in close proximity, these insects may be an important factor in the spread of typhoid fever and other diseases. These conditions are realized in army and mining camps, and to some extent in the poorer sections of unsewered cities where privy vaults abound. In well-sewered cities the absence of privy vaults renders the opportunities for fly infection less numerous than in camps. As to exactly what part REPOETS OF EXPERTS— OHAPIN 123 •of the typhoid fever and diarrheal disease of our cities is to be attributed to the fly is still a matter for investigation and one concerning which there are differences of opinion. I am inclined to the belief that most of the typhoid fever is due to contact infection, to a large extent contact with "carriers," and that the fly does not play a very important part. It has been alleged that in New York the fly has special oppor- tunities for becoming infected on the filth which accumulates along the piers near the sewer outlets. Whether this is so or not, there are other reasons for making such changes in the sewer outfalls as would do away with this source of danger if it be a real one. 3. The Transmission of Typhoid Fever Through Bathing in Infected Waters. It has been suggested from time to time that typhoid fever may be caused by bathing in waters polluted with sewage, and alleged instances have occasionally been reported. I know of no instance, however, in which the evidence is at all conclusive. On gen- eral principles, again, it may be argued that the danger from this source is very real when the pollution is considerable, as it is along the piers of Manhattan. But the "principles" of sanitary science from which this deduction is made are subject to such unknown limitations that inferences, not otherwise verified, can only be drawn from them with great risk of error. To refer to only one, though quite similar deduction from "general principles," which has been shown to be erroneous, attention is called to the assumption, commonly made a few years ago, that it is as dangerous to use ice cut from polluted water as it is to drink the water itself. There is now abundant epi- demiological evidence to show that under ordinary conditions there is practically no danger in using ice from water moderately polluted, but sufficiently so to be highly dangerous for drinking. Bacteriological studies have shown why this is so. It is often assumed that sewage-polluted tidal waters, like those about Manhattan Island, con- tain many virulent typhoid bacilli, and that bathers frequently, if not usually, swallow very considerable amounts of water, and that, therefore, the danger of infection is somewhat commensurate with drinking similarly polluted fresh water. As a matter of fact, we know really very little about the amount of dangerous pollution in New York harbor and similarly polluted waters. It is assumed that the number of virulent typhoid bacilli is fairly indicated by the amount of sewage pollution, or by the num- ber of colon bacilli, or other intestinal bacteria found in the water. But actually very little is known about the number of virulent typhoid bacilli in infected tidal waters, though this is the fundamental fact of the whole matter. It is well known that the problem of determining the danger of infection is a quantitative one. Thus it has been shown that, although pathogenic bacteria may be recovered from sewer air, they occur in such small numbers that the danger of infection from breathing such air is negli- 124 DEGREE OF CLEANNESS NECESSARY gible. It may be that the tidal waters around such cities as New York, Providence, Fall River and Boston, where there is comparatively little typhoid fever, are, merely because of dilution, so little infected as not to be an appreciable menace to bathers. It may be, too, that the typhoid bacillus dies, or loses its virulence, in sea-water sooner than we have assumed. Again, it may be that much less water is swallowed by bathers than is commonly assumed. Perhaps the puffing and blowing common with bathers eliminates most of the bacteria which get into the mouth and nose. There may be many other factors which we do not now think of which greatly minimize the danger from bathing in polluted waters. But, however that may be, experience, I think, amply justifies us in being extremely wary of a priori reasoning in studying the methods of applied sanitation. There appears to have been no serious epidemiological study of the danger of bathing in polluted waters, though the problem is an important if difficult one. A study of the relative prevalence of typhoid fever among bathers and non-bathers would afford the best evidence. Though this might not be practicable for the whole number of bathers, an intensive study of selected groups is certainly not impossible. Again, a study of the number of bathers among reported typhoid cases is perfectly simple, and would reveal any large excess among this class. So also a study of age, sex and seasonal distribution of typhoid fever in New York, particularly in comparison with other cities, might throw much light on the subject. At present I am unable to obtain any suggestive data from either the Department of Health or the Superintendent of Baths. You state in your letter that there are over 300,000 baths taken annually in the bath-houses besides those taken along the piers, and if bathing were a serious danger it ought to be reflected in the typhoid death rate. This death rate, however, for the Borough of Manhattan is low, less than half that of the average American registration city. To estimate the danger from bathing in the tidal waters about New York is to make a mere guess, and I do not think that we are warranted from existing data in assuming that it is a very serious one. If this danger is to be a factor of moment in determining the expenditure of large sums for sewage disposal, it ought to receive careful and serious study. 4. The Transmission of Typhoid Fever from Handling Driftwood. It has been suggested that the collection of driftwood which floats about the harbor in consider- able quantity is a means of spread of typhoid fever. It has been shown that this driftwood is collected by the poorer classes and is carried to their houses when it is used for firewood. I understand, as might be expected, that intestinal bacteria are found on this material. In the light of our present knowledge the handling of this wood is a possible danger. How great this danger is there is no evidence. It is one REPORTS OF EXPERTS— CHAPIN 125 of the many modes of "contact infection" in this disease. Contact infection or the fairly direct transfer, usually by means of the fingers, of excremental material from typhoid cases and "carriers" to the mouth and to the food of healthy persons is, I believe, altogether the most important factor in the causation of typhoid fever in cities conditioned as is New York. The reasons for this belief I have elsewhere con- sidered at some length. The hands, unwashed after the use of watercloset and urinal, seem to me to be the most important means by which this disease is spread. Owing to the small number of persons who, I suppose it is safe to assume, handle driftwood, as compared with the number who daily use waterclosets and urinals, and owing to the unfavorable effect of their environment on the life of typhoid bacilli on driftwood, it would appear likely that driftwood, though it may occasionally be the bearer of living typhoid bacilli, is rarely, if ever, the actual source of this disease. A perhaps even greater theoretical source of danger would be the handling of wet hawsers and other lines by deck-hands and wharf men. In regard to the four modes of infection which have been considered, by which it is possible that the infected waters about New York may be a danger to health, it may be affirmed that we have no accurate knowledge. It is my own opinion that the actual danger at the present time is not very great. Relation to Health of Odors and Gases from Polluted Waters. This is a phase of the subject concerning which we have far less knowledge than we have of the modes in which infectious diseases are spread. Of late, evidence has been accumulating that what were formerly considered dangerous impurities in air are not so dangerous as was supposed, if they are dangerous at all. Dust certainly has its dangers, and gross pollution of the atmosphere, with odors offensive to the senses, is productive of dis- comfort which does not conduce to health. Farther than this our knowledge does not at present extend. If the odors arising from the slips and rivers constitute a real nuisance, the nuisance ought to be abated, but we have no knowledge that scarcely appreciable odors, which are only recognizable by sensitive people unaccustomed to them, indicate in any way the presence of substances injurious to health. Such being the facts, the location of many hospitals along the margins of the river adds little weight to the demand for the purification of the waters wherever locally the pollution causes a real nuisance. It is suggested in your letter that what are commonly called esthetic considera- tions ought to have weight in any study of river pollution and its prevention. And this is certainly so. The public demands clean highways and it demands clean water- ways as well. The degree of cleanliness can perhaps be determined by those who are to pay the bills. To the occasional visitor to New York it appears that the limit of 126 DEGREE OF CLEANNESS NECESSARY permissible pollution of its waterways has been reached. Odors of sewage may at times be noticed in mid-stream and the waters are evidently discolored and rendered more or less turbid by sewage. The pollution of harbors and the deposit of sewage sludge on the bottoms take place so insidiously, and the problem of dealing with sewage is so great, that most cities neglect to undertake remedial measures until the waters become extremely foul and the bottoms are covered with a deep layer of gas-forming ooze. Fortunately, New York waters have not yet reached this condition, though they are surely ap- proaching it. It will be well if measures are adopted in time to prevent, instead of waiting to remedy, the enormous nuisance which is certain to develop in the not-dis- tant future. In passing, it may be suggested that the unattractive appearance of New York harbor is greatly accentuated by floating d6bris, a large part of which presumably comes from piers and shipping, and which ought to be largely prevented by the en- forcement of appropriate police regulations. Before concluding, I would emphasize what is a fundamental principle of sanitary work, and indeed of public work of every kind, namely, that the value of every pro- cedure must be considered in connection with its cost. This principle, unfortunately, is frequently lost sight of by those who are interested in special projects, and who, realizing their intrinsic importance, fail to remember the large number of other and perhaps equally valid claims on the municipal treasury. It not rarely happens that, owing to lack of careful investigation, or owing to official inertia, or to popular clamor, or other reasons, money is expended for certain sanitary work which, if diverted to other channels, would cause a far greater saving of life and health. Finally in regard to the pollution of the tidal waters of the City of New York, the dangers to health therefrom, and the action demanded, it may be concluded — First. That the danger to health from bathing, from the use of oysters and driftwood, and from similar modes of infection, is not sufficiently great nor suffi- ciently well established to warrant for this alone the expenditure of any very large sums, but if, incident to other remedial measures, it shall be found that the sewage can be freed from pathogenic bacteria at a comparatively low cost it would be wise to adopt such a procedure. Second. That the discharge of sewers through their present outfalls is produc- tive of many local nuisances of a serious nature and greatly increases the danger of the transmission of disease in the ways above referred to. This local discharge of sewage should be stopped as soon as possible. KEPOETS OF EXPERTS— EDDY 127 Third. That measures should be taken to prevent any further increase in the pollution of the main channels. Where shall be the outfalls of the intercepting sewers which presumably must be constructed, and what sort of disposal works, if any, must be undertaken are matters for experts to determine. Charles V. Ohapin. Providence, R. I., July 10, 1911. SECTION III REPORT OF HARRISON P. EDDY. Metropolitan Sewerage Commission of New York, New York City. Gentlemen: In response to your request I have given consideration to the effect of the discharge of sewage into New York harbor and present the following report upon a standard of cleanness for the waters of New York Harbor. An effort has been made to fix upon such a standard that it is reasonable to ex- pect that the harbor waters can be brought to conform to it and will, thereafter, be maintained in accordance with it and that, if this is accomplished, the waters will be in satisfactory condition. This study has included an inspection of the waters in question, a discussion with your President of the various conditions affecting the problem, and a review of the report of your Commission, dated April 30, 1910, and other reports and litera- ture bearing upon this subject. Particular attention has been given to the consider- ation of the specific questions asked by your Commission and by the Board of Esti- mate and Apportionment, answers to which will be found in the latter part of the report. Waters About New York. The City of New York comprises five boroughs — Manhattan, Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens and Richmond. Of these the Bronx is the only one which is not situated upon an island. The main bodies of water bounding the various portions of the city are Hudson river, Harlem river. East river, Long Island Sound, Upper bay. Lower bay, Atlantic Ocean, Earitan bay, Arthur Kill, Newark bay and Kill van KuU. These waters constitute one of the greatest assets of the city, in fact the importance of New York is dependent upon them. It is therefore self-evident that no reasonable expense should be spared to maintain them in condition to satisfactorily perform their import- ant functions. 128 DEGREE OF CLEANNESS NECESSARY Uses to Which the Waters Are Put. These waters are used in many different ways and their very presence has an important climatic effect upon the city and makes life pleasanter on that account. The commerce passing to and fro over these waters is enormous in volume and is des- tined to increase greatly in years to come. These waters constitute thoroughfares, over and across AA^hich millions of people travel each year and when being used in this way may be considered as great water highways. The City has provided many parks bordering upon the rivers, which in itself is evidence that the waters are valuable features of the recreation grounds. The parks are visited, especially during the warmer months of the year, by great numbers of people who go to them for pleasure, recreation, rest and relief from the turmoil and unsanitary conditions of crowded factories, stores and homes, and who are physically invigorated and strengthened by the fresh air to which they can thus have access. It is of the utmost importance to health as well as comfort that this air be not vitiated by foul odors. It is common to find large numbers of people standing or sitting in the parks and gazing into the adjacent waters. It is, therefore, important that these waters should be reasonably clean and free from matters which are offensive to the sight. Further evidence of the value of these waters is found in the fact that public and private hospitals are situated adjacent to them. These institutions, which are provided for the care of the sick, need the best of air and it is obvious that this air should not contain offensive odors arising from sewage-contaminated waters. A number of public bath-houses have been established along the shores, into and through which the waters pass. These bath-houses are frequented by vast numbers of bathers who should be provided, as fa,r as possible, with clean water free from patho- genic bacteria. There is little direct proof that disease has been caused by bathing in sewage-polluted waters; on the other hand there is substantial evidence which makes it certain that bathing in sewage-contaminated waters must be detrimental to health. The waters of the rivers are not particularly well adapted for pleasure boating, although there are large numbers of yachts, motor boats and sailing craft which fre- quent them or which depend upon them, to some extent, to furnish recreation. These interests are entitled to waterways which are reasonably clean, unobjectionable to the sight and free from offensive odors. The oyster industry appears to have gradually migrated from the waters of the Upper bay and is at the present time confined largely to Jamaica bay and the south shore of Staten Island. There is ample evidence that shellfish, taken from sewage- polluted waters, have caused disease and death. It is therefore important that shell- REPORTS OF EXPERTS— EDDY 129 fish should be collected and used for food only from waters which are free from sewage contamination. Pishing in these waters is a minor industry. However, fish do exist in them anc^,, some few are caught. If the waters are seriously contaminated with sewage the fish cannot live in them, and whatever value there is to the industry will therefore be lost. These waters are doubtless used in many other important ways; enough has been said, however, to show that they constitute an extremely valuable asset to the cities adjacent to them for health and for pleasure as well as for commercial purposes. General Considerations Relating to Sewage Disposal. At the present time the cities adjacent to the waters surrounding the city of New York and comprising New York harbor and bay discharge their sewage into these waters without removing therefrom any substantial proportion of the inorganic or organic matters. This statement is subject to the qualification that small and relatively insignificant quan- tities of sewage are treated at a few purification plants. In considering the question submitted to me, I have taken into consideration the present method of sewage disposal as now in operation in thes^j cities, the conditions produced by the discharge of sewage into said wateis and the assurance that the quan- tity of sewage produced in the future will greatly exceed that discharged into the bay at the present time. Sewage is made up of about 99.9 per cent, water and 0.1 per cent, of foreign matter, a portion only of the latter being capable of causing objectionable conditions. This relatively small quantity of foreign matter exists in three forms ; viz. : 1. Particles having a specific gravity less than that of water, which, there- fore, float. 2. Particles having a specific gravity equal to or greater than water, which are carried in suspension in the sewage because of its velocity of flow, and most of which tend to settle in quiescent water. 3. Matters which are dissolved in the sewage or are in colloidal condition. These substances may be again divided into two classes — inorganic and organic matters. The organic matter, as a rule, is the portion which directly or indirectly is likely to cause objectionable conditions. All sewage contains living organisms, some of which, under favoring conditions, are capable of producing disease. There are practical methods now in use for removing certain portions of the for- eign matters in sewage, and other methods which, while they do not actually remove the organic substances, transform them into mineral or comparatively stable organic matter. These processes are in successful operation, and it must be conceded that it 130 DEGEEE OF CLEANNESS NECESSARY is possible and in most cases practicable to so change the character of sewage before its discharge into tidal or other waters that it will not cause objectionable conditions. As a rule, the further the process of purification is carried — that is, the higher the degree of purification obtained — the greater will be the cost of treatment. It is, there- fore, important to determine to what extent, if any, sewage should be purified before its discharge into natural bodies of water. Water, whether from the land or the sea, in its natural condition contains a supply of oxygen which is dissolved in it and which is available to support animal and vegetable life, upon which depends the digestion and oxidation of the organic matter of sewage which may be discharged into streams, lakes or the sea. The trans- formation of the organic matter of sewage into mineral and stable organic matter is brought about very largely by the action of bacteria, and when the quantity of sew- age is small in relation to the quantity of water into which it is discharged, the process will go on without materially diminishing the supply of dissolved oxygen. In general it may be stated that there is enough dissolved oxygen in 50 volumes of water to support sufficient bacterial life to transform the organic matter of 1 volume of sew- age into stable substances. Many millions of cubic feet of fresh sea and land water pass into and out of New York harbor each day, although it may never be possible to fully utilize it because of the difficulty of securing a uniform mixture of the sewage with the water. It is obvious, however, that the city has at hand a means of digest- ing the sewage of a large population, and this valuable asset should be utilized as fully as possible, limited, however, by the condition that such use should not un- reasonably interfere with the other uses to which the water may be put. Sources of Pollution. The sources of littering and polluting substances are many and varied. The natural run-off from the surface of the ground carries with it many substances which affect unpleasantly the appearance of the waters, while the rivers bring down driftwood and the tide brings in drift from the ocean. By far the most important polluting substances, however, are the waste products from the cities and shipping. The sewers are constantly discharging large quanti- ties of filth, while during storms immense volumes of street washings flow into the waters of the harbor. At times this storm water is very foul, while at other times, especially after the storms have continued for a considerable period, it may be com- paratively clean. In the aggregate the quantities of waste matters which accidentally fall, or are intentionally thrown into the water from the many miles of docks and shore lines, is REPOETS OF EXPERTS— EDDY 131 large. From thousands of boats using the harbor material quantities of sewage are discharged, and considerable refuse, oil and grease unavoidably reach the waters. Evidences op Pollution The presence of these foreign substances is made evident by floating matters such as driftwood, casks, boxes, crates, hay, straw, garbage, matches, corks, small quantities of fecal matter, and films of oil sometimes extremely thin and attenuated and at other times comparatively thick and distinctly colored. Occasionally the oil and grease will be driven onto the shore and there spread out over the stones and sand, or cover portions of sea walls and docks. The driftwood either floating upon the waters, or washed up onto the shores, is often covered with oil and grease, indi- cating that it has come in contact with refuse which, in all probability, came from sewers. Certain foreign substances, particularly storm water and sewage, produce a marked turbidity, the existence of which diminishes the attractiveness of the waters. Matters in suspension, such as paper and bits of cloth, are evidences of pollu- tion and as such convey unpleasant impressions to the persons gazing upon the water, whether of necessity, in connection with their occupations or in quest of pleasure and recreation. Deposits of mud containing sewage matter are exposed at low tide and frequently stirred up by boats in the slips and shallow waters. During warm weather, gas generated in the process of decomposition is seen rising through the water from the deposits below, and often large masses of unsightly mud are brought to the surface, having been made sufficiently buoyant by the entrained gases of putrefaction. Such conditions are obvious evidences of pollution and are recognized as such by the people under whose gaze they fall. The presence of excessive amounts of sewage or other polluting matters in a given volume of water is accompanied by a reduction in the normal quantity of dissolved oxygen. If this reduction is carried sufficiently far, the water is turned black in color and gives off offensive odors. Unfortunately, such conditions are common in the slips and canals during the warmer weather, and are most unpleasant evidences of pollution. Ill Effects of Pollution. Floating Matters. Floating matters give to the waters an untidy appearance, and if they contain garbage or evidences of sewage, such as bits of grease and fecal matter, they are repulsive and objectionable. Police regulations, when made effective by effi- cient inspection, result in reducing to a reasonable minimum the intentional littering of the waters with refuse and garbage, although it is inevitable that some such sub- 132 DEGREE OF CLEANNESS NECESSARY stances will find their way into the waters occasionally. Such regulations are, of course, powerless to prevent the discharge of these matters through sewers. Storm water containing the wash from streets and alleys will carry corks, matches, paper, garbage and many other floating substances which will give the waters in the vicinity of the sewer outlets an untidy appearance. Much can be done to minimize the quantity of such matter by efficient street cleaning. Such discharges are fortun- ately confined to a limited period of time — practically equivalent to the duration of the storm — and they come at times when the public is least likely to be utilizing the waters and water front for recreation and pleasure. However, the evidences of such discharges will remain for a time — and in some places for a long time — ^after the cessation of the storms, so that they are not likely to be wholly avoided. Floating matters are constantly present in sewage, and this is doubtless the source from which the greatest quantity of such substances is to be expected to reach the waters of the harbor and bay if the present method of direct discharge of the sew- age is to be continued. It is entirely practicable to collect the sewage, convey it to suitable points, and there provide means for the removal of the fioating matter before it is discharged into the harbor. Such a course seems desirable, although it is doubtful if the removal of the floating matter alone is sufficiently important to warrant so great an undertaking. Turbidity. One of the important features of the park system is the attractiveness of the water front. Thousands of persons visit the parks largely to secure a glimpse of the water and to enjoy the breezes from it. It will, therefore, be unfortunate to allow the pollution of the waters about the city to proceed so far that they become unsightly or lose their natural cleanness to such an extent that the pleasure of looking into them and observing flsh and other animal life is lost. It is, therefore, necessary to avoid excessive turbidity, which is caused by very finely divided suspended matter. Even though there are no recognizable evidences of sewage, the water may become so turbid that the bottom is not visible although the water is of but moderate depth. Such a condition would deprive the people using the parks of one of their natural advantages. Suspended Matter. Solid substances, as distinguished from those in solution, are carried in suspension in the sewage as it flows through the sewers. Some of these sub- stances are very finely divided and of light, specific gravity so that they do not readily settle even in quiescent sewage. This portion of the suspended matter contributes to the turbidity of the sewage, and of the waters into which it is discharged. Another and larger portion of the suspended matter, because of greater specific gravity or greater size, settles readily in quiescent water, and some of it is so heavy relatively that it will subside even in waters which are moving with substantial velocity. REPORTS OF EXPERTS— EDDY 133 When sewage is mixed with sea water a precipitation of some of the matters in solution takes place, and the finer suspended matter is carried down more rapidly than in a mixture of sewage and land water. In general, then, it may be said that sedi- mentation takes place more rapidly in sea water than in land water, and that the sediment is slightly greater in proportion to the total impurities of the sewage. The suspended substances usually constitute about one-third of the matters in sewage other than water, and a large proportion of them are capable of being deposited on the bed of the rivers and bay wherever the currents are sufficiently slight to permit. Such sludge deposits have been found particularly in the vicinity of sewer outlets located in comparatively quiet waters. The dredgings from the harbor bottom are said to frequently show unmistakable evidences of the presence of matters having their origin in sewage. About one-half of the suspended matter of sewage is organic — the other half being inorganic in nature. The inorganic or mineral matter is inert and does not enter into the process of putrefaction. The chief objection to it is that it increases the deposits in the harbor and consequently adds to the cost of dredging necessary to the main- tenance of suitable waterways. The organic matter varies greatly in character, some being quite stable like paper, while other portions are very unstable, like fecal matter. Both are subject to change, however, and are gradually transformed into mineral mat- ter or into very stable organic substances similar to humus. Such changes are brought about chiefly by living plants and animals. Wherever these processes of digestion or assimilation take place in the absence of oxygen, they are accompanied by a production of gases and offensive odors. On the other hand, if there is an ample supply of oxygen, the transformation takes place without the evolution of the odors of putrefaction. The complete transformation re- quires comparatively large quantities of oxygen, and in the case of submarine deposits this oxygen must be supplied from that dissolved in the overlying water. The result is that the supply of oxygen in the water overlying the deposits is greatly depleted and .often entirely exhausted. Oxygen dissolved in water has a tendency to diffuse from portions which are sat- urated to portions which are not saturated, and from portions of greater to those of a smaller degree of saturation. Thus, the water nearer the surface is robbed of a por- tion of its oxygen, in order to maintain a supply for that below, which has been or is being depleted by the chemical and biological action going on in the sewage deposits. If the deposits of sludge are sufficiently extensive the supply of oxygen, which can be provided in this way, may be inadequate for its digestive needs and the whole body of overlying water may become very low in oxygen, if not actually devoid of it. Such 134 DEGREE OF CLEANNESS NECESSARY a condition is rarely brought about by deposits independent of matters in solution in the water, but deposits are often contributory causes of putrefactive conditions. In quiescent waters, such as those in canals, slips and small landlocked bays, the supply of oxygen available for the biological process is comparatively small, because of the limited quantity of fresh water, with its supply of oxygen, entering such place with the changes in tide. Where the deposits are deep, in fact where they exceed a few inches in depth, the oxygen of the overlying water does not penetrate them and, consequently, the biological action is confined to the putrefactive process. This results in rendering soluble more or less organic matter, and the liberation of gases which, when entrained in sufiflcient quantity, cause large masses of mud to rise up through the overlying water. Thus, the organic matter of the mud is being continuously exposed to the water, and is drawing upon the dissolved oxygen in it to support biological action and complete the process of oxidation. Such upheavals of mud are accompanied by the evolution of gas and offensive odors. Existence of sewage deposits is objectionable because they are subject to putre- faction, attended by the evolution of offensive odors; because they cause a reduction of oxygen dissolved in the overlying waters, which are re-aerated but slowly, and there- fore may themselves become putrid ; and because when fermentation is active portions of the mud are carried up into the overlying water, causing turbidity, unsightly float- ing masses of sludge and the evolution of offensive odors. Dissolved Matters. About two-thirds of the solid matter in sewage is in solution. Of this, approximately one-half is mineral, or inorganic, and one-half organic in nature. The dissolved organic matter is much more easily oxidized and transformed into inert and unobjectionable substances than the suspended or floating matters. Due in part to the difference in temperature, and in part to the difference in specific gravity, sewage has a tendency to remain on the surface of sea water when discharged at or near its surface, and to rise to the surface when discharged at a depth. It can even be seen in a comparatively thin layer, from an inch or less to a foot in depth, spreading out over a large area in the vicinity of the point of discharge. A boat passing through such a sheet of sewage will often push it aside, causing it to deepen in a narrow sheet, much as snow will be scraped to one side and be piled up by a plow. Sewage does not tend to diffuse rapidly througli salt water, and there- fore may cause objectionable conditions when the same quantity of sewage discharged under similar circumstances into land water might be so thoroughly diffused as to be hardly noticeable. It is therefore necessary to bring about as thorough diffusion of the sewage as EEPORTS OF EXPERTS— EDDY 135 possible when discharged into sea water that the surface conditions may not be ob- jectionable. If the diffusion is complete, the entire supply of oxygen in the sea water becomes available for the oxidation of the organic matter, and if the proportion of sewage to water is not too great, the process of transformation into non-putrefactive substances will be one of oxidation and will not be attended by the production of offensive odors. Nature has provided, as one of the natural advantages of the rivers and bay, an abundant supply of oxygen dissolved in water, which is capable of oxidizing and pre- venting the putrefaction of vast quantities of dissolved organic matter. This resource is valuable and should be utilized to the fullest extent compatible with a reasonable en- joyment of the other resources. Under all the conditions it would seem reasonable to throw upon the water of the harbor the burden of oxidizing the dissolved organic matters of as much sewage as it can care for, vnthout materially reducing its value for the other important purposes for which it is used. Color. Sewage is normally gray in color and does not impart a marked color to the water into which it is discharged. Occasionally, when containing industrial wastes, it has a very decided color due to spent dye liquors and other substances, and in such cases it may impart a decided color to large quantities of the diluting water. A single industrial establishment may discharge sufficient coloring matter with its wastes to cause such a discoloration extending over many acres of the harbor. It is not known that such coloring of the waters would cause direct damage of any kind. It would not necessarily deplete the supply of dissolved oxygen and therefore might not be a factor in causing putrefactive conditions and it is not necessarily accompanied by offensive or objectionable odors. If it existed at the bathing beaches or in the vicinity of bath houses, it would make the water less attractive for bathing purposes. Boating through portions of the harbor which are highly colored with dyes and chemicals would not be as pleasant as in the same waters in their natural condition. The waters about the shores, especially in the vicinity of recreation piers and parks, should not be so colored as to reduce the pleasure of looking into them. The discharge of large quantities of coloring matter is generally confined to a few industrial establishments, and the objectionable conditions are usually local and may often be remedied by connecting with sewers serving comparatively large dis- tricts. Sewage containing such liquors should be discharged in a manner which will insure thorough diffusion in the water, that there may not be large areas of the bay which are markedly discolored. In some cases it may even be necessary to remove the color by chemical treatment of the wastes before their discharge. 136 DEGREE OF CLEANNESS NECESSARY Odor. The facts that hospitals, recreation piers and parks are located close to the waters of the rivers and bay, that hundreds of thousands of persons enjoy their holidays by taking excursions upon the waters, and that great numbers of persons go to the beaches for recreation, are sufficient evidence of the value of the fresh air which they enjoy, or should enjoy at these places. It is obvious that every precau- tion should be taken to maintain the air in a reasonable state of purity. Fresh sewage does not usually give off the odors of putrefaction. It may have a soapy or greasy odor which is not pleasant but, on the other hand, is not highly offensive. The topography of New York is such that the sewers are for the most part comparatively short, so that, taken as a whole, the sewage of the city at the present time is discharged in comparatively fresh condition. While fresh sewage mixed with the sea water in such proportions that there is always an ample supply of dissolved oxygen in the mixture, may impart to the mixture an odor which can be detected by the most exacting tests of the laboratory, such an odor will hardly be noticeable or objectionable to persons boating upon the waters, or to those enjoying the recreation piers and parks. The production of so slight an odor should not prove objectionable. On the contrary, wherever sewage is allowed to putrefy, offensive odors will be given off and if the harbor receives a sufficient quantity of sewage to use up the supply of dissolved oxygen, offensive odors are sure to be produced. It is obvious that the waters about New York should be maintained so clean that odors of putrefaction will not be produced, that the public may enjoy and profit, to the fullest extent, by the fresh air blowing over the water. Grease and Oil. One of the most common evidences of the discharge of large quantities of sewage into sea water is the film of grease or oil which is seen upon the surface of the water. While such sleeks often contain bits of solid grease, they are caused by a very attenuated layer of oil which is often distinguishable to the eye at close range with difficulty, if at all. As in the case of other evidences of sewage con- tamination, the objection to such sleeks is largely a matter of degree. Where they are accompanied by heavy layers of oil, bits of floating grease or other matters which naturally float or are held upon the surface of the water by the fllm of oil which has coated them, they are objectionable. On the other hand, if they are extremely thin and unaccompanied by floating and visible matters, they may not be objectionable, especially if they cover small detached areas. Such sewage sleeks do not differ mate- rially from fish and seaweed sleeks, commonly seen in some waters. It is desirable to prevent the formation of a thick scum of oil mingled with bits of grease, fecal matter and other visible evidences of sewage. EEPOETS OF EXPEETS— EDDY 137 In this connection, it should be remembered that some oil and grease is sure to reach waters carrying such extensive traffic of power-driven boats. Engines must be supplied with oil, a substantial portion of which will escape into the water and form surface films of greater or less extent. It is probably impracticable to prevent such contamination. Bacterial Contamination. The discharge of sewage into sea water undoubtedly increases its content of living organisms, and fortunately so, because upon them largely devolves the burden of the transformation of putrescible matter into stable substances. This advantage is accompanied, however, by the admission into the dilut- ing water of some pathogenic organisms which are capable of communicating disease to human beings. The existence of danger from this source presupposes the presence in the sewage of disease germs, their admission into the body of the victim and his susceptibility to the inception of the disease. While the necessity of this succession of favoring conditions may appear to render the danger remote, nevertheless it cannot be doubted that pathogenic bacteria are constantly present in the sewage of so large a community and cases of illness attributable to bacterial contamination of sea water are well authenticated. Bathing in the sea water surrounding the city of New York is very prevalent dur- ing the warm season. There are many public bathhouses in which it is stated no less than three million baths have been taken in a single year and this, of course, dur- ing the warm months — these bathhouses being open only about three months in the year. Bathing is a very common pastime among boys and young men, large numbers of whom bathe in the slips and at the pierheads along the water front. Perhaps a still greater number of baths are taken at the beaches, such as those of Coney Island and Eockaway, where in a single day hundreds of thousands bathe in the refreshing water of the ocean. It is obvious that water used for bathing purposes, which is taken into the mouth and nostrils, and some of which is swallowed, should be clean and wholesome, although the direct contamination from the bathers themselves is often sufiacient to be serious. This latter fact has a direct bearing upon this problem, be- cause it will be idle to attempt to provide natural bathing waters absolutely free from germs when after the first few baths are taken in it, the germ content may be raised materially. Storm water alone — that is, without the admixture of sewage — will carry im- mense numbers of organisms into the harbor. The sputum from persons suffering with tuberculosis, the fecal matter of animals and of human beings and many other animal wastes are washed into the harbor in times of storm. If combined sewers are 138 DEGEEB OP CLEANNESS NECESSARY continued in use, these storm flows will carry substantial quantities of domestic sewage as well as storm water. It is thus evident that even if the normal flow of sewage could be diverted from the harbor, immense quantities of germ-containing substances would continue to find their way into the waters. Such contamination cannot practically be prevented and it is probable that the contamination caused by the discharge of sew- age from boats, at docks and passing to and fro, will not soon be stopped. It there- fore seems certain that the waters about the city will continue to receive large numbers of pathogenic germs. The bathhouses are so constructed that the water in which they are placed circulates freely through them and carries with it the active bacterial life and dissolved impurities which it contains, as well as most of the sus- pended matter and some of the floating substances, although the latter are excluded to some extent. The bathers are therefore exposed to as great danger when bathing within the houses, as if bathing in the open waters adjacent thereto. It should be pointed out, however, that the bathhouses are located with some degree of care, whereas bathing in the open waters appears to take place regardless of the contami- nation of the waters by the discharge of sewage. In view of the certain continuation of the bacterial contamination of the waters about the city, and of the contamination of the waters within the bathhouses by the bathers themselves, it seems clear that steps should be taken to exclude from the bathing pools the natural waters, and to provide water made safe by artificial means. An effort should also be made to encourage the use of the bathhouses and discourage promiscuous bathing in the open waters of the harbor. It is not to be hoped, how- ever, that such bathing will be entirely discontinued and. this fact adds another argu- ment in favor of avoiding the excessive pollution of the waters in or near the slips and of maintaining the waters in general in a reasonably clean condition. The bathing beaches are a very valuable asset to the city of New York. The number of persons visiting the pleasure resorts at Coney Island and Rockaway each summer reaches into the millions and vast numbers of them participate in bathing and wading. This is a refreshing, enjoyable and healthful sport, provided it is not attended with danger of the contraction of disease. Here again the waters are sub- ject to more or less pollution from the bathers, so that too much weight should not be given to the presence of an occasional germ which may have come from the city sewers. It does seem desirable, however, that the contamination of the waters of the harbor and Upper bay should be so limited that they may not be a source of material danger to the bathers at the beaches of the Lower bay, certainly for many years to come, and until the population within the city limits shall have greatly exceeded that of the present time. REPOETS OF EXPERTS— EDDY 139 Effect of Pollution Upon Fish. Fishing in the waters about New York is a rela- tively small industry and it appears to be growing smaller from year to year. This is attributed, in some measure, to the presence of sewage in the water and to the danger of bacterial contamination of shellfish. That shellfish may be contaminated by disease germs absorbed from water and may directly communicate these organisms to per- sons eating them is well proven by numerous investigations. A real danger exists, then, if such food is taken from sewage-laden water, or, indeed, from water in which the quantity of sewage is comparatively small. But in this case, as in that of the danger to bathers, it seems to be impracticable to avoid some bacterial contamination to the waters about New York. If this is a cor- rect statement of the probable condition, it would seem that some danger must neces- sarily attend the eating of raw shellfish taken from the harbor. The shellfish industry is confined to the shallower waters and naturally seeks the small bays. These bays are, however, certain to become more or less contaminated by sewage as the popu- lation upon their drainage areas increases and as the number of boats traversing them becomes greater. It does not seem possible to guarantee a degree of clean- ness in the waters about New York which will ultimately permit the continuance of the shellfish industry with safety. It is probably true that fishing, especially shad fishing, has been injured by the polluting substances discharged from sewers, manufactories and elsewhere, and it is believed by some that the fish inhabiting these waters have a fiavor inferior to those taken from pure sea or brackish water. While it is no doubt desirable that the waters about New York should contain the fish natural to them, the value of the industry and the sport of fishing seem to be too small to constitute an import- ant factor in determining the degree of cleanness which should be maintained. On the other hand, conditions which are bad enough to drive all fish away may be sufficiently objectionable in other ways to warrant steps being taken to improve the character of the waters to a degree which will enable them to maintain fish life. Although the data relating to the life of different species of fish in waters of varying degrees of oxygen saturation are not abundant or entirely satisfactory, sev- eral researches have been carried out which indicate that the more active species, such as trout and salmon, cannot thrive in waters containing as little oxygen as 25 per cent, saturation, whereas the more sluggish varieties appear to thrive in waters of 50 per cent, saturation and can live for some time if the oxygen is depleted to 10 per cent, saturation. It seems probable, in general, that fish life will continue in 140 DEGKBE OP CLEANNESS NECESSARY waters of 50 per cent, saturation, although the more active species will be likely to avoid such waters and migrate to those furnishing a larger proportion of oxygen. Dissolved Oxygen. The presence of oxygen dissolved in the waters of the harbor is necessary at all times to prevent putrefactive decomposition and the production of offensive odors. It is not to be expected that the quantity of oxygen in the water will be uniform at all times, because the proportion of sewage and water will be con- stantly varying and because the demands upon the oxygen present will vary greatly with the temperature of the water. Nor will the per cent, of the saturation value be uniform for the same reasons, and further, because the quantity of oxygen normally present in the water varies greatly with its temperature. It does not, therefore, seem advisable to fix a standard so low that the quantity of oxygen present can never safely, even for a short time, fall below it, but, on the contrary, to establish a stand- ard which shall be applicable under average summer conditions. The standard should not be based solely upon the necessities of fish life, but upon general considerations, taking into account all the variations which will necessarily exist. In view of all the conditions, it seems that the quantity of oxygen dissolved in the water should not be reduced below three cubic centimeters per liter, this standard to be applicable to any of the waters of the harbor, and based upon conditions at any point and not necessarily upon the average conditions of the body of water under con- sideration. If such a standard can be maintained, it is probable that the average satu- ration for the waters of the harbor, taken as a whole and throughout the year, will materially exceed 50 per cent, of the saturation value. Questions Proposed by Board of Estimate and Apportionment, vp^ith Ansvp^ers Accompanying your letter dated July 27, 1911, was a list of questions proposed by the Board of Estimate and Apportionment. These questions will be taken up seriatim. /J Question: "Will the amount of dissolved oxygen in the waters of the harbor ex- pressed in a percentage of its saturation value furnish a reliable index of the clean- ness of the water, and if so, what percentage should be adopted to secure each of the following results: (a) That the waters of the harbor may not become offensive under any weather conditions. (b) That the use of public baths, if judiciously located, may not be preju- dicial to the health of those using them. (c) That shellfish taken from the beds in present use may be eaten with- out danger to health." EBPORTS OF EXPERTS— EDDY 141 Answer: The amount of oxygen dissolved in the waters of New York harbor, ex- pressed in the percentage of its saturation value, will not alone furnish a reliable in- dex of the cleanness of the waters, particularly with respect to (b) The use of public baths. (c) The taking of shellfish for food. Such a standard might prove satisfactory with respect to offensive conditions, if the Board means by this term to include only offensive odors. If it means to in- clude conditions which are offensive to the sight as well as offensive odors, the per- centage of the saturation value is not a reliable index, because floating sewage matters may be present in the water to such an extent as to be offensive to the sight of per- sons using the parks, working about the piers and boating, while the total quantity of sewage mixed with the water may not be sufficient to reduce the dissolved oxygen below the permissible limit. The percentage of saturation required to prevent of- fensive odors is hereinafter fully discussed, in the answers to the questions submitted by the Metropolitan Sewerage Commission. The amount of dissolved oxygen in the waters, as expressed by the percentage of its saturation value, may throw very little light upon the danger to the health of persons using the public baths. In other words, the quantity of pollution may be sufficiently great to create a danger of bacterial infection of the persons bathing in these waters, without reducing the amount of dissolved oxygen below a reasonable standard for preventing offensive odors or even for assuring an abundance of fish life. The danger in taking shellfish for food from waters into which sewage is dis- charged lies in the fact that pathogenic bacteria may be transmitted, by means of in- fected shellfish, to the persons eating them. The quantity of dissolved oxygen in the waters does not indicate their bacterial condition. Obviously, if suflflcient sewage is discharged into them to cause the quantity of dissolved oxygen to fall below the sat- uration value, the practice of taking shellfish for food from such waters must be con- demned. On the other hand, the waters might be seriously contaminated with bacteria without causing a marked reduction in the normal quantity of oxygen which these waters should contain. This is doubtless the case in most localities about New York which are suitable for conducting the shellfish industry. 1 Question. "If the percentage of dissolved oxygen will not furnish a satisfactory standard, what standard would you suggest and should it be based upon chemical an- alysis, or should it take into account chemical, physical and bacterial conditions?" Answer. In my opinion a standard which will prove satisfactory and practical must depend upon chemical analyses and observations of physical conditions. If shell- 142 DEGREE OF CLEANNESS NECESSARY fish are to be taken for food from these waters and if bathing is to be continued, such a standard should also be based upon bacterial examinations. These various deter- minations and observations are hereinafter discussed, so that further comment is not needed at this place. Questions of Metropolitan Sbwekage Commission of New York, with Answers Question 1. "Do you think it would be desirable and feasible to establish a stand- ard of cleanness for the waters of New York harbor?" Answer 1. The waters of New York harbor are of great value to the cities border- ing upon them and it is important that they should be kept reasonably clean. There- fore it certainly is desirable that such a standard of cleanness be established if pos- sible. After giving very careful consideration to the location of these waters, to the conditions which have been brought about by the discharge of vast quantities of sewage into them and to the means available for determining the extent of pollution, I am of the opinion that it is feasible to establish a standard of cleanness for the waters of New York harbor. Question 2. "If a standard is established, should it be based solely on chemical analysis or would a mixed standard, which would take into consideration the appear- ance of the water and perhaps its physical, chemical and bacterial condition, be better?" Answer 2. A standard based solely upon chemical analysis will fail to provide adequately for the protection of these waters. It is necessary to take into consideration not only the chemical composition of the waters, but also the quantity and character of floating particles, the films of oil or grease, which are found upon the surface, the effect of coloring matters discharged from the sewers, and the deposits of mud or sludge laid upon the bottom. It is also important to base such a standard in part upon bacterial determinations, provided bathing and the taking of shellfish for food are to continue. Question 3. "Should a standard of cleanness rest upon the amount of sickness and death which can be shown to be produced by pollution, or should the standard be based on what seems suitable and appropriate on the score of cleanness?" Answer 3. In answer to this question it may be well to point out the fact that it is impossible to show the amount of sickness and death which results from the pollu- tion of these waters, and therefore too much weight should not be given to such sta- tistics. However, due consideration should be given to these important factors and conditions should be such, and restrictions upon the use of the waters so made, as to reduce to a minimum the danger to health and life. REPOETS OF EXPERTS— EDDY 143 The waters should be maintained in such a condition that their value for purposes of business, pleasure and recreation can be realized and that they shall be in no way repugnant to the senses. It is probable that if the waters are maintained as clean as such a standard requires, there will be little danger to the public health provided bathing and the taking of shellfish for food are restricted or, if necessary, prohibited. Question 4. "Should the waters be kept pure enough for bathing, and if so, where?" Answer 4. As has been pointed out elsewhere, the waters about New York have a value for the oxidation of sewage. If advantage is to be taken of this asset it does not seem likely that it will be wise to encourage bathing in the waters in the imme- diate vicinity of the city. In other words, the standard should be such that the waters need not be kept pure enough for bathing close to the city. On the other hand, it does seem desirable that they should be maintained in a condition suitable for bathing at such beaches as those of Coney Island and Rockaway. This pastime is enjoyed dur- ing two or three months of the summer by vast numbers of people, and it therefore has a real and material value. If the waters in the immediate vicinity of the thickly settled portions of the city are maintained reasonably clean, it seems probable that bathing on these beaches will not be attended by serious danger for many years to come. Question 5. "Should the waters be kept pure enough for oyster culture and, if so, in what parts of the harbor?" Answer 5. There would seem to be little objection to permitting the culture of oysters about New York, provided these oysters are not used for food. On the other hand, in view of the fact that infected oysters used for food directly without trans- planting are a very ready means of communicating disease to the persons eating them, it does not seem wise to permit taking them from waters which are likely to be con- taminated. The great quantity of sewage which now finds its way into the waters about New York would appear to be sufficient to make possible the infection of oysters taken from the water in this vicinity. The value of the oyster industry does not ap- pear to be of sufficient consequence to warrant the expensive works which would be necessary to insure to these waters a sufficient degree of purity to warrant oysters being taken from them. Question 6. "Should effervescence, marked discoloration, decided turbidity, oily sleek, floating solid sewage materials or deposits of sludge be permitted anywhere in the harbor and, if so, where and under what circumstances?" Answer 6. The evidences of sewage pollution mentioned in this question, with the exception of the oily sleek, should not exist in any of the waters of the harbor, sub- 144 DEGREE OF CLEANNESS NECESSARY ject to the qualifications that turbidity and discoloration may be permitted over rela- tively small areas in the immediate vicinity of properly located sewer outfalls. Oily sleeks resulting from the discharge of sewage may be permitted, provided they con- sist simply of a very thin film of oil or grease, recognizable only as a sleek and then in isolated and relatively small areas. Thick scum of greasy matters should not be permitted. Question 7. "Should, we establish one standard of cleanness for the whole harbor or should there be different standards for different parts of the metropolitan district?" Ansioer 7. To attempt to formulate standards to meet the condition of various portions of the harbor depending upon local conditions, would lead to great complex- ity, and would be of little practical value because of the constantly changing character of each locality. Districts now residential in character, skirted perhaps by bathing beaches, will undoubtedly give way to the march of commerce and industry, the iso- lated residences being replaced by blocks and manufactories and the beaches by piers and slips. It therefore seems more practicable to fix upon a single standard which shall represent the maximum degree of contamination permissible at any point. The condition of the water will not be the same in all places and for many years portions of the harbor will be in far better condition than those waters which barely come up to the standard which, however, should be such as to make it certain that the optimum value of the water resources can be obtained by the community. Question 8. "If a definite standard of cleanness is desirable, how should that standard be expressed? Please give us a draft of your opinion as to the proper wording." Answer 8. A standard of cleanness should be so expressed that it will be possible to determine with reasonable accuracy whether any given body of water is above or below the standard. A standard which in my opinion will prove satisfactory and practicable is given in the following pages : Suggested Standard of Cleanness for Waters About New York Nature of Standard. If it were possible to fix and agree upon a standard of clean- ness for the waters about the city of New York, an important step in local sanita- tion would have been taken. To-day it can be confidently stated that works can be designed which, if properly operated, will assure the maintenance of the harbor waters in a condition which will conform to any reasonable standard. Standards are often fixed for the cleanness of rivers in terms of the number of cubic feet per second of diluting water, which must be furnished per thousand personB KEPORTS OF EXPERTS— EDDY 145 discharging sewage into them, or the number of volumes of water which must be available for diluting each volume of sewage. These standards have given satisfaction when applied to some streams, although in many cases it is not possible to adhere too strictly to them, because of adverse local conditions. In every case they presuppose the intimate mixture of the sewage with the whole flow of the river. Such standards seem inapplicable to the conditions in New York harbor and bay. Here the waters flow back and forth about the city for several days instead of passing constantly by on their way to the ocean as is the case with most inland streams. Furthermore, few if any inland rivers are used to the same extent by so many persons as are these waters. It would appear wiser, under all the circumstances, to fl:x a standard in terms of the condition in which the waters should be maintained rather than to arbitrarily designate the volume of sewage which can be discharged into the bay with impunity. This condition cannot be expressed in a single requirement, but should be fixed with due regard to the uses made of the waters and their effect upon the health and happi- ness of the persons living and spending the whole or a part of their time adjacent to them. The {esthetic side of the problem should receive due consideration, for into this port come millions of people whose first impressions of this country are gained here. The same is true of a large number of foreign visitors. Certainly the city of New York, as the vestibule to the United States, should present a favorable impression, par- ticularly as one's first impression is often the most lasting one. A standard to be practicable must be established with a view to the changes in conditions and requirements which will take place during a reasonable period in the future. Such a term would seem to run to the economic limit beyond which it is not wise to now provide works of a capacity sufficient for further growth of the city. This period might well coincide with the term for which bonds for construction pur- poses should run, and should not be less than thirty years and probably not exceed fifty years. The importance of giving due weight to probable future requirements is obvious, when the changes of the last thirty years are considered. A generation ago none of the water supplies of this country were filtered and the sanitary inspection and regu- lation of the catchment areas of waterworks reservoirs was rarely attempted. The crusade for cleaner streets, including prohibition of expectoration upon sidewalks, has had its origin within thirty years. The purification of sewage and the cleaning of ponds, rivers and tidal waters by the exclusion of sewage have come about in this country only within the last three decades. It is reasonable to anticipate just as great advance in the effort to secure greater 146 DEGEEE OF CLEANNESS NECESSAEY cleanness in the next thirty years, as has been made in an equal period in the past. In fact the momentum which this movement has now attained would lead us to believe that the achievements in this direction in the near future will eclipse those of the recent past. A broad view of conditions as they exist to-day, taken in connection with the ad- vancement of the last few decades and the probable requirements of the next genera- tion, leads to the conclusion that the following requirements constitute a standard which is reasonable and practicable. It is impracticable to attempt to maintain the waters in their natural condition of purity, in view of the uses to which they are subject, and of the continuous increase in population upon their tributary drainage areas, both of which will inevitably pro- duce substantial contamination. Floating Sewage Matters. The water should not contain floating sewage matters which are readily recognizable as such. Grease, Oil and Tar should not be seen floating in thick fllms upon the water nor should they be discharged in quantities sufficient to cause them to accumulate on the beaches, seawalls, piers or boats. Nevertheless, it is inevitable that small quantities of oil will find their way into the rivers and harbor and the appearance of occasional oily sleeks should be considered as permissible. Coloring Matters which originate in industrial wastes should neither cause dis- coloration of the waters near the shore nor for a distance of more than one-quarter of a mile from the point of discharge. Turbidity may exist but should not be so great along the shore as to prevent the pleasure of looking into the water and easily distinguishing the pebbles on the bottom through a depth of five feet of water upon an overcast day, or the equivalent at points away from the shore, except in the immediate neighborhood of points of sewage dis- charge. This standard should not be interpreted as applying in times of storm, or im- mediately thereafter, when the turbidity of the sea water must be temporarily increased. The suspended matter of sewage should not be present to an extent which will be recognizable to persons in the parks, upon the recreation piers or upon the water except in the immediate vicinity of the outfalls. It should not form sludge banks which require dredging, or which by the formation of gas give to the water the appearance of effervescence. On the other hand, thin deposits due to exceedingly fine suspended matter or to matter originally found in the sewage in colloidal form may not be practically objectionable. They will not absorb relatively large volumes of oxygen, add notably to the cost of dredging, or be in any way offensive to persons working or seeking health and pleasure about the waters. EEPORTS OF EXPERTS— FITZGERALD 147 Organic Matter in Solution may be permitted provided it is diffused through the wastes and is not sufficient in quantity to exhaust the supply of dissolved oxygen below the standard hereinafter suggested. Dissolved Oxygen. The quantity of oxygen dissolved in the water at any place should not during any week in warm weather average below 3 cubic centimeters per liter of water. Limitations of Applicahilitt/. In applying the specifications of this standard, the intent of the requirements should govern and a reasonable interpretation should be put upon the various specifications. There is no doubt that it will be possible to find, under any conditions which are likely to exist, certain nominal variations from the standard proposed. If, however, the waters about New York are made to conform to this standard, they will in many places be greatly improved and it is believed that conditions in the harbor will not be objectionable and that the optimum value of the waters can be realized. Respectfully, Harbison P. Eddy, Boston, Mass., October 30, 1911. SECTION IV REPORT OF DESMOND FITZGERALD Geoege a. Soper, Esq., President, Metropolitan Sewerage Commission, New York. Dear Sir: In accordance with your request, I have made personal examinations into the condition of the waters surrounding the city of New York, and have arrived at a conclusion as to their pollution due to the discharge of sewage into the Hudson river, East river, Harlem river, the Upper bay, the Lower bay, Jamaica bay, and the vicinity of Coney Island and Rockaway beaches. It will be unnecessary for me to describe the nuisances which exist in considerable portions of these waters, this hav- ing been already done in published reports. I will, therefore, proceed to answer as well as I can the seven questions which were submitted to me by your Board on the 27th June, and also the eight questions submitted on the 12th July. The following are the questions of 27th June : Questions 1. What should be understood by the term "reasonably clean," as applied to the waters of New York harbor? M^ 148 DEGREE OF CLEANNESS NECESSARY 2. Is it permissible for the sewage to be visible at points of outfall, or elsewhere? 3. Should we allow the water to become so polluted that it is blackened? 4. Should deposits of putrefying and effervescing sludge be permitted to occur among the docks? 5. Should bathing in the waters of the harbor be made safe, so far as disease is concerned, or is this an unreasonably high standard of cleanness? 6. Should shellfish beds be protected against pollution, or should the cultivation of shellfish be given up? 7. To what extent may the sewage be allowed to reduce the dissolved oxygen present in the water in view of the needs of fish-life, and remembering that oxygen is necessary for the mineralization of the organic matter in the sewage? Answers 1. By the term "reasonably clean" I understand, 1st, as measured by good prac- tice among civilized nations; 2d, the absence of putrefying organic matter in such amount as to produce nuisances. 2. At present points of outfall, or elsewhere in their vicinity, it should not be per- missible for the sewage to be visible. If sewage is properly purified, it will not be visible; if not purified, it should be discharged into deep water, sufficiently removed to prevent return upon shores or docks where it might prove offensive or dangerous. 3. The water should not be allowed to become so polluted that it is blackened. 4. Deposits of putrefying and effervescent sludge should not be permitted to occur among the docks. 5. I do not think it practicable to make bathing in the waters of the harbor safe against disease, and I believe this to be an unreasonably high standard of cleanness, but I believe that there are many situations where great numbers of people congregate in the summer, which can be made reasonably safe against disease from bathing, and I believe it to be perfectly practicable to do so. Where there will always be a large floating population on boats, as around and in the docks, water from the mains in the streets should be used in the bathing establishments. 6. Shellfish beds should not be encouraged in positions close to dense population and where it is impracticable to secure a proper purity of the water, as shown by bacterial examinations. The cultivation of shellfish, however, should be protected against sewage discharges in areas sufficiently remote from the center of human activ- ities, and it should not be difficult to draw the line. 7. I am not a chemist and am therefore incapable of giving an answer of technical value as to the permissible reduction in dissolved oxygen in the harbor waters. En- REPORTS OF EXPERTS— FITZGERALD 149 gineers are, however, often called upon to answer similar questions connected with the sanitary condition of water, and I will make an attempt, as an engineer, to express my views. In the course of my practice I have never seen so careful an investigation into the dissolved oxygen in the harbor waters as has been made under the direction of your Board, and it seems to me that the results are extremely illuminating and valuable. "In view of the needs of fish-life, and remembering that oxygen is necessary for the min- eralization of the organic matter," I think the sewage should not be allowed to reduce the percentage of dissolved oxygen in the water below 50 per cent. The questions of 12th July are as follows : 1. Do you think it would be desirable and feasible to establish a standard of clean- ness for the waters of New York harbor? 2. If a standard is established, should it be based solely on chemical analysis, or would a mixed standard which would take into consideration the appearance of the water and perhaps its physical, chemical and bacterial condition be better? 3. Should a standard of cleanness rest upon the amount of sickness and death which can be shown to be produced by pollution, or should the standard be based on what seems to be appropriate and suitable on the score of cleanness? 4. Should the water be kept pure enough for bathing and, if so, where? 5. Should the waters be kept pure enough for oyster culture, and, if so, in what parts of the harbor? 6. Should effervescence, marked discoloration, decided turbidity, oily sleek, float- ing solid sewage materials, or deposits of sludge be permitted anywhere in the harbor, and, if so, under what circumstances? 7. Should we establish one standard of cleanness for the whole harbor, or should there be different standards for different parts of the metropolitan district? 8. If a definite standard of cleanness is desirable, how should that standard be expressed? Please give as a draft of your opinion as to the proper wording. Answers 1. In any effort to maintain a reasonab ly clean harbor, some standard must inevit- ably be formed, though unconsciously, and I think it would be desirable and feasible to establish a standard or standards of cleanness for the waters of New York harbor. 2. In my opinion a standard should not be based solely on chemical analysis, but should be based on a mixed standard which would take into consideration the ap- pearance of the water, its odor and its physical, chemical and bacterial condition. 150 DEGREE OP CLEANNESS NECESSARY 3. It does not seem to be practicable to base a standard of cleanness upon the amount of sickness and death which can be shown to be produced by pollution. While it is probable that many lives might be saved and ill health alleviated, the question appeals to me strongly from the side of what seems suitable and appropriate under the score of cleanness. The water in a harbor might be so foul as to be unendurable, and yet it might be difficult to reform the nuisance on a basis of statistical health alone. It is a case where civilization demands a remedy on the score of what is necessary for the comfort, happiness, welfare and health of the public. 4. The question of bathing has already been answered. 5. The question of oyster-culture has already been answered. 6. Effervescence, marked discoloration, decided turbidity, oily sleek, floating solid sewage and deposits of sludge should not be permitted anywhere in the harbor adjacent to wharves, docks, bathing beaches, Manhattan front, Harlem and East rivers and other shores. It is possible, however, that appropriate schemes of sewage disposal might involve the necessity for temporary infringement of rules. It will, probably, require a number of years to change the conditions now existing and it would not be desirable to adopt any course which would not distribute the expense over a consid- erable number of years. No time, however, should be lost in fixing upon a compre- hensive plan and beginning work so that the pollution curve may begin to follow a descending line rather than one of rapid increase, which is inevitable in default of wise action. The above rule, also, must be intelligently applied according as the results of patient investigation prove one plan or another best adapted to the conditions. 7. It seems to me that it would be impossible to establish one standard of clean- ness for all parts of the harbor. Even should such a standard be formulated, it can never be attained. I may add, as a result of my investigations, that it seems to me that the best single standard to apply to the general conditions of the harbor waters is the test for dissolved oxygen ; but, in taking the dissolved oxygen, it is necessary to use sound judgment, on account of the fact that diffusion takes place slowly in the water, and it is possible that, while a large mass of sewage might, under the influence of the wind, pass over a given section of the harbor, a sample taken beneath the sur- face, or some distance below the surface, might show only a small diminution in the dissolved oxygen. 8. In providing definite standards of cleanness, for different portions of the har- bor, it seems to me desirable that they should be expressed as simply as possible. In the neighborhood of permanent or comparatively permanent beds for the cultivation of shellfish, the standard should be one which is made up largely of bacterial purity. In REPOETS OF EXPERTS— MASON 151 the neighborhood of bathing beaches the water should not only be of a high standard bacterially, but should also be free from floating garbage, should have a high per- centage of dissolved oxygen, and should be chemically near to the normal condition of pure salt water, or water of the normal salinity, due to its position. In the neighbor- hood of docks and shores thickly populated, it will probably be difl&cult to maintain a high chemical standard, and it might, in such cases, be sufficient to provide a physical standard of purity. According to my views, the situation may be briefly expressed as follows: The whole topographical district should adopt, as soon as possible, a rational and compre- hensive system of sewage disposal. Appended to this report is a copy from my original notes made during the progress of the examinations. Respectfully submitted, Desmond FitzGebald, Consulting Engineer. Bkookline^ Mass., August 26, 1911. SECTION V REPORT OF WILLIAM P. MASON De. G. a. Sdper^ President, Metropolitan Sewerage Commission, New York City. Dear Sir: Permit me to reply as follows to the questions recently submitted by you: 1. I certainly consider that it would be desirable to establish a standard of clean- liness for the waters of New York harbor if a reliable one can be secured; but what- ever standard is selected, it will have to be used with great judgment. 2. I consider that it would be a great mistake to base such a standard on chemical analysis alone, as I feel that a mixed standard, which would give great prominence to the water's physical condition as well as its chemical and bacteriological conditions, would be far better. 3. I think that a standard based upon the amount of sickness and death produced by pollution would be not only exceedingly difficult to establish but also unsatis- factory for practical use as well. I should greatly prefer to employ a standard based upon what seems suitable and appropriate on the score of cleanliness. The amount of 152 DEGREE OF CLEANNESS NECESSARY disease and death directly produced by the influence of the harbor's condition would not, even if accurately determined, be a complete measure of the objectionable fea- tures of the harbor's pollution. The measure should be broader than that. Surround- ings which offend the senses indirectly lead towards disease by a lowering of resisting power, even as the placing of a patient amid pleasant surroundings aids in the accom- plishment of a cure. Somle consideration must be given to the feelings and views of the riparian dweller whose belief is centered upon a close relation between any form of sewage pollution and disease, even though the sanitarian may not fully endorse his views and beliefs from a purely professional standpoint. There is a direct relation between some forms of filth and disease, even though such relation be not always manifested; and there is an indirect relation between disease and all forms of filth appreciable by the senses, and this latter indirect rela- tion I believe to be the commoner of the two. The majority of the inhabitants of the cities bordering on New York bay are compelled to remain at home throughout the year, and to them the cleanliness of the bay water, especially in summer, is of material interest. It is a real asset to that portion of the community. As an agent contributing to the happiness of the people at large, the waters of the bay, if kept attractive, should be considered, as I said above, an asset of the city deserv- ing careful attention. I may add, in this connection, that the wharf line at Boston is markedly better in appearance than what is to be seen in New York. This im- proved condition is to be credited to the beneficial action of the Boston intercepting sewer tunnel. 4. In my opinion it is not possible to keep the water of any portion of the Upper bay clean enough for bathing purposes, and to my mind the present bath-houses located along the wharves are a menace to health in that by their very presence there they warrant the assumption on the part of the bather that the authorities guarantee the safe character of the water which the baths provide. These bathing establish- ments should certainly be abolished. 5. In my opinion it would be practically impossible to keep the waters of New York bay north of the Narrows in a sufficiently clean condition for the safe cultiva- tion of oysters. 6. I would reply as follows with reference to the sundry items referred to in this question : I am not opposed to the presence of oily sleek, for the reason that it is not un- sightly and it takes a well-nigh infinitesimal amount of oily material to produce it. REPORTS OF EXPERTS— MASON 153 With regard to marked discoloration and decided turbidity, it would be impossible to keep them out of the harbor, for the reason that they are abundantly supplied by the waters of the Hudson river, which carry quantities of such material from up the State. Floating solid sewage materials, of which I have seen abundant evidence, should not be allowed in any part of the bay; nor should effervescence indicative of bottom putrefaction, such as I observed between some of the wharves, be permitted at any point, for the reason that it would be easy to continue and gradually increase such indications of pollution until the result assumed the character of a nuisance. 7. If an acceptable standard of cleanliness be established, it should be applied with sufficient liberality to permit special points of pollution, such as the outfall from some acceptable sewage disposal plant, to be rated under it without demanding any particular standard for each individual point of pollution. It would be expected that at the immediate outfall of some such plant as here referred to, there could not be an accurate agreement between the bay water there and a sample taken at a reasonable distance therefrom. 8 and 9. I believe that a determination of dissolved oxygen will furnish a valu- able standard of cleanliness — perhaps the most valuable — to apply to the harbor waters; but, as I have said above, I do not consider it wise to depend entirely upon the determination of a single analytical item. Physical appearance, more complete chemical analysis, and bacteriological examination as well, should enter into the consideration. Although I am not prepared to definitely suggest the percentage of saturation value of dissolved oxygen that will furnish a reliable index of the cleanness of the water, I do believe that 70 per cent, is an unduly severe measure whereby to be guided. It would be very difficult to secure analytical figures which shall divide a water likely to become offensive under summer conditions from one capable of with- standing such conditions. The putrescibility test would be the most hopeful to give information upon this point. As to the use of public baths ; I have already covered that point above, and also have expressed my opinion with reference to the cultivating of shellfish. Yours very truly, W. P. Mason. Troy, N. Y., November 29, 1911. 