%m Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924028913899 THE HISTORY or DALLAS COUNTY, IOWA, CONTAINING A History oi the County, its Cities, Towns, &c, A Biographical Directory of its Citizens, War Record of its Volunteers in the late Re- bellion, General and Local Statistics, Portraits of Early Settlers and Prominent Men, History of the Northwest, History of Iowa, Map of Dallas County, Constitution of the United States, Constitution of the State of Iowa, Miscellaneous Matters, &c. ILLTTSTBATED, DES MOINES: UNION HISTORICAL COMPANY. 1879. XHiNLLL Cf ~' UN IV L lit; II Y I I.; KAKY f\-?/ol-)b Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1879, by THE UNION HISTORICAL COMPANY, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. G. MILLB & COMPANY, PRINTERS AND 8TEBEOTYPEES, DBS MOINES, IOWA. PREFACE. In presenting this work to the people of Dallas county, we have reason to believe that we are placing it in the hands of its friends. A friendly disposition was manifested toward our representatives during its compilation, and we trust the volume in its complete form may be in no sense a disappointment, though we by no means claim for it perfection. If we have accomplished nothing more, we have, at least, rescued much important matter from oblivion. Ten years more would have made the record of many important facts and incidents, which are herein presented, an impossibility, for much of it was recorded only in the memory of the early settlers," and must have passed away with them sooner or later, unless recorded in some more enduring form for future generations. The first settlers of Dallas county have passed the mountain tops of life. Memory is one of the first faculties of mind which shows signs of decay, and even among those of the old guard still living, another decade would have found many a link rusted out from their chain of recollection. More than thirty-three years have come and gone since white men came to occupy and develop the highly productive lands of Dallas county. These years were full of changes and interesting history, and had more of the vigorous minds and ready pens of the early settlers been directed to the keeping of a chronological journal or diary of events during the earliest days of settlement, as a very few have done through the later periods, it would be a compar- atively easy task now to write a much more full, interesting and correct history of the county. In the absence of such records the magnitude of the undertaking is very materially increased, and rendered still more intricate and difficult by reason of the absence of so many of the pioneer fathers and mothers who were first to make settlements in the county and were eye-witnesses to these various changes and events, and who themselves were the important actors in the scenes. In this history we have endeavored to present to the reader a picture of the past and E resent of Dallas county, noting also many of the more important changes intervening. We ave labored to introduce him to the wigwams of its aborigines, to seat him by the hearth-stone of its pioneers, to trace the history of the county's organization, to complete a sketch of its leading institutions, as also of its towns and townships from their organization and establish- ment, and to represent the condition of the county while entering the last quarter of the nine- teenth century. This has not been so much the work of ourselves as that of Dallas county's own citizens. We have icompiled what many of these men and women have long known, and placed it in permanent form for the present generation and for those to come. We have not the confidence to presume that the work will contain no mistakes, for the fallibility of memory produces a hun- dred conflicting statements, and dates are slippery things to handle. Names will get twisted, and not a few things met with in preparing such a work are exceedingly crooked by nature so that they are unruly things to spread on paper. On these accounts errors will creep in, even with the best of care. Some of these will belong to our informants and some to ourselves. But we trust that a charitable public will not forget that " to err is human.". The sketches on the Northwest, and the articles, descriptive and historical, on Iowa, embrac- ing the first two hundred and fifty-six pages of the work, were prepared by A. B. Fulton, of Des Moines, and we doubt not will prove highly interesting and instructive, as showing the steps by which, within the present century, a vast region, inhabited by savages, has developed into mighty States. In our "War Record " we have endeavored to give, in epitomized form, the part taken by individual soldiers from Dallas county, with a full record of those who engaged in the service from this county during the late war. The especial value of much we have presented, particularly in our biographical department, will be patent a generation hence. It will, we trust, be endeared to hundreds of firesides. With regard to the important facts and incidents in the early history of the county we are especially indebted to Judge Lloyd D. Burns for the most valuable and reliable information given by important documents and verbal statements, and especially by his Centennial His- tory of Dallas county, which he had prepared by appointment of the Governor of the State for record, and a large portion of the first of which had been published in the Dallas County IV PKEFACE. Gazette, 1877. On this important document we have relied for the principal information con- cerning the early history of the county. And it is exceedingly fortunate for all parties con- cerned that such a document was in existence, otherwise much of the early history would have been lost, and especially the political record during the first three or four years, as the records of those years are most imperfect, and Judge Burns is the only one found in the county who has kept anything of a fall record of that period. Articles of a similar character also were prepared by Mr. Benjamin Greene, and published in the Dallas County News a year pre- vious to the others above mentioned, from which, also, we have received important information, but were unable to get access to more than three numbers of the paper. We wish thus publicly to express thanks for these favors and for this valuable work in thus presenting the early records and history of the county, which service is not less valuable to the readers than to the publishers of this work. We desire, also, thus publicly to express our ap- preciation of the kindness which has been shown us in this enterprise. To the several hundred citizens who have co-operated with our representatives in securing the information which made the accompanying work a possibility, we tender our hearty thanks — to the Press of the county, especially to editors of the New Era and Dallas County News, for the use of files of papers and for general information; to Judge Jeremiah Perkins for Masonic history and important informa- tion regarding his town and the political matters of the county; to Mr. Cole Noel for aid in pre- paring the list of county officers, and other valuable assistance and information; to Mr. Thos. C. Walsh for generous aid and valuable statistics so freely rendered; to Mr. L. Swearingen, the county auditor, for free access to the records and for such liberal kindness displayed'to all our representatives; to all the county and town officials for similar acts of kindness and aid rendered; to the various pastors and officers of churches for the numerous and valuable sketches and statistics regarding their several churches; to the county superintendent, Captain Amos Dilley, and the various principals and teachers of the county, for educational reports and statistics, and to the various citizens in towns, townships and county who so kindly and will- ingly rendered us important aid in furnishing statistics and particulars regarding the early history and present condition of their respective towns, townships and localities, to all such we tender our heartfelt thanks. Whatever of satisfaction, instruetion, or enjoyment the perusal of these pages may bring to the reader, will be a gratification to The Publishers. CONTENTS, PAGE. The Northwest Territory: Early French Explorations in the Mississippi Valley .... 7 Early Settlements in the Northwest 14 The Northwestern Territory.. 22 The Lousiana Purchase 26 Indian Wars in the Northwest 34 Sketches of Black Hawk and other Chiefs 42 Early Navigation of WeBtern Rivers 56 Archaeology of the Northwest 59 Sketches -of Western and Northwestern States 67 Expedition of Lewis and Clarke 86 Sketch of Chicago 96 History of Iowa : Descriptive and Geographical Sketch 105 Geology of Iowa 117 Economic Geology 125 How the Title to Iowa Lands is derived 130 Early Settlements and Terri- torial Organization 141 Territory of Iowa 153 State Organization 158 Educational 162 State Institutions 169 Railroads 172 Official Record 174 The Judiciary 176 Congressional Representation 177 State Agricultural Society 178 Centennial Awards 191 History of Dallas County : Indian Affairs 257 Geography— Descriptive and - Physical 264 Geology 277 Economic Geology 281 Early Settlement 287 The First Settler 287 The Nearest Trading Point. . . 292 Log Cabins 293 APioneerMiU 294 Going to Mill 296 Incidents 297 Organization 303 County Seat 312 HISTORICAL. PAGE. History of Dallas County; The First Lot Fund Agency. . 314 The First Assessment 316 The Second Election 316 The First District Court 318 The First Grand Jury 318 Judge James P. Charlton ... 319 The Lost Records 320 Petit Jury 322 The First School 323 The First Church 324 Claim Clubs versus Claim Jumpers 324 The Third Election 326 The First Court-house 327 Mormon Raid 329 Presidential Election 332 The First Water Mill 334 The Owens' Mill 335 The Pioneer Mimic 337 A Cabin-raising 338 A Pioneer Courtship 341 A Pioneer Doctor 344 A Fruitful Year 345 A Hard Winter 346 The First Post-office 348 A Welcome Spring 349 Flood of 1849 350 Flood of 1851 351 Second District Court 351 Elections of 1849 352 Gold-hunters of 1850 354 General Prosperity in 1850 . . . 355 The First Deed 356 The Elections of I860 357 The First Probate 360 The First Ferry 360 Valuation of Out-lots 361 Statistics 361 Third Presidential Election.. 362 List of County Officers 366 County Finances 374 Bridges 377 Poor Farm 378 County Jail 379 Stock-raising 379 Agricultural Society 383 Railroads 384 Temperance 389 Religious 392 Educational 394 ThePress 399 PAGE. War History: Dallas County War Record. . . 403 Fourth Infantry 407 Tenth Infantry 409 Fifteenth Infantry 410 Seventeenth Infantry 411 Eighteenth Infantry 412 Twenty-third Infantry 413 Thirty-ninth Infantry , . 415 Forty-fourth Infantry 425 Forty-sixth Infantry 425 Miscellaneous Enlistments... 426 Second Cavalry 427 Fourth Cavalry 427 Ninth Cavalry 428 Second Light Artillery 429 Dallas County Soldiers' Union 431 Sherman's March to the Sea. . 433 Cities and Towns : Adel 435 DeSoto 451 Perry 457 Dexter 466 Dallas Center 473 Redfleld 477 Wiscotta 481 Van Meter 482 Minburn - 485 Booneville 487 Waukee 489 Xenia 492 Townships : Organization of 493 Adel 496 Boone 500 Van Meter ... 