CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Cornell University Library Eigi .N41 The English colonization of America duri 1924 032 746 145 ^•Hili^yRljitE&T r ,ivV-» All Bepks subjeatito fttfcaji/ ' Books not needed _ „..irrngi,i».- ■ Z"*^ lustruction' or re- ''^'^nmWW ^F/"}^ are returnable , ' ^^ w ' wfthin 4 weeks. \ ■' f Volumes of periodi- cals and of pamphlets ' J ^ are held in the library Ne\f-^-4aiiJJi ?or7ptia? iTSt; they are giveh out for a hmited time, „ ,^ Borrowers should S 0ot use their library ^privileges for the bene- / nt of other persons Books not -iieeded luring recess, periods Jhould, be returned to the hbrary, op arrange- ments made for their return during borrow- er's absence, if wanted. Books needed by more than one person are held on the reserve - list. . , Books of special value and gift books, when the giver wishes It, are not allowed to circulate. ; bidde*"" '"'''''' *'"'''"'' '»''■ Readers are asked to report all cases of books marked ormnti- lated. ijwiW 'OTyl" ' THE ENGLISH COLONIZATION OF AMERICA /.' ■ Nee falsa dicere, nee vera reticere." ip ,«$■'■ THE ENGLISH COLONIZATION OF AMERICA By EDWARD Dr%EILL CONSUL OF UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AT DUBLIN STRAHAN & CO., PUBLISHERS S6 LUDGATE HILL, LONDON 1871 A- l/^^o -< -« N N > > 7\. 3 -'f. / ■J il 3 \- EDINBURGH : PRINTED BY THOMAS AND ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE, PRINTERS TO THE QUEEN, AND TO THE UNIVERSITY. PREFACE. The tracing of the successive steps of ttie English colonization of North America, during the seventeenth century, is the object of the following chapters. _ The writer has carefully searched for facts, iu the manuscript transactions, of the great London trading conajJany, under whose auspices the first colonists were despatched, and iu other original documents. Those acquatated with the standard historians of America, wiU find in this volume, statements contradictory of the assertions of Eobertson, and other emiuent writers. Myths creep into history, as noiselessly as book-worms between the leaves of an old volume, and it is as diffi- cult to dislodge the' former, as the latter. A century hence, the sentimentalist will not thank the writer, who calmly states that the touching story of the Scotch maiden,, who was the first to hear the slogan and pibroch, and announce the coming of her countrymen vi PREFACE. to the relief of Lucknow, is a pure and beautiful fiction. As tlie naturalist, to examine the silk-worm, is obliged to mutilate its delicate and glossy residence, so the historian wiU not be deterred from tearing away, with the hard steel-pen, the delicate web with which ima- gination has frequently surrounded the beginnings of a great nation, like Eome. The accompHshed Bancroft speaks of John Eolfe — " a young Englishman, an amiable enthusiast, who had emi- grated to the forests of Virginia, daily, hourly, and, as it were, in his very sleep" — hearing a voice, crying in his ears, that he should strive to make Pocahontas, a young Indian maiden, a Christian, and, constrained by the love of Christ, uniting her, to him, by the holy bonds of matrimony. But the prosaic pages of the London Company's transactions, and the old folios of Purchas, show that Eolfe was a married man, some years before this union, and that after his death, there was a white widow and her children, beside the son he had by Pocahontas. The same historian assures us, that the set- tlers of Maryland were " most of them Eoman Catholic gentlemen," while Lord Baltimore, in a letter to the Earl of Strafford, states that the colonists were chiefly poor labouring Inen, and there is reason to believe that they were mostly Protestants. PREFACE. vii The temptation to theorize, and employ rhetorical embellishment, has, as far as possible, been overcome, and naked facts have been submitted to the reader. In the preparation of this volume upon the seed-time of American civilization, the method of the old Eoman Vegetius, in his treatise on the " Military Art," has been pursued : " Nihil enim mihi auctoritatis assumo^sed quee dispersa sunt, velut in ordinem epitomata conscribo." Dublin, Ireland. December 1, 1870. CONTENTS. /^ CHAPTER I. PAGE Edward Maeia Wingpield and Associates, ... 1 CHAPTER II. LoKD Delaware, Captain-General of Virginia, 2.5 CHAPTER III. Captain Samuel Argall, Deputy-Governor op Virginia, . 59 CHAPTER IV, Pocahontas and her Companions, . 68 CHAPTER V. North Virginia Colony, . . .90 CHAPTER VI. William Brewster and Leyden Nonconformists, . . . 95 CHAPTER VII. Patrick Copland, Chaplain of East India Company, 104 CHAPTER VIII. Copland's Services to Virginia Company, . Ill CHAPTER IX. Copland's Sermon at Bow Church, . ,144 b X CONTENTS. CHAPTER X. PAGE Copland's Residence at Bermitdas : and the Educationai. Dbvdlopmbnt op America, . . .167 CHAPTER XI. George, first Lord Baltimore, . . 182 CHAPTER XII. Henry Fleet, Explorer op the Potomac River, . .219 CHAPTER XIII. Cecilius, second Lord Baltimore, and the Settlement of Mary- land, . 2.38 CHAPTER XIV. Robert Evelyn and early Explorers op Delaware River, . 259 CHAPTER XV. Father Andre'swV'hite, S. J., . . 266 CHAPTER XVI. Dr. Thomas Harrison and the Virginia Puritans, . 278 CHAPTER XVII. Francis Howgill and early Quakers, 290 CHAPTER XVIII. The Planting op the Church op England in the Colonies, . 314 THE ENGLISH COLONIZATION OF AMERICA CHAPTER I. EDWARD MARIA "WINGFIELD AND ASSOCIATES. A PUPIL of Westminster School one day visited a rela- ■^^ tive in the Middle Temple, upon whose table were opened books of travel and a map of the world. As distant seas and vast kingdoms but little known were exhibited, the schoolboy resolved, if he ever entered the University, he would pursue geographical studies, and in consequence of the purpose then formed, became Eichard Hakluyt, the best authority ia England relative to the climate, races, and productions of the four quarters of the globe. At the time that Sir Francis Drake was fitting out his expedition for America, he was acting as chaplain to the English Embassy in Paris, and so great was his interest in the project, that he wrote he was ready to fly to England " with wings of Pegasus," to devote his reading and observation to the furtherance of the work. And after the gallant navigator sailed up the Pacific coast to the fortieth degree north, " the first to loose the girdle of the world, and encompass her in his fortunate /- A 2 HAKLUYT, THE HISTORIOGRAPHER. arms," ^ he was delighted with listening to the tales of returning mariners. The Muscovy, Greenland, and other trading companies did not plan expeditions with- out seeking his advice. In the minutes of the East India Company, under date of January 29, 1601-2, is the following : — " Mr. Hakluyt, the historiographer of the East India Company, being here before the Com- mittees, and having read unto them out of his notes and books, was requested to set down in writing a note of the principal places in the East Indies, and where trade is to be had, to the end that the same may be used for the better instruction of our factors in the said voyage." ^ On the 14th of May 1602, Bartholomew Gosnold, a man of integrity, landed from the ship " Concord," with Gabriel Archer and others, on the coast of what is now called- Massachusetts, and passed a month in examining the shores now conspicuous with the domes and monu- ments of Boston, the church spires of peaceful villages, and the taU chimneys of manufacturing towns, and gave to one of its headlands a name still retained, Cape Cod. Embarking for the return voyage on the 18th of June, he cast anchor in English waters on the 23d of July, and astonished the mercantile world not only by the shortness of his passage by the new route, but by his calm and reasonable statements as to the healthfulness of the region visited, and its capabilities for sustaining an English-speaking population. ' Purohas's Pilgrimage, p. 779. . .2 Cal. of State Papers, East Indies, 1513-1616, p. 120. GOSNOLD'S PROJECT. 3 Prominent among eager listeners to his statement was Hakluyt, then connected with the cathedral at Bristol, who cordially seconded his desire to found a Nova Britannia on the western continent. Many meet- ings were held by Gosnold and Hakluyt with the Bristol merchants, and Robert Salterne, who had accompanied the former in the voyage to America, was appointed with Hakluyt to obtain permission from Sir Walter Ealeigh to make a settlement under his patent.^ Ealeigh's consent obtained, Salterne in 1603 made a second visit with an expedition that left Bristol, who was followed in 1605 by Captain George Weymouth, who returned with several Indians, who remained for more than two years in England. These successive voyages, under the auspices of the most distinguished and enterprising men of Bristol, Ply- mouth, and London, deepened the conviction that British pride and interests demanded that they should separate the French settlements on the St. Lawrence, and the Spanish plantations near the Gulf of Mexico, by an English colony. The stage is always quick to allude to the absorbing questions of the hour, and in 1605 the play of " Eastward Ho," in the coarse language of the period, reproduced the conversations that had taken place on the pavements around the Eoyal Exchange : — " Sea Gull. — Come, Drawer, pierce your neatest hogs- head, and let 's have cheer, not fit for your Billingsgate tavern, but for our Virginian Colonel ; he will be here instantly. ' Gorges. 4 THE PLAY OF "EASTWARD HO." " Drawer. — You shall have all things fit, sir ; please you have any more wine % " Spend All. — More wine, slave! whether we drink it or no ; spill it and draw more. " Sea Gull. — Come, boys, Virginia longs till we share the rest of her maidenhead. "Spend All. — Why, is she inhabited already with any English 1 "Sea Gull. — ^A whole country of English is there, man, bred of those left there in '79 ; they have married with the Indians, and make 'hem bring forth as beauti- ful faces as any we have in England ; and therefore the Indians are so in love with 'hem that aU the treasure they have they lay at their feet. " Scapeihrift. — But is there such treasure there, ■Captain, as I have heard \ " Sea Gull. — I teU thee, gold is more plentiful there than copper is with us, and for as much red copper as I can bring I 'U have thrice weight in gold. Why, man, aU their dripping-pans and chamber-pots are pure gold ; and aU the chains with which they chain up their streets are massive gold ; aU the prisoners they take are fettered in gold ; and for rubies and diamonds they go forth in holy days and gather 'hem by the sea-shore to hang on their children's coats and stick in their children's caps ■as commonly as our children wear saflfron-gilt brooches and groates with holes in 'hem. " Scapethrift.- — And is it a pleasant country withal ? " Sea Gull. — As ever the sun shin'd on ; temperate, and full of aU sorts of excellent viands ; wUd boar is as . REASONS FOR COLONIZATION. 5 common there as our tamest bacon is here ; venison as mutton. And then you shall live freely there, without sargeants or courtiers, or lawyers or intelligencers. Then for your means to advancement — ^there it is simple, and not preposterously mixt. You may be an alderman there, and never be a scavenger ; you may be any other officer, and never be a slave. You may come to preferment enough, and never be a pander ; to riches and fortune enough, and have never the more villany nor the less wit. Besides, there we shall have no more law than conscience, and not too much of either ; serve God enough, eat and drink enough, and ' enough is as good as a feast.'" The statesmen of the day were not indifferent to the enterprise, for, since the war with Spain had ceased, the streets of London had been filled with men who had been soldiers in Ireland and in the Netherlands, averse to re- turn to the quiet peasant life from which they had been pressed into miHtary service, and yet unfitted to obtain a hving by honest industry. Too indolent to handle the spade, they were forced to beg or to steal, and became a terror to the peaceable citizen on the side-walk, or the traveller on the highway. Military officers also favoured the scheme, in the hope that the development of a new commonwealth would furnish an occasion for them to draw once more the swords that hung upon the wainscoted walls of their houses, and began to rust in the scabbards. Merchants were willing to make pecuniary advances, beheving that their money would be returned with interest ; and clergymen were eloquent in urging their parishioners 6 VIRGINIA COMPACTS CHARTER. to aid in an effort which might lead to the conversion of the sarages. Grosnold occupied a whole year iq obtaia- ing associates to engage ia founding a commonwealth in America, and then a second year in obtaining colonists, and procuring ships and supplies.^ In answer to a peti- tion to KiTig James, on tie 6th of April 1606, a patent was sealed for Sir Thomas Gtates, an officer in the employ of the Xetherlands ; Sir Greorge Somers, well acquainted with navigation; Eichaid Hakluyt, who had become Prebendary of Westminster ; Edward Maria Wingfield ; Bartholomew Gosnold, and others, " to reduce a colony of snndrv people into that part of America commonly called Virginia/"' between the Sith and 45th d^rees of north latitude. The patentees contemplated two plantations. Gates, Somers, Hakluyt, and others, chiefly of London, under the charter, were designated the First Colonv, and authorized to seule lietween the .34th and 41st detrrees of north latitude, while Hannam, Gilbert, Parker, Pop- ham, and associates of Plymouth, were called the Second Colony, and permitted to plant between the 38th and 45th degrees of the same latitude. Early in the winter there were gathered a hundred men, no better than those that surrounded David at the cave of Adullam, as the nucleus of the colony. In view of their departure, the following orders, the result of much thought and observation, were adopted by the Cotmcd of the Company on the 10th of December 1606. 1 Porcha-s iv. 1705. OFFICERS OF FIRST EXPEDITION. 7 " First, whereas the good ship called the ' Sarah Con- stant,' ^ and the ship called the ' Good Speed,' with a pin- nace called the ' Discovery,' are now ready victualled, rigged, and furnished for the said voyage, we think it fit, and so do ordain and appoint that Capt. Christopher Newport shall have the sole charge to appoint such captains, soldiers, and mariners, as shall either command or be shipped to pass in the said ships or pinnace, and shall also have the charge and oversight of aU such munitions, victuals, and other provisions, as are or shall be shipped at the public charge of the adventurers in them, or any of them. And farther, that the said Captain Newport shall have the sole charge and command of all the captains, soldiers, and mariners, and other per- sons that shall go in any of the said ships and pinnaces in the said voyage, from the day of the date hereof, until such time as they shall fortune to land upon the said coast of Virginia ; and if the said Captain Newport shall happen to die at sea, then the masters of the said ships and pinnace shall carry them to the coast of Vir- ginia aforesaid. " And whereas we have caused to be delivered unto the said Captain Newport, Captain Bartholomew Gos- nold, and Captain John Ratcliffe several instruments close sealed with the Counsel's seal aforesaid, containing the names of such persons as we have appointed to be of his Majestie's counsel in the said country of Virginia, ' These ortlera were copied from a volume of MS. Eeoorcls of the Virginia Colony, in the Library of Congress of tJ.S. of America. The ship here called the " Sarah Constant," Purchas calls the " Susan Constant." The former may be a clerical error. 8 PRESIDENT OF THE COUNCIE we do ordain and direct that the said Captain Chris- topher Xewport. Captain Bartholomew Gosnold, and Captain John Eatcliife; or the snrvivor or sarvivors of them, shall, within fonr-and-twenty houi^ nest afta- the said ships shall arrive npon the coast of Tii^nia, and not before, open and nnseal the said instnunent, and declare and publish tinto all the company the names therein set down, and tliat the pers-ons by us therein named are and shall be known and taken to be his Majesties counsel of his first colony in Virginia aforesaid. " And farther, that the said counsel s-j by us nomi- nated shall, npon the publishing of the said instm- ment, proceed to the election and nomination of a president of the said c-ounsel, and the said president, in all matters of controveisy and question that shall arise during the continuance of his authority, where there shall fall out to lie an equality of voices, shall have two voices, and shall have foil power and authority, with the advice of the rest of the said counsel, or the greatest part of them, to govern, rale, and command all the cap- tains and Sijl'liers, and aU others his Majesties subjects of his colony, according to the true meaning of the orders and directions set down in the articles signed by his Majestic and of these j'lesents. . . . And finally, that after the arrival of the said ship upon the c-oast of Yirgrnia, and the counsellor s names pnbhshed, the said Captain 2s ewport shall, with such number of men as shall be assigned him by the president and counsel of the said colony, spend and l-estc.w two months in dis- covery of such p:>rts and rivers as can be found in that PRECAUTIONARY DIRECTIONS. g country, and shall give order for the present lading and furnishing of the two ships above named, and all such principal commodities and merchandize as can there be had and found, in such sort as he may return with the said ships fuU laden with good merchandizes, bringing with him full relation of all that hath passed in said voyage by the end of May next, if God permit." In addition to the orders, the following advisory paper, full of valuable suggestions, probably drawn up by Hakluyt, was given to the officers of the expedition : — " Instructions given by way of advice by us whom it hath pleased the King's Majesty to appoint of the Coun- sel, for the intended voyage to Virginia, to be observed by those captains and company which are sent at this present to plant there. " As we doubt not but you wOl have especial care to observe the ordinances set down by the Kiag's Majesty and delivered unto you under the privy seal, so for your better directions, upon your first landing, we have thought good to recommend unto your care these in- structions and articles following. " When it shall please God to send you on the coast of Virginia, you shall do your best endeavour to find out a safe port in the entrance of some navigable river, making choice of such a one as runneth furthest into the land, and if you happen to discover divers portable rivers, and amongst them any one that hath two main branches, if the difference be not great, make choice of that which bendeth most toward the north-west, for that way you shall soonest find the other sea. lo SITE FOR SETTLEMEXT. " When you have made choice of the river on which you mean to settle, be not hasty in landing your victuals and munitions, but first let Captain Newport discover how fer that river may be foimd navigable, that you make election of the strongest, most wholesome, and fertile place, for if you make many removes, besides the loss of time, you shall greatly spoil your victuals and your casks, and with great pain transport it in small boats. " But if you choose your place so fer up as a bark of fifty tons will float, then you may lay all your provisions ashore with ease, and the better receive the trade of all the countries about you ia the land, and such as vou may perchance find a hundred miles fi'om the river's mouth, and further up the better, for if you set down near the entrance, except it be in some island that is sfxong by nature, an enemy that may approach you on even ground may easily puU you out, and if he be driven to seek you a hundred miles, and then land in boats, you shall, from both sides of the river, where it is nar- rowest, so beat them with your muskets as they shall never be able to prevail against vou. " And to the end that you be not surprised, as the French were by Melindus, and the Spaniard in the same place by the French, you shall do well to make this double provision, — first, erect a little store at the moutii of tbe river, that may lodge some ten men, with whom you shall leave a hght boat, that when any fleet shall be in sight, they may come with speed to give you warning. Secondly, you must in no case sufier any of the native people of the country to inhabit between you DIRECTIONS FOR EXPLORA TION. 1 1 and the sea-coast, for you cannot carry yourselves so towards them but they will grow discontented with your habitation, and be ready to guide and assist any nation that shall come to invade you, and if you neglect this, you neglect your safety. " When you have discovered as far up the river as you mean to plant yourselves, and landed your victuals and munitions, to the end that every man may know his charge, you shall do well to divide your six score men into three parts ; whereof one party of them you may appoint to fortify and build, of which your first work must be your storehouse for victual, the other you may employ in preparing your ground and sowing your corn and roots, the other ten of these forty you must leave as sentinels at the haven's mouth. The other forty you may employ for two months in discovery of the river above you, and on the country about you, which charge Captain Newport and Captain Gosnold may undertake of these forty discoverers. " When they do espy any high lands or hiUs, Captain Gosnold may take twenty of the company to cross over the land, and carrying a half-dozen pick-axes to try if they can find any minerals. The other twenty may go on by river, and pitch up boughs upon the banks' side, by which the other boats shall follow them by the same turnings. You may also take a wherry, such as is used here in the Thames, by which you may send back to the president for supply of munition or any other want, that you may not be driven to return for every small defect. 12 INDIANS TO BE GUARDED AGAINST. " You must observe, if you can, \rlieth.er the river on which, you plant doth spring out of mountains, or out of lakes ; if it be out of any lake, the passage to the other sea wiE be the more easy, and is like enough, that out of the same lake you shall find some springs which run the contrary way toward the East India Sea, for the great and famous rivers of Volga, Taxis, and Dwina, have three heads near joined, and yet the one falleth into the Caspian Sea, the other iuto the Euxine Sea, and the third into the Polonian Sea. " In aU your passages you must have great care not to offend the naturals, if you can eschew it, and employ some few of your company to trade with them for com, and all other lasting victuals, and this you must do before they perceive you mean to plant among them ; for, not being sure how your own seed com wiU. prosper the first year, to avoid the danger of famine, use and endeavour to store yourselves of the country com. "Your discoverers that pass over land with hired guides must look well to them that they slip not from them, and for more assurance let them take a compass with them, and write down how far they go upon every point of the compass, for that coimtry having no way nor path, if that your guides run from you in the great woods or desert, you shall hardly ever find a passage back. "And how weary soever your soldiers be, let them never trast the country people with the carriage of their weapons, for if they run from you with your shot, which they only fear, they will easily kiU all with their arrows. CAREFUL CHOICE OF SITUATION. 13 And whensoever any of yours shoots before them, be sure that they be chose out of your best marksmen, for if they see your learners miss what they aim at, they will think the weapon not so terrible, and thereby will be bold to assault you. " Above aU things, do not advertise the kiUiag of any of your men, that the country people may know it ; if they perceive that they are but common men, and that with the loss of many of theirs they may diminish any part of yours, they will make many adventures upon you. If the country be populous, you shall do well also not to let them see or know of your sick men (if you have any), which may also encourage them to many enter- prises. You must take special care that you choose a seat for habitation that shall not be over-burthened with woods, near your town, for aU the men you have shall not be able to cleanse twenty acres a year ; besides that, it may serve for a- covert for your eneitiies round about. "Neither must you plant in a low or moist place, because it wiU prove unhealthful. You shall judge of the good air by the people, for some part of that coast where the lands are low have their people blear-eyed and with swollen bellies and legs, but if the naturals be strong and clean made, it is a true sign of a wholesome soil. " You must take order to draw up the pinnace that is left with you under the fort, and take her sails and anchors ashore, all but a small kedge to ride by, lest some ill-disposed person slip away with her. H PLAX OF THE FIRST TOWX. " You must take care that your maiiners that go for wages do not mar your trade, for those that mind not to inhabit for a little gaia "will debase the estimation of exchange, and hinder the trade for ever after ; and there- fore you shall not admit or suffer any person whatsoever, other than such as shall be appointed by the President and Counsel there, to buy any merchandizes, or other things whatsoever. " It were necessary that all your carpenters, and all other such-like workmen about building, do first build your store-hoiise, and those other rooms of public and necessary use, before any house be set up for any private person; and though the workmen may belong to any private persons, yet let them all work together — ^fiist for the Company, then for private men. " And seeing order is at the same price with confusion, it shall be advisably done to set your houses even, and by a line ; that your street may have a good breadth, and be carried square about your market-place, and every street's end opening into it ; that from thence, with a few field-pieces, you may command every street tbroughout, which market-place you may also fortify, if you think needful " You shall do well to send a perfect relation by Capt. Xewport* of aU that is done, what length you are seated, how far into the land, what commodities you find, what • A Edation was prepared by iS^ewport, but not published by Pnrchas, who had examined it. The Hs. is in the Lambeth Library, and the Belation was lately, and for the first time, printed by the American Antiqnarian Society. It is a fair and accurate description of the first Vii^nia explora- tion. CAPTAIN CHRISTOPHER NEWPORT. 15 soil, woods, and their several kinds, and so of all other things else, to advertise particularly ; and to suffer no man to return but by passport from the President and Counsel, nor to write any letter of any thing that may discourage others. " Lastly and chiefly, the way to prosper and achieve good success is to make yourselves all of one mind, for the good of your country and your own, and to serve and fear God, the Giver of all goodness ; for every plantation which our Heavenly Father hath not planted shall be rooted out." Newport was an experienced mariner, and about a year before had returned from the West Indies with a present to King James, who was fond of the rare and curious, of a wild boar and two young crocodiles. As the hour for the sailing of the expedition arrived, many prayers ascended for its welfare. Scholars, divines, statesmen, merchants,^ labourers, all classes and condi- tions of men heartily adopted the sentiment of Drayton's spirited ode — " You brave, heroic minds. Worthy your country's name, That honour still pursue. Whilst loit'ring hinds Lurk here at home, with shame ; Go, and subdue ! " Britons ! you stay too long, Quickly abroad bestow you ; And with a merry gale Swell your stretch'd sail. With vows as strong As the winds that blow you. i6 DRAYTOyS ODE. " Your course securely steer. West and by south forth keep. Socks, lee shores, nor shoals, "When Bolus scowls. You need not fear. So absolute the deep. " And cheerfully at sea, Success you stiU entice, To get the pearl and gold. And ours to hold Tiipnia, Earth's only paradise. " In kenning the shore. Thanks to God first given, O you, the happiest men. Be frolic then, Let cannons roar. Fighting the wide heaven. " And in regions far. Such heroes bring ye forth. As those from whence we came ; And plant our name Under that star Not known to our north. " And as there plenty grows Of laurel, everywhere Apollo's sacred tree, Tou it may see A poet's brows To crown, that may sing there. " Thy voyages attend. Industrious Hackluit, TThose reading shall inflame Men, to s<;ek fame And much commend To after-times thy wit." SAILING OF FIRST EXPEDITION. 17 On the 1 9th of December the vessels started from the •Thames, but, owing to the weather, did not sail from the Downs until the 1st of January 1606-7. Newport, in command of the fleet, accompanied the " Susan Constant," a ship of one hundred tons, with seventy-one passengers. The zealous promoter of the pro- ject, Capt. Bartholomew Gosnold, and fifty-two colonists, were in the " God Speed," a small vessel of fifty tons ; and Capt. John EatcHfie, with twenty others, sailed in the " Discovery," a pinnace of only twenty tons burthen. Among those who embarked was a quick-witted, un- scrupulous, and self-reliant man — John Smith — ^who, in six weeks after they were out of sight of the coast of England, was suspected of a design to lead a mutiny. On the 26th of April 1607, the expedition entered the broad and beautiful Chesapeake Bay, and that rdght the sealed orders were opened, and the following persons were designated as members of the Colonial Council : — Edward Maria Wingfield, Bartholomew Gosnold, John Smith, Christopher Newport, John EatcHffe, John Mar- tin, and John Kendall. The Council, in accordance with their instructions, soon elected Wingfield, a man of honourable birth, and a strict disciphnarian, as their President. ^ On the 29 th, a cross was planted at Cape Henry, and the country claimed in the name of King James ; and the next day the ships anchored off" Point Comfort, ^ He was the grandson of Sir Rotert Wingfield of Huntingdonsliire, and the son of Thomas Maria Wingfield, who was thus christened, in compliment to Queen Mary, by Cardinal Pole. — Cainden Society Pub., No. 43. In 1588, Ferdinando Gorges and Edward Wingfield were prisoners of war at Lisle. B i8 JAMES RIVER EXPLORED. now Fortress Monroe. The 1st of May they began cautiously to ascend the James Eiver ; and on the 13th landed on a peninsvda, in front of which there was good anchorage. All of the Councillors were duly sworn, except Smith, whose conduct during the voyage was dis- reputable. In accordance with the orders prepared at London, Captarn Xewport, in a shallop, with five gentlemen and nineteen others, explored the river above the site of Jamestown. At one of the Indian villages, not far from where is now the citv of Eichmond, they saw a lad ten years of age, with yellow hair and light slriu, probably the off- spring of one of the colonists, left at Roanoke by White, and an Indian concubine.^ On the 24th of May, at the foot of the falls of the James River, Xewport planted a cross on which were inscribed his own name and that of King .James. On the 26th, a day before the return of the explorers, two hundred savages attacked Jamestown, and Wingfield bravely resisted them, being foremost in danger, and an arrow of the enemy passing through his beard. After they had been nearly a month on shore, on the 10th of June, John Smith was permitted to take the oath of councillor. On Sunday, the 2l3t, the com- ' Straohey says, " His Majesty liath been acquainted that the men, women, and children of the first plantation at Roanoke, were, by command- ment of Powhatan, he persnaded thereto by his priests, miserably slaughtered, Trithont any offence giren by the first planted, who twenty and odd yeaxs had i)eaceably lived iiitermired with those savages, and were out of his terri- tory." — HaUuyt SoeUty Pub., voL vL p. S5. DEATH OF GOSNOLD. 19 munion was administered by the devoted Chaplain of the colony, Eobert Hunt, and in the evening Newport gave a farewell supper on board of his vessel, and the next day, lifting anchor, sailed and reached England in less than five weeks by the new and more direct route, with the report that neither silver nor gold had been discovered. On the 18th of August 160V, a gentleman in Lon- don wrote to a friend "that Captain Newport has arrived without gold or silver, and that the adven- turers, cumbered by the presence of the natives, had fortified -themselves at a place called Jamestown, no graceful name, and doubts not the Spaniards wiU call it Villiaco. A Dutchman, writing in Latin, calls the town Jacobolis, but George Percy names it James Fort, which we like the best of all, because it comes near Chelmsford." The low situation of the settlement, with the swamps in the rear, soon produced sickness, and during the summer nearly every day a new grave was dug. On the 2 2d of August, the man who had projected the expedition, and expended money in its behalf, "that worthy and rehgious gentleman," Bartholomew Gosnold,^ was buried, and the saddened survivors mani- fested their respect by firing volleys of musketry over his remains. The colonists, disheartened by the loss of their associ- ates, and the discomforts of immigrant life, chafed under ^ Anthony, a brother, and Anthony, also a, relative, perhaps a son, ac- companied Captain Gosaold to Virginia. — London Co. MSS. 20 WINGFIELD DEPOSED. the prudent measures and milifeuy exactness of Wmg- fielA In September, the members of the Council de- manded a larger daily allowance of food, but he refused, because with strict economy their supplies would last but thirteen and a half weeks. As a precautionary measure, he also withheld the ration from any that had upon any day obtained fresh fish or wild game. The two gallons of sack and aqua vitae reserved for the sick and sacramental purposes were even coveted by members of the CouncU. The President says they " longed for to sup up that little remnant, for they had now emptied aU their own bottles." As Wingfield would not yield to the clamour of his associates, Eatcliffe, Smith, and Martin, they deposed him, and formed a triumvirate. On the 11th of September he was arraigned before them, and Eatcliffe accused hiTn of refusing him a chicken, a penny whittle, and a spoonful of beer, and of giving hiTn damaged com, Martin charged hiTn with calling hiTn an indolent fellow, and Smith alleged that he called him a liar. After this pro- cedure, contrary to all the forms of law, he was im- prisoned on board of the pinnace. The colonists soon discovered that it was easier to live by angling, hunting, and roacoing with the Indians, than by tiUing the earth. The first winter they pmmied their own pleasure, and cared little for the interests of the Company they had contracted to serve. On the 10th of December, Captain Smith ascended the Chickahominy to trade with the Indians, and was NEWPORTS SECOND VOYAGE. 21 treated with great respect and kindness by Powhatan,^ although two colonists, Emery and Robinson, who went with him, were killed by some hostUe savages. Upon his return to Jamestown, Gabriel Archer, who had become a member of the Council, on the 8th of January 1607-8, placed Smith under arrest for allowing his companions to be kOled, but that evening Captain Newport again arrived from England, and ordered the release both of Wingfield and Smith. After recovering from the fatigue of the sea-voyage, Newport explored the Pamunky Eiver, and was " lov- ingly entertained " by Powhatan. Eeturning to James- town on the 9 th of March, he loaded his vessel with cedar, walnut boatds, sassafrass, and iron ore. On the 10th of April 1608, with Archer and Wingfield as passengers, he left Virginia, and on the 20th of May arrived in England. Wingfield, in reply to the complaints made against him, prepared a full statement of his administration in Virginia for the perusal of the London Company. In it he remarks : ^ "To the President's and Council's objec- ' Smith speaks of this kindDCSs in bis RdaXion of 1608, but sixteen years after leaving Virginia he published another narrative in which he contradicts his first statement. Honest Fuller, the historian, whose schoolmaster was Arthur Smith, a relative of the Captain's, in his Worlhies of England, gives the following opinion of the Captain's last work : — " From the Turks in Europe he passed to the Pagans in America, where such his perils, preservations, dangers, deliverances, they seem to most men above belief, to some beyond troth. Yet we have two witnesses to attest them, the prose and the pictiires, both in his own book, and it soundeth much to the diminution of his deeds, that he alone is the herald to publish and proclaim them.'' ' Wingfield's discourse had been perused by Purchaa, but he was warped in favour of the sentiments of the plausible Smith. It was copied from the 22 WIXGFIELDS DEFEXCE. tions I say that I do know courtesy and civility became a Governor. Xo penny whittle was asked me, but a knife, whereof I had none to spare. The Indians had long before stolen my knife. " Of chickens I never did eat but one, and that in my sickness. Mr. EatclLffe had before that time tasted of four or five. I had by my own housewifery bred about thirty-seven, and the most part of them of my own poultry, [of] all which at my coming away I did not see three living. I never denied bim or any other beer when I had it. The com was of the same which we all lived upon. " Mr. Smyth, in the time of our hunger, had spread a nmaour in the colony that I did fe*t myself and my servants out of the common store, with intent, as I gathered, to have stirred the discontented company against me. I told him privately in Mr. Grosnold's tent that indeed I had caused half a pint of peas to be sodden with a piece of pork of my own provision for a poor old man which, in a sickness whereof he died, he much desired ; and said if out of his malice he had given out otherwise, that he did teU a He. '■' It was proved to his face that he begged in Ireland, like a rogue, without a licence. " ilr. Archer's quarrel to me was because he had not the choice of the place for our plantation, because I mis- Hked his laying out of our town in the pinnace, because I woldd not swear him of the council for Virginia, which mannscript io Lambeth Library, and printed for the first time with New- port's Selaiion, in voL iv. of the American Antiquarian Society's Collections. NEWPORT'S THIRD VOYAGE. 23 neither would I do nor lie deserve ; Mr. Smyth's quar- rel, because his name was mentioned in the intended and confessed mutiuy by Galthropp ; Thomas Wootton, the surgeon, because I would not subscribe to a warrant to the Treasurer of Virgiaia to deliver him money to furnish him with drugs and other necessaries, and be- cause I disallowed his living in the pinnace, having many of our men lying sick and wounded in our town, to whose dressiugs by that means he slacked his attend- ance. " Of the same men also Captain Gosnold gave me warniug, misHking much their dispositions, and assured me they would lay hold of me if they could." Newport, in accordance with his written instructions, also made a report of his explorations. The manuscripts of Wingfield and Newport were both known to Purchas, yet were not published in his collection of voyages, pro- bably because Sir Thomas Smith, who had furnished him with money to aid in priuting his Pilgrimage, did not approve of their statements. In the autumn of the year 1608 he completed his third voyage to Jamestown, briagiug seventy passengers, among others, Francis West, brother of Lord Delaware, Daniel Tucker, and Ealeigh Crashaw. He carried back on the return voyage iron ore, which was smelted and sold to the East India Company.-' The first description of the colony was printed in 1608, with the title, " A True Relation of such occur- rences and accidents of noate as hath hapned in Virginia ' Strachey in Hukluyt Society Pub., vol. vi. 24 SMITH'S " TRUE RELATIOXr since the first planting of that collony which is now resident in the south part thereof, till the last retume from thence." Some of the copies appeared with the name of Thomas Watson as the author, but most of the edition had on the title-page, " Written by Captaine Smith, CoroneU of the said coUony, to a worshipful friend of his in Eng- land.' The work was a small quarto in black letter, and contradicts the statements of Smith in his work on Virginia written at a later period. CHAPTER 11. LORD DELAWARE, CAPTAIN-GENERAL OP VIRGINIA. rpHE winter of 1608-9 was most discouraging to the -'- active members of the London Company. The news of the dissensions with John Smith, now returned, had reached the public ear, former enthusiasm had sub- sided, and there was a growing conviction that it was a waste of money and of lives to send another expedition to America. " The malicious and looser sort," says a writer of the period, " with the licentious vain stage poets, have whet their tongues with scornful taunts against the action itself, insomuch as there is no common speech, nor public name of anything this day, except it be the name of God, which is more wildly depraved, traduced, and derided by such unhallowed lips, than the name of Virginia."^ To preserve the settlement from entire destruction, the Directors of the Company felt that there must be an entire re-organization, and that some one should be placed in charge of affairs there, above the temptations of avarice, actuated by a lofty patriotism, and anxious to civilize the aborigines. ^ Dedicatory Epistle in New Life of Virginia. London, 1612. 26 CRAKAXTHORPeS SERMON. Thomas West, Lord DelaTvare, was therefore selected, and by the fi«e election of the Treasurer and Council of Tircrinia, with the fuU consent of the members of the Company, was constituted, during his natural life, Cap- tain-Greneral and Governor of all the English colonies to be planted in Virginia.^ The appointment was hailed with satisfaction by the public, and the Company began to issue publications setting forth the advantages of emigration, and to prepare a new supply of colonists. On March 24th, 1607-8, Crakanthorpe deKvered a dis- course on the divine right of kings at Paul's Cross, and therein alluded to the contemplated voyage in these words : — '■'Let the honourable expedition now intended for Virginia be a witness, enterprised, I say not, auspiciis, but by the most wise and religious direction and protec- tion of our chiefest pilot [the King], seconded by so many honourable and worthy personages in this state and kingdom, that it may justly give encouragement with alacrity and cheerftdness for some to undertake, for others to favour so noble and so religious an attempt. " I may not stay, in this straitness of time, to men- tion, much less set forth unto you, the great and mani- fold benefits which may redound to this our so populous a nation by planting an English colony in a territory as large and spacious almost as is England, and in a soil so rich, fertile, and finitfiil as that j besides, the sufficiency it naturally yields for itself, may, with best convenience, supply some of the greatest wants and necessities of ' Hovoe^t Chronicle (Londoii, 1615), p. 942. HAKLUYT'S ADVICE. 27 these kingdoms. But this happiness which I mention is a happy and glorious work indeed of planting among those poor, and savage, and to be pitied Virginians, not only humanity instead of brutish. incivility, but rehgion also. . . . This being the honoiirable and religious intendment of this enterprise, what glory ! what hon- our to our sovereign ! What comfort to those subjects who shaU. be means of furthering of so happy a work, not only to see a New Britain in another world, but to have also those as yet heathen barbarians and brutish people, together with our EngHsh, to learn the speech and language of Canaan ! " Hakluyt, in view of the enterprise on foot, wrote to the Company April 15, 1609, from his lodging in the coUege at Westminster, relative to the treatment of the Indians, a subject then, as now, difficult to manage. He remarked that, " for aU their fair and cunning speeches, they are not overmuch to be trusted, for they be the greatest traitors in the world. They be also as incon- stant as the weathercock, and most ready to take aU occasions of advantages to do mischief They are great liars and dissemblers, for which faults oftentimes they had their deserved payments. " To handle them gently while gentle, courses may be found to serve, it wiU be without comparison the best ; but if gentle pohshing will not serve, the one shall not want hammerers and rough masons enough, I mean our old soldiers trained up in the Netherlands, to square and prepare them to our preachers' hands. " To conclude, I trust by your Honours' Worships' 28 PUBLICATIONS ABOUT VIRGINIA. TVTse instructions to the noble Governor, the worthy Lieutenant and Admiral, and other chief managers of the business, all things shall be so prudently earned, that the painful preachers shall be reverenced and cherished, the valiant and forward soldiers respected, the diligent rewarded, the coward emboldened, the weak and sick relieved, the mutinous suppressed, the reputa- tion of the Christians among the savages preserved, our most holy faith exalted, all paganism and idolatry little by Httle utterly extinguished," During the year 1609 publications urging persons to emigrate appeared- One was entitled Nova Britannia ; offering most excellent fruits by planting in Virginia, and another a Good Speed to Virginia, the dedicatory epistie to which was signed by E. G. from his honse at the north end of St. Sythe's Lane, the writer of which regretted that " he was neither ia person nor pnrse to be a partaker in tiie business." Tobias Matthew, Archbishop of York, wrote to the Earl of Somerset in the month of June : " Of Virginia there are so many tractates, divine, human, historical, political, or caU them as you please, as no further intelli- gence I dare desire." He had probably read the sermon of William Symonds, preacher of St. Saviour's in South- wark, delivered on April 25, 1609, at Whitechapel before the " most noble and worthy advancers of the st^idard of Christ among the Gentiles, tiie adventurers for the plan- tations of Virginia," which was an earnest appeal to fill up the thinned ranks of the first settiers at Jamestown, Under one of the heads of his discourse is a statement CONDITION OF LABOURING MEN. 29 of the severance of tlie husbandman from the soil, and description of the condition of the labouring man of that period, as graphic as any in the English language. His words were — " Look seriously into the land, and see whether there be not just cause, if not a necessity, to seek abroad. The people, blessed be God, do swarm in the land, as young bees in a hive in June, insomuch that there is very hardly room for one man to live by another. The mightier, like old strong bees, thrust the weaker, as younger, out of their hives. Lords of manors convert townships, in which were one or two hundred communi- cants, to a shepherd and his dog. The true labouring husbandman that sustaineth the prince by the plow, who was wont to feed many poor, to set many people on work, and pay twice as much subsidy and fifteens to the King, for his proportion of earth, as his landlord did for ten times as much ; that was wont to furnish the church with satats, the masters with able persons to fight, is now in many places turned labourer, and can hardly 'scape the statutes of rogues and vagrants. " The gentleman hath got most of the tillage in his hand ; he hath rotten sheep to sell at Michaehnas ; his summer-fed oxen at Easter ; asking no better price for his hay than his beasts, to keep that till spring that they got at grass. By this means he can keep his com tOl the people starve, always provided that the poor hus- bandmen which are left and the clothier must buy their seed and wool at such a rate, that shall wear them out in a few years. 30 THE POOR EXGLISH n'OMAX. " And were it not that the honest and Christian mer- chant doth often help, who putteth all his estate upon the providence of Grod, which they call ventoiing to bring com into the land, for which he hath many a bitter curse of the cursed cormnongers, we should find an extreme femine in the midst of onr greatest plenty. The rich shopkeeper hath the good, honest, poor labourer at such advantage, that he can grind his face when he pleaseth. " The poor metal man worketh his bones out, and sweateth himself in the fire, ret for all his labour, having charge of wife and children, he can hardly keep him- self from the alms-box. Always provided that his masters, when he worketh, will give never a penny toward his living, but they can tell, of their own know- ledge, that if the poor man were a good husband he might live well, for he receiveth much money in the year, very near fourpence for every sixpenny worth of work. '■'The thoughtful poor woman, that hath her small children standing at her knee and hanging on her breast, she worketh with her needle and laboureth with her fingers, her candle goeth not out by night, she is often deluding the bitterness of her life with sweet songs, that she singeth to a heavy heart " Sometimes she singeth, ' Have mercv on me Lord,' sometimes 'Help, Lord, for good and godly men do perish and decay,' sometimes 'Judge and avenge my cause, Lord,' and many such like, which, when a man of understanding doth hear, he doth with pity praise SECOND CHARTER OF THE COMPANY. 31 God that liatli given such means to mock hunger with and to give patience. I warrant you her songs want no passion; she never saith '0 Lord! but a salt tear droppeth from her sorrowful head, a deep sigh breatheth as a furnace from her aching heart, that weepeth with the head, for company, with tears of sweetest blood. And when aU the week is ended, she can hardly earn salt for her water-gruel to feed on, upon the Sunday. "Many such sweets are in England which I know not how better to interpret than to say, the strong old bees do beat out the younger to swarm and hive them- selves elsewhere. Take the opportunity, good, honest labourers, which bring all the honey to the hive, God may so bless you that a May swarm is worth a king's ransom." To advance the welfare of the colony, a more specific charter, with enlarged privileges, was, on the 23d of May, granted to the Company, in which it was provided that as soon as the new Governor or Deputy should arrive, the authority of the President and Council then in power shotdd cease. With a fair wind, on the first day of June 1609, a fleet of nine vessels, with about five hundred men and material for reorganizing the colony, sailed from Ply- mouth. Lord Delaware remained behind, but it was accompanied by Sir Thomas Gates, an experienced soldier, stiU in the service of the Netherlands, as the Lieutenant-General, to reside iu and govern the colony, and Sir George Somers as Admiral, who had been an old naval commander, and gave up his seat in Parlia- 33 GATES AXD SOMERS EXPEDITION. ment to go to America.^ These two officers sailed in the vessel under the charge of Captain Xewport Other vessels were commanded by men who had before been at Jamestown, and with the expedition was a pinnace, called the " Virginia," that had been bmlt by the Popham colonists at Sagadahoc, in the State of Maine, and in which, in the year 1608, a portion of them returned to England. The " Blessuig," commanded by Captain Archer, and three others of the fleet, arrived early in August at Jamestown; and soon the "Diamond," Captain Ratcliffe, appeared without her mainmast, which was followed in two or three days by the " Swallow" in like condition. The "Sea Yenture," contaLoing Gates, Somers, and Newport, did not, however, appear; and after wait- ing for some days, in accordance with the instructions of the new charter, the colonists proceeded to form a government, of which Archer gave the following accoimt : — "Inasmuch as the President [John Smith] to strengthen his authority, accorded with the mariners, and gave not any due respect to many worthy gentlemen that were in our ships, whereupon they generally, with my consent, chose Master West, my Lord Delawar's brother, their Governor de hem esse, in the absence of Sir Thomas Gates, or if he be miscarried by sea, then to continue 1 A debate arose in the House of Commocs, on Febmary 14, 1609-10, ■wtetlier his going to Virginia made it necessary to relinqnish his seat as Member of Parliament Sir George Moore remarked, "that Sir Geoige Sommers onght not to be removed, that it was no disgrace, bnt a grace to be fiovemor in Virginia.'' CAPTAIN SMITH SENT HOME, 33 till we heard newes from our CounseU in England. This choice of him they made not to disturb the old President during his term, but as his authority expired, then to take upon him the government, with such assistants of the Captains, as discreet persons as the colony affords. " Perhaps you shall have it blazoned as a mutiny, by such as retain old malice; but Master West, Master Piercie, and aU the respected gentlemen of worth in Virginia, can and wiU testify otherwise, upon their oaths. For the King's patent we ratified, but refused to be governed by the President, that is, after his time was expired, and only subjected ourselves to Master West, whom we labour to have next President." Soon after this temporary election, George Percy, brother to the Earl of Northumberland, one of the ori- ginal settlers, a brave and honourable man, was called to the Presidency. West, RatcUfFe, and Martin were made Councillors ; and early in October, Captain John Smith was sent home to answer sundry misdemeanours, one of which was a design to marry Pocahontas, a young daughter of Powhatan. The passengers that arrived in the first ships of the Gates and Somers expedition were "unhallowed creatures." Twenty-eight or thirty were sent in the ship " Swallow " to trade for corn with the Indians, and in- stead of returning, stole away with one of the best ships, and some returned to England, and declared they had been driven back by famine. To uphold their desertion, they told the tragical story of a man pinched with hunger c 34 ARRIVAL OF GATES AND SOMERS. eating liis dead wife, which was based upon the fact that a man who hated his wife had killed her and then secretly cut her in pieces. The woman being missed by friends, his house was searched, and portions of the mangled body found; after which the husband alleged that she had died a natural death, and that he had saved it to eat, being compelled through hunger. But a quantity of pro- visions having also been found, he was tried, then con- fessed the murder, and was burned for his fiendish act. While friends in England were mourning over them as lost, the passengers of the " Sea Adventure" were in good health at the Bermudas, where they had been stranded on the 28th of July 1609 ; and Sir Thomas Gates and Sir George Somers were busy superintending the construction of two vessels.^ While on the island the white wife of the afterwards somewhat famous John Eolfe gave birth to a child, which, by Chaplain Buck, was christened Bermuda. On the 10th of May 1610 Gates and Somers, with their party, embarked in their two rudely constructed ships, and in thirteen days, with one hundred and forty men and women, landed at Jamestown. The beU of the frail chapel was rung, and the emaciated settlers who had survived the winter, assembled to listen to the zealous and sorrowful prayer of Chaplain Buck, after which the commission of Sir Thomas Gates as Lieutenant- 1 On a palmetto tree was out the following inscription : — "Couditur in hoc loco navis per Rieardum Frobisherum oneris 70, quffi Virginise destinator nos omnes hinc transportabat. Anno 1610, May 4." In 1670 this was hung as a relic over the chair in the Governor's hall at Bermudas. — Hardy's Bermudas, printed in 1671. CRASHAWS SERMON. 35 General of Virginia, was read, and Percy retired from his temporary command. When the intelligence of the sad condition of affairs reached the ears of Lord Delaware, "neither whose honour nor fortune needed any desperate medicine," he deter- mined to go in person and assume the duties of Captain- General of Virginia. In view of his departure from his pleasant surroundings in his native land, William Cra- shaw, preacher at the Temple, and father of the poet, delivered a stirring sermon on February 21, 1609-10, from the text Luke xxii. 32 : "But I have prayed for thee that thy faith fail not, therefore when thou art con- verted, strengthen thy brethren." The discourse was an argument upon the importance of converting the savage, and founding the EngHsh Church and comjnonwealth in America. In considering the discouragements to the plantation, he aUuded to the objection, " that it hath so poor and small a beginning, and is therefore subject to the mocks and flouts of many who say that it is but the action of a very few persons, and they send but poor supplies, and a handful of men at a time, and one good ship would beat them aU. " For answer I say, many greater States than this is likely to prove hath as little or less beginning. The Israelites went down into Egypt being but seventy souls, and were there about two hundred years and little more, and most of that time in miserable bondage, yet did they grow to 600,000 men, besides children, and soon after to one of the greatest kingdoms of the earth. Look at the beginning of Rome, how poor, how mean, 36 REBUKE OF STAGE-PLAYERS. how despised it was, and yet on tHat base beginning grew to be mistress of the world- " Oh r but those that go in person are raked up of our refuse, and are a number of disordered men xmfit to bring to pass any good action. So indeed say those that lie and slander. But I answer for the generality of them that go, they be such as offer themselves volun- tarilv, for none are pressed, none are compelled, and they be like, for aught I see. to those that are left behind, even of all sorts, better or worse. " But for many that go in person, let these objectors know they be as good as themselves, and, it may be, many degrees better." In another portion of the discourse he states that colonists must not expect luxury, but be willing to endure hardness like their forefathers, for " had they been such mecocks and milksops as we are, never would they have expelled the Danes, nor overcome the French." He confessed to his audience that the three great enemies of the enterprise were the devil. Papists, and players. His language in regard to players is very sharp. He says : — " As for players — ^pardon me, right honourable and beloved, for so wronging this place and your patience with so base a subject— they play with princes and potentates, magistrates and ministers, nay, with Grod and religion, and all holy things, — ^nothing that is good, excel- lent, or holy can escape them, how then can this action? " But this may suffice, that they are players ; they abuse Virginia, but they are but players ; they disgrace PARTING ADDRESS. 