154 DEGREE OF CLEANNESS NECESSARY SECTION VI REPORT OP WILLIAM T. SEDGWICK George A. Soper^ Esq., Ph.D., C.E., President, Metropolitan Sewerage Commission, New York City. Dear Sir : I have done a good deal of thinking upon the interesting series of ques- tions which you have propounded to me, and while I find it difficult to answer them categorically or in yes and no fashion, I will do my best to give you my opinion as to how they ought to be answered. 1. Standard of Cleanness : Desirability and Feasibllity. I do not think it either necessary or feasible to establish any one standard of cleanness for all the various waters of New York harbor. Provisional standards for different regions would, however, seem to me entirely reasonable, and it is self- evident that a higher standard is desirable and necessary in the slips and on or near the foreshores generally than in the middle of either East or North river or in the Upper bay. For the very simple reason that many of the foreshores are already crowded, and in the future are certain to be more crowded, with human beings engaged in gainful occupations or seeking the water-fronts for relaxation and fresh air and for bathing or other purposes not involving the use of boats or any considerable stay upon or very near the surface of the waters away from the shores — these last have, it seems to me, peculiar prominence and importance in the sewerage problem, and ought to be kept at the highest possible degree of cleanness consistent with a rational expenditure of money. For bathing in particular — inasmuch as it will probably always be impossible to prevent extensive bathing, which if it can be reasonably safeguarded from the sani- tary standpoint, is from every point of view desirable — somewhat extraordinary measures and expenditures are, it seems to me, justified for the purpose of making the shores and shore waters as clean as practicable. At the same time I do not believe that it will ever be possible to make these same waters along the shores entirely safe for bathing purposes, so that, while I would require a much higher standard for the shore waters than for those in the middle of the streams and in the bay itself, I should not expect to be able to make them always or entirely safe. Without dwelling at this point upon the particular standard which I would have in mind for these shore waters, or the relation which that standard should bear to that to EEPORTS OF EXPERTS— SEDGWICK 155 be applied to the midstreams and the Upper bay, I have, I think, said enough to make it clear that in my opinion it is neither desirable nor feasible to establish any one stand- ard of cleanness for the waters in New York harbor. 2. Chemical, Physical^ Bacterial or Other Standards. In view of my answer to question 1, I hardly need say that no simple standard for the waters of the harbor based on chemical analyses and no compound standard based upon any combination of appearance, chemical and bacterial content appear to me practicable. There are, however, certain obnoxious conditions which should not be tolerated, such as obvious fouling with human feces, the giving off of numerous or large bubbles of gas arising from putrefying deposits, or any similar conditions really disagreeable or disgusting either to the sight or smell of the average citizen using the waters for rowing, sailing or similar pleasure purposes. 3. Standard of Cleanness Based upon Sickness and Death. Any standard of cleanness based upon the vital statistics of the city would in my opinion be worthless for the simple reason that there is no known relation between the morbidity or mortality of human beings and the purity or impurity of the waters upon which or near which they may dwell. Any standard based on "what seems suit- able and appropriate on the score of cleanness" would also have little or no value be- cause opinions would differ so widely as to just what is "suitable" and "appropriate." 4. Purity of Waters for Bathing. I have already intimated in my discussion of question 1 that I do not consider it possible to keep the waters of New York bay along the shores under any system what- soever ideally pure for bathing. By this I mean that I do not consider it possible to sterilize the waters of New York harbor at all places and at all times by any proce- dure. This point hardly requires discussion because it is evident to any sanitarian that waters subjected to such uses as those of New York must always be subjected to, and exposed to such infections as those waters must always be exposed to, will never be in the strict sense of the words "pure enough" for bathing purposes. By the word shores in the above statement I refer to the shores of the Upper bay and especially of the more populous portions. Those of Coney Island and at certain other points which might be selected for the purpose can, on the other hand, and should be kept scrupulously clean and practically free from sewage, so that they may be used prac- tically with impunity for bathing purposes. At the same time, I have no doubt that the waters of Upper New York bay, and especially the waters of the docks or slips and of the foreshores of the more populous 156 DBGEEE OF CLEANNESS NECESSARY districts of New York, Brooklyn, Jersey City and the like, will always be extensively used for bathing purposes. The tropical summers to which New York is exposed will probably always make it impossible to keep boys and other persons from bathing in vast numbers in the waters aforesaid at many places and at many times, and this I believe to be a fact with which we must frankly deal. Assuming then that the waters under consideration cannot be kept ideally pure for bathing purposes, and also that in spite of this fact they will undoubtedly be largely used for such purposes, it seems to me that the best that can be done is to keep all possible raw sewage out of the slips and docks and away from the foreshores. This I would do either by removing all sewage from the waters of the bay or else by so introducing sewage into those waters that it shall do no great harm. It seems to me that while it will for years to come be impracticable because too costly to remove all sewage from the harbor waters, it will be possible to so reduce the amount of sewage poured in, and to so locate the sewer outfalls that whatever sewage is allowed to enter shall do no great harm. To the discussion of this last point I shall return beyond. 5. Oyster Culture in the Harbor. I do not consider oyster culture in the waters of New York harbor to be of suffi- cient importance to require any special degree of purity in those waters. It is with oyster culture very much as it is with bathing : no matter how pure the waters of the harbor are made or kept, accidental pollutions from ships and other uncontrolled sources will always forbid the use of the harbor as a proper place for the cultivation of any food which is to be eaten raw. Moreover, the economic importance of oyster cul- ture for or by a small number of persons is not to be weighed for a moment against the economic interests of thousands and perhaps millions of riparian residHits. 6. Effervescence^ Discoloration, FloatinCx Matters, Deposits, Etc.. I am of the opinion that the existence of "effervescence, marked discoloration, de- cided turbidity, oily sleek" and "deposits of sludge" may at certain times and certain places be contemplated without danger to the public health and without serious in- jury to the use of the harbor for commercial or pleasure purposes. As for "floating solid sewage materials," I have a different opinion, believing as I do that these ought to be either screened out or broken up before the substances of which they are com- posed are admitted to any portion of the harbor. As to the places and circumstances under which effervescence and the like should be permitted to exist, I shall have something to say further on. EEPOKTS OP EXPERTS— SEDGWICK 157 7. One Standard or Different Standards. I believe it to be quite impossible to establish any one standard or ideal of clean- ness for the whole harbor and that there should be different standards or ideals for different parts of the Metropolitan District. 8. Definite Standard, Dissolved Oxygen, Etc. Inasmuch as I have stated in question 1 that I do not believe it either practicable or necessary to have any one definite standard of cleanness, I am of course relieved from the necessity of describing that standard or of giving a draft of the wording of it. I do not believe that the amount of dissolved oxygen in the waters will furnish either a complete or a satisfactory index of the cleanness of the waters, or even of their digestive capacity, at all times and places and under all conditions. I do, how- ever, believe it to be a valuable index, which should be one important element in the formation of an opinion as to the actual degree of cleanness or uncleanness, and as to the digestive capacity, of any particular water at any particular time. Having made the foregoing statement, I am, I think, relieved from any discussion of (a), (b) and (c). But although I do not believe that any rigid physical, chemical or bacterial stand- ards are either practicable or desirable, I do believe it practicable, and that the aim should be to keep the waters of the docks and shores so pure that the health and the comfort of those using them or living near them shall not be seriously threatened, while still utilizing the central portions of the rivers and bays for the disposal of such an amount of sewage — and this may be large — as shall not seriously interfere with navigation or with their use for pleasure purposes, such as boating and sailing. I wish that it might be possible for your honorable Board to convince the people of Metropolitan New York, as I am convinced, that no investment, however great, would be too Targe to secure the complete and perpetual conservation of these waters for purposes of health, of pleasure and of agreeable and attractive commerce. Nor is this condition merely an iridescent dream. A sum such as is already set apart for clean, pure, drinking water for the metropolis would go far toward making this a reality; and I hope you will understand that while in answering your questions, I have tried to tell the truth as to the possibility of the disposal of the sewage into the adjacent waters without the creation of an intolerable nuisance, I am of the opinion that any such disposal should be regarded as merely provisional and temporary; the ultimate solution of the problem before you being the complete and total removal of all sewage and other polluting materials from the harbor waters. Very respectfully yours, Boston, Mass., November 7, 1911. W. T. Sedgwick. 158 DEGREE OF CLEANNESS NECESSARY SECTION VII REPORT OF F. HERBERT SNOW George A. Soper, President, Metropolitan Sewerage Commission of New York, 17 Battery Place, New York City. My Dear Sir : On July 28tli you requested me to give a written opinion concerning the degree of cleanness suitable to New York harbor and mentioned ten points upon which you were particularly desirous that specific answers should be made. The ten propositions are herein re-stated and each in turn is followed by my answer. Question 1. Do you think it would be desirable and feasible to establish a stand- ard of cleanness for the waters of New York harbor? Answer. Yes, desirable from general considerations of public health and welfare to establish standards rather than one general standard. Lack of such standards has not only resulted in numerous local odor nuisances that one may not escape at slips and basins and coves, but the lack renders it possible for one to detect the proximity of the city through the sense of smell on approaching by water from the ocean. Vitiated atmosphere is especially abominable at the hospitals and parks and recre- ation piers located along the water front. Furthermore, it is incredible that disease and death are not the direct results of bathing in the harbor. A thorough systematic investigation of this subject and of disease resulting from the eating of sea food taken from sewage-polluted waters would prove the great danger in such practices and estab- lish the necessity from the standpoint of public health for the control of the cleanness of the harbor. But it is the offense to the sense of decency to which I would attach the greatest significance ; an offense apparent throughout the metropolitan district in the vicinity of sewer outfalls and along the foreshores. Values of various kinds are adversely affected in consequence of the existing methods of sewage disposal. In the aggregate the result is of no inconsiderable moment. New York City is envied the world over in its possession of a wonderfully extensive and diversified water-front. But no metropolis, however well favored, can neglect her greatest resource and long retain an enviable reputation. The situation is one to be appreciated in particular by those who have investments under control, whose exercise of choice constitutes the motive power of enterprise. To such men of affairs the value to which I refer is a real thing apparent and potent where competition exists in all matters worthy of emulation between localities, communities and cities. It is the value of a satisfactory standard as distinguished from that of an unsatisfactory standard. EEPORTS OP EXPERTS— SNOW 159 Already higher standards of harbor cleanness have been adopted at not a few of the great ports of the world. And this sense of what is desirable should be sufiQcient consideration alone to compel a change and improvement in sewage disposal methods and dictate standards of cleanness for the waters of New York harbor. Question 2. If a standard is established, should it be based solely on chemical analysis or would a mixed standard which would take into consideration the appear- ance of the water and perhaps its physical, chemical and bacterial condition be better? Answer. The standard should not be based solely on chemical analysis of the waters because it is not desirable, since other factors are essential. If the sewage of the city were to be collected at one point and it were there to be uniformly distributed through the waters of the harbor, even then a chemical standard would be insufficient. Hence, with conditions of sewage dispersion attainable at different places in the har- bor, it would be absurd to establish a chemical standard for the whole harbor as the basis for the cleanness of the waters in the several parts of the harbor. However, chemical tests are invaluable as an aid in determining the kind of sewage works essential to install to relieve some parts of the harbor of an overburden of sewage waste and to obviate such overburdening in other parts. The value of a chemical standard is supplemented and is reinforced by other standards. A bacterial standard alone would also be impracticable for the harbor as a whole. The points of collection could not be so selected as to produce results admitting of satisfactory interpretation in my opinion. Question 3. Should a standard of cleanness rest upon the amount of sickness and death which can be shown to be produced by pollution, or should the standard be based on what seems suitable and appropriate on the score of cleanness? Answer. Considerations of public health are of paramount importance and no lower standard should be established. However, to trace the amount of sickness and death resulting from pollution of New York harbor waters would be a difficult under- taking involving the employment of a large number of special inspectors and the ex- penditure of a very considerable sum of money. After the facts were ascertained they would prove really immaterial, since the practical remedy would be the same in all events. That is, within the bounds of what it is reasonable to do in abating nuisances and preventing their recurrence, in disposing of the sewage of the metropolitan dis- trict in a manner that shall not offend the sense of decency, or depreciate the value of shore property, or interfere with the uses of the waters for bathing where it is emi- nently fitting that bathing should be maintained, the interests of the public health would also be subserved. Question 4. Should the waters be kept pure enough for bathing, and if so, where? 160 DEGKEE OF CLEANNESS NECESSARY Ansv^er. Yes, most assuredly, in some sections of the metropolitan district. In that part of the boroughs of the Bronx and Queens bounding the upper stretches of the East river and the entrance to Long Island Sound, where the shores are deeply indented by bays — Flushing bay being prominent — and small estuaries abound, the waters should be kept pure enough for bathing. Also in that part of the boroughs of Richmond and Brooklyn lying below the Narrows, including Gravesend bay, the waters about Coney Island and the southern shores of Queens along the outer harbor and Jamaica bay, the waters should be pre- served in their natural purity if a great and essential resource is to be retained for the well-being of the public. It is none too soon to begin the plan of conservancy. Ten millions of people will inhabit the metropolitan district one generation hence. In fact, the discharge of crude sewage into any water within the district cannot be attempted to-day without serious risk of a nuisance being established thereby; and such disposal into the waters specifically njentioned above, without offense, has become impossible. In my opinion, to restore the waters surrounding Manhattan borough to a suffi- cient purity, and then to keep the waters pure enough to render bathing in them safe, is impracticable. The maritime people who frequent the bath-houses, piers, wharves and bulkheads in hordes, and swim in the sewage-polluted waters, find this art essential to their exist- ence. Not only is it educationally important, but from the health standpoint it is even more important that the city should provide and maintain free bathing establish- ments. Observations made during the extraordinary protracted heat period of last summer alone should prove the necessity in a great city like New York for ample bathing facilities. No system of policing to keep the multitude out of the filthy waters of the harbor can be successful until equally convenient, commodious and safer facilities be substi- tuted. This I conceive to be a pressing public duty. Question 5. Should the waters be kept pure enough for oyster culture and, if so, in what parts of the harbor? Answer. Oyster culture ought not to be permitted anywhere within the metropol- itan district except under strictest supervision and control. It is not feasible to keep the waters of the harbor pure enough to warrant a general guarantee of safety to the public in eating raw shellfish taken from such waters. On board ocean liners water for bath-tub purposes is obtained from the sea. In- telligent passengers recognize the fitness of the rule which prohibits a bath on the last EEPORTS OF EXPERTS— SNOW 161 day of the voyage when the ship is in the outer bay. If these waters be not desirable for the bath, surely they should be less desirable for oyster culture. The traffic in shell- fish harvested in the outer waters of the lower bay might be permitted for the present provided every shipment were examined and certified by competent authority to be free of pollution. Question 6. Should effervescence, marked discoloration, decided turbidity, oily sleek, floating solid sewage materials or deposits of sludge be permitted anywhere in the harbor and, if so, where and under what circumstances? Answer. The very least that could be done in making any substantial improve- ment over existing conditions of harbor pollution would be to remove the suspended solids of animal origin. This accomplishment would obviate sludge accumulation and consequent effervescence. The next step, if the improvement is to be considered by stages of development, would be to further relieve the air over the waters of its surcharge of noxious gases by thoroughly diffusing the screened or preliminarily treated sewage throughout a large body of moving water to assure the greatest degree of dilution and oxidation. This accomplishment would be accompanied by the elimination of marked dis- coloration and turbidity ; but whether the odors would be obviated would depend upon whether the water were sufficient in quantity and quality to take care of the volume of sewage so dispersed. The primary objects of any plan should be, first, the prevention of sludge accumu- lation in the harbor; second, the elimination of marked discoloration and turbidity; and third, the reduction to the minimum of oily sleek — for where there is much oily sleek on the surface of the water there will be odor. Question 7. Should we establish one standard of cleanness for the whole harbor or should there be different standards for different parts of the metropolitan district? Answer. The maintenance of a standard involves the construction of works to control the polluting factors. These factors are variable for a given territory. Fur- thermore, they are not the same for different territories. There is a wide range of con- trol to be effected if the things hereinbefore proposed are to be accomplished in the harbor. It is not essential, in my opinion, that all of the sewage of the metropolitan dis- trict should be collected at one point and there disposed of. A more desirable and economical plan is to solve the problem by sub-districts in which the factors are adapted to control in works of a certain type. For example, where preliminary treat- ment of the sewage to remove the suspended matters prior to diffusing the liquids throughout a predetermined volume of water is best suited to the requirements, the 162 DEGREE OF CLEANNESS NECESSARY problem is solved for that territory. Where more extended treatment is demanded, the results can likewise be predetermined by the type of works selected. The point I wish to emphasize is that the type of works, the capacity of the plant and its effectual operation will have more to do with the condition of the clean- ness of the harbor than all other standards put together. I would, therefore, make the type of sewage disposal works the prime factor in a standard. The plans should be submitted to the proper authority for approval, their execution should be under the supervision of such authority and so also should the operation of the works thereafter. A standard of performance should be set for each outfall works. Here control can be exercised and not elsewhere. Observations for efficiency of operation would include chemical and bacterial analyses and physical conditions as the case might be. Question 8. If a definite standard of cleanness is desirable, how should that stand- ard be expressed? Please give us a draft of your opinion as to the proper wording? Answer. The plans for each sewage works, as designed or approved, or modified, or amended by the Commission or proper authority existing for the purpose, should be certified to the local authorities for execution, under such conditions and stipulations as will keep the responsible supervisory control of all essential matters with respect to construction, operation and maintenance in the hands of said Commission or proper authority. Daily records of operation of each plant should be required, and if at any time, in the opinion of the controlling authority, the works or any part thereof, or the efft- ciency of the same be insufiicient, or below standard, or prejudicial in any manner, then such remedial measures as the case may demand should be adopted forthwith. The controlling body should be vested with plenary authority to enforce its decrees. In addition to the foregoing queries, you have transmitted for my consideration and answer the two following questions, which have been proposed by the Board of Estimate and Apportionment, concerning a standard of purity for the waters. Question. Will the amount of dissolved oxygen in the waters of the harbor, ex- pressed in a percentage of its saturation value, furnish a reliable index of the cleanness of the water and, if so, what percentage should be adopted to secure each of the fol- lowing results : (a) That the waters of the harbor may not become offensive under any weather conditions. (b) That the use of public baths, if judiciously located, may not be preju- dicial to the health of those using them. (c) That shellfish taken from the beds in present use may be eaten with- out danger to health. REPORTS OF EXPERTS— SNOW 163 Answer. The necessity for treatment of the sewage discharged into the upper harbor is not established by chemical or bacterial examination of the waters. It is flagrantly announced to the natural senses. From the scientific standpoint the degree of the pollution can be judged best per- haps by the dissolved oxygen test. The extensive data collected by the Commission furnish a reliable index, from the scientific standpoint, of the limit to which sew- age can be absorbed by the harbor waters. Practically, the limit is reached and a remedy is demanded. Theoretically this limit may be extended. The said dissolved oxygen data in the possession of the Commission are an acceptable basis upon which to predicate the design of sewage works where it is the intention to utilize the natural oxidizing capacity of the harbor waters to accomplish the greatest part of purifica- tion ; but elsewhere other considerations should obtain. As before stated, in my opinion, it would be a mistake to accept the dissolved oxygen standard alone as a basis upon which to maintain the sewage disposal works after they are built. My answer to proposition (a) is that to prevent the waters of the harbor from becoming offensive under any weather conditions, less crude sewage must be discharged into them than at present. I would not express this in terms of dissolved oxygen as a standard. Whether or not the object for which the sewage works is built at any point is being attained should be a matter for judgment based on observation of facts ob- taining at the time. My answer to proposition (b) is that public baths should be supplied with pure water. My answer to proposition (c) is that shellfish are a public menace if taken from waters containing sewage organisms. The bacterial test, not the chemical test, is ap- plicable if certificates of purity of the product harvested from doubtful waters are to be issued. A dissolved oxygen standard with respect to bathing waters and shellfish culture would mean the holding in jeopardy of public health in my opinion. Question. If the percentage of dissolved oxygen will not furnish a satisfactory standard, what standard would you suggest, and should it be based upon chemical analysis, or should it take into account chemical, physical and bacterial conditions? Answer. Chemical or bacterial tests alone are not a practical basis for a standard. They are supplementary in character rather than primary, as hereinbefore explained. The control of the pollutions depends upon the kind of works provided for the purpose and the effectual operation of the works. Respectfully submitted, BUerisburg, Pa., September 28, 1911. F. Herbert Snow. 164 DEGREE OP CLEANNESS NECESSARY SECTION VIII REPORT OF C.-E. A. WINSLOW Dr. George A. Soper^ Metropolitan Sewerage Commission, 17 Battery Place, New York. Dear Dr. Soper : I have given careful consideration to the very comprehensive ques- tions enclosed in your letter of September 13th and have answered them serially below in accordance with the knowledge at my disposal. 1. Do you think it would be desirable and feasible to establish a standard of clean- ness for the water of New York harbor? From a purely scientific standpoint arbitrary standards are unfortunate, for they always break down when applied to such complex problems as those of modern sanita- tion. On the other hand, it is almost essential for practical purposes to formulate principles for the guidance of administrative action. In connection with the matter in hand, the cleanness of the waters of New York harbor, I do not believe it is desirable or feasible to establish any arbitrary standards in the form of a published enactment to be rigidly enforced. I do believe it is desirable and feasible to formulate standards which may serve as guiding principles to be intelligently interpreted in the light of all available knowledge in individual cases. Such standards should differ, however, for different regions of the harbor as indicated below. 2. If a standard is established, should it be based solely on chemical analysis or vvould a mixed standard which would take into consideration the appearance of the water and perhaps its physical, chemical and bacterial condition be better? Chemical analysis would not, in my judgment, furnish a sufficient criterion of the condition of the harbor waters. In portions of the harbor necessarily subject to con- siderable pollution it should be supplemented by observations of physical conditions and appearance and in the regions which can be kept reasonably pure it should be supplemented by bacteriological examinations. 3. Should a standard of cleanness rest upon the amount of sickness and death which can be shown to be produced by pollution or should the standard be based on what seems suitable and appropriate on the score of cleanness? I think it would not be feasible to base any standard on the amount of sickness and death shown to be produced by pollution, as definite evidence of the actual effect upon health of such conditions as exist in New York harbor is not available. Stand- ards for those regions of the harbor which may reasonably be expected to be clean enough for bathing and the taking of shellfish should, however, take into account the REPORTS OF EXPERTS— WINSLOW 165 probability of danger to life and health, and should be primarily sanitary in nature, while those applied to those regions which must necessarily be more or less polluted should be chiefly esthetic and should look to the avoidance of offensive and unsightly conditions. 4. Should the waters be kept pure enough for bathing, and, if so, where? 5. Should the waters be kept pure enough for oyster culture and, if so, in what parts of the harbor? It is, in my judgment, not feasible to keep the Upper bay, from Spuyten Duyvil on the Hudson and from Hell Gate on the East river to the Narrows, and including the Harlem and Newark bay, in a safe condition for bathing and the cultivation of shell- fish. The data collected by your Commission indicate that these waters contain on an average only between one-half and three-fourths of the oxygen necessary for satura- tion and show average bacterial counts of between 6,000 and 15,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter. This indicates a condition of considerable pollution and I do not believe that any practical measures of reform will decrease this pollution sufficiently to elim- inate the sanitary danger to those exposed to the ingestion of the water. In my opinion the use of these waters of the Upper bay should be definitely abandoned for bathing and the cultivation of shellfish. Under the head of shellfish I should include not only oysters but clams as well, since many of the processes of cookery to which these animals are subjected are insufficient to destroy the germs of contagious disease. It may prove that certain special areas in the Upper bay are so protected from pollu- tion that their waters may safely be used for the purposes designated ; if so, they should be excluded from the general principle stated. The waters of the Lower bay, outside the Narrows, can, I believe, be kept clean enough for bathing and oyster culture and should be maintained so far as possible in that condition. The records of your Commission indicate that these waters contain over 90 per cent, of the dissolved oxygen necessary for saturation and that the average bacterial numbers range between 1,000 and 5,000 per cubic centimeter. With the en- forcement of proper local regulations it should be possible to so purify these waters as to make them suitable for the purposes under discussion. As in the case of the Upper bay, there may, of course, be particular localities which should be exempted from the general rule. Jamaica bay offers a special problem more difficult of treat- ment. At present it appears from your reports that the water of this bay is as polluted as many parts of the Upper bay around Manhattan Island (76 per cent, of dissolved oxygen necessary for saturation and 5,800 bacteria per cubic centimeter). It may ultimately be necessary to sacrifice this landlocked bay to the purposes of sewage dis- posal, as it has been necessary to sacrifice the East river and the Hudson. I do not 166 DEGREE OF CLEANNESS NECESSARY believe, however, that this should be done without a thorough study of local condi- tions and a determined effort to apply all the resources of sanitary science, including the possible use of disinfecting plants, to the end that Jamaica bay may be saved for the purposes of pleasure and business for which it is so admirably designed. 6. Should effervescence, marked discoloration, decided turbidity, oily sleek, float- ing solid sewage materials or deposits of sludge be permitted anywhere in the harbor and, if so, where and under what circumstances? Standards in regard to the physical condition of the harbor waters, like all other standards, must be interpreted freely in the individual case. Occasional discoloration, turbidity and sleek can scarcely be avoided in the vicinity of a great city. In general, however, I am of the opinion that effervescence, marked discoloration, decided turbid- ity, oily sleek, floating solid sewage materials and deposits of sludge should not be per- mitted anywhere in the harbor. Such conditions, if persistent or of frequent occur- rence, are wholly unnecessary and constitute a short-sighted and uneconomic waste of one of the city's most precious assets. 7. Should we establish one standard of cleanness for the whole harbor or should there be different standards for different parts of the metropolitan district? There should be different standards for different regions of the harbor. Certain areas are necessarily so polluted as to be unsuitable for bathing or the taking of shell- fish. Such waters should be given over to the purposes of sewage digestion subject to the regulation of conditions so that offensive sights and smells shall be avoided. The Upper bay and the Hudson, Harlem and East rivers belong for the most part in this category, although certain regions should perhaps be removed from it. On the other hand, areas like the Lower bay, which it is practicable to keep clean enough for bathing and shellfish culture, should be protected by stricter standards primarily of a sanitary nature. 8. If a definite standard of cleanness is desirable, how should that standard be expressed? Please give us a draft of your opinion as to the proper wording. 9. Will the amount of dissolved oxygen in the waters of the harbor, expressed in a percentage of its saturation value, furnish a reliable index of the cleanness of the water, and, if so, what percentage should be adopted to secure each of the following results : (a) That the waters of the harbor may not become offensive under any weather conditions. (b) That the use of public baths, if judiciously located, may not be preju- dicial to the health of those using them. EEPOETS OF EXPERTS— WINSLOW 167 (c) That shellfish taken from the beds in present use may be eaten without danger to health. If the percentage of dissolved oxygen will not furnish a satisfactory standard, what standard would you suggest, and should it be based upon chemical analysis, or should it take into account chemical, physical and bacterial conditions? The amount of dissolved oxygen in the waters of the harbor, expressed in a per- centage of its saturation value, furnishes a reliable index of the cleanness of the water only when dealing with conditions of gross pollution and only then in conjunction with observations of the appearance and physical condition of the water. It tells nothing about the comparatively slight pollution that may render bathing and the taking of shellfish prejudicial to the public health. Water containing at all times 50 per cent, of the dissolved oxygen necessary for saturation will not become offensive to the sense of smell, but water containing 100 per cent, might be altogether unsuitable for bathing. For the more polluted portions of the harbor, not suitable for bathing or the taking of shellfish, I should recommend that — (a) The dissolved oxygen should at no time and in no place be allowed to fall below 50 per cent, of its saturation value. (b) No effervescence, marked discoloration, decided turbidity, oily sleek, floating solid sewage materials, deposits of sludge or other conditions offensive to sight or smell should be permitted in any portion of the harbor. For the less polluted regions, the outer bay, for example, the standards should be primarily sanitary and should rest upon bacterial rather than chemical data. Their exact limits cannot, however, be exactly formulated without further study. Clearly water which conforms to a drinking-water standard, having less than 500 bacteria per cubic centimeter and colon bacilli absent from a majority of one-cubic-centimeter samples, would be quite suitable for the purposes mentioned. Such a standard would be too severe, however, and how far it would be safe to modify it is difficult to say. The formulation of tentative standards for drinking water took twenty years and our knowledge of the bacteriology of shellfish layings and bathing beaches is in its in- fancy. Your Commission could make a most valuable contribution to sanitary science by a study of the actual bacterial condition of such waters around New York, and would then be better able to determine how far it is practicable to go in this regard. The chief criterion for areas used for bathing and shellfish culture should, in any case, be based upon these factors, total number of bacteria and number of colon bacilli. The dissolved oxygen requirement and the absence of offensive sights and smells should, of course, hold for any waters considered at all for the uses specified. 168 DEGREE OF CLEANNESS NECESSARY I am of the opinion, however, that in all these matters any standard formulated should be in the nature of a general principle to be used as a guide by some intelligent administrative body and not as a definite rule to be automatically enforced. Respectfully yours, C.-E. A WiNSLOW. New York, September 25, 1911. PART III Tables and Plottings of Original Data Relating to Microscopic Examinations, Numbers of Bacteria and Dissolved Oxygen PART III Tables and Plottings of Original Data Relating to Microscopic Examinations, Numbers of Bacteria and Dissolved Oxygen. CHAPTER I EXAMINATIONS OF DREDGINGS FROM THE HARBOR BOTTOM INTRODUCTION TO TABLE XIV In Table XIV are contained the results of examinations of solid material taken from the harbor bottom, together with the opinion of the analyst as to the certainty of sewage material being present. Plates A, B and C, opposite page 223, give much of this information graphically. In addition to the examination number, which is the same as the sample number, and the date of collection, there are given the location from which each sample was taken, the depth of overlying water and the character of the sample with respect to color, odor and consistency. In those cases where samples were taken beneath the sur- face of the bottom, this fact is noted in the table. The depth which was penetrated is also stated. The numbers of bacteria per gram of wet mud are given for those samples for which bacterial counts were made. Collection of Drbdgings The samples were collected from the Commission's floating laboratory in accord- ance with a plan by which it was intended to cover practically the whole area of the harbor bottom in a systematic manner. The material from the surface of the bottom was collected by means of a small iron dredge which was shaped like a mushroom anchor. The dredge consisted of an iron rod 2 feet 3 inches long, set firmly in the apex of a plate iron cone which was 6 inches deep and 12 inches across the open base. This dredge was dragged over the surface of the bottom until the cone was filled. The dredge was then raised and a pint of the contents was spooned out into a glass fruit jar. Notes were made of the color, odor and consistency of the dredged material at the time of collection. Frequently, a thin, light-brown surface was observed to overlie a black mass beneath. This showed, as experience taught, that the surface of the material had been supplied with oxygen from the water above, while the interior was in a putre- fying condition. 172 RESULTS OP ANALYSES Samples of material from beneath the surface of the harbor bottom were obtained by means of a pipe borer. This borer was made of an iron half-pipe, 2 inches in in- ternal diameter and 11 feet long. There was a reducer at the upper end into which lengths of 1-inch iron pipe could be screwed to serve as a handle. Borings were ob- tained by pressing down the borer until the half-pipe was thrust to the desired depth in the bottom. The pipe was then turned round and raised aboard the vessel from which it was being operated. The samples for analysis were spooned out of the half- pipe. The outer layer of material along the entire length of the cylinder was first scraped off and discarded to avoid contamination of the sample by the solid deposits and water through which the sample was withdrawn. Analysis op Samples The examination of the samples in the laboratory consisted of three steps. First, the microscopic particles of debris were washed free from the rest of the sample. Second, the debris were placed in a large Petri dish over a white porcelain slab. Third, the particles which seemed likely to prove of interest were picked out of the Petri dish and identified under the microscope. In polluted samples the debris were generally so blackened that it was necessary to decolorize the particles in 10 per cent, hydrochloric acid. Mounts for microscopic examination were made in glycerine. To wash the debris free from useless material, the analyst filled a glass jar con- taining the sample with water, stirred the mixture with a glass rod and poured the suspended matter upon a perforated porcelain plate which fitted snugly into an agate- ware funnel. The particles of solid matter which were so finely divided as to be use- less for purposes of examination were washed through the perforations and the valuable debris were recovered. The process was continued until there was enough useful solid matter obtained to proceed with the examination. Ten to fifteen samples were washed in the way just described before an examination was made. Another method of separating the debris for examination was to wash the samples upon a copper sieve with meshes 1/20 of an inch apart. When the debris of size suit- able for examination had been recovered in this way, the sieve was inverted and the debris washed with a jet of water into a suitable receptacle. By agitating the contents of the receptacle and pouring them out quickly upon a porcelain plate, the materials desired for purposes of identification were obtained free from useless refuse. A sample could be made ready for examination in this way in less than eight minutes. One oper- ator could examine 23 samples a day. EXAMINATION OF DREDGINGS 173 Evidence of Pollution If the sample was from a polluted place, the debris contained bits of paper, glumes, straw, small roots, animal hairs, coal, pieces of twine, tufts of wool or cotton. These objects were fished out and transferred to a watch crystal containing 10 per cent, hydrochloric acid. When the objects became clear, they were mounted upon a glass slide for positive identification with the microscope. Glycerine diluted with 50 per cent, alcohol was used for a mounting fluid. Clinging to the microscopic objects just mentioned were other substances sometimes of much significance, such as muscle fibres, bits of starch parenchyma, fragments of seed coats, animal tissues, etc. The identification of the debris required less and less use of the microscope, as the appearance of the particles of diagnostic value became familiar to the operator. In every doubtful case the diagnosis of pollution was supplemented by microscopic ex- amination. The microscope used was a Spencer with a iVi-inch eye-piece and three objectives, 1/6, 1/3 and 2/3-inch focal length, giving magnifying powers of 530, 250 and 118 diameters respectively. A dozen permanent mounts of d<5bris from various parts of the harbor were kept on hand for study and comparison. Study was also made of a collection of vegetable and animal fibres, debris from feces and manure and city sewage. The objects found in the samples under examination, together with the data which were collected when the samples were gathered and observations made during the washing process, formed the basis for a conclusion as to the pollution of the sample. If the sample looked clean when collected, and did not become foul before examina- tion, and no debris were found as a result of straining, the sample was reported to be unpolluted. Whether pollution could be detected by other methods than here given was not considered in drawing ar conclusion. The most persistent evidences of pollution were bits of paper and glumes. These came to be regarded as good evidence of pollution. They were almost invariably present in polluted sample? and absent from samples which, from other evidence, were known to be unpolluted. In the samples taken from the vicinity of sewer outfalls or where sewage debris collected in quantity, the presence of small seeds came to be expected. Root fragments were found in most samples. Starch parenchyma, which came, as a rule, from plant organs, such as fleshy roots, stems, seeds, fruits, etc., was taken to indicate garbage or undigested plant substances probably used as food. In some samples, what were termed natural debris were abundant. These were the remains of various plant organisms, such as fragments of roots, stems, leaves and bark which came from vegetation growing perhaps near where the samples were collected. 174 RESULTS OF ANALYSES The location of the samples as given in the table was determined by plotting the location of the boat from which the samples were taken upon a standard United States Coast and Geodetic Survey chart, scale 1/40,000, by the aid of angles read with a sextant or prismatic compass in the hands of the sample collector. The latitudes and longitudes given in the table have been taken from these plottings. The preliminary studies which led to the adoption of the method of microscopic examination employed in analyzing the deposits have been described in the report of the Metropolitan Sewerage Commission, dated April 30, 1910, page 415, et seq., and need not be repeated here. Bacteria in Dkedgings In some cases the number of bacteria in the deposits was determined and when this was done the result is stated in the table. The results are given as numbers of bacteria per gram of deposited material, the numbers being referable to the natural condition in which the deposited material was found, that is, without extracting, or allowing for, the water. The numbers of bacteria found in the deposits were generally large in deposits contaminated with sewage material and small where sewage material was absent. The numbers of bacteria were determined much as in water analyses. The sample was diluted with water and a measured portion of the liquid shaken with culture medium. The culture medium employed was 10 per cent, gelatin beef extract titrated so as to have a reaction of 1.0 phenolphthalein. Incubation was continued for 48 hours at 70 degrees Fahrenheit, when the colonies were counted. The results are stated in numbers of bacteria per gram of the sample. Analysts The samples were collected chiefly by those who made the microscopic analyses. Raymond H. Pond, Ph.D., did this work, under the immediate direction of the Presi- dent of the Commission, from August 17, 1908, to July 31, 1909. R. N. Hoyt, B. S., carried it on from the end of Dr Pond's connection to the conclusion. The bacterio- logical determinations were made by Payn B. Parsons, A.M., M.D. In the preliminary studies, during which the Commission was seeking a method for the identification of soaps, fats and animal and plant debris in order to gain what was intended to be a reasonably full knowledge of the sewage, James H. Stebbins, Ph.D., was employed as consulting microscopist. TABLE XIV RESULTS OF THE EXAMINATION OF DREDGINGS FROM THE HARBOR BOTTOM IN THE YEARS 1908 AND 1909 Table of Contents Section No. Location Dates of Collection Page 1 East river Nov. 16, 1908 176 2 Upper bay Nov. 28 to Dec. 10, 1908. 176 3 Hudson river Dec. 15, 1908 177 4 Upper bay Dec. 15, 1908, to March 6, 1909 177 5 Cheesequake creek . . March 30, 1909 183 6 Upper bay March 23 to 30, 1909 184 7 Hudson river April 15, 1909 186 8 Hempstead bay April 6, 1909 186 9 Pelham bay April 5, 1909 186 10 Long Island Sound. .April 13, 1909 186 11 Upper bay AprU 17, 1909 187 12 Long Island Sound. .April 13 and 15, 1909 187 13 Upper bay April 21 to 29, 1909 187 14 Hudson river May 3, 1909 189 15 The Narrows May 5 to 7, 1909 189 16 Upper bay. May 7, 1909 190 17 Newark bay and Fas-^ saic river Mar 8,^1909 190 18 Hudson river May 14 and" 15, 1909 191 19 Lower bay May 17 to 19, 1909 192 20 East river May 29 to June 7, 1909 . . 194 21 Long Island Sound. .June 8, 1909 195 22 Lower bay June 12, 1909 196 23 Eastchester bay June 14, 1909 196 24 Little Neck bay June 23, 1909 197 25 East river June 23, 1909 197 26 Jamaica bay June 29 to July 1, 1909.. . 197 27 Hudson river July 7, 1909 198 28 Gravesend bay July 9, 1909 199 29 Upper bay July 15 to 21, 1909 199 30 Lower bay July 21, 1909 200 31 Atlantic Ocean July 21, 1909 201 Section No. Location Dates of Collection Page 32 Hudson river Aug 19 and Sept. 7, 1909. 202 33 Passaic river and Newark bay Sept. 8, 1909 202 34 Kill van Kull Sept. 8 and 11, 1909 203 35 Lower bay Sept. 13 and 14, 1909 203 36 Arthur Kill Sept. 16, 1909 204 37 Lower bay. Sept. 20, 1909 204 38 Raritan bay Sept. 21, 1909 205 39 Arthur KiU Sept. 21, 1909 205 40 Hudson river Oct. 1, 1909 205 41 Harlem river Oct. 11, 1909 206 42 East river Oct. 1, 1909 206 43 Hudson river Oct. 2, 1909 206 44 Harlem river Oct. 2, 1909 206 45 Newtown creek Oct. 2, 1909 207 46 Upper bay Oct. 4, 1909 207 47 Gowanus creek Oct. 4, 1909 207 48 Upper bay Oct. 6 to 8, 1909 208 49 Kill van Kull Oct. 8, 1909 210 50 Upper bay Oct. 11, 1909 210 61 Kill van Kull Oct. 11, 1909 211 52 Arthur Kill Oct. 14, 1909 211 53 Newark bay Oct. 14.and 15, 1909 212 54 Kill van Kull Oct. 16, 1909 213 55 Upper bay Oct. 18, 1909 214 56 Hudson river Oct. 18, 1909 214 57 Newark bay Oct. 21, 1909 215 58 Hudson river Oct. 22, 1909 217 59 Upper bay Oct. 23, 1909 217 60 Hudson river Oct. 25, 1909 218 61 Newark bay Nov. 3, 1909 218 62 Hudson river Nov. 4 and 6, 1909 220 176 RESULTS OP ANALYSES TABLE XIV Results of the Examination of Dredgings from the Harbor Bottom, in the Years 1908 and 1909 1— EAST RIVER No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth of Water (feet) Color Odor Consistency Opinion * Approximate Latitude Longitude 20 21 22 23 Nov. 16, 1908 Nov. 16, 1908 Nov. 16, 1908 Nov. 16, 1908 25 feet off pier at E. 6th Street. . . In sUp between Piers 17-18 In sUp between Piers 15-16 In slip between Piers 48-49 O / ff 40 43 15 40 42 21 40 42 19 40 42 54 / ■.;» 73 58 25 74 00 08 74 00 12 73 58 33 40 30 30 30 Black Blaok Black Black HsS HjS HsS HjS Sludge Sludge Sludge Sludge PoUuted Polluted PoUuted PoUuted 24 25 26 27 Nov. 16, 1908 Nov. 16, 1908 Nov. 16, 1908 Nov. 16, 1908 In slip between Piers 18-19 100 feet from abutment Williams- burg Bridge, Manhattan side. . . In sUp between Piers 11-12 In slip between Piers 30-31 40 42 23 40 42 51 40 42 13 40 42 32 74 00 07 73 58 29 74 00 22 73 59 36 30 40 36 36 Black Blaok Black Black H^ H,S HjS as Sludge Sludge Sludge Sludge PoUuted PoUuted PoUuted PoUuted 28 29 30 Nov. 16, 1908 Nov. 16, 1908 Nov. 16, 1908 Nov. 16, 1908 In slip between Piers 14-15 In slip between Piers 34-35 100 feet off center line bulkhead between Piers 18-19 40 42 18 40 42 35 40 42 24 40 43 31 74 00 15 73 59 21 74 00 08 73 68 21 35 36 40 40 Blaok Black Black Black ss as Oily, as Oily, as Sludge Sludge Sludge Sludge PoUuted PoUuted PoUuted 31 25 feet off bulkhead just east of E. 12th St PoUuted 32 33 34 35 Nov. 16, 1908 Nov. 16, 1908 Nov. 16, 1908 Nov. 16, 1908 100 feet off pier, Bradley Contract- ing Co., East river, Manhattan. In shp just east of E. 13th Street. In shp between Piers 12-13 25 feet off E. 8th St. pier 40 42 59 40 43 35 40 42 15 40 43 20 73 68 27 73 58 23 74 00 19 73 58 22 35 40 40 40 Black Black Black Black Oily Oily, as Sludge, clay Sludge Sludge Sludge PoUuted PoUuted PoUuted PoUuted 36 37 38 39 Nov. 16, 1908 Nov. 16, 1908 Nov. 16, 1908 Nov. 16, 1908 In sUp between Piers 32-33 In shp between Piers 27-28 In shp between Piers 33-34 In shp between Piers 45-46 40 42 33 40 42 31 40 42 34 40 42 47 73 59 29 73 69 44 73 59 25 73 68 32 35 35 35 35 Black Black Black Oily, HsS Oily, HsS Oily, HsS Sludge Sludge, clay Sludge Sludge PoUuted PoUuted PoUuted PoUuted 40 41 42 Nov. 16, 1908 Nov. 16, 1908 Nov. 16, 1908 25 feet off bulkhead, E. 10th Street In shp between Piers 28-29 In sUp between Piers 29-30 40 43 27 40 42 32 40 42 32 73 68 24 73 69 41 73 68 41 40 35 36 Black Black Oily, tarry OUy.HsS Sludge Sludge PoUuted PoUuted PoUuted 2— UPPER BAY No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth of Water (feet) Color Odor Consistency Opinion Approximate Latitude Longitude 43 Dec. 6,1908 Deo. 6, 1908 Dec. 6, 1908 Deo. 6, 1908 50 feet off east pier. Governor's Island o / // 40 41 30 40 41 50 40 38 20 40 40 18 o / // 74 00 45 74 02 20 74 02 19 74 03 22 40 20 40 30 Blaok Gray, brown Grayish [brown Brown Oily None None None Sludge, sand Clay Clay Clay PnlliitpH 44 48 300 feet southeast of EUis Island. 300 feet off Owl Head Doubtful 49 About midway between Bobbin's Reef and Liberty Island Doubtful Doubtful 60 Deo. 6,1908 Dec. 10, 1908 Dec. 10, 1908 100 feet off black spar buoy, south of Black Tom channel 40 41 04 40 41 63 40 41 38 74 02 40 74 01 04 74 01 13 40 40 50 — — Clay Sludge, mud Sludge, clay UnpoUuted Dniiht.fiil 51 Midway between Battery and Governor's Island 62 600 feet northwest of Governor's Island Hght PoUuted * Nos. 1 to 19 covered preliminary tests with the method. EXAMINATION OF DEEDGINGS TABLE XIV— Continued a— UPPER BAY— Continued 177 Nn Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth of Color Odor Consistency Opinion Approximate Latitude Longitude Water (feet) 53 54 55 56 Dec. 10, 1908 Deo. 10, 1908 Deo. 10, 1908 Deo. 10, 1908 50 feet off Governor's Island 100 feet west of Governor's Island 2500 feet west of Governor's Island 3000 feet southwest of Governor's Island 1 It 40 41 30 40 41 18 40 41 07 40 40 52 / // 74 01 15 74 01 27 74 02 09 74 02 08 40 36 70 70 — — Sludge, clay Sludge, clay Sludge, clay Sludge, clay Doubtful Polluted Doubtful Doubtful 57 Dec. 10, 1908 Deo. 10, 1908 Deo. 10, 1908 Dec. 10, 1908 §^ mile off £rie Basin 40 40 30 40 41 10 40 40 58 40 40 58 74 01 62 74 01 36 74 01 35 74 01 48 25 30 40 40 — — Sludge, clay-sand Sludge, clay-sand Sludge, clay Sludge, clay 58 100 feet southwest of Governor's Island Doubtful 59 500 feet southwest of Governor's Doubtful Polluted 60 200 feet east of bell buoy. Gov- ernor's Island Doubtful 61 62 Nov. 28, 1908 Nov. 30, 1908 Nov. 30, 1908 75 feet southwest of Aquarium . . . 50 feet outside slip between Piers 23-24, BrookljTi 40 42 11 40 41 32 40 41 28 74 01 03 74 00 16 74 00 20 30 40 40 Black Oily Sludge, clay Ooze, sand Ooze, sludge Doubtful Doubtful 63 150 feet outside slip between Piers 24-26, BrookljTi Polluted -HUDSON RIVER No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth of Water (feet) Color Odor Consistency Opinion Approximate Latitude Longitude 64 Deo. 15, 1908 Dec. 15, 1908 Dec. 15, 1908 Dec. 15, 1908 Midstream opposite Pier A, Hud- o 1 II 40 42 19 40 42 19 40 42 20 40 42 15 O 1 II 74 01 34 74 01 31 74 01 47 74 01 08 60 60 50 50 — — Sludge, gravel Ashes, gravel Sludge, clay Sludge, clay 66 67 68 1800 feet oflF Pier A, Hudson river. 3000 feet off Pier A, Hudson river. Hudson river off Pier A Doubtful Doubtful Polluted Doubtful 69 Deo. 15, 1908 300 feet off shore C. R.R. of N. J. clock on line with Pier A, N. R. 40 42 25 74 02 00 25 Black — Sludge, clay Polluted 4— UPPER BAY No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth of Color Odor Consistency Opinion Approximate Latitude Longitude Water (feet) 70 71 72 73 Dec. 15, 1908 Dec. 15, 1908 Dec. 15, 1908 Dec. 15, 1908 2000 feet east of Ellis Island 2000 feet northeast of Ellis Island 2500 feet east of Ellis Island 2500 feet east of Ellis Island O 1 II 40 42 03 40 42 11 40 42 00 40 41 52 O 1 II 74 01 55 74 01 58 74 01 62 74 01 63 40 40 40 40 Black — Sludge, clay Sludge, clay Sludge, clay Sludge, clay Doubtful Polluted Doubtful Polluted 74 Dec. 15, 1908 Dec. 15, 1908 Dec. 15, 1908 Deo. 15, 1908 1000 feet southeast of Communi- 40 42 13 40 41 41 40 41 25 40 41 37 74 01 54 74 01 52 74 01 52 74 01 38 40 35 80 110 Black Sludge, clay Sludge, clay Sludge, clay Sludge, clay Polluted 76 76 77 2500 feet southeast of Elhs Island 3000 feet southeast of Ellis Island 3500 feet southeast of Ellis Island Polluted Doubtful Polluted 178 RESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XIV— Continued 4^UPPER BAY— Continued No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Approximate Latitude Longitude Depth of Water (feet) Color Odor Consistency Opinion 78 79 80 81 Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. 15, 1908 15, 1908 15, 1908 15, 1908 500 feet west of Governor's Island . 100 feet off buoy S. 2 off Liberty Island 500 feet south of red gas buoy 2 Black Tom channel South edge Black Tom channel 41 18 41 12 40 58 41 12 74 01 35 74 02 37 74 02 44 74 02 50 30 40 60 15 Brown Sludge, clay Sludge, clay Sludge, clay Clay Polluted Polluted Doubtful Daubtful 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. 16, 1908 16, 1908 16, 1908 16, 1908 500 feet off Battery. Halfway across Hudson river, op- posite Pier A 14 way across Hudson river, oppo- 3000 feet east of Ellis Island 40 42 07 40 42 19 42 18 41 54 74 01 07 74 01 34 74 01 26 74 01 37 30 50 50 40 Brown Sludge, gravel-clay Sludge, clay Sludge, clay Sludge, clay Polluted Polluted Polluted PoUuted Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. 16, 1908 16, 1908 16, 1908 16, 1908 2000 feet off C. R.R. of N. J. pier 1000 feet off C. R.R. of N. J. pier. 500 feet off Battery 150 feet off Battery 42 17 42 19 42 07 42 09 74 01 38 74 01 45 74 01 11 74 01 05 40 48 30 30 Black Black Sludge Sludge Sludge Sludge Doubtful Doubtful Polluted Polluted Dec. 16, 1908 Dec. 16, 1908 2100 feet off C. R.R. of N. J. pier . 1500 feet off C. R.R. of N. J. pier. Dec. 16, 1908 600 feet east of Ellis Island . Dec. 16, 1908 400 feet east of Ellis Island . 40 42 12 40 42 13 40 41 57 40 41 52 74 01 38 74 01 47 74 02 06 74 02 10 50 50 30 25 Sludge Sludge, gravel Sludge Sludge PoUuted Polluted PoUuted Polluted 94 95 96 97 100 101 Dec. 17, 1908 Dec. 17, 1908 Dec. 17, 1908 Dec. 17, 1908 600 feet east of Liberty Island. . . 2500 feet east of Liberty Island. . 2500 feet west of Governor's Island 600 feet east of Liberty Island. . , 40 41 21 40 41 25 40 41 25 40 41 24 74 02 24 74 02 05 74 01 52 74 02 30 40 40 70 40 Black Brown OOy Sludge Sludge, clay Sludge, clay Sludge, clay PoUuted PoUuted PoUuted PoUuted Dec. 17, 1908 Dec. 17, 1908 Dec. 21, 1908 Dec. 21, 1908 H mile southwest of Battery i4 mile southwest of Battery 500 feet northwest of Governor's Island 500 feet northwest of Governor's Island 40 41 55 40 41 59 40 41 33 40 41 38 74 01 26 74 01 28 74 01 27 74 01 20 40 40 60 60 Black Black Black, brown Oily Oily Sludge Sludge Sludge, clay Sludge, clay PoUuted PoUuted PoUuted PoUuted 102 103 104 105 Dec. 21, 1908 Dec. Dec. 21, 1908 21, 1908 Dec. 21, 1908 200 feet northwest of Governor's Island 3000 feet east of EUis Island 300 feet north of Liberty Island 500 feet south of Ellis Island. . . . 40 41 38 40 41 57 40 41 27 40 41 49 74 01 25 74 01 46 74 02 35 74 02 20 40 40 15 10 Sludge, clay Sludge, clay Clay Clay PoUuted PoUuted Doubtful PoUuted 106 107 108 109 Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. 21, 1908 21, 1908 21, 1908 21, 1908 On Une Liberty Island to Ellis Island halfway 600 feet south of east dock of ElUs Island 300 feet east of Ellis Island 500 feet north of EUis Island .... 40 41 37 40 41 50 40 41 59 40 42 07 74 02 30 74 02 21 74 02 15 74 02 16 15 15 10 Clay Clay Clay Sludge, clay PoUuted PoUuted PoUuted PoUuted 110 111 112 113 Dec. 21, 1908 Deo. Deo. 21, 1908 21, 1908 Dec. 21, 1908 300 yards off ElUs Island on line with Liberty and EUis Islands. . . 300 feet off dock, Communipaw. . . 100 yards off 4th dock, south of C R.R. of N. J. ferry Halfway between C. R.R. of N. J. ferry and Pier A 40 41 44 40 42 17 40 42 14 40 42 19 74 02 24 74 01 69 74 02 02 74 01 34 6 6 20 50 Clay Sludge, clay Sludge, clay Sludge, clay UnpoUuted Polluted PoUuted Doubtful 114 115 116 117 118 Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. 22, 1908 22, 1908 22, 1908 22, 1908 22, 1908 500 feet southeast of Liberty Island 2500 feet southeast of ElUs Island 2000 feet southeast of Ellis Island 2800 feet southeast of ElUs Island 1000 feet southeast of Liberty Island 40 41 17 40 41 45 40 41 38 40 41 44 40 41 08 74 02 33 74 01 52 74 02 03 74 01 47 74 02 26 40 40 40 40 40 Oily Oily Oily Clay Sludge, clay Clay Sludge, clay Sludge, clay PoUuted Polluted Polluted PoUuted PoUuted EXAMINATION OF DEBDGINGS TABLE XIV— Continued 4— UPPER BAY— Continued 179 No, Date of Collection Location of Samples Approximate Latitude Longitude Depth of Water (feet) Color Odor Consistency Opinion 119 120 121 122 Dec. 22, 1908 Dec. 22, 1908 Dec. 22, 1908 Dec. 24, 1908 500 feet east of C. R.R. of N. J. ferry 500 feet southeafit of C. R.R. of N. J. ferry 2000 feet northeast of Liberty Island 200 feet north of Black Tom pier. . 40 42 25 40 42 22 40 41 37 40 41 48 74 01 57 74 01 59 74 02 21 74 03 20 40 40 40 8 Black Black Brown Sludge Sludge, clay Sludge, clay Clay Polluted Polluted Polluted Doubtful 123 124 125 126 Dec. 24, 1908 Dec. 24, 1908 Dec. 24, 1908 Dec. 24, 1908 100 yards northeast of Black Tom. Midway between Black Tom water tower and Liberty Island 300 feet north of Liberty Island . . . 600 feet north of Liberty Island . . . 40 41 43 40 41 22 40 41 30 40 41 34 74 03 08 74 03 06 74 02 04 74 02 43 Brown Black Black Sludge, clay Sludge Sludge Doubtful Unpolluted Doubtful Polluted 127 128 129 130 Dec. 24, 1908 Dec. 24, 1908 Dec. 24, 1908 Dec. 24, 1908 West end Liberty Island to west end Ellis Island, midway 200 yards from southwest corner of Ellis Island 100 ^ards off southwest comer of Ellis Island 200 feet off southwest corner of EUis Island, o^ line Black Tom water tower 40 41 40 40 41 53 40 41 57 40 41 53 74 02 41 74 02 47 74 02 42 74 02 40 Black Sludge Sludge, clay Sludge, clay Sludge, clay PoUuted Doubtful Doubtful Polluted 131 132 133 134 Dec. 24, 1908 Dec. 24, 1908 Dec. 24, 1908 Dec. 24, 1908 200 yards from Ellis Island, on line Black Tom water tower On line southwest corner EUis Island and Black Tom water tower, half- way On line southwest comer Ellis Island and Black Tom water tower, about halfway On line southwest corner of Ellis Island and Black Tom water tower, 200 yards oft Black Tom shore 40 41 52 40 41 43 40 41 38 40 41 39 74 02 45 74 02 64 74 02 63 74 03 18 Black Sludge Sludge, clay Sludge, clay Sludge, clay Polluted Polluted Doubtful UnpoHutod 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 Dee. 24, 1908 Dec. 24, 1908 Dec. 24, 1908 Dec. 24, 1908 On line southwest comer of Ellis Island and Black Tom water tower, 100 yards off Black Tom shore On line southeast corner of Ellis Island and northwest corner Lib- erty, 100 yards off EUis Island. . On line southeast corner of Ellis Island and northwest corner Lib- erty, midway 100 yards off northwest corner Ellis Island 40 41 38 40 41 44 40 41 37 40 42 04 74 03 23 74 02 35 74 02 39 74 02 29 Sludge, clay Sludge, clay Sludge, clay Sludge, clay PoUuted PoUuted PoUuted PoUuted Dec. 24, 1908 Dec. 24, 1908 Dec. 24, 1908 Dec. 24, 1908 Near gas buoy 2, Black Tom chan- nel Midway between buoys 2 and 4, Black Tom channel Between buoys 4 and 6, Black Tom channel Near Liberty Island 40 41 07 40 41 12 40 41 18 40 41 25 74 02 37 74 02 46 74 02 52 74 02 48 15 16 15 8 Oily Oily Clay Clay Sludge, clay Sludge, clay PoUuted PoUuted PoUuted PoUuted Dec. 24, 1908 Dec. 24, 1908 Dec. 24, 1908 Dec. 24, 1908 Feb. 12, 1909 Midway between EUis Island and Liberty Island 1000 feet noith of Liberty Island 100 feet off southwest comer of EUis Island 100 feet off center Une of the west bulldiead, EUis Island 1000 feet west of Erie Basin 40 41 42 40 41 37 40 41 57 40 42 00 40 40 24 74 02 48 74 02 45 74 02 36 74 02 32 74 01 20 8 6 12 35 Black Oily, tarry Sludge, clay Sludge, clay Clay Clay Sludge, clay Doubtful Unpolluted UnpoUuted Doubtful Polluted 180 RESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XIV— Continued 4— UPPER BAY— Continued No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Approjdmate Latitude Longitude Depth of Water (feet) Color Odor Consistency Opinion 148 149 150 151 Feb. 12, 1909 Feb. 12, 1909 Feb. 12, 1909 Feb. 12, 1909 1500 feet west of Erie Basin. 2000 feet west of Erie basin. 2800 feet west of Erie basin. 3500 feet west of Erie basin. 40 40 29 40 40 34 40 40 37 40 40 40 74 01 25 74 01 32 74 01 37 74 01 42 15 15 20 20 Black Black Oily, tany Tarry, oily Sludge, sand Sand Sand Sludge, clay Polluted Unpolluted Polluted Polluted 152 153 154 155 Feb. 12, 1909 Feb. Feb. 12, 1909 12, 1909 Feb. 12, 1909 4000 feet west of Erie basin. 4500 feet west of Erie basin. 5000 feet west of Erie basin. 6000 feet west of Erie basin. 40 40 42 40 40 47 40 40 50 40 40 57 74 01 49 74 01 54 74 02 00 74 02 10 20 20 20 30 Black Black Black Black Tarry, oilv Oily' Sludge, clay Sludge, clay Sand, sludge clay Sludge, clay Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted 156 157 158 159 Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. 12, 1909 12, 1909 12, 1909 12, 1909 5000 feet east of Black Tom 4000 feet east of Black Tom 500 feet south of Liberty Island . 600 feet south of Caven Point. . . 40 41 01 40 41 06 40 41 18 40 41 35 74 02 19 74 02 30 74 02 38 74 04 28 30 10 10 6 Black Black Black Black Sludge, clay Sludge, clay Sludgy clay Sludge, clay Polluted Polluted Polluted UnpoUuted 160 161 162 163 Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. 12, 1909 12, 1909 12, 1909 12, 1909 1000 feet south of Caven Point. . 1000 feet southeast of Caven Point 1500 feet southeast of Caven Point 1800 feet southeast of Caven Point 40 41 28 40 41 26 40 41 22 40 41 19 74 04 26 74 04 21 74 04 22 74 04 11 6 10 10 10 Black Black Black Black Sludge, clay Sludge, clay Sludge, clay Sludge, clay Unpolluted Unpolluted Doubtful Doubtful 164 165 166 167 Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. 12, 1909 2000 feet southeast of Caven Point 12, 1909 3500 feet southeast of Caven Point 4500 feet southeast of Caven Point 2000 feet east of buoy N U, off Gowanus bay 12, 1909 18, 1909 40 41 18 40 41 07 40 41 07 40 40 05 74 03 56 74 03 41 74 03 27 74 01 43 10 10 10 20 Black Black Black OUy, tarry Sludge, clay Sludge, clay Sand, clay Sludge, clay Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted Polluted 168 169 170 171 Feb. 18, 1909 1000 feet east of buoy N 14, off Gowanus bay 40 40 08 Feb. Feb. 18, 1909 18, 1909 1000 feet north of buoy N 14, off Gowanus bay 2000 feet northeast of buoy N 14, off Gowanus bay 40 19 40 25 Feb. 18, 1909 3500 feet northeast of buoy N 14, off Gowanus bay 40 40 35 74 01 53 74 02 08 74 02 18 74 02 27 20 25 25 30 Black Black Black Oily, tarry Oily OUy, tarry Sludge, sand Sludge, sand Sludge, clay Sludge, sand Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted 172 173 174 175 Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. 18, 1909 18, 1909 18, 1909 18, 1909 4000 feet northeast of buoy N 14, off Gowanus bay 40 4500 feet northeast of buoy N 14, off Gowanus bay 40 5000 feet northeast of buoy N 14, off Gowanus bay 5000 feet northeast of buoy N 14, off Gowanus bay 40 40 50 40 40 47 40 40 40 43 74 02 33 74 02 37 74 02 35 74 02 39 30 30 30 30 Brown Black Black Black Oily Oily, tarry Oily, tarry Sludge, clay Sludge, sand Sludge, sand Sludge, sand Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted 176 177 178 179 Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. 18, 1909 18, 1909 18, 1909 18, 1909 2500 feet north of buoy G 2 . 2000 feet north of buoy G 2 . 1800 feet north of buov G 2. 2600 feet north of buoy G 2. 40 28 40 25 40 25 40 31 74 02 54 74 02 60 74 03 00 74 03 05 40 35 35 40 Black Oily Oily Clay, gravel Sludge, sand Sludge, clay Sand, sludge, clay Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted 180 181 182 183 184 Feb. 18, 1909 Feb. 18, 1909 Feb. 18, 1909 Feb. 18, 1909 Feb. 19, 1909 3500 feet north of buoy G 2. 3000 feet north of buoy G 2. 6000 feet northeast of buoy G 2 . 1 mile northeast of buoy G 2 Near buoy N 14, at mouth of Gowanus bay 40 40 39 40 40 37 40 40 55 40 40 58 40 40 04 74 03 10 74 03 14 74 03 23 74 03 33 74 02 08 40 40 30 30 30 Black Black Tarry, oily Sludge, clay Sludge, clay Sludge, clay Sludge, clay Sludge, sand Polluted Polluted Doubtful Polluted Polluted EXAMINATION OP DREDGINGS TABLE XIV— Continued 4— UPPER BAY— Continued 181 No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Approximate Latitude Longitude Depth of Water (feet) Color Odor Consistency Opinion 185 186 187 188 Feb. 19, 1909 Feb. 19, 1909 Feb. 19, 1909 Feb. 19, 1909 800 feet northeast of buoy N 14. . 1000 feet east of buoy N 14 1600 feet east of buoy N 14 2500 feet east of buoy N 14 o / // 40 40 07 40 40 04 40 40 00 40 40 00 O / // 74 02 03 74 01 57 74 01 50 74 01 40 30 30 30 30 Black Black Black Black Oily Oily Oily Oily, tarry Sludge, sand Sludge Sludge Sludge Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted 189 190 191 192 Feb. 19, 1909 Feb. 19, 1909 Feb. 19, 1909 Feb. 19, 1909 2200 feet off southern end of Erie basin 1900 feet off southern end of Erie basin 1500 feet off southern end of Erie basin 1200 feet off southern end of Erie basin 40 39 57 40 39 54 40 39 53 40 39 53 74 01 34 74 01 30 74 01 25 74 01 21 30 30 30 30 Oily, tarry Oily, tarry Oily, tany Oily, tarry Sludge, clay Sludge, clay Sludge, clay Sludge, clay Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted 193 194 195 196 Feb. 19, 1909 900 feet off southern end of Erie Basin Feb. 23, 1909 2000 feet off 39th street, Brooklyn. Feb. 23, 1909,2500 feet off 39th street, Brooklyn. Feb. 23, 1909 2600 feet off 39th street, Brooklyn. 40 39 52 40 39 40 40 39 38 40 39 42 74 01 16 74 01 13 74 01 26 74 01 21 30 20 20 25 Black Black Black Black Oily, tarry Oily Oily Oily Sludge, clay Sludge Sludge Sludge, sand, clay PoUuted Polluted Polluted Polluted 197 198 199 200 201 Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. 23, 23, 23, 23, 1909 1909 1909 1909 Feb. 23, 1909 1000 feet east of buoy N 14, off Gowanus bay 1000 feet southeast of buoy N 14, off Gowanus Bay Near buoy N 14, off Gowanus bay 500 feet west of buoy N 14, off Gowanus bay 1000 feet west of buoy N 14, off Gowanus bay 40 40 00 39 57 40 01 40 08 40 08 74 01 50 74 01 54 74 02 12 74 02 15 74 02 30 25 20 25 30 30 Black Black Black Black Sludge, clay Sludge, clay Sludge, clay Sludge, clay Sand Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted 202 203 204 205 Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. 23, 23, 23, 26, 1909 1909 1909 1909 1000 feet northwest of buoy N 14, off Gowanus bay 2000 feet northwest of buoy N 14, off Gowanus bay 3000 feet northwest of buoy N 14, off Gowanus bay 1000 feet north of buoy G 2 40 14 40 21 40 19 40 20 74 02 29 74 02 27 74 02 50 74 03 08 30 30 40 40 Black Black Black Brown Sludge, clay Sludge, clay Sludge, clay Sand, clay Polluted Polluted PoUuted PoUuted 206 207 208 209 Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. 26, 26, 26. 26, 1909 1909 1909 1909 2500 feet northwest of buoy G 2. 3000 feet northwest of buoy G 2. 4000 feet northwest of buoy G 2. 5000 feet northwest of buoy G 2. 40 29 40 33 40 37 40 44 74 03 13 74 03 16 74 03 23 74 03 28 10 10 10 10 Black Black Clay Clay Clay PoUuted PoUuted Doubtful UnpoUuted 210 211 212 213 Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. 26, 26, 26, 26, 1909 1909 1909 1909 1 mile northwest of buoy G 2 — 3500 feet northeast of P. R.R. ter- minal, GreenviUe 3000 feet northeast of P. R.R. ter- minal, GreenviUe 3500 feet north of P. R.R. terminal, GreenviUe 40 52 40 57 40 57 41 03 74 03 28 74.03 39 74 03 44 74 03 52 10 8 8 8 Black Black Black Black Clay Clay Clay Clay Polluted Doubtful Doubtful UnpoUuted 214 215 216 217 Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. 26, 26, 26, 26, 1909 1909 1909 1909 3000 feet southeast of Caven Point. 2000 feet southeast of Caven Point. 2000 feet south of Caven Point . . . . 3000 feet south of Caven Point. . . . 40 41 04 40 41 11 40 41 12 40 41 03 74 04 00 74 04 04 74 04 15 74 04 18 Brown Brown Brown Subsoil Subsoil Subsoil Clay Doubtful UnpoUuted UnpoUuted UnpoUuted 218 219 Feb. Feb. 26, 26, 1909 1909 3500 feet south of Caven Point 2500 feet northeast of P. R.R. ter- minal, GreenviUe 40 40 57 40 40 54 74 04 13 74 04 01 Clay Clay Doubtful UnpoUuted 182 RESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XIV— Continued 4— UPPER BAY— Continued No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Approximate Latitude Longitude Depth of Water (feet) Color Odor Consistency Opinion 220 221 222 223 Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. 26, 1909 26, 1909 26, 1909 26, 1909 2000 feet northeast of P. R.R. ter- minal, Greenville 3000 feet northeast of P. R.R. ter- minal, Greenville 3000 feet east of P. R.R. terminal, Greenville 2500 feet east of P. R.R. terminal, Greenville 40 40 50 40 40 47 40 40 42 40 40 39 74 03 57 74 03 50 74 03 42 74 03 36 8 8 12 12 Black Black Clay Clay Subsoil Clay Unpolluted Unpolluted Doubtful Doubtful 224 225 226 227 Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. 26, 1909 26, 1909 26, 1909 26, 1909 3800 feet east of P. R.R. terminal, Greenville 4000 feet east of P. R.R. terminal, Greenville 1500 feet northwest of buoy G 2 . . 1000 feet northwest of buoy G 2 . . 40 40 31 40 40 23 40 40 19 40 40 10 74 03 28 74 03 23 74 03 14 74 03 06 12 15 12 12 Black Black Black Oily Oily Clay Clay Sludge, subsoil Sludge, sand, gravel Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted 228 229 230 231 Feb, 26, 1909 Feb. 26, 1909 Feb. 26, 1909 Feb. 27, 1909 500 feet northeast of buoy G 2 . . 1000 feet south of buoy G 2 1500 feet southeast of buoy G 2. . J^ mile southwest of buoy N 14, off Gowanus bay 40 40 05 40 39 52 40 39 50 40 39 36 74 02 55 74 02 52 74 02 43 74 02 52 20 40 60 30 Black Oily Oily Oily Sludge, sand, gravel Sludge, clay Sludge, sand Sludge, sand, clay Doubtful Doubtful Doubtful Unpolluted 232 233 234 235 Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. 27, 27, 27, 27, 1909 1909 1909 1909 yi mile southwest of buoy N 14 . ]/2 mile southwest of buoy N 14 . 2400 feet south of buoy N 14. . . . 2300 feet south of buoy N 14.. . . 40 39 49 40 39 45 40 39 40 40 39 38 74 02 38 74 02 32 74 02 24 74 02 08 30 30 30 30 Black Oily Oily Oily Sludge, sand Sludgy, sand Sand Clay, sand Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted 236 237 238 239 Feb. Feb. Feb. 27, 27, 27, 1909 1909 1909 Feb. 27, 1909 3000 feet southeast of buoy 3600 feet southeast of buoj^ N 14. 2800 feet off shore opposite 40th street, Brooklyn 2100 feet off shore opposite 39th street, Brooklyn 40 39 34 40 39 33 40 39 27 40 39 27 74 01 68 74 01 51 74 01 40 74 01 28 20 20 20 20 Black Black Black Oily Oily Ofly Clay Clay Sand Sludge, clay Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted 240 241 242 243 Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. 27, 27, 27, 27, 1909 1909 1909 1909 About 1 mile northeast of Robbins Reef light About 1 mile northeast of Robbins Beef light About T/s mile northeast of Robbins Reef light About 1 mile northeast of Robbins Reef light 40 39 40 40 39 43 40 39 49 40 39 55 74 02 51 74 03 01 74 03 08 74 03 07 40 40 40 40 Black Black Black Black Oily OUy Oily OUy Clay Clay Clay Clay Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted 244 245 246 247 Feb. 27, 1909 About 1 mile north of Robbins Reef Ught Feb. Feb. Feb. 1909 1909 1909 About 1 mile north of Robbins Reef light About 1 mile north of Robbins Reef light About 1 mile north of Robbins Reef light 40 40 03 40 40 07 40 40 08 40 40 18 74 03 13 74 03 22 74 03 34 74 03 42 40 40 40 40 Black Black Black Brown Sludge, subsoil Sludge Sludge Subsoil Polluted Polluted Polluted Doubtful 248 249 260 251 Feb. Mar. Mai. Mar. 27, 3, 3, 3, 1909 1909 1909 1909 About 1 mile north of Robbins Reef light 1600 feet off shore 65th street, Brooklyn 1700 feet off shore 65th street, Brooklyn 2500 feet off shore 65th street, Brooklyn 40 40 20 40 38 49 40 38 53 40 38 57 74 03 54 74 02 13 74 02 08 74 02 20 40 30 30 30 Brown Brown Brown Subsoil Subsoil Subsoil Sand Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted EXAMINATION OF DREDGINGS TABLE XIV— Continued 4— UPPER BAY— Continued 183 No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Approjdmate Latitude Longitude Depth of Water (feet) Color Odor Consistency Opinion 252 253 254 255 Mar. 3,1909 Mar. 3,1909 Mar. 3, 1909 Mar. 3,1909 3600 feet off shore 65th street, Brookljm 3300 feet off shore 65th street, Brooklyn 4200 feet off shore 65th street, Brooklyn 1 mile off shore 65th street, BrookljTi 40 39 02 40 38 55 40 39 02 40 39 04 74 02 35 74 02 36 74 02 43 74 02 51 30 30 30 30 OUy Oily Oily Oily Sand Sand Sand Sludge, sand Polluted Polluted Doubtful Polluted 256 257 258 259 Mar. 3,1909 Mar. 3, 1909 Mar. 6,1909 Mar. 6,1909 1 mile off shore 65th street, Brooklyn J^ mile east of Bobbins Reef bell buoy 1800 feet off shore 60th street, Brooklyn 2600 feet off shore 62nd street, Brookljna 40 38 58 40 39 11 40 39 00 40 38 58 74 02 55 74 03 09 74 01 52 74 02 05 30 35 30 30 Brown Brown Brown Black Oily Oily Clay, sand Clay Clay Sludge, clay Polluted Doubtful Polluted Polluted 260 261 262 263 Mar. 6,1909 Mar. 6,1909 Mar. 6,1909 Mar. 6,1909 3200 feet off shore 60th street, Brooklyn 3900 feet off shore 60th street, Brooklyn 4400 feet off shore 60th street, Brooklyn 1 mile off shore 60th street, Brooklyn 40 39 03 40 39 09 40 39 12 40 39 17 74 02 08 74 02 14 74 02 21 74 02 27 30 30 30 30 Oily Oily Sand Sand Sludge, sand Sludge, sand Doubtful Unpolluted Polluted Polluted 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. 6, 1909 6, 1909 6, 1909 6, 1909 1 J^ mile off shore 60th street, Brook- lyn 1 Yn mile off shore 60th street, Brook- lyn IJ^ mile off shore, 60th street, Brooklyn 1^ mile off shore 60th street, Brooklyn 40 39 22 40 39 13 40 39 28 40 39 35 74 02 40 74 02 42 74 02 54 74 03 06 30 35 35 35 Brown Black Oily OUy Oily Sludge, sand Sludge, sand Clay Clay Polluted Polluted Polluted Unpolluted Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. 6, 1909 6, 1909 6, 1909 6, 1909 900 feet north of Robbins Reef bell buoy 1000 feet northeast of Robbins Reef bell buoy 2000 feet east of Robbins Reef bell buoy 2500 feet east of Robbins Reef bell buoy 40 39 24 40 39 17 40 39 07 40 39 05 74 03 52 74 03 40 74 03 27 74 03 19 40 40 40 40 Black Black Oily Oily Gravel Sludge, clay Sludge, clay Clay Unpolluted Polluted Polluted Polluted 272 273 274 275 276 277 Mar. 6,1909 Mar. 6,1909 Mar. 6,1909 Mar. 6,1909 1 mile off shore 65th street, Brooldyn 1200 feet south of Robbins Reef Ught J^ mile south of Robbins Reef light 3000 feet southwest of Robbins Reef light 40 39 11 40 39 04 40 38 50 40 39 04 74 02 50 74 03 55 74 04 08 74 04 22 30 40 35 35 Black OUy HjS OUy Sludge, sand Subsoil Sand, gravel Gravel Polluted Doubtful Doubtful Doubtful Mar. 6,1909 Mar. 6,1909 3000 feet south of Robbins Reef hght i mile south of Robbins Reef light 40 38 57 40 38 39 74 04 05 74 03 53 30 35 Sand Sand Doubtful Doubtful B— CHEESEQUAKE CREEK Date of CoUection Location of Samples Depth of Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion Bacteria No. Approximate Latitude Longitude Water (feet) per gram 278 Mar. 30, 1909 Mar. 30, 1909 Cheesequake Creek, Lawrence Harbor N J / // 40 27 30 40 27 30 O f fl 74 16 00 74 16 00 2 2 Gray Gray Marshy Marshy Clay Clay Unpolluted Unpolluted 15,000 9,000 279 Cheesequake Creek, Lawrence Harbor, N. J 184 RESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XIV— Continued 6— UPPER BAY No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Approximate Latitude Longitude Depth of Water (feet) Color Odor Consistency Opinion 280 281 282 283 Mar. 23, 1909 Mar. 23, 1909 Mar. 23, 1909 Mar. 24, 1909 3300 feet off Owl Head 500 feet north of 71st street sewer, 600 feet off shore 1500 feet from Brooklyn shore, mid- way between Bliss tower and 71st street sewer 2800 feet northwest of Owl Head bell buoy. 4X) 38 27 40 38 23 40 38 21 40 38 45 74 02 55 74 02 17 74 02 34 74 03 41 40 40 40 25 Black Brown Black Black HsS Oily Clay Subsoil Clay Subsoil Polluted Polluted Polluted Doubtful 284 285 286 287 Mar. 24, 1909 Mar. 24, 1909 Mar. 24, 1909 Mar. 24, 1909 2600 feet southwest of Owl Head bell buoy 2100 feet northwest of Owl Head bell buoy 2200 feet northwest of Owl Head bell buoy 1200 feet north of Owl Head bell buoy 40 38 40 40 38 39 40 38 40 40 38 35 74 03 41 74 03 34 74 03 28 74 03 22 25 25 25 30 Black Black Black OUy Oily Oily Subsoil Subsoil Subsoil Sludge, sand Polluted Polluted Polluted 289 290 291 292 Mar. 24, 1909 Mar. 24, 1909 Mar. 24, 1909 Mar. 24, 1909 900 feet north of Owl Head bell buoy 1300 feet northwest of Owl Head bell buoy 1600 feet east of Owl Head bell buoy 2200 feet east of Owl Head bell buoy 40 38 22 40 38 36 40 38 24 40 38 21 74 03 17 74 03 41 74 02 58 74 02 50 30 30 30 40 Black Black Sand, gravel Sand, gravel Subsoil, clay Silt, sand PoUuted PoUuted Polluted Polluted 293 Mar. 24, 1909 294 295 296 Mar. 24, 1909 Mar. 24, 1909 Mar. 24, 1909 2100 feet east of Owl Head bell buoy 2700 feet east of Owl Head bell buoy 2800 feet east of Owl Head bell buoy 3200 feet east of Owl Head bell buoy 40 38 24 40 38 24 40 38 20 40 38 24 74 02 51 74 02 43 74 02 41 74 02 37 40 40 40 40 Black Black Black Oily Silt, sand Silt, sand Silt, sand Silt, sand PoUuted PoUuted PoUuted PoUuted 297 298 299 Mar. 24, 1909 Mar. 24, 1909 Mar. 24, 1909 4200 feet east of Owl Head beU buoy 600 feet off Owl Head 700 feet off Owl Head 40 38 25 40 38 27 40 38 18 74 02 26 74 02 19 74 02 30 40 40 40 Black Black Black Sand, clay Sand, clay Subsoil PoUuted Polluted PoUuted No, Date of CoUection Location of Samples Approximate Latitude Longitude Depth of Water (feet) Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion Bacteria, per gram 300 301 302 303 Mar. 27, 1909 Mar. 27, 1909 Mar. 27, 1909 Mar. 27, 1909 4000 feet west of Robbin's Reef light 5000 feet west of Robbin's Reef light 4500 feet west of Robbin's Reef light 4000 feet west of Robbin's Reef Ught 40 39 33 40 39 30 40 39 25 40 39 22 74 04 43 74 05 02 74 04 57 74 04 51 Black Black Black Black Oily Oily Subsoil Subsoil Subsoil Subsoil UnpoUuted UnpoUuted UnpoUuted Doubtful 900,000 950,000 1,100,000 740,000 304 305 306 307 Mar. 27, 1909 Mar. 27, 1909 Mar. 27, 1909 Mar. 27, 1909 3600 feet west of Robbin's Reef Ught 3000 feet southwest of Rob' bin's Reef light 2700 feet southwest of Rob- bin's Reef Ught 2200 feet southwest of Rob- bin's Reef Ught 40 39 21 40 39 18 40 39 17 40 39 17 74 04 45 74 04 37 74 04 31 74 04 24 8 20 20 20 Black Black Black Black Oily Oily Oily Oily Subsoil Subsoil Subsoil Subsoil PoUuted PoUuted UnpoUuted PoUuted 850,000 640,000 690,000 1,000,000 308 309 Mar. 27, 1909 Mar. 29, 1909 1800 feet southwest of Rob- bin's Reef light 1200 feet southwest of Rob- bin's Reef light 40 39 18 40 39 23 74 04 17 74 04 15 20 40 Black Oily Subsoil Sand, silt UnpoUuted UnpoUuted 770,000 160,000 EXAMINATION OP DREDGINGS TABLE XIV— Continued e— UPPER BAY— Continued 185 No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Approximate Latitude Longitude Depth of Water (feet) Color Odor Consist- ency- Opinion Bacteria, per gram 310 311 312 313 Mar. 29, 1909 Mar. 29, 1909 Mar. 29, 1909 Mar. 29, 1909 1000 feet southwest of Bob- bin's Reef light 1600 feet south of Bobbin's Reef light 2800 feet south of Bobbin's Reef light 3200 feet south of Robbin's Reef light 40 39 18 40 39 11 40 38 53 40 38 55 74 04 08 74 04 05 74 03 56 74 03 51 40 70 30 40 Oily Oily Silt, sand Gravel Silt, sand Clay Doubtful Unpolluted Polluted Polluted 670,000 480,000 720,000 314 315 316 317 Mar. 29, 1909 Mar. 29, 1909 Mar. 29, 1909 Mar. 29, 1909 1500 feet south of Robbin's Reef light 2200 feet southeast of Bobbin's Beef bell buoy 2800 feet southeast of Bobbin's Beef bell buoy 2500 feet north of Owl Head bell buoy 40 38 59 40 38 55 40 38 52 40 38 52 74 03 48 74 03 39 74 03 28 74 03 10 70 50 60 35 Black Black Black Black Oily OUy Subsoil Clay Clay Clay Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted 840,000 630,000 660,000 1,200,000 318 319 320 321 Mar. 29, 1909 Mar. 29, 1909 Mar. 29, 1909 Mar. 29, 1909 2600 feet north of Owl Head bell buoy 2900 feet north of Qwl Head bell buoy 2600 feet north of Owl Head bell buoy 2800 feet northeast of Owl Head bell buoy 40 38 52 40 38 52 40 38 47 40 38 44 74 03 06 74 03 10 74 03 02 74 02 53 35 35 35 30 Blaek Black Oily Oily Oily Clay Clay Sand Silty sand Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted 1,600,000 940,000 180,000 320,000 322 323 324 325 Mar. 29, 1909 Mai. 29, 1909 Mar. 29, 1909 Mar. 30, 1909 Owl 3000 feet oS shore at Head, Brooklyn 2400 feet off shore at Owl Head, Brooklyn. . 