503 Adams 506 Union 610 Des Moines 515 Washington 618 Sugar Grove 522 Linn 525 Walnut 629 Dallas 530 Spring Valley 532 Beaver 634 Colfax 636 Lincoln 638 Grant 640 PAGE. Westward the Star of Empire takes its Way 17 An Indian Camp 33 Indians trying a Prisoner 49 A Pioneer Winter 65 ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE. Lincoln Monument, Springfield, Illinois 72 Chicago in 1820 97 Present Site Lake Street Bridge, Ohicago,1833 97 PAGE. Old Fort Dearborn, 1830 103 The " Old Kinzie House " 103 A Prairie Home 129 Breaking Prairie 145 LITHOGRAPHIC PORTRAITS. PAGE. Burns, L. D 820 Caldwell, T. J 836 Callvert, S. a: 352 PASS. Chandler, W. H 423 Conger, E. H 369 Pattee, D. J 405 PAGE. Peppard, J. 441 Pierce, G. G 387 Van Meter, J. R 459 VI CONTENTS. BIOGRAPHICAL TOWNSHIP DIRECTORY. PAGE. Adams 664 Adel(Clty) 443 Adel (TownBhip) 588 Beaver 633 Boone 580 Colfax 601 PAGE. Dee Moines 629 De Soto (Van Meter Township) 570 Dexter (Union Township) 553 Grant 627 Lincoln 613 Linn 607 Dallas 644 Perry (Spring Valley Township) 635 Washington 616 PAG». Spring Valley 639 Sugar Grove 620 Union 556 Van Meter (City) 672 Van Meter (Township) 574 Walnut 583 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE IiAWS. PAGE. Adoption of Children 203 Bills of Exchange and Promis- sory Notes 195 Capital Punishment 199 Commercial Terms '. 208 Damages from Trespass 201 Descent 195 Estrays 201 Exemption from Executions... 200 Fences 202 Forms : Article of Agreement 209 Bills of Sale 210 Bond for Deed 217 Bills of Purchase 207 Chattel Mortgage 215 PAGE. Forms : Confession of Judgment 208 Lease 214 Mortgages 212, 213 Notice to Quit 210 Notes 207, 216 Orders 207 Quit-claim Deed 216 Receipts 208 Wills and Codicils 211, 212 Warranty Deed 216 Game Laws : Birds and Quadrupeds 217 Pish and Fish Ways 218 Interest 195 Jurisdiction of Courts 198 PAGE. Jurors 199 Landlord and Tenant 206 Limitation of Actions 199 Married Women 200 Marks and Brands 201 Mechanics' Liens 204 Purchasing Books by Subscrip- tion 219 Roads and Bridges 204 Surveyors and Surveys 204 Support of Poor 205 Taxes ... 197 Wills and Estates 196 Weights and Measures 207 Wolf Scalps 201 PAGE. Map of Dallas County Front. Statistics 183 Constitution of the State of Iowa 220 MISCELIiAlVKOUS. PAGE. Constitution of the United States 240 Practical Rules for every-day use 252 PAGE. Population of Iowa Cities 255 The Pioneer 266 The Northwest Territory. EARLY FRENCH EXPECTATIONS IN THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. De Soto — Le Caron — Samuel de Champlain — French Adventurers — James Marquette — Louis Joliet — Embarkation to Explore New Countries — Lake Michigan and Green Bay — The ' ' Ouisconsin ' ' — Indian Accounts of the Country — Discovering the Great River — Indian Name of the River — Joy of the Explorers — Interview with Indians on Iowa Soil — Feast-^ Speech of an Indian Chief— The Des Moines River — " Muddy Water " — The Arkansas — Return — Indian Nations — Marquette's Record — His Subsequent Voyage — La Vantum — Marquette's Death — Removal of His Remains — Joliet's Subsequent Explorations — Robert La Salle — Louis Hennepin — Chevalier de Tonti — De La Motte — Fort Crevecoeur — Henne- pin's Voyage — Falls of St. Anthony — Seur de Luth — Hennepin's Claims as an Explorer — Colonization of Louisiana — Dissensions — Murder of La Salle. The three great colonizing powers of the Old World first to raise the standard of civilization within the limits of North America were France, England, and 'Spain. The French made their earliest 4 settlements in the cold and inhospitable regions of Quebec; the English at Jamestown, Vir- ginia, and at Plymouth, Massachusetts; and the Spaniards on the barren sands of Florida. To the French belongs the honor of discovering and colo- nizing that portion of our country known as the Valley of the Mississippi, including all that magnificent region watered by the tributaries of the Great River. It is true that more than one hundred years earlier (1538-41) the Spanish explorer, De Soto, had landed on the coast of Florida, penetrated the everglades and unbroken forests of the south, finally reaching the banks of the Great River, probably near where the city of Memphis now stands. Crossing the river, he and his companions pursued their journey for some distance along the west bank, thence to the Ozark Mountains and the Hot Springs of Arkansas, and returning to the place of his death on the banks of the Mississippi. It was a perilous expedition indeed, characterized by all the splendor, romance and valor which usually attended Spanish adventurers of that age. De Soto and his companions were the first Europeans to behold the waters of the Mississippi, but the expedition was a failure so far as related to colonization. The requiem chanted by his companions as his remains were committed to the waters of the great river he had discovered, died away with the solemn murmurs of the stream, and the white man's voice was not heard again in the valley for more than a hundred years. De Soto had landed at Tampa Bay, on trie coast of Florida, with a fleet of nine ves- sels and seven hundred men. More than half of them died, and the remainder made their way to Cuba, and finally back to Spain. Four years before the pilgrims "moored their bark on the wild New Eng- land shore," a French Franciscan, named Le Caron, penetrated the region of 8 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. the great lakes of the north, then the home of the Iroquois and the Hurons, but a French settlement had been established at Quebec by Samuel de Champlain in 1608. This was followed by the establishment of various colonies in Canada, and the hardy French adventurers penetrated the coun- try by the way of the St. Lawrence and the lakes. In 1625 a number ol missionaries of the Society of Jesus arrived in Canada from France, and during the succeeding forty years extended their missions all along the shores of Lake Superior. In 1637 a child was born at the little city of Laon, in i ranee, whose destiny it was in the fullness of time to be instrumental in the hands of Providence in giving to the world a definite knowledge of the grandest and most fertile region ever opened up to civilization. That child was James Marquette, the descendant of a family of Celtic nobles. He entered the Society of Jesus when seventeen years of age, and soon conceived a desire to engage in the labors of a missionary among the Indians. He sailed for Quebec in 1666, and two years later founded the mission of Sault Ste. Marie at the Falls of St. Mary. The winter of 1669-70 he spent at Point St. Ignatius, where he established another mission. Here the old town of Michillimackinac, afterward called Mackinaw, was founded. It was from Indians of the different tribes who came. to this mission that he received some vague intimations of the great river— the father of all the rivers. He at once conceived a desire to penetrate to the banks of the wonderful river, and carry his missionary work to the tribes which he had learned inhabited its borders. He applied to his Superior, Claude Dablon, for permission to "seek new nations toward the Southern sea." The authorities at Quebec were equally desirous of having new regions explored, and therefore appointed Louis Joliet to embark upon a voyage of discovery. Joliet was a native of Quebec and had been educated in a Jesuit College. He had at the age of eighteen taken minor orders, but had abandoned all thoughts of the priest- hood and engaged in the fur trade. He was now twenty-seven years of age, with a mind ripe for adventure. He left Quebec, and arriving at Mackinaw found Father Marquette highly delighted with the information that they were to be companions in a voyage which was to extend the domain of the King of France, as well as to carry the Gospel to new nations of people. The explorers, accompanied by five assistants, who were French Canadians, started on their journey, May 13, 1673. Marquette has himself recorded in the fol- lowing simple* language their feelings on this occasion: "We were embark- ing on a voyage the character of which we could not foresee. Indian corn, with some dried meat, was our whole stock of provisions. With this we set out in two bark canoes, M. Joliet, myself and five men, firmly resolved to do all and suffer all, for so glorious an enterprise." They coasted along the northern shore of Lake Michigan, entered Green Bay, and passed up the Fox river, carrying their canoes across the Portage to the " Ouisconsin," now called Wisconsin. At Lake Winnebago, before crossing the Portage, they stopped at an Indian village, which was the furthest outpost to which Dab- lon and Allouez had extended their missionary work. Here they assembled the chiefs and old men of the village and told them of the objects of the voyage. Pointing to Joliet, Father Marquette said: "My friend is an envoy of France to discover new countries, and I am an ambassador from God to enlighten them with the truths of the Gospel." The Indians furnished two guides to conduct them to the Wisconsin river. It is related that a tribe of Indians endeavored to dissuade them from pursuing their perilous journey THE NORTHWEST TEERITOET. 9 by telling of desperate and 6avage tribes that they would meet; that the forests and the rivers were infested with frightful monsters; that there were great fish in the rivers that would swallow up men and canoes together, and of a demon who could be heard from a great distance, and who destroyed all who approached. Unmoved by these frightful stories, Marquette, Joliet, and their five brave assistants, launched their little canoes on the waters of the "Wisconsin, and moved slowly down the current. After a lapse of seven days, June 17th, 1673, they reached the mouth of the Wisconsin and glided into the current of the Mississippi, a few miles below the place now known as Prairie du Chien. Here, and on this day, the eye of the white man for the first time looked upon the waters of the Upper Mississippi. Marquette called the river " The Broad River of the Conception." The Indian name is derived from the Algonquin language, one of the original tongues of the continent. It is a compound of the words Missi, signifying great, and Sepe, a river. The explorers felt the most intense joy on beholding the scene presented to their enraptured vision. Here was the great river whose waters somewhere thousands of miles away flowed into a Southern sea, and whose broad valley was the fairest and richest in the world, but unknown to civilized man, save as an almost forgotten dream or a vague romance. They had solved one of the great mysteries of the age in which they lived. As they glided down the stream the bold bluffs reminded Marquette of the "castled shores of his own beautiful rivers in France." The far stretching prairies alternating with forests, on either side, were adorned in all the wild glories of June. Birds sang the same notes that they had sung for ages amid those " forests prime- val," while herds of buffalo, deer and elk were alarmed and fled to the