37 it, but they are but players ; and tbey bave played witb better things, and such for which, if they speedily repent not, vengeance waits for them. " But let them play on ; they make men laugh on earth, but He that sits in heaven laughs them to scorn, because, like the fly, they so long play with the candle, tiU first it singes their wings, and at last burns them altogether. But why are the players enemies to the plantation \ I will tell you the cause. First, for that they are so multiplied here, that one cannot live by another, and they see that we send aU trades to Virginia, but will send no players, which, if we would do, those that remain would gain the more at home." The eloquent conclusion was in these words : — " And to you, right honourable and beloved, who engage your Uves, and are therefore deephest interested in this business — who make the greatest ventures and bear the greatest burdens — who leave your ease and honour at home, and commend yourselves to the seas and winds for the good of the enterprise — you that desire to advance the gospel of Jesus Christ, though it be with the hazard of your lives, go forward in the name of the God of heaven and earth, the G-od that keepeth counsel and mercy for thousands ; go on, with the bless- ing of God, God's angels, and God's Church ; cast away fear, and let nothing daunt your spirit, remembering who have broken the ice before you, and suffered that which, with God's blessing, you never shall ; remembering what you go to do, even to display the banner of Christ Jesus — to fight with the devil and the old dragon, having St. 38 LORD DELA WARE COMPLIMEXTED. Michael and his angeb on your side — ^to eternize your own names both here at home and amongst the Virginians, whose apostles you are, and to make yourselves most happy men, whether you live or die ; if you live, by effecting so glorious a work, if you die, by dying as martyrs or confessors of God's religion; and remembering, lastly, whom you leave behind ; you leave us, your brethren, of whom many would go with you that yet may not ; many will follow you in convenient time, and who wiU now go with you in our hearts and prayers, and who will second you with new and fresh supplies, and who are resolved, by the grace of that God in whose name they have undertaken it, never to relinquish this ac- tion, but though all the wealth already put in it were lost, wiQ again and again renew and continue the sup- phes, until the Lord gives the hoped harvest of our endeavours. " And thou, most noble Lord,^ whom God hath stirred up to neglect the pleasures of England, and with Abraham to go from thy country, and forsake thy kindred and thy father's house, to go to a land which God win show thee, give me leave to speak the truth. " Thy ancestor, many himdred years ago, gained great honour to thy house, but by this action thou auormentest 1 The West family had for centuries been prominent in politics, and zeal- ona in religion. Alice, the wife of a Sir Thomas West, was buried at St. Sepnlcbre's, London, in 1395, and she bequeathed £1S, 10s. for -1400 masses to be sung and said for the soul of Sir Thomas West, her lord and hnsband, her own soul, and aU Christian souls, in the most haste that might be, within fourteen nights after her decease ; also £40 to the Canons of Christ Church to read and sing mass for her lord's sonl and her own while the world lasts. PROMOTION OF RELIGION URGED. 39 it. He took a king prisoner in the field m. his own land/ but by the godly managing of this business, thou shalt take the devil prisoner in open field and in his own kingdom, nay the Gospel which thou carriest with thee shall bind him in chains, and angels in stronger fetters than irons, and execute upon them the judgment that is written, yea, it shall lead captivity captive, and redeem the souls of men from bondage. And then the honour of thy house is more at the last than the first. " Go on, therefore, and prosper with this thy honour, which indeed is greater than any eye discerns, even such as the present age shortly will enjoy, and the future admire. Go forward in the strength of the Lord, and make mention of his righteousness only. Look not at the gain, the wealth, the honour, the advancement of thy house that may fall upon thee, but look at those things and better ends that concern the kingdom of God. Eemember that thou art a General of English- men, nay a General of Christian men, therefore princi- pally look to rehgion. You go to commend it to the heathen, then practise it yourselves ; make the name of Christ honourable, not hateful unto them. Suffer no Papist, let them not nestle there, nay, let the name of the Pope for Popery never be heard in Virginia. Take ' This was said to haTe occurred at the Battle of Poitiers. One of his name, about this period, while passing with English cavalry through a nar- row defile, found they were ambuscaded by the French, who pressed upon their rear. He and his fellow- ofSeers halted their troop, and the Trench rushed at them in full gallop. The English calmly opened their ranks, and after they passed through, fell upon them, and with a fierce clanging of swords upon their metal armour, routed and chased them into the Castle of Komorantiu. — Froissart. 40 PAPISTS, PROIVXISTS, ATHEISTS DENOUXCED. heed of Atheists, the devil's champions, and if thou discover any make them examples. And if I may be so bold to advise, make Atheism, and other blas- phemies, capital, and let that be the first law made ia Virginia. " Suffer no Brownists, nor factious separatists, let them keep their conventicles elsewhere, let them go and con- vert some other heathen, and let us see if they can constitute such churches really, the ideas whereof they have fancied in their brains, and when they have given us such an example, we may then have some cause to follow them. Till then we will take our pattern from theic betters. "Especially suffer no sinful, no lewd, no licentious man, none that Hve not under the obedience of good laws, and let your laws be strict, especially against swear- ing and other profaneness. And though vain swearing by God s name be the common and crying sin of Eng- land, and no mortal but venial sin in Popish doctrine, yet know that it is a sin under which the earth mourns, and your land will flourish if this be reproved. " Let the Sabbath be wholly and hoHly observed, pubUc prayers daily held, idleness eschewed, and mutin- ies carefully prevented. Be well advised ia making laws, but being made let them be obeyed, and let none stand for scare-crows, for that is the way to make aU at least to be contemnecL " This course taken, and you shall see those who were to blame at home will prove praiseworthy in Virginia. And you will teach us in England to know (who have BLESSINGS INVOKED FOR DELA WARE. \i almost forgot it) what an excellent thing execution of laws is in a commonwealth. " But if you should aim at nothing but your private ends, and neglect religion and God's service, look for no blessing, nay look for a curse, though not in the whole action, yet on our attempts, and never think we shall have the honour to effect it. Yet think not that our sin shall hinder the purpose of God, for when this sinful generation is consumed, God wiU stir up our chil- dren after us, who shall learn by our example to fol- low it in a more holy manner, and so bring it to that perfection which we for our sins and profaneness could not do. "But you, right honourable, have otherwise learned Christ, and we hope also otherwise practised him, and win declare by the managing of the action, the power of the true rehgion you have learned in England. " Then shall heaven and earth bless you, and for the heroical adventure of thy person and state in such a godly course, the God of heaven will make thy name to be mentioned throughout all generations, and thousands of people shall honour thy memory,'^ and give thanks to God for thee while the world endureth. " And thou Virginia ! whom though mine eyes see not my heart shall love, how hath God honoured thee ! Thou hast thy name from the worthiest Queen that ever the world had ; thou hast thy matter from the greatest King on earth ; and thou shalt now have thy fame from * One of the United States of America is called Delaware, and there is also A Delaware County in the States of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana. 42 XEIV YEAB'S GIFT TO VIRGINIA. one of the most glorious nations under the sun, and under the conduct of a Greneral of as great and ancient nobility as any ever engaged in action of this nature. But this is but a little portion of thy honour, for thy God is cominsr towards thee, and in the meantime sends to thee, and salutes thee with the best blessing heaven hath, even the blessed GrospeL '■ Look up, therefore, and lift up thy hands, for the God of Israel, who is still the God of England, will shortly, I doubt not, bring it to pass that men shall say. Blessed be the Lord of Virginia, and let all Christian people say Amen, " And this salutation doth my soul give thee, O Vir- ginia I even this poor Xew Tear's gift, who though I be not likely to be thine apostle, yet do own and devote myself to be in England thy faithful factor, and most desirous to do thee any service in the Lord Jesus Christ, our Saviour and thine, whom we beseech for his precious bloodshedding to advance his standard, and that you may cry for yourselves, as we do now even for you. Even so, come Lord Jesus." The sermon was dedicated to Parliament by one with the signature L. D., and appears to have been published without the permission of CVashaw.^ On the 1st of April 1610, Lord Delaware sailed in the ^ The foHoTriDg is prefixed to the Discourse : — " To the Printer. "My earnest desire to further the plantation in Virginia makes me, pedaps, too bold with Mr. Crashaw thus without his leare to puUish the same. " But the great good, I assure myself, it wiU do shall merit your pains and my pardon. You may give it what title you please, only let this enclosed LORD DELAWARE'S VOYAGE. 43 ship "Delaware," Eobert Tindall, master, from the Cowes, accompanied by the " Blessing " of Plymouth, and the " Hercules." On the 5th of June, he made land to the south of Chesapeake Bay, and that night went ashore at Cape Henry, and the next evening anchored under Point Comfort, when Captain James Davis,' in charge of the stockade there, visited the fleet, and " unfolded a strange narrative, mixed both with joy and sorrow." He stated that Sir Thomas Gates and Sir George Somers in two pinnaces had arrived with their company from the Ber- mudas on the 21st of May. " I was heartily glad," says Lord Delaware in a letter, " to hear the happiness of this news, but it was seasoned Avith a compound of so many miseries and calamities, as no story ever presented, I believe, the wrath and curse of the Eternal ofiended Majesty in greater measure." The pinnace " Virginia " that had been built at Saga- dahoc by the Popham colonists, at the time of Delaware's arrival, lay at Point Comfort ready to set sail for New- foundland as soon as Gates and Somers arrived from Jamestown. Delaware, alluding to the condition in which Gates found Jamestown, remarks, " It appeared rather as the ruins of some ancient fortification than that any people hving might now inhabit it ; the palisadoes he found torn down, the ports open, the gate from the hinges, the church ruined and unfrequented, empty Dedication to the Parliament be fairly prefixed in the book for your credit print, to the care whereof I leave you. Your friend, L. D." The writer was probably Leonard Digges, the father of Sir Dudley Digges. On each page of the book is the running title, " New Yeere's Gift to Virginia." ^ Davies or Davis had been a member of the Popham colony in the Keu- neber Kiver, and the " Virginia " was built there. 44 SUFFERIXG IX THE COLONY. houses rent up and burnt, the living not able as they pretended to step into the woods to gather other fire- wood ; and it is true, the Indian as fast killiTig without as the famine and pestilence within. " Only the block-house, somewhat regarded, was the safety of the remainder that Hved, which now coidd not have preserved them many days longer from the watch- in5ed to have sent to you by this conveyance, without expect- ing the ' George's ' coming, but by the unexpected con- tents of yours we are driven to lay aside our former, and briefly to declare our minds in this, wherein we take no pleasure. '■ You know how many ways you have been proceed- ing chargeable to the Company, not of late onlv, but formerly when you converted the frnits of their expense to your own benefit without being called to an account. ' MSS. Virginia Eeconls. ARGALL CENSURED. 63 They have also put honourable reputation upon your person, and presuming of your wisdom and discretion they made you Governor to foUow their commission and instructions, which in the person and protestation of an honest gentleman you undertook to do. " And, therefore, it is very strange to us to see you so change and differ from yourself, which, by your words and deeds being the testimony of your mind, we do sensibly see and feel ; and in particular you intimate first unto us that you hold yourself disparaged, in that we sent you our last letters subscribed with so few hands, that we termed you but Deputy-Govemor, and that we should think our Cape merchant a fit man to deliver our letters to your hands. You heap up also many unjust accusations against us and the magazine, nourishing thereby, instead of pacifying the malcontented humours of such as seek to bring all to confusion, and to over- throw what is sealed upon wise and equal terms to be props of the Plantation there, and the life of the adven- turers here, which both undoubtedly must stand and fall together. " But we shall easily put by all such your weak imputations when time shall serve to debate the par- ticulars, and when we fear yourself will not be able to answer your own actions, you your own letters dated at Jamestown in March 1617. ... It is laid unto your charge that you appropriate the Indian trade to yourself, you use our frigate that came from the Somer Islands, and the other with our men, to trade for your own benefit, you proclaim also in the colony that no 64 CHILD OF ROLFE AXD POCOHONTAS. man shall trade with the Indians, nor buy any furs, but yourse]£ " It is also certified that you take the ancient planters of the colonv who ought to be free, and likewise those from the common garden, to set them upon your own employments, and that you spend up our store com to feed your own men, as if the Plantation \f^as only in- tended to serve your turn. " We cannot imagine why you should give us warnr ing that Opachankano and the natives have given their country to Mr. Eolfe s child, and that they will reserve it from all others till he comes of years, except, as we suppose, as some do here report it, to be a device of your own to some especial purpose for yomself, but whether yoiuB or theirs, we shall little esteem of any such con- sequence. " You say you have disposed of aU our Mne according to our commifsion. It seemeth you never look upon our instruments. TTe gave you no such commission, but the contrary in express words ; as that you should pre- serve and nourish them to the common use. We thought it imp<«sible, when we made you (Governor, that ever you should offer us this kind of dealing, not once to mention how many, to whom, nor for what considera- tion, but to do them all away of your own head, to take satisfaction to yourself, vre must let you know we allow of no such sale, nor of the delivery of anv one cow by you, further than your instruments do expressly warrant. " But answerable to this and the rest, vou have also dealt with us for the hides, about which it is well known ORDER FOR ARGALL'S ARREST. 65 yourself, what trouble we had with the Lord Admiral and the Spanish Ambassador, and how dearly they cost us, and we know how much it would have imported us, to have had them gone by this ship, as well for the reputation of our return, as also for helping to defray the great charge of the voyage, notwithstanding very fairly demanded of you, it hath pleased you to stay them there in your own custody, and to suffer this ship to come home with other men's goods, and not vouch- safing to mention the hides in your general letter, but in this manner : ' That being made Admiral you know how to dispose of unlawful purchase.' And by this we must understand the hides to be yours. As for the debts and wages which you say you have paid for us, we marvel you do not send us a note of the particulars, for to our knowledge we are not in that kind indebted to any man. If there be any such matter, or that you have provided any stuff for the College as you writ, yet you must not imagine that we are insensible of reason as to suffer either of those to be a cloak for you to detain our hides, or to convey away all our cattle and corn. Either you must think highly of yourself or meanly of us, in that being our substitute you will presume to offer us these wrongs, and to suppose you may do what you list in such a public case, without being called to account. We have therefore determined of a course, and we have written to the Lord Governor, which we doubt not but his Lordship will impart unto you." Unaware that Delaware was dead, they wrote to him to arrest ArgaU, and send him home in the ship E 66 FIRST AFRICANS IX VIRGINIA. '•' WiUiam and Thomas '' to answer everytliing whereof lie was accused, and to seize his goods as indemnity for the public cattle which he had sold for his own benefit.' Chagrined by the Company's letter, when Captain Edward Brewster complained of the tmlawfal use of Lord Delaware's servants, he arrested him, and on October 15, 1618, had a trial by court-martial, which sentenced Brewster to death- Upon the remonstrance of the clergyman of the colony and respectable citizens, it was commuted to banishment, upon the promise that he wotdd never return to "Virginia. As soon as the Company learned that Delaware had died at sea, they appointed Teardley in the place of Argall, and the latter was able to escape in a swift sail- ing pinnace, " Eleanor,'"' sent over by his London friends. Before he absconded from Virginia, he had sent out the ship "Treasurer," under Captain Elfred, manned with a picked crew, to rove ia the Spanish VTest Ladies ; and after Teardley had become Governor, in the year 1619, it returned to Virginia with a certain number of negroes, the first African slaves that arrived in the waters of the Chesapeake. Learning that Argall had been displaced, the Captain of the "Treasurer" sailed for Bermudas. In October of this year, the Grovemor of this island took from a Miles Kendall fourteen negroes which he said belonged to the ship "Treasurer," but which Kendall alleged he had obtained from a Holland vessel commissioned by the Prince of Orange. 1 In May 1617 the Company had in Virginia 54 servants in their gaiden, 81 tenants, SO kine and 80 goats. WTieu he absconded STeiything was gone bnt six goats. ARGALL KNIGHTED. 67 To these transactions Eolfe, as quoted by Smith, pro- bably referred when he said, " About the last of August came in a Dutch man-of-war that sold us twenty negars."^ In May 1619, ArgaU became a resident of London, and united with his relative, Sir Thomas Smith, in de- stroying the London Company, that had detected their dishonourable practices, and for his services against the friends of popular rights was knighted in 1622 by King James. In April 1624 he was again nominated as Governor of Virginia, and the following minute from the transac- tions of the London Company tells the result : — " Sir Francis Wyat being proposed, and some earnestly moving that S"^ Samuel ArgaU might stand in election with him, they were both ballated, and the place fell to S"" Francis Wyat, by having 69 balls, Sir Samuel ArgaU 8, and the negative box 2." 1 For five years the numbers of negroes in Virginia did not exceed twenty- one. On February 16, 1624, these were reported at : — Fleur Dieu Hundred, . 1 1 James City, . . 3 James Island, . . 1 Plantation opposite, . 1 Warasquoyak, . 4 Elizabeth City, . . 1 In 1757 the blacks numbered 58,292, while the white population only amounted to 44,214. In 1860 the negroes were about 560,000, and the whites about 1,300,000. CHAPTER IV. POCAHOXTAS A2vD HER COMPA^IOJTS. IX the first relation of the colony of Virginia, pub- lished in 1608, and attributed to Captain Smith, Pocahontas is briefly noticed in these words : "Powhatan understanding we detained certain sal- uages sent his daughter, a child of tenne yeares old, which not only for feature, countenance, and proportion much exceedeth any of the rest of his people, but for wit and spirit the only non-pareil of his coTm^trie." In the same narratiTe Smith states that he was treated with kindness bv Powhatan, who wished him to lire in Ms village, and afterwards he adds, '"' hee sent me home with 4 men, one that usually carried my Gowne and Ejiapsacke after me, two other loded with bread, and one to accompanie me.""^ In 1609 Smith was sent to England to answer several charges, one of which was the design of marrying Pocahon- tas, and forming an alliance with Powhatan, for the pur- pose of building up an Anglo-Indian nobility in America. He never again hved in Virginia ; but in his General History, published more than fifteen years afterwards, 1 Deane's edition of True Bdaiion, p. 38. GIRLHOOD OF POCAHONTAS. 69 he transforms Powhatan to a savage wretch ready to beat out his brains, until " Pocahontas, the king's dearest daughter, got his head into her arms, and laid her owne upon his to sane him from death," ^ which statement is perpetuated in a sculpture by CapeUano, which may be seen over one of the doors of the Capitol at Washington. WiUiam Strachey, secretary of the colony, who arrived with Lord Delaware in 1610, gives a vivid description of Pocahontas. He remarks that " Both men, women, and children have their severaU. names ; at first accord- ing to the several humour of their parents, . . and so the great King Powhatan called a young daughter of his, whom he loved well, Pochahimtas, which may signifie little wanton, howbeyt she was rightly called Amonate at more ripe yeares."^ In another chapter he states : " Their younger women goe not shadowed amongst their owne companie untU they be nigh eleaven or twelve returnes of the leafe old (for soe they accompt and bring about the yeare, caUing the fall of the leafe taquitock) ; nor are they much ashamed thereof, and therefore would the before remem- bered Pochahuntas, awell featured but wanton young girle, Powhatan's daughter, sometymes resorting to our fort, of the age then of eleven or twelve yeares, get the boyes forth with her into the markett place, and make them wheele, falling on their hands, turning up their heeles upwards, whome she would follow and wheele so herself, naked as she was all the fort over; but being once twelve yeares, they put on a kind of semecinctum > SmWCs History, folio, }632, p. 49. 2 ffakluyt Soc. Pub., vol. vi. p. 65. 70 WHITES AXD IXDIAXS IXTERMARRY. lethem apron (as do our artificer or handycraffcs men) before their bellies, and are very shame-fact to be seen bare."i On another page the same writer mentions that " They often reported unto us that Powhatan had then Ivving twentr sonnes and ten daughters . . . besides joung Pocohunta a daughter of his, using somet^Tne to our fort in tymes past, nowe married to a private captaine called Kocoum. some Wo ye ares since.'" During the year 1612, a plan seems to have been ar- ranged among the principal men of Virgiuia of inter- marrymg the English with the natives, and of obtaining the recognition of Powhatan and those allied to him as members of a fifth kingdom, with certain privileges. Cunega, the Spanish ambassador at London, on Septem- ber 22, 1612, writes: "Although some suppose the plantation to decrease, he is credibly informed that there is a determination to marry some of the people that go over to Virginians ; forty or fifty are already so married, and English women intermingle and are received kindlv by the natives. A zealous minister hath been wounded for reprehending it.'^ In July of this year the bold and unscrupulous Cap- tain AxgaU sailed from England, and arrived on the 1 7th of September at Point Comfort. Early in the spring of 1613, to employ his own lan- guage, 'I was told by certaine Indians my friends that the great Powhatans daughter Pokahuntis was with the 1 HaLluirf Sor. Pub., voL vi. p. 111. » Ihld. p. 54. ^ Saingbun/. Was this clergyman Mr. Back vr ilr. Wliitaker? ARC ALLS STRA TA GEM. 7 1 great King Patowomek whether I presently repaired resolving to possesse myselfe of her by any stratagem that I coiild use for the ransoming of so many English- men as were prisoners with Powhatan as also to get such armes and tooles as hee and other Indians had got by murther and stealing some others of our nation, with some quantity of corne for the colonies reliefe. "So soone as I came to anchor before the towne I manned my boate, and sent on shore for the King of Pastancy and Ensigne Swift (whom I had left as a pledge of our loue and truce the voyage before) who presently came and brought my pledge with him, whom after I had received, I brake the niatters to this King and told him that if he did not betray Pokohuntis into my hands, wee would be no longer brothers nor friends. He aUeaged that if hee undertake the businesse, then Powhatan would make warres upon him and his people, but upon my promise that I would joyne with him against him, he repaired presently to his brother the great King of Patowomeck, who being made acquainted with the matter called his counsell together and after some few houres deliberation concluded rather to deliver her into my hands ; so presently he betrayed her into my boat, when I carried her aboord my ship. This done an Indian was dispatched to Powhatan to let him know that I had taken his daughter, and if he would send home the Englishman (who he deteained in slaverie with such armes and tooles as the Indians had gotten and stolne and also a great quantity of corne, that then he should have his daughter restored, otherwise notl 72 POCAHONTAS A PRISONER. This very mucli grieved this great King, yet without delay he returned the messenger with this answere that he desired me to use his daughter well and bring my ship into his river and then he would give me my demands, which beiug performed I should deliver his daughter and we should be friends. " Having received this answer I presently departed, being the 1 3 of Aprill and repayred with aU speed to Sir Thomas Gates to know of him upon what conditions he would conclude the peace, and what he would demand to whom I also delivered my prisoner towards whose ransome within few days the King sent home seven of our men who seemed to be very joyfull for that they were freed from the slavery and feere of crueU. murther which they daily before lived in. They brought also three peeces, one broad axe and a long whip-saw and one canow of come. I being quit of my prisoner went forward with the frigot which I had left at Point Com- fort and furnished her." John Chamberlain, writing from London on August 1, 1613, to Sir Dudley Carleton, says : "There is a ship come from Virginia with news of their weU-doing, which puts some life into that action that before was almost at the last cast. They have taken the daughter of a King that was their greatest enemy as she was going feasting upon a river to visit certain friends, for whose ransom the father offers what- soever in his power, and to become their friend, and to bring them where they shall meet with a gold mine. They proposed unto him three conditions, to deliver aU HAMOR'S NARRATIVE. 73 the English fugitives, to render all manner of arms or "weapons of theirs that are come to his hands, and to give them three hundred quarters of come. The two first he promised readily, and promiseth the other at the harvest, if his daughter may be well used in the meantime."^ Ealph Hamor, Jr., for a time secretary of the colony, and whose father was a member of the Company, and a merchant tailor of London, visited England in 1614, and the next year published A True Discourse of the Present Estate of Virginia until 12>th of June 1614. It is a narrative of considerable embellishment, and bears evidence of having been composed for the purpose of exciting the king and others to contribute moneys for the use of the colony. He expands the statement of ArgaU. relative to the capture of Pocahontas, and nar- rates her alliance with John Eolfe, who, with a white wife, came to Virginia in 1610, and whose child was christened at Bermuda by Chaplain Buck,^ the witnesses being Secretary Strachey and Captain Newport. His statement, which follows, was condensed by Smith, and has been to this day repeated by historians. " It chanced Powhatan's delight and darling his daughter Pocahuntas (whose fame hath euen bin spred in England by the title of Nonparella of Virgiaia) in her princely progresse I may so terme it took some pleasure in the absence of Capt. Argal to be among her friends at Pataomecke (as it seemeth by the relation I had) im- ploied thither as shop keepers to a fare, to exchange 1 Court and Times of James the First, i. 262, 263. 2 Purchas, iv. 1744. 74 DECEIT OF AX IXDIAN WOMAX. some of her father's com for theirs, \rhere residing some three months or longer, it fortuned upon occasion either of promise or profit Captaine Argal to arrive there, when Pocahuntas desirous to renue her familiaritie with the English and -delighting to see them woidd gladly visit us as she did : of whom no sooner had Captaiae Ajrgal intelligence, but he delt with an old fiiend and adopted brother of his lapazeus how and by what meanes he might procure hir captiue, assuring him that now or neuer was the time to pleasure him if he entended indeed that loue which he had made profession of, that in ran- some of hir he might redeeme some of our EngEsh men aimes now in the possession of hir Father promising to vse her curteously, promised, his best endeauours and secresie to accomplish his desire ; and thus wrought it, making hi? wife an instrument (which sex haue euer bin most powerfull in beguiling inticements) to effect his plot which hee had thus laid, he agreed that himself, his wife and Pocahuntas would accompanie his brother [Argall] to the water-side, whether come, his wife should faine a great and longing desire to goe aboorde and see the shippe, which being there three or foure times before she had never seene, and should bee earnest with her husband to permit her : he seemed ansrv with her making as he pretended, so vnnecessarv a request as espe- cially being without the company of women, which denial she taking unkindly must faine to weepe (as who knowes not that women can conmiand teares) where- upon her husband seeming to pitty those counterfeit teares gave her leave to goe aboord, so that it would POCAHONTAS ENTRAPPED. 75 please Pocahuntas to accompany her : now was the greatest labour to win her, guilty perhaps of her father's wrongs, yet by her earnest persuasions she assented ; so forthwith aboord they went, the best cheere that could be made was seasonably provided, to supper they went merry on all hands especially lapazeus and his wife who to express their joy would ere be treading upo Capt. Axgal's foot, as who shall say 'tis don, she is your own. Supper ended Pocahuntas was borne in the gunner's roome, but lapazeus and his wife desired to have some conference with their brother which was only to acquaynt him by what stratagem they had betraied his prisoner as I have already related : after which discourse, to sleep they went, Pocahuntas mistrusting their policy was first up and hastened lapazeus to be gon. Capt. Argal having secretly well rewarded him with a small copper kettle and some other less valuable toies so highly by him esteemed that doubtless he would have betraied his own father for them, permitted both him and his wife to return but told him that for divers considerations . . . he would reserve Pocahuntas whereat she began to be exceeding pensive and discontented." Hamor relates that she was taken to Jamestown, and a messenger sent to Powhatan with the terms of ransom, and that three months after he sent word that if his daughter was restored he would give satisfaction. He also stated that in March 1614 Captain Argall's ship and others, carrying Dale and one hundred and fifty men besides Pocahontas, ascended the York river and appeared before Powhatan's town to demand an entire 76 ALLEGED MARRIAGE OF POCAHONTAS. restoration of Englishmen and stolen property. To resiime his language : — " Long before this time a gentleman of approved be- haviour and honest carriage Maister John Eolfe had been in loue "vvith Pocahuntas and she Tvith him which thing at the instant that Tve were in parlee Tvith them, myself made knowne to Sir Thomas Dale by a letter from him^ whereby he intreated his aduise and furtherance in his loue, if so it seemed fit to him for the good of the plan- tation, and Pocahuntas acquainted her brethren there- with ; which resolution Sir Thomas Dale well approving was the only cause he was so milde amongst them, who otherwise would not have departed the river without other conditions. '■' The bruite of this pretended marriage came soone to Powhatan's knowledge, a thing acceptable unto Iiitti as appeared by his sudden consent thereunto, who some ten daies after sent an old uncle of hirs named Opachisco to give her as his deputy in the Cliurch- and two of her sons to see the marriage solemnized which was accord- ingly done about the fift of April" An account is given by Hamor of the council with the Indians at the " CMcohominie, seven miles from Jamestown," and the several articles of the treaty, the '^ Why Eolfe should not hare talked with Dale at Jamestown it is difficult to conceive. The letter referred to is appended to the narratiTe, and makes abont seven printed pages, and is a laboured treatise, giving reasons when a Christian shonld marrj- a heathen, and lias the mnsty smell of the dusty study of a London divine, rather than the fragrance of a letter written by a man in love. ' An narratives are silent as to where the church was, and the name of the minister who read the marriage-service. H AMOR'S VISIT TO POWHATAN. 7y last of which provided that there should be eight chief men under Sir Thomas Dale, each of which was to receive a red coat or livery from the king yearly, a pic- ture of his majesty on copper, with a chain to hang around the neck, these eight to be known as King James's noblemen. Toward the conclusion of the narra- tive is the following statement : — " It pleased Sir Thomas Dale (myself being much desirous before my return for England to visit Powhatan and his Court, because I would be able to speak some- what thereof by mine own knowledge) to imploy myself and on Thomas Salvage (who had lived three years with Powhatan, and speaks the language naturally one whom Powhatan niuch affecteth, upon a message unto him, which was to deale with him if by any meanes I might procure a daughter of his who (Pocahuntas being already in possession) is generally reputed to be his delight and darling and surely he esteemeth her as his owne soule, for a sure pledge of peace." After arriving at Powhatan's town, Hamor delivered the following speech :• — ■ " Sir Thomas Dale, your brother, the principal com- mander of the English men sends you greeting of loue and peace on his part inviolable, and hath in testimonie thereof by me, sent you a worthie present, viz., two large peeces of copper, fine strings of white and blue beades, fine wooden combes, ten fish hookes and a pair of knives, (aU which I delivered him one thing after another that he might have time to view each particular). He wished me also to certifie you that when you pleased 78 DALE DESIRES AN IXDIAX GIRL. to send men he would give you a great grindstone. My message and gift pleased him. I proceeded thus : — " The bruite of the exquesite perfection of your youngest daughter being famous through aE your terri- tories hath come to the hearing of your brother Sir Thomas Dale who for this purpose hath ordered me hither to intreate you to permit her, with me to return unto hiin partly for the desire her sister hath to see her, of whom if fame hath not bin prodigall as like enough it hath not, your brother by your favour would gladly make his neerest companion wife and bedfellow and the reason hereof is being now friendly and finally united together and made one people in the bond of lone, he woidd make a naturall imion between us, principally because himselfe hath taken resolution to dwell in your country so long as he liveth, and would there- fore not only hare the firmest assurance he may of per- petual friendship for you but also hartily bind himself hereunto." This proposition of Dale was not entertained, for Powhatan had just sold his daughter for a wife, to an Indian, for two bushels of Indian beads. Hamor replied, '■' I suppose he might restore the beads," and bring the daughter back, not twelve years old, to gratify Sir Thomas Dale, but Powhatan would not listen to the dishonourable proposal, and in a few weeks Hamor sailed for England.^ ^ Sir Thomas Dale was twice married, and Faimj-, the last, was consiii of his first wife. At the time of this proposal his wife was in England. See Greene's CaL State PapereaaA Manuicript TransacUone of London Com- pany. ROLFE EARLY TOBACCO PLANTER. 79 Hamor gives great credit to Eolfe as the first to plant tobacco in Virginia, a fact not mentioned in modem histories. " I may not forget the gentleman worthie of much commendations, which first took the paines to make triall thereof, his name Mr. John Eolfe, Anno Domini 1612, partly for the loue he hath a long time borne unto it, and partly to raise commodities to the adventurers, in whose behalfe I intercede and vouchsafe to hold my testimony in beleefe that during the time of his aboade there, which draweth neere upon sixe years no man hath laboured to his power there, and worthy incourage- ment unto England, by his letters than he hath done, witness his marriage with Powhatan's daughter, one of rude education, manners barbarous, and cursed genera- tion, merely for the good and honor of the Plantation." Appended to Hamor's narrative is the following letter, dated June 18, 1614, and alleged to have been written by the Eev. Alexander Whitaker, and addressed to a cousin, a London clergyman : — " Sir, the Colony here is much better. Sir Thomas Dale our religious and valiant Geuernour hath now brought that to passe which never before could be efiected. For warre upon our enemies and kind usage of our freinds, he hath brought them to make for peace of us which is made and they dare not breake. " But that which is best one Pocahuntas or Matoa the daughter of Powhatan is married to an honest and discreete English Gentleman Maister Eolfe and that after she had openly renounced her country Idolatry, 8o WHITAKERS LETTER. confessed the faith of Jesiis Christ, and was baptized, which thing Sir Thomas Dale had lahoured a long time to ground in her. " Yet notwithstanding are the vertuous deeds of this worthy Knight much debased by the letters which some wicked men have written from thence, and especially by one C. L. K you heare any condemne this noble Knight, or doe feare to come further for those slanderous letters you may upon my word reprove them. You know that no malefactors can abide the face of the Judge, but themselves seeming to be reproved doe pro- secute with all hatred." Purchas professes to give the same letter, but the con- clusion is different, and adds to the suspicion that the letter is fictitious. Conducion in Samor. "Sir Thomas Dale (yritli whom I am) is a man of great knowledge in DlTinitie and of good conscience. Every Sab- bath day wee preach in the forenoone, and chatechize in the aftemoone. Every Saturday at night I exercise in Sir Thomas Dale's house. Our chureh affaires be consulted on by the ^linister and foore of the most religious men. Once every month wee have a communion, and once a year a solemn fast. '• For me though my promise of three years service to my Concluiion in Purchas. " But I much more muse that so few of our English Ministers that were so hot against the Surplis and subscription come hither where neither are spoken of. '■ Doe they not either wil- fully hide their tallents or keepe themselues at home for fear of loosing a few pleasures ! But I referre them to the Indge of all hearts and to the King that shall reward euery one accord- ing to the gaine of his talent. " But you, my cosen, hold fest that which you haue, and I DALE AND ROLFE IN ENGLAND. 8i country be expired yet I will thougli my promise of three abide in my vocation here, until yeeres seruice to my countrey I be lawfully called from hence. be expired will abide in my And so betaking us all unto the vocation here until I be lawfully mercies of God in Christ Jesus, called from hence. And so be- I rest for ever." taking us all unto the mercies of God in Christ Jesus I rest for euer." Sir Thomas Dale, leaving tlie aifairs of the colony in the hands of Deputy-Governor G-eorge Yeardley, early in June 1616 arrived at Plymouth with Pocahontas and a party of Indians, and on the 20 th Lord Carew notices the fact in these words : — " Sir Thomas Dale retourned frome Virginia, he hatha brought divers men and women of thatt countrye to be educated here,^ and one Eolfife who married a daughter of Pohetan (the barbarous prince) called Pocahuntas hath brought his wife with him into England."^ Among those who came with Pocahontas as a coun- sellor was Tamocomo, who had married her sister. Pur- ^ Before this an Indian lad had been sent to England to be educated. From the Planter's Plea, published in London, 1630, is extracted the following : — " Amongst such as have beene brought over into England from Virginia was one Nanamack, a youth sent over by the Lo : Delaware when he was Governor there, who coming over and living here a yeare or two in houses where hee heard not much of religion but sins, had many times examples of drinking, swearing and like evills, ran as he was, » mere Pagan, but after into a godly family was strangely altered, grew to understand the principles of religion, learned to reade, delighted in the Scriptures, prayers and other Christian duties, mournfully bewailed the state of country, especially his brethren, and gave such testimonies of his love to the truth, that he was thought fit to be baptized, but being prevented by death left behind such testimonies of his desire of God's favor, that it moved such godly Chris- tians as knew him to conceive well of his condition." — P. 53. '' Camden Soc. Pub., No. 76, p. 36. Purchas, iv. 1874. 82 POCAHOXTAS AT A PLA V. chas says : — " With this savage I hare often conversed at my good friends Master Doctor Gulstone where he was a frequent guest and where I have seen him sing and dance his diabolical measures." After the first weeks of her residence in England she does not appear to be spoken of as the wife of Eolfe by the letter-writers. Eev. Peter Fontaiae asserts that '■ when thev heard that Rolfe had married Pocahontas, it was deliberated in Council, whether he had not com- mitted high treason by so doing, that is marrying an Indian princess."^ Christmas, his Mask, by Ben Jonson, was played at Court on 6th of January 1616-17, and Pocahontas and Tamocomo were both present. On the 18th of this month Chamberlain writes to Sir Dudley Carleton :' — " On Twelfth night there was a masque when the new made Earl [Buckingham] and the Earl of Mont- gomery danced with the Queen. . . . The Virginian woman Pocahuntas with her father counsellor have been with the King and graciously used, and both she and her assistant were pleased at the masque. She is upon her return though sore against her wiU, if the wind would about to send her away." In the year 1616 the distinguished artist Simon De Pa^e engraved a portrait, small quarto size, with the foUowinpr leorend : — " Matoaka ats Kebecka Fdia Potentiss Princ : Pow- hatani Imp. VirgLniae." 1 Meade, L 82. ' yichoU's Projregges, etc, of K. James, toL iii. p. 243. DEATH OF POCAHONTAS. 83 And beneath : — " Matoaks, ais Eebecka, daughter to the mighty Prince Powhatan, Emperour of Attanoughkornouck ats Virginia, converted and baptized in the Christian faith, and wife to the wor'f M'^ Joh Rolff. ^t. 21. A° 1616."' Chamberlain, in a letter to Carleton, Ambassador at the Hague, dated March 29, 1617, writes : — " The Vir- ginian woman whose picture I sent you, died this last week at Gravesend, as she was returning homeward."* Her boy named Thomas, probably after Dale, was left in England, and the father of the child, John Eolfe, hav- ing been appointed secretary, was iatimately associated with the unscrupulous ArgaU, now made Governor of Virginia, and arrived. May 15 th, at Point Comfort. The Company, on August 23, 1618, wrote to the latter :— " We cannot imagine why you should give us warn- ing that Opechankano and the natives have given the country to Mr. Eolfe's chUd, and that they re- serve it from all others till he comes of years ex- cept as we suppose as some do here report it to be a device of your own, to some special purpose for yourself." The extravagant statements of John Smith in the General History, first published in 1624, called forth ' Notes and Queries, London, second series, vol. vii. p. 403. '' In the parish register of Gravesend is this entry : — "1616 May 2j Rebecca Wrothe wyflf of Thomas Wroth gent a Virginia lady borne, here was buried in ye chaunceU.'' Notes and Queries, vol. v. p. 123, 3d series. 84 RARE BEN JONSON'S ALLUSIOX. criticism, and he was charged with having written too much and done too little. In the preface to his Travels and Adventures, published in 1629, he states that " they have acted my fatal tragedies upon the stage, and racked my relations at their pleasure." Jonson noticed his heroine, Pocahontas, in the Staple of Nevjs, first played in 1625. The following dialogue there occurs between Picklock and Pennyljoy Canter : PicMock. " A tavern's as nnfit too for a princess. P. Card. " Xo, I have known a Princess and a great one. Come forth of a tavern. PuMod:. " Xot go in Sir, thougL P. Card. " She mnst go in, if she came forth : the blessed Potahontas, as the historian caUs her,'^ And great king's daughter of Tit^;iaia, Hath been in ^omb of tavern." The minutes of the Company do not give a verv high opinion of RoUe's honesty. "April 30, 1621, Sir John Datiers signified that it was the request of my lady Lawarre imto. this Courte, that in consideration of her goods remayning in the hands of ^h. Eolfe in Virginia, she might receaue satis- faction for the same out of his tobacco now sent home. " But forasmuch as it is supposed the said tobacco is 1 Smith, in his dedication of the General History to the Duchess of Rich- mond, 5avs : "In the utmost of many extremities that blessed Pokahontas, the great King's daughter of Virginia, oft sared my life." ROLFES WHITE WIFE AND CHILDREN. 85 none of the said Eolf's but belonged to Mr. Peixce, it was thought fitt that Mr. Henry Eolfe should acquaint my lady Lawarre of his brother's offer (as he informes) to make her La'p good and faithfaU account of aU such goods as remayne in his hands, upon her La'ps direction to that effect." Three months later there is an entry as follows : "July 10, 1621. It was signified that the Ladle Lawarr desyred the court would please to graunt her a comission dyrected to Sir Fraunces Wyatt, Mr. George Sandys and others to examine and certifie what goods and money of her late husband's, deceased, came to the hands of Mr. Eolfe and to require the attendinge to his promise that she may be satisfied." During the year 1622 Eolfe died, leaving a wife and children, besides the chUd he had by Pocahontas. The following statement appears in the books of the Com- pany under date of October 7, 1622 : — " Mr. Henry Eolfe in his petition desiriage the estate his Brother John Eolfe deceased, left in Virginia might be enqtiired out and conuerted to the best use for the maintenance of his Eelict wife and Children and for his indempnity hauing brought up the Child his said Brother had by Powhatan's daughter w'ch chUd is yet huinge and in his custodie. " It was ordered that the Grovernor and Counsell of Virginia should cause enquiries be made what lands and goods the said John Eolfe died seized of, and in case it' be found the said Eolfe made no will, then to take such order for the petitioner's indempnity, and for the mayn- 86 DYING INDIAN GIRL. tenance of tlie said children and his relict wife ^ as they shall find his estate will beare (his debt tmto the Com- panie and others beinge first satisfied) and to return onto the Companie here an Account of their proceedings. " The Indian girls that accompanied Pocahontas to England, appear from the minutes to have been a care and expense to the Company. Under date of May 11, 1620, is the foHomng entry : — '■ The Court takinge notice fi-om S"^ William Throg- morton that one of the maydes which Sir Thomas Dale brought from Virginia, a native of the countrie, who sometimes dwelt a servant with a mercer in Cheapside, is now verie weake of a consumption at Mr. Gough's in the Black Friers^ who hath greate care, and taketh great paiues to comforte her both in soide and bodie, wher- uppon for her recoverie the compainy are agreed to be att the charge of XX° a weeke for two moneths (if it please god she bee not before the expiration thereof re- stored or dye in the mean season,) for the adminstring of Physick and cordiaUs for her health, and that the first paym t begin this day seavermight because Mr. Threr for this yeare reported his accompts set up. ^ If the mother of his infant, BemiDda BoUe, was dead, then this relict wife was the third Mis. Kolfe. 1 KeT. Winiam Gouge, D.D., is eTidently the person meant. He was educated at Cambridge, an eminent Pnritan, consin of KeT. Alexander Whitaker, called by Bancroft the Apostle of Virginia, and was noted for actire beneTolence, as well as for scholarship and pnlpit oratory. In 1&43 he was a member of the celebrated Westminster Assembly of Dirines, and frequently occupied the moderator's chair. After a pastorate of forty-five years at Blackfriars, London, he died December 12, 1653. aged serenty-niue. When offered more profitable positions he always declined, saying that "his highest ambition was to go from Blackfriars to Heaven.'' DISPOSAL OF TWO INDIAN MAIDS. 87.- " Sir W. Throgmorton out of his private purse for tlie same purpose hath promise to give XL^ all w'ch momiey is ordered to be paid to Mr. Gough through the good assurance that the Company hath of his careful manag- inge." The minutes also refer to two other " Virginia maydes." At a Quarter Court, on the 15th of November 1620, " There were appoynted to take care of the two Virginia maydes remaynninge in the custodie of M"^ Webb the husband, viz. M'' Casewell, M'' Eoberts, M"^ Canninge and M'' Webb who are likewise desyred to place them in good servises where they may learne some trade to live by hereafter for w'ch respect y® Company hath promised to bestowe somethinge with them." At a Preparative Court held in the afternoon of the 11th of June 1621, " M"^ Webb moved that some course might be taken that the two Indian maydes might be disposed of to free the Company of the weeklie charge that now they are att for the keeping of them. " Whereuppon some havinge moved that they might be sent to y® Somer Hands att the charge of this Com- pany itt was thought fitt rather to referr itt to the next Court to determyne thereof." At a great and General Quarter Court held the 13th of June, " Itt beinge referred to this Courte to dyrect some course for the dispose of two Indian maydes hav- inge byne a longe time verie chargeable to y Company itt is now ordered that they shall be furnished and sent .88 MARRIAGE OF AN INDIAN GIRL. to the Summer Ilaiids whyther they were willinge to gee with our servants . . . towards their preferm't ia mar- riage with such as shall accept of them, with that meanes — with especiaU dyrection to the Gouv'nor and Counsell there for the carefull bestowinge of them." Six months after this resolution, upon a proposition to bring over some Indian lads to be educated, Sir Edwin Sandys well remarked : — " Now to send for them into England and to have them educated here, he found upon experience of those brought by Sir Tho. Dale, might be far from the Chris- tian work intended." A few weeks after the Company's resolution, the Indian girls arrived at the Somers Islands to be married, " that after they were conuerted and had children, they might be sent to their Countrey and kindred to cimlize them." The following year, Smith says, " the manage of one of the Virginia maides was consimunated with a husband fit for her, attended with more then one hun- dred guests, and all the dainties for their dinner could be prouided." ^ Thomas EoKe, the child of Pocahontas, after being educated, returned to Virginia, and his application to the Virginia authorities in 1641, to go to the Indian country to visit Cleopatia, his mother's sister, is on record.^ The brilliant but eccentric John Randolph of Roanoke, it is said, prided himself upon his descent from the child of Pocahontas. Campbell, in his History of 1 General History, etc., London, 1632, pp. 197, 198. ' Manuscript Va. Records in Library of Congress. DESCENDANTS OF POCAHONTAS. 89 Virginia, states that the first Eandolph that came to thei James River was an esteemed and industrious mechanic, and that one of his sons, Richard, grandfather of John Randolph, married Jane Boiling, the great-granddaughteu of Pocahontas.^ ' Campbell's History of Virginia, 1860, pp. 424, 631. CHAPTEE V. SOKTH TIRGtNTA COLOXT. rE second colony for Virginia, nnder the Charter, Trere empowered to plant between the thirty-eighth and fortj-fifth degrees of north latitude, and in 1607 colonists were sent to settle there, some of whom had been taken from prisons^ by the '■ huge, heavy, ugly, aad stem Chief-Justice Popham. The expedition left Eng- land ia the ship '" Gift,'"" Captain Geoi^e Popham, and the " !Mary and John,'"' Captain Gilbert. On the 6th of August they land at St. George s Island, and discover a cro^ which they supposed was set up by Captain Wey- mouth; on Sunday the 9th they listen to a sermon from their chaplain at the cross, and give thanks to Gk)d for their safe arrival ; on the 12th they proceed toward the river Sagadehoka ;' and on the 18th having chosen a suitable site for a plantation, the next day a sermon was preached, patent and orders read, after which thev commenced to bmld a fort, Captain G«)rge Popham being President, and Ealeigh Gilbert AdmiraL The following February Popham died, and the settlers being ' Aubrey. ' This rirer was also callni s>iqmD. and now knovn as the Kennebec SMITH, ADMIRAL OF NEW ENGLAND. 91 disheartened, they set sail for England when spring came, in a pinnace called the "Virginia," which they had built, and ia a ship which had arrived with supplies. Prominent among the patrons of the North colony was Sir Ferdinando Gorges, then in command of Plymouth Castle, and through his influence it is probable that Captain John Smith^ was made Admiral for New Eng- land, and in 1614 made one voyage to North Virgiuia. On the 8th of March 1615,=' a ship of 200 tons, of which Edward Brawnde was Master, left Dartmouth, and on 20th of April arrived at Sodquiu, or Kennebec, on the Atlantic coast, and on the 24th harboured at Manahegin, niue or ten leagues distant. He left that neighbourhood on the 21st of July, "being bound about Cape Code for the disco ver}'- of " Sertayne pereU w'ch is told by the saueges to be there. Mr. Brawnde arrived there the 28th of August."' Brawnde's letter " to his worthye good frend Captayne John Smith, AdmeraU of New England," with its edges burned, and defaced by time, stiU exists among the Cot- ^ Among the Cottonian MSS. is a letter, tlie edges of which are burned, which may have been sent to Gorges and written in 1606 in view of the voyage to the south parts of Vii'ginia. A copy is given with some of the defects supplied : — " I ham gevin to understand [that] ther ys a voyage prepared for the South partiss yflf yt be so that you thiuke good of yt, and that it maye be to enye good porpos I praye to haue youre fordorans in yt. And yt be that youe dealle in the said vyage I ame att your worship commandementt otharewyse nott, nor with outt youre consentt. 'I wolde [like to make] one vyage l[st] in to the North partes. I wolde knowe youre plesure herein and that knowne I wyUe make my [plans] as you will asyne me. Your worship shall have me in Plemouthe this the . God preserve youe. From Brystowe, the laste of November. —Your obeydent [-John] Smythe." ^ Not certain that the year is correctly stated, ^ Cottonian MSS. 92 BRAWNDES VOYAGE TO KEX XEBEC. tonian manuscripts, the concluding portion of which we copy without altering the old sea Captaia's spelling : — " To all whome this doth conceme this is to be serti- fyed ther ar great voyages to be made in Xew Englande upon fish take the times of the yeere, and likewise upon ferrs, so far [as it] be not spoyled by the meanes of towe manye factors ... I dow ingage myselfe to load a shippe of 200, between the first of Marche and the midds of June, for in Marche, Aprel and Maye is the best time of Tnaking of drye fish, a shippe that will caiye 400,000 new freeland fyshe, will not earye aboue 7 or 8 score from Xew England, the countiye is good and a healthye clemett for ought th^t I can se or understand, the saueges ar a genteU natural peepel and fiequentt the Engleshe vere much, the countiye is worthye of prayes and if I weare of abillitye and able venture I would venture that waye as soone as any way in any cuntrye, that yeldeth such comodetyes as that doth, though mv meanes be not able to venture yet my life and labour is willing. The M'' is Edward Brawnde. TTi> chiff matt John Bennett. The second matt Briane Tocker. The oimer of ff shippe WiUim TreedeL The merchantt John Edwards. The Bosone John hille. The gunner and pilatt Willim Gravneye. his matt James flFarre. The bossone's matt John downe. The quarter misttrs Ls Nicholas Collins, Thomas Weber, CAPE COD FISHERY. 93 John Barrens, Hennerye Batteshill. The steward John Brimelcome. The cooks Nicholas Head, John Hutton. Some of the comen men's names are : John Wiles, Philipp Wiles, Thomas Roberts, John Hept, Thomas Tobbe. I hope I need nott writt enye more of my men's names. So I end, commending all wishers and good adventurers in this voyage to the protection of the Almighty." It had been customary for the vessels of the South and North colony to use in common the fishing-banks of the North Atlantic coast, but on December 1, 1619, after Sir Edwin Sandys had stated, at a meeting of the Virginia Company, that John Delbridge, a prominent merchant and Member of Parliament, was intending to settle a colony in Virginia, and wished a license to fish at Cape Cod, Sir Ferdinando Gorges, who was present, and a member of the other Company, opposed the pro- position, on the ground that it properly belonged to the North colony to give permission for fishing at that point. After some discussion, the question in dispute was referred to the general council, composed of members of both branches of the corporation. After examining the charter, they decided that it was lawful for either of the colonies to fish withia the limits of the other. Sir Ferdinando Gorges and associates having deter- 91 DISPUTE OF SOUTH AXD XORTH COLONY. mined to "replant" in Xorth Virginia early in 1620, petitioned the king for a separate charter/ prohibiting the South colonT from fishing -nithin their waters, and, after mrgent entreaty, obtained a patent. At the request of the London Company a remonstrance was presented in Xovember to the King, by Sir Thomas Eoe, who replied, '" that if anything were passed in X ew England patent prejudicial to them of the Southern colony, it was surreptitiously done, and without his knowledge. ' On the 1 5th of the same month, the Earl of South- ampton, at a meeting of the Company, said that he had that afternoon stated their objections to the Xew Eng- land patent to the Privy Council, and that it had been ordered for the present that it should be '" sequestered, '- The controTersy continued for about two years, and at length the differences between the two Companies was brought before the House of Commons, who did not acknowledge the Gorges patent. ^ On July 23, 1620, the warrant was obtained from tlie King, and on 3d of November seal was affixed. - London CJompany MS. Transactions. CHAPTER Vr. WILLIAM BREWSTER AND LEYDEN NONCONFORMISTS. TT7ILLIAM BREWSTER was named after his father, ' ' the postmaster at Scrooby in Nottinghamshire. For a time he was a student at Cambridge, and then in the employ of Davison, the Secretary of State imder Queen Elizabeth. Returning to Scrooby he acted as his father's deputy until his death in 1590, and Samuel Bevercotes was made postmaster. When Davison heard that William Brewster had not obtained the position, he remonstrated with Stanhope, Master of the Posts, and soon the desired appointment was made, and Brewster, untU the year 1607, followed in the footsteps of his father.