1500 feet off shore at Owl Head, Brooklyn. . Line from 71st street sewer to St. George 40 38 40 40 38 38 40 38 35 40 38 14 74 02 43 74 02 36 34 02 27 74 02 17 40 40 40 40 Black Oily Bilty sand Silty sand Clay Sand, clay Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted 240,000 440,000 840,000 6,400,000 326 327 828 329 Mar. 30, 1909 Mar. 30, 1909 Mar. 30, 1909 Mar. 30, 1909 300 feet off shore; 100 feet off shore, sewer to St. George. . Opposite 71st street, BrookljTi About 800 feet off Bay Bidge About 900 feet off Bay Bidge 40 38 14 74 02 26 40 38 09 40 38 22 74 02 30 74 02 25 40 40 40 40 Brown Brown Brown Oily Sand, clay Subsoil Subsoil Subsoil Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted 1,800,000 5,300,000 1,100,000 900,000 330 331 332 333 Mar. 30, 1909 Mar. 30, 1909 Mar. 30, 1909 Mar. 30, 1909 1800 feet off Bay Bidge. 2400 feet off Bay Bidge. 2600 feet off Bay Bidge. 3000 feet off Bay Bidge. 40 38 17 40 38 18 40 38 17 40 38 21 74 02 36 74 02 43 74 02 50 74 02 54 40 40 40 40 Brown Brown Black Oily Oily Subsoil Subsoil Silt, sand Sand, clay Polluted Polluted PoUuted PoUuted 250,000 1,000,000 600,000 2,400,000 334 335 336 337 Mar. 30, 1909 Mar. 30, 1909 Mar. 30, 1909 Mar. 30. 1909 3800 feet off Bay Bidge At Owl Head bell buoy 900 feet west of Owl Head bell buoy 1600 feet northwest of Owl Head bell buoy 40 38 20 40 38 21 40 38 24 40 38 28 74 03 02 74 03 14 74 03 26 74 03 32 40 25 35 35 Black Black Oily Silt, sand Silt, sand Clay Clay PoUuted PoUuted Doubtful PoUuted 338 339 Mar. 30, 1909 Mar. 30, 1909 2800 feet northwest of Owl Head beU buoy 3000 feet northwest of Owl Head beU buoy 40 38 32 40 38 34 74 03 44 74 03 50 40 40 Black Oily Oily Clay Sand PoUuted PoUuted 4,200,000 3,200,000 2,100,000 450,000 330,000 460,000 186 RESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XIV— Continued 7— HUDSON RIVER No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth of Water (feet) Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion Bacteria, Approximate Latitude Longitude per gram 340 341 Apr. 15, 1909 Apr. IS, 1909 Breakwater at Pier A, N. R. . . About 1200 feet off the south- west corner of Pier A t It 40 42 15 40 42 12 O 1 tl 74 01 05 74 01 22 20 50 Black Oily Sediment Silt, gravel Polluted Doubtful 8— HEMPSTEAD BAY No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth in feet Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion Bacteria, Approximate Lati- tude Longi- tude per gram Water Mud 342 343 Apr. 6, 1909. Apr. 6, 1909. Apr. 6, 1909. Apr. 6, 1909. 200 feet back of house of John L. Lawrence Same as No. 342 o t ff 40 37 00 40 37 00 40 37 00 40 37 00 O 1 If 73 42 00 73 42 00 73 42 00 73 42 00 4 4 4 4 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 Brown Black Brown Black Marshy Marshy Marshy Marshy Clay Clay Clay Clay Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted 45,000 20,000 38,000 22,000 344 345 300 feet farther out Same as No. 344 346 Apr. 6, 1909. Apr. 6, 1909. Apr. 6, 1909. Apr. 6, 1909. 40 37 00 40 37 00 40 37 00 40 37 00 73 42 00 73 42 00 73 42 00 73 42 00 4 4 4 4 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.7 Brown Black Brown Gray Marshy Marshy Marshy Marshy Clay Clay Clay Clay Polluted UnpoUuted UnpoUuted Doubtful 42,000 18,000 28,000 19,000 347 In middle of creek 348 Back of house of John L. Lawrence 349 Back of house of John L. 9- PELHAM BAY No. Date of CoUection Location of Samples Depth in feet Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion Bacteria, Approximate Lati- tude Longi- tude per gram Water Mud 350 Apr. 5, 1909. Apr. 5, 1909. Apr. 5, 1909. Shore of Pelham Bay Park, 600 feet west of bathing t It 40 52 12 40 52 12 40 52 02 o / // 73 48 18 73 48 18 73 48 18 3 3 3 0.5 Brown Brown — Sand Sand Clay UnpoUuted UnpoUuted UnpoUuted 1,000 1,000 53,000 351 Same as No. 350 352 Shore of Pelham Bay Park, 300 feet east of bathing 353 354 355 Apr. 5, 1909. Apr. 5, 1909. Apr. 5, 1909. Same as No. 352 Extreme west end of same inlet near Bartow's Station 40 52 02 40 52 13 40 52 13 73 48 18 73 48 34 73 48 24 3 3 3 0.5 0.0 0.5 Brown — Clay Clay Clay UnpoUuted UnpoUuted UnpoUuted 8,000 80,000 9,000 10— LONG ISLAND SOUND No. Date of CoUection Location of Samples Depth of Water (feet) Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion Bacteria, Approximate Latitude Longitude 356 Apr. 13, 1909 Greenpoint Harbor at oyster beds 0' / // 41 06 00 1 tt 72 21 05 15 YeUow Sand UnpoUuted 4,000 EXAMINATION OF DREDGINGS TABLE XIV— Continued 11— UPPER BAY 187 No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth of Water (feet) Color Odor Consistency Opinion Approximate Latitude Longitude 357 358 359 360 Apr. 17, 1909 Apr. 17, 1909 Apr. 17, 1909 Apr. 17, 1909 From 79th street sewer to Tomp- kiuRville, 650 feet out from sewer 300 feet off 79th street, Brooklyn. . 800 feet off 79th street, Brooklyn. . 1400 feet off 79th street, Brooklyn. o / // 40 37 35 40 37 51 40 37 54 40 37 55 O 1 II 74 02 28 74 02 33 74 02 38 74 02 45 30 30 30 40 Black Black Oily Subsoil Sludge, sand Silty sand Silty sand Polluted Polluted PoUuted Polluted 361 362 363 364 Apr. 17, 1909 Apr. 17, 1909 Apr. 17, 1909 Apr. 17, 1909 2400 feet off 79th street, Brooklyn. 3000 feet off 79th street, Brooklyn. 2800 feet off 79th street, Brooklyn. 3500 feet off 79th street, Brooklyn. 40 37 58 40 38 01 40 38 03 40 38 02 74 02 56 74 03 03 74 02 59 74 03 11 40 40 40 40 — Oily Silty sand Silty sand Sludge, clay sand Silt, sand Polluted PoUuted PoUuted PoUuted 365 366 367 368 369 Apr. 17, 1909 Apr. 17, 1909 Apr. 17, 1909 Apr. 17, 1909 Apr. 17, 1909 4000 feet off 79th street, Brooklyn. 500 feet west of Owl Head bell buoy 4000 feet off Tompkinsville, S. I. . 2400 feet off Tompkinsville, S. I. . . 100 feet off Pier 1, Staten Island.. . 40 38 05 40 38 18 40 38 12 40 38 20 40 38 23 74 03 17 74 03 22 74 03 37 74 03 55 74 04 12 50 35 45 55 35 Brown Oily Oily Oily Oily Sand Silty sand Subsoil Sand, gravel Sand, gravel Doubtful PoUuted PoUuted UnpoUuted PoUuted 12 —LONG ISLAND SOUND No. Date of CoUection Location of Samples Depth of Water (feet) Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion Bacteria, Approximate Latitude Longitude 370 Apr. 13, 1909 Apr. 13, 1909 Apr. 13, 1909 Apr. 13, 1909 Gardener's bay, near Orient Point / II 41 09 00 41 00 30 40 59 50 40 57 00 / // 72 12 30 72 42 00 72 49 45 73 05 00 30 35 35 20 Brown Brown Gray Gray — Clay Clay Clay Clay UnpoUuted Unpolluted UnpoUuted Unpolluted 3,000 6,000 5,000 32,000 371 372 373 ]/^ mile off Roanoke Point .... ]/2 mile off WoodviUe Landing. Port Jefferson harbor, just in- side breakwater 374 375 376 377 Apr. 15, 1909 Apr. 15, 1909 Apr. 15, 1909 Apr. 15, 1909 }4 mile off Eaton's Point 1 mile off Lloyd's Point 1 mile off Center Is. Point. . . . 1 mile off Matinicock Point. . . 40 59 30 40 57 45 40 56 30 40 55 20 73 22 30 73 29 10 73 23 00 73 38 25 55 45 35 55 Gray Gray Gray Gray — Clay Clay Sand, clay Sand, clay UnpoUuted Unpolluted Unpolluted UnpoUuted 16,000 12,000 17,000 22,000 378 379 Apr. 15, 1909 Apr. 15, 1909 Apr. 15, 1909 1 mile off Prospect Point Eastchester bay, near City 40 52 45 40 60 00 40 48 20 73 44 25 73 47 30 73 47 20 50 15 25 Gray Gray Gray — Sand, clay Sand, clay Sand, clay UnpoUuted UnpoUuted UnpoUuted 18,000 80,000 140,000 380 300 feet east of Throgs Neck.. 13— UPPER BAY No. Date of CoUection Location of Samples Approximate Latitude Longitude Depth of Water (feet) Color Odor Consistency Opinion 381 382 383 384 Apr. 21, 1909 Apr. 21, 1909 Apr. 21, 1909 Apr. 21, 1909 600 feet from Crescent Club, Brook- lyn 1200 feet from Crescent Club Brooklyn ™ 2100 feet from Crescent Club, Brooklyn 3200 feet from Crescent Club, Brooklyn 40 37 39 40 37 42 40 37 38 40 37 37 74 02 40 74 02 47 74 02 56 74 03 12 40 70 70 70 Black Oily Sludge SubsoU Sand Sand Sand, silt PoUuted PoUuted Doubtful Doubtful 188 RESULTS aF ANALYSES TABLE XIV— Continued 13— UPPER BAY— Continued No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Approximate Latitude Longitude Depth of Water (feet) Color Odor Consistency Opinion 385 386 387 388 Apr. 21, 1909 Apr. 21, 1909 Apr. 21, 1909 Apr. 21, 1909 Midstream, opposite Crescent Club, Brooklyn 3800 feet out from Tompkinsville, S.I 2400 feet out from Tompkinsville, S.I 1100 feet out from Tompkinsville, S.I 40 37 37 40 37 42 40 37 40 40 37 43 74 03 22 74 03 35 74 03 50 74 03 59 80 60 60 60 Black Black Black Sand Subsoil Sludge, clay Sludge, clay Unpolluted Polluted Polluted Polluted 389 390 391 392 Apr. 21, 1909 Apr. 21, 1909 Apr. 21, 1909 Apr. 21, 1909 1200 feet out from Stapleton, S. I . 500 feet out from Stapleton, S. I.. . 400 feet off shore, nearly opposite 89th street, Brooklyn 1600 feet off shore, nearly opposite 89th street, Brooklyn 40 37 50 40 37 51 40 37 25 40 37 25 74 04 11 74 04 21 74 02 38 74 02 48 60 40 30 70 Gray Black Oily Oily Clay Sludge, clay Sludge, sand Sand Unpolluted Polluted Polluted Polluted 393 394 395 396 Apr. 21, 1909 Apr. 21, 1909 Apr. 21, 1909 Apr. 24, 1909 2500 feet out from Crescent Club, Brooklyn Midstream, opposite Crescent Club, Brooklyn Midstream, opposite Crescent Club, Brooklyn About 2000 feet off 89th street, Brookljm 40 37 29 40 37 35 40 37 37 40 37 23 74 02 55 74 03 07 74 03 22 74 02 54 70 80 80 70 Oily Sand Silt, sand Silt, sand Sludge, sand Unpolluted Unpolluted Polluted Polluted 397 398 399 400 Apr. 24, 1909 Apr. 24, 1909 Apr. 24, 1909 Apr. 24, 1909 About 1800 feet off 89th street, Brooklyn About 1900 feet off 89th street, Brooklyn About 2300 feet off 89 th street, Brooklyn About 2200 feet off 89th street, Brooklyn 40 37 27 40 37 29 40 37 33 40 37 29 74 02 53 74 02 54 74 02 57 74 02 58 70 70 70 70 Sand Sand Sand Sand Polluted Unpolluted Doubtful Doubtful 401 402 403 404 Apr. 24, 1909 Apr. 24, 1909 Apr. 24, 1909 Apr. 24, 1909 About 2600 feet off 89th street, Brooklyn About 3000 feet off 89th street, Brookl3Ti About 3000 feet off 89th street, Brooklyn Midstream, opposite 89th street, Brooklyn 40 37 30 40 37 33 40 37 28 40 37 28 74 03 02 74 03 07 74 03 07 74 03 16 70 70 70 80 Silty, sand Silty, sand Silty, sand Sand, gravel Unpolluted Polluted Polluted Doubtful 405 406 407 408 Apr. 24, 1909 Apr. 24, 1909 Apr. 24, 1909 Apr. 2i, 1909 About midstream, opposite 89th street, Brooklyn About 4800 feet opposite pier Canal street, Stapleton, S. I About 4000 feet opposite pier Canal street, Stapleton, S.I About 3000 feet opposite pier Canal street, Stapleton, S. I 40 37 25 40 37 30 40 37 34 40 37 34 74 03 22 74 03 33 74 03 43 74 03 55 80 60 60 60 Black Oily Sand, gravel Sand, clay Clay, sand Clay Doubtful Doubtful Polluted Doubtful 409 410 411 412 Apr. 24, 1909 Apr. 24, 1909 Apr. 24, 1909 Apr. 24, 1909 400 feet off Canal street pier, Staple- ton, S. I 400 feet off 91st street, Brooklyn. . 1000 feet off 91st street, Brooklyn. 1500 feet off 91st street, Brooklyn. 40 37 36 40 37 0,9 40 37 10 40 37 09 74 04 20 74 02 40 74 02 45 74 02 48 35 70 70 70 Black Black Oily Oily Clay Sand Sand Sludge, clay Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted 413 414 415 416 417 Apr. 24, 1909 Apr. 24, 1909 Apr. 24, 1909 Apr. 29, 1909 Apr. 29, 1909 1700 feet off 9l8t street, Brooklyn. 1900 feet off 91st street, Brooklyn. Midstream, opposite 91st street, Brooklyn About }^ mUe off 89th street, Brooklyn Opposite 89th street, Brooklyn, midstream 40 37 10 40 37 10 40 37 07 40 37 12 40 37 12 74 02 52 74 02 50 74 03 10 74 03 03 74 03 19 70 70 80 40 70 Oily Silty, sand Silty, sand Sand Silty, sand Silty, sand Polluted Polluted Unpolluted Polluted Unpolluted EXAMINATION OF DREDGINGS TABLE XIV— Continued 13— UPPER BAY— Continued 189 No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth of Water (feet) Color Odor Consistency Opinion Approsdmate Latitude Longitude 418 Apr. 29, 1909 Apr. 29, 1909 Apr. 29, 1909 About 1500 feet off Staten Island shore opposite Clifton •. O 1 It 40 37 12 40 37 12 40 37 12 O 1 It 74 03 28 74 03 36 74 03 43 70 70 70 Black — Sand Clay Polluted 419 About 800 feet off Staten Island shore opposite Clifton Polluted 420 About 1500 feet out from dock at Clifton, S. I Doubtful 14— HUDSON RIVER No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth of Water (feet) Color Odor Consistency Opinion Approximate Latitude Longitude 421 May 3, 1909 May 3, 1909 May 3, 1909 May 3, 1909 50 feet off New Jersey shore oppo- site Riverdale / // 40 54 25 40 54 22 40 54 21 40 54 20 O 1 It 73 65 56 73 55 44 73 55 37 73 55 31 15 20 30 35 Brown Black Brown Black Brown Black Black — Clay Clay Clay Subsoil 422 900 feet off New Jersey shore oppo- site Riverdale Unpolluted 423 J4 mile off New Jersey shore oppo- Unpolluted 424 J/^ mile off New Jersey shore oppo- site Riverdale Unpolluted Unpolluted 425 426 427 428 429 May 3, 1909 May 3, 1909 May 3, 1909 May 3, 1909 May 3, 1909 Midstream, opposite Riverdale. . . . 2300 feet off shore Riverdale 1800 feet off shore Riverdale 1200 feet off shore Riverdale About 200 feet out from Riverdale dock 40 54 18 40 54 17 40 54 17 40 54 15 40 54 12 73 55 24 73 55 20 73 55 15 73 55 09 73 54 57 35 40 40 45 20 Gray Black Black Black — Subsoil Subsoil Sand, gravel Clay Clay Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted Doubtful Doubtful 16— THE NARROWS No. Date of CoUeotion Location of Samples Approximate Latitude Longitude Depth of Water (feet) Color Odor Consistency Opinion 430 431 432 433 May May May May 5, 1909 5, 1909 6, 1909 6,1909 About 500 feet out from dock above Ft. Lafayette About 800 feet out from dock above Ft. Lafayette About 1800 feet out from dock above Ft. Lafayette About 1400 feet out from dock above Ft. Lafayette 40 36 52 40 36 52 40 36 46 40 36 49 74 02 36 74 02 40 74 02 47 74 02 46 40 40 60 70 Black Black Sludge, clay Silty, sand Sludge, clay Gravel, sand Polluted Polluted Polluted Pglluted 434 436 436 437 May May May May 5, 1909 6,1909 6, 1909 6, 1909 About 400 feet out from dock above Ft. Lafayette Midstreani, opposite Quarantine station About % mile opposite Quarantine station About 300 feet off Staten Island shore, 500 feet north of Quaran- tine 40 36 52 40 36 52 40 36 50 40 36 45 74 02 39 74 03 00 74 02 54 74 03 39 40 80 80 60 Gray Black Oily Clay Sandy clay Sandy clay Sludge, subsoil Polluted Polluted Polluted Doubtful 190 EBSULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XIV— Continued 16— THE NARROWS— Continued No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth of Color Odor Consistency Opinion Approximate Latitude Longitude Water (feet) 438 May 6, 1909 May 6, 1909 May 6, 1909 May 6, 1909 About 1000 feet off Staten Island shore, 500 feet north of Quaran- tine / // 40 36 47 40 36 47 40 36 42 40 36 50 o / // 74 03 29 74 03 20 74 03 09 74 03 15 50 50 60 50 Black Oily Sludge, subsoil Silt, sand Sand Silty sand 439 About 1600 feet off Staten Island shore, 500 feet north of Quaran- Doubtful Doubtful 440 441 About yi mile off Quarantine station About yi niile off Staten Island shore, 500 feet north of Quaran- Unpolluted Polluted 442 May 6, 1909 May 6, 1909 May 7, 1909 May 7, 1909 About 3000 feet off Quarantine 40 36 47 40 36 55 40 36 58 40 36 21 74 03 10 74 02 56 74 03 01 74 03 10 50 50 80 80 Gray Oily Sand, gravel Sand, gravel Sand, clay Subsoil Polluted 443 About % mile off Quarantine sta- Polluted 444 Narrows, opposite Quarantine sta- Polluted 445 About 1000 feet off Ft. Wadsworth. Polluted 446 447 448 Mav 7, 1909 May 7, 1909 May 7, 1909 May 7, 1909 About 1300 feet off Ft. Wadsworth. About % mile off Ft. Wadsworth. . Midway between Ft. Wadsworth 40 36 25 40 36 25 40 36 27 40 36 30 74 03 05 74 02 56 74 02 50 74 02 41 80 80 80 80 Gray Brown Brown Oily Oily oily Subsoil Sand Subsoil Sludge, clay Polluted Polluted Polluted 449 About M mile off Ft. Lafayette . . . Polluted 450 May 7, 1909 May 7, 1909 May 7, 1909 About 900 feet west of buoy, north of Ft Lafavette 40 36 35 40 36 33 40 36 47 74 02 37 74 02 26 74 03 16 80 10 75 Gray Oily Oily Oily Sludge, clay Clay Sand, clay Polluted 451 About 50 feet east of buoy, north of Ft. Lafayette Polluted 452 About 2000 feet off Quarantine pier Polluted 16— UPPER BAY No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth of Color Odor Consistency Opinion Approximate Latitude Longitude Water (feet) 453 May 7, 1909 May 7, 1909 May 7, 1909 May 7, 1909 About J^ mile east of Constable Point o / // 40 39 18 40 39 25 40 39 33 40 39 38 O t It 74 04 50 74 04 42 74 04 35 74 04 25 30 30 30 30 Gray Gray Gray Gray — Subsoil Clay Clay Clay Polluted 454 About M mile northeast of Con- Polluted 455 About % mile northeast of Con- Polluted 456 About one mile northeast of Con- stable Point Polluted 17— NEWARK BAY AND PASSAIC RIVER Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth of Color Odor Consistency Opinion No. Approximate Latitude Longitude Water (feet) 457 458 459 May 8,1909 May 8, 1909 May 8, 1909 About )4 distance from Shooter's Island, toward Bergen Point light Lower end of Newark bay On hne draw of C. R.R. of N. J. bridge and bell buoy above, 1000 feet above bridge / ff 40 38 38 40 38 58 40 39 25 / // 74 09 13 74 09 02 74 08 41 20 20 20 oily Oily Sand, gravel Sand, gravel Sludge, clay Unpolluted Polluted Polluted EXAMINATION OP DKEDGINGS TABLE XIV— Continued 17— NEWABK BAY AND PASSAIC RIVER— Continued 191 No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth of Water (feet) Color Odor Consistency Opinion Approximate Latitude Longitude 460 May 8, 1909 May 8, 1909 May 8, 1909 May 8, 1909 Nearly halfway between draw of C. R.B. of N. J. bridge and bell buoy above 1 If 40 39 44 40 40 10 40 40 37 40 40 54 O 1 It 74 08 25 74 08 06 74 07 51 74 07 41 20 15 15 12 — Oily Oily Oily Oily Silt Sludge, clay Silt Sludge, clay Polluted 461 462 463 Newark bay at bell buoy above C. R.R. of N. J. bridge Newark bay, near bell buoy above C. R.R. of N. J. bridge About 3000 feet south of buoy C 3 . PoUuted Polluted PoUuted 464 May 8, 1909 May 8, 1909 May 8, 1909 May 8, 1909 Newark bay, 200 feet east of can buoy No. 3 40 41 22 40 41 35 40 42 13 40 42 26 74 07 45 74 07 26 74 07 11 74 07 11 12 12 12 12 — Oily Oily Oily Oily Sludge, clay Sludge, sand Sludge, sand Sludge, sand Polluted 465 466 467 Newark bay, at can buoy No. 4. . . About 1300 feet south of buoy N, above Lehigh Valley bridge At buoy N, above Lehigh Valley Bridge Polluted Doubtful Polluted 468 May 8, 1909 May 8, 1909 May 8, 1909 May 8, 1909 Newark bay, 2000 feet below bridge 100 feet ofif shore New York and Newark 40 43 04 40 43 34 40 43 57 40 44 08 74 07 22 74 07 15 74 07 08 74 07 02 15 15 15 15 Gray Gray Oily Oily Clay Subsoil Sludge, sand Silty sand Unpolluted Polluted 469 Passaic river, 1000 feet above bridge 80 feet off shore New York and Newark 470 Passaic river, 200 feet above Plank Road bridge, 80 feet off west shore Polluted 471 Passaic river, 1000 feet above Plank Road bridge, midstream Polluted 472 May 8, 1909 May 8, 1909 May 8, 1909 May 8, 1909 Newark bay, near mouth of Hack- ensack river 40 43 00 40 42 53 40 42 42 40 38 43 74 06 27 74 06 37 74 06 62 74 10 10 15 12 15 20 Gray Gray Black Gray OUy OUy Sandy clay Sandy clay Sludgy clay Subsoil Doubtful 473 At mouth of Hackensack river, 2300 feet below bridge Polluted 474 475 At mouth of Hackensack river, 2000 feet northeast of buoy N Newark bay, 100 feet south of cor- ner stake light PoUuted PoUuted 476 477 May 8, 1909 May 8, 1909 Newark bay, 100 feet off southwest corner of Shooters Island Newark bay, 150 feet off southeast comer of Shooter's Island 40 38 27 40 38 27 74 09 20 16 20 Gray Black Oily Ofly Clay Clay PoUuted PoUuted 18— HUDSON RIVER No. Date of CoUection Location of Samples Approximate Latitude Longitude Depth of Water (feet) Color Odor Consistency Opinion 478 479 480 481 May 14, 1909 May 14, 1909 May 14, 1909 May 14, 1909 Hudson river, 300 feet off Pier 3, Hoboken Hudson river, 900 feet out from Pier 3, Hoboken Midstream, opposite Christopher street, Manhattan 1200 feet off Pier 45, Hudson river, Manhattan 40 44 16 40 44 13 40 42 58 40 43 57 74 01 16 74 01 25 74 01 15 74 00 58 60 40 40 40 Gray Gray Gray Gray Oily Oily Oily Subsoil Subsoil Subsoil Clay PoUuted PoUuted Doubtful 482 483 May 14, 1909 May 14, 1909 About 600 feet off Pier 44, Hudson river, Manhattan 600 feet out from Erie Pier A, Hoboken 40 43 58 40 45 31 74 00 50 74 01 13 60 36 Brown Sand, gravel Clay PoUuted Doubtful 192 RESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XIV— Continued IS— HUDSON SIVER (Continued) No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth of Color Odor Consistency Opinion Approximate Latitude Longitude Water (feet) 484 May 14, 1909 May 14, 1909 May 14, 1909 May 14, 1909 Opposite West 28th street, Man- hattan, 1500 feet off New Jersey o / ff 40 45 36 40 46 40 40 46 36 40 45 30 o t tf 74 01 GO 74 00 49 74 00 37 74 00 28 35 40 40 40 Brown Brown Gray — Clay Clay Clay Sand, gravel Unpolluted Doubtful 486 2500 feet off West 23d street, Man- hattan 486 1600 feet off West 33d street, Man- hattan Unpolluted Unpolluted 487 500 feet off West 33d street, Man- hattan 488 May 14, 1909 May 14, 1909 May 14, 1909 May 14, 1909 Opposite West 72d street, Man- hattan, 1000 feet off New Jersey shore 40 47 07 40 47 08 40 47 02 40 46 68 73 59 53 73 59 39 73 59 42 73 69 30 36 40 40 45 Gray Gray Gray Gray Oily Subsoil Subsoil Subsoil Subsoil Polluted 489 2400 feet off West 74th street, Man- hattan 490 Midstream, opposite West 72d street, Manhattan 491 1000 feet from 72d street. Pier, Manhattan, Hudson river Unpolluted 492 May 14, 1909 May 14, 1909 May 15, 1909 May 16, 1909 900 feet from 72d street, Pier, Man- hattan, Hudson river 40 46 57 40 46 64 40 48 10 40 48 04 73 59 29 73 69 23 73 69 26 73 69 13 40 35 16 20 Gray Black Gray Gray Oily OQy Oily Clay Sludge, subsoil Subsoil Subsoil Polluted 493 300 feet from 72d street, Pier, Man- hattan, Hudson river 494 Opposite West 96th street, Man- hattan, 500 feet off New Jersey shore Polluted Doubtful 495 Opposite West 96th street, Man- hattan, 1600 feet off New Jersey shore Doubtful 496 May 15, 1909 May 15, 1909 May 15, 1909 May 15, 1909 Midstream, opposite West 96th 40 48 00 40 47 55 40 47 60 40 51 07 73 59 03 73 58 63 73 68 40 73 57 32 50 50 40 12 Gray Brown Brown ^^^^ilow Oily Subsoil Subsoil Clay Clay Polluted 497 1400 feet off pier. West 96th street, Manhattan Polluted 498 300 feet off pier, West 96th street, Manhattan Doubtful 499 300 feet off West shore, opposite Ft. Washington Point Unpolluted 500 501 502 May 15, 1909 May 16, 1909 May 15, 1909 Opposite Ft. Washington Point about ^ distance from west shore Opposite Ft. Washington Point, about ^ across from west shore. 400 feet out from Ft. Washington Point 40 61 06 40 51 03 40 51 02 73 57 21 73 57 05 73 56 56 20 45 80 yellow Black, yellow — Clay Clay Rock Doubtful Doubtful 19— LOWER BAY No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth of Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion Bacteria Approximate Latitude Longitude Water (feet) per gram 603 May 17, 1909 May 17, 1909 By Gas buoy S2, near Coney Island o t ff 40 34 00 40 33 25 73 59 20 73 59 25 20 16 Black Brown _ Mud Sand Unpolluted Unpolluted 1,400,000 504 About % mile south of buoy S2, off Coney Island 2,400 EXAMINATION OF DREDGINGS TABLE XIV— Continued 19— LOWER BAY— Continued 193 No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Approximate Latitude Longitude Depth of Water (feet) Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion Bacteria per gram 506 507 508 509 May 17, 1909 May 17, 1909 May 17, 1909 May 17, 1909 About 1 mile south of buoy S2, off Coney Island About 1% mUes south of buoy S2, off Coney Island About J4 niile north of A C buoy 14 About % mile north of A C buoy 14 40 33 10 40 32 45 40 32 10 40 31 46 73 59 30 73 59 40 73 59 35 73 59 35 15 15 20 20 Brown Brown Brown Brown Sand Sand Sand Sand Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted Doubtful 1,200 800 1,200 1,400 510 511 513 514 May 17, May 17, May 18, May 18, 1909 1909 1909 1909 of 1000 feet north-northwest AC buoy No. 12 50 feet north of A C buoy No 12 In Ambrose channel, 100 feet feet south of A C buoy No.l2 Midway between buoys A C No. 12 and N. B. No. 2 40 31 15 40 31 05 40 31 00 40 30 10 73 59 10 73 59 05 73 59 00 73 58 40 20 15 40 20 Brown Brown Gray Brown Sand Sand Sand Sand Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted UnpoUuted 2,200 900 1,900 515 May 18, 1909 516 517 518 May 18, May 18, May 18, 1909 1909 1909 100 feet north of N. B. buoy No. 2 100 feet south of N. B. buoy No. 2, main channel 100 feet south of buoy N 2J^, main channel 100 feet south of buoy N 4, main channel 40 29 30 40 29 25 40 29 10 40 29 00 73 58 25 73 58 25 73 59 20 74 00 20 20 35 40 40 Brown Brown Brown Brown Sand Sand Sand Sand Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted 1,200 2,400 519 520 521 522 May 18, May 18, May 18, 1909 1909 1909 100 feet south of buoy N 6, main channel 100 feet south of buoy N 8, main channel 100 feet south of buoy N 10, main channel May 18, 1909 100 feet south of buoy N 12, main channel 40 29 00 40 28 45 40 28 35 40 28 40 74 00 40 74 01 20 74 02 05 74 02 40 50 40 40 35 Brown Brown Brown and Black Gray Sand Sand Sand Sand, mud Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted Polluted 1,400 50,000 523 524 525 526 May 18, May 18, May 18, May 18, 1909 1909 1909 1909 100 feet west of buoy N C 2, main channel 100 feet west of buoy N C 4, main channel 100 feet west of buoy N C 6, main channel 100 feet west of buoy N C 8, main channel 40 29 10 40 29 40 40 30 10 40 30 40 74 02 45 74 02 40 74 02 40 74 02 35 35 35 35 35 Gray Gray Gray Gray Mud Mud Mud Mud, sand Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted 600,000 1,200,000 527 528 529 530 May 18, May 18, May 18, May 18, 1909 1909 1909 1909 100 feet west of buoy N, main channel 100 feet east of buoy C 9, main channel 100 feet east of buoy C 9}4, main channel 100 feet east of buoy No. 11, main channel, lower bay 40 31 15 40 32 00 40 33 00 40 34 05 74 02 30 74 02 25 74 02 25 74 02 40 85 35 35 40 Gray Gray Gray Gray Mud Mud Mud, sand Mud, sand Polluted Polluted Polluted Doubtful 1,800,000 2,400,000 531 532 533 534 535 May 18, May 19, May 19, May 19, May 19, 1909 1909 1909 1909 1909 ._ 50 feet east of Craven Shoal buoy 500 feet west of Craven Shoal buoy 500 feet off flagstaff, South Beach, S. I About 1J4 miles west of Swin- burne Island On line West Bank light and Elm Tree beacon, 1 mile off Staten Island shore 40 35 05 40 35 40 40 35 00 40 34 15 40 33 20 74 02 30 74 02 35 74 04 20 74 04 20 74 04 50 50 30 10 15 15 Gray Gray Gray Gray Gray Mud Mud Sand, mud Mud Mud Doubtful Polluted Doubtful UnpoUuted Doubtful 4,200,000 1,200,000 800,000 194 RESULTS OP ANALYSES TABLE XIV— Continued 19— LOWER BAY— Continued No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Approximate Latitude Longitude Depth of Water (feet) Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion Bacteria per gram 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 May 19, 1909 May 19, 1909 May 19, 1909 May 19, 1909 About 2)4 miles west of West Bank light About l}i miles northeast of Old Orchard Shoal light.. . . About % mile northeast of Old Orchard Shoal Ught 100 feet north of Old Orchard Ught O / // 40 32 45 40 32 00 40 31 30 40 30 50 O / // 74 05 00 74 05 30 74 05 40 74 05 50 15 15 15 20 Gray Brown & black Brown & black Brown &black Mud Sand Sand Sand Doubtful Polluted Polluted Unpolluted 1,100,000 600,000 Mjiy 19, 1909 May 19, 1909 May 19, 1909 May 19, 1909 100 feet north of buoy "cable B and W" farthest north, lower bay 100 feet north of buoy "cable B and W" farthest south, lower bay 200 feet south of buoy S. I. W., lower bay Halfway between Pt. Comfort beacon and buoy S. I. W. 40 30 05 40 29 25 40 28 40 40 27 50 74 06 15 74 06 30 74 06 45 74 06 55 20 25 15 15 Gray Gray Brown black Brown Mud Mud Sand Sand Doubtful Doubtful Unpolluted Unpolluted 600,000 140,000 4,800 544 545 May 19, 1909 May 19, 1909 500 feet south of buoy 1}^ off Seguine Point 500 feet south of buoy N off Seguine Point 40 30 20 40 30 00 74 10 45 74 09 45 15 20 Gray Gray Mud Mud Unpolluted Unpolluted 400,000 20— EAST RIVER No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth of Color Odor Consistency Opinion Approximate Latitude Longitude Water (feet) 546 May 29, 1909 May 29, 1909 May 29, 1909 May 29, 1909 Off spindle Hght at buoy No. 4 o t rt 40 47 24 40 47 34 40 47 42 40 47 50 73 54 61 73 54 31 73 54 19 73 54 09 70 60 60 40 Brown Brown Black Oily Gravel Sand Rook Sludge Unpolluted Unpolluted Polluted 547 548 549 At buoy No. 7 off Lawrence Point. At buoy No. 5 off Lawrence Point . Midway between buoy 5 and hght on North Brother Island 650 May 29, 1909 May 29, 1909 June 6, 1909 June 5, 1909 At buoy No. 3 of North Brother 40 47 56 40 48 17 40 48 07 40 47 67 73 53 48 73 53 40 73 53 30 73 53 02 60 80 40 60 Black Black Oily Oily oay Sludge, clay Sludge, clay Sand, gravel Rock Polluted 551 At red buoy 2J^ off North Brother Polluted 554 1500 feet out from Biker's Island hght Polluted 555 In line Riker's Island light and Hunt's Point J/^ distance 556 June 5, 1909 June 5, 1909 June 5, 1909 June 6, 1909 In line Riker's Island hght and Hunt's Point % distance from hght 40 48 01 40 48 02 40 48 01 40 47 59 73 52 46 73 52 38 73 62 26 73 52 26 75 60 30 40 Black Gray Gray Oily Oily Oily Rock Sludge Clay Subsoil 567 558 900 feet off Hunt's Point in range with Riker's Island light Red spar buoy No. 2 off Hunt's Point PoUuted Polluted 559 100 feet from red spar buoy No. 2 off Hunt's Point Polluted 560 561 662 June 6, 1909 June 5, 1909 June 6, 1909 1300 feet north of Riker's Island . . 1500 feet northeast of Riker's Island 2400 feet off ferry shp College Point. 40 47 45 40 47 35 40 47 30 73 52 05 73 52 00 73 51 50 40 60 15 Black Black Black Oily Oily OUy Sludge Sludge, clay Sludge, clay Polluted PoUuted PoUuted EXAMINATION OP DEEDGINGS TABLE XIV— Continued 20— EAST RIVER— Continued 195 No. Date of CoUection Location of Samples Depth of Water (feet) Color Odor Consistency Opinion Approximate Latitude Longitude 563 June 6, 1909 June 5, 1909 June 5, 1909 2000 feet out from ferry sUp CoUege Point in Une with red spar buoy No. 2, Hunt's Point / // 40 47 24 40 47 15 40 47 23 / // 73 51 60 73 51 40 73 51 23 50 40 8 Gray Gray Gray Oily Oily Oily Clay Clay Clay Polluted 564 800 feet out from ferry sUp College Point in line with red spar buoy No. 2, Hunt's Point PoUuted 565 In bay between ferry sUp CoUege Point and_ northeast point of CoUese Point Polluted 566 June 6, 1909 June 6, 1909 June 5, 1909 June 5, 1909 At black spar buoy No. 1 off Clau- son Point 40 47 53 40 48 03 40 48 08 40 48 11 73 61 05 73 61 08 73 61 08 73 50 45 15 60 60 60 Black Black OUy Oily OUy Sludge Sludge Sludge, clay Silt, sand PoUuted 667 1000 feet spar buoy No. 1 toward Clauson Point PoUuted 568 1000 feet off Clauson Point Casino dock PoUuted 569 1000 feet out from troUey dock, Clauson Point , PoUuted 570 571 572 673 June 5, 1909 June 5, 1909 June 7, 1909 June 7, 1909 Midway between Tallman Island dock and Clauson Point 200 feet off TaUman Island block. . 1000 feet off Tallman Island dock. Midway between Old Ferry Point and Whitestone Ught 40 48 06 40 47 54 40 48 00 40 48 10 73 50 40 73 50 27 73 50 16 73 50 10 70 25 60 70 Gray Gray Gray oily Oily Rock Clay Clay Clay Polluted Polluted PoUuted 574 June 7, 1909 June 7, 1909 June 7, 1909 June 7, 1909 1000 feet off Old Ferry Point in Une with Whitestone Ught 40 48 14 40 48 10 40 48 07 40 48 04 73 49 43 73 49 33 73 49 26 73 49 17 90 70 80 70 Gray Black Black Gray OUy Oily OUy Oily Clay Sludge, clay Sludge, clay Cley PoUuted 675 Half way between Whitestone Point and Old Ferry Point PoUuted 676 577 About % way across from Old Ferry Point to Whitestone light. 500 feet off Whitestone Ught in Une with Old Ferry Point PoUuted PoUuted 678 679 680 681 June 7, 1909 June 7, 1909 June 7, 1909 June 7, 1909 1600 feet off Whitestone Point 2300 feet off Whitestone Pomt 3000 feet off Whitestone Point 1000 feet off shore from cupola in range with Whitestone Ught 40 48 18 40 48 24 40 48 31 40 48 36 73 49 14 73 49 15 73 49 17 73 49 17 70 90 10 70 Gray Gray Gray Gray OUy Oily OUy Clay Clay Clay Clay PoUuted PoUuted PoUuted UnpoUuted 21— LONG ISLAND SOUND No. Date of CoUection Location of Samples Depth of Water (feet) Color Odor Consistency Opinion Approximate Latitude Longitude 682 683 584 585 June 8, 1909 June 8, 1909 June 8, 1909 June 8, 1909 1000 feet off Whitestone Ught in Une with Ft. Schuyler Ught 2200 feet off Whitestone Ught in Une with Ft. Schuyler Ught 3100 feet off Whitestone Ught in Une with Ft. Schuyler Ught 4000 feet off Whitestone light in Une with Ft. Schuyler Ught t n 40 48 04 40 48 06 40 48 08 40 48 10 o / // 73 48 59 73 48 44 73 48 32 73 48 20 50 50 50 40 Gray Gray Gray Gray % OUy Oily Oily OUy SubsoU SubsoU Subsoil Subsoil PoUuted PoUuted PoUuted Polluted 586 687 June 8, 1909 June 8, 1909 3200 feet off Ft. Schuyler Ught in Une with Whitestone Ught 2200 feet off Ft. Schuyler Ught in Une with Whitestone light 40 48 11 40 48 12 73 48 15 73 48 03 50 60 Gray Gray OUy Oily Subsoil Subsoil PoUuted PoUuted 196 RESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XIV— Continued 21— LONG ISLAND SOUND— Continued No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth of Water (feet) Color Odor Consistency Opinion Approximate Latitude Longitude 588 589 590 591 June 8, 1909 June 8, 1909 June 8, 1909 June 8, 1909 500 feet off Ft. Schuyler light in range with Whitestone Ught From Ft. Schuyler light to Stepping Stones Hght 1000 feet off shore. . 2500 feet from Ft. Schuyler Ught in Une with Stepping Stones light. . 4300 feet from Ft. Schuyler light in Une with Stepping Stones Ught . . / // 40 48 16 ■ 40 48 32 40 48 44 40 48 59 73 47 42 73 47 21 73 47 10 73 46 67 60 30 50 50 Gray Gray — Clay Clay Clay, sand Clay Polluted Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted 592 593 594 June 8, 1909 June 8, 1909 June 8, 1909 June 8, 1909 1500 feet from Stepping Stones Ught in line with Ft. Schuyler Ught. . . 1000 feet from Stepping Stones Ught in Une with City Island 2000 feet from Stepping Stones Ught in line with City Island 40 49 15 40 49 35 40 49 50 40 50 00 73 46 42 73 46 30 73 46 40 73 46 40 35 40 76 80 Brown Black Gray HsS HjS Clay Sand, gravel Clay Subsoil UnpoUuted Unpolluted UnpoUuted UnpoUuted 595 3200 feet from Stepping Stones Ught in Une with City Island 596 597 598 June 8, 1909 June 8, 1909 June 8, 1909 100 feet off west point of City Island 700 feet west of Hawkins dock, south side of City Island 500 feet off Hawkins dock south side, City Island 40 50 15 40 50 25 40 50 35 73 46 60 73 46 40 73 46 40 25 20 20 Gray — Sludge, clay Clay Doubtful Unpolluted 22— LOWER BAY No. Date of CoUeotion Location of Samples Approximate Latitude Longitude Depth of Water (feet) Color Odor Consistency Opinion 599 600 601 June 12, 1909 June 12, 1909 June 12, 1909 300 feet off U. S. R.R. dock, below Sandy Hook Ught Along west shore, Sandy Hook .... Along west shore, Sandy Hook .... 40 26 50 40 27 10 40 27 20 74 00 15 74 00 25 74 00 35 Brown White White Clay Sand Sand UnpoUuted UnpoUuted UnpoUuted 602 603 604 June 12, 1909 June 12, 1909 June 12, 1909 In cove, south of U. S. R.R. dock, Sandy Hook At spar, off south Beacon Ught, Sandy Hook 1000 feet off dock, north of Life Saving Station 40 26 46 40 27 40 40 27 50 73 59 66 74 00 36 74 00 36 15 12 16 White Silty sand Sand Sand UnpoUuted UnpoUuted UnpoUuted 23— EASTCHESTER BAY No. Date of CoUection Location of Samples Depth of Water (feet) Color Odor Consistency Opinion Approximate Latitude Longitude 605 606 607 June 14, 1909 June 14, 1909 June 14, 1909 200 feet off oil dock, City Island . . 2300 feet west of City Island 3500 feet west of City Island o / // 40 50 30 40 50 25 40 50 20 Of// 73 47 20 73 47 40 73 48 00 16 18 10 Gray Gray Gray US Clay Clay Clay UnpoUuted UnpoUuted UnpoUuted 608 609 610 June 14, 1909 June 14, 1909 June 14, 1909 4600 feet west of City Island 5000 feet west of City Island 6000 feet west of City Island 40 60 15 40 60 15 40 60 10 73 48 05 73 48 20 73 48 25 12 16 12 Gray Gray Gray US ns H,S Clay Clay • Clay UnpoUuted UnpoUuted UnpoUuted EXAMINATION OF DEEDGINGS TABLE XIV— Continued 197 23— EASTCHESTER BAY— Continued No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth of Water (feet) Color Odor Consistency Opinion Appro5dmate Latitude Longitude 611 612 June 14, 1909 June 14, 1909 June 14, 1909 June 14, 1909 About 1 H miles west of City Island, 1000 feet off Westchester shore. . About 5^-mile off Westchester shore o r /f 40 50 05 40 49 60 40 49 20 40 49 00 o / // 73 48 40 73 48 20 73 47 55 73 47 40 12 12 12 12 Gray Gray Gray Gray US Clay Clay Clay Clay Unpplluted Unpolluted 613 About 1900 feet off Westchester Unpolluted 614 About 900 feet off Westchester shore, near Throgs Neck Unpolluted 24— LITTLE NECK BAY No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth of Water (feet) Color Odor Consistency Opinion Approximate Latitude Longitude 615 June 23, 1909 June 23, 1909 June 23, 1909 June 23, 1909 In Little Neck bay 40 47 30 40 47 00 40 46 00 40 46 30 O f // 73 45 30 73 45 00 73 45 00 73 45 30 8 8 3 5 Black Black Black Black — Mud Mud Mud Mud Unpolluted 616 617 618 Little Neck cove, at southeastern extremity of Little Neck bay. . . . Mouth of Little Neck creek In Little Neck bay PoUuted Unpolluted Unpolluted 619 June 23, 1909 June 23, 1909 June 23, 1909 In Little Neek bay, near Willet's Point 40 46 30 40 48 00 40 47 40 73 45 50 73 45 30 73 46 00 8 8 9 Black Black Black — Mud Mud Mud Unpolluted 620 621 At mouth of Little Neck bay At mouth of Little Neck bay, near Willet's Point Unpolluted Unpolluted 26— EAST MVER No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth of Color Odor Consistency Opinion Approximate Latitude Longitude Water (feet) 622 623 June 23, 1909 June 23, 1909 June 23, 1909 June 23, 1909 100 feet off dock on Throgs Neck. . }i way across river from Throgs f ft 40 48 19 40 48 12 40 47 56 40 47 47 73 47 44 73 47 48 73 47 56 73 48 00 50 90 70 10 Black Black Black — Mud Mud Mud Mud Unpolluted Polluted 624 ^ way across river from Throgs Neck f Polluted 625 100 feet off dock at Beechhurst, Whitestone Doubtful 26— JAMAICA BAY No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth of Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion Bacteria Approximate Latitude Longitude Water (feet) per gram 626 627 June 29, 1909 June 29, 1909 Jamaica bay, 100 feet off dock Belle Harbor, Beach channel Jamaica bay, 100 feet above drawbridge at Hammels. . . . o / // 40 34 55 40 35 45 o / // 73 51 05 73 48 50 10 10 Gray Gray — Sand Silty sand Unpolluted Unpolluted 12,000 900,000 198 RESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XIV— Continued 26— JAMAICA BAY— Continued No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth of Color Odor Consis1> ency Opinion Bacteria per gram Approximate Latitude Longitude Water (feet) 628 629 June 29, 1909 June 30, 1909 June 30, 1909 June 30, 1909 30 feet off foot Bayswater ave- nue. Far Rockaway Jamaica bay at bridge Nor- ton's creek, head of Bay Edgemere O t II 40 36 30 40 36 00 40 35 40 40 36 05 1 II 73 46 15 73 46 10 73 47 25 73 47 20 6 10 4 4 Gray Gray Black Black — Clay, gravel Clay Clay Clay Unpolluted Doubtful Polluted Doubtful 700,000 1,000,000 6,000,000 1,000,000 630 631 100 feet off shore, opposite Ar- verne Sta., Jamaica bay. . . . Jamaica bay, 1000 feet out from Arveme Sta 632 June 30, 1909 June 30, 1909 June 30, 1909 June 30, 1909 Jamaica bay, Cross channel, off Arveme 40 35 50 40 35 35 40 35 30 40 35 45 73 48 25 73 48 25 73 48 20 73 48 15 8 8 8 6 Gray Gray Black — Clay Sand, clay Clay Doubtful Doubtful PoUuted Polluted 900,000 633 634 635 Jamaica bay, creek at foot of Pleasant avenue, Arveme. . . Cross creek, along shore, near Park avenue, AJveme Jamaica bay, 100 feet off foot of Bannister avenue, Arverne 1,200,000 2,000,000 6,000,000 636 June 30, 1909 July 1, 1909 July 1, 1909 July 1, 1909 Yard of house near foot of Pleasant avenue 40 35 35 40 38 30 40 38 50 40 39 05 73 48 10 73 52 55 73 53 20 73 53 00 3 3 3 4 Gray Gray Black — Clay Clay Clay Sludge Doubtful Unpolluted Unpolluted Polluted 850,000 900,000 1,200,000 637 Jamaica bay, mouth of Fresh creek 638 Jamaica bay, half-way up Fresh creek 639 Second creek, midway between mouth and sewer 12,000,000 640 641 642 643 July 1, 1909 July 1, 1909 July 1, 1909 July 1, 1909 At mouth of Second creek .... Jamaica bay, 500 feet off mouth of Second creek. . . . Jamaica bay, 500 feet off mouth of Fresh creek Jamaica bay, 500 feet off shore at Sandy bay, north of Canarsie 40 38 55 40 38 35 40 38 25 40 37 50 73 52 40 73 52 25 73 52 30 73 53 05 4 6 6 6 Black Black Black Black — Clay Clay, gravel Sandy clay Clay PoUuted PoUuted Polluted PoUuted 9,000,000 1,200,000 900,000 750,000 644 July 1, 1909 July 1, 1909 July 1, 1909 Jamaica bay creek, mnning 40 38 15 40 37 40 40 34 15 73 54 00 73 53 15 73 53 55 6 8 40 Black Black — Clay Clay PoUuted Unpolluted 700,000 645 Jamaica bay, 100 feet off main landing, Canarsie 120,000 646 Halfway across Rockaway In- let 8,000 21 —HUDSON RIVER No. Date of CoUection Location of Samples Depth of Color Odor Consistency Opinion Approximate Latitude Longitude Water (feet) 647 July 7, 1909 July 7, 1909 July 7, 1909 July 7, 1909 July 7, 1909 Hudson river 100 feet off Mt. St. Vincent Station O 1 II 40 54 50 40 55 27 40 55 45 40 56 07 40 52 43 O 1 II 73 54 45 73 54 30 73 54 23 73 54 20 73 55 37 10 10 10 20 20 Gray Gray Gray Black 0% Clay Clay Clay Clay Sand PoUuted 648 Hudson river 200 feet off Ludlow Station Polluted 649 Hudson river 200 feet off Federal Sugar Plant Polluted 650 651 200 feet off recreation pier, Yonkers. Hudson river 200 feet off Spuyten Duyvil drawbridge PoUuted Doubtful EXAMINATION OP DREDGINGS TABLE XIV— Continued 28— GRAVESEND BAY 199 Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth of Water (feet) Color Odor Consistency Opinion No. Approximate Latitude Longitude 652 July 9, 1909 July 9, 1909 July 9, 1909 Gravesend bay foot of 22d street, Coney Island o 1 n 40 34 46 40 34 44 40 35 00 O f ft 73 59 26 73 69 33 73 59 30 4 4 6 Black Black Putrid Foul Sludge Sand Sand Polluted 653 Gravesend bay foot of 24th street, Coney Island PoUuted 654 Gravesend bay by the breakwater north of entrance to Coney Island Unpolluted 1 29— UPPER BAY No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Approximate Latitude Longitude Depth of Water (feet) Color Odor Consistency Opinion 655 656 667 658 July 15, 1909 July 15, 1909 July 15, 1909 July 15, 1909 150 feet off Greenville shore.. 200 feet off Greenville shore. . 300 feet off Greenville shore. . 400 feet off Greenville shore. , 40 41 34 40 41 31 40 41 29 40 41 25 74 04 58 74 04 50 74 04 43 74 04 40 Gray Gray Gray Gray Subsoil Subsoil Subsoil Clay Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted 669 660 661 662 July 15, 1909 July 15, 1909 July 15, 1909 July 16, 1909 500 feet off Greenville shore. . . 600 feet off GreenviUe shore. . . 700 feet off Greenville shore. . . 1000 feet off Greenville shore. , 41 20 41 17 41 14 41 06 74 04 35 74 04 27 74 04 18 74 04 04 Gray Gray Gray Gray Clay Clay Clay Clay Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted 663 664 665 666 July 15, 1909 July 16, 1909 July 16, 1909 July 15, 1909 1200 feet off Greenville shore. 100 feet off GreenviUe shore. . 200 feet off Greenville shore. . 300 feet off Greenville shore. . 40 58 41 22 41 19 41 12 74 03 49 74 05 08 74 06 00 74 04 53 Gray Gray Gray Gray Clay Clay Clay Clay Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted 667 668 669 670 July 16, 1909 July 15, 1909 July 15, 1909 July 15, 1909 500 feet off Greenville shore 700 feet off Greenville shore Near end of P. R.R. docks, Green- ville At the end of P. R.R. docks, Green- ville 41 07 41 00 40 52 40 49 74 04 44 74 04 36 74 04 27 74 04 19 4 4 4 20 Gray Gray Gray Gray Clay Clay Clay Clay Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted 671 672 673 674 July 19, 1909 July 19, 1909 July 19, 1909 July 19, 1909 500 feet off Bayonne shore at Pamrapo 1000 feet off Bayonne shore at Pamrapo 2000 feet off Bayonne shore at Pamrapo 2600 feet off Bayonne shore at Pamrapo 40 26 40 22 40 17 40 14 74 06 06 74 05 55 74 05 49 74 06 42 Gray Gray Black Gray Subsoil Subsoil Subsoil Subsoil Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted 675 676 677 678 July 19, 1909 July 19, 1909 July 19, 1909 July 19, 1909 3000 feet off Bayonne shore at Pamrapo 4000 feet off Bayonne shore at Pamrapo 6000 feet off Bayonne shore at Pamrapo 6000 feet off Bayonne shore at Pamrapo 40 12 40 07 40 02 39 67 74 06 35 74 05 24 74 05 13 74 04 58 Gray Gray Black Gray SubsoU Subsoil Subsoil Subsoil Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted 679 680 681 682 July 19, 1909 July 19, 1909 July 19, 1909 July 19, 1909 7000 feet off Bayonne shore at Pamrapo 7600 feet off Bayonne shore at Pamrapo 1000 feet northwest of Bobbins Reef 100 feet off Bayonne shore at Pamrapo 40 39 48 39 43 39 35 40 40 18 74 04 46 74 04 36 74 04 18 74 06 23 6 10 Black Black Black Gray Oily Oily Oily Subsoil Subsoil Clay Subsoil Unpolluted Unpolluted Doubtful Unpolluted 200 RESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XIV— Continued 29— UPPER BAY— Continued No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Approximate Latitude Longitude Depth of Water (feet) Color Odor Consistency Opinion 683 684 685 686 July 19, 1909 July 19, 1909 July 19, 1909 July 19, 1909 1000 feet off Bayonne shore at Famrapo 3000 feet off Bayonne shore at Pamrapo 3000 feet off Bayonne shore at Pamrapo 4000 feet off Bayonne shore at Pamrapo 40 40 16 40 40 10 40 40 00 40 39 57 74 06 13 74 06 01 74 05 50 74 05 40 Gray Black Gray Gray Oily Subsoil Subsoil Subsoil Subsoil Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted 687 688 689 690 July 19, 1909 July 19, 1909 July 19, 1909 July 19, 1909 5000 feet off Bayonne shore at Pamrapo 6000 feet off Bayonne shore at Pamrapo 7000 feet off Bayonne shore at Pamrapo 8000 feet off Bayonne shore at Pamrapo 40 39 52 40 39 47 40 39 42 40 39 36 74 05 32 74 05 22 74 05 12 74 05 02 Gray Gray Gray Gray Oily Oily Oily Subsoil Subsoil Subsoil Subsoil Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted 691 692 693 694 July 19, 1909 July 21, 1909 July 21, 1909 July 21, 1909 2000 feet west of Bobbins Reef. . Off the end of P. R.R. dock at Greenville 2000 feet off P. R.R. dock at Green- ville 2500 feet off P. R.R. dock at Green- ville 40 39 29 40 40 27 40 40 25 40 40 19 74 04 50 74 04 02 74 03 45 74 03 48 10 18 6 8 Gray Gray Gray Gray Oily Subsoil Silty sand Subsoil Subsoil Doubtful UnpoUuted Doubtful Unpolluted 695 696 697 July 21, 1909 July 21, 1909 July 21, 1909 July 21, 1909 2600 feet off P. R.R. dock at Green- ville 3000 feet off P. R.R. dock at Green- ville 4000 feet off P. R.R. dock at Green- ville 500 feet west of Robbins Reef 40 40 13 40 40 07 40 40 02 40 39 26 74 03 47 74 03 41 74 03 35 74 04 05 10 10 10 10 Gray Gray Sandy clay Subsoil Sandy clay Rock Polluted Polluted Polluted 699 700 701 702 July 21, 1909 July 21, 1909 July 21, 1909 July 21, 1909 1000 feet northwest of Robbins Reef 2000 feet northwest of Robbins Reef 3000 feet northwest of Robbins Reef 3500 feet northwest of Robbins Reef 40 39 38 40 39 45 40 39 51 40 39 57 74 04 06 74 04 16 74 04 20 74 04 22 10 10 10 10 Gray Gray Gray Gray Oily Oily Oily Subsoil Clay Clay Clay Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted 703 704 705 706 707 July 21, 1909 July 21, 1909 July 21, 1909 July 21, 1909 July 21, 1909 4000 feet northwest of Robbins Reef 4500 feet northwest of Robbins Reef 5000 feet northwest of Robbins Reef 6000 feet northwest of Robbins Reef At south side of P. R.R. dock Reef. 40 40 02 40 40 07 40 40 15 40 40 20 40 40 31 74 04 25 74 04 25 74 04 28 74 04 33 74 04 42 10 10 8 6 5 Gray Gray Gray Gray Gray Oily Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay UnpoUuted Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted 30— LOWER BAY No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth of Water (feet) Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion Bacteria Approximate Latitude Longitude per gram 708 July 21, 1909 July 21, 1909 July 21, 1909 July 21, 1909 July 21, 1909 Sandy Hook, near Shrewsbury river o t tl 40 47 50 40 24 55 40 21 55 40 26 45 40 28 35 1 It 74 01 25 73 59 35 73 58 40 73 59 50 74 01 25 30 8 8 20 30 Black Brown Brown Brown Brown Marshy None None None None Clay Sand, gravel Sand, gravel Sand Sand PoUuted Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted 60,000 709 Shrewsbury river at Sperma- ceti Cove 710 711 712 Shrewsbury river at Seabright. Sandy Hook bay in Horseshoe Sandy Hook bay, west of point of hook 4,800 6,000 2,600 3,600 EXAMINATION OF DREDGINGS 201 TABLE XIV— Continued 30— LOWER BAY— Continued No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth of Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion Bacteria Approximate Latitude Longitude Water (feet) per gram 713 July 21, 1909 July 21, 1909 July 21, 1909 July 21, 1909 Lower bay, in main ship chan- nel by buoy No. 8 40 28 45 40 29 50 40 34 15 40 34 05 o / // 74 01 ,25 74 01 00 73 59 50 73 59 50 40 40 20 30 Brown Brown Brown Black None None None Sewage Sand Sand Sand Sand Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted 3,200 714 715 716 Half way between buoy No. 8 and Romer light 50 feet inside Coney Island channel, near bell buoy Coney Island channel, by bell buoy off Sea Gate Inn 2,800 2,800 1,000,000 717 July 21, 1909 July 21, 1909 July 21, 1909 July 21, 1909 On East bank 40 32 25 40 31 50 40 31 20 40 30 40 73 59 45 74 00 25 74 00 35 74 00 50 10 20 15 30 Brown Black Brown Black None Sewage None Sewage Sand Mud Sand Mud Unpolluted Polluted Unpolluted PoUuted 2,400 718 71<1 In fourteen foot channel 1,800,000 2,100 720 In Swash channel, 700 feet southwest of Romer light. . . 1,200,000 721 July 21, 1909 July 21, 1909 July 21, 1909 In Swash channel, 500 feet northeast of black and red buoy 40 31 20 40 31 20 40 32 15 74 02 IS 74 02 30 74 02 45 30 40 20 Black Black Brown Sewage Sewage Marshy Mud Mud Sand, clay Polluted Polluted Doubtful 1,600,000 722 In Main Ship channel, west of buoy at junction of Swash and Main channel 2,000,000 723 500 feet west of West Bank light 600,000 724 725 July 21, 1909 July 21, 1909 Half way between West Bank light and Ehn Tree beacon . 1000 feet off Ehn Tree Beacon 40 33 05 40 33 45 73 04 10 74 05 30 15 10 Brown Brown None None Sand Sand Unpolluted Unpolluted 6,000 4,800 31— ATLANTIC OCEAN No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth of Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion Bacteria Approjdmate Latitude Longitude Water (feet) per gram 726 727 July 21, 1909 July 21, 1909 July 21, 1909 Atlantic ocean, in so-called "Mud Gorge'' about 10 miles east of Long Branch Atlantic ocean, in so-called "Mud Gorge" 10 miles off O f It 40 19 15 40 19 15 40 19 15 O 1 If 73 48 45 73 48 45 73 47 15 145 145 150 Green Green Green Marshy Marshy Marshy sat Silt Silt Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted 6,400 5,600 4,800 728 Atlantic ocean, about 12 miles due east of Long Branch, easterly edge of "Mud Gorge" 729 730 731 July 21, 1909 July 21, 1909 July 21, 1909 Atlantic ocean, about 12 miles due east of Long Branch, easterly edge of "Mud Gorge" ' 'Oil Spot" on false Sandy Hook, 100 feet east of spar buoy 54 "Oil Spot" on false Sandy Hook, 1000 feet east of spar buoy S4 40 19 15 40 27 00 40 27 05 73 47 15 73 58 25 73 68 25 150 20 20 Green Brown Brown Marshy None None sut Sand Sand Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted 7,200 2,800 1,600 202 RESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XIV— Continued 32— HUDSON RIVER No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth of Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion Bacteria per gram Approximate Latitude Longitude Water (feet) 732 Aug. 19, 1909 Aug. 19, 1909 Aug. 19, 1909 Aug. 19, 1909 Half way across the Hudson on a line with Pier 1 . . o 1 II 40 42 23 40 43 00 40 42 56 40 43 34 O 1 II 74 01 35 74 01 25 74 01 01 74 01 19 50 40 40 40 Black Gray Gray Sewage Sewage Mud Gravel Mud Clay Doubtful Unpolluted PoUuted Polluted 1,000,000 733 Half way across Hudson, oppo- site Pier 17 734 50 feet off end of Pier 17, Hud- son river 1,300,000 735 Hudson river, half way across from Pier 32 630,000 736 Aug. 19, 1909 Sept. 7, 1909 Sept. 7, 1909 Sept. 7, 1909 Hudson river, half way across from Pier 48 40 44 08 40 46 54 40 48 23 40 49 31 74 01 11 73 59 25 73 58 18 73 57 27 40 35 40 40 Gray Black Black Blue — Clay Mud Mud Clay Polluted Polluted Unpolluted Unpolluted 750,000 737 Hudson River, 500 feet off foot West 72d street 738 739 Hudson river, 500 feet off foot of West 110th street Hudson river, 500 feet off foot of 140th street 740 741 742 Sept. 7, 1909 Sept. 7, 1909 Sept. 7, 1909 Hudson river, 500 feet off Washington Point Hudson river, 500 feet off In- wood bathing beach Hudson river, 500 feet off Spuyten Duyvil creek 40 51 02 40 52 17 40 52 44 73 56 56 73 55 56 73 55 40 40 40 40 Gray — Gravel Mud Gravel Unpolluted PoUuted Unpolluted 743 Sept. 7, 1909 Sept. 7, 1909 Hudson river, 500 feet off Federal Refining Plant, Yon- 40 55 45 40 56 52 73 54 23 73 54 07 40 35 Gray Brown — Gravel, mud Sand Unpolluted Unpolluted 744 Hudson river, 500 feet off Power Plant, northern Umit of Yonkers 33— PASSAIC RIVER AKD NEWARK BAY No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth of Color Odor Consistency Opinion Approximate Latitude Longitude Water (feet) 745 746 747 Sept. 8,1909 Sept. 8,1909 Sept. 8, 1909 Passiac river, 200 feet below P. R.R. passenger bridge, Newark Passaic river, 100 feet above P.R.R. freight bridge, below Newark. . . Passaic river, 100 feet below N. Y. and Newark R.R. bridge O 1 tl 40 45 14 40 44 09 40 43 21 a 1 II 74 09 55 74 09 45 74 07 20 15 15 15 Black Black Blue Oily Mud Mud Clay PoUuted PoUuted Unpolluted 748 Sept. 8, 1909 Sept. 8,1909 Sept. 8,1909 Newark bay, 100 feet below Lehigh Valley Bridge 40 41 54 40 40 12 40 39 14 74 07 12 74 08 08 74 08 49 15 15 15 Blue Blue •~~ Clay Clay Sand UnpoUuted PoUuted UnpoUuted 749 750 Newark bay, 200 feet west of red bell buoy, off Centreville Newark bay, 100 feet below C. R.R. of N. J. bridge EXAMINATION OP DEEDGINGS TABLE XIV— Continued 34— KILL VAN KULL 203 No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth of Color Odor Consistency- Opinion Approjdmate Latitude Longitude Water (feet) 751 Sept. 8,1909 Sept. 8,1909 Sept. 8,1909 Kill van Kull, west end, 1000 feet east of lighthouse Q 1 tl 40 38 35 40 38 50 40 39 05 O 1 II 74 08 45 74 05 55 74 05 10 35 40 40 — — Gravel Sand, gravel Sand, gravel 752 753 Kill van Kull, midstream, opposite Sailors' Snug Harbor station .... Kill van Kull, east end, opposite end of Constable Hook, mid- stream Unpolluted Unpolluted 754 Sept. 11, 1909 Sept. 11, 1909 Sept. 11, 1909 Kill van Kull, midstream, off Sail- ors' Snug Harbor 40 38 50 40 38 36 40 38 25 74 05 55 74 07 52 74 09 30 40 40 35 ' — Gravel Sand Gravel, sand Unpolluted 755 Kill van Kull, midstream, off Port Richmond Polluted 756 Kill van Kull, west end, 500 feet south of Shooters' Island Unpolluted 35— LOWER BAY No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth of Color Odor Consistency Opinion Water Approximate Latitude Longitude (feet) 757 Sept. 13, 1909 Lower bay, 200 feet southeast of O 1 II O 1 II Ambrose channel, buoy No. 24. . 40 33 30 74 01 25 35 Gray — Sand Unpolluted 758 Sept. 13, 1909 Lower bay, 1500 feet east of Am- brose channel. No. 20 40 32 25 74 00 45 25 Black Sewag^e,^ Mud Doubtful 759 Sept. 13, 1909 Lower bay, 500 feet northeast of Ambrose channel, buoy No. 10. . 40 31 00 73 58 45 20 Gray — Sand Unpolluted 760 Sept. 13, 1909 Lower bay, about 1000 feet north of Ambrose channel, buoy No. 4. . . 40 30 20 73 57 00 20 Gray -^ Sand Unpolluted 761 Sept. 13, 1909 Lower bay, 100 feet northeast of Ambrose channel, buoy No. 4. . . 40 30 10 73 56 55 35 Gray — Sand Unpolluted] 762 Sept. 13, 1909 Lower bay, 100 feet south of Am- brose channel, buoy No. 3 40 29 55 73 57 05 20 Brown — Sand Unpolluted] 763 Sept. 13, 1909 Lower bay, 100 feet north of buoy Sept. 13, 1909 G6 40 29 30 73 57 20 30 Brown — Sand Polluted 764 Lower bay, midway between G 6 and G 5 40 29 25 73 57 20 35 Black — Sand Unpolluted 765 Sept. 13, 1909 Lower bay, 200 feet south of buoy G5 40 29 10 73 57 20 30 Brown — Gravel Unpolluted 766 Sept. 13, 1909 Lower bay, 100 feet south of buoy C. B. 1 off Sandy Hook 40 29 15 73 58 15 30 Brown — Sand Unpolluted 767 Sept. 13, 1909 Lower bay, 500 feet southeast of buoy C. B. 3 off Sandy Hook. . . 40 28 50 73 59 10 35 Brown — Sand Unpolluted 768 Sept. 13, 1909 Lower bay, main ship's channel, 1000 feet northeast of buoy N 8. 40 28 55 74 01 20 35 Gray — Sand Unpolluted 769 Sept. 13, 1909 Lower bay, 500 feet southwest of buoy C. S. 1, south of Swash chan- nel 40 29 35 74 00 30 35 Brown _„ Sand Unpolluted 770 Sept. 14, 1909 Lower bay, 200 feet east of West Bank light 40 32 20 74 02 30 35 Black _ Mild R!).Tir) PnlliitpH 771 Sept. 14, 1909 Lower bay, between 2 buoys at junction of Swash and main chan- nels 40 31 25 74 02 20 30 Black __ PoUuted 772 Sept. 14, 1909 Lower bay, 300 feet northeast of buoy C. S. 3 40 30 50 74 01 45 20 Black HjS Mud Polluted 773 Sept. 14, 1909 Lower bay, 500 feet south of Romer light 40 30 45 74 00 45 30 Gray — Mud Doubtful 204 RESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XIV— Continued 36— LOWER BAY— Continued No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Approximate Latitude Longitude Depth of Water (feet) Color Odor Consistency Opinion 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 Sept. 14, 1909 Sept. 14, 1909 Sept. 14, 1909 Sept. 14, 1909 Sept. 14, 1909 Sept. 14, 1909 Sept. 14, 1909 Lower bay, 500 feet south of buoy N. S. 4 Lower bay, 500 feet north of buoy C.S.I Lower bay, 500 feet northwest of buoyN. S. 2 Lower bay, 500 feet southeast of black buoy S 9 Lower bay, 500 feet northwest of red buoy S 10 Lower bay, J^ distance between buoy A. C. 8 and Manhattan Beach Lower bay, % distance between buoy A. C. 8 and Manhattan Beach 40 30 00 40 29 45 40 29 50 40 30 45 40 31 00 40 32 05 40 33 05 ' "I 73 59 45 74 00 30 73 59 20 73 58 45 73 58 55 73 57 40 73 57 25 30 25 25 20 25 20 22 Brown Brown Brown Gray Gray Gray Brown Sand Sand Sand Sand Sand Sand Sand Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted 36— ARTHUR KILL No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth of Water (feet) Color Odor Consistency Opinion Approximate Latitude Longitude 781 782 Sept. 16, 1909 Sept. 16, 1909 Sept. 16, 1909 Rah way river, 14 mile from mouth. Artjiur Kill, opposite mouth of o 1 ir 40 35 55 40 35 35 40 34 45 / ;/ 74 12 45 74 12 15 74 12 35 8 10 15 Black Black Black Oily Mud Mud Sand Unpolluted Doubtful 783 Arthur Kill, opposite Fresh Kills . . Unpolluted 784 Sept. 16, 1909 Sept. 16, 1909 Sept. 16, 1909 Arthur Kill, by buoy S. 6, north of 40 35 45 40 38 45 40 28 35 74 12 05 74 10 45 74 09 30 12 15 35 Black Black Black — Mud, sand Mud, sand Mud Unpolluted Polluted 785 Arthur Kill, by buoy S. 4, at east end of Kill 786 Kill van Kull, between Shooter's Island and Mariners' Harbor. . . . Doubtful 37— LOWER BAY No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth of Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion Bacteria Approximate Latitude Longitude Water (feet) per gram 787 Sept. 20, 1909 Sept. 20, 1909 Sept. 20, 1909 Sept. 20, 1909 Lower bay, 500 feet southwest West Bank hght o / // 40 32 10 40 31 26 40 30 20 40 29 35 / /; 74 02 40 74 03 00 74 03 15 74 03 25 20 20 20 25 Brown Black Brown Brown Marshy Sewage None None Sand Mud Sand Sand Polluted Polluted Unpolluted Doubtful 788 Lower bay, about 1 mile from West Bank hght in line with Port Monmouth . . • 789 Lower bay, near white buoy S. on same Hne. . . . 790 Lower bay, farther north on same hne. 791 Sept. 20, 1909 Sept. 20, 1909 Lower bay, 1000 feet west of buoy C. C. 1 40 28 35 40 27 40 74 03 15 74 02 40 25 20 Black Brown Marshy Sand Sand Polluted PoUuted 530,000 230,000 792 Lower bay, farther south on Ra.TTlfi llTlf* EXAMINATION OF DREDGINGS TABLE XIV— Continued 87— LOWER BAY— Continued 205 No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth of Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion Bacteria per gram Approximate Latitude Longitude Water (feet) 793 Sept. 20, 1909 Sept. 20, 1909 Sept. 20, 1909 Lower bay, about 1 mile off Atlantic Highlands / // 40 26 25 40 25 50 40 29 00 t II 74 03 16 74 03 25 74 07 50 20 18 12 Black Brown Brown — Sand, mud Sand, mud Sand Polluted PoUuted Unpolluted 320,000 794 Lower bay, about Yi mile off Atlantic Highlands; 240 000 795 Lower bay, 2000 feet west of buoy S. 1 W. off Point Com- fort 360,000 796 797 Sept. 20, 1909 Sept. 20, 1909 Sept. 20, 1909 Lower bay, nearer Great Kills. Lower bay, 1 y% miles south of Great Kills 40 29 50 40 30 35 40 31 10 74 07 40 74 07 40 74 07 45 25 15 10 Black Brown Brown — Mud Sand Sand Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted 230,000 1,000,000 798 Lower bay, 1 mile south of Great Kills 150,000 38— RARITAN BAY No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth of Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion Bacteria per gram Approximate Latitude Longitude Water (feet) 799 800 Sept. 21, 1909 Sept. 21, 1909 Sept. 21, 1909 Raritan bay, off Seguine Point, 1000 feet east of buoy S. 3 . . Raritan bay, by buoy S. 3 in Seguine channel o / // 40 30 30 40 30 30 40 30 20 o t n 74 01 05 74 11 25 74 12 35 20 25 20 Black Black — . Mud Gravel Mud Doubtful Doubtful 801 Raritan bay, 1000 feet south- east of Princess bay light . . . 300,000 802 803 804 Sept. 21, 1909 Sept. 21, 1909 Sept. 21, 1909 Raritan bay, by red buoy S. 6. Raritan bay, by red buoy S. 8 . Raritan bay, 500 feet north of Great Beds light 40 29 45 40 29 05 40 29 15 74 13 35 74 14 20 74 15.15 25 25 16 Black Black — Mud Mud Clinkers Doubtful Doubtful 450,000 380,000 39— ARTHUR KILL No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth of Water (feet) Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion Bacteria Approximate Latitude Longitude 805 Sept. 21, 1909 Sept. 21, 1909 Arthur Kill, 200 feet west of buoy S a 1 It 40 30 10 40 30 55 O t II 74 15 40 74 15 15 20 20 Brown — Mud Clinkers Unpolluted 490,000 806 Arthur Kill, 200 feet west of buoy 2, at Tottenville, S. I . . 40— HUDSON RIVER No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth of Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion Bacteria Approximate Latitude Longitude Water (feet) 807 Oct. 1, 1909 Hudson river, 150 feet out from Pier 4 O 1 II 40 42 46 O 1 II 74 01 07 40 Black Sewage Gravel Polluted 200,000 206 RESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XIV— Continued 41— HARLEM RIVER No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth of Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion Bacteria Approximate Latitude' Longitude Water (feet) per gram 808 809 Oct. 11, 1909 Oct. 11, 1909 Oct. 11, 1909 Oct. 11, 1909 Harlem river, opposite East 116th street, midstream Harlem river, opposite East 116th street, 50 feet off Man- hattan shore o t tt 40 47 37 40 47 38 40 47 25 40 47 26 o / // 73 55 47 73 55 50 73 56 03 73 56 06 20 20 20 20 Gray Gray Black Black Gas house Oily Gas house HaS H^ Mud Mud Mud Mud PoUuted Polluted Polluted Polluted 150,000 810 811 Harlem river, opposite East 110th street, midstream. . . . Harlem river, opposite East 110th street, 50 feet off Man- hattan shore 380,000 300,000 42— EAST RIVER No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth of Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion Bacteria Approximate Latitude Longitude Water, (feet) per gram 812 Oct. 1, 1909 Oct. 1, 1909 Oct. 1, 1909 Oct. 1, 1909 East river, 1000 feet off mouth of Newtown Creek o / n 40 44 13 40 44 13 40 42 25 40 42 16 o / // 73 57 57 73 57 57 73 58 30 73 58 13 30 30 80 15 Black Black Black Black Oily,gas house Oily,gas house Sand Cinders Mud Mud PoUuted Doubtful Polluted PoUuted 813 East river, 1000 feet off mouth of Newtown Creek 1,300,000 814 East river, outer edge of Wallar bout bay 815 East river, 200 feet outside Wallabout Canal 1,100,000 450,000 43— HUDSON RIVER No. Date of CoUection Location of Samples Depth of Water (feet) Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion Bacteria Approximate Latitude Longitude per gram 816 Oct. 2, 1909 Hudson river, 30 feet south of outer southwest corner of Pier A 40 42 15 o t II 74 01 08 40 Black Sewage Mud PoUuted 750,000 44— HARLEM RIVER No. Date of CoUection Location of Samples Depth of Water (feet) Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion Bacteria Approximate Latitude Longitude per gram 817 818 819 Oct. 2, 1909 Oct. 2, 1909 Oct. 2, 1909 Harlem river, opposite East 103d street, midstream .... Harlem river, opposite East 105th street, midstream Harlem river, opposite East 108th street, midstream O 1 II 40 47 09 40 47 13 40 47 21 1 II 73 56 15 73 56 12 73 56 08 25 25 25 Black Black Black HsS H^ H,S Mud Mud Mud PoUuted PoUuted PoUuted 650,000 1,700,000 EXAMINATION OF BORINGS TABLE XIV— Continued 46— NEWTOWN CREEK 207 No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth of Water (feet) Color '4 Odor Consistency- Opinion Approximate Latitude Longitude 820 Oct. 2, 1909 Newtown Creek, 100 feet below fu-Bt bridge o / // 40 44 21 / // 73 57 21 20 Black _ Gravel Polluted 46— UPPER BAY No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Approximate Lati- tude Longi- tude Depth in feet Water Mud Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion Bacteria per gram 821 822 823 824 Oct. 4, 1909, By buoy S. bay A., off Gowanus Oct. Oct. 4, 1909, 4, 1909, By buoy S. bay By buoy S. bay A., off Gowanus A., off Gowanus Oct. 4, 1909, By buoy S. bay A., off Gowanus o / // 40 39 43 40 39 43 40 39 43 40 39 43 O f /f 74 01 20 74 01 20 74 01 20 74 01 20 30 30 30 30 Black Black Black Gray Oily HaS HiiS Mud Sand Mud, sand Clay Polluted Unpolluted Doubtful Unpolluted 700,000 300,000 600,000 750,000 825 826 827 828 Oct. Oct. Oct. 4, 1909, 4, 1909, 4, 1909, Oct. 4, 1909. By buoy S. bay By buoy S. bay By buoy S. bay By buoy S. bay A., off Gowanus A., off Gowanus A., off Gowanus A., off Gowanus 40 29 43 40 39 43 40 39 43 40 39 43 74 01 20 74 01 20 74 01 20 40 39 20 30 30 30 30 Gray Gray Gray Gray HjS KS US Clay Clay Clay, sand Clay, sand Doubtful Unpolluted Doubtful Doubtful 900,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 900,000 829 830 831 Oct. 4, 1909, Oct. 4, 1909, Oct. 4, 1909. By buoy S. bay By buoy S. bay By buoy S. bay A., off Gowanus A., off Gowanus A., off Gowanus 40 39 43 40 39 43 40 39 43 74 01 20 74 01 20 74 01 20 30 30 30 8 9 10 Gray Gray Gray Clay, sand Clay, sand Clay, sand Polluted Unpolluted Doubtful 1,000,000 600,000 600,000 47— GOWANUS CANAL Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth in feet ' Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion No. Approximate Lati- tude Longi- tude per gram Water Mud 832 Oct. 4, 1909. Oct. 4, 1909. Oct. 4, 1909. Gowanus Canal, at foot of Clinton street t II 40 39 57 40 39 57 40 39 57 ; // 74 00 25 74 00 25 74 00 25 20 20 20 1 2 Black Black Black Gas Gas Gas Mud Mud Mud PoUuted Polluted Polluted 3,000,000 1,700,000 1,900,000 833 Gowanus Canal, at foot of Clinton street. . 834 Gowanus Canal, at foot of Clinton street 835 Oct. 4, 1909. Oct. 4, 1909. Oct. 4, 1909. Gowanus Canal, at foot of Clinton street 40 39 57 40 39 57 40 39 57 74 00 25 74 00 25 74 00 25 20 20 20 3 4 5 Black Black Blacl^ Gas Gas Gas Mud Mud Mud Polluted Polluted Polluted 600,000 310,000 450,000 836 Gowanus Canal, at foot of Clinton street 837 Gowanus Canal, at foot of Clinton street .vrv fiTO T^ ^, ^r: \ 208 RESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XIV— Continued 48— UPPER BAY No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion Bacteria Approximate Lati- tude Longi- tude per gram Water Mud 838 Oct. 6, 1909. Oct. 6, 1909. Oct. 6, 1909. Oct. 6, 1909. Upper bay, 50 feet south of Duoy N 14 / // 40 40 33 40 40 33 40 40 33 40 40 33 O / II 74 02 10 74 02 10 74 02 10 74 02 10 20 20 20 20 1 2 3 Black Black Black Gray H^S HaS HjS HjS Mud, sand Mud, sand Mud, sand Sand PoUuted PoUuted Polluted Unpolluted 839 Upper bay, 50 feet south of Duoy N 14 500,000 840 Upper bay, 50 feet south of Duoy N 14 330,000 841 Upper bay, 50 feet south of buoy N14 200,000 320,000 842 Oct. 6, 1909. Oct. 6, 1909. Oct. 6, 1909. Oct. 6, 1909. Upper bay, 50 feet south of buoy N 14 40 40 33 40 40 20 40 40 20 40 40 20 74 02 10 74 01 10 74 01 10 74 01 10 20 30 30 30 4 1 2 Gray Black Black Black Gas house, HsS HaS HjS Sand Mud Mud Mud Unpolluted Polluted Polluted PoUuted 250,000 1,500,000 410,000 830,000 843 844 846 Upper bay, in Red Hook channel, 30 feet off Pier 46 Upper bay, in Red Hook channel, 30 feet off Pier 46 Upper bay, in Red Hook channel, 30 feet off Pier 46 846 847 848 849 Oct. 6, 1909. Oct. 6, 1909. Oct. 6, 1909. Oct. 6, 1909. Upper bay, in Red Hook channel, 30 feet off Pier 46 Upper bay, in Red Hook channel, 30 feet off Pier 46 Upper bay, in Red Hook channel, 30 feet off Pier 46 Upper bay, in Red Hook channel, 30 feet off Pier 46 40 40 20 40 40 20 40 40 20 40 40 20 74 01 10 74 01 10 74 01 10 74 01 10 30 30 30 30 3 4 5 6 Black iBlack Black Black HsS HsS HjS HjS Mud Mud Mud Mud Polluted Polluted PoUuted PoUuted 440,000 1,000,000 2,000,000 300,000 850 851 852 853 Oct. 6, 1909. Oct. 6, 1909. Oct. 6, 1909. Oct. 7, 1909. Upper bay, in Red Hook channel, 30 feet off Pier 46 Upper bay, in Red Hook channel, 30 feet off Pier 46 Upper bay, in Red Hook channel, 30 feet off Pier 46 Upper bay, 30 feet east of bell buoy No. 12^ 40 40 20 40 40 20 40 40 20 40 38 22 74 01 10 74 01 10 74 01 10 74 03 13 30 30 30 25 7 8 9 Black Black Black Black HjS HjS HjS HjS Mud Mud, sand Mud, sand Mud PoUuted PoUuted PoUuted PoUuted 500,000 700,000 250,000 450,000 854 855 856 857 Oct. 7, 1909. Oct. 7, 1909. Oct. 7, 1909. Oct. 7, 1909. Upper bay, 30 feet east of beUbuoyNo.-12J^ Upper bay, 30 feet east of bell buoy No. 12J^ Upper bay, 30 feet east of bell buoy No. 12J^ Upper bay, 30 feet east of bell buoy No. 12 J^ 40 38 22 40 38 22 40 38 22 40 38 22 74 03 13 74 03 13 74 03 13 74 03 13 25 25 25 25 1 2 3 4 Black Black Black Black H2S HjS HjS HjS Mud Mud Mud Mud Polluted UnpoUuted UnpoUuted UnpoUuted 1,200,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 858 859 860 861 Oct. 7, 1909. Oct. 7, 1909. Oct. 7, 1909. Oct. 7, 1909. Upper bay, 30 feet east of bell buoy No. 121^ Upper bay, 30 feet east of beUbuoyNo. 12J^ Upper bay, 30 feet east of beU buoy No. X2}4 Upper bay, 30 feet east of l)eU buoy No. 12J^ 40 38 22 40 38 22 40 38 22 40 38 22 74 03 13 74 03 13 74 03 13 74 03 13 25 25 25 25 5 6 7 8 Gray Gray Gray Gray HsS HaS H2S HsS Mud, sand Mud, sand Mud, sand Mud, sand UnpoUuted UnpoUuted UnpoUuted UnpoUuted 600,000 200,000 260,000 210,000 EXAMINATION OF BOEINGS TABLE XIV— Continued 4&— UPPER BAY— Continued 209 No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth in feet Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion Bacteria Approximate Lati- tude Longi- tude per gram Water Mud 862 863 Oct. 7, 1909. Oct. 7, 1909. Oct. 7, 1909. Oct. 7, 1909. Upper bay, 20 feet south of end of new ferry dock, Stapleton, S. I Upper bay, 20 feet south of end of new ferry dock, Stapleton, S. I f n 40 37 37 40 37 37 40 37 37 40 37 37 o / // 74 04 09 74 04 09 74 04 09 74 04 09 26 26 26 26 3 4 5 Black Black Black Black H^ HjS HjiS HiS Mud Mud Mud Mud Polluted Doubtful Doubtful Doubtful 400,000 150,000 864 Upper bay, 20 feet south oi end of new ferry dock, Stapleton, S. I 250,000 380,000 865 Upper bay, 20 feet south oi end of new ferry dock, Stapleton, S. I 866 Oct. 7, 1909. Oct. 7, 1909. Oct. 7, 1909. Oct. 7, 1909. Upper bay, 20 feet south of end of new ferry dock, Stapleton, S. I 40 37 37 40 37 37 40 37 37 40 37 37 74 04 09 74 04 09 74 04 09 74 04 09 26 26 26 26 6 7 8 9 Gray Gray Gray Gray HjS HsS H,S H,S Clay, sand Clay, sand Clay, sand Clay, sand Doubtful Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted 867 Upper bay, 20 feet south of end of new ferry dock, Stapleton, S. I 110,000 868 Upper bay, 20 feet south of end of new ferry dock, Stapleton, S. I 800,000 869 Upper bay, 20 feet south of end of new ferry dock, Stapleton, S. I 200,000 130,000 870 Oct. 7, 1909. Oct. 8, 1909. Oct. 8, 1909. Oct. 8, 1909. Upper bay, 20 feet south ol end of new ferry dock, Stapleton, S. I 40 37 37 40 38 54 40 38 54 40 38 54 74 04 09 74 03 06 74 03 06 74 03 06 26 32 32 32 10 1 2 Gray Black Black Gray H2S H,S HiiS HjS Clay, sand Mud Mud Clay Unpolluted Doubtful Unpolluted Unpolluted 871 Upper bay, midway between Robbins Reef light and Owl Head 210,000 300,000 130,000 220,000 872 Upper bay, midway between Robbins Reef light and Owl Head 873 Upper bay, midway between Robbins Reef light and Owl Head 874 Oct. 8, 1909. Oct. 8, 1909. Oct. 8, 1909. Oct. 8, 1909. Upper bay, midway between Robbins Reef light and Owl Head 40 38 54 40 38 54 40 38 54 40 38 54 74 03 06 74 03 06 74 03 06 74 03 06 32 32 32 32 3 4 5 6 Gray Gray Gray Gray H2S H2S HjS H2S Clay Clay Clay Clay Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted 300,000 250,000 170,000 190,000 875 Upper bay, midway between Robbins Reef light and Owl Head 876 Upper bay, midway between Robbins Reef light and Owl Head 877 Upper bay, midway between Robbins Reef light and Owl Head 878 Oct. 8, 1909. Oct. 8, 1909. Oct. 8, 1909. Oct. 8, 1909. Upper bay, midway between Robbins Reef light and Owl Head 40 38 54 40 38 54 40 38 54 40 38 54 74 03 06 74 03 06 74 03 06 74 03 06 32 32 32 32 7 8 9 10 Gray Gray Gray Gray HjS H^S H2S Clay Clay Clay Clay Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted 879 Upper bay, midway between Robbins Reef light and Owl Head 880 Upper bay, midway between Robbins Reef light and Owl Head 881 Upper bay, midway between 'Bobbins Reef light and Owl Head 210 EESULTS OP ANALYSES TABLE XIV— Continued 49— KILL VAN KDLL No. Date of CoUection Location of Samples Depth in feet Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion Approximate Latitude Longitude Water Mud 882 883 884 885 Oct. 8, 1909. Oct. 8, 1909. Oct. 8, 1909. Oct. 8, 1909 Kill van KuU, 50 feet off dock at ferry, Port Richmond, S. I KiU van KuU, 50 feet off dock at ferry, Port Richmond, S. I KiU van KuU, 50 feet off dock at ferry. Port Richmond, S. I Kill van KuU, 50 feet off dock at ferry. Port Richmond, S. I / // 40 38 30 40 38 30 40 38 30 40 38 30 o / // 74 07 53 74 07 53 74 07 53 74 07 53 20 20 20 20 1 2 3 Black Black Black Black H>S HjS HjS Mud Mud Mud Mud Polluted PoUuted Polluted PoUuted 886 887 888 889 Oct. 8, 1909 Oct. 8, 1909. Oct. 8, 1909. Oct. 8, 1909. KiU van KuU, 50 feet off dock at ferry. Port Richmond, S. I KiU van KuU, 50 feet off dock at ferry. Port Richmond, S. I Kill van KuU, 50 feet off dock at ferry. Port Richmond, S. I KiU van KuU, 50 feet off dock at ferry. Port Richmond, S. I 40 38 30 40 38 30 40 38 30 40 38 30 74 07 63 74 07 53 74 07 63 74 07 53 20 20 20 20 4 5 6 7 Black Black Black Black RS RS HsS ns Mud Mud Mud Mud Polluted PoUuted PoUuted PoUuted 890 891 892 893 Oct. 8, 1909. Oct. 8, 1909. Oct. 8, 1909. Oct. 8, 1909. KiU van KuU, 50 feet off dock at ferry. Port Richmond, S. I KiU van KuU, 50 feet off dock at ferry. Port Richmond, S. I KiU van KuU, 60 feet off dock at ferry. Port Richmond, S. I KiU van KuU, 50 feet off dock at ferry, Port Richmond, S. I 40 38 30 40 38 30 40 38 30 40 38 30 74 07 53 74 07 53 74 07 53 74 07 53 20 20 20 20 8 9 10 11 Black Black Black Black HsS HsS HsS HsS Mud Mud Mud Mud PoUuted PoUuted PoUuted PoUuted BO— UPPER BAY No. Date of CoUection Location of Samples Depth in feet Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion Bacteria Approximate Lati- tude Longi- tude per gram Water Mud 894 895 896 897 Oct. 11, 1909 Oct. 11, 1909 Oct. 11, 1909 Oct. 11, 1909 Upper bay, 50 feet east of red buoy off Ellis Island Upper bay, 50 feet east of red buoy off EUis Island Upper bay, 50 feet east of red Duoy off EUis Island Upper bay, 50 feet east of red buoy off EUis Island 40 41 50 40 41 50 40 41 50 40 41 50 Of// 74 02 07 74 02 07 74 02 07 74 02 07 35 35 35 35 1 2 3 Black Black Black Black HsS H,S HsS HsS Mud, sand Mud Mud Mud PoUuted PoUuted PoUuted PoUuted 800,000 700,000 700,000 3,000,000 898 899 900 901 Oct. 11, 1909 Oct. 11, 1909 Oct. 11, 1909 Oct. 11, 1909 Upper bay, 50 feet east of red buoy off EUis Island Upper bay, 50 feet east of red DUoy off EUis Island Upper bay, 50 feet east of red Duoy off EUis Island Upper bay, 50 feet east of red Duoy off Ellis Island 40 41 50 40 41 50 40 41 50 40 41 50 74 02 07 74 02 07 74 02 07 74 02 07 35 35 35 35 4 6 6 7 Black Black Black Black, gray HsS HsS HsS HsS Mud Mud Mud Mud, clay PoUuted UnpoUuted UnpoUuted UnpoUuted 1,500,000 3,000,000 450,000 530,000 902 903 Oct. 11, 1909 Oct. 11, 1909 Upper bay, 50 feet east of red buoy off EUis Island Upper bay, i4 mile west of Robbins Reef 40 41 50 40 39 24 74 02 07 74 04 14 35 IS 8 Black, gray Black HsS Oil, HsS Mud, clay Mud PoUuted 300,000 3,000,000 EXAMINATION OF BOEINGS TABLE XIV— Continued 60— UPPER BAY— Contintted 211 No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth in feet Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion Bacteria Approximate Lati- tude Longi- tude per gram Water Mud 004 905 Oct. 11, 1909 Oct. 11, 1909 Oct. 11, 1909 Upper bay, J^ mile west of Robbins Reef Upper bay, ]4 mile west of Robbins Reef O 1 II 40 39 24 40 39 24 40 39 24 O t II 74 04 14 74 04 14 74 04 14 15 15 15 1 2 3 Black Brown Brown HjS Marshy Marshy Mud, sand Sand Sand Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted 1,500,000 1,600,000 906 Upper bay, )4 mile west of 61— KILL VAN KULL No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth in feet Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion Bacteria Approximate Lati- tude Longi- tude per gram Wat«r Mud 907 908 909 910 Oct. 11, 1909 Oct. 11, 1909 Oct. 11, 1909 Oct. 11, 1909 Kill van Kull, opposite Liv- ingston St., S. I Kill van Kull, opposite Liv- ingston St., S. I Kill van Kull, opposite Liv- ingston St., S. I Kill van Kull, opposite Liv- ingston St., S. I O 1 II 40 38 44 40 38 44 40 38 44 40 38 44 oil! 74 06 40 74 06 40 74 06 40 74 06 40 35 35 35 35 1 2 3 Black Black Black Black Sewage Kero- sene Kero- sene Kero- sene Mud Mud Mud Mud PoUuted Polluted Polluted PoUuted 500,000 900,000 900,000 1,800,000 911 912 913 914 915 Oct. 11, 1909 Oct. 11, 1909 Oct. 11, 1909 Oct. 11, 1909 Oct. 11, 1909 Kill van Kull, opposite Liv- ingston St., S. I Kill van Kull, opposite Liv- ingston St., S. 1. Kill van Kull, opposite Liv- ingston street, S. I Kill van Kull, opposite Liv- ingston street, S. I Kill van Kull, opposite Liv- ingston street, S. I 40 38 44 40 38 44 40 38 44 40 38 44 40 38 44 74 06 40 74 06 40 74 06 40 74 06 40 74 06 40 35 35 35 35 35 4 5 6 7 8 Black Gray Gray Gray Gray Kero- sene HjS HsS ns US Mud Sand Sand Sand Sand Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted 170,000 320,000 480,000 180,000 2— ARTHUR KILL No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth of Water (feet) Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion Bacteria Approximate Latitude Longitude per gram 916 Oct. 14, 1909 Arthur Kill, 200 feet east of drawbridge at Elizabethport O 1 II 40 38 20 O 1 II 74 11 35 — Gray Sewage Clay Doubtful 320,000 212 RESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XIV— Continued 63— NEWARK BAY No. Date of CoUection Location of Samples Depth in fcBt Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion Bacteria Approximate Lati- tude Longi- tude per gram Water Mud 917 918 919 920 Oct. 14, 1909 Oct. 14, 1909 Oct. 14, 1909 Oct. 14, 1909 Newark bay, 50 feet off Singer pier, EUzabethport. Newark bay, 50 feet off Singer pier, EUzabethport. Newark bay, 50 feet off Singer pier, EUzabethport. Newark bay, 50 feet off Singer pier, EUzabethport. 1 II 40 39 10 40 39 10 40 39 10 40 39 10 O 1 II 74 10 11 74 10 11 74 10 11 74 10 11 12 12 12 12 1 2 3 Black Black Black Black HsS HsS H,S HjS Mud Mud Mud Mud PoUuted Polluted Polluted Polluted 680,000 170,000 340,000 140,000 921 922 923 924 Oct. 14, 1909 Oct. 14, 1909 Oct. 14, 1909 Oct. 14, 1909 Newark bay, 50 feet off Singer pier, EUzabethport. Newark bay, 50 feet off Singer pier, EUzabethport. Newark bay, 50 feet off Singer pier, EUzabethport. Newark bay, 50 feet off Singer pier, EUzabethport. 40 39 10 40 39 10 40 39 10 40 39 10 74 10 11 74 10 11 74 10 11 74 10 11 12 12 12 12 4 5 6 7 Black Black Black Black HsS HjS HjS Mud Mud Mud Mud Polluted Polluted PoUuted Polluted 480,000 160,000 240,000 925 926 927 928 Oct. 14, 1909 Oct. 14, 1909 Oct. 14, 1909 Oct. 14, 1909 Newark bay, 50 feet off Singer pier, EUzabethport. Newark bay, 50 feet off Singer pier, EUzabethport. Newark bay, 50 feet off Singer pier, EUzabethport. Newark bay, 50 feet off Singer pier, EUzabethport. 40 39 10 40 39 10 40 39 10 40 39 10 74 10 11 74 10 11 74 10 11 74 10 11 12 12 12 12 8 9 10 11 Black Black Black Black HjS HjS ■RS HaS Mud Mud Mud Mud PoUuted PoUuted Polluted PoUuted 140,000 230,000 300,000 120,000 929 930 931 932 Oct. 14, 1909 Oct. 14, 1909 Oct. 14, 1909 Oct. 14, 1909 Newark bay, midway be- tween Shooter's Island and Comer Stake Ught Newark bay, midway be- tween Shooter's Island and Comer Stake Ught Newark bay, midway be- tween Shooter's Island and Corner Stake Ught Newark bay, midway be- tween Shooter's Island and Comer Stake Ught 40 38 49 40 38 49 40 38 49 40 38 49 74 10 11 74 10 11 74 10 11 74 10 11 18 18 18 18 , 1 2 3 Black Black Black Black HsS H^S HjS Mud Mud Mud Mud PoUuted PoUuted PoUuted PoUuted 2,000,000 1,800,000 3,000,000 933 934 935 936 Oct. 14, 1909 Oct. 14, 1909 Oct. 14, 1909 Oct. 14, 1909 Newark bay, midway be- tween Shooter's Island and Comer Stake Ught Newark bay, midway be- tween Shooter's Island and Comer Stake Ught Newark bay, midway be- tween Shooter's Island and Corner Stake Ught Newark bay, midway be- tween Shooter's Island and Corner Stake Ught 40 38 49 40 38 49 40 38 49 40 38 49 74 10 11 74 10 11 74 10 11 74 10 11 18 18 18 18 4 5 6 7 Black Black Black Black HiiS HsS Mud Mud Mud Mud PoUuted Polluted PoUuted PoUuted 1,600,000 1,700,000 900,000 2,100,000 937 938 939 Oct. 15, 1909 Oct. 15, 1909 Oct. 15, 1909 Newark bay, 300 feet south of C. R.R. of N. J. bridge. Newark bay, 300 feet south of C. R.R. of N. J. bridge. Newark bay, 300 feet south of C. R.R. of N. J. bridge. 40 39 13 40 39 13 40 39 13 74 08 45 74 08 45 74 08 45 12 12 12 1 2 Black Black Black Sewage H,S Mud Mud Mud PoUuted PoUuted PoUuted 880,000 1,100,000 1,400,000 940 941 Oct. 15, 1909 Oct. 15, 1909 Newark bay, 300 feet south of C. R.R. of N. J. bridge. Newark bay, 300 feet south of C. R.R. of N. J. bridge. 40 39 13 40 39 13 74 08 45 74 08 45 12 12 3 4 Gray Gray HjS H,S Clay Clay UnpoUuted lUnpolluted 200,000 700,000 EXAMINATION OF BORINGS TABLE XIV— Continued 63— NEWARK BAY— Continued 213 Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion Bacteria No. Approximate Lati- tude tude in feet Water Mud 942 943 Oct. 15, 1909 Oct. IS, 1909 Oct. 15, 1909 Oct. 15, 1909 Newark bay, midway be- tween red bell buoy and Centreville shore Newark bay, midway be- tween red bell buoy and Centreville shore O 1 It 40 40 07 40 40 07 40 40 07 40 40 07 O 1 ff 74 07 53 74 07 53 74 07 53 74 07 53 8 8 8 8 1 2 3 Gray Gray Gray Gray Marshy Marshy Marshy Marshy Clay Clay Clay Clay Doubtful Unpolluted Doubtful Unpolluted 750,000 300,000 944 Newark bay, midway be- tween red bell buoy and Centreville shore 300,000 945 Newark bay, midway be- tween red bell buoy and Centreville shore 470,000 946 Oct. 15, 1909 Oct. 15, 1909 Oct. 15, 1909 Oct. 15, 1909 Newark bay, 200 feet east of black buoy C 3 40 41 21 40 41 21 40 41 21 40 41 21 74 07 38 74 07 38 74 07 38 74 07 .qs 12 12 12 12 1 2 3 Black Black Gray Gray HjS Marshy Marshy Marshy Sand Sand, mud Clay Clay PoUuted PoUuted Unpolluted Unpolluted 1,200,000 947 Newark bay, 200 feet east of black buoy C 3 948 Newark bay, 200 feet east of black buoy C 3 900,000 750,000 300 000 949 Newark bay, 200 feet east of black buoy 3 950 Oct. 15, 1909 Oct. 15, 1909 Oct. 15, 1909 Oct. 15, 1909 Newark bay, 200 feet east of black buoy C 3 40 41 21 40 41 21 40 41 21 40 41 21 74 07 38 74 07 38 74 07 38 74 07 38 12 12 12 12 4 5 6 7 Gray Gray Gray Gray Marshy Marshy Marshy Marshy Clay Clay Clay Clay Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted 480,000 800,000 951 Newark bay, 200 feet east of black buoy C 3 952 Newark bay, 200 feet east of black buoy C 3 953 Newark bay, 200 feet east of black buoy C 3 420,000 954 Oct. 15, 1909 Oct. 15, 1909 Oct. 15, 1909 Oct. 15, 1909 Newark bay, 200 feet east of black buoy C 3 40 41 21 40 41 21 40 41 21 40 42 25 74 07 38 74 07 38 74 07 38 74 07 11 12 12 12 16 8 9 10 Gray Gray Gray Black Marshy Marshy Marshy Clay Clay Clay Mud Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted PoUuted 560,000 420,000 955 Newark bay, 200 feet east of black buoy C 3 956 Newark bay, 200 feet east of black buoy C 3 957 Newark bay, 100 feet west of red and black buoy N, above L. V. R.R. bridge. . 