dense retreats of the forest or the broad prairies beyond. Not until the 25th June did they discover any signs of human habitation. Then, about sixty leagues, as they thought, below the mouth of the Wisconsin, at a place where they landed on the west bank of the river, they found in the sand the foot-prints of man. Marquette and Joliet left their five companions in charge of the canoes and journeyed away from the river, knowing that they must be near the habitation of men. They followed a trail leading across a prairie clothed in the wild luxuriance of summer for a distance of about six miles, when they beheld another river and on its banks an Indian village, with other vil- lages on higher land a mile and a half from the first. The Indians greeted the two white strangers, as far as their ability permitted, with a splendid ovation. They appointed four of their old men to meet the, strangers in council. Marquette could speak their language. They informed him that they were "Ulini" (meaning "we are men"), and presenting the calumet of peace, invited them to share the hospitalities of their village. Marquette told them of the object of their visit, and that they had been sent by the French, who were their friends. He told them of the great God that the white man worshiped who was the same Great Spirit that they adored. In answer, one of the chiefs addressed them as follows: "I thank the Black Gown Chief (Marquette) and the Frenchman (Joliet) for taking so much pains to come and visit us; never has the earth been so beautiful, nor the sun so bright as now; never has the river been so calm, nor so free from rocks, whish your canoes have removed as they passed; never has our tobacco had so fine a flavor, nor our corn appeared so beautiful as we behold it to-day. Ask the Great Spirit to give us life and health, and come ye and dwell with us." After these ceremonies the strangers were invited to a feast, an account of ■10 THE NOETHWEST TEEEITOEY. which is given by Marquette. It consisted of four courses. First, there was a large wooden bowel filled with tagamity, or Indian meal, boiled in water and seasoned with oil. The master of ceremonies, with a wooden spoon, fed the tagamity to their guests as children are fed. The second course con- sisted of fish, which, after the bones were taken out, was presented to the mouths of the strangers as food may be fed to a bird. The third course was a preparation of dog meat, but learning that the strangers did not eat that it was at once removed. The fourth and final course was a piece of buffalo meat, the fattest portions of which were put into the mouths of the guests. The stream on whose banks took place this first interview between the explorers and the untutored Indians, after parting with their guides, was the Des Moines river, and the place of their landing was probably about where the town of Montrose is now located, in Lee county, Iowa. One of our sweetest American poets has rendered Marquette's narrative in verse, as follows: " Came a people Prom the distant land of Wabun; From the farthest realms of morning Came the Black Robe Chief, the Prophet, He the Priest of Prayer, the Pale-face, With his guides and his companions. And the noble Hiawatha, With his hand aloft extended, Held aloft in sign of welcome, Cried aloud and spoke in this wise: ' Beautiful is the sun, strangers, When you come so far to see us; All our town in peaee awaits you; All our doors stand open for you; You shall enter all our wigwams; For the heart's right hand we give you. Never bloomed the earth so Bayly, Never shone the sun so brightly, As to-day they shine and blossom When you came so far to see us.' And the Black Robe Chief made answer, Stammered in his speech a little, Speaking words yet unfamiliar: ' Peace be with you, Hiawatha, Peace be with you and your people, Peace of prayer, and peace of pardon, Peace of Christ, and joy of Mary I ' Then the generous Hiawatha, Led the strangers to his wigwam, Seated them on skins of bison, Seated them on skins of ermine, Brought them food in bowls of bass-wood, Water brought in birchen dippers, And the calumet, the peace-pipe, Filled and lighted for their smoking. AU the warriors of the nation, Came to bid the strangers welcome- It is well,' they said, brother, That you came so far to see us.' " Marquette and Joliet remained at the Indian villages six days, and were then accompanied to their canoes by an escort of sixEundred Indians. In- stations were extended to the strangers to renew their visit, after which the explorers embarked m their boats and floated on down the stream, passing the sites of future great cities of the valley, and passing the mouths of thl Missoun and Omo rivers, and as far down as the mouth of the Arkansas. THE NOBTHWEST TEBEITOBY. 11 Marquette named the Missouri river Pekitanoui, or " Muddy "Water," oii account of the now well-known character of that stream. After extending their voyage to the mouth of the Arkansas, where they found a village ot the Arkansas tribe, they ascended the Mississippi to the mouth of the Illinois. They ascended the latter river to its source. Along this stream they found many villages of the Illinois, or Illmi, a large and powerful tribe, who were subdivided into five smaller tribes^the Tamaroasi Michigamies, Kahokias, Kaskaskias, and Peorias. The country between the Illinois and Mississippi rivers was inhabited by the three last named tribes. The Michigamies resided in the country bordering on Lake Michigan, and the Tamaroas occupied the territory now included in the counties ot Jersey, Madison and St. Clair, Illinois. Kaskaskia — also designated by the early explorers as " La Yantum " and " Great Illinois Town " — was the largest of the villages, containing, according to Marquette, seventy-five lodges. With- out the loss of a man, or any serious accident, the party reached Green Bay in September, and reported their discoveries. Marquette made a faithful record of what they had seen and the incidents of the voyage. That record has been preserved. The report of Joliet was unfortunately lost by the upsetting of his canoe while on the way to Quebec. At the request of the Illinois Indians, Marquette soon returned and es- tablished the mission of the Immaculate Conception at La Vantum. In the spring of 1675, on account of failing health, he started to return to Green Bay. While passing along the shore of Lake Michigan, conscious that he was nearing the end of his earthly labors, he observed an elevated place near the mouth of a small river. He told his companions that the {)lace was suitable for his burial, and requested them to land. On that onely and desolate coast, May 18, 1675, at the age of thirty-eight, James Marquette ended his last earthly voyage, and received burial at the hands of his devoted companions. Two years later some Indians of the mission at Kaskaskia disinterred his remains, and conveyed them in a box made of birch bark, with a convoy of over twenty canoes, to Mackinaw, where they Were reinterred at the mission church. The post was abandoned in 1706, and the church burned. The place of burial was finally lost, and remained lost for two hundred years. In May, 1876, the foundations of the old Jesuit Mission were accidentally discovered on the farm of one David Murray, with a number of church relics, the mouldering remains of the great missionary and explorer, and a cross with his name inscribed upon it. Joliet, after his return to Quebec, became again a trader with the Indians. His services were rewarded by the French government by the gift of the island of Anticosta, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Little after this is known of him. He died about 1730. The reports given of the discoveries of Marquette and Joliet, served to encourage other adventurers to engage in the eftort to extend their explora- tions. .Robert La Salle, a French navigator, who was born at Bouen about the year 1635, had long cherished a project of seeking a route to China by way of the Great Lakes. Before the return of Marquette and Joliet, he had explored Lake Ontario and visited the different Indian tribes. In 1675 he went to France and obtained from the government a grant to a large tract of land about Fort Frontenac, the exclusive right of traffic with the Five Nations, and also a patent of nobility. He laid before his government his desire to explore the Mississippi to its mouth, and take possession of all the regions he might visit in the name of the King of France. His plans were 12 THE NOBTHWEST TEBBITOBY. warmly approved, and he was provided with the means for carrying them into execution. In July, 1678, he returned to Fort Frontenac, soon after established a trading house at Niagara, and visited the neighboring Indian tribes for the purpose of collecting furs. He engaged the services of thirty mechauics and mariners and built the first ship for the navigation^ the lakes. It was called the Griffin, and was a bark of sixty tons. Having been ioined by Louis Hennepin and Chevalier de Tonti, the latter an Indian veteran, on the 7th of August, 1679, they launched the Griffin on Niagara river, and embarked for the valley of the Mississippi. They crossed Lake Erie and Lake St. Clair, reaching Green Bay, September 2d. For the pur- pose of relieving himself of some pressing financial obligations at Montreal, La Salle here engaged for a time in collecting furs with which he loaded the Griffin, and sent it in the care of a pilot and fourteen sailors on its return trip, with orders to return immediately; but the vessel was never heard of afterward. He waited until all hope had vanished, and then, with Father Hennepin, Chevalier de Tonti, the Sieur de la Motte, and about thirty fol- lowers, began again the voyage. They ascended the St. Joseph in canoes to the portage, and carried their barks to the Kankakee, a distance of six miles, descended the Kankakee and the Illinois until they reached an Indian vil- lage on the latter stream, at the expansion of the same, known as Lake Peoria. The village was situated on the west bank of the lake, and must have been passed by Marquette and Joliet on their voyage up the river in 1673, although no mention is made of it by them. La Salle, Hennepin, Tonti and their followers landed at Lake Peoria, January 3d, 1680. The Indians received them hospitably, and they remained with them for several days. Here a spirit of discontent began to manifest itself among the followers of La Salle, and fearing trouble between his men and the Indians, they crossed the river and moved down about three miles, where they erected a fort, which La Salle named Fort Crevecoewr (heart-break) a name expressive of La Salle's sorrow at the loss of his fortune by the disaster to the Griffin, and also his feelings in the fear of mutiny among his men. The party remained here until in February, when Tonti was placed in command of the post, and Hennipin charged with a voyage of discovery to the sources of the Missis- sippi. La Salle returned on foot with three companions to Fort Frontenac for supplies. On his arrival he learned of the certainty of the loss of the Griffin, and also of the wreck of another vessel which had been sent with resources for him from France. Father Hennepin, with two companions, Picard du Gay and Michel Ako, on the 29th of February, 1680, embarked from Tort Crevecoeur in a canoe down the Illinois to its mouth, which they reached in a few days. They then turned up the Mississippi, reaching the mouth of the Wisconsin, April 11th. Above this point no European had ever ascended. They continued the voyage, reaching the Falls of St. Anthony, April 30, 1680. Hennepin so named the falls in honor of his patron Saint. When they arrived at the mouth of St. Francis river, in what is now the State of Minnesota, they traveled along its banks a distance of 180 miles, visiting the Sioux Indians, who inhabited that region. The river, Hennepin so named in honor of the founder of his order. In his account of this voyage, Hennepin claims that they were held in captivity by the Indians for about three months, although they were treated kindly by them. At the end of this time a band of Frenchmen, under the leadership of Seur de Luth, in pursuit of furs, had penetrated to this part of the country by the way of Lake Superior. The THE NOETHWEST TEBEITOEY. 