-^ With others in his neighbourhood he Was dissatisfied with the forms of worship in the Church of England, and prepared to leave his native land. Rapin states that in the first expedition to Virginia there were some Puritans, and that more would have followed, but Archbishop Bancroft obtained an order forbidding their departure. Among the names of ad- venturers in the Virginia charter of 1609 are those of ^ Cal. of State Papers. 96 BREWSTER AT LEYDEN. W illia m Brewster and his son Edward/ and about this time he removed to Leyden with his family. A man of education and intelligence, he followed printing and bookselling as a means of support, and by the pro- priety of his conduct obtained the full confidence of his feUow-nonconformists in that city. The habits of the Dutch were not congenial to the English exiles there, and therefore in the year 1617 the members of the Independent Church at Leyden deter- mined to go to America, and " live as a distinct body under the general government of Virginia, and by their Mends to sue to His Majesty that he would be pleased to grant them freedom of religion." * Carver and Cush- man, two of their number, visited London, and found the Virginia Company willing to grant them a patent with ample privileges. To remove the objections of the King and Bishops as far as possible, the following seven Articles, signed by John Eobinson, the pastor, and Wil- liam Brewster, were submitted : — Aeticles. " 1. To the confession of faith published in the name of the Church of England, and to every article thereof, we do, with the Eeformed Chm-ches where we live, and also elsewhere, assent wholly. ^ Bradford says his family was large. At the time of the first Viigima expedition he -was abont forty-five years of age. Among the first settlers to Virginia was William Brewster, gentleman, who died Angnst 10, 1608, who may have been the son of the Elder, and one of the Fnritans to whom Bapin allndes. Edward was captain of Lord Delaware's gnard. 2 Bradford in Mats. HUt. Coll., 4 S., vol. iii. THE SE VEN LE YD EN AR TICLES. 97 "2. As we do acknowledge the doctrine of faith there taught, so do we the fruits and effects of the same doctrine to the begetting of saving faith, in thousands in the land (conformists and reformists) as they are called, with whom also as with our brethren we do desire to keep spiritual communion in peace, and will practise in our parts all lawful things. " 3. The King's Majesty we acknowledge for supreme governor in his dominion, for all causes, and over all persons, and that none may decline or appeal from his authority and judgment in any cause whatsoever, but that in aU. things obedience is due unto him, either active, if the thing commanded be not against God's word, or passive if it be, except pardon can be obtained. " 4. We judge it lawful for his Majesty to appoint bishops, civil overseers or officers in authority under him, in the several provinces, dioceses, congregations, or parishes, to oversee the churches, and govern them civilly according to the laws of the land, unto whom they are in all things to give an account, and by them to be ordered according to godliness. " 5. The authority of the present bishops in the land we do acknowledge, so far forth as th'e same is indeed derived from his Majesty unto them, and as they pro- ceed in his name, whom we will also therein honour in all things, and him in them. "6. We believe that no synod, classis, convocation, or assembly of ecclesiastical officers hath any power or authority at all, but as the same by the magistrate given unto them. G 98 DEATH OF FRA^'CIS BLACKWELL. " 7. Lastly, we desire to give imto all superiors due honour, to preserve the unity of the Spirit., with all the fear of Grod, to have peace with all men, what iu us Heth, and whereia we err, to be instructed by any." On Xovember 12, 1617, Sir Edwiu Sandys wrote to Eobinson and Brewster expressing the satisfaction with which the articles had been perused, and commending the judicious conduct of Carver and Cushman, who were about to return to have further conference with the Church at Leyden. About the middle of February 1618, a prominent member of the Virginia Company wrote that the Xing and bishops had consented to wink at their departure. Afterwards, however, the bishops were more exacting. Towards the close of August a party of Xoncon- formists, of Presbyterian rather than Independent sym- pathies, sailed for Virginia, under the leadership of Francis Blackwell, who had been an elder at Amsterdam. The ship being overcrowded, and fresh water being exhausted, disease broke out, and only thirty out of one hundred and fifty reached Virginia, the captain as well as Blackwell being among the dead. The seven arrieles of the Levden people were ex- amined by Drakes, an Essex clergyman, who in his pam- phlet asks " whether it was not good for them, for the avoiding of scandal, and in the expectance of some pros- perous success, by the permission of our noble Fing and honourable counsel, to remove to Virginia and make a plantation there, in hope to convert infidels to Chris- tianity r DISCORD IN LONDON COMPANY. 99 To this, in 1619, a Nonconformist, named Euring, replied, that his brethren would prefer to be members of a scriptural church in the meanest part of England, than either to continue where many of us as yet live, or to plant ourselves in Virginia. " Yet," he adds, " even for Virginia thus much. When some of ours desired to have planted ourselves there, with his Majesty's leave, upon these three grounds,— first, that they might be means of planting the gospel among the heathen ; secondly, that they might live under the King's govern- ment ; thirdly, that they might make way for and unite with others, what in them lieth, whose consciences are grieved with the state of the Church in England, the bishops did by aU means oppose them and their friends therein." The discord, however, in the Virginia Company caused by the discovery of the dishonesty of Sir Thomas Smith, the Treasurer, was for a time the main hindrance to an arrangement with the Leyden Nonconformists. It had been urged that, for prudential reasons, a patent should be issued in the name of a friend, who was not of the Leyden congregation. In the transactions of the Company, under date of May 26, 1619, is the following entry : — " One Mr. Wencop, commended to the Company by , the Earl of Lincoln,^ intending to go in person to Vir- ginia, and there to plant himself, and his associates, pre- ^ Praneea, a sister of the new Earl of Lincoln, was tlie wife of Jolin, a son of Sir Ferdinando Gorges ; Susan, another sister, was the wife of John Humphrey, the first Deputy-Governor of Massachusetts ; Arbella, a third ICX3 yOHX WHIXCOFS PATEXT. sented tis patent now to the Court, whick was referred to the Committee that meeteth upon Fridav morning at Mr. Treasurer's house, to consider and, if need be, to correct the same." Sir Edwin Sandrs, a friend of Brewster, was now the Treasurer or Governor, having been elected in the place of Sir Thomas Smith two or three weeks before ; and he was ready to promote the wishes of the Leyden people in every way. On the 9th of June, at a meeting of the Company, '■ by reason it grew late, and the Court ready to break up, as yet Mr. John Whincop's^ patent, for him and his associates to be read, it was ordered, that the Seal should be annexed imto it, and have referred the trust therefore to the Auditors to examine, that it agree with the original, which, if it doth not, they have pro- mised to bring it into the Court, and cancel it." Bradford, speaking of Wincop, says, "Grod so dis- posed as he never went, nor made use of his patent, which had cost them so much labour and charge." About the 1st of July 1619, William Brewster appears to have removed his family from Holland. Sir Dudley Carleton, Ambassador of England at the Hague, in a despatch of July 22, 1619, writes that Brewster, " within sister, was the Trife of Isaac Johnson, one of the fonnders of the town of Salem. The ship •■ Arbella," which hore John Winthrop Mid associates to America, was named in compliment to Ladv Arbella. 1 John, Samnel, and Thomas Wincop were three brothers, clergymen, settled in different parts of England. On Easter Sunday 1632, they all preached at St. Mary's, Spittle, London. May not John, in 1619, hare been the chaplain in the Earl of Lincoln's house, whose mother was the pions Conntess of Lincoln, whose husband hsid died bnt a few months before ? WILLIAM AND EDWARD BREWSTER. loi three weeks, removed from thenae," and one month later again says, " I have made good inquiry after William Brewster at Leyden, and am well assured that he is not returned thither, neither is it likely he will, having re- moved from thence both his family and his goods." During the same year his son. Captain Edward Brew- ster, who had been banished from Virginia by the arbi- trary Axgall, arrived in England, and conformed to the requirements of the Church of England-.^ Several months after the Wincop patent was issued, there was a new movement in regard to the emigration of the Leyden Nonconformists ; and in January 1619-20 a grant was given to John Peirce and associates to settle in America, within the bounds of the London Company. Sir John Wolstenholme proposed that the £500 that had been anonymously presented for the education of Indian children ^ might be expended under the direction of the associates of Peirce, but the Company, on the 16th of February, adopted the report of a committee that had considered the proposition, but deemed it inexpedient to assent thereto, first, because the proposed colony would be a long time, after their arrival, in settling down in the new country ; and second, because they were entire strangers to the language and habits of the savage. At the time that Peirce was making arrangements to ' Secretary Naunton in August 1619 wrote :— " Brewster frightened back iuto the Low Countries, his son has conformed, and comes to church." As his father at Leyden, he became a publisher and bookseller in London. In 1637 his shop, with the sign of the Bible, was at Fleet Street bridge. Sub- sequently he was Treasurer of the Stationers' Company. ^ For the history of this gift see chapter viii. 102 SAILING OF THE '' MAY FLOU'ERP leave the Leyden people, tte Directors of the Xew Netherlands Company petitioned their States Greneral in these words/ "It happens there is residing at Ley- den a certain English preacher versed in the Dutch language, who is well inclined to proceed thither [Man- hattan] and Hve, assuring the petitioners that he has the means of inducing over four himdred families to accom- pany him, both out of this country and England. ' Thomas Weston, a London merchant in the interest of Peirce, now visited Leyden, and urged them not to form an alliance with the Dutch, nor to place too much dependence on the Virginia Company. About the same period several Lords had obtained a large grant from the King of the north part of Virginia, to be wholly separated therefrom and called Xew England, to which country Weston was disposed to have the colony proceed, on account of its profitable fisheries. After months of heart-burnings among themselves, and doubts as to the fairness of the London shipping merchants, the Leyden people at length sailed, in the "May Flower," and on the 11th of November 1620 reached Cape Cod,^ and, after various explorations, on 11th of December (o.s.) landed at Plymouth Eock. Before they landed there were whisperings amono- the discontented "that when they came ashore they could use their own liberties, for none had power to command them, the patent they had being for Virginia, and not ' X. Y. CoL Documents. - In the compact drawn up in the cabin of the " May Flower " in XoTem- ber, it is stated that the Toyage was "to plant the first colony in the northern part of Virginia.'' JOHN PEIRCE'S PATENT. 103 for New England, which belonged to another govern- ment with which the Virginia Company had nothing to do." The "May Flower" returned to England in May 1621, and on the 1st of June John Peirce, cloth-worker of London, and his associates, received a patent from the Company for New England. On the 16th of July, at a meeting of the Virginia Company, "It was moved, seeing that Mr. John Peirce had taken a patent of Sir Ferdinando Corges, and thereupon seated his company withia the limits of the Northern Plantations, as by some was supposed, whereby he seemed to relinquish the benefit of the patent he took of this Company, that therefore the said patent might be called in, unless it might appear he would plant within the limits of the Southern Colony." It would appear from this minute as if there had been some understanding with Gorges on the part of Peirce, to settle the Leyden people in the north colony, and that Captain Jones^ of the " May Flower," an unscrupulous person, purposely guided his vessel toward Cape Cod. ' Captain Thomas Jones was sent by tlie London Company in November 1621, on a trading voyage to the Hudson and Delaware rivers, in a ship called the " Discovery." The next year he was accused of robbing the New England Indians of their furs. In July 1625 he arrived at Jamestown with a Spanish frigate, which he said he had captured in the West Indies, but hia conduct was suspicious, and his story not credited. In a few weeks he died in Virginia. — London Company M.SS. CHAPTER VII. rATKICK COPLAXD, CHAPLAIX OP EAST INDIA COMPAli^T. FOE years the merchants of London had Estened to tales of the wealth •■ of Ormii.5 and of Ini" As early as 1583, there were hopes entertained of a short and direct route to the renowned and far distant empire of Cathav ; and one Apsley, an enterprising man, who dealt in beads, playing-cards, and gewgaws calculated to please the tastes of Orientals, told a Mend that he expected to live to see a letter dated at London, on the Ist of Mav, delivered in China before midsummer, by a short passage over the American Continent, between the forty-third and forty-sixth parallel of north latitude, a thing accompEshed nearly three hundred years after the enthusiastic merchant made the prediction. In the vear 1600, the leading men accustomed to as- semble at the Eoyal Exchange, that had been dedicated to commerce by Queen EUzabeth, organized the East India Company with the rich merchant, Thomas Smith, as Governor, and a few years after adopted as a device for their legal seal, three ostrich feathers, with "Jurat ire per ahum" above, and encircling them, the motto, ■■ Tibi serviat Ultima Thule." BARBAROUS OFFER OF BEAUTIFUL DAUGHTER. 105 Many of the members sincerely desired that the far- off land should acknowledge Christ, and at the com- mencement of their trading operations, sent teachers of truth along with the cloths, looking-glasses, glittering toys, and cheap musical instruments. In their delibera- tions, while they exhibited an anxiety for a fair return for their outlays, in the shape of ivory, gold-dust, and choice pearls, they recognised, nevertheless, that both' they and the Chinese, and Japanese, had the same " God o'er head." An inspection of their minutes shows that they were not despisers of Providence. On one occasion, the Governor of the Company proposed to relieve the poverty of some poor preachers ia London, by electing three chaplains, to pray for the safe return of their fleets ; and at another period, they gravely deliberated upon the request of the Prince of Sumatra for a white wife. Two years before, John Rolfe brought to England Powhatan's daughter, " of rude education, manners barbarous, and cursed generation, merely for the good and honour " of Virginia, an honourable English gentle- man, in view of his chUd becoming an Asiatic princess, and also out of an alleged desire to propagate the Chris- tian religion in the Pagan world, offered to give away his daughter "accomplished in music, the use of the needle, very beautiful, and of good discourse." Certain members of the Company, alluding to the fact that divines had discountenanced the yoking together of a Christian and barbarian, the anxious parent prepared an answer, showing that his willingness to present a io6 FIRST FRUITS OF ENGLISH MISSIONS. fair daughter to a Sumatran chief was not unscnp- tuiaL^ As soon as the English had established a trading port at Surat, Patrick Copland, Tdtli a faith as pure, and scholarship as elevated, as that of the distinguished Henry Martm, entered the serdce of the East India Company as a chaplaitu During the summer of 1614, he returned to Eng- land with a talented native youth, whom he had taught chiefly bv signs, "to speake, to reade and write the English tongue and hand, both Eomane and Secretarv, within less than the space of a yeare/' ^ Soon after lie wrote to the Company that his pupU had. increased in the knowledge of the Christian religion, and suggesting that he should be publicly baptized " as the first-fruits of India." Archbishop Abbott hav- ing been consulted, the Company acceded to the pro- position. An Indian, either from Hindustan or America, the Bay of Bengala or the Chesapeake, was a great rarity in the streets of London during the reign of James the First ; and as he walked, the women with curi- osity peeped through cracks of the front doors, and children went before, and followed his steps, their mouths agape with astonishment. Shakespeare, the keen observer of the foibles of his day, alludes in the '■ Tempest" to this disposition to make much of an Indian : — 1 Cal. of Slate Papers. East Indies, 1513-1616. ' Virginia'a God be Thanhid. London, 1622. BENGALA lad baptized. 107 " Wliat have we here 1 A man or a fish \ Dead or alive ? A strange fish ? Were I in England now, as once I was, and had but this fish painted, not a holiday fool there but would give a piece of silver. Any strange beast there makes a man ; when they will not give a doit to relieve a lame beggar, they wiU lay out ten to see a dead Indian." For centuries Fenchurch Street has, during Christmas week, been alive with persons busily passing to and fro ; but on Sunday, 2 2d of December 1616, an unusual crowd surged toward the Church of St. Dennis, for it had been announced that, by the rite of baptism, a lad, a native of Bengala, was to be initiated into the Church of Christ. The Privy Council, the Lord Mayor and Aldermen, the members of the East India and the sister Company of Virginia, with difficulty, waded through the " sea of upturned faces " overflowing the approaches to the edifice, and the congregation within the walls was densely packed. The rite was administered by Dr. John Wood, and Petrus Papa, or Peter Pope, the name given iu baptism, was chosen by King James, that odd compound of cant, coarseness, and sottishness, who often seemed unable to distinguish between the odour of beer and sanctity, " the spirit of wine and the Spirit Divine," and yet affected to be a special " de- fender of the faith." In the " Eoyal James " that sailed from the Gravesend Feb. 4th, 1616-17, o.s., Copland and Peter Pope de- parted for India. On the 19th of September 1618, Sir Thomas Dale, late Deputy-Governor of Virginia, arrived io8 HULSEBUS, A DUTCH CHAPLAIX. in the " Clove," and assumed command as Admiral of the East India fleet. In view of an approaching conflict with the Dutch, on Saturday the 2d of December a sermon was preached in the " Eoyal James " in the presence of Dale and other captains. On the 9th of August 1619 Dale died at ilessulapatam,^ and about this period Copland received a letter from Adrian Hulsebus, chaplain of the Dutch post on the isle of Java, asking him to co-operate in measures to restore good feeling between the Dutch and EnglisL "While the "Boyal James" lay off Bantam on the 19th of August, Copland replied to Hulsebus : — " The thing you touch in your letter is but too true, that the hatred and dissension among Cliris- tians, if it continue, will be the cause of much inno- cent blood-shedding among friends, and of estranging the hearts of the heathen from the worship of the true God. " And therefore that enmity amongst friends mav cease, and that such as are yet without may be allured to submit themselves to the sceptre of Jesus Christ, it standeth upon us, who are preachers of the gospel of peace, to be instruments of peace, which for my own part, how willing I am to be, is not unknown to such as know myself, and among whom I daily converse. AH standeth not on one side, there must be a yielding of both sides, if ever there be a sound peace. ' On the 26th of April 1620, the fleet sailed for Japan, 1 Camden says that Sir Thomas Gates, the associate of Dale in Virgima, also died in the East India service, Jnly 20, 1620. His children were, Thomas, killed by a camion ball at Kochelle, Anthony, Mary, and Hizabeth. TYPHOON described: 109 and on the 2d of June the " Unicom," a ship of 800 tons, was lost during a typhoon near Macao, and Cop- land has vividly described the storm : — " In this tempest we lost also our pinnace, with twenty-four or thirty men, which we had sent before us to Firando, an island adjoining to Japan, to give notice of our coming, of which we never heard news. We cut off our long-boat, and let her go ; we sunk our shallop, with two men in her, who were swallowed up by the waves. Such was this storm, as if Jonah had been fly- ing into Tarshish. The air was beclouded, the heavens were obscured, and made an Egyptian night of five or six days perpetual horror. The experience of our sea- men was amazed ; the skill of our mariners was con- founded ; our ' Eoyal James ' most violently and dangerously leaked, and those which pumped to keep others from drowning were half-drowned themselves." ^ The studies of Pope were continued under the super- vision of his first teacher, and the scholar proved to be as quickwitted as the young Chinese and Japanese who are, in the nineteenth century, found in the schools of Great Britain and the United States, or engaged in trade at San Francisco and other centres of commercial trans- actions. Latin epistles addressed by him early in the year 1620 to the Governor of the East India Company, and to Martin Pring, then in command of the " Eoyal James," have been preserved, which indicate not only the docHity of the youth, but also how " apt to teach " was Copland. ' Virginia's God he Thanlced, page 6. 1 10 COPLAND RETURNS FROM INDIA. On the 14th of December 1620, the " Royal James" left Firando, and after stopping at Java for a cargo of pepper, dming the next February begun the homeward voyage. The Isle of St. Helena was reached on the 21st of June 1621, and on the 16th of September the " Eoyal James" anchored in the Thames, and Copland debarked to labour for the good of the infant plantations in America. CHAPTEE VIII. Copland's services to Virginia company. rpHE Virginia Company were the first to take steps -L relative to tte establishment of schools in the English colonies of America. In a letter written to the authorities of the infant settlement at Jamestown, on November 18, 1618, they use these words : "Whereas, by a special grant and License from his Majesty, a general contribution over this realm hath been made for the building and planting of a coUege, for the training up of the children of those infidels in true religion, moral virtue, and civility, and for other godliness, we do therefore, according to a former grant and order, hereby ratify and confirm and ordain that a convenient place be chosen and set out for the planting of a univer- sity at the said Henrico in time to come, and that in the meantime preparation be there made for the building of the said college for the children of the infidels, accord- ing to such instructions as we shall deliver. And we will and ordain that ten thousand acres, partly of the land they impaled, and partly of the land within the territory of the said Henrico, be allotted and set out for the endowing of the said university and college with con- venient possessions." ^ ' MSS. Virginia Records. 112 LORKIN AXD I'lRClXIA COLLEGE. A week after the date of this communicatioii, a ripe scholar in England, the Eev. Thomas Lorkin, subse- quently distinguished as secretary of the Eng lish embassy in France, writes to an acquaintance : " A good friend of mine proposed to me within three or four days a con- dition of going over to Virginia, where the Virginia Company means to erect a college, and imdertakes to procure me good assurance of £200 a-year, and if I shall find any ground of dislike, liberty to return at pleasure. "^ The offer, after due consideration, appears not to have been accepted, and nothing more was done until the re- organisation of the Company in April 1619, and the election of Sir Edwin Sandys as its presiding officer. By his integrity, patriotism, scholarship, and great administratiTe talent, he infused new life into the ex- piring Society, and associated with him Xicholas Ferrar, the honourable merchant of London, Sir John Danvers, the step-father, and Edward Lord Cherbuiy, the brother of the sweet poet, Greorge Herbert, also the Earl of Southampton, who in early life extended a helping hand to a poor boy that is said to have held horses for gentie- men at the doors of play-houses, and became Shakespeare, the portrayer of all the varied emotions of the soul, whose reputation as a dramatist has increased in lustre as the centuries have advanced. The new managers of the Company proceeded to re- construct Virginia with the most liberal views. By their permission the first representative and legislative * Court and Timeg of James the First, voL iL p. 109. FIRST AMERICAN LEGISLA TURE. 113 • body in America was convened at Jamestown, on July 30, 1 6 1 9, in the cliurcli, the most convenient place they could find, the minister of which was Eev. Eichard Buck. During the sessions of this body, which continued unto, the 4th of August, a petition was presented rela- tive to the erection of a university and college. From this period untU the dissolution of the Virginia Com- pany the design of a university and college was never forgotten. The collections taken up by order of the King, for a college, in 1619, amounted to £2043, 2s. lljd., and at a meeting of the Company on May 26, Sir Edwin Sandys, as treasurer, propounded to the court " a thiug worthy to be taken into consideration for the glory of God and honour of the Company, forasmuch as the King, iu his most gracious favour, hath granted his letters to the several bishops of his kingdom for the collecting of moneys to erect and build a college in Virginia for the training and bringing up of infidels' children to the true knowledge of God and understand- ing of righteousness. He conceived it the fittest that as yet they should not build the college, but rather for- bear awhile, and begin first with the advances they have to provide and settle an annual revenue, and out of that to begin the erection of said college. And for the performance hereof also moved that a certain piece of land be laid out at Henrico, being the place formerly resolved on, which should be called the college land, and for the planting of the same send presently fifty good persons, to be located thereon, and to occupy the same." H 114 COLLEGE COMMITTEE. On June 14, 1619, it was moved by ^Ir. Treasurer " that the court would take into consideration to appoint a committee of their gentlemen and other of his Majesty's counsel for Virginia concerning the college, being a weighty business, and so great that an aecoimt of their proceedings therein must be given to the State. Upon which the court, upon deliberate consideration, have recommended the rare trust unto the right worthy Sir Dudley Di^s, Sir John Danvers, Sir Xath. Eich, Sir Jo. Wolstenholme, Mr. Deputy Ferrar, Mr. Dr. Anthony, and Mr. Dr. Gulson, to meet at such time as Mr. Trea- surer shall order hereto. '^ On June the 24th the committee by the last court appointed for the college having met, as they were desired, delivered over their proceedings, which the comi; allowed, being this that foUoweth : — " A note of what kind of men and most fit to be sent to Virginia in the next intended voyage of transporting one hundred men. " A minister to be entertained at the yearly allowance of forty pounds, and to have fifty acres of land for hiTn and his for ever ; to be allowed his transportation and his man's at the Company's charge, and ten poimds to furnish himself withaU. " A captain thought fit, to be considered of, to take charge of such people as are to be planted on the col- lege land. "AH the people at this first sending, except some ' This and foDowing extracts are from the MS. Transactions of the Lon- don Company. The varied orthography of proper names has not been altered. DIOCESAN COLLECTIONS FOR COLLEGE. U5 soon to be sent as well for planting the college and public land, to be single men, unmarried. " A warrant to be made and directed to Sir Tbomas Smith for the payment of the collection money to Sir Edwin Sandys, treasurer, and that Dr. Gulstone^ shall be entreated to present unto my Lord Primate of Can- terbury such letters to be signed for the speedy paying of the moneys fi:om every diocese which yet remain unpaid. " The several sorts of tradesmen and others for the college land : smiths, carpenters, bricklayers, turners, potters, husbandmen, brickmakers. " And whereas, according to the standing order, seven were chosen by the court to be of the committee for the college, the said order allowing no more, and, inasmuch as Mr. John Wroth came in error to be left out, he is therefore now desired to be an assistant with them, and to give them meeting at such time and place as is agreed of" At a meeting of the Company held in London at Mr. Ferrar's house, on July 21, 1619, the Earls of Southamp- ton and Warwick, Sir Thomas Gates, and others being present, the following anonymous letter was read : — • +. L H. S. " Sir Edwin Sandys, Treasurer of Virginia : " Good luck in the name of the Lord, who is daily magnified by the experiment of your zeal and piety in ' Gulston was a distinguished physician and founder of the Gulstonian Lectureship. ii6 COMMUXIOX TABLE FURNITURE. giving begiiming to the foundation of the college ia Virginia, sacred work due to heaven and so longed for on earth. " Xow know we assuredly that the Lord will do you good and bless you in all your proceedings, even as He blessed the house of Obed Edom and all that pertaineth unto him because of the ark of Grod. Xow that you seek the kingdom of Grod, all things shall be ministered unto you. This I well see already, and perceive that by your godly determination the Lord hath given you favour in the sight of all His people, and I know some whose hearts are much enlarged because of the house of the Lord our God to procure you wealth, which greater designs I have presumed to outrun with this oblation, which I humbly beseech you may be accepted as the pledge of my devotion, and as an earnest of the power which I have vowed unto the Almig hty God of Jacob concerning this thing, which till I may in part perform I desire to remain unknown and unsought after. " The things are these : a communion cup with the ewer and vase ; a trencher plate for the bread ; a carpet of crimson velvet ; a linen damask cloth." On Wednesday, ZSovember IV, 1619, at a great and general quarterly meeting of the Virginia Company, the treasurer referred to the instructions sent out by the new governor of the colony. Sir George Teardlev, by which were to be selected ten, thousand acres of land for the university to be planted at Henrico, of which one thousand was reserved for the college for the conversion of infidels. BENEFACTORS' TABLET. 117 On December 1, "It was propounded that in consi- deration of some public gifts given by sundry persons to Virginia, divers presents of church plate and other ornaments, two hundred pounds already given toward building a church, and five hundred pounds promised by another toward the educating of infidels' children, that, for the honour of God, and memorial of such good benefactors, a tablet might hang in the court with their names and gifts iuserted, and the miuisters of Virginia and the Sommer Islands may have intelligence thereof, that for their pious works they may recommend them to God in their prayers ; which generally was thought very fit and expedient." On February 2, 1619-20: — "A letter from an un- known person was read, directed to the treasurer, pro- misiag five himdred pounds for the educatiag and bringing up infidels' children ia Christianity, which Mr. Treasurer, not willing to meddle therewith alone, desired the court to appoint a select committee for the manag- ing and employing of it to the best purpose. They made choice of: Lord Pagett, Sir Tho. Wroth, Mr. J. Wroth, Mr. Deputie, Mr. Tho. Gibbs, Dr. Winstone, Mr. Bamfourde, and Mr. Keightley. The Copy of the Letter. " SiE, — Your charitable endeavour for Virginia hath made you a father, me a favourer of those good works which, although heretofore hath come near to their birth, yet for want of strength could never be delivered (envy and division dashing these younglings even in the ii8 LETTER OF "DUST AXD ASHES." womb), until your helpful hand, with other favourable personages, gave them both birth and being, for the better cherishing of which good and pious work, seeing many casting gifts into the treasury, I am encouraged to tender my poor mite ; and although I cannot with the princes of Issaker bring gold and silver covering, yet offer you what I can, some goats' hair, necessary stuff for the Lord's tabernacle, protesting here in my sincerity, without Papistical merit or Pharisaical applause, wish- ing from my heart as much unity in yoxu- honourable imdertakirig as there is sincerity in my designs, to the furtherance of which good work, the converting of in- fidels to the faith of Christ, I promised by my good friends £500 for the maintenance of a convenient num- ber of young Indians taken at the age of seven years, or younger, and instructed in the reading and under- standing the principles of Christian religion unto the age of twelve rears, and then, as occasion serveth, to be trained and brought up in some lawful trade with all hmnanity and gentleness until the age of one and twenty years, and then to enjoy like Hberties and privi- leges with our native EngHsh in that place. "And for the better performance thereof you shall receive £50 more, which shall be delivered into the hands of two rehgious persons with certitude of pay- ment, who shall once every quarter examine and certify to the treasurer here, in England, the due operation of these promises, together with the names of those children just taken, the foster-fathers and overseers, not doubting but you are all assured that gifts devoted to Grod's JOHN PEIRCE AND ASSOCIATES. 119 service cannot be diverted to private and secular advan- tages without sacrilege. If your graver judgments can devise a more charitable com-se for the younger, I beseech you inform my friend, with your security for true performance, and my benevolence shall be always ready to be delivered accordingly. " The greatest courtesy I expect or crave is to conceal my friend's name, lest importunity might urge him to betray that trust of secrecy, which he hath faithfully promised, who hath moved my heart to this good work. I rest, ahfamo. Dust and Ashes. " SiE Edwin Saudts, " The faithful Treasurer for Virginia." On the 16th of February the following was passed : — " Whereas, at the last court a special committee was appointed for the managing of the £500 given by an unknown person for educating the infidels' children, Mr. Treasurer signified that they haVe met and taken into consideration the proposition of Sir John Wolstenholme, that John Peirce and his associates might have the train- ing and bringing up of some of these children ; but the said committee, for divers reasons, think it inconvenient, first, because they intend not to go this two or three months, and then after their arrival wiU be long in settling them- selves ; as also that the Indians are not acquainted with them, and so they may stay four or five years before they have account that any good is done.^ ^ The associates of John Peirce were William Brewster and the so-called "Pilgrim Fathers," whose landing at Plymouth Rock, Dec. 11, 1620, O.S., is the subject of a poem by Mrs. Hemans. See Chapter VI. I20 IXDIAX CHILDREXS EDCCATIO-V. " And for to put it into the hands of private men to bring them np, as was by some proposed, they thought it was not so fit, by reason of the difficulty unto which it is subject. 'But forasmuch as divers hundreds and particular plantations are already there settled, and the Indians well acquaiated with them, as namely. Smith's Hundred, Martia's Hundred, Bartlett's Hundred, and the like, that, therefore, they receive and take charge of them, bv which course they shall be siire to be well nurtured and have their due so long as these plantations shall hold ; and for such of the children as they find capable of learning shall be put in the college and brought up to be Fellows, and such as are not shall be put to trades and be brought up in the fear of Gtod and the Christian religion "And being demanded how and by what lawful means they would preserve them, and after keep them, that they run not to joia their parents or friends, and their parents or friends steal them not away, which natural affection may inforce in the one and the other, it was answered and well allowed that a treaty and agreemeiLt be made with the king of that countay con- cerning them, which if it so fall out at any time, as is expressed, they may by his command be retumei 'Whereupon Sir Thomas Koe promised that Bart- lett's Hundred should take two or three, and Mr. Smith to be respondent to the Company, and because every hundred may the Ijetter consider thereof they were Hcensed tiU Sundav in the afternoon, at which time A BAG OF NEW GOLD. 121 ■ tliey sit at Mr. Treasurer's to bring in their answer how" many they will have, and bring those that will be respondent for them, and those that others will not take Mr. Treasurer, in behalf of Smith's Hundred, hath promised to take into their charge." The Treasurer signified, on February 2 2d, "that the corporation of Smith's Hundred very well accepted of the charge of infidels' children recommended unto them by the court, in regard of their good disposition to do good ; but, otherwise, if the court shall please to take it from them they will williagly give £100. And for their resolutions, although they have not yet set them down in writing, by reason of some things yet to be considered of, they wdl, so soon as may be, prepare the same and present it." A box standing upon the table with this direction, " To Sir Edwin Sandis, the faithful Treasurer for Virginia," he acquainted them that it was brought unto him by a man of good fashion, who would neither tell him his name nor from whence it came ; but, by the subscription being the same as the letter, he considered that it might be the £550 promised them. It being agreed that the box should be opened, there was a bag of new gold containing the said sum of £550 found therein : Whereupon Doctor Winstone^ reporting that the committee had requested for the managing thereof, and that it should be wholly ia charge of Smith's Hundred, it was desired by some that the re- solution should be presented in writing at the next court, ' A physician who had been educated at Cambridge. T22 DEA TH OF NICHOLAS FERRAR, SENIOR. t which, in regard of the Ash-Wednesday sermon, was agreed to be upon Thuisday afternoon. At a meeting held at the house of Sir Edwin Sandys, on April 9, 1620, intelligence was given that Mr. Xicho- las Ferrar, elder, " being translated from this life^ unto a better, bad by his will bequeathed £300 towards the converting of infidels' children in Virginia, to be paid unto Sir Edwin Sandys and Mr. Jo. Ferrar, at such time as, upon certificate from there, ten of the said infidels' children shall be placed in the college, to be there dis- posed of by the said Sir Edwin Sandys and Jo. Ferrar, according to the true intent of the said will ; and that in the mean [time] tiU that was performed he hath tied his executors to pay eight per cent for the same unto three several honest men in Virginia (such as the said Sir Edwin Sandys and John Ferrar shall approve of), of '^ Nicholas Ferrar, Sr., was a rich merchant that had taken an interest in the voyages of Raleigh and Gilbert. After the election, in 1619, of Sir Edwin Sandys to the Governorship of Virginia Company, the meetings ■were held in the parlonrs of his capacions honse in St. Sythe's Lane. He married Mary Wodenoth ; and Arthnr Wodenoth, who wrote a brief sketch of the Virginia Company, which was published in 1631, was probably a nephew or brother-in-law. His son, John Ferrar, was Deputy-Governor of Virginia Company, from 1619, for two years, and after he declined re-election, his brother Nicholas was appointed, and held the office until the Company wa^ dissolved in 162-t, and in 1626 the latter was ordained in the Church of Ti'.Tig laiiH and retired, with his aged mother, to Little Gidding. William, another son, appears to have gone to Virginia. John Ferrar had a talented daughter, christened Virginia. She wrote a treatise on silk- worms, and sdso published in 1651 : — "A !Mapp of Virginia discovered to ye Hills, and its latt from 35 d^. and \ neer Flora, to 41 deg. bounds of New England. "Domina Virginia Farrar, CoUegit "And sold by J. Stephenson, at ye Snnne, below Lndgate, 1651." John Ferrar died in 1657 ; his daughter in 16S7- NUCLEUS OF FIRST LIBRARY. 123- good life and fame, that will uiidertake each of them to bring up one of the said children in the grounds of Christian religion, that is to say, £8 yearly apiece." About this period Mr. George Thorpe, a gentleman of sterling character, of his Majesty's privy chamber, and one of his council for Virginia, sailed for the colony, having been appointed by the Company deputy to take charge of the college lands. ^ At a meeting of the Company on November 15, 1620, as the reading of the minutes of the previous meeting were completed, " a stranger stepped in," and presented a map of Sir Walter Ealeigh's, containing a description of Guiana, and with the same four great books, as the gift of one that desired his name might not be known. One of these was a translation of St. Augustine's City of God; the others were the works of the distinguished Calvinist and Puritan, Mr. Perkins,^ " which books the donor desired might be sent to the college in Virginia, there to remain in safety to the use of the collegiate educators, and not suffered at any time to be lent abroad." For which so worthy a gift my lord of Southampton desired the party that presented them to return deserved thanks from himself and the rest of the Company to him that had so kindly bestowed them. The next year the interest of the Company in esta- 1 Massacred by Indians, March 22, 1621-22. ' William Clayborne, for several years Secretary of Virginia, in 1638, had among his books at Palmer's Isle, near the mouth of the Susquehannah river, one of the large folio volumes of Mr. Perkins. — Maryland Hwtorical Society MSS. 124 COPLAND S COLLECTION FOR VIRGINIA. blishing schools in America was increased by another unexpected donation. ^Ir. Copland, returning home from. India in 1621, met some ships on the way to Virginia, and learning the destitution of the Xew World colony in churches and schools, he longed to do them good. The mode devised for helping thena. is fully explained in the minutes of the Virginia Company. At a court held 24th October 1621, Mr. Deputy ac- quainted the court " that one Mr. Copland, a minister lately returned from the East Indies, out of an earnest desire to give some furtherance unto the plantation in Virginia, had been pleased, as well by his own good example as by persuasion, to stir up many that came with him in the ship called the ' Eoyal James' to con- tribute toward some good work to be begun in Virginia, insomuch that he had already procured a matter of some £70 to be employed that way, and had also written from Cape Bona Speranza to divers parties in the East Indies to move them to some charitable contribution thereunto. So, as he hoped, they would see very shordy his letters would produce some good effect among them, especially if they might understand in what manner they intended to employ the same. It was therefore ordered that a committee should be appointed to treat with Mr. Copland about it. And forasmuch as he had so well deserved of the Company by his extraordinary care and pains in this business, it was thought fit and ordered that he should be admitted a free brother of this Company, and at the next quarter court it should FIRST FREE SCHOOL PROJECTED. 125 be moved tliat some proportion of land might be be- stowed upon him in gratification of his worthy endea- vom's to advance this extended work ; and further, it was thought fit also to add thereunto a number of some other special benefactors unto the plantation whose me- morial is preserved. The committee to treat with him . are these : Mr. Deputy, Mr. Gibbs, Mr. Nicholas Ferrar, Mr. Bamforde, Mr. Abra. Chamberlyne, Mr. Eoberts, Mr. Ayres." On the last of October 1621, Mr. Deputy signified that, " forasmuch as it was reserved unto the Company to determine whether the said money should be em- ployed towards the building of a church or a school, as aforesaid, your committee appointed have had confer- ence with Mr. Copland about it, and do hold it fit, for many important reasons, to employ the said contribu- tion towards the erection of a public free school in Vir- giaia, towards which an unknown person hath likewise given £30, as may appear by the report of said com- mittee, now presented to be read. " At a meeting of the committee on Tuesday, the 30th of ..October 16?1, present Mr. Deputy, Mr. Gibbs, Mr. Wroth, Mr. Ayres, Mr. Nicholas Ferrar, Mr. Eoberts. " The said committee meeting this afternoon to treat with Mr. Copland touching the dispose of the money given by some of the East India Company that carae with him in the ' Eoyal James,' to be bestowed upon some good work for the benefit of the plantation in Virginia, the said Mr. Copland did deliver in a note the 126 A SCHOOL RATHER THAN A CHURCH. names of those that had freely and wiUingly contributed their moneys hereunto, which money !Mr. Copland said they desired might be employed towards the building either of a church or school in VirgiTiia, which the Com- pany should think fit. And that although the sum of money was but a small proportion to perform so great a work, yet Mr. Copland said he doubted not but to per- suade the East India Company, whom he meant to soli- cit, to make some addition thereunto ; besides, he said that he had very effectually wrote (the copy of which letter he delivered and was read) to divers fectories in the East Indies to stir them up to the like contribution towards the performance of this pious work, as they had already done for a church at Wapping, to which, by his report, they have given about £400. "It being, therefore, now taken into consideration whether a church or a school was most necessary, and might nearest agree to the intentions of the donors, it was considered that forasmuch as each particular plan- tation, as well as the general, either had or ought to have a church appropriated unto them, there was there- fore a greater want of a school than of churches. " As also for that it was impossible, with so small a proportion, to compass so great a work as the building of a church would require, they therefore conceived it most fit to resolve for the erecting of a public free school, which, being for the education of children and grounding them in the principles of religion, civUity of hfe, and human learning, seemed to cany with it the greatest weight and highest consequence unto the plan- SCHOOL TO BE AT CHARLES CITY. 127 tations, as that whereof both church and commonwealth take their original foundation and happy estate, this being also so like to prove a work most acceptable unto the planters, through want whereof they have been hitherto constrained to send their children from thence hither to be taught. " Secondly. It was thought fit that the school should be placed in one of the four cities, and they conceived that Charles City, of the four, did afford the most con- venient place for that purpose, as weU ia respect it matcheth with the best in wholesomeness of air, as also for the commodious situation thereof, being not far dis- tant from Henrico and other particular plantations. " It was also thought fit that, in honour of the East India benefactors, the same should be called the East India School, who shall have precedence before any other to present their children there, to be brought up in the rudiments of learning. " It was also thought fit that this, as a collegiate or free school, should have dependence upon the college in Virginia, which should be made capable to receive scholars from the school into such scholarships ; and fel- lowships of said college shall be endowed withal for the advancement of scholars as they arise by degree and desert in learning. " That, for the better maintenance of the schoolmaster and usher intended there to be placed, it was thought fit that it should be moved at the next quarter court that one thousand acres of land should be allotted unto the said school, and that tenants, besides an overseer of 128 SELECTION OF SCHOOLMASTER. thenoL, stould be forthwith sent upon this charge, in the condition of apprentices, to manure and cultiTate said land ; and that, ovct and above this aUowance of land and tenants to the schoolmaster, such as send their chil- dren to the school should give some benevolence unto the schoolmasTer, for the better increase of his main- tenance. " That it should be specially recommended to the governor to take care that the planter there be stirred up to put their helping hands towards the speedy build- ing of the said school, in respect that their children are likely to receive the greatest benefit thereby in their education ; and to let them know that those that exceed others in their bounty and assistance hereunto shall be privileged with the preferment of their children to these said schools before others that shall be found less worthy. " It is likewise thought fit that a good schijohnaster be proTided, forthwith to be sent unto this school '■ It was also informed, by a gentleman of this com- mittee, that he knew one, that desired not to be named, that would liestow £30, to be added to the former sum of £70 to make it an £100, towards the building of the said schi>jL'' This report, being read, was well approved o^ and thought fit to be referred for confirmation to the next quarter court On November 19, 1621, the Company again considered the matter. " "Whereas the committee appointed to treat with Mr. Copland about the building of the East India church, or LAND GRANTED TO COPLAND. 129 school, in Virginia, towards which a contribution of £70 was freely given by some of the East India Company that came home in the ' Eoyal James,' did now make report what special reasons moved them to resolve for the bestowing of that money towards the erection of a school rather than a church, which report is at large set down at a court held last October. " And further, that they had allowed one thou- sand acres of land and five apprentices, besides an overseer, to manure, besides that benevolence that is hoped will be given by each man that sends his children thither to be taught, for the schoolmaster's maintenance in his first beginning ; which allowance of land and tenants, being put to the question, was well ap- proved of, and referred for confirmation to the quarter court ; provided that in the establishment hereof the Company reserve unto themselves power to make laws and orders for the better government of the said school and the revenues and profits that shall thereunto belong. " It was further moved that, in respect of Mr. Cop- land, minister, hath been a chief cause of procuring this former contribution to be given by the aforesaid Com- pany, and had also writ divers letters to many factories ia the East Indies to move them to follow this good example, for the better advancement of this pious work, that therefore the Company would please to gratify him with some proportion of land. " Whereupon the court, taking it into consideration, and being also informed that Mr. Copland was furnishing 1 13° JOHX BRINSLEY-S BOOK. out persons to be transported tliis present voyage to plant and iahabit upon said lands as shoidd be granted unto them by tbe Companv, they were the rather in- duced to bestow upon him an extraordiaacy gratification of three shares of land, old adventure, which is three hundred acres, upon a first division, without paying rent to the Ck)nipaQy, referring the further ratification of the said gift to the quarter court, as also his admittance of being a free brother of this Company." About this time a yotmg Puritan minister, John Brinsley, a nephew of the so-called English Seneca, the distinguished Bishop Hall, and the private secretary of his uncle at the synod of Dort, who also in after life became the author of many classical and theological treatises, prepared a little book stiitable for the projected school in Yirgrnia. As published, it made a small quarto of eighty-four pages, and was a plea for learning and the schoolmaster. He stated that the incivility '■ amongst manie of the Irish, the Yirgineans, and all other barbarous nations," grew ■from their exceeding ignorance of our holy Grod, and of all true and good learning." On another page he adds that it was his unfeigned desire to adapt the book '"'for all functions and places, and more particularly to every ruder place, as to the ignorant country of Wales, and more especially to that poor Irish nation, with our loving countrymen of Virginia." ^ ' In the library of UniTeisity of Dublin is a copy of this irork, prepared especially for the Virginia Company's plantations, vith the following title : — CONSOLATION FOR OUR GRAMMAR SCHOOLS. 131 At a court held for Virginia the 19 th of December 1621, Mr. Bahnfield signified unto the court of a book " compiled by a painful schoolmaster, one Mr. John Brinsley ;" whereupon the court gave order that the Company's thanks should be given unto him, and appointed a select committee to peruse the said book, viz.. Sir John Danvers, Mr. Deputy, Mr. Gibbs, Mr. Wroth, Mr. Bahnfield, Mr. Copland, Mr. Ayres, and Mr. Nicho. Ferrar, who are entreated to meet when Mr. Deputy shall appoint, and after to make report of their opinions touching the same at the next court. On Wednesday, the 16th January 1621 [1622], the committee appointed to -peruse the book which Mr. A CONSOLATION For our Grammar SCHOOLES or a faithful and most comfortable in- couragement for laying oj a sure foundation of a good learninge in our Schooles and for prosperous building thereunto; More specially for all those of the inferiour sort and all rude countries and places, namely, for Ireland, Wales, Virginia, with the Sommer Hands and for the more speedie attaining of our English tongue by the same labour, that all speake one and the same language ; And withall for the helping of all such as are de- sirous speedlie to recover that which they had formerlie got in the Grammar Schooles and to proceed aright therein for the perpetual benefit of these our Nations, and of the churches of Christ. London : Printed by Richard Field, for Thomas IVIan, dwelling in Paternoster Row, at the sign of the Talbot :.i622 132 JBRINSLEVS ADDRESS TO VIRGINIA COMPANY. Jolm Biinsley, schoolmaster, presented at the last court, touching the education of the younger sort of scholars, " forasmuch as they had as yet no time to peruse the same, by reason of many businesses that did arise, they desired of the court some longer respite, w^hich was granted unto them. ]Mr. Copland, being present, was entreated to peruse it in the meantime, and deliver his opinion thereof to the committee, at their meeting about it."^ At a quarter court held on January 30, 1621-2, "the ' Brinsley in an epistle addresses the Virginia Company conceniiDg Bis book, as follows : — " The triall whereof I dare (through Cfod's goodnesse) tender to any by yonrselaes appointed to make fnU demonstration of it, to their like, as I faane formerly done to the most learned and fit that I could chose to this purpose, as appeareth in the Examiner's Censnre in the closing of this little Treatise. And withal to help that we may hane by the same not only the puritie of onr owne language presemed amongst all onr own people there, bnt also that it may be iead£y learned in the Schooles, together with the I^trn and other tongnes, and so more propagated to the rudest Welch and Irish. " Thus hare I presumed to tender vnto yon (right Honourable and right Worshipfull) whatsoe the Lord hath vouchsafed me, whereof I haue had hope that it might help you in your gouemment and charges for the good of those poore people conmiitted to you, and specially which might further the happy snec^se of that so much desired plantation . . . which, if after further triall made by you, it shall be as eurteonsly accepted as it is heartily and cheerefully offered according to that which I haue receined from the Lord, I shall haue not only some cause to blesse TTia hearenly Maiesty, but also be encouraged still to prosecute these poore trauels, and to study the further good of them all during life, especially for drawing the poor natiues in Vir- ginia, and all other of the rest of the rude and barbarous from Sathan to God, and so rest " Yours in all humble observance and hearty prayer to God for you, " JOHX BEIXSIEy." The examiners to whom he allndes were "James TTssher, Doctour and Professor of Divinitie in Univeraitie of Dnblin ; Daniel Featly, Doctour of Divinitie, and Chaplin in house to his Grace of Canterburie," who wrote their commendation March 15, 1620-21. SECOND LETTER FROM "DUST AND ASHES." 