958 959 960 Oct. 15, 1909 Oct. 15, 1909 Oct. 15, 1909 Newark bay, 100 feet west of red and black buoy N Newark bay, 100 feet west of red and black buoy N. . . . Newark bay, 100 feet west of red and black buoy N 40 42 25 40 42 25 40 42 25 74 07 11 74 07 11 74 07 11 16 16 16 1 2 3 Black Black Black B.S HjS H^S Mud Mud Mud Polluted Polluted PoUuted 961 962 Oct. 15, 1909 Oct. 15, 1909 Newark bay, 100 feet west of red and black buoy N Newark bay, 100 feet west of red and black buoy N 40 42 25 40 42 25 74 07 11 74 07 11 16 16 4 5 Black IBlack HjS HiiS Mud Mud PoUuted PoUuted 64— KILL VAN KULL No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth in feet Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion Approximate Latitude Longitude Water Mud 962 Oct. 16, 1909 Oct. 16, 1909 KiU van KuU, pier head line off Bodine creek o / // 40 38 28 40 38 28 74 07 39 74 07 39 12 12 1 Black Black Sewage H,S Mud Mud PoUuted PoUuted 964 KiU van KuU, pier head line off Bodine creek 214 RESULTS OP ANALYSES TABLE XIV— Continued 54— KILL VAN KULL— Continued No, Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth in feet Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion Approximate Longitude Latitude Water Mud 965 Oct. Oct. 16, 16, 1909 1909 KiU van KuU, Bodine creek. KiU van KuU, Bodine creek pier head line off 1 n 40 38 28 40 38 28 Q 1 If 74 07 39 74 07 39 12 12 2 3 Black Black HiiS HjS Mud Mud PoUuted 966 pier head line off PoUuted 967 Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. 16, 16, 16, 16, 1909 1909 1909 1909 KiU van KuU, Bodine creek. KiU van KuU, Bodine creek. KiU van KuU, Bodine creek KiU van KuU, Bodine creek pier head Une off 40 38 28 40 38 28 40 38 28 40 38 28 74 07 39 74 07 39 74 07 39 74 07 39 12 12 12 12 4 5 6 7 Black Black Black Black HjS HjS HjS HuS Mud Mud Mud Mud PoUuted 968 pier head Une off PoUuted 969 pier head line off PoUuted 970 pier head line off PoUuted 971 Oct. Oct. 16, 16, 1909 1909 KUl van KuU, Bodine creek KiU van KuU, Bodine creek pier head line off 40 38 28 40 38 28 74 07 39 74 07 39 12 12 8 9 Black Black HjS HjS Mud Mud PoUuted 972 pier head line off PoUuted 66— UPPER BAY No. Date of CoUection Location of Samples Approximate Latitude Longitude Depth in feet Water Mud Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion 973 974 975 976 Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. 18, 1909 18, 1909 18, 1909 18, 1909 Upper bay, 400 feet south of Port Liberty coal dock Upper bay, 400 feet south of Port Liberty coal dock Upper bay, 400 feet south of Port Liberty coal dock Upper bay, 400 feet south of Port Liberty coal dock 40 42 10 40 42 10 40 42 10 40 42 10 74 02 15 74 02 15 74 02 15 74 02 15 10 10 10 10 Black Black Black Gray Sewage Sewage Mud, clay Mud Mud Marshy Clay Polluted Polluted PoUuted Polluted 977 978 979 980 Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. 18, 1909 18, 1909 18, 1909 18, 1909 Upper bay, 400 feet south of Port Liberty coal dock Upper bay, 400 feet south of Port Liberty coal dock Upper bay, 400 feet south of Port Liberty coal dock Upper bay, 400 feet south of Port Liberty coal dock 40 42 10 40 42 10 40 42 10 40 42 10 74 02 15 74 02 15 74 02 15 74 02 15 10 10 10 10 Gray Gray Gray Gray Marshy Marshy Marshy Marshy Clay Clay Clay Clay Doubtful Doubtful * UnpoUuted Unpolluted 981 982 Oct. Oct. 18, 1909 18, 1909 Upper bay, 400 feet south of Port Liberty coal dock Upper bay, 400 feet south of Port Liberty coal dock 40 42 10 40 42 10 74 02 15 74 02 15 10 10 Gray Gray Marshy Marshy Clay Clay Unpolluted Unpolluted 56— HUDSON RIVER No. Date of CoUection Location of Samples Depth Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion Bacteria Approximate Lati- tude Longi- tude per gram Water Mud 983 984 Oct. 18, 1909 Oct. 18, 1909 Hudson river, end of pier, 10th street, Hoboken Hudson river, end of pier, 10th street, Hoboken o / // 40 44 64 40 44 54 O 1 It 74 01 24 74 01 24 20 20 1 Black Black Sewage HjS Mud Mud Polluted PoUuted 1,200,000 1,800,000 EXAMINATION OF BOEINGS TABLE XIV— Continued 66— HUDSON RIVER— Continued 215 No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth in feet Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion _, Bacteria Approximate Lati- tude Longi- tude per gram Water Mud 985 986 987 988 Oct. 18, 1909 Oct. 18, 1909 Oct. 18, 1909 Oct. 18, 1909 Hudson river, end of pier, 10th street, Hoboken Hudson river, end of pier, 10th street, Hoboken. .... Hudson river, end of pier, 10th street, Hoboken Hudson river, end of pier, 10th street, Hoboken O t II 40 44 54 40 44 54 40 44 54 40 44 54 O f tt 74 01 24 74 01 24 74 01 24 74 01 24 20 20 20 20 2 3 4 6 Black Black Black Black H^S HjS HaS HjS Mud Mud Mud Mud Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted 2,000,000 1,800,000 2,000,000 2,400,000 989 990 991 992 993 Oct. 18, 1909 Oct. 18, 1909 Oct. 18, 1909 Oct. 18, 1909 Oct. 18, 1909 Hudson river, end of pier, 10th street, Hoboken Hudson river, end of pier, 10th street, Hoboken.. . . . Hudson river, end of pier, 10th street, Hoboken Hudson river, end of pier, 10th street, Hoboken Hudson river, end of pier, 10th street, Hoboken 40 44 54 40 44 54 40 44 54 40 44 54 40 44 54 74 01 24 74 01 24 74 01 24 74 01 24 74 01 24 20 20 20 20 20 6 7 8 9 10 Black Black Black Black Black HjS HaS H2S H2S HaS Mud Mud Mud Mud Mud Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted 2,000,000 1,800,000 1,000,000 1,200,000 1,600,000 67— NEWARK BAY No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Approximate Lati- tude Longi- tude Water Mud Depth in feet Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion Bacteria per gram 994 995 996 997 Oct. 21, 1909 Oct. 21, 1909 Oct. 21, 1909 Oct. 21, 1909 Newark bay, 100 feet south ofC.R.R. of N.J. bridge. Newark bay, 100 feet south ofC.R.R. of N.J. bridge. Newark bay, 1000 feet south of C.R.R. of N.J. bridge. Newark bay, 1000 feet south of C.R.R. of N.J. bridge. Newark bay, 400 feet south of C. R.R. of N. J. bridge, 2000 feet from Elizabeth- port shore Newark bay, 400 feet south of C. R.R. of N. J. bridge, 2000 feet from Elizabeth- port shore Newark bay, 400 feet south of C. R.R. of N. J. bridge, 2000 feet from Elizabeth- port shore Newark bay, 400 feet south of C. R.R. of N. J. bridge, 2000 feet from Elizabeth port shore Newark bay, 400 feet south of C. R.R. of N. J. bridge, 2000 feet from Elizabeth- port shore O I It 40 39 15 40 39 15 40 39 05 40 39 05 O t It 74 08 22 74 08 22 74 08 36 74 08 36 15 16 8 8 Black Black Black Black HjS H28 HjS HjS Mud, sand Mud, sand Sand, mud Sand, mud Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted 2,400,000 2,000,000 1,800,000 1,200,000 999 1000 Oct. 21, 1909 Oct. 21, 1909 Oct. 21, 1909 40 39 13 40 39 13 40 39 13 74 09 45 74 09 45 74 09 45 12 12 12 Black Black Black HsS Has HsS Mud Mud Mud, clay Polluted Polluted Polluted 2,000,000 1,800,000 800,000 1001 1002 Oct. 21, 1909 Oct. 21, 1909 40 39 13 74 09 45 40 39 13 74 09 45 12 12 Gray Gray Clay None Unpolluted Clay Unpolluted 250,000 130,000 216 RESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XIV— Continued 67— NEWARK BAY— Continued No. Date of CJollection Location of Samples Approximate Lati- tude Longi- tude Depth in feet Water Mud Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion Bacteria per gram 1003 1004 1005 1006 Oct. 21, 1909 Oct. 21, 1909 Oct. 21, 1909 Oct. 21, 1909 Newark bay, 400 feet south of C. R.R. of N. J. bridge 2000 feet from Elizabeth- port shore Newark bay, 400 feet south of C. R.R. of N. J. bridge, 2000 feet from Elizabeth- port shore Newark bay, 400 feet south of C. R.R. of N. J. bridge, 1000 feet off Elizabeth- port shore Newark bay, 400 feet south of C. R.R. of N. J. bridge, 1000 feet off EHzabeth- port shore O I II 40 39 13 40 39 13 40 39 14 40 39 14 O t tf 74 09 45 74 09 45 74 09 58 74 09 58 12 12 Gray Gray Black Black None None HaS H2S Clay Sand, clay Mud Mud, sand Unpolluted Unpolluted Polluted Unpolluted 120,000 40,000 1,200,000 800,000 1007 1008 1009 1010 Oct. 21, 1909 Oct. 21, 1909 Oct. 21, 1909 Oct. 21, 1909 Newark bay, of C. R.R. 1000 feet port shore. NewEirk bay, of C. R.R. 1000 feet port shore. Newark bay, of C. R.R. 1000 feet port shore. Newark bay, of C. R.R. 1000 feet port shore. 400 feet south of N. J. bridge, off Elizabeth- 400 feet south of N. J. bridge, off Elizabeth- 400 feet south of N. J. bridge off Elizabeth- 400 feet south of N. J. bridge, off EUzabeth- 40 39 14 40 39 14 40 39 14 40 39 14 74 09 68 74 09 58 74 09 58 74 09 58 Gray Gray Gray Gray HsS H2S HjS H2S Clay Clay Clay Clay Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted 400,000 200,000 160,000 180,000 1011 1012 1013 Oct. 21, 1909 Oct. 21, 1909 Oct. 21, 1909 Newark bay, of C. R.R. 1000 feet port shore. Newark bay, of C. R.R. 1000 feet port shore. Newark bay, of C. R.R. 1000 feet port shore 400 feet south of N. J. bridge, off Elizabeth- 400 feet south of N. J. bridge, off Elizabeth- 400 feet south of N. J. bridge, off Elizabeth- 40 39 14 40 39 14 40 39 14 74 09 58 74 09 58 74 09 58 Gray Gray Gray HiiS Clay Clay Clay Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted 600,000 1,700,000 1,200,000 1014 1015 Oct. 21, 1909 Oct. 21, 1909 Newark bay, 400 feet south of C. R.R. of N. J. bridge, 1000 feet off Elizabeth- port shore Newark bay, 400 feet south of C. R.R. of N. J. bridge, 1000 feet off Elizabeth- port shore 40 39 14 40 39 14 74 09 58 74 09 58 10 Gray Gray HjS H2S Clay Clay Unpolluted Unpolluted 1,800,000 1,800,000 EXAMINATION OF BORINGS TABLE XIV— Continued 68— HUDSON RIVER 217 No. 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021 1022 1023 Date of Collection Oct. 22, 1909 Oct. 22, 1909 Oct. 22, 1909 Oct. 22, 1909 Hudson river, north side, Scandinavian line pier, Hoboken Hudson river, north side, Scandinavian line pier, Hoboken Hudson river, north side, Scandinavian line pier, Hoboken Hudson river, north side, Scandinavian line pier, Hoboken Oct. 22, 1909 Oct. 22, 1909 Oct. 22, 1909 Oct. 22, 1909 Location of Samples Approximate o / // 40 45 17 40 45 17 40 45 17 40 45 17 Hudson river, north side, Scandinavian line pier, Hoboken Hudson river, north side, Scandinavian line pier, Hoboken Hudson river, north side, Scandinavian line pier, Hoboken Hudson river, north side, Scandinavian line pier, Hoboken Lati- tude 40 45 17 40 45 17 40 45 17 40 45 17 Longi- tude Water o / // 74 01 22 74 01 22 74 01 22 74 01 22 74 01 22 74 01 22 74 01 22 74 01 22 Depth in feet 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Mud Color Black Black Black Black Coal tar Coal tar Coal tar Coal tar Black Black Black Black Odor Coal tar Coal tar Coal tar Coal tar Consist- ency Mud Mud Mud Mud Mud Mud Mud Mud Opinion Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted Bacteria per gram 9,000,000 7,000,000 6,000,000 4,000,000 2,000,000 1,800,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 1024 1025 1026 1027 Oct. 22, 1909 Oct. 22, 1909 Oct. 22, 1909 Oct. 22, 1909 Hudson river, north side, Scandinavian line pier, Hoboken Hudson river, north side, Scandinavian line pier, Hoboken Hudson river, north side, Scandinavian line pier, Hoboken Hudson river, north side, Scandinavian line pier, Hoboken 40 45 17 40 45 17 40 45 17 40 45 17 74 01 22 74 01 22 74 01 22 74 01 22 30 30 30 30 8 9 10 11 Gray Gray Gray Gray Coal tar Coal tar Coal tar Coal tar Clay Clay Clay Clay Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted 2,000,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 1,500,000 69— UPPER BAY No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth in feet Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion Bacteria Approximate Lati- tude Longi- tude per gram Water Mud 1028 Oct. 23, 1909 Oct. 23, 1909 Oct. 23, 1909 Oct. 23, 1909 Upper bay. Red Hook chan- nel, pier head line off Red Hook stores t It 40 40 43 40 40 43 40 40 43 40 40 43 O 1 II 74 01 13 74 01 13 74 01 13 74 01 13 30 30 30 30 1 2 3 Black Black Gray Gray Sewage Sewage None None Mud Mud Clay Clay Polluted PoUuted Unpolluted Unpolluted 1,800,000 2,500,100 750,000 500,000 1029 Upper bay. Red Hook chan- nel, pier head line off Red Hook stores 1030 Upper bay. Red Hook chan- nel, pier head line off Red 1031 Upper bay, Red Hook chan- nel, pier head line off Red Hook stores 218 RESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XIV— Continued 69— UPPER BAY— Continued Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth in feet Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion Bacteria ISo. Approximate Lati- tude Longi- tude per gram Water Mud 1032 1033 Oct. 23, 1909 Oct. 23, 1909 Oct. 23, 1909 Oct. 23, 1909 Upper bay. Red Hook chan- nel, pier head hne off Red Hook stores Upper bay. Red Hook chan- nel, pier head hne off Red Hook stores O t ft 40 40 43 40 40 43 40 40 43 40 40 43 O 1 tl 74 01 13 74 01 13 74 01 13 74 01 13 30 30 30 30 4 5 6 7 Gray Gray Gray Gray None None None None Clay Cky Clay Clay Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted 450,000 250,000 400,000 200,000 1034 Upper bay. Red Hook chan- nel, pier head hne off Red Hook stores 1035 Upper bay. Red Hook chan- nel, pier head hne off Red Hook stores 60— HUDSON RIVER Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth in feet Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion Bacteria No. Approximate Lati- tude Longi- tude per gram Water Mud 1036 1037 1038 1039 Oct. 25, 1909 Oct. 25, 1909 Oct. 25, 1909 Oct. 25, 1909 Hudson river, 200 feet off Jersey shore below ferry shp at Edgewater Hudson river, 200 feet off Jersey shore below ferry shp at Edgewater Hudson river, 200 feet off Jersey shore below ferry sUp at Edgewater Hudson river, 200 feet off Jersey shore below ferry slip at Edgewater / // 40 49 47 40 49 47 40 49 47 40 49 47 1 tt 73 58 17 73 58 17 73 58 17 73 58 17 10 10 10 10 1 2 3 Gray Gray Gray Gray HjS HsS HjS HsS Clay Clay Clay Clay PoUuted Polluted Polluted Unpolluted 1,200,000 600,000 750,000 600,000 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 Oct. 25, 1909 Oct. 25, 1909 Oct. 25, 1909 Oct. 25, 1909 Oct. 25, 1909 Hudson river, 200 feet off Jersey shore below ferry sHp at Edgewater Hudson river, 200 feet off Jersey shore below ferry shp at Edgewater Hudson river, 200 feet off Jersey shore below ferry slip at Edgewater Hudson river, 200 feet off Jersey shore below ferry shp at Edgewater Hudson river, 200 feet off Jersey shore below ferry slip at Edgewater 40 49 47 40 49 47 40 49 47 40 49 47 40 49 47 73 58 17 73 58 17 73 58 17 73 58 17 73 58 17 10 10 10 10 10 4 5 6 7 8 Gray Gray Gray Gray Gray HjS None None None None Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted 700,000 350,000 250,000 300,000 200,000 61— NEWARK BAY Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth in feet Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion Bacteria No. Approximate Lati- tude Longi- tude per gram Water Mud 1045 Nov. 3, 1909 Nov. 3, 1909 Newark bay, 500 feet north of C. R.R. of N. J. bridge 2000 feet off the Ehzabeth- o / tt 40 39 23 40 39 23 O t It 74 09 45 74 09 45 6 6 1 Black Black H,S HjS Mud Mud Polluted PoUuted 2,000,000 1,800,000 1046 Newark bay, 500 feet north of C. R.R. of N. J. bridge 2000 feet off the Ehzabeth- port shore EXAMINATION OF BOEINGS TABLE XIV— Continued 61— NEWARK BAY— Continued 219 No, Date of Collection Location of Samples Approximate Lati- tude Longi- tude Depth in feet Water Mud Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion Bacteria per gram 1047 Nov. 3, 1909 Newark bay, 500 feet north of C. R.R. of N. J. bridge 2000 feet off the Elizabeth port shore 1048 Nov. 3, 1909 Newark bay, 500 feet north of C. R.R. of N. J. bridge 2000 feet off the Elizabeth- port shore 1049 Nov. 3, 1909 Newark bay, 500 feet north of C. R.R. of N. J. bridge 2000 feet off the EUzabeth- port shore 1050 Nov. 3, 1909 Newark bay, 500 feet north of C. R.R. of N. J. bridge 1000 feet off the Ehzabeth- port shore 1051 Nov. 1052 1053 Nov. Nov. 3, 1909 3, 1909 Newark bay, 500 feet north of C. R.R. of N. J. bridge 1000 feet off the Elizabeth- port shore 3, 1909 Newark bay, 500 feet north of C. R.R. of N. J. bridge 1000 feet off the Elizabeth- port shore ) Newark hay, 500 feet north of C. R.R. of N. J. bridge 1000 feet off the, Elizabeth port shore , 1054 Nov. 3, 1909 Newark bay, 500 feet north of C. R.R. of N. J. bridge 1000 feet off the Elizabeth- port shore 1055 1057NOV. 3, 1909Newark bay, 500 feet north of C. R.R. of N. J. bridge 1000 feet off the EUzabeth- port shore Nov. 3, 1909 Newark bay, 500 feet north of C. R.R. of N. J. bridge 1000 feet off the Ehzabeth- port shore O I II 40 39 23 40 39 23 40 39 23 Oil/ 74.09 45 74 09 45 74 09 45 40 39 22 74 09 59 40 39 22 40 39 22 40 39 22 74 09 59 74 09 74 09 59 40 39 22 74 09 59 1056 Nov. 3, 1909 Newark bay, 500 feet north of C. R.R. of N. J. bridge 1000 feet off the Elizabeth port shore 1058 Nov. 3, 1909Newark bay, 1000 feet north of C. R.R. of N. J. bridge 1000 feet off Centerville. 1061 1059 Nov. 3, 1909Newark bay, 1000 feet north of C. R.R. of N. J. bridge 1000 feet off Centerville. . 1060 Nov. 3, 1909Newark bay, 1000 feet north of C. R.R. of N. J. bridge 1000 feet off Centerville. 40 39 22 40 39 22 40 39 22 40 39 27 Nov. 3, 1909 Newark bay, 1000 feet north of C. R.R. of N. J. bridge 1000 feet off Centerville. . 40 39 27 40 39 27 74 09 59 74 09 59 74 09 59 4 Black Gray Gray Black 74 08 20 40 39 27 74 08 20 74 08 20 74 08 20 Black Gray Gray Gray HsS HjS HjS as Gray Blue& gray Blue& gray Black Gray Gray Gray HjS HjS HjS None Mud, clay Clay Sand Mud Polluted Unpolluted Unpolluted Polluted 1,200,000 300,000 250,000 4,000,000 None None None None None None Mud Clay Clay Clay, sand Clay, sand Clay Clay Sand Clay and sand Clay and sand Clay and sand Polluted Doubtful Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted PoUuted Polluted Unpolluted Unpolluted 3,000,000 1,200,000 650,000 400,000 200,000 250,000 120,000 3,000,000 250,000 60,000 125,00 220 RESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XIV— Continued 61— NEWARK BAY— Continued No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion Bacteria Approximate Lati- tude Longi- tude per gram Water Mud 1062 1063 1064 1065 Nov. 3, 1909 Nov. 3, 1909 Nov. 3, 1909 Nov. 3, 1909 Newark bay, 1000 feet north of C. R.R. of N. J. bridge 1000 feet off Centerville. . Newark bay, 1000 feet north of C. R.R. of N. J. bridge 1000 feet off Centerville. . Newark bay, 1000 feet north of C. R.R. of N. J. bridge 1000 feet off Centerville. . Newark bay, 1000 feet north of C. R.R. of N. J. bridge 1000 feet off Centerville. . o / // 40 39 27 40 39 27 40 39 27 40 39 27 t If 74 08 20 74 08 20 74 08 20 74 08 20 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 7 Gray Gray Gray Gray None None None None Clay and sand Clay Clay Clay Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted 60,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 1066 Nov. 3, 1909 Nov. 3, 1909 Nov. 3, 1909 Nov. 3, 1909 Newark bay, ]/2 mile south- east of red buoy No. 4, 2000 feet south of L. V. R.R. trestle 40 41 25 40 41 25 40 41 25 40 41 25 74 06 52 74 06 62 74 06 52 74 06 52 8 8 8 8 1 2 3 Gray Gray Gray Gray HjS H,S HjS HjS Clay Clay Clay Clay PoUuted Doubtful Unpolluted Unpolluted 2,000,000 1,000,000 350,000 260,000 1067 Newark bay, J^ mile south- east of red buoy No. 4, 2000 feet south of L. V. R. R. trestle 1068 Newark bay, J^ mile south- east of red buoy No. 4, 2000 feet south of L. V. R. R. trestle 1069 Newark bay, J^ mile south- east of red buoy No. 4, 2000 feet south of L. V. R.R. trestle 1070 Nov. 3, 1909 Nov. 3, 1909 Nov. 3, 1909 Newark bay, H mile south- east of red buoy No. 4, 2000 feet south of L. V. R.R. trestle 40 41 25 40 41 25 40 41 25 74 06 52 74 06 62 74 06 52 8 8 8 4 6 6 Gray Gray Gray HjS H2S Clay Clay Clay Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted 360,000 80,000 60,000 1071 Newark bay, J^ mile south- east of red buoy No. 4, 2000 feet south of L. V. R.R. trestle 1072 Newark bay, J^ mile south- east of red buoy No. 4, 2000 feet south of L. V. R.R. trestle 62— HUDSON RIVER No. Date of Collection Location of Samples Depth Color Odor Consist- ency Opinion Bacteria Approximate Lati- tude Longi- tude per gram Water Mud 1073 Nov. 4, 1909 Nov. 4, 1909 Hudson river, opposite Ft. Washington Point, 500 feet off the New Jersey / // 40 51 06 40 61 06 1 II 73 67 32 73 57 32 12 12 1 Black Gray Sewage H,S Mud Clay Polluted Unpolluted 1,800,000 1,000,000 1074 Hudson river, opposite Ft. Washington Point, 500 feet off the New Jersey shore EXAMINATION OF BORINGS TABLE XIV— Continued 62— HUDSON RIVER— Continued 221 No. 1076 1076 1077 Date of Collection 1078 Nov. 4, 1909 Nov. 4, 1909 Nov. 4, 1909 Nov. 4, 1909 Hudson river, opposite Ft. Washington Point, 600 feet off the New Jersey shore 1079 1080 1081 Location of Samples Approximate Hudson river, opposite Ft. Washington Point, 500 feet off the New Jersey shore Hudson river, opposite Ft, Washington Point, 500 feet off the New Jersey shore Hudson river, opposite Ft, Washington Point, 500 feet off the New Jersey shore 40 61 06 1082 Nov. 4, 1909 Nov. 4, 1909 Nov. 4, 1909 Nov. 4, 1909 1083 1084 1085 1086 Nov. 4, 1909 Nov. 6, 1909 Nov. 6, 1909 Nov. 6, 1909 Lati- tude 40 51 06 40 51 06 40 61 06 Hudson river, opposite Ft Washington Point, 500 feet off the New Jersey shore Hudson river, opposite Ft, Washington Point, 500 feet off the New Jersey shore Hudson river, opposite Ft Washington Point, 500 feet off the New Jersey shore Hudson river, opposite Ft. Washington Point, 500 feet off the New Jersey shore 40 51 06 40 61 06 40 61 06 40 51 06 Hudson river, opposite Ft, Washington Point, 500 feet off the New Jersey shore Hudson river, opposite W 157th street, Manhattan, 600 feet off the New Jersey shore Hudson river, opposite W. 157th street, Manhattan, 500 feet off the New Jersey shore Hudson river, opposite W, 157th street, Manhattan, 500 feet off the New Jersey shore Longi- tude Water Off/ 73 57 32 73 67 32 73 57 32 73 67 32 Depth in feet 12 12 12 12 73 57 32 73 57 32 73 57 32 73 67 32 40 51 06 40 50 31 40 50 31 40 60 31 73 57 32 73 57 54 73 57 54 73 57 54 12 12 12 12 12 16 16 16 Mud Color Gray Gray Gray Gray Gray Gray Gray Gray Odor H2S US H2S H2S 10 Gray Black Black Gray H28 HsS None None None Consist- ency Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Opinion Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted Bacteria per gram 850,000 700,000 250,000 100,000 120,000 250,000 100,000 12,000 Unpolluted 16,000 Sewage Mud Polluted 1,800,000 ms Mud and clay Clay Polluted Polluted 1,200,000 600,000 1087 1088 1089 Nov. 6, 1909 Nov. 6, 1909 Nov. 6, 1909 Hudson river, opposite W, 167th street, Manhattan, 600 feet off the New Jersey shore 40 50 31 Hudson river, opposite W. 167th street, Manhattan, 600 feet off the New Jersey shore 40 50 31 Hudson river, opposite W. 157th street, Manhattan, 600 feet off the New Jersey shore 40 60 31 73 57 64 73 57 54 73 67 54 16 16 16 Gray Gray Gray HjS HjS Clay Clay Polluted 500,000 HjS Clay Polluted Unpolluted 250,000 400,000 222 RESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XIV— Continued 62— HUDSON RIVER— Continued No. Date of Collection 1090 1091 1092 1093 Nov. 6, 1909 Nov. 6, 1909 Nov. 6, 1909 Nov. 6, 1909 Hudson river, opposite W. 157th street, Manhattan, 500 feet off the New Jersey shore Hudson river, opposite W. 157th street, Manhattan, 500 feet off the New Jersey shore Hudson river, opposite W. 59th street, Manhattan, 500 feet off the New Jersey shore Hudson river, opposite W. 59th street, Manhattan, 500 feet off the New Jersey shore Location of Samples Approximate Lati- tude o r ft 40 50 31 40 50 31 40 46 40 40 46 40 Longi- tude o / // 73 57 54 73 57 54 74 00 20 74 00 20 Depth in feet Water 16 16 35 35 Mud Color Gray Gray Black Black Odor None None HjS H2S Consist- ency Clay Clay Mud Mud Opinion Unpolluted Unpolluted Polluted PoUuted Bacteria per gram 120,000 50,000 2,400,000 2,000,000 1094 1095 1096 1097 Nov. 6, 1909 Nov. 6, 1909 Nov. 6, 1909 Nov. 6, 1909 Hudson river, opposite W, 59th street, Manhattan, 500 feet off the New Jersey shore Hudson river, opposite W. 69th street, Manhattan, 500 feet off the New Jersey shore Hudson river, opposite W. 59th street, Manhattan, 500 feet off the New Jersey shore Hudson river, opposite W. 59th street, Manhattan, 500 feet off the New Jersey shore 40 46 40 40 46 40 40 46 40 40 46 40 74 00 20 74 00 20 74 00 20 74 00 20 35 35 35 35 Black Gray Gray Gray HjS H2S HjS None Mud Clay Clay Clay Polluted Polluted Polluted Unpolluted 1,800,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 1098 1099 1100 Nov. 6, 1909 Nov. 6, 1909 Nov. 6, 1909 Hudson river, opposite W. 69th street, Manhattan, 500 feet off the New Jersey shore Hudson river, opposite W. 59th street, Manhattan, 500 feet off the New Jersey shore Hudson river, opposite W. 59th street, Manhattan, 500 feet off the New Jersey shore 40 46 40 40 46 40 40 46 40 74 00 20 74 00 20 74 00 20 35 35 35 Gray Gray Gray None None None Clay Clay Clay Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted 60,000 40,000 20,000 Plate A Microscopic Examinations of Dredgings from the Surface of the Bottom of New York Harbor in 1908 and 1909 Plate B Numbers of Bacteria in Dredgings from the Surface of the Bottom of New York Harbor in 1909 ^ -■!■.; ' "*, ^%i; . 1 . aM"", Plate C Microscopic Examinations and Numbers of Bacteria in Borings in the Bottom of New York Harbor in 1909 CO *H (D f g too .s o is eo s o CO o ii o 7? iH .tt tH O O -•- •S iH C X O u 9> "O ^ a C4 Oj H .s •o 0) a c4 ■<^ a o o cd -•-> at 'O a O ;h 4h •O a> •<-» +j o e^ CHAPTER II BACTERIA IN THE WATER INTRODUCTION TO TABLE XV The object in determining the numbers of bacteria in the water was to gain in- formation concerning the relative intensity of sewage pollution at various points in the harbor, chiefly with the idea of determining the rate at which the sewage disap- peared. The work done by the New York Bay Pollution Commission had given a favorable opinion of the value of numbers of bacteria as an index of the intensity of pollution of these waters. Sampling and Controls The samples were taken according to a carefully predetermined plan and were designed to cover, as thoroughly as practicable, the large range of conditions which it was necessary to observe. The work was controlled by taking samples of water from unpolluted harbors and from various points where the extent of the pollution could be ascertained by methods independent of these analyses. Duplicate samples were collected and analyzed from time to time in order to obtain a check upon the laboratory work. The samples were collected, plated and counted and the rest of the technical detail performed by Payn B. Parsons, A. M., M. D., under the direction of the President of the Commission. It was usual to collect samples from the surface and at two or more depths below the surface at each point. In each case the observer was aware of the total depth of water and was careful not to disturb deposits upon the bottom when deep samples were collected. In taking samples near the surface, care was exercised to avoid mate- rial floating on or close to the top. The very surface of the water was often covered with grease, soot and floating debris, some of which were apparently of sewage origin and some from docks, piers, streets and shipping. The water for analysis was col- lected with the intention of getting samples which would be fairly representative of the average condition of the whole mass of water present at the time and place of observation. Method of Analysis The number of bacteria in the water was determined by the method recommended by the Committee on Standard Methods of Water Analysis of the American Public Health Association and is in general use in the water laboratories of the United 224 EESULTS OF ANALYSES States. Considerable advantage was thought to be gained by plating at the time the sample was collected. The samples were collected from a boat by means of sterilized vacuum tubes. The tubes were enclosed in heavy casings, lowered to the proper depth and the seal broken, whereupon the water flowed in. The culture medium was made up of 10 per cent, gelatin and beef extract. The reaction was carefully adjusted to 1.0 acid to phenolphthalein. When there was reason to believe that the numbers would be excessive, the sample was diluted with distilled water and 1 c.c. of this dilution mixed with the culture medium. The bacteria were incubated at 70 degrees Fahrenheit for 48 hours and then counted. The results were stated as numbers of bacteria per cubic centimeter of the water. Location of Samples At the time the sample was collected, the location of the boat was determined by means of a sextant or prismatic compass with which readings were taken to prom- inent landmarks or by estimating the distance to nearby points. The depth from which the sample was taken was noted, as was the temperature of the water, the salinity of the water and the direction of the tidal current. Subsequently, the time of extreme high and low tide at the nearest official gaging station was obtained from United States Government recording tide gages. The force and direction of the wind were ascertained from the official records of the United States Weather Bureau. The location of the point from which a sample was taken was plotted upon a standard chart issued by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, scale 1/40,000, using for this purpose the bearings or distances noted from the boat to prominent landmarks. From these charts the latitude and longitude were derived. Plate D gives the number of bacteria in the water at each location. TABLE XV NUMBER OF BACTERIA IN THE WATER IN THE YEAR 1909 Table op Contents Section Date of No. Location Collection Page Upper bay March 23, 1909 226 Upper bay March 24, 1909 226 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Upper bay April 7, 1909. . . 226 Long Island Sound April 13, 1909. . 227 Long Island Sound April 15, 1909. . 228 The Narrows April 19, 1909.. 228 East river April 22, 1909. . 229 Kill van KuU April 26, 1909.. 230 Harlem river April 27, 1909. . 231 Hudson river May 3, 1909. . . 232 Hudson river May 4, 1909. . . 233 Newark bay and Passaic river. May 10, 1909. . 234 Hudson river May 11, 1909. . 236 Hudson river May 12, 1909. . 236 Upper bay. Lower bay and Atlantic ocean May 13, 1909. . 236 Lower bay May 17, 1909. . 238 Lower bay May 18, 1909. . 238 Lower bay May 19, 1909 . . 240 East river May 26, 1909. . 241 Harlem river May 26, 1909. . 242 Rockaway inlet June 29 and July 1, 1909. 242 Jamaica bay June 29, 1909. . 243 Jamaica bay June 30, 1909. . 243 Jamaica bay July 1, 1909. . . 243 Hudson river July 7, 1909. . . 244 Gravesend bay and Coney Island creek July 9, 1909. . . 244 Gravesend bay July 10, 1909. . 244 Sandy Hook bay, Shrewsbury river and Lower bay July 13, 1909 . . 245 Lower bay July 13, 1909. . 245 Lower bay July 14, 1909. . 245 Harlem river July 15, 1909. . 245 Upper bay July 16, 1909. . 246 The Narrows July 16, 1909. . 246 Upper bay July 16, 1909. . 246 Kill van Kull July 17, 1909. . 246 Upper bay July 17,^1909. . 246 Section Date of No. Location Collection Page 37 Upper bay. Narrows and Lower bay July 20, 1909. . 247 38 Lower bay July 21, 1909. . 247 39 Atlantic ocean July 21, 1909. . 247 40 Lower bay July 21, 1909 . . 247 41 The Narrows July 21, 1909. . 247 42 Upper bay July 21, 1909. . 247 43 Hudson river. Upper and Lower bay July 22, 1909. . 248 44 East river July 24,1^1909. . 248 45 Hudson river July 26, 1909. . 249 46 Hudson river Aug. 19, 1909. . 249 47 Hudson river Sept. 7, 1909. . . 249 48 Passaic river, Newark bay and Kill van KuU Sept. 8, 1909. . . 250 49 East river Sept. 9, 1909. . . 250 50 Long Island Sound Sept. 9, 1909. . . 251 51 East river Sept. 10, 1909. . 251 52 Kill van Kull Sept. 11, 1909. . 252 53 Lower bay Sept. 13, 1909. . 252 54 Lower bay Sept. 14, 1909. . 253 55 Passaic river, Newark bay and Kill van KuU Sept. 15, 1909. . 253 56 Arthur KiU Sept. 16, 1909. . 254 57 Jamaica bay Sept. 17, 1909. . 255 58 Hudson river Sept. 18, 1909. . 255 59 Lower bay Sept. 20, 1909. . 255 60 Raritan bay Sept. 21, 1909. . 256 61 Arthur KiU Sept. 21, 1909. . 256 62 KiU van KuU, Upper bay and East river Sept. 23, 1909. . 257 63 Upper bay Sept. 30, 1909. . 257 64 KiU van KuU Sept. 30, 1909. . 257 65 East river Oct. 1, 1909. . . 258 66 Long Island Sound Oct, 1, 1909. . . 258 67 East river Oct. 1, 1909. . . 258 68 Harlem river Oct. 1, 1909. . . 258 69 East river Oct. 1, 1909. . . 258 70 Hudson river Oct. 5, 1909. . . 259 226 KESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XV Number of Bacteria in the Water in the Year 1909 1— UPPER BAY. MARCH 23, 1909 High water occurred at Governor's Island at 9.41 a. m. The wind waa northwest with a velocity of 35 miles per hour. Sample Hour A.M. Location of Samples III Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water No. of No. Approximate Latitude Longitude Bacteria per C.C. 1 2 3 11.40 11.50 1.00 1.10 About 2000 feet from Constable Hook About 2000 feet from Constable Hook 40 39 07 40 39 07 40 39 03 40 39 03 O 1 II 74 04 53 74 04 53 74 04 20 74 04 20 10 10 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 — 3,180 6,360 25,400 4 19,100 5 1.35 1.45 2.15 2.25 Farther east than sample 3 40 39 06 40 39 06 40 38 41 40 38 41 74 04 38 74 04 38 74 03 49 74 03 49 20 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 3.0 3.4 3.0 3.2 — 15,900 6 12,700 7 About 20 feet from spar buoy A 28,600 8 About 20 feet from spar buoy A 14,100 9 10 11 12 2.50 3.00 3.35 3.40 About 600 feet off 71st street, Brooklyn. . . About 600 feet off 71st street, Brooklyn. . . About 200 feet farther out than sample 9. . About 200 feet farther out than sample 9. . 40 38 25 40 38 25 40 38 30 40 38 30 74 02 10 74 02 10 74 02 22 74 02 22 20 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.4 — 38,100 26,500 36,900 21,600 High water occurred at Governor's Island at 10.46 p. m increasing to 20 miles per hour at 2.00 p. m. 2— UPPER BAY. MARCH 24, 1909 The wind was east with a velocity of 5 miles per hour at 10.30 a. m.. 13 14 15 16 10.30 10.40 11.00 11.05 About 200 feet east of spar buoy A About 200 feet east of spar buoy A Farther east than sample 13 Farther east than sample 13 Farther east than sample 15 Farther east than sample 15 Farther east than sample 17 Farther east than sample 17 200 feet north of spar buoy 123^.. . 200 feet north of spar buoy 12}^.. . 200 feet north of spar buoy 12 J/^.. . 200 feet north of spar buoy 12 J^.. . Farther east than sample 21 Farther east than sample 21 Farther east than sample 25 Farther east than sample 25 Farther east than sample 27 Farther east than sample 27 Farther east than sample 29 Farther east than sample 29 800 feet off 71st street, Brooklyn.. . 800 feet off 71st street, Brooklyn.. . 40 38 39 40 38 39 40 38 35 40 38 35 74 03 43 74 03 43 74 02 43 74 02 43 1 20 1 20 Flood Flood Flood Flood 2.8 3.0 2.8 2.8 12,700 25,300 19,100 15,300 17 18 19 20 11.25 11.30 11.45 11.50 40 38 33 40 38 33 40 38 32 40 38 32 74 03 25 74 03 25 74 03 10 74 03 10 1 20 1 20 Flood Flood Flood Flood 2.8 2.6 2.8 2.8 8,000 6,700 12,700 9,200 21 22 23 24 12.00 12.05 12.50 12.55 40 38 23 40 38 23 40 38 23 40 38 23 74 03 18 74 03 18 74 03 18 74 03 18 1 20 1 20 Flood Flood Ebb Ebb 3.0 3.2 3.0 3.2 14,000 8,700 33,700 14,000 25 26 27 28 1.30 1.35 2.15 2.20 40 38 18 40 38 18 40 38 35 40 38 35 74 02 43 74 02 43 74 02 43 74 02 43 1 20 1 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 3.0 3.2 3.0 3.2 28,000 16,500 19,100 21,600 29 30 31 32 2.40 2.45 3.10 3.15 40 38 33 40 38 33 40 38 22 40 38 22 74 02 33 74 02 33 74 02 25 74 02 25 1 20 1 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 3.2 3.4 3.0 3.2 31,800 22,900 33,100 19,100 33 34 3.40 3.45 40 38 19 40 38 19 74 02 15 74 02 15 1 20 Ebb Ebb 3.0 3.2 39,400 26,700 3— UPPER BAY. APRIL 7, 1909 Low water occurred at Governor's Island at 3.25 P. M. The wind was southwest with a velocity of 5 miles per hour 35 36 37 38 12.50 12.52 12.54 12.56 Liberty Island boat pier at Battery Park . Liberty Island boat pier at Battery Park. Liberty Island boat pier at Battery Park. Liberty Island boat pier at Battery Park. 40 42 05 40 42 05 40 42 05 40 42 05 74 01 00 74 01 00 74 01 00 74 01 00 Surface y2 1 2 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 6,400 5,300 5,200 4,600 BACTERIA IN THE WATER 227 TABLE XV— Contiuued 3— UPPER BAY. APRIL 7, 1909— Continued Sample Hour P.M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water No. of Bacteria per C.C. No. Approximate Latitude Longitude 39 1.20 1.22 1.24 1.26 Pier at east end of Liberty Island O t II 40 41 21 40 41 21 40 41 21 40 41 21 a 1 II 74 02 35 74 02 35 74 02 35 74 02 35 Surface 1 2 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb — — 5,300 5,200 2,600 40 Pier at east end of Liberty Island 41 Pier at east end of Liberty Island 42 Pier at east end of Liberty Island 2,100 43 3.20 3.22 3.24 3.26 End of pier A, Hudson river 40 42 16 40 42 16 40 42 16 40 42 16 74 01 08 74 01 08 74 01 08 74 01 08 Surface 1 2 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb — — 10 500 44 End of pier A, Hudson river 9,500 6,400 4,200 45 End of pier A, Hudson river 46 End of pier A, Hudson river 4— LONG ISLAND SOUND. APRIL 13, 1909. High water occurred at Governor's Island at 1.56 P. M. The wind was south with a velocity of 15 miles per hour until 9.00 A. M. From 9.00 A. M. the wind was southwest with a velocity from 30 to 50 miles per hour. 47 48 49 50 5.00 5.00 6.00 16.00 Greenport Harbor buoy No. 3 Greenport Harbor buoy No. 3 Gardiners bay just inside Orient Point. Gardiners bay just inside Orient Point. . 41 06 00 41 06 00 41 09 00 41 09 00 72 21 05 72 21 05 72 12 30 72 12 30 1 20 1 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 10 10 10 10 440 120 240 96 51 62 53 54 7.00 7.00 8.00 8.00 In Long Island Sound 1000 feet off Mul- fords Point In Long Island Sound 1000 feet oflf Mul- fords Point In Long Island Sound 1000 feet off Rocky Point In Long Island Sound 1000 feet off Rocky Point 41 10 00 41 10 00 41 08 45 41 08 45 71 17 05 71 17 05 72 21 30 72 21 30 1 20 1 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 10 10 10 10 120 62 140 80 55 56 57 58 69 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 9.00 9.00 10.00 10.00 In Long Island Sound 1000 feet off Hortons Point In Long Island Sound 1000 feet off Hortons Point In Long Island Sound J^ mile off Duck Pond Point In Long Island Sound J^ mile off Duck Pond Point 41 05 35 41 05 35 41 02 45 41 02 45 72 27 10 72 27 10 72 31 30 72 31 30 1 20 1 20 Ebb Ebb Flood Flood 11.00 11.00 12.00 12.00 In Long Island Sound, J^ mile off Jacob's Landing In Xong Island Sound, J^ mile off Jacob's Landing In Long Island Sound, J^ mile off Roanoke Point In Long Island Sound, J^ mile off Roanoke Point 41 00 00 41 00 00 41 00 30 41 00 30 72 37 00 72 37 00 72 42 00 72 42 00 1 20 1 20 Flood Flood Flood Flood 1.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 In Long Island Sound, J^ mile off Herod's Point In Long Island Sound, }^ mile off Herod's Point In Long Island Sound, 14 mile off WoodviUe Landing In Long Island Sound, }4 mile off WoodviUe Landing 40 59 45 40 59 45 40 59 60 40 59 50 72 49 46 72 49 46 72 49 45 72 49 45 1 20 1 20 Flood Flood Flood Flood 3.00 3.00 In Long Island Sound, }^ mile off Mt. Mis- ery Point In Long Island Sound, J^ mile off Mt. Mis- ery Point 40 59 30 40 69 30 72 57 30 72 57 30 1 20 Flood Flood 12 12 12 12 12 12 14 14 14 14 16 16 18 18 130 62 160 88 220 108 240 110 320 140 380 160 640 220 228 RESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XV— Continued 5— LONG ISLAND SOUND. APRIL 16, 1909 Low water occurred at Governor's Island at 10.00 A. M. The wind was northwest with a velocity from 5 to 15 miles per hour Sample Hour A.M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water No. of Bacteria per C.C. No. Approximate Latitude Longitude 69 4.15 4.15 5.00 5.00 o / // 40 58 00 40 58 00 40 59 30 40 59 30 Q r It 73 10 45 73 10 45 73 22 30 73 22 30 1 20 1 20 Flood Flood Flood Flood — 20 20 20 20 420 70 Smithtown bay 180 71 72 Long Island Sound, 1 mile off Eaton's Point Long Island Sound, 1 mile oft Eaton's Point 360 120 73 74 75 76 6 00 6.00 7.00 7.00 Long Island Sound, 1 mile off Lloyd's Point Long Island Sound, 1 mile off Lloyd's Point Long Island Sound, 1 mile off Mattinicock Point Long Island Sound, 1 mile off Mattinicock Point 40 57 45 40 57 45 40 55 20 40 55 20 73 29 10 73 29 10 73 38 25 73 38 25 1 20 1 20 Flood Flood Flood Flood — 22 22 24 24 480 220 460 240 77 8.00 8.00 9.00 9.00 Long Island Sound, 1 mile off Prospect Point 40 52 45 40 52 45 40 48 12 40 48 12 73 44 25 73 44 25 73 47 35 73 47 35 1 20 1 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb — 26 26 30 30 540 78 Long Island Sound, 1 mile off Prospect Point 320 79 80 Long Island Sound, 100 feet off Throgs Neck Long Island Sound, 100 feet off Throgs Neck 1,080 540 81 82 83 84 10.00 10.00 11.00 11.00 East river, 500 feet off Clauson Point East river, 500 feet off Clauson Point East river, under Williamsburg Bridge East river, under Williamsburg Bridge 40 48 15 40 48 15 40 42 49 40 42 49 73 50 50 73 50 50 73 58 21 73 58 21 1 20 1 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb — 36 36 40 40 2,230 1,200 10,500 3,200 6— THE NARROWS. APRIL 19, 1909 Low water occurred at Governor's Island at 1.35 P. M. The wind was southwest with a velocity of 5 miles per hour. 85 86 87 88 10.15 10.18 10.25 10.28 Near shore. Fort Hamilton Near shore. Fort Hamilton 14 way across Narrows from Fort Hamilton M way across Narrows from Fort Hamilton Ji way across Narrows from Fort Hamilton }2 way across Narrows from Fort Hamilton }2 way across Narrows from Fort Hamilton }i way across Narrows }/2 way across Narrows J^ way across Narrows J^ way across Narrows J^ way across Narrows % way across Narrows from Fort Hamilton % way across Narrows from Fort Hamilton % way across Narrows from Fort Hamilton jj way across Narrows from Fort Hamilton % way across Narrows from Fort Hamilton SO feet from Fort Wadsworth 50 feet from Fort Wadsworth 60 feet from Fort Wadsworth 60 feet from Fort Wadsworth Near shore. Fort Hamilton Near shore. Fort Hamilton ]/i way across Narrows from Fort Hamilton \i way across Narrows from Fort Hamilton j2 way across Narrows from Fort Hamilton j2 way across Narrows from Fort Hamilton j2 way across Narrows from Fort Hamilton 40 36 27 40 36 27 40 36 27 40 36 27 74 02 13 74 02 13 74 02 34 74 02 34 1 10 1 10 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 6,400 4,700 5,300 3,700 89 90 91 92 10.31 10.34 10.40 10.55 40 36 27 40 36 27 40 36 27 40 36 26 74 02 34 74 02 34 74 02 34 74 02 48 20 40 80 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 2,200 950 480 4,200 93 94 95 96 10.58 11.05 11.10 11.15 40 36 25 40 36 25 40 36 25 40 36 26 74 02 48 74 02 48 74 02 48 74 02 48 10 20 40 80 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 2,800 1,900 840 620 97 98 99 100 11.26 11.28 11.31 11.35 40 36 23 40 36 23 40 36 23 40 36 23 74 03 02 74 03 02 74 03 02 74 03 02 1 10 20 40 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 19,000 13,000 8,500 2,800 101 102 103 104 11 40 11.60 11.53 12.00 40 36 23 40 36 21 40 36 21 40 36 21 74 03 02 74 03 13 74 03 13 74 03 13 80 1 10 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 1,600 22,000 17,000 9,500 105 106 107 108 12.05 3.32 3.35 3.43 40 36 20 40 36 27 40 36 27 40 36 27 74 03 14 74 02 13 74 02 13 74 02 34 40 1 10 1 Ebb Flood Flood Flood 2,200 4,200 2,600 3,700 109 110 111 112 3.46 3.48 3.51 3.54 40 36 27 40 36 27 40 36 27 40 36 27 74 02 34 74 02 34 74 02 34 74 02 34 10 20 40 80 Flood Flood Flood Flood 3,200 2,000 850 340 BACTERIA IN THE WATER 229 TABLE XV— Continued 6— THE NARROWS. APRIL 19, 1909— Continued Sample Hour P.M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water No. of Bacteria per C.C. No. Approximate Latitude Longitude 113 4.00 4.03 4.05 4.07 o r ff 40 36 25 40 36 25 40 36 25 40 36 25 Q 1 n 74 02 48 74 02 48 74 02 48 74 02 48 1 10 20 40 Flood Flood Flood Flood — — 2,800 114 \^ wav across Narrows 1,900 115 1,600 116 \^ wav across Narrows 550 117 4.10 4.16 4.18 4.20 \i way across Narrows 40 36 25 40 36 23 40 36 23 40 36 23 74 02 48 74 03 02 74 03 02 74 03 02 80 1 10 20 Flood Flood Flood Flood — — 380 118 119 120 Ji way across Narrows from Fort Hamilton M way across Narrows from Fort Hamilton M way across Narrows from Fort Hamilton 4,200 3,800 2,200 121 122 123 4.23 4.25 4.31 4.34 ^/i way across Narrows from Fort Hamilton ?2 way across Narrows from Fort Hamilton 60 feet from Fort Wadsworth 40 36 23 40 36 23 40 36 20 40 36 20 74 03 02 74 03 02 74 03 14 74 03 14 40 80 1 10 Flood Flood Flood Flood — — 1,200 480 5,600 4,200 124 50 feet from Fort Wadsworth 125 4.37 4.40 50 feet from Fort Wadsworth 40 36 20 40 36 20 74 03 14 74 03 14 20 40 Flood Flood — — 2,600 860 126 50 feet from Port Wadsworth 7— EAST RIVER. APRIL 22, 1909 High water occurred at Governor's Island at 9.49 A. M. The wind was southwest with a velocity of 5 miles per hour from 8.05 A. M. imtil 1.55 P. M. From 1.55 P. M. the velocity was 15 miles per hour. 127 128 129 130 8.05 8.08 8.12 8.17 30 feet off Pier 10, Manhattan. 30 feet off Pier 10, Manhattan. 30 feet off Pier 10, Manhattan. 30 feet off Pier 10, Manhattan. 40 42 10 40 42 10 40 42 10 40 42 10 74 00 23 74 00 23 74 00 23 74 00 23 1 10 20 35 Flood Flood Flood Flood 8,500 7,400 5,300 3,200 131 132 133 134 8.25 8.28 8.32 8.37 }4, way across East river. Pier 10, Manhattan ]4, way across East river. Pier 10, Manhattan 3^ way across East river, Pier 10, Manhattan Ji way across East river. Pier 10, Manhattan 40 42 07 40 42 07 40 42 07 40 42 07 74 00 17 74 00 17 74 00 17 74 00 17 1 10 20 40 Flood Flood Flood Flood 7,700 6,900 6,400 5,800 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 167 158 8.45 8.48 8.62 8.57 J^ way across East river. , J^ way across East river. , J^ way across East river. , J^ way across East river. . 40 42 03 40 42 03 40 42 03 40 42 03 74 00 11 74 00 11 74 00 11 74 00 11 1 10 20 40 Flood Flood Flood Flood 9.10 9.13 9.18 9.23 way across East river. Pier 10, Manhattan % way across East river. Pier 10, Manhattan % way across East river, Pier 10, Manhattan % way across East river, Pier 10, Manhattan 40 42 00 40 42 00 40 42 00 40 42 00 74 00 05 74 00 05 74 00 05 74 00 05 1 10 20 40 Flood Flood Flood Flood 9.30 9.33 9.37 9.42 30 feet off pier, Brooklyn. 30 feet off pier, Brookljm. 30 feet off pier, Brookljni. 30 feet off pier, Brookljm. 40 41 57 40 41 57 40 41 57 40 41 57 73 59 59 73 59 59 73 59 59 73 59 59 1 10 20 40 Flood Flood Flood Flood 1.00 1.02 1.05 1.08 30 feet off Pier 10, Manhattan. , 30 feet off Pier 10, Manhattan., 30 feet off Pier 10, Manhattan., 30 feet off Pier 10, Manhattan., 40 42 10 40 42 10 40 42 10 40 42 10 74 00 23 74 00 23 74 00 23 74 00 23 1 10 20 35 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 1.12 1.14 1.17 1.20 Ji way across East river. Pier 10, Manhattan }4, way across East river, Pier 10, Manhattan 14, way across East river, Pier 10, Manhattan \4 way across East river, Pier 10, Manhattan 40 42 07 40 42 07 40 42 07 40 42 07 74 00 17 74 00 17 74 00 17 74 00 17 1 10 20 40 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 1.25 1.27 1.30 1.33 ]/2 way across East river J^ way across East river J^ way across East river way across East river 40 42 03 40 42 03 40 42 03 40 42 03 74 00 11 74 00 11 74 00 11 74 00 11 1 10 20 40 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 7,200 5,800 5,800 3,700 10,000 7,900 7,400 6,400 13,000 5,300 4,800 4,200 10,000 7,900 6,400 4,800 8,000 7,400 6,400 5,300 10,000 9,400 6,400 6,300 230 RESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XV— Continued 7— EAST RIVER. APRIL 22, 1909— Continued Sample Hour P. M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tid&J current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water No. of Bacteria per C.C. No. Approximate Latitude Longitude 159 1.40 1.42 1.45 1.48 ?i way across East river from Pier 10, o / // 40 42 00 40 42 00 40 42 00 40 42 00 i II 74 00 05 74 00 05 74 00 05 74 00 05 1 10 20 40 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb — 10,200 160 Ji way across East river from Pier 10, Manhattan 9,500 8,500 161 % way across East river from Pier 10, Manhattan 162 H: way across East river from Pier 10, Manhattan 5,800 163 1.55 1.57 2.00 2.05 30 feet off Pier 10, Brooklyn 40 41 57 40 41 57 40 41 57 40 41 57 73 59 59 73 59 59 73 59 59 73 59 59 1 10 20 40 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb — — 15,900 164 30 feet off Pier 10, Brooklyn 10,000 165 30 feet off Pier 10, Brooklyn 7,900 166 30 feet off Pier 10, Brooklyn 7,400 8— KILL VAN KULL. APRIL 26, 1909 Hiph water occurred at Governors Island at 1.39 P. M. The wind was northwest from 9.50 A. M. until 11.00 A. M. with a velocity of 10 miles per hour. From 3.04 P. M. to 4.10 P. M. the wind was northeast with a velocity of 15 miles per hour. 167 168 169 170 9.50 9.53 9.67 10.03 20 feet off Columbia Oil Co. Pier, Bayonne 20 feet off Columbia Oil Co. Pier, Bayonne 20 feet off Columbia Oil Co. Pier, Bayonne y^ way from Bayonne 40 39 02 40 39 02 40 39 02 40 39 00 74 05 26 74 05 26 74 05 26 74 05 26 1 10 20 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood — — 6,400 4,200 3,700 5,300 171 i0.05 10.08 10.12 10.17 M way from Bayonne 40 39 00 40 39 00 40 39 00 40 38 57 74 05 26 74 05 26 74 05 26 74 05 25 10 20 40 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood — — 3,200 2,600 1,600 7,400 172 173 174 J^ way across Kill van KuU 175 10.19 10.23 10.28 10.33 40 38 57 40 38 57 40 38 57 40 38 54 74 04 25 74 05 25 74 05 25 74 05 24 10 20 40 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood — — 6 400 176 J^ way across Kill van KuU 4,200 3,200 10,000 177 J^ way across Kill van KuU 178 179 10.35 10.38 10.45 10.55 ^ way across from Bayonne 40 38 54 40 38 54 40 38 54 40 38 51 74 05 24 74 05 24 74 05 24 74 05 23 10 20 40 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood — — 7,900 5,800 4,800 12,900 180 ^ way across from Bayonne 181 J^ way across from Bayonne 182 20 feet off dock foot Jersey street. New Brighton, S. I 183 11.00 3.04 3.07 3.10 20 feet off dock foot Jersey street, New Brighton, S. I 40 38 51 40 39 02 40 39 02 40 39 02 74 05 23 74 05 26 74 05 26 74 05 26 10 1 10 20 Flood Ebb Ebb Ebb — — 7,400 8,500 6,900 4,200 184 185 186 20 feet from Columbia Oil Co. Pier, Bayonne 20 feet from Columbia Oil Co. Pier, Bayonne 20 feet from Columbia Oil Co. Pier, Bayonne 187 188 189 190 3.18 3.22 3.25 3.28 Ji way across KiU van KuU from Bayonne M way across Kill van KuU from Bayonne }2 way across KiU van KuU from Bayonne }2 way across KiU van KuU from Bayonne 40 39 02 40 39 00 40 39 00 40 39 00 74 05 26 74 05 26 74 05 26 74 05 26 1 10 20 40 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb — — 7,900 6,900 5,800 3,700 191 3.36 3.39 3.42 3.45 3.52 )/2 way across Kill van KuU 40 38 57 40 38 57 40 38 57 40 38 57 40 38 54 74 05 25 74 05 25 74 05 25 74 05 25 74 05 24 1 10 20 40 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb — — 10,600 8,500 6,400 4,800 13,000 192 }^ way across KiU van KuU 193 194 195 ^ way across KiU van KuU from Bayonne 196 197 198 3.54 3.57 4.00 4.05 4.10 yi way across KiU van KuU from Bayonne j2 way across KiU van KuU from Bayonne 40 38 54 40 38 54 40 38 54 40 38 51 40 38 51 74 05 24 74 05 24 74 05 24 74 05 23 74 05 23 10 20 40 1 10 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb — — 10,600 9,000 6,400 15,900 11,000 199 20 feet off dock foot Jersey street, New Brighton, S. I 200 20 feet off dock foot Jersey street. New Briehton, S. I BACTERIA IN THE WATEE TABLE XV— Continued 9— HARLEM RIVER. APRIL 27, 1909 231 High water occurred at Governor's Island at 2.32 P. M. The wind was northwest with a velocity of 5 miles per hour. Sample Hour A.M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water No. of Bacteria per C.C. No. Approximate Latitude Longitude 201 11.05 11.08 11.16 11.19 At Third avenue bridge, 10 feet from east shore o / // 40 28 27 40 28 27 40 48 26 40 48 26 o / // 73 65 55 73 55 55 73 55 56 73 55 56 1 10 1 10 Flood Flood Flood Flood — — 20,000 202 At Third avenue bridge, 10 feet from east shore 13,000 203 At Third avenue bridge, }4, way across from east shore 18,000 204 At Third avenue bridge, K way across from 14,000 205 11.22 11.30 11.32 11.35 At Third avenue bridge, M way across from 40 48 26 40 48 25 40 48 25 40 48 25 73 55 56 73 55 57 73 55 57 73 55 57 20 1 10 20 Flood Flood Flood Flood — — 10,000 206 207 208 At Third avenue bridge, midstream At Third avenue bridge, midstream At Third avenue bridge, midstream 12,000 8,500 6,400 209 11.44 11.47 11.50 12.00 At Third avenue bridge, % way across from east shore 40 48 25 40 48 25 40 48 25 40 48 25 73 55 58 73 55 58 73 55 58 73 56 00 1 10 20 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood — — 13,000 210 At Third avenue bridge, M way across from east shore 9,500 6,400 19,000 211 At Third avenue bridge, % way across from 212 At Third avenue bridge, 10 feet from west shore 213 12.02 12.05 4.34 4.36 At Third avenue bridge, 10 feet from west shore 40 48 25 40 48 25 40 48 27 40 48 27 73 56 00 73 56 00 73 55 55 73 55 55 10 18 1 10 Flood Flood Ebb Ebb ; ; 14,000 7,400 13 000 - 214 At Third avenue bridge, 10 feet from west 215 At Third avenue bridge, 10 feet from east shore 216 At Third avenue bridge, 10 feet from east shore 9,500 217 4.42 4.44 4.46 4.50 At Third avenue bridge, J^ way across from east shore 40 48 26 4Q 48 26 40 48 26 40 48 25 73 55 56 73 55 56 73 55 56 73 55 57 1 10 20 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb — — 11,000 8,500 5,300 9,500 218 At Third avenue bridge, M way across from east shore 219 At Third avenue bridge, Ji way across from east shore 220 At Third avenue bridge, midstream 221 222 223 4.52 4.54 4.58 5.00 At Third avenue bridge, midstream At Third avenue bridge, midstream At Third avenue bridge, % way across from east shore 40 48 25 40 48 25 40 48 25 40 48 25 73 55 57 73 55 57 73 55 58 73 55 58 10 20 1 10 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb — — 7,400 4,200 12,000 9,000 224 At Third avenue bridge, % way across from east shore 225 5.02 5.06 5.08 5.10 At Third avenue bridge, % way across from east shore 40 48 25 40 48 25 40 48 25 40 48 25 73 55 58 73 56 00 73 56 00 73 56 00 20 1 10 18 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb — 6,400 17,000 11,000 7,400 226 At Third avenue bridge, 10 feet from west shore 227 At Third avenue bridge, 10 feet from west shore 228 At Third avenue bridge, 10 feet from west shore 232 Low per hour. RESULTS OP ANALYSES TABLE XV— Continued 10— HUDSON RIVER. MAY 3, 1909 water occurred at Governor's Island at 12.55 P. M. The wind was southeast with a velocity of from 20 to 50 miles Sample No. Hour P. M. Location of Samples Approximate Latitude Longitude Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water No. of Bacteria per C.C. 229 230 231 232 12.05 12.08 12.11 12.26 50 feet off pier on New Jersey shore, oppo- site Biverdale station 50 feet off pier on New Jersey shore, oppo- site Riverdale station 50 feet off pier on New Jersey shore, oppo- site Riverdale station \i, way across Hudson river from New Jer- sey shore 40 54 14 40 54 14 40 54 14 40 54 12 73 55 58 73 55 58 73 55 58 73 55 42 1 10 16 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 5,800 5,200 4,400 5,300 233 234 235 236 12.28 12.32 1.00 1.03 J^ way across Hudson river from New Jer- sey shore yi way across Hudson river from New Jer- sey shore M way across Hudson river J^ way across Hudson river 40 54 12 40 54 12 40 54 08 40 54 08 73 55 42 73 55 42 73 55 28 73 55 28 10 20 1 10 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 4,700 3,700 6,200 5,300 237 238 239 240 1.08 1.12 1.25 1.28 J^ way across Hudson river }/2 way across Hudson river Ji way across Hudson river from New Jer- sey shore % way across Hudson river from New Jer- sey shore 40 54 08 40 54 08 40 54 06 40 54 06 73 55 28 73 55 28 73 55 10 73 55 10 20 30 1 10 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 4,400 2,700 8,400 6,400 241 242 243 244 1.32 1.37 1.54 1.57 % way across Hudson river from New Jer- sey shore ^/i way across Hudson river from New Jer sey shore 30 feet off pier at Riverdale station 30 feet off pier at Riverdale station 40 54 06 40 54 06 40 64 03 40 54 03 73 55 10 73 55 10 73 54 57 73 54 57 20 40 1 10 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 4,200 3,700 12,000 8,500 245 246 247 248 5.15 5.17 5.20 5.27 50 feet off pier. New Jersey, opposite River- dale station 50 feet off pier. New Jersey, opposite River dale station 50 feet off pier. New Jersey, opposite River dale station J^ way across Hudson from New Jersey shore 40 54 14 40 54 14 40 54 14 40 54 12 73 55 58 73 55 58 73 55 58 73 55 42 1 10 18 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood 4,900 3,800 3,200 4,700 249 250 251 252 5.29 5.32 5.42 5.44 yi way across Hudson from New Jersey shore 14, way across Hudson from New Jersey shore ]/2 way across Hudson river ^2 way across Hudson river 40 54 12 40 54 12 40 54 08 40 54 08 73 55 42 73 55 42 73 55 28 73 55 28 10 20 1 10 Flood Flood Flood Flood 4,200 2,700 5,300 4,700 253 254 255 256 5.47 5.50 5.59 6.02 ]/2 way across Hudson river. J^ way across Hudson river. % way across Hudson river sey shore % way across Hudson river sey shore from New Jer from New Jer- 40 54 08 40 54 08 40 54 06 40 54 06 73 55 28 73 55 28 73 55 10 73 55 10 20 30 1 10 Flood Flood Flood Flood 3,700 3,200 6,800 6,400 257 258 259 260 6.05 6.08 6.16 6.20 % way across Hudson river from New Jer- sey shore ^/i way across Hudson river from New Jer- sey shore 30 feet off pier at Riverdale station, N. Y C. R.R 30 feet off pier at Riverdale station, N. Y C. R.R 40 54 06 40 54 06 40 54 03 40 54 03 73 55 10 73 55 10 73 54 57 73 54 57 20 40 1 10 Flood Flood Flood Flood 3,700 4,200 7,400 5,800 BACTEEIA IN THE WATER TABLE XV— Continued 11— HUDSON RIVER. MAY 4, 1909 Low water occurred at Governors Island at 1.53 P. M. The wind was southwest with a velocity of 5 miles per hour. 233 Sample No. Hour A. M. Location of Samples Approximate Latitude Longitude Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water No. of Bacteria per C.C. 261 262 263 264 10.00 10.03 10.05 10.20 Hudson river, midstream, opposite River- dale station, N. Y. C. R.R Hudson river, midstream, opposite River- dale station, N. Y. C. R.R Hudson river, midstream, opposite River- dale station, N. Y. C. R.R 1000 feet off east shore opposite Spuyten Duyvil Creek 40 54 08 40 54 08 40 54 08 40 52 48 73 55 28 73 55 28 73 55 28 73 65 45 1 10 30 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 7,400 5,800 3,700 5,800 265 266 267 268 10.22 10.24 10.34 10.35 1000 feet off east shore opposite Spuyten Duyvil Creek 1000 feet off east shore opposite Spuyten Duyvil Creek 1000 feet off east shore, Innwood station N. Y. C. R.R 1000 feet off east shore, Innwood station N. Y. C. R.R 40 52 48 40 52 48 40 52 13 40 52 13 73 55 45 73 55 45 73 56 09 73 56 09 10 30 1 10 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 4,700 3,200 5,300 4,200 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 10.37 10.57 10.58 11.00 1000 feet off east shore, Innwood station, N. Y. C. R.R 500 feet off east shore opposite Fort Wash- ington Point 500 feet off east shore opposite Fort Wash- ington Point 500 feet off east shore opposite Fort Wash- ington Point 40 52 13 40 51 02 40 51 02 40 51 02 73 56 09 73 56 55 73 56 55 73 56 55 30 1 10 30 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 11.14 11.15 11.17 11.47 1000 feet off east shore opposite West 157th street 1000 feet off east shore opposite West 157th street 1000 feet off east shore opposite West 167th street 1000 feet off east shore opposite West 92d street 40 50 14 40 50 14 40 50 14 40 47 44 73 57 09 73 57 09 73 57 09 73 68 55 1 10 30 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 11.48 11.50 12.20 12.21 1000 feet off east shore opposite West 92d street 1000 feet off east shore opposite West 92d street 1000 feet off east shore opposite West 62d street 1000 feet off east shore opposite West 62d street 40 47 44 40 47 44 40 46 37 40 46 37 73 68 65 73 68 66 73 59 51 73 59 51 10 30 1 10 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 12.23 12.43 12.44 12.46 1000 feet off east shore opposite West 62d street 1000 feet off east shore opposite West 42d street 1000 feet off east shore opposite West 42d street 1000 feet off east shore opposite West 42d street 40 46 37 40 45 50 40 45 50 40 45 50 73 59 61 74 00 22 74 00 22 74 00 22 30 1 10 30 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 1.04 1.05 1.07 1.22 1.23 200 feet off east shore opposite West 23d street 200 feet off east shore opposite West 23d street 200 feet off east shore opposite West 23d street 200 feet off east shore opposite Gansevoort street 200 feet off east shore opposite Gansevoort street 40 45 03 40 45 03 40 45 03 40 44 21 40 44 21 74 00 43 74 00 43 74 00 43 74 00 51 74 00 51 1 10 30 1 10 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 2,600 5,400 4,700 4,200 6,800 6,400 3,700 6,600 6,300 2,800 7,400 5,800 3,700 8,500 7,600 3,200 9,500 7,900 4,200 6,400 8,000 234 EESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XV— Continued 11— HUDSON RIVER. MAY 4, 1909— Continued Sample Hour P. M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water No. of Bacteria per C.C. No. Approximate Latitude Longitude 290 1.25 1.40 1.41 200 feet off east shore opposite Gansvoort street O 1 If 40 44 21 40 43 41 40 43 41 1 It 74 00 51 74 00 55 74 00 55 30 1 10 Ebb Ebb Ebb 3,600 9,000 8,200 291 200 feet off east shore opposite Pier 37, Charlton street 292 200 feet off east shore opposite Pier 37, Charlton street 293 1.43 2.03 2.04 2.05 200 feet off east shore opposite Pier 37, Charlton street 40 43 41 40 43 06 40 43 06 40 43 06 74 00 55 74 01 01 74 01 01 74 01 01 30 1 10 30 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb — — 4,700 9,500 9,000 5,300 294 200 feet off east shore opposite Pier 21, Duane street 295 200 feet off east shore opposite Pier 21, Duane street 296 200 feet off east shore opposite Pier 21, Duane street 297 298 299 300 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.28 300 feet off east shore opposite Liberty street 300 feet off east shore opposite Liberty street 300 feet off east shore opposite Liberty street 100 feet off east shore opposite Pier A 40 42 41 40 42 41 40 42 41 40 42 16- 74 01 03 74 01 03 74 01 03 74 01 09 1 10 30 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb — 9,200 7,900 4,600 10,500 301 302 303 2.30 2.32 2.45 2.47 100 feet off east shore opposite Pier A 100 feet off east shore opposite Pier A 500 feet west of Castle William, Governors Island 40 42 16 40 42 16 40 41 35 40 41 35 74 01 09 74 01 09 74 01 19 74 01 19 10 30 1 10 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb — — 8,500 4,200 6,800 4,800 304 500 feet west of Castle William, Governors Island 305 2.50 500 feet west of Castle William, Governors 40 41 35 74 01 19 30 Ebb — — 2,600 12— NEWARK BAY AND PASSAIC RIVER. MAY 10, 1909 High water at Governors Island at 11.41 A. M. The wind until 1.02 P. M. was south with a velocity of 10 miles per hour. At 3.45 P. M. the velocity was 40 miles per hour. 306 307 308 309 10.45 10.47 10.53 10.55 200 feet from Bergen Point shore at C. R.R. of N. J. bridge 200 feet from Bergen Point shore at C. R.R. of N. J. bridge }/i way across Newark bay near drawbridge C. R.R. of N. J M way across Newark bay near drawbridge C. R.R. of N. J 40 39 17 40 39 17 40 39 17 40 39 17 74 08 26 74 08 06 74 08 46 74 08 46 1 10 1 10 Flood Flood Flood Flood 6,400 5,300 4,800 3,700 310 311 312 313 10.57 11.03 11.05 11.10 ^ way across Newark bay near drawbridge C. R.R. of N.J ]/2 way across Newark bay on line C. R.R. of N. J. bridge '. 1/2 way across Newark bay on line C. R.R. of N. J. bridge % way across Newark bay from east shore . 40 39 17 40 39 17 40 39 17 40 39 17 74 08 46 74 09 14 74 09 14 74 09 40 20 1 10 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood 3,200 2,800 2,200 5,400 314 315 316 317 11.12 11.18 11.20 11.35 ^ way across Newark bay from east shore . 300 feet from west shore, Elizabethport 300 feet from west shore, EUzabethport At red bell buoy in channel between C. R.R. of N. J. and B. & O. R.R. bridge 40 39 17 40 39 18 40 39 18 40 40 15 74 09 40 74 10 02 74 10 02 74 08 10 10 1 10 Flood Flood Flood Flood 4,200 6,700 5,200 3,500 318 319 11.37 11.40 At red bell buoy in channel between C. R.R, of N. J. and B. & O. R.R. bridge At red bell buoy in channel between C. R.R. of N. J. and B. & O. R.R. bridge 40 40 15 40 40 15 74 08 10 74 08 10 10 20 Flood Flood 3,100 1,100 BACTERIA IN THE WATER 235 TABLE XV— Continued 12— NEWARK BAY AND PASSAIC RIVER. MAY 10, 1909— Continued Sample No. Hour A.M. Location of Samples Approximate Latitude Longitude Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water No. of Bacteria per C.C. 320 321 322 323 12.00 12.02 12.05 12.20 At drawbridge B. & O. R.R. bridge in chan- nel of bay _. At drawbridge B. & O. R.R. bridge in chan- nel of bay At drawbridge B. & O. R.R. bridge in chan- nel of bay Passaic river at drawbridge N. Y. & Newark R.R. in channel 40 41 56 40 41 66 40 41 66 40 43 21 74 07 15 74 07 15 74 07 15 74 07 18 1 10 20 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood 6,400 5,000 2,600 12,500 324 325 326 327 12.22 12.38 12.40 1 00 Passaic river at drawbridge N. Y. & Newark R.R. in channel Passaic river just above P. R.R. freight bridge _. Passaic riyer just above P. R.R. freight bridge, below Newark Passaic river, just below P. R.R. passenger bridge in Newark 40 43 21 40 44 10 40 44 10 40 44 49 74 07 18 74 09 46 74 09 45 74 09 66 10 1 10 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood 10,000 15,000 13,000 24,000 328 329 330 331 1.02 3 10 3.12 3 33 Passaic river, just below P. R.R. passenger bridge in Newark Passaic river, just below P. R.R. passenger bridge in Newark Passaic river, just below P. R.R. passenger bridge in Newark Passaic river, just above P. R.R. freight bridge below Newark 40 44 49 40 44 49 40 44 49 40 44 10 74 09 56 74 09 56 74 09 66 74 09 45 10 1 10 1 Flood Ebb Ebb Ebb 11,000 60,000 31,000 26,000 332 333 334 336 3.36 3.45 3.47 4.00 Passaic river, just above P. R.R. freight bridge below Newark Passaic river at drawbridge, N. Y. & New- ark R.R. in channel Passaic river at drawbridge, N. Y. & New- ark R.R. in channel At drawbridge of B. & O. R.R. bridge in channel of Newark bay 40 44 10 40 43 21 40 43 21 40 41 66 74 09 45 74 07 18 74 07 18 74 07 15 10 1 10 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 21,000 18,000 12,000 24,000 336 337 338 339 4.02 4.04 4.20 4.22 At drawtvidge of B. & O. R.R. bridge in channel of Newark bay At drawbridge of B. & 0. R.R. bridge in channel of Newark bay At red beU buoy in channel in bay between C. R.R. of N. J. and B. & O. R.R. bridges At red bell buoy in channel in bay between C. R.R. of N. J. and B. & O. R.R. bridges 40 41 56 40 41 56 40 40 16 40 40 15 74 07 16 74 07 15 74 08 10 74 08 10 10 20 1 10 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 13,000 5,500 8,500 5,700 340 341 342 343 4.24 4.35 4.37 4.42 At red bell buoy in channel in bay between C. R.R. of N. J. and B. & O. R.R. bridges 200 feet from Bergen Point shore at C. R.R of N. J. bridge 200 feet from Bergen Point shore at C. R.R, of N. J. bridge At drawbridge, C. R.R. of N. J. in channel about yi, way across bay 40 40 15 40 39 17 40 39 17 40 39 17 74 08 10 74 08 26 74 08 26 74 08 46 20 1 10 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 4,200 8,400 6,200 5,300 344 345 346 347 348 349 4.44 4.46 4.51 4.53 At drawbridge, C. R.R. of N. J. in channel about yi way across bay. At drawbridge, C. R.R. of N. J. in channel about li way across bay J^ way across Newark bay on line C. R.R. of N. J. bridge. . .^. ]4 way across Newark bay on Une C. R.R. of N. J. bridge 40 39 17 40 39 17 40 39 17 40 39 17 74 08 46 74 08 46 74 09 14 74 09 14 10 20 1 10 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 4.58 5.00 M way across Newark bay from east shore % way across Newark bay from east shore 40 39 17 40 39 17 74 09 40 74 09 40 1 10 Ebb Ebb 4,200 2,800 4,700 3,600 6,800 5,500 236 RESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XV— Continued 13— HUDSON RIVER. MAY 11, 1909 High water occurred at Governor's Island at 12.21 P. M. The wind was north with a velocity of 40 miles per hour. Sample Hour A.M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water No. of Bacteria per C.C. No. Approximate Latitude Longitude 350 9.14 9.15 9.16 9.18 50 feet off Pier A, Hudson river O 1 IT 40 42 16 40 42 16 40 42 16 40 42 16 o / // 74 01 08 74 01 08 74 01 08 74 01 08 1 10 20 40 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb — — 17,000 351 60 feet off Pier A, Hudson river 12,600 352 50 feet off Pier A, Hudson river 9,700 353 7,300 354 355 356 357 9.23 9.24 9.25 9.27 14, way across Hudson river from Pier A. . . % way across Hudson river from Pier A. . . ]4, way across Hudson river from Pier A.. . K way across Hudson river from Pier A. . . 40 42 17 40 42 17 40 42 17 40 42 17 74 01 20 74 01 20 74 01 20 74 01 20 1 10 20 40 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb — — 14,500 10,500 8,400 6,600 358 359 9.32 9.33 9.34 9.36 3^ way across Hudson river J^ way across Hudson river 40 42 19 40 42 19 40 42 19 40 42 19 74 01 34 74 01 34 74 01 34 74 01 34 1 10 20 40 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb — — 11,000 9,600 360 361 )4 way across Hudson river 8,600 5,300 362 363 364 365 9.41 9.42 9.43 9.45 % way across Hudson river from Pier A. . % way across Hudson river from Pier A. . . ^ way across Hudson river from Pier A. . . % way across Hudson river from Pier A. . . 40 42 21 40 42 21 40 42 21 40 42 21 74 01 48 74 01 48 74 01 48 74 01 48 1 10 20 40 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb — — 9,500 8,200 7,200 4,800 366 367 368 9.50 9.52 9.54 50 ft. from C.R.R. of N. J., Pier 5, Jersey City . 50ft. from C.R.R. of N. J., Pier 5, Jersey City. 50ft. fromC.R.R. of N.J.,Pier 5, Jersey City. 40 42 22 40 42 22 40 42 22 74 02 01 74 02 01 74 02 01 1 10 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb — — 13,000 11,500 7,800 14^HUDS0N RIVER. MAY 12, 1909 High water at Governor's Island at 1.21 P. M. The wind was southwest with a velocity of 5 miles per hour. 369 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.19 50 feet off Pier A, Hudson river 40 42 16 40 42 16 40 42 16 40 42 16 74 01 08 74 01 08 74 01 08 74 01 08 1 10 20 40 Flood Flood Flood Flood — — 8,600 7,900 6,800 5,200 370 50 feet off Pier A, Hudson river 371 50 feet off Pier A, Hudson river 372 373 374 375 376 3.23 3.24 3.25 3.27 }4, way across Hudson river from Pier A. . . M way across Hudson river from Pier A. . . }2 way across Hudson river from Pier A. . . M way across Hudson river from Pier A. . . 40 42 17 40 42 17 40 42 17 40 42 17 74 01 20 74 01 20 74 01 20 74 01 20 1 10 20 40 Flood Flood Flood Flood — — 7,800 7,100 5,400 5,200 377 3.31 3.32 3.33 3.36 J^ way across Hudson river 40 42 19 40 42 19 40 42 19 40 42 19 74 01 34 74 01 34 74 01 34 74 01 34 1 10 20 40 Flood Flood Flood Flood — 6,400 378 6,200 379 4,700 3,800 380 ^2 way across Hudson river 381 382 383 384 3.39 3.40 3.41 3.43 Ji way across Hudson river from Pier A. . . % way across Hudson river from Pier A. . . % way across Hudson river from Pier A. . . % way across Hudson river from Pier A. . . 40 42 21 40 42 21 40 42 21 40 42 21 74 01 48 74 01 48 74 01 48 74 01 08 1 10 20 40 Flood Flood Flood Flood — — 5,800 6,300 4,700 3,800 385 386 387 3.47 3.48 3.50 50 ft. from C.R.R. of N. J., Pier 5, JerseyCity . 50 ft. from C.R.R. of N. J., Pier 5, Jersey City. 60ft. from C.R.R. of N. J., Pier 5, Jersey City. 40 42 22 40 42 22 40 42 22 74 02 01 74 02 01 74 02 01 1 10 20 Flood Flood Flood — — 7,200 5,800 4,700 16— UPPER BAY, LOWER BAY AND ATLANTIC OCEAN. MAY 13, 1909 High water occurred at Governor's Island at 2.40 P. M. The wind was south with a velocity of 5 miles per hour. 388 389 9.00 9.01 At red spar buoy in Hudson river, opposite Pier A At red spar buoy in Hudson river, opposite Pier A 40 42 12 40 42 12 74 01 19 74 01 19 1 10 Ebb Ebb 18,000 14,000 BACTERIA IN THE WATER 237 TABLE XV— Continued 16— UPPER BAY, LOWER BAY AND ATLANTIC OCEAN. MAY 13, 1909— Continued Sample Hour A.M. Location of Samples Feet below siuiace Tidal cm-rent Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water No. of Bacteria per C.C. No. Approximate Latitude Longitude 390 9.02 9.04 At red spar buoy in Hudson river, opposite Pier A O 1 It 40 42 12 40 42 12 / // 74 01 19 74 01 19 20 40 Ebb Ebb — — 11,000 391 At red spar buoy in Hudson river, opposite 8,500 392 9.20 9.21 9.22 9.25 Upper bay, by spar buoy A, off Red Hook, Brooklyn 40 40 43 40 40 43 40 40 43 40 40 43 74 01 45 74 01 45 74 01 45 74 01 46 1 10 20 36 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb — — 12,000 393 Um)er bay, by spar buoy A, off Red Hook, 10,000 394 Upper bay, by spar buoy A, off Red Hook, Brooklvn 7,600 6,400 395 Upper bay, by spar buoy A, off Red Hook, 396 9.46 9.47 9.48 9.50 TJoDer bav bv bell buov N 12 V^ 40 38 23 40 38 23 40 38 23 40 38 23 74 03 14 74 03 14 74 03 14 74 03 14 1 10 20 35 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb — — 8,500 7,500 6,000 5,300 397 TJDDer bav bv bell buov N 12 ^^ 398 399 400 10.08 10.09 10.10 10.12 Narrows, midway between Fort Lafayette and Fort Wadsworth 40 36 25 40 36 25 40 36 25 40 36 25 74 02 48 74 02 48 74 02 48 74 02 48 1 10 20 40 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb ; — 9,000 8,000 6,500 6,000 401 Narrows, midway between Port Lafayette 402 Narrows, midway between Fort Lafayette and Fort Wadsworth 403 Narrows, midway between Fort Lafayette 404 405 406 407 10.25 10.26 10.27 10.30 Lower bay, by bell buoy Craven Shoal. . . . Lower bay, by bell buoy Craven Shoal Lower bay, by bell buoy Craven Shoal. . . . Lower bay, by bell buoy Craven Shoal. . . . 40 35 08 40 35 08 40 35 08 40 35 08 74 02 32 74 02 32 74 02 32 74 02 32 1 10 20 40 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb — — 8,500 6,800 6,300 3,200 408 10.60 10.61 10.53 10.65 Lower bay, by bell buoy A. C. 24, in Am- 40 33 30 40 33 30 40 33 30 40 33 30 74 01 25 74 01 25 74 01 25 74 01 25 1 10 20 40 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb — ; 6,400 5,300 1,800 600 409 Lower bay, by bell buoy A. C. 24, in Am- brose channel. 410 Lower bay, by bell buoy A. C. 24, in Am- 411 Lower bay, by bell buoy A. C. 24, in Am- brose channel 412 11.10 11.12 11.14 11.16 Lower bay, by beU buoy A. C. 18, in Am- brose channel 40 32 00 40 32 00 40 32 00 40 32 00 74 00 60 74 00 50 74 00 50 74 00 50 1 10 20 40 Flood Flood Flood Flood — 6,300 3,100 1,200 640 413 Lower bay, by bell buoy A. C. 18, in Am- brose channel 414 Lower bay, by bell buoy A. C. 18, in Am- brose channel 415 Lower bay, by bell buoy A. C. 18, in Am- brose channel 416 11.35 11.36 11.38 11.40 Lower bay, by bell buoy A. C. 12, in Am- brose channel 40 31 05 40 31 05 40 31 05 40 31 05 73 59 10 73 59 10 73 59 10 73 59 10 1 10 20 40 Flood Flood Flood Flood — 840 260 360 160 417 Lower bay, by bell buoy A. C. 12, in Am- hrnsfi nfinnnfil 418 Lower bay, by bell buoy A. C. 12, in Am- brose channel 419 Lower bay, by bell buoy A. C. 12, in Am- brose channel 420 12.30 12.32 12.34 Lower bay, by gas buoy A. C. E. 2, outer end Ambrose channel 40 29 50 40 29 50 40 29 50 73 56 15 73 56 15 73 56 15 1 10 20 Flood Flood Flood — — 500 460 400 421 Lower bay, by gas buoy A. C. E. 2, outer RTiH Amhrnsp. nTii^nnpl, , , 422 Lower bay, by gas buoy A. C. E. 2, outer end AnnhvoHR nhaiuol , 238 RESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XV— Continued 16— UPPER BAY, LOWER BAY AND ATLANTIC OCEAN. MAY 13, 1909— Continued Sample Hour P.M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water No. of Bacteria per C.C. No. Approximate Latitude Longitude 423 12.36 1.10 1.12 1.14 1.16 Lower bay, by gas buoy A. C. E. 2, outer / // 40 29 50 40 28 45 40 28 45 40 28 45 40 28 45 73 56 15 73 53 35 73 53 35 73 53 35 73 53 35 40 1 10 20 40 Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood — — 220 424 Atlantic ocean, by whistling buoy 600 425 Atlantic ocean, by whistling buoy 200 426 340 427 Atlantic ocean, by whistling buoy 110 16— LOWER BAY. MAY 17, 1909 Low water occurred at Governors Island at 12.35 P. M per hour. . The wind was southeast with a velocity of from 30 to 40 miles 428 429 430 431 12.30 12.32 12.35 1.04 At gas buoy, S. 2, near Coney Island shore At gas buoy S. 2, near Coney Island shore At gas buoy S. 2, near Coney Island shore About J^ mile from buoy S. 2, on line 40 34 02 40 34 02 40 34 02 40 33 30 73 59 20 73 59 20 73 59 20 73 59 05 1 10 20 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Slack — — 4,600 3,600 1,900 3,800 432 433 434 435 1.07 1.10 1.21 1.23 About J^ mile from buoy S. 2, on line About }^ mile from buoy S. 2, on line About }4, mile from buoy S. 2, on line About )4 mile from buoy S. 2, on line 40 33 30 40 33 30 40 33 05 40 33 05 73 59 05 73 59 05 73 58 45 73 58 45 10 15 1 10 Slack Slack Flood Flood — — 2,900 2,800 3,200 2,600 436 437 1.25 2.00 2.02 2.05 About 14. mile from buoy S. 2, on line About V^ mile farther on line 40 33 05 40 32 40 40 32 40 40 32 40 73 68 45 73 68 45 73 58 45 73 58 45 20 1 10 16 Flood Flood Flood Flood — — 1,600 2,200 438 1,600 439 1,200 440 2.31 2.33 2.35 3.11 About \^ mile farther on line 40 32 20 40 32 20 40 32 20 40 31 50 73 58 20 73 58 20 73 58 20 73 68 15 1 10 20 Flood Flood Flood Flood — — 2,400 441 About \^ mile fSiTther on line 1,700 1,200 442 443 2,100 444 3.13 3.15 3.35 3.37 About 3^ mile farther on line 40 31 50 40 31 50 40 29 50 40 29 50 73 68 16 73 58 15 73 56 35 73 56 35 10 20 1 10 Flood Flood Flood Flood — — 1,800 445 1,000 446 About 1000 feet northwest of buoy A. C. 12, on line 1,800 447 About 1000 feet northwest of buoy A. C. 12, 1,200 448 3.40 4.00 4.02 4.05 About 1000 feet northwest of buoy A. C. 12, 40 29 50 40 29 50 40 29 50 40 29 50 73 56 35 73 56 25 73 56 25 73 56 25 20 1 10 16 Flood Flood Flood Flood — — 800 449 50 feet north of buoy A. C. 12 1,400 450 50 feet north of buoy A. C. 12 1,100 451 50 feet north of buoy A. C. 12 900 Low 10 miles p 17— LOWER BAY. MAY 18, 1909 water occurred at Governors Island at 1.22 P. M. The wind was north until 1.29 P. M. with a velocity of from 5 to f r hour. From 1.49 P. M. the wind was southeast with a velocity of 10 miles per hour. 452 10.00 10.02 10.05 10.07 10.18 100 feet south of buoy A. C. 12, in Ambrose channel 40 29 45 40 29 45 40 29 45 40 29 45 40 29 40 73 56 15 73 56 15 73 56 15 73 56 15 73 57 15 1 10 20 40 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb — — 780 453 100 feet south of buoy A. C. 12, in Ambrose 640 454 100 feet south of buoy A. C. 12, in Ambrose 400 455 100 feet south of buoy A. C. 12, in Ambrose p.}i«.Tinpl 320 456 Midway between buoy A. C. 12 and buoy N. B.2 520 BAOTEEIA IN THE WATER 239 TABLE XV— Continued 17— LOWER BAY. MAY 18, 1909— Continued Sample Hour A.M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water No. of No Approximate Latitude Longitude per C.C. 457 458 459 10.22 10.24 10.36 10.37 Midway between buoy A. C. 12 and buoy N. B.2 ., Midway between buoy A. C. 12 and buoy N. B.2 100 feet north of buoy N. B. 2, just outside o / // 40 29 40 40 29 40 40 29 25 40 29 25 O 1 II 73 57 15 73 57 15 73 58 30 73 58 30 10 20 1 10 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb — — 480 360 420 460 100 feet north of buoy N. B. 2, just outside Main Ship channel 400 461 10.39 10.45 10.47 10.49 100 feet north of buoy N. B. 2, just outside 40 29 25 40 29 20 40 29 20 40 29 20 73 58 30 73 58 25 73 58 25 73 58 25 20 1 10 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb — — 180 462 100 feet south of buoy N. B. 2, in Main Ship channel 600 463 100 feet south of buoy N. B. 2, in Main Ship 520 464 100 feet south of buoy N. B. 2, in Main Ship channel 280 465 ^ 466 11.03 11.05 11.07 11.16 100 feet south of buoy N. 2\i, in Main Ship channel 40 29 05 40 29 05 40 29 05 40 29 00 73 59 25 73 69 25 73 59 25 74 00 20 1 10 20 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb — — 820 100 feet south of buoy N. 2)4, in Main Ship channel 540 467 100 feet south of buoy N. 2H, in Main Ship 350 468 100 feet south of buoy N. 4, in Main Ship channel 700 469 470 11.18 11.20 11.31 11.33 100 feet south of buoy N. 4, in Main Ship channel 100 feet south of buoy N. 4, in Main Ship channel 40 29 00 40 29 00 40 28 55 40 28 55 74 00 20 74 00 20 74 00 45 74 00 45 10 20 1 10 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb — — 460 360 471 100 feet south of buoy N. 6, in Main Ship 820 472 100 feet south of buoy N. 6, in Main Ship channel 750 473 11.35 11.55 11.57 12.00 100 feet south of buoy N. 6, in Main Ship channel 40 28 55 40 28 45 40 28 45 40 28 45 74 00 46 74 01 20 74 01 20 74 01 20 20 1 10 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb — — 220 474 100 feet south of buoy N. 8, in Main Ship 620 475 ipO feet south of buoy N. 8, in Main Ship channel 600 476 100 feet south of buoy N. 8, in Main Ship channel 560 477 12.45 12.47 12.50 1.25 100 feet south of buoy N. 10, in Main Ship channel 40 28 30 40 28 30 40 28 30 40 28 35 74 02 10 74 02 10 74 02 10 74 02 40 1 10 20 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Slack — — 820 478 100 feet south of buoy N. 10, in Main Ship 800 479 100 feet south of buoy N. 10, in Main Ship channel 640 480 100 feet south of buoy N. 12, in Main Ship channel 1,100 481 1.27 1.29 1.49 1.52 100 feet south of buoy N. 12, in Main Ship nh^Tinpl 40 28 35 40 28 35 40 29 05 40 29 05 74 02 40 74 02 40 74 02 45 74 02 45 10 20 1 10 Slack Slack Flood Flood — — 700 482 100 feet south of buoy N. 12, in Main Ship channel 350 483 100 feet west of buoy N. C. 2, in Main Ship r.hfl.TiTifil . . 1,200 1,000 484 100 feet west of buoy N. C. 2, in Main Ship channel 485 486 1.55 2.10 100 feet west of buoy N. C. 2, in Main Ship channel 100 feet west of buoy N. C. 4, in Main Ship channel 40 29 05 40 29 35 74 02 45 74 02 40 20 1 Flood Flood — — 800 840 240 RESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XV— Continued 17— LOWER BAY. MAY 18, 1909— Continued Sample Hour P. M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water No. of Bacteria per C.C. No. Approximate Latitude Longitude 487 2.12 2.15 2.35 2.37 100 feet west of buoy N. C. 4, in Main Ship channel o / // 40 29 35 40 29 35 40 30 05 40 30 05 o / w 74 02 4P 74 02 40 74 02 40 74 02 40 10 20 1 10 Flood Flood Flood Flood — — 600 488 100 feet west of buoy N. C. 4, in Main Ship channel 520 489 490 100 feet west of buoy N. C. 6, in Main Ship channel 100 feet west of buoy N. C. 6, in Main Ship channel 2,200 1,200 491 2.40 2.55 2.57 3.00 100 feet west of buoy N. C. 6, in Main Ship chflTinfil.. . 40 30 05 40 30 40 40 30 40 40 30 40 74 02 40 74 02 35 74 02 35 74 02 35 20 1 10 20 Flood Flood Flood Flood — 900 492 100 feet west of buoy N. C. 8, in Main Ship nhaPTiel 1,800 1,100 700 493 100 feet west of buoy N. C. 8, in Main Ship channel 494 100 feet west of buoy N. C. 8, in Main Ship channel 495 3.10 3.12 3.15 3.25 100 feet west of buoy N., in Main Ship channel 40 31 15 40 31 15 40 31 15 40 31 55 74 02 30 74 02 30 74 02 30 74 02 25 1 10 20 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood — — 1.400 496 497 498 100 feet west of buoy N., in Main Ship channel 100 feet west of buoy N., in Main Ship channel 100 feet east of buoy C. 9, in Main Ship clin.Tinel, , , , , 1,100 800 2,100 499 3.27 3.30 3.40 3.42 100 feet east of buoy C. 9, in Main Ship nhannpl. , , , 40 31 55 40 31 55 40 32 20 40 32 20 74 02 25 74 02 25 74 01 35 74 01 35 10 20 1 10 Flood Flood Flood Flood — — 1,800 960 2,000 1,600 500 501 100 feet east of buoy C. 9, in Main Ship channel 100 feet east of buoy C. 9}^, in Main Ship rhflimpl 502 100 feet east of buoy C. 9J^, in Main Ship channel 503 504 3.45 3.55 3.57 4.00 100 feet east of buoy C. 9^, in Main Ship channel 100 feet east of buoy C. 11, in Main Ship nhaTinpl 40 32 20 40 34 00 40 34 00 40 34 00 74 01 35 74 02 30 74 02 30 74 02 30 20 1 10 20 Flood Flood Flood Flood — — 700 3,600 1,900 1,500 505 506 100 feet east of buoy C. 11, in Main Ship channel 100 feet east of buoy C. 11, in Main Ship channel 507 508 509 4.10 4.12 4.15 100 feet east of bell buoy. Craven Shoal. . . 100 feet east of bell buoy. Craven Shoal. . 100 feet east of bell buoy, Craven Shoal. . . 40 35 10 40 35 10 40 35 10 74 02 25 74 02 25 74 02 25 1 10 20 Flood Flood Flood — — 3,800 3,200 2,100 18— LOWER BAY. MAY 19, 1909 Low water occurred at Governor's Island at 2.14 P. M. The wind was southeast with a velocity of 10 miles per hour. 510 611 512 513 9 30 9 32 9 35 10 00 500 feet west of bell buoy on Craven Shoal 500 feet west of bell buoy on Craven Shoal 500 feet west of bell buoy on Craven Shoal 500 feet off South Beach Shore, Staten Island 40 35 10 40 35 10 40 35 10 40 35 00 74 02 40 74 02 40 74 02 40 74 03 15 1 10 20 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb — 6,400 4,600 3,800 4,200 514 516 10 12 10.32 10.35 10.58 11.00 500 feet off South Beach Shore,Staten Island Off south shore of Staten Island 40 35 00 40 34 06 40 34 06 40 33 10 40 33 10 74 03 15 74 04 35 74 04 35 74 04 35 74 04 35 10 1 10 1 10 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb — — 3,600 3,200 2,100 2,400 2,000 516 Off south shore of Staten Island 517 Off south shore of Staten Island 618 Off south shore of Staten Island BACTERIA IN THE WATER 241 TABLE XV— Continued 18— LOWER BAY. MAY 19, 1909— Contmued Sample Hour A.M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water No. of No. Approximate Latitude Longitude per C.C. 519 11.22 11.25 11.42 11.45 Off south shore of Staten Island O t It 40 32 40 40 32 40 40 32 00 40 32 00 O t It 74 05 10 74 05 10 74 05 25 74 05 25 1 10 1 10 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb — — 1,900 520 521 522 Off south shore of Staten Island Off south shore of Staten Island Off south shore of Staten Island 1,200 1,200 1,000 523 524 525 526 12.10 12.12 12 54 12.57 Off south shore of Staten Island Off south shore of Staten Island 100 feet north of Old Orchard Shoal light. . 