13 Indians allowed Hennepin and his companions to return with the traders. - They descended the Mississippi to the mouth of the "Wisconsin, passing up that stream and down the Fox river, and so on through Green Bay to Lake Michigan. Hennepin went to Quebec, and thence to France, where, in 1683, he published an account of his explorations and a description of the region of the Upper Mississippi. In 1697 (two years after La Salle's death) he published an enlarged work, in which he claimed that he had descended the Mississippi to its mouth. His faithful description of the valley for a time gave him credit for veracity, but the impossibility of reconciling his dates, and other circumstances, are by the best authorities regarded as stamping his claim false. Before the time this work was published, as we shall see, La Salle had descended the Mississippi to its mouth. Hennepin explained his long silence as to his exploration to the mouth of the Mississippi, by claiming that he had feared the enmity of La Salle, who had ordered him to follow a different course, and had also prided himself upon his own claims as being the first European to descend the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mex- ico. Father Hennepin died in Holland, about the year 1699. We now return to the further adventures of the brave and intrepid La Salle. He returned to Fort Crevecoeur in the latter part of the year 1680, to find that Tonti had been abandoned by Ms men, and obliged to take refuge among the Pottawattamies. He spent another year in collecting his scattered followers, finally succeeded, and on the 6th of February, 1682, he had reached the mouth of the Illinois. As they passed down the Mississippi La Salle noted the different streams tributary thereto. They erected a fort near the month of the Ohio, and- a cabin at the first Chickasaw bluff. On the 9th of April they entered the Gulf of Mexico. They reascended the river a short distance, founded the Fort of St. Louis, took possession of the whole valley in the name of France, and called it by the name of Louisiana, in honor of the king. La Salle, having accomplished much for the glory of France, now retraced his steps northward. After spending one year about the great lakes, actively engaged in laying the foundations oi French settlements in the new regions he liad discovered, in November, 1683, he reached Quebec, and soon after embarked for France. The government, with marks of great esteem, be- stowed upon him a commission placing under his authority all the French and natives of the country, from Fort St. Louis to New Biscay. An expe- dition, with four vessels and 280 persons, was fitted out for the colonization of Lousiana; it sailed August 1, 1684. Associated with La Salle, in this expedition, was Beaujeu, as naval commander. The mouth of the Missis- sippi was the objective point, but by mistake the fleet passed on northward. When the error was discovered La Salle desired to return, but Beaujeu per- sisted in advancing. Dissensions arose, and La Salle, with 230 colonists, disembarked. This was in February, 1685. A fortified post, which was called Fort St. Louis, was established, and attempts made at agriculture, but without success. Attempts were made to reach the Mississippi, which they thought near, but failed. La Salle and his followers traversed the wilderness toward New Mexico, and in January, 1687, by sickness and disaster, his party was reduced to thirty-seven. Some of these, following Beanjeu's ex- ample, revolted. La Salle, with sixteen men, then determined to reach the country of the Illinois. Two men, who had embarked their capital in the enterprise, were bitter in malignity toward the leader of this unsuccessful expedition. Their feelings found some gratification in the murder of a 14 THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOEY. nephew of La Salle. The latter sought to investigate as to the death of his relative, but only shared his fate, as one of them fired upon him from ambush, • and the heroic La Salle fell, the victim of quarrels and dissensions among his own followers. This event happened after he had passed the basin ot the Colorado and reached a branch of Trinity river, in Texas. We have thus briefly outlined the part taken by this energetic and ad-< venturous explorer, in giving to civilization a knowledge of a region that was destined to constitute the richest and most productive portion of the American continent, if not indeed, of the world. EAELY SETTLEMENTS IN THE NOETHWEST. Early French Settlements — Indian Tribes — Mission at Kaskaskia — Kaholria — Vincennes — Fort Ponchartrain — Fort Chartres — La Belle Riviere — La Salle — The English Claim ' ' From Sea to Sea" — Treaty with Indians in 1684 — English Grants — French and Indians Attack Pick- awillany — Treaty with the Six Nations — French and English Claims — George Washington — French and Indian War — Fall of Montreal — Treaty of Paris — Pontiac's Conspiracy-^ Detroit— Pontiac's Promissory Notes — Pontiac's Death — France Cedes Louisiana to Spain — Washington Explores the Ohio Valley — Emigration — Land Companies — The Revolution — Colonel Clark— Surrender of French Posts 'in Illinois— Surrender of Vincennes — Gov. Hamilton Taken Prisoner — Daniel Boone — Simon Girty — Virginia's " Land Laws." As the French were the first to explore the region known as the North- west, so they were the first to improve the opening thus made. The earliest settlements were in that part of the country east of the Mississippi and south of the Great Lakes, occupied chiefly by the' Illinois tribes of the Great Algon- quin family of Indians. The Illinois were divided into the Tamaroas, Mich- igamies, Kakokias, Kaskaskias, and Peorias, and were sometimes designated^ as the Five Nations. The three last-named tribes occupied the country between the Illinois and Mississippi rivers; the Michigamies the region bor- dering on Lake Michigan, and the Tamaroas, a small tribe, in the same region occupied by the Kahokias, and now embraced in the counties of Jersey, Madi- son, and St. Clair, in the state of Illinois. The French opened the way for colonization by the establishment of missions among these tribes, their efforts in this direction having been attended with great success in Canada. A mission was founded at Kaskaskia by Father Gravier about the year 1698. This at the time of the visit of Marquette and Joliet, in 1673, was the largest and most important of the Illinois villages, and contained seventy- four lodges, or about fifteen hundred inhabitants. By the early explorers it was called by the several names of " Kaskaskia," "La Vantum," and "Great Illinois Town." Here, in 1675, Father Marquette had attempted to christia&r ize the Indians by establishing the mission of the Immaculate Conception. For years it was nothing more than a missionary station, occupied only by the Nations and the missionary. About the year 1700 missions were also established at Kahokia and Peoria, the latter being near the site of old Fort Crevecceur. Another of the early French settlements was at Yincennes on the Oubache (Waba, now Wabash) river. Authorities disagree as to the date of this settlement, but it was probably about 1702. For many years this was an isolated colony of French emigrants from Canada, and several generations of their descendants lived and passed away in these vast solitudes, before either they or their savage neighbors were disturbed by the encroachr ments of an expanding civilization. During all this time they had maintained friendly relations with the natives. In July, 1701, a station was established THE NORTHWEST TEKBITOKT. 15 by Dc la Motte on the Detroit river, called Fort Ponchartrain. "While these attempts to colonize the Northwest were in progress, similar efforts were being made by France in the Southwest, but without maintaining like friendly relations with the natives, for in a conflict with the Chickasaws, an entire colony at Natchez was cut off. As these settlements in the North- west were isolated but little is known of their history prior to 1750. In this year Yivier, a missionary among the Illinois, near Fort Chartres, writes of five French villages, with a population of eleven hundred whites, three hun- dred blacks, and sixty red slaves or savages. He says there were whites, negroes and Indians, to say nothing of hall-breeds. They then raised wheat, cattle, swine and horses, and sent pork, grain and flour to New Orleans. On the 7th of November, 1750, the same priest writes: " For fifteen leagues above the mouth of the Mississippi one sees ho dwell- ings, the ground being too low to be habitable. Thence to New Orleans the lands are only partially occupied. New Orleans contains black, white and red, not more, I think, than twelve hundred persons. To this point come all lumber, bricks, salt-beef, tallow, tar, skins and bear's grease; and above all, pork and flour from the Illinois. These things create some commerce, as forty vessels and more have come hither this year. Above New Orleans plantations are again met with; the most considerable is a colony of Germans some ten leagues up the river. At Point Coupee, thirty-five leagues above the German settlement, is a fort. Along here, within five or six leagues, are not less than sixty habitations. Fifty leagues further up is the Natchez post, where we have a garrison, who are kept prisoners through fear of the Chickasaws. Here and at Point Coupee they raise excellent tobacco. An- other hundred leagues brings us to the Arkansas, where we have also a fort and a garrison for the benefit of the river traders. From the Arkansas to the Illinois, nearly five hundred leagues, there is not a settlement. There should be, however, a fort at the Oubache (Ohio), the only path by which the English can reach the Mississippi. In the Illinois country are number- less mines, but no one to work them as they deserve." The fame of Robert Cavelier de La