133 letter subscribed D. and A., brought to the former court by an unknown messenger, was now again presented to be read, the contents whereof are as follows : — "' Januakt28, 1621. ".'Most Worthy Company, — Whereas I sent the Treasurer and yourselves a letter, subscribed " Dust and Ashes," which promised £550, and did, some time after- ward, according to my promise, send the said money to Sir Edwin Sandys, to be delivered to the Company. In which letter I did not directly order the bestowiag of the said money, but showed my interest for the conver- sion of infidels' children, as it will appear by that letter, which I desire may be read in open court, whereiri I chiefly commend the orderiag thereof to the wisdom of the honourable Company. And whereas the gentlemen of Southampton Hundred have undertaken the disposing of the said £550, I have long attended to see the erect- ing of some schools, or other way whereby some of the children of the Virginians might have been taught and brought up ra the Christian religion and good manners, which are not being done according to my intent, but the money detaiaed by a private Hundred aU this whde, contrary to my mind, though I judge very charitably of that honourable Society. And as already you have received a great and the most painfully gained part of my estate towards the laying of the foundation of the Christian rehgion, and helping forward of this pious work in that heathen, now Christian, land, so now I require of the whole body of the honourable and worthy Company, whom I entrusted with the disposal of said 134 PROPOSAL RELATIVE TO INDIAN CHILDREN. moneys, to see the same speedily and faithfully con- verted to the work intended. And I do further pro- pound to your honourable Company, that if you "will procure that some of the male children of the Virginians, though but a few, be brought over into England here to be educated and taught, and to wear a habit as the children of Christ's Hospital do, and that you will be pleased to see the £550 converted to this use, then I faithfully promise to add £450 more, to make the sum jEIOOO, which, if God permit, I wiD. cheerfully send you, only I desire to nominate the first tutor or governor who shall take charge to nurse and instruct them. But if you, in your wisdom, like not this motion, then my humble suit unto the whole body of your honourable Company is that my former gift of £550 be wholly employed and bestowed upon a free school to be erected in Southampton Hundred, so it be presently employed, or such other place as I or my friends shall well like,^ wherein both Enghsh and Virginians may be taught together, and that the said school be endowed with such privileges as you, in your wisdom, shall think fit. The master of which school, I humbly crave, may not be allowed to go over except he first bring to the Com- pany sound testimony of his sufficiency in learning and sincerity of life. " ' The Lord give you wise and understanding hearts, that his work therein be not negligently performed. " ' D. AND A. " ' Tlix, Bight Honourable and Worthy the " 'Treasurer, Council and Company of Virginia.'" Sm ED IVm SAND YS ON INDIAN ED UCA TION. 1 3 5 The letter being referred to the consideration of this court, forasmuch as it did require an account of this Company how they have expended the said money, viz., the £550 in gold for the bringing up of the infidels' children in true religion and Christianity, Sir Edwin Sandys declared that the said money coming unto him enclosed in a box in the time of his being treasurer, not long after a letter subscribed "Dust and Ashes" had been directed unto him in the quality of treasurer, and delivered in the court and there openly read. He brought the money also to the next court in the box unopened, whereupon the court, after a large and serious dehberation how the said money might be best employed to the use intended, at length resolved that it was fittest to be entertained by the Societies of Southampton Hun- dred and Martin's Hundred, and easy to undertake for a certain number of infidels' children to be brought up by them and amongst them in Christian religion, and some good trade to live by according to the donor's religious desire. But Martin's Hundred desired to be excused by reason their plantation was sorely weakened and then in much confusion ; wherefore it being pressed that Southampton Hundred should undertake the whole, they also con- sidering, together with the weight, the difiiculty also and hazard of the business, were likewise very unwiUing to undertake the managing thereof, and offered an addi- tion of £100 more unto the former sum of £550, that it might not be put upon them. But being earnestly pressed thereunto by the court, 136 IRONWORKS IN VIRGINIA. and finding no other means how to set forward that great work, yielded in fine to accept thereof. Whereupon, soon after, at an assembly of that Society, the adventurers entered into a careful consideration how this great and mighty business might, with the most speed and great advantage, be effected. Whereupon it was agreed and reported by them to employ the said money, together with an addition out of the Society's purse of a far greater sum, toward the furnishing out of Captain Bluett and his companions, being so very able and sufficient workmen, with all manner of provisions for the setting up of an ironwork in Virginia, whereof the profits arising were intended and ordered in a rateable proportion to be faithfully employed for the educating of thirty of the infidels' children in Christian religion, and otherwise as the donor had required. To which end they writ very effectual letters unto Sir George Yeardley, then governor of Virginia, and captain also of Southampton plantation, not only commending the excellence of the work, but also furnishing him at large with advice and direction how to proceed therein, with a most earnest adjuration, and that often iterated in all their succeeding letters, so to employ his best care and industry therein, as a work wherein the eyes of God, angels, and men were fixed. The copy of my letter and direction, through some omission of their officer, was not entered in their book, but a course should be taken to have it recovered. In answer of this letter they received a letter from Sir A DONOR'S MODESTY. 137 George Yeardley, showing how difficult a thiag it was at that time to obtain any of their children with the consent and good likiag of their parents, by reason of their tenderness of them, or fear of hard usage by the English, unless it might be by a treaty with Opachan- kano, the King, which treaty was appointed to be that summer, wherein he would not fail to do his uttermost endeavours. But Captain Bluett dying shortly after his arrival, it was a great setting back of the ironwork intended ; yet since that time there had been orders to restore that business with a fresh supply, so as he hoped wOl the gentleman that gave this gift should receive good satis- faction by the faithful account which they should be able and at aU times would be ready to give, touching the employment of the said money. Concerning which Sir Edwin Sandys further said that, as he could not but highly commend the gentleman for his worthy and most Christian act, so he had observed so great inconvenience by his modesty and eschewing of show of vain glory by concealing his name, whereby they were deprived of the mutual help and advice which they might have had by conferring with him; and whereby also he might have received more clear satisfaction with what integrity, care, and industry they had managed that business, the success whereof must be submitted to the pleasure of God, as it had been com- mended to His blessing. He concluded that if the gentleman would either vouchsafe himself or send any of his friends to confer 138 BOOKS FOR VIRGIXIA COLLEGE. with the said Society, they would be glad to apply themselves to give him aU good satisfectioiL But for his own particular judgment he doubted that neither of the two courses particularized in this last letter, now read in court, would attain the effect so much desired. Xow, to send for them into England and to have them educated here, he found, upon experience of those brought by Sir Tho. Dale, might be far from the Christian work intended- Again, to begin with build- ing of a free school for them in Virginia, he doubted, considering that none of the buildings they there in- tended had yet prospered, by reason Aat as yet, through their doting so much upon tobacco, no fit workman could be had but at intolerable rates, it might rather tend to the exhausting of this sacred treasure in some small febric, than to accomplish such a foundation as might satisfv men's expectations. Whereupon, he wished again some meeting between the gentleman or his friends and Southampton Societv, that all things being debated at fall, and judiciously weighed, some constant course might be resolved on, and pursued for proceeding in and perfecting of this most pious work, for which he prayed the blessing of God to be upon the author thereof ; and aU the Com- pany said Amen. In the midst of this narration a stranger stepped in, presenting four book? fairly bound, sent from a person refusing to be named, who had bestowed them upon the college in Virginia, being from the same man that gave heretofore four other great books ; the names (rf ADDITIONAL DONATION FOR FREE SCHOOL. 139 those he now sent were, viz. — a large Church Bible, the Common Prayer Book, Ursinus's Catechism, and a small Bible richly embroidered. The court desired the messenger to return the gen- tleman that gave them, general acknowledgment of much respect and thanks due unto him. A letter was also presented from one that desired not as yet to be named, with £25 in gold, to be employed by way of addition to the former contribution towards the building of a free school in Virginia, to make the other sum a£l25, for which the Company desired the messenger to return him their hearty thanks. Mr. Copland moved that, whereas it was ordered by the last quarter court that an usher should be sent to Virginia, with the first convenience, to instruct the children in the free school there intended to be erected, that forasmuch as there was now a very good scholar whom he well knew, and had good testimony for his sufficiency in learning and good carriage, who offered himself to go for the performance of this service, he therefore thought good to acquaint the court therewith, and to leave it to their better judgment and considera- tion, whereupon the court appointed a committee, to treat with the said party, viz., Mr. Gibbs, Mr. Wroth, Mr. Wrote, Mr. Copland, Mr. Balmford, Mr. Roberts, who are to join herein with the rest of the committee and to meet about it upon Monday next, in the moruT ing about eight, at Mr. Deputy's, and hereof to make report. On February 27, 1621-2, the committee's report I40 USHER FOR FREE SCHOOL. touching the allowance granted mito the usher of the free school intended ia Virginia being read, Mr. Copland signified that the said usher having lately imparted his mind im^to him, seemed unwilling to go as usher or any less title than master of the said school, and also to be assured of that allowance that \s, intended to be appro- priated to the master for his proper maintenance. But it was answered that they might not swerve from the order of the quarter court, which did appoint the usher to be first established, for the better advancement of which action divers had imderwritten to a roU for that purpose drawn, which did already arise to a good sum of money, and was like daily to increase by reason of men's affections to forward so good a work. In which respect many sufficient scholars did now offer themselves to go upon the same condition as had been proposed to this party, yet in favour of him, forsomuch as he was specially recommended by Mr. Copland, whom the com- pany do much respect, the court is pleased to give him some time to consider of it between this and the next court, desiring then to know his direct answer, whether he will accept of the place of usher as has been offered unto him. And if he shall accept thereof, then the court have entreated Mr. Balmford, !Mr. Copland, ^Ir. CaswelL, ^Ir. Mollinge, to confer with him about the method of teaching, and the books he intends to instruct children by. On the 13th of March the coml;, taking into their consideration certain propositions presented unto them by !Mr. Copland in behalf of Mr. Dike, formerly com- ALLOWANCES OF USHER. 141 mended for the usher's place in the free school intended at Charles City, in Virginia, they have agreed in eflfect unto his several requests, namely, that upon certificates from the governor of Virginia, of his sufficiency and diligence in training up of youth committed to his charge, he shall be confirmed in the place of the master of the said school. Secondly, that if he can procure an expert writer to go over with him that can withal teach the grounds of arithmetic whereby to instruct the children in matters of account, the Company are contented to give such a one his passage, whose pains they doubt not wiU weU be rewarded by those whose children shall be taught by him. And for the allowance of one hundred acres of land he desires for his own proper inheritance, it is agreed that after he had served out his time, which is to be five years at least, and longer during his own pleasure, he giving a year's warning upon his remove, whereby another may be provided in his room, the Company are pleased to grant him one hundred acres. It is also agreed that he shall be furnished with books, first for the school, for which he is to be ac- countable ; and for the children the Company have likewise undertaken to provide good store of books, fitting for their use, for which their parents are to be answerable. Lastly, it is ordered that the agreement between him and the Company shall, according to his own request, be set down in writing, by way of articles indented. 142 SAFE ARRIVAL OF SHIPS. Upon tte same day the following miimte was entered on the journal of the Company : — "Whereas 'Sh. Deputy acquainted the former court with that news he had received by word of mouth, of the safe arrival of eight of their ships in Virginia, with all their people and provisions sent out this last summer, he now signified that the general letter has come to his hands, imparting as much as had been formerly delivered, which letter for more particular relations did refer to the letters sent by the ' George/ which he hoped they should shortly hear of. "Upon declaration of the Company's thankfulness imto Grod for the joyftd and welcome news from Vir- ginia, a motion was made that this acknowledgment of their thankfolness might not only be done in a private court, but published by some learned minister in a sermon to that purpose, before a general assembly of the Company, which motion was well approved of and thought fit to be taken into consideration upon return of the ' Gteorge,' which was daily expected, when they hoped they should receive more particular adver- tisement concemincr their afiairs in VironTiia.-" Early in April 1622, the following action was taken : — " Forasmuch as the ' George' was now safe returned from Virginia, confirming the good news thev had for- merly received of the safe arrival of their ships and people in A irginia, sent this last time, it was now thought fit and resolved according to a motion for- merly made to the like effect, that a sermon should be COPLAND INVITED TO PREACH. 143 preached to express the Company's thankfulness nnto God for this His great and extraordinary blessing. " To which end the court entreated Mr. Copland, being present, to take the pains to preach the said sermon, being a brother of the Company, and one that was well acquainted with the happy success of their affairs in Virginia this last year. " Upon which request, Mr. Copland was pleased to undertake it, and therefore two places being proposed where this exercise should be performed, namely, St. Michael's in CornhiU or Bowe Church, it was by erection of hands appointed to be in Bowe Church, on Wednes- day next, being the 1 7th day of this present month of April, about 4 o'clock in the afternoon, for which pur- pose Mr. Carter is appointed to give notice of the time and place to aU the Company." CHAPTER IX. Copland's seemon at bow ohxtech. A FTER tlie great fire in Londoii, Bow Churcli was ■^-^ altered and renovated by tlie celebrated architect. Sir Christoplier Wren; but in 1622 it was a venerable time-stained pile, begun ia the days of WiUiam tbe Conqueror, and tbe fiirst ia the city built on arches of stone, and hence called St. Marie de arcubus, then St. Mary-le-bow, and at length abbreviated by the busy Londoners iato Bow Church. For more than a century the curfew, from its belfry, had been familiar to the citizens, and as it rung at nine o'clock, every apprentice tore himself away from the maiden he loved, or boon companions, and hurried home, fearing, if he was too late, that his unsympathizing master would meet hJTn with a frown. On Thursday, the 18th of April,^ about four of the clock ia the afternoon, the ringing of Bow Bell signified that there was to be a special service. The wealthy merchants of Lombard Street left the counting-rooms, and handsomely-dressed women, from the fashionable residences on St. Sythe's Lane, slowly moved, in sedans, ' The time of delivery was changed from Wednesday to Thiirsday. PERILS OF SAILORS. 145 toward this central church., to listen to the Thanksgiving sermon ordered by the Virginia Company, about to be preached by the eloquent and enthusiastic Copland. The text selected was most appropriate, consisting of that portion of the 1 7th Psahn from the twenty-second verse, describing the actions and feelings of sailors in a violent storm, and their joy at reaching a quiet haven. He commenced by stating that the occasion of their assembling was to celebrate the goodness of God, and to give public thanks for the arrival of the fleet of nine ships in Virginia, during the last November and Decem- ber, and the safe landing of eight hundred men, women, and children. In unfolding the text, he spoke of their dangers, deliverance, and consequent duty. In alluding to the dangers of mariners, his sentences were graphic : — "It is next to famine, imprisonment, and a deadly disease to be a seaman ; for as one saith, ' Navigantes neque inter vivos neque inter mortuos,' sailors are neither amongst the living nor yet amongst the dead, as, having but a few inches of plank between them and death, they hang between both, ready to ofier up their souls to every flaw of wind and biUow of water wherein they are tossed. The immoveable rocks, and the mutable winds ; the overflowing waters and swallowing sands ; the tem- pestuous storms and spoiling pirates, have their lives at their mercy and command. Mariners, living in the sea almost, as fishes, having the waters as their necessariest element, are commonly men void of fear, venturous, and contemners of dangers ; yet when God, on a sudden, commandeth a storm, and sitteth himself in the mouth K 146 TIMIDITY OF MARINERS. of the tempest, wten their ship is foundred with water Tinder them; when life and soid are ready to shake hands and depart this present vrorld, then even these nought-fearing fellows, these high-stomaked men, trem- ble for fear, like Mnt-hearted women, that shrink at every stir in a wherry on the Eiver of Thames, in a rough and boisterous tide, or like unto a young soldier, which starteth at the shooting off of a gun.' After he spoke of the danger of manners, he con- tinued : — ■ But you will say, what needeth all this discourse touching the danger of sea-men : we are met together for another purpose^to giue thanks vnto Grod \ Be- loved, I doe confesse, indeed it is so, that the end of our present meeting is for Thankesgiuing. But how can we euer be feelingly thankfall as we shoxdd, in word and deed, if wee know not the danger wherein wee are, and the deliuerance vouchsafed vnto us ? Will not the true knowledge and deepe consideration of these make vs put so many the more thankes vnto oiur sacri- fice of prayse '-. ■ Wherefore. I beseech you to take to heart — First, the danger of your people in their passages both to Virgroia and after their landing. Secondly, the danger of your whole colony there. Tlardly, the danger of yourselues here at home. And lest others that are not of your Honourable Company may thinke this point impertinent to them, let all of us consider the dangers wherein we are, and still are, and the many deliuer- ances vouchsafed vnto us (for I must intreat you to SUFFERING OF FIRST COLONISTS. 147 giue me leave to joyne danger and deliuerance together, for the better stirring of you up to your dvtie. And then I doubt not but all of vs shall have cause to con- fesse before the Lord his louing-kindnesse and his won- derfuU workes before the sonnes of men. " And, first, to touch the danger of your people both in their passage to Virginia and after their landing there, may I not say, in the words of Job, ' Will yee giue the words of him that is afflicted to the winde V As if he had said, when affliction itselfe, and the inmost sorrowes of my heart teU my tale, will you regard it ? ! that your soules were in my soule's stead, that you felt as much sorrow as I doe. Loquor in angustia mea, queror in amaritu animce mew, I speake that that I speake from a world of trouble, I make my complaint in the bitternesse of my soule. Sirrely, if some hundreds of those that miscarried in the infancie, and at the first beginning of your Plantation (which is exceedingly bettered in these two yeeres), were now aliue, I thinke they would speake no otherwise than Job spake : Wil you giue the words of the that are afflicted to the winde I WOl ye not beleeue in what danger we were when some of vs made shipwracke vpon the supposed inchanted Hands ; when others of vs encountred with bloudie enemies in the West Indies ; when many of us dyed by the way ; and when those that were left aliue, some perished ashore for want of comfortable prouisions and looking vnto, and others were killed with the bowes and arrowes of the savages, vpon our first landing there '? I presume I speake to melting hearts of flesh, as ten- 148 VOYAGE TO AMERICA IMPROVED. derly sensible of your brethren's woe, as heartily thank- ful for your owne good. " And now. Beloved, since the case is altered, that all difficulties are swallowed yp. And seeing first, there is no danger by the way ; neither through encountring of enemy or pyrate ; nor meeting with rockes, or sholes (aE which to sea-faring men are very dangerous, and from aU which your ships and people are farre remoued, by reason of their faire and safe passage through the maine Ocean) ; nor through the tediousnesse of the pas- sage, the fittest season of the yeare for a speedie passage being now farre better knowne than before, and by that meanes the passage itselfe made almost in so many weekes as formerly it was wont to be made in moneths, which I conceiue to be through the blessing of God, the maine cause of the safe arriual of your last fleete of nine sayle of ships that not one (but one, in whose roome there was another borne) of eight hundred, which were transported out of England and Ireland^ for your Plan- tation, should miscarry by the way ; whereas, in your former voyages, scarce 80 of a 100 arrived safely in Virginia. " And, secondly, seeing there is no danger after their landing, either through warres, or famine, or want of ' Ireland has always been a hive from which America has derived stnrdy hewere of -K-ood to subdue the forests. On April 12, 1621, William Xewce, of county Cork, offered to transport two thousand persons to Virginia, Soon after, Daniel Gookin, of county Cork, brother of Sir Vincent Gookin, trans- ported cows and goats from Ireland. Xewce and Gookin both settled in Virginia. The former died a few davs after his airiTal; the latter was living at Newport iS^ews at the time of the massacre in spring of 1622, and his descendants are now numerous in United States of America. GOOD PROVISIONS IN _ VIRGINIA. 149 conuenient lodging and looking to, through which many miscarried heretofore, for, blessed be God, there hath beene a long time, and still is, a happie league of peace and amitie, soundly concluded and faithfully kept, be- tweene the English and the Natiues, that the fear of killing each other is now vanished away. Besides, there is now in your Plantation plentie of good and wholesome provisions, for the strength and comfort not onely of the Colony, but also of aU such as after their passage doe land ashore. There is also conuenient lodging and carefull attendance prouided for them till they can pro- uide for thenoselues, and a faire Inne for receiuing and harbouring them in James Cittie, to the setting up of which both your worshipfull Govemour, Sir Francis Wyat, and your worthie Treasurer, Master George Sands,^ doe write, that they doubt not but there will be raised betweene fifteene hundred and two thousand pounds, to which every man contributeth cheerfully and bountifully, they being aU free-hearted and open-handed ^ In 1621, Christopher Davison, second son of Sir William Davison, and brother of the poets, Walter and Francis, was elected Secretary, and George Sandys, brother of the President of the London Company, was elected trea- surer. Before he left England the latter .published a translation of five books of Ovid, to which Drayton alluded in a rhyming letter : — " And worthy George, by industry and use. Let's see what lines Virginia will produce ; Go on with Ovid, as you have begun With the first five books ; let y'r numbers run Glib as the former, so shall it live long, And do much honour to the English tongue." While in America, he translated the remaining books, and the whole was published in folio, with illustrations, in 1626, at London. A sixth and .pocket edition appeared in 1669. He lived to be an old man, and died at the house of his niece, the widow of Governor Wyatt. In the register of Bexley Abbey is this entry : — " Georgius Sandys, Poetarum Anglorum sui sceculi facile princeps, sepultus fuit Martii 1 stilo AugUo. An. Dom. 1643." ISO GOVERyOR FRANCIS IVYATT. to all pubUqTie, good workes. Seeing, I say, that now all former difficulties (vrhicli mucli hindered the pro- gresse of your noble Plantation) are remoued, and, ia a manner, ouercome : And that your people in your colony (through God's mercy) were all in good health, euery one busied ia their vocations, as bees in their hiues, at the setting saile of your ship, the ' C!oncord,' from Vir- ginia, in March last, what miracles are these 1 O what cause haue you and they to confesse before the Lord his louing-kindnesse, and his wonderfall workes before the sonnes of men ! "But, to passe from the danger and deliuerance of your people, who indangered, yea, lost their Hues in setting up your Plantation, consider, I beseech yon, in the second place-, the danger wherein your colony stood at the time of Sir Thomas Gates arriying in Vir- ginia from the Summer Ilands,^ when it was concluded a few days after his landing, by himself. Sir George Summers, Captaine Xewport, and the whole CounseU, by the general approbation of all, to abandon the Colony (because of the want of provisions), and to make for New-found-land, and so for England. And will not the hopefull setling of your Colony there, now tmder the government of a worthy and worshipfnll Commander,^ 1 ArriTed May 21, 1610. ' Governor Francis Wj-att was the son of George Wyatt, who died in Ire- land. He was nominated to the office by the Earl of Sonth^npton. The MS. Transactions of London Company state : — " His Lordship proposed nnto the Company a gentleman recommended onto him for his many good parts, namely. Sir Francis Wyatt, who was well reputed of, both in respect of his parentage, good edncation, integritie of life, and faire fortunes, being his father's eldest sonne, as also for his sufficiency othowise, being eueiy HOPEFUL PROSPECT. 151 and a wise and wel-experienced Counsell, stirre you up to confesse before the Lord his louing-kindnesse, and his wonderfull workes before the sonnes of men % " But if neither the danger of your people, nor the danger of your whole Colony abroad, and the deliuer- ance vouchsafed to them both be enough to stirre you up to confesse before the Lord His louing-kiadnesse ; then, I beseech you, in the third place, to consider the danger of your own selues here at home, and what masse of money have you buried in that Plantation ? How many of you had it not made to wish that you had never put your hand to this plough 1 Nay, how many of you had it not made to shrinke in your shoul- ders ; and to sinke (as it were) vnder the burden, and to be quite out of hope for euer seeing penny of that you had so largely debursed 1 " And now, Beloued, is not the case altered 1 Are not your hopes great of seeing, nay, of feeling within a few years of double, treble, yea, I may say, of tenfold for one 1 " Do not all of you know what that religious and judicious overseer of your College lands there writeth unto you from thence?'^ 'No man,' sayeth he, 'can way, without exception, fittinge for this place." In 1626 Wyatt returned to England. In 1639 he was re-appointed Governor, hut was soon succeeded by Berkeley. He died in 1644, and was buried at Bexley, in Kent. His mother was Eleanora, daughter of Sir John Finch ; his wife Margaret, the child of Samuel Sandys. Chamberlain, in a letter to Sir Dudley Carleton, dated 19th June 1623, writes : — " An unruly son of the Lady Finch's, whom she sent to Virginia to be trained, within five or six days after his return, fell into a quarrel with the watch, anid was so hurt he died the next morning." 1 George Thorpe's letter from James City, dated May 17, 1621. 152 JAPAN AND VIRGINIA COMPARED. justly say that this country k not capable of aU those good things that you in your \dsedomes, with great charge, hare projected, both for her wealth and honour, and also all other good things that the most opiilent parts of Christendome do afford, neither are we hopeles.? that this country may also yield things of better value than any of those.' " And surely, by that which I have heard and scene abroad in my travailing to India and Japan, I am con- firmed in the truth of that which he doth write; for Japan, lying in the same latitude that Virginia doth — and if there be any ods, Virginia hath them, as lying more southerly than Japan doth — Japan, I say, lying under the same latitude that Virginia doth, aboundeth with all things for profit and pleasure, being one of the mightiest and opulentest Empires in the world, having in it many rich mines of gold and silver. "And had you not a taste of some marchantable commodities sent vnto you fi"om Virginia some yeeres agoe, whilest that worshipfull and worthy Govemour, Sir Thomas Dale, sent home vnto you samples of aboue a dossen seuerall good conmiodities from thence 1 Have you not now great hopes of abundance of come, wine, ovle, lemmons, oranges, pomegranats, and all maner of fiaiites pleasant to the eye and wholesome for the belly \ And of plentie of sOke, silke-grasse, cotton, wooU, flas, hemp, &c., for the backe ? Are you not already pos- sessed with rich mines of copper and yron, and are not your hopes great of farre richer minerals ? '■ Have you not read what of late your worthie Trea- LETTER OF GEORGE SANDYS. 153 surer^ doth write uiito you ? 'If (sayth hee) ' we over- come this yeere the Iron-workes, Glasse-workes, Salt- workes ; take order for the plentifull setting of corne, restraine the quantitie of tobacco, and mend it in the qualitie, plant vines, mulberry-trees, fig-trees, pomegra- nats, potatoes, cotton- wooles ; and erect a faire Inne in James Citie (to the setting up of which I doubt not but wee shall raise fifteene hundred or two thousand pounds, for every man gives willingly towards this and other public works), you have enough for this yeere.' " And a little after, in the same letter, ' Maister Pory^ 1 George Sandys' letter of March 3, 1621-2. 2 John Pory was a graduate of Cambridge, a protggg of Hakluyt, a great traveller and good writer, but gained the reputation of being a chronic tip- pler, and literary vagabond and sponger. A letter- writer on August 11, 1612, says : — " It is long since I heard of Master Pory, but now at last understand he lies lieger at Paris, maintained by the Lord Carew." Sir Dudley Carleton wrote on July 9, 1613, from Venice : — " Master Pory is come to Turin with purpose to see those parts, but wants prhnuTn necessarium, and hath, therefore, conjured me with these words — hy the hind and constant intelligence which passeth betwixt you and my best friends in Eng- land — to send him fourteen doubloons, wherewith to disengage him, where he lies in pawn, not knowing how to go forward or backward. I have done more in respect of his friends than himself, for I hear he is fallen too much in love with the pot to be much esteemed, and have sent him what he wrote for by Matthew, the post." A correspondent of Carleton wrote on August 1 of the same year : — " You had not need meet with many s\ich poor moths as Master Pory, who must have both meat and money, for drink he wUl find out himself, it it be ahov& ground, or no deeper than the cellar." In 1619, he was made Secretary of the Colony of Virginia, and after his recall (on account of his intolerable fees), while returning to England, he stopped at the infant Plymouth settlement, and had pleasant intercourse with Governor Bradford and William Brewster, with whom he may have been acquainted in Holland, and received from them some books, which he esteemed as " jewels," he says, in a note to Bradford, dated August 28, 1622, and signed, " Your unfeigned and firm friend." (See Bradford's New Plymouth) A letter from Loudon, dated July 26, 1623, says : — " Our old acquaintance, 1 54 EXPLORATIOXS OF JOHX PORY. deserves good incourageinent for his paiaefal discoveries to the southward, as far as the Clioanoack, who, al- thoTigh he hath trod on a little good groimd, hath past through great forests of pynes, 15 or 16 myle broad, and above 60 mile long, which will serve well for masts for shipping, and for pitch and tarr, when we shall come to extend our Plantation to those borders. " ' On the other side of the river there is a frnitfull cotmtrie, blessed with abonndance of come, reaped twise a yeare ; abone which is the copper mines, by all of all places generally affirmed. Hee hath also met with a great deale of silke-grass, which orows there monethly, of which Maister Harriot hath affirmed ia print, many yeeres ago, that it will make silke grow-graines, and of which and cotton wooll all the Cambaya and Bengala stuffes are made in the East Indies.' " Heard yon not with yonr own eares what Mr. John ilartin, an Armenian by birth (that hath lived now six or seven yeeres in Virginia, and is but very lately come from thence, who also far preferre Virginia to England, to retume thither againe with this resolution Mr. Pory, is in pot.r case, and in prison sk the Terceras, whiUier he was driTen by contrary winds, from the noiih coast of Virginian, ^rheie he had been npon some discOTery, and upon his uiiTal, 'vras arraigned and in danger to be hanged for a pirate." On his arriral in liondon, he associated frith the disaffecte-i minariiy of the Yirgima Company, -who sneceeded in aroosing the prejudices of the King, so as to deprive them of the goTemment of the Colony. In 1624, he was one of a commission appointed by order of James to pro- ceed to Virginia, and report upon itf condition. At Jamestoim he displayed a lack of honour in bribing Edirard Sharpless, clerk of the council, to gire him a copy of their proceedings, for which the perjured derk was made by the Viiginians to stand in the plloiy and lose an ear. MARTIN, THE ARMENIAN'S TESTIMONY. ISS there to live and die), said, in the audience of your whole Court, the 8th of this instant ? I have travailed, said he, by land, over eighteen several kingdomes, and yet all of them, in my minde, come farr short of Virginia."^ In concluding the second head of the discourse — the deHverances from danger, — he referred to an event which had been much talked of by the members of the Virginia Company. " I win fear no eviU, saith David, neither great nor small ; for it is all one with God to deliver from the greater stormes as well as the lesser. Some difference there is, indeed, of dangers, and deliverances out of them, but it is only such as in books priuted on large, and lesse letter and paper, the matter not varying at all. For example, when G-od brought some of the ships of your former fleetes to Virgitiia in saffcy, here God's providence was seen and felt priuately by some ; and this was a deliuerance written, as it were, in quarto, on a lesser paper and letter. But now, when God brought all of your nine ships, and aU your people in them, in saffcy and health to Virginia ; yea, and that ship Tyger ^ 1 Besides Martin, tte Armenian, Molasco, a Polonian, was a menaber of the Virginia Company. ^ The ships " Warwick " and " Tiger " left the Thames about the middle of September 1621, and carried maids and young women for wives. A MS. letter from the London Company says : — "By this ship ['Warwick '] and pinnace called the 'Tiger' we also send as many maids and young women as wiU make up the number of fifty, with those twelve formerly sent in the ' Marmaduke,' which we hope shall be received with the same Christian piety and charity as they were sent from hence. . . . The adventurers for the charges disbursed in setting them forth, which, coming to twelve pounds, they req^uire one hundred and fifty 156 TURKS CAPTURE THE " TIGER.' of yours, which had fallen into the hands of the Turkish men-of-war, through tempest and contrary windes, she not being able to beare sayle, and by that meanes driuen out of her course some hundreds of miles ; for otherwise, of itselfe, the passage from England to Virginia is out of the walke of Turkes, and cleere and safe from all pyrates who commonly lurke neere ilands and head- lands, and not in the maine oceam When this your Tyger had fahie (by reason of this storme, and some indiscretion of her master and people, who, taking the Turkes to have been Elenmungs bound for Holland or England, bore up the helme to speak with them ; for they needed not, if they had listed, to have come near the Turkes, but have proceeded safely on tieir voyage.) into the hands of those mercilesse Turkes, who had taken from them most of their victuals, and all of their service- able sayles, tackling, and anchors, and had not so much as left them an houre-glasse or compasse to steere their course, thereby utterly disabling them from going from them and proceeding on their voyage ; when I say God had ransomed her out of their hands, as the prophet speaketh, by another sayle which they espyed, and brought her likewise safely to Virginia, with aU her people, two English boys only excepted, for which the Turkes gaue them two others, a French youth, and an Irish, was not here the presence of God printed, as it were, in Folio, on Eoyall Crowne paper, and Capitall Letters V of the best leaf tobacco for each of thenL . . . Their own good deserts, together with your favour and care, will, we hope, marry them sdl unto honest and sofficient men.*" HONEST SETTLERS NEEDED. ij? The discourse ended by urging two steps for tlie wel- fare of Virginia. First, to send faithful and approved preachers, and not such as " offer themselves hand-over- head." ^ He did not wish them to encourage men like those who had pressed themselves upon the East India Company, one of whom is described ia their minutes as a man " of straggling humor, can frame himself to all company, and dehghteth ia tobacco and Avine." ^ In the second place, he exhorted them to " send over skilfuU and painefull tradesmen and husbandmen, to foUow their trades and cultivate the ground. Our Countrey aboundeth with people ; your Colony wanteth them. You aU know that there is nothing more dan- gerous for the estate of commonwealths than when the people doe increase to a greater number and multitude than may justly paraUell with the largenesse of the place and country in which they liue. For even as bloud, though it be the best humour in the body, yet ■if it abound in greater quantitie then the vesseU and state of the body wOl contayne and beare, doth in- danger the body, and oftentimes destroy it ; so, al- though the honour of a king be iii the multitude of people, as wise King Solomon speaketh, yet when this multitude of people increaseth to ouer great a number, the commonwealth stands subject to many perilous in- conveniences — as famine, pouerty, and sundry other sorts of calamities. " Thus, hauing falne iato this point of exalting God ia the congregation of the people, and the assembly of ' Virginia's God he Thanked, p. 29. ^ Cal. State Papers. East Indies. 158 LONDON STREET CHILDREN TRANSPORTED. the elders, I haue here good occasion oflfered to mee to blesse God for the 'prudence and prouidence of this honourable Lord Maior, and the right worshipfull the Aldermen, his brethren ; who, seeing this Cittie to be mightily increased, and fearing lest the ouerflowing multitude of inhabitants should, like too much blood, infect the whole Cittie with plague and pouertie, haue therefore deuised, in their great wisdomes,*a remedy for this malady — ^to wit : the transporting of their ouerflowing multitude into Virginia, which was first put in practise in the Maioraltie of that worthy and famous Lord Maior, Sir George Bowles, who sent ouer a hundred persons, the halfe of this charge being borne by the Citie, the other half by the Honourable Vir- ginia Company, which worthy course was afterwards followed by the right worshipfull Sir Wilham Cockins, in whose Maioraltie were sent ouer a hundred more in the like manner. And now likewise the right Honour- able the present Lord Maior and worshipfull the Alder- men, his brethren, intend to continue this course, that they may ease the Citie of a many that are ready to starue, and do stanie dayly in our streetes.^ . . . Eight ' WiUiam Cockaine was a distinguished merchant ; sheriff in 1609 ; chief of the new company of merchant adventurers, which gave King James a great banquet on June 22, 1609, at his house, and there knighted. He died in 1626, and the distinguished poet and divine, John Donne, preached his funeral sermon. In June 1621, the company wrote to the authorities in these words, rela- tive to homeless boys and girls of London : — "To the Eight Honorable Sir William Cockaine, knight lord mayor of the city of London, and the right worthys the aldermen, his brethren, and the worthys the common conncU of the city : — " The treasvirer, council, and company of Virginia, assembled in their great APPEAL TO LONDON CITIZENS. 159 WorsMpfull, ye are plentifoU in other good workes, the maintaining of your hospitals, and other publike workes in this famous Cittie ; preach your munificence through all the world, as the faith and obedience of the Eomans was published abroad among all. be rich in well- doing this way likewise, that it may be sayd of you, 'Many have done worthily for the plantation in Vir- ginia, but the honourable Citty of London surmounteth them all.' Your Cittie, as I sayd, aboundeth in people (and long may it doe so), the Plantation in Virginia is capable enough to receive them. 0, take course to ease your Cittie, and to prouide well for your people, by sending them ouer thither ; that both they of that Colony there and they of your owne Cittie here may and general court the 17tli of November 1613, have taken into consideration the continual great forwardness of this honourable city in advancing the plantation of Virginia, and particularly in furnishing out one hundred children this last year, which, hy the goodness of God, have safely arrived (save such as died in the way), and are well pleased, we doubt not, for this benefit, for which, your bountiful assistance, we, in the name of the whole plantation, do yield unto you deserved thanks. " And forasmuch as we have now resolved to send this next spring very large supplies for the strength and increasing of the colony, styled by the name of the London colony, and find that the sending of these children to be apprenticed hath been very grateful to the people, we pray your lordship and the rest, piirsuit of your former so precious actions, to renew the like favours, and furnish us again with one hundred more for the next spring. " Our desire is that we may have them of 12 years old and upward, with allowance of £3 apiece for their transportation, and 40s. apiece for their apparel, as was formerly granted. They shall be apprenticed ; the boys tiU they come to 21 years of age ; the girls till like age, or till they be married, and afterward they shall be placed as tenants upon the public lands, with best conditions, where they shall have houses with stock of corn and cattle to begin with, and afterward the moiety of all increase and profit what- soever. " And so we leave this motion to your honourable and grave consideration." The following letter of Sir Edwin Sandys, to one of the King's secretaries, I& HARD LOT OF DA Y LABOURER. liue to bless your prudent and prouident gouermnent ouer them. For I have heard many of the painfuUest labourers of your Cittie, euen \rith teares, bemoane the desolate estate of their poore ^ues and children, who, though they rise early, taw and teare their flesh all the day long with hard labour, and goe late to bed, and feede almost all the week long vpon browne bread and cheese, yet are scarce able to put bread in their mouthes at the weeke's end, and cloathea on their backes at the yeare's end ; and all because worke is se in onr land. Beady to pass to the American strand. Wlien hei^t of malice and prodigies, Insts, Imtpadrnt sinning, wiiehcraft, and distrusts. The marks of fatore 'bane, shall SSI onr cnp ; When S*iii€ shall swallow Tiber, and the Thames, By lerrlcg in them both, pollutes her stzeams ; When Italy of us shall have her will. And an her calendar of sins f nlfil ; Whereby one may forerell what siiis next year Shall both in Fian-i-e and Tn^t^nA domineer ; Then shall religion to America flee. They have ih&x &ne of Gospel, e'en as we." As he drew near death, the author, placing the mannscript containing these lines in the hands of one by his bedside, said, " I pray, deliver this little book to my dear brother Ferrar." WTien 2Cicholas Ferrar applied at Cam- bridge for permission to publish the poem, the Vice-Chancellor at first refused to allow it to be printed unless the above verses were stricken out ; but Mr. Ferrar refusing to comply, a license to print was reluctantly granted. Two or three years later. Dr. Twisse, writing to the learned Mede, said : — " 2s ow, I beseech yon, let me know what your opinion is of our KnglUb Plantation in the Xew World. Heretofore I have wondered in my thoughts at the providence of God concerning that world, not discovered rill this old world of ours is almost at an end, and there no footsteps found of the know- ledge of the true God, much less of Christ. And then, considering our Fnglish Plantations of late, and the opinion of many grave divines concerning the Gospel's fleeing westward, sometimes I had such thonghts — Why may not that be the place of the New Jerusalem ? " FERRAR BECOMES A CLERGYMAN. 179 sympathies, was looked upon by King James as the nursery of a seditious Parliament. After its charter was revoked, the £300 which had been bequeathed by his father, for the educating of Indian children, was transferred by Nicholas Ferrar to the Bermudas, or Somers Islands Company, an outgrowth of the Virginia Company. Copland then proceeded to Bermudas, as a planter of Christian civilisation, and laboured there for many years. His friend, Nicholas Ferrar, jr., of a retiring and contemplative disposition, forsook the marts of busy London, and receiving ordination in the Church of England, retired with his aged mother, to Little Gidding, where, mth nieces and nephews, he passed his days in doing good, and his nights in holy vigils, inclined to adopt the ritualism of Laud, yet sincere, self-denying, zealous in good works, and beloved by the sweet poet, George Herbert, and other intimate friends. Copland, on an isle of the sea, as suitable for contem- plation as Patmos, inclined to the simplest forms of worship consistent with propriety, efficacy, and solem- nity, and was convinced that the State should never interfere with any religious worship that did not dis- turb its peace, nor retard the prosperity of the com- monwealth.^ In the year 1642 the London directors of the Bermuda Company declared that settlers should be left " free in matters which concern the Church as may 1 Norwood, who came to Bemnidas in 1615, as Surveyor and Schoolmaster, in 1642, aged 71 years, wrote to William Prynue, protesting against tlie new churcli organization to wHch Copland and others belonged. The new Church observed a weekly love-feast, and used a catechism prepared by Oxensteirn, called "Milk for Babes." The officers were — Pastor, Rev. N. White, for- merly of Knightsbridge, near Westminster ; Elders, Rev. Mr. G-olding, a young man, and Rev. P. Copland ; Deacon, Robert Cesteven, Esq., Councillor. i8o COPLAND IN AMERICA. m be, that they be not iiLfringed of the liberty of their conscience ;" and about the same period an Independent Church was formed at Bermudas, of which the Eev. X. White was elected pastor, and Copland, described in a pamphlet as '" a grave and reverend dispenser of the glorious gospel," was made one of the deacons. In 1645 White was in England, and pubhshed a reply to the aspersions which the celebrated William Prynne had cast upon his Church, and contended for Hberty of con- science. On the 2Tth of October 1645, the House of Commons, upon the petition of those in Bermudas, " Ordered that the inhabitants of the Summer Islands, and such others as shall join themselves to them, shall, without any molestation or trouble, have and enjov the liberty of the conscience in matters of God's worship, as well in those parts of Amiraca where they are now planted, as in aU other parts of Amiraca, where here- after they may plant." Copland, with his wife and others, soon left Ber- mudas, and went to a small isle of the Bahamas group, to form a church which should have no connec- tion with the State ; and the Puritans on the James Eiver, in Virginia, were invited to seek the same spot, which, in view of the entire freedom of worship, was called Eleuthera. The Vir ginia. Xonconfonnists declined the proposition, but soon after moved to the vicinity of Annapolis, on the shores of the Chesapeake, and by their influence that Province passed the " Act of Religious Toleration," which gave Maryland a favour- able reputation throughout the civilized world. THE ISLE OF ELEUTHERA. i8l The isle upon which Copland and his associates landed proved a dreary place, and the friends of religion in Boston, Massachusetts, were obliged to send them sup- plies, and, in 1 6 5 1 , many of them returned to Bermudas, ■where Copland, then more than fourscore years of age, must have soon died. Living in a period of pohtical and ecclesiastical convulsions, indulging neither in political acerbity nor the odium theologicum, yet not afraid to differ from popular modes of thought and worship, to correspond with Hugh Peters, once the fiery preacher at Salem, Massachusetts, and at the same time call Nicholas Ferrar his friend, it is not strange that his name was not writ- ten in large letters by the trim.miiig historians of the era of the vacillating Charles and determined Cromwell, who seemed to think it a work of merit to hurl words, like barbed arrows, against all who differed from them an iota. Adjoining San Salvador, the first island of the Wes- tern World descried by Columbus, Eleuthera appears on the maps. It is but a small isle of the sea, of no more commercial importance than Nazareth of Galilee, but the principles advocated there have lived and spread, and the United States of America has become an Eleuthera, the land of civil and religious freedom, where each State instructs its youth in morality and such knowledge as will make them industrious, and thus diminishes vice and pauperism, but devolves upon the Church and parents the delicate responsibility of preparing them for the kingdom which is not of this world. CHAPTEE XL GEOEGE, FIRST LORD BALTIMORE. GEORGE CAL^T:RT, the first Baron of Baltimore, was one of the most brilliant and talented of those who shared the confidence of the sottish and pedantic James the First of England. Bjs father was a respect- able Yorkshire farmer, living at Kipling, ia the vaUey of the Swale. Graduating at Oxford,^ Calrert became secre- tary to Eobert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury. Bjs talents and diligence attracted attention, and he was firequently intrusted with important public business. In 1604 he was a member of Parliament for Bossiney, ia Comwall,- and afterwards visited the Continent. Eetuming from France, he wrote the following chatty letter, on March 10, 1610-11, to Sir Thomas Edmondes, residing at Paris as English ambassador : — " But that I could not let pass any servant of your ' He received the degree of A.B. on Febmary 23, 1596, at the same time as Francis Eonse, afterwards Sir Francis, the versifier of the Psalms of David. In 1605 he received the d^ree of A.M., with Thomas West, afterwards Lord Delaware, and John Pott, probably Dr. Pott, for a time Governor of Virginia. - He was chosen to fill the seat of George Upton, deceased. CAL VERT ARRIVES FROM FRANCE. 1 83 own, without saluting you, I should perhaps have stayed a few days longer, for more matter, desiring together with the advertisement of my safe arrival, to let your lordship understand the state of oux court here, our country, and our friends. " But I am yet but a stranger, and know little, and besides the extraordinary good usage I received from your lordship and your worthy lady, which I preach to all my friends here, with that acknowledgment which it deserveth, hath so debauched me, as my spirits are still with you, and I cannot yet well draw them from the Faubourg of St. Germain to incline anything here. I arrived in England, at Hythe, in Kent, upon Saturday last, late at night, having been six days and one night at sea, with foul weather, and upon Sunday I came hither, where I was not unwelcome or unlooked for, as I perceived. I presently went to the court and delivered my despatch. I found my lord^ in a disposition cabn and sweet, using me with that favourable respect where- with he is pleased to grace those poor servants he makes account of. "He read not your letter presently, being at that time in hand, as it seemed, with some other despatch, neither had I any other speech with him of your lordship than that he asked me how you did, when I remem- bered your service to him. He dismissed me for that night because it was very late, and since I have seen him but once, for the next day he went to Hatfield, and from thence is gone to the king at Eoyston, and at ^ Earl of Salisbury. 1 84 A PEMTEKTIAL SERMO.X. Audley End, where my Lord Cliamberlaiii is at this present, and returns again hither within these three days, as I understand ... I had forgotten to put with the news of the clergy a famous conversion of a revolted minister of oux Church, Mr. Theophilus Higgins, who your lordship may remember fled from England to Brus- sels, some three or four years since, and was undertaken by Sir Edward Hoby,^ who wrote an ' Anti-Higgins,' - answered afterwards, as I take it, in part or whole, by my Lady LovelL " This Mr. Higgins, upon Sunday last, the day of my arrival, preached at Paul's Cross his penitential sermon, where were present my Lord Treasurer and divers others Lords of the Council, besides an infinite number of aU sorts of people. The self-same day was bom to Sir Edward Hoby a son and heir, inasmuch as he saith he will bless that day for the birth of two children, a spiritual and temporal, for a natural I dare not say, though more proper perhaps for this division, because this word sometimes receives a base interpretation. And yet himself said, as I hear, as soon as the midwife brought ' Hoby was educated at Oxford. Knighted in 1582. The pamphlet a&uded to was entitled, " A Letter to ilr. Theophilns Hygons, late Minister, now at Fugitive, in answer to his First ilotire." ^ Theophilns Hoggins, at the age of fourteen, in 1592, went to Oxford, and was there at the same time as Calvert. He was subsequently the popular preacher at St. Dnustans, London, but under Jesuit influence united with the Church erf Kome, and lived two years at Douay. In 1609 he published his reasons for the step in a pamphlet, called " First Motive to Adhere to the Bonum Church." The sermon, preached upon his return from Douay, to which Calvert alludes, was published with this title, " Sermon at St. Paul's Cross, March 30, 1610, on Eph. ii. 4, 5, 6, 7. In Testimony of his hearty Reunion with the Church of England, and his hearty submission thereto. London, 1611." THE BOOK OF VORSTIUS. 185 him his son to see him, that ' it was a goodly child — God bless him ! and wonderfully like his father, whoso- ever he were.' " About this time Calvert was made Clerk of the Privy Council, and accompanied King James to Eoyston. " In his journey," says a chronicler of the day, " Calvert, Clerk of the Council, is settled about him, and is wholly employed in reading and writing." Winwood, Ambassador at the Hague in 1611, for- warded a copy of the book on Attributes of the Deity by Vorstius, the candidate for the chair of Arminius in the University of Leyden, with a note stating that there " was matter enough in it for a wit that hath either spirit or courage." The excessive conceit of the King made him believe that he was justly styled " Defender of the Faith," and that he was as well versed in theology as Paul or Augus- tine,^ and in his vanity he urged the maintenance of the Calvinistic views upon the States of the Low Countries. Winwood, on. the 1st of January 1611-12, received a note from his correspondent, John More, in which he remarks, — " According to your lordship's command, it hath been my business to inform myself what construc- tion is made of your late proceedings in the affair of Vorstius, which by general report I understand to have been exceedingly well liked by his Majesty ; and Mr. George Calvert, falling of himself upon the subject at his house, whither I went with my wife, on a visit unto him and his, told me that the Kiag had publicly declared ^ Villeroi in liaumer, vol. ii. p. 211. 1 86 CALVERT KNIGHTED. that in the course of this bnsLness Winwood hath done secundum cor rneum." At this time James commenced the tractate against Vorstius, and in a letter to the Earl of Salisbmy, Calvert mentions " that he Is writing out the discourse which the Xing began concerning Vorstius." Calvert was appointed, in 1613, one of the Commis- sioners to go to Ireland to listen to grievances, and to examine the condition of affairs. Soon after thi=;, it was rumoured that he would be made Ambassador at the Hague, but a friend of Sir Dudley Carleton who was the incumbent, wrote to him : " I have both before and since made all the inquiry I could, and can find no ground of any fresh report. Only I hare heard Mr. Calvert named, but when the question is asked him he doth utterly renounce any such intention in himself, and I do rather believe him, for it is not likely he should affect such a journey, being reasonably well settled at home, and having a wife and many children, which are no easy carriage, specially so far." One of the favourites of the Court, he was in 1617 made a knight,^ and known as Sir George Calvert. Advancing in the estimation of the pleasure-loving monarch, he was soon made principal Secretary. A letter written on February 20, 1618-19, says: "The Xing went to Theobald's on Tuesday, but before his 1 Chamberlain wrote to Sir Dndley Carleton : " On iCtth September the King knighted Sir Clement Edmondes of Northamptonshire, Sir George Cal- vert of Torkshire, and Sir Albert Morton oi Kent, three of the Qeiks of the Conncil, the chief reas-^n whereof was that Secretary Lakes son, being bnt extraordinary, had gotten start of his fellows.'" — Nichols, voL iii. p. 437. CALVERT MADE SECRETARY. 187 going Sir George Calvert was sworn Secretary. I had an iakling of it two or three days before, though the patent was drawn with a blank, and the voice ran gene- rally with Packer. The night before he was sworn the Lord of Buckingham told him the King's resolution, but he disabled himself divers ways, but specially that he thought himself unworthy to sit in that place, so lately possessed by his noble lord and master. The King was well pleased with his answer and modesty, and, sending for him, asked many questions, most about his wife. His answer was, that she was a good woman, and had brought him ten children, and would assure his Majesty that she was not a wife with a witness." In another letter it is stated that the King, on the 16th of February, "appointed, in the place of Sir Thomas Lake, Sir George Calvert, Secretary, who was Clerk of the Council, whose prudence and fidelity in State matters Eobert Cecil, Secretary, was thoroughly acquainted with, of whose assistance also the King made use, yea, and he judged also he would be a great help to Sir Eobert Naunton, the other Secretary."^ Gondomar, the Spanish ambassador, had discovered the power of money and flattery at the Court. The wife of the King had no respect for her husband, and was ready to accede to the wishes of the Pope, and under the fasci- nating attentions of the Spaniard, Buckingham, Calvert, and others became pliable, and to gratify Spain they dis- graced England by beheading the gallant navigator. Sir Walter Ealeigh. The whimsical monarch now incensed ' Nichols, vol. iii. p. 529. 