100 feet north of Old Orchard Shoal Ught. . 40 31 05 40 31 05 40 30 45 40 30 45 74 05 45 74 05 45 74 05 55 74 05 55 1 10 1 10 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb — — 1,400 1,100 1,100 700 527 528 529 530 1.16 1.18 1.20 1.40 100 feet north of northern cable buoy. . . . 100 feet north of northern cable buoy 100 feet north of northern cable buoy. . . . 100 feet north of southern cable buoy . . . . 40 30 05 40 30 05 40 30 05 40 29 25 74 06 15 74 06 15 74 06 15 74 06 35 1 10 20 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb — — 1,050 800 640 1,200 531 532 533 534 1.42 1.45 .1.57 1.59 100 feet north of southern cable buoy. . . . 100 feet north of southern cable buoy ... . 200 feet south of buoy S 1 W., by wreck.. . 200 feet south of buoy S 1 W., by wreck. . . 40 29 25 40 29 25 40 28 35 40 28 35 74 06 35 74 06 35 74 06 45 74 06 45 10 20 1 10 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb — — 900 840 950 800 535 536 2.01 2.10 2.12 3.05 200 feet south of buoy S 1 W., by wreck. . . Midway between buoy S 1 W. and Point 40 28 35 40 27 55 40 27 55 40 30 10 . 74 06 45 74 07 00 74 07 00 74 10 05 20 1 7 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Flood — — 680 820 537 Midway between buoy S 1 W. and Point Comfort Beacon 740 538 500 feet south of spar buoy 1}4, off Seguine Point 1,100 539 3.07 310 3.15 3.17 3.20 500 feet south of spar buoy IJ^, off Seguine Point 40 30 10 40 30 10 40 29 55 40 29 55 40 29 55 74 10 05 74 10 05 74 09 40 74 09 40 74 09 40 10 16 1 10 20 Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood — — 900 540 500 feet south of spar buoy IJ^, off Seguine Point 760 541 500 feet south of spar buoy N, off Seguine Point 950 542 500 feet south of spar buoy N, off Seguine Point 640 543 500 feet south of spar buoy N, off Seguine Point 720 19— EAST RIVER. MAY 26, 1909 High water occurred at Governors Island at 1.21 P. M. The wind was southwest with a velocity of 5 miles per hour. 544 545 546 547 10.05 10.07 10.12 10.14 20 feet off dock, Lawrence Point, L. I '40 47 25 20 feet off dock, Lawrence Point, L. 1 40 47 25 Ji way across East river from Lawrence Point }4, way across East river from Lawrence Point 40 47 30 40 47 30 73 54 31 73 54 31 73 54 38 73 54 38 1 10 1 10 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 2,000 1,800 1,600 1,200 548 549 550 651 552 653 654 665 566 10.20 10.22 10.24 10.30 J^ way across East river yi way across East river yi way across East river % way across East river from Lawrence Point 40 47 37 40 47 37 40 47 37 40 47 44 73 54 39 73 54 39 73 54 39 73 54 40 1 10 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 10.32 10.34 10.40 10.42 10.44 J^ way across East river from Lawrence Point J^ way across East river from Lawrence Point 20 feet off dock at Stony Point, Bronx 20 feet off dock at Stony Point, Bronx 20 feet off dock at Stony Point, Bronx 40 47 44 40 47 44 40 47 50 40 47 50 40 47 50 73 64 40 73 54 40 73 54 41 73 54 41 73 54 41 10 20 1 10 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 2,100 1,800 1,300 2,200 2,000 1,800 2,600 2,200 1,700 242 RESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XV— Continued 19— EAST RIVER. MAY 26, 1909— Continued Sample Hour P.M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water No. of Bacteria per CO. No. Approximate Latitude Longitude 557 558 559 3.15 3.17 3.20 3.22 20 feet off dock at Lawrence Point L. I. . . . 20 feet off dock at Lawrence Point, L. I. . . 3^ way across East river from Lawrence Point o / // 40 47 25 40 47 25 40 47 30 40 47 30 1 It 73 54 31 73 54 31 73 54 38 73 54 38 1 10 1 10 Flood Flood Flood Flood — — 6,400 4,800 6,000 560 \i way across East river from Lawrence Point 4,200 561 3.26 3.28 3.30 3.35 J^ way across East river 40 47 37 40 47 37 40 47 37 40 47 44 73 54 39 73 54 39 73 54 39 73 54 40 1 10 20 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood — — 5,000 562 4,300 563 /^ way across East river 3,800 564 % way across East river from Lawrence Point 9,000 665 3.37 3.39 3.44 3.46 3.48 % way across East river from Lawrence Point 40 47 44 40 47 44 40 47 50 40 47 50 40 47 50 73 54 40 73 54 40 73 54 41 73 54 41 73 54 41 10 20 1 10 20 Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood — — 8,200 666 % way across East river from Lawrence Point 6,300 8,400 7,200 5,200 667 20 feet off dock at Stony Point 568 20 feet off dock at Stony Point 669 20 feet off dock at Stonv Point 20— HARLEM RIVER. MAY 26, 1909 High water occurred at Governors Island at 1.21 P. M. The wind was southwest with a velocity of 5 miles per hour. 570 571 572 673 11.20 11.22 11.24 11.30 20 feet off dock 118th street, Harlem river. 20 feet off dock 118th street, Harlem river. 20 feet off dock 118th street, Harlem river. Midstream, Harlem river 40 47 43 40 47 43 40 47 43 40 47 41 73 55 48 73 55 48 73 55 48 73 55 44 1 10 20 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood 15,000 13,500 11,000 14,000 574 675 576 577 11.32 11.34 11.40 11.42 Midstream, Harlem river Midstream, Harlem river 20 feet off dock on Randall Island, river 20 feet off dock on Randall Island, river Harlem Harlem 40 47 41 40 47 41 40 47 40 40 47 40 73 55 44 73 55 44 73 55 40 73 55 40 10 20 1 10 Flood Flood Flood Flood 12,000 10,500 18,000 13,000 578 579 580 581 4.08 4.07 4.10 4.12 20 feet off dock foot 118th street, river 20 feet off dock foot 118th street, river 20 feet off dock foot 118th street, river Midstream, Harlem river Harlem Harlem Harlem 40 47 43 40 47 43 40 47 43 40 47 41 73 55 48 73 55 48 73 55 48 73 55 44 1 10 20 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 9,000 8,400 6,800 8,600 582 583 584 585 4.14 4.15 4.18 4.20 Midstream, Harlem river Midstream, Harlem river 20 feet off dock on Randall Island, river 20 feet off dock on Randall Island, river Harlem Harlem 40 47 41 40 47 41 40 47 40 40 47 40 73 55 44 73 55 44 73 55 40 73 55 40 10 20 1 10 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 7,900 6,300 8,200 7,400 21— CROSS-SECTION ROCKAWAY INLET. JUNE 29 AND JULY 1, 1909 High water occurred at Governors Island at 5.11 P. M. on June 29, 1909. Low water occurred at Governors Island at 12.85 P. M. on July 1, 1909. The wind was northwest with a velocity of 5 miles per hour on June 29th. On July 1 the wind was southwest with a velocity of 10 miles per hour. 686 587 588 12.50 1.20 1.40 50 feet off dock at Rockaway Point }/2 way across Rockaway Inlet West side of Rockaway Inlet, by gas buoy No. 2 40 34 05 40 34 16 40 34 20 73 53 50 73 53 65 73 54 05 Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.6 20.6 20.5 16 16 16 2,600 2,800 3,200 BAOTBEIA IN THE WATER 243 TABLE XV— Continued 21— CROSS-SECTION ROCKAWAY INLET. JUNE 29 AND JULY 1, 1909— Continued Sample Hour P.M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water No. of No. Approximate Latitude Longitude per C.C. 689 590 2.46 3.05 3.26 50 feet off dock at Rockaway Point \^ wav across Rockawav Inlet O 1 II 40 34 06 40 34 16 40 34 20 a 1 II 73 53 50 73 53 55 73 54 05 1 1 1 Flood Flood Flood 19.0 19.0 19.0 8 8 8 1,400 1,100 691 West side of Rockaway Inlet, by gas buoy No. 2 1,200 22— BEACH CHANNEL, JAMAICA BAY. JUNE 29, 1909 High water occurred at Governors Island at 5.11 P. M. The wind was northwest with a velocity of 6 miles per hour. 692 2.15 693 3.05 694 3.36 695 6.00 596 5.20 100 feet off Belle Harbor dock. Beach channel 100 feet off dock at Seaside, Rockaway Beach 100 feet above drawbridge, Rockaway Beach, Hammels station 30 feet off dock at clubhouse, Bayswater avenue At bridge head of bay at Edgemere. . 40 34 55 73 61 05 Flood 21.5 16 40 35 10 73 49 35 Flood 22.5 20 40 35 45 73 48 50 Flood 23.0 20 40 36 30 40 36 00 73 46 15 73 46 10 Flood Flood 23.0 27.0 24 28 1,800 2,700 3,600 3,200 4,400 23— JAMAICA BAY. JUNE 30, 1909 Low water occurred at Governors Island at 11.55 A. M. The wind was northwest with a velocity of 5 miles per hour. 597 598 599 600 7.30 7.50 8.30 9.50 At bridge Norton's creek, Edgemere 30 feet off dock foot of Bayswater avenue, Far Rockaway 100 feet off shore in creek, near Arveme station 1000 feet off shore in same creek 40 36 00 40 36 15 40 35 40 40 36 05 73 46 10 73 46 10 73 47 20 73 47 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 27.0 25.0 27.0 25.0 28 28 28 28 5,200 4,200 240,000 12,000 601 602 603 604 605 10.20 1.10 1.40 2.20 3.05 Cross channel, near Arverne 100 feet off foot Bannister avenue, Arverne In creek near foot of Pleasant street, Arveme In creek foot of Park avenue, Arverne. . Near foot Pleasant street, Arveme 40 35 50 40 35 46 40 35 35 40 35 30 40 35 35 73 48 25 73 48 15 73 48 25 73 48 20 73 48 10 Ebb Slack Flood Flood Flood 25.0 26.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 28 28 28 28 28 8,000 280,000 22,000 30,000 11,000 24— JAMAICA BAY. JULY 1, 1909 Low water occurred at Governors Island at 12.35 P. M. The wind was southwest with a velocity of 5 miles per hour. 606 8.25 9.10 9.50 10.45 At mouth Fresh creek 40 38 30 40 38 50 40 39 15 40 39 06 73 52 55 73 63 20 73 53 45 73 53 00 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 25.0 25.0 25.5 26.0 28 28 28 28 17,000 12,000 16,000 1,000,000 607 J^ way up Fresh creek 608 609 Fresh creek, just below R.R. crossing At head of Second creek 610 11.05 11.35 12.00 12.60 At mouth of Second creek 40 38 66 40 38 35 40 38 25 40 37 50 73 52 40 73 52 25 73 52 30 73 53 05 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 25.5 25.5 25.6 25.0 28 28 28 20 800,000 280,000 120,000 22,000 611 Jamaica bay, 500 feet off mouth Second creek 612 Jamaica bay, 500 feet off mouth of Fresh creek 613 Jamaica bay, 500 feet off Sand bay shore. . 614 1.20 1.45 2.05 Creek at Canarsie 40 38 15 40 37 40 40 37 00 73 54 00 73 53 15 73 53 45 1 Flood Flood Flood 25.0 24.0 24.0 20 20 20 19,000 12,000 4,800 615 616 Jamaica bay, 100 feet off landing Canarsie. Jamaica bay, 200 feet off bath pool, Bergen Beach 244 RESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XV— Continued 26— HUDSON RIVER. JULY 7, 1909 High water occurred at Governors Island at 11.16 A. M. The wind was east with a velocity of 5 miles per hour. Sample Hour A.M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water No. of Bacteria per C.C. No. Approximate Latitude Longitude 617 618 619 11.40 12.00 12.20 12.30 100 feet off shore, Mt. St. Vincent 100 feet ofif shore, Mt. St. Vincent 200 feet off shore, Ludlow station t It 40 54 50 40 54 50 40 55 35 40 55 35 o t n 73 54 41 73 54 41 73 54 30 73 64 30 1 8 1 10 Flood Flood Flood Flood 20.5 20.6 20.5 20.5 64 64 64 64 6,500 6,000 6,200 6,800 620 200 feet of shore, Ludlow station 621 12.50 1.00 1.20 1.30 200 feet off shore. Federal Sugar Refining Co., Yonkers 40 55 47 40 55 47 40 56 15 40 56 15 73 64 25 73 64 26 73 64 20 73 64 20 1 10 1 20 Flood Flood Flood Flood 20.5 20.5 21.0 21.0 64 64 64 64 8,500 10,000 20,000 18,000 622 200 feet off shore Federal Sugar Refining, Co., Yonkers 623 624 200 feet off Recreation pier, Yonkers 200 feet off Recreation pier, Yonkers 625 626 627 628 3.20 3.30 3.50 4.00 100 feet off shore, Mt. St. Vincent 100 feet off shore, Mt. St. Vincent 200 feet off shore, Riverdale station 200 feet off shore, Riverdale station 40 54 50 40 54 50 40 54 10 40 54 10 73 64 41 73 54 41 73 54 55 73 64 56 1 8 1 10 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 21.0 21.0 21.0 21.0 68 68 68 68 12,000 10,500 10,000 9,500 629 4.20 4.30 4.60 5.00 200 feet off drawbridge, Spuyten Duyvil 40 52 50 40 52 60 40 52 20 40 52 20 73 65 26 73 65 25 73 55 50 73 65 50 1 20 1 10 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 21.0 21.0 21.0 21.0 68 68 68 68 10,500 8,600 9,000 9,600 630 200 feet off drawbridge, Spuyten Duyvil 631 200 feet off shore, Inwood station 632 200 feet off shore, Inwood station 26— GRAVESEND BAY AND CONEY ISLAND CREEK. JULY 9, 1909. High water occurred at Governors Island at 1.01 P. M. The wind was southeast with a velocity of 5 miles per hour. 633 634 12.30 1.00 1.30 2.15 Gravesend bay, 200 feet off Marine basin. . Gravesend bay, 200 feet off Atlantic Yacht Club 40 36 10 40 36 35 40 34 45 40 34 65 74 00 50 74 00 00 73 59 20 73 58 56 1 1 1 1 Flood Flood Flood Ebb 20.5 20.6 20.6 21.0 12 12 12 12 3,600 3,800 20,000 8,500 635 Coney Island creek, at mouth 636 Coney Island creek, foot 12th street 637 638 3.10 3.40 4.30 5.00 Coney Island creek, foot 17th street Gravesend bay, foot 22d street 40 34 55 40 34 60 40 34 46 40 35 35 73 59 05 73 59 35 73 59 40 74 00 00 1 1 1 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 21.0 22.0 21.6 20.5 12 12 12 12 9,000 240,000 130,000 8,000 639 Gravesend bay, foot 24th street 640 Gravesend bay, 200 feet off Atlantic Yacht Club 27— GRAVESEND BAY. JULY ID, 1909 High water occurred at Governors Island at 2.09 P. M. The wind was southeast with a velocity of 5 miles per hour. 641 9.45 10.15 10.40 11.10 End of dock, Ulmer Park 40 36 26 40 36 10 40 36 00 40 35 50 73 59 50 74 00 56 74 00 20 74 00 10 Flood Flood Flood Flood 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 12 12 12 12 6,000 4,500 3,800 3,500 642 643 End of dock, Bay Yacht Club, Bath Beach. 500 feet off Avon Beach Hotel 644 100 feet off dock. Fort Lowry Hotel 645 11.50 12.20 1.06 Outer end of Marine basin 40 36 10 40 36 00 40 34 50 74 01 06 73 69 30 73 69 36 1 Flood 10 f^ 12 12 12 3,200 6,800 140,000 646 647 By breakwater north of Conev Island creek Foot 22d street. Coney Island' Flood Flood 19.0 19.0 BACTERIA IN THE WATER TABLE XV— Continued 2a— SANDY HOOK BAY, SHREWSBURY RIVER AND LOWER BAY. JULY 13, 1909 High water occurred at Governors Island at 6.09 P. M. The wind was southeaflt with a velocity of 5 miles per hour. 245 Sample Hour A.M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent. land water No. of No. Approximate Latitude Longitude per C.C. 648 649 650 651 11.40 12.20 1.15 2.05 Sandy Hook bay, near Shrewsbury Shrewsbury river at Spermaceti Cove Shrewsbury river at Highland Landing O 1 II 40 27 50 40 24 56 40 23 50 40 22 50 O f tt 74 01 25 73 59 35 73 58 45 73 59 15 1 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood 20.5 22.0 23.0 23.0 16 28 28 28 800 1,100 2,400 1,600 652 3.00 3.45 4.10 4.20 40 21 55 40 26 45 40 28 35 40 28 35 73 58 40 73 59 50 74 01 25 74 01 25 1 40 Flood Flood Flood Flood 25.0 20.5 20.5 20.0 32 20 20 20 2,800 653 654 200 feet off shore, Sandy Hook bay Off west point of Sandy Hook 720 840 655 600 29— LOWER BAY. JULY 13, 1909 High water occurred at Governors Island at 6.09 P. M. The wind was southeast, with a velocity of 5 miles per hour. 656 657 658 659 4.35 4.40 5.00 5.10 Lower bay. Main Ship channel Lower bay. Main Ship channel Lower bay. Main Ship channel Lower bay, Main Ship channel 40 28 45 74 01 25 1 Flood 20.5 16 40 28 45 74 01 25 40 Flood 20.0 16 40 29 50 74 01 00 1 Flood 20.5 16 40 29 60 74 01 00 40 Flood 20.0 16 900 750 1,100 640 30— LOWER BAY. JULY 14, 1909 Low water occurred at Governors Island at 11.50 A. M. 660 9.15 9.35 10.00 10.30 Near bell buoy off Sea Gate Inn 40 34 15 40 34 05 40 32 25 40 31 60 73 59 50 73 59 50 73 59 45 74 00 25 1 1 1 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 16 16 16 16 5,400 6,200 5,800 5,200 661 Near bell buoy off Sea Gate Inn 662 East bank 663 600 feet from buoy A. C. 16 in 14 foot channel 664 665 11.00 11.15 11.25 11.55 Romer shoal south of Ambrose channel . . . Swash channel 40 31 20 40 30 40 40 30 40 40 31 20 74 00 35 74 00 50 74 00 60 74 02 15 1 1 30 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.5 19.5 19.0 19.5 16 16 16 16 4,800 4,200 2,400 4,400 666 Swash channel 667 Swash channel 668 12.06 1.00 1.10 2.00 Swash channel 40 31 20 40 31 20 40 31 20 40 32 15 74 02 15 74 02 30 74 02 30 74 02 46 30 1 40 1 Ebb Flood Flood Flood 19.0 19.5 19.0 19.5 16 16 16 16 3,100 3,900 2,600 4,600 669 Main Ship channel 670 Main Ship channel 671 500 feet west of West Bank light 672 2.50 3.30 Midway between West Bank light and Elm Tree Beacon 40 33 05 40 33 45 73 04 10 74 05 30 1 1 Flood Flood 19.5 20.0 16 16 4,200 4,800 673 1000 feet off Elm Tree Beacon 31— HARLEM RIVER. JULY 16, 1909 Low water occurred at Governors Island at 12.46 P. M. 674 675 676 677 678 679 12.30 1.05 1.25 1.50 2.15 3.30 Midstream at East 109th street Midstream at 3d avenue bridge Midstream at 156th street Midstream at 207th street Midstream, 200 feet east of Spujrten Duyvil bridge Midstream, 200 feet east of Spuyten Duyvil bridge 40 47 23 40 48 26 40. 49 40 40 51 46 73 56 07 73 55 58 73 56 03 73 54 54 40 52 42 40 52 42 73 65 28 73 55 28 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Flood 21.0 21.0 21.0 21.0 21.0 21.0 36 36 36 36 36 64 120,000 90,000 32,000 20,000 12,000 4,200 246 RESULTS OP ANALYSES TABLE XV— Continued 31— HARLEM RIVER. JDLY IB, 1909— Continued Sample Hour P.M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water No. of Bacteria per C.C. No. Approximate Latitude Longitude 680 3.45 4.10 4.35 4.50 Midstream at 207th street Bridpre o / /; 40 51 46 40 49 40 40 48 25 40 47 23 1 If 73 54 54 73 56 03 73 55 58 73 66 07 1 1 1 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood 21.0 21.5 21.5 21.0 44 36 32 32 14,000 681 20,000 682 Midstream at 3d avenue Bridge 28,000 683 Midstream at Kast 109th street 60,000 32— UPPER BAY. JULY 16, 1909 Low water occurred at Governors Island at 1.25 P. M. 684 685 11.30 1.00 Midway between Battery and Governors Island J^ mile north Robbins Reef, near buoy G. 2 . 40 41 60 40 40 12 74 01 00 74 03 10 Ebb Ebb 20.5 20.5 28 28 16,000 12,000 33— THE NARROWS. JULY 16, 1909 Low water occurred at Governors Island at 1.25 P. M. The wind was southeast with a velocity of 10 miles per hour. 686 687 1.50 4.10 Narrows, midway between forts . Narrows, midway between forts . 40 36 25 40 36 25 74 02 48 74 02 48 Ebb Flood 20.5 20.0 28 20 9,500 5,200 34r-UPPER BAY. JULY 16, 1909 Low water occurred at Governors Island at 1.25 P. M. 688 689 4.45 5.20 mile north Robbins Reef, near buoy G. 2. Midway between Battery and Governors Island 40 40 12 40 41 50 74 03 10 74 01 00 Flood Flood 20.0 20.0 28 28 8,500 11,000 36— KILL VAN KULL. JULY 17, 1909 Low water occurred at Governors Island at 2.19 P. M. The wind was east, with a velocity of 5 miles per hour. 690 691 692 693 9.30 10.10 10.35 11.00 Upper bay, off Tompkinsville KM van Kull, west end Kill van Kull, off Port Richmond. Bodine creek, near mouth 40 38 20 74 04 15 1 Ebb 21.0 28 40 38 30 74 08 40 1 Ebb 21.0 28 40 38 35 74 08 00 1 Ebb 21.0 28 40 38 20 74 07 35 1 Ebb 22.0 28 8,000 5,200 5,400 6,400 36— UPPER BAY. JULY 17, 1909 Low water occurred at Governors Island at 2.19 P. M. The wind was east with a velocity of 5 miles per hour. 694 695 696 697 11.25 11.45 12.00 12.15 At end of pier, foot of 65th street, Brooklyn By buoy off Governors bay Off Atlantic Docks 500 feet northeast of Ellis Island 40 38 40 74 01 55 1 Ebb 21.0 28 40 39 30 74 01 35 1 Ebb 21.0 28 40 41 05 74 00 50 1 Ebb 21.0 28 40 41 55 74 02 15 1 Ebb 21.0 28 120,000 90,000 26,000 22,000 BACTERIA IN THE WATER 247 TABLE XV— Continued 37— UPPER BAY, NARROWS AND LOWER BAY. JULY 20, 1909 High water occurred at Governors Island at 10.21 A. M. Sample Hour A. M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water No. of "Rantpria No. Approximate Latitude Longitude per C.C. 698 699 11.45 12.25 12.45 2.50 Upper bay, just south of Governors Island. Upper bay, 500 feet east of Robbins Reef 1 n 40 40 65 40 39 27 40 36 25 40 34 35 O 1 tt 74 01 35 74 03 49 74 02 48 74 00 50 1 1 1 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.5 20.5 20.0 20.0 20 20 20 16 32,000 18,000 700 Narrows, midway between forts 16,000 701 Lower bay, 500 feet off Nortons Point 8,600 38— LOWER BAY. JULY 21, 1909 High water occurred at Governors Island at 11.01 A. M. 702 8.10 Lower bay, 500 feet off Nortons Point 40 34 35 74 00 50 1 Flood 19.0 12 3,200 703 8.15 Lower bay, 500 feet off Nortons Point 40 34 35 74 00 50 20 Flood 19.0 12 1,400 704 9.15 Lower bay, Ambrose channel buoy No. 5 . . 40 30 15 73 57 40 1 Flood 19.0 8 480 705 9.20 Lower bay, Ambrose channel buoy No. 5. . 40 30 15 73 57 40 40 Flood 19.0 8 240 39— ATLANTIC OCEAN. JULY 21, 1909 High water occurred at Governors Island at 11.01 A. M. The wind was southeast with a velocity of 5 miles per hour. 706 707 708 709 P.M. 12.15 12.20 1.00 1.20 10 miles east of Long Branch, in mud gorge 10 miles east of Long Branch, in mud gorge 12 miles east of Long Branch, in mud gorge 12 miles east of Long Branch, in mud gorge 40 19 15 40 19 15 40 19 15 40 19 15 73 48 45 73 48 45 73 47 15 73 47 15 1 145 1 150 Flood Flood Flood Flood 19.0 14.0 19.0 14.0 — 220 40 180 30 710 2.45 3.00 3.30 3.35 On "Oil Snot" off Sandv Hook 40 27 00 40 27 05 40 28 45 40 28 45 73 58 25 73 58 25 73 59 50 73 59 50 1 1 1 40 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.0 19.0 19.0 18.0 4 4 8 8 440 711 On "Oil Spot" off Sandy Hook 280 712 713 Off Sandy Hook, at bell buoy No. 5 Off Randy Hook, at bell buoy No. 5 1,800 740 40— LOWER BAY. JULY 21, 1909 High water occurred at Governors Island at 11.01 A. M. 714 715 4.05 4.10 Lower bay, Ambrose channel buoy No. 10. Lower bay, Ambrose channel buoy No. 10. 40 30 55 40 30 55 73 58 50 73 58 50 1 40 Ebb Ebb 19.0 18.0 12 12 3,200 1,400 41— THE NARROWS. JULY 21, 1909 High water occurred at Governors Island at 11.01 A. M. The wind was southeast with a velocity of 5 miles per hour. 716 717 4.45 4.50 Narrows, midway between forts. Narrows, midway between forts . 40 36 25 40 36 25 74 02 48 74 12 48 1 40 Ebb Ebb 19.0 18.0 12 12 9,000 4,200 42— UPPER BAY. JULY 21, 1909 High water occurred at Governors Island at 11.01 A. M. The wind was southeast with a velocity of 5 miles per hour. 718 719 5.25 5.30 Upper bay, 1000 feet off Erie basin. Upper bay, 1000 feet off EIrie basin. 40 40 20 40 40 20 74 01 20 74 01 20 1 20 Ebb Ebb 19.5 18.5 16 16 16,000 11,500 248 RESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XV— Continued 43— HUDSON RIVER, UPPER BAY AND LOWER BAY. JULY 22, 1909 High water occurred at Governors Island at 11.51 A. M., and low water at 5.49 P. M. The wind was soulih with a velocity of 5 miles ! per hour. Sample Hour A. M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water No. of Bacteria per C.C. No. Approximate Latitude Longitude 720 10.20 10.25 10.45 10.45 Hudson river, midstream, off Gansevoort street a f tl 40 44 35 40 44 35 40 43 30 40 43 30 74 01 10 74 01 10 74 01 15 74 01 15 1 60 1 40 Flood Flood Flood Flood 20.5 19.0 20.5 20.0 36 36 36 36 14,000 721 Hudson river, midstream, off Gansevoort 6,400 722 Hudson river, midstream, off Desbrosses street 13,000 723 Hudson river, midstream, off Desbrosses street 7,000 724 725 726 727 11.20 11.25 11.40 11.48 Hudson river, midstream, off Pier A Hudson river, midstream, off Pier A Upper bay, 500 feet east of Liberty Island. Upper bay, 500 feet east of Liberty Island. 40 42 19 40 42 19 40 41 20 40 41 20 74 01 34 74 01 34 74 02 25 74 C2 25 1 40 1 50 Flood Flood Flood Flood 20.5 20.0 20.0 19.5 32 32 28 28 10,500 6,000 8,600 4,200 728 12.10 12.13 12.25 12.30 40 40 12 40 40 12 40 39 10 40 39 10 74 03 10 74 03 10 74 03 50 74 03 50 1 50 1 60 Flood Flood Flood Flood 20.0 19,5 20.0 19.5 28 28 20 20 7,900 729 3,700 730 731 Upper bay, near Robbins Reef bell buoy. . Upper bay, near Robbins Reef bell buoy. . 8,000 3,700 732 12.50 12.55 1.15 3.05 40 36 25 40 36 25 40 34 35 40 36 25 74 02 48 74 02 48 74 00 50 74 02 48 1 90 1 1 Flood Flood Flood Ebb 20.0 19.0 20.0 20.5 16 16 16 20 6,400 733 3,600 734 735 Lower bay, 500 feet off Nortons Point Narrows, midwav between forts 5,600 8,000 736 3.10 3.30 3.37 3.50 40 36 25 40 39 10 40 39 10 40 40 12 74 02 48 74 03 50 74 03 50 74 03 10 90 1 60 1 Flood Flood Ebb Ebb 19.0 20.5 20.0 20.5 20 28 28 28 4,200 737 738 739 Upper bay, near Robbins Reef bell buoy. . . Upper bay, near Robbins Reef bell buoy. . . Uddbf bav. near bell buov G. 2 10,600 7,800 12,000 740 3.55 4.05 4.10 4.18 40 40 12 40 41 20 40 41 20 40 42 19 74 03 10 74 02 25 74 02 25 74 01 34 50 1 50 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.5 20.5 19.5 20.5 28 28 28 32 6,400 741 742 743 Upper bay, 500 feet east of Liberty Island. Upper bay, 500 feet east of Liberty Island. Hudson river, midstream, off Pier A 16,000 7,900 14,000 744 745 4.21 4.35 4.40 4.50 4.53 Hudson river, midstream, off Pier A Hudson river, midstream, off Desbrosses 40 42 19 40 43 30 40 43 30 40 44 35 40 44 35 74 01 34 74 01 15 74 01 15 74 01 10 74 01 10 40 1 40 1 60 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.0 20.5 20.0 20.5 19.5 32 32 32 32 32 8,600 16,000 746 Hudson river, midstream, off Desbrosses 7,900 747 Hudson river, midstream, off Gansevoort street 13,000 748 Hudson river, midstream, off Gansevoort 6,400 44— EAST RIVER. JULY 24, 1909 High water occurred at Governors Island at 12.51 P. M. The wind was north with a velocity of 30 miles per hour. 749 750 761 752 753 754 9.05 9.08 9.15 9.18 9.28 9.30 200 feet off east dock on Governors Island 200 feet off east dock on Governors Island 200 feet off Pier 38, Brooklyn 200 feet off Pier 38, Brooklyn 500 feet off Erie basin, in Upper bay 600 feet off Erie basin, in Upper bay 40 41 35 40 41 35 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 20 40 40 20 74 00 50 74 00 50 74 01 15 74 01 15 74 01 15 74 01 16 1 40 1 40 1 30 74 00 00 74 00 00 1 40 73 69 60 1 73 59 50 73 58 45 73 58 45 20 1 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.5 19.5 20.6 19.6 20.6 19.6 28 28 28 28 28 28 25,000 14,000 42,000 22,000 21,000 11,000 756 766 757 758 759 760 10.00 10.05 10.25 10.30 10.65 11.00 100 feet off Pier 10, Brooklyn 100 feet off Pier 10, Brooklyn Foot of OUver street, Manhattan pier head Une Foot of Oliver street, Manhattan pier head line Foot of Corlears street, Manhattan Foot of Corlears street, Manhattan 40 41 40 41 40 42 30 40 42 30 40 42 36 40 42 36 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Eb'. Ebb 20.5 19.5 21.6 20.0 20.6 20.0 28 28 28 28 28 28 22,000 14,000 124,000 45,000 11,000 6,500 BACTBEIA IN THE WATER 249 TABLE XV— Continued 46— HUDSON RIVER. JULY 26, 1909 High water occurred at Governors Island at 2.58 P. M. Ebb current ran down the river practically all day. The wind was north with a velocity of 10 miles per hour. Sample Hour A.M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water No. of Bacteria per C.C. No. Approximate Latitude Longitude 761 11.00 11.05 11.20 11.25 500 feet off Pier 4, Manhattan t It 40 42 26 40 42 26 40 46 09 40 45 09 a 1 ft 74 01 10 74 01 10 74 00 45 74 00 45 1 40 1 40 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.0 19.0 20.0 19.0 36 36 52 52 16,000 762 500 feet oil Pier 4, Manhattan 9,000 763 500 feet off foot West 23d street 12,000 764 500 feet off foot West 23d street 6,500 766 11.40 11.43 12.00 12.05 500 feet off foot West 59th street 40 46 26 40 46 25 40 47 60 40 47 60 73 59 45 73 59 45 73 68 40 73 58 40 1 40 1 40 Ebb Ebb Slack Slack 20.0 19.0 20.0 19.0 52 62 62 52 10,000 766 500 feet off foot West 59th street 5,400 767 500 feet off foot West 96th street 22,000 768 500 feet off foot West 96th street 8,500 769 770 771 772 12.25 12.30 3.00 3.15 3.25 600 feet off foot of West 108th street 500 feet off foot of West 108th street At foot of West 155th street, Washington Heights baths At foot of West 149th street, Manhattan baths. ... . 40 48 20 40 48 20 40 60 00 40 49 45 40 49 20 73 58 25 73 58 25 73 57 05 73 57 15 73 57 20 1 20 1 1 1 Slack Slack Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.5 19.5 21.0 21.0 21.0 64 64 64 64 64 8,600 5,200 7,800 8,400 8,200 773 At foot of West 136th street 46— HUDSON RIVER. AUGUST 19, 1909 High water occurred at Governors Island at 10.42 A. M. The wind was north with a velocity of 5 miles per hour. 774 775 776 777 9.16 9.20 9.40 9.45 Midstream, opposite Pier 1, Manhattan. . . Midstream, opposite Pier 1, Manhattan. . . 1000 feet off Pier 17, Manhattan 1000 feet off Pier 17, Manhattan 40 42 26 40 42 25 40 43 05 40 43 05 74 01 35 74 01 36 74 01 26 74 01 25 1 50 1 20 Flood Flood Flood Flood 21.5 20.5 21.6 21.0 20 20 20 28 12,000 5,000 15,000 10,000 * 778 9.50 11.00 11.05 11.30 1000 feet off Pier 17, Manhattan 40 43 05 40 43 40 40 43 40 40 44 05 74 01 25 74 01 16 74 01 15 74 01 26 40 1 40 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood 20.5 21.6 21.0 21.5 28 28 28 28 2,500 24,000 8,000 10,000 779 780 781 Midstream, opposite Pier 32, Manhattan . . Midstream, opposite Pier 32, Manhattan . . Midstream, opposite Pier 48, Manhattan. . 782 783 11.35 11.40 Midstream, opposite Pier 48, Manhattan . . Midstream, opposite Pier 48, Manhattan . . 40 44 05 40 44 05 74 01 26 74 01 25 20 40 Flood Flood 21.0 20.6 28 28 6,400 4,500 47— HUDSON RIVER. SEPTEMBER 7, 1909 High water occurred at Governors Island at 2.36 P. M. The wLud was southeast with a velocity of 10 miles per hour. 784 785 786 787 10.20 10.25 10.56 10.57 600 feet off foot of West 42d street 600 feet off foot of West 42d street 600 feet off foot of West 72d street 500 feet off foot of West 72d street 40 46 45 40 46 46 40 46 65 40 46 55 74 00 15 74 00 16 73 59 25 73 59 25 1 35 1 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 21.0 20.5 21.0 20.5 52 52 52 52 2,600 3,000 7,000 8,400 788 789 790 791 11.00 11.55 12.00 12.15 500 feet off foot of West 72d street 500 feet off foot of West 110th street 500 feet off foot of West 110th street 500 feet off foot of West 140th street 40 46 66 40 48 20 40 48 20 40 49 30 73 59 25 73 58 25 73 58 25 73 67 25 35 1 40 1 Ebb Flood Flood Flood 20.5 21.0 20.0 21.0 62 62 52 52 9,000 3,000 6,300 4,200 792 793 794 795 12.17 12.20 12.37. 12.40 500 feet off foot of West 140th street 600 feet off foot of West 140th street 500 feet off Fort Washington Point 500 feet off Fort Washington Point 40 49 30 40 49 30 40 51 10 40 51 10 73 57 30 73 67 30 73 56 50 73 56 50 20 40 1 40 Flood Flood Flood Flood 20.5 20.0 21.0 20.0 52 52 52 52 2,300 5,500 2,200 4,000 796 797 798 799 1.00 1.02 1.05 1.20 500 feet off Inwood bathing beach 500 feet off Inwood bathing beach 500 feet off Inwood bathing beach 500 feet off Spuyten Duyvil drawbridge.. . . 40 52 20 40 52 20 40 62 20 40 52 50 73 55 56 73 55 56 73 55 65 73 55 30 1 20 40 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood 21.0 20.5 20.0 21.0 52 52 52 52 2,100 2,800 1,500 250 RESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XV— Continued 47— HUDSON RIVER. SEPTEMBER 7, 1909— Continued Sample Hour P.M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water No. of No. Approximate Latitude Longitude per C.C. 800 801 1.25 1.45 1.48 1.52 500 feet off Spuyten Duyvil drawbridge... . O 1 II 40 52 50 40 54 15 40 54 15 40 54 15 a t n 73 55 30 73 65 00 73 55 00 73 55 00 40 1 20 40 Flood Flood Flood Flood 20.0 21.0 20.5 20.0 52 52 52 52 2,600 2,500 802 ,'^00 feet off liiverdale station 2,700 803 .'irtO fppt off R.ivprdale station. . 600 804 805 806 2.15 2.18 2.40 2.43 2.45 500 feet off Federal refinery, Yonkers 500 feet off Federal refinery, Yonkers 500 feet off power plant, northern end of Yonkers 40 55 50 40 55 50 40 57 00 40 57 00 40 57 00 73 54 30 73 54 30 73 54 10 73 54 10 73 54 10 1 40 1 20 35 Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood 21.0 20.0 21.0 21.0 20.5 52 52 52 52 52 6,700 5,900 4,000 807 500 feet off power plant, northern end of 4,700 808 500 feet off power plant, northern end of Yonkers 7,800 48— PASSAIC RIVER, NEWARK BAY AND KILL VAN KULL. SEPTEMBER 8, 1909 High water occurred at Governors Island at 3.21 P. M. The wind was southeast with a velocity of 10 miles per hour. 809 1.30 1.32 2.17 2.20 Passaic river, near foot of N. J. R.R. avenue, 40 44 49 40 44 49 40 44 10 40 44 10 74 09 55 74 09 55. 74 09 45 74 09 45 1 10 1 10 Flood Flood Flood Flood 22.0 21.5 21.5 21.0 52 52 40 40 129,000 810 Passaic river, near foot of N. J. R.R. avenue, Newark 95,000 811 Passaic River 100 feet above P. R.R. freight 216,000 812 Passaic river, 100 feet above P. R.R. freight 106,000 813 2.40 2.43 3.00 3.02 Passaic river near mouth 40 43 15 40 43 15 40 41 56 40 41 56 74 07 20 74 07 20 74 07 15 74 07 15 1 10 1 10 Flood Flood Flood Flood 21.0 20.5 21.0 20.5 40 40 28 28 12,000 814 Paasaie river near mouth. . 46,000 815 816 Newark bay, near Lehigh Valley R.R.bridge Newark bay, near Lehigh Valley R.R.bridge 20,000 25,000 817 818 819 3.23 3.25 3.40 342 Newark bay, near bell buoy off Centreville . Newark bay, near bell buoy off Centreville. Newark bay, near C. R.R. of N. J. draw- bridge 40 40 15 40 40 15 40 39 17 40 39 17 74 08 10 74 08 10 74 08 46 74 08 46 1 10 1 15 Flood Flood Flood Flood 21.0 20.5 20.5 20.5 28 28 28 28 2,000 1,700 10,000 820 Newark bay, near C. R.R. of N. J. draw- 6,000 821 3.45 4.00 4.03 4.25 Newark bay, near C. R.R. of N. J. draw- bridge 40 39 17 40 38 35 40 38 35 40 38 50 74 08 46 74 08 45 74 08 45 74 06 25 30 1 35 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 28 20 20 20 8,000 822 Kill van Kull west end. 1,000 823 1,500 824 Kill van KuU, opposite Sailors Snug Harbor 7,000 825 826 827 828 4.27 4.30 4.40 4.43 Kill van Kull, opposite Sailors Snug Harbor'40 38 50 KiU van Kull, opposite Sailors Snug Harbor 40 38 50 KiU van KuU, opposite Constable Hook. . 40 39 05 Kill van Kull, opposite Constable Hook. . . 40 39 05 74 06 25 74 06 25 74 05 15 74 05 15 20 40 1 40 Flood Flood Flood Flood 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20 20 20 20 4,500 3,200 2,000 1,000 49— EAST RIVER. SEPTEMBER 9, 1909 Low water occurred at Governors Island at 10.38 A. M. The wind was southwest with a velocity of 5 miles per hour. 829 830 831 11.10 11.12 11.15 Off Battery, midstream Off Battery, midstream Off Battery, midstream At Brooklyn Bridge, midstream At Brooklyn Bridge, midstream At Williamsburg Bridge, midstream 40 41 50 40 41 50 40 41 50 74 00 55 74 00 55 74 00 55 1 20 40 Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.0 19.5 19.0 32 32 32 5,000 2,000 1,000 832 833 834 11.35 11.38 11.54 40 42 20 40 42 20 40 42 49 73 59 48 73 59 48 73 58 21 1 40 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.0 19.0 20.0 32 32 32 2,500 1,800 4,000 BAOTEEIA IN THE WATER TABLE XV— Continued 49— EAST RIVER. SEPTEMBER 9, 1909— Continued 251 Sample Hour A. M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water No. of Bacteria per C.C. No. Approximate Latitude Longitude 835 836 837 11.58 12.00 12.14 12.17 At Williamsburg Bridge, midstream At Williamsburg Bridge, midstream Off East 23d street, midstream O f It 40 42 49 40 42 49 40 44 00 40 44 00 O f tt 73 58 21 73 58 21 73 58 05 73 58 05 20 40 1 40 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.5 19.0 20.0 19.0 32 32 32 32 2,000 2,400 2,800 838 3,500 839 12.25 12.27 12.30 12.42 Off East 49th street, east channel 40 45 00 40 45 00 40 45 00 40 45 45 73 57 30 73 57 30 73 57 30 73 56 50 1 20 40 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood 20.0 19.0 19.0 20.0 32 32 32 32 10,000 840 Off East 49th street, east channel 7,700 841 842 Off East 49th streetj east channel 6,000 4,000 843 12.45 12.56 12.57 1.00 Off East 70th street, east channel 40 45 45 40 46 50 40 46 50 40 46 50 73 56 50 73 56 00 73 56 00 73 56 00 30 1 20 40 Flood Flood Flood Flood 19.0 20.0 19.5 19.0 32 32 32 32 2,200 844 At Hell Gate 2,000 845 At Hell Gate 1,800 846 At Hell Gate 1,400 847 848 849 1.22 1.25 1.50 1.55 2.00 Between North and South Brother Islands . Between North and South Brother Islands . Off Clausons Point, midstream 40 47 55 40 47 55 40 48 00 40 48 00 40 48 00 73 53 55 73 53 55 73 50 40 73 50 40 73 50 40 1 40 1 30 70 Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood 19.5 19.0 19.0 19.0 18.5 28 28 28 28 28 1,000 600 1,500 850 Off Clausons Point, midstream 2,000 851 Off Clausons Point, midstream 1,200 60— LONG ISLAND SOUND. SEPTEMBER 9, 1909 Low water occurred at Governors Island at 10.38 A. M. The wind was southwest with a velocity of 5 miles per hour. The flood tide coming up Long Island Sound from the east meets the flood tide coming up the East river near the Stepping Stones light . 852 853 854 855 856 2.30 2.33 2.55 2.57 3.00 500 feet east of Throgs neck, 500 feet east of Throgs neck, Near Stepping Stones light. . Near Stepping Stones light. . Near Stepping Stones light . 40 48 20 73 47 20 1 Flood 19.0 28 40 48 20 73 47 20 40 Flood 18.5 28 40 49 30 73 46 30 1 Flood 19.0 28 40 49 30 73 46 30 20 Flood 18.5 28 40 49 30 73 46 30 40 Flood 18.5 28 400 200 120 300 150 61— EAST RIVER. SEPTEMBER 10, 1909 Low water occurred at Governors Island at 11.25 A. M The wind was southeaat with a velocity of 40 miles per hour. 857 9.55 9.57 10.10 10.12 Hell Gate, off East 90th street 40 46 30 40 46 30 40 45 25 40 45 25 73 56 30 73 56 30 73 57 30 73 57 30 1 40 1 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.5 19.0 19.5 19.0 32 32 32 32 1,200 1,500 9,000 9,000 858 Hell Gate, off East 90th street 859 East channel, off East 59th street 860 East channel, off East 59th street 861 10.15 10.25 10.28 10.35 East channel, off East 59th street 40 45 25 40 44 25 40 44 25 40 42 49 73 57 30 73 58 00 73 58 00 73 58 21 40 1 40 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.0 19.5 19.0 19.5 32 32 32 32 7,200 7,500 6,000 7,000 862 Off East 34th street, midstream 863 Off East 34th street, midstream 864 At Williamsburg Bridge, midstream 865 866 867 10.37 10.40 10.47 10.50 At Williamsbmrg Bridge, midstream At Williamsburg Bridge, midstream At Brooklyn Bridge, midstream 40 42 49 40 42 49 40 42 20 40 42 20 73 58 21 73 58 21 73 59 48 73 59 48 20 40 1 40 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.0 19.0 19.5 19.0 32 32 32 32 3,300 2,500 6,500 3,000 868 At Brooklyn Bridge, midstream 869 10.55 10.56 10.59 Off Battery, midstream 40 41 50 40 41 50 40 41 50 74 00 50 74 00 50 74 00 50 1 20 40 Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.5 19.0 19.0 32 32 32 8,000 3,500 3,500 870 871 Off Batterv. midstream. . . . ... 252 KESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XV— Continued 62— KILL VAN KULL. SEPTEMBER 11, 1909 Low water occurred at Governors Island at 12.25 P. M. The wind was northwest with a velocity of 40 miles per hour. Sample Hour A. M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water No. of Bacteria per C.C. No. Approximate Latitude Longitude 872 873 874 875 9.40 9.43 10.06 10.08 500 feet off St. George ferry in Upper bay. . 600 feet off St. George ferry in Upper bay . . Off New Brighton station, midstream Off New Brighton station, midstream O t It 40 38 66 40 38 55 40 38 57 40 38 57 O 1 II 74 04 50 74 04 50 74 06 26 74 05 25 1 40 1 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.5 19.0 19.5 19.0 28 28 28 28 9,000 5,400 10,000 9,000 876 877 878 879 10.10 10.25 10.28 10.45 Off New Brighton station, midstream Off Sailors Snug Harbor, midstream Off Sailors Snug Harbor, midstream Off Port Richmond ferry, midstream 40 38 57 40 38 50 40 38 60 40 38 35 74 06 25 74 06 07 74 06 07 74 07 52 40 1 40 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.0 19.5 19.0 19.5 28 28 28 28 6,800 12,000 9,600 10,000 880 881 882 10.47 10.50 11.10 11.12 Off Port Richmond ferry, mid8trea.m Off Port Richmond ferry, midstream West end of Kill 40 38 35 40 38 35 40 28 36 40 28 35 74 07 62 74 07 52 74 09 30 74 09 30 20 30 1 30 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.0 19.0 19.5 19.0 28 28 28 28 8,000 4,800 8,400 883 West end of Kill 7,200 63— LOWER BAY. SEPTEMBER 13, 1909 Low water occurred at Governors Island at 1.53 P. M. The wind was southeast with a velocity of 6 miles per hour. 884 11.00 11.06 11.10 11.30 Near Ambrose channel buoy 24 40 33 30 40 33 30 40 33 30 40 32 25 74 01 25 74 01 26 74 01 25 74 00 45 1 20 36 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.5 19.0 18.5 19.5 10 16 16 16 800 885 Near Ambrose channel buoy 24 1,200 886 Near Ambrose channel buov 24 1,100 887 In Fourteen Foot channel near buoy A. C. 20 2,000 888 889 11.36 12.35 12.40 1.06 In Fourteen Foot channel near buoy A. C. 20 Between Ambrose and Fourteen Foot chan- 40 32 25 40 31 00 40 31 00 40 30 20 74 00 45 73 58 45 73 68 46 73 57 00 26 1 20 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 18.5 19.5 19.0 20.0 16 16 16 16 2,500 1,500 890 Between Ambrose and Fourteen Foot chan- nels near buoy A, C. 10 2,000 891 About 1000 feet north of buoy A. C. 4 1,400 892 893 1.10 1.20 1.25 1.35 About 1000 feet north of buoy A. C. 4 40 30 20 40 30 10 40 30 10 40 29 66 73 57 00 73 66 55 73 56 55 73 57 06 20 1 35 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.5 20.0 19.5 20.0 16 16 16 16 1,000 1,700 894 1,700 895 Near Ambrose channel buoy 3 1,100 896 1.37 1.47 1.50 2.10 Npar Ambrose channel buov 3 40 29 55 40 29 30 40 39 30 40 29 26 73 57 06 73 67 20 73 57 20 73 57 20 20 1 30 1 Ebb Flood Flood Flood 19.5 20.0 19.0 19.6 16 16 16 16 900 897 898 899 100 feet north of Gedney channel buoy 6 . . 100 feet north of Gedney channel buoy 6. . Between Gedney channel buoys 6 and 5. . . 3,000 1,400 5,000 900 901 902 903 2.15 2.25 2.28 2.40 Between Gedney channel buoys 6 and 5. . . 200 feet south of Gedney channel buoy 5 . . 200 feet south of Gedney channel buoy 5 . . 100 feet south of buoy C. B. 1 off Sandy Hook 40 29 25 40 29 10 40 29 10 40 29 15 73 57 20 73 57 20 73 67 20 73 58 15 36 1 28 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood 18.5 19.5 19.0 19.5 16 16 16 16 4,500 4,500 2,400 1,500 904 905 2.43 2.55 3.00 3.30 100 feet south of buoy C. B. 1 off Sandy Hook 600 feet southeast of buoy C. B. 3 off Sandy Hook 40 29 15 40 28 60 40 28 50 40 28 55 73 58 15 73 59 10 73 59 10 74 01 20 30 1 35 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood 19.0 19.5 19.0 19.5 16 16 16 16 1,600 1,600 1,500 1,900 906 500 feet southeast of buoy C. B. 3 off Sandy Hook on? 1000 feet northeast of buov N. 8 Q08 3.35 3.65 4.00 1000 feet northeast of buov N. 8 40 28 65 40 29 35 40 29 35 74 01 20 74 00 30 74 00 30 15 1 35 Flood Flood Flood 18.5 19.6 18.5 16 16 16 2,700 2,000 2,500 909 500 feet southwest of buoy C. S. 1, near Swash channel 910 500 feet southwest of buoy C. S. 1, near Swash channel Low BACTERIA IN THE WATER 253 TABLE XV— Continued 64— LOWER BAY. SEPTEMBER 14, 1909 water occurred at Governors Island at 2.38 P. M. The wind was southeast with a velocity of 10 miles per hour. Sample No. Hour A.M. Location of Samples Approximate Latitude Longitude Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water No. of Bacteria per C.C. 911 912 913 914 10.30 10.35 10.55 11.00 Main Ship channel, 200 feet east of West Bank light Main Ship channel, 200 feet east of West Bank light Swash channel, near Main Ship channel Swash channel, near Main Ship channel 40 32 20 40 32 20 40 31 25 40 31 25 74 02 30 74 02 30 74 02 20 74 02 20 35 1 30 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.5 18.5 19.5 19.0 16 16 16 16 450 300 280 160 915 916 917 918 11.25 11.30 11.47 11.50 Swash channel, 300 feet northeast of buoy C. S. 3 Swash channel, 300 feet northeast of buoy C. S. 3 Swash channel, 500 feet south of Romer Shoals light Swash channel, 500 feet south of Romer Shoals light 40 30 50 40 30 50 40 30 45 40 30 45 74 01 45 74 01 45 74 00 45 74 00 45 1 20 1 30 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.5 19.0 19.5 19.0 16 16 16 16 200 120 150 140 919 920 921 922 1.00 1.05 1.20 1.25 Swash channel, 500 feet south of buoy N. S. 4 Swash channel, 600 feet south of buoy N. S. 4 Swash channel, 500 feet north of buoy C. S. 1 Swash channel, 600 feet north of buoy C.S.I 40 30 00 40 30 00 40 29 45 40 29 45 73 69 45 73 59 45 74 00 30 74 00 30 1 30 1 25 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.5 19.0 19.5 19.0 16 16 16 16 300 190 400 923 924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 1.45 1.50 2.05 2.10 Romer Shoals, 500 feet northwest of buoy N. S. 2 Romer Shoals, 500 feet northwest of buoy N. S. 2 500 feet southeast of buoy A. C. 9, Ambrose channel 500 feet southeast of buoy A. C. 9, Ambrose channel 40 29 50 40 29 50 40 30 45 40 30 45 73 69 20 73 59 20 73 58 45 73 58 45 1 25 1 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.6 19.0 19.5 19.0 2.16 2.20 2.45 2.60 600 feet northwest of buoy A. C. 10, Am- brose channel 500 feet northwest of buoy A. C. 10, Am- brose channel One-third of distance between buoy A. C. 8 and Manhattan Beach One-third of distance between buoy A. C. 8 and Manhattan Beach 40 31 00 40 31 00 40 32 05 40 32 06 73 58 65 73 58 65 73 57 40 73 57 40 1 25 1 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.5 19.0 19.5 19.0 3.10 3.15 Two-thirds of distance between buoy A. C. 8 and Manhattan Beach Two-thirds of distance between buoy A. C. 8 and Manhattan Beach 40 33 06 40 33 05 73 57 26 73 57 25 1 22 Ebb Ebb 19.6 19.0 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 400 160 270 250 200 250 130 200 560 100 56— PASSAIC RIVER, NEWARK BAY AND KILL VAN KULL. SEPTEMBER 16, 1909 Low water occurred at Governors Island at 2.53 P. M. The wind was southeast with a velocity of 20 miles per hour. 933 12.40 934 12.45 935 1.05 936 1.08 937 938 939 940 1.25 1.30 1.45 1.60 Passaic river, near foot of N. J. R.R. avenue, Newark Passaic river, near foot of N. J. R.R. avenue, Newark Passaic river, near P. R.R. freight bridge below Newark Passaic river, near P. R.R. freight bridge below Newark Passaic river, near mouth Passaic river, near mouth Newark bay, near Lehigh Valley R.R. bridge Newark bay, near Lehigh Valley R.R. bridge 40 44 49 40 44 49 40 44 10 40 44 10 40 43 16 40 43 16 40 41 66 40 41 56 74 09 55 74 09 55 74 09 45 74 09 46 74 07 20 74 07 20 74 07 16 74 07 15 1 10 1 10 1 10 1 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 22.0 21.5 22.0 21.5 21.0 20.5 20.0 19.5 62 62 52 52 52 52 32 32 230,000 160,000 90,000 40,000 32,000 17,000 24,000 18,000 254 RESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XV— Continued 66— PASSAIC RIVER, NEWARK BAY AND KILL VAN KULL. SEPTEMBER 16, 1909— Continued Sample No. Hour P.M. Location of Samples Approximate Latitude Longitude Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water No. of Bacteria per C.C. 941 942 •943 944 2.05 2.08 2.15 2.18 Newark bay, near bell buoy off Centreville. ,40 40 15 Newark bay, near bell buoy off Centreville . 40 41 15 Newark bay, near C. R.R. of N. J. draw- bridge Newark bay, near C. R.R. of N. J. draw- bridge 40 39 17 40 39 17 74 08 10 74 08 10 74 08 46 74 08 46 1 20 1 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.0 20.0 20.0 19.0 32 32 32 32 12,000 7,400 9,000 7,200 945 946 947 948 2.25 2.27 2.30 2.43 KiU van Kull, west end Kill van Kull, west end KiU van Kull, west end Kill van Kull, off Sailors Snug Harbor . 40 38 35 40 38 35 40 38 35 40 38 50 74 08 45 74 08 45 74 08 45 74 06 25 1 20 35 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.0 19.5 19.0 20.0 28 28 28 28 7,900 6,800 5,400 8,200 949 950 951 952 2.45 2.55 2.37 3.00 KiU van KuU, off Sailors Snug Harbor . KiU van KuU, off Constable Hook KiU van KuU, off Constable Hook KiU van KuU, off Constable Hook 40 38 50 40 39 05 40 39 05 40 39 05 74 38 50 74 05 15 74' 05 15 74 05 15 30 1 20 40 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.5 20.0 19.5 19.0 28 28 28 28 6,400 6,800 5,900 4,800 ; 66— ARTHUR KILL. SEPTEMBER 16, 1909 Low water occurred at Governors Island at 3.25 P. M. The wind was southeast with a velocity of 5 miles per hour. 953 964 955 956 11.56 11.57 12.25 12.30 Rahway river, J^ mile from mouth Rah way river, Yi mile from mouth Arthur Kills, opposite mouth of Rahway river Arthur Kills, opposite mouth of Rahway river 40 35 55 40 35 65 40 35 35 40 35 35 74 12 45 74 12 45 74 12 15 74 12 15 1 8 1 10 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.0 19.5 20.0 19.6 64 64 28 28 18,000 60,000 23,000 20,000 967 968 959 960 1.05 1.10 1.20 1.25 Arthur Kills, off Fresh KiUs Arthur KiUs, off Fresh KiUs Arthur Kills, near buoy S. A. off Smoking Point Arthur KiUs, near buoy S. A. off Smoking Point 40 34 46 40 34 45 40 33 30 40 33 30 74 12 35 74 12 35 74 13 40 74 13 40 1 16 1 26 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.0 19.6 19.0 18.6 28 28 28 28 8,000 2,000 3,000 2,400 961 962 963 964 2.00 2.05 2.35 2.38 Arthur KiUs, near buoy S. 6, north of Rah- way river Arthur Kills, near buoy S. 6, north of Rah- way river Arthur Kills, 1000 feet west of Elizabethport drawbridge Arthur Kills, 1000 feet west of EUzabethport drawbridge 40 35 46 40 36 45 40 38 10 40 38 10 74 12 06 74 12 06 74 11 55 74 11 56 1 12 1 12 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.0 28 28 28 28 8,000 5,000 90,000 32,000 966 966 967 968 2.50 2.65 3.05 3.07 Arthur Kills, 1000 feet east of EUzabethport drawbridge Arthur KiUs, 1000 feet east of Elizabethport drawbridge Arthur Kills, near buoy S. 4 at east end . . . Arthur Kills, near buoy S. 4 at east end . . . 40 38 20 40 38 20 40 38 46 40 38 46 74 11 46 74 11 46 74 10 45 74 10 45 15 1 15 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.5 19.0 19.5 19.0 28 28 28 28 7,000 3,000 3,200 4,600 969 970 971 972 3.17 3.20 3.35 3.40 Midway between Shooters Island and Mari- ners Harbor Midway between Shooters Island and Mari- ners Harbor West end of KiU van KuU West end of KiU van KuU 40 28 36 40 28 36 40 38 36 40 38 36 74 09 30 74 09 30 74 08 45 74 08 45 30 1 36 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.6 19.0 19.5 19.0 28 28 28 28 2,000 4,500 7,000 6,000 BAOTEEIA IN THE WATER TABLE XV— Continued 67— JAMAICA BAY. SEPTEMBER 17, 1909 Low water occurred at Governors Island at 4.25 P. M. The wind was northwest with a velocity of 5 miles per hour, 255 Sample Hour A. M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water No. of No. Approximate Latitude Longitude per C.C. 973 974 975 976 10.40 10.45 11.00 11.05 Jamaica bay, near Dead Horse creek Jamaica bay, near Dead Horse creek Jamaica bay, 200 feet off Barren Island.. . . Jamaica bay, 200 feet off Barren Island.. . . 40 34 35 40 34 35 40 34 40 40 34 40 1 It 73 54 25 73 54 25 73 53 00 73 53 00 1 15 1 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.5 19.0 19.5 19.0 20 20 20 20 4,000 7,200 3,500 1,600 977 11.25 11.30 11.50 11.55 Just south of Kuffle Bar 40 35 40 40 35 40 40 36 45 40 36 45 73 51 35 73 51 35 73 52 35 73 52 35 1 15 1 9 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.5 19.0 19.5 19.0 20 20 20 20 4,400 978 Just soutli of I^uffle 6a/Pi£S C0Lt.£er£o /tAncMii'v/aos 266 RESULTS OF ANALYSES FIG, 23 ^1 «! i Si • 7/'j7- iBJreo/rJ-r/i/- AOfOS^ UPPEfiBAY P/iO/f CONSTABLe mOM Af.^. TO If'-ySTB/tOSfflVN cctwVo) BACTB^M P£a C.C /// WATtB AT O/PPBffENT GBPTMS BBlOtV SUBPACS ^AtfPLBS COLLBCTED />M/fCJ^ 24V/S09 FIG. 24 atM^ACe. I u as' h 1" /iVX> J' (421)0 OF^ fVejf AT MAS T £NO OP i.UiEATi' /S*.AMO (6AftPieS 2».*e.*t.*2j AT SMO op /W/f 'A HffOStW P/¥£ft i/PP£B /^.y. BAY AT BATTEBY PARH PfEBMBEBTyi. fi P/£B A BACTEB/A FEB C. C. /Af WATEB AT O/PPEBE/VT DEPTHS BELOiV SOBPACE ^APfPlES COllECTED APBJL 7^/^03 BACTERIA IN THE WATER FIG. 26 267 >■ > (SAlfM.£5 «» fo aaiffio ■ teeo fir. o^^ CVeir />0A/O fiO/MT fsA/t^i.£s sr.s») (SMi*tmt.eS £3,t^) S0i»mo y»/w^A£S fS.tt) £0mMO' f^ SftL£ O^^ f£/^^£j ert») LOAfC /SIA/VD SOi/AfD ^/fO/f Gfi££/iPO/tT L.I. TO /V£W rO/fH C/ry SACT£a/A P£/f C. C. //K WATE/i AT 0/^^£/f£/VT ^£PT/fS S£LO^ ^l//t£AC£ ^A/^/*l£S COll£eT£D A/>/f/C /3^^/903 FIG. 26 5i £*T^MS Amur paAMmiti 7f 72) ■a»ttA4.Ma. 7i.7*) WJPfMO f^9H£ OA0 0tA7Ttmcoctf Aomr fjjtf^AL£t rs, yt) (£MfAl£S 7».BOj sooAe£rofA*^ €im¥»»nt AOfnir e£OM* fSAn0l£t »r.£tj £Asr mfe/t l>^c£a rM£ HV£t/A^seu/fCM amtocE LO/fG /SLAND ^OmO PPO/f eR££NP0fi7 l.l ro /^£»¥ rOflH Cffr SACr£P/A P£/f e.C.W mT£fi AT OfFF£P£itT OePTMS BELOW SVPFACe JA/>fPl£S COIL£CT£0 APP/l /S'^tff/sOS 268 RESULTS OF ANALYSES FIG. 27 UOOO Linn Vl lo' A70O moo to' Ittaa /iSOQ 10' 10 /^soo to' (SAmH.Ci 9SBt) *" / 350 +0 a+0 40' Aeoo Vi\ Aioo so RCET F^ORt FORT tVAOSRfORTR M'eST SttORE. faAMRLCS /at, /OS. to*, /OF) eo +80 so' 620 so' J 1600 'M kUAr ACROSS filAMO^fS HALF tVAr ACROSS Ar^RAOtVS (SAMPLES 9/ TO se) J/4 **'Ar ACROSS MARROIVS RROR7 FaRr RARI/I. TOff (SARtRLeS 37 TO lOt) ACfioss Manoivs F/iOA7 Fo/tr ham/ltom ra Fo/tr tvAoswo/irH BACT£HIA P£fl C.CW WATEJi AT DIFFERENT DEPTHS B£LOIV St//iF/IC£ fSAMPlES COLLECTED AF/t/L 13 V /303 FIG. 28 ■"55 / 1- jiloo 10' /iSOO 10' , 380O 10' A 2 00 AisAtt SHOAE e^r / 1 Fe/IT HMMUTCn/ 1 / SO feer /vo/r tm or , / fOttr LMffAYETTK 20' Ji.000 ICOO 20 Sloo ZO /260Q tSAnPt£& MB,/67i 1 U 40 B50 40" 550 40 IZOO 40 Je&o « so F£er p-fio/t ^ofTT ivAostt^^TM, fvfsr sf/eite. BO' 340 80' 380 BO' 480 IMnAr ACROSS rvARROrts RAtR nAr ACROSS /MRROK/Sl ISAnRlES /t3TOR7j 3J4 fAr Aoross /^Ajr/totrs FAOM fORT /tAFflLTON. ^AOft eOM r tlAftH. TOft {a/usRttt iBO ro/tt) (jAMPt,£t iiarotat) ACffOSS AIAK/IOIVS F/IOM FORT tlAMIt TON TO FO/tT mOStVOAT/t BACTEB/A PEP C.C./Af WATER AT DIFFEPENT DEPTHS BELOW Sl/PFACE MMPIES COUECTED APP/L/3V /303 BACTERIA IN THE WATER FIG. 29 269 6 1 « ; 10- n4oo 1' 10 /c900 10" fieoo 10 /tsoo 10' •^oq 1 / 1 ' 1 "■ /s300 10 MOO zo 5B00 20 /740O 20' ♦»oo 1 k / 1 1 ^,' / 1 ♦o' 40' Ifl/in 40' J 4JOB *aN>s5 CAST ftivmn lett rtf/O ftM/tATTAM 3/4 mkvAoroas £Aar /r/f£A (■aAnM.Kt /»a. i*o. /4-t. /*z) aof^er oa^^mm «r^ amwATAt % r" r / /- »• 1*00 »' J94-0O lo' jtsoo 10' Xiooso /moc to' t zo' /e+oo 20 jatoo lo' /.o. 5„ '""<< / M^aer mr.f a*/« 40' i 53dO EAarfriirefi /JbVNflU « MT,MmMaiVjvJ tamss CAST Mfi^M^ * MMff ^JtAfMATrAHf tAy^CJMSi es fss.fs ■4e» mtY ACROSS £Asr/r/f£A fsAff^es /sa,/fo.f$/./tz) SOMAT Off ^Mif Mf/S JMAWfV rsAMnaa taa.ta^^as.Ms) /*MW5.y £Asr/f/f£/> f/ion p/f/t /r'/o/v/imjiTTA/^ ro pmn /f/o BmonrAi eACTE/iM F£fi C.C /A/ WATE/i /IT D/rFE/fE/TT OEPr//S BEIOIV 6V/lMCt JH/VflLES COLLECTED AP/ilL ZZ'S>/S09 FIG. 30 ioFeer Fno/f eod.ifMatA OIL. CO n£/> OAyoftNa ffit. fSAftnea /«« /ft tat) t\ 10* '/4 t¥Av Acnass hill vam halp way across kill. K^tL. FJtOM eHVONMBNU, f»Of^ OiLCO f/S/t (4Au^tgs tar.faa /as tao) (sAMfii.es lat.iai /93./»*) 5300 I ■ 20 fcer o^ coLima/A OIL CO Aten aAvOMMt M.tt. faAfi0Aaa t*7 tta. it») tMlt^f ACJtOSS A/It WAV ^ALF lifAtaw /M^rtt smq^s (SAt^^ACS 2*a.X/3,if4) fsA^^Ms t»:at».MHj AC/IOSS HAflLEM fllK/l MSr EAST OF I'J'AVE.B/l/DeE aACT£/tJA F£/i e.CM WATEft AT D/Ff£»£NT D£PrHS BELOIV SMFACE. ^AMPIES COLLECTED Afmt.Z7V/t09 FIG. 32 Ix > / / / /fiXat. 10* /asoo 10' /7400 r ^MOM A'O^rM 9ttOAM ^0 MAALMJ* mi¥£Jr O^^ C.^-A.Of /»*./. oecH 1 / r-SAAWSS KfS.af0 ) / «4 tfAr ACJToss 0Ain.eAr fMAt^iMs /2A ijy. 2ia) /SAAt^tes t/r^i/s.z/») , /sooo »• ^.^000 . — ' / / \ / / !t »• zo' /lAaoa je ^^MT AAOft taifTM ffW/te OAA /MWCf-f GAAtAlf^ILL OOe/f. etAMfiut* U9.XI*. its) fSAitALMS Mat. tar. x»») AOIOSS HAAIEM ItireA MST EAST Of JVAK.B/i/DGE. BACTEHIA P£/f C. C. /Af tVATE/l AT D/ff£fiCMT efPTHS SEtOiy SV/t/^Ce •sAMAies couecTEo AA/t/i irs' /aoa BACTERIA IN THE WATER FIG. 33 271 -|58oc ( 52O0 S 16" I ^44oo SO r££7 0^f= f/£ft OM y^fAr ACROSS MUOSOM Mfetr ^»oM iteirsgr siv/ie 30fi£era^^^^m AT MifejtCAt.e ■I/^tVAr ACROSS HtfOSOt^ /wo/v »feA'S£Y sffcme.. AC/fOSS H(fOSO^ fitff£fi r/t0M fitV£fiPAL£ ^£fy VffffH BACT£/ftA P£R C,C. //if l¥AT£/t AT D/£££fi£//T D£PT//S B£LO¥l/ S(//iFAC£ SAM/t£$ CeLl£CTeO ffAr J-v /SOS FIG. 34 a 1* V T4900 1' jiSoo .10 U200 w* MTDd. Q 1 1 / ' I8' 1 1200 / / 20 ntoo »' /J700 SO fiser Off /vsA om / t/£ASer SMOA£ 0/'JVHT£ >/4 tMr AC^OSi tiVOSOff^ 1 /H^£aOAt£ S/ATIOM U.r Jtf£jf fmeftv£ftS£yMOM 1 (i^f^Ai,f9 t45 Itt 14 1) roitfMAo M^rcAOAkC /f. Y si /, fSAffAl£i M«. ^«A ZSO) ( Jtoo HAtf tVAr AC»OiS M¥Oiai4 /SAMAt£s is/.as9. f.HU4) 1 «4 r-r" () / ja^£er ti^A n£» ^t ^ / AiifattOAlK A* V < / I4mf^^tt ts* ttO) i » ^ 4 WO \-- "\^ k m K K 4204 V ACa 9SS Muesajit.' Vfo^ \^£^SM r SH*- ^' f^/ivftei iss Toesa) MAOSS J/OOSOM Wlf£/f F»On RtVEnDAlt^ JV.Y. SJICT£^M,P£S C.C/ff tTAK^ AT D/£^E/i£AIT DEPTHS 3£iOIV SVJIFACE. SA/7n£s_eMiEeT£p^Aji' jj^'^r~ 272 RESULTS OP ANALYSES no. 36 r- — 7 7400 IV ■■/'"'"' r r § 10' 1 A BOO to' lAlOO 10" 14100 10' ♦TOO lo' l«40O /3700 so' 80' -—/zsoo 30' l«oo so' ■soo^r er^ SAtr JMBAcaf^attrM toea Fr off cast SHOae % ' ■■ 18AOO ' 3tf /sjoo 10" iSBoe 10' yiGoo 10 ' A900 10' Nsooo —/^^O" JO' /.WAn 30' 1 /*»«" 90' /aioo 30' » af€.tft,aj») woo ^R «^os/re JV£^ A mLuAM cofe/tftoKS X. /OAMfV-ES J*», to/, t*k) fM^t^es io3. 3a*.jasj HODSON fVV£f> fmM H/y£nDAL£ TO SA TTE/tr BAerSAM P£K Ce./N WATE^ AT D/Fr£/l£NT 0£PTHS B£i.OIV SI/flFAC£ SAMPLES COLLECTED J^AY^Vfaoa FIG. 36 SS'' i;«,o' _/53oe ZOO'AAOM tASr JAOAM f/esr metorf cJt.OFH-if. 10" I h er oAAwampee av CMuHtet Aaovr 'm MM** A9AOOO SAY (SAMAtM* iOO,»93.it0 2200 ASevr MAi,A mtr ACAOSS BAtiWSr eet.ewe.ftA oamj. BfHoce (SAfitfieC JU.J/2) I' I ■ 1 5400 »' \ Uloo ABOVT y/tm»rv!rAoss AAY FAOAf EASr SHOKC t/ffsr eeiotv cJifi.oPA'rf. SAlBBA. (SAmpleo 419. 3f*) sm^^r PAoM west s//OAe ^0ST- tEtetv- C.A.AOFM-J. MAiAGA. , (sAffAiEs ais.aie) A r Ara est t. Bifaf *m CMSMMei. aer.cjr.A.afs/^. Afio a.mo BA^oees. (SAMPtES .if*. 3 f 0.3/3) Zlt^OO )0 7" _Al30d AAOSAte fIfVMA Af OAAvi^aAtoe*, «A MV, A A^tlWtAH A.A. m CAAAVMt (AAAtAlt.t Jt$. M4) A*ssA/e At¥BA lA/srAsa^e A A. A. FAEIGHT BAtOCe 'Oei.Otf A/£tVAAIt C"****^*'* 3»r.jo«^ AAtSCMeSA aA/Oe& t«i AfAmAAtt mroAAwsiuoM o'^^a SACrS/f/A ^0f C.C. tN WAT£R AT D/rf£a£NT 0£PTi4Se£LO¥V SmPACB ^MH£S eOLUGTSD AMYfO Tf iBO^ BACTERIA IN THE WATER FIG 37 273 ^1 ■■ ■ ' "'■'■ "^looo ■fmiiiKte /ti¥gii f/esr Jtmo¥0 XJt.tt.^fttittiT fASiAtC mtvem t*T O/tMMmftlOC/L OA fiAMAtca 333.33*i AT DftAOveAlO&K O^ a.AMOO. MJttOSg. f/fCMAi*M£t. Of /*mwAK»t aAy (^AMfLCS 33S.33e.3a7) 7 i/i/sr acLot^ r.A/f. Off* . / Si / s:«- . Mfloo 3/f. tfAf ACBOSS HtfO&Oif* mtfCft fAOft f/£B A . SAftfi.B (jsa rojCB-j " AC f OSS MVOSOAI fVEH f/fOAl f/Ef A' BACTE/HA f£/l C.C. IN WATER AT D/fF£/1ENT DEPTHS BEIOW SvafACE aAAtflES COUECTEO AtAYI/- /303 274 RESULTS OF ANALYSES FIG. 39 t «1 »' /79OO • 7 7SOO /7100 1 10' Uzoo 1 ' § 20' /sBOO 30 [5400 to /4700 1 ■\ k '^ +0 /«;?nn 40 fi9eit\ 40' (ifinn J-O FCET OFF PIER A 'U WAYAC/tOSS MVOSOM MMlf rfArAC/tos9 MUOSON mivcF fi/y£H FtiOM fi/e/t 'A- (SAMfiti 373 ro 376) /ivoso/f mi¥£it fmrn ^/ef 'a' (SA/^M.eS 377 ra no) ' 16800 — — — yTZoo yl ' / / , r^ /sjoo 10 /SBOO 1 " 470O 20 SO F££r If^Of^ C.R.fl Ot" J»^ § ^/e^ yfs if£frser c/ry. (■SA/^flCt ieS.39t.3B7 > . § 1 «' |»«nn 3/4 >*■'»- *eiross ttvosOM AffCft F/IOM P/EA A' (■SAfnpt.£S 391 ro 3B*J \ ACmSS HUDSOAIfllVER /'/iOM P/£/i A BACTEfllA P£/> C.C.W IVAT£/i AT DIFFE/iEAIT DEPTHS B£LOIV SU/iFy^C£ .SAMPLES COLLECTED y>fAy /Zrf 1909 FIG, 40 ^ " / / 14000 /looo /ftHrYn MuosoM n/»r£/r ar red spar Buor OPPOSir£ P/£A A raAi-Pies 3eB 39/j UPfEft BAr AT SPAA i^UC OAP- /t£0 MOOtt CSA/9Pi£S 3»X - 33S) SOQ I URPEft BAr AT BELL BUOY IVH/t BET BAr ftloGE ANO rCMPtt//\fSI//LL£ S / CSAffPlE^ J9Q J39) Sioo I n 640 ^ SS otj.' /M HARROKIK f^eiVAr BETIVEEN 'OATS LAP^ArCTTE Af/O WAOSytOtTTM LOtVEA BAP- AT BELL BUOf O.VCAVCfl SMOAt- 0£A SOOTtt Br ACM, S.I CSAMnes *o*- *07) t BAr AT Bet. L Bt/Sif I.OIVSA SAr AT AEIL Bi/ar AE^ 2^ '" Ai-iaaose CMAivfteL ac/b tM AnBfiase cma^^h (SA/^ALES 4-OB- 4") (SA/fAi ES *ii-*IS) LOivE^ BAr. »r MEilBivr tOl/tA BAr Mr e-IS Btnar MTtAirrte OEEAM 1C/£ JMAmBAaS£ e/Hwt/ei £1 fAl APtBROSE CMA0IMI AT C^AmPi.£B^20-4.\t) (■BAMPt.Et 0i3-4iJ} r^OMPfER A, THROUCH OPP£R B/ir rf/£ N/l/iROtVS ^ND lOPy£/f BAY B>^Cr£/f/A PER C.C. //V iVATEP /^T DJFPEaSAfr D£PT/^S B^IO^V SVfiFACS, ^A/fPl£S COl£.£CT£D //WK/| ^* f9Q9 BACTERIA IN THE WATER FIG. 41 275 AT CM Buer it HfBAm C9Mert3t.ANO 9MaA€ is' LJiso Aawr VtM/ir sovtm ew mvorat oHUMm. acr'Z', AMo ai^y- Aerz~*r SMO ■ C^AffJtOSt CMAMNeL (SAftAkti «J>.4J(.4|3> 10 h 20 20 ABOUT tMlte tm>TNEHI.Y r/t»ti aour sz ON SAME flANCe LINE AS SUMI't.Ei «J/- 2 R 3 , ABovr /j/iMiet aavrMe^t.r about t ahles sovrtteALV ABatrr likMUEt sovmetiuf ^Hon mvor St ON SAne. fj^om eoor St a^ samb favm gifors* om eamk KANGE LINE AS SAfmrtfi BANCE t/Me AS fAMBLCS JtANCE i.we AS SAMBI^BS Aii'lli%. «J/-«<« 41*.t»9. (SA/i^lBJ 4i7.49m.4M) (■SAAIBtef 44a.44t 441} (SAMfi.tt44i.444.444) J 9a 10 AB»9T lOOO FT. M.1»- 0r/t ^C BT. MOMTM O^ 3»ml^ OB MMY ACEM- a^BABte AemfOM SAME BANSE itaMCEL/NB At SAMPLE* AtNE AS JAMBtMS liV '(•SAMBIKS 44*''44r .44B} 20* I3fi0 10 M8D 20 (280 MIOWAr BET. OVOfi ACEi'AMO Msa. SOt/TMEBLir BHONt Acez' (SBtriSS 4Sf.49?. 4r»}' lOOBT. NOBTH OB Off tifat y/vsr ovrstoB It Alt/ SHIP CBAMMEL fSABiBkti 4f»,4t^4fU /eorr. soffTN oBBBtm ^OZ IN NIAIH EBIB CBANNEt. liMMBtes 4te.4ej.4s4y •too^T. SobTh of Boot' ACEi'/nfAMm/tose CM. (jA/^BitS 4S1.4S1. 4S4. 4SSj /.0^£/f /V£ky YO^H BAY BACTERfA P£/f C.C /fif WATSfi AT O/FfEREAfT. OEPTHS aSCOiV SmFAC£ SAMPLES COILECTEO O// ATAy i? Am /S. /S09 FIG. 42 I •* n »?*» 540 350 too BT. SOVTH OF 9VBV Btay2 I** MAIN om0 CI*A*ll*£L . (gAMBtES 4fr.4e§.4*7j 20* ISO FT. SOBTH OF BUOI^ Af4f /Af AfA/Kf SHIB CMANNEL, (4AMFtSS 4e9.4t9.470) BBOftr. afitfr/to^BBorBrt m f^Aift SBI^ CHBfWe^ . /OABtBieS 4U4It,4I3J coo AfOBr. SOUTH or evoyift IN BtAtn SB'B CHAHItet. fSAMBllS 474.47S.4tEi HiaFr.eoi/TH OFevoFHttA l/f MAIN SBIB CMANffEi. t3AMBt.es 47i.47B.479) itABUUSt 4am. 4v. 4taj LOWER BAY BACTER/A PEB C.C./A/ WATER AT OJPFEREW OEPTttS B£U>W ^m^AC£, ^AAfPlES COLLECTEO AMY /B' /^$ 276 RESULTS OF ANALYSES FIG. 43 /CO ft tvesr o^ at/cr Afc i tM /VtAm SMIP CMAf*NKL. (SAMPiei ««3, «>« *»5 ) -ZD Jsoo /eo fir. wesT o^ 0vor /vet //* /TTA/M SM/fi CAfA/V/l/£t rSA/tfiieS 4BS. «0, #9/ ) loofiT- iv£sr fffi avof /yea Af /^A/rt SM/P C/fAff/4£l, fOOFT tVMiT Of OI/OfAf, AT i/iwcrt//i£ o^ yfA/n SHIP A/KO Jw*A5M CMAI*/t€L9 /A/ AfA//* r///P CMAt/MCL. rs/*Afn£s 49S, 49t. 497 ) tvesr BAnit LiBHT *ki tnAin St/IP e/IAfUNEL fSAfnPLeS «9».«89 Son) loofr. XABT OA at/or e»i /r* /ftmiH S///P Ct/AM/fCi, lOO PT. eAi T OP at/or cv /A/ MA/// C/IA/\//t£t. ioorr.£Asr OP B£i.t. mvev , on/ CAV£/t S/fOAL. i/t/sr OfTJ/Ot ^mAttows (j/kAfAtCS S07,S«9.S09) LOtVS/f Af£W YO/^H BAY BACTEWA P£R C.C./N WAT£f^ AT D/F/^S/^BNT D£PTHS B£10IV Se/^FACS. ^A^PLES COllECTED AlAr /&- f309 FIG. 44 ,. , 1*200 I' I yazoo r r— |Z4oo V p-iisoo T p Kl' I /■■\< J /BOO £0 rr. O^^ DOCK LONC ZSIAMO t/^Wf^Y ACFOSS soimo tOMC iSlAMD. 'HALf-MAV ACJtOSS SOV/*/)^ □|54Pb .1 I ' I t WOO lo' I /♦!( M^T. ar^. OOCtf AT i.AW/r£Metr ^etnr i.Otte ISLAMO t/4. iVAr ACJtOSS SMffVO /vtoM i-AivAeMee. rr. LOJVt tSt-AMD . HALF tVAr AC/toSS ^OVfUO 2200 200O I80O a/4- tTAr Acjfoss sautio PAO/f LAWtT£MC£ fiO/NrT (SAMPies SSJ.SSi ,SS^} S.OPT. OPP OQCK AT arOMy POMT, /3A0MK. r""" 7B4-0O /eioo 10' Asoo Uln„ to' /«oo J/4 fifAr ACPoss souno ■PAOM AAtffres/eE /Bz/vr. (■sAttPi.es •Sf4. see. set ) ' 20 P7. OPP OBCH A T SrCMr PO/MT, enoMt , (SAttPtn s(j. sea. Sf9/ SACt£/^/A J'S/f C.C./A/ tVAr£/iArOJFr£ffENTD£PrHSB£i.0PV^i/HFAC£ ^SAMPLES €OU£CT£0 /TAr 26^^/30$ FIG. 46 I8000 ' y 15000 ' / to' > 'l3Soo lO' lyLOQCi 10' / / zcPEEr OPP ex>cfr om panoall's / / XSt.Af¥0 HAJtLEPT Ai^EA / / (SAftPLPS Srt S77) OP- .,,. / lOSOO ZOP SET OFF OOC» A T roo T PSA/t w MAPt.£/t PlfE^ £■. //BSr HAPlEf^ p/t^£P f>pp^ £ //a'sr faAJtPd.£S S70.S7I.S7Z) eSA/tPLES ^T3 S14 S7S) ' r" 10' Ibaoo lo' llSoo 2.0 FEET OPP DOCft O/V / PANOALt.'S ISLMMO 1 / ffAPt.Ef* PIVE^ 7n ... Vcaoo (SAPIPI.MS sa4.sas) aa FE£T OPP DOC/CAT Poor PttoSTAEAPI M MAPLEHf P/ypP OPP e./ta'jr ffAAt.£M JtlV£tr OPP E//a'ST tSAitPiJEi S79. S7S, Sao^ fSA/tPiES SB/. SaS. 583) HAHLEM /tiven p/fo/r poor op Et/s'sr. topandall's t BACTSH/A P£f{ C.C.M WATEB AT DtF/'EHS/i/T DEPTHS BELOIV JVPFACE ■SAMPLES COLIECTED A7Ar ZS''-^ /S03 278 RESULTS OF ANALYSES FIG. 47 r r tvesr sioeo^ untr «3| . T' Jio recTOFpooett at noeiTAWAY PO/MT (•SAfi^te sma) er »*r Off SHOM£ M C/fe£H MUMKUNG Uf TO ^OtNT fVBAm AVEHHe. SrATi9M CSAMPLC SSB) tooo feer off Sffoite j/* C0££H JKmmMG Vf^£Afi A¥£A/irr STATMW ( iiil coft^ itLAtto emuM A FOOT OF fT-'ST oAA¥tttMo oAV'teo ner OFg ^riAMnt YACMr Ckum eRAVESEND BAY - COJVEY ISLAND CHEEK BACTSff//) PEP C. C. //V IVATEH AT DIFFEPEHT DEPTHS BELOW SV/tFACE SAMPLES COLLECTED >/ffLyS'^'03 BACTERIA IK THE WATER FIG. 53 281 ! i seofror^ AvoAtetACM too peer of^ oocm HOTEL *VOft BtACIt MOret i^sAt^PLt s*^) caAfi0tt 044) i fSAt^ma s*s) f»l i A T e/VD Of DOCM UI.ME» PAHH Aigtioofeoe» 0Ar YACMT ei va aATM atMCM i er aMtAtttvAttA mcmrM oy concur /sumo €ai»m € AT FOOT or SZSr CO*l£T tai.0MO enAVESEND BAY aAcre/r/A p£k c.c.w ivater at o/rrc/fEAir depths below su/fFACc SAMPLES COLLECTED JULr I0'!''09 FIG. 54 ip SCO r - Iloo I'l 2400 r 1 — ifioo r 1 zeeo fclf ! i ■ m SAMOr HMM BAY XAemivtctrt toifc. at meniAMO IAhomg (SAnrte £49} OKAWMMIOec (■SAM^ie tse) MAYtsiNM mtwea f^CAA irt ttot/rn CsAmne rat) SMA£»sat/»r a/t/raar asAamiCMr oaswamtaea C£amnc sat) i'rno; \ ' B40 r 900 r -I 1100 IM SAMemOOM BAY taa rr *«e tuOAg str rtiaat t or m/ts£ tttoe e£f*o. (SAnAte tsa) 1 40 coo 40 750 40' 540 erFwtar Aotnr or Samdy MOOir, SOVTM Ojr MAIN SMI^ CMAf¥M£L (SAMPICS S54 SSS) LO>^£A BAY Ifft^AlK SHIP CMAMJVeL ay miiPY /wr 9 CSArtALES £SS,rt1.) aaovT HAtr way- aar aVOY A/r» ffAM CM AMo moM£H Lisar (SAMPias ssa tsa) SAA^DY NOOH BAY-SmeWSBUar RIl^Efi A^D lOtVE/f Af£tV YOBM BAY BACTEBM P£f^ C.C./Af W/ITEf^ /IT OfFrEfiENT DEPT/^S BSIOVY SUf^FAC€ SAMPLES COLLECTED JULY /J ^ f909 282 RESULTS OF ANALYSES FIG. 55 so ^r. tM-stioM£ rjroM eo&tr /SLAMO CM/tMNEL ttCmH S£LI, »uor orr-stA CMTt MM. C-SM^'^e sso) IM eoMsr /a. CMAMAfet. MedR ^rcT MftoM mtmy mc/* OM nonem fMOAi. , eovrti (■SAA9fi£ £44-) IN SWISM CftAMftEL. 70OFT. S.*V. OfWfte*! (SAMPLES €SS ess) tft StVaSM CMAHn/EL. . SOO p'T r/ron ai/or '/t at rue AT ,/l/MCr/aN OF ■S»VASH •>L/>/«//V SMP CHAMIfeLK . (SAAfPitS St 7. eSB) soo PT ivesr OF ¥f£sr aAitM LtcHT, roi^'Apa £t.pt r/>e£ BEACOM. (SAPtPlE £71} miOIVPr BET MiEST SAMM WOO PEE T OPfi EtPt 'i./GMTittfO ELM nrtf aEACOM. rPEE BEaCOf* (SAMPLE en) (SAffPAC S7S) fnt pta/M sp/p CMAMvet. tvEsr OP avoY AT ^tfMCT' tOff inriTM SmaSM.eM (SAMPLES €69. e70) -2r- /ICnOSS LOWBR N. Y. BAY - CO/f£Y /S. ro SIM TffEEi BEACON SACTE/!/A PSR C.C.W IVATEFI AT D/fr£/fENT D£Pr/IS B£LOIV St//!FAC£ SAMPIES COLLECTED UULY /■*'■-'' /309 FIG. 56 -120,000 I' T' /tiOSTAEAM too PT EAST or tPityrcN ovTuiL apAMaaioi:£ (S^MPt.e STB) l*p— 41 MiomTPEppi - too PT. EAST OP SPVYTEM ourviL omstvaAiotE, (SAMPLE *7») PttOSTPlAI^ AT t07 -tT SI*/OeE (SAMPLE t»0) fiA/9LEm mv£R-r/roM hell gate to spuyten Duvi/JL B/ICTE/J/A P£/f CC//y WATER AT D/FFEffE/^T OEPT/ZS BELOW smFACE SAMFIES COLLECTED wULY /S^i* /S09 BACTERIA IN THE WATER FIG. 67 283 ■3/4 ^/i.e Momm af moBBtits miee *'ay buoy a 2 C^AMM.e eas) -52oo M££f BY at/or s t (■s/t^fte son) vfpe/i BAY- mituvAY BertvEEit TM£ BATrtRY J>»fO COYSHfOPS ' UPPEB BAY F/iOM BATTERY TO TfiE flfyi/f/fOWS BACTE/iM PE/I C.C.m IVATEfi AT DIFFE/iE/YT DEPTHS BELOW SURFACE SAMPLES COLLECTED JULY /6V /903 FIG. 68 'A a* i 4 V \\\ 0»> L YJtM Mat.*, a^ moome e»smH, MrnemrM. 1 ff^Pfm SMY. OFF €SST PtJtJtMMSO UMZ (SASfPLK. £94.} vM0xm m^r, «-r^ eoMTAtnif^ asr. ar moor V ■ 9orT£MfHtM eHmftftet. Or^ AVLMMTtC OOCMS Zlooo KILL VAN HULL AND UPPER BAY fEAST S/DSJ BACTEP/A PEfi CCW IMTER AT D/FFEPENT OEPTMS BELOtV SVPF/ICE SAMPLES COLLECTED Ut/LY /TV (303 284 RESULTS OP ANALYSES FIG. 59 G0i/£RNOf>S ISLAND TO CO/l/£y /SLANO BACT£fi/A P£/t C.C.W yMr£/i AT 0/Fr£/l£Air DfPTMS B£LOIV Se//fF/>C£ SA/^PL£S COLL£CT£D. JULY aov /303 FIG. 60 LO»¥£m msr- MO PT. OP MVP yems po/M r (ssfpirs J9t rojj t.Ot¥em SMY - AMBPOiC cMPM/]t£t. . mr mtfor ACS (SMMPLtS TO*, let) ePPMiif£L araooypcto (SPMPL£& 7'« rtS) OM OIL spor opp spnor naoH, ppcr £.op avor a (S»MPl£. Tia) ON OIL SPOr tooo Peer emit op mvora* (aanPLe yii) PTLPNTtC QCtMN »r mtLt. muor opp spmor paan ra tMc *. £ . (^AmPi.£t Tta 7/3) oppem aar 'ooo ppaT OPP MPie saa, f^anpics T/», 1/s) IN Tlt£ UMPPOtVS ^mvuMr mtrwtEit pears (SPPIPIPS lie. TIT) d'I 30 145 i 40 iM MHO eopsK mri.aitm: oc£Aiii, aaovr dopm.es oor paar or iMifooeomaf t.oMt aap^cM jv %/. mmoiir fi/^att ov£ Csp/fpi.£s joe.Toi) £Pir Of lope BHPivcM (apptpi£S loa.Toa) An ANTIC OC£AI\l - AI£IV YORH BAYS BACT£fllA P£ff C.C lAI H'AT£B AT DIF££ff£l\IT OfPTHS B£10W SVUFACE SAI<7PL£S COLLECTED UULY Zl ^t /go 9 BACTEEIA IN THE WATEE FIG. 61 285 r 1 ■-■* ^4-00 1' ' /' 1 / ' / I 7000 rmeAf^ I oppos/re PiEit 30 1 C^MMPies 72S.7Z MVOiOM AlveA, MlOBTAEAM oppos/re p/MA 'A- (SAMPLES 7g^,7Zs) s / / ' / / / Ml/OSeJV /HV£ff,IVIDSmEAM opfosiTE GAAfJcvofi rsr. (SMMt't.KS 7Z0.7Zf) ^1 / / / / so' / SSoo /w r*C NAflAOWS imOM'Ar BETyreE/f ^OAT» (ap/wPLMK 73i.7aai 3 i 1 1 so ao' / «TM cum BAY. I» f^AW wt.fmeftTr /a. UPPE/iB. CMANttE MtMre AY, IMPfAlt\f I. BY est, i- •t.rs 7tS. T»a) «PPE0 aAKP^tm CMAMtVEt. mrMoe»MS aeefbell buoy. CSAMPLES 730.731) HUDSON RIVER TO COM£y ISL/)JVD BACrCRtA PEP C.CW Wj^TER /iT DJrrS/f£/IIT DEPTHS BELOW SU/IF/ICE SAMPLES COLLECTED JULY ZZ''J''09 FIG. 62 VPPEABAY- nam cMAH/imu BY BEtL BUOY a Z . CSAMfLEB «-J9,fitf O^ vPPE:n BAY' MAim e»A/vJV£U antoeawsAEEP-BELt. bvoy. (SAnP4.ES 737.738) tM THE tMitmom^S tlVOSON AIVER -MlOSrJtefiM OPPOSITE OAMSEtfOHT ST. (SAnPLES 747. 74A) 0KD9OM MfYEB - metr^EAn oppoBtrx men W . (SAnPLES 7AX'**) UPfiEA BAY'MAIN CNAMNEL. ■SVO P T. e. PP UBEA TY tSLAMO (SAMPIES /^'./'fX) ^MVOSOM AIVEA - P**OSTAEAM OfPOStTS »tER ^O, M.Y. CSAPTPCES 7AS. 7A^) VPP£ff BAY- FfiOM Af/IBROtVS TO HUDSON mV£R e/9creffM P£ff ccin wateb at D/FFSBeA/r oeprns below sa/fFAC£ 286 RESULTS OP ANALYSES FIG. 63 £AST fm/£R, ZOO Fr. OPF eQt^einvelt,s ISi.AHO DOCK. CSffifi-ES 7*3, ISO) vp^£ft aAr. soof^ecr OfP OmAHOS £/}!£ B/tSfM. MAST ftitfe/i, fioOT or t/osr oarstoe roaucBATM. C-SArrriES 7S9. no) MAST mt^etf, laorBBT orr r/£Jt to BAOOHLYHf. CSAMJiteS 7S-S. 7S£) " "• — — - 124^000 ^ASTHIven iFOOT OFOUVeH sr/tfgT M.K Mr ^tCR-HKAB t/A/t (tMfPt.KS 7aT.7SB) 45, OOP .£/ilE BASIN TO CO/iLEA/fS HOOH • £AST /ilV£lt aACTER/A P£H C.C./Af WATER AT D/FFE/tENT DEPTHS BELOW Sl/HFACE SAMPLES COLLECTED JULr 24 ^* /903 FIG. 64 CSAPiMta 7e*.7Si) ^me '££ T t7P-^ *y zj- sr (a^ptPtes 7t3. re^} **VDiO/V fflt^KA • see ^££T er^ M^ sssT aAftfL£S 7€S 766) 'ja' Maoaofr ^/VWA SOO r££7- OP-P tv fOB sr (aAPm.£S JSS.770) Al/OOaOV BATHS poBT o^ P¥ /ss " sT/rse T JUST OtfTStOe Of PLOATS (san^Le 77i} pTMVMArrAM Bar»s poor OP *», /St ■■ srpfec T jvsr ourstoe OP P4.0ArA CSAPtPt.£ 77Z} BATHS P^OOrOP »V l36-ST-tt£Cr >ll/ST OtfTSIOC BATHS. K.aAP^Pi.C 7 73) HUDSON /^/l/E/f - BATHING B£ ACHES BACr£a/A P£fi CC/N WATCa AT DJFF£ffENT DEPTHS Q£LOiy ^anF/iC£ SAMPLES COLLECTED JULY SS ^^ /909 BACTERIA IN THE WATER FIG. 65 287 5! / / / CO /lOOOO 1 / / 1 so' ♦fl'l fZSoo ^^MAArrAM. {SAMAIES t7€. f.m) of'PM/'-e men i.Mi*NMArTA» ^ % / / 1 / u' /«400 s / / 40* /aIoo ^loartTEAM tSAft^LgS 779 79o) CSAMft-SS 7Bt. 2. 9 J HUDSa/V ff/y£/?. NEAR MOUTH a/icrofM p£ff ac/N iwirE/t /it o/Fr£a£A/r oeptms beloiv s(//tf/>c£ a/inPL£s coii.£cr£D Aue. /sv /so3 FIG. 66 OUfffL. CItSKK. to J 590O rf«0 AT. OAA- rKO»AAt- C^AfTAi. eS 0O* .s) " HUDSON mV£ff- ■fSSr. TO VOMHEflS 0ACrE/IIA P£fi C.C M mTEP AT D/r££flENT DEPTHS BELOtV SUPF/tC£ SAMPLES COLIECTEO tSEPT. 7rf igoQ 288 RESULTS OF ANALYSES FIG. 67 Sis? . ItS.ooo SS. ooo CsAfv^ics ffoa./o) , lie. ooo I0€.ooo CSAMPieS Bfl./Z) * fl^ 10 Li r7i taoFT w or aeiL OUOf I n ■ °o<^ CsM^fiiee a/9 ze t) tvesT eMo /ooo rr cast tflt.L VAM ftUt-L. eASrSMO . /flOSTHtAt^ . PASSA/C fl/V£R- /VEtVA/iH aAr BACre/i/A pen CCW tVATEfi at D/FF£ff£NT OEPTMS B£L0>V Sf/Pr^CE SA/>7PLES COLLECrCD S£Pr. tfTL" /309 FIG. 68 MAtT IH¥Sm 40 I I laoo miOSTirtAM CSA»Pi.£S »3t ») /^lOsrmtA'^ MASr eMA0*fMl-. (aA^M.f #41, 3> t^iomriteAM I' 110 eAST CMAM/ieL. c^Aosfrc e ♦9-J'r. /v. f^A4^ft.es «J9. A-a ) n" BtrtveeM Avirr/t s CSAff^MA BAJ.b) BET TMBoaS f^BCH At>Vttt.BrS fiVtfIT J raivw LfCAr u. IZOO eACT£ft/A P£f9 CX /Af trATCff AT D/Fr£fi£i^r OS/^TMS B£LO^ S&ffFAC£ SArfPl£S COU£Cr£D SfFra^ /909 BAOTEEIA IN THE WATER FIG. 69 289 * 99'Sr £ s-a ' sr. /via A TmEAA^ £AST myE/r B/ICrSffM PSff CC //V IVATER AT DIFFE/fE/VT DEPTHS SELOIV SlfffFACB ev fs . S OP 4seo/iEr -CM. too FT s.oF Bvor eat vFF SAfior Moatr . SOOFT. Jir OFAVOY C«3 (■SAffFtAi ap'S.o'i soo FT. S.1Y. orAttor est. ^OVTM OF am>A*A CFAMABt, . ' CSAFTFtes 909, fo) LOWEff BAY BACT£R/A PER CC /N ^MTER AT D/FFERENT DEPTHS BELOiY S(/afAC£. SAAfPLES COLLECTED ^EPT. /3 ^ /303 FIG. 72 •a«OFr.f».s OF auoY caz C-FAFtFLeS OIS.lt) I7AIM SMIF CtlAmfMt. M»OFT.£.tYM*TO)UilK i. (OA/IFLMS 9*1.1*) ■SAMOft CMAFt/et, sr^lMCriOMHWFFtAUt CM. C£•/? C.C.//V W/ITER AT D/FF£R£A^T DePTMS BEWIV ^(/ffFACE. 5A/*^PL£S COll£Cr£:D ^EPT.fS^^ I90B FIG. 74 AHTMUtr KILL. OP^OaiTK PPMMM tr/Lt. AmTMUH KII.L. OYOoor sm OFP anomuG pt. *HrHi/n K/I.L. . ,. ...,«_...._ ... '3 Z/^ao AHTMUM KILL- leoo PT. pmoye. ompt*' mino^E. at et/XASErMPOPr AmTMvir te/ct. faao PT. e, ofi oMAivaPfoes AATHIM HILL. Bf at/or s* . f joa V ^«vo OP ft^LL. . (^Pt*P£.mK •€7, m) Hill van hi/ll. **'EBr SMO my Buoy sz. (t^nPLES 9C9. JO) AltTMUR tILt. Bar SMooTEKs tstpioo A S.f. (SAI^FteS 07I Z) ARTHUfi M/LL BACT£HIA PEft CC./// WATER AT DIFFERENT DEPTHS BELOIV St/HrACE. SAAfPLES COtlECrEO iSEPT. /6'r.-/309 292 RESULTS OF ANALYSES FIG. 75 D' 15 I / 3t' ■[17' *fAff4/eA BAY t/AMM/CA t>mr fMAA Ago ^AMtr aimr *•♦ n 39 oo 39 o© */Af^/eA BAW Sf^/tJ/r AT tMo om mAesmtiATtm (SAffAAta 991, t> tfArtA/CA AAY Off CAMAASiX ^AMOtMg Is I'r tlAlfAICA BAr OAMAICA BAY /z f^tt. £ or secoMO cAesir JAMA/CA BAy SACTEA/A P£A C.C. W IMTeA AT D/FF£HE/fr DSPTMS B£LOt^ Sl/AfACE. SA/VPLES' COLLE.CTED i^EPr./V^'/SOa FIG. 76 s t' > 1 / EO' 1 IZoo / S / / / k A-MAAr CtA^ 4-eoo A/r.ifAAi^ 40' / =^Sf>.-. 40' CSA r. OP^ A A A- AEffAf '•7Pt.£S S9/,J.3) rp iAc/TA^/if/i'/'/,Q A. A. /=■*■ je**- «J ' i 1 \« j rboo / r / 1 / "^ 46 ^4-Beio /^,-. 1 jw Ar OAA srmyxna ^o/trr (•tAnAir^ mat.-B) ^POAT. OAA tfMgT SAMfe A.A A^AAr. tfeeMAmirsM (^AffAtma »99. tooe) HUDSON AIVER-MOERSEY S/OC BACrEAM PEA C.C./fil tMTEP AT DIPrEAEAr DEPTHS BELOW gl/AFACC ^AfPi.£s coLLecreo, ^Sf^jp'J' f309 BAOTEEIA IN THE WATEE FIG. 77 293 Sea rr s.ir of *vc s t OMtiftt LIGHT ^aaur '/tii£ alon^ uns, ^lof^ vifeST B»»ifr ro fo/rr Motvnourf^. BY HW/t£ BVOf J O/V LME /■*»*? tVeST MAMtf tr ro /•OftT nOt\fnOi/TM . CSAfiPLES loos-e) 20 U doo ABOUT I fJILE SOt/TM (■sAnpt. es loo r • &} /aco fr tv. o^ Bi/OY cci n ABOOr //* »IL£S ffSATH OA COMOVE^ aSACOflf. ABOUT ^MltlLC /fOATM OA- COf^OVE/f OeACO/i/. C-sAf^Aies tois'te) ' muor si.or^LiMe /'aom Ar.COnpOAT TO CAeAT HILLS CSi^f*tAi.BS *a/?-IB) ;i ABOt/r I MtLE S.OF GA£AT frii.i.S S.t. ODf aOVTHCItM SOGC OF ('SAA^A^i'S fOt 3 *) Ot.O OtteifAAO S^fOAt. . C-SAf^PL£S /02/- Z) ABovr /t/otvAr BCTtveeif AT eoMAOIfT B tSITKAr HILL3 C^Af^Atea /oio a<») LOHVE/t BAY BACTE/iM PSA C.C /Af IVATSff AT O/FPE/fEA/r aSPTMS BfLOkY SlfPFACE SAnPlES COLLECTED SEPT ZO^^ /30S FIG. 78 si AAAirAm a AY fooa fr. e. o^ atfor #■ *. OAA SAet/t/\IB POlAT, aaaitam say Mr SVOT ■Si fAf-eeOIMUfE CAAIWHe/. fooa ^T. s.e. Of* AAtfteCSS BAY LT. CSAPIA^tS /C39.J0) ^A^/rjfAf BAY &T Mro »t/OY iY»at c-sAPtPLffs /car- 2) AAAITAPl BAY MH'ASO Mi/OY Afrs^. CaAPtAt£.S to A3 •4-') t*n 400 KU 410 •SOOrr.tfiOACABAT'BtOf SP. CSAMA^MB 74B't} Cr\ C0O AArMtAHflLLS ZOO AT. t^. OABOOY SZ OP'P rorrKMi^tLLC s.t. CSA/fAi.£S /039.^o) 10 ABn/if^ fffltB toe AT. t. OA- aUOY ^A jir s/retr/r/e fioiMr. CSArtPiea fOBt't) AUTHyB tftLLS OAABStrm AvrasM h-ulb CSAPTALBS /0^3'4-) RAfi/TAN BAY'/lfiTM/f MILS 'S^CT£ff/A PSa Ca/Af iyAT£/f/^rD/F/^£ff£/Vri)I^Pr/fSe£LOi^iSm^ACC, 'SAAfPLES COLL£Cr£D fS£PreJV/SOS 294 RESULTS OF ANALYSES FIG. 79 MILt. VAN HtfLL. wMsr ct^D ' MY Buoy Mt SS K/LL I/Aa^ Kl/LL. Hat. VAN JfVLL. SitST sNo-o^f cof/sTABie HooH avBeit evof CSA/9PIES dasa-i} 0Af iroBe/ftS /rte^ . C'SAMPi£S MSZ -J) S-t-oo lsoo» 40' '^e/r BAY VPfiEA BAf MAST fttystt 0tr. eov. IS. AMO BATTCItY (SA/V^l£S MtO-/) BAST fflYem- /mosrA£A*f iMocA BMoirtrif.A MiotrmeMM im/ocA ^ANnATTAm mm. CSAttPlES ipes-€} MLL VAN HULL -UPPER BAY - EAST R/^SR fiACTEPM PEff CC.W WATEP AT DffPEPENT DEPTHS aELOlVSmPACE eAtfPLEs coLLscrsa sept zs'tp/aos FIG. 80 i 1 \ 1 1 i / eo' 3000 / '»'■ ■' SSOO U^PEA &AY fOUOAr. *V. OA fTOBBWS ItEEF K ■w' _ 2SOO 40* J aaoo ufpeR a Ay t/AAe/f BAy t/Afe/f BAT. toe pr. t.fv. ffp- ftM/r a . C4ArfA£.i:s for7-»} BOO /TK **-. o^ aoy. isiAMo CSATfAieS /I>f9.7') BY avor- rfV a a. 1 T»"» 1 •""" / l» /azoo eo' /3500 S / L. 40' i HtLL VAN Hfti. C^Aff^LES ioie~a) AILL VAN KVLL. J^fOSTACAM af=^ SAILOHS grfve MA ABO A . CsAftAt-Es tots-ao] tfILL VAN HULL mOSTACAM OFF rcAT mCMAIOMO C'SArtPi.ea t^Bt-*} KILL VAN tfOLL. tvEsr eWo by Booy se CSA/V^iES fOB'9---S) VPPER BAV- HILL m/V /fl/LL BACr£/iM P£/f CC/Af W/ire/f AT DIPPEaCNT DEPTHS SELOIV SVPfACE ^A/^PLES COLLECTED SEPT. ■SO^" /903 BACTERIA IN THE WATER FIG. 81 295 540O r I— — I— 1 6ooo 3aeO J4200 Cooe r t "i 46oe» I' I"! Mob |'| — | £••■ avrrettffiLH cm sast /ttyeft east nifen £ast mve/t t//VOEti 9V£EN&B0»0 Off £ASr CtlAf/N£L //V HSLl. SAr£Of0 * \ LI, £AST HlVCft /ot ros s.op rwtoes (•SAMPieS ttQt - »^ 0£r. yv. M J - BMorttetr /» rfiDSTJtesrr o^f. £.mo a C-sArfPi.£S it9»-9) £/9ST my£» O^ A'£'^TO^/» c/^eEtr CSAnPlES Ills 4) MrLt, SAT£. OPP £ A0 ^rAe£ r VMo£/t ot/£eMsaoMoueM ajfioee tveST CMA/»n£L £AST I CSAftft-M-s tin 'f^} B/lcr£/ilA P£fi CC /N IMT£fl /IT DirF£/tENT DCPTHS BELO^V St/fir/IC£. SAMPLES COLiECrEO OCT /V/309 FIG. 82 1 \ 8 »' I At«» 29* «■«« s / L- 40 '«.o 40' Inae tsmMp^aa ^/ae. ». m) (^AM^t^£ //4«-«-; 4 (J 1 lo' j ^ 4099 « ««• / Aft«o W , ....i 4roo •fiod ai.. *f^ a.a4i" sw. /r.K pu-ea /tta-9) «Muw« «v£eM9aeaovaMSfiia0M, r DIFFEPE/HT OEPTHS BELOW St/HFACB CMtpiES cotLEcreo ocr. zv/soa 296 RESULTS OF ANALYSES FIG. 83 I" > 40 U IS— Jaee Lime ACmOSS HVOSOA/ rmon tr.*Z"-ar, a-.k. AC0Ct^ 0VO9^m MW «./aT-««t M9. I'mttoo I i 26 *'n i*o* to ICOO ts'L/ TOO AGAOMt H¥OS0fl A men K.4«.-ar. m ihivmo. ON OCT. C7 MsUMI- rULTOB OCLEkNATiaifi aACT£ffM P£^ C.C://^ mirSft AT D/rF£ffENr D£Pr/fS B£i.OWS»^Aee. 4SAM/'l£S C0LL£CT£D OCr.S^J'/SOa CHAPTER III DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATER GENEEAL INTEODUOTION TO THE DISSOLVED OXYGEN WOEK The value of the oxygen analyses here reported depends on the fact that when sewage is discharged into either land or sea water, a certain amount of the dissolved oxygen in the water is used up by the processes of nature in converting the decom- posable substances into stable compounds. By determining the amount of dissolved oxygen present in a sample of polluted water, information can be obtained concerning the burden of contamination which is being imposed. Method of Stating Eesults The extent to which the oxygen is being exhausted is determined by comparing the amount of oxygen found with the quantity which would be present if the water was saturated with oxygen. This assumes that if it were not for the sewage the water would be saturated. Numerous analyses of unpolluted tributaries of the harbor and of the sea have proved this assumption to be correct. Considering saturation to be 100 per cent, the amount of oxygen found can be conveniently stated as a percentage. The amount of oxygen present when the water is saturated varies with the salin- ity and temperature of the water. There is danger that a wrong inference may be drawn if this is not kept in mind. To avoid confusion, it is desirable to consider the actual amount of oxygen present, as well as the percentage, or relative amount which exists. In the Commission's tables of dissolved oxygen, these two methods of stating the results are employed side by side. Eeasons for Using the Oxygen Test The reasons which led the Commission to employ dissolved oxygen determina- tions as an index of pollution in place of the more usual analyses for nitrogen in various forms follow: First. It was desirable to employ an index of pollution which would strike as near as possible to the heart of the subject. The determination of dissolved oxygen accomplishes this result much more nearly than do analyses for the nitrogen com- pounds. Determinations of albuminoid and free ammonia, nitrites and nitrates, are chiefly useful in indicating the amount and condition of the polluting matter, whereas the dissolved oxygen test shows the effect which the polluting matter has produced. 298 RESULTS OF ANALYSES Second. No method of proved reliability was available for the determination of nitrates in the harbor v^aters. By many persons nitrates were believed not to exist in sea water or in mixtures thereof and methods commonly employed for the determina- tion of nitrates in land water failed when applied to the waters of New York harbor. Nitrites were sometimes present in excessive amount. Apparently conditions were occurring in these waters which were unlike the conditions which accompany the dis- appearance of sewage matters when discharged into inland rivers and lakes, and until this subject could be studied by the aid of reliable analyses, it was not desirable to place much importance upon the presence or absence of those nitrogen compounds which could be determined. Third. The difficulty of interpreting the analytical results would be simplified by reducing the variety of tests to the lowest terms. This could be admirably accom- plished by employing dissolved oxygen alone. Fourth. If a single reliable field method could be employed, it would greatly in- crease the number of samples which could be analyzed over the number which it would be possible to examine by more than one test. The range of conditions thus capable of study would be a great advantage. It was essential that the method of analysis employed would be susceptible of check, so that no substantial error would occur either in the actual examination of the sample or in its interpretation. If possible, the method employed should be suitable for use in the field so that a boat could be fitted up and tests made in large number at minimum cost. This would obviate the inconvenience attending the transportation of samples and have the ad- vantage of preventing any change taking place in the quality of the water between the time of collecting and analyzing the sample. Rate op Replenishment of Oxygen from the Aie In interpreting the data, some fundamental considerations should be kept care- fully in mind. The significance to be attached to a given amount of dissolved oxygen in New York harbor water is not as apparent as might at first appear. The oxygen found is due to the amount originally present, minus the amount which has been absorbed through pollution by sewage and other wastes, plus the amount which has been taken up from the atmosphere. The rate of absorption of oxygen by water plays an important and generally disregarded part in investigations of this character. It is sometimes assumed that no absorption takes place from the air. At other times, it is taken for granted that the rate at which the oxygen is ab- sorbed by the water is uniformly the rate at which it is taken up when no oxygen DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATER 299 whatever is initially present. The less oxygen there is present in the water to start with, the more rapidly will the oxygen be replenished from the atmosphere. The larger the amount present, the slower is the rate of replenishment. The practical effect of the difference in rate of replenishment of oxygen from the atmosphere is that a much nearer balance between the supply and demand of oxygen in water takes place than would otherwise occur. In interpreting the data, it must not be inferred that one sample of water is twice as bad as another because it contains only half as much oxygen. It may be several times as bad. Nor does it follow that because the discharge of a certain amount of sewage produces a definite reduction in the dissolved oxygen that twice as much sewage would produce twice this effect. Method op Analysis The procedure adopted for the determination of the oxygen depended upon the absorption of the oxygen by ferrous sulphate in the presence of an alkali, the amount of ferrous sulphate not acted upon by the oxygen being then determined by acidifying and titrating with potassium permanganate. This method, sometimes called the Alb^rt- L^vy method,* was believed to have been substantially that employed by Letts and Adeney in the investigations described by them in the Fifth Report of the Royal Com- mission on Sewage Disposal of Great Britain, Appendix VI. The apparatus, as well as most of the details of technique, were such as had been seen by one of the members of the Metropolitan Sewerage Commission (Soper) in Ireland and described by Letts and Adeney in the Fifth Report. The use of permanganate has, however, been declared by Professor Letts to be unreliable and bichromate of potassium alone capable of giv- ing accurate results with sewage effluents and sea water. Inasmuch as the accuracy of the work done by the Metropolitan Sewerage Commission depends upon the question whether permanganate is, or is not, capable of giving accurate results, the point raised by Professor Letts, who is a recognized authority on the subject, requires careful atten- tion in this place. In a description by Professor Letts of the dissolved oxygen method employed by him,t he says, "The use of permanganate as an oxidizing agent may, in certain cases, be one of the most serious" errors to which the process is exposed. In letters to the President of the Metropolitan Sewerage Commission and others, Professor Letts has pronounced a strong opinion against permanganate and in favor of bichromate of potassium when salt waters are being analyzed, calling attention to a paper by Letts *Alb6rt L6vy, the "Annuaire de I'Observatoire Municipal de Montsouris," Paris, 1884. fFlfth Eeport Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal of Great Britain,'' Appendix VI, pp. 221-226. 