Salle was not achieved alone by his explorations of the Valley of the Mississippi, for, in 1669, four years before the discovery of the Mississippi by Marquette and Joliet, La Salle discovered the Ohio river, or La Belle Kiviere (Beautiful River), as the French called it. Being conversant with several Indian dialects, he bad learned from some Senecas of a river called Ohio which rose in their country and flowed a long distance to the sea. La Salle then held the belief that the river flowing to the west emptied into the Sea of California, and longed to engage in the enter- prise of discovering a route across the continent. He obtained the approval of the government at Quebec, but no allowance to defray the expense. He sold his property in Canada for two thousand eight hundred dollars, and with the proceeds purchased canoes and the necessary supplies. With a party of twenty-four persons he embarked in seven canoes on the St. Law- rence, July 6th, 1669. Crossing over Lake Ontario, they were conducted by Indian guides to the Genesee, about where the city of Rochester, New York, is now located. The enterprise did not receive the approbation of the Indians at the Seneca village then situated on the bank of the Genesee at this point, and they refused to furnish him guides to conduct him further. After a month's delay he met an Indian belonging to the Iroquois tribe on Lake On- tario, who conducted them to their village, where they received a more friendly welcome. From the chief of the Iroquois at Onondaga he obtained Jg THE NORTHWEST TEKEITOEY. guides who conducted the party to a river south of Lake Erie. This proved to be a tributary of the Ohio. They descended it, and thence down the Ohio to the great falls where Louisville now stands. _ By virtue oi this dis- covery the French claimed the country along the Ohio, and many years after established military and trading posts at different points. One of these was Fort Du Quesne, erected in 1654, which was taken from them by the English a few years later and called Pittsburg, in honor of William Pitt, then prime minister of England. Notwithstanding the discovery ot the Ohio by the French under La Salle as early as 1669, the English claimed from the Atlantic to the Pacific on the ground that her sea-coast discoveries entitled her to the sovereignty of all the country from "sea to sea." In 1684, Lord Howard, Governor of Vir? ginia, held a treaty with Indian tribes known as the Northern Confederacy, to-wit: the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas and Senecas. The Tus- caroras being subsequently taken in, these tribes became known as the Six Nations, and the English assumed their protection. They purchased from them large tracts of land and aimed to obtain a monopoly of the Indian trade. The English government made grants of land west of theAlleghanies, and companies were formed for their settlement. France, seeing the Ehg- lish obtaining a foothold by planting trading posts in the Northwest, in 1749 sent Louis Celeron with a small force of soldiers to plant in mounds at the mouths of the principal tributaries of the Ohio, plates of lead with the claims of France inscribed thereon. The English, however, still continued to make explorations and establish trading posts. One of these grants of England was to a company known as the " Ohio Company," and embraced a tract of land on the Great Miami, described as being one hundred and fifty miles above its mouth. Christopher Gist was sent by this company in 1750 to inspect thier lands and to establish a trading post. In 1752 a small party of French soldiers, assisted by Ottawas and Chippewas, attacked this post and captured the traders after a severe battle. The English called this post Pickawillany — r the name being subsequently contracted to Pickaway or Piqua. The location of this post was doubtless near that of the present town of Piqua, on the Great Miami, about seventy-eight miles north of Cincinnati. Thus on the soil of what became a part of the state of Ohio was shed the first blood between the French and English for the possession of the Northwest. In 1744 the English had entered into a treaty with the Six Nations at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, by which they acquired certain lands described as being within the "Colony of Virginia." The Indians subsequently com- plained of bad faith on the part of the English in failing to comply with some of the stipulations of the treaty. The Governor of Virginia appointed commissioners to hear the grievances of the Indians. They met at Logs- town, on the north bank of the Ohio, about seventeen miles below the present city of Pittsburg, in the spring of 1752. Notwithstanding the complaint of the Indians that the English had failed to supply them with arms and am- munition as they had agreed, they succeeded in obtaining a confirmation of the treaty of Lancaster. In the meantime the French were quietly preparing to maintain their claims to the country in dispute. They provided cannon and military storeB in anticipation of the coming conflict. The French were notified to give up their posts, but they failed to comply. Governor Dinwiddie finally deter- mined to learn definitely their intentions, and for this purpose selected Major THE NORTHWEST TERKITOBY* 17 18 TJIE NORTHWEST TEBEITOBY. George "Washington, then twenty-two years of age, as a messenger. "With Christopher Gist as guide, and four attendants or servants, "Washington set out through the wilderness on his perilous journey. He held a conference with the chiefs of the Six Nations at Logstown in November, 1753. He learned something of the condition of the French, but the Indians desired to remain neutral and were disposed to be. non-committal. Washington pro- ceeded to Venango, where there was a French post called Fort Machault. Here he delivered to the French governor Dinwiddie's letter, and received the answer of St. Pierre, the commander of the fort, declining to give up without a struggle. Preparations for war were made in all the English col- onies while the French continued to strengthen their lines of fortifications. It will thus be seen that what is known as the French and Indian war had its origin in this dispute about the possession of what is now one of the fairest and richest portions of our Republic. It resulted, not only in Eng- land maintaining her right to the territory in dispute, but in wresting Can- ada from France. It was a war of eight years duration, commencing with the attack of the French and Indians on the English post at Piqua in 17S2, and virtually ending with the fall of the city of Montreal in April, 17.60. Ticonderoga, Crown Point, Niagara, and Quebec had all previously surren- dered to the English, the first two without resistance. After the fall of Montreal the Governor of Canada signed a capitulation surrendering the whole of Canada to the English. One post, however, that of Detroit, still remained in possession of the French. Major Rogers was sent from Mon- treal to demand its surrender. Beletre, the commander of the post, at first refused, but on the 29th of November, having heard of the defeat of the French arms in Canada, he also surrendered. September 29th, 1760, the treaty of peace between France and England, known as the treaty of Paris, was made, but not ratified until February 10th, 1763. Meantime the Northwest territory was entirely under English rule and settlements began to extend. The Indians who had been the friends and allies of the French during the war were not reconciled to the English, claiming that they had not carried out their promises. Under the famous Ottawa chief, Pontiac, they united in a general conspiracy to cut off all the English posts on the frontier. The Chippewas, Ottawas, Wyandots, Miamis, Shawnese, Delawares and Mingoes, buried the hatchet in their local quarrels, and united to exterminate the English. Owing to treachery on the part of some of Pontiac's followers, he failed in the complete execution of his plans, but in May, 1763, several British posts fell, and many whites were victims of the merciless tomahawk. In the arrangement among the Indians it was agreed that Pontiac's own imme- diate field of action was to be the garrison at Detroit. He laid siege to the post May 12th, and continued it until October 12th. To obtain food for his warriors during this time, he issued promissory notes, drawn upon birch bark and signed with the figure of an otter. All these notes were faithfully redeemed. Being unsuccessful in reducing the garrison, the tribes generally sued for peace, but Pontiac remained as yet unsubdued. To Alexander Henry, an Englishman who visited Missillimacinac the next spring, he said: " Englishman, although you have conquered the French, you have not yet conquered us. "We are not your slaves ! These lakes, these woods, these mountains, were left us by our ancestors. They are our inheritance, and we will part with them to none. Your nation supposes that we, like the white people, cannot live without bread, and pork and beef ; but you ought to THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOET. 19 know that He, the Great Spirit and Master of Life, has provided food for us npon these broad lakes and in these mountains." Pontiae still entertained the hope that the French would renew the war, and finally conquer the English, and endeavored to incite the Indians on the Miami, and in other parts of the West, to continue hostilities. He applied,' but unsuccessfully, to the French commander at New Orleans. Being un- able to unite again- those who entered so eagerly into his original conspiracy for destroying the English settlements, he went to the Illinois country, where he made a stand, and had for a time the sympathy and co-operation of the French fur traders in that region. Soon, however, all but his immediate followers deserted his cause, and he then reluctantly accepted peace on the terms offered by the English. From this time he had but little influence with the tribes. He was killed by an Illinois Indian, while drunk, at Ka- hokia, in 1769. At the time of his death he was about fifty-seven years of age. Great Britain now held sovereignty over the entire Northwest, and to pre- vent Louisiana from also falling into the hands of the English, France by secret treaty, in 1762, ceded it to Spain. The next year the treaty of Paris formally gave to England possession of the Northwestern Territory. The English now began to prepare for settlement and occupation of the country; In 1770 persons from Virginia and other British provinces took up the valuable lands on the Monongahela and along the Ohio to the mouth of the Little Kanawa. In October of the same year George Washington with a party descended the Ohio from Pittsburg to the Kenawa, which last named stream they ascended about fourteen miles, and marked out several large tracts of land. Buffalo were then abundant in the Ohio valley, and several of them were shot by Washington's party. Pittsburg was then a village of twenty houses, the inhabitants being mostly Indian traders. The British government was inclined to observe a liberal