1 88 CALVERT PROPOSED AS M.P. the Englisli people by arbitrary grants and rewards to those who fawned. In 1619 he gave to Calvert an annual pension of one thousand pounds, and a grant of the increased custom on siLk for twenty-one years. It at last became vital to the interests of the King to have a stout defender of his prerogative, in opposition to the popular will, upon the floor of the House of Com- mons, and Calvert, with Sir Thomas Wentworth, offered himself for Torkshire. With an energy and rapidity not excelled by an active politician of the nineteenth century, Wentworth daily wrote canvassing letters, urging the claims of himself and Calvert, and was profuse in promises and flattery. To Sir Thomas Fairfax,^ the grandfather of the hero of Naseby, he writes : — '• I was at London much entreated, and indeed at last enjoined, to stand with !Mr. Secretary Calvert for to be knight of this shire the next Parliament, both by my ' The Fairfaxes, Wentworths, Calverts, and WasMDgtona of TorksMre are all represented in America. One of the descendants of Sir Thomas Fair- fax, first Baron of Cameron, is Commander Fairfax of United States Xa\-y, who distinguished himself in qnelling the slaveholders' rebellion ; and an- other, the eleventh Baron of Cameron, is John Fairfax, M.D., who lives in Maryland, a few miles from the city of Washington, D.C., U.S.A. William Wentworth of Yorkshire emigrated to !N'ew Hampshire, three of his descendants, John, Benning, and Sir John, were colonial governors, an- other a member of the Continental Congress, and recently John Wentworth, of the same stock, has represented the city of Chicago, Illinois, in the Congress of the United States of America. John Washiagton, the ancestor of the first President of the United States of America, came to Virginia in 165S, and John Parke Custis, a stepson of General George Washington, married Eleanor Calvert, whose father was an illegitimate son of Benedict, Lord Baltimore. WENTWORTH ELECTIONEERS. 189 Lord Clifford and himself, which after I had assented unto and despatched my letters, I perceived that some of your friends had motioned the like to Mr. Secretary on your behalf, and were therein engaged, which was the cause I write sooner unto you. Yet hearing, by my cousia Middleton, that he moving you on my behalf for your voices, you were not only pleased to give over that intendment, but freely to promise us your best assistance, I must confess that I cannot forbear any longer to write unto you how much this courtesy de- serves of me, and that I cannot choose but to take it most kindly from you, as suitable with the ancient affec- tion which you have always borne me and my house. And presuming of the continuance of your good respects towards me, I must entreat the company of yourself and friends with me at dinner on Christmas-day, being the day of the election, when I shall be most glad of you, and then give you further thanks for your kind respects." To one friend he writes : — " In my next letters I wlU let Mr. Secretary know your good respect and kindness toward him, whereof I dare assure you he will not be unmindful." To another voter he remarks : — " I have got an abso- lute promise that if I be chosen knight, that you shall have a burgess-ship at Appleby, wherewith I must con- fess I am not a little pleased, in regard we shall sit there, judge, and laugh together." To a relative he makes a practical suggestion : — "The course my Lord Darcy and I hold, is to entreat the high constables to desire the petty constables to set down the I90 LETTERS OF IVEXTWORTH. names of all freeholders within their townships, and which of them have promised to be at York, and bestow their voices with us, or as we may keep the vote as a testimony of their good affections, and know whom we are beholden unto, desiring them further to go along with us to York on Sunday, being Christmas-eve, or else meet us about two o'clock of the day at Tadcaster. I desire you would please to deal effectually with your high constables, and hold the same course, that so we may be able to judge what number we may expect out of your wapentake. I hope you will take the pains to go along with us, together with your friends, to York, so that we may all come iu together, and take part of an lU dinner with me the next day, when yourself and friends shall be right heartily welcome.' Sir Arthur Ingrani is informed, — " As touching the election we now grow to some heat ; Sir John Saville's instruments closely and cunningly suggesting underhand Mr. Secretary's non-residence, his being the king's ser- vant, and out of these reasons by law cannot, and in good discretion ought not, be chosen of the country. Whereas himself is their martAT, having suffered for them, the patron of the clothiers, the fittest to be relied on, and that he intends to be at York on the day of election." To Sir George Calvert he suggests that the pressure of court influence be applied to carry the election : — " May it please you, sir, the Parliament writ is delivered to the sheriff, and he by his faithful promise deeply engaged for you. I find the gentlemen of these parts generally ready to do you service. Sir Thomas Fairfax SUCCESSFUL ELECTION. 191 stixs not, but Sir John Saville by his instruments exceed- ing busy, iutimatiag to the common sort underhand, that yourself being not resident in the county, cannot by law be chosen, and being his Majesty's Secretary and a stranger, one not safe to be trusted by the country, but aU this, according to his manner, so closely and cun- ningly, as if he had no part therein, neither doth he as yet further declare himself, than only that he will be at York the day of the election, and thus finding he cannot work them from me, labours to supplant you. " My Lord President hath writ to his freeholders on your behalf, and seeing he wHl be in town on the election day, it were, I think, very good if he would be pleased to show himself for you in the Castle-yard, and that you writ a few lines unto him, taking notice that you hear of some opposition, and therefore desire his presence. I have heard that when Sir Francis Darcy opposed Sir Thomas Lake in a matter of like nature, the Lords of the Council writ to Sir Francis to desist. I know my Lord Chancellor is very sensible of you in this business ; a word to him and such a letter would make an end of all." The Christmas of 1620 in the old city of York was a day long remembered. To the usual hilarities were added the noise and confusion of an exciting election. Amid the drinking of mugs of beer and cups of goose- berry wine, there was angry discussion of the merits of the contestants, emphasized by round and coarse Saxon oaths, until toward night the cheers for Calvert and Wentworth declared the victorious party. Previous to the assembling of Parliament, public 192 CARICATURES OF THE KIXG. opinion was decidedly against James. " Consider, for pity's sake," said a French ambassador, " what must be the state and condition of a prince whom the preachers from the pulpit publicly assail, whom the comedians of the metropolis covertly bring upon the stage, whose wife attends these representations in order to enjoy the laugh against her husband, whom the Parliament braves and despises, and who is universally hated by the whole people."^ One could not walk the streets of London without seeing in the windows of bookshops ludicrous caricatures and sarcastic pamphlets hitting the king. In the library of Sir Eobert Cotton were frequently closeted Pym, Selden, Coke, and other loyal and talented men, to arrange a policy of opposition to a monarch who thought more of the deer in his hunting-parks than of his sub- jects, and who had in a rage announced that " he woidd govern according to the good of the commonwealth, but not according to the common wilL" At the opening of the Parliament he said, "■ It is the king that makes laws, and ye are to advise him to make such, as will be best for the commonwealth." Xo man was so thoroughly opposed to the doctrine of popular rights as Sir George Calvert, and early in the session, as the right-hand man of the King, he urged the House of Commons to accede to the demands for money, and to say less about their liberties and freedom of speech, and his remarks were so offensive that he was much censured by members for his forwardness. Cham- ' Eaumer, toL ii. p. 206, 207. ARROGANCE OF KING JAMES. 193 berlain, in a letter to Sir Dudley Carleton on February 10, 1620-21, wrote: — " The first day of their sitting,'' Secretary Calvert made a speech for the supply of the King's wants, which was thought untimely, before anything else was treated of. . . . There was some crossing and contesta- tion 'twixt Secretary Calvert and Coke at a committee, about the Spanish ambassador, who is said to have almost as many come to his mass, as to the sermon at St. Andrews, over against him, and there is great complaint of the increase of Popery everywhere." When Calvert mentioned that the Parliament pro- posed an address asking that the Prince of Wales might marry a Protestant, the King was so enraged that he sent a letter to the Speaker complaining of the " fiery, popular, and turbulent spirits" in the lower House, and forbidding them to iaquire into the mysteries of State, or to concern themselves about the marriage of his son. The arrogant tone of the communication roused Pym and others to protest, and Calvert tried to still the storm of indignation by a mild admission of the impropriety of the closing expressions of the King, and calling them a slip of the pen at the close of a long letter. Calvert's intimacy at this period with Gondomar, the Spanish, and Tillieres,^ the French ambassador, called ^ The third Parliament of King James met January 30, 1620-21, sat until March 27, and adjourned. Be-assembled April 17; adjourned June 4. Re-assembled November 14, and dissolved February 8, 1621-22. ' ^ Tniieres became Lord Chamberlain to Henrietta Maria on the eve of her marriage to Charles the First. Shortly after her arrival in England, on Sun- day, 19th of June 1625, at high mass at Denmark House, he was made Knight of the French Order of the Holy Ghost. The Queen brought in her 194 TILLTERES, FRENCH AMBASSADOR. forth mucli remark. Tillieres, who despised both the English religion and English people, in a despatch to his government on Xovember 25,1621, said : " The third man in whose hands the public affairs are ostensibly lodged is the Secretary of State, CalTert. He is an hon- om^ble, sensible, well-minded man, courteous to strangers, full of respect towards ambassadors, zealously iatent for the welfare of England, but by reason of these good quahties entirely without consideration or influence." On August 8, 1622, the wife of Calvert,^ called by train from France twenty-nine priests, who exercised so mnch inflneoce over her that at length I/Ord Conway, by order of Charles, dismissed all her French attendants. " The women howled," says an old writer, "and lamented as if they had been going to execution, but all in vain, for the yeomen of the guard throst them and all their coontry-folks ont of the Qaeen's lodgings, and locked the doors after them." The King iasned the following order to BncMngham : — " I command yon to send aU the French away to-morrow ont of town, if yon can by fair means, bat stick not long in dispnting, otherwise force them, driving them away like so many wild beasts nntil yon have shipped them, and so the devil go with them. Let me he^' no answer bnt of the perform- ance of my command" John Pery, who had been Secretary of the first legislature at Jamestown, Virginia, in a letter dated September 2, 1626, at London, wrote that Tillieres was expected to retnm to England, and remarked : — " His Majesty hath sent an express prohibition to Tillieres that he shall not presume to set foot on English shore in that quality [ambassador], because he wiU not admit of his late sworn servant to be checkmate with him. But the tmth is, Tillieres is too much Jesuited for our State to endure, and hath lately done iU offices against us." * She was Anne, daughter of George Mynne. Her children were : — Cedlius, the second Lord Baltimore. Leonard, Keeper of the BoHs, Connanght, Ireland, then Governor of Mary- land from 1634 to 1647, where he died. George, came to America with Leonard, and died before 16o3. Francis, died young. Henry, Anna, baptized April 1, 160" ; married Wm. Peasley. Dorothy. THE SPANISH MATCH. 19s Camden a most modest woman, died in childbirtli, leav- ing a large family, and not long after this sorrow, Cecil, the eldest son of Calvert, married Anna,^ daughter of Thomas Earl Arundel, one of the most iafluential Eoman Catholic noblemen in the realm. For months Calvert was now occupied with Gondomar in preparing the articles for the proposed marriage of Prince Charles with the Infanta of Spain. He devoutly wished for the con- summation of this scheme, and it was with great pleasure he read a letter on February 27, 1622-23, by an associate secretary, informing him that the Prince and Duke of Buckingham, disguised as traders, and with the assumed names of Jack and Tom, had quietly sailed for Spain. To prevent improper disclosures, it was arranged that the communications of Buckingham to the King should be first transmitted in cypher to Cal- vert. Upon the intelligence of the Prince's arrival in Madrid, Calvert wrote from St. Martin's Lane on 3d of April 1623^ " Here is amongst all men an universal joy for the good news brought us by Mr. Grymes, and we have made the best expressions of it we can for the present. I hope it shall every day increase, first, for the general good, and next for the great part of honour Elizabeth. Grace, married Sir Robert Talbot of Kildare, Ireland. Helen. Jobn. Philip Calvert, Governor of Maryland, was not her child, but an illegitimate son of her husband. VAnn Anmdel, county Maryland, bears her name. She died at the age of thirty-four, on July 24, 1649. On her tombstone at Tisbury she is described as " Anna Arundelia, pulcherrima et optima conjux Ceeilii Cal- verti, Baronis de Baltemore, et absolu : domini Terrse Mariee et Avalonise;" 196 CALVERT UNDER A CLOUD. your Lordship hath in it, whCTein Grod make you as happy as ever man was ! " Eight months after his wife's death, Calvert was the life of the party at the King's festival at Wiadsor iu honour of St. George. An old letter-writer says, " He nras very gay and gallant, all iu white, cap-a-pie, even to his white hat and white feather." From the hour, however, that. Buckingham broke off the negotiations at ^Madrid, Calvert's position became uncertain. He had been fuQy committed to the scheme, he did not dream of its failure, and late in May 1623 he wrote that "orders are given for aU things needful for the reception of the Prince and the Infanta." When the iutelligence reached England that the deep-laid plan had. failed, he not only suffered from disappointment, but with the populace he was an object of obloquy, because one of the acknowledged leaders of what was called the Spanish party in poHtics. Buckingham after his return from Spain was shy of those that had been under the seductive influences of Grondomar, and withdrew his confidence from Calvert. In a letter to the King he says, " I hope to have the happiness to-morrow to kiss your hands, therefore I will not send you the letter you writ to the Pope, which I have got from Secretary Calvert. When he delivered it to me, he made this request, that he hoped your Majesty would as well trust him in a letter you were now to write, as you had heretofore in the former. I did what I could to dissemble it, but when there was no means to CALVERT'S COUNTRY RESIDENCE. 197 do it, I thought best to seem to trust him absolutely, thereby to tie him to secrecy." The whole of the year 1624 proved embarrassiag to Calvert. Early in April one wrote that Secretary Cal- vert was in ill health, and talked of resigning. A day or two after it was said "he is on ill terms with the King and Prince Charles, and is called to account, among other things, for detaitung letters a year ago at the request of the French ambassador." The next month some one thinks the Secretary does not mean to resign, but by feigning it, to iuduce the King to give him a large share of business. But the letters written to Sir Dudley Carleton by his nephew probably teU the truth, " that he is willing to sell the secretaryship to him for six thousand pounds, that Lord HoUis had offered eight thousand, and Sir John Suckling seven thousand." During the summer he " drooped and kept out of the way"^ at Thistleworth, where he was cheered by pleasant letters from his constant friend Wentworth, who was rusticating at his ancestral seat in Yorkshire. In a letter dated August 24, 1624, Wentworth alludes to the retire- ment in these words : — "Since you are like those ancient Romans retired from court to the harmless dehghts of Tusculanie, ' Erep- tus specioso ejus damno,' like another ^neas from burn- ing Troy Believe it, we may not yet admit you a countryman throughout; your neighbours of Thistleworth may tell you one summer is too little to 1 Letter to Sir Dudley Carleton from a friend. 198 RURAL CORRESPOKDEXCE. purge away the leaven of a courtier, and it is time that must approve, ' Fitque color prLmo turbati flnininis imbre Purgaturqiie mora ; ' we must have more trial, more experience, first initiatus, then adultus, lest you might come to spy out our liberty rather than to keep our counsel, to enjoy the content- ment and freedom of our life, with peace and quietness^" Before the end of the month Calvert received another as redolent of country life as a bucolic of Virgil : — '■ Our harvest is all in, a most fine season to make fish-ponds, our plums are all past and gone, peaches, quinces, and grapes, almost fully ripe, which wiU, I trow, hold better relish ^"ith a Thistleworth palate, and approve me how to have the skill to serve every man in his right end. These only we countrymen muse o^ hoping in such harmless retirem.ent for a just defense from the higher powers, and possessing ourselves ia con- tentment, may with Dryope in the poet, ' Et siqua est pietas. ab acQtte vnlnere felcis Et pec-'jiis morsu, fondes defendite nostras.' " Returning to London in the autumn, Calvert found the Court busy in the arranging of a French match for Prince Charles. In October Parliament, of which he was now a member for Oxford, was adjourned bv the King, to which ^entworth pleasantly alludes in a letter written soon after : — " We conclude that the French treatv must first be consummate before such unruly fellows meet in Parlia- CALVERT SELLS THE SECRETARYSHIP. 199 ment, lest they might appear as agile against this, as that other, Spanish match. . . . For is it a small matter, trow you, for poor swains to unwind so dex- trously your courtly true love-knots 1 You think we see nothing ; but, believe it, you shall find us legislators no fools, albeit you of the Court (for by this time I am sure you have by a fair retreat from Thistleworth quit your part of a country life for this year) think to blear our eyes with your sweet balls, and leave us in the suds when you have done. Thus much for the common weal. For your own self I am right glad for your ague recovered, hoping it will cleanse away all bad disposed humors."^ The relations of Calvert and Buckingham were now more pleasant, but stOl it was inexpedient that the former should continue in the secretaryship. A nephew of Sir Dudley Carleton, on November 23, 1624, writes to his uncle that " Secretary Conway declares that there was no one whom he should prefer as colleague, but that Calvert was reconciled to Buckingham, who had assured him that he should have the option of refusing any offer made for his place." Six weeks before the death of King James, the transfer of the secretaryship was made. Chamberlain writes to a friend, — " Sir Albert Morton is not yet returned from New Market, though I hear he be sworn, and hath the seals delivered him by Sir George Calvert, who had £3000 of him, and is to have as much more somewhere, besides an Irish barony for himself, or where he list to bestow for his benefit. Young Hungerford is made a baron en jpayant, ' Strafford's Despatches, vol. i. 200 OPINIONS ABOUT CALVERT. for this is the true Golden Age, no penny, no jyater noster." Two weeks after he sold the secretaryship, in company with Toby Matthew, son of the Archbishop of York, who had become a member of the Chm"ch of Rome, he visited Yorkshire, which, said a letter-writer of the day, " confirms the oproion that he is a bird of that feather." Archbishop Abbot, a cotemporary, referring to the affair of the resignation, says : — "Secretary Calvert hath never looked merrily since the Prince's coming out of Spain. It was thought he was much interested in the Spanish affair. A course was taken to rid him of aU employments and negotia- tions. This made him discontented, and, as the saying is, ' desperatio facit monachum,' so he apparently turned Papist, which he now professeth, this being the third time he hath been to blame that way. His Majesty to dismiss him suffered him to resign his Secretary's place to Sir Albertus Morton, who paid him £3000 for the same, and the King hath made him Baron of Baltimore in Ireland." Goodman, formerly Bishop of Gloucester, who had left the Church of England and joined the Church of Home, gives a milder version. He says: — "The third man who was thought to gain by the Spanish match was Secretary Calvert, and as he was the only secretary employed in the Spanish match, so undoubtedly he did what good offices he could therein for religion's sake, being infinitely addicted to the Eoman Catholic faithj having been converted thereunto by Count Gond- CALVERT AND VIRGINIA COMPANY. 201 mar and Count Arundel, whose daughter Secretary Calvert's son had married ; and as it was said the Secretary did actually catechise his own children, so as to ground them in his own religion, and in his best room having an altar set up, with chalice, candlesticks, and all other ornaments, he brought aU strangers thither, never concealing anything, as if his whole joy and com- fort had been to make open profession of his rehgion." Toward the end of March 1625, King James died, and on Tuesday his successor, Charles the First, came to White HaU, and the oath of allegiance being offered to Lord Baltimore, as one of the Privy Council, he asked time for deliberation,^ on account of which hesi- tation he was relieved of attendance at the Court, and soon departed for Ireland. Although an active courtier, he had watched with interest the expeditions for trade and discovery in distant climes. For years he was a member of the East India, and also the Virginia Company, and with members of the latter he had many conferences, in con- sequence of their disputes with the King and Privy Council as to their rights under their patent. The day that Sir Edwin Sandys was elected Governor of the Virginia Company, April 28, 1619, the members were informed that Secretary Calvert had sent a letter notifying that the King had sent a man suspected of deer-steahng for transportation to Virginia. The fol- lowing November the King also sent a letter informing them that he wished divers dissolute persons transported, ^ Court and Times of Charles the First, vol. i. 202 CONVICTS SEXT TO VIRGINIA. and it was agreed by the CJompany that Sir Edwin Sandys should inform Secretar}- Calvert that it would be very acceptable to the colonists to receive them as servants. A few days later, Sandys informed the CJompany that he had been with Secretary Calvert, and that the King was displeased that the convicts had. not been shipped, and that fifty or one hundred must be sent away with all speed. He then told the members " what a pinch he was put into," for " they could not go in less than four ships, for fear they would, being many together, mutiny and cany away the ships. ' After many plans were dis- cussed, the Company decided that they would maintain the conTicts at their own charges, until they could devise means of transportation. When this resolution was made known to Secretary Calvert, he replied that he feared the King would not be satisfied, as he wished no delay. A ship was at last found. At a meeting on 23d of December, " a commission to John Damyron, Master of the Duty, being read, and allowed for taking the first opportunity of wind and weather to sail for Virginia, with the passengers of the Company, shipped by com- mand of his Majesty, it was now ordered that the seal should be thereunto affixed.' Deputy Ferrar then stated that the Knight Marshal had informed Sir Edwin Sandys that upon the next Monday morning fifty of the persons to be transported would be at Bridewell for the Company to make choice of such as they think fit for the present to be sent. In May 1622, Mr. Bell told the Company that a OPPOSITION TO VIRGINIA COMPANY. 203 messenger one night came to him, and told him that Secretary Calvert wished to see him at his chamber. After he went there, Calvert told him that the King did not wish to infringe their liberty of free election, but that it would be pleasing to him if they would elect for annual officers some of those names written on paper, which they so far complied with as to place two names of the King's choice, to stand with one of the Company's nomination. The nominees selected as candidates for the Governorship of the Company from the King's list were Mr. Clethero and Mr. Hanford ; the Company's nominee was the Earl of Southampton. The balloting took place on the 2 2d of May, and Hanford received seven, and Clethero thirteen, while the Earl of Southampton re- ceived one hundred and thirteen ballots, showing clearly how slender was the influence of the King's faction. The day before the annual election of the next year, 1623, a servant of Secretary Calvert brought a letter from the King requesting them to postpone the election of officers for two weeks, but at length Southampton was re-elected by an overwhelming vote, and continued the presiding officer untU the 16th of June 1624, when Chief-Justice Ley decided that the charter of the Com- pany was null and void. On the 15 th of July the King appointed Calvert one of the commissioners to look after the affairs of Virginia. The 16 th of February 1624-25 he was created Baron of Baltimore,^ in the ^ In the reign of King James an order of nobility was created which had not the privileges of English barons, but were only called lords of some place, either in England or Ireland, without owning a foot of land in the locality. Baltimore, after which Calvert was called, is an ancient town in the county 204 BARON OF BALTIMORE. county of Longford, Ireland, and 2304 acres of arable, and 1605 of bog and wood-land, were granted to biTn in fee-simple, in free and common soccage as of the Castle of Dublin. While residing in Ireland he determined to visit America. As early as 1620 he pm-chased an interest in the New Foundland Plantation, which had been established several years before. Whitboume, in a description of Xew Foundland, published in 1622, says : — " The Right Hon. Sir Greorge Calvert^ secretary to the King's most excellent Majesty, hath imdertaken to plant a colony of his Majesty^s subjects in the country, and of Cork, on a promontory not far from Cape Clear. It is said to have been the site of a Dmid temple, and that the name is a contraction of £eal-tee- mor^ the great residence of BeaL The bay in front of the place, in the fifteenth centnry, was frequented by Spanish rovers, who often fonght with O'Driscoll sept, who there resided. TTillj in his history of Bandon, says an old ballad is still snng, of which the conclnding verses are : — " CKDriscoIl gazed Tomid on sea and land. Ami call'd to his Tassals on the strand ; Beady his commands they did obey. And lanached his galleys into the sea. He little thought on that fatal day. That &e Algerines wonld come tiiat way ; Thef came on shoie and cansed great slan^ter. AtiiI earned off (XDriscoU's daoghter. Behold her ang nigh i Also her feais ! A poor captive carried into Algiers ; irhUst in the harem, she stood alone, And the son about her brighUy shone. To her, flattering tales the Pacha told. And showed her his pearis and his gold ; Bnt this Tirtnoos maiden, nobly Iwm, TTin lore and his treasures she did scorn. By force, she was by hiTn caressed ; Bnt she plnng^ a dagger into his breast ; He loudly screamed, and on Allah cried. Then fell upon the ground and died ! The sentence was passed, that she shoold die, She tiionght of her home, and heared a s^ ; Resigned to her fate, with pious love, Her stainless spirit found a home above : Thy pride is gone, and Uiy glory is o'ct. Ruined and ne^ected Baltimore." FERRYLAND COLONY. 205 hath akeady most worthily sent thither in these last two years a great number." Sir WiUiam Alexander, also secretary to King James, wrote : " Master Secretary Calvert hath planted a Com- pany at Ferriland, who both for buildings and making trial of the ground, have done more than was ever per- formed by any in so short a time, having on hand a brood of horses, kowes, and other beastials, and by the industry of his people he is beginning to draw back yearly some benefits from thence." On the 1st of March 1626-7, Lord Baltimore arrived in London to complete his arrangements for the voyage, and on the 7th of April he wrote from his lodgings in the Surry to the Duke of Buckingham's secretary, ask- ing for the speedy despatch of the warrant for his ships the " Ark of Avalon," one hundred and sixty tons burden, and " George of Plymouth," one hundred and forty tons, to be exempted from the general stay, as Sir Arthur Aston was waiting to sail. Charles the First, from the day of his accession, mani- fested a desire to be " every inch a King." Eestive under the restrictions of Parliament, he resorted to raising moneys under the Privy Seal, and his extortions were so great that an opposition arose styled the party of the Country, and arrayed itself against the party of the King. To the people's party Wentworth first allied himself, and when the King, under the Privy Seal, demanded a loan of him, he refused it as unconstitutional. Lord Baltimore, now in London, and with his whole 2o5 BALTIMORE XOT AN EXILE. heart on tlie side of the King, was distressed at the posi- tion of his old friend, and on May 1, 1627, urgently wrote : " I hare been here now some two or three months, a spectator upon this great scene of state, where I have no part to play, but you have, for which your friends are sorry. It is your enemies that bring you on the stage, where they have a hope to see you act your own notable harm, and therefore keep yourself off I beseech you, ' et redimas te quam queas minimo.' Furnish not your enemies with matter of triumph, when without detriment either to your honour or conscience, 3-0U may give them the foil if you will, and remember the old tale of the rain that fell upon aU the world except two that kept themselves in a cellar, and how sorry they were afterward for the Proyidence." About the 1st of June Baltimore sailed for Xew Foundland, not as a religious exile, as some historians declare, but simply to see if he might save the money invested in the plantation. Frankly he told a friend, " I must either go and settle it in better order, or else give it over, and lose aU the charges I have been at hitherto for other men to build their fortunes upon. And I had rather be esteemed a fool by some for the hazard of one month's journey, than to prove myself one certainly for six years ^ by past, if the business be now lost for the want of a little pains and care." ' Three or four days before he departed for America he made his final appeal to Wentworth to yield to the ' He adventored in the jilantation in 1620. In March 1623 a new grant was given, which was again altered on 7th April, and the plantation caUed the Province of Avalon. " Strafford's Despatches, voL L WENTWORTH ABANDONS THE PEOPLE. 207 King's demand : "I should say much more to you were you here, which is not fit for paper, but never put off the matter of your appearance here for God's sake, but send your money into the collector's without more ado." " At Michaelmas I hope to be with you, God willing. In the meantime I shall be in great fear that your too much fortitude will draw upon you suddenly a mis- fortune which your heart may perhaps endure, but the rest of your body wdl ill suffer. . . . The conquering way sometimes is yielding, and so is it I conceive in this particular of yours, when you shall both conquer your own passions and vex your enemies, who desire nothing more than your resistance." These earnest words, with the hint of bodily suffering if he did not yield, touched the impulsive Wentworth, and he joined the Court party. When he came to act in opposition to the people's party, Pym, who had been intimate with him, made the prophetic speech, " Though you leave us now, I wiU never leave you while your head is upon your shoulders." Parhament was dissolved on the 26 th of June, and on the 14th of July the King rewarded Wentworth with a baronetcy, with the tatimation of further honours, which speedily followed. Lord Baltimore departed for New Foundland in a ship of three hundred and twenty tons and forty guns, and arrived at Ferryland on the 23d of July, bringing with, him LongvyU and Anthony Smith, two seminary priests.^ The colonists, however, were Protestants, and ' WilliatQ Eobinson of Timwell, Lancashire, also came with him. 2o8 THE PARSON OF FERRYLAKD. the Rev. Erasmus Sturton was the minister. Hayman, the governor of the plantation, was the author of the followiag dedication and poem : — " To my reverend kind Mend, Erasmus Sturton, Preacher of the Word of God, and Parson of Ferryland, in the Province of Avalon in Xew Foundland. " Xo man shonld be more welcome to this place Than such as yon. Angel of peace and grace. As you were sent here by the Lord's command, Be yon the blest Apostle of this land. To infidels do you evangelize. Making those that are rude, sober, and wise, I pray the Lord, that did you hither send, Onr cursings, swearing, joniing, mend." In accordance with his expectation. Lord Baltimore returned to England in the autumn, bringing back the priest Longvyll, and commenced to arrange for the removal of his family to the Xew World. During the spring of 1628, he again sailed, taking with bim a lady to whom he was not legally married, a priest named Hacket and all his children, with the exception of Cecil and two married daughters. The summer was a season of trial ; and, in a letter dated the 25th of August, tells his troubles to the Duke of Buckingham : — " The Kiug once told him that Jie wrote as fair a hand to look upon afar off, as any man in England, but that when any one came near, they were not able to read a word. He then got a dispensation to use another man's, for which he is thankful, as writing is a great pain to bim now. Owes an account of his proceedings in this plantation to the Duke, since it was under his Grace's BALTIMORE FIGHTS FRENCHMEN. 209 patronage he went out. He came to bnild and set and sow, but he has fallen to fighting with Frenchmen." He then gives an account of a capture of fishing ves- sels by De la Rade, in command of three ships, with four hundred men, "many of them gentlemen of quality, la fleur de la jeunesse de Normandye."^ He sent two ships, the " Victory" and " Benediction," in pursuit — one carrying twenty-four guns, and when they came in sight, the French dropped their six prizes and sailed away, while Baltimore had to support the crews, amounting to sixty-seven men. During the autumn of 1628, his son Leonard went to England to ask for a share in the prizes that had been taken, and for a letter of marque ante-dated, and his brother-in-law, William Peasley, about the same timie petitioned the Lords of the Admiralty for the use of the ship " St. Claude," for pre- servation of the King's rights, and many subjects in New Foundland. The advent of priests of the Church of Rome led to dissension at Ferryland, and the Protestant clergyman, Sturton, left on 26 th of August, and after arriving in England, in the following October, complained of the proselyting efibrts of the priests ; and that, in opposition to the laws of England, every Sunday, mass and aU the ceremonies were observed, and that a child of one William Pool, without the father's consent, had been baptized. In the spring of the year 1629, the ship " St. Claude," under a letter of marque, with Leonard Calvert as factor, saUed for New Foundland ; and on the 1 9th of August, ' Sainsbury's Oal. of State Papers. 2IO BALTIMORE LEA VES FERRYLAND. Lord Baltimore writes to the King, and " gives thanks upon his knees for the loan of a fair ship," confesses that he has met with diffictdties no longer to be resisted, " his house has been a hospital aU the winter of one hundred persons ; fifty were sick at one time,* and nine or ten had died." He also requested a grant of land in Virginia, where he desires to remove, with some forty persons. Waiting for no reply, he sent his children home, and with a lady and servants arrived in October at James- town, to the surprise of the Virginians. Governor Pott^ and Council inquired his purpose, and ^ Sir David Kirk, on October 2, 1639, after his arrival at Ferryland, wrote to Archbishop Laud : — " Out of one hundred persons they took over, only one died of sickness. The air of Newfoundland agrees perfectly well with all (Jod's creatures, except Jesuits and schismatics. A great mortality among the former tribe so affrighted my Lord of Baltimore, that he utterly deserted the country." — Gal. State Papers. ^ Dr. John Pott was, on July 16, 1621, recommended to the Virginian Company by Gnlston, the distinguished physician of London, as a suitable successor to Dr. Bohun, the first physician-general, who had been killed in March, daring a fight between the vessel in which he was a passenger and two Spanish men-of-war. The minutes of the Company speak of " one Mr. Potts, a Mr. of Arts, well practised in chirurgerie and physique, expert also in the diatHHiTig of waters, and that he had many other ingenious devices." The Company accepted and allowed him £20 for a chest of physic, and £10 for " books of physic," besides a free passage for himself wife, man and maid servant. — ilSS. London Co. TransactUms. Soon after he signed the remonstrance against Baltimore he was succeeded in the governorship by the rough John Harvey, who immediately charged him with malfeasance, and ordered him to stay under arrest at Harrope, his plantation, seven miles from Jamestown, near Williamsburg. Elizabeth, the wife of the doctor, went to England, and complained of the arbitrary conduct of Harvey. Commissioners were appointed to examine the case, and they reported that the condemning of Potts on superficial hear- ing had been very rigorous, and, on July 25, 1631, he was pardoned by the King, " especially as he was the only physician in the colony." BALTIMORE IN VIRGINIA. 211 his reply was, " to plant and dwell." " Very w illin gly, my Lord," they answered, " if your Lordship will do what we have done, and what your duty is to do." Refusing to obey the statutes of England, he was told that they could not allow him to settle, and that he must depart ui the first ship. Leaving his lady and servants, he accordingly sailed for England, and at the same time the Virginia authorities forwarded the follow- ing statement to the Lords of the Privy Council : — " May it please your Lordships to understand, that about the beginning of October last, there arrived in the colony the Lord Baltimore, from his plantation at New Foundland, with an intention, as we are informed, rather to plant himself to the southward of the settle- ment here, although he hath seemed well affected to this place, and willing to make his residence therein with his whole family. " We were readily inclined to render to his Lordship aU those respects which were due unto the honour of his person, which might testify with how much gladness we desire to receive and to entertain him, as being of that eminence and degree whose presence and affection might give great advancement to the plantation. " Thereupon, according to the instructions from your Lordships, and the usual course held in this place, we tendered the oaths of supremacy and allegiance to his Lordship and some of his followers, who, making profes- sion of the Eomish rehgion, utterly refused to take the same, a thing which we could not have doubted in him, whose former employments under his late Majesty might 212 VIRGIMA REMOXSTIL-IXCE. have endeared to ns a persuasion lie would not have made a denial of that, in point whereof consists the loyalty and fidelity which every true subject owethnnto his Sovereitfn. ■' His Lordship, therefore, offered to take the oath, a copy whereof Ls included, but, in true discharge of the tru~t impo^d on us by his ^lajesty, we could not imagine that so much latitude was left for us to decline from the prescribed form so srrictlv exacted, and so well justified and defended by the pen of our late Sovereign, King James of happy memory; and among the blessings and favours for which we are bound to bless God, and which this colony hath received from his Most Gracious Majesty, there is none whereby it hath been made more happy than in the freedom of our religion which we have enjoyed, and that no Papists have been suffered to settle their abode amongst us, the continuance whereof we now humbly implore from his Most Sacred Majesty, and earnestly beseech your Lordships, that by your meditations and counsels, the same may be established and confirmed unto us." On the 2 2d of November the King wrote to Lord Baltimore that since his plantation in Xew Foundland had not fulfilled expectations, and that he was now in pursuit of a new place, " and weighing that men of his condition and breeding are fitter for other employments than the farming of new plantations, which commonlvhave rugged and laborious beginnings," he thought fit [to advise him to desist from farther prosecution of his designs.^ ' Sainsbarr's CaL of S'.atA Paper*. NORFOLK COUNTY. 213 But this discussion did not repress his desire to make another settlement, and in December he petitioned the Privy Council for a grant of land ra Virginia, and that the Governor there might be instructed to aid in return- ing to England the lady he had left there. Pory, the celebrated scholar and traveller, and at one time secretary of the colony of Virginia, in a letter to Joseph Mead, chaplain of Archbishop Laud, on February 12, 1629-30, writes of Baltimore: — "Though his Lordship is eztoUrng that country to the skies, yet he is preparing a bark to send to fetch his lady and servants from thence again." It seems that soon after this Baltimore must have sailed for Virginia, for in the records of the colony, under date of March 25, 1630, is the following entry: — " Thomas Tindall to be pilloried two hours for giving my Lord Baltimore the lie and threatening to knock him down." ^ The Duke of Norfolk contemplated at this time a settlement on the south shores of the James Eiver, and the Virginia Assembly, in compliment to him, made a new country, bearing his name, and the same year, 1629, Sir Eobert Heath, the Attorney-General, obtained from the King a grant of those parts of America between the degrees of 31 and 36 of north latitude, inclusive, not yet planted or cultivated, to be designated as " the Province of Carolana."^ In February 1631, Baltimore ^ Hening's Statutes, vol. i. ^ A charter for Carolana was given to Heath on October 20, 1629. On the 10th of next February certain parties apply to settle a colony there, to occupy from 34 to 35 north latitude, with power to erect courts, and pay- ments to be made to Heath aa lord-paramount. Two weeks later, at the 214 BALTIMORES CHARTER. secured a tract of land, lying south of James Eiver/ and a charter was prepared therefor, and signed, but it caused so much opposition from Francis West, brother of Lord Delaware, who had been Governor of Virginia, William Oaybome, Secretary, and William Tucker, one of the Vir ginia, CouncU, who were in London, that it was abandoned. He then persuaded the King to give him a grant, embracing the more remote lands north and east of the Potomac Eiver. In preparing the charter for the proposed province, a blank was left, although Baltimore had thought of call- ing it Crescentia. The King, when the patent was brought, asked what he should call the country that he was about to cede. Baltimore replied that it would have been pleasant to have called it after the King, but that could not be, as another province was already desig- reqaest of Heath, the Pri¥y Council made Hugh L'Amy Beceirer-GeneRd of Kates in Csoolana. On April 30, 1630, the Priry Conncil ordered that no a&aa shonld be settled in Carolana vithont specif direction, nor any bat Protestants. About this tune Bsxin de Sanc£ arrived for the settling of a colony of French Protestants in this proTince. It 'n'as agreed by Heath that the French shonld bring certificates from thmr Protestant pastors, to be examined and attested by the minister of the French cliarch in London, when the Attomey-Geneial would issue a permit to saiL On the 15th of May, George Lord Berkley, Samuel Vassal, a prominent London merchant, and others, proposed to settle from the 34th, 35^ and 36th degrees of latitude, under Heath's charter. In 1633, Edward Einga- weU contracted with VassaQ to transport himaelf, wife, and family, a Mr. Wingate, and others, to Carolana. In October they sailed from London in the Mayflower, but were landed in Virginia instead of Carolana. In May 1634 Eingswell retume-1 to England, and sued Vass^ for breach of con- tract. Sir Henry Martin, Judge of Admiralty, after examining the case, in December, decided in his &vonr. ^ This may have been the same tract as that which the Dnke of Iforfolk ob- tained, who was the brother of his daughter-in-law, the wife of his son Cecilius. TERRA MARIJE. 215 nated as Carolana. Charles then said : " Let us name it after the Queen. What think you of Mariana V Baltimore, a firm believer in the divine right of kings, disapproved, because he said it was the name of the Spanish historian who taught that the will of the people was higher than the law of tyrants.-' Charles, still dis- posed to compliment his wife, said, " Let it be Terra Mariae," and this name was inserted. A few days later the charter passed the privy seal, but, upon the advice of Attorney-General Noy, the affixing of the great seal was delayed, and meanwhile, on April 12^ 1632, the first Baron of Baltimore died at his lodgings at Lincoln's-Iim-Fields, and was buried in the chancel of the Church of St. Dunstan's West, London. \ A few months after his death, the charter of Terra Marise, or Mary Land, was made out in the name of his son, Cecilius, and contained no provisions for civil or religious liberty. By it the proprietor and his heirs were created true and absolute lords and proprietaries of the province, with free, full, and absolute power to ordain, make, and enact laws, with the advice, assent, and approbation of the freemen of the province, and with authority to appoint all judges, justices, and constables. The freemen could only meet in assembly with the proprietor's permission, and it was expressly provided that he might make wholesome laws from time to time, to be kept and observed, on the ground that it might be ^ Aysoough Mss. 2l6 CHARTER OF CAROLAXA. necessary before tte freeholders could be convened for the purpose. The charter of Maryland appears, with one important exception, to be the same as that of Carolana, granted to Sir Eobert Heath : — Charter of Caeolaxa, 1629, A.D. "Charles, by the Grace of God," etc.: "To aU to whom these presents shall come. Greet- ing : " Whereas, ottr tmsfy and well beloved subject. Sir Eobert Heath, our AttomeT-General, being excited with a laudable zeal for the propagation of the Christian faith, the enlargement of our Empire and dominion, and the increase of trade and commerce of otir Kingdom, has humbly besotight leave of us, by his own industiy and charge, to transf>ort an ample colony of our subjects,'' etc., "into a certain country hereafter described in the parts of .America between the degrees of 31 and 36 of northern latitude, inclnsiTe, not yet cultivated or planted," etc. "Know ye, therefore, that we fevouring the pious and land- able purpose of our said Attor- ney-General, of OUT special grace, certain knowledge, and mere motion, have given, granted, and confirmed unto the said General, C ha rter of ilAETLiSD, 1632, A.D. " Charles, by the grace of God," etc. : " To aU to whom these presents shall come, Greet- ing: "Whereas, our well beloved and right tmstT subject, Ceri- lius Calvert,Baron of Baltimore," etc., "being animated with a landable and pious zeal for ex- tending the Christian religion, and also the territories of our Empire, hath humbly besought leave of ns that he may trans- port, by his own industry and expense, a numerous colony of the English nation to a certain region, hereinafter described. In a country hitherto uncultivated in the parts of America," etc. "Know ye, therefore, that we, encouragLQg with our royal favour the pious and noble pur- pose of the aforesaid Barons of Baltimore, of our special grace, certain knowledge, and mere motion, have given, granted. CHARTER OF MARYLAND. 217 his heirs and assigns for ever, all that [the boundaries here in- serted.] " And we do grant and con- firm," etc., " all patronages, and advowsons of all churches, which, by increase of Christian religion, shall hereafter happen to be buUt within the said re- gion, territory, island, and limits aforesaid, with all and singular, and with as ample rights, juris- dictions, privileges, prerogatives, royalties, Uberties, immunities, and royal rights, and temporal franchises whatsoever, as well by sea as by land within the said region, islands, and limits aforesaid, to have, use, exercise, and enjoy in as ample manner as any Bishop of Durham in our Kingdom of England. and confirmed, and by this our present charter for us, our heirs and successors, do give, grant, and confirm unto the aforesaid Cecilius, now Baron of Balti- more, his heirs and assigns" [the boundaries here inserted], " so that the whole tract of land," etc., "may entirely remain ex- cepted for ever to us, our heirs, and successors." " And we do grant, and like- wise confirm," etc., "furthermore the patronages and advowsons of all churches, which, with the increasing worship and religion of Christ, within the said re- gion, islands, islets, and limits aforesaid hereafter shall happen to be built, together with licence and faculty of erecting and founding churches, chapels, and places of worship in convenient and suitable places within the premises, anA of causing the same to be dedicated and consecrated ac- cording to the ecclesiastical laws of our Kingdom of England; with all and singular such, and as ample rights, jurisdictions, pri- vileges, prerogatives, royalties, liberties, immunities, and royal rights, and temporal franchises whatsoever, as well by sea as by land, with the region, islands, islets, and limits aforesaid, to be had, exercised, used, and enjoyed as any Bishop of Durham," etc. 2l3 RELIGIOUS LIBERTY RESTRICTED. " Know ye that we, upon far- ther grace, certain knowledge, and mere motion, hare thought fit to erect the same tract of ground, country, and island into a Province ; and out of the fidl- ness of our royal power and prerogative, we do for us, our heirs, and successors, erect and incorporate the same into a Province, and do name it Caro- lana, or the Province of Caro- lana, and the said islands, the Carolana islands, and so for ever henceforth will have them cafled." "Know ye, that we, of our mere special grace, certsun know- ledge, and mere motion, have thought fit that the said region and islands be erected into a Province, as out of the plenitude of our royal power and preroga- tive, we do for us, our heirs, and successors, erect and incorporate the same into a province, and nominate the same Maryland, by which name we will that it shall from henceforth be c^ed." The clause in the charter of Maryland which is in italics, expressly requiring the chnrches to be consecrated according to the ecclesiastieal law of England,^ must have been inserted by the Attomey-Greneral to prevent the Church of Eome from obtaining a foothold in the pro- vince. Strange that such a charter should have ever been designated as a charter of religious liberty I 1 Many yeats ^ter, Sir Edward Xorthey, Attorney-General of England, gave this decision : — " As to the said clause in the grant of the province of Maryland, I am of opinion the same doth not give him power to do ^lything contiary to the ecclesiastic^ laws of England." — Chalmer^ Opinions. CHAPTER XII. HENEY FLEET, EXPLORER OF THE POTOMAC RIVER. THE region now known as Maryland, its eastern shore washed by the Atlantic Ocean, its western limits marked by the Potomac Eiver, with the Chesa- peake, one of the most expansive bays in the world, flowing far into the centre, dividing the province into two penitisulas, serrated with many rivers, was uncom- monly accessible to the mariner, and explored at an early period. After the preliminary reconnoissance previous to the publication of the first map in Virginia, the country began to be visited by Europeans to obtain furs from the Indians. The islands near the mouth of the Pocomoke Eiver, named after Sir Thomas Smith, the Governor of the London Company, were examined as early as 1612 by Captain ArgaU and Sir Thomas Dale, with the view of establishing a settlement. Ensign Savage and John Pory, in 1620, pushed to- ward the head of Chesapeake Bay, and in the days of Governor Wyatt, near one hundred English were very happily settled in this region with the hope of a very good trade in furs.-^ William Clayborne^ sent out by the London Company 1 Purchas, iv. p. 1784. " He was the second son of Sir Edward Cleburne or Claybome of West- moreland, and born about 1583. 220 CHESAPEAKE BA Y EXPLORED. to be Surveyor of Virgmia, was the first to make a set- tlement at Kent Island, and to establisli trading posts at Accomack, near the moutli of the Pocomoke Eiver and Palmer's Isle at the upper end of the Chesapeake Bay near the Susquehanna River. The isle was probably named after Edward Palmer of Leamington, G-loucester County, England, an uncle of the unfortunate Sir Thomas Overbury. Camden calls him a curious and diligent antiquary ; and Fuller in his T^orf^^es says : — " His plenteous estate afforded bim opportunity to put forward the ingenuity implanted by nature for the public good, resolving to erect an academy in Virginia. In order whereunto he purchased an island, called Palmer's Island unto this day, but in pursuance thereof was at many thousand pounds expense, some instruments employed therein not discharging the trust reposed in them with corresponding fidelity. He was transplanted to another world,^ leaving to posterity the monument of his worthy, but unfinished intention." Henry Fleet was as active in developing the resources of the Potomac River as Claybome of the Chesapeake Bay. A brief journal kept by him in the year 1631 and now for the first time printed,^ is valuable as giving the first full description of the country and Indians then liAang where the lofty dome of the capitol at Washington is now the prominent object. 1 A patent was granted to Edward Pabner^ on Jnly 3, 1622, by the Vir- ginia Company. He died alwat 1625 at London. 2 The MS. is in the Lambeth Library. In 1664 it belonged to William Griffith, A.il., who was probably the son of Henry Griffith, one of the owners of the " Warwick." HENRY FLEETS JOURNAL. 221 The manuscript is entitled, " A brief Journal of a Voyage made in the bark ' Warwick' to Virginia and other parts of the continent of America," and the con- tents are as follows ■} — - " The 4th of July 1631 we weighed anchor from the Downes, and sailed for New England, when we arrived in the harbour of Pascattowaie the 9th of September, making some stay upon the coast of New England. From thence, on Monday the 19th of September, we sailed directly for Virginia, where we came to anchor in the bay there, the 21st of October, but made little stay. From thence we set sail for the river of Patomack, where we arrived the 26 th of October at an Indian town called Yowaccomoco,^ being at the mouth of the river, where I found that, by reason of my absence, the Indians had not preserved their beaver, but burned it, as the custom is, whereupon I endeavoured by persuasions to alter that custoin, and to preserve it for me against the next spring, promising to come there with commodities in exchange by the first of April. Here I was tempted to run up the river to the heads, there to trade with a strange populous nation, called Mowhaks, man-eaters, but after good deliberation, I conceived many incon- veniences that might fall out. First, I considered that I was engaged to pay a quantity of Indian corn in New England, the neglect whereof might be prejudicial both to them that should have it, and to me that promised i The bad and obsolete spellings of the Journal are not given. Fleet's proper names are however retained. 2 Afterwards the site of St. Mary, the old capital of the province of Mary- land. 222 SHIP " WARWICK" AT JAMESTOWN. payment And then I observed that winter was very- forward, and that if I should proceed and be frozen in, it might be a great hindrance to my proceedings ; there- fore I did forbear, and making all the convenient haste I could, I took into the barque her lading of Indian com as I supposeii, being persuaded and overruled by John Dim^ton, whom I entertained as master. But upon the delivery of our lading found not above 800 bushels to our great hindrance. " The 6th of December we weighed anchor, shaping our course directly for Xew England, but the wind being contrary, ending with a feaifol storm, we were forced into the inhabited liver of James Town. There were divers envious people, who would have executed their malice upon us, had it not been for a rumour of a com- mission they supposed I had, which I took great pains to procure, but (time being precious and my charge great) I came away only with the copy. Divers that seemed to be my friends advised me to visit the Grovemor. I showed myself willing, yet watched an opportunity that might be convenient for my purpose, l:>euig not minded to adventure my fortunes at the disposing of the Grovemor. " Then we did a little replenish our provisions. But at th is time I was much troubled with the seamen, all of them resolving not to stir until the spring, alleging that it was impossible to gain a passage in winter, and that the loading being com, was the more dangerous. But the master and his mate, who were engaged for the delivery of the com, laboured to persuade and encourage MASSACHUSETTS SETTLEMENTS. 223 them to proceed, showing that it would be for their benefit ; so that, with threats and fair persuasions, at last I prevailed. " On Tuesday the 10th of January, we set sail from Point Comfort and arrived at Pascattoway, in New England,^ on Tuesday the 7th of February, where we dehvered our corn, the quantity being 700 bushels. " On Tuesday, the 6th of March, we weighed anchor and sailed to the Isle of Shoals, where we furnished our- selves with provisions of victual. Sunday, the 11th of March, we sailed for the Massachusetts Bay, and arrived there on the 19 th day. I wanted commodities to trade with the Indians, and here I endeavoured to fit myself if I could. I did obtain some, but it proved of little value, and was the overthrow of my voyage. " From the Massachusetts was sent with me a small pinnace of the burthen of twenty tons, the which I was to freight with Indian com for trucking stufi", which proved to me like that I had before from the Bay, and Pascattoway, from whence I had some likewise. Yet this was not the greatest wrong I received by this barque, as shall hereafter be related. "Upon Monday, the 9th of April 1632, we both weighed anchor, and shaped our course for Virginia, but the sixth day being stormy weather we lost our pinnace. Contrary winds and gusty weather, with the insufficiency of the Master, made our return to Virginia tedious, to the overthrow of the voyage. But it so pleased God ' There was Pascattoway in New England, as well as on the Potomac river. 