300 RESULTS OF ANALYSES and Blake* in which his belief in the inaccuracy attending the use of permanganate in the presence of sodium chloride is pointed out. When the Metropolitan Sewerage Commission first considered the use of the method, it became apparent that bichromate of potash could not be used under the cir- cumstances which would exist. The need was for a process which could be employed on small boats and sometimes in rough weather. The use of bichromate involved diffi- culties of technique which could not be overcome. In Professor Letts' words,t "Atten- tion must be paid to the following details : "(1) A clear crystal of potassium ferricyanide, or fragments of such crystal, about the size of a shot (say 14-inch in diameter) is placed in a small beaker, and washed two or three times with distilled water. It is then dissolved in about 10 c. c. of the same liquid. Some of this (straw-colored) solution is drawn into a pipette with a fine capillary end, and a series of minute drops are placed by its means on a slab of milk glass. ( A white tile is not so satisfactory, as it is liable to become stained after some time.) (2) In titrating, as large a drop as can be carried on a glass rod from the dish is jerked into one of the minute drops of the ferricyanide without touching the latter with the rod itself. The 'end reaction' is shown by there being no visible difference in color after an interval of two minutes between the drops thus made and a similar one formed of distilled water and- the ferricyanide. The end reaction is very sharp, and with a little experience is determined by less than 0.03 c. c. of the bichro- mate solution (about 1 drop from a 10 c. c. burette). (3) Strong sunlight dis- turbs the end reaction in the case of polluted waters (probably by the well- known reducing effect of light on a ferric salt in presence of organic matter). This can be easily demonstrated by placing on the white glass slab two similar drops of the ferricyanide and the titrated mixture when the end reaction has just occurred — shading one (say with a pill-box lid) and exposing the slab to sunlight for a few minutes, when the unshaded drop becomes blue, while the shaded drop remains faintly yellow. This action is especially noticeable with polluted sea-water. The titration can be performed by artificial light — prefer- ably incandescent electric light^ — the end reaction being very sharp. (4) As only 5 c. c. of the standard bichromate are required at maximum for each titra- tion or standardization, a burette of this capacity and divided into twentieths of a cubic centimeter might be advantageous for very accurate work." *0n a Simple and Accurate Method for Estimating the Dissolved Oxygen in Fresh Water, Sea Water, Sew- age Effluents, etc." By Prof. E. A. Letts, D. Sc, Ph. D., and E.. F. Blake, F. I. C, F. 0. S., Queens College, Belfast. "Scientifie Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society," Vol. IX (N. S.), Part IV, No. 33. Published June 11, 1901. f'Fifth Report Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal of Great Britain, Appendix VI, p. 223. DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATER 301 In order to adapt the method to the Commission's use, it was apparently necessary to use permanganate. There appeared to be no sufficient reason why permanganate should not be employed except for the presence of sodium chloride, and allowance could be made for this by making suitable blanks or controls. The titration with permanganate could be carried on under extremely adverse conditions of weather on any boat which the Commission was likely to use. Accordingly, Prof. Floyd J. Metz- ger, of Columbia University, was requested to make some experiments with the process. Professor Metzger advised an improved form of stopper for the Letts and Blake sep- aratory funnel in order better to exclude air bubbles, recommended the use of sodium carbonate instead of ammonia to control the reaction and found no error in the em- ployment of permanganate. Professor Metzger was then employed to make up the standard solutions as they were required, and the actual work of analysis was placed in the hands of Payn B. Parsons, A.M., M.D., under the direction of the President. Professor Guaj's Criticism After analyses had been made in considerable number, it seemed desirable to make further tests of the accuracy of the method. Professor Gill of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology was then invited to examine the work performed and subject it to severe criticism. On November 15, 1909, Professor Gill reported that the method which he saw car- ried out by the Commission left nothing to be desired on the point of technique, either as regards sampling or the treatment of the samples thereafter. He thought the method was open to question on theoretical grounds, inasmuch as organic matter might use up some of the permanganate and thus lower the percentage of dissolved oxygen found. The Commission had introduced a check upon this possible source of error by making many blanks, but Professor Gill suggested that if pieces of solid, easily oxidiz- able putrescible matter were present in the sample in which the oxygen was deter- mined and not in the blank, this would use up the permanganate and give rise to results which would be too low. This possibility seemed exceedingly remote, but to make certain, Professor Gill was requested to make parallel tests of the Commission's method with the familiar Winkler method and by eudiometric analyses in which the oxygen is boiled out of the water and analyzed as a gas. In due course. Professor Gill reported that he had made a careful study of the method employed by the Commission with particular reference to the reliability of its procedure when compared with the Winkler method and by boiling out the oxygen, and from the results obtained, and from critical examinations of the method as practised by the Commission, he was convinced that the Commission's procedure gave the actual 302 RESULTS OP ANALYSES amount of dissolved oxygen present. Some of Professor Gill's results follow, samples of sea water from Boston and New York harbors being used : Cubic centimeters of Method dissolved oxygen per liter Metropolitan Sewerage Commission 5.84 6.00 Winkler 5.88 6.04 Gasometric 5.91 6.08 In a second series : Metropolitan Sewerage Commission 6.87 Winkler 6.56 Gasometric 6.70 In a third series : Metropolitan Sewerage Commission 7 . 69 Winkler 7.79 Critical Examination of the Method by a Committee of Experts For the prosecution of a suit brought in the United States Supreme Court by the State of New York against the State of New Jersey and the Passaic Valley Sewerage Commissioners to prevent the discharge of a large amount of sewage into New York harbor, a committee of experts was requested by New York to make an examination of the data obtained by the Metropolitan Sewerage Commission with respect to dissolved oxygen in the harbor waters and report upon the accuracy of the method. The com- mittee included Messrs. Desmond Fitzgerald, Harrison P. Eddy and George A. Soper, Consulting Engineers, and the following practising chemists : Prof. Edward EUery of Union College, Mr. Robert S. Weston of Boston, Prof. Earl B. Phelps of Boston and New York, and Prof. Floyd J. Metzger of Columbia University, New York. Messrs. Phelps, EUery, Metzger and Weston undertook to compare, by means of independent researches, the results obtainable by the Commission's methods and by the Winkler and boiling-out procedures. After various conferences and considerable laboratory work, the committee reported that it had assured itself, through its own investigations, that the "method of determining dissolved oxygen, as adopted by the Metropolitan Sewerage Commission, is more reliable than the Winkler method and that the results obtained by the Metropolitan Sewerage Commission, so far as they are dependent upon the method used, are reliable, and that any further determinations which may be re- quired should be made by this method." Endorsement of the Commission's oxygen method is given by Prof. W. E. Adeney, who came to America to consult with the Commission and whose report is contained in this volume. DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATER 303 Reagents Used The reagents used in the analytical method employed by the Commission for the determination of dissolved oxygen are as follows: Standard Ferroiis Sulphate. This is prepared by dissolving 144 grams of Kahl- baum's crystallized ferrous sulphate in water, adding 15 cubic centimeters of concen- trated sulphuric acid and diluting the whole to 3 liters. Standard Sodium Carbonate. Prepared by dissolving 100 grams of sodium car- bonate crystals in 1 liter of water.* Standard Sulphuric Acid. Prepared by mixing equal parts of concentrated sul- phuric acid and water. Standard Potassium Permanganate. Prepared by dissolving 25.4 grams of potas- sium permanganate in water and diluting to 4.5 liters. This reagent is to be standard- ized against especially prepared Mohr's salt. OOIJLiECTION OF SAMPLES Samples for examination are collected in the following manner: At the time of taking the sample the salinity of the water is determined by means of a salinometer devised for the Commission and the temperature of the water is carefully read. Water is drawn up from the required depth through a %-inch wire-bound hose by a suction pump operated by steam in the boiler room of the boat. The actual lift is about 3 feet. A check valve at the lower end of the rubber hose in the water prevents an escape of water after the suction stops. The water. passes through a glass reservoir having a capacity of 1 liter and thence to the pump. After running for a few minutes the pump is stopped. A separatory funnel which is to be used later for the analysis is filled from the rubber tube which leads by gravity from the glass reservoir. The stop-cock at the lower end of the separatory funnel is opened slightly in order to allow the funnel to fill rapidly from the reservoir. For collecting samples at points where the rubber hose cannot be kept in a vertical position on account of tidal currents and for collecting deep samples, the apparatus shown in Fig. 84 is used. This consists of a casing made of heavy lead pipe 5 inches in diameter and 12 inches long, with a wooden bottom containing a 1-gallon glass bottle held in place by wire. The bottle has a rubber stopper perforated for 2 brass tubes, one of which extends 1 inch below the stopper and 2 inches above, while the other extends to the bottom of the bottle and is connected at the top by means of heavy rub- ber tubing with the separatory funnel. The separatory funnel is placed inside of a *The amount of sodium carbonate was erroneously stated as 30 grams per liter in the Commission's report of April 30, 1910. The length of time required for the Letts and Blake procedure was not so great as the report of 1910 indicated. 304 RESULTS OF ANALYSES galvanized iron can 4 inches in diameter and 10 inches high, which is bolted to the rest of the apparatus. The top of the separatory funnel, which rests on a wooden support or ring fastened on the inside of the can, emerges through a small opening in the cover of the can. The funnel is held firmly in place by the wooden cover which works on hinges and is fastened down upon the can by a clamp. The rubber stopper of the fun- nel is perforated by two glass tubes, one extending to the bottom of the funnel and 1 inch above the stopper and the other to the bottom of the stopper and connected above with the gallon bottle by heavy rubber tubing. In collecting deep samples, the appara- tus is rapidly lowered to the required depth by means of a one-half inch manila rope marked off in feet. The open end of the tube in the separatory funnel being lower than that of the large bottle, the water en- ters through the long tube of the separatory funnel and flows through the funnel into the gallon bottle, so that when the gallon bottle is full, as indicated by the cessation of air bubbles, the separatory funnel has been filled and emptied several times, the capacity of the funnels averaging about 350 cubic centimeters. Each funnel is accurately calibrated. ■10 -a ■& s < ■2 FIG. 84 Siphon Water Collector for Dissolved Oxygen Method of Making Test The separatory funnel, shown in Fig. 85, after being completely filled with water, is removed to a ring support and the contained water is immediately tested. Six cubic centimeters of ferrous sulphate and 4 cubic centimeters of sodium carbonate are added, both being delivered by a pipette near the bottom of the funnel. The stopper is then replaced and the contents are shaken. The dissolved oxygen in the presence of the alkali immediately acts upon a portion of the dissolved salt, precipitating it. After five minutes the funnel is inverted and 10 c.c. of the standard sulphuric acid are introduced through the stem of the funnel, the stop-cock being opened for this purpose. After the acid has mixed thoroughly with the other contents, the funnel is allowed to stand until the mixture is nearly colorless (usually about 5 minutes). The DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATER 305 contents of the funnel are then emptied into an Erlenmeyer flask and titrated with standard potassium permanganate. A blank sample which has been collected in a similar manner to the first is now analyzed. In this case the separatory funnel is filled, as in the previous test, and 10 cubic centimeters of the standard sulphuric acid are added and the whole shaken. Then 6 cubic centimeters of standard ferrous sulphate are added and the funnel again shaken. The mixture is then run out into an Erlenmeyer flask and titrated with standard potassium permanganate. In this case the acid reaction prevents the dissolved oxygen from acting upon any of the ferrous salt. By subtracting the result of titrating the first sample from the result of titrating the second, the amount of ferrous salt acted upon by the dissolved oxygen in the water is obtained. u X o z < u in •2 ■I Computing Ebsults Results are first stated in terms of cubic centi- meters of dissolved oxygen per litre of water. Sup- pose 1 cubic centimeter of permanganate equals 1.009 cubic centimeters of oxygen at degrees Centigrade and 760 millimeters pressure. The difference be- tween the two titrations is multiplied by 1.009 and by 1,000 and divided by the number of cubic centi- meters of water contained in the funnel. The quantity of dissolved oxygen in the different samples collected was thus determined in terms of cubic centimeters per litre. The percentage of sat- uration of each sample was then calculated from a diagram prepared by the Commission for mixtures of sea and land waters based on a table contained in the Fifth Report of the Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal of Great Britain, Appendix VI, p. 58, which gives the saturation figures at different temperatures for sea water and distilled water. The analyses were performed by Payn B. Parsons, A.M., M.D., the computations and diagrams by Charles A. Holden, C.E., and the plottings by Max L. Berrey, under the immediate direction of the President of the Commission. ■K) 9 ha ua FIG. 85 Separatory Ftinnel Used in Dissolved Oxygen Analysis INTRODUCTION TO TABLE XXI The dissolved oxygen work done in the year 1909 was intended to cover the most important parts of the harbor, the scheme of sampling being varied between what were 306 RESULTS OP ANALYSES known as "courses" and "sections." When samples were taken on a course, the boat followed a channel from one part of the harbor to another. When samples were taken in a section, the boat moved across a channel and did not leave that part of the harbor. The object of sampling on a course was to examine the water at widely separated points at about the same time ; when samples were collected from a section, the object was to find what changes occurred at closely connected points over a considerable period of time. Location of Sample In every case where samples were taken, the location of the point of collection was determined by reading angles to landmarks upon shore or by observing ranges or by estimating distances to nearby points on land. The location of the boat was later plotted by a draftsman from the notes of the collector, in many cases with the collector's assistance, so that the locations should be accurately recorded upon a map. The map used was a standard United States Coast and Geodetic Survey chart, scale 1/40,000. For the tabulations, the latitude and longitude of each point of collec- tion was taken from this chart. The distance from which the sample was collected below the surface was read by the collector from markings upon the rope by which the collecting apparatus was sus- pended. The tidal current and temperature were observed by the collector at the time of taking the sample. The percentage of land water in the mixture of land and sea water analyzed was determined by means of a special salinometer devised for the Com- mission's use, due allowance being made for temperature in making the percentage calculation. Time of Making the Analysis The oxygen was always determined in the sample at the time of collection. The percentage of saturation was calculated later and reported upon with the other data obtained on special printed forms. The force and direction of the wind were noted by the analyst at the time of collection, and the time of low and high water was that officially registered by an automatic tide gage maintained by the Engineering Corps of the United States Army. TABLE XXI VOLUME AND PERCENTAGE OF SATURATION OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATER IN THE YEAR 1909 Table of Contents Section Date of No. Location Collection Page 1 Kill van Kull June 1, 1909. . . 308 2 Harlem river June 2, 1909. . . 308 3 Harlem river June 2, 1909. . . 309 4 Hudson river June 16, 1909. . 309 5 Newarkbay and Passaic river. .June 17, 1909. . 309 6 Harlem river June 21, 1909 . . 310 7 East river June 21, 1909. . 311 8 East river June 23, 1909 . . 311 9 The Narrows June 24, 1909. . 311 10 East river June 25, 1909. . 312 11 Newtown creek June 25, 1909. . 313 12 Wallabout canal June 25, 1909. . 313 13 Gowanus bay and canal June 26, 1909. . 313 14 Wallabout bay June 28, 1909 . . 313 15 Rockaway inlet June 29, 1909. . 313 16 Jamaica bay June 29, 1909. . 314 17 Jamaica bay June 30, 1909 . . 314 18 Jamaica bay July 1, 1909. . . 314 19 Rockaway inlet July 1, 1909. . . 315 20 Harlem river July 2, 1909. . . 315 21 East river July 2, 1909. . . 315 22 East river July 3, 1909. . . 316 23 Hudson river July 7, 1909. . . 316 24 Gravesend bay July 9, 1909. . . 317 25 Gravesend bay July 10, 1909. . 317 26 The Narrows July 10, 1909. . 318 27 Sandy Hook bay and Shrews- bury river July 13, 1909. . 318 28 Lower bay July 13, 1909. . 318 29 Lower bay July 14, 1909. . 318 30 Harlem river July 15, 1909. . 319 31 Upper bay and the Narrows. . .July 16, 1909. . 319 32 Kill van Kull July 17, 1909. . 320 33 Upper bay July 17, 1909. . 320 34 Upper bay, the Narrows and Lower bay July 20, 1909. . 320 Section Date of No. Location Collection Page 35 Lower bay July 21, 1909. . 321 36 Atlantic ocean July 21, 1909. . 321 37 The Narrows July 21, 1909. . 321 38 Upper bay July 21, 1909. . 321 39 Hudson river, Upper bay and Lower bay July 22, 1909. . 322 40 Lower bay. Upper bay and Hudson river July 22, 1909. . 322 41 Upper bay and East river July 24, 1909. . 323 42 Hudson river July 26, 1909. . 323 43 Hudson river Aug. 19, 1909. . 324 44 Hudson river Sept. 7, 1909. . . 324 45 Passaic river, Newark bay and Kill van Kull Sept. 8, 1909. . . 325 46 East river Sept. 9, 1909. . . 326 47 Long Island Sound Sept. 9, 1909. . . 326 48 East river Sept. 10, 1909. . 326 49 Kill van Kull Sept. 11, 1909. . 327 50 Lower bay Sept. 13, 1909. . 327 51 Lower bay Sept. 14, 1909. . 328 52 Passaic river, Newark bay and Kill van Kull Sept. 15, 1909. . 329 53 Arthur Kill Sept. 16, 1909. . 329 54 Jamaica bay Sept. 17, 1909. . 330 55 Hudson river Sept. 18, 1909. . 331 56 Lower bay Sept. 20, 1909. . 331 57 Raritan bay Sept. 21, 1909 . . 332 58 Arthur Kill Sept. 21, 1909. . 332 59 Kill van KuU, Upper bay and East river Sept. 23, 1911. . 332 60 Upper bay Sept. 30, 1909. . 333 61 KiU van KuU Sept. 30, 1909. . 333 62 East river Oct. 1, 1909. . . 334 63 Long Island Sound Oct. 1, 1909. . . 334 64 East river and Harlem river. . .Oct. 1, 1909. . . 334 65 East river Oct. 2, 1909. . . 335 66 Hudson river Oct. 5, 1909 ... 336 308 . RESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XXI Volume and Percentage of Saturation of Dissolved Oxygen in the Water in the Year 1909 1— KILL VAN KULL, CROSS-SECTION AND COURSE. JUNE 1, 1909 Low water occurred at Governor's Island at 11.52 A. M. The wind was southeast with a velocity of 5 miles per hour Sample No. Hour A.M. Location of Samples Approximate Latitude Longitude Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen C. C. per litre Per cent, satura- tion 35 36 37 38 11.15 11,20 11.45 11.55 pier, 20 feet off Columbia Oil Co, Bayonne 20 feet off Columbia Oil Co. pier, Bayonne Midstream, off Jersey street, New Brighton, S. I Midstream, off Jersey street. New Brighton, S. I o / // 40 39 02 40 39 02 40 38 57 40 38 57 74 05 26 74 05 26 74 05 25 74 05 25 1 20 1 40 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 32 32 32 32 5.04 5.16 5.34 5.47 85 87 90 93 39 40 41 42 P.M. 12.20 12.30 1.40 2.00 20 feet off pier at foot of Jersey street, New Brighton, S.I 20 feet off pier at foot of Jersey street, New Brighton, S. I Midstream, off Port Richmond ferry, S.I Midstream, off Port Richmond ferry, S.I 40 38 51 40 38 51 40 38 35 40 38 35 74 05 24 74 05 24 74 07 52 74 07 52 1 10 1 40 Ebb Ebb Flood Flood 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 32 32 32 32 4.75 5.16 5.34 5.16 80 87 91 87 43 44 45 46 2.20 2.30 2.50 3.00 Midstream, off Sailors' Snug Harbor, S.I Midstream, off Sailors' Snug Harbor, S.I 20 feet off Columbia Oil Co. pier, Bayonne 20 feet|.off Columbia Oil Co. pier, Bayonne 40 38 50 40 38 50 40 39 02 40 39 02 74 06 07 74 06 07 74 05 26 74 05 26 1 40 1 20 Flood Flood Flood Flood 18.0 17.5 17.5 17.5 32 32 32 32 5.64 5.47 5.64 5.77 96 93 96 47 48 49 50 3.10 3.20 3.40 4.00 Midstream, off Jersey street. New Brighton Midstream, off Jersey street. New Brighton 20 feet off pier at foot of Jersey street. New Brighton, S.I 20 feet off pier at foot of Jersey street, New Brighton, S. I 40 38 57 40 38 57 40 38 51 40 38 51 74 05 25 74 05 25 74 05 24 74 05 24 1 40 1 10 Flood Flood Flood Flood 17.5 17.5 17.0 17.0 32 32 32 32 5.64 5.77 5.34 5.47 96 98 90 93 Note. — Samples 1-34 covered preliminary studies of the method. 2— HARLEM RIVER, COURSE. JUNE 2, 1909 Low water occurred at Governor's Island at 12.47 P. M. The wind was east with a velocity of 5 miles per hour. 51 52 53 54 A.M. 11.40 11.50 P.M. 12.30 12.40 200 feet east of Spuyten Duyvil draw- bridge 200 feet east of Spuyten Duyvil draw- bridge At 155th street Bridge, midstream .... At 155th street Bridge, midstream. . . . 40 52 41 40 62 41 40 49 40 40 49 40 73 55 29 73 55 29 73 56 03 73 56 03 16 1 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 36 36 36 36 4.45 4.56 4.45 4.56 74 76 74 76 Note. — In the Harlem river the ebb current flows from the East river toward the Hudson [River and the flood current from the Hudson river toward the East river. DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATER TABLE XXI— Continued 3— HARLEM RIVER, CROSS-SECTION AT THIRD AVENUE. JUNE 2, 1909 Low water occurred at Governor's Island at 12.47 P. M. The wind was east with a velocity of 5 miles per 309 hour. Hour P. M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen Sample No. C.C. per litre Per Approximate Latitude Longitude cent, satura- tion 55 1.20 1.25 1.35 1.40 At Third Avenue Bridge, 20 feet from west shore o / // 40 48 25 40 48 25 40 48 25 40 48 25 O t tf 73 56 00 73 56 00 73 55 57 73 65 57 1 20 1 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 36 36 36 36 3.56 3.65 3.66 3.34 69 56 At Third Avenue Bridge, 20 feet from west shore 61 67 58 At Third Avenue Bridge, midstream . . At Third Avenue Bridge, midstream . . 59 56 59 1.50 1.55 4.05 4.10 At Third Avenue Bridge, 20 feet from east shore 40 48 25 40 48 25 40 48 25 40 48 25 73 55 65 73 55 55 73 56 00 73 56 00 1 20 1 20 Ebb Ebb Flood Flood 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 36 36 36 36 3.26 3.34 3.86 3.95 54 60 At Third Avenue Bridge, 20 feet from 56 61 At Third Avenue Bridge, 20 feet from 64 62 At Third Avenue Bridge, 20 feet from west shore 66 63 64 65 4.25 4.30 4.45 4.50 At Third Avenue Bridge, midstream . . At Third Avenue Bridge, midstream . . At Third Avenue Bridge, 20 feet from east shore 40 48 25 40 48 25 40 48 25 40 48 25 73 65 57 73 55 67 73 55 55 73 55 55 1 20 1 20 Flood Flood Flood Flood 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 36 36 36 36 3.86 3.95 3.66 3.34 64 66 69 66 At Third Avenue Bridge, 20 feet from east shore 66 4— HUDSON RIVER, CROSS-SECTION AT RIVERDALE. Low water occurred at Governor's Island at 1.09 P. M. The wind was northwest JUNE 16, 1909 with a velocity of 10 miles per hour. 67 68 69 70 P.M. 1.10 1.16 1.30 1.35 Opposite Riverdale, N. New Jersey shore Opposite Riverdale, N. New Jersey shore. . . , Opposite Riverdale, N. Opposite Riverdale, N. Y., 250 feet off Y.,'256'feet"off Y., midstream Y., midstream 40 64 16 40 64 15 40 64 10 40 64 10 73 55 48 73 55 48 73 55 25 73 55 25 15 1 30 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 72 72 72 72 6.23 6.08 6.23 6.08 100 98 100 98 71 72 73 74 1.66 2.00 3.30 3.40 Opposite Riverdale, N, Riverdale pier Opposite Riverdale, N, Riverdale pier Opposite Riverdale, N. New Jersey shore. . . Opposite Riverdale, N. New Jersey shore. . . Y., 50 feet off Y.',' 50 feet off Y., 250 feet off Y.,'256'feet'off 40 64 05 40 ,54 05 40 54 16 40 54 15 73 54 55 73 64 55 73 56 48 73 55 48 1 10 1 15 Ebb Ebb Flood Flood 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 72 72 72 72 5.93 5.77 6.66 6.77 96 93 91 93 76 76 77 78 4.10 4.15 4.36 4.40 Opposite Riverdale, N. Opposite Riverdale, N. Opposite Riverdale, N. Riverdale pier Opposite Riverdale, N. Riverdale pier Y., midstream Y., midstream Y., 50 feet off Y., 50 feet off 40 54 10 40 64 10 40 54 05 40 54 05 73 55 26 73 66 26 73 64 56 73 64 66 1 30 1 10 Flood Flood Flood Flood 20.0 19.6 20.0 20.0 72 72 72 72 5.93 5.77 5.34 5.47 96 93 86 88 6— NEWARK BAY, CROSS-SECTION, AND PASSAIC RIVER. JUNE 17, 1909 Low water occurred at Governor's Island at 1.52 P. M. The wind was southeast with a velocity of 30 miles per hour. 79 80 P.M. 12.10 12.15 Newark bay, at C. R.R. of N. J. bridge, 200 feet from east shore Newark bay, at C. R.R. of N. J. bridge, 200 feet from east shore 40 39 17 40 39 17 74 08 27 74 08 27 1 10 Ebb Ebb 21.0 21.0 32 32 4.16 4.21 74 75 310 RESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XXI— Continued 6— NEWARK BAY, CROSS-SECTION, AND PASSAIC RIVER. JUNE 17, 1909— Continued Sample No. Hour P.M. Location of Samples Approximate Latitude Longitude Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen C. C. per fitre Per cent, satura- tion 81 82 83 84 85 12.25 12.30 12.45 12.50 1.25 Newark bay, at C. R.R. of N. J. bridge, near draw Newark bay, at C. R.R. of N. J. bridge, near draw Newark bay, at C. R.R. of N. J. bridge, ^ way across from east shore Newark bay, at C. R.R. of N. J. bridge, Ji way across from east shore Passaic river, near mouth of C. R.R. of N. J. bridge Passaic river, near mouth, at C. R.R. of N. J. bridge Passaic river, at foot of N. J. R.R. avenue, Newark Passaic river, at foot of N. J. R.R avenue, Newark Passaic river, at foot of N. J. R.R. avenue, Newark Passaic river, at foot of N. J. R.R avenue, Newark Passaic river, near mouth, at C. R.R. of N. J. bridge Passaic river, near mouth, at C. R.R. of N. J. bridge Newark bay, at C. R.R. of N. J. bridge, 200 feet from east shore Newark bay, at C. R.R. of N. J. bridge, 200 feet from east shore Newark bay, at C. R.R. of N. J. bridge, near draw Newark bay, at C. R.R. of N. J. bridge, near draw Newark bay, at C. R.R. of N. J. bridge, J^ way across from east shore Newark bay, at C. R.R. of N. J. bridge, M way across from east shore. . . . O I II 40 39 17 40 39 17 40 39 17 40 39 17 40 43 21 74 08 46 74 08 46 74 09 40 74 09 40 74 07 18 1 20 1 10 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 21.0 21.0 21.0 21.0 21.5 32 32 32 32 52 4.45 4.55 4.60 4.32 1.82 80 81 82 77 31 87 88 89 90 1.30 2.00 2.10 3.00 3.02 40 43 21 40 44 49 40 44 49 40 44 49 40 44 49 74 07 18 74 09 56 74 09 56 74 09 56 74 09 56 10 1 10 1 10 Ebb Ebb Ebb Flood Flood 21.5 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 52 52 52 52 52 1.79 0.63 0.59 0.70 0.99 31 11 10 12 17 91 3.40 92 3.45 93 4.40 94 4.45 95 4.55 96 5.00 97 5.10 98 5.15 40 43 21 40 43 21 40 39 17 40 39 17 40 39 17 40 39 17 74 07 18 74 07 18 74 08 27 74 08 27 74 08 46 74 08 46 1 10 1 10 1 20 Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood 21.0 21.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 52 52 28 28 28 28 3.57 3.65 4.76 4.86 5.05 5.17 62 63 83 85 89 91 40 39 17 40 39 17 74 09 40 74 09 40 1 10 Flood Flood 20.0 20.0 28 28 5.05 4.86 89 85 6— HARLEM RIVER, CROSS-SECTION Low water occurred at Governor's Island at 4.37 P. M. AT EAST H8TH STREET. JUNE 21, 1909 The wind was west with a velocity of 5 miles per hour. 99 A.M. 10.30 10.35 10.45 10.50 Opposite East 118th street, 20 feet off Randall's Island 40 47 40 40 47 40 40 47 41 40 47 41 73 55 40 73 55 40 73 55 44 73 55 44 1 20 1 20 Flood Flood Flood Flood 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 36 36 36 36 2.64 3.18 3.24 2.64 45 55 56 44 100 Opposite East 118th street, 20 feet off Randall's Island 101 102 Opposite East 118th street, midstream Opposite East 118th street, midstream 103 104 105 11.00 11.05 P.M. 3.20 3.25 20 feet off dock, foot of East 1 18th street 20 feet off dock, foot of East 118th street Opposite East 118th street, 20 feet off Randall's Island 40 47 43 40 47 43 40 47 40 40 47 40 73 55 48 73 55 48 73 55 40 73 55 40 1 20 1 20 Flood Flood Ebb Ebb 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 36 36 36 36 2.25 2.95 3.50 4.10 39 61 60 71 106 Opposite East 118th street, 20 feet of! Randall's Island 107 108 109 110 3.30 3.35 3.40 3.45 Opposite East 118th street, midstream Opposite East 118th street, midstream 20 feet off dock, foot of East 1 18th street 20 feet off dock, foot of East 1 18th street 40 47 41 40 47 41 40 47 43 40 47 43 73 55 44 73 55 44 73 55 48 73 55 48 1 20 1 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 36 36 36 36 3.45 3.11 3.35 3.70 60 54 68 64 DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATEE TABLE XXI— Continued 7— EAST RIVER, CROSS-SECTION BETWEEN LAWRENCE POINT AND STONY POINT. JUNE 21, 1909 Low water occiirred at Governor's Island at 4.37 P. M. The wind was west with a velocity of 5 miles per hour. 311 Hour A.M. Location of Sampl es Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen Sample C. C. per litre Per No. Approximate Latitude Longitude cent, satura- tion Ill 112 113 114 11.55 12.00 P.M. 12.10 12.15 20 feet off dock at Lawrence Point. . . 20 feet off dock at Lawrence Point. . . Midstream, off Lawrence Point Midstream, off Lawrence Point o / // 40 47 25 40 47 25 40 47 45 40 47 45 a 1 It 73 54 35 73 64 35 73 54 31 73 54 31 1 20 1 70 Flood Flood Flood Flood 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 32 32 32 32 3.30 3.20 3.82 3.62 57 55 66 62 115 116 117 118 12.25 12.30 4.05 4.10 20 feet off ferry slip. Stony Point 20 feet off ferry slip, Stony Point 20 feet off dock at Lawrence Point. . . . 20 feet off dock at Lawrence Point 40 47 57 40 47 57 40 47 25 40 47 25 73 54 31 73 54 31 73 64 35 73 54 35 1 40 1 20 Flood Flood Ebb Ebb 19.0 19.0 18.0 18.0 32 32 32 32 3.58 4.12 4.42 4.34 62 71 76 75 119 120 121 122 4.15 4.20 4.25 4.30 Midstream, off Lawrence Point Midstream, off Lawrence Point 20 feet off ferry slip. Stony Point 20 feet off ferry slip. Stony Point 40 47 45 40 47 45 40 47 57 40 47 57 73 54 31 73 64 31 73 64 31 73 64 31 1 1 70 1 40 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 32 32 32 32 4.92 4.72 4.04 4.12 85 81 70 71 8— EAST RIVER, CROSS-SECTION AT THROG'S NECK. JUNE 23, 1909 High water occurred at Governor's Island at 12.20 P. M. The wind was south with a velocity of 5 miles per hour. 123 124 125 126 127 A.M. 11.00 11.05 11.20 11.25 11.40 50 feet off west dock, Throg's Neck. . . 50 feet off west dock, Throg's Neck. . . yi way across river from Throg's Neck }2 way across river from Throg's Neck }i way across river from Throg's Neck 40 48 19 40 48 19 40 48 12 40 48 12 40 48 04 73 47 45 73 47 45 73 47 48 73 47 48 73 47 52 1 30 1 40 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood 18.5 18.5 18.5 18.0 18.5 28 28 28 28 28 5.16 5.05 5.47 5.34 5.77 88 86 93 91 98 128 129 130 131 11.45 12.00 P.M. 12.05 12.20 12.25 Yi way across river from Throg's Neck ^/i way across river from Throg's Neck ^/i way across river from Throg's Neck 50 feet off dock at Beechhurst, L. I., west of Willet's Point 40 48 04 40 47 51 40 47 51 40 47 48 40 47 48 73 47 52 73 47 56 73 47 56 73 48 00 73 48 00 70 1 40 1 20 Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood 18.0 18.5 18.0 18.5 18.0 28 28 28 28 28 5.65 5.77 5.65 5.16 5.34 96 98 96 88 132 50 feet off dock at Beechhurst, L. I., west of Willet's Point 91 133 134 135 136 137 3.05 3.10 3.25 3.30 3.45 50 feet off west dock, Throg's Neck. . . 50 feet off west dock, Throg's Neck. . . \i way across river from Throg's Neck }| way across river from Throg's Neck }4 way across river from Throg's Neck 40 48 19 40 48 19 40 48 12 40 48 12 40 48 04 73 47 45 73 47 45 73 47 48 73 47 48 73 47 52 1 30 1 40 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 18.5 18.0 18.5 18.0 18.5 28 28 28 28 28 6.08 5.93 6.08 5.93 6.38 103 101 103 101 108 138 139 140 141 3.50 4.05 4.10 4.25 4.30 \i way across river from Throg's Neck %, way across river from Throg's Neck % way across river from Throg's Neck 50 feet off dock at Beechhurst, L. I., west of Willet's Point 40 48 04 40 47 51 40 47 51 40 47 48 40 47 48 73 47 52 73 47 56 73 47 56 73 48 00 73 48 00 70 1 40 1 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 18.0 18.5 18.0 18.5 18.5 28 28 28 28 28 6.23 5.93 5.65 6.08 5.93 106 101 96 103 101 142 50 feet off dock at Beechhurst, L. I., west of WiUet's Point 9— THE NARROWS, CROSS-SECTION BETWEEN FT. WADSWORTH AND FT. LAFAYETTE. JUNE 24, 1909. High water occurred at Governor's Island at 1.23 P. M. The wind was west, with a velocity of 5 miles per hour. 143 144 145 146 A. M. 10.00 10.05 10.20 10.25 60 feet off Fort Wadsworth 60 feet off Fort Wadsworth yi •>(■ 637 % way across from Pier 10, Manhattan 52 638 639 640 641 642 2.25 2.27 2.32 2.33 2.35 ^ way across from Pier 10, Manhattan % way across from Pier 10, Manhattan 100 feet off Pier 10, Brooklyn 100 feet off Pier 10, Brooklyn 100 feet off Pier 10, Brooklyn 40 42 00 40 42 00 40 41 57 40 41 57 40 41 57 71 00 05 71 00 05 74 00 00 74 00 00 74 00 00 20 35 1 20 35 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 30 30 30 30 30 2.86 2.86 2.74 2.74 2.74 52 52 50 50 50 25— EAST RIVER, CROSS-SECTION FROM THROGS NECK TO WHITESTONE LANDING. JULY 28, 1911 High water at Governor's Island at 10.23 A. M. Low water at 4.52 P. M. High water at Hell Gate at 12. 10 P. M. Low water at 6.00 P. M. 643 644 645 646 A.M. 12.00 P.M. 12.01 12.03 12.20 300 feet off west landing, Throgs Neck. 300 feet off west landing, Throgs Neck. 300 feet off west landing, Throgs Neck. Ji way across from Throgs Neck 40 48 27 40 48 27 40 48 27 40 48 20 73 48 16 73 48 16 73 48 16 73 48 18 1 25 40 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 22 22 22 22 4.71 4.71 4.71 4.71 84 84 84 84 647 648 649 12.21 12.23 12.40 12.41 }4, way across from Throgs Neck }^ way across from Throgs Neck Midstream 40 48 20 40 48 20 40 48 09 40 48 09 73 48 18 73 48 18 73 48 21 73 48 21 20 40 1 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 22 22 22 22 4.71 4.71 4.71 4.71 84 84 84 84 650 Midstream DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATER TABLE XXVII— Continued 26— EAST RIVER, CROSS-SECTION FROM THROGS NECK TO WHITESTONE LANDING. JULY 28, 1911— Continued 363 Hour P.M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen Sample C. C. per litre Per No. Approximate Latitude Longitude cent, satura- tion 651 12.43 1.00 1.01 1.03 o / // 40 48 09 40 47 58 40 47 58 40 47 58 o / // 73 48 21 73 48 24 73 48 24 73 48 24 35 1 20 30 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 22 22 22 22 4.71 4.71 4.71 4.71 84 652 653 654 ^ way across from Throgs neck M: way across from Throgs Neck Ji way across from Throgs Neck 84 84 84 655 656 657 1.20 1.21 1.23 300 feet off Whitestone landing 300 feet off Whitestone landing 300 feet off Whitestone landing 40 47 50 40 47 50 40 47 50 73 48 28 73 48 28 73 48 28 1 20 30 Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.0 19.0 19.0 22 22 22 4.71 4.71 4.71 84 84 84 26— BUTTERMILK CHANNEL. JULY 31, 1911 High water at Governor's Island at 12.23 P. M. Low water at 6.47 P. M. 658 A.M. 11.15 11.16 11.18 11.25 200 feet off Degraw street slip, Brook- 40 41 15 40 41 15 40 41 15 40 41 14 74 00 32 74 00 32 74 00 32 74 00 31 1 20 35 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 26 26 26 26 2.95 2.95 2.95 2.86 54 659 200 feet off Degraw street slip, Brook- lyn 54 660 200 feet off Degraw street slip, Brook- lyn 54 661 50 feet off Degraw street slip 52 662 11.26 11.28 11.35 11.36 40 41 14 40 41 14 40 41 14 40 41 14 74 00 31 74 00 31 74 00 29 74 00 29 20 30 1 20 Flood Flood Flood Flood 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 26 26 26 26 2.86 2.86 1.47 2.65 52 663 50 feet off Degraw street shp 62 664 Deffraw street slio. outer end 27 665 48 666 11.45 11.46 12.00 P.M. 12.01 Degraw street slip, inner end 40 41 13 40 41 13 40 41 22 40 41 22 74 00 25 74 00 25 74 00 26 74 00 26 1 10 1 20 Flood Flood Flood Flood 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 26 26 26 26 1.43 1.43 2.95 2.95 26 667 26 668 669 200 feet off Pier 29, Brooklyn 200 feet off Pier 29, Brooklyn 54 54 670 671 12.03 12.20 12.21 12.23 200 feet off Pier 29, Brooklyn 200 feet off east end of Pier 33, Brook- lyn 40 41 22 40 41 11 40 41 11 40 41 11 74 00 26 74 00 35 74 00 35 74 00 35 30 1 20 35 Flood Flood Flood Flood 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 26 26 26 26 2.95 3.00 3.00 3.00 54 55 672 200 feet off east end of Pier 33, Brook- lyn 55 673 200 feet off east end of Pier 33, Brook- 55 674 675 676 677 2.00 2.01 2.03 2.10 200 feet off Degraw street slip 200 feet off Degraw street slip 200 feet off Degraw street slip 40 41 15 40 41 15 40 41 15 40 41 14 74 00 32 74 00 32 74 00 32 74 00 30 1 20 35 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 22.0 22,0 22.0 22.0 30 28 28 30 2.80 2.80 2.80 1.43 51 51 61 26 678 2.11 2.13 2.20 2.21 40 41 14 40 41 14 40 41 14 40 41 14 74 00 30 74 00 30 74 00 29 74 00 29 20 30 1 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 28 28 30 30 2.72 2.72 0.59 0.90 49 679 50 feet off Deeraw street slio 49 680 11 681 Deeraw street slio. outer end 16 682 2.30 2.31 2.40 2.41 Deffraw street slio. inner end 40 41 13 40 41 13 40 41 22 40 41 22 74 00 25 74 00 25 74 00 26 74 00 26 1 10 1 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 30 30 30 28 0.286 0.286 2.80 2.80 5 683 5 684 200 feet off Pier 29 61 685 200 feet off Pier 29 61 686 2.43 3.00 3.00 3.03 200 feet off Pier 29 40 41 22 40 41 11 40 41 11 40 41 11 74 00 26 74 00 35 74 00 35 74 00 35 30 1 20 35 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 28 30 28 28 2.80 2.28 2.72 2.72 51 687 688 689 200 feet off east end of Pier 33 200 feet off east end of Pier 33 2Q0 feet off east end of Pier 33 41 49 49 364 EESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XXVII— Continued 27— GOWANUS CANAL. JULY 31, 1911 High water at Governor's Island at 12.23 P. M. Low water at 6.47 P. M. Hour P.M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen Sample C. C. per Utre Per No. Approximate Latitude Longitude cent, satura- tion 690 691 692 3.30 3.31 3.45 3.46 At mouth of Gowanus canal, 25th street At mouth of Gowanus canal, 25th street o / // 40 39 55 40 39 55 40 40 17 40 40 17 o t It 74 00 25 74 00 25 73 59 56 73 59 56 1 15 1 15 Flood Flood Flood Flood 23 23.0 23.0 23.0 30 30 30 30 1.77 1.77 1.43 1.43 32 32 26 693 Hamilton Avenue Bridge 26 28— EAST RIVER AND LONG ISLAND SOUND. AUGUST 1, 1911 High water at Governor's Island at 1.33 P. M. Low water at 6.57 A. M High water at HeU Gate at 3.22 P. M. Low water at 8.58 A. M. . 694 A.M. 9.20 9.21 9.23 9.35 East river, midway between Clason 40 48 00 40 48 00 40 48 00 40 47 67 73 51 10 73 51 10 73 51 10 73 47 21 1 20 40 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood 23.0 22.0 21.5 22.0 24 24 24 24 3.95 3.95 3.95 4.42 73 695 East river, midway between Clason Point and College Point 73 696 East river, midway between Clason 73 697 East river, midway between Throgs Neck and Willet's Point 82 698 9.36 9.38 9.55 9.56 East river, midway between Throgs Neck and Willet's Point 40 47 57 40 47 57 40 49 35 40 49 35 73 47 21 73 47 21 73 46 35 73 46 35 30 60 1 20 Flood Flood Flood Flood 21.5 21.6 22.0 21.5 22 22 22 20 4.42 4.42 4.71 4.71 82 699 East river, midway between Throgs Neck and Willet's Point 82 700 Long Island Sound, just north of Step- 87 701 Long Island Sound, just north of Step- ping Stones light 87 702 9.58 10.25 10.26 10.28 Long Island Sound, just north of Step- 40 49 35 40 52 30 40 52 30 40 52 30 73 46 35 73 44 15 73 44 15 73 44 15 40 1 20 35 Flood Flood Flood Flood 21.5 22.0 21.5 21.6 20 20 20 20 4.71 6.01 5.01 5.01 87 703 Long Island Sound, just south of Exe- cution Rocks hght 96 704 Long Island Sound, just south of Exe- 96 705 Long Island Sound, just south of Exe- cution Hocks hght 96 29— MANHASSET BAY, LONG ISLAND. AUGUST 1, 1911 Low water at Port Washington at 11.30 A. M. 706 707 708 A.M. 10.45 10.46 11.00 Midway between Barker Point and Hewlett Point, entrance of Man- hasset bay Midway between Barker Point and Hewlett Point, entrance of Man- hasset bay Manhasset bay, by buoy 1, off Plum Point 40 50 35 40 50 35 40 49 45 73 44 45 73 44 45 73 43 30 15 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb 22.0 22.0 22.0 24 24 24 5.01 5.01 5.15 93 96 709 710 711 11.01 11.14 11.15 Manhasset bay, by buoy 1, ofi Plum Point Manhasset bay, by buoy 3, off Tom Point Manhasset bay, by buoy 3, off Tom Point 40 49 45 40 49 45 40 49 45 73 43 30 73 42 40 73 42 40 10 1 10 Ebb Ebb Ebb 22.0 22.0 22.0 24 24 24 5.15 5.15 6.15 96 96 DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATER TABLE XXVII— Continued 29— MANHASSET BAY, LONG ISLAND. AUGUST 1, 19H— Continued 365 Hour A.M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen Sample C.C. per htre Per No. Approximate Latitude Longitude cent, satura- tion 712 11.29 11.30 P.M. 1.30 1.31 Manhasset bay, at Port Waehington public dock / // 40 49 55 40 49 55 40 49 55 40 49 55 o 1 n 73 42 20 73 42 20 73 42 20 73 42 20 1 7 1 9 Ebb Ebb Flood Flood 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 24 24 22 22 5.01 5.01 5.30 5.30 93 713 Manhasset bay, at Port Washington Dublic dock 93 714 Manhasset bay, at Port Washington 98 715 Manhasset bay, at Port Washington Dublic dock 98 716 2.00 2.01 2.30 2.31 Manhasset bay, by buoy 3, ofl Tom Point 40 49 45 40 49 45 40 49 45 40 49 45 73 42 40 73 42 40 73 43 30 73 43 30 1 10 1 10 Flood Flood Flood Flood 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 20 20 20 20 5.44 5.44 5.44 6.44 100 717 Manhasset bay, by buoy 3, off Tom Point 100 718 Manhasset bay, by buoy 1, off Plum Point 100 719 Manhasset bay, by buoy 1, off Plum Point 100 720 721 2.50 2.51 Midway between Barker Point and Hewlett Point, entrance of bay Midway between Barker Point and Hewlett Point, entrance of bay 40 50 35 40 50 35 73 44 45 73 44 45 1 15 Flood Flood 22.0 22.0 20 20 5.44 5.44 100 100 30— LONG ISLAND SOUND AND EAST RIVER. AUGUST 1, 1911 722 723 724 725 P.M. 3.20 3.21 3.23 4.00 Long Island Sound, just south of Exe- cution Rocks light Long Island Sound, just south of Ex& cution Rpcks light Long Island Seiyid, just south of Exe- cution Rocks li^it^ Long Island Sound, just-nprth of Step ping Stones light Long Island Sound, just north of Step- ping Stones Ught Long Island Sound, just north of Step- ping Stones light East river, midway between Throgs Neck and WiUet's Point East river, midway between Throgs Neck and Willet's Point East river, midway between Throgs Neck and Willet's Point East river, midway between Clason Point and College Point East river, midway between Clason Point and College Point East river, midway between Clason Point and College Point 52 30 52 30 52 30 49 35 73 44 15 73 44 15 73 44 15 73 46 35 1 20 35 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 18 18 18 18 5.44 5.44 5.44 5.05 100 100 100 94 726 727 728 729 4.01 4.03 4.30 4.31 49 35 49 35 47 57 47 57 73 46 35 73 46 35 73 47 21 73 47 21 20 40 1 30 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 21.5 21.5 22.0 21.5 18 18 18 18 5.05 5.05 4.86 4.86 94 94 90 90 730 731 732 733 4.33 5.15 5.16 5.18 47 57 48 00 48 00 48 00 73 47 21 73 51 10 73 51 10 73 51 10 60 1 20 40 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 21.5 22.0 21.5 21.5 18 20 18 18 4.86 4.58 4.58 4.58 90 85 S5 85 366 EBSULTS OP ANALYSES TABLE XXVII— Continued 31— LOWER NEW YORK BAY. AUGUST 2, 1911 High water at Governor's Island at 1.32 P. M. Low water at 7.18 A. M. High water at Sandy Hook at 12.54 P. M. Low water at 6.32 A. M. Hour A.M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen Sample C.C. ftre Per No. Approximate Latitude Longitude cent. saturar tion 734 10.05 10.06 10.25 10.26 Midway between South Beach, S. I., and Hoffman Island Q t ft 40 35 00 40 35 00 40 34 20 40 34 20 o / // 74 03 35 74 03 35 74 03 60 74 03 60 1 15 1 15 Flood Flood Flood Flood 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 20 20 20 18 5.44 5.44 5.44 5.44 100 735 Midway between South Beach, S. I., and Hoffman Island 100 736 Midway between Midland Beach and Swinburne Island 100 737 Midway between Midland Beach and 100 738 10.45 10.46 P.M. 12.05 12.06 1 mile off Elm Tree beacon on line with West Bank light 40 33 20 40 33 20 40 30 55 40 30 55 74 04 45 74 04 45 74 07 00 74 07 00 1 15 1 15 Flood Flood Flood Flood 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 18 18 18 18 5.44 5.44 5.44 5.44 100 739 1 mile off Elm Tree beacon on line with West Bank Ught 100 740 By nun buoy 2, west of Old Orchard light 100 741 By nun buoy 2, west of Old Orchard light 100 32— RARITAN BAY. AUGUST 2, 1911 742 743 744 745 12.20 12.21 12.35 12.36 By spar buoy 4, off Seguine Point By spar buoy 4, off Seguine Point By spar buoy 4J^, off Seguine Point. . By spar buoy 4}^, off Seguine J'oint. . 40 30 35 40 30 35 40 30 15 40 30 15 74 09 10 74 09 10 74 10 05 74 10 05 1 15 1 15 Flood Flood Flood Flood 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 18 18 18 18 5.44 5.44 5.44 5.44 100 100 100 100 746 747 748 749 12.60 12.51 1.05 1.06 By spar buoy 3, off Seguine Point By spar buoy 3, off Seguine Point By can buoy 5, off Princess bay By can buoy 5, off Princess bay 40 30 30 40 30 30 40 30 30 40 30 20 74 11 20 74 11 20 74 12 20 74 12 20 1 15 1 15 Flood Flood Flood Flood 21.6 21.6 22.0 22.0 20 20 22 22 5.44 5.44 5.44 5.44 100 100 100 100 750 1.20 1.21 1.36 1.36 By nun buoy 6, farther west 40 29 45 40 29 45 40 29 05 40 29 05 74 13 35 74 13 35 74 14 20 74 14 20 1 15 1 15 Flood Flood Flood Flood 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22 22 22 22 5.44 5.44 5.44 5.44 100 751 By mm buoy 6, farther west 100 752 753 By buoy 8, off Great Beds light By buoy 8, off Great Beds light 100 100 33— CHEESEQUAKE CREEK, NEW JERSEY, AUGUST 2, 1911 764 755 766 767 768 1.50 1.51 2.02 2.03 2.02 1 mile off Cheesequake creek in Rari- tan bay 1 mile off Cheesequake creek in Rari- tan bay Cheesequake creek at mouth Cheesequake creek at mouth Cheesequake creek at mouth 40 28 36 4 28 35 40 27 50 40 27 50 40 27 50 74 16 05 15 06 15 30 16 30 15 30 Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22 22 22 22 22 5.44 5.44 5.45 6.45 5.44 100 100 100 100 100 769 760 761 762 763 2.03 2.25 2.26 2.25 2.26 Cheesequake creek at mouth Cheesequake creek; just below draw- bridge Cheesequake creek just below draw- bridge Cheesequake creek just below draw- bridge Cheesequake creek just below draw- bridge 40 27 60 40 27 45 40 27 45 40 27 45 40 27 45 15 30 15 40 15 40 15 40 15 40 6 1 6 1 6 Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22 26 26 26 26 5.44 5.45 5.45 5.44 5.44 100 100 100 100 100 DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATER 367 TABLE XXVII— Continued 34r-RARITAN BAY. AUGUST 2, 1911 Hour P.M. Location of Samples Feet below siurface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen Sample C. C. per litre Per No. Approximate Latitude Longitude cent, satura- tion 764 2.48 2.49 3.00 3.01 Raritan bay just north of Great Beds light / // 40 29 15 40 29 15 40 30 15 40 30 15 O 1 II 74 15 10 74 15 10 74 15 35 74 15 35 1 15 1 15 Flood Flood Flood Flood 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22 22 22 22 5.45 5.45 5.44 5.44 100 765 Raritan bay just north of Great Beds light 100 766 By red and black buoy at entrance of Arthur Kill 100 767 By red and black buoy at entrance of Arthur Kill 100 36— EAST RIVER CROSS-SECTION BETWEEN PIER 10, MANHATTAN, AITO PIER 10, BROOKLYN. AUGUST 3, 1911 High water at Governor's Island at 3.13 P. M. Low water at 9. 07 A. ] VI. - 768 769 770 771 A.M. 9.10 9.11 9.13 9.18 100 feet off Pier 10, Manhattan 100 feet off Pier 10, Manhattan 100 feet off Pier 10, Manhattan ]/i way across from Pier 10, Manhattan 40 42 09 40 42 09 40 42 09 40 42 07 74 00 22 74 00 22 74 00 22 74 00 17 1 20 30 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 28 26 26 28 2.70 2.97 2.97 2.76 49 54 54 51 772 773 774 9.19 9.21 9.26 9.27 yi way across from Pier 10, Manhattan J2 way across from Pier 10, Manhattan 40 42 07 40 42 07 40 42 03 40 42 03 74 00 17 74 00 17 74 00 11 74 00 11 20 40 1 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 26 26 28 26 3.03 3.03 2.95 3.09 55 65 64 775 Midstream 56 776 9.29 9.34 9.35 9.37 Midstream 40 42 03 40 42 00 40 42 00 40 42 00 74 00 11 71 00 05 71 00 05 71 00 05 40 1 20 35 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 26 28 28 26 3.09 2.86 3.00 3.00 56 777 ^/i way across from Pier 10, Man- 52 778 % way across from Pier 10, Man- 65 779 ^/i way across from Pier 10, Man- hattan 55 780 781 782 783 9.42 9.43 9.45 11.55 100 feet off Pier 10, Brooklyn 100 feet off Pier 10, Brooklyn 100 feet off Pier 10, Brooklyn 100 feet off Pier 10, Manhattan 40 41 67 40 41 57 40 41 57 40 42 09 74 00 00 74 00 00 74 00 00 74 00 22 1 20 35 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Flood 22.0 22.0 22.0 23.0 28 26 26 32 2.74 2.88 2.88 2.97 60 52 52 54 784 785 786 787 11.66 11.58 P.M. 12.03 12.04 100 feet off Pier 10, Manhattan 100 feet off Pier 10, Manhattan yi way across from Pier 10, Manhattan yi way across from Pier 10, Manhattan 40 42 09 40 42 09 40 42 07 40 42 07 74 00 22 74 00 22 74 00 17 74 00 17 20 30 1 20 Flood Flood Flood Flood 22.0 22.0 23.0 22.0 30 30 32 30 2.97 2.97 3.03 3.03 54 54 55 55 788 789 12.06 12.11 12.12 12.14 yi way across from Pier 10, Manhattan Midstream 40 42 07 40 42 03 40 42 03 40 42 03 74 00 17 74 00 11 74 00 11 74 00 11 40 1 20 40 Flood Flood Flood Flood 22.0 23.0 22.0 22.0 30 32 30 30 3.03 3.09 3.09 3.09 55 56 790 56 791 Midstream 66 792 793 794 796 12.19 12.20 12.22 12.27 ^/i way across from Pier 10, Manhattan j2 way across from Pier 10, Manhattan %, way across from Pier 10, Manhattan 100 feet off Pier 10, Brooklyn 40 42 00 40 42 00 40 42 00 40 41 57 71 00 05 71 00 05 71 00 05 74 00 00 1 20 35 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood 23.0 22.0 22.0 23.0 32 30 30 32 3.00 3.00 3.00 2.74 55 55 55 50 796 797 798 799 12.28 12.30 2.40 2.41 100 feet off Pier 10, Brooklyn 100 feet off Pier 10, Brooklyn 100 feet off Pier 10, Manhattan 100 feet off Pier 10, Manhattan 40 41 57 40 41 57 40 42 09 40 42 09 74 00 00 74 00 00 74 00 22 74 00 22 20 35 1 20 Flood Flood Flood Flood 22.0 22.0 23.0 22.0 30 30 34 30 2.88 2.88 3.24 3.24 52 52 59 59 800 801 802 803 2.43 2.48 2.49 2.61 100 feet off Pier 10, Manhattan J^ way across from Pier 10, Manhattan }2 way across from Pier 10, Manhattan Ji way across from Pier 10, Manhattan 40 42 09 40 42 07 40 42 07 40 42 07 74 00 22 74 00 17 74 00 17 74 00 17 30 1 20 40 Flood Flood Flood Flood 22.0 23.0 22.0 22.0 30 34 30 30 3.24 3.31 3.31 3.31 69 60 60 60 368 RESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XXVII— Continued 36— EAST RIVER CROSS-SECTION BETWEEN PIER 10, MANHATTAN, AND PIER 10, BROOKLYN. AUGUST 3, 1911— Continued Hour P.M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C Per cent, land water Oxygen Sample C. C. per litre Per No. Approximate Latitude Longitude cent, satura- tion 804 2.56 2.57 2.59 3.04 3.05 Midstream o / // 40 42 03 40 42 03 40 42 03 40 42 00 40 42 00 o r It 74 00 11 74 00 11 74 00 11 71 00 05 71 00 05 1 20 40 1 20 Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood 23.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 32 30 30 28 28 3.38 3.38 3.38 3.29 3.29 61 805 Midstream 61 806 Midstream 61 807 808 % way across from Pier 10, Manhattan % way across from Pier 10, Manhattan 60 60 809 810 811 812 3.07 3.12 3.13 3.15 % way across from Pier 10, Manhattan 100 feet off Pier 10, Brooklyn 100 feet off Pier 10, Brooklyn 100 feet off Pier 10, Brooklyn 40 42 00 40 41 57 40 41 57 40 41 57 71 00 05 74 00 00 74 00 00 74 00 00 35 1 20 35 Flood Flood Flood Flood 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 28 28 28 28 3.29 3.29 3.29 3.29 60 60 60 60 36— EAST RIVER IN SLIPS AND OUTSIDE. AUGUST 4, 1911 High water occurred at Governor's Island at 4.23 P. M. Low water at 9.58 A. M. High water occurred at Hell Gate at 5.58 P. M. Low water at 11.38 A. M. 813 814 815 816 A.M. 10.00 10.02 10.15 10.17 50 feet off end of dock at foot of East 14th street 50 feet off end of dock at foot of East 14th street 200 feet off end of 14th street dock . . 200 feet off end of 14th street dock. . 40 43 36 40 43 36 40 43 35 40 43 35 73 58 19 73 58 19 73 58 18 73 58 18 20 1 25 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 23.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 46 30 28 28 0.54 1.89 2.56 2.70 10 34 47 49 817 818 819 820 10.25 10.26 10.40 10.41 sup north of East 24th street pier. Midway up sHp Shp north of East 24th street pier Midwayupslip Inner end of sUp Inner end of shp 40 44 09 40 44 09 40 44 11 40 44 11 73 58 27 73 58 27 73 58 30 73 58 30 10 1 10 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 23.0 22.0 23.0 23.0 28 28 28 28 1.32 1.89 1.10 1.65 24 34 20 30 821 822 823 824 10.50 10.51 11.08 11.09 200 feet off outer end of East 24th street shp 200 feet off outer end of East 24th street shp SUp between East 45th and East 46th street 20 feet from inside of slip. . . . SUp between East 45th and East 46th street 20 feet from inside of sUp. . . . 40 44 07 40 44 07 40 45 01 40 45 01 73 58 20 73 58 20 73 58 01 73 58 01 1 25 1 10 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 22.0 22.0 23.0 22.0 28 28 36 30 2.86 2.86 1.18 1.77 52 52 21 32 825 826 827 828 11.28 11.29 11.50 11.51 200 feet off outer end of 45th street sUp 200 feet off outer end of 45th street slip 200 feet off foot of East 50th street. . . 200 feet off foot of East 50th street. . . 40 45 00 40 45 00 40 45 10 40 45 10 73 57 58 73 57 58 73 57 50 73 57 50 1 25 1 25 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 28 28 28 28 2.70 2.81 2.86 2.86 49 61 62 62 37— HARLEM RIVER. AUGUST 4, 1911 Low water in Harlem River at 12.15 P. M. 829 P.M. 12.10 12.11 12.30 12.31 Half way up shp between 108th and 109th street 40 47 24 40 47 24 40 47 24 40 47 24 73 56 11 73 56 11 73 56 11 73 56 11 1 10 1 10 Ebb Ebb Flood Flood 23.0 22.0 23.0 22.0 44 30 42 30 0.44 0.88 0.59 1.18 8 16 11 21 830 Half way up sUp between 108th and 109th streets 831 832 SUp between 108th and 109th streets . . SUp between 108th and 109th streets . . 833 834 835 1.00 1.01 1.06 30 feet off end of East 109th street pier 30 feet off end of East 109th street pier 40 47 25 40 47 25 40 47 23 73 56 12 73 56 12 73 56 07 1 15 1 Flood Flood Flood 23.0 22.0 23.0 44 30 44 1.00 1.43 1.03 18 26 19 DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATER TABLE XXVII— Continued 37— HARLEM RIVER. AUGUST 4, 1911— Continued 369 Hour P.M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen Sample C. C. per litre Per No. Approximate Latitude Longitude cent, satura- tion 836 1.07 1.11 1.12 2.00 2.01 O t ft 40 47 23 40 47 20 40 47 20 40 47 23 40 47 23 o 1 n 73 56 07 73 56 02 73 56 02 73 56 07 73 56 07 20 1 15 1 20 Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood 22.0 23.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 30 42 30 32 32 1.47 1.10 1.50 1.24 1.24 27 837 838 839 840 30 feet off end of Ward's Island dock . . . 30 feet off end of Ward's Island dock . . . Midstream off East 109th street Midstream off East 109th street 20 27 23 23 38-KILL VAN KULL. AUGUST 8, 1911 High water occurred at Governor's Island at 7.03 A. M. Low water at 1.17 -P. M. 841 842 843 844 A.M. 10.50 10.51 10.53 11.05 Upper bay, by Robbin's Reef bell buoy Upper bay, by Robbin's Reef bell buoy Upper bay, by Robbin's Reef bell buoy Kill van Kull, off Jersey street, New Brighton, midstream 40 39 15 40 39 15 40 39 15 40 38 57 74 03 50 74 03 50 74 03 50 74 05 25 1 20 40 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 28 28 28 32 3.53 3.83 3.83 3.72 64 70 70 68 845 11.06 11.08 11.20 11.21 Kill van Kull, off Jersey street. New Brighton, midstream 40 38 57 40 38 67 40 38 50 40 38 50 74 05 25 74 05 25 74 06 07 74 06 07 20 40 1 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 30 30 34 32 3.72 3.72 3.57 3.57 68 846 Kill van ICull, off Jersey street, New Rrightnn, Tnidflti'ftaTn 68 847 848 Off Sailors' Snug Harbor, midstream. . . Off Sailors' Snug Harbor, midstream . . . 65 65 849 850 851 852 11.23 11.35 11.36 11.38 Off Sailors' Snug Harbor, midstream . . . Off Port Richmond ferry, midstream. . . Off Port Richmond ferry, midstream. . . Off Port Richmond ferry, midstream . . . 40 38 50 40 38 35 40 38 35 40 38 35 74 06 07 74 07 52 74 07 52 74 07 52 35 1 20 40 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 32 34 32 32 3.57 3.83 3.83 3.83 65 70 70 70 853 854 855 11.45 11.46 11.48 By buoy S2, near west end of Kill By buoy S2, near west end of Kill By buoy S2, near west end of Kill 40 38 35 40 38 35 40 38 35 74 08 24 74 08 24 74 08 24 1 20 40 Ebb Ebb Ebb 23.0 23.0 23.0 34 32 32 4.00 4.00 4.00 73 73 73 39— NEWARK BAY. AUGUST 8, 1911 Low water at Governor's Island at 1 . 17 P. M. Low water at Newark at 2.00 P. M. 856 857 858 859 P.M. 12.00 12.02 12.20 12.21 200 feet west of Bergen Point light 200 feet west of Bergen Point light At 1st drawbridge C. R.R. of N. J At 1st drawbridge C. R.R. of N. J 40 38 35 40 38 35 40 39 17 40 39 17 74 08 58 74 08 58 74 08 46 74 08 46 1 20 1 20 . Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 23.0 23.0 23.5 23.0 34 32 36 34 4.09 4.09 4.43 4.43 74 74 82 81 860 861 862 863 12.40 12.41 1.00 1.01 By bell buoy 2 above 1st drawbridge. . . By bell buoy 2 above 1st drawbridge . . . By nun buoy 4 below 2d drawbridge By nun buoy 4 below 2d drawbridge 40 40 12 40 40 12 40 41 38 40 41 38 74 08 05 74 08 05 74 07 25 74 07 25 1 20 1 8 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 23.5 23.5 23.5 23.5 46 46 46 46 4.26 4.26 3.03 3.03 76 76 64 64 864 865 866 1.10 1.11 1.20 1.21 At 2d drawbridge, L. V. R.R At 2d drawbridge, L. V. R.R By nun buoy just below mouth of Passaic river 40 41 56 40 41 56 40 42 28 40 42 28 74 07 12 74 07 12 74 07 12 74 07 12 1 10 1 15 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 24.0 24.0 24.5 24.5 60 60 68 64 1.92 1.92 1.35 1.35 34 34 24 867 By nun buoy just below mouth of Passaic river 24 370 EESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XXVII— Continued 40— PASSAIC RIVER. AUGUST 8, 1911 Low water at Newark at 2 P. M. Hour P.M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen Sample C.C. per litre Per No. Approximate Latitude Longitude cent. saturar tion 868 869 870 1.30 1.31 1.40 1.41 At C. R.R. of N. J. drawbridge just above mouth of Passaic river At C. R.R. of N. J. drawbridge just above mouth of Passaic river At Plank road drawbridge o t tr 40 43 21 40 43 21 40 43 58 40 43 58 74 07 18 74 07 18 74 07 06 74 07 06 1 16 1 15 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 26.0 25.0 26.0 26.5 82 80 88 88 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 871 872 l.SO 1.51 2.00 2.01 At Penn. R.R. freight bridge just be- 40 44 06 40 44 06 40 44 49 40 44 49 74 09 45 47 09 45 74 09 56 74 09 66 1 12 1 12 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 96 96 98 98 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 873 At Penn. R.R. freight bridge just below Newark 874 At Penn. R.R. passenger bridge at Newark.. . . ... 875 At Penn. R.R. passenger bridge at 41— THE NARROWS CROSS-SECTION BETWEEN FORT WADSWORTH, S. L, AND FORT LAFAYETTE. AUGUST 9, 1911 High water at Governor's Island at 7.43 A. M. Low water at 2.07 P. M. 876 877 878 879 A.M. 9.40 9.42 9.44 9.50 500 feet off Fort Wadsworth. 500 feet off Fort Wadsworth. 500 feet off Fort Wadsworth. Midway between forts 40 36 22 40 36 22 40 36 22 40 36 25 74 02 08 74 02 08 74 02 08 74 02 48 1 40 75 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 23.0 22.0 22.0 23.0 28 22 22 28 4.00 4.26 4.26 4.09 73 77 77 74 880 881 882 883 9.52 9.54 10.00 10.02 Midway between forts Midway between forts 500 feet off Fort Lafayette . 500 feet off Fort Lafayette. 40 36 25 40 36 25 40 36 28 40 36 28 74 02 48 74 02 48 74 02 27 74 02 27 40 75 1 40 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 22.0 22.0 23.0 22.0 22 22 28 22 4.38 4.38 4.12 4.42 80 80 75 80 884 885 886 887 10.04 11.40 11.42 11.44 500 feet off Fort Lafayette. . . 500 feet off Fort Wadsworth. 500 feet off Fort Wadsworth. 500 feet off Fort Wadsworth. 40 36 28 40 36 22 40 36 22 40 36 22 74 02 27 74 03 08 74 03 08 74 03 08 75 1 40 76 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 22.0 23.0 22.0 22.0 22 28 22 22 4.42 3.43 3.72 3.72 80 62 68 68 889 890 891 892 893 894 896 896 897 898 899 900 901 902 12.00 P.M. 12.02 12.04 12.10 Midway between forts. Midway between forts Midway between forts 500 feet off Fort Lafayette. 40 36 25 40 36 25 40 36 25 40 36 28 74 02 48 74 02 48 74 02 48 74 02 27 40 76 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 23.0 22.0 22.0 23.0 28 24 24 28 3.67 3.70 3.70 3.63 12.12 12.14 1.10 1.12 500 feet off Fort Lafayette. . . 500 feet off Fort Lafayette . . 500 feet off Fort Wadsworth . 500 feet off Fort Wadsworth . 40 36 28 40 36 28 40 36 22 40 36 22 74 02 27 74 02 27 74 03 08 74 03 08 40 75 1 40 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 22.0 22.0 23.5 23.0 24 24 28 24 3.83 3.83 3.43 3.72 1.14 1.20 1.22 1.24 500 feet off Fort Wadsworth . Midway between forts Midway between forts Midway between forts 40 36 22 40 36 25 40 36 25 40 36 25 74 03 08 74 02 48 74 02 48 74 02 48 75 1 40 75 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 23.0 23.5 23.0 23.0 24 28 24 24 3.72 3.67 3.70 3.70 1.30 1.32 1.34 500 feet off Fort Lafayette. 500 feet off Fort Lafayette. 500 feet off Fort Lafayette. 40 36 28 40 36 28 40 36 28 74 02 27 74 02 27 74 02 27 1 40 75 Ebb Ebb Ebb 23.6 23.0 23.0 28 24 24 3.53 3.68 3.68 66 67 67 64 70 70 62 68 68 65 67 67 64 64 67 DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATER 371 TABLE XXVII— Continued 42— HUDSON RIVER CROSS-SECTION FROM PIER A, MANHATTAN, TO C. R.R. OP N. J. FERRY, JERSEY CITY. AUGUST 10, 1911 High water at Governor's Island at 8.23 A. M. Low water at 2.27 P. M. Hour A.M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen Sample C.C. per litre Per No. Approximate Latitude Longitude cent, satura- tion 903 9.10 9.11 9.13 9.17 100 feet ofif Pier A O 1 It 40 42 16 40 42 16 40 42 16 40 42 17 o t // 74 01 09 74 01 09 74 01 09 74 01 20 1 20 40 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood 23.0 22.0 22.0 23.0 32 30 30 32 2.97 3.10 3.10 3.03 54 904 100 feet off Pier A 56 905 100 feet off Pier A 56 906 55 907 9.18 9.20 9.24 9.25 40 42 17 40 42 17 40 42 19 40 42 19 74 01 20 74 01 20 74 01 34 74 01 34 20 40 1 20 Flood Flood Flood Flood 22.0 22.0 23.0 22.0 30 30 32 30 3.17 3.17 3.09 3.24 58 908 58 909 Midstream 56 910 IVlidstream 59 911 9.27 9.30 9.31 9.33 40 42 19 40 42 21 40 42 21 40 42 21 74 01 34 74 01 48 74 01 48 74 01 48 40 1 20 35 Flood Flood Flood Flood 22.0 23.0 22.0 22.0 30 32 30 30 3.24 3.14 3.29 3.29 59 912 57 913 ^A. wav across from Pier A 60 914 60 915 916 917 918 9.37 9.38 9.40 11.10 100 feet off C. R.R. of N. J. ferry 100 feet off C. R.R. of N. J. ferry 100 feet off C. R.R. of N. J. ferry 100 feet off Pier A 40 42 22 40 42 22 40 42 22 40 42 16 74 01 59 74 01 59 74 01 59 74 01 09 1 20 28 1 Flood Flood Flood Ebb 23.0 22.0 22.0 23.0 32 30 30 34 3.01 3.15 3.15 2.70 55 57 67 49 919 11.11 11.13 11.17 11.18 100 feet off Pier A 40 42 16 40 42 16 40 42 17 40 42 17 74 01 09 74 01 09 74 01 20 74 01 20 20 40 1 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 22.0 22.0 23.0 22.0 32 32 34 32 2.81 2.81 2.90 2.90 61 920 100 feet off Pier A 61 921 63 922 W wav across from Pier A 63 923 11.20 11.24 11.25 11.27 40 42 17 40 42 19 40 42 19 40 42 19 74 01 20 74 01 34 74 01 34 74 01 34 40 1 20 40 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 22.0 23.0 22.0 22.0 32 34 32 32 2.90 2.95 2.95 2.95 53 924 Midstream 55 925 55 926 Midstream 55 927 11.30 11.31 11.33 11.37 40 42 21 40 42 21 40 42 21 40 42 22 74 01 48 74 01 48 74 01 48 74 01 59 1 20 35 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 23.0 22.0 22.0 23.0 34 32 32 34 2.86 3.00 3.00 2.74 52 928 55 929 55 930 100 feet off C. R.R. of N. J. ferry 50 931 932 933 11.38 11.40 P.M. 1.30 1.31 100 feet off C. R.R. of N. J. ferry 100 feet off C. R.R. of N. J. ferry 100 feet off Pier A 40 42 22 40 42 22 40 42 16 40 42 16 74 01 59 74 01 59 74 01 09 74 01 09 20 28 1 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 22.0 22.0 23.0 22.0 32 32 36 32 2.88 2.88 2.70 2.81 52 52 49 934 100 feet off Pier A 61 935 1.33 1.37 1.38 1.40 100 feet off Pier A 40 42 16 40 42 17 40 42 17 40 42 17 74 01 09 74 01 20 74 01 20 74 01 20 40 1 20 40 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 22.0 23.0 22.0 22.0 32 36 32 32 2.81 2.76 2.90 2.90 51 936 3^ way across from Pier A 50 937 \^ wav across from Pier A 53 938 63 939 1.44 1.45 1.47 1.50 40 42 19 40 42 19 40 42 19 40 42 21 74 01 34 74 01 34 74 01 34 74 01 48 1 20 40 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 23.0 22.0 22.0 23.0 36 32 32 36 2.80 2.95 2.95 2.72 51 940 Midstream. . 65 941 65 942 ^A. wav across from Pier A 50 943 1.51 1.51 1.57 1.58 2.00 ^ wav across from Pier A 40 42 21 40 42 21 40 42 22 40 42 22 40 42 22 74 01 48 74 01 48 74 01 59 74 01 59 74 01 59 20 35 1 20 28 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 22.0 22.0 23.0 22.0 22.0 32 32 36 32 32 2.86 2.86 2.60 2.74 2.74 52 944 52 945 946 947 100 feet off C. R.R. of N. J. ferry 100 feet off C. R.R. of N. J. ferry 100 feet off C. R.R. of N. J. ferry 47 50 50 372 RESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XXVII— Continued 43— GOWANUS CANAL. AUGUST 10, 1911 High water at Governor's Island at 8.23 A. M. Low water at 2.27 P. M. Hour P.M. Location of Samples Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen Sample C.C. per litre Per No. Approximate Latitude Longitude cent, satura- tion 948 2.35 2.36 2.45 2.46 At Hamilton Avenue Bridge / // 40 40 17 40 40 17 40 39 55 40 39 55 O / tf 73 59 56 73 59 56 74 00 25 74 00 25 1 15 1 15 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 23.5 23.0 23.5 23.0 30 30 30 30 0.81 1.32 2.29 2.29 15 949 At Hamilton Avenue Bridge 24 950 951 At mouth, 25th street, Brooklyn At mouth, 25th street, Brooklyn 42 42 44— COURSE FROM NEW YORK TO NEW LONDON, CONN., BY LONG ISLAND SOUND. AUGUST 17, 1911 High water occurred at Governor's Island, N. Y., at 12.20 P. M. Samples collected and tests made on boat Quadrant II. 952 A M. 5.00 5.01 5.03 6.00 East river, midstream, off East 42d street. New York 40 44 47 40 44 47 40 44 47 40 48 00 73 57 49 73 57 49 73 57 49 73 51 11 1 20 40 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 28 26 26 24 2.76 2.76 2.76 3.95 51 51 51 73 953 East river, midstream, off East 42d 954 East river, midstream, off East 42d street. New York 955 East river, midway between Clason Point and College Point 956 6.01 6.03 6.40 6.41 East river, midway between Clason Point and College Point 40 48 00 40 48 00 40 48 00 40 48 00 73 51 11 73 51 11 73 47 13 73 47 13 20 40 1 30 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 24 24 24 22 3.95 3.95 4.35 4.35 73 73 81 81 957 East river, midway between Clason Point and College Point 958 East river, midway between Throgs Neck and Willet's Point 959 East river, midway between Throgs Neck and Willet's Point 960 6.43 7.15 7.16 7.18 East river, midway between Throgs Neck and Willet's Point 40 48 00 40 49 35 40 49 35 40 49 35 73 47 13 73 46 35 73 46 35 73 46 35 60 1 20 40 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22 22 20 20 4.35 4.64 4.64 4.64 81 86 86 86 961 Long Island Sound, just north of Step- ping Stones lighthouse 962 Long Island Sound, just north of Step- 963 Long Island Sound, just north of Step- ping Stones lighthouse 964 7.45 7.46 7.48 8.20 Long Island Sound, just south of Exe- 40 52 30 40 52 30 40 52 30 40 54 55 73 44 15 73 44 15 73 44 15 73 38 10 1 20 35 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 22.0 21.5 21.5 22.0 20 20 20 20 5.22 5.22 5.22 5.40 97 97 97 100 965 Long Island Sound, just south of Exe- cution Rocks hghthouse 966 Long Island Sound, just south of Exe- 967 Long Island Sovind, 1 mile north of Matinicock Point, L. I 968 8.21 8.23 9.20 9.21 Long Island Sound, 1 mile north of Matinicock Point, L. I 40 54 55 40 54 55 41 57 45 41 57 45 73 38 10 73 38 10 73 29 15 73 29 15 25 50 1 25 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 21.5 21.5 22.0 21.5 20 20 20 20 5.40 5.40 5.40 5.40 100 100 100 100 969 Long Island Sound, 1 mile north of Matinicock Point, L. I 970 Long Island Sound, just north of beU buoy off Lloyd Point, L. I 971 Long Island Sound, just north of bell buoy off Lloyd Point, L. I 972 9.23 9.60 Long Island Sound, just north of beD buoy off Lloyd Point, L. I 41 57 45 41 58 45 73 29 15 73 24 40 50 1 Ebb Ebb 21.5 22.0 20 20 5.40 5.40 100 100 973 Long Island Sound, near red and black buoy off Eaton's Point, L. I DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATEE 373 TABLE XXVII— Continued 44-^COURSE FROM NEW YORK TO NEW LONDON, CONN., BY LONG ISLAND SOUND. AUGUST 17, 1911— Continued Sample No. Hour A.M. Location of Samples Approximate Latitude Longitude Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen C. C. per litre Per cent, satura- tion 974 975 976 977 9.51 9.53 11.45 11.46 Long Island Sound, near red and black buoy off Eaton's Point, L. I Long Island Sound, near red and black buoy off Eaton's Point, L. I Long Island Sound, by red buoy, near Shatford Shoals lighthouse Long Island Sound, oy red buoy, near Shatford Shoals lighthouse Long Island Sound, by red buoy, near Shatford Shoals lighthouse Long Island Sound, 7 miles north of Rocky Point between Miller's and Hallock's landing Long Island Sound, 7 miles north of Rocky Point, between Miller's and Hallock'i landing Long Island Sound, 7 miles north of Rocky Point, between Miller's and Hallock's landing Long Island Sound, 4 miles south of Falkner Island, Conn Long Island Sound, 4 miles south of Falkner Island, Conn Long Island Sound, 4 miles south of Falkner Island, Conn Long Island Sound, near Cornfield Point lightship Long Island Sound, near Cornfield Point Ughtship Long Island Sound, near Cornfield Point lightship Long Island Sound, near Bartlett Reef lightship, off New London, Conn . Long Island Sound, near Bartlett Reef lightship, off New London, Conn. . . Long Island Sound, near Bartlett Reef lightship, off New London, Conn. 41 58 45 41 58 45 41 03 15 41 03 15 73 24 40 73 24 40 73 06 10 73 06 10 20 40 1 20 Ebb Ebb Flood Flood 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.0 20 20 16 16 5.40 5.40 5.40 5.40 100 100 100 100 978 979 980 981 11.48 P.M. 12.45 12.46 12.48 41 03 15 41 04 00 41 04 00 41 04 00 73 06 10 72 57 25 72 57 25 72 57 25 40 1 40 80 Flood Flood Flood Flood 21.0 21.5 21.0 21.0 16 16 16 16 5.40 6.40 5.40 5.40 100 100 100 100 982 983 984 985 2.30 2.31 2.33 4.25 41 09 15 41 09 15 41 09 15 41 12 40 72 39 00 72 39 00 72 39 00 72 22 4 ) 1 40 80 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood 21.5 21.0 21.0 21.0 16 16 16 11 5.40 5.40 5.40 5.40 100 100 100 100 986 987 988 989 990 4.26 4.28 6.00 6.01 6.03 41 12 40 41 12 40 41 16 15 41 16 15 41 16 15 72 22 40 72 22 40 72 08 50 72 08 50 72 08 50 50 100 1 25 50 Flood Flood Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.5 20.5 21.0 20.5 20.5 10 10 10 10 10 5.40 5.40 5.40 5.40 5.40 100 100 100 100 100 46— COURSE FROM NEW LONDON, CONN., TO VINEYARD HAVEN, MASS. AUGUST 18, 1911 High water at New London at 3.13 A. M. Left New London 5.25 A. M. on boat Quadrant II. 991 992 993 994 A.M. 6.15 6.16 6.18 6.50 Fisher Island Sound, by Ram Island lightship Fisher Island Sound, by Ram Island lightship Fisher Island Sound, by Ram Island lightship Block Island Sound, by bell buoy just off Watch Hill Point 41 18 00 41 18 00 41 18 00 41 17 45 71 58 35 71 58 35 71 58 35 71 51 50 1 25 50 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 8 8 8 8 5.40 5.40 5.40 5.40 100 100 100 100 995 996 997 6.51 6.53 7.40 Block Island Sound, by bell buoy just off Watch Hill Point Block Island Sound, by bell buoy just off Watch Hill Point Block Island Sound, 1 mile south of Noyes Point 41 17 45 41 17 45 41 18 45 71 51 50 71 51 50 71 45 00 20 40 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.0 20.0 20.0 5.40 5.40 5.40 100 100 100 374 RESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XXVII— Continued 46— COURSE FROM NEW LONFON, CONN., TO VINEYARD HAVEN, MASS. AUGUST 18, 1911— Continued Hour A.M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Pwe cent, land water Oxygen Sample C. C. htre Per No. Approximate Latitude Longitude cent, satura- tion 998 7.41 7.43 9.00 9.01 Block Island Sound, 1 mile south of Noyes Point a 1 II 41 18 45 41 18 45 41 20 30 41 20 30 a 1 It 71 45 00 71 45 00 71 28 30 71 28 30 30 60 1 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 8 8 8 8 5.40 5.40 5.40 5.40 100 999 Block Island Sound, 1 mile south of Noyes Point 100 1000 Atlantic ocean, by whistling buoy off Point Judith, R. I 100 1001 Atlantic ocean, by whistling buoy off Point Judith, R. I 100 1002 9.03 11.50 11.51 11.53 Atlantic ocean, by whistling buoy off Point Judith, B. I 41 20 30 41 22 40 41 22 40 41 22 40 71 28 30 71 00 00 71 00 00 71 00 00 40 1 40 80 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.0 19.5 19.5 19.5 8 6 6 6 5.40 5.40 5.40 5.40 100 1003 Atlantic ocean, near Vineyard Sound lightship 100 1104 Atlantic ocean, near Vineyard Sound 100 1105 Atlantic ocean, near Vineyard Sound lightship 100 1006 1007 1008 1009 P.M. 1.00 1.01 1.03 2.00 Vineyard Soimd, by bell buoy north of Gay Head, Martha's Vineyard Vineyard Sound, by bell buoy north of Gay Head, Martha's Vineyard Vineyard Sound, by bell buoy north of Gay Head, Martha's Vineyard Vineyard Sound, by bell buoy off Nobska Poiat, near Wood's Hole. . . 71 24 15 71 24 15 71 24 15 41 30 20 70 51 20 70 51 20 70 51 20 70 38 40 1 25 50 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Flood 19.5 19.5 19.5 20.0 6 6 6 6 5.40 5.40 5.40 5.40 100 100 100 100 1010 1011 1012 1013 2.01 2.03 2.30 2.31 Vineyard Sound, by bell buoy off Nobska Point, near Wood's Hole. . . Vineyard Sound, by bell buoy off Nobska Point, near Wood's Hole. . . Vineyard Haven, at entrance to harbor Vineyard Haven, at entrance to harbor 41 30 20 41 30 20 41 28 45 a 28 45 70 38 40 70 38 40 70 35 25 70 35 25 30 60 1 30 Flood Flood Flood Flood 20.0 20.0 20.5 20.0 6 6 6 6 5.40 5.40 5.40 5.40 100 100 100 100 1014 1015 2.33 3.00 3.01 Vineyard Haven, at entrance to harbor At Lord's Wharf, Vineyard Haven, Mass 41 28 45 41 27 15 41 27 15 70 35 25 70 36 00 70 36 00 60 1 10 Flood Flood Flood 20.0 21.0 21.0 6 6 6 5.40 5.40 6.40 100 100 1016 At Lord's Wharf, Vineyard Haven, Mass 100 46— COURSE FROM VINEYARD HAVEN, MASS., TO PROVINCETOWN, MASS., AROUND CAPE COD. AUGUST 20, 1911 High water at Vineyard Haven at 7.30 A. M. Very high N. W. wind amoimting to a gale blew from 10 P. M., August 18, to 3 P. M., August 19. Held boat in Vineyard Haven harbor. 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021 A.M. 5.00 5.01 5.10 5.11 5.13 At Lord's Wharf, Vineyard Haven At Lord's Wharf, Vineyard Haven Vineyard Haven, at entrance to harbor Vineyard Haven, at entrance to harbor Vineyard Haven, at entrance to harbor 41 27 15 41 27 15 41 28 45 41 28 45 41 28 45 70 36 00 70 36 00 70 35 25 70 35 25 70 35 25 1 10 1 20 60 Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.0 20.0 6 6 6 6 6 5.40 5.40 5.40 5.40 5.40 100 100 100 100 100 1022 5.23 5.24 5.26 6.00 Vineyard Sound, J^ mile off dock at Oak Bluffs (Cottage City) 41 28 20 41 28 20 41 28 20 41 28 20 70 34 45 70 34 45 70 34 45 70 29 00 1 20 45 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood 20.5 20.0 20.0 19.5 6 6 6 4 5.40 5.40 5.40 5.40 100 1023 Vineyard Sound, J^mile off dock at Oak Bluffs (Cottage City) 100 1024 Vineyard Sound, K mile off dock at Oak Bluffs (Cottage City) 100 100 1025 Atlantic ocean, near Hedge Fence light- DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATEK TABLE XXVII— Continued 46— COURSE FROM VINEYARD HAVEN, MASS., TO PROVINCETOWN, MASS., AROUND CAPE COD. AUGUST 20, 1911— Continued 375 No, Hour A.M. Location of Samples Approximate Latitude Longitude Feet below BUiface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen C. C. per litre Per cent, satura- tion 1026 1027 1028 1029 6.01 6.03 7.00 7.01 Atlantic ocean, near Hedge Fence light- ship Atlantic ocean, near Hedge Fence light- ship _. . ._ Atlantic ocean, near Cross Rip light- ship Atlantic ocean, near Cross Rip light- ship 41 28 20 41 28 20 41 26 50 41 26 60 70 29 00 70 29 00 70 17 25 70 17 25 25 50 1 25 Flood Flood Flood Flood 19.0 19.0 19.5 19.0 5.40 5.40 5.40 5.40 100 100 100 100 1030 1031 1032 1033 7.03 8.20 8.21 8.23 Atlantic ocean, near Cross Rip light ship _. . Atlantic ocean, near Handkerchief lightship Atlantic ocean, near Handkerchief lightship Atlantic ocean, near Handkerchief lightship 41 26 SO 41 29 15 41 29 15 41 29 15 70 17 25 70 04 00 70 04 00 70 04 00 50 1 15 30 Flood Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 5.40 5.54 5.54 5.54 100 100 100 100 1034 1035 1036 1037 9.10 9.11 9.13 9.45 Atlantic ocean, near Shovelfull light- ship, off Monomoy Beach, Cape Cod Atlantic ocean, near Shovelfull light- ship, off Monomoy Beach, Cape Cod Atlantic ocean, near ShovelfuU light- ship,_ off Monomoy Beach, Cape Cod Atlantic ocean, near Pollock Rip light- ship 41 32 40 41 32 40 41 32 40 41 32 00 69 59 40 69 59 40 69 59 40 54 40 1 25 50 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 18.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 5.54 5.54 5.54 5.68 100 100 100 100 1038 1039 1040 1041 9.46 9.48 10.15 10.16 Atlantic ocean, near PoUock Rip Ught- ship Atlantic ocean, near Pollock Rip light- ship Atlantic ocean, near Pollock Rip Shoals lightship Atlantic ocean, near Pollock Rip Shoals lightship 41 32 00 41 32 00 41 36 35 41 36 35 69 54 40 69 54 40 69 53 50 69 53 50 15 30 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 4 4 4 4 5.68 5.68 5.68 5.68 100 100 100 100 1042 1043 1044 1045 10.18 11.15 11.16 11.18 Atlantic ocean, near Pollock Rip Shoals lightship. Atlantic ocean, 4 miles east of Chatham lighthouse Atlantic ocean, 4 miles east of Chatham lighthouse Atlantic ocean, 4 miles east of Chatham lighthouse 41 36 35 41 41 00 41 41 00 41 41 00 69 53 50 69 52 10 69 52 10 52 10 40 1 25 50 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 5.68 6.68 5.68 5.68 100 100 100 100 1046 1047 1048 1049 P.M. 12.45 12.46 12.48 2.30 Atlantic ocean, 114 miles off Nansset lighthouses. Cape Cod Atlantic ocean, 1}^ miles off Nansset lighthouses, Cape Cod Atlantic ocean, 1^ miles off Nansset lighthouses. Cape Cod Atlajitic ocean. 1 mile off Highland light. Cape Cod 41 51 50 41 51 50 41 51 50 42 02 45 69 56 25 69 55 25 69 55 25 70 02 35 1 35 70 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Flood 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 5.68 5.68 5.68 6.68 100 100 100 100 1050 1051 1052 1053 2.31 2.33 3.30 3.32 Atlantic ocean, 1 mile off Highland light. Cape Cod Atlantic ocean, 1 mile off Highland light, Cape Cod Cape Cod bay, by white buoy off Race Point, Provincetown Cape Cod bay_, by white buoy off Race Point, Provmcetown 42 02 45 42 02 45 42 02 46 42 02 45 70 02 35 70 02 35 70 15 06 70 16 05 30 60 1 50 Flood Flood Flood Flood 17.0 17.0 18.0 17.0 5.68 5.68 5.68 5.68 100 100 100 100 376 RESULTS OP ANALYSES TABLE XXVII— Continued 46— COURSE FROM VINEYARD HAVEN, MASS., TO PROVINCETOWN, MASS., AROUND CAPE COD, AUGUST 20, 1911— Continued Hour A.M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen Sample C.C. per utre Per No. Approximate Latitude Longitude cent, satura- tion 1054 3.34 4.15 4.16 4.18 Cape Cod bay, by white buoy off Race Point, Provincetown O f It 42 02 45 42 01 50 42 01 50 42 01 50 t If 70 15 05 70 09 45 70 09 45 70 09 45 100 1 30 60 Flood Flood Flood Flood 17.0 18.0 17.0 17.0 6 6 6 6 5.68 5.68 5.68 5.68 100 1055 Cape Cod bay, by bell buoy off Long Point light, just outside Province- town 100 1056 Cape Cod bay, by bell buoy off Long Point light, just outside Province- town 100 1057 Cape Cod bay, by beU buoy off Long Point Ught, just outside Province- 100 47— COURSE FROM PROVINCETOWN TO BOSTON, MASS. High water at Provincetown at 8.25 A. M. High water at Boston at 8.25 A. M. AUGUST 21, 1911 1058 A.M. 5.00 5.01 5.03 6.05 Provincetown harbor, 1 mile north of 42 02 45 42 02 45 42 02 45 42 02 45 70 10 20 70 10 20 70 10 20 70 15 05 1 20 40 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood 18.5 18.0 18.0 18.0 6 5 5 5 5.68 6.68 6.68 6.<68 100 1059 Provincetown harbor, 1 mile north of Long Point lighthouse 100 1060 Provincetown harbor, 1 mile north of Long Point lighthouse 100 1061 Cape Cod bay, by white buoy off Race Point, outside Provincetown 100 1062 1063 1064 6.06 6.08 6.45 6.46 Cape Cod bay, by white buoy off Race Point, outside Provincetown Cape Cod bay, by white buoy off Race Point, outside Provincetown Massachusetts bay, 2 miles northwest of Race Point. Cape Cod 42 02 45 42 02 45 42 04 35 42 04 35 70 15 05 70 15 05 70 16 35 70 16 35 50 100 1 50 Flood Flood Flood Flood 18.0 18.0 18.5 18.0 4 4 4 4 5.68 6.68 5.68 6.68 100 100 100 1065 Massachusetts bay, 2 miles northwest 100 1066 6.48 10.00 10.01 10.03 Massachusetts bay, 2 miles northwest of Race Point, Cape Cod 42 04 35 42 16 40 42 16 40 42 16 40 70 16 35 70 42 20 70 42 20 70 42 20 100 1 25 50 Flood Ebb Ebb Ebb 18.0 18.5 18.5 18.5 4 6 6 6 5.68 5.54 5.54 5.64 100 1067 1068 Massachusetts bay, by black buoy 2 miles off Minots' ledge light Massachusetts bay, by black buoy 2 miles off Minots ledge hght 100 100 1069 Massachusetts bay, by black buoy 2 100 1070 11.00 11.01 11.03 11.20 Massachusetts bay, 1 mile southeast of 42 19 15 42 19 15 42 19 15 42 19 35 70 52 25 70 52 25 70 52 25 70 55 55 1 20 40 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 18.5 18.5 18.5 19.5 6 6 6 6 6.54 5.54 6.54 5.47 100 1071 Massachusetts bay, 1 rmle southeast of 100 1072 Massachusetts bay, 1 mile southeast of Boston lisht 100 1073 Boston harbor. The Narrows, between Lovells Island and GaUups Island . . . 