policy toward the French settlers in the West. In 1763 the king, by royal proclamation, had forbidden his subjects from making settlements beyond the sources of the rivers which fall into the Atlantic ; but his subjects in the colonies were little disposed to observe this restriction. Finally, in 1774, Governor Dun- more, of Virginia, began to encourage emigration to the West. A number of settlements were made in the Ohio valley, the settlers often coming in conflict with the Indians. Several battles were fought, ending in the battle of Kenawa, in July, when the Indians were defeated and driven across the Ohio. During the years following, up to 1776, several land companies were formed, and engaged in extensive operations. One, called the "Illinois Land Company," obtained from the Indians large tracts of land on the Mis- sissippi river, south of the Illinois. An association, styling itself the "Wa- bash Land Company," obtained a deed from eleven chiefs to 37,497,600 acres of land. The War of the Kevolution interfered with these and many other similar schemes of speculation. The parties interested subsequently made efforts to have these land grants sanctioned by Congress, but did not succeed. In 1771, according to the best information we have, Kaskaskia contained eighty houses, and nearly one thousand inhabitants, white and black. Ka- hokia contained fifty houses, with three hundred white inhabitants, and eighty negroes. There were a few families at Prairie du Kocher, on the Mississippi river, opposite St. Louis. At Detroit, there were in 1766, about one hundred houses. This place was founded by Antoine de la Motte Ca- dillac, in 1701, and is the oldest town in the Northwest. 20 THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOET. When the "War of the Kevolntion commenced the British held Kar.bislua, Kahokia, Yincennes, Detroit, and other important posts in the West. Col. George Eogers Clark, a master spirit of the frontier, who was familiar with all the important movements of the British in the West, and also with the disposition of the Indians, formed a plan unequalled in boldness, for subju- gating these posts. He repaired to the capital of Virginia, Patrick Henry being then Governor, and presented to the authorities his plan of operations, which was approved by Governor Henry. He was accordingly furnished with two sets of instructions — one secret and the other open. His open in- structions authorized him to enlist seven companies to go to Kentucky, sub- ject to his orders, and serve three months from their arrival in the West. The secret order authorized him to arm and equip his troops at Pittsburg, and proceed to subjugate the country. Col. Clark succeeded in raising but three companies, but with these and a few private volunteers, he descended the Ohio as far as the falls, in the spring of 1777. Here he fortified a small island, known as Corn Island, and then announced to his men their real des- tination. Leaving a small garrison, on the 24th of June, during a total eclipse of the sun, he moved down the river. Under a burning July sun, with his chosen band, he marched to Kaskaskia, reaching that post on the evening of July 4th. Without the loss of a man on either side the fort and village were captured. He easily induced the Indians to give their allegi- ance to the American cause. They accompanied him to Kahokia on the 6th, and through their influence the inhabitants of that place surrendered without resistance. The priest at Kaskaskia, M. Gibault, hastily joined in rendering all the aid he could to forward the purposes of Clark. He estab- lished a government for the colonies he had taken, and then made ready to march upon St. Vincent, or Vincennes, as it is more commonly known. But Gibault offered to go alone . and induce the post on the " Oubache " to throw off the authority of England. Clark accepted the offer, and on the 14th of July Gibault started on his mission. On the 1st of August he re- turned, with intelligence of entire success, the garrison at Vincennes having taken the oath of allegiance to Virginia. Col. Clark placed garrisons at Kaskaskia and Kahokia, and sent orders for the erection of a fort at the Falls of the Ohio, where the City of Louisville now stands. He also sent Eoche- blave, the former commander of Kaskaskia, a prisoner of war to Eichmond. The county of Illinois was established in October of the same year, by the Legislature of Virginia. John Todd was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel and acting governor. Courts were established, and the colony was provided with a government complete. The Indians acknowledged allegiance to the new government. _ While Col. Clark was arranging for the government of the Illinois colo- nies, the British Governor, Hamilton, was planning an expedition to move from Detroit down the Wabash to Vincennes, intending to recapture the posts which had surrendered to Clark, and thence extend his operations to Kentucky. He knew nothing of the capitulation of Vincennes until his arrival, when he found the fort in command of Capt. Helm, who had been sent by Col Clark to take charge of the garrison. Hamilton demanded the surrender of the fort, and being granted the rights of a prisoner of war, Capt. Helm surrendered to a superior force. On the 29th of January, 1879, Clark received intelligence of what had transpired at Vincennes, and of the in- tended operations of Hamilton. Having sufficiently garrisoned Kaskaskia and Kahokia, and dispatched a force down the Mississippi to ascend the Ohio THE NORTHWEST TEKKITOBY. 21 and operate with the land forces in that direction, on the 5th of February he set out himself with one hundred and twenty men on his hard march to Vincennes. He reached the fort on the 22d, and was joined by the re- mainder of his command, which had come by water. He immediately com- menced his attack on the fort, and on the 25th Gov. Hamilton surrendered. He was sent as a prisoner of war to Virginia, where he was kept in close confinement, and thus failed to accomplish his purpose of uniting the In- dian tribes against the Americans. All the important posts in the North- west, except Detroit, were now in the hands of the Americans. Had Clark received reinforcements, which had been promised, he would doubtless have captured Detroit also ; but Virginia and the other colonial governments at this time doubtless had all they could do to attend to the operations of the war east of the Alleghanies. The Legislature of Virginia passed resolutions complimenting Col. Clark and his men, and in 1781 he was promoted to the rank of general. Previous to this he had taken part with Steuben against Arnold, when the latter invaded Virginia, in 1780. Subsequently, Virginia gave to Gen. Clark and his men one hundred and fifty thousand acres of land, wherever they might choose to locate it, north of the Ohio. They made selection of a tract opposite the Falls of the Ohio, between New Albany and- Jeffersonville, Indiana. Gen. Clark died near Louisville, Ken- tucky, February 13th, 1808. The years 1781 and 1782 were dark years in the history of the infant set- tlements of the Northwest, in consequence of the many outrages practiced by the Indians. Many deeds of cruelty were committed under the leader- ship of the outlaw, Simon Girty, occurring chiefly in the Ohio Valley. Sev- eral battles between the Indians and frontiersmen occurred north of the Ohio, while in Kentucky the famous Daniel Boone and his companions were engaged in protecting the frontier outposts. In 1783 the treaty of peace, which ended the Revolutionary struggle, was concluded, and by its terms the boundaries of the West were defined as fol- lows : On the north, to extend along the center of the Great Lakes ; from the western point of Lake Superior to Long Lake ; thence to the Lake of the Woods ; thence to the head of the Mississippi river, down its center to the 31st parallel of latitude ; thence on that line east to the head of Appa- lachicola river, down its center to the junction with the Flint ; thence straight to the head of St. Mary's river ; and thence down along its center to the Atlantic Ocean. For some time after the cessation of hostilities, General Haldimand, the British commander at Detroit, refused to evacuate, on the ground, as he claimed, that his king had not ordered him to do so. It shortly, however, passed under the control of the United States, and so remained, except when held by the British, through the surrender of Gen. Hull, for a few weeks in August and September, 1812. The war of independence had been fought and gained, and England, as "we have seen, had renounced her claim to the Northwest, but the Indian title was not yet extinguished. From 1783 to 1786 various treaties were made, by which the Indians relinquished their title to extensive tracts of territory. The individual States also held claims to the territory surrendered by Great Britain, and acts of cession were necessary to vest the title to the soil in United States ; but of this we shall treat more fully in another place. In 1779 Virginia had passed her "land laws," by which grants made to set- tlers were confirmed, and providing for selling the rest at forty cents per 22 THE NORTHWEST TEBBITOBY. acre. Kentucky was included in the territory of Virginia until 1792. It was originally explored by Daniel Boone and his compeers about the year 1769. Harrodsburg was founded in 1774, and Lexington a year or two later, when the news of the battle of Lexington was fresh in the minds of its founders. THE NOETHWESTEEN TEEEITOEY. Territory held by States— Articles of Confederation— Objections of certain States— Delaware Resolutions— Action of Congress— Maryland— New York— Cession of Territory by States- Ordinance of 1787— Territorial Organization of the Northwest— Fort Washington— Wm. H. Harrison. Arthur St. Clair— Early American Settlements— New England Company- Gen. Rufus Putnam— John Cleves Symmes— Cincinnati Founded— Treaty with Spain- Division of the Northwestern Territory — Organization of the Territory of Indiana- Division of Indiana Territory— Territory of Michigan — Gov. Wm. Hull — Destruction of Detroit by Fire. At the time the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union were pend- ing a number of the States held, or claimed, large tracts of territory not now included in those States. New York, Virginia, Massachusetts, Connecticut, South Carolina, North Carolina and Georgia, all held such territory. Vir- ginia claimed all that vast region which now embraces the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and that part of Minnesota east of the Mississippi river. That State had made provision, by legislative enactment, to dispose of her lands to settlers. Certain States, claiming that the unoccu- pied western lands were rightfully the common property of all the States, in- sisted on limitixig the area of those States claiming western territory. This was a subject of warm and protracted discussion in the adoption of the Arti^- cles of Confederation. The delegates from Maryland, under instructions from the General Assembly of that State, declined, in