224 A CCOMA C P LA XT A TION. that we anchored against the English colony the 13th of ilav. when, for want of wind, being a flat calm, we came to an anchor at Acomack. Having some English commodities I sold them for tobacco. Wednesday, the 16th of May, we shaped our course for the river of Patomack, with the company of Captain Oeyboume/ being in a small vessel By the relation of hiTn and others of the plantation of Acomack, the Glovemor of Virginia^ was mnch displeased with me, xmto whom com- plaints had been made by divers of the eoimtiy, and it had been discovered by one of my company that was run away, how that I had bnt the copy of my commis- sion. Friday, the 1 7th of May, we might discern a sail malnTig toward us about two o clock in the afternoon. She came np to us, and we fonnd that it was the pin- nace that came out with us, which having had a short pasvsage. had been np the river of Patomack, at Towi> comaco, an Indian town, where she had stayed three weeks, and then I was certified that had usually been in th'jse parts with me, after my last departure came there and went up the river to truck, where he foxmd good store of beaver, and being furnished with commodities such as ^ irginia affords, did beat about from town to town for beaver, but prevailed not And in the raid, coming where my barque had been, that town having 300 weight of beaver, he then reported that I was dead, they supposing that his vessel to be the same that I was 1 WnKam Claybome ie|frese!ited Accomac in the Vbginia House of Bnr- gesaes. In 1629 he defeated tlie Indians at Candayack, at the month of tiie Famnnky liTer, and recelTed a grant of land at that point for M~ services. - John Harrey. CHARLES HARMON, INDIAN TRADER. 225 to come in, desired them to bring me ashore dead or alive, and this report caused some distraction for the present, who supposed that by reason of my long absence, past my appointed time, some mischance had befallen me. And the Indians there disposed of their beaver to Charles Harmon, being 300 weight, who departed but three days before I came there. " This relation did much trouble me, fearing (having contrary winds) that the Indians might be persuaded to dispose of aU their beaver before they could have notice of my being in safety, they themselves having no use at all for it, being not accustomed to take pains to dress it and make coats of it. Monday, the 21st of May, we came to an anchor at the mouth of the river, where, hastening ashore, I sent two Indians, in company with with my brother Edward, to the Emperor,^ being three days' journey toward the Falls. And so sailing to the other side of the river, I sent two Indians more, giving express order to all of them not to miss an Indian town, and to certify them of my arrival. But it so happened that he [Harmon] had cleared both sides of the river, so far as the Emperor's, where these Indians, when they came, certified him of my being well, and of my brother's being there, so that afterwards he could not get a skin, but he had made a very hand of it, and an unexpected trade for the time, at a small charge, having gotten 1500 weight of beaver, and cleared fourteen towns. There were yet three that were at the disposing of the Emperor, so the barque and myself passing by divers ^ At Piacataway, still the name of a post town. P 226 AXACOSTAN IXDIAXS. towns, came to the town of Patomack on Satnrday, the 26th of May. There I gave the pinnace her lading of Indian com, and sent her away the Ist of June, with letters from our Company to their fiiends in London, and elsewhere in England, which were safely conveyed from Xew England. The same day, with a north-west wind (Chailes Harman staying no longer^, we set sad, and the third we arriTed at the Emperor's, but before we conld come to the town, he was paddled aboard by a petty king in a canoe. When he came lie nsed divers speeches, and allied many circumstances for the excuse of the beaver which Charles Harman had of his men in that river, and after compliments used, he presented me with one hundred and fourteen beaver skins, which put me into a little comfort after so much ill success. Yet this was nothing, in regard of the great charge at his town, and at a little town by him called the 2S acostines,^ where I had almost 800 weight of beaver. There is but little friendship between the Emperor and the Xacos- tines, he being fearful to punish them, because they are protected by the Massomacks or Cannyda Indians, who have used to convey all such En gb.sh truck as cometh into this river to the Massomacks. " The ZS acostines before, here occasioned the killing of twenty men of our English, myself then being taken prisoner and detained five years, which was in the time ' The Anacostans lived wiere Washington, the capital of the TTnited States of America, is now built. The Xavy Yard 13 on the Anacostan or eastern branch of the Potomac A sabnrbam pcst-affice at the end of Xavy Yard bridge is called Anaeostia, and an island in the main stream, opposite the city, is called Analostan, a cormption of Anacostan. MASSOMACK TRIBE. 227 of Sir Francis Wyatt/ he being the Governor of Vir- ginia. The 13th of June I had some conference with an interpreter of Massomack and of divers other Indians that had been lately with them, whose relation was very strange in regard of the abundance of people there, com- pared to all the other poor number of natives which are in Patomack arid places adjacent, where are not above five thousand persons, and also of the infinite store of beaver they use in coats. Divers were the imaginations that I did conceive about this discovery, and understand- ing that the river was not for shipping, where the people were, nor yet for boats to pass, but for canoes only. I found aU my neighbour Indians to be against my design, the Pascattowies having had a great slaughter formerly by them to the number of one thousand persons in my time. They comiag in their birchen canoes did seek to withdraw me from having any commerce with the other Indians, and the Nacostines were earnest in the matter, because they knew that our trade might hinder their benefit. Yet I endeavoured to prosecute my trade with them nevertheless, and therefore made choice of two trusty Indians to be sent along with my brother, who could travel well. " I find the Indians of that populous place are governed by four kings, whose towns are of several names, Tonhoga, Mosticum, Shaunetowa, and Usserahak, re- ported above thirty thousand persons, and that they have palisades about their towns made with great trees, M 1 He came to Virginia 1621, and returned to England in 1626. Was reappointed in 1639. For notice of him see page 150. 228 GREAT FALLS OF POTOMAC. and ^dth scaffolds upon the walls. Unto these four kings I sent four presents in beads, bells, hatchets, knives, and coats, to the value of £8 sterling. '■' The 14th of June they set forth, and I entreated them to bring these Indians down to the water to the Falls, where they should find me with the ship. On Monday, the 2 oth of June, we set sail for the town of Tohoga, when we came to an anchor two leagues short of the Falls,* being iu the latitude of 41, on the 26th of June. This place without all question is the mosl; pleasant and healthful place in all this country, and most C'jnvenient for habitation, the air temperate in summer and not violent in winter. It aboundeth with all manner of fish. The Indians in one night commonly will catch thirty sturgeons iu a place where the river is not above twelve fathom broad. And as for deer, bu^loes, bears, turkeys, the woods do swarm with them, and the soil is exceedingly fertile, but above this place the country is rocky and mountainous like Cannida. " The 2 7th of June I manned my shallop, and went up with the flood, the tide rising about four feet iu height at this place. We had not rowed above three miles, but we might hear the Falls to roar about six miles distant,' by which it appears that the liver is separated with rocks, but * Bamaby, ^rho risited them in 1759, gives ttU description : " The chan- nel of the riTer i^ contracted by hills. It is clogged, m ore^jTer, with innamer- able mcks, so that the water for a mile or two flows with accelerated Telocity. At length, ooming to a ledge of rocks, it diTides into two sponts, each abont eight yards wide, and rashes down a precipice with increiiible r^ddity." - The Falls are nine miles from Washington. EDWARD FLEETS EXPLORATIONS. 229 only in that one place, for beyond is a fair river. The 3d of July, my brother, with the two Indians, came thither, in which journey they were seven days going, and five days coming back to this place. They aU did affirm that in one palisado, and that being the last of thirty, th'ere were three hundred houses, and in every house forty skins at least, iu bundles and piles. To this king was delivered the four presents, who dispersed them to the rest. The entertainment they had I omit as tedious to relate. There came with them, one-half of the way, one hundred and ten Indians, laden with beaver, which could not be less than 4000 weight. These Indians were made choice of by the whole nation, to see what we were, what was our intent, and whether friends or foes, and what commodities we had, but they were met with by the way by the Nacostines, who told them we pur- posed to destroy those that came in our way, in revenge of the Pascattowaies, being hired to do so for 114 skins, which were delivered aforesaid, for a present, as a preparative. " But see the iaventions of devils ; the life of my brother, by this tale of the Nacostines, was much en- dangered. The next morning I went to the Nacostines to know the reason of this business, who answered they did know no otherwise, but that if I would make a firm league with them, and give their king a present, then they would undertake to briug those other Indians down. The refusal of this offer, was the greatest foUy that I have ever committed, in mine opinion. "The 10th of July, about one o'clock, we discerned 230 TRADE FOR BE A VER SKIXS. an Indian on the other side of the river, who, with a shrill sound, cried, ' Quo I Quo I Quo I ' holding up a beaver skin upon a pole. I went ashore to him, who then gave me the beaver skin, with his hatchet, and laid down his head, with a strange kind of behaviour, using some few words, which I learned, but to me it was a foreign language. I cheered him, told biTn he was a good man, and clapped him on the breast with my hands. Whereupon he started up, and used some complimental speech, leaving his things with me, and ran up the bin. " Within the space of half an hour, he returned, with five more, one being a woman, and an interpreter, at which I rejoiced, and so I expressed myself to them, showing them courtesies. These were laden with beaver, and came from a town called Usserahak, where were seven thousand Indians. I carried these TndiaTis aboard, and traded with them for their skins. They drew a plot of their country, and told me there came with them sixty canoes, but were interrupted by the Xacostines, who always do wait for them, and were hindered by them. Yet these, it would seem, were resolute, not fearing death, and would adventure to come down. These promised, if I would show them my truck, to get great store of canoes to come down with one thou- sand Indians that should trade with me. I had but httle, not worth above one hundred pounds sterling, and such as was not fit for these TudiaTis to trade with, who delight in hatchets, and knives of large size, broad-cloth, and coats, shirts, and Scottish stockings. The women desire bells, and some kind of beads. NORTHERN INDIANS ARRIVE. 231 "The lltli of July there came from another place seven lusty men, with, a strange attire ; they had red fringe, and two of them had beaver coats, which they gave me. Their language was haughty, and they seemed to ask me what I did there, and demanded to see my truck, whicli, upon view, they scorned. They had two axes, such as Captain Kirk traded ia Cannida, which he bought at 'Whits of Wapping, and there I bought mine, and think I had as good as he. But these Indians, after tbey came aboard, seemed to be fair conditioned, and one of them, taking a piece of chalk, made a plain demonstration of their country, which was nothing different from the former plot drawn by the other Indians. These called themselves IVTostikums, but after- wards I found they were of a people three days' journey from these, and were called Hereckeenes, who, with their own beaver, and what they get of those that do adjoin upon them, do drive a trade in Cannida, at tbe planta- tion, which is fifteen days' journey from tbis place. These people delight not in toys, but in useful com- modities. " There was one William Elderton very desirous to go with them, but being cannibals I advised him rather to go with the others, whither I had sent a present, telling him they had no good intentions, yet upon his earnest entreaty, though unwillingly, I licensed him to proceed, and sent a present with him to their king, one of them affirming that they were a people of one of the four aforenamed nations. But I advised my man to carry no truck along, lest it might be a means to endanger his 232 WILUAM ELDERTOK. IXTERPRETEIL life. Xevertlieless, as I was afterwards informed, he carried, a coat, and other things, to the value of ten shillings more, and on the 14th of July departed. "The 15th of July the Indians were returned with the interpreter, according to promise, and, being come, looked about for William our interpreter, to whom I made relation whither he was gone, and they seemed to lament for him, as if he were lost, saying, that the men with whom he went would eat him, that these people were not their friends, but that they were Herecheenes. At the departure of these Indians, they told me that two hundred TndiaTis were come to the place from whence they came with store of English truck to trade for beaver, and told us they had a purpose to come down and visit us, and take a view of otir commodities, and they inquired after divers kinds of commodities, of which I had some very good, part of which I gave them, and sent them away, desiring them to follow after the other Indians, and to get away my maTi- All this time did my truck spend not so much upon beaver as upon victuals, having nothing but what we bought of the Indians, of whom we had fish, beans, and boiled com. The seamen, nevertheless, hoped to sell away all their clothes for beaver. " The 18th of July I went to the Pascattowaies, and there excused myself for trading with those that were their enemies, and from thence I hired sixteen Indians, and brought them to the ship, and made one of them my merchant, and delivered to them, equally divided, the best part of my truck, which they carried up for me, to TOHOGAES PRESENT FURS. 233 trade with their countrjmierL ; and I gave charge to the factor to find out my man, and to bring him along with them when they came back. " The 7th of August these Indians returned, and the Tohogaes' sent me eighty skins with the truck again, who showed these Indians great packs of beaver, saying there were nine hundred of them coming down by winter, after they had received assurance of our love by the Usserahaks, although the Nacostines had much laboured the contrary. And yet they were all at a stand for a time, by reason of two rumours that had been raised, — the one, that I had no good truck, neither for quantity, nor for quality ; the other, that one of our men was slain by the Hirechenes, three days' journey beyond them, and that they had beguiled us with the name of Mosticums, one of their confederate nations. Neverthe- less, they being desirous to have some trial of us, had sent us these skins, minding to have an answer whether we would be so satisfied of this deceit or no, and that they would come all four nations and trade with us upon their guard. " I liked this motion very well, but was unwilling to protract time, because I had but little victuals, and small store of trucking stuff, and therefore I sailed down to Pascattowie, and so to a town on this side of it called Moyumpse. Here came three cannibaLs of Usserahak, Tohoga, and Mosticum ; these used many compliment- iag speeches and rude orations, showing that they de- sired us to stay fifteen days, and they would come with 1 Tiogas 1. 234 JOHX UTY OF VIRGINIA. a great number of people that should trade with us as formerly they had spoken, I gave them all courteous entertainment, and so sent them back again, ■ At this time I had certain news of a small pinnace with, eight men, that made inquiry in aU places for me, with whom was Charles Harm an. The Ttidians would willingly have put them by from me, or I could have shifted them in the night, or taken them, as I pleased ; but, knowing my designs to be fair and honest, I feared nothing that might happen by this means. And now, after much toil and some misery, I was desirous of variety of company. " The 28th of August, in the morning, I discerned the barque, and having the shallop which I built amongst the Indians, I manned her with ten men and all manner of mimition, with a foil resolution to [dis- cover] what they were, and what were their intentions. Being come near them, I judged what they were and went aboard, where I found Captain John Uty,- one of the Council of Virginia. In which barque I stayed with them by the space of two hours, and then in- vited them aboard my ship, where, being entered into my cabin, after a civil pause, this salutation was used : — " ' Captain Fleet, I am sorry to bring iU news, and to trouble you in these courses, being so good ; but as I am an instrument, so I pray you to excuse me, for, in the King's name, I arrest you, your ship, and goods, and 1 TTia son, Nathaniel, became ConncflloT of Maryland, and an island called Spesntia, at the head of the Chesapeake Bay, once belonged to him. CAPTAIN FLEE T AT JAMESTO WN. 235 likewise your company, to answer such things as the Governor and Council shall object.' " I obeyed ; yet I conceived that I might use my own discretion, and most of his company being servants and ill-used, were willing to have followed me — yea, though it had been to have gone for England. " The 29th of August we came to Patomack : here was I much tempted to take in corn, and then to proceed for New England ; but wanting truck, and having much tobacco due to me in Virginia, I was unwilhng to take any irregular course, especially in that I conceived all my hopes and future fortunes depended upon the trade and traffic that was to be had out of this river. " I took in some provisions, and came down to a town called Patobanos,^ where I found that all the Indians below the cannibals, which are in number five thousand persons in the river of Patomack, will take pains this winter in the killing of beavers, and preserve the furs for me now that they begin to find what benefit may accrue to them thereby. By this means I shall have in readiness at least five or six thousand weight against my next coming to trade there. Thursday, the 6th of September 1632, we came to the river of James Town, and on the 7th day anchored at James Town, and I went ashore the same night. " The Governor, bearing himself like a noble gentle- man, showed me very much favour, and used me with unexpected courtesy. Captain Utye did acquaint the ^ Also called Potopaco and Portobatto, and now corrupted into Port Tobacco. 236 FRIENDSHIP OF GOVERXOR HARVEY. Council with the success of the voyage, and every man seemed to be desirous to be a partner with me in th^e employments. I made as ferr weather as might be with them, to the end I might know what would be the busi- ness iu question, and what they would or could object, that I might see what issue it would come to. '" The Court was called the 14th of September, where an order was made, which I have here enclosed, and I find that the Grovemor hath favoured me therein. After this day, I had free power to dispose of myselE. Where- upon I took into consideration my business, and what course would be most for mine advantage, and what was fittest for me to resolve upon. I conceived it would be prejudicial to my designs to lose the advantage of the spring, because of the infancy of this project, considering how needful it was to settle this course of trade with the TTi fliaus so newly begun, and now that I had gotten £200 worth of [beaver] in readiness, and some of it very good. " And I having now built a new barque of sixteen tons, and fitted myself with a partner that joineth with me for a moiety in that vessel, which we have sent to the Cannadies -with provisions, and such merchandise, are there good commodities, and so to the Medeiras and Tenariffe. The loading is com, meal, beef, pork, and clapboard. For myself, I hope to be gone up the river within the sis: days. " And so, beloved friends, that shall have the perusal of this journal, I hope that you will hold me excused in the method of this relation, and bear with my weakness OWNERS OF " WARWICK" COMPLAIN. 237 in penning the same. And consider that time would not permit me to use any rhetoric in the form of this discourse, which, to say truly, I am but a stranger unto as yet, considering that in my infancy and prime time of youth, which might have advantaged my study that way, and enabled me with more learning, I was for many years together compelled to live amongst these people, whose prisoner I was, and by that means am a better proficient in the Indian language than mine own, and am made more able that way. " The thing that I have endeavoured herein is, in plain phrase, to make such relation of my voyage as may give some satisfaction to my good friends, whose longing thoughts may hereby have a little content, by perusing this discourse, wherein it will appear how I proceeded, and what success I have had, and how I am like to speed if God permit. — All which particulars, the whole ship's company are ready to testify on behalf of this Journal." Governor Harvey appears to have colluded with Fleet in defrauding Griffith and Co. of London, the owners of the " "Warwick." On July 10, 1634, in a communication to the Admiralty, the owners stated that three years before they had sent a ship to Virginia for trade and discovery, of which Henry Fleet was factor, with com- mission to return in a year, but that, by authority of Governor Harvey, Fleet had restrained the vessel and the profits, to their great loss.^ After the Maryland colony was planted, Fleet became a member of its Assembly and a man of some influence. 1 Cal. State Papers, Col. series. CHAPTER XIII. CECILIUS, SECOND LORD BALTIMOEE, ANT) THE SETTLEMENT OF MAEYLAND. rriHREE months after the death of the first Baron of -'- Baltimore, the grant for the province of Mary- land was issued in the name of Cecihus, his son and successor. By its provisions he was empowered to settle a colony in a country hitherto uncidtivated, extending from Watldn's Point, near the river Poco- moke, to part of Delaware Bay, at the fortieth degree of latitude, " where New England is terminated." Members of the old VirgLoia Company iromediately offered objections on grounds of law, equity, and incon- venience, and this was followed by a remonstrance from the planters in Virginia ; but on July 3, 1633, the Privy Council, by a diplomatic evasion, left Lord Baltimore to his patent, and the other parties to the course of law ac- cording to their desires, and a few days after the colonial authorities at Jamestown were notified that Lord Balti- more intended to transport a number of persons "to that part called Maryland, which we have given him," and they are directed to give him friendly assistance. With the aid of a number of other persons, the " Ark," a ship of four hundred tons, and the " Dove," a pinnace COLONISTS, LABOURING MEN. 239 of fifty tons, were obtained for carrying over the colonists. In October the party embarked, consisting not of two hundred gentlemen of good Catholic families, as many historians state, but of three hundred labouring men, chiefly Protestant, with about "twenty other gentle- men of very good fashion,"^ two of whom were Leonard and George Calvert, brothers of Lord Baltimore. After they left Gravesend, it was reported that the "Ark" of London, Richard Lowe, Master, and the " Dove," in charge of Captain Winter, had departed for Lord Baltimore's plantation " in or about New England," contrary to orders, and that the Company in charge of Captain Winter had not taken the oath of allegiance. Admiral Pennington immediately ordered the vessels to be brought back, and the oath having been duly admia- istered, on the 30th of October 1633, a license was granted for them to sail.^ About the same time complaint was made against Lord Baltimore and his agent, Gabriel Hawley, that the latter had billeted men and women for Maryland, at twelve pence a day, in the houses of the complainants, and then took them away without paying the bills, ^ Among these few were the councillors Hawley and Cornwallis, and Eichard, sou of Sir Thos. Gerard of Lancashire, Knight Marshal of the Palace. Lord Baltimore, in a letter to the Earl of Strafford, says : "I have, by the help of some of your Lordship's good friends and mine, overcome these diffi- culties, and sent a hopeful colony into Maryland, with a fair and favourable expectation of good success, however without any danger of any great pre- judice to myself, in respect that many others are joined with me in the adventure. There are two of my brothers gone, with very near twenty other gentlemen of very good fashion, and three hundred labouring men, well pro- vided in all things." — Strafford's Despatches. '^ Sainsbury's Cal. of State Papers. 240 YOACOMACO TRADING POST. amounting to about £60, for their entertainment. After various difficulties the ships left the Thames and went to Cowes. On the 2 2d of Xovember thej departed from the Isle of AVight, and by way of the West Indies, on the 24th of February 1633-34, anchored at Point Comfort, Virginia. It had been arranged that Leonard Calvert should be Governor of Maryland, assisted by two councillors, Thomas ComwaUis and Jerome Hawley, both of whom were Protestants. On the 5th of March the expedition reached the mouth of the Potomac, which they ascended fourteen leagues, and came to St. Greorcre's isle, and anchored near to it, at another island which they called St. Clements. From this point, Calvert in the '' Dove," ascended to Paschatoway, a few miles below the site of Washington city, to confer with Henry Fleet, who had lived many years in the country. Under Fleet's guid- ance he descended the river, and was conducted to one of Fleet's trading posts, at Toacomaco, an Indian village upon a small tributary of the lower Potomac river. The position being pleasant, it was purchased of the Indians, and on the 27th of March 1634 Calvert took possession and named the place Saint Mary. Three days later the "Ark" and the 'Dove" anchored in front of the spot, and the colonists immediately began to erect a stockade and storehouse. Before Governor Calvert purchased St. Mary, William Qaybome appeared before the Council of Virginia, and stated that Grovemor Calvert told him that he was no longer a member of the Virginia colony, but belonged CLAYBORNE'S COMPLAINT. 241 to his plantation, and he desired their advice as to the proper course for him to pursue. It was answered by the Board that they wondered why such question was made, that they knew no reason why they should render up the right of the Isle of Kent, more than any other formerly given to this colony by his Majesty's patent, and that the right of Lord Balti- more's grant being yet undetermined in England, " we are bound in duty and by our oaths to maintain the rights and privileges of the colony." The Privy Council of England, on the 2 2d of July 1634, also stated that "it is not intended that the interests which men have settled when you were a corporation should be impeached." While the citizens of Virginia sided with Clayborne, Sir John Harvey, appointed Governor by King Charles, was ready by every means to sustain the claims of Lord Baltimore. Windebank, Secretary of the Privy Council in England, a Roman Catholic in sympathies, was also friendly. Lord Baltimore, on the 1 5th of September, then staying at Warder Castle, the seat of Earl Axundel, his father- in-law, sent William Peasley, his sister's husband, to beg Windebank to procure a letter from the King to Gover- nor Harvey, thanking him for the assistance he had given to the Maryland plantation against " Clayborne's malicious behaviour," and that if the letter was not sent by a ship about to saU, he feared his plantation would be overthrown. Windebank, three days after, sent a flattering note to Harvey, and on the 29th the King also wrote that he had given the grant to Lord Baltimore^ Q 242 GOVERXOR HARVEY'S INDISCRETION. " there being land enongli for the entertainment of many thousands, and the work more easily overcome by multi- tudes of hands and assistance," and then thanked the GoTemor for the ready assistance to the plantation begun in Maryland, and required him to continue the same. But the sturdy people of Yirginia could not be made to believe that the usurpation was lawfal, althongb sanctioned by an arbitrary King. The settlers of Kent Island had been represented by delegates in the Vir- ginia Assembly, and they did not wish these relations surrenderei Grovemor Harvey discovered that though he had received flattering letters from England it did not give him influence, and on the 16th of December he despondingly wrote to Windebank : — " Desirous to do Lord Baltimore all the service he is able, but his power is not great, being limited by his commission to the greater number of voices at the Coun- cil table, where almost all are acrainst him, especially when it concerns Maryland. Many are so averse to that plantation that they proclaim and make it their familiar talk, that they would rather knock their cattle on the head than sell them to Maryland. He suspects the faction is nourished in England, and also bv Capt. Sam. Matthews, who scratching his head, and in a ftuy stamping, cried out, ' a pox upon Marvland.' " It was unfortunate for Leonard Calvert, upon his arrival at Saint Mary, to be associated with one so indiscreet as Harvey, for with prudence Qaybome and the other old settlers within the new province of Mary- land might have been conciliated. A NAVAL ENGAGEMENT. 243 In the spring of 1635, Clayborne, who had a plan- tation in Accomac, despatched, as was his custom, a pin- nace, called the " Long Tail," to trade with the Indians, which, on the 23d of April, was seized by the Mary- landers. Indignant at this, Clayborne sent a vessel, in command of Katcliff Warren, to recover the captured pinnace. In the harbour of great Wiggomoco, Warren met Captain CornwaHis in the pinnace " St. Margaret," and, on the 10th of May, a fight occurred, in which Warren and two others of the Virginia party were killed, while the Marylanders lost but one man.^ The seizure of the pinnace led to a revolution in Virginia. A meeting was held, on the 27th of April, at York, in the house of WOliam Barrene, Speaker of the Virginia House of Burgesses, to take steps to redress their grievances, and Captain Matthews, on the next day, with forty musketeers, surrounded the Governor's residence, while John Uty, one of the Council, placing his hands upon him, said, " I arrest you for treason." Perfectly powerless in the face of an overwhelming public sentiment, he quietly submitted, and, on the 7th of May, a special meeting of burgesses chose as acting governor, John West, a brother of Lord Delaware,^ and sent Harvey to England for misdemeanour. On the 2 3d of May Clayborne wrote to England, from Elizabeth City, that all his rights had been trampled upon, and ' At a meeting of the Privy Council of England it was stated that Lord Baltimore's men had slain three men at the entrance of Hudson's Kiver, which is between the Choptank and Nantiooke river, Maryland. — Gal. State Papers. ^ Sainsbury Cal. State Papers. 244 VIRGINIANS DEPOSE HARVEY. Captain Matthews, of the Yirgmia CoTmcil, informed Sir John Wolstenholme that he believed that the Marylanders seized the pinnace at Harvey's instigation, and con- cluded by the " hope that Sir John Harvey's return [to England] will be acceptable to God, not displeasing to his Majesty, and an assured happiness unto tbe colony." Jerome Hawley, one of the councillors of Maryland, arrived at London early in June, for the purpose of defending tbe action of his fellow-councillor Thomas Comwallis, and Thomas Harwood went as agent of the Virginians. On the 16th of December 1635 the Privy Council assembled at White Hall, both the King and Archbishop Laud being present, to inquire into the dis- missal of the Governor. The agent for Virginia charged that one Eabnet^ said it was lawful to THll a heretic Icing, and that Harvey countenanced the " Komish religion" in Maryland, and that Hawley said Calvert went there to plant the same. Hawley positively denied this, but admitted that there was " public mass in Maryland," which was contrary to the laws of England, as well as the charter of the pro- vince. Governor Harvey characterized the legislative Assembly of Virginia as composed of " a rude, ignorant, and ill-conditioned people." Charles the First, after hearing these statements, declared that it was an assumption of sovereignty for the people of the colony to send home their Grovemor, and that he should go back " if it was only to stay for a * Francis Babnet, of St Mary, was a member of the first Maryland As- sembly, and in the employ of a Mr. Winter. — Maryland MSS. HAWLEY, TREASURER OF VIRGINIA. 245 day." Lord Baltimore, finding the King in this tem- per, requested that John West, Samuel Matthews, and John Uty, might be arrested and brought to England to answer for insubordination ; and further, that the Attorney-General might draw out a new commission for Harvey, with enlarged powers, and that Secretary Win- debank prepare his instructions. The grasping Baltimore, on February 25, 1637, through his brother-in-law, sends a letter to Secretary Windebank, in which he asserts that he is able to advance the King's service in Virginia, and is well assured of his own abUity to perform with ample satisfac- tion what he undertakes, and proposes a way of serving the King which is most likely to take effect. The pro- position, as it appears from a memorial in file, was to increase the revenue from Virginia £8000, on condition that he was made governor of that colony, with a salary of £2000 per annum. The efforts of Baltimore resulted in the re-appoint- ment of his friend Harvey as Governor of Virginia, with increased powers, and Jerome Hawley, one of the Coun- cillors of Maryland, was also made Treasurer,* with instructions to examine aU. land patents, and demand thereupon a yearly rental for the use of the Crown. In October 1636 Harvey and Hawley sailed for Vir- ginia in a Government vessel, called the " Black George," which proved " a most crazy old ship," and, when twenty leagues from the English coast, leaked so badly that the captain brought her back to Portsmouth, In April 1637 Hawley again sailed in the " Friendship," and safely 246 THE RIGHTS OF E^fGUSHMEK. arrived at JamestowiL Although Treasurer of Virginia, he did not sever his connection with the Maryland colony, but sat, in January 1638, as a Member of the Assembly, convened at Saint Mary."^ In this Assembly considerable difference of opinion was manifested, Leonard Calvert, Governor, and John Lewger, Secretary, although but few members of the House of Delegates were present, desired that the laws that had been prepared in England by Lord Balti- more should be assented to after a first reading, but Thomas ComwaUis, son of Sir William Comwallis,* one of the two Councillors of the Province, a strong-minded and straight-forward Englishman, objected, because so few members were present. The brother of the pro- prietor, however, prised the question, and the delegates, by a large majority, refused to accept the laws at that time. After a brief adjournment the Assembly again met, in February, and the delegates then resolved that all proposed laws should be read three times on three several days before the vote on their approval or rejec- tion should be taken, and they also expressed a wish 1 In July 1638 Hawley died, leaving Eleanor, his wife, and a danghter, irho afterwards was living at Brabant. His will was dated in October 1633 ; and W illi am Artlmr Dodington, Groom of the King s Privy Chamber, and James lisle, of tie Inner Temple, were named tiierein esecutors. Among th-^se who certified to his death "was Thomas White, aged sixty years, probably the Eev. Thomas Wtite. sent ont by the Virginia Comjpany in 1621. Thomas ComwaUis was administrator of the estate. William Hawley, one of the Frri-testant members of the Maryland Assembly in I60O, and Henry Hawley, Governor of Barbadoes, were his brcchers. ' .Sir William ComwaUis was the son of ^ir Charles, sent amba^ador to Spain, and grandson of Sir Thomas ComwaUis, Treasurer of Calais and ComptroUer of the Hoosehold of Qaeen Mary. GOVERNOR CALVERT OPPOSED. 247 that all bills might emanate from a committee of their own choice. Governor Calvert was very uneasy at the independence of the freemen, and proposed to adjourn ; but " Captain ComwaUis," described in a pamphlet of the day as " that noble, right valiant, and politick soldier," opposed, and said " that they could not spend their time in any busi- ness better than this, for the country's good." The Governor, chagrined, replied that he would be account- able to no man, and adjourned the Assembly until the 6th of March. ComwalUs was the most substantial man of the pro- vince, and in 1 6 4 built a brick house, the first of which we have any record, and about this period visited England, and the next year he returned in the ship of Captain Richard Ingle. ^ By order of Lord Baltimore, there was a re-organiza- tion of the colonial government in 1642, and Cornwallis was again nominated *as cotmcOlor, but when, on the 16th of September, the new commission was tendered, " he absolutely refused to be in commission or to take the oath," probably because the new oath, swearing fealty to the proprietor, omitted the clause in the old form, " saving my allegiance to the Crown of England." ^ Being a royalist, after the troubles commenced between the King and his people, he appears to have again visited his native land, probably in company with Governor Calvert, who went to confer with his brother as to the position to be assumed in the crisis. 1 Maryland MSS. 248 PARUAMEyT SHIP AT ST. MARY. In October 1643, Charles the Piist, then at Oxford, granted letters of marque to Governor Calvert of Mary- land and his deputies to seize upon all ships belonging to London, and the next month Parliament also passed an ordinance TnaTnTig the Earl of Warwick Grovemor-in- Chief, and Lord High Admiral of the Colonies, and he and his associates were empowered to take all necessary steps "to secure, preserve, aad strengthen the said plantations." Xot many days after "Warwick's appointment. Captain Eichard Ingle sailed for Maryland, and on his arrival his crew and vessel were seized by the acting Grovemor, Brent, but he succeeded in escaping to England. Parliament, in August 1644, commissioned eight vessels to cruise in the waters of the Chesapeake, one of which was the " Eeformation," in charge of Ingle,^ and Governor Calvert hastened to Maryland to organize resistance. In February 1645 Ingle appeared at the mouth of St. Inigo's creek, Maryland, and there was a general upris- ing in favour of Parliament, among others, all the servants of the absent ComwaUis, except some negroes, and one Eichard Hervey, a tailor. A party under the leadership of a settler named Steerman seized the comfOTtable brick house of ComwaUis, " with the plate, linen-hangings, brass, pewter, and aH household stuff, worth £1000," ' and also captured cattle, a shallop and pinnace, " worth twice as much more." Governor Calvert fled into Vir- ginia, but the Jesuit Father White was taken prisoner. Ingle returned to England with the property he had ^ Jcnimah of Parliament. - MS. Maiyland Becoids. CAPTAIN INGLE'S PETITION. 249 captured from those who opposed Parliament, but Corn- wallis, who was there, instituted a suit against him, and in February 1646 Ingle made the following appeal to the House of Lords : — " To the Eight Honourable the Lords now in Parlia- ment assembled : — " The humble petition of Eichard Ingle, showing — That whereas the petitioner, having taken the covenant, and going out with letters of marque, as Captain of the ship the ' Eeformation' of London, and sailing to Mary- land, where, finding the Governor of that Province to have received a commission from Oxford to seize upon aU ships belonging to London, and to execute a tyran- nical power against the Protestants, and such as adhered to the Parliament, and to press wicked oaths upon them, and to endeavour their extirpation, the petitioner, con- ceiving himself, not only by his warrant, but in his fidelity to the Parliament, to be conscientiously obliged to come to their assistance, did venture his life and fortune in landing his men and assisting the said weU- affected Protestants against the said tyrannical govern- ment and the Papists and maUgnants. It pleased God to enable him to take divers places from them, and to make him a support to the said well affected. But since his return to England, the said Papists and malignants, conspiring together, have brought fictitious acts against him, at the common law, in the name of Thomas Corn- waUis and others, for pretended trespass in taking away their goods in the parish of St. Christopher's, London, which are the very goods that were by force of 2io CORKWALUS VERSUS IXGLE. war justly and lawfully taken from these wicked Papist3 and malignants in Maryland, and with which he relieved the poor distressed Protestants there, who otherwise must have starved, and been rooted ont. " 2s ow, forasmuch as yoiir Lordships ia Parliament of State, by the order annexed, were pleased to direct an ordinance to be framed for the settlement of the said province of Maryland, under the Committee of Planta- tions, and for the indemnity of the actors iu it, and for that such false and feigned actions for matters of war acted in foreign parts, are not tryable at common law, but, if at aU, before the Court and ^farshal ; and for that it would be a dangerous example to permit Papists and malignants to bring actions of trespass or otherwise against the well affected for fighting and standing for the Parliament : " The petitioner most humbly btscecheth your Lord- ships to be pleased to direct that this business may be heard before your Lordships at the bar, or to refer it to a committee to report the true state of the case, and to order that the said stiits against the petitioner at the common law may be stayed, and no further proceeded in. " PaCHAED LsGLE.'' In September 1647 the difficulty was compromised by Ingle appointing Comwallis to collect certain monevs due to him in Maryland and Tirginia, to be apphed to the settlement of the claim. In 1654 Comwallis autho- rizes an agent to dispose of all his property in Maryland, with the exception of 100 acres, which he wishes reserved for his n^oes Peter and John, but in 1657 he was still CORNWALLIS GENEALOGY. 251 in the province. It is probable that after the revolution under Governor FendaU, he went to England. A neck of land on the Potomac, nearly opposite to the tomb of Washington, to this day bears his name, and many miles below at Yorktown -is the field where Lord CornwaUis, of the same ancestry, in 1781 surrendered his army to General George Washington. At the age of seventy-two, in the year 1676, Thomas Comwallis, then of Burnham Thorpe, Norfolk, died. His wife, Penelope, daughter of John Wiseman of TyreEs, Essex, and of the Inner Temple, at the age of fifty-seven, stirvived until 1693, and was buried at Ewar- ton, Suflfolk. His second son, Thomas, was a clergyman, and for more than a hundred years, one of his direct descendants was a rector in the Church of England. The last representative of the Maryland pioneer, was the talented authoress of Small Boohs on Great Subjects, who died in 1858.^ Leonard Calvert in 1647 returned from Virginia, and with a smaU force regained possession of the Govern- ment, but on the 9 th of June he died, leaving his house to Mistress Margaret Brent,^ who was also named as his ' Rev. Thomas Comwallis, son of the first Councillor of Maryland, born 1662, rector of Ewarton, Suflfolk, died a.d. 1731. Eev. William CornwaUis, son of preceding, born 1708, rector of Chel- mondester, Suffolk, died 1786. Rev. William, Ms son, born 1751, rector of Wittersham and Elam, Kent, died 1827. Caroline Frances, his daughter, the talented authoress, born 1786, died unmarried in 1858. 2 After Governor Stone came to Saint Mary, she claimed the residence of late Governor Calvert. — (Maryland MSS.) Leaving Saint Mary she went to reside with her brother, Giles Brent, who 252 A STRONG-illSDED WOMAX. attorney. He was succeeded by Thomas Green in the governorship, and as the attorney of Calvert she asked for a vote in the Maryland House of Delegates, which Grovemor Green refusing, she formally protested. Lord Baltimore appears to have disapproved of Margaret Brent's course, but the Assembly of 1649 right gallantly defended her. They wrote to the proprietor of the pro- vince as follows : — " As for Mistress Brent's undertaking and meddling with your estate, we do veiily believe, and in conscience report, that it was better for the colony's safety at that time in her hands than in any mans else} in the whole province after your brother's death, for the soldiers would never have treated any other with that civility and respect, and though they were even ready at several times to run into mutiny, yet she still pacified tbem, till at last things were brought to that strait, that she must be admitted and declared your Lordship's attorney by order of Court, or else all must go to ruin again, and the second mischief had been doubtless far greater than the former Then we conceive from that time she rather deserved favour and thanks from your Honour, for her so much concmring to the public safety, than to be justly liable to all those bitter invectives you have been pleased to express against her." After the reverses of King Charles at Marston Moor and Xaseby, Lord Baltimore became increasingly politic, lived on the Virginia shore of the Potomac WiQiam, the grandson of Giles, died in 17' 9 in England, at the age of twenty-fiTe. 1 This could not have been irony, but rather an " Irish balL" RICHARD LEE, A CROMWELLIAN. 253 and sought the favour of ParKament, especially as in the House of Lords the Committee on Plantations, on November 28, 1645, had reported that it would be very proper that the government of Maryland should be settled in Protestants' hands by order of Parliament. To con- ciliate the opposition, and save his rental, he therefore, in 1648, appointed William Stone of Virginia, a Protestant, and "well affected to Parliament, G-overnor of Maryland." Notwithstanding this compromise, in 1650 the At- torney-General was directed to consider the validity of the Maryland patent, and in September 1651 Parliament appointed Captain Eobert Dennis, Richard Bennett, Thomas Stagg of Westover, and Captain WOliam Clay- borne, commissioners to reduce the people " in all the Plantations within the Bay of Chesapeake." Owing to Captain Dennis and the frigate " John " being lost at sea, Captain Edward Curtis of the " Guinea," a ship of twenty- eight guns, co-operated with Clayborne and Bennett. Sir WnUam Berkeley^ readily surrendered the govern- ment of Virginia, and the best men of the colony rejoiced in the establishment of Parliament rule, among others Colonel Richard Lee,^ the ancestor of the Richard Henry Lee, who in the Continental Congress, oflfered the resolu- tion declaring the freedom of the thirteen American colonies. ■• Kotertson's History erroneoiisly states tlie position of Virginia at this period. ^ Eichard Lee, and Anna, his wife, came totlie Potomac in 1638. — (Mary- land MSS.) He was described during the English civil war as " being faith- ful and useful to the interest of the Commonwealth." — Gal. State Papers, Col. Ser. 1574-1660. 254 A PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT. Passing from Virginia to Maryland, the commissioners told Governor Stone that they did not come to infringe Lord Baltimore's rights, but only desired conformity to the Commonwealth of England. Stone at first refused to accept the terms ofi'ered, but at length consented, and he was continued as Governor. Matters now remained quiet in Maryland until Stone, under instructions from Lord Baltimore, issued an order that no person should hold lands that did not take the oath of fidelity to Baltimore as the proprietor of the province, and the most substantial citizens petitioned the commissioners for relief. About this time, fearing that Maryland would be restored to Virginia, from which it had been so arbitrarily severed, the time-serving Balti- more presented a paper to the authorities in England showing the importance of not imiting the two ; and strange it seems, to see the old friend of the beheaded Charles, writing about the cavalier tendencies of Vir- ginia, and claiming that Maryland and New England had remained true to the Parliament. In 1654, Governor Stone, by proclamation, acknow- ledged Cromwell as Protector, but ignored the authority of the Parliament Commissioners, when he was made to resign, and a provisional government was established, of which. William Durand was made Secretary. The new government had no difficulties until the arrival, in January 1654-5, of one Eltonhead, in the " Golden For- tune," Captain Tilghman, who seems to have brought instructions from Lord Baltimore, who was dissatisfied. Stone now began to organize an armed force against the BATTLE NEAR ANNAPOLIS. 255 existing authorities, and, sending a party to the house of Eichard Preston, situated on the Patuxent river, seized the public records. He then, on the 12th of March, started with twelve boats and two hundred men to re- duce the settlements on the Severn river. Before they reached Herring Bay they were met by messengers in a boat from Providence, with a letter to Stone asking under what instructions he acted, and telling him " they were resolved to commit themselves into the hands of God, and would rather die like men, than live like slaves." Stone did not heed the remonstrance, and chased the vessel of a Captain Gookin and fired several shots. About sunset, on the 24th of March 1654-5, he neared the Severn river, and found in the harbour the ship " Golden Lion," commanded by Captain Eoger Heamans, and a small vessel from New England in charge of Cap- tain John Cutts. As Stone's flotilla approached, a shot was fired from the " Golden Lion," with an order to stop, but he moved on toward Horn Point, and began to land his men on the neck, which is now a suburb of Annapolis, the present capital of Maryland. On the next morning, which was Sunday, Stone found that the creek where his boats lay was blockaded by the " Golden Lion," and, forced to move up the peninsula, drew up in line of battle, and unfurled the colours of Lord Baltimore. The Severn planters, one hundred and twenty in number, under Captain Fuller, marched around the peninsula with the colours of the Commonwealth of England, and attacked. After a sharp and brief contest. Stone's party was routed, and sued for mercy, A court- 256 DIFFICULTIES SETTLED. martial was held, and Lieutenant William Lewis and two others who had made themselves especially obnoxious, were executed for treason. The wife of Stone, in a letter to Lord Baltimore, says : " They tried all your councillors by a council of war, and sentence was passed upon my husband to be shot to death, but was after saved by the enemy's own soldiers, and so the rest of the councillors were saved by the petitions of the women, with some other friends they found there." In 1655, Eichard Bennett, one of the commissioners, was in England to explain the reasons for their resistance to Stone's party, and on the 26th of September Cromwell wrote to parties in America : " It seems to us, by yours of the twenty- ninth of June, and by the relation we received by Colonel Bennett, that some mistake or scruple hath arisen con- cerning the sense of our letter of the twelfth of January last, as if by our letter we had iatimated that we could have a stop put to the proceedings of those commissioners who were authorized to settle the civil government of ]^Iaryland, which was not at all intended by us, nor so much as proposed to us, by those who made addresses to us to obtain our said letter." After many interviews between Commissioners Bennett and Lord Baltimore, on November 30, 1657, articles of agreement were signed, in which Baltimore pledged himself that he would never consent to the repeal of the law of the Maryland Assembly, enacted under Puritan influence, whereby aU persons professing to believe in Jesus Christ should have freedom of conscience. The Commissioners formally surrendered the province CLAYBORNE'S RETIREMENT. 257 on March 24, 1657-8, and Lord Baltimore made Josiaa Fendall Governor, and Pliilip Calvert, illegitimate son of Ms father. Secretary of the province.^ The only men- tion of Lord Baltimore after this, previous to the restora- tion of Charles the Second, is an order of the Council of State to apprehend Cecilius Lord Baltimore and asso- ciates, suspected of making and exporting great sums of money, and to seize aU money stamps, tools, and instru- ments for coining.^ The Commissioners Clayborne and Bennett quietly retired to Virginia. Clayborne settled at Candayack, at the mouth of the Pamunkey, the point where in 1629 he had defeated the ■ Indians, and when Sir WOliam Berkeley was again made Governor by the Virginia Legislature, he was chosen Secretary of Virginia, and as late as 1666 was a member of the House of Burgesses.^ "When Edmundson, the Irish Quaker preacher, was in America, he visited Governor Berkeley, whose brother was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and then went to one William Wright's in the neighbourhood to hold a reli- gious meeting, at which Major-General Bennett and some other influential men were present. In his journal Edmundson quaintly writes : — " They said he spoke the truth, and they were cour- teous. The Major-General replied he was glad to hear 1 He afterwards -was Governor. Hildreth erroneously states that Leonard Calvert was illegitimate. 2 The coins issued by Baltimore had on one side his coat of arms, with the motto, "Crescite et multiphcamini ;" upon the reverse his image, with the circumscription, " CaBcilius Dominus Terrae Mariae." 3 M'Sherry, in his History of Maryland, erroneously states that Clayborne was killed by the Indians. His son Thomas thus died. K 258 SECOND LORD BALTIMORE'S DEATH. that there was such order among us, and would it had been so \sdth others. He further said he was a man of great estate, and many of our friends poor, and therefore he desired to contribute. He likewise asked me how I was treated by the Governor [BerkeleyJ, having heard I was with him- I told him he was brittle and peevish, and I could get nothing farther on him. He asked me if the Governor called me dog, rogue, etc. \ I said, Xo. Then, said he, you took hiTn in the best humour, those being his usual terms when he is angry, for he is an enemy to every good,"^ Speaking of Bennett, the journal says : " He was a solid wise man, received the truth,, and died in the same, leaving two friends his executors." About this period, Xovember 19, 1675, Cecilius the second Baron of Baltimore died, one whose whole life was passed in self-aggrandizement, first deserting Father White, then Charles the First, and maln'Tig friends of puritans and republicans to secure the rentals of the province of Maryland, and never contributing a penny for a church or school-house. ^ Sir WiHiam Berkeley came to Canada in 1631. He -sras twice GoTemor of VLrginia. After tlie Bacon rebellion lie went to England, bnt he was so censored for Ms cruelty to the insurgents that he soon died. CHAPTER XIV. ROBERT EVELYN AND EARLY EXPLORERS OF DELAWARE RIVER. A EGALL, in 1610, entered and named the Bay ■^-^ of Delaware after Ms commander, and as early as the year 1613 it had been discovered, that by a short cut, a passage for boats could be made from the tribu- taries of the Chesapeake to the waters of the Delaware. Dermer, in 1619, coasted from Cape Code to Cape Henry, examining the Delaware and Hudson rivers, and saw that ships of Horn and Amsterdam had opened a trade for furs with the Indians of that region. In November 1621 the London Company despatched the "Discovery," Captain Thomas Jones, late of the " May Flower," to engage in the fur trade at Manhattan, and a few days after he sailed they " received certain advices that there was newly gone from Amsterdam for the same trade of furs, and the self-same place, two private pinnaces, the one of forty tons, and the other of eighty tons, with six pieces of ordnance, double manned, and exceedingly well provided."* The Dutch, notwithstanding these efforts, secured a ' MS. Records Va. Company. i(x> SETTLERS ON DELA WARE BA V. foothold at Manhattan, and obtained the trade of the Hudson. About the year 1619, Ensign Savage explored the Chesapeake Bay. In June of that year, a few days after the London Company granted a patent for the benefit of the Leyden Puritans, it was ordered that " sundry Kentish men who would seat and plant them- selves in Vir ginia , should have as large privileges and immunities as is granted to any others in that land," and as Purchas, iu his work published in 1625, speaks of, there settled " near one hundred English very happily, with hope of a very good trade of furs,"' it may be that these Kentish men gave to the isle in the upper part of the Chesapeake Bay the name of Kent, and that they were Enghsh Puritans. Fuller, in his Worthies qf Eng- land, states that Edward Palmer of Leamington, a man of wealth and learning, who died before 1625, resolved to found an academy in Virginia, " in order whereunto he purchased an island called Palmers Island unto this day," but that he failed iu the enterprise owing to the faithlessnesses of some of his agents.^ In 1631 Nathaniel Basse, a councillor of Virginia, was authorized to invite those of Xew England that " disliked coldness of climate or barrenness of soil, to settle in Delaware Bay. '^ In September 1632 some Englishmen ascended the Delaware, and were murdered by the Indians near Fort Xassau, now Gloucester, Xew Jersey. Before the patent for ^laryland was issued. Sir John Lawrence, Sir Edmimd Plowden, and others, petitioned ' See p. 220. s MS. Va. Kecoids. PLOIVDEN'S PATENT. 261 for a grant of Long Island and tMrty miles square, to be called Syon. After the death of the first Lord Balti- more, they again petitioned for Isle Plowden or Long Isle, and the small isles between thirty and forty degrees of latitude, six leagues fcom the main, near Delaware Bay, and forty leagues square of the adjoining coast, to be held as a county palatine, and called New Albion, with the same privileges " as heretofore granted to Sir George Calvert, late Lord Baltimore, in New Foundland." One month after the patent for Maryland received the great seal, the King, on July 24, 1632, ordered Secretary John Coke to direct the Lords Justices, Ireland, to issue a patent for Long Isle and adjacent country to Plowden and associates. Before Leonard Calvert and colony sailed for the Chesapeake, Captain Thomas Young, who. was a gentle- man of influence in London, received a special commis- sion from the King, which is printed in the nineteenth volume of Eymer's Feeder a, and dated September 23, 1633, authorizing him to fit out ships, appoint officers, to explore all territories in America that he wished, and commanding all Engfish subjects not to impede his movements, notwithstanding they had received patents, before the date of his commission. In the spring of 1634 the exploring expedition departed, the Lieutenant of which was Eobert Evelyn,^ a nephew of Young, and cousin of John Evelyn, the ' His father was Eobert Evelyn of Godstone, Surrey. His mother's name before marriage was Susan Young, daughter of Gregory Young of York. His brother George was commander at Kent Island, and, in a controversy with Leonard Calvert, sneeringly said that the first Lord Baltimore was only 262 EXPLORATIONS OF THE DELAWARE. celebrated author of Sylva. Among the officers ap- pointed was a surgeon named Scott, and Alexander Baker of St. Holbom's parish, Middlesex, cosmographer, described by Toung as " skilful in mines and trying of metals," who had been confined as a recusant. Early in the month of July, Toung was at Jamestown^ conferring, in the presence of Thomas ComwaUis, with Virginians, relative to a ship-carpenter whose services he desired, and after this, having constructed a shallop for small streams,, appeared to have sailed up the Delaware and established a post at Eriwomeck, which on Speed's map is not far from the mouth of the Schuylkill, and perhaps at Fort Beversrede, within the limits of the present city of Philadelphia, which the year before had been secured but abandoned by the Dutch. Early in 1&35 Lieutenant Evelyn returned to Eng- land on special business, while Young continued to seek for a navigable inland passage for ships from the Atlan- tic Ocean to the South Sea. In September of this year. Captain George Holmes, and. others from Yirginia, historians tell us, seized Fort Xassau, now the site of Gloucester, on the Xew Jersey side of the Delaware, and were afterwards taken prisoners by the Dutch and carried to Manhattan, from whence they were returned in a vessel commanded by Captain De Viies, to Jamestown. This party probably had some connection with the explora- tions of Young. the " son or a grazier.'' The Maryland Historical Society hare poblished a sketch of the commander of Kent, -written hy S. F. Streeter. ' Harrey in Sainsbary, p. 184. COLONISTS FROM SWEDEN. 