100 1074 1075 1076 11.21 11.23 11.45 11.46 Boston harbor. The Narrows, between Lovells Island and GaUups Island Boston harbor. The Narrows, between Lovells Island and GaUups Island Midway between Governor's Island 42 19 35 42 19 35 42 20 42 42 20 42 70 55 55 70 55 65 71 00 42 71 00 42 15 30 1 15 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.0 19.0 19.6 19.0 6 6 6 6 5.47 5.47 6.11 5.28 100 100 95 1077 Midway between Governor's Island 98 DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATEE 377 TABLE XXVII— Continued 47— COURSE FROM PROVINCETOWN TO BOSTON, MASS. AUGUST 21, 1911— Continued Sample No. Hour A.M. Location of Samples Approximate Latitude Longitude Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen CO. per litre Per cent, satura- tion 1078 1079 1080 1081 11.48 P.M. 12.16 12.16 12.17 Midway between Governor's Island and Cafltle Island Midway between East Boston docks and entrance to South bay Midway between East Boston docks and entrance to South bay Midway between East Boston docks and entrance to South bay Charles river, near mouth, just below last drawbridge Charles river, near mouth, just below last drawbridge Charles river, near mouth, just below last drawbridge o / // 42 20 42 42 21 39 42 21 39 42 21 39 O / // 71 00 42 71 02 35 71 02 35 71 02 35 30 1 15 30 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.0 19.5 19.0 19.0 5.28 4.93 5.07 5.07 91 94 94 1082 1083 1084 12.40 12.41 12.43 42 22 07 42 22 07 42 22 07 71 03 30 71 03 30 71 03 30 1 10 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.5 19.0 19.0 10 8 8 2.27 3.41 3.41 42 63 63 48— BOSTON HARBOR. INNER HARBOR TO SOUTH High water at Boston at 10.30 A. M. Low water at 4.30 P. CHANNEL IN OUTER HARBOR. AUGUST 23, 1911 M. 1085 A.M. 9.10 9.11 9.13 9.23 Boston inner harbor, midway between East Boston docks and entrance to South Bay, Boston 42 21 39 42 21 39 42 21 39 42 21 35 71 02 35 71 02 35 71 02 35 71 01 10 1 15 30 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.6 6 6 6 6 5.40 5.40 5.40 5.40 100 1086 Boston inner harbor, midway between East Boston docks and entrance to South Bay, Boston 100 100 100 1087 Boston inner harbor, midway between East Boston docks and entrance to South Bay, Boston 1088 Boston inner harbor, by red buoy 10, midway between Governor's Island and East Boston docks 1089 9.24 9.26 9.36 9.37 Boston inner harbor, by red buoy 10, midway between Governor's Island 42 21 35 42 21 35 42 20 42 42 20 42 71 01 10 71 01 10 71 00 42 71 00 42 10 15 1 15 Flood Flood Flood Flood 19.0 19.0 19.5 19.0 6 6 6 6 5.40 5.40 5.28 5.40 100 100 98 100 1090 Boston inner harbor, by red buoy 10, midway between Governor's Island and East Boston docks 1091 1092 Boston inner harbor, midway between Governor's Island and Castle Island. Boston inner harbor, midway between Governor's Island and Castle Island 1093 1094 9.39 9.55 9.56 9.58 10.18 Boston inner harbor, midway between Governor's Island and Castle Island Boston outer harbor, midway between Deer Island light and Governor's Island 42 20 42 42 20 36 42 20 36 42 20 36 42 20 06 71 00 42 70 58 45 70 58 45 70 58 45 70 67 13 30 1 10 20 1 Flood Flood ' Flood Flood Flood 19.0 19.5 19.0 19.0 19.5 6 6 6 6 6 5.40 5.40 5.40 5.40 6.42 100 100 100 100 100 1095 Boston outer harbor, midway between Deer Island light and Governor's Island 1096 Boston outer harbor, midway between Deer Island Ught and Governor's Island 1097 Boston outer harbor, midway between Deer Island light and Long Island light 378 EESULTS OP ANALYSES TABLE XXVII— Continued 48— BOSTON HARBOR. INNER HARBOR TO SOUTH CHANNEL IN OUTER HARBOR. AUGUST 23, 1911— Continued Sample No. Hour A. M. Location of Samples Approximate Latitude Longitude Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen C.C. litre Per cent, satura- tion 1098 1099 1100 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105 10.19 10.21 10.40 10.41 10.43 P.M. 3.00 3.01 3.03 Boston outer harbor, midway between Deer Island light and Long Island hght Boston outer harbor, midway between Deer Island light and Long Island light Boston outer harbor, by gas buoy 8, entrance to South channel (north of Lovell's Island) Boston outer harbor, by gas buoy 8, entrance to South channel (north of LoveU's Island) Boston outer harbor, by gas buoy 8, entrance to South channel (north of Lovell's Island) Boston inner harbor, midway between East Boston docks and entrance to South bay, Boston Boston inner harbor, midway between East Boston docks and entrance to South bay, Boston Boston inner harbor, midway between East Boston docks and entrance to South bay, Boston Boston inner harbor, by red buoy 10, midway between Governor's Island and East Boston docks Boston inner harbor, by red buoy 10; midway between Governor's Island and East Boston docks Boston inner harbor, by red buoy 10, midway between Governor's Island and East Boston docks Midway between Governor's Island and Castle Island Midway between Governor's Island and Castle Island Midway between Governor's Island and Castle Island Boston outer harbor, midway between Deer Island light and Governor's Island Boston outer harbor, midway between Deer Island light and Governor's Island Boston outer harbor, midway between Deer Island light and Governor's Island Boston outer harbor, midway between Deer Island Ught and Long Island light Boston outer harbor, midway between Deer Island light and Long Island Ught Boston outer harbor, midway between Deer Island light and Long Island light Boston outer harbor, by gas buoy 8, at entrance to South channel Boston outer harbor, by gas buoy 8, at entrance to South channel Boston outer harbor, by gas buoy 8, at entrance to South channel O f It 42 20 06 42 20 06 42 20 34 42 20 34 42 20 34 42 21 39 42 21 39 42 21 39 O / // 70 57 13 70 57 13 70 56 04 70 56 04 30 60 1 20 Flood Flood Flood Flood 19.0 19.0 18.0 17.0 70 56 04 71 02 35 71 02 35 71 02 35 40 1 15 30 Flood Ebb Ebb Ebb 17.0 19.5 19.0 19.0 6.42 5.42 5.47 5.47 5.47 4.51 4.65 4.65 100 100 100 100 100 84 86 86 1106 1107 1108 1109 1110 nil 1112 1113 1114 1115 3.13 3.14 3.16 3.26 3.27 42 21 35 42 21 35 42 21 35 42 20 42 42 20 42 71 01 10 71 01 10 71 01 10 71 00 42 71 00 42 1 10 15 1 15 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.5 19.0 19.0 19.5 19.0 3.29 3.45 3.46 3.48 4.10 20 42 20 36 20 36 20 36 20 06 71 00 42 70 58 45 70 58 45 70 58 45 70 57 13 30 1 10 20 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.0 19.5 19.0 19.0 19.5 4.93 5.07 5.07 5.00 5.14 5.14 5.11 5.26 5.26 5.40 91 94 94 93 95 95 95 97 97 100 1116 1117 1118 1119 1120 4.11 4.13 4.30 4.31 4.33 42 20 06 20 06 20 34 20 34 20 34 70 57 13 70 57 13 70 56 04 70 56 04 70 56 04 30 60 1 20 40 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.0 19.0 19.5 19.0 19.0 5.40 5.40 5.47 5.47 5.47 100 100 100 100 100 DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATEE 379 TABLE XXVII— Continued 49— BOSTON HASBOR, FROM INNER HARBOR TO SOUTH CHANNEL IN OUTER HARBOR. AUGUST 26, 1911 High water at Boston at 12.10 P. M. Low water at 6.00 p.m. Rain all day. Sample No. Hour A.M. Location of Samples Approximate Latitude Longitude Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen C. C. per litre Per cent, satura- tion 1121 1122 1123 1124 9.00 9.01 9.03 9.13 Boston inner harbor, midway between East Boston docks and entrance to South bay Boston inner harbor, midway between East Boston docks and entrance to South bay Boston inner harbor, midway between East Boston docks and entrance to South bay Boston inner harbor, by red buoy 10, midway between Governor's Island and East Boston docks o / // 42 21 39 42 21 39 42 21 39 42 21 35 O I It 71 02 35 71 02 35 71 02 35 71 01 10 1 15 30 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood 19.5 19.0 19.0 19.5 5.00 5.26 5.26 5.22 93 97 97 97 1125 1126 1127 1128 9.14 9.16 9.26 9.27 Boston inner harbor, by red buoy 10, midway between Governor's Island and East Boston docks Boston inner harbor, by red buoy 10, midway between Governor's Island and East Boston docks Boston inner harbor, midway between Governor's Island and Castle Island Boston inner harbor, midway between Governor's Island and Castle Island 42 21 35 42 21 35 42 20 42 42 20 42 71 01 10 71 01 10 71 00 42 71 00 42 10 15 1 15 Flood Flood Flood Flood 19.0 19.0 19.5 19.0 5.36 5.36 5.11 5.40 99 99 95 100 1129 1130 1131 1132 9.29 9.45 9.46 9.48 Boston inner harbor, midway between Governor's Island and Castle Island Boston outer harbor, midway between Deer Island light and Governor's Island Boston outer harbor, midway between Deer Island light and Governor's Island Boston outer harbor, midwOT between Deer Island light and Governor's Island 42 20 42 42 20 36 42 20 36 42 20 36 71 00 42 70 58 45 70 58 45 70 58 45 30 1 10 20 Flood Flood Flood Flood 19.0 19.5 19.0 19.0 5.40 5.42 5.42 5.42 100 100 100 100 1133 1134 1135 1136 1137 10.10 10.11 10.13 10.30 10.31 Boston outer harbor, midway between Deer Island light and Long Island light ; Boston outer harbor, midway between Deer Island light and Long Island Ught Boston outer harbor, midway between Deer Island light and Long Island light Boston outer harbor, by gas buoy 8, entrance to South channel Boston outer harbor, by gas buoy 8, entrance to South channel 42 20 06 42 20 06 42 20 06 42 20 34 42 20 34 70 57 13 70 57 13 70 57 13 70 56 04 70 56 04 1 30 60 1 15 Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood 19.5 19.0 19.0 19.5 19.0 6 4 4 4 4 5.40 5.40 5.40 5.42 5.42 100 100 100 100 100 1138 1139 1140 1141 1142 10.33 P.M. 3.00 3.01 3.03 3.13 Boston outer harbor, by gas buoy 8, entrance to South channel Boston inner harbor, midway between East Boston docks and entrance to South bay, Boston Boston inner harbor, midway between East Boston docks and entrance to South bay, Boston Boston inner harbor, midway between East Boston docks and entrance to South bay, Boston: Boston inner harbor, by red buoy 10, midway between Governor's Island and East Boston docks 42 20 34 42 21 39 42 21 39 42 21 39 42 21 35 70 56 04 71 02 35 71 02 35 71 02 35 71 01 10 30 1 15 30 1 Flood Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 5.42 4.65 4.78 4.78 6.07 100 86 89 89 94 380 • RESULTS OP ANALYSES TABLE XXVII— Continued 49— BOSTON HARBOR, INNER HARBOR TO SOUTH CHANNEL IN OUTER HARBOR. AUGUST 25, 1911— Continued Hour P.M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen Sample CO. litre Per No. Approximate Latitude Longitude cent, satura- tion 1143 1144 1145 1146 3.14 3.16 3.26 3.27 Boston inner harbor, by red buoy 10, midway between Governor's Island and East Boston docks. Boston inner harbor, by red buoy 10, midway between Governor's Island and East Boston docks Boston inner harbor, midway between Governor's Island and Castle Island Boston inner harbor, midway between Governor's Island and Castle Island o / // 42 21 35 42 21 35 42 20 42 42 20 42 o / // 71 01 10 71 01 10 71 00 42 71 00 42 10 15 1 15 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 6 6 6 6 5.22 5.22 5.07 5.22 97 97 94 97 1147 1148 3.29 3.4S 3.49 3.51 4.12 Boston inner harbor, midway between Governor's Island and Castle Island Bpston outer harbor, midway between Deer Island light and Governor's 42 20 42 42 20 36 42 20 36 42 20 36 42 20 06 71 00 42 70 58 45 70 58 45 70 58 45 70 57 13 30 1 10 20 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 6 6 6 6 6 5.22 5.26 5.40 5.40 5.40 97 97 1149 Boston outer harbor, midway between Deer Island Ught and Governor's Island 100 1150 Boston outer harbor, midway between Deer Island light and Governor's Island 100 1151 Boston outer harbor, midway between Deer Island Ught and Governor's 100 1152 4.13 4.15 4.30 4.31 4.33 Boston outer harbor, midway between Deer Island light and Governor's 42 20 06 42 20 06 42 20 34 42 20 34 42 20 34 70 57 13 70 57 13 70 56 04 70 56 04 70 56 04 30 60 1 15 30 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 6 6 6 4 4 5.40 5.40 5.42 5.42 5.42 100 1153 Boston outer harbor, midway between Deer Island light and Governor's 100 1154 Boston outer harbor, by gas buoy 8 at 100 1155 Boston outer harbor, by gas buoy 8 at entrance to South channel 100 1156 Boston outer harbor, by gas buoy 8 at 100 60— BOSTON INNER HARBOR AT CHARLES RIVER. AUGUST 28, 1911 High water at Boston at 2.28 P. M. 1157 1158 1159 1160 A.M. 8.45 8.46 8.48 9.00 Charles river, midway between mouth and lowest bridge Charles river, midway between mouth and lowest bridge Charles river, midway between mouth and lowest bridge Inner harbor off mouth of Charles river, midway to East Boston. . 42 22 15 42 22 15 42 22 15 42 22 16 71 03 18 71 03 18 71 03 18 71 02 55 1 15 30 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Flood 20.0 19.5 19.5 19.5 32 24 24 18 1.79 2.39 2.39 2.84 31 43 43 52 1161 1162 1163 9.01 9.03 9.10 Inner harbor off mouth of Charles river, midway to East Boston. . . . Inner harbor off mouth of Charles river, midway to East Boston. . . . Inner harbor, midway between Charles- town and East Boston, between Charles and Mystic rivers 42 22 16 42 22 16 42 22 36 71 02 55 71 02 55 71 02 47 15 30 Flood Flood Flood 19.0 19.0 19.5 12 12 12 3.98 74 74 3.98 3.75 70 DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATER 381 TABLE XXVII— Continued 5fr— BOSTON INNER HARBOR AT CHARLES RIVER. AUGUST 28, 1911— Continued. Sample No. Hour A.M. Location of Samples Approximate Latitude Longitude Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen C. C. per litre Per cent, satura- tion 1164 1165 1166 1167 1168 9.11 9.13 9.20 9.21 9.23 Inner harbor, midway between CharleS' town and East Boston, between Charles and Mystic rivers Inner harbor, midway between CharleS' town and East Boston, between Charles and Mystic rivers Inner harbor, off mouth of Chelsea river Inner harbor, off mouth of Chelsea river Inner harbor, off mouth of Chelsea river 42 22 36 42 22 36 42 23 09 42 23 09 42 23 09 71 02 47 71 02 47 71 02 28 71 02 28 71 02 28 15 30 1 15 25 Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood 19.0 19.0 19.5 19.0 19.0 10 10 10 8 8 3.89 3.89 3.77 4.06 4.06 72 72 70 75 75 1169 1170 1171 1172 1173 9.30 9.31 9.33 9.40 9.41 Inner harbor, just below Mystic river bridge Inner harbor, just below Mystic river bridge Inner harbor, just below Mystic river bridge Inner harbor, just off south branch of Mystic river Inner harbor, just off south branch of Mystic river 42 23 05 42 23 05 42 23 05 42 22 46 42 22 46 71 02 45 71 02 45 71 02 45 71 02 53 71 02 53 1 15 20 1 15 Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood 19.5 19.0 19.0 19.5 19.0 10 8 8 16 8 3.83 4.00 4.00 3.88 4.18 71 74 74 72 77 1174 1175 1176 1177 9.43 12.00 P.M. 12.01 12.03 Inner harbor, just off south branch of Mystic river Charles river, midway between mouth and lowest bridge Charles river, midway between mouth and lowest bridge Charles river, midway between mouth and lowest bridge 42 22 46 42 22 15 42 22 15 42 22 15 71 02 53 71 03 18 71 03 18 71 03 18 30 1 15 30 Flood Flood Flood Flood 19.0 19.5 19.5 19.5 8 32 18 18 4.18 2.03 3.48 3.48 77 36 63 63 61— BOSTON OUTER HARBOR VX THE VICINITY OF DEER ISLAND LIGHT. AUGUST 28, 1911 High water at Boston at 2.28 P. M. 1178 P.M. 1.00 1.01 1.03 2.50 Boston outer harbor, midway between Deer Island Ught and Governor's 42 20 36 42 20 36 42 20 36 42 20 23 70 58 45 70 58 45 70 58 45 70 57 17 1 10 20 1 Flood Flood Flood Ebb 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.5 6 6 6 16 5.40 5.40 5.40 5.07 100 1179 Boston outer harbor, midway between Deer Island light and Governor's Island 100 1180 Boston outer harbor, midway between Deer Island light and Governor's Island 100 1181 50 feet south of Deer Island hght 92 1182 1183 1184 1185 2.51 3.00 3.01 3.03 50 feet south of Deer Island hght 100 feet south of Deer Island hght. . . . 100 feet south of Deer Island light. . . . 100 feet south of Deer Island Ught 42 20 23 42 20 22 42 20 22 42 20 22 70 57 17 70 57 17 70 57 17 70 57 17 12 1 30 60 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.0 19.5 19.0 19.0 8 16 8 8 5.37 5.07 5.36 5.36 99 92 99 99 1186 1187 1188 1189 3.12 3.13 3.15 3.20 500 feet southeast of Deer Island light 500 feet southeast of Deer Island light 500 feet southeast of Deer Island hght 1000 feet east of Deer Island Ught 42 20 22 42 20 22 42 20 22 42 20 26 70 57 12 70 57 12 70 57 12 70 67 06 1 30 60 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.5 19.0 19.0 19.0 10 6 6 6 5.00 5.42 5.42 5.40 93 100 100 100 1190 1191 1192 1193 1194 3.21 3.23 3.30 3.31 3.33 1000 feet east of Deer Island Ught 1000 feet east of Deer Island Ught Near buoy 8, inside South channel Near buoy 8, inside South channel Near buoy 8, inside South channel — 42 20 26 42 20 26 42 20 34 42 20 34 42 20 34 70 57 06 70 57 06 70 56 04 70 56 04 70 56 04 25 50 1 25 50 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 6 6 6 6 6 5.40 5.40 5.47 5.47 5.47 100 100 100 100 100 382 RESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XXVII— Continued 62— BOSTON INNER HASBOR AND CHARLES RIVER, AUGUST 29, 1911. High water at Boston at 3.17 P. M. Sample No. Hour A.M. Location of Samples Approximate Latitude Longitude Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen C.C. per litre Per cent, satura- tion 1195 1196 1197 1198 9.00 9.01 9.03 9.20 Charles river, midway between mouth and lowest bridge Charles river, midway between mouth and lowest bridge Charles river, midway between mouth and lowest bridge Inner harbor, midway between East Boston docks and entrance to-South bay Inner harbor, midway between East Boston docks and entrance to South bay Inner harbor, midway between East Boston docks and entrance to South bay Inner harbor, by buoy 10, between East Boston docks and Governor's Island Inner harbor, by buoy 10, between East Boston docks and Governor's Island Innerharbor, bybuoy 10 between East Boston docks and Governor's Island Inner harbor, midway between Gov- ernor's Island and Castle Island .... Inner harbor, midway between Gov- ernor's Island and Castle Island. . . . Inner harbor, midway between Gov- ernor's Island and Castle Island. . . . o / // 42 22 15 42 22 15 42 22 15 42 21 39 O / // 71 03 18 71 03 18 71 03 18 71 02 35 1 15 30 Flood Flood Flood Flood 20.0 19.5 19.5 19.5 16 16 10 2.27 3.41 3.41 3.69 41 62 62 68 1199 1200 1201 1202 9.21 9.23 9.33 9.34 42 21 39 42 21 39 42 21 35 42 21 35 71 02 35 71 02 35 71 01 10 71 01 10 15 30 1 10 Flood Flood Flood Flood 19.0 19.0 19.5 19.0 6 10 6 4.26 4.26 4.48 4.83 80 80 83 90 1203 1204 1205 1206 9.36 9.51 9.52 9.54 42 21 35 42 20 42 42 20 42 42 20 42 71 01 10 71 00 42 71 00 42 71 00 42 15 1 15 30 Flood Flood Flood Flood 19.0 19.5 19.0 19.0 6 10 6 6 4.83 4.64 5.11 5.11 90 86 95 95 63— BOSTON OUTER HARBOR IN THE VICINITY OF DEER ISLAND LIGHT. AUGUST 29, 1911 A.M. 1207 10.05 Outer harbor, midway between Gov- ernor's Island and Deer Island Ught. 42 20 36 70 58 45 1 Flood 19.5 8 5.40 100 1208 10.06 Outer harbor, midway between Gov- ernor's Island and Deer Island light. 42 20 36 70 58 45 10 Flood 19.0 6 5.40 100 1209 10.08 Outer harbor, midway between Gov- ernor's Island and Deer Island Ught. 42 20 36 70 5^ 45 20 Flood 19.0 6 5.40 100 1210 10.18 1000 feet west of Deer Island light 42 20 22 70 57 30 1 Flood 19.5 12 5.07 94 1211 10.19 1000 feet west of Deer Island light 42 20 22 70 57 30 20 Flood 19.0 6 5.52 100 1212 10.21 1000 feet west of Deer Island light. . . . 42 20 22 70 57 30 45 Flood 19.0 6 5.52 100 1213 10.40 10 feet west of sewer outlet at Deer 10.42 42 20 23 70 57 18 1 Flood 19.5 32 2.99 53 1214 10 feet west of sewer outlet at Deer Tsland lisrht . 42 20 23 70 57 18 7 Flood 19.0 11 4.78 86 64— BOSTON INNER HARBOR AND CHARLES RIVER. AUGUST 29, 1911 High water at Boston at 3.17 P. M. 1215 1216 1217 1218 P.M. 1.20 1. 1 1.23 1.32 Charles river, midway between mouth and lowest bridge Charles river, midway between mouth and lowest bridge Charles river, midway between mouth and lowest bridge Midway between East Boston docks and entrance to South bay 42 22 15 42 22 15 42 22 15 42 21 39 71 03 18 71 03 18 71 03 18 71 02 35 1 15 30 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood 19.6 19.0 19.0 19.5 52 12 10 10 2.27 3.41 3.41 4.38 38 62 62 81 DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATER TABLE XXVII— Continued 64— BOSTON INNER HARBOR AND CHARLES RIVER. AUGUST 29, 1911— Continued 383 Hour P.M. Location of Samples Feet > below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent. land water Oxygen Sample CO. per litre Per No. Approximate Latitude Longitude cent, satura- tion 1219 1.33 1.35 1.44 1.45 Midway between East Boston docks and entrance to South bay / // 42 21 39 42 21 39 42 21 35 42 21 35 o / /; 71 02 35 71 02 35 71 01 10 71 01 10 15 30 1 10 Flood Flood Flood Flood 19.0 19.0 19.5 19.0 6 6 10 6 4.79 4.79 4.69 5.11 89 1220 Midway between East Boston docks and entrance to South bay 89 1221 By buoy 10, between Governor's Island and JEast Boston docks 87 1222 By buoy 10, between Governor's Island and East Boston docks 95 1223 1.47 1.67 1.58 2.00 By buoy 10, between Governor's Island and East Boston docks 42 21 35 42 20 42 42 20 42 42 20 42 71 01 10 71 00 42 71 00 42 71 00 42 15 1 15 30 Flood Flood Flood Flood 19.0 19.5 19.0 19.0 6 8 6 6 5.11 5.22 5.50 5.50 95 1224 Midway between Governor's Island 97 1225 Midway between Governor's Island 100 1226 Midway between Governor's Island and Castle Island 100 1227 2.20 2.21 2.23 Midway between Governor's Island and Deer Island light 42 20 36 42 20 36 42 20 36 70 58 45 70 58 45 70 58 45 1 10 20 Flood Flood Flood 19.0 19.0 19.0 6 6 6 5.40 5.40 5.40 100 1228 Midway between Governor's Island and Deer Island light 100 1229 Midway between Governor's Island and Deer Island light 100 66— BOSTON OUTER HARBOR, IN THE VICINITY OF DEER ISLAND LIGHT. AUGUST 29, 1911 High water at Boston at 3.17 P. M. 1230 1231 1232 1233 P.M. 2.30 2.31 2.33 3.45 500 feet east of Deer Island light 500 feet east of Deer Island light 500 feet east of Deer Island light 250 feet east of Deer Island light 42 20 26 42 20 26 42 20 26 40 26 26 70 57 12 70 57 12 70 57 12 "O 57 14 1 15 30 Surface Flood Flood Flood Ebb 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.5 11 8 7 12 4.93 5.50 5.50 4.93 91 100 100 91 1234 1235 1236 1237 3.46 3.48 3.50 3.52 250 feet east of Deer Island light 250 feet east of Deer Island Ught 250 feet east of Deer Island light 250 feet east of Deer Island light 40 26 26 40 26 26 40 26 26 40 26 26 70 57 14 70 57 14 70 57 14 70 57 14 1 2 3 5 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.5 19.0 19.0 19.0 12 10 8 6 4.93 5.11 5.40 5.47 91 95 100 100 1238 1239 1240 3.54 3.56 3.58 250 feet east of Deer Island light 250 feet east of Deer Island light 250( feet east of Deer Island light 40 26 26 40 26 26 40 26 26 70 57 14 70 57 14 70 57 14 10 15 30 Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.0 19.0 19.0 6 6 6 5.47 5.52 5.52 100 100 100 66— BOSTON OUTER HARBOR, IN THE VICINITY OP DEER ISLAND LIGHT. AUGUST 30, 1911 High water at Boston at 4.05 P. M. 1241 1242 1243 1244 A.M. 11.00 11.01 11.03 11.05 100 feet southwest of Deer Island light 100 feet southwest of Deer Island Ught 100 feet southwest of Deer Island light 100 feet southwest of Deer Island light 42 20 23 42 20 23 42 20 23 42 20 23 70 57 18 70 57 18 70 57 18 70 57 18 Surface 1 2 3 Flood Flood Flood Flood 19.5 19.5 19.0 19.0 12 12 8 6 4.83 4.83 5.28 5.42 90 90 98 100 1245 1246 1247 1248 11.07 11.09 11.11 11.13 100 feet Southwest of Deer Island light 100 feet southwest of Deer Island light 100 feet southwest of Deer Island Hght 100 feet southwest of Deer Island light 42 20 23 42 20 23 42 20 23 42 20 23 70 57 18 70 57 18 70 57 18 70 57 18 5 10 30 60 Flood Flood Flood Flood 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 6 6 6 6 5.47 5.47 5.52 5.52 100 100 100 100 384 EESULTS OP ANALYSES TABLE XXVII— Continued 66— BOSTON OUTER HARBOR, IN THE VICINITY OF DEER ISLAND LIGHT. AUGUST 30, 1911— Continued Hour P.M. Location of Sampli 38 Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen Sample C.C. per litre Per No. Approximate Latitude Longitude cent, satura- tion 1249 1250 1251 1252 3.46 3.48 3.50 3.52 100 feet south of Deer Island light. . . . 100 feet south of Deer Island light 100 feet south of Deer Island hght 100 feet south of Deer Island light. . . . § it 42 20 22 42 20 22 42 20 22 42 20 22 / // 70 57 17 70 57 17 70 57 17 70 57 17 Surface 1 2 3 Flood Flood Flood Flood 19.5 19.5 19.0 19.0 20 20 12 6 4.37 4.37 5.14 5.42 80 80 95 100 1253 1254 1255 1256 3.54 3.56 3.58 4.00 100 feet south of Deer Island light 100 feet south of Deer Island light 100 feet south of Deer Island hght. . . . 100 feet south of Deer Island light 42 20 22 42 20 22 42 20 22 42 20 22 70 57 17 70 57 17 70 57 17 70 57 17 5 10 30 60 Flood Flood Flood Flood 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 6 6 6 6 5.40 5.40 5.52 5.52 100 100 100 100 67— BOSTON OUTER HARBOR, OFF PEDDOCK'S ISLAND. High water at Boston 9.05 A. M. SEPTEMBER 6, 1911 1257 P.M. 1.30 1.32 1.34 1.36 About yi mUe north of west extremity of Paddock's Island 42 17 39 42 17 39 42 17 39 42 17 39 70 57 04 70 57 04 70 57 04 70 57 04 Surface 1 2 3 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 16 16 14 10 4.93 4.93 5.11 5.37 86 1258 About J^ mile north of west extremity of Paddock's Island 86 1259 About Ji mile north of west extremity of Paddock's Island 90 1260 About ]4, mile north of west extremity of Paddock's Island 96 1261 1.38 1.40 1.42 1.44 About ]4, mile north of west extremity of Paddock's Island 42 17 39 42 17 39 42 17 39 42 17 39 70 57 04 70 57 04 70 57 04 70 57 04 5 10 15 30 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 8 6 6 6 5.37 5.47 5.56 5.56 89 1262 About 14: mile north of west extremity of Paddock's Island 99 1263 About M mile north of west extremity of Paddock's Island 100 1264 About Ji mile north of west extremity of Paddock's Island 100 1265 2.50 2.52 2.54 2.56 Just south of Sunken Ledge Beacon, off Paddock's Island 42 17 32 42 17 32 42 17 32 42 17 32 70 57 37 70 57 37 70 57 37 70 57 37 Sm-face 1 2 3 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 8 8 8 8 5.52 5.50 5.54 5.54 100 1266 Just south of Sunken Ledge Beacon, off Paddock's Island 100 1267 Just south of Sunken Ledge Beacon, off Paddock's Island 100 1268 Just south of Sunken Ledge Beacon, off Paddock's Island 100 1269 2.58 3.00 3.02 Just south of Sunken Ledge Beacon, off Paddock's Island 42 17 32 42 17 32 42 17 32 70 57 37 70 57 37 70 57 37 5 10 15 Ebb Ebb Ebb 19.0 19.0 19.0 8 8 8 5.64 5.56 5.56 100 1270 Just south of Sunken Ledge Beacon, off Paddock's Island 100 1271 Just south of Sunken Ledge Beacon, off Paddock's Island 100 68— BOSTON OUTER HARBOR, OFF MOON HEAD. SEPTEMBER 6, 1911 High water at Boston 9.50 A. M. 1272 1273 1274 1275 A.M. 11.00 11.02 11.04 11.06 1000 feet north of Moon Head sewer outlet 1000 feet north of Moon Head sewer outlet 1000 feet north of Moon Head sewer outlet 1000 feet north of Moon Head sewer outlet 42 18 38 42 18 38 42 18 38 42 18 38 70 59 30 70 59 30 70 59 30 70 59 30 Surface 1 2 3 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 18.5 18.5 18.5 18.5 18 18 14 12 4.26 4.35 6.11 6.33 73 76 90 95 DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATEE 385 TABLE XXVII— Continued 68— BOSTON OUTER HARBOR, OFF MOON HEAD. SEPTEMBER 6, 1911— Continued Hour A.M. Location of Sample 38 Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen Sample C.C. per litre Per No. Approximate Latitude Longitude cent. satura- tion 1276 11.08 11.10 11.12 P.M. 12.10 12.12 1000 feet north of Moon Head sewer outlet o 1 If 42 18 38 42 18 38 42 18 38 42 19 06 42 19 06 in' 70 59 30 70 59 30 70 59 30 70 59 15 70 59 15 5 10 15 Surface 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 18.5 18.5 18.5 18.6 18.6 10 8 6 8 8 6.47 5.64 6.65 6.60 6.62 08 1277 1000 feet north of Moon Head sewer outlet 99 1278 1000 feet north of Moon Head sewer outlet 100 1279 Near red buoy S6, north of Spectacle Island. Buoy about % mile north of Moon Head outlet 100 1280 Near red buoy S6, north of Spectacle Island. Buoy about % nule north of Moon Head outlet 100 1281 12.14 12.16 12.18 12.20 12.22 Near red buoy S6, north of Spectacle Island. Buoy about % mile north of Moon Head outlet 42 19 06 42 19 06 42 19 06 42 19 06 42 19 06 70 59 15 70 59 15 70 59 15 70 59 15 70 59 15 2 3 5 10 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 18.5 18.5 18.6 18.6 18.5 6 6 6 6 6 5.66 5.65 5.68 5.68 6.68 100 1282 Near red buoy S6, north of Spectacle Island. Buoy about % mile north of Moon Head Outlet 1283 Near red buoy S6, north of Spectacle Island. Buoy about Ji mile north of Moon Head outlet 100 100 1284 Near red buoy S6, north of Spectacle Island. Buoy about Ji mile north of Moon Head outlet 100 1285 Near red buoy S6, north of Spectacle Island. Buoy about % mile north of Moon Head outlet 100 59— BOSTON OUTER HARBOR, OFF PEDDOCK'S ISLAND. SEPTEMBER 7, 1911 High water at Boston at 10.28 A. M. 1286 A.M. 10.36 10.38 10.40 10.42 About ]4: nule north of western extrem- ity of Paddock's Island 42 17 39 42 17 39 42 17 39 42 17 39 70 67 04 70 57 04 70 67 04 70 57 04 Surface 1 2 3 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 16 16 14 8 4.83 4.93 5.07 5.56 83 1287 About M niile north of western extrem- ity of Paddock's Island 85 1288 About 14: mile north of western extrem- 88 1289 About \i mile north of western extrem- itv of Paddocks Island 98 1290 10.44 10.46 10.48 10.50 About Ji mile north of western extrem- 42 17 39 42 17 39 42 17 39 42 17 39 70 57 04 70 57 04 70 57 04 70 67 04 6 10 15 35 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 8 6 4 4 6.56 6.65 5.68 6.68 98 1291 About Ji mile north of western extrem- 100 1292 About 34 iiiile north of western extrem- itv of Paddock's Island 100 1293 About M naile north of western extrem- ity of Paddock's Island 100 60— BOSTON OUTER HARBOR, OFF MOON HEAD. SEPTEMBER 7, 1911 High water at Boston at 10.28 A. M. 1294 1295 1296 A.M. 11.20 11.22 P.M. 12.18 500 feet north of sewer outlet at north- west corner of Moon Head 500 feet north of sewer outlet at north- west corner of Moon Head 500 feet north of sewer outlet at north- west corner of Moon Head 42 18 33 70 69 29 1 Ebb 17.0 8 5.68 42 18 33 70 59 29 20 Ebb 17.0 4 5.68 42 18 33 70 59 29 Surface Ebb 17.0 20 3.98 100 100 68 386 RESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XXVII— Continued 60— BOSTON OUTER HARBOR, OFF MOON HEAD. SEPTEMBER 7, 1911— Continued Hour P.M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen Sample C. C. per Utre Per No. Approximate Latitude Longitude cent, satura- tion 1297 12.20 12.22 12.24 500 feet north of sewer outlet at north- O 1 II 42 18 33 42 18 33 42 18 33 a 1 II 70 59 29 70 59 29 70 59 29 1 2 3 Ebb Ebb Ebb 17.0 17.0 17.0 20 14 12 3.98 4.49 5.00 68 1298 1299 500 feet north of sewer outlet at north- west corner of Moon Head 500 feet north of sewer outlet at north- west corner of Moon Head 78 88 1300 12.26 12.28 12.30 500 feet north of sewer outlet at north- west corner of Moon Head 42 18 33 42 18 33 42 18 33 70 59 29 70 59 29 70 59 29 5 10 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb 17.0 17.0 17.0 12 10 8 5.37 6.52 5.68 94 1301 500 feet north of sewer outlet at north- 97 1302 500 feet north of sewer outlet at north- west corner of Moon Head 100 61— CHARLES RIVER AT BOSTON. SEPTEMBER 8, 1911 High water at Boston at 11 .05 A. M. 1303 1304 A.M. 10.00 10.02 Charles river, midway between mouth and lowest drawbridge Charles river, midway between mouth and lowest drawbridge 42 22 15 42 22 15 71 03 18 71 03 18 Surface 20 Flood Flood 17.0 17.0 28 16 2.56 3.69 43 64 62— BOSTON OUTER HARBOR, OFF PEDDOCKS ISLAND. SEPTEMBER 9, 1911 High water at Boston at 11 .45 A. M. 1305 1306 1307 1308 1309 1310 1311 1312 A.M. 10.20 10.22 10.24 10.26 10.28 10.30 10.32 10.34 About Ji mile of Peddocks About ]4, mile of Peddocks About }4, mile of Peddocks About M mile of Peddocks About yi mile of Peddocks About 14, mile of Peddocks About Ji mile of Peddocks About ]4, mile of Peddocks north of west extremity Island north of west extremity Island north of west extermity Island t north of west extremity Island north of west extremity Island north of west extremity Island north of west extremity Island north of west extremity Island 17 39 70 57 04 Surface Flood 17.0 8 5.67 17 39 70 57 04 1 Flood 17.0 8 5.67 17 39 70 57 04 2 Flood 17.0 8 5.67 17 39 70 57 04 3 Flood 17.0 6 5.68 17 39 70 57 04 5 Flood 17.0 - 6 5.68 17 39 70 57 04 10 Flood 17.0 6 5.68 17 39 70 57 04 15 Flood 17.0 6 5.70 17 39 70 57 04 35 Flood 17.0 6 5.70 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 63— BOSTON OUTER HARBOR, OFF PEDDOCKS ISLAND. SEPTEMBER 11 1911 High water at Boston at 1 .06 P. M. 1313 1314 1315 1316 A.M. 10.00 10.02 10.04 10.06 About yi mile north of west end of Peddocks Island About ]4, mile north of west end of Peddocks Island About J^ mile north of west end of of Peddocks Island About J^ mile north of west end of Peddocks Island 42 17 39 42 17 39 42 17 39 42 17 39 70 57 14 70 57 14 70 57 14 70 57 14 Surface 1 2 3 Flood Flood Flood Flood 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 14 14 14 12 4.83 4.83 4.93 5.22 83 83 85 92 DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATEE 387 TABLE XXVII— Continued 63— BOSTON OUTER HARBOR, OFF PEDDOCKS ISLAND. SEPTEMBER 11, 1911— Continued Hour A.M. Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen Sample C. C. per litre Per No. Approximate Latitude Longitude cent, satura- tion 1317 10.08 10.10 10.12 10.14 About }4: niile north of west end of Peddocks Island Q t ft 42 17 39 42 17 39 42 17 39 42 17 39 o t ft 70 57 14 70 57 14 70 57 14 70 57 14 5 10 15 35 Flood Flood Flood Flood 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 12 10 10 8 5.37 5.40 5.56 4.70 94 1318 About 34 DQJle north of west end of Peddocks Island 95 1319 About M niile north of west end of 98 1320 About 34 mile north of west end of 100 64— BOSTON OUTER HARBOR, OFF MOON HEAD. SEPTEMBER 11, 1911 High water at Boston at 1.06 P. M. 1321 1322 1323 1324 P.M. 3.00 3.02 3.04 3.06 1000 feet north of Moon Head outlet. . 1000 feet north of Moon Head outlet. . 1000 feet north of Moon Head outlet. 1000 feet north of Moon Head outlet. 18 38 18 38 18 38 18 38 70 59 30 70 .59 30 70 59 30 70 59 30 Surface 1 2 3 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 22 22 18 14 3.98 3.98 4.45 5.07 68 68 76 87 1325 1326 1327 1328 3.08 3.10 ;-!.i2 3.30 1000 feet north of Moon Head outlet. 1000 feet north of Moon Head outlet. 1000 feet north of Moon Head outlet. . By red buoy S2, south of Long Island, west end 18 38 18 38 18 38 42 18 30 70 59 30 70 59 30 70 59 30 70 58 27 5 10 15 Surface Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 12 8 6 20 5.22 5.52 5.68 4.26 92 97 100 72 1329 1330 1331 1332 3.32 3.34 3.36 3.38 By red buoy S2, south of Long Island, west end By red buoy S2, south of Long Island, west end '. By red buoy S2, south of Long Island west end By red buoy S2, south of Long Island, west end 18 30 18 30 18 30 18 30 70 58 27 70 58 27 70 58 27 70 58 27 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 20 16 12 10 4.26 4.92 5.22 5.51 72 85 92 97 1333 1334 1335 1336 3.40 3.42 4.00 4.02 By red buoy S2, south of west end By ed buoy S2, south of west end 1000 feet east of red buoy Long Island 1000 feet east of red buoy Long Island Long Island, Long Island, S. 2, south of S. 2,' south of 18 30 18 30 18 32 18 32 70 68 27 70 58 27 70 58 14 70 58 14 10 20 Surface 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 5.68 5.70 5.54 5.54 100 100 97 97 1337 1338 1339 1340 1341 4.04 4.06 4.08 4.10 4.12 1000 feet east of red buoy Long Island 1000 feet east of red buoy Long Island 1000 feet east of red buoy Long Island 1000 feet east of red buoy Long Island 1000 feet east of red buoy Long Island S. 2, south of S. 2,' south of S. 2, south of S. 2, south of S. 2,' south of 18 32 18 32 18 32 18 32 18 32 70 58 14 70 58 14 70 58 14 70 58 14 70 58 14 2 3 5 10 25 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 5.54 6.60 5.56 5.46 5.46 97 98 97 96 96 6B— BOSTON OUTER HARBOR, OFF PEDDOCKS ISLAND. SEPTEMBER 12, 1911 High water occurred at Boston at 1.50 P. M. 1342 1343 A.M. 9.40 9.42 About ]4, mile north of west end of Peddocks Island, over outlet, which discharges 30 feet below surface, About % mile north of west end of Peddocks Island, over outlet, which discharges 30 feet below surface . 42 17 39 42 17 39 70 57 04 70 67 04 Surface 1 Flood Flood 17.0 17.0 12 12 5.19 5.18 89 89 388 RESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XXVII— Continued 66— BOSTON OUTER HARBOR, OFF PEDDOCKS ISLAND. SEPTEMBER 12, 1911— Continued Hour A.M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen Sample C. C. per litre Per No. Approximate Latitude Longitude cent, satura- tion 1344 1345 9.44 9.46 About )4: mile north of west end of Peddooks Island, over outlet, which discharges 30 feet below surface About H mile north of west end of Peddocks Island, over outlet, which discharges 30 feet below surface / // 42 17 39 42 17 39 / // 70 57 04 70 57 04 2 3 Flood Flood 17.0 17.0 12 10 5.22 5.37 90 94 1346 1347 1348 1349 9.48 9.50 9.52 9.54 About ]4, mile north of west end of Peddocks Island, over outlet, which discharges 30 feet below surface About ]^ mile north of west end of Peddocks Island, over outlet, which discharges 30 feet below surface About }4, mile north of west end of Peddocks Island, over outlet, which discharges 30 feet below surface About % mUe north of west end of Peddocks Island, over outlet, which discharges 30 feet below surface 42 17 39 42 17 39 42 17 39 42 17 39 70 57 04 70 57 04 70 57 04 70 57 04 5 10 15 35 Flood Flood Flood Flood 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 10 8 8 6 5.40 5.52 5.56 5.74 96 97 98 100 1350 1351 1352 1353 10.50 10.52 10.54 10.56 Near Sunken Ledge beacon, J^ mile west of Peddocks Island outlet Near Sunken Ledge beacon, ]/i mile west of Peddocks Island outlet Near Sunken Ledge beacon, J^ mile west of Peddocks Island outlet Near Sunken Ledge beacon, }^ mile west of Peddocks Island outlet 42 17 32 42 17 32 42 17 32 42 17 32 70 57 37 70 57 37 70 57 37 70 57 37 Surface 1 2 3 Flood Flood Flood Flood 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 8 8 8 6 5.68 5.68 5.68 5.70 100 100 100 100 1354 1355 1356 1357 10.58 11.00 11.02 11.50 Near Sunken Ledge beacon, ]/i, mile west of Peddocks Island outlet Near Sunken Ledge beacon, J^ mile west of Peddocks Island outlet Near Sunken Ledge beacon, yi mile west of Peddocks Island outlet J^ mile east of Peddocks Island outlet 42 17 32 42 17 32 42 17 32 42 17 44 70 57 37 70 57 37 70 57 37 70 56 30 5 10 15 Surface Flood Flood Flood Flood 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 6 6 6 8 6.73 5.74 5.74 5.68 100 100 100 100 1358 1359 1360 1361 11.52 11.54 11.56 11.58 }/2 mile east of Peddocks Island outlet }4 mile east of Peddocks Island outlet J^ mile east of Peddocks Island outlet yi mile east of Peddocks Island outlet 42 17 44 42 17 44 42 17 44 42 17 44 70 56 30 70 56 30 70 56 30 70 56 30 1 2 3 5 Flood Flood Flood Flood 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 8 8 6 6 5.68 5.68 5.70 5.74 100 100 100 100 1362 1363 1364 1365 12.00 P.M. 12.02 2.00 2.02 J^ mile east of Peddocks Island outlet K mile east of Peddocks Island outlet About ]/i mUe north of west end of Peddocks Island, over outlet, dis- charging 30 feet below surface About Ji mile north of west end of Peddocks Island, over outlet, dis- charging 30 feet below surface 42 17 44 42 17 44 42 17 39 42 17 39 70 56 30 70 56 30 70 57 04 70 57 04 10 15 Surface 1 Flood Flood Ebb Ebb 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 6 6 14 14 5.74 5.74 4.92 4.92 100 100 86 85 1366 1367 1368 1369 2.04 2.06 2.08 2.10 About M mile north of west end of Peddocks Island, over outlet, dis- charging 30 feet below surface About ]4, mile north of west end of Peddocks Island, over outlet, dis- charging 30 feet below surface About Ji mile north of west end of Peddocks Island, over outlet, dis- charging 30 feet below surface About ]4, mile north of west end of Peddocks Island, over outlet, dis- charging 30 feet below surface 42 17 39 42 17 39 42 17 39 42 17 39 70 57 04 70 57 04 70 57 04 70 57 04 2 3 5 10 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 14 12 12 10 4.93 5.07 5.22 6.28 86 89 92 93 DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATER 389 TABLE XXVII— Continued 66— BOSTON OUTER HARBOR, OFF PEDDOCES ISLAND. SEPTEMBER 12, 1911— Continued Hour A.M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen Sample C.C. per htre Per No. Approximate Latitude Longitude cent, satura- tion 1370 1371 2.12 2.14 About 14, mile north of west end of Peddocks Island, over outlet, dis- charging 30 feet below surface About }i mile north of west end of Peddocks Island, over outlet, dis- charging 30 feet below surface o t It 42 17 39 42 17 39 o 1 n 70 57 04 70 57 04 15 35 Ebb Ebb 17.0 17.0 8 6 5.42 5.65 05 99 66— CHARLES RIVER, BOSTON. SEPTEMBER 13, 1911 High water at Boston at 2.37 P. M. 1372 1373 A.M. 9.30 9.34 Charles river, midway between mouth and lowest bridge Charles river, midway between mouth and lowest bridge 42 22 15 42 22 15 71 03 18 71 03 18 1 20 Flood Flood 16.0 16.5 26 12 3.77 3.77 64 66 67— BOSTON OUTER HARBOR, OFF PEDDOCKS ISLAND. SEPTEMBER 14, 1911 EKgh water at Boston at 3.29 P. M. 1374 1375 1376 1377 A.M. 10.15 10.16 10.18 10.20 About M mile north of west end of Peddocks Island About }i, mile north of west end of Peddocks Island About ]4, mile north of west end of Peddocks Island About 14, nule north of west end of Peddocks Island 42 17 39 42 17 39 42 17 39 42 17 39 70 57 04 70 57 04 70 57 04 70 57 04 Surface 1 2 3 Flood Flood Flood Flood 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 14 14 14 12 5.19 5.19 5.22 5.37 88 88 89 93 1378 1379 1380 1381 10.22 10.24 10.26 10.28 About 14: niile north of west end of Peddocks Island About J4 niile north of west end of Peddocks Island About 14 niile north of west end of Peddocks Island About yi mile north of west end of Peddocks Island 42 17 39 42 17 39 42 17 30 42 17 39 70 57 04 70 57 04 70 57 04 70 57 04 5 10 15 35 Flood Flood Flood Flood 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 12 10 10 5.40 5.52 5.56 5.74 93 96 97 1382 1383 1384 1385 11.00 11.02 11.04 11.06 J^ way between outlet and west end of Peddocks Island \/2 way between outlet and west end of Peddocks Island 14 way between outlet and west end of Peddocks Island y^ way between outlet and west end of Peddocks Island 42 17 32 42 17 32 42 17 32 42 17 32 70 57 02 70 57 02 70 57 02 70 57 02 Surface 1 2 3 Flood Flood Flood Flood 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 12 12 12 10 5.46 5.46 5.46 5.56 94 94 94 96 1386 1387 1388 1389 1390 1391 11.08 11.10 11.12 11.14 11.50 11.52 }^ way between outlet and west end of Peddocks Island 42 17 32 J^ way between" outlet and west end of Peddocks Island 42 17 32 wav between outlet and west end of Peddocks Island 42 17 32 }4 way between outlet and west end of Peddocks Island 42 17 32 About }4, mile west of west end of Ped' docks Island 42 17 23 About \i nule west of west end of Ped- docks Island 42 17 23 __ 70 57 02 70 57 02 70 57 02 70 67 02 70 57 18 70 57 18 5 10 15 35 Surface 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 10 8 6 6 8 8 5.56 5.68 5.80 5.80 5.60 5.60 96 98 100 100 97 97 390 67- EESULTS OP ANALYSES TABLE XXVII— Continued -BOSTON OUTER HARBOR, OFF PEDDOCKS ISLAND SEPTEMBER 14, 1911— Continued. Hour A.M. Location of Sampl 38 Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen Sample C. C. Ul^e Per No. Approximate Latitude Longitude cent, satura- tion 1392 11.54 11.56 11.58 12.00 About }^ mile west of west end of Ped- docks Island t ft 42 17 23 42 17 23 42 17 23 42 17 23 70 57 18 70 57 18 70 57 18 70 57 18 2 3 5 10 Flood Flood Flood Flood 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 8 6 6 6 5.60 5.68 5.68 5.68 97 1393 About ]4: mile west of west end of Ped- 98 1394 About ]4, mile west of west end of Ped- docks Island 98 1395 About M mile west of west end of Pad- docks Island 98 1396 P.M. 12.02 12.04 1.00 1.01 About 14, mile west of west end of Ped- docks Island 42 17 23 42 17 23 42 17 16 42 17 16 70 57 18 70 57 18 70 57 22 70 57 22 15 25 Surface 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 6 6 8 8 5.56 5.56 5.60 5.60 96 1397 About ]4, mile west of west end of Ped- 96 1398 34 mile southwest of outlet 97 1399 }/2 mile southwest of outlet 97 1400 1.03 1.05 1.07 1.09 42 17 16 42 17 16 42 17 16 42 17 16 70 57 22 70 57 22 70 57 22 70 57 22 2 3 5 10 Flood Flood Flood Flood 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 8 6 6 6 5.60 5.68 5.68 5.68 97 1401 98 1402 ^ mile southwest of outlet 98 1403 J4 nule southwest of outlet 98 1404 1.11 1.13 2.00 2.02 2.04 x4 mile southwest of outlet 42 17 16 42 17 16 42 19 04 42 19 04 42 19 04 70 57 22 70 57 22 70 56 55 70 56 55 70 56 55 15 30 1 15 30 Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 6 6 6 4 4 5.56 5.52 5.74 5.74 5.74 96 1405 J^ mile southwest of outlet 95 1406 By black buoy S. 3, between Long Is- land and Rainsf ord Island 100 1407 By black buoy S. 3, between Long Is- land and Rainsf ord Island 100 1408 By black buoy S. 3, between Long Is- land and Rainsf ord Island 100 1409 2.30 2.32 2.34 4.00 4.04 Cove north of middle of Peddocks Is- land, 1000 feet off shore 42 17 46 42 17 46 42 17 46 42 17 39 42 17 39 70 56 22 70 66 22 70 56 22 70 57 04 70 57 04 1 10 15 1 30 Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 6 4 4 14 6 5.51 5.51 5.51 4.93 5.80 97 1410 Cove north of middle of Peddocks Is- land, 1000 feet off shore 97 1411 Cove north of middle of Peddocks Is- land, 1000 feet off shore 97 1412 About % mile north of west end of Ped- docks Island 83 1413 About J^mile north of west end of Ped- docks Island 100 68— BOSTON OUTER HARBOR, OFF MOON ISLAND. SEPTEMBER 14, 1911 High water at Boston at 3.29 P. M. 1414 P.M. 5.00 Midway between Moon Head outlet and east end of Spectacle Island 42 18 52 70 69 17 Surface Ebb 15.5 18 3.98 68 1415 5.02 Midway between Moon Head outlet and east end of Spectacle Island 42 18 52 70 59 17 1 Ebb 15.6 18 3.98 68 1416 5.04 Midway between Moon Head outlet f and east end of Spectacle Island 42 18 52 70 69 17 2 Ebb 15.5 14 4.11 73 1417 5.06 Midway between Moon Head outlet and eastfend ofiSpectacle Island 42 18 52 70 59 17 3 Ebb 15.5 12 4.90 86 1418 5.08 Midway between Moon Head outlet and east end of Spectacle Island 42 18 52 70 59 17 5 Ebb 15.6 10 5.22 92 1419 5.10 Midway between Moon Head outlet and east end of Spectacle Island 42 18 52 70 59 17 10 Ebb 15.5 6 6.62 97 1420 5.12 Midway between Moon Head outlet and east end of Spectacle Island 42 18 62 70 59 17 15 Ebb 16.5 4 6.68 100 DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATER TABLE XXVII— Continued 68— BOSTON OUTER HARBOR, OFF MOON HEAD. SEPTEMBER 14, 1911— Continued 391 Hour P.M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen Sample C. C. per Utre Per No. Approximate Latitude Longitude cent, satura- tion 1421 5.30 5.32 5.34 5.36 By buoy S. 4, off west end of Long o / // 42 18 34 42 18 34 42 18 34 42 18 34 / // 70 58 46 70 58 46 70 68 46 70 58 46 Surface 1 2 3 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 16 16 14 12 4.26 4.26 4.64 5.00 72 1422 By buoy S. 4, off west end of Long Island 72 1423 By buoy S. 4, off west end of Long Island 80 1424 By buoy S. 4, off west end of Long 86 1425 5.38 5.40 5.42 6.04 By buoy S. 4, off west end of Long Island 42 18 34 42 18 34 42 18 34 42 18 30 70 58 46 70 58 46 70 58 46 70 58 27 5 10 15 Surface Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 10 6 4 8 5.51 5.68 6.68 5.64 97 1426 By buoy S. 4, off west end of Long Island 100 1427 By buoy S. 4, off west end of Long 100 1428 By buoy S. 2, south of west end of Long 96 1429 6.06 6.08 6.10 6.12 By buoy S. 2, south of west end of Long Island 42 18 30 42 18 30 42 18 30 42 18 30 70 58 27 70 58 27 70 58 27 70 58 27 1 2 3 5 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 8 6 6 6 6.54 5.54 6.60 5.56 96 1430 By buoy S. 2, south of west end of Long 96 1431 By buoy S. 2, south of west end of Long 98 1432 By buoy S. 2, south of west end of Long Island 97 1433 6.14 6.16 By buoy S. 2, south of west end of Long 42 18 30 42 18 30 70 58 27 70 58 27 10 20 Ebb Ebb 15.5 15.5 4 4 5.46 6.46 96 1434 By buoy S. 2, south of west end of Long Island. .. ■■ 96 69— BOSTON OUTER HARBOR, OFF PEDDOCKS ISLAND. SEPTEMBER 15, 1911 High water at Boston at 4.26 P. M. 1435 1436 1437 1438 A.M. 10.30 10.32 10.34 10.36 About yi mile north of west end of Peddocks Island, over outlet About M mile north of west end of Peddocks Island, over outlet About Ji mile north of west end of Peddocks Island, over outlet About yi mile north of west end of Peddocks Island, over outlet 42 17 39 42 17 39 42 17 39 42 17 39 70 57 04 70 57 04 70 57 04 70 57 04 Surface 1 2 3 Flood Flood Flood Flood 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 14 14 14 12 6.19 5.19 6.22 5.37 88 88 89 93 1439 1440 1441 1442 10.38 10.40 10.42 10.44 About }/i mile north of west end of Peddocks Island, over outlet About \i mile north of west end of Peddocks Island, over outlet About \i mile north of west end of Peddocks Island, over outlet About Ji mile north of west end of Peddocks Island, over outlet 42 17 39 42 17 39 42 17 39 42 17 39 70 67 04 70 57 04 70 57 04 70 57 04 5 10 16 30 Flood Flood Flood Flood 15.5 15.5 15.6 15.5 10 10 8 6 5.54 6.52 5.56 5.74 96 96 97 99 392 EESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XXVII— Continued 70— BOSTON OUTER HARBOR, OFF MOON HEAD. SEPTEMBER 16, 1911 High water at Boston at 4.26 P. M. Hour A.M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen Sample C. C. per litre Per No. Approximate Latitude Longitude cent, satura- tion 1443 1444 1445 1446 11.30 11.32 11.34 11.36 1000 feet north of Moon Head outlet.. 1000 feet north of Moon Head outlet.. 1000 feet north of Moon Head outlet.. 1000 feet north of Moon Head outlet. . / II 42 18 38 42 18 38 42 18 38 42 18 38 VI 1 II 70 59 30 70 59 30 70 59 30 70 59 30 Surface 1 2 3 Flood Flood Flood Flood 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 6 6 6 6 5.68 5.68 5.68 5.70 100 100 100 100 1447 1448 1449 11.38 11.40 11.42 1000 feet north of Moon Head outlet. . 1000 feet north of Moon Head outlet. . 1000 feet north of Moon Head outlet. . 42 18 38 42 18 38 42 18 38 70 59 30 70 59 30 70 59 30 5 10 16 Flood Flood Flood 15.5 15.5 15.5 4 4 4 5.70 5.74 5.74 100 100 100 71— BOSTON OUTER HARBOR, OFF MOON HEAD. SEPTEMBER 18, 1911 High water occurred at Boston at 7.17 A. M. 1450 1451 1452 1453 A.M. 9.15 9.17 9.19 9.21 About 1 mile southeast of Moon Head outlet and 1 mile south of west end of Long Island About 1 mile southeast of Moon Head outlet and 1 mile south of west end of Long Island About 1 mile southeast of Moon Head outlet and 1 mile south of west end of Long Island About 1 mile southeast of Moon Head outlet and 1 mile south of west end of Long Island 42 18 02 42 18 02 42 18 02 42 18 02 70 58 27 70 58 27 70 58 27 70 58 27 Surface 1 2 3 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 5.07 5.07 5.11 6.11 88 88 89 89 1464 1455 1456 1457 1458 1469 1460 1461 9.23 9.26 9.27 9.50 About 1 mile southeast of Moon Head outlet and 1 mile south of west end of Long Island About 1 mile southeast of Moon Head outlet and 1 mile south of west end of Long Island About 1 mile southeast of Moon Head outlet and 1 mile south of west end of Long Island About 1 mile southeast of Moon Head outlet and 1 mile south of west end of Long Island 42 18 02 42 18 02 42 18 02 42 18 02 70 58 27 70 58 27 70 58 27 70 58 27 6 10 16 Surface Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 16.5 15.5 16.5 15.5 6 6 6 14 6.11 6.00 5.00 4.40 9.52 9.64 9.56 9.68 About 1 mile southeast of Moon Head outlet and 1 mile south of west end of Long Island About 1 mile southeast of Moon Head outlet and 1 mile south of west end of Long Island About 1 mile southeast of Moon Head outlet and 1 mile south of west end of Long Island About 1 mile southeast of Moon Head outlet and 1 mile south of west end of Long Island 42 18 02 42 18 02 42 18 02 42 18 02 70 68 27 70 58 27 70 68 27 70 68 27 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 16.5 15.6 15.5 15.5 14 12 10 10 4.40 4.78 6.14 5.61 89 86 86 75 75 82 89 97 1462 1463 1464 1466 10.00 10.02 10.25 10.27 About 1 mile southeast of Moon Head outlet and 1 mile south of west end of Long Island About 1 mUe southeast of Moon Head outlet and 1 mile south of west end of Long Island 1000 feet north of Moon Head outlet. . 1000 feet north of Moon Head outlet. . 42 18 02 42 18 02 42 18 38 42 18 38 70 58 27 70 58 27 70 59 30 70 59 30 10 15 Surface 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 6 18 18 5.68 5.70 3.98 3.98 100 100 68 68 DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATEE 393 TABLE XXVII— Continued 71— BOSTON OUTER HARBOR, OFF MOON HEAD. SEPTEMBER 18, 1911— Continued Hour A.M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen Sample C. C. per litre Per No. Approximate Latitude Longitude cent, satura- tion 1466 1467 1468 1469 1470 10.29 10.31 10.33 10.35 10.37 1000 feet north of Moon Head outlet. . 1000 feet north of Moon Head outlet. . 1000 feet north of Moon Head outlet. . 1000 feet north of Moon Head outlet. . 1000 feet north of Moon Head outlet.. o / // 42 18 38 42 18 38 42 18 38 42 18 38 42 18 38 o / y/ 70 59 30 70 59 30 70 59 30 70 59 30 70 59 30 2 3 5 10 15 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 14 12 10 8 8 4.26 4.90 5.22 5.52 5.60 74 85 92 97 98 1471 11.00 11.02 11.04 About '%, mUe south of location of sam- ples Nos. 1457-1463, which were taken near south edge of discolored field 42 17 50 42 17 50 42 17 50 70 58 23 70 69 23 70 59 23 Surface 10 15 Ebb Ebb Ebb 15.6 16.6 15.5 6 6 6 5.60 6.60 5.52 08 1472 About '%, mile south of location of sam- ples Nos. 1457-1463, which were taken near south edge of discolored field 98 1473 About Ji mile south of location of sam- ples Nos. 1457-1463, which were taken near south edge of discolored field 97 72— NARROWS, CROSS-SECTION BETWEEN FORTS LAFAYETTE AND WADSWORTH. SEPTEMBER 26, 1911 Low water occurred at Governor's Island at 4.17 A. M. High water at 10.33 A. M. Low water at 4.57 P. M. Flood currents began about 7 A.M. Flood currents ended about 12 Noon. Ebb currents began about 12.30 P.M. Ebb currents ended 7.30 P.M. (estimated.) 1474 6.30 6.32 6.34 6.39 200 feet off Fort Lafayette 40 36 29 40 36 29 40 36 29 40 36 27 74 02 24 74 02 24 74 02 24 74 02 34 1 20 40 1 Slack Slack Slack Slack 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 30 24 24 30 3.69 3.83 3.83 3.78 66 1475 200 feet o£F Fort Lafayette 68 1476 200 feet off Fort Lafayette 68 1477 yi way across from Fort Lafayette 67 1478 1479 1480 6.41 6.43 6.48 6.50 yi way across from Fort Lafayette. . . . j| way across from Fort Lafayette 40 36 27 40 36 27 40 36 25 40 36 25 74 02 34 74 02 34 74 02 48 74 02 48 40 80 1 40 Slack Slack Slack Slack 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 24 24 30 24- 3.92 3.92 3.91 3.91 70 70 69 1481 Half way across 70 1482 6.52 6.57 6.59 7.01 Half way across 40 36 25 40 36 23 40 36 23 40 36 23 74 02 48 74 03 02 74 03 02 74 03 02 80 1 40 80 Slack Slack Slack Slack 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 24 30 24 24 3.91 3.84 3.84 3.84 70 1483 1484 1485 y^, way across from Fort Lafayette. . . . %, way across from Fort Lafayette. . . . % way across from Fort Lafayette. . . . 68 69 69 1486 7.06 7.08 7.10 8.30 200 feet off Fort Wadsworth 40 36 21 40 36 21 40 36 21 40 36 29 74 03 12 74 03 12 74 03 12 74 02 24 1 30 60 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 30 24 24 26 3.75 3.89 3.89 4.65 66 1487 200 feet off Fort Wadsworth 69 1488 200 feet off Fort Wadsworth 69 1489 200 feet off Fort Lafayette 83 1490 8.32 8.34 8.39 8.41 200 feet off Fort Lafayette 40 36 29 40 36 29 40 36 27 40 36 27 74 02 24 74 02 24 74 02 34 74 02 34 20 40 1 40 Flood Flood Flood Flood 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20 20 26 20 4.94 4.94 4.76 5.04 89 1491 200 feet off Fort Lafayette 89 1492 1493 }^ way across from Fort Lafayette j2 way across from Fort Lafayette. . . . 85 91 1494 1495 8.43 8.48 8.50 8.52 yi way across from Fort T^afayette Half wav across 40 36 27 40 36 25 40 36 25 40 36 25 74 02 34 74 02 48 74 02 48 74 02 48 80 1 40 80 Flood Flood Flood Flood 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20 26 20 20 5.04 4.78 4.92 4.92 91 85 1496 89 1497 Half wav across 89 1498 1499 1500 1501 8.57 8.59 9.01 9.06 9.08 9.10 ^/i way across from Fort Lafayette. . . . ?2 way across from Fort Lafayette — ?2 way across from Fort Lafayette. . . . 200 feet off Fort Wadsworth 40 36 23 40 36 23 40 36 23 40 36 21 40 36 21 40 36 21 74 03 02 74 03 02 74 03 02 74 03 12 74 03 12 74 03 12 1 40 80 1 30 60 Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 26 20 20 26 20 20 4.83 5.00 5.00 4.72 6.00 6.00 86 90 90 84 1502 200 feet off Fort Wadsworth 90 1503 200 feet off Fort Wadsworth 90 394 EESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XXVII— Continued 72— THE NARROWS— CROSS-SECTION BETWEEN FORTS LAFAYETTE AND WADSWORTH. SEPTEMBER 26, 1911— Continued Hour A. M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen Sample C.C. per htre Per No. Approximate Latitude Longitude cent, satura- tion 1504 10.30 10.32 10.34 10.39 200 feet off Fort Lafayette o t // 40 36 29 40 36 29 40 36 29 40 36 27 o / // 74 02 24 74 02 24 74 02 24 74 02 34 1 20 40 1 End of Flood End of Flood End of Flood End of Flood 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 26 20 20 26 4.78 4.94 4.94 4.90 85 1505 200 feet off Fort Lafayette 1506 200 feet off Fort Lafayette 89 1507 % way across from Fort Lafayette. . . . 89 87 1508 1509 1510 10.41 10.43 10.48 10.50 yi way across from Fort Lafayette. . . . ]4, way across from Fort Lafayette. . . . Half way across 40 36 27 40 36 27 40 36 25 40 36 25 74 02 34 74 02 34 74 02 48 74 02 48 40 80 1 40 End of Flood End of Flood End of Flood End of Flood 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20 20 26 20 5.04 5.04 4.92 4.92 91 91 1511 Half way across 88 89 1512 10.52 10.57 10.59 11.01 Half way across 40 36 26 40 36 23 40 36 23 40 36 23 74 02 48 74 03 02 74 03 02 74 03 02 80 1 40 80 End of Flood End of Flood End of Flood End of Flood 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20 26 20 20 4.92 5.00 5.00 5.00 1513 1514 1515 % way across from Fort Lafayette. . . . % way across from Fort Lafayette. . . . % way across from Fort Lafayette. . . . 89 89 90 90 1516 11.06 11.08 11.10 P.M. 12.30 200 feet off Fort Wadsworth 40 36 21 40 36 21 40 36 21 40 36 29 74 03 12 74 03 12 74 03 12 74 02 24 1 30 60 1 End of Flood End of Flood End of Flood Ebb 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 26 20 20 26 5.00 5.00 5.00 4.78 1517 200 feet off Fort Wadsworth 89 1518 200 feet off Fort Wadsworth 90 1619 200 feet off Fort Lafayette 90 85 1520 12.32 12.34 12.39 12.41 200 feet off Fort Lafayette 40 36 29 40 36 29 40 36 27 40 36 27 74 02 24 74 02 24 74 02 34 74 02 34 20 40 1 40 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20 20 26 20 4.78 4.78 4.90 4.90 86 1521 200 feet off Fort Lafayette 86 1522 1523 ]4, way across from Fort Lafayette. . . . jl way across from Fort Lafayette. . . . 87 88 1524 1525 12.43 12.48 12.50 12.52 ]4, way across from Fort Lafayette. . . . Half way across 40 36 27 40 36 25 40 36 25 40 36 25 74 02 34 74 02 48 74 02 48 74 02 48 80 1 40 80 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20 26 20 20 4.90 4.78 4.92 4.92 88 85 1526 Half wav across 89 1527 89 1528 1529 1530 1531 12.57 12.59 1.01 1.06 % way across from Fort Lafayette. . . . ^ way across from Fort Lafayette. . . . % way across from Fort Lafayette — 200 fppt off Fort Wadsworth . . . 40 36 23 40 36 23 40 36 23 40 36 21 74 03 02 74 03 02 74 03 02 74 03 12 1 40 80 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 28 20 20 28 4.83 4.83 4.83 4.72 85 87 87 84 1'i32 1.08 1.10 2.30 2.32 200 feet off Fort Wadsworth 40 36 21 40 36 21 40 36 29 40 36 29 74 03 12 74 03 12 74 02 24 74 02 24 40 80 1 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20 20 28 24 4.87 4.87 4.38 4.51 88 1533 200 feet off Fort Wadsworth 88 l'i.^4 200 feet off Fort Laf avette 77 1535 200 feet off Fort Lafayette 81 1536 2.34 2.39 2.41 2.43 200 feet off Fort Lafayette 40 36 29 40 36 27 40 36 27 40 36 27 74 02 24 74 02 34 74 02 34 74 02 34 40 1 40 80 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 24 28 24 24 4.51 4.48 4.48 4.48 81 1537 1538 1539 ]4, way across from Fort Lafayette. . . . j| way across from Fort Lafayette. . . . j2 way across from Fort Lafayette. . . . 79 80 80 1540 1541 1542 1543 2.48 2.50 2.62 2.57 40 36 25 40 36 25 40 36 25 40 36 23 74 02 48 74 02 48 74 02 48 74 03 02 1 40 80 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 28 24 24 28 4.34 4.34 4.34 4.26 77 Half wav across 78 78 % way across from Fort Lafayette — 75 DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATER 395 TABLE XXVII— Continued 72— THE NARROWS— CROSS-SECTION BETWEEN FORTS LAFAYETTE AND WADSWORTH. SEPTEMBER 26, 1911— Continued Sample No. Hour P.M. Location of Samples Approximate Latitude Longitude Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen C. C. per litre Per cent, satura- tion 1544 1545 1546 1547' 2.59 3.01 3.06 3.08 % way across from Fort Lafayette. % way across from Fort Lafayette. , 200 feet off Fort Wadsworth 200 feet off Fort Wadsworth 40 36 23 40 36 23 40 36 21 40 36 21 74 03 02 74 03 02 74 03 12 74 03 12 40 80 1 30 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.0 20.0 20,0 20.0 24 24 26 24 4.26 4.26 4.31 4.31 76 76 77 77 1548 1549 1550 1551 3.10 4.30 4.32 4.34 200 feet off Fort Wadsworth. 200 feet off Fort Lafayette. . . 200 feet off Fort Lafayette. . . 200 feet off Fort Lafayette. . . 40 36 21 40 36 29 40 36 29 40 36 29 74 03 12 74 02 24 74 02 24 74 02 24 60 1 20 40 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 24 30 28 28 4.31 3.96 3.96 3.96 77 70 70 70 1552 1553 1554 1555 4.39 4,41 4.43 4,48 14, way across from Fort Lafayette. M way across from Fort Lafayette. M way across from Fort Lafayette. , Half way across 40 36 27 40 36 27 40 36 27 40 36 25 74 02 34 74 02 34 74 02 34 74 02 48 1 40 80 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.0 20.0 20.0 20,0 30 28 28 28 4.06 4.06 4.06 4.06 72 72 72 72 1556 1557 1558 1559 4.50 4.52 4.57 4.59 Half way across Half way across ^ way across from Fort Lafayette. ^ way across from Fort Lafayette. . 40 36 25 40 36 25 40 36 23 40 36 23 74 02 48 74 02 48 74 03 02 74 03 02 40 80 1 40 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 26 26 28 26 4.06 4.06 3.98 3.98 72 72 70 71 1500 1561 1562 1563 5.01 5.06 5.08 5.10 ^ way across from Fort Lafayette. 200 feet off Fort Wadsworth 200 feet off Port Wadsworth 200 feet off Fort Wadsworth 40 36 23 40 36 21 40 36 21 40 36 21 74 03 02 74 03 12 74 03 12 74 03 12 80 1 30 60 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 26 28 26 26 3.98 3.89 4.03 4.03 71 69 72 72 1564 1565 1566 1567 6.00 6.02 6.04 6.08 200 feet off Fort Lafayette 200 feet off Fort Lafayette 200 feet off Fort Lafayette M way across from Port Lafayette. , 40 36 29 40 36 29 40 36 29 40 36 27 74 02 24 74 02 24 74 02 24 74 02 34 1 20 40 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 30 28 28 30 3.69 3.83 3.83 3.78 65 68 68 67 1568 1669 1570 1571 6.10 6.12 6.16 6,18 yi way across from Fort Lafayette. '4: way across from Fort Lafayette. Half way across HaK way across 40 36 27 40 36 27 40 36 25 40 36 25 74 02 34 74 02 34 74 02 48 74 02 48 40 80 1 40 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 20,0 20,0 20,0 20,0 28 28 28 26 3,92 3,92 3,91 4,06 69 69 69 72 1572 1573 1574 1575 6,20 6,24 6,26 6,28 Half way across ' ' way across from Fort Lafayette, Ji way across from Fort Lafayette, % way across from Fort Lafayette. 40 36 25 40 36 23 40 36 23 40 36 23 74 02 48 74 03 02 74 03 02 74 03 02 80 1 40 80 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 20,0 20,0 20,0 20,0 26 28 26 26 4,06 3,84 3,98 3.98 72 68 71 71 1576 1577 1578 6.32 6.34 6,36 200 feet off Fort Wadsworth. 200 feet off Fort Wadsworth. 200 feet off Fort Wadsworth. 40 36 21 40 36 21 40 36 21 74 03 12 74 03 12 74 03 12 1 30 60 Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.0 20.0 20.0 28 26 26 3.75 3.89 3,89 66 69 69 73— HUDSON RIVER— CROSS-SECTION BETWEEN PIER A, NEW YORK, AND C. R. R. OF N. J. FERRY, JERSEY CITY. SEPTEMBER 28, 1911 Low water occurred at Governor's Island at 6,07 A. M. High water at 12.13 P. M. Ebb currents ended about 10 A. M. Flood currents began about 10.30 A. M. Flood currents ended about 3.30 P. M. Ebb currents began about 4 P. M. Low water at 6.07 P. M. 1579 1580 1581 1582 A.M. 6,30 6,32 6,34 6,39 200feet off Pier A, 200 feet off Pier A 200 feet off Pier A M way across from Pier A yi way across from Pier A ]4, way across from Pier A Half way across Half way across 40 42 16 40 42 16 40 42 16 40 '42 17 74 01 10 74 01 10 74 01 10 74 01 20 1 20 40 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 20,0 20,0 20,0 20,0 42 36 34 42 3,01 3,01 3,01 3,08 52 52 53 63 1583 1584 1686 1686 6,41 6,43 6,48 6.50 40 42 17 40 42 17 40 42 19 40 42 19 74 01 20 74 01 20 74 01 34 74 01 34 20 40 1 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 20,0 20,0 20,0 20.0 36 34 42 36 3,08 3,08 3,19 3,19 64 64 65 56 396 RESULTS OP ANALYSES TABLE XXVII— Continued 73— HUDSON RIVER, CROSS-SECTION BETWEEN PIER A, NEW YORK, AND C. R. R. OF N. J. FERRY, JERSEY CITY. SEPTEMBER 28, 1911— Continued Sample No. Hour A.M. Location of Samples Approximate Latitude Longitude Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen C. C. per litre Per cent, satura- tion 1587 1588 1589 1590 6.52 6.57 6.59 7.01 Half way across % way across from Pier A. % way across from Pier A. %, way across from Pier A. 40 42 19 40 42 21 40 42 21 40 42 21 74 01 34 74 01 48 74 01 48 74 01 48 40 1 20 40 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 36 42 38 36 3.19 3.12 3.12 3.12 S6 54 54 54 1591 1592 1593 1594 7.06 7.08 7.10 8.30 200 feet off C. R. R. of N. J. ferry. 200 feet off C. R. R. of N. J. ferry. 200 feet off C. R. R. of N. J. ferry. 200 feet off Pier A 40 42 22 40 42 22 40 42 22 40 42 16 74 01 59 74 01 59 74 01 59 74 01 10 1 15 25 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 42 38 38 44 3.06 3.19 3.19 2.73 53 55 55 47 1595 1596 1597 1598 8.32 8.34 8.39 8.41 200feetoff Pier A..- 200 feet off Pier A }^ way across from Pier A. ji way across from Pier A. 40 42 16 40 42 16 40 42 17 40 42 17 74 01 10 74 01 10 74 01 20 74 01 20 20 40 1. 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 38 38 44 40 2.92 2.92 2.94 2.94 51 51 50 51 1599 1600 1601 1602 8.43 8.48 8.50 8.52 yi way across from Pier A. Half way across Half way across Half way across 40 42 17 40 42 19 40 42 19 40 42 19 74 01 20 74 01 34 74 01 34 74 01 34 40 1 20 40 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 38 46 42 40 2.94 3.04 3.04 3.04 51 52 52 62 1603 1604 1605 1606 8.57 8.59 9.01 9.06 % way across from Pier A ?2 way across from Pier A % way across from Pier A 200 feet off C. R. R. of N. J. ferry. 40 42 21 40 42 21 40 42 21 40 42 22 74 01 48 74 01 48 74 01 48 74 01 59 1 20 40 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 46 42 40 46 3.00 3.12 3.12 2.92 51 54 54 50 1607 1608 1609 1610 9.08 9.10 10.30 10.32 200 feet off C. R. R. of N. J. ferry. 200 feet off C. R. R. of N. J. ferry. 200 feet off Pier A 200 feet off Pier A 40 42 22 40 42 22 40 42 16 40 42 16 74 01 59 74 01 59 74 01 10 74 01 10 15 25 1 20 Ebb Ebb Flood Flood 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 42 38 38 34 3.06 3.06 2.87 3.01 53 53 50 53 1611 1612 1613 1614 10.34 10.39 10.41 10.43 200 feet off Pier A 14 way across from Pier A. }4, way across from Pier A. j2 way across from Pier A. 40 42 16 40 42 17 40 42 17 40 42 17 74 01 10 74 01 20 74 01 20 74 01 20 40 1 20 40 Flood Flood Flood Flood 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 34 38 36 34 3.01 3.08 3.08 3.08 53 53 54 54 1615 1616 1617 1618 10.48 10.50 10.52 10.57 }^ way across )/2 way across J^ way across % way across from Pier A. 40 42 19 40 42 19 40 42 19 40 42 21 74 01 34 74 01 34 74 01 34 74 01 48 1 20 40 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 40 36 36 42 3.19 3.19 3.19 3.27 55 56 56 56 1619 1620 1621 1622 10.59 11.01 11.06 11.08 % way across from Pier A % way across from Pier A 200 feet off C. R. R. of N. J. ferry. 200 feet off C. R. R. of N. J. ferry. 40 42 21 40 42 21 40 42 22 40 42 22 74 01 48 74 01 48 74 01 59 74 01 59 20 40 1 15 Flood Flood Flood Flood 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 38 38 42 38 3.27 3.27 3.06 3.19 57 57 53 55 1623 1624 1625 1626 11.10 P.M. 12.30 12.32 12.34 200 feet off C. R. R. of N. J. ferry. . 200 feet off Pier A. 200 feet off Pier A. 200feetoff Pier A. 40 42 22 40 42 16 40 42 16 40 42 16 74 01 59 74 01 10 74 01 10 74 01 10 25 1 20 40 Flood Flood Flood Flood 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 38 36 34 34 3.19 3.14 3.28 3.28 55 55 57 57 1627 1628 1629 1630 1631 12.39 12.41 12.43 12.48 12.50 }4: way across from Pier A. % way across from Pier A. j2 way across from Pier A. yi way across J^ way across 40 42 17 40 42 17 40 42 17 40 42 19 40 42 19 74 01 20 74 01 20 74 01 20 74 01 34 74 01 34 1 20 40 1 20 Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 36 34 34 38 34 3.19 3.36 3.36 3.27 3.41 56 59 59 57 60 1632 1633 1634 1635 1636 12.62 12.57 12.59 1.01 1.06 H way across J^ way across from Pier A % way across from Pier A ^ way across from Pier A 200 feet off C. R.R. of N. J. ferry. 40 42 19 40 42 21 40 42 21 40 42 21 40 42 22 74 01 34 74 01 48 74 01 48 74 01 48 74 01 69 40 1 20 40 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 32 40 34 32 40 3.41 3.33 3.48 3.48 3.19 60 57 61 61 55 DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATER 397 TABLE XXVII— Continued 73— HUDSON RIVER, CROSS-SECTION BETWEEN PIER A, NEW YORK, AND C. R. R. OF N. J. FERRY, JERSEY CITY. SEPTEMBER 28, 1911— Continued Sample No. Hour P.M. Location of Samples Appro3dmate Latitude Longitude Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen C.C. per Utre Per cent, satura- tion 1637 1638 1639 1640 1.08 1.10 2.30 2.32 200 feet off C. R.R. of N. J. ferry. 200 feet off C. R.R. of N. J. ferry. 200 feet off Pier A 200 feet off Pier A 40 42 22 40 42 22 40 42 16 40 42 16 74 01 69 74 01 74 01 74 01 15 25 1 20 Flood Flood Flood Flood 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 34 32 32 28 3.33 3.33 3.28 3.41 58 58 58 60 1641 1642 1643 1644 2.34 2.39 2.41 2.43 200 feet off Pier A 14, way across from Pier A. 14, way across from Pier A. 14 way across from Pier A. 40 42 16 40 42 17 40 42 17 40 42 17 74 01 10 74 01 20 74 01 20 74 01 20 40 1 20 40 Flood Flood Flood Flood 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 28 32 28 28 3.41 3.36 3.50 3.50 60 69 62 62 1645 1646 1647 1648 2.48 2.50 2.52 2.57 J^ way across way across way across % way across from Pier A. 40 42 19 40 42 19 40 42 19 40 42 21 74 01 34 74 01 34 74 01 34 74 01 48 1 20 40 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 32 28 28 34 3.41 3.65 3.55 3.48 60 63 63 61 1649 1650 1651 1662 2.69 3.01 3.06 3.08 ^ way across from Pier A ^ way across from Pier A 200 feet off C. R.R. of N. J. ferry. 200 feet off C. R.R. of N. J. ferry. 40 42 21 40 42 21 40 42 22 40 42 22 74 01 48 74 01 48 74 01 59 74 01 59 20 40 1 15 Flood Flood Flood Flood 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 28 28 36 28 3.62 3.62 3.47 3.47 64 64 60 61 1653 1654 1655 1656 3.10 4.30 4.32 4.34 200 feet off C. R.R. 200 feet off Pier A. 200feetoff Pier A. 200 feet off Pier A. of N. J. ferry. 40 42 22 40 42 16 40 42 16 40 42 16 74 01 69 74 01 10 74 01 10 74 01 10 26 1 20 40 Flood Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 28 32 28 28 3.47 3.01 3.14 3.14 61 53 56 56 1667 1668 1659 1660 4.39 4.41 4.43 4.48 }4, way across from Pier A. 14 way across from Pier A. )4, way across from Pier A. jl way across 40 42 17 40 42 17 40 42 17 40 42 19 74 01 20 74 01 20 74 01 20 74 01 34 1 20 40 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 34 28 28 36 3.08 3.22 3.22 3.12 54 57 57 54 1661 1662 1663 1664 4.60 4.62 4.67 4.59 y^ way across }/i, way across % way across from Pier A. j2 way across from Pier A. 40 42 19 40 42 19 40 42 21 40 42 21 74 01 34 74 01 34 74 01 48 74 01 48 20 40 1 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 28 28 36 28 3.27 3.27 3.19 3.33 58 58 56 59 1665 1666 1667 1668 5.01 6.06 6.08 6.10 J^ way across from Pier A 200 feet off C. R.R. of N. J. ferry. 200 feet off C. R.R. of N. J. ferry. 200 feet off C. R.R. of N. J. ferry. 40 42 21 40 42 22 40 42 22 40 42 22 74 01 48 74 01 59 74 01 69 74 01 69 40 1 15 25 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 28 36 30 30 3.33 3.06 3.19 3.19 69 63 56 56 6669 1670 1671 1672 6.00 6.01 6.03 6.06 200 feet off Pier A. 200 feet off Pier A 200 feet off Pier A yi way across from Pier A. 40 42 16 40 42 16 40 42 16 40 42 17 74 01 10 74 01 10 74 01 10 74 01 20 1 20 40 1 End of Ebb End of Ebb End of Ebb End of Ebb 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 38 32 32 38 2.73 2.92 2.92 2.80 47 51 51 49 1673 1674 1675 1676 1677 1678 1679 6.07 6.09 6.13 6.14 }4, way across from Pier A. 14 way across from Pier A. yi way across yi way across 40 42 17 40 42 17 40 42 19 40 42 19 74 01 20 74 01 20 74 01 34 74 01 34 6.16 6.20 6.21 yi way across % way across from Pier A. % way across from Pier A. 40 42 19 40 42 21 40 42 21 74 01 34 74 01 48 74 01 48 20 40 1 20 End of Ebb End of Ebb End of Ebb End of Ebb 40. 1 20 End of Ebb End of Ebb End of Ebb 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 32 32 38 34 2.94 2.94 3.00 3.00 20.0 20.0 20.0 34 38 34 3.00 3.04 3.04 62 52 52 62 52 53 53 398 RESULTS OP ANALYSES TABLE XXVII— Continued 73— HiroSON RIVER, CROSS-SECTION BETWEEN PIER A, NEW YORK, AND C. R.R. OF N. J. FERRY, JERSEY CITY. SEPTEMBER 28, 1911— Continued Hour P.M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen Sample C. C. per litre Per No. Approximate Latitude Longitude cent, satura- tion 1680 6.23 6.27 6.28 6.30 ^ way across from Pier A o / // 40 42 21 40 42 22 40 42 22 40 42 22 o / // 74 01 48 74 01 59 74 01 59 74 01 59 40 1 15 25 End of Ebb End of Ebb End of Ebb End of Ebb 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 34 38 34 34 3.04 2.92 3.06 3.06 1681 1682 1683 200 feet off C. R.R. of N. J. ferry 200 feet off C. R.R. of N. J. ferry 200 feet off C. R.R. of N. J. ferry S3 61 53 53 74— EAST RIVER, CROSS-SECTION BETWEEN PIER 10, MANHATTAN, AND PIER 10, BROOKLYN. SEPTEMBER 29, 1911 Low water occurred at Governor's Island at 6 . 57 A. M. High water at 12 . 53 P. M. Low water at 7 . 27 P. M. Slack water from 8 A. M. to 8.30 A. M. Flood currents began about 8.30 A. M. Flood currents ended about 2.30 P. M. Ebb currents began about 3 P. M. 1684 1685 1686 1687 A.M. 7.30 7.32 7.34 7.38 100 feet off Pier 10, Manhattan 100 feet off Pier 10, Manhattan 100 feet off Pier 10, Manhattan yi way across from Pier 10, Manhattan 40 42 09 40 42 09 40 42 09 40 42 07 74 00 22 74 00 22 74 00 22 74 00 17 1 20 30 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 20,0 20.0 20.0 20.0 30 28 28 30 2.73 2.87 2,87 2.80 48 51 51 49 1688 1689 1690 7.40 7.42 7.46 7.48 54 way across from Pier 10, Manhattan % way across from Pier 10, Manhattan 40 42 07 40 42 07 40 42 03 40 42 03 74 00 17 74 00 17 74 00 11 74 00 11 20 40 1 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 28 28 32 28 2.94 2.94 2.92 3.04 52 52 61 1691 54 1692 7.50 7.54 7.56 7.58 Half wav across 40 42 03 40 42 00 40 42 00 40 42 00 74 00 11 74 00 05 74 00 05 74 00 05 40 1 20 35 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 28 32 28 28 3.04 2.84 3.00 3.00 54 1693 1694 1695 % way across from Pier 10, Manhattan % way across from Pier 10, Manhattan % way across from Pier 10, Manhattan 60 53 53 1696 1697 1698 1699 8,02 8.04 8.06 9.30 100 feet off Pier 10, Brooldyn 100 feet off Pier 10, Brooklyn 100 feet off Pier 10, Brooklyn 100 feet off Pier 10, Manhattan 40 41 57 40 41 57 40 41 57 40 42 09 74 00 00 74 00 00 74 00 00 74 00 22 1 20 35 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Flood 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 32 28 28 34 2.79 2.92 2.92 3.01 49 52 52 53 1700 1701 1702 1703 9.32 9.34 9.38 9.40 100 feet off Pier 10, Manhattan 100 feet off Pier 10, Manhattan % way across from Pier 10, Manhattan )4, way across from Pier 10, Manhattan 40 42 09 40 42 09 40 42 07 40 42 07 74 00 22 74 00 22 74 00 17 74 00 17 20 30 1 20 Flood Flood Flood Flood 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 30 30 34 30 3.14 3.14 3.08 3.19 55 55 54 56 1704 1705 1706 1707 9.42 9.46 9.48 9.50 yi way across from Pier 10, Manhattan 40 42 07 40 42 03 40 42 03 40 42 03 74 00 17 74 00 11 74 00 11 74 00 11 40 1 20 40 Flood Flood Flood Flood 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 30 34 30 30 3.19 3.19 3.19 3.19 66 56 TTalf wav across 56 56 1708 1709 1710 1711 9.54 9.56 9.58 10.02 % way across from Pier 10, Manhattan % way across from Pier 10, Manhattan j| way across from Pier 10, Manhattan 1 nn fppt off Pier 10 Brooklyn 40 42 00 40 42 00 40 42 00 40 41 57 74 00 05 74 00 05 74 00 05 74 00 00 1 20 35 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 32 30 30 32 3.12 3.12 3.12 2.73 65 65 66 48 1712 1713 1714 1715 10.04 10.06 P.M. 12.30 12.32 1 00 fppt off Pier 10 Brooklyn 40 41 57 40 41 57 40 42 09 40 42 09 74 00 00 74 00 00 74 00 22 74 00 22 20 35 1 20 Flood Flood Flood Flood 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 30 20 30 28 2.92 2.92 3.14 3.28 61 100 feet off Pier 10, Brooklyn 51 100 feet off Pier 10, Manhattan 100 feet off Pier 10, Manhattan 55 58 1716 1717 1718 1719 12.34 12,40 12.42 12.44 100 feet off Pier 10, Manhattan )4: way across from Pier 10, Manhattan % way across from Pier 10, Manhattan }2 way across from Pier 10, Manhattan 40 42 09 40 42 07 40 42 07 40 42 07 74 00 22 74 00 17 74 00 17 74 00 17 30 1 20 40 Flood Flood Flood Flood 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 28 30 28 28 3.28 3.19 3.36 3.36 58 66 60 60 DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATER 399 TABLE XXVII— Continued 74— EAST RIVER, CROSS-SECTION BETWEEN PIER 10, MANHATTAN, AND PIER 10, BROOKLYN. SEPTEMBER 29, 1911— Continued Hour P.M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg.C Per cent, land water Oxygen Sample C.C. ^tre Per No. Approximate Latitude Longitude cent, satura- tion 1720 12.49 12.51 12.53 12.57 12.59 Half way across 40 42 03 40 42 03 40 42 03 40 42 00 40 42 00 o 1 n 74 00 11 74 00 11 74 00 11 74 00 05 74 00 05 1 20 40 1 20 Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 30 28 28 28 28 3.33 3.33 3.33 3.27 3.27 59 1721 Half way across 59 1722 Half way across 59 1723 1724 % way across from Pier 10, Manhattan % way acro.ss from Pier 10, Manhattan 58 58 1725 1726 1.01 1.05 1.07 1.09 2.30 % way across from Pier 10, Manhattan 100 feet off Pier 10 Brooklyn 40 42 00 40 41 57 40 41 57 40 41 57 40 42 09 74 00 06 74 00 00 74 00 00 74 00 00 74 00 22 36 1 20 35 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood 20.0 20.0 20.0 30.0 20.0 28 28 28 28 28 3.27 3.06 3.19 3.19 3.28 58 54 1727 100 feet off Pier 10, Brooklyn 57 1728 100 feet off Pier 10, Brookljm 57 1729 100 feet off Pier 10, Manhattan 58 1730 1731 1732 1733 1734 2.32 2.34 2.38 2.40 2.42 100 feet off Pier 10, Manhattan 100 feet off Pier 10, Manhattan J^ way across from Pier 10, Manhattan }4, way across from Pier 10, Manhattan ]4: way across from Pier 10, Manhattan 40 42 09 40 42 09 40 42 07 40 42 07 40 42 07 74 00 22 74 00 22 74 00 17 74 00 17 74 00 17 20 30 1 20 40 Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 28 28 28 28 28 3.28 3.28 3.36 3.36 3.36 58 68 60 60 60 1735 2.46 2.48 2.50 2.54 2.56 Half way across 40 42 03 40 42 03 40 42 03 40 42 00 40 42 00 74 00 11 74 00 11 74 00 11 74 00 06 74 00 05 1 20 40 1 20 Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 28 28 28 28 28 3.33 3.33 3.33 3.27 3.27 59 17.36 Half way across 69 1737 Half way across 69 1738 1739 % way across from Pier 10, Manhattan % way across from Pier 10, Manhattan 58 58 1740 1741 2.58 3.02 3.04 3.06 4.30 ^/i way across from Pier 10, Manhattan 100 feet off Pier 10, Brooklyn 40 42 00 40 41 57 40 41 57 40 41 57 40 42 09 74 00 05 74 00 00 74 00 00 74 00 00 74 00 22 35 1 20 36 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood Ebb 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 28 28 28 28 30 3.27 3.19 3.19 3.19 2.87 58 57 1742 100 feet off Pier 10, Brooklyn 67 1743 100 feet off Pier 10, Brooklyn 67 1744 100 feet off Pier 10, Manhattan 51 1745 1746 1747 1748 1749 4.32 4.34 4.38 4.40 4.42 100 feet off Pier 10, Manhattan 100 feet off Pier 10, Manhattan )4, way across from Pier 10, Manhattan }/i way across from Pier 10, Manhattan ]4, way across from Pier 10, Manhattan 40 42 09 40 42 09 40 42 07 40 42 07 40 42 07 74 00 22 74 00 22 74 00 17 74 00 17 74 00 17 20 30 1 20 40 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 28 28 30 28 28 2.87 2.87 2.94 3.08 3.08 51 51 52 65 55 1750 4.46 4.48 4.50 4.54 4.56 3^ way across 40 42 03 40 42 03 40 42 03 40 42 00 40 42 00 74 00 11 74 00 11 74 00 11 74 00 05 74 00 06 1 20 40 1 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 28 28 28 28 28 3.04 3.19 3.19 3.00 3.12 54 1751 57 1752 ^ way across 1753 1754 % way across from Pier 10, Manhattan % way across from Pier 10, Manhattan 53 55 1755 1756 1757 1758 1759 4.58 5.02 6.04 5.06 6.00 % way across from Pier 10, Manhattan 100 feet off Pier 10, Brooklyn 100 feet off Pier 10, Brooklyn 100 feet off Pier 10, Brooklyn 100 feet off Pier 10, Manhattan 40 42 00 40 41 57 40 41 57 40 41 47 40 42 09 74 00 05 74 00 00 74 00 00 74 00 00 74 00 22 36 1 20 35 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 28 28 28 28 30 3.12 2.92 2.92 2,92 2.73 66 52 52 52 48 1760 1761 1762 1763 1764 6.01 6.03 6.06 6.07 6.09 100 feet off Pier 10, Manhattan 100 feet off Pier 10, Manhattan yi way across from Pier 10, Manhattan j| way across from Pier 10, Manhattan J^ way across from Pier 10, Manhattan 40 42 09 40 42 09 40 42 07 40 42 07 40 42 07 74 00 22 74 00 22 74 00 17 74 00 17 74 00 17 20 30 1 20 40 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 28 28 30 28 28 2.87 2.87 2.94 2.94 2.94 51 51 52 52 52 1765 6.13 6.14 6.16 6.20 6.21 \^ wav across 40 42 03 40 42 03 40 42 03 40 42 00 40 42 00 74 00 11 74 00 11 74 00 11 74 00 05 74 00 05 1 20 40 1 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 30 28 28 30 28 3.04 3.04 3.04 3.00 3.00 54 54 54 63 53 1766 J^ way across 1767 }y4 wav across 1768 1769 % way across from Pier 10, Manhattan Ji way across from Pier 10, Manhattan 1770 1771 1772 1773 6.23 6.27 6.28 6.30 % way across from Pier 10, Manhattan 100 feet off Pier 10, Brooklyn 100 feet off Pier 10, Brooklyn 100 feet off Pier 10, Brooklyn 40 42 00 40 41 57 40 41 57 40 41 67 74 00 05 74 00 00 74 00 00 74 00 00 36 1 20 35 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 28 30 28 28 3.00 2.79 2.92 2.92 63 49 52 52 400 RESULTS OP ANALYSES TABLE XXVII— Continued 76— KILL VAN KULL, CROSS-SECTION AT NEW BRIGHTON, STATEN ISLAND. OCTOBER 4, 1911 High water occurred at Governor's Island at 5.02 A. M. Low water at 11.18 A. M. High water at 5.20 P. M. Sample No. 1774 1775 1776 1777 1778 Hour A.M. 7.30 7.32 7.34 7.39 7.41 Location of Samples Approximate 100 feet off Jersey street, New Brighton 100 feet off Jersey street. New Brighton 100 feet off Jersey street, New Brighton Midway across Midway across Latitude 40 38 51 40 38 51 40 38 51 40 38 57 40 38 57 Longitude 75 04 24 74 05 24 74 05 24 74 05 25 74 05 25 Feet below surface 1 15 30 1 20 Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 Per cent, land water 30 28 28 30 28 Oxygen C. C. per Utre 4.10 4.38 4.65 4.20 4.49 Per cent, satura- tion 70 74 79 71 76 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 7.43 7.48 7.50 7.52 9.30 Midway across 100 feet off Columbia OU Co. pier (old) 100 feet off Columbia Oil Co. pier (old) 100 feet off Columbia Oil Co. pier (old) 100 feet off Jersey street. New Brighton 40 38 57 40 39 02 40 39 02 40 39 02 40 38 51 74 05 25 74 05 26 74 05 26 74 05 26 74 05 24 40 1 15 25 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood Ebb 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 28 32 30 30 34 4.78 4.17 4.44 4.72 4.38 81 71 75 80 74 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 9.32 9.34 9.39 9.41 9.43 100 feet off Jersey street, New Brighton 100 feet off Jersey street. New Brighton Midway across Midway across Midway across 40 38 51 40 38 51 40 38 57 40 38 57 40 38 57 74 05 24 74 05 24 74 05 25 74 05 25 74 05 25 15 30 1 20 40 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 17.0 17.0 18.0 17.0 17.0 34 32 34 32 32 4.38 4.38 4.48 4.49 4.49 74 74 76 76 76 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 9.48 9.50 9.52 11,30 11.32 100 feet off Columbia OU Co. pier (old) 100 feet off Columbia Oil Co. pier (old) 100 feet off Columbia Oil Co. pier (old) 100 feet off Jersey street, New Brighton 100 feet off Jersey street, New Brighton 40 39 02 40 39 02 40 39 02 40 38 51 40 38 51 74 05 26 74 05 26 74 05 26 74 05 24 74 05 24 1 15 26 1 15 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 18.0 17.0 17.0 18.0 18.0 34 32 32 36 34 4.44 4.58 4.58 4.10 4.38 75 78 78 68 73 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 11.34 11.39 11.41 11.43 11.48 100 feet off Jersey street. New Brighton Midway across Midway across Midway across 100 feet off Columbia Oil Co. pier (old) 40 38 51 40 38 57 40 38 57 40 38 57 40 39 02 74 05 24 74 05 25 74 05 25 74 05 25 74 05 26 30 1 20 40 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 17.5 18.0 17.5 17.5 18.0 34 36 34 34 36 4.38 4.26 4.55 4.55 4.17 73 71 76 76 69 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 11.50 11.62 P.M. 1.30 1.32 1.34 100 feet off Columbia Oil Co. pier (old) 100 feet off Columbia Oil Co. pier (old) 100 feet off Jersey street. New Brighton 100 feet off Jersey street, New Brighton 100 feet off Jersey street. New Brighton 40 39 02 40 39 02 40 38 51 40 38 51 40 38 61 74 05 26 74 05 26 74 05 24 74 05 24 74 05 24 15 25 1 15 30 Ebb Ebb Flood Flood Flood 17.6 17.5 18.0 17.6 17.5 34 34 34 32 32 4.44 4.44 4.10 4.38 4.38 74 74 68 73 73 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1.39 1.41 1.43 1.48 1.60 Midway across . . . . , Midway across Midway across 100 feet off Columbia Oil Co. pier (old) 100 feet off Columbia Oil Co. pier (old) 40 38 67 40 38 57 40 38 67 40 39 02 40 39 02 74 05 25 74 05 25 74 05 25 74 05 26 74 06 26 1 20 40 1 15 Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood 18.0 17.5 17.5 18.0 17.5 34 30 30 32 30 4.26 4.65 4.55 4.44 4.58 71 76 76 75 76 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1.62 3.30 3.32 3.34 3.39 100 feet off Columbia Oil Co. pier (old) 100 feet off Jersey street. New Brighton 100 feet off Jersey street. New Brighton 100 feet off Jersey street. New Brighton Midway across 40 39 02 40 38 61 40 38 51 40 38 61 40 38 57 74 05 26 74 05 24 74 06 24 74 06 24 74 06 25 26 1 16 30 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood 17.5 18.6 18.5 18.5 18.5 30 28 26 26 28 4.68 4.10 4.38 4.38 4.17 76 70 74 74 71 1814 1816 1816 1817 1818 3.41 3.43 3.48 3.50 3.62 Midway across Midway across 100 feet off Columbia Oil Co. pier (old) 100 feet off Columbia Oil Co. pier (old) 100 feet off Columbia Oil Co. pier (old) 40 38 57 40 38 57 40 39 02 40 39 02 40 39 02 74 05 25 74 05 25 74 05 26 74 05 26 74 05 26 20 40 1 15 26 Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood 18.6 18.5 18.5 18.5 18.5 26 26 28 26 26 4.44 4.44 4.26 4.40 4.26 75 75 72 74 72 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 6.30 5.32 6.34 5.39 6.41 100 feet off Jersey street. New Brighton 100 feet off Jersey street, New Brighton 100 feet off Jersey street, New Brighton Midway across Midway across 40 38 51 40 38 61 40 38 61 40 38 57 40 38 57 74 05 24 74 05 24 74 05 24 74 05 26 74 05 25 1 15 30 1 20 Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood 18.6 18.6 18.6 18.5 18.5 28 26 26 26 24 4.38 4.65 4.65 4.44 4.72 74 79 79 75 80 1824 1825 1826 1827 6.43 5.48 5.60 5.62 Midway across 100 feet off Columbia Oil Co. pier. 100 feet off Columbia Oil Co. pier. 100 feet off Columbia Oil Co. pier. 40 38 57 40 39 02 40 39 02 40 39 02 74 05 25 74 05 26 74 05 26 74 05 26 40 1 15 25 Flood Flood Flood Flood 18.5 18.5 18.5 18.6 24 26 24 24 4.72 4.54 4.69 4.69 80 77 79 79 DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATEE TABLE XXVII— Continued 76— NEWARK BAY, CROSS-SECTION JUST BELOW C. R.R. OF N. J. TRESTLE, OCTOBER 6, 1911 High water occurred at Governor's Island at 6.20 A. M. Low water at 12.45 P. M. High water at 6.35 P. M. 401 Hour A.M. Location of Sampl es Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen Sample C. C. .per utre Per No. Approximate Latitude Longitude cent, satura- tion 1828 1829 1830 8.00 8.02 8.06 8.08 300 feet off east shore (Bayonne) 300 feet off east shore (Bayonne) In channel, near draw o / // 40 39 17 40 39 17 40 39 17 40 39 17 O t ff 74 08 27 74 08 27 74 08 46 74 08 46 1 10 1 15 Ebb Flood Ebb Flood 15.5 16.0 15.5 16.0 40 32 40 36 3.88 3.88 3.84 4.12 62 74 61 1831 In channel, near draw 66 1832 8.10 8.14 8.16 8.20 In channel, near draw 40 39 17 40 39 17 40 39 17 40 39 17 74 08 46 74 09 14 74 09 14 74 09 40 30 1 8 1 Flood Ebb Ebb Ebb 16.0 15.5 16.0 15.5 36 40 38 40 3.70 3.89 3.89 3.83 60 1833 H way across bay 62 1834 Yi way across bay 63 1835 ^/i way across from east shore 61 1836 1837 8.22 8.26 8.28 10.00 Ji way across from east shore 300 feet off west shore 40 39 17 40 39 18 40 39 18 40 39 17 74 09 40 74 10 02 74 10 02 74 08 27 8 1 8 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 16.0 15.5 15.5 15.5 38 40 38 44 3.83 3.92 3.92 4.48 62 62 1838 300 feet off west shore 63 1839 300 feet off east shore 71 1840 10.02 10.06 10.08 10.10 300 feet off east shore 40 39 17 40 39 17 40 39 17 40 39 17 74 08 27 74 08 46 74 08 46 74 08 46 9 1 15 30 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 40 40 40 40 4.48 4.26 4.40 4.26 71 1841 In channel, near draw 68 1842 In channel, near draw 70 1843 In channel, near draw 68 1844 10.14 10.16 10.20 10.22 \^ wav across bav 40 39 17 40 39 17 40 39 17 40 39 17 74 09 14 74 09 14 74 09 40 74 09 40 1 7 1 7 Flood Flood Flood Flood 15.5 16.0 15.5 16.0 40 40 40 40 4.17 4.17 4.10 4.10 66 1845 J^ way across bay 66 1846 1847 Ji way across from east shore ^/i way across from east shore 65 65 1848 10.26 10.28 12.00 P.M. 12.02 300 feet off west shore 40 39 18 40 39 18 40 39 17 40 39 17 74 10 02 74 10 02 74 08 27 74 08 27 1 7 1 8 Flood Flood Flood Flood 15.5 15.5 16.0 16.0 40 40 46 44 4.06 4.06 4.18 4.32 65 1849 300 feet off west shore 65 1850 300 feet off east shore 66 1861 300 feet off east shore 69 1852 12.04 12.06 12.08 12.12 40 39 17 40 39 17 40 39 17 40 39 17 74 08 46 74 08 46 74 08 46 74 09 14 1 15 30 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 46 44 42 48 4.26 4.26 4.26 4.44 68 1853 In channel, near draw 68 1854 68 1855 \^ wav across bav 70 1856 12.14 12.18 12.20 12.24 ^2 way across bay 40 39 17 40 39 17 40 39 17 40 39 18 74 09 14 74 09 40 74 09 40 74 10 02 6 1 6 1 Flood Flood Flood Ebb 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 46 48 48 48 4.58 4.51 4.38 4.48 73 1857 1858 1859 ^/i way across from east shore ^/i way across from east shore 300 feet off west shore 71 70 71 1860 12.26 2.00 2.02 2.04 300 feet off west shore 40 39 18 40 39 17 40 39 17 40 39 17 74 10 02 74 08 27 74 08 27 74 08 46 6 1 8 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 48 54 54 54 4.48 4.48 4.48 4.26 71 1861 300 feet off east shore 70 1862 300 feet off east shore 70 1863 In channel, near draw 67 1864 2.06 2.08 2.12 2.14 In channel, near draw 40 39 17 40 39 17 40 39 17 40 39 17 74 08 46 74 08 46 74 09 14 74 09 14 15 30 1 6 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 52 50 54 54 4.26 4.26 4.17 4.17 67 1865 In channel, near draw 67 1866 }^ way across 65 1867 J^ way across 65 1868 1869 1870 2.18 2.20 2.24 2.26 3.30 ^/i way across from east shore J2 way across from east shore 300 feet off west shore 40 39 17 40 39 17 40 39 18 40 39 18 40 39 17 74 09 40 74 09 40 74 10 02 74 10 02 74 08 27 1 6 1 6 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Flood 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 15.5 54 54 54 54 48 4.10 4.10 4.20 4.20 3.88 64 64 66 1871 300 feet off west shore 66 1872 300 feet off east shore 61 1873 3.32 3.36 3.38 3.40 3.44 300 feet off east shore 40 39 17 40 39 17 40 39 17 40 39 17 40 39 17 ,. 