the Congress of the Confed- eration, to sign the Articles of Confederation until provision was made for restricting the boundaries of the States, and vesting the soil of the western territories in the Confederation for the common benefit of all the settlers. Virginia had remonstrated against this course. On the 25th of November, 1778, the act of New Jersey for ratifying the Articles of Confederation was presented in the Congress. Her delegates were directed to sign the arti- cles "in the firm reliance that the candour and justice of the several States will, in due time, remove as far as possible the inequality which now subi sists." The delegation from Delaware, after having signed the articles, on the 23d of February, 1779, presented sundry resolutions passed by the legislature of that State, among which were the following: "Resolved, That this State thinks it necessary, for the peace and safety of the States to be included in the Union, that a moderate extent of limits should be assigned for such of those States as claim to the Mississippi or South Sea; and that the United States in Congress assembled, should, and ought to, have the power of fixing the western limits. "Resolved, That this State consider themselves justly entitled to a right in common with the members of the Union, to that extensive tract of country which lies westward of the frontier of the United States, the property of which was not vested in, or granted to, private individuals at the com- mencement of the present war. That the same hath been, or may be, gained from the King of Great Britain, or the native Indians, by the blood and treasure of all, and ought, therefore, to be a common estate, to be granted out on terms beneficial to the United States." THE NORTHWEST TEBBITOEY. 23 The same day, after the presentation of these resolutions, Congress passed the following: "Resolved, That the paper laid before Congress by the delegates from Delaware, and read, be filed; provided, that it shall never be considered as admitting any claim by the same set up, or intended to be set up." Eight States voted in favor of this resolution, and three against it. The State of Maryland still persisting in her refusal to ratify the Articles of Confederation, on the 30th of October, 1779, Congress, by a vote of eight States to three, and one being divided, passed the following: " Wheeeas, The appropriation of vacant lands by the several States, during the continuance of the war, will, in the opinion of Congress, be attended with great mischiefs: Therefore, "Resolved, That it be earnestly recommended to the State of Virginia, to reconsider their late act of Assembly for opening their land office; and that it be recommended to the said State, and all other States similarly circum- stanced, to forbear settling or issuing warrants for unappropriated lands, or granting the same during the continuance of the present war." On the 19th of February, 1780, the Legislature of New York passed an act authorizing her delegates in Congress, for and on behalf of that State, by proper and authentic acts or instruments, "to limit and restrict the boundaries of the State in the western parts thereof, by such line or lines, and in such manner and form, as they shall judge to be expedient," and providing for the cession to the United States of certain " waste and uncul- tivated" territory. This act was fully carried into effect by her delegates on the 1st of March, 1781. On the 6th of September, 1780, Congress passed a resolution earnestly recommending the States having " claims to the western country, to pass such laws, and give their delegates in Congress such powers " as might effectually remove the only obstacle to a final ratification of the Articles of Confederation, and requesting the Legislature of Maryland to authorize her delegates in Congress to subscribe to the articles. On the 10th of October, 1780, a further resolution on this subjeet was passed by the Congress of the Confederation, as follows: "Resolved, That the unappropriated lands that may be ceded or relin- quished to the United States, by any particular State, pursuant to the recom- mendation of Congress of the 6th day of September last, shall be disposed of for the common benefit of the United States, and be settled and formed into distinct republican States, which shall become members of the Federal Union, and have the same rights of sovereignty, freedom and independence as the other States; that each State which shall be so formed shall contain a suitable extent of territory, not less than one hundred, nor more than one hundred and fifty miles square, or as near thereto as circumstances will admit; that the necessary and reasonable expenses which any particular State shall have incurred since the commencement of the present war, in subduing any British posts, or in maintaining forts or garrisons within and for the defense, or in acquiring any part of the territory that may be ceded or relinquished to the United States, shall be re-imbursed ; that the said lands shall be granted or settled at such times, and under such regulations, as shall here- after be agreed on by the United States, in Congress assembled, or any nine or more of them." In pursuance of the recommendation of Congress, of September 6th, 1780, several States made cessions of territory to the United States. Virginia 24 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. ceded her northwestern territory March 1st, 1784, and by an act of her Legislature of December 30th, 1788, agreed to change the conditions of the act of cession of 1784, so far as to ratify the 5th article of the ordinance of 1787, passed by Congress for the government of the territory. The dele- gates in Congress from Maryland signed the Articles of Confederation at the date of the cession of territory by New York, M arch 1st, 1781, thus completing the confederation. On the 23d of April, 1784, Congress passed a resolution for the govern- ment of the territory ceded by Virginia, which was superceded by the famous ordinance of July 13th, 1787, entitled "An ordinance for the govern- ment of the territory of the United States northwest of the river Ohio," The first part of this important enactment provides for the temporary gov- ernment of the territory, and concludes with six "articles of compact between the original States and the people and States in the said territory, and forever to remain unalterable, unless by common consent." The provisions of these six articles are of such importance as to justify their insertion here in full: "Article 1. No person, demeaning himself in a peaceable and orderly manner, shall ever be molested on account of his mode of worship or religious sentiments, in the said territory. "Aet. 2. The inhabitants of the said territory shall always be entitled to the writ of habeas corpus, and of the trial by jury ; of a proportionate repre- sentation of the people in the legislature, and of judicial proceedings accord- ing to the course of the common law. All persons shall be bailable, unless for capital offenses, when the' proof shall be evident, or the presumption great. All fines shall be moderate, and no cruel or unusual punishment shall be inflicted. No person shall be deprived of his liberty or property, but by the judgment of' his peers, or the law of the land, and should the public exigencies make it necessary for the common preservation to take any person's property, or to demand his particular services, full compensation shall be made for the same. And, in the just preservation of rights and property, it is_ understood and declared that no law ought ever to be made, or have force in the said territory, that should, in any manner whatever, in- terfere with or affect private contracts or engagements, lonaficle, and with- out fraud previously formed. "Aet. 3. Religion, morality and knowledge being necessary to good gov- ernment and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall be forever encouraged. The utmost good faith shall always be observed towards the Indians; their lands and property shall never be taken from them without their consent; and in their property, rights, and liberty, they shall never be invaded or disturbed, unless in just and lawful wars authorized by Congress; but laws founded in justice and humanity shall, from time to time, be made for preventing wrongs being done to them, and for preserving peace and friendship with them. "Aet. 4. The said territory, and the States which may be formed therein, shall forever remain a part of this confederacy of the United States of Amer- ica, subject to the Articles of Confederation,' and to such alterations therein as shall be constitutionally made; and to all the acts and ordinances of the United States, in Congress assembled, conformable thereto. The inhabitants and settlers in the said territory shall be subject to pay a part of the federal debts, contracted or to be contracted, and a proportional part of the expenses of government, to be apportioned on them by Congress, according to the same common rule and measure by which apportionments thereof shall be THE NOBTHWEST TEREITOBY. 25 made on the other States; and the taxes for paying their proportion shall be laid and levied by the authority and direction of the legislatures of the dis- trict or districts, or new States, as in the original States, within the time agreed upon by the United States, in Congress assembled. The legislatures oi those districts, or new States, shall never interfere with the primary dis- posal of the soil of the United States, in Congress assembled, nor with any regulations Congress may find necessary, for securing the title in such soil, to the bona fide purchasers. No tax shall be imposed on lands the property of the United States; and in no case shall non-resident proprietors be taxed higher than residents. The navigable waters leading into the Mississippi and St. Lawrence, and the carrying places between the same, shall be com- mon highways and forever free, as well to the inhabitants of said territory as to the citizens of the United States, and those of any other States that may be admitted into the Confederacy, without any tax, impost, or duty therefor. "Aet. 5. There shall be formed in the said territory not less than three, nor more than five States; and the boundaries of the States, as soon as Vir- finia shall alter her act of cession, and consent to the same, shall become xed and established as follows, to-wit: the Western States in the said terri- tory shall be bounded by the Mississippi, the Ohio and Wabash rivers ; a direct line drawn from the Wabash and Post Vincents due north to the ter- ritorial line between the United States and Canada, and by the said territorial line to the Lake of the Woods and Mississippi. The Middle States shall be bounded by the said direct line, the Wabash, from Post Vincents to the Ohio, by the Ohio, by a direct line drawn due north from the mouth of the Great Miami to the said territorial line and by the said territorial line. The Eastern State shall be bounded by the last-mentioned direct line, the Ohio, Pennsylvania, and