263 After eighteen months passed in discoveries, and seeking an inland water route through the American continent, supposed to be somewhere about the fortieth parallel of latitude, Young proceeded to England, and asked that the King would grant permission for him and his associates to enjoy the right to such inland countries as they might discover. In 1637 the Governor and Council of Virginia chose Kobert Evelyn- as surveyor of the colony, in the place of Gabriel Hawley, deceased, who was a relative of Jerome Hawley, councillor of Mary- land, but the appointment does not appear to have been confirmed, as he was afterwards a proxy for St. George's Hundred in the Maryland Assembly. The next year a party of Swedes entered the Dela- ware, of which Jerome Hawley writes to Secretary Windebank as follows : — " Eight Hon"'"'. — Uppon the 20th of March last, I took the bouldness to p'sent you w*'' my letters, wherein I gave only a tuch of the busi- ness of our Assembly, referring yo"^ Hono"" to the general letters sent by Mr. Kemp from the Govern'^ and CounceU. Since w"^ tyme heare arrived a Dutch shipp w*'' comis- sion from the young Queene of Sweaden, and signed by eight of the Cheife Lordes of Sweden, the coppe whereof I would have taken to send to yo"" Hono'', but the Cap- tayne would not p'mitt me to' take any coppe thereof, except hee might have free trade for tobacco to carry to _ Sweaden, w"'* being contrary his Ma'^ instructions, the Govern'' excused himself thereof. " The shipp remayned heare about 10 dayes to refresh w*'' food and water, during w'^'' tyme the M"^ of the 264 ROBERT EVELYX. Baid sMpp made knowne that bothe himself and another shipp of hb company were bound for Delaware Baye, wh^ is the confines of Yirginea and New England, and there thev p'tend to make a plantation, and to plant tobacco, ^^ the Dutch do allso already in Hudson's Eiver, which is the very next river northard from Dela- ware Bare. All w** being his Ma*^ territory.- I humbly conceive it may be done by hi? Ma^ subjects of these parts making use only of some English ships that resort heather for trade vearlv, and be no charge at aU to His MaH" In 1641 Evelyn was iu England, and in a card pub- lished at that time, and signed by Captaiu Brown and Christopher Thomas, who had represented in 1633 the Isle of Kent, in the Maryland Assembly, as well as by daybome and Evelyn, the advantages of the country north of the entrance of Delaware Bay were set forth, and it was also therein stated that CTaybome had traded there siace 1»:'2 7, and that Evelyn had resided in the region four years, and traded near the Schuylkill with fifteen men. On June 23, l'i;42, Evelyn had returned to America, and the authorities of Maryland commissioned him " to take charge and command of aU or any of the English in or near about Piscattaway, and to leyy, train, and muster them.' Piscattaway was the point where Father White had laboured for the conversion of the Indians, a few miles below the city of Washington- Sir Edmund Plowden, the descendant of the eminent jurist, whose wife Mabel, daughter of Peter Mariner of PLOWDEN IN AMERICA. 265 Wanstead, Hampsliire, liad left him after being married twenty-five years, on account of bad treatment, came to Virginia, and in 1642 visited "Eriwomeck," near the Schuylkill, "the fort given over by Captain Young and Master Evelin." On May 23d the sloops "Eeal" and " St. Martin " were sent from Manhattan to Fort Nassau, near Gloucester, New Jersey, with orders to the commis- sary there to enter the SchuylkOl and approach the place where the English had taken possession. Plowden this year visited the Dutch at Manhattan, and returned to Virginia. In 1648, by way of Boston, he went to England, and in 1652 there is a record of Marylanders visiting him at his lodgings in London. Eventually he was led to the debtors' prison, and in 1 6 5 5 died,-' and the Swedes and Dutch remained in possession of the Delaware until they capitulated to the English under Sir Eobert Carr. * In a map compiled by John Ferrar, late Deputy of Virginia Company, of the American colonies, the province of Nova Albion is marked as belonging to Plowden. CHAPTEE XV. FATHER A2iDEEW WHITE, S.J. rpHE " Ark" and " Dove" had been searched in the -*- river Thames, and all the passencrers for the new province of Maryland, in accordance with the law, took the oath of allegiance, but it was arranged that, at the Isle of Wight,^ there should quietly embark Father Andrew TThite, of the Sixiety of Jesus, with his colleague, John Altham alias Gravener, and two lay brothers. John Knowles and Thomas Gervase.* Xo class of religionists have been more zealous and untiring than the Jesiiits, and Father Andrew ^Vhite was second to none of his order. Bom iu the city of London about the year 1-569, he pursued his studies at Douay, and, after becoming a priest, returned to Eng- land. On account of his proselytizing efforts, in 1606, he was banished. It was not until 1619 that he was folly admitted as a member of the Society of Jesus, and then passed several years as a professor at Liege and Louvain- ^ White's JournaL Force, voL ir. - Gravener and Gerrase irere members ai the ClerkenweQ Cdkge, Lcm- d'JD, disbandoi by the GoTemment in 1627. — ^Heatb's yarratae ia C(amde» SocPub. CHAPEL OF CHURCH OF ROME. 267 Althougli more than threescore years of age when he engaged in the Maryland mission, his natural force was not abated. The passengers on board of the ships were largely Protestant, two only out of twelve of those that died at sea professing adhesion to the Church at Eome ; and no effort was spared by the Jesuit to lead the colonists to embrace what he deemed was the true rehgion. When the expedition reached the island, which they called Saint Clements, a cross was set up, and the country was taken possession of, with religious ceremonies re- sembling those which a poet has described in connection with the planting of Christianity in England — " In the bright Fringe of the living sea, that came and went, Tapping its planks, a great ship sideways lay, And o'er the sands a grave procession passed. Melodious with many a chanting voice ; Nor spear, nor buckler had these foreign men, Each wore a snowy robe, that downward flowed ; Fair in the front a silver cross they bore, A painted Saviour floated in the wind, The chanting voices, as they rose and fell. Hallowed the rude sea air."^ After the colonists landed at the village of Yow- comaco, the settlement was called Saint Mary ; and although contrary to the laws of England, White and his coadjutors immediately fitted up a rude Indian hut, and consecrating it for a chapel, celebrated mass. At once steps were taken to secure property for the ^ Alexander Smith's Edwin of Deira. 268 COXVERSIOX OF PROTEST AXTS. Chtirch, and a Jesuit, called Thomas Copley, Esq./ in the early records, entered lands for Fathers ^Vhite and Altham, and thirty other settlers, among others. Fran- cisco, a mulatto. In 1635 Jerome Hawley, one of the councillors of Maryland, told Charles the First and Archhishop Land that mass was celebrated in the province. ^Vhen the settlers held the first legislative Assembly, they ex- pressed their adhesion to the Church of their native land, and re-enacted the formula of the Statute Book of England, " That Holy Church shall have and enjoy all her rights, liberties, and franchises, wholly and without blemish." Owing to the hostile disposition of the natives, the Jesuits were prevented from attempting their conver- sion, but, says White in his Jouroal : — ■■ In the interim we are more constantly intent on the F.Ticr lish. and since then on Protestants as well as Cathohcs we have laboured, and Grod has blessed our labours, for of the Protestants who came from England this year almost ^ have been converted to the faith, besides many others, with four servants that were brought for necessary use in Virginia. And of five workmen we hired we have in the meantime gained two." Late in the month of ZSovember 163V Father White wa5 strengthened by the arrival at Saint Mary of John 1 There also appeals this entry in the Maryland MS. Kecords : — " Thomas Copley, Esq., demandEth -iiJiXi acre of land, due by conditions of plantation, for traasp-jrring into this prOTince himself and twenty able men, at his own charge, to plant and intalit. in the year 16S7." REV. JOHN LEWGER. 269 Lewger, wife, and family.^ On the previous 15th of April he had been commissioned as Secretary of the province, and was subsequently Councillor, Attorney- General, and Judge of aU causes testamentary and matrimonial. He had been a college friend of Lord Baltimore, and in 1622 received the degree of Master of Arts at Oxford. In 1632 he became rector of a parish in Essex, but by the arguments of the acute disputant William Chilling- worth, he became a Eoman Catholic, and by a- singular coincidence, his proselyter soon returned to the Church of England, and wrote the well-known sentence, " The Bible, and that only, is the -religion of Protestants, and every one, by making use of the helps and assistances that God had placed in his hands, must learn and under- stand it for himself, as well as he can." Lewger was chagrined when he heard that Chilling- worth had reverted to the Church of England ; but the latter answered his wrath in a kind letter, entitled, " Reasons against Popery, in a letter from Mr. William ChiHingworth to his friend Mr. Lewger, persuading him to return to his mother, the Church of England, from the corrupt Church of Rome." The letter had a soften- ing influence, and Lewger was willing to have a con- ference with his old friend, but clung to the Church into which he had been led. ' He arrived, November 28, 1637, in the ship " Unity,'' from the Isle of Wight, with Ann, his wife, John, his son, aged nine years ; maid-servants, Martha Williamson, Ann Pike, Mary Whitehead ; men-servants, Benjamin Colby, Philip Lines, Thomas Thurston, and a boy, Robert Serle, aged twelve years. 2 70 BAPTISM OF INDIAN CHIEF. Deprived of his benefice, a married man, and with no means of living. Lord Baltimore made him Secretary of the province of Maryland, and confidential adviser of his brother Leonard, the Gfovemor. With the arrival of Lewger in Maryland, there was increased zeal upon the part of the Jesuits, and mission stations were established among the Indians. On the oth of Jtdy 1640, Father White, in the presence of his colleague Altham, Grovemor Calvert, and Secretary Lewger, baptized the family of the chief of the Pis- cattaway village, which was nearly opposite to Mount Temon, the home of Washington, the first President of the United State; of America. The chief was chris- tened Charles, the wife Mary, and the child Anna, in compliment to the royal family of England, and on the afternoon of the same day the chief was married accord- ing to the rites of the Church of Eome, and a cross was planted commemorative of the event, the priests chanting the litany, and Calvert, Lewger, and other sympathizers, following in solemn procession. Tanner, in his Gestci Prasclara, published in the city of Prague, nearly two centuries ago, gives a rude engraving of the baptismal scene, bnt this and the marriage ceremony remain yet to be coloured in poetry, as Longfellow has embalmed the myths of the Indians about Lake Superior and the Falls of Saint Anthony in the legend of Hia- icatha. Father White in his journal states that the reason the Piscattaway chief loved him was on account of a dream. The savage told him that one night he had a vision, in AN INDIAN DREAM. 271 wMch lie saw his deceased father worshipping a dark and hideous god ; at a little distance was a most ludi- crous demon, with a colonist named Snow/ " an obsti- nate heretic from England, by his side, after which Governor Calvert and Father White appeared in the company of a beautiful god of exceeding whiteness, who with gentleness beckoned unto him, and from that hour he had been drawn by cords of affection toward the black robes." According to their prejudices, those who read this story will call it a wonderful providence, an Indian superstition, a Jesuit fiction, or will say, Gredat Jud(eus Apella; but whatever the conclusion, it shows that some one had impressed the ignorant savage with the belief that those were heretics, who were not Roman Catholics. Unpleasant differences at times occurred between the early colonists. The first settlers were largely indented white servants and poor young men who came to seek their fortunes. They had no clergy of the Church of England furnished by the proprietor for the cure of their souls ; but in their chests a few books had been placed by anxious parents and friends, that might prove sources of comfort in hours of doubt, loneliness, and temptation. Thomas Cornwallis, himself a Protestant, and the leading Councillor of the province, had a number of in- dented white servants, in care of an overseer named ' Mannaduke Snow was the early merchant at Saint Mary, a brother of Abel Snow of the Curaitor's Office, London. — Mcuryland MS. Records. 2 72 SERMOXS OF SMITH. William Lewis. One day, in the rear 1638, these ser- vants were listening to the reading of sermons^ written by the eloquent Puritan divine known as the " silver- tongued Smith,' when the overseer appeared and said in a rage that '' the book came from the devO, as all lies did, and that he that wrote it was an instrument of the devil, and that they should not keep nor read such books.' But Comwallis protected the rights of his ser- vants, and Lewis was fined for his offensive and indis- creet speech. The journal of Father White abounds in religions sentiment. Shortly after the marriage of the Piscattaway chie^ Father Altham died at Kent Island, and White, asking his Superior for more men, wrote : — " Thc«se who are sent need not fear lest the means of support be wanting, for He who clothes the lilies, and feeds the bircls of the air, will not suffer those who are labouring to extend His kingdom to be destitute of necessary suste- nance. ' Father Brock, whose real name was Morgan, a relative of Father Thomas FitzHerbert, rector of the English College at Rome, died in July 1641. but aVxiut a month before wrote : — ■' For my part I would rather, ^ The sermons of Dr. Henry Siaith were Tery practioaL and nmch read in Pnritan hooaehol-is. Mary, the orphan danghtex- of Sir John Pronde, wife of Sir WiDiam Springett. and moiher-in-lair of William Peam, in 1635 "was re- siding with her gnardian. Sir Edward Partridge, and in one of her letters alhides to his Pnritan household in tiiese wonis : — '■ They would not almit of sj^orts on the first day of the week, calling it the Sabbaih. . . . When I was abijTir eleren years of age, a maid- serrant who tended on me and the reft of tiie children, and was zealous in tJiat way, would read Smith's and Presion'g sermons on the first day between the services." — Penns and PeunmgUms y Vith Century. London, 1S47. FATHER PHILIP FISHER. 273 labouring in the conversion of the Indians, expire on the bare ground, deprived of all human succour, and perish- ing from hunger, than ever think of abandoning the holy work of God for fear of want." The Jesuit enjoyed his work. " God now imparts to us," said one, " a foretaste of what he is about to give to those that live faithfully in this life, and mitigating- all hardship with a degree of pleasantness, so that his Divine Majesty appears to be present with us in an external manner." In 1639 Father Philip Fisher offi- ciated at Saint Mary. He had been connected with the ClerkenweU College, and in England went under the assumed name of Musket. For a time he was in New- gate prison, but by the influence of Secretary Winde- bank was released and harboured,^ until he found an opportunity to go to America. The open efforts to proseljrte the early settlers of Maryland, in the face of the charter of the province for- bidding the erection of places of worship not in connec- tion with the Church of England, at length attracted the attention of Parliament, and on December 1, 1641, a remonstrance of the House of Commons was presented to Charles at Hampton Court, in which they complained that he had permitted " another State, moulded within this State, independent in government, contrary in interest and affection, secretly corrupting the ignorant or negligent professors of religion, and clearly uniting themselves against such."^ Lord Baltimore now became alarmed lest the grant 1 Riishworth, vol. iv. pp. 44, 68. ^ Ibid. vol. iv. S 274 LORD BALTIMORE'S INTOLERANCE. miglit be annulled, -wliich was a source of profit, and on October 7, 1642, wrote to the Jesuit Fathers in Mary- land : — " Considering the dependence of the State of Mary- land on the State of England, unto which it must, as near as may be, be conformable, no ecclesiastic in the province ought to expect, nor is Lord Baltimore nor any of his officers, although they are Eoman Catholics, obliged m conscience to allow such ecclesiastics any more or other privileges, exemptions, or immunities for their persons, lands, or goods than is allowed by his Majesty or officers to like persons in England." This unexpected communication was exceedingly de- pressing to Father White, penned as it was by one who had assisted them in settling in Maryland, and with a sorrowing heart the aged Father thus records the cir- cumstance in his journal : — " Occasion of suffering has not been wanting from those from whom rather it was proper to expect aid and protection, who, too intent upon their own affairs, have not feared to violate the inamunities of the Church." Perceiving the thrift of the Puritans of Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay, and that their political power was on the increase in England, Lord Baltimore, the year after he wrote the cold letter to Father White, deputed his brother. Governor Calvert, to write to Captain Gibbons, of Boston, offering him a commission if he would settle a colony in Marj-land ; but, says Winthrop, " our captain had no mind to further his desire, nor had any of our people temptation that way." FATHER WHITE IN PRISON. 275 Soon after this the civil war in England began, and on the 26th of August 1644, eight vessels, one of which was the " Eeformation," Captain Ingle, were commis- sioned by Parliament to transport ammunition, clothing, and supplies to the settlements of Chesapeake Bay. In February 1645, Ingle appeared at Saint Mary, and Leonard Calvert, the Governor, and others, refusing to recognise the authority of Parliament, were driven to Vir- ginia, and Father White was taken prisoner, and sent to England, tried, and found guilty of teaching doctrines contrary to the Statutes of England, but on the 4th of July 1644 judgment was stayed. After this he re- mained in Newgate prison for eighteen months, but on January 7, 1648, the House of Commons "did concur with the Lords in granting the petition of Andrew White, a Jesuit, who was brought out of America into the kingdom by force, upon an English ship," and ordered him to be discharged, provided he left the king- dom within fifteen days.-^ In accordance wdth the order he retired, but, after a prolonged absence, returned to England, where he died December 27, 1656, more than fourscore years of age.^ After Leonard Calvert resumed the governorship of Maryland, Father Fisher came back to the province from which he had fled, and on March 1, 1648, wrote to his superior : — " OuE, VERY Eevd. Father in Christ, — ^Although my companion and myself reached Virginia on the 7th of January, after a tolerable journey of seven weeks, ^ House of Commons Journal. ^ Oliver. 276 STRENGTH OF JESUIT MISSION. there I left my companion, and availed myself of the opportunity of proceeding to Maryland, where I arrived in. the course of February. By the singular providence of God I foimd my flock collected together, after they had been scattered three long years. . . . Truly flowers appear iu our land ; may they attain to fruit. "A road by land through the forest has just been opened from Maryland to Virginia. After Easter I shall visit the Governor of Virginia on momentous business ; may it tend to the praise and glory of God. My com- panion,^ I trust, still lies concealed, but I hope will soon commence his labour under favourable auspices." The Jesuit mission was not very successful, as wiU be seen from the statement of its strength for several years In 1635 there were 3 priests, 2 lay brothers. „ 1636 „ » 4 , 1 „ 1638 9J !3 4 , , 1 „ 1639 53 33 4 , , 1 „ 1640 „ 33 4 , 1 „ 1642 T> 33 3 , „ 1669 ?3 93 3 , „ 1670 53 33 3 , , 3 „ 1671 33 33 2 , , 2 „ 1672 3) 33 2 , „ 1673 J3 •n 2 , \ 1 „ 1674 33 33 2 , , 1 „ 1675 33 33 2 , , 2 A few of the names of the Fathers of the j\Iaryland ]\Iission are preserved in Oliver's Dictionary of the ' Probably Lawrence Sankey, S. J., who came to Maryland in 1649. ^ These statistics are appended to White's Narrative. DEATH OF REV. JOHN LEWGER. 277 Jesuits: — Laurence Sankey was born in Lancashire in 1606, became a Jesuit in 1636, came to Maryland in 1649, and died in Virginia, February 13, 1657, aged fifty-nine years. Father Pelliam, born in 1623, came to Maryland in 1653, and died in 1671. Father Peter Manners came in 1663 and died in 1667. Father Fitz- Herbert came in 1654 and died at St. Omer, May 22, 1687. Upon John Lewger's return to England, his wife having been buried in Maryland, he became a priest of the Church of Rome, and lived at Lord Baltimore's house in Wild Street, London. In 1659 he published a work entitled " Erastus Junior, a solid demonstration by principles, forms of ordination, common laws, Acts of Parliament, that no Bishop nor Presbyter hath any authority to preach from Christ, but from Parliament." The Earl of Winchester's chaplain, Benjamin Den- ham, writes from Pera, near Constantinople :■ — "All that is treated of in the Privy Council about Roman Catholics is discovered to Lord Brudenell, and Lord Baltimore, Governor of Maryland, whose chaplain, an English recusant, now a Romish priest, was one of the vicegerents there in Charles the First's time."^ True to the last to the Church of Rome, Lewger died in 1665, from the plague, caused by visiting the sick poor of his communion, and was buried at St. Giles- in-the-Fields. 1 Cal. State Papers. CHAPTER XYI. DE. THOMAS HAEBISOX A^D THE TTRGISIA PUEITA^^S. FROM the first settleinent Xonconformists had been in Virginia, and as some of the colonists were Hollanders there was a disposition to allow Hbeity in worship. The first minister at Henrico was Alexander Whitaker, son of the distinguished Cal\ini5t. Dr. Whitaker, who had been Master of St. John's College, Cambridge, and cousin of Eev. William. Gonge, for many years the Pnritan preacher at Black Friars, London. His services in Virginia were modified bv the circnmstances of the new settlement. Every Saturday night he held a reli- gious meeting in a private house, the commnnion was administered every month, once a year there was a solemn fasr. and the affairs of the church were adminis- tered by a council composed of the min i ster and four of the most religions men. Questions concerning sub- scription and the wearing of the surplice, then so rife in the parishes of England, were never mooted in Virginia when Whitaker was alive. While he was minister at Bermuda Hundred, on the lower side of the James River, EDWARD SENNET'S PLANTATION. 279 and five miles by water from Hemrico, the minister at the latter place was William Wickham, respected for his pure life and sound doctrines, who had never received Episcopal ordination ; and after Whitaker was drowned, in 1617, he was the only religious teacher above James- town, and almost blind. In the year 1618, Captain Christopher Lawne^ established a plantation upon the lower side of the river, not far from Jamestown, the settlers of which were Puritan in their sympathies. Lawne was a member of the first American Legislature that met on July 30, 1619, but soon after died; and on the 3d of November 1620, upon the petition of Nathaniel Basse, gent., and fellow -adventurers, the Virginia Company agreed that hereafter the Lawne Plantation should be known as the Isle of Wight Plan- tation.^ The next year Edward Bennet, who had been Deputy- Governor of Merchant Adventurers of England resident at Delft,^ and now an influential citizen of London, who, upon motion of Sir Edwin Sandys, had been made a free member of the Virginia Company, on account of a paper which he had submitted to the House of Commons, urging the prohibition of Spanish tobacco, determined to make a plantation near the Isle of Wight settlement. Associated with Eichard Wiseman, Thomas Ayres, and others, in the summer of 1621, he, at great expense, 1 He may have been Christoplier Lawne -who had been prominent among tlie Englisli Separatists in Holland, or his son. 2 In Isle of Wight Co., Virginia, Lawne's Creek preserves the name of the first plantation. 3 Wing's Discourse. Flushing, 1622. 28o XAXSEMOXD PARISH DIVIDED. sent a colon v to Virginia, who were settled at Warros- quoyak, on the Xansemond Eiver. The minister who accompanied them was the Kev. W illiam Bennett, who remained for two years. It is probable that he was succeeded by the learned divine Henry Jacob, who was in his youth precentor of Christ Church College, Oxford,^ but visiting Leyden became dk jure divino Congregationalist, and when he returned, established the first Independent Church in England.' He died after a brief residence ia Virginia, and there is no record as to the precise time or place of his burial The Xansemond parish having increased in population, in 1642 an Act was passed by the Virginia Assembly authorizing its division.' On May 24, 1642, Eichard Bennet, a nephew of Edward Bennet, Daniel Gooldn, late of Ireland, John Hill, and others, of the coxmty of Upper Norfolk, wrote a letter to the '"' Pastors and Elders of Christ Church in Xew England," in which they alluded to the late law, by which their old parish was divided, and statest, most homeward bring. Laden with honey, like Hyblaean bees, TheT knead it into combs upon their knees. A constellation of great converts there Shone ronnd him, and his heavenly glory wear, Gookin^ was one of them, by Tompson's pains, Christ and Xew England, a dear Gtookin gains.' At the time that Knowles^ and his associates left Virginia party feeling ran high, and the community were divided into adherents of Charles the First and the ^ Qookin -wzs the son of Daniel Gookin, who came with a colony from Ireland to Xeirp-jrt ^yews. in 1621, :uid the nephew of Sir "Vincent Gookin. After he went to Massachnserts he became snpeiintendenc of Tiifiian aftaits and the friend of the mi^onary John Eliot. - Knowles did not remain in America- After his retnm to En^and he was preacher at Bristol Carhedtal, and then was sixteen years at Pershore, in Worcester. On April 9, 1665, his hojse wa^ searched, and he impisoned, because he had coBecte-l money for the sofieiing Polanders, which in his f-etirion he says " he did not know was nnlawfnl, bnt thon^t them an object of pity.'^ He died April 10, l>>So, at the advanced age of eighty-five years. A BLACK GOOD FRIDAY. 283 Parliament, the former called Bristolers and the latter Londoners. On the 13th of April 1644, at the mouth of Warwick Creek, a smaU tributary of the James, near Newport News, a fight occurred between a twelve-gun ship of the former and two vessels of the latter. The Indians perceiving the strife among the whites seized the oppor- tunity to gratify their revenge, and, on the 18th of the month — a black Good-Friday in the Colonial calendar — suddenly swarmed around the feeble settlements, and with a yeU filled their hands with reeking scalps, and quickly disappeared in the woods. Strong men were appalled, women mourned and refused to be comforted, for their children were not. The rich and the poor felt they were stricken by God ; and the Legislature, when it assembled, enacted, " to the end that God mayeth avert his heavy judgments that are upon us, that the last Wednesday in every month be set apart for fasting and humiliation, and that it be wholly dedicated to prayers and preaching." ^ Among those upon whom the massacre made a deep impression was the Rev. Thomas Harrison, the chaplain of Governor Berkeley. He had been a bigot before, and he now confessed that although he had kept a fair exterior to the scholarly Knowles and companions, stUl he had used his influence with the Governor to have them silenced.^ His style of preaching became more earnest and practical, which was displeasing to his patron, who said he did not wish so grave a chaplain. 1 Hening's Statutes. ^ Calamy. i%\ HARRISONS CHAXGE. Xot discouraged by the censure of the Grovemor, he crossed the river, and preached to the planters of Xanse- mond and Elizabeth River, in the parishes made vacant by the ejection of the three Xew England ministers. In little more than a year after this, on October 27, 1645, the House of Commons "ordered that the inha- bitants of the Summer Islands, and such others as shall join themselves to them, shall, vrithout any molestation or trouble, have and enjoy the liberty of the conscience in matters of God's worship, as weU in those parts of America where they are not planted as in all other parts of America where hereafter they may plant/' ^ About this period Governor Sayle of Eleuthera, a small isle of the Bahamas," visited the Xansemond people, and invited them to go to his plantation, the charter of which provided that in matters purely reli- gious the civil magistrate should exercise no jurisdiction- Harrison wrote to Governor Winthrop of Massachusetts relative to the proposal, and he advised them not to leave Virginia. In another letter to Winthrop, dated Elizabeth Eiver, November 2, 1646, and sent to Boston by Captain Edward Gibbons, '" the yoTinger brother of the house of an honourable extraction," Harrison remarks, " " Had your proposition found us risen up in a posture of removal, there is weight and force enough [in yours] to have staked us down again." The House of Commons, in October 1647, passed an ' House of Commons JoumaL - See page ISO. - Scottow in Mass. Hist Col!., -ith Series, toL iv. NONCONFORMITY INCREASES. 285 ordinance of toleration/ of which Harrison, writing to Winthrop in the following February, says : — " That golden apple, the ordinance of toleration, is now fairly fallen into the lap of the saints, no more com- pelling men to go to the parish churches. . . . ' Con- cemiag ourselves we have received letters full of life and love from the Earl of Warwick, who engageth him- self to the uttermost to advance the things of our peace and welfare, and the Priuce of Peace himself hath hitherto been so tender to us, that He hath not suf- fered the least cold air, or breathing of any opposition, yet to fall amongst us, a matter of no small admira- tion, considering where we dwell, even where Satan's throne is."^ At that time there were seventy-four communicants in Harrison's parish, who in a few months increased to one hundred and eighteen, and about one thousand of the colonists were Nonconformists in sympathy.^ Opposition was soon after this manifested toward the Nonconformists, and on the 3d of November the Virginia Assembly, at the instigation of the Governor, enacted the following : — " Upon divers informations presented to this Assembly against several ministers for their neglect and refractory ' In tlie Act of Parliament settling Clmroli government was the following "And that such as shall not voluntarily conform to the said form of government and divine service, shall have liherty to meet for the service and worship of God, and for exercise of religious duties and ordinances in a fit and convenient place, so as nothing be done by them to the disturbance of the peace of the kingdom." 2 Winthrop Papers. ' Hawks, Anderson, Winthrop. 286 PROTESTAXT MARYLAND GOVERNOR. refusing, after warning given to them, to read common prayer ia Divine service upon the Sabbath-days, contrary to the canons of the Chm-ch, and the Acts of Parliament therein established : for future remedy hereof ; '■ Bef it enacted, by Governor, Council, and Burgesses of this Grand Assembly, That all ministers in their several cures throughout the colony do duly upon every Sabbath-day read such prayers as are appointed and pre- scribed unto them by the said Book of Common Prayer ; " And be it further enacted, as a farther penalty to such as have neglected or shall neglect their duty herein, that no parishioners shall be compelled, either by distress or otherwise, to pay any manner of tithes or duties to anv Nonconformist aforesaid.'' The ill-tempered Grovemor Berkeley a few weeks later notified Harrison that the Nonconformists must leave Virginia. In company with elder Wdliam Durand he went to Boston, and consulted with the Puritan ministers, and soon after sailed for England, to complain of Berke- ley s arbitrary conduct, and appears to have then conferred with Lord Baltimore, who appointed a Protestant Grover- nor for MarylancL, ^iUiam Stone of Virginia, under whose auspices William Durand, and the Xonconformists of James Eiver, settled on the shores of the Chesapeake Bay. where is now Annapolis, the capital of Maryland. At the same time the Proprietor was induced to send " that golden apple, the ordinance of toleration,"' to be in all its substantial features enacted bv the Maryland Assembly of 1649, under the title of "An Act concern- ing Eeligion." MARYLAND TOLERATION ACT. 287 It declared that any one that should deny the Holy Trinity should be punished with death and confiscation of goods. It further provided, " That every person or persons within this province that shall at any time here- after profane the Sabbath or Lord's-day, called Sunday, by frequent swearing, drunkenness, or by any uncivil or disorderly recreation, or by working- on that day when absolute necessity doth not require," shall be fined, and for the third offence they were to be publicly whipped. It also prohibited the use of any reproachful words concerning the Blessed Virgin Mary, the mother of our Saviour, or the holy apostles, or evangelists, and the calling of any one in a reproachful way heretic, schis- matic, idolater, Presbyterian, Independent, Popish Priest, Jesuit, Jesuited Priest, Lutheran, Anabaptist, Brownist, Antinomian, Barrowist, Eoundhead, and Separatist, or any other name." Harrison and Lord Baltimore continued on friendly terms in England, where he was for some time the min- ister of St. Dunstan's East, London. When the mild Henry Cromwell, son of the Protector, became Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, Harrison went with him to Dublin as chief chaplain, and there he " rather desired to serve in love and pity, than censure those "^ who differed in points of doctrine and forms of worship. Eefined in manners, a graceful speaker, and earnest Christian, he was greatly admired, and the Earl of Thomond used to say, "he had rather hear Dr. Harri- 1 Thurloe State Papers. 288 OLD DUBUX CATHEDRAL. son sav grace over an egg, than hear the bishops pray or preach.'"' In the year 1659 a solemn procession, preceded by men ia black gowns and hoods, and soldiery with haut- boys and trumpets sounding a funeral march, emerged from the gate of Dublin Castle, and wended its way through the narrow street to the historic Christ Church Cathedral, whose foundations had been laid by the Danes, within whose walls also was the tomb of the Anglo-Xorman warrior, Richard Earl of Chepstow, sur- named Strongbow, who had expelled the Danes, and where on Easter Sunday in 15 50 the Hturgr was read in the Enghsh language, for the first time in Ireland, and soon after this a Parliament had assembled beneath its roof. After the nobles and dignitaries had entered the ancient cathedral and seated themselves in their closets of carved wood, with panelling painted in heraldic colours and devices. Dr. Harrison, the chief chaplain of the Lord Lieutenant, dehvered a funeral sermon from Lamenta- tions, chap. T., ver. 16, '" The crown is fallen from our head : wo tmto us that we have sinned,"^ occasioned by the death of the Protector, OHver Cromwell 'THREXI HVBERXICI; OR rRi;L.vxD SYMPATHIZING W ITM ENGLAND A^iD SCOTLAND IX A SAD l_\irEN"TAT10N FOR LOSS OF THEIR JOSL\H. Represented In a Sermon at Christ Church in Dablin, before his ExceDency the Lord Deputy, with divers of the Xobility, Gentry, and Commonalty DEATH OF DR. HARRISON. 289 One who was present, wrote, that the discourse was delivered in the most pathetic manner, and that the breathless silence in the cathedral was only disturbed by the sighs of those in tears. Upon the accession of Charles the Second, Harrison was unable to accept the terms of conformity, and he retired to Chester, and served God as he had oppor- tunity. On the 3d of July 1665, a rough adherent of Charles made a report of his work, of which the follow- ing is the substance ■} — " A conventicle of one hundred persons was appointed at the house of Dr. Thomas Harrison, late chaplain of Harry Cromwell ; broke open the house, found some under the beds, others in the closets, and thirty were taken before the Mayor." After this there is no record of his life to be found, and it has been supposed that he died of the plague. there assembled to celebrate a funeral solemnity, upon the death of the late Lord Protector. By Dr. Harrison, Chief Chaplain to his said Excellency. * * * * * * -* London Printed by E. Cotes, and are to be sold by John North Bookseller, in Castle Street at Dublin in Ireland, 1659. ^ Cal. State Papers. — Domestic Series. CHAPTEPw XVIL FRATfCIS HOWGTLL AST) EAILLT QrAKEBS. TT cannot be denied that some of the people called -*- "Friends of Truth" made themselves ridiculous during the CromAreUian era. That once sturdy soldier, James Xayler, led captive by silly Tromen, and addressed as the ■ :feirest among ten thonsand, when he rode into Bristol, preceded by female devotees strewing the road with their scarfe, shawls, and handkerchiefe, was of course laughed at by thoughtless boys, instilted by foul- mouthed men, and pitied by charitable citizens. A daughter of an honourable family. Elizabeth Fletcher, " drunk with imagination," was impelled to visit Oxford University, to exhort the students to repentance. The young men did not throw down their cloaks for her to walk upon, as Sir "Walter Ealeigh did for Queen ElLzal;>eth, but, turning the fair enthusiast upon her head, disgraced themselves by ribaldry and '■ ducking her at the college pump, almost to suffoca- tion, William Penn states that another of the gentler sex divested herself of the garments of dehcacv, to svm- bchze the nakedness of the world, where '■ all is show QUAKER IRREGULARITIES. 291 and counterfeit," but no one ever thought she was not " clothed on with chastity," as much as the pure woman of the legend, who rode naked through the town, " Godiva, wife to that grim Earl, wlio ruled In Coventry." ^ The representative men of the Society of Friends condemned these irregular manifestations as pointedly as their most bitter opponents. Long ago the fanatical movements of those, whose zeal was not according to knowledge, have passed into comparative oblivion, and the Quakers are justly honoured by reflective persons as a society that have done much in promulgating the Christian doctrine of toleration, which at the time of their origin was greatly obscured, the doctrine which renders it proper for a man of Galilee to ask drink even of a woman of Samaria. In America especially, by their efforts, liberahty of feeling has been increased among aU who profess and call themselves Christians, and it is therefore iastructive to note the advent and trials of Quakerism on the other side of the Atlantic. On a quiet Sabbath-day there sat on a rock, conti- guous to a chapel in Westmoreland, England, a man of plain but neat attire, who by the mellowness of his voice and the clearness of his statements attracted a large crowd. It was George Fox, the great expounder of the principles of the " Friends of Truth." As he urged, that a consecrated heart, speaking from love to Christ, was more acceptable in the sight of Heaven than a dead heart preaching in a so-called consecrated place, and * Tennyson. 292 CONVERSION OF HOW GILL. furtlier taioght that no man should preach for emolu- ment, and no man be compelled to support a minister whom he did not acknowledge as a teacher of truth, the Eev. Francis HowgUl, educated in the Church of England, and at this time a Xonconformist, who had been preaching that same day in the parish church near by, happened to be one of his hearers, and acknowledged that his assertions were scriptural, and shortly became his follower. Early in 1 6 5 5 he accompanied Fox to London ; and Lady Darcy, some of the nobility, clergymen, and army officers, attentively listened to the simple and heaxt- searching declarations of the new convert. Believing it was his duty, in a few months he crossed the sea to L-eland. At Dublin, described by a companion " as a bad place, a very refuge for the wicked," amid much opposition, he spoke, and Edward Cook, a strong-minded man, a comet iu Cromwell's own troop, was convinced- Proceeding with Cook to the southern portion of the island, he, on the first day of the week, spoke in the parish church at Bandon. Throughout the neighbouring towns, disciples were obtained, among others, Susan, the wife of Eev. Dr. Worth, subsequently Bishop of Killaloe. Hodder, Governor of Kinsale Fort, and Phayre, Governor of Cork, were sympathizers, the latter declaring that " more was done by the Quakers, than all the priests in the country had done for a hundred years." Enemies reported HowgiQ and his companion Bur- roughs as men of " coTm.terfeit simplicity," and the Lord- Lieutenant of Ireland ordered them to be brought to Dublin, and, in the month of December 1655, they were HOWGILL IN AMERICA. 293 banished. Howgill appears to have immediately sailed for America, and visited the shores of the Chesapeake Bay, where there were already some Quakers, one of whom, Dr. Peter Sharpe, who had in 1651 married Judith Gary, owned an island near the Choptanck river, Maryland, which stOl bears his name. In October 1647 the English House of Commons had passed the Ordinance of Toleration, which in all essentials was also enacted in 1649 by the Provincial Assembly of Mary- land, and thus the colony became attractive to those who refused to recognise the clergymen of an Established Church. The next year after Howgill's advent there appeared Elizabeth Harris of London, who had left her husband to persuade men to be spiritually-minded. With such mildness of manner, and yet earnestness of heart, she spoke to the colonists, who had not been accustomed to instructions from an ordained ministry since they settled in the wilderness, that numbers listened to her teachings and embraced her opinions. Even WOliam Durand, the Secretary of the Province, who had sat under the preaching of the celebrated John Davenport in London, and had been an elder of the Puritan congregation at Nausemond, Virginia, before he settled near Annapolis, Maryland, began to attend the Quaker meeting. In 1657 she returned to London, and a few months after, one of her converts, named Robert Clarkson, wrote to her as follows : — " Dear Heaet, — I salute thee in the tender love of the Father which moved thee towards us, and do own 29+ MARYLAND QUAKERS. thee to hare been a minister, bv the good \nll of Giod, to bear outward testimony to the inward truth in me and others, even as many as the Lord ia tender love and mercy did give an ear to hear. Praise be to His name for ever, of which word of life God hath made my wife partaker with me, and hath established our hearts in his fear : and likewise Atiti Dorsey in a more large measure : her husband I hope abideth faithfol, likewise John Baldwin and Henry Cadina Charles Balye, the young man who was with us at our par ti n g , abides convinced, and several others ia those parts where he dwells. Elizabeth Beaseley abides as she was, when thou wast here. Thomas Cole and "William Cole* have made open confession of the truth, likewise Henry Woolehuich, and many others, suffer with us the reproachful name. William Fuller- abides unmov«L I know not but that William Durand doth the like ; he frequents our meeting but seldom. . . . We have dis- posed of the most part of the books which were sent, so that all parts are famished, and everv one that desires it may have benefit by them, at Herring Creek, Koade Eiver, South Eiver, all about Severn, the Broad Xeck, and thereabout, the Seven Mountains, and Kent. With my dear love I salute thy husband, and rest with thee and the gathered ones in the eternal world, which abideth for ever."' Toward the latter part of December 16 5 T a ship arrived in James Eiver with Josiah Coale and Thomas Thurston, Quaker preachers, who were treated by the 1 Colfi died about 1678. - Had best c^itain of the Severa men. A WILDERNESS JOURNEY. 295 Virginians as disturbers of the peace, and confined. Released at the approach of spring, they went to Mary- land, and were entertained by Richard Preston, on the Patuxent, William Berry,^ and other respectable citizens. But unfortunately for them there was a change in the political authorities, and in the place of those who had been friendly, were those disposed to persecute. The new Governor FendaU, and the Secretary Philip Calvert, an illegitimate son of the first Lord Baltimore, although it had been stipulated by the Proprietor that he would see that " aU persons believing in Jesus Christ should have freedom of conscience," became oppressors. Pres- ton and others were fined for receiving the preachers into their houses, another was whipped for refusing to assist the sheriff in arresting Thurston. Peter Sharpe, a surgeon, was outlawed because he had conscientious scruples relative to taking oaths, and his debtors were released from obligations. The preachers finding that the arm of the Government was raised against them, were at length compelled to leave the province where they had hoped for liberty of conscience. Passing northward with another friend, Thomas Chapman of Virginia, they at length passed the last dwelling of a white settler, and walked through what was then a wilderness, but in which region are now Philadelphia and New York- among the largest and wealthiest cities of the world. For food they at times depended upon the chestnuts and berries of the forest, but frequently they were fed by the Susquehannocks, a tribe whose wigwams they 1 Berry lived at Choptanok, and was a Quaker preacher. 2g6 MARY LEE HUNG. found. TVlieii Francis Howgill learned of the indig- nities heaped upon Josiah Coale and others by the authorities of Maryland, he wrote a pamphlet/ called '■ The Deceiver of the Xations discovered, and his Cruelty made manifest, more especially his Cruel Works of Darkness laid open and reproved iu Mariland and Virginia. " Thereiu he alluded to the journey of the banished in the wilderness, in these words: — "The Indians whom they judge to be heathen exceeded in kiudness, iu courtesies, in love and mercy, unto them who were strancrers. which is a shame to the mad, rash rulers of Mariland, that have acted so barbarously to our people, and them that came to visit them iu the name of the Lord, that instead of receiving them rejected them, and made order after order, and warrant after warrant; for pursuing, banishing, and whipping of them who came to them in the name of the Lord, in such haste, that I have seen fifteen warrants out against one man in a Httle time, and in one province. ' It is painful in this age to contemplate the persecuting spirit of nearly every class in the seventeenth centurv, and to note how people were put to death upon mere suspicion or vague accusations. In the year 16-54, a passenger, named Mary Lee, on the ship " Unity," Captein Bosworth, bound for Maryland, was suspected of witch-marks, tied to the capstan, examined, then hung to the yard-arm, and after Hfe was extinct, tossed overboard John Washington, the ancestor of the first President, in 1653, came to America in a vessel destined ' Published in 1660. at London. GEORGE WASHINGTON'S ANCESTOR. 297 for Maryland, and among the passengers was one Blka- beth Eichardson, perhaps a Quakeress and preacher, who during the voyage was accused of witchcraft, and hung. Washington, indignant at what he felt was an outrage, upon landing preferred charges before the Governor of Maryland against Prescott, the captain.^ When the Quakeresses, Anne Austin and Mary Fisher, came from Barbadoes to Boston the authorities there caused them to be imprisoned, and then stripped and examined, to discover if any witch-marks were on their bodies. History clearly shows that Maryland and Massa- chusetts were twin-sisters in superstitious fear, and that the latter simultaneously with the former began to fine, whip, banish, and imprison the Quakers. During the year 1658, William Robinson, a merchant of London, Eobert Hodgson, and Christopher Holder, landed on the shores of the Chesapeake Bay, and after tarrying some time in the province of Maryland, found ' Washington, in September 1659, was summoned by Governor Fendall, of Maryland, to appear as a witness, but failed, as his letter from West- moreland, written the next day, shows : — " Hons'lj; S'k, — Yo" of this 29th instant this day I received. I am sorry y't my extraordinary occasions will not permitt mee to bee att ye next Provincial Court to be held in Mary-Land ye 4th of this next month. Because then, God willing, I intend to gett my young Sonne baptized. All ye company and Gossips being already invited. Besides, in this short time witnesses cannot be gott to come over. But if Mr. Prescott bee bound to answer itt ye next Provincial! Court after this I shall doe what lyeth in my power to gett them over. S'r, I shall desire you for to acquaint mee whither Mr. Prescott be bound over to ye next Court, and when ye Court is, that I may have some time for to provide evidence ; and soe I rest " Yo'r ffriend and serv't, " JaHN Washington. " 30 Sept. 1659." 298 BOSTON INTOLERAXCE. their way to Massachusetts. In the month of Sep- tember they were brought before the Boston magistrates Christopher Holder, John Copeland/ and John House, as dismrbers of the peace, and Endicott, in the name of his associates, pronounced the following sentence : — " It is the sentence of this Court that vou three have each his right ear cut off by the hangman/' After the bloody sentence was executed they said, " Those who do it ignorantly, we desire from om* hearts the Lord to forgive them, but for them that do it maliciously let our blood be upon their heads, and such shall know in the day of account^ that each drop of our blood shall be heavier than a mill-stone.^^ During the year 1659 William Robinson^ was publicly whipped and banished, after which he tarried at Salem. ^ Copeland, affier tlie loss of liis ear^ stiU continaed the work of preacliiii^ but at length settled in Virginia^ irhere he liyed to an advanced age. - Longfenow, in the " ^ew England Tr^edy of EnMcoU," allndes to the peisecation of Bobinson and associates : — " Foot already hare been slain ; And others 1>aiu=hetl npon pain of death. Bat they came back again to me«t zL^ii doom, Briog-'nz th-r linen for their windii^-sheels. We muss not go t':>N> far. In troth I shiink From shedding of nmte blood. The people mnnnQr At our sercii^. "XOBTOS. '* Then let them m jnnir ! Tnith is relentless ; -jTistice nerer ^ jver^ ; The greatest Srniiirss is the greatest mercy ; The nolde (nder of the M^stracy ComeUi immediatdy bom God, and yet This noble order of iligiitri: y Is by thes^ Hertti :s despised and ontragel " To-nig^t they sleep in prL5'>iL If they die. They cannot say that we have caosed their death. We do bat guard the pass^e, with the s^ : rl Pointed towards them ; if they da=h npon it. Their blood will be on their own heads, not oors^" DEATH OF MARTYRS. 299 For this delay he was brought to Boston, and there chained and imprisoned. On the 20th of October, with Mary Dyer and Mar- maduke Stevenson, he was arraigned before the Coiirt, and after a short examination, with the others, con- demned to death, and in seven days, the three, with the woman in the centre, calmly and joyfully walked to then- execution, and died as martyrs die, while Massachusetts received a blot on her escutcheon, that will grow darker and darker, as the tolerant spirit of Christ increases in America, and the other nations of the world. During the autumn of 1663 Mary Tomkins and Alice Ambrose were at the Cliffs^ in Calvert County, Mary- land, and wrote to George Fox : " We have been in Virginia, where we have had good service for the Lord. Our sufferings have been large. . . . We are now about to set saU for Virginia again." Bishop, speaking of these persons, remarks : — " Mary Tomkins and Alice Ambrose, aUas Gary, these two ser- vants of the Lord having been at Virginia, whitherto they departed from New England, who had there suf- fered thirty-two stripes apiece with a nine-corded whip, three knots in each cord, being drawn up to the pillory in such an uncivil manner, as is not to be rehearsed^ with a running knot about their hands, the very first lash of which drew the blood, and made it run down in abundance from their breasts."^ George Eofe of Halstead in Essex in 1661 visited ' Alice Ambrose appears to have married John Gary, who lived at the Cliffs of Calvert County. 2 Bishop, p. 423, London, edition of 1703. 3ob A VIRGINIA DUXGEOX. Marjland for the first time, and on a second visit, in 1663, was drowned by the capsizing of a small boat in one of the rivers.^ William Cole of Maryland, proceeding with George Wilson, a preacher from England to Virginia, was there imprisoned. The following letter, written br his com- panion, L5 an evidence of a common fault of the early minister of the Society of Friends, who, in their desire to use plainness, descended to nncharitableness and coarse- ness of speecL It was dated, " From that dirty dungeon iu James Town, the I7th of the Third Month, 1662."' " If they who visit not such in prison (as C'hiist speaks of) shall be punished with everlasting destruction, O what will ye do \ or what will become of you, who put us into such nasty stinking prisons as this dirty dungeon, where we have not had the benefit to do what nature requireth, nor s-j much as air to blow in at a window, but close made up with brick and Ume, so that there is no air to take away the smell of our dung and p ^ who, for aU their cruelty. I can truly say, ' Father forgive them, for they hnoic not what they do.' But thus saith the Lord unto me, ' Tell them that be- cause wilfally they are ignorant, I will strike them with astonishment, and wiH bring upon them the filth of their detestable things, and in that day they should be glad if they could eat their own dung, and drink their own p , it shall so odiously stand before them, that it 1 He had organized a society at Creisheain on the Bhine, vhoae members twenty years afterward, went to German-town, now part of Philaddpliia. - It i5 nnnecessary to print this word in fnll, which is vnlgar and offen- BURNYEA T IN AMERICA. jor shall be an evil stink in succeeding generations. This you shall eternally witness, for I have spoken it with you in the name of the Lord, ia whose authority this is to go abroad."^ The first published religious pamphlet written by a citizen of Virginia, appears to have been a poem by John Grave, a Quaker, and issued in 1662, with the title, " A Song of Sion, written by a Citizen thereof, whose out- ward habitation is ia Virginia, and being sent over to some of his Friends in England, the same is found fitting to be pubHshed, for to warn the seed of Evil-doers." John Burnyeat of Cumberland, after travelling on foot through Londonderry, Dublin, Gal way, Cork, and other places in Ireland, was impelled by the Spirit, as he believed, to promulgate the truth in America, and in the year 1665 was iu Maryland, and held large meetings, and " Friends were greatly comforted, and several were convinced." At this time, a schism existed among the American Quakers, caused by the labours of John Perrot, who, after visiting Eome to convert the Pope, came to the New World, and introduced ritualism in worship, by insisting upon what Fox called "the evil and un- timely practice of keeping on the hat in time of public prayer." In 1671 Burnyeat made a second visit to America, and on the 5th day of ninth month, accom- panied by Daniel Gould of Ehode Island, arrived at the " Pertuxen," and in visiting the Friends, found a fresh- ness among them. One day in 1672, as he was about to sail for England, 1 Bease, ii. 381. 302 ARRIVAL OF GEORGE FOX. unexpectedly to all, a ship from. Jamaica, appeared in the Patnxent rirer, having on -board Geoige Fox, the spiritual iconoclast, whose name is identified Tnth the religious histoiy of the seTenteenth century, and several other Quakers, one of whom was William Edmnndson, a native of Westmoreland, once a soldier ia Cromwell s army, and who had established the first settled meeting of Quakers in Ireland, at Lnrgan. Fox, feeling that his stay must be brief, and that time was precious, immediately began to preacL For four days he expounded his doctrines with singular clearness, and with a mellow voice prayed from the depth of his sonl, and as a result, five or six Justices of the Peace, and many world's people who came from curiosity, went away from the meetings much interested- Partly by land, and partly by water, he hastened to the Cliffs in Calvert County, and addressed a large as- sembly, and then, crossing the Chesapeake Bay, crowds gathered round him and listened gladly, and a judge's wife frankly said she " had rather hear bim once, than the priests a thousand times.' Eecrossing the Bay, he next spoke at the river Severn, now the city of Annapolis, where the number of hearers was so great, that no build- ing could contain them. The next day he spoke at a place six or seven miles distant, and there the Speaker of the Maryland Legislative Assembly was convinced. Then mounting his horse he rode to Dr. Peter Sharpe's, at the Cliffs, and here, he says " was a heavenly meet- ing," many of the upper sort of people present, and a wife of one of the Grovemor s councillors was convinced. THE PREACHING OF FOX. 303 Some Eoman Catholics came to deride, but their hearts also were softened. From thence, he rode to the Patuxent, and spoke at the house of one James Preston, where an Indian chief and some of his tribe, came to see the strange man who was lifting up his voice ta the wilderness, causing the hearts of his listeners to burn within them. His labours were incessant, and he stopped neither on account of the burning sun, nor fierce snow-storms. He forded swollen streams, slept in barns, passed a winter's night in the open air, without fiire, with as much complacency as in the house of friends, and was truly a wonder unto many. In 1673, a short period before he returned to England, he went to Annapolis, and attended a meeting of the Provincial Legislature. On the 6 th day, 4th month, 1674, William Cole, William Richards, and John Gary, on behalf of a general meeting of Quakers, held at West Eiver, Maryland, addressed a letter to the meeting at Bristol, England, in which they write : — " Much people there be in our country that come to hear the truth declared, which in its eternal authority is over all, and many by it are convinced. . . . And now, dearly beloved brethren, we may not forget to make mention of our dearly beloved George Fox, with the rest of the servants of the Lord who accompanied him in the service of the blessed God in our country."