74 08 27 74 08 46 74 08 46 74 08 46 74 09 14 8 1 15 30 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 46 48 46 44 46 3.88 3.84 3.84 4.12 3.89 61 1874 In channel, near draw 60 1875 In channel, near draw 60 1876 In channel, near draw 64 1877 J^ way across 61 402 RESULTS OP ANAIiYSES TABLE XXVII— Continued 76— NEWARK BAY, CROSS-SECTION JUST BELOW C. R.R. OF N. J. TRESTLE. OCTOBER 6, 19H— Continued Sample No. Hour P.M. Location of Samples Approximate Latitude Longitude Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen C. C. per litre Per cent, satura- tion 1878 1879 1880 1881 3.46 3.50 3.52 3.56 J^ way across ' ' way across ^ way across 300 feet off west shore. , 40 39 17 40 39 17 40 39 17 40 39 18 74 09 14 74 09 40 74 09 40 74 10 02 Flood Flood Flood Flood 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 44 46 46 46 3.89 3.83 3.83 3.92 61 60 60 61 1882 1883 1884 1885 3.58 5.00 5.02 5.06 300 feet off west shore. , 300 feet off east shore. , 300 feet off east shore. , In channel, near draw. 40 39 18 40 39 17 40 39 17 40 39 17 74 10 02 74 08 27 74 08 27 74 08 46 Flood Flood Flood Flood 16.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 46 40 40 40 3.92 3.88 3.88 3.72 61 62 62 60 1886 1887 1888 1889 5.08 5.10 5.14 5.16 In channel, near draw. In channel, near draw. J^ way across J^ way across 40 39 17 40 39 17 40 39 17 40 39 17 74 08 46 74 08 46 74 09 14 74 09 14 15 30 1 8 Flood Flood Flood Flood 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 38 38 38 38 3.84 3.98 3.61 3.61 61 63 57 57 1890 1891 1892 1893 5.20 5.22 5.26 5.28 % way across % way across 300 feet off west shore. 300 feet off west shore. 40 39 17 40 39 17 40 39 18 40 39 18 74 09 40 74 09 40 74 10 02 74 10 02 Flood Flood Flood Flood 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 38 38 38 38 3.55 3.55 3.64 3.64 56 56 58 68 77— EAST RIVER, CROSS-SECTION BETWEEN LAWRENCE POINT AND STONY POINT. OCTOBER 11, 1911 High water occurred at Governor's Island at 9.60 A. M. Hell Gate, low water at 5.15 A. M. High water at 11.40 A. M. Low water at 6.10 P. M. Flood currents began about 7.15 A. M. Flood currents ended about 12.15 P. M. Ebb currents began about 12.30 P. M. 1894 1895 1896 1897 A.M. 7.50 7.52 7.54 7.58 By buoy 7, near Lawrence Point By buoy 7, near Lawrence Point By buoy 7, near Lawrence Point }^ way across J^ way across ^2 way across 200 feet off East 134th st. ferry (Stony Point) 200 feet off East 134th st. ferry (Stony Point) 200 feet off East 134th st. ferry (Stony Point) By buoy 7, near Lawrence Point — By buoy 7, near Lawrence Point By buoy 7, near Lawrence Point Half way across Half way across Half way across 200 feet off East 134th st. ferry 200 feet off East 134th st. ferry 200 feet off East 134th st. ferry By buoy 7, near Lawrence Point By buoy 7, near Lawrence Point By buoy 7, near Lawrence Point Half way across HaJf way across Half way across 40 47 34 40 47 34 40 47 34 40 47 46 73 64 30 73 54 30 73 54 30 73 54 31 1 20 40 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood 16.6 16.5 16.5 16.5 26 26 26 26 3.28 3.28 3.28 3.27 55 55 55 55 1898 1899 1900 1901 8.00 8.02 8.06 8.08 40 47 45 40 47 45 40 47 56 40 47 66 73 54 31 73 54 31 73 54 31 73 54 31 35 70 1 35 Flood Flood Flood Flood 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.6 26 26 26 26 3.27 3.27 3.33 3.33 56 55 56 56 1902 1903 1904 1905 8.10 10.00 10.02 10.04 40 47 56 40 47 34 40 47 34 40 47 34 73 54 31 73 54 30 73 64 30 73 54 30 70 1 20 40 Flood Flood Flood Flood 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 26 30 28 28 3.33 3.14 3.28 3.28 66 62 64 54 1906 1907 1908 1909 10.08 10.10 10.12 10.16 40 47 46 40 47 45 40 47 46 40 47 56 73 64 31 73 54 31 73 54 31 73 54 31 1 36 70 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood 16.6 16.5 16.6 16.5 30 28 28 30 3.12 3.41 3.41 3.19 52 56 56 53 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 10.18 10.20 P.M. 12.00 12.02 40 47 56 40 47 56 40 47 34 40 47 34 73 64 31 73 64 31 73 54 30 73 64 30 35 70 1 20 Flgd Flood Flood Flood 16.6 16.6 16.5 16.0 28 28 36 32 12.04 12.08 12.10 12.12 40 47 34 40 47 45 40 47 45 40 47 46 73 64 30 73 64 31 73 64 31 73 64 31 40 1 35 70 Flood Flood Flood Flood 16.0 16.5 16.0 16.0 32 36 32 32 3.33 3.33 3.14 3.28 3.28 3.12 3.41 3.41 55 55 51 54 54 50 56 56 DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATEE 40.3 TABLE XXVII— Continued 77— EAST RIVER, CROSS-SECTION BETWEEN LAWRENCE POINT AND STONY POINT. OCTOBER 11, 1911— Continued ' Hour P.M. Location of Sampit 38 Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen Sample C. C. per Utre Per No. Approximate Latitude Longitude cent, satura- tion 1918 1919 1920 1921 12.16 12.18 12.20 2.00 200 feet oS East 134th st. ferry 200 feet off East 134th st. ferry 200 feet off East 134th st. ferry By buoy 7, near Lawrence Point / // 40 47 66 40 47 66 40 47 56 40 47 34 Q 1 II 73 64 31 73 64 31 73 64 31 73 54 30 1 36 70 1 Flood Flood Flood Ebb 16.5 16.0 16.0 16.6 36 32 32 28 3.19 3.33 3.33 3.28 51 55 65 64 1922 1923 1924 2.02 2.04 2.08 2.10 By buoy 7, near Lawrence Point By buoy 7, near Lawrence Point Half way across 40 47 34 40 47 34 40 47 45 40 47 45 73 64 30 73 64 30 73 54 31 73 54 31 20 40 1 35 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 16.5 16.6 16.6 16.6 28 28 28 28 3.28 3.28 3.29 3.41 54 54 54 1925 Half way across 66 1926 2.12 2.16 2.18 2.20 Half way across 40 47 45 40 47 56 40 47 66 40 47 66 73 54 31 73 64 31 73 64 31 73 64 31 70 1 35 70 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 16.5 16.6 16.6 16.5 28 28 28 28 3.41 3.33 3.33 3.33 66 1927 1928 1929 200 feet off East 134th st. ferry 200 feet off East 134th st. ferry 200 feet off East 134th st. ferry 65 65 55 1930 1931 1932 1933 4.00 4.02 4.04 4.08 By buoy 7 near Lawrence Point By buoy 7, near Lawrence Point By buoy 7, near Lawrence Point J^ way across 40 47 34 40 47 34 40 47 34 40 47 46 73 64 30 73 64 30 73 64 30 73 64 31 1 20 40 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 24 24 24 24 3.55 3.69 3.69 3.70 69 62 62 62 1934 4.10 4.12 4.16 4.18 J^ way across 40 47 45 40 47 45 40 47 66 40 47 66 73 54 31 73 54 31 73 54 31 73 54 31 35 70 1 35 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 24 24 24 24 3.84 3.84 3.61 3.76 64 1935 J^ way across 64 1936 1937 200 feet off East 134th street ferry 200 feet off East 134th street ferry . 60 63 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 4.20 5.00 5.02 5.04 5.08 200 feet off East 134th street ferry By buoy 7, near Lawrence Point By buoy 7, near Lawrence Point By buoy 7, near Lawrence Point V9 wav across 40 47 56 40 47 34 40 47 34 40 47 34 40 47 45 73 64 31 73 64 30 73 54 30 73 54 30 73 64 31 70 1 20 40 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 24 24 24 24 24 3.75 3.55 3.69 3.69 3.70 63 59 62 62 62 1943 5.10 5.12 5.16 5.18 5.20 J^ way across 40 47 46 40 47 46 40 47 66 40 47 66 40 47 66 73 64 31 73 64 31 73 54 31 73 54 31 73 54 31 35 70 1 35 70 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 24 24 24 24 24 3.84 3.84 3.61 3.75 3.75 64 1944 3^ way across 64 1945 1946 1947 200 feet off East 134th street ferry 200 feet off East 134th street ferry 200 feet off East 134th street ferry 60 63 63 78— HUDSON RIVER, CROSS-SECTION AT MT. ST. VINCENT. OCTOBER 13, 1911 Low water occurred at Governor's Island at 5.15 A. M. High water at 11.32 A. M. Mt. St. Vincent — Low water at 7.16 A.M. High water at 1.46 P. M. Ebb currents ended about 10.15 P. M. Flood currents began about 10.30 A. M. Ebb currents began about 3.16 P. M. 1948 A.M. 7.45 7.47 7.49 7.53 500 feet off Mt. St. Vincent 40 54 50 40 54 50 40 54 50 40 54 60 73 54 49 73 54 49 73 54 49 73 64 69 1 20 40 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 15.5 15.0 15.0 15.6 80 60 58 80 5.74 6.19 6.19 6.83 84 1949 600 feet off Mt. St. Vincent 78 1950 600 feet off Mt. St. Vincent 78 1961 yi way across from east shore 85 1962 1953 1954 7.66 7.57 8.01 8.03 M way across from east shore M way across from east shore J^ way across ' . 40 54 60 40 54 50 40 54 50 40 54 60 73 64 69 73 64 59 73 55 15 73 55 16 20 40 1 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 15.0 16.0 15.6 15.0 60 58 78 68 5.28 6.28 6.88 5.60 79 79 86 1955 y^ way across 83 1956 8.05 8.09 8.11 8.13 \(> wav across 40 64 60 40 54 60 40 54 50 40 54 50 73 55 15 73 56 30 73 56 30 73 55 30 36 1 10 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 15.0 16.5 15.0 15.0 66 76 72 72 5.60 5.97 6.68 5.68 84 1967 1968 1969 ^/i way across from east shore ^ way across from east shore ji way across from east shore 88 84 84 104 RESULTS OP ANALYSES TABLE XXVII— Continued 78— HTJDSON RIVER, CROSS-SECTION AT MT. ST. VINCENT. OCTOBER 13, 1911— Continued Hour A.M. Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen Sample C.C. litre Per No. Approximate Latitude Longitude cent, satura- tion 1960 8.17 8.19 8.21 9.45 9.47 500 feet off west shore O f II 40 54 50 40 54 50 40 54 50 40 54 50 40 54 50 O 1 II 73 55 42 73 65 42 73 55 42 73 54 49 73 54 49 1 10 15 1 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 15.5 15.6 15.5 15.5 16.5 76 74 74 76 68 5.94 5.65 5.65 5.74 5,19 87 1961 83 1962 500 feet off west shore 83 1963 500 feet off Mt. St. Vincent 84 1964 500 feet off Mt. St. Vincent 77 1965 9.49 9.53 9.55 9.57 500 feet off Mt. St. Vincent 40 54 50 40 54 50 40 54 50 40 54 60 73 64 49 73 64 59 73 54 59 73 64 59 40 1 20 40 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 68 76 68 68 5.19 5.83 6.28 5.28 77 1966 1967 1968 ]4, way across from east shore 54 way across from east shore }2 way across from east shore 86 79 79 1969 10.01 10.03 10.05 10.09 }/2 way across 40 54 50 40 54 50 40 54 50 40 54 50 73 66 15 73 66 15 73 65 15 73 55 30 1 20 35 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 15.5 16.5 15,6 15.5 76 68 68 76 6,88 5.60 5.60 5.97 87 1970 84 1971 V^ wav across 84 1972 Ji way across from east shore 88 1973 1974 1975 10.11 10.13 10.17 10.19 % way across from east shore % way across from east shore 500 feet off west shore 40 54 50 40 54 50 40 54 50 40 54 50 73 55 30 73 55 30 73 55 42 73 65 42 10 20 1 10 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 15.5 15.5 15.5 16.5 70 70 76 72 5.68 6.68 5.94 6.66 85 85 87 1976 84 1977 10.21 11.45 11.47 11.49 500 feet off west shore 40 54 50 40 54 50 40 54 50 40 54 50 73 55 42 73 54 49 73 54 49 73 54 49 15 1 20 40 Ebb Flood Flood Flood 16.5 15.5 16,5 15.5 70 70 66 64 5.66 4.94 4.78 4.78 84 1978 500 feet off Mt. St. Vincent 74 1979 500 feet off Mt. St. Vincent 73 1980 500 feet off Mt. St, Vincent 73 1981 1982 1983 1984 11.53 11.55 11.57 P.M. 12.01 ]4, way across from east shore j| way across from east shore J^ way across from east shore 40 54 50 40 54 60 40 54 50 40 54 60 73 64 69 73 54 59 73 54 59 73 65 15 1 20 40 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 70 66 64 72 5.00 4.87 4.87 5.04 75 74 74 75 1985 12.03 12.05 12.09 12.11 ^ way across 40 54 50 40 64 50 40 54 60 40 64 50 73 55 15 73 55 15 73 65 30 73 55 30 20 35 1 10 Flood Flood Flood Flood 15,5 15.5 15,6 15.5 66 66 72 68 4.90 4.90 5.11 5.00 74 1986 74 1987 1988 % way across from east shore ^ way across from east shore 76 75 1989 1990 12.13 12.17 12.19 12.21 Ji way across from east shore 40 54 50 40 54 50 40 54 50 40 64 60 73 55 30 73 66 42 73 66 42 73 66 42 20 1 10 15 Flood Flood Flood Flood 16.5 15.5 15,5 15,5 68 72 70 70 5.00 6.22 5,07 5.07 75 78 1991 500 feet off west shore 76 1992 500 feet off west shore 76 1993 2.00 2.02 2.04 2.08 500 feet off Mt. St. Vincent 40 64 60 40 54 50 40 54 60 40 54 50 73 64 49 73 54 49 73 64 49 73 54 69 1 20 40 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood 16,5 15,5 15,5 15,6 64 60 60 64 4.78 4.38 4,38 4.87 73 1994 500 feet off Mt. St. Vincent 67 1995 500 feet off Mt. St. Vincent 67 1996 Ji way across from east shore 74 1997 1998 1999 2.10 2.12 2.16 2.18 ]4: way across from east shore ]4: way across from east shore 3^ way across 40 54 60 40 64 50 40 54 50 40 64 50 73 64 69 73 54 59 73 55 16 73 65 16 20 40 1 20 Flood Flood Flood Flood 16,5 15,6 15.5 15.5 60 60 64 60 4.44 4.44 4.90 4.48 68 68 74 2000 68 2001 2.20 2.24 2.26 2,28 40 64 50 40 54 50 40 64 60 40 54 60 73 55 15 73 66 30 73 65 30 73 55 30 35 1 10 20 Flood Flood Flood Flood 15,6 15.5 15.5 15.5 60 64 60 60 4.48 5.00 4,55 4,55 68 2002 2003 2004 M way across from east shore % way across from east shore ^ way across from east shore 76 70 70 2005 2.32 2.34 2.36 4.00 500 feet off west shore 40 54 50 40 54 50 40 64 50 40 54 50 73 55 42 73 56 42 73 65 42 73 64 49 1 10 15 1 Flood Flood Flood Ebb 16.5 16.5 15.5 16,0 68 62 60 64 5,07 4.64 4.64 4,78 77 71 71 73 2006 2007 500 feet off west shore 2008 500 feet off Mt. St. Vincent 2009 4.02 4.04 4.08 4.10 500 feet off Mt, St. Vincent 40 54 60 40 54 50 40 54 50 40 64 50 73 54 49 73 54 49 73 54 59 73 64 59 20 40 1 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 16,0 16,0 16.0 16.0 60 60 64 60 4.78 4.94 4.87 4.87 74 76 74 75 2010 500 feet off Mt. St. Vincent 2011 2012 14, way across from east shore j2 way across from east shore DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATER TABLE XXVII— Contmued 78— HUDSON RIVER, CROSS-SECTION AT MT. ST. VINCENT. OCTOBER 13, 1911— Contmued d05 Hour P.M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen Sample C.C. per litre Per No. Approximate Latitude Longitude cent, satura- tion 2013 2014 4.12 4.16 4.18 4.20 ]4, way across from east shore J^ way across o / // 40 54 50 40 54 50 40 54 50 40 54 50 73 54 59 73 55 15 73 55 15 73 55 15 40 1 20 36 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 60 64 60 60 4.87 5.04 5.04 5.04 75 76 2015 yi way across 77 2016 J^ way across 77 2017 2018 2019 2020 4.24 4.26 4.28 4.32 % way across from east shore % way across from east shore % way across from east shore 500 feet off west shore 40 54 50 40 54 50 40 54 50 40 54 50 73 55 30 73 55 30 73 55 30 73 66 42 1 10 20 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 64 60 60 68 5.11 5.00 5.00 5.22 77 77 77 79 2021 4.34 4.36 5.15 5.17 500 feet off west shore 40 54 50 40 54 50 40 54 50 50 44 50 73 55 42 73 56 42 73 64 49 73 64 49 10 15 1 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 60 60 68 62 5.07 6.07 6.06 5.06 78 2022 500 feet off west shore 78 2023 500 feet off Mt. St. Vincent 76 2024 500 feet off Mt. St. Vincent 78 2025 2026 2027 2028 5.19 5.23 5.25 5.27 500 feet off Mt. St. Vincent M way across from east shore J2 way across from east shore )4: way across from east shore 40 54 50 40 54 50 40 54 50 40 54 50 73 54 49 73 54 59 73 54 59 73 54 69 40 20 4 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 62 68 62 62 5.06 5.14 6.14 6.14 78 77 79 79 2029 5.30 5.32 5.34 6.38 ^ way across 40 54 60 40 54 50 40 54 50 40 54 50 73 65 15 73 55 15 73 55 16 73 56 30 1 20 35 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 68 62 62 70 5.18 5.18 5.18 6.26 78 2030 80 2031 Vi wav across 80 2032 % way across from east shore 79 2033 2034 2035 5.40 5.42 5.46 5.48 6.50 % way across from east shore ^ way across from east shore 500 feet off west shore 40 54 50 40 64 50 40 54 50 40 54 60 40 64 60 73 66 30 73 55 30 73 55 42 73 65 42 73 66 42 10 20 1 10 15 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 62 62 70 62 62 5.26 5.26 5.36 6.36 6.36 81 81 80 2036 500 feet off west shore 83 2037 500 feet off west shore 83 79— UPPER NEW YORK BAY, VICINITY OF ROBBIN'S REEF LIGHT. OCTOBER 16, 1911 Low water occurred at Governor's Island at 9.06 A. M. High water at 3.09 P. M. Ebb currents ended 11.45 A. M. 2038 2039 2040 2041 A.M. 9.20 9.22 9.25 9.35 H mile N. E. of Robbin's Reef hght.. ]4 mile N. E. of Robbin's Reef light. . J^ mile N. E. of Robbin's Reef Ught.. H mile B. S. E. of Robbin's Reef Ught 40 39 44 40 39 44 40 39 44 40 39 16 74 03 29 74 03 29 74 03 29 74 03 25 1 26 46 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 16.0 16.5 16.5 16.0 36 32 32 38 3.96 3.96 3.96 3.98 64 65 65 64 2042 2043 2044 2045 9.37 9.40 9.50 9.52 Yi mile E. S. E. of Robbin's Reef light li mile E. S. E. of Robbin's Reef light J^ mile South of Robbin's Reef Ught.. ]/i mile South of Robbin's Reef light.. 40 39 16 40 39 16 40 38 49 40 38 49 74 03 25 74 03 26 74 03 48 74 03 48 20 40 1 25 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 16.6 16.5 16.0 16.6 32 32 36 32 4.12 4.12 4.03 4.03 68 68 65 67 2046 2047 2048 2049 9.55 11.20 11.22 11.25 J^ mile South of Robbin's Reef Ught.. 14 mile N. E. of Robbin's Reef Ught... J^ mile N. E. of Robbin's Reef Ught.. . J^ mile N. E. of Robbin's Reef Ught... 40 38 49 40 39 44 40 39 44 40 39 44 74 03 48 74 03 29 74 03 29 74 03 29 50 1 25 45 Ebb End of Ebb Flood Flood 16.6 16.0 16.5 16.5 32 44 32 32 4.03 4.10 3.96 3.96 67 66 65 65 2050 2051 2062 2063 11.35 11.37 11.40 11.60 Yi mile E. S. E. of Robbin's Reef Ught Yi mile E. S. E. of Robbin's Reef Ught )4 mile E. S. E. of Robbin's Reef Ught J^ mile South of Robbin's Reef Ught.. 40 39 16 40 39 16 40 39 16 40 38 49 74 03 26 74 03 26 74 03 26 74 03 48 1 20 40 1 End of Ebb Flood Flood End of Ebb 16.0 16.5 16.5 16.0 44 32 32 44 4.12 3.98 3.98 4.17 66 66 66 66 2064 2055 2066 2057 11.62 11.55 P.M. 1.20 1.22 ]4 mile South of Robbin's Reef Ught.. J^ mile South of Robbin's Reef Ught.. ]4 mile N. E. of Robbin's Reef Ught... Y2 mile N. E. of Robbin's Reef Ught... 40 38 49 40 38 49 40 39 44 40 39 44 74 03 48 74 03 48 74 03 29 74 03 29 25 50 1 26 Flood Flood Flood Flood 16.6 16.5 16.0 16.0 32 32 40 28 4.03 4.03 4.24 4.65 67 67 68 77 406 EESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XXVII— Continued 79— UPPER NEW YORK BAY, VICINITY OF ROBBINS' REEF LIGHT. OCTOBER 16, 1911— Continued Hour P.M. Location of Sample 3S Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen Sample C. C. per litre Per No. Approximate Latitude Longitude cent, satura- tion 2058 2059 2060 2061 1.25 1.35 1.37 1.40 Yi, mile N. E. of Robbin's Reef light... Yi mile E. S. E. of Robbin's Reef light Yi mile E. S. E. of Robbin's Reef light Vi. mile E. S. E. of Robbin's Reef light t if 40 39 44 40 39 16 40 39 16 40 39 16 t It 74 03 29 74 03 25 74 03 25 74 03 26 46 1 20 40 Flood Flood Flood Flood 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 28 42 28 28 4.65 4.12 4.40 4.40 77 67 73 73 2062 2063 2064 2065 1.50 1.52 1.55 3.20 yi mile South of Robbin's Reef light.. y% mile South of Robbin's Reef light.. Yi mile South of Robbin's Reef light.. Y% mile N. E. of Robbin's Reef light... 40 38 49 40 38 49 40 38 49 40 39 44 74 03 48 74 03 48 74 03 48 74 03 29 1 25 50 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 36 24 24 32 4.31 4.58 4.58 4.65 71 76 76 77 2066 2067 2068 2069 3.22 3.25 3.35 3.37 Yi mile N. E. of Robbin's Reef Ught... Yi mile N. E. of Robbin's Reef Ught.. Yi mile E. S. E. of Robbin's Reef light Y2 mile E. S. E. of Robbin's Reef light 40 39 44 40 39 44 40 39 16 40 39 16 74 03 29 74 03 29 74 03 26 74 03 25 25 46 1 20 Flood Flood Flood Flood 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 22 22 32 22 4.65 4.65 4.55 4.55 77 77 75 76 2070 2071 2072 2073 3.40 3.60 3.52 3.55 Yi mile E. S. E. of Robbin's Reef light Y mile South of Robbin's Reef Ught.. Yi mile South of Robbin's Reef Ught.. Y mUe South of Robbin's Reef Ught.. 40 39 16 40 38 49 40 38 49 40 38 49 74 02 26 74 03 48 74 03 48 74 03 48 40 1 25 60 Flood Flood Flood Flood 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 22 28 20 20 4.65 4.58 4.58 4.68 76 76 76 76 2074 2075 2076 2077 5.10 5.12 6.14 5.18 Yi mile N. E. of Robbin's Reef Ught.. Yi mile N. E. of Robbin's Reef Ught.. Yi mile N. E. of Robbin's Reef light.. Yi mile E. S. E. of Robbin's Reef light 40 39 44 40 39 44 40 39 44 40 39 16 74 03 29 74 03 29 74 03 29 74 03 25 1 25 46 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 30 20 20 30 4.65 4.65 4.65 4.55 77 79 79 75 2078 2079 2080 2081 2082 5.20 5.22 5.26 5.28 6.30 Yi mile E. S. E. of Robbin's Reef light Yi mile E. S. E. of Robbin's Reef light J^ mile south of Robbin's Reef Ught.. . Yi mile south of Robbin's Reef light.. . J^ mile south of Robbin's Reef Ught.. . 40 39 16 40 39 16 40 38 49 40 38 49 40 38 49 74 03 26 74 03 25 74 03 48 74 03 48 74 03 48 20 40 1 25 50 Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 20 20 30 20 20 4.68 4.68 4.58 4.58 4.58 79 79 76 78 78 80— UPPER NEW YORK BAY, VICINITY OF ROBBIN'S REEF. OCTOBER 23, 1911 High water occurred at Governor's Island at 8.37 A. M. Low water at 3.10 P. M. Ebb currents began about 11.15 A. M. 2083 2084 2085 2086 A.M. 9.30 9.32 9.35 9.45 500 feet east of buoy G. 2, 1 nule north of Robbin's Reef Ught 600 feet east of buoy G. 2, 1 mile north of Robbin's Reef light 500 feet east of buoy G. 2, 1 mile north of Robbin's Reef Ught 1 mile E. S. E. of Robbin's Reef light, Une from light to 64th street, Brook- lya, and from Liberty Island to Fort Wadsworth 40 40 12 40 40 12 40 40 12 40 39 05 74 03 10 74 03 10 74 03 10 74 02 53 1 25 50 Flood Flood Flood Flood 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 62 34 32 62 4.78 4.65 4.65 4.72 75 75 76 74 2087 2088 2089 2090 9.47 9.50 10.00 10.02 1 mile E. S. E. of Robbin's Reef Ught, line from Ught to 64th street, Brook- lyn, and from Liberty Island to Fort Wadsworth 1 mile E. S. E. of Robbin's Reef Ught, Une from light to 64th street, Brook- lyn, and from Liberty Island to Fort Wadsworth 1 mile S. S. E. of Robbin's Reef light, midway between 2 spar buoys off Tompkinsville, S.I 1 mile S. S. E. of Robbin's Reef Ught, midway between 2 spar buoys on Tompkinsville, S. I 40 39 05 40 39 05 40 38 33 40 38 33 74 02 53 74 02 63 74 03 42 74 03 42 15 30 1 26 Flood Flood Flood Flood 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 34 32 44 32 4.72 4.72 4.83 4.83 76 77 77 79 DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATER 407 Sample No. TABLE XXVII— Continued 80— UPPER NEW YORK BAY, VICINITY OF ROBBIN'S REEF. OCTOBER 23, 1911— Continued Hour A.M. Location of Samples Approximate Latitude Longitude Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen C. C. per litre Per cent, satura- tion 2091 2092 2093 2094 10.05 10. Iff 10.17 10.20 mile S. S. E. of Robbin's Reef light, midwajr between 2 spar buoys off Tompkinsville, S. I yi mile south of east of Robbin's Reef light, yi mile northeast of Robbin's Reef bdl buoy yi mile south of east of Robbin's Reef light, yi mile northeast of Robbin's Reef bell buoy M mile south of east of Robbin's Reef Ught, yi nule northeast of Robbin's Reef bdl buoy O t If 40 38 33 40 39 26 40 39 26 40 39 26 O f ff 74 03 42 74 03 37 74 03 37 74 03 37 50 1 30 50 Flood Flood Flood Flood 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 30 46 32 32 4.83 4.92 4.92 4.92 79 78 81 81 2095 2096 2097 2098 10.44 10.47 10.50 P.M. 12.30 Narrows, midway between forts. Narrows, midway between forts . Narrows, midway between forts . 500 feet east of buoy G. 2 40 36 25 40 36 25 40 36 25 40 40 12 74 02 48 74 02 48 74 02 48 74 03 10 1 40 80 Flood Flood Flood Ebb 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 42 32 30 52 5.07 5.07 5.07 4.10 81 83 83 65 2099 2100 2101 2102 12.32 12.35 12.45 12.47 500 feet east of buoy G. 2 500 feet east of buoy G. 2 1 mile E. S. S. of Robbin's Reef . 1 mile E. S. S. of Robbin's Reef . 40 40 12 40 40 12 40 39 05 40 39 05 74 03 10 74 03 10 74 02 63 74 02 53 25 50 1 15 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 38 38 54 36 4.10 4.10 4.31 4.58 66 66 68 74 2103 2104 2105 2106 2107 12.50 1.00 1.02 1.05 1.15 1 mile E. S. S. of Robbin's Reef .... 1 mile S. S. E. of Robbin's Reef .... 1 mile S. S. E. of Robbin's Reef.. . . 1 mile S. S. E. of Robbin's Reef .... ]4: mile south of east of Robbin's Reef 40 39 05 40 38 33 40 38 33 40 38 33 40 39 26 74 02 53 74 03 42 74 03 42 74 03 42 74 03 37 30 1 25 50 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 36 54 46 46 66 4.58 4.68 4.55 4.55 4.78 74 74 72 72 75 2108 2109 2110 2111 2112 1.17 1.20 1.45 1.47 1.50 ]4, nule south of east of Robbin's Reef J2 mile south of east of Robbin's Reef Narrows, midway between forts. . . . Narrows, midway between forts. . . . Narrows, midway between forts .... 40 39 26 40 39 26 40 36 25 40 36 25 40 36 25 74 03 37 74 03 37 74 02 48 74 02 48 74 02 48 30 60 1 40 80 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 40 40 54 42 42 4.78 4.78 4.63 4.63 4.63 76 76 73 74 74 2113 2114 2115 2116 2117 3.30 3.32 3.35 3.45 3.47 500 feet east of buoy G. 2 500 feet east of buoy G. 2 600 feet east of buoy G. 2 1 mile E. S. E. of Robbin's Reef . 1 mile E. S. E. of Robbin's Reef . 40 40 12 40 40 12 40 40 12 40 39 06 40 39 06 74 03 10 74 03 10 74 03 10 74 02 63 74 02 53 1 25 50 1 15 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 66 52 52 74 58 4.51 4.38 4.38 4.58 4.44 69 70 70 69 69 2118 2119 2120 2121 2122 3.60 4.00 4.02 4.06 4.15 1 mile E. S. E. of Robbin's Reef 40 39 05 40 38 33 40 38 33 40 38 33 40 39 26 1 mile S. S. E of Robbin's Reef 1 mile S. S. E. of Robbin's Reef 1 mile S. S. E. of Robbin's Reef % mile south of east of Robbin's Reef 74 02 63 74 03 42 74 03 42 74 03 42 74 03 37 30 1 26 50 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 68 68 62 62 64 4.44 4.40 4.26 4.26 4.34 70 70 68 68 67 2123 2124 2125 2126 2127 4.17 4.20 4.45 4.47 4.50 yi mile south of east of Robbin's Reef }2 mile south of east of Robbin's Reef Narrows, midway between forts. . . . Narrows, midway between forts .... Narrows, midway between forts .... 40 39 26 40 39 26 40 36 25 40 36 26 40 36 25 74 03 37 74 03 37 74 02 48 74 02 48 74 02 48 30 50 1 40 80 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 52 50 64 50 50 4.34 4.34 4.92 4.92 4,92 69 69 76 78 78 81— UPPER NEW YORK BAY, VICINITY OF ROBBIN'S REEF. OCTOBER 24, 1911 High water occurred at Governor's Island at 9.15 A. M. Low water at 3.55 P. M. Ebb currents began about 11.46 A. M 2128 2129 2130 A.M. 9.46 9.48 9.51 yi mile south of east of Robbin's Reef light li mile south of east of Robbin's Reef Ught yi mile south of east of Robbin's Reef Ught 40 39 26 40 39 26 40 39 26 74 03 37 74 03 37 74 03 37 1 30 50 Flood Flood Flood 15.5 15.5 15.5 52 44 4-.§ ..76 5.32 4.32 n 87 87 78 87 87 408 RESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XXVII— Continued 81— UPPER NEW YORK BAY, VICINITY OF ROBBIN'S REEF. OCTOBER 24, 1911— Continued Hour A.M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen Sample C.C. per litre Per No. Approximate Latitude Longitude cent, satura- tion 2131 2132 2133 2134 10.00 10.03 10.06 10.15 ^i mile southeast of Robbin's Reef light '%, mile southeast of Robbin's Reef light }| mile southeast of Robbin's Reef light J^ mile south of Robbin's Reef light.. . o r tt 40 39 19 40 39 19 40 39 19 40 39 13 t It 74 03 42 74 03 42 74 03 42 74 03 54 1 20 40 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood IS. 5 15.5 15.5 15.5 62 44 42 46 4.72 4.44 4.44 4.83 73 69 70 75 2135 2136 2137 10.18 10.21 10.30 10.33 \i mile south of Robbin's Reef light . . H mile south of Robbin's Reef light... Near spar buoy A (nearest Baxter Ledge), off Tompkinsville 40 39 13 40 39 13 40 38 44 40 38 44 74 03 54 74 03 54 74 03 42 74 03 42 10 20 1 25 Flood Flood Flood Flood 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 42 38 62 36 4.56 4.66 4.92 4.92 72 72 76 2138 Near spar buoy A (nearest Baxter 79 2139 10.36 11.00 11.03 11.06 Near spar buoy A (nearest Baxter Ledge), off Tompkinsville 40 38 44 40 36 25 40 36 25 40 36 25 74 03 42 74 02 48 74 02 48 74 02 48 50 1 40 80 Flood Flood Flood Flood 15.6 15.5 15.5 15.6 34 42 30 30 4.92 6.22 5.07 5.07 79 2140 2141 2142 Narrows, midway between forts Narrows, midway between forts Narrows, midway between forts 83 82 82 2143 2144 2145 2146 P.M. 12.45 12.48 12.51 1.00 yi mile south of east of Robbin's Reef. }| mile south of east of Robbin's Reef. Ji mile south of east of Robbin's Reef . '%, mile southeast of Robbin's Reef . . . 40 39 26 40 39 26 40 39 26 40 39 19 74 03 37 74 03 37 74 03 37 74 03 42 1 30 60 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 56 40 40 56 4.94 4.94 4.94 5.00 77 79 79 78 2147 2148 2149 2150 1.03 1.06 1.15 1.18 M mile southeast of Robbin's Reef. . . K mile southeast of Robbin's Reef . . . j| mile south of Robbin's Reef }2 mile south of Robbin's Reef 40 39 19 40 39 19 40 39 13 40 39 13 74 03 42 74 03 42 74 03 54 74 03 54 20 40 1 10 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 40 40 56 46 5.00 5.00 5.11 5.11 80 80 80 82 2151 2152 2153 2154 1.21 1.30 1.33 1.36 J4 mile south of Robbin's Reef Near spar buoy A, nearest Baxter ledge Near spar buoy A, nearest Baxter ledge Near spar buoy A, nearest Baxter ledge 40 39 13 40 38 44 40 38 44 40 38 44 73 03 54 74 03 42 74 03 42 74 03 42 20 1 25 60 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 42 54 44 42 5.11 6.22 5.22 6.22 82 82 83 83 2155 2156 2157 2158 2.00 2.03 2.06 3.45 Narrows, midway between forts Narrows, midway between forts Narrows, midway between forts yi mile south of east of Robbin's Reef . 40 36 25 40 36 25 40 36 25 40 39 26 74 02 48 74 02 48 74 02 48 74 03 37 1 40 80 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 16.0 16.0 16.0 15.5 54 40 40 64 5.22 6.22 5.22 6.06 82 83 83 77 2159 2160 2161 2162 3.47 3.60 4.00 4.02 }^ mile south of east of Robbin's Reef }2 mile south of east of Robbin's Reef }| mile southeast of Robbin's Reef }2 mile southeast of Robbin's Reef 40 39 26 40 39 26 40 39 19 40 39 19 74 03 37 74 03 37 74 03 42 74 03 42 30 60 1 20 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 52 52 64 52 5.06 5.06 5.14 5.14 78 78 78 80 2163 2164 2165 2166 2167 4.06 4.15 4.17 4.20 4.30 }4, mile southeast of Robbin's Reef — }2 mile south of Robbin's Reef '%, mile south of Robbin's Reef }2 mile south of Robbin's Reef Near spar buoy A, nearest Baxter ledge 40 39 19 40 39 13 40 39 13 40 39 13 40 38 44 74 03 42 74 03 54 74 03 54 74 03 54 74 03 42 40 1 10 20 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 52 68 52 52 68 5.14 5.26 5.26 5.26 6.36 80 79 81 81 80 2168 2169 2170 2171 2172 4.32 4.35 4.50 4.62 4.55 Near spar buoy A, nearest Baxter ledge Near spar buoy A, nearest Baxter ledge Narrows, midway between forts Narrows, midway between forts Narrows, midway between forts 40 38 44 40 38 44 40 36 25 40 36 25 40 36 25 74 03 42 74 03 42 74 02 48 74 02 48 74 02 48 25 50 1 40 80 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 16.5 52 52 60 52 52 5.36 5.36 6.52 6.62 6.62 83 83 84 86 86 DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATER 409 TABLE XXVII— Continued 82— EAST RIVER, CROSS-SECTION, THROGS NECK TO WILLET'S POINT. OCTOBER 26, 1911 High water at Governor's Island at 9.62 A. M. Low water at Hell Gate at 5.30 A. M. High water at Hell Gate at 11.42 A. M. Low water at 6.20 P. M. Sample No. 2173 2174 2175 2176 2177 2178 Hour A.M. 7.30 7.32 7.35 7.42 7.44 7.47 Location of Samples Approximate JiC '^B.y across from Throgs Neck. Ji way across from Throgs Neck. ii way across from Throgs Neck. }4 way across 14 way across J^ way across Latitude 40 48 08 40 48 08 40 48 08 40 48 00 40 48 00 40 48 00 Longitude 73 47 42 73 47 42 73 47 42 74 47 13 73 47 13 73 47 13 Feet below surface 1 30 60 1 40 80 Tidal current Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Temp. water Deg. C. 15.0 14.5 14.5 15.0 14.5 14.5 Per cent, land water 26 26 26 26 26 26 Oxygen C. C. per litre Per cent, satura- tion 4.38 4.94 4.94 4.44 5.00 5.00 71 79 79 72 80 80 2179 2180 2181 2182 2183 2184 7.55 7.57 8.00 9.30 9.32 9.35 Ji way across from Throgs Neck. , ^ way across from Throgs Neck. , ^ way across from Throgs Neck. , M way across from Throgs Neck. , 14 way across from Throgs Neck. . J2 way across from Throgs Neck. . 40 47 54 40 47 54 40 47 54 40 47 54 40 47 54 40 47 54 73 47 05 73 47 05 73 47 05 73 47 05 73 47 05 73 47 05 1 35 70 1 30 60 Ebb Ebb Ebb Flood Flood Flood 15.0 14.5 14.5 15.0 15.0 15.0 26 26 26 24 22 22 4.48 5.04 5.04 4.94 6.33 5.33 73 80 80 79 87 87 2185 2186 2187 2188 2189 2190 9.42 9.44 9.47 9.55 9.57 10.00 yi way across J^ way across }4 way across Ji way across from Throgs Neck. Ji way across from Throgs Neck. J2 way across from Throgs Neck. 40 47 54 40 47 54 40 47 54 40 47 54 40 47 54 40 47 54 73 47 05 73 47 05 73 47 05 73 47 05 73 47 05 73 47 05 1 40 80 1 35 70 Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 24 22 22 24 24 24 4.87 5.42 6.42 4.90 5.46 5.46 78 89 89 78 90 90 2191 2192 2193 2194 2195 2196 11.30 11.32 11.35 11.42 11.44 11.47 li way across from Throgs Neck. , }4 way across from Throgs Neck. , }4 way across from Throgs Neck., J^ way across }4 way across }4 way across 40 47 54 40 47 54 40 47 54 40 47 64 40 47 54 40 47 54 73 47 05 73 47 05 73 47 05 73 47 05 73 47 05 73 47 05 1 30 60 1 40 80 Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 24 24 24 24 24 24 5.33 5.33 5.33 5.42 5.42 5.42 88 88- 88 89 89 89 2197 2198 2199 2200 2201 2202 11.55 11.57 12.00 P.M. 1.30 1.32 1.36 ^ way across from Throgs Neck. Ji way across from Throgs Neck. ^ way across from Throgs Neck. 14 way across from Throgs Neck. }4 way across from Throgs Neck. i4 way across from Throgs Neck. 40 47 54 40 47 54 40 47 64 40 47 64 40 47 64 40 47 64 73 47 05 73 47 05 73 47 06 73 47 06 73 47 06 73 47 06 1 35 70 1 30 60 Flood Flood Flood Ebb Flood Flood 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.5 16.0 16.0 24 24 24 24 24 24 5.46 5.46 5.46 5.33 5.60 5.60 90 90 90 87 92 92 2203 2204 2205 2206 2207 2208 1.42 1.44 1.47 1.55 1.57 2.00 J^ way across }4 way across }4 way across Ji way across from Throgs Neck. ^ way across from Throgs Neck. Ji way across from Throgs Neck. 40 47 64 40 47 64 40 47 64 40 47 54 40 47 54 40 47 54 73 47 06 73 47 05 73 47 05 73 47 05 73 47 05 73 47 05 1 40 80 1 35 70 Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood 15.5 15.0 16.0 15.5 15.0 16.0 24 24 24 24 24 24 6.42 5.69 6.69 6.46 6.74 6.74 89 93 93 90 94 94 2209 2210 2211 2212 2213 2214 3.30 3.32 3.35 3.42 3.45 3.47 a way across from Throgs Neck. J2 way across from Throgs Neck. 14 way across from Throgs Neck. i4 way across }4 way across i4 way across 40 47 54 40 47 54 40 47 54 40 47 54 40 47 54 40 47 54 73 47 05 73 47 05 73 47 05 73 47 05 73 47 05 73 47 05 1 30 60 1 40 80 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 24 24 24 24 24 24 5.19 5.19 5.19 5.28 5.28 5.28 85 85 85 87 87 87 2216 2216 2217 2218 2219 2220 3.56 3.57 4.00 5.00 5.02 5.05 _ way across from Throgs Neck. , ?^ way across from Throgs Neck.. ?2 way across from Throgs Neck.. i4, way across from Throgs Neck.. }4 way across from Throgs Neck.. J2 way across from Throgs Neck.. 40 47 54 40 47 54 40 47 64 40 47 64 40 47 64 40 47 64 73 47 05 73 47 05 73 47 06 73 47 05 73 47 05 75 47 05 1 35 70 1 30 60 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 15.5 15.6 16.6 16.6 15.6 15.5 24 24 24 24 24 24 6.32 5.32 5.32 4.65 5 19 5.19 87 87 87 76 85 85 2221 2222 2223 2224 2225 2226 5.12 5.14 5.17 5.25 6.27 5.30 }i way across J^ way across i4 way across % way across from Throgs Neck.. H way across from Throgs Neck., M way across from Throgs Neck.. 40 47 64 40 47 64 40 47 54 40 47 64 40 47 54 40 47 54 73 47 06 73 47 06 73 47 05 73 47 05 73 47 05 73 47 06 1 40 80 1 35 70 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 15.5 15.5 15.6 15.5 15.5 15.5 24 24 24 24 24 24 4.72 5.28 5.28 4.76 5.32 4.32 77 87 87 78 87 87 410 RESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XXVII— Continued 83— tJPPER NEW YORK BAY, COURSE FROM MOUTH OF HUDSON RIVER TO NARROWS. OCTOBER 26, 19H High water at Governor's Island at 10.32 A. M. Low water at 5.25 P. M. Hour A.M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen Sample 1 C.C. .per utre Per No. Approximate Latitude Longitude cent, satura- tion 2227 2228 2229 2230 10.20 10.22 10.25 10.40 Budson river, midstream off Pier A . . . Hudson river, midstream off Pier A. . . Hudson river, midstream off Pier A. . . 200 feet east of red spar buoy 2, off EUis Island o / // 40 42 19 40 42 19 40 42 19 40 41 51 o / // 74 01 34 74 01 34 74 01 34 74 02 03 1 20 40 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood 15.5 15.0 15.0 15.5 74 52 52 70 5.19 4.78 4.78 5.28 76 74 74 79 2231 10.42 10.45 11.00 11.02 200 feet east of red spar buoy 2, off EUis Island 40 41 51 40 41 51 40 41 10 40 41 10 74 02 03 74 02 03 74 02 30 74 02 30 15 25 1 20 Flood Flood Flood Flood 15.0 15.0 15.5 15.0 52 46 68 54 5.28 5.28 5.11 5.U 81 2232 200 feet east of red spar buoy 2, off Ellis Island 82 2233 500 feet east of gas buoy 2, off Liberty Island 76 2234 500 feet east of gas buoy 2, off Liberty 77 2235 11.05 11.20 11.22 11.25 500 feet east of gas buoy 2, off Liberty Island. . 40 41 10 40 40 12 40 40 12 40 40 12 74 02 30 74 03 13 74 03 13 74 03 13 40 1 15 30 Flood Flood Flood Flood 15.0 15.5 15.0 15.0 54 64 48 48 5.11 5.51 5.22 5.22 77 2236 200 feet east of buoy G. 2, off entrance to P. R.R. ferry 84 2237 200 feet east of buoy G. 2, off entrance to P. R.R. ferry 80 2238 200ieet eastof buoy G. 2, off entrance to P. R.R. ferry 80 2239 11.40 11.42 11.45 12.00 \i mile south of east of Robbin's Reef Ught 40 39 26 40 39 26 40 39 26 40 38 22 74 03 37 74 03 37 74 03 37 74 03 17 1 30 60 1 Flood Flood Flood Flood 15.5 15.0 15.0 15.5 68 44 44 60 5.19 5.19 5.19 5.00 77 2240 yi mile south of east of Robbin's Reef light 80 2241 J^ mile south of east of Robbin's Reef light 80 2242 200 feet west of beU buoy 12 J^, off Owl Head 77 2243 P.M. 12.02 12.05 12.25 12.27 200 feet west of bell buoy 12^, off Owl Head 40 38 22 40 38 22 40 36 25 40 36 25 74 03 17 74 03 17 74 02 28 74 02 48 15 30 1 40 Flood Flood Flood Flood 15.0 15.0 15.5 15.0 40 40 48 36 5.00 5.00 5.26 5.26 78 2244 200 feet west of beU buoy 12^, off Owl Head 78 2245 2246 Narrows, midway between forts Narrows, midway between forts 81 83 2247 2248 2249 2250 12.30 3.30 3.32 3.35 Narrows, midway between forts Narrows, midway between forts Narrows, midway between forts Narrows, midway between forts 40 36 25 40 36 25 40 36 25 40 36 25 74 02 48 74 02 48 74 02 48 74 02 48 80 1 40 80 Flood Ebb Ebb Ebb 15.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 36 64 46 46 5.26 5.11 5.11 5.11 83 77 81 81 2251 4.00 4.02 4.05 4.15 4.17 200 feet west of bell buoy 12 Ji, off Owl Head 40 36 25 40 36 25 40 36 25 40 39 26 40 39 26 74 02 48 74 02 48 74 02 48 74 03 37 74 03 37 1 15 30 1 30 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 64 44 44 64 50 4.98 5.28 5.28 4.78 4.78 75 2252 200 feet west of bell buoy 12 J^, off Owl Head 84 2253 200 feet west of bell buoy 12}^, off Owl Head 84 2254 M mile south of east of Robbin's Reef light 73 2255 Ji mile south of east of Robbin's Reef light 75 2256 4.20 4.30 4.32 4.35 4.45 ^ mile south of east of Robbin's Reef light 40 39 26 40 39 26 40 39 26 40 39 26 40 39 26 74 03 37 74 03 37 74 03 37 74 03 37 74 03 37 60 1 15 30 1 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 50 60 62 52 70 4.78 4.92 4.92 4.92 5.39 75 2257 200 feet east of buov G. 2 76 2258 200 feet east of buoy G. 2 77 2259 2260 200 feet of east buoy G. 2 500 feet east of gas buoy 2, off Liberty Island 77 81 DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATEE 411 TABLE XXVII— Continued 88— UPPER NEW YORK BAY, COURSE FROM MOUTH OF HUDSON RIVER TO NARROWS. OCTOBER 26, 1911— Continued. Hour P.M. Location of SampI 38 Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen Sample C. C. per litre Per No. Approximate Latitude Longitude cent, satura- tion 2261 4.47 4.50 5.00 5.02 6.04 5.08 5.10 5.12 500 feet east of gas buoy 2, off Liberty Island O 1 II 40 39 26 40 39 26 40 41 51 40 41 51 40 41 51 40 42 19 40 42 19 40 42 19 O 1 II 74 03 37 74 03 37 74 02 03 74 02 03 74 02 03 74 01 34 74 01 34 74 01 34 20 40 1 15 25 1 20 40 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 66 66 76 68 56 78 56 54 5.11 5.11 5.28 5.00 5.00 5.19 4.94 4.94 80 2262 500 feet east of gas buoy 2, off Liberty Island 80 2263 200 feet east of Red spar buoy 2, off ElUs 79 2264 200feet eastof Redsparbuoy 2, off EDis 75 2265 200 feet of east Red spar buoy 2, off Ellis Island 78 2266 2267 2268 Hudson river, midstream off Pier A . . . . Hudson river, midstream off Pier A Hudson river, midstream off Pier A. . . . 76 77 77 84— HUDSON RIVER. OCTOBER 27, 1911 High water at Governor's Island at 11 . 10 A. M. Low water at 6. 15 P. M. A.M. 2269 11.15 2270 11.17 2271 11.20 P.M. 2272 2.30 2273 2.32 2274 2.35 Hudson river, midstream off Pier A . . . . Hudson river, midstream off Pier A. . . . Hudson river, midstream off Pier A . . . . Hudson river, midstream off Spuyten Duyvil Hudson river, midstream off Spuyten Dujnril Hudson river, midstream off Spuyten Duyvil 40 42 19 40 42 19 40 42 19 40 52 50 40 52 50 40 52 50 70 01 34 70 01 34 70 01 34 73 56 04 73 56 04 73 66 04 1 20 40 1 15 30 Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood 15.0 15.0 16.0 16.0 15.0 15.0 76 40 36 88 68 60 5.42 5.28 5.28 6.83 5.00 6.00 81 84 85 82 74 75 86— SLIPS, ETC. OCTOBER 30, 1911 High water occurred at Governor's Island at 1.38 P. M. Low water at 7.52 A. M. High water occurred at Hell Gate at 3.28 P.M 2276 2276 2277 2278 2279 2280 A.M. 10.30 10.35 11.30 11.35 P.M. 1.00 1.05 1000 feet off Morse Dry Docks between 55th and 57th streets, Brooklyn 1000 feet off Morse Dry Docks between 55th and 57th streets, Brooklyn . . . 2d slip east of Degraw street, middle of slip 2d slip east of Degraw street, middle of slip WaUabout Canal, near Market . Wallabout Canal, near Market , 40 39 06 40 39 05 40 41 16 40 41 16 40 42 12 40 42 12 74 01 53 74 01 53 74 00 24 74 00 24 73 58 08 73 58 08 1 30 1 20 1 20 Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 16.0 16.0 50 60 48 46 50 50 4.17 4.17 3.06 3.33 1.67 1.67 64 64 47 52 30 30 2281 2282 2283 2284 2285 2286 1.46 1.60 2.30 2.35 3.20 3.25 SHp north of foot of East 24th street. New York, middle of slip Slip north of foot of East 24th street. New York, middle of slip Slip foot Broadway, Astoria, outer end of slip Slip foot Broadway, Astoria, outer end of slip SUp, foot East 109th street, Harlem river Slij), foot East 109th street, Harlem river 40 44 09 40 44 09 40 46 07 40 46 07 40 47 24 40 47 24 73 58 27 73 68 27 73 56 16 73 66 16 73 56 11 73 56 11 1 20 1 10 1 20 Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood 15.0 16.0 16.0 15.0 16.0 15.0 46 46 42 42 40 40 3.06 3.06 2.78 2.78 2.50 2.60 47 47 43 43 39 89 412 RESULTS OP ANALYSES TABLE XXVII— Continued 86— THE NARROWS, DEEP HOLE OUTSffiE FORT LAFAYETTE. NOVEMBER 1, 1911 Low water occurred at Governor's Island at 9.52 A. M. High water at 3.30 P. M. Hour P.M. Location of Samples Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per Oxygen Sample cent, land water C.C. per litre Per No. Approximate Latitude Longitude cent, satura- tion 2287 1.00 1.05 The Narrows, Une between red spar buoy 12 }i and black can buoy 13, H way across from buoy 12 J^, south of Fort Hamilton. . . o f tl 40 35 57 40 35 57 o / ;/ 74 02 15 74 02 15 1 60 Ebb Flood 14.5 15.0 42 30 5.00 5.42 78 2288 The Narrows, line between red spar buoy 12}i and black can buoy 13, }4 way across from buoy 12 J^, south of Fort Hamilton 87 2289 1.10 3.30 3.35 3.40 The Narrows, line between red spar buoy 12}4 and black can buoy 13, }4 way across from buoy 12Ji, south of Fort Hamilton. . . , 40 35 57 40 35 57 40 35 57 40 35 57 74 02 15 74 02 15 74 02 15 74 02 15 120 1 60 120 Flood Flood Flood Flood 15.0 14.5 15.0 15.0 28 34 28 26 5.42 5.42 5.56 5.56 87 2290 2291 2292 The Narrows, deep hole, same as above The Narrows, deep hole, same as above The Narrows, deep hole, same as above 85 90 90 87— HARLEM RIVER, SLn> FOOT OF EAST 109th STREET. NOVEMBER 2, 1911 Low water occurred at Governor's Island at 10.42 A. M. High water at 4.25 P. M. Low water occurred at Hell Gate at 12.40 P. M. High water at 6.15 P. M. 2293 P.M. 12.30 12.35 1.30 1.35 Slip foot of East 109th street 40 47 24 40 47 24 40 47 24 40 47 24 73 56 11 73 56 11 73 56 11 73 56 11 1 15 1 15 Ebb Ebb Flood Flood 14.0 14.5 14.0 14.5 32 32 30 30 2.22 2.22 2.22 2.22 35 2294 Slip foot of East 109th street 35 2295 Slip foot of East 109th street 35 2296 Slip foot of East 109th street 35 2297 2.30 2.35 4.00 4.05 Slip foot of East 109th street 40 47 24 40 47 24 40 47 24 40 47 24 73 56 11 73 56 11 73 56 11 73 56 11 1 15 1 15 Flood Flood Flood Flood 14.0 14.0 13.5 14.0 30 30 30 30 2.22 2.22 2.22 2.22 35 2298 Slip foot of East 109th street 35 2299 Slio foot of East 109th street 34 2300 Slip foot of East 109th street 35 88— EAST RIVER, DEEP HOLE OFF EAST 134th STREET, AND SLIP AT EAST 14th STREET. NOVEMBER 3, 1911 Low water occurred at Governor's Island at 11.30 A. M. High water at 5.12 P. M. Low water occurred at Hell Gate at 1.10 P. M. High water at 7.02 P. M. 2301 A.M. 9.30 9.35 9.40 East river, 200 feet off East 134th street f errv. deeo hole 40 47 56 40 47 56 40 47 56 73 54 30 73 54 30 73 64 30 1 40 75 Ebb Ebb Ebb 13.0 12.0 12.0 24 22 22 5.11 5.39 5.39 79 2302 East river, 200 feet off East 134th 84 2303 East river, 200 feet off East 134th 84 2304 2305 11.00 11.05 Slip between foot of East 13th and 14th streets, New York, inner end Slip between foot of East 13th and 14th streets. New York, inner end 40 43 36 40 43 36 73 58 24 73 68 24 1 15 Ebb Ebb 13.0 13.0 36 36 3.12 3.12 47 47 DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATER 413 TABLE XXVII— Continued 89— EAST RIVER AND LONG ISLAND SOUND, DEEP HOLES AT OLD FERRY POINT AND STEPPING STONES. NOVEMBER 8, 1911 High water occurred at Governor's Island at 8.46 A. M. Low water at 3.25 P. M. High water occurred at Hell Gate at 10.35 A. M. Low water at 5.05 P. M. Sample No. Hour P.M. Location of Samples Approximate Latitude Longitude Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen C. C. per htre Per cent, satura- tion 2306 2307 2308 2309 2310 2311 2.00 2.05 2.10 3.00 3.05 3.10 East river, deep hole H mile east of Old Ferry Point East river, deep hole H mile east of Old Ferry Point East river, deep hole 3^ mile east of Old Ferry Point Long Island Sound, J^ mile west of Stepping Stones light Long Island Sound, }^ mile west of Stepping Stones light Long Island Sound, J^ mile west of Stepping Stones light Of// 40 48 18 40 48 18 40 48 18 40 49 33 40 49 33 40 49 33 o / // 73 49 20 73 49 20 73 49 20 73 46 59 73 46 59 73 46 59 1 50 110 1 50 100 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 12.0 13.0 13.0 12.0 13.0 13.0 24 22 22 22 22 22 5.46 5.46 5.46 5.83 5.83 5.83 84 85 85 90 91 91 90— BUTTERMILK CHANNEL SLIPS, DE GRAW STREET AND VICINITY. NOVEMBER 9, 1911 High water occurred at Governor's Island at 9.30 A. M. Low water at 4.20 P. M. 2312 2313 2314 2315 A.M. 10.30 10.33 11.30 11.33 Slip two blocks east of De Graw street, y2 way up slip Slip two blocks east of De Graw street, }^ way up slip sup at DeGraw street, Brooklyn, outer end Slip at DeGraw street, Brooklyn, outer end 40 41 16 40 41 16 40 41 14 40 41 14 74 00 23 74 00 23 74 00 29 74 00 29 1 15 1 15 Flood Flood Ebb Ebb 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 30 30 30 30 2.78 2.78 2.78 2.78 42 42 42 42 91— HUDSON RIVER, FORT WASHINGTON POINT. NOVEMBER 10, 1911 High water occured at Governor's Island at 10.25 A.M. Low water at 5.15 P.M. High water at Hell Gate at 12.50 P.M. 2316 2317 2318 P.M. 12.10 12.15 12.25 500 feet off Fort Washington Point, to southwest 500 feet off Fort Washington Point, to southwest 500 feet off Fort Washington Point, to southwest 40 50 55 73 56 57 1 Flood 11.5 56 5.00 40 50 55 73 56 57 75 Flood 12.0 48 5.00 40 50 55 73 56 67 150 Flood 12.0 48 5.00 71 71 71 92— NEWTOWN CREEK. NOVEMBER 13, 1911. Low water occurred at Governor's Island at 7.45 A. M. High water at 1.38 P. M. Low water occurred at Hell Gate at 9.25 A. M. High water at 3.26 P. M. 2319 2320 2321 2322 2323 2324 2325 2326 A.M. 11.00 11.05 11.30 11.35 P.M. 12.00 12.05 12.30 12.35 Mouth of creek Mouth of creek Vernon avenue bridge, first bridge . Vernon avenue bridge, first bridge. Greenpoint Avenue Bridge, second bridge Greenpoint Avenue Bridge, second bricfge Meeker Avenue Bridge, third bridge. . Meeker Avenue Bridge, third bridge... 40 44 13 40 44 13 40 44 21 40 44 21 73 57 43 73 57 43 73 57 30 73 57 20 1 20 1 20 Flood Flood Flood Flood 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 32 32 32 32 3.41 3.41 0.84 0.84 40 44 00 73 56 30 1 Flood 11.0 32 0.29 40 44 00 40 43 40 40 43 40 73 56 30 73 55 00 73 55 00 20 . 1 15 Flood Flood Flood 11.0 11.0 11.0 32 32 32 0.29 0.00 0.00 50 50 12 12 414 RESULTS OF ANALYSES TABLE XXVII— Continued 93— SLIPS m HARLEM RIVER AND EAST RIVER. NOVEMBER 13, 19H High water at Hell Gate at 3.26 P. M. Hour P.M. Feet below surface Tidal current Temp. water Deg. C. Per cent, land water Oxygen Sample CO. .per htre Per No. Approximate Latitude Longitude cent, satura- tion 2327 2.00 2.03 2.25 2.30 3.30 3.35 Slip south of foot of East 109th street, Harlem river o t n 40 47 24 40 47 24 40 47 45 40 47 45 40 48 20 40 48 20 o / // 73 56 11 73 56 11 73 55 47 73 55 47 73 54 07 73 54 07 1 15 1 15 1 15 Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 30 30 30 30 30 30 2.22 2.22 2.22. 2.22 2.78 2.78 33 2328 SUp south of foot of East 109th street, Harlem river 33 2329 Slip south of foot of East 119th street, Harlem river 33 2330 Slip south of foot of East 119th street, larlem river 33 2331 2332 Slip at Port Morris, East river Slip at Port Morris, East river 41 41 94— EAST RIVER AT CLASON POINT, AND LONG ISLAND SOUND AT EXECUTION ROCKS. NOVEMBER 14, 1911 Low water at Governor's Island at 9.00 A. M. High water at 2.50 P. M. Low water at Hell Gate at 10.40 A. M. 2333 2334 P.M. 2.00 3.30 Long Island Sound at Execution Rocks East River, midway between Clason Point and College Point 40 52 30 40 48 00 73 44 15 73 51 11 Flood Flood 10.0 10.5 20 26 6.67 4.72 96— NEWARK BAY. NOVEMBER 16, 1911 Low water at Governor's Island at 10.05 A. M. High water at 4.00 P. M. 2335 P.M. I 11 12.30 iNewark bay, by beU buoy 2, in ohannell40 40 12 l74 08 05 Ebb 8.00 70 5.56 70 96— HUDSON RIVER OFF WEST 23d STREET, AND OFF MT. ST. VINCENT. NOVEMBER 16, 1911 Low water at Governor's Island at 11.00 A. M. High water at 4.57 P. M. 2336 2337 P.M. 12.15 1.45 Hudson river off West 23d street, mid- stream Hudson river off Mt. St. Vincent, mid- stream 40 45 09 40 54 50 74 01 00 73 55 15 Ebb Ebb 9.0 8.0 76 88 4.72 6.67 61 81 97— EAST RIVER, UPPER BAY AND LOWER BAY. NOVEMBER 17, 1911 High water at Governor's Island at 5.25 A. M. Low water at 11.55 A. M. Low water at Sandy Hook at 11.22 A. M. High water at 5.50 P. M. 2338 2339 2340 2341 A.M. 9.00 10.00 11.00 11.30 East river off East 23d street, mid- stream New York Upper Bay by buoy G. 2, in channel New York Lower Bay by buoy A. G. 16, in channel New York Lower Bay by buoy A. C. 2, at'outer end of Ambrose channel and of|Lower Bay 40 43 56 40 40 12 40 31 42 40 29 54 73 58 05 74 03 13 74 00 34 73 66 10 Ebb Ebb Ebb Ebb 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.5 46 44 34 24 4.12 4.72 6.53 6.81 66 65 91 98— EAST RIVER OFF EAST 23d STREET, MANHATTAN, NOVEMBER 20, 1911 High water at Governor's Island at 7.30 A. M. Low water at 2.10 P. M. 2342 P.M. 1.00 East River, midstream o£f East street, Manhattan 23d 40 44 00 73 58 05 Ebb 9.0 38 4.12 57 DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATER 415 INTRODUCTION TO TABLE XXVIII The determinations of dissolved oxygen made in 1911 differed from those made in 1909 only in respect to the general scheme of collection. The details of collecting and analyzing the samples, as of recording them, with their locations, were the same. The same persons were connected with the work as before. In the year 1911 more attention was given to the collection of samples in cross-sections of the main tidal channels in different parts of the harbor than had been attempted in 1909. In fact, the distribution of the points from which water was taken for analysis was so different in these two years that if general averages are made to show the condition of the water in the various parts of the harbor, they are likely to give the impression that the water of the harbor was more polluted in 1911 than in 1909, whereas a consideration of the rainfall, temperature and amount of sewage enter- ing the water in these two years does not explain how this can be true. Distinction Between Tide and Cueeent The principal object of the work in the cross-sections was to determine the extent to which the water varied at different stages of tidal flow. Inasmuch as the condition of water moving in the main currents of the tidal channels was of essential importance, reference is made in the tables to the currents more than to the elevations of tide. To avoid any confusion which might arise, the distinction between current and tide should be kept in mind. By current is meant the flow of water past a given point, usually seaward or landward. These flows are sometimes termed ebb current and flood cur- rent respectively. By stage of tide is meant the relative elevation of the surface of the water. In some parts of the harbor, and especially in the Hudson river, there is no strict corre- spondence between the stage of tide and the direction of current. Ebb current some- times continues long after the flood tide has set in. It is not uncommon for a flood current to begin along the bottom of a channel before the ebb current ceases at the surface. This is true at the Narrows, for example. The existence of these counter- currents could easily be detected by the collector in taking a sample of water from near the bottom, but it has not been feasible to describe each current that has been en- countered. Where flood current is stated in the table, the prevailing direction at the surface of the water is meant, and there is no reference to the existence of any other current below. To avoid confusion, the westward-flowing current in the Upper East river is called the ebb, and the eastward the flood, regardless of the fact that the water sometimes rises with the westward current. 416 RESULTS OF ANALYSES Method op Sampling at Cross-Sections In studying the cross-sections, it was usual to collect a sample from each of three depths at from three to five points across the tidal stream. One group of samples col- lected in this way has been termed a set of samples. A number of sets collected over a period of some hours has been known as a series. In many cases a series has ex- tended throughout the continuance of an ebb or flood current. When so many samples have been taken that the number of sets was sufficient to cover a complete revolution of ebb and flood currents, the group of samples was termed a cycle. Avoidance of Local Contamination In collecting samples, care was taken to avoid water obviously contaminated from a local source. No cross-section was studied, any part of which was in the immediate vicinity of a sewer outfall. The samples taken nearest shore have, in all cases, been sufficiently far away from the land to avoid streams of unusually heavily-polluted water. The order in which the cross-sections have been examined has been such as to give knowledge of the relative condition of the water at the most important points at as near the same time as practicable. Table XXVIII contains a summary of averages of the oxygen found at various cross-sections without regard to current, on ebb currents and on flood currents. DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATER 417 TABLE XXVIII Average Volume and Percentage of Saturation of Dissolved Oxygen in the Water in the year 1911 Averages of Samples taken in Cross-sections of the Tidal Channels Data for this table are contained in Table XXVII. Dissolved Oxygen Number of Samples Date 1911 Location Both Currents Ebb Current Flood Current Samples included in the Averages C. C. Per Litre Per Cent of Saturation C. C. Per Litre Per Cent of Saturation C. C. Per Litre Per Cent of Saturation Hudson river, at Mt. St. Vincent 4.11 5.08 4.60 69 76 72 4.19 5.35 4.77 70 80 75 4.04 4.80 4.42 67 72 70 30 90 120 June 29 Oct. 13 Nos. 23-52 1948-2037 Hudson river at the 3.11 2.99 3.18 3.09 56 55 56 56 3.14 3.02 2.84 3.06 3.01 56 54 52 53 64 3.20 3.14 3.31 3.22 58 58 68 68 15 45 45 105 210 July 19 July 20 Aug. 10 Sept. 28 463-477 478-522 903-947 1579-1683 East river, at Throgs Neck 6.23 86 5.41 89 6.05 82 64 Oct. 25 2173-2226 East river, at Clason Point 3.72 67 4.24 77 3.20 66 30 June 30 53-67, 77-91 East river, at Law- rence Point 3.43 3.43 67 57 3.58 3.58 60 60 3.05 3.28 3.16 56 54 65 45 64 99 July 18 Oct. 11 418-462 1894^1947 East river, at the mouth 3.01 3.04 3.08 3.04 55 56 54 55 2.90 2.93 2.95 2.93 63 64 52 53 3.12 3.14 3.21 3.16 57 57 67 57 46 46 90 180 July 27 Aug. 3 Sept. 29 598-642 768-812 1684-1773 Kill van Hull, east eud 4.43 76 4.41 74 4.45 76 64 Oct. 4 1774^1827 The Narrows at forts 4.42 4.42 79 79 3.86 4.28 4.07 72 76 74 4.67 4.57 82 82 27 105 132 Aug. 9 Sept. 26 876-902 1474^1578 U^per bay in vicin- ity of Bobbin's Bibef 4.29 4.62 4.89 4.60 71 73 76 73 4.03 4.44 5.14 4.54 66 70 80 72 4.55 4.79 4.64 4.66 76 77 73 76 45 36 36 117 Oct. 16 Oct. 23 Oct. 24 2038-2082 2083-2094, 2098-2109, 2113-2124 2128-2139, 2143-2154, 2158-2169 Newark bay, lower end 4.02 64 4.22 67 3.82 61 66 Oct. 6 1828-1893 Plate G Percentage of Saturation of Dissolved Oxygen in the Water of New York Harbor from June 27th to July 28th, 1911 A •g^^^ e-^ja 7 t. I I I -i, Kr ~ < (- (Cia > N I I 5§S E \ I \ o >- 1 \ 1 \ o es take ch loca ken on locatio when o ^ ^ rages of all sampi flood currents at ea ibers of samples ta d currents at each rection of current re taken. (L * \ f Saturation d Oxygen New York H ned by the Commission of July 28th, 1911 X\ '^^ O 03 t._ F 03 o / centage Dissolv Water o b. hp *- «-a EI O -n O / ■i O n Sewera une 27th £5£-S^| c0 « ca cd CO o. 1 '^ / ^ / ^ t_ ca — . CO CO gure gure c a '*= '^ ^ \ * ■£ arge mall rrow H))"' -J v> ■< ^ ^ \ M* ^^ # JS_JS- CO*" \ \: K Q Q^ ■<*2^ % 'VS Ts*^' ^^"^ SJ v^^% '■''<*, c(i S >'<3 \ P ,v \ V :n «^£K^ I/tf cf Al N yt f^ k^ m. "S;.^ -5^ *-** w 5 X DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATER 419 INTRODUCTION TO OXYGEN DIAGRAMS I Following is a series of diagrams showing the quantities of dissolved oxygen in the water at various points and at different depths in the year 1909. The numbers of the samples employed are indicated, together with a description of the locality and the dis- solved oxygen in cubic centimeters per litre. Other information with respect to the circumstances under which the samples were collected can be found in Table XXI, pp. 308-336. OXYGEN DIAGRAMS I Diagrams showing volumes of dissolved oxygen in the water at different depths in various parts of the harbor in the year 1909. FIG. 86 S.04 r 5.M- S.47 t* \5.l& t0^#fr AF^ML a 9.^lf€» i^OSTHEMI- tff^ror^^im/r,iH>OTow mAVOMMS M.it. fSAfiRies ^r37,3g) ifimer ST.^tnt ameMTMit fMiMfiMS ^S-am} MOT*. /MWZfS ».«oJ 1 I* cic.e. •atuaation at It ocaiiecs &. •£ »«'■ ■ ■ .. .«.<* \ . N-- L. J.«:a7 »' \„, 10* I,„ in' yw oammAM m kul o^i^are /WO ^•uosrmmAM £ o^ro^^^tmn f^coT or *p^r m€Mf9om» ^mnmr jMMMt* #■*«« fM^Bom amy»MMe /t^. (smtfpi.e.s^ ^l.AB.) ^e»sersr. ftet^BiutMmt Awwwn «/.«•; (t0fm.es *a,soJ M/KtSS KIU. VA/tKULL fJlOA! COLVMBM OILC0.P/£fi.BAyOA//f£ //.J. TO t/£lfS£Y ST. A/£IV BMGHTON OtSSOLVEO OXYG£Mm WATE/i AT D/FFSRSNT D£PTHS B£LOIV SORFACC - /fSSl/LTS W C.C. f£/t UTftE. SAMPtSS COILECTED iTf/yE /^^/S03 420 KBSULTS OF ANALYSES FIG. 87 SATUNATIOM AT !• DtCNCCS C • Cfil C.C -|*.*5 4 is OUYIfft. OftAWBfitOGe. AT emMTttAL mmoee -(tsfsr) i/efSr CAST Of 3-A9e. r^rof t^vrn €tiome. fSAMAttS lt*SSSS) T J 33 3.34 ^IDSTM£AM tfHSTEASTO/! 3-AV£ e/l*OG£. CSAMA4.£S S? SB) Z0 f£Cr ^AOf^ f¥ffMTH StfOJtM AT e.A.m OAM.J ooar.M'fr MAtr Of f^An^i-MS s». te) «V5r £A*r «A M'AVB SAfose ~eoA££r AAoM £o»rf* 9AaAA tUfSr £Aar oa ^•m¥B AAIOG& to ^xe r AA9f*,f^fATM S^iOAA ^VSrSAATAA 3'At^e BAiecs DfSSOlV£D OXYC£Af //^ imT£/f AT D/F££f?£J^r 0£PTHS B£LOW SmFAC£ - P£S(/ITS /Af C.C P£/f l/rP£ ^Ut9Pl£S C0U£Cr£O tri//^£ S'^-" /S09 FIG. 88 J 6.08 Atlf£ADAL£ M K -SO ^SCT O^A t/£AK£y SMOAe fSAttAtei e7-e») MUOSOM AiVS» Of-AmmiTt AtitKjroi»i.r «>*, 'S»A£AT «^^ AII/eAOALS A/MAHA Ml/OSO/i frtVCR OAAOStT£ Ai¥CltOAi.C M.y. ^/OSTA£An 4mos»A Aii^m oAAostrs AufSAOAts Mr. • softer 9fA t/£Aamr SMOAe. AI¥MAOAt.m M.V. - so Air£T OAA AtttMmOAt.t tmlAAA HlfOSOM At¥SAOAi.£ «AA»StT9 AfmSAOAm At y. AffOSrASAM, fOAMAtes fs. rt J lATUffATION AT M DIOAIKS C. ■ C.UC.C. ACPOSS HI/DSO/^ PfV£P PPOM my£PDAL£. N£W yoPH 0/SSQLV£O OXYGEN M l\fAr£/^ AT D/Fr£P£AfT D£PTHS a£LOiV SmFAC£ 'fi£Si/lTS /Af C.C.f'£/f l/TP£ ^/gpL£S coii£CT£o C£-/i£5ULTS M C.C. PER lJT/i£ S/IMPl£S C01LCCT£D G.BC C.C ACXOSS EAST ff/y£/> MSr BEL OIV BffOOHL YN BJIIDCE. 0/SSO/.V£D OXYGEN M tVATEIf ^T DIFfSBENT DEPTHS BELOW St//iFAC£ - /f£SMrS M C.C P£/f LIT/iE_ SAMPLES COLLECTED OUME IS VtaOa FIG. 96 HI Ar ptHfioM A¥e. smoes A^lvromtf CMMMM mfAAt.Aeo¥r mAr p*Antrer. ■ A-rURATIBN AT IB DECHKEI C a S.K C C. //£WrOfV/^ C/f££f< A//l> iVAU ABOUT BAY O/SS0LV£P OXYGEAfJ/^ iVATE/f /IT D/FF£/fE/)fr DEPTHS BElOkV S^/fFACE - /f£Si/lT6 /V CC P£ff UTFE ^AAfPUS COUECTEP J(0E 2S^V303 DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATER 254 FIG, 97 (11 OH v Q.a --j».0< •ATU«*TION Ar » DMRftKIC. •-•mi e n§if twrtt tmwr mwrnt* . ^^ST ittvgm MMOf A iwc •ATUMATieit AT U OKCMtS 0- •••» C.«» WALLABWr BAY ANO £AST ^Kf^ OfSS0LV£O QXrS£Af M WAr£R AT DfFP£ff£MT DEPTHS B£LOhf Smr/IC£ ' ffESVLTS M CC f^ff LS7m£ ^AAf/>l£S CifU£CT£D^^^/AfE Za^^/SOS 426 RESULTS OP ANALYSES FIG. 99 AT RQCHAWAV ^omr ■so ^tET a^fi oott* (OAff^^ £S tMt tat) arOAS BPOr M'i AT l¥£ST tios or emtfuisi. rMAaiMm TH£ tMLST. UA/^ng* M4. tot) SATUKATION AT n OSOACB.S C. ■ «.«• C.C. •-lit 'sill' AT ttoeHAWAP POIMT SareET of^ oocH (iM9M.tS 21«, Mas) my GAS ayer /vz at mst MOe or CMAMNeL n/itOOGM fiUMMK Mat. t\a) ACROSS /SOCHAWA-/ IMLET D/SSOLV£D OXYGEM iN >i^Ar£/i AT OirrEfiS.,'.r DEPTHS BELOIV Sa/tFAC£ - /f€50LTS M C.C P£H UrffC SAMPLES C'JUCCrcS JU/^E Z3^-"Mo MLY SV/SOS FIG. 100 sS|,„- OeACM CMA/VMSi. tOOF££T O^f OOCH AT 0£ll HAABOm fSA^^LtS MOt. ao7) OeACM e»Jit»Mtt. fOO r££T Of^ DOett AT SSASteC 0OcffAn^Ar mtAGM (■SAm^KS tO».toa) m£ACM BMAWtSt. fAO^££T Amotf£ OAAivaA/oe£ at MA^m£t.S STATIOM (*AM^t.MA tt», tft) w ^oresTo^A etvaMovse eoeff. AOOT MArwAT£ft AV£. fAA mOCHAWA K mr mAtosr.ivomTotts caem/r Art^AO OA'MAtATMBGMJ'Maa •ATUBATrOM ^T It OKQUCCS C. • C.ll C.t. OAMA/CAB^y- ^AfB£AC»CMANAf£L'ffOCHAiVAy^/0£0/rsAy OfSS0LV£O OXYS£NMmT£ffArD/rF£B£NrD£PTMSB£LO)VSmFAC£-Jf£SOlT6 W C.C. P£B UTB£ ^AMfiC£S COU£CT£D UUN£ 29 T^f9Q9 DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATER FIG. 101 427 Sli Moo^tCT or^mairm , m cmttm MMftMt£m *tl»M£ AhO atMCM CM. r r 0.Z9 „r I I.- *«fcmsMtt amom^AT it.ii.Tm*cits M£HH f9tT O^J^MMtAmr SATUHATION AT U DtCRCES C ■S-CTCC. J/^MA/CA BAY-AI^£RN£ AND ZfOC/fAtMy SNOffSS D/S$OlV£D OXYG£Af M WAT£/i AT DfFFER£/fT D£PrHS 8£L0IV SmrACE - /f£S(/LTS f^ C.C P£fl UTffE SAMPLES COLLECTED i/l///£ 30 ^* /309 FIG. 102 ar l' 0.0 i MT />fM>rMeiFKmesjrar££0 1 PM££t4 Cll££lr HALF M^V U^ ^A£SMeAemtf-t»o rAAoM M£i.CtV A.A. CAOSSMS (■SAfm.£ gtS} S£eAMa emrxtr - Mtamutv a£T>VMeft ^OVTM MtO S£l¥Cm OtfTLET AT M£AO OFCASStr. r — 0.59 r — I.r9 "IS 0£A /tOlfTM 9F SfCOMO CA££m <<»AmPi£ aim) ^AfMiCA asr- sea ^rrr a^F J^VTU OF FA£SH CACtt (SAMAt.£tZ9} A.IS •JAf^AICA BAY - Seo F££T OFF SAMO BAY SMOa£ €4UmHtie AnOS£ft£ilT nmeptm fMtCKt tlAmAICA MAT ' f09 PT. 9^^ AmMT iJIMetMS AT eA*fAAS/£ (aAnPi.£ zia) ^MftAICA eAf - iOO F T mATM POOL , a£AG£*t at C9S) ^Sl i 'T r 3.86 COREY t9lAMO CMEEM FOOTOF n-3T COREY t (SM^Fit aoo) atAVESetVD BAY. AT FOOrOF 3!Sf COREY I. (■SAnFlt Soi) mRAYCaERO BAY. AT FOOr OF B4'ST COREY I iSAMFLE 303) ORAYEStRO BAY, AYFOOr OFATt.MRTfe VACRrCiva f^AAtFt.E JOaf SATURATION AT 21 DECREES C > 6 Z^ C C GRAfESEND BAY ANO CONEY /SLAND CREEK D/SSOLVED OKYGEN M WATER AT DIFFERENT DEPTHS BELOW SVRFAC£' RESULTS M CC FEB UTR£ SA/fPlES COLLECTED Ji/LYS'^/SO$ 430 RESULTS OP ANALYSES FIG. 107 •-IS •4.«S T wettr CAvm. BATtiat»tm. (a^m^it JOS J tlOTML , (*M0n§ iot) ro^r LOMmte motkl . (MAWV.* to*) tATURATIttN *T I* OKCKKKS C - C 4* C C I T 4,75 COfMT fMtSMO CMMft canter tmLANO (SAn0t^ ato) 00 fWrr t.A0Ayerr£ (jM*0t^» tU.JU, 9f9} W 6fiA¥£S£NO BAY AND /^A/f/fOtyS />iSSOLV£0 OXi^G^N /V ¥M7£R AT DiFf£ff£fVr D£PTHS B£tO^ S(//fFACC - /f£Si/irS AV C C P£H /./r/f£ i^fitPl£S COIL£CT£0 JUL y /O^^ /309 FIG. 108 t i t.u < i L • u a0»Mmiam»mr rnwMH AT *0MHMAemrt cokc (SMmno afo) OMmztmaBiiiip mwmm O00O*irr fMmrMOF mnvUMM C*A*tnr »i9) •M* AT*f^»AtttfT ammwmHtpom. (4At*0i.a M») attto 00 im»»f snot m OAMar HOOff MAr (a»ft0La ami}- 000 mmoT*00 0»urr •0tA»/»r 0»»it.eovrMO0fii0iM smi0 oh. SATUHATlOH tfr le OCQHI* e M.«^<.c. iOttfaO MAT Mr *KUff 0Mf0 CM^ffMti^ar avar tirro. (aAJt/gtMo Ji«. aat) LOM^aa aAr Aao»r 0*10 mm^aaT, auor Ai*o r»0MM CM AHO aa0*aa i. ttmr. SAffoy MOOH BAy ' ^m£i¥SBMy my£ff - a^o i oh^£b My. say OfSSOll/^£0 OXYG£/¥ tNI¥ATERATDfFr£fr£Nri3£PTHSB£L0iVS&ffrAC£-fi£SC£ • ffESl/tTS M C.C 0£A UT/tC SAMne^ COLLECTED JULY /* V/f09 FIG. 110 >S|i.|_Jwi ) I 1 l-» M- 1 J I 10 I I 2.7 f *WffM» MSA MSO ••TUMjiTieN JIT 91 Disniift e acisee. 1. )0 I 1 Z,T3 lol 1 MS mm^TAtAm £#• 0MMTtAtr HAfiLEM mVER - MELL GATE TO SPUVTEN Di/yif/L Qi$SOl¥£D OXYGEii >SV WATEff j^T OfrFEf^E/^T DEPTHS BELOIV Si/ZTPACE - /fESl/l TS /ly C. C. PER UTffE SAMPiES COLLECTED JULY iS^J* iSOa 432 BESULTS OF ANALYSES FTG. Ill 1 i.l\t ^3.' 3.M 3 ^ to' u« 4^# /vae e^^/raffSMs mvor et. 4,*5 J40 f s s^ tmtta 374.S.9) ntotfMr aer mmrraitr CATWilATtan AT to BCSKKS C. «C.3SC.C. i//'/>£/r BAY ^fiOJ*f rH£ BATTERY TO AtAftROWS i>/ss0iy£p oxYGEMwmvr£ffArDf^^^enrDepr/f5a£Loi¥Sifm^j^cE'0£soiTS /Af c.c per urfm SAMPl£S COLt£CT£C JUIY /S "^ i909 v^Pta aar FIG. 112 OFF ts-9r saeoMitw AT meaaeao twa CSAf9pt.a9 *»^a} CaTuPIATiOH AT II Dtettti.* c ■4>tli>c. «««■* »Ar. OF^ •ofAMifa aar. aram^ ¥apaa aar,,saa*maT m-t ma aiif* trntatto. svrraaffua ettaitfttu e^anAanc ooeas. mU VAN HULL AND EAST SIDE Or V/V»E/i U£W VOHKMr MSSOLVED OXYGE/I IN WATEH AT O/FFE/tENT DEPTMS BELOW SVHFACE ' OEWLTS M CC fSft UlVe SAMPLES COLLECTED 1/KKK/7W 1909 DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATER FIG. 113 433 MtAlt m£LL Bfor Otf^ ««•«■-» a^r-soe feet MAsr aft?oaaiMS /rsef LiSMT. (SAMMIES J97 'J'J MAitmemfa •/^totvAr aer. ^»9rs tA^Arerre, amo ¥fAoanfa/iTM . d.oif£* BMr. OAf MaHTOMS AT. stoAr. OAA cofifer it. *.i€Mr (SAMAt£S Aai. 4«z> ««TunAriaN at EO pcCfiftcs C. "CM CC GOVEnNOaS ISLAND TO. COAlEy /SLANO O/SSOLVED OXreE/f W WATE/i /^ro/FFE/fEMT OEPT//S BElOWSl//fFAC£-/f£S«/lTS W C.C. P£f> L/TftE SAAfPiES COU.£CrEO i/l/Lr i0«''O9 FIG. 114 LOtveA BAY SoofK Q^r Morroffs fit. tMAnaAOSE CMAfVM£L. OF^rO SAIAA Bvor B* \ (45 L _1S.93 ATIAMT/C OCBAM. BY Btt-L awOY J-. OAA MtA/OY MOMt TO TMt. HOATM £A»-r t.OP¥SABAr fM A»BAOM^ CMAMHeL BY BUOY AC to //n MUD 6aifee. ATlAHYtC OCMAM.OUm BAmr o^ S.OMB BAmmeM h •/ ABovr to f9H.es or^SMCA£. (.SA**At£S 4Q7. 4e») ' 20 ATt.AmTK OeXAM At'OIL SAOT-.Oft AAlSe MOOA toa AY. CAST OF ABO SAAA aV9Y S*. MAMAAOtYiF MIOftfAY BMYAfEMfY AOfTTS (SA»Ai.£S «/5.42«V I I I I J 5.83 »A^£B BAY it^a^r OFF BBAHo's £Bm. amsm mrtMHTte occAtt, ove sast of ioMt BAAWM. ATovrtm eoe£ OF toACB ABovr nffM.es OFF sttoma. ATLANT/C OC£AN- Af£tV YO/fM BAYS D/S60LY£0 OXYGEN tfV YYATER AT 0/rF£R£NT DEPrnS B£L0IV SmrAC£- ff£Sal.rS /N CC P£fi ///>?£ 434 RESULTS OF ANALYSES PIG. 115 3.80 o0f>9t/rr oeemnoses or. tm^osfrm tjuitwifvirr or. « I t.OtVMti BAY joo^r. ff.mt.o^fifsffrof*s fOffvr: Cofifmr it*.A^o . o^s eiACir ran. arauoret ^AMY f. OrtlAWHTrtSLAHa. (AAff^teS 4*0.4*0 fM T«e MAfrAams.hiDWAv trriv^e/w me roAra. OAACA BAY • /iV CMAf/IVCL OAP CSAf^'-H.ES 43S.t, 7) aATMKATtQH AT CO 0E6REESC. cC.SSC.C. f^aocCM/iiv£R ro coney /sla/vd O/SS0i.V£O OXYS£,V /N WATSf! AT DI/'FeREMT D£PTMS 8£L0lveO/fFAC£- ffESatnS /// C.C. P£/f L/TftE SAMPLES COLLECTED fJVLV ZZ-IP'OS FIG. 116 Si ; LOWER BAY - SOO fEET O^F VOATOMS POMT (■SAMfiE 4*1) io 3.9S so 10 3.Z& 3.80 SMt eer sasy q^ 1 3.S6 YAMVfi. BLACH TOM. OY B£Lt BUOr « (SAMPLES 447.449} CHA/>/NEt. . iOAffPLES 449,S0.f) ara£ (■3A tt. auOY fMC •oaa/Afs ae£P 1 90 a.u u 3.SB fifowAY Btra/am nam ? (0 Sue 40 yi4 40 y«ff NOTK* 1 - l«- atYt tAM»£Ya MnWM 457.4 mY ST. nj. OAAOt r€AftaA- iAi.es 4S*.*si } {* A*YAt,KS4S4.S esST e ktuaatioh at 10 OKORUa c. ■« .MAC. CONEY ISLAND TO HUDSON RIYEP e/SSOLYED OXYGEN /N WATER AT D/PPERENT DEPTHS BELOW SaPFACe- AgftfirS W CC PES UTRE SAMPLES COLLECTED UULYIVI' 'OS DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATER FIG. 117 435 3.26 5.56 3.2S !..« ^ \ 1 \ "* \ 1 to' __\». 3.ST i^ « AT FIKHMmAB iMli^OOT OFOtllfCA ST. rtAUfMArrAM txAttFtn *e7.Ataf tAtrmiwFm' foot of coALeAn ar. f»-r k fS»ffFt£S *S».A70j ? . tfF^£ft BAY- seo Fser OFF 3£A/lOS CMI£ amsM (,sAWi.es 4C J. ^S4-) CASI 0fVCft- Z09f££r £jtsr m»f£it - toe reer MSSr miftEM- t»a F£eT OP0 aaeti om eovetumm^ OFF tOtufCfi £MO or M£M OAF F/em to. aHoomLfm *SLmMO ja a/iooMtf/t (sj»/tFt.m9 *ss.^t*) {SAmmtES *S9. 4 to) (jwwirs 4€t *«; NOTtl S*T 1 1" UHATION tkX SO DCfiHCKB C « «.A5 C C ERfEB/ISfA/ TO COffLEABS HOOH -S/IST fifVER OfSSOLVED ^XYGE/^ ff^ WATER AT D/FFERENT OEPTffS BEIOIV SC/RFACE • RESULTS IN C.C PER UTRE SAMPLES COLLECTED UULY a4^J''09 FIG. 118 S.5« 3.50 aoOF£trQFF Al£A «, m&ometf mtpmm f&AftFifJ *t/. 4"} 1 1 1 s AVO»m9M SAW fSAFtAt.m 491) r* MTMr 4A») BAtum AT^eeroF mtat'jrjtmtr (SAFtFLt 4»») SATUfiATi^M AX tor Qcoiicc* e- • €.%% «.£, M/OSON RfVER -BATRfAfG BEACHES OfS^OLYEP OXYGEAf W m^ER AT OtFF:£RENT OEPTRS BELOW ^i/RFACE- RESULTS fN CC P£ff OTRC eA^PLES COLi^^CTED UULY Z€Xi» 1309 436 RESULTS OP ANALYSES FIG. 119 3.20 y£6 >l ' 3.S8 ? s ^ 20' aa* 2D 3.34 10 k 40' & 56 40* 3.34 40' 3.56 fi.Zft c,c. i osAff* fii.es aos. r^ e. ) C-3A/vfiL£S sag. sio) FIG. 120 or ty. tio 'STftesT^ COAL£ * /r srAriON (sAf^Pt es sti li. fj) *et t^AamMQTOff fiOIMW^ J 5.42 soof^eeroF^ ^coeffAL. S-OOFEET OFF fieweif ^ANT >i/oitT*i£^»/ ^tt^ir OF raniftfis C'SAffFt.ES SIS. /?. ig) HVDSONmyER FffOM E ^Z'^ST TO YOAfHEBS D/SSOIVED OXVeEf^ /Af ^ATER AT D/FE£ffENr DEPTf^S BELOiV SOJ9FACE- ^ESi/LTS W CC FSff UT/fE SAffPLES COLLECTED ^EPT. 7'^f909 DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATER FIG. 121 437 fl 1*1 1 t.Qt 10* Z.06 PASSAtc irife/t taa^T.ABOif^ ^.m.m. ^meiGHT am/oce:. 4 05 "^^SlD" 0.0- in' ., ?,?4 10 lO' 1 AI9 PJ9SSA/C myejt rSA^^A S'J S/f. SM.O) M f. a/TIOSE. . too ^S£T oei-owi^ A$.o /?.A.a/rJOG£. .<. AfCm^AHM OAy too ^r. tvws re^ neo aetL Bffgr o^^ cmt*rMii¥/i.4.a CsAfVft.ts _ NOTC 1 1'" •ArunAriOH *T EI DCCfTKKS c > C.Z3 c.c J.«t MSyVAAH BAY Klt-i. VAN trvi.L ■ trtsr END, /ooo rr. east iSAfffLXS S3Z,S3i) HtLL VAN Ht/Lt. OPPostre TMc SAiLoms ati/uG MA/tooft. K^msrneApt. CSA^PiES S34-.S e) ttu.L ymM trtfi. u East s/to, opaobitk. etfo OP con/s-TAmt-e mobm CSAPtPimS S-37.S9B) Pj^SSA/C fifl^Eff,fif£:iVAffH BAY »ffPd.E » ■S€2.SWti CM OOPEET VOA (SAnfLas TMOPt ) c EAST att^aa H.P M^AYACaOS VAtttMi PT (SAM \BAP. PtESStM.i EAST HlVS/t FffOM BATTERy TO SrEPPMG STO/VE LIGHr. I I SOUA/O D/SSOLVED OXYeEM/NWATEIf/irD/FFEftENr DEPTHS BELOH'SmE/ICE-/fESOLrS /A/ CC. PER lITffE SAMnES COLLECTED SEPT. 9 "s* I909 4S8 RESULTS OP ANALYSES FIG. 123 R 4.05 &.7« 3 53 3 47 S4T * i^ 20 3.92 ID 3W 20* 3.BZ « £ 40 4.21 40 3.31 3.61 40 jtsr myEH-MCLL s* re. MJtST fi/VC» EAST IH¥£R EAST fufsn EAST flit/Eft £AiT AIVKA tK Kfesr CMAnt»EL o^fi ao'sr W-BLMCHWELLS IS CMAHffEL ntosTffeAM orp e.i^'sT MiDsrfreiti>9 wvoe^ MDsrmEAM i/noEft BETmemv BATrEAr (^MM/v.ts Sf7. ste) (a^MPLcs sea. jo. ti) «0T£ tvn.L lAMsaunGM m»ioctz CSA/VPlESS?4:S.e) SAcoHt.yM amioG*. CSAnPLES S77. S7B) ' AMo corsAifoAi ts. CSA^ALEs sra.oo. / ) •*TU 1 -|6.»9 ATioN AT 19 oecfttes C. »6.4Bc e EAST/ftVEFi FftOM HELL GATE TO BATTERY D/SSOtVED OXrCE/if W V/ATEff AT O/FFERE/^T DEPTHS BELOfV Si/HFACE ~/fES£/LTS W C.C. PER UT/fE. SAMPLES COLLECTED SEPT. /O^f 303 FIG. 124 40 , "1 1^ 1 20 4.41 vi ' 441 s 40 4.52 40 4ZI 30 4.SZ 30 421 OPPPO PflOSTttKAPt mr mtCMPfono PEttfff AT SOvrt OP tSMPt^ies S9t,s9») soo PEE r opp^ ST. eteitCEi rcAirr- ArmTEM tscAfto PHOSrttEMPl MIDSTMEMP^ (JMPTPlMt S04.r.t) (SSMfi-ti sm7.S09) MOTS 1 r*" »ATUll«TIOM AT !• OKOHSC* C «£4tC.«. HtLL VA/V HULL. DtSSOLVED OXrGE/^ W iVATEP AT D/FFEPEJVT DEPTHS BELOfV ^(/PrACE - /TESiJLTS /V CC PEP IfTf^E SAMPLES COLLECTED SEPT. //^^ /30' DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATER FIG. 126 43.9 Soo^r s.£ OF euoY Aci^.oyr /n /« rOOT CHAN/US L. AMOvr lOOFT A- OF elisor se , /VflV a£o/v.tr cuA/vA/ei. C'S^^^fi.es Set ay too pr. /^.s oFai/ar ac4- CSAr7/*i£S SOS. 4 ) ifOI/rM ^f eCDHCr CMA/MCL. soo Fr 3 OF snor O S" (SAMPLES S», /Z) IN GeONEY C/tANffmL JVfPtyAV ' Of aifOY /^S2. AOFreA SfOAL S SA/1FLES Ca3.^) , (SfinPiEt SiB.E) s.%e CA AM IS [, NOTCi 1 I*"*" AEOVTtOOOFT.IVE eFaoOYM0 OFF s A/If ay Hootf ONE E/MAt «tf*f »/0 MTAl. HOTEI, AMOt^J •WE FirOF§ g/» T* OE/t tme feoj^ buoy sk OmiEMTAt. HOTEL OttT^^r^llE FAoAt SAMPLES S4/.&y 5/0 LOWEn BAY /A/ SWASH CHANNEL En £>/SSOLV£D Oifrce/f IN WATEff ^r D/FEEfi£NT DEPTHS BEL O.^ SmF/iC£- RESULTS /V C'C. P£/f l/T/fE SAMPLES COLLECTSD SEPT. J3^^a J^^^/S09 440 RESULTS OF ANALYSES FIG. 127 ZOS FT BCLCtV /•.U.n. '□'■" lOl 1 MS I I 1 1*0 lO'l 1 2 71 PASSAtC RlVEft (■5il/W.£S a^7.a) too ^r. msLot^ m aa (sMMftea g49. so) Mtt^Mtr MAT (aAMmim* €*/ .z) ttewMmK mttr toe ^r. OKt.o»¥ e.mm O0 tt.ii. OAttwattioe^ (SAftfl£t tMi.A^) MILL VAtt HULL. wetT Mno , soof r s om Btmcat* ^r. l/gmt MtLL KAfT Ht/LL. t^iaSTAEAtl , Off tAILOMi Java MAmoam. CjAtfwtaa tS». 0^ HILL VMM WMi. Of eoMsntoLK tnoir •aturatioh at is oceirfK* c • S-Mc.e. NEWARHBAY. P^SSA/C /fH^ER, /f/lL VAf^ ffUlL D/SSOLV£D OXYGSAf /N WAT£ff ATD/rP£ff£fVr OePTMS BELOiY S&PFAC£~ fff^ULTS M CC. P£fi ilTffB SAMPLES COLL£CT£D S£PT. /S'Jf/3C9 FIG. 128 til isl «' ... J 3 9£ r HIVMA Mtrrmfm. fftLLM AATHUtt HILLt oAAasiTM Fmm&A tfiLLA: ] AATMVA HILLO mr mvor «« moatm e^ fSAfUfLts^rf.t} AATMum M-fLL* arOOOrSA OFfSHOHIM* fOINT (SA/vpLe» fta.te) +.22. Afrrui/ft MIL LS MOO F-T *KOf OAAt^aAIDCK AT eUZABETHfaAT jooAT t^ OF oaAMGE sei^e^ OVTLBT (dAMAiCt 473 4) AATIIUm HILL* I^OOFre OF OHAWBAIO&C AT eLi^AmmruAOAr. gfBeiof CSMMFLts srrg) mATMOIt HILuB AT a eito armnoY sa CsAMfLK* tiT a) /riLL9 marntmeM*aeoTeB9 MLAMB ■ fVABWtftS MAABOt iammFLaa €7* ao) HILL ¥AIH HVLI, t¥£sT MMo.mr auer az. riOH AT 19 OeORKK* C- ><.4tjC.C. AHTHUft HILLS DISSOIVED OXYGCN M VMrElf AT D/FF£ltEMT OEPT/IS BELOIV SUFFACE -FESfflFS M CC FOf lIT/tE. SAMPLES COLLECTED SEPT /fJ'/SOa DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATER FIG. 129 441 14.54- i+^2 4.04 .M/M/CA BAY too rr. onf BAatttn tg. i€A»fLSS€»S.t} fJAflAICA BAY S.OF 0H/FPLK BA0t (■sAriptes cat. 8) tJAM/tICA BAV AaoVT I MILS. OVTSIOe. CMMAHSIE B^eA/f.'YAreH. (SMMPLES taa. Bd) JAMAICA BAy ar Lieur ar our eh £No OF CANABSie BREA/^^ATSA (JAMPIES 691. 2.) 1S.+T I'l 1 3.SI I T" ffAMAICA BAr- too AT. Orf CAfilARSIE. fSArtAi.ES tS3.4-f leoo FT. OAF mourn OA FA£SA GA^CH (SA/WAI.AS SSS) tJOO FT. OAF AfOVTA OF SACONO cnecK (SAAtFt.£-e9€) /£ MILE NOATM OF AtOt/TM OF geOONO CAEEK (SAFfFte ^97} 1000 FT. OFF ^MOAB JIT 9 AMD SAY . C-AMFtFtB f90} SATURATION AT i» OESDees C- ■ iAie.c. JAf^A/CA BAr, fNLET, SECOND CREEH l>/SSOl\f£D OXYGEN /N WATER AT Of FFEBE^r DEPTHS BELOiV SURFACE -/f£Si/LT$ W CC PER UTRC SA/^Pl£S COLLECTED SEPT /7'^/30$ FIG. 130 v *.S4 r 4.04 (■ S.76 1' 4.04 r 4.12 1 £0 4^ia «0 4a& ' 40 SOI A£A < AR?- .'a6 SOOA7 ,t/eAS 4-.2Z 40* 3.91 40 4^M 40* 4.14 AT. €tAA C.A.A. OA M. *f. AY. eeMMvniPAv>/. SAMPLES a9B.700j OAA fi.ft./r. A-£ wr c/rr. 'AffAlES 7*/- Jj SOOAT.t *toaoit£ AAlACKAWANH V. lAHPLMS Zff*ff »AtR$rg soo AOIt ) A£e.T0AAaTEV fT. AoaoieeM. 4AftAieM lOt-t) £)/S AM* X-r *v. OA BUOY SB OA» rOTYBIVY/t.lB S. /. iBArtALBS f*».aa) iJtTun«TtoN AT i»| DccRcta e. ■<.S4&C. RARtTAN BAY 'ARTmR HfLLS DiSSOLYED 07CYG£N tAf WAT£fi AT DfFF£R£ffr DEPTHS BELOiV ^C.CI CC. UPPER BAY- /^/IL VAN RULL O/SSOLVEO OXYGEN /J¥ WATER AT DfFPERENT DEPTRS BEdbt¥ SURFACE' ff£S(/trS M CC PER LITRE SAMPLES COLLECTED nSEPT. 30^^1909 444 EESULTS OP ANALYSES FIG. 135 dsAMPlEK 7oe,7) 5 «o £Asr miveR aertvemflf *. a s.a/teTMER is. tltOEft WIL.I.tAI1SBIIIBeE BUloe^ SOO FT. OFF afiOOHLr/V SHORC CSAMl'LES BOf.l) J 4.21 EAtr if.OFFOC'T^ E.SA-'ST saO FT. e^F B/fOOIfi.Y'if SMOR^ C-SAMFt. es fol 'S) vMoiR goMeMsaaFot/eH ttt. tl* MAST CMAMtfEt. , CSAffFi.es ao4.7} HEI.L GATE. OFFOSITE. EAer 9aST (SAf7FL ESEIO-2Z) worn QeeE/VSRifAOt/OA mF. tVEST eAAMnei. (SAF/FLeS 923,4) fOOOFT.OF^ IVAllABOOr CAV. (SAHFIES B»7-9) n t.Of^O tSLAftO SOtfMO taa ros-. t.OF T/fJtoesFtaetr CtAFtAit* 9H'f3} t. f^lDiTFMf*M C *AF7Ft. £ B ait- 1 ) MAFt-EM m. M/OSTFFAFf OFFostTE E.iio'ar. EAST ft I ye A tOOO FT. OFF FfBH'Tai^M CAEKK (XFMFI.Ei OIS.S) SilTUflATIOH AT ■• DKailCCC C. • &.SI CO. E/tsrjfiva/f-LOA/s is. sound DISSOLVED, OXYGEIV M IVATCa/ITDirFE/>£/VT DSPTflS BClOWSU/frACE- ff£St/LrS M C.C. F£ff LITffE SAMPLES COLLECIED OCT. I V /303 FIG. 136 » 20 ■i «■ EAST RIVE A SOOFT. OFF FIMF 4- FtFMMArrAM (SAMFLES B30r'- ) IMOER eFOOHLYfl OAlOaE. SOO FT. O^F nAMMATTAM SAOa^ (SF/fFLCS Sa3.4) amoBB tViLUAFtSavABA BRIDCE JM FT. mFFFfFFFATTAM EReRE. CtAMFiet aaa- 7) NATION AT n BCGHCES c. » G.TS c.c. .saoFK OFF f . «4 - sr. f^tMMATTAM. CaAnM.ee 9»a.9} t¥ESr CRAftA/EU RAOBR VVEEASaeROlfeH MAloaB M/fSr CAAMMBt, OFFOtirE M-ao- er. EAST fiiVER DISSOLVED OXYGEfif M WATEB AT D/FFEaE/^r DEPTHS BElOiV SaffFACE' /f£Si/irS //V C.C. P£ff Ur^E. SAMPLES COLLECTED OCT 2 to /so 9 DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATER FIG, 137 445 )■ 4.91 r £.20 ' ¥ Jf.OO 20 5.19 20 5.59 20 5.29 to s.a to S.51 i - ts. S.7! »/* tvAr across ruet^ /k r. 40 s.xt 40 4 fi.TS c.e. ( 4/*e ACftoss MifOSo/v AT IMf^OOO jy.y. ) HUDSON fflVER DISSOLVED OXYS£M /ff WArSft AT DJF/^ERE/Vr DSPrHS B£l.OIV SVHFACE - /f£SUtrs M CC P£H l/r/T£ SAArPt.£S COLLECTED OCT. S^^/S09 DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATER 447 INTRODUCTION TO OXYGEN DIAGRAMS II From the data contained in Table XXVII curves have been drawn to show the variations in oxygen which occurred in one tidal cycle in the cross-sections of the Nar- rows, the Hudson river at the mouth and at Mt. St. Vincent and the East river at the mouth and at Throgs Neck, in the year 1911. Explanation of the Oxygen Curves Two groups of curves have been drawn for each section. In one the ordinates represent the percentages of saturation of dissolved oxygen in the water and the per- centages of sea-water and the abscissae the hours of the day. Times of ebb and flood currents are indicated on the curves. Curves have been drawn for each of the three or five locations at which samples were collected in the cross-section, the full lines representing percentages of saturation of dissolved oxygen and the broken lines per- centages of sea-water. Light lines show percentages at 1 foot below the surface and heavy lines percentages at mid depth and bottom, the latter being identical, or nearly so, in most cases. Lines of Equal Oxygen and Equal Salinity In addition to the foregoing, curves have been drawn to show the variations in dissolved oxygen and percentage of sea-water at each cross-section, as determined by each set of samples. These curves approximately indicate lines of equal oxygen and sea-water. The points from which the samples were collected are indicated upon the cross-section of the stream. OXYGEN DIAGRAMS II. Variations during a tidal cycle in dissolved oxygen in the water through cross- sections of tidal channels in the year 1911. 448 RESULTS OF ANALYSES 8 Noon. 11A.M. 12 \?M. 2 90 80 70 c a) CPQC >-» O 80 > 70 o . X O T5 60 50 40 60 50 -o 40 c o +^ (5 C 60 50 40 60 50 40 60 50 40 lOO-Ft off Pier 10, Manhattan D3(pth /'- I.' - Ob.- -^-■^3:--ia-i *» ^^ —v - t^^ S- s^^ /l-Way across from Pier 10, Manhattan. Midstream. fDegthl J0!s:^3Jj. ... .. c i ^^ c»--j=.-:— J 7^ Way acrossfrom Pier 10, Manhattan. 70 60 50 70 60 50 70 60 50 70 60 50 o +- c u 0- 11A.M. 12 1PM. 2 Noon. FIG. 142 Percentage of Saturation of Dissolved Oxygen in Full Lines, and Percentage of Sea Water in Broken Lines in a Cross Section of the Mouth of the East River from Pier 10, Manhattan, to Pier 10, Brooklyn, at Various Stages of Tide, September 29, 1911. The Total Number of Samples included is 90. The Results of Analysis are indicated by Small Circles and Triangles DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATER 453 Monhcritan. Pier 10 Brooktyn. ManhaWan Rerlff PierlO 7:30(— 8 = 06 A.M. (15 Samples, Nos.l68'l--l698.) BrpoWyn. Pierlff 2 = 30- 3-06 P.M. I IBSomples, Nos I7Z9- 1743. ) ■gHour Before End of Ebb Current Slack Water- End of Flood Current. 9-30- 10-06 A.M. 1 15 Samples, Nos.1699- 1713 . > l^Hour After Beginning of Flood Current 4-: 30- 5-06P.M. ( 15 Samples, Nos.l74-4--n5a.) 2 Hours After Beginning of Ebb Current 12=30- 1 = 09 P.M. ( IS Sample&,No.r7l4- - 1728. ) 6=00 -6-30 P.M. \ 15 Samples, Nos.l759- 1773. ) 4|5Hour5 After Beginning of Flood Current. SgHours Affer Beginning of EbbCurrent P 50' Vertical Scale lOOO' 100' zooo' I Horizorttal Scale FIG. 143 Cross Section of the Mouth of the East River frota Pier 10, Man- hattan, to Pier 10, Brooklyn, Showing Percentage of Saturation of Dis- solved Oxygen in Full Lines and Percentage of Sea Water in Broken Lines, at Various Stages of Tide, September 29, 1911. The Total Number of Samples included is 90. Sampling Points are indicated by Small Circles 454 RESULTS OF ANALYSES Noon. IIA.M. \Z IRM. 2 1 1 A.M. \Z Noon. FIG. 144 Percentage of Saturation of Dissolved Oxygen in Full Lines, and Percentage of Sea Water in Broken Lines in a Cross Section of the Hudson River at Mt. St. Vincent, at Various Stages of Tide, October 13, 1911. The Total Number of Samples included is 90. The Results of Analysis are indicated by Small Circles and Triangles DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATER 455 New Jersey. Mt. StVincent New Jersey. New York. Mt. St Vincent New York . 7=45 - 8:21 A.M. ( 15 Samples, No. 19A-8- 196Z.) 2 Hours before End of Ebb Current. 9--45 - IQiai A.M. ( 15 Samples, No.1963-1977.) End of Ebb Current. Z-.OO - Z'Zb RM. (15 Samples, No.1993- 2007.) ^Hour before End of Flood Current. 4-.00 — 4--36 P.M. ( 15 Samples, No. 2008-2021.) 1 Hour aft-er Beginning of Ebb Current. II--45 -12=21 P.M. ( 15 Samples, No. 1978 -1992.) 1^ Hours aft-er Beginning of Flood Current. O' 50' _-l_ lOO' _1 Vertical Scale. 5=15 - 5'50 P.M. { 15 Satnpliss, No. 2023-2037.) E^Hours offer Beginning of Ebb Current. lOOO' 2000' aoju 5000' _1 Horizontal Scale . FIG. 145 Cross Section of the Hudson River at Mt. St. Vincent, Showing Percentage of Saturation of Dissolved Oxygen in Full Lines, and Percentage of Sea Water in Broken Lines, at Various Stages of Tide, October 13, 1911. The Total Number of Samples included is 90. Sampling Points are indicated by Small Circles 456 RESULTS OF ANALYSES C en >-. o O o c o V E 4- C3 <+- O 4- C (U u J- 90 80 70 60 50 90 80 70 60 50 90 80 70 60 50 4Way across from Throgs Neck to Wille+s Point. % Wav across from Throgs Heck to WlWets Point. 8 10 1 A.M. \Z 1P.M. Noon. 90 80 70 60 50 90 80 70 60 50 90 80 70 60 50 D