^ ' Bowden, vol. i. p. 381. — After Fox went back to England lie sent a copy of the works of Edward Burroughs to several gentlemen, among others, to the following : — Judge Stephens, Anamessex, Maryland ; Justices Johnson and Coleman, do.; Major-General Bennett, Virginia; Lieut. -Col. Waters, Nansemond, do. j Col. Thomas Dew, do. 3P4 BOYLE THE PHILOSOPHER. Wenlock Christopheison, or Cluistison, as he was often called, the distinguished preacher, who, when sentenced to death at Boston, uttered these memorable words : — " For the last man that was put to death here are five come in his room. If you have power take my life from me, God can raise up the same principle in ten of his servants, and send them among yon in mv room." when pardoned came to Maryland, and in 1674, he was one of those who petitioned the Colonial Assembly that Quakers might be permitted to affirm, instead of taking the usual oaths of law. The persecution of the Quakers in America caused sorrow among the few tolerant men of that age. The distinguished philosopher, Eobert Boyle, President of the Society for Propagating the Gosjiel in Xew England, wrote, in 1680, to John Ehot, the zealous and gentle- spirited missionary to the Indians around Boston : — " Of late I hare to my trouble heard the government of the Massachusetts sharply censured for their great severity to some dissenters. This severe proceeding seems to be the more strange, and the less defensible, in those who, having left their native countrj, and crossed the vast ocean to settle in a wilderness, that they may there enjoy the liberty of worshipping Grod according to their own conscience, seem to be engaged more than other men, not to allow their brethren a share in what thev thought was so much all good men's due.'' ^ The steady progress of Quakerism in Marvland had been such, as at this period to cause the opinioiis of those > Boyle's Works, voL L folio. 1744. PETITION A GAINST OA THS. 305 who belonged to the Society to be regarded. In reply to a petition that Quakers might be allowed to affirm in the place of taking the usual oath, the Upper House of the Assembly, on September 6, 1681, took the following action : — " Upon reading ■ the paper dehvered yesterday by William Berry and Eichard Johns, this House do say : That if the rights and privileges of a free born English- man, settled on him by Magna Charta, so often con- firmed by subsequent Parliaments, can be preserved by yea and nay in wiUs and testaments, and other occurrents, the Lower House may do well to prepare such a law, and then the Upper House will consider of it." FoUowing up this favourable action, they presented an able and logical paper giving six reasons for the proposed modification of the law of oaths. The preamble was dignified and eloquent. "We are EngHshmen ourselves, and free born, although iu scorn commonly called Quakers, and therefore, so far from desiring the least breach of Magna Charta, or of the least privilege belonging to a free-born Englishman, that we had rather suffer many degrees more than we do (if it was possible), than wOliagly admit of the least violation of those ancient rights and liberties, which are indeed our birth- right, and so often confirmed to us by subsequent Parlia- ments. And had we not been full well assured that our sufierings may be redressed, and our request granted without the violating of Magna Charta in the least degree, we would not have desired it." 3o6 COXVERSION OF jr/LUA.V PEXX. The arguments had a good effect, and the Lower House enacted that the law should be modified in accordance \rith their petition, but it feiled to receive the approval of Lord Baltimore at that time. The period was now coming when the Quakers in America were to have a realization of the promise, that they ■■' who sow in tears shall reap in joy." The conver- sion of William Penn, the son of a distinguished Admiral, a student of Oxford and the University of Paris, to the belief of the Society of Friends, caused a stir and inquiry for the first time in higher circles, as to the designs of these hitherto despised people, and a reaction began in their favour. As Penn listened to the storv of the shameful persecutions his fellow-religionisfcs endured in Virginia, Maryland, and Massachusetts, he conceived the project of establishing " a free colony for all mankind, wherein entire liberty of conscience should be allowed. His father, the Admiral, had been promised a grant of land, which at length, after urgent solicitation, was given to TVilliam Penn, and on the 4th of March 1680, the patent was issued. When the intelligence reached America, that another plantation, was to be established under the auspices of the Quakers, it was equally dis- tasteful to Lord Baltimore, then in Maryland, and to the Puritans of Massachusetts. A letter,^ dated SeptemlHir 15, 1682, addressed to 1 This letter is said to have been recently discoTered among same old papers, by an ofScer of the Massachnsetts Historic^ S':'ciety. It 'wonld be a relief to the lovers of toleration if it should be proved to be spnrions. ALLEGED LETTER OF MA THER. 307 John Higginson, gives a sad exhibition of the intolerance of a good man : — " There bee now at sea a shippe (for our friend Mr. Esaias Holcraft, of London, did advise nae by the last packet that it wolde sad some time in August) called ye Welcome, E. Greenway, master, which has aboard an hundred or more of ye heretics and malignants called Quakers, with W. Penne, who is ye chief scampe at the hedde of them. Ye General Court has accordingly given secret orders to Master Malachi Huxett, of ye brig Por- posse, to waylaye ye said Welcome as near the coast of Codde as may be, and make captive ye said Penne and his ungodlie crew, so that ye Lord may be glorified and not mocked on ye soil of this new countre, with ye heathen worshippe of these people. Much spoyl can be made by selling ye whole lotte to Barbadoes, where slaves fetch good prices ia rumme and sugar, and we shall not only do ye Lord great service by punishing ye wicked, but shall make great gayne for his ministers and people. " Master Huxett feels hopeful, and I wlU set down the news he brings when his shippe gets back.-^ — Yours in ye boweUs of Christ, Cotton Mather." Fronj the hour that Penn made his treaty with the Indians under the old elm at Shackamaxon, society in the New World assumed a new form. The men that began to build on the rectangular streets of the newly surveyed city of Philadelphia, were industrious, and glad to welcome as sharers in the temporal government, the Jew or the Turk, the' Calvinist or Eoman Catholic. 3o8 LORD BALTIMORE'S WIFE. Within a year the success of the city became certain; not only Quakers from the southern and northern colonies flocked thither, but money-loving men, who foresaw that these industrious Heretics would create a great commer- cial mart, on the banks of the broad and placid Delaware. The people of Jamestown, Saint Mary, Manhattan, and Boston were astounded to see a town quietly building up, and each year, increasing more than other towns had in a decade, and the moment the Quaker began to have commercial credit, and some social prestige through the Pemis and others, then weak human nature became " mealy-mouthed," and ceased to kick and scourge them, and call them scamps and vagabonds. Shortly after his arrival at Philadelphia, William Pemi , proceeded to visit tbe " Friends" on the tributaries of the Chesapeake. Subsequently he made a second ^isit, and conducted Lord and Lady Baltimore to a Quaker meet- ing at Tredhaven. Eichardson, who was one of the preachers at the time of the visit, describes Lady Balti- more^ as " a notable, wise, natural, and courteously-car- riaged woman." She was pleased with the simple services of the Friends, and told Penn that she did not wish to hear him, as he was a scholar, but she would like to listen to the exposition of some of the unlearned mechanics and husbandmen. After Penn's return to England, Quakerism was strengthened in America by the arrival of Thomas Story, another man of cultivated intellect. He had received in ' The -irife of Charles third Lord Baltimore was the widow of Henry Sewall of Mattapany on the Patuxent, eight miles from Saint Mary, Maryland. STORY THE QUAKER PREACHER. 309 England a complete education, and was not only a pro- ficient in Greek and mathematics, but was skilled in the arts of music and fencing. His associations in youth were with ritualism. The church he then attended con- formed to the " new fangleism" that crept back to the Church of England in the days of Laud. His brother also was chaplain of the Countess of Carlisle.^ For a period he was zealous in the observance of rites, but in time, doubts arose as to their propriety in the Church of Christ, and at length he bounded over to the Society, which, forgetting that man was a compound of flesh and spirit, and demanded a few expressive rites, had abnegated all ritualism. Having studied law, he went to Pennsylvania, was made Master of the EoUs and Keeper of the Great Seal of the colony, and subsequently Mayor of the city of Philadelphia. On the 27th day of the third month, 1699, O.S., he attended the yearly meeting of the Quakers, at West River, in Maryland, in company with Dr. Grifi&th Owen, a distiaguished physician of Philadelphia. On the 13th, his journal teUs us, " came one Henry HaU, a priest of the Church &f England, and, with others of his notion, eves-dropped the meeting, but came not in." Eichard Johns, a prominent member of the meeting, then arose and made a confession of faith, a slight modification of the Apostles' Creed : — " We beUeve that the Lord Jesus Christ, who was born of the Virgin Mary, being conceived by the ' He was afterwards a dean in Ireland. 3IO A COXFESSTOX OF FAITH. promise and influence of the Holy Ghost, is tlie true Messiah or Saviour ; that He died upon the cross at Jerusalem, a propitiation and sacrifice for the sins of all mankind ; that He rose from the dead on the third day, ascended, and seated on the right hand of the Majestj- on high, making intercession for us ; and in the full- ness of time shall come to judge both the living and the dead, and revrard all according to their work. " The next day the clergyman and his friends again lurked near the meeting, and Story says : — " ily companion in his testimony apprehending they were within hearing, crifed aloud to them to come forth out of their holes, and appear openly like men, and if they had anything to say, after meeting was over, they should be heard," Story next challenged them to prove their call to the ministry, " which they taking upon them to do, only told US that CSirist called the apostles, and they ordained others, and they again others in succession to that time.' Then St<;.ry demanded proof " who they were that the apostles ordained, and who from asre to age stic- cessors ordained, wherein if they justly failed they were to be rejected as no ministers of Christ, since they had rested the matter on such a succession. "' Many people," continues the journal, " called out to the clergyman, 'We will jiay you the tobacco, being obliged by law, that is, forty pounds of tobacco for every negro slave, but we will never hear you more.' While we were yet in the gallery one climbed up into a window, and cried out with a loud voice to Henry Hall, ' Sir, you have REV. HENRY HALL. 311 broken a canon of the Church ; you have baptized several negroes, who being infidels, baptism ought not to have been administered to them.' " At this the priest was enraged, but made no answer to the charge, only fumed and fretted and threatened the man to trounce him. Then I observed to the people that if these negroes were made Christians in this sense, members of Christ, children of God, inheritors of the kingdom of heaven, received into the body of the Church of Christ, as the language is at the time of sprinkling, how could they now detain them longer as slaves % Several justices of the peace being ashamed of their priest, slid out of the meeting as unobservable as might be, and the people in general contemned them as such, who behind the back of the Quakers had greatly reproached and belied them, but face to face were utterly subdued by them. That night several of the justices, lodging with our friend Samuel Chew, ex- pressed their sentiments altogether in our favour, and that the priests were really ignorant men in matters of religion." Su' Thomas Lawrence, the Secretary of the colony, wincing under the plain arguments of Story, com- plained of what he called the tart expressions of the Quaker, to the Lords of Trade and Plantations. Wil- liam Penn being in England, his attention was called to the subject, to which he alludes in a letter to a friend : — • " A silly knight ! Though I hope it comes of offi- cious weakness the talent of the gentleman, with some 312 PE.XyS SHARP LETTER. malice. Matters there, are never attacked by Thomas ^Sto^y, nor in inreverent tones. " I never heeded it, only said, that if the gentle- man had sense enough for his office he might have known this tale was no part of it, that Thomas Story was discreet and temperate, and " did not exceed in his retorts or retnms. " But 'tis children's play to provoke a combat and then cry out that such a one beats them ; that I hoped that they were not a committee of conscience and reli- gion, and that it showed the shallowness of the gentle- man that played the busybody in it." At the commencement of the eighteenth century the Quakers exercised a poweirful influence in the colonies. Men were forced to admit, that they were keepers at home, industrious, intelligent, not given to wine or brawling, cleanly in their habits, and honest in their commercial transactions. The yearly meeting of the Society was eagerly looked for by all classes. Edmundson well observed, " Yearly meeting in Maryland, many people resort to it and transact a deal of trade with one another, so that it is a kind of market or change, where the captains of ships and the planters meet and settle their affairs, and this draws abundance of people." Occurring as it did near the Whitsuntide holidays, the black slaves flocked thither to enjoy rest for a few days from the exhausting labours of the tobacco field. Families from the different counties rolled there, in ponderous old-fashioned carriages for the purpose of social reunion, young men came on fine YEARLY MEETING. 313 horses, to compare them and give a trial of their speed, and others went to confer with the beautiful and pure- miaded maidens, who, in their plain drab dresses and scooped bonnets, were to them far more interesting than the angels, who seemed cold and distant, because they had neither flesh nor blood. CHAPTER XVIIL THE PLA^errsG of the chttrch of exgla>"d es' the COLONTES. TT appears strange that the ecclesiastical authorities J- of England should not at the beginning of the colonization of America made more earnest effort for supplying the plantations with clergymen. With the first expedition to Yirginia, the Eev. Eobeit Hunt sailed as Chaplain, and by his Christian demeanour TTon the confidence of the early settlers of Jam^town, but no record has been preserved of his labours or the time of his death. The next clergyman who arrived was the Eev. Richard Buck,^ who accompanied Sir Thomas Gates and Sir Greorge Somers, and after passing the winter at Ber- mudas, where the vessel in which he left England was wrecked, arrived, in May 1610, at Jamestown, and found a rude log church ruined and unfrequented, which probably nad been used by Hunt. He was esteemed "a very good preacher," and opened with praver, the first legislative assembly in America, which met in the chancel of his church." He died about the ^ Stracher says tliat Steplien Hopkins, yrho nsed u> act as a lay lead^ for Back daring the voyage, was a Brownist. - This chorch was of logs twenty feet wide and fifty-eight in length. REV. ALEXANDER WHITAKER. 315 year 1623, leaving several sons, one of whom, Benoni, was the first idiot of white parents, in America, of whom we have any account.^ In the year 1610, the Netherlands made an overture about joining in the plantation of Virginia,^ and a num- ber of Dutch accompanied Dale, an army officer in the service of the States-General, to the James Eiver, and made a settlement at and near Henrico.^ The miaister who came with this expedition was the Eev. Alexander Whitaker, the son of the distinguished Puritan lecturer of Cambridge University. He was possessed of some estate, and had been settled in one of the north counties, of England, " but," says Crashaw, " without any per- suasion but God's and his own heart, did voluntarily leave his warm nest to carry the gospel to the heathen of America."* In the year 1613, there was published in London, " Good-'Newes from Virginia, sent to the coun- sell and Company of Virginia, resident in England. From Alexander Whitaker, Minister of Henrico, ia Virginia." He was a blunt but graphic writer, as will be seen from the following extracts. Speaking of the colony he remarks : — " I may fitly compare it to the growth of an infant, which hath been afflicted from its birth with some grievous sickness, that many times no hope of life hath remained, and yet it liveth stiU. Again, if there were 1 Oal. State Papers, Col. series. 2 Winwood. 3 This neiglibourliood is sometimes called " Dutcli Gap." * Preface to Oood News from Virginia. J 3i6 IXDIAXS SLAVES OF THE DEVIL. nothiTig else to encourage us, yet this one thing may stir lis up to go on cheerfully with it, that the devil is a capital enemy against it, and continuaUr seeketh to hinder the prosperity and good proceedings of it. Tea hath heretofore so far prevailed by his instruments, the covetous hearts of many backsliding adventurers at home, also by his servants here, some striving for superiority, others by murmurings, mutinies, and plain treasons, and others by fornication, profaneness, idle- ness, and such monstrous sins." In alluding to the Indians he called them " naked slaves of the devil,'"' and adds : — " I have sent one image of their God to the Council in England, which, is painted upon one side of a toad stool, much Hke xmto a deformed monster. Their priests, whom they call Quockosoughs, are no other but such as our English witches are. They live naked in body, as if the shame of their mind deserved no covering. Their man- ners are as naked as their bodies, and they esteem it a virtue to lie, as their master the devil teacheth them. Much more might be said of their miserable condition, but I refer to the particular mention of these things to some other season. " Wherefore you wealthy men of the world, whose bellies Grod hath filled with this hidden treasure, trust not in the uncertain riches, neither cast your eyes upon them, for riches taketh to her wings as an eagle, and flieth into heaven. But be each in good works ready to dis- tribute and communicate. How shamefully do the most of you either insensibly detain or wickedly mis- MARRIAGE OF WHITES WITH INDIANS. 317 spend God's goods, whereof he made you his stewards ! The prodigal men of our land make haste to fling away God's treasure as a grievous burthen which they desire to be eased of. Some make no scruple at it, to spend yearly an hundred pounds, two, three, five himdred, and much more, about dogs, hawks, and hounds, and such sports, which wiU not give five hundred pence to the relief of God's poor members. Others wHl not care to lose two or three thousand pounds in a night at cards and dice, and yet suffer poor Lazarus to perish in the street for want of their charitable alms. Yea, divers wiU hire gardens at great rates, and buUd stately houses for their whores, which have no compassion on the fatherless and widows. How much better were it for these men to remember the affliction of Joseph, to extend the bowels of their compassion to the poor, the fatherless, the afflicted, and the like, than to misspend that which they must give a straight account of at the day of judgment. Are not these miserable people here, better than hawks, hoimds, whores, and the like V On September 22, 1612, about the time that Whitaker wrote his plea for the Indian, Cunega, the ambassador of Spain in England, in a despatch said : — " He is credibly informed that there is a determination to marry some of the people that go over to Virginians. Forty or fifty are already so married, and English women in- termingle, and are received kindly by the natives. A zealous minister hath been wounded for reprehending it." The minister may have been the plain-spoken Whitaker. Eolfe speaks of him in 1616 as at Henrico, 3 1 8 EARLY MTJS'ISTERS. and the rough Argall, in a letter to the ^ irginia Company, dated 9th of June 1617, states that he was drowned, but gives no particulars as to time, place, or circumstances. When Grates made his second voyage to Virginia in the summer of 1611, an aged minister, by the name of Glover, who had preached in Bedford and Huntingdon- shire, accompanied him, of whom we have a bare men- tion,^ in the preface written by Crashaw, to Whitaker's Good Xeicsfrom Yirgima. The first minister of Hampton, or Kecoughtan, was the Eev. TTiDiam Mease, who came about the same time as Glover, and after ten years' residence returned to England." In 1615 Lewis Hughes was sent as a clergyman to Bermudas. In a short period he and a colleague, by the name of Keith, refused to use the service-book of the Church of England,^ and introduced the liturgy of the churches of the Isle of Jersey. When Governor Teardley arrived in 1619 at James- town, he found there only the log church and a few houses, and at Henrico a poor frame church in ruins, and three -old houses, and in the whole colony five ministers, two of whom were without orders. Those in * He soon died. ' London Company JISi'. ' The -w-riter possesses a little work by Hughes, entitled — " Cert^ne GrieTances, or the erronrs of the serrice-booke, plainly layd open, with some reasons wherefore it may and onght to be removed, well worthy the serions consideration of the Kight Honorable and High Conrt of Parliament. Set forth by way of Disdogoe between a country Gentlonan and a Minister of God's Word." ARCHBISHOP SANDYS ON RITUALISM. 319 orders were probably Mease, Buck, and Thomas Bar- grave, a nephew of Dr. Bargrave, Dean of Canterbury, who came in 1618 with Captain John Bargrave, also his uncle, and the first in the colony to establish a private plantation. The Eev. Mr. Bargrave died in 1621, and left his library, valued at 100 marks, to the projected college at Henrico. Those not in orders were Mr. WiUiam Wickham and Mr. Samuel Macock, for whom Argall had in 1617 desired ordination. Sir Edwin Sandys, who became President of the London Company after its reorganization in 1619, was the son of the Archbishop who left the following sen- tences as his last testimony concerning the rites and ceremonies of the Church of England : — " I have ever been, and am presently persuaded, that some of them be not so expedient in this Church now, but that in the Church reformed, and in all this time of the Gospel (wherein the seed of the Scripture hath so long been sown), they may better be disused by little and little, than more and more urged." The son of such a father was not the man to press for a literal conformity to ecclesiastical canons, and was ready to encourage any sincere minister of Christ to take up his abode in Virginia. Nor were the benefactors of the plantation men who despised Puritans. On November 15, 1620, after the minutes were read, a stranger stepped into the meeting, and presented " four great books, as the gift of one unto the Company, that desired his name might not be made known, whereof one book was a treatise of St. Augustine 320 DONA TION OF BOOKS. of the City of God, translated into English, the other three great volumes were the works of Mr. Perkins, newly corrected and amended, which books the donor desired might be sent to the college in Virginia, there to remain ia safety to the use of the ooUegiates thereafter, and not suffered at any time to be sent abroad, or used in the meanwhile, for which so worthy a gift my Lord of Southampton desired the party that presented them to return deserved thanks for himself and the rest of the Company to him that had so kindly bestowed them.^ On November 14th, 1621, a letter was received enclosing forty shilHngs for a sermon to be preached before the Company, with a promise that it would be given yearly for the same purpose, and with the request that the Eev. John Davenport of London, afterwards the Puritan pastor at New Haven, Connecticut, should preach the first sermon.^ 1 Perkins had been a Puritan lecturer at Cambridge. Robinson, pastor at Leyden, had been one of his pupils, and used his catechism in HoUaad. Leverett, and associates of Massachusetts, in a letter to Boyle the philosopher writes : — " If Mr. Perkins and those good old Puritans in Eling Edward the Sixth and Queen Elizabeth's time, did, in their principles of religion, teach evil doctrine, then may we be rendered such.'' In the Manuscript Council Booh of Maryland, there is an inventory of goods of Claybome, seized on Palmer's Island ; in the list is " one folio volume of Mr. Perkins' works." As Claybome was secretary of the Virginia Colony at the time the present was made, may this folio not have been one of the three great volumes of Perkins that were sent over ? ° The manuscript transactions of London Company, under date of October 23, 1622, has the following entry ; — " Mr. Deputy signified unto the Companie it was not nnknowne unto them that amongst the many worthy guif ts bestowed on the Plantaoon, there was the last yeare giuen by a person, refusinge as yet to be named, 40s. p. anu. for euer (and thereupon an order established), for a sermon to be preached before the Virginia Companie euery Micha' Terme, on Wednesday VIRGINIA COMPANY'S SERMON. 321 After Sir Francis Wyatt was elected Governor, the Virginia Company sent over several clergymen. At a meeting lield on tlie 16th of July 1621, "it was signi- fied that Sir Francis Wyatt's brother, being a Master of Arts and a good divine, and very willing to go with him this present voyage, might be entertained and placed as minister over his people, and have the same allowance towards the furnishing of himself as others have had, and that his wife might have her transport free, which notion was thought very reasonable." A few days before the Earl of Southampton recommended fortnight before the last Wednesday in the said Terme, Hee therefore moued to know their pleasure whome they would entreate to preach the said sermon : Whereupon some proposinge the Dean of Paules, the Court, with- out naming any other, did verie much desire he might be entreated there- unto, hoping he would please upon their general request signified unto him to undertake, and the rather for that he was a Brother of this Companie, and of their Counsell. In considrance wherof the Court praid S' Jo. Dauers, S' Phil. Cary, Mr. Binge, and Mr. Deputy, to solicite him earnestly hereunto in the name of the Companie, wch. they promised to performe, and for the place where the sermon is to be preached, the Court haue made choise of St. Miohaell's Church in Coruehill as the most oonuenient. " After wch. sermon ended, it is also thought iitt and agreed, the eustome they began the last yeare shal be continued, namely to supp together, and for that cause haue entreated Mr. Caswell and Mr. Mellinge (who last time so well performed it, to all the Companies, being assigned with Mr. Bennett and Mr. Eider to be Stewards this yeare also, for prouidinge and orderinge of the supper and bussiness thereunto belonging, and of the place where it shall be kept, and accordingly to giue notice thereof unto all the Companie, by sending the officer with ticketts that are to be printed for this purpose, notifyinge the time and place, and what each man is to paye, wch. is now agreed shall be iij. s. a peece, as findinge by last yeare's experience, it can- nott be lesse, to bear out the full charge. "And for that, at such great feasts, venizon is esteemed to bee a most necessary complement, the Court hath thought fitt that letters be addressed in ,the name of the Companie unto such noblemen and gentlemen as are of this Society to request this favour at their hands, and withall their pre- sence at the said Supper." Dr. John Donne preached as requested on the 13th of November, and the 322 REV. HAUT WYATT. the Eev. Eobert Bolton^ for his honesty and sufficiency in learning, and he was despatched to Elizabeth City, now Hampton, made vacant by the removal of a Eev. Mr. Stockton, but subsequently preached in Accomac. The Eev. Haut Wyatt remained at Jamestown for four or five years,^ and then returned to England, and became vicar of Bexley, in Kent, and in the days of Archbishop Laud was arraigned before the High Commission. About the time that Wyatt and Bolton came, the Eev. Wm. Bennett arrived with the settlers for Edward Bennett's private plantation in the Nansemond country, and on the 21st of September the London Company wrote to the colonial authorities as follows : — " The Company is by divers ways informed that there is a great want of worthy ministers, therefore they have entertained, and now send along Mr. Thomas White, a man of good sufficiency for learning, and recommended for integrity and uprightness of life, and of so good zeal to the plantation that he is content to go with that small allowance the Company's stock is able now to afford him, and to put himself upon such pre- supper was held at Merchant Tailors' Hall, twenty-one does were served, and three or fonr hnndred were present. Davenport and Donne were the only preachers of the annual sermon. On ^November 12, 1623, "a I're from an nnknowne p'son beinge presented to the Court and read, wherein was enclosed two peeces of gold of 40s. for a sermon to be preached this year, as was the last before the Companie. It beinge taken into consideracon, it was thought fitt, and so agreed, the sermon should be respited for a, time in regnard of the present troubles of the Companie." In June 1624 the Company was dissolved. — London Co. Trans. MSS. ^ Perhaps the Rev. Robert Bolton, made Bachelor of Divinity at Oxford, December 14, 1609.— Wood. ^ On a monument to his memory at Bexley, it is stated that some of his children remained in Virginia. The name is still common there. REV. THOMAS WHITE. 323 ferment there as he shall deserve, and you shall be able to accommodate him with, which, if it be of the places belonging to the Company, we have promised him here an addition to the small allowance he hath now received, and now likewise that your godly care and wisdom will provide for him in some competent manner till he may be furnished with the fuU number of tenants belonging to the ministry, which we hope, for him and all others, shall, in the beginning of the spring, be accomplished. If he finds entertainment from any private hundred, then we shall expect from them the' restitution of our charges, that is, six pounds for his passage, and eight pounds deHvered him toward the making of some pro- visions ; we doubt not but you will be able to supply them out of the libraries of so many that have died." ^ In October, Mr. Eobert Staples, a minister much commended, offered to go as minister, " but the Com- pany, wanting means to furnish him out, did move that some of the particular plantations would employ him. Whereupon Mr. Darnelly signified that he thought Martin's hundred wanted a minister, to whom he was recommended." About this period, the Rev. Eobert Paulet of Martin's ' Governor Wyatt and Council of Virginia, in a letter written the following January, say : — " We must give you great thanks for sending over Mr. Thomas White, who we hope shall be accommodated to his good liking, so that it is our earnest request that you would be pleased to send us over many more learned and sincere ministers, of which there is so great want in many parts of the country, who shall be assured to find very good entertainment, for the in- habitants are very wiUing to lay every part of the burthen thereof upon yourselves." — Virginia Records MSB. 324 REV. ROBERT STAPLES. Hundred had been appointed one of the Grovemor's CounciL The next spring Mr. Staples renewed his request to go to Virginia, and in the transactions of the Company, on April 10, 1622, is the following entry : — "Mr. Staples, minister, recommended by Mr. Abra. Chamberhn, and by certificate under the hands of near twenty divines, continuing still his earnest request xmto the Company for some allowance towards the transport and furnishing out of himself his wife, and child to Virginia, where he hath a brother living, which moves him the rather to go ; the Court, taking it into considera^ tion, did at length agree that although their stock was spent they could' strain themselves to give hiTn ^20 to pay for his said passage, and to famish hiTn with necessaries, and for that it was moved that they might have some testimony of his sufficiency by a sermon, he was desired to preach upon Sunday come se'nnight, in the afternoon, at St. Sythe's Church, which he promised to perform." In the winter of 1622-3, a Eev. Mr. Leatc, or Leake, was sent over by the Company, but he soon died. The Greneral Assembly of Virginia, alluding to the state of religion in the colony in 1623. make the following state- ment : — " Ministers to instruct the people there were, some whose sufficiency and ability we wiU not tax, yet divers of them had no orders." For ten years after this there appears to be no reference to the clergy, except that in 1632 a man was placed in the stocks for calling the Eev. Mr. Cotton of Accomac a " black-coated rascal ' ^ ' MS. Becords of Accomac County. PANTON, RECTOR OF YORK. 325 In the days of Governor Harvey, about the year 1638, the first brick church at Jamestown, Virginia, was begun. Eichard Kemp, Secretary of the Colony, having been told that the Eev. Anthony Panton, Eector of York and Chiskiack, called him a "jackanapes,"^ and criticised his foppery, banished him from the colony in 1639 for alleged "mutinous, rebellious, and riotous acts." The clergyman was not a man to tamely submit to injustice, and his report of the matter in England excited dis- pleasure against the Secretary. Kemp wrote to Lord Baltimore on August 20, 1640, begging him. to use his influence with the Archbishop of Canterbury in his behalf, but the letter seems to have had no weight, for on October 30, 1641, upon the peti- tion of Anthony Panton, clerk and minister in Virginia, and agent for the church and clergy there, it was ordered by the House of Lords " that Sir W. Berkeley, Kt., Eichard Kemp, and Christopher Wormsley shall be stayed their voyage, and forthwith answer the complaint in the said petition." In 1642, the Puritan parish of Nansemond was divided into three, which obtained from Massachusetts Knowles, James, and Thompson, as ministers, and after they left, the Eev. Thomas Harrison, who had been Governor Berkeley's chaplain, preached to the Nansemond people. When Harrison was obliged to leave Virginia, he went to England and complained of the arbitrary course of the Governor; and, on October 11, 1649, the Council of State wrote to Berkeley that they had been informed by ' MS. Virginia Records in Library of United States of America. 326 A CURIOUS BILL. petition of tlie congregation of Nansemond, tliat their minister, Mr. Harrison, an able man of unblameable conversation, bad been banished the colony because he would not conform to the use of the Common Prayer Book, and they wrote, — " As the Governor cannot be ignorant that the use of it is prohibited by Parliament, he is directed to permit Mr. Harrison to return to his ministry, unless there is sufficient cause approved by Parliament." Diiriug the Cromwellian era there were none who strictly conformed to the liturgy of the Church of Eng- land, of whom we have any record- A Kev. William TVnkinson of Maryland has been said to have been an Episcopal minister, but the records of the colony do not confirm the statement, but show that, with his spiritual work he connected the occupation of planter and store- keeper. One of his bills ^ to the administrators of the estate of a deceased person contains the following curious mingling of items and charges in tobacco weight : — " For the use of Ms boat and a boy, . . lbs. 50 „ boarding at his honse 7 or 8 days and 2 men, 400 „ funeral sermon, ... 100 „ „ dinner, . . . 300 „ a plank for his coffin, . . 60 " Outside of the Puritan settlements of New England, during the seventeenth century, the ordinances of reli- gion were hardly observed. The Eev. Francis Doughty, who was the son of a Bristol alderman, and had been ' MS. Maryland Records at Annapolis. REV. FRANCIS DOUGHTY. 327 vicar of Sodbury, Gloucester, and arraigned before the High Court of Commissions for contempt of his sacred Majesty, having spoken of him in prayer as " Charles, by common election and general consent, King of Eng- land," came to Massachusetts in 1639, but shortly after his brother-in-law, William Stone, was made Governor of Maryland, he moved to that province/ The Kev. John Yeo, who was minister of the Church of England at Whorekill, now Lewes, Delaware, in a letter to the Archbishop of Canterbury, written on May 25th, 1676, from the Patuxent river, stated that there were at least twenty thousand souls, "but three Pro- testant ministers of us yet are conformed to the doctrine and discipline of the Church of England," and then remarks :^— " Others there are, I must confess, that run before they are sent, and pretend they are ministers of the Gospel, yet never had a legal caU or ordination to such an holy ofl&ce ; neither indeed are they qualified for it, but for the most part such as never understood any thing of learning, and yet take upon them to be dispensers of the Word, and to administer the sacraments of baptism and sow seeds of division amongst the people, and no law provided for the suppression of such in the province.^ " Society here is in great necessity of able and learned ^ After leaving Massachusetts, he preached to the English-speaking mem- bers of the Keformed Dutch Church at Manhattan, now New York city, where his daughter Mary married Adrian Vanderdont, a lawyer. After his death, she became the wife of Hugh O'Neal of Patuxent. Doughty was living in Saint Mary Co. in 1659. * The whole letter may be found in Anderson's Colonial Churches. ^ The Dutch Mennonists had a colony at Lewes, Delaware. 328 LETTER OF REV. JOHN YEO. men to confute the gamsayers, especially having so many perfect enemies as the Popish priests, who are encouraged and provided for. And the Quaker takes care and pro- vides for those that are speakers in their conventicles. ... I donht not but yotir Grace will take it into con- sideration, and do your utmost for our eternal welfare ; and now is the time that your Grace may be an instru- ment of a universal reformation with the greatest fecOity. Cecilius, Lord Baron Baltimore, being dead, and Charles, Lord Baron Baltimore, and our Governor being bound for England this year, as I am informed, to receive a farther confirmation of his province from His Majesty, at which time I doubt not but your Grace may so prevail with him, as that a maintenance for a Protestant ministry may be established. . . . '■' Yet one thing cannot be obtained here, viz., conse- cration of churches and church yards, to the end that Christians might be decently buried together, whereas now they bury in the several plantations where they live," etc. The Archbishop referred this letter to the Bishop of London, who, on July 17, 1677, wrote : — '■ In Maryland there is no settled maintenance for the ministry at all, the want whereof di>es occasion a total want of ministers and divine worship, except among those of the Eomish belief, who, 'tis conjectured, does not amotmt to one of a hundred of the people." To the application of the Bishop, Charles, Lord Balti- more, replied — '"'The Act of 1647, confirmed in 1676, tolerates and protects every sect Four ministers of REV. MORGAN GODWYN. 329 the Churcli of England are in possession of plantations wHch aflforded them a decent subsistence. That from the various religious tenets of the members of the Assembly, it would be extremely difficult, if not im- possible, to induce it to consent to a law that shall oblige any sect to maintain other ministers than its own." It is difficult to teU who the ministers of the Church of England referred to by Lord Baltimore were. Francis Doughty, Matthew Hill, Charles Nicholet, and John Coode are the only clergymen of whom we have any record. Hill was a native of Yorkshire, educated at Magdalen College, and preached at Thirsk until ejected for non-conformity, and about the year 1669, moved to Maryland and lived near Potopaco, where he may have partially conformed. Nicholet preached for a time in Maryland, and then was pastor of a Congregational church at Salem, Massachusetts, but in 1672 returned to England. Coode was a worthless man, more distin- guished as a political agitator than an expounder of religious truth. About the year 1664, an earnest young clergyman, Morgan Godwyn, the son and grandson of a dis- tinguished divine, who had received in 1661 the degree of A.B. at Oxford, arrived in Virginia, and exerted an influence which is felt to this day. He was horrified at the degraded state of morals which allowed of the buy- ing and selling of black men as if they were chattels, separating man and wife, and mother and children with the same unconcern as they would the dogs of the 330 ANTI-SLA VERY AGITATION. kennel, and caused men to smile at the idea of caring for the soul of a negro/ Eetuming to England, he became the pioneer in the agitation in which Wilberforce and darkson, a century later, engaged, for improving the condition of Africans, and iu 1680 he published a work called the Negro and Indian Ad.vocate, and five years afterwards de- livered a discourse in Westminster Abbey, exposing the inhumanity of the slaveholder, ^hich was published under the title of " Trade preferred before Religion, and Christ made to give place to Mammon, represented in a Sermon relating to Plantations. ' When he was in Virginia, the affairs of religion had no supervision, and each local secular vestry hired and discharged ministers as they pleased, frequently prefer- ring a lay-reader, because he could be obtained at a cheap rate. Jamestown for more than twenty years, except for brief periods, had no preacher, and Godwyn indignantly states that " two-thirds of the preachers are made up of leaden lay-priests of the vestries' ordination." The letter of Teo, and the stirring appeals of Grodwyn, were not without effect, and by the direction of the ' As alaTes multiplied, slareholdeis became arrogant. In 1721 the Vir- ginia Assembly endearonred to exclnde black freemen from Toting, — a privil^e they had before enjoyed. A law to this effect was sent to England for approval, bot, to the hononr of the Goremment, was rejected, on the ground that no worthy man should be deprited of Ms rote, on account of the colour of his sUn. The slareholder persisted, howerer, until he created a white man's party, and when the constitutions of the Slave States were formed, after independence was established, changes were introdnced, re- stricting the elective franchise to white men ! As soon as the slaveholders' rebellion was snbdned, all citizens, black, white, and red, were declared politically eqnal, in the new constitutions of the late Slave States of the United States of America. SCARCITY OF CHURCHES. 331 Bishop of London, a large number of bibles and prayer- books were sent to the colonies. In 1681 also the Rev. Jonathan Sanders'' was sent to Maryland, and his passage paid out of the secret service fund of the King, and the next spring the Eev. James Sclater went to Virginia, and Dr. John Gordon was Chaplain to New York garrison. In 1683 the Eev. William MuUett and Duel Read^ were designated for Maryland, and the Rev. Thomas Fenny sailed the next year for Virginia. The ministers designated for Maryland either died or took charge of Virginia parishes, and in 1685 there was not an edifice in the province for the worship of God in accordance with the rites of the Church of England. This condition of affairs distressed a Christian mother, the wife of Michael Taney, the Sheriff of Calvert County, and the ancestor of the late Chief-Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States of America, and on July 14, 1685, she wrote the following pleading letter to the Arch- bishop of Canterbury, accompanied with a petition : — " May it please your Grace, — I am now to repeat my request to your Grace for a cli\u?ch in the place of Maryland where I live ; but first I humbly thank your Grace that you were pleased to hear so favourably, and own my desires very reasonable, and to encourage the inhabitants to make a petition to the King.^ " Our want of a minister, and the many blessings our 1 He settled in Virginia. 2 Read took a parish in Virginia. ^ The petition and letter appear in Strickland's Semn Bishops. 332 ^/AJiy TAXEVS LETTER, Saviour designed us by tiiem, is a misery whicli I and a munerous family, and many others in Maryland, have groaned under. We are seized with extreme horror when we think that for want of the Gospel our children and posterity are in danger to be condemned to infidelity or to apostasy. We do not question God's care of us, but think your Grace, and the Eight Eeverend your Bishops, the proper instruments of so great a blessing to us. We are not, I hope, so foreign to your jurisdiction, but we may be owned your stray flock; however, the commission to go and baptize and teach all nations is large enough. But I am sure we are, by a late custom upon tobacco, sufficiently acknowledged subjects of the KiTig of England, and therefore by his protection not only our persons and estates, but of what is more dear to us, our religion. I question not but that your Grace is sensible that without a temple it will be impracticable, neither can we expect a minister to hold out, to ride ten miles in a morning, and before he can dine ten more, and firom house to house in hot weather, will dishearten a minister, if not kill him. " Tour Grace is so sensible of our sad condition, and for your place and piety's sake have so great an influence on our most religious and gracious King, that if I had not your Grace's promise to depend upon, I could not question your Graces interce^on and prevailing. £500 or £600 for a church, with some small encouragemrait for a minister, will be extremely l^s charge than honour to his Majesty. One church settled according to the Church of England, which is tiie sum of our request. PETITION FOR A CHURCH. 333 will prove a nursery of religion and loyalty througli the whole province. But your Grace needs no arguments from me, but only this, — it is in your power to give us many happy opportunities to praise God for this and other innumerable mercies, and to importune His good- ness to bless his Majesty with a long and prosperous reign over us, and long continue to your Grace the great blessing of being an instrument of good to His Church, And now that I may be no more troublesome, I humbly entreat your pardon to the well-meant zeal of — ^Your Grace's most obedient servant, Maey Taney." Petition. " To the Most Eeverend the Archbishops, and the rest of the Eight Eeverend the Bishops, the humble Petition of Mary Taney, on the behalf of herself and others his Majesty's subjects, inhabitants of the province of Maryland, " Sheweth, — That your petitioner, in her petition to the King's Majesty, setting forth ' That the said province being without a church or any settled ministry, to the great grief of all his Majesty's loyal subjects there, his late Majesty King Charles the Second, of blessed memory, was graciously pleased to send over thither a minister and a parcel of Bibles, and other church books of considerable value, in order to the settlement of a church and ministry there. " That the said minister dying, and the inhabitants, who have no other trade but in tobacco, being so very- poor that they are not able to maintain a minister, chiefly 334 RF.V. PAUL BERTRAND. by reason of his Majesty's customs here upon tobacco, which causes the inhabitants to sell it there to the merchants at their own rates. By means whereof so good a work as was intended by his said late Majesty is like to miscarry, to the utter ruin of many poor souls, unless supplied by his Majesty. " Praying his Majesty that a certain parcel of tobacco (of one hundred hogsheads or thereabouts), of the growth or product of the said province may be custom free, for and towards the maintenance of an orthodox divine at Colvert Town, in the said province, or otherwise allow maintenance for a minister there. " Your petitioner therefore mc«t humbly prays, that your Lordships will be pleased not only to mediate with his Majesty, and in your petitioner's behalf request biTn to grant her desire in said petition, but likewise that your Lordships wiU vouchsafe to contribute towards the building of a church at Colvert Town, as your Lordships in charity and goodness shall think meet. " And your petitioner, as in duty bound, shall ever pray." A few months after this appeal had been made to San- croft, there were sent the Eev. Paul Bertrand to labour in Maryland,^ and the Eev. James Blair, a graduate of Edinburgh, and the Pier. Benjamin Boucher, with John Miller, gentleman, a schoolmaster, to serve in the ' In the accounts of the Secret Serrice Fond of Charles the Second and James the Second, published by the Camden Society, there is this entry allowed July 19, 1654 :— " To Josias Clark, clerk, bonnty on the charge of his transportation to Xew York, whither he is going chaplain, £20." VIRGINIA CLERGYMEN. 335 parishes of Virginia, and within two years they were strengthened, by the arrival at Jamestown of the follow- ing clergymen, Eobert Seamier, John Gordon, Stephen Fouace, and James Bore. Blair was in a few years made by the Bishop of London his commissary for Virginia,^ and amid much opposition from cold-hearted associates, he laid the foun- dations of religion, and succeeded in establishing the College of William and Mary.^ The accession of William and Mary led to renewed effort to establish the Church of England in Maryland. Lord Baltimore, while allowed to enjoy the rental of the lands of the province, was deprived of the political admini- stration, and the King in 1691 appointed Lionel Copley governor of Maryland. After his arrival, the Assembly in 1692 passed an Act for the establishment of the Pro- testant religion, and divided the ten counties into twenty- five parishes. The opposition of the Quakers and Eoman Catholics to an establishment was so great, that the law was a dead letter. After the death of Copley, Francis Nicholson in 1694 became Governor of Maryland, and with him, in the month of August, there arrived six clergymen sent out ^ In 1696 the following clergymen were in Virginia : — James Sclater, Jonathan Sanders. Cope D'Oyly. Charles Anderson. WiUiam Williams. Francis Fordyce. Henry Pretty. Andrew Cant. Joseph Holt. John Alexander. George Kobinson. James Wallace. John Ball. George Monroe. Andrew Monroe. '■' See page 174, where Blair is said, by a typographical error, to have been sent in 1683, instead of 1685, to Virginia. 336 QUAKER OPPOSITION. by the Bistop of London, Tnalnng the whole number of clergy in the province, nine. Nicholson was a zealous but not discreet churchman, and he immediately sought for additional legislation by the Assembly, in behalf of the Church of England, and public worship was soon disallowed to the adherents of the Church of Rome. The Assembly of 1695, under the complaints of Quakers and Papists, repealed the invidious legislation in behalf of the Church of England, but the next year it was enacted that the Church of England in the province should enjoy all the rights established by law in the kingdom of England, and the friends of Episcopacy about the same time, petitioned the Bishop of London to send over a suitable divine, to preside at the meeting of the clergy, and act as his commissary. Under the auspices of Xicholson, an Episcopal church was commenced at Annapolis,^ and there were four or five plain edifices begun in other parts of the colony. As long as Lord Baltimore appointed the governors of [Maryland, no steps were taken for the establishment of schools, and planters who had the means sent their sons to Scottish* or English universities, while the children of the masses grew up ignorant of the rudiments of learn- ing. But Nicholson, in order that a perpetual succes- 1 Thia chnrcli was a very plain building. A rhymer, a few yeais after- wards, called it the " meanest bnilding in the town." ^ It is worthy of note, that the first legacy of an American colonist to a British nniTCisity, was by Colonel David Browne, a Presbyterian, of Somer- set connty, Maryland. In his wQl, made in 1697, is the following : " I give and bequeath unto the CoUedge of Glasgow, as a memoriall, and support of any of my relatives to be educated therein, to be paid in cash, or secured by good exchange to the visitouis, the fnll somne of one hundred pound sterling current money of England, with all convenient speed after my decease." MARYLAND PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS. 337 sion of Protestant divines of the Churcli of England might be provided, caused a law to be passed, in 1696, for erecting a school in each county ; and one was com- menced at Annapolis, to the building of which the Go- vernor gave £50 sterling, the Secretary 5000 pounds of tobacco, the Council 15,000, and the House of Burgesses 45,000 pounds of the same staple. It was called King William's School, the design of which, says Sir Thomas Lawrence, the Secretary of the colony, was for " instruct- ing the youth of the said province in arithmetic, navi- gation, and all useful learning, but chiefly for the fitting such as are disposed to study divinity, to be further educated at his Majesty's College Eoyal in Virginia, in order, upon their return, to be ordained by the Lord Bishop of London's sui&agan^ residing in the province, both for that purpose and to supervise the lives of the clergy thereof, for whose support also, at the request and recommendation of the Assembly, his Excellency hath settled a fair and competent maintenance." Dr. Thomas Bray, after being appointed Commissary for Maryland, remained in England two years, and employed his talents and energies in collecting parochial libraries of choice and useful books for the perpetual use of the clergy of the American colonies.^ 1 It had teen proposed by Governor Nicliolsou and the Episcopalians of Maryland that a bishop should be appointed, who should, as a representative of the clergy, have a seat in the Upper House of the Provincial Assembly. — Bray MS8. in Sion College, London. 2 The following parochial libraries were sent to America early in the eighteenth century : — Maryland. Books. Annapolis, . .... 1095 St. Mary's, 314 Y 338 SJiAV VISITS MARYLAXD. He also induced several clergymen to offer their services for America, one of whom, Mr. Clayton, cast his lot in the city founded by Penn, and by a prudent course persuaded many who had belonged to the Society of Friends to unite with Christ Church, the first Epis- copal organization in Philadelphia. In March 1700 Dr. Bray arrived in Marjland, and was received with respect by the Legislative Assembly of the province before whom he preached, and received their thanks. During the sessions of the Assembly the friends of Episcopacy, with his advice, prepared a bill, which became a law, and enacted that the Church of England should be the Established Church of the Province. Maryland — amSnued. Hening Creek, South Kiver, . !!^orth Sassafras, TfTng and Qneen's Farisli, Christ Chnrch, Calrert CoTmtv, ATI Saints. St. Panl's, Calrert Countr, Great Choptsik, Dorchester Connty, St Panl's, Baltimore Stepney, .Somerset ,. Porto Batto, Charles „ St Peter's, Talbot St MichaeTs All Faith's, Calvert Ifanjemoy, Charles „ Piscatoway, „ „ Broad Xeck, Ann Arundel „ St John's, Baltimore „ St. George's, . „ Kent Island, Dorchester, Sdow TTiTl, Somerset „ South Sassafras, Books. 130 109 42 196 42 49 106 76 42 60 30 15 13 11 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 BRA Y RETURNS TO ENGLAND. 339 The Quakers, as on previous occasions, determined to use their influence to prevent the approval of the King, and Dr. Bray was appointed to go back to England to resist their opposition. His biographer says, " Though the law, with much solicitation and struggling, was preserved from being totally disannxdled, yet many of the exceptions which the Quakers made against it sticking with the Lords of Trade, all that could be obtained was that Dr. Bray might, with advice of council, draw up another biU according to the instructions of that board, and sending that bill to Maryland to be passed into a law, had the promise that his Majesty, upon its return, would confirm it here."' Maryland — contimml. Books. St. Paul's, Kent Coxmty, . 30 William and Mary, Charles County, 26 Somerset, Somerset ,, 20 Coventry, „ „ 25 St. Paul's, Talbot 25 Virginia. The College books to the value of £50. Manioanton on James River, 33 Charles Town, Philadelphia, South Carolina. Pennsylvania. Amboy, New Jersey. New Yorlc. Albany, . New York, Massachusetts. Boston, 225 327 30 10 211 221 * At a meeting of the governors and visitors of Annapolis Free School, on May 7, 1700, he was present. — Sion College MS8. 340 GOSPEL PRO PA GA TIOX SOCIE TY. After the bill, which he prepared in accordance with these suwestions, had been thrice amended, it was at last approved by the Plantation Board. Early in the year 1701 Dr. Bray presented a petition to the King for the spread of the Gospel in America, which led to the incorporation of the Society for the- propagation of the Gospel in foreign parts. ^ In the first report of this Society, published in 1704, there is an account of the state of religion at that time in the English colonies on the Atlantic coast of Xorth America. In the whole of Xew England there was no Church of England congregation except at Boston, whose minis ters were the Eev. ^Ir. Miles and the Eev. ^Ir. Bridge, and at Braintree, which parish was then ex- pecting a minister to be sent to them by the Bishop of London, also at Newport, Ehode IsLmd, the rector of which was the Eev. Mr. Lockyer. In Xew York provision had been made for one mioister in the city and vicinity, at £100 per annum, for two in Queen s County, on Xassau Island, for two in West Chester, for one in Eichmond, ' Alihongli absent in body, the interests of the £pisco|^^ Chnrch in Maryland were not forgotten, and a Eer. ilr. Hewetson, of Ireland, was recommended as a sufierintendent of the dergr. In a letter, written at Chelsea, Angnst 27, 1703, and addressed to Mr. .Smithson, .Speaker of the Maryland Assembly, Bray allndes to the rude treatment by the Goremor of himself, and the dergyman whom he had suggested for sa&agan or commis- sary, and proposes that the Maryland legislature shall set apart one of the best parishes as the cure, of a suffragan to be appointed by the Bishop of London, and build a honse for his residence. He further su^ested that the glebe' should be stocked with ten negroes, twenty cattle, and twenty hogs. It had been proposed that the sn&agan shoull hare a seat at the Council Board of the prorince, but this did not receive his approval, and he thought that this ofBcer shonld not reside on the same side of the Bay as the Governor of the province. 1 Bmf M