the said territorial line; provided, however, and it is further understood and declared that the boundaries of these three States shall be subject so far to be altered that if Congress shall hereafter find it expedient, they shall have authority to form one or two States in that part of the said territory which lies north of an east and west line drawn through the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan. And whenever any of the said States shall have sixty thousand' free inhabitants therein, such State shall be admitted, by its delegates, into the Congress of the United States on an equal footing with the original States, in all respects whatever; and shall be. at liberty to form a permanent constitution and State government, provided the constitution and government so to be formed shall be republi- can, and in conformity to the principles contained in these articles, and so far as can be consistent with the general interests of the Confederacy, such admission shall be allowed at an earlier period, and when there may be a less number of free inhabitants in the State than sixty thousand. "Aet. 6. There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the the said territory, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes, whereof the party shall be duly convicted; provided, always, that any person escaping into the same from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed in any one ot the original States, such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor or services as aforesaid." These articles, sometimes known as the "Compact of 1787," form the basis of the organization of the Northwestern Territory and of the several States into which it was subsequently divided. Although the original act of cession was adopted by Virginia in 1784, it will be seen that It was three years later before Congress agreed upon a plan of government. The 26 THE NOBTHWEST TEBEITOET. subject was one of serious and earnest discussion at various times. At one time a motion prevailed to strike from the proposed plan the prohibition of slavery. Another proposition was agreed to by which the territory was to be divided into States by parallels and meridian lines, making ten States which were to be named as follows: Sylvania, Michigania, Chersonesus, Assenisipia, Mesopotamia, Illenoia, Saratoga, Washington, Polypotamia and Pelisipia. "When this plan was submitted to the legislatures of the States there were serious objections made, especially by Massachusetts and Vir- ginia. There were objections to the category of names, but the chief diffi- culty was the resolution of Congress of October 10th, 1780, which fixed the extent of each State at not less than one hundred nor more than one hundred and fifty miles square, or as near thereto as circumstances might admit. So the subject was again taken up in 1786, and discussed during that year and until July 12th, 1787, when the ordinance finally passed, as stated above. An act of territorial organization was approved August 7th, 1789. Gen. Arthur St. Clair was appointed Governor, and "William Ii. Harrison Secre- tary. In 1788 a town had been laid out by John Cleves Symmes at Fort "Washington, and was named Losantiville, but afterward Cincinnati. The place was settled by persons from the New England States and from New .Jersey, but did not extensively improve until after Gen. "Wayne's defeat of the Indians in 1794. This became the seat of the new territorial govern- ment. The election of representatives for the territory was held February 4th, 1799. As required by the ordinance of 1787, these representatives met at the seat of -the territorial government to nominate ten persons, out of which Congress was to appoint five to serve as the territorial council. The following persons were commissioned: Henry Vandenburg, of Vincennes; Eobert Oliver, of Marietta; James Findlay and Jacob Burnett, of Cincin- nati, and David Yance, of Vanceville. The first Territorial Legislature met September 16th, 1799, and on the 24th both houses were duly organized, Henry Vandenburg being elected president of the council. On the 13th of October the legislature elected ¥m. Henry Harrison as delegate to Congress. He received eleven of the votes cast, being a majority of one over his opponent, Arthur St. Clair, son of the Governor. At this session thirty-seven acts were passed and approved. Eleven other acts were passed which the Governor vetoed. The greater part of the legislation of the ses- sion related to the organization of the militia and to revenue matters. The session closed December 19th, 1799. President Adams appointed Charles Willing Bryd as secretary of the territory to succeed ¥m. Henry Harrison, elected to Congress, and the senate confirmed the nomination. James N. Varnum, S. H. Parsons and John Armstrong were appointed to the judicial bench of the territory in October, 1787. Having briefly outlined the legislation which resulted in the formation of a Territorial government, we return to notice some of the earlier American settlements in the Territory. As elsewhere stated, a few French settlements had been made by emigrants from Canada and Louisiana, on the Ohio river and in the region known as the Illinois country, but it was not until after the Virginia cession that any permanent American settlements were made. Then several treaties were made with the Indians, in which they relinquished their title to large portions of the territory. The government made several large grants to companies and individuals, for the purpose of colonizing the country. One of these was to a company from Massachusetts and Connecti- cut, called the New England Company, of a tract lying along the Ohio and THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOET. 2T Muskingum rivers, embracing 1,500,000 acres. Here the town of Marietta was laid out, in August, 1787, at the confluence of the Muskingum and Ohio rivers. Fort Harmar was built on the opposite, or west bank of the Mus- kingum, the year before. The New England Company sent its first party of settlers in the spring of 1788. They consisted of eight families, and some other persons, and all under the superintendency of Gen. Knfus Put- nam. The party, after a long and weary journey over the Alleghanies, and' down the Ohio, arrived at Marietta on the 7th of April, 1788. This little band had the honor of being the pioneers of Ohio, unless the Moravian missionaries may be so regarded. The settlement was first known as the " Muskingum," but on the 2d of July, 1788, at a meeting of the directors and agents of the company, the name was changed to Marietta, in honor of Marie Antoinette. In 1786, John Cleves Symmes, of New Jersey, visited the country be- tween the Miamies, and being pleased with its appearance, made application to the government for the purchase of a large tract of land, to be settled on similar conditions with those of the New England Company. The grant was made to Symmes and his associates the following year. Associated with Symmes, was Matthias Denman, also of New Jersey, who located, among other tracts in the Symmes purchase, the section upon which Cincinnati was laid out. Denman sold to Robert Patterson and' John Filson,each one- third of his location, retaining the other third himself. In August, 1788, they laid out the first portion of what, in a few years, became one of the great cities of the "West. Fort Washington was erected here in 1790, and Was for some time the headquarters of both the civil and military govern- ments of the Northwestern Territory. There were but few settlers here until after 1794, when settlers began to arrive rapidly. In July, 1815, the population was 6,500. In October, 1795, the treaty was signed between the United States and Spain, which secured to the former the free navigation of the Mississippi. After this the Northwest began to settle rapidly. During the next year settlements were made at various points along the Miami and Scioto rivers, including those at Piqua and Chillicothe. In September, of the same year, the city of Cleveland was laid out. The great extent of the Northwestern Territory, and the rapid increase of population at the beginning of the new century, began to render the effi- cient action of the courts impossible ; and to remedy this evil a division of the Territory was proposed. A committee in Congress, to whom the mat- ter had been referred, on the 3d of March, 1800, reported in favor of two distinct territorial governments, and that the division be made by a line beginning at the mouth of the Great Miami river, and running directly to the boundary line between the United States and Canada. The report was accepted, and an act passed, which was approved May 7th, of the same year, making the division. It provided, among other things, that from and after the next 4th day of July, " all that part of the territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio river, which lies to the northward of a line beginning at a point on the Ohio, opposite to the mouth of the Kentucky river, and running thence to Fort Recovery, and thence north until it shall intersect the territorial line between the United States and Canada, shall, for the purpose of temporary government, constitute a separate territory, and be called the Indiana Territory." The same act provided, that until the Leg- islatures oi the Territories, respectively, otherwise ordered, Chillicothe, on 28 THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOET. the Scioto river, should he the seat of government of the Territory east of the line of division; and that Vincennes, on the Wahash river, should he the seat of government of the Indiana Territory. On the 3d of November, of that year, the Territorial Legislature met at Chillicothe. William Henry Harrison was appointed Governor of Indiana Territory, and entered upon his duties in 1801. The new Territory then embraced all that region now comprising the States of Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and that part of Minnesota east of the Mississippi river. Nearly _ the whole of it was at that time in the possession of the Indians. Soon after the arrival of Governor Harrison at Vincennes, he concluded several treaties with the In- dians, whereby large grants of land were obtained from the various tribes. By a treaty made at St. Louis, August 18th, 1804:* he obtained a relinquish- ment of Indian title to over 51,000,000 of acres. The year before the gov- ernment had obtained Louisiana from France, by purchase, and that being divided, the "District of Louisiana" (the "New Northwest'') was annexed to Indiana Territory, thus extending Gov. Harrison's authority over a vast domain, occupied chiefly by savage tribes. By an act of Congress, of January 11th, 1805, Indiana Territory was di- vided into two separate governments, and the new Territory of Michigan formed. William Hull was appointed Governor of the new Territory, and Detroit was designated as the seat of government. On the 30th of June the Territorial government of Michigan was to go into operation. When Gov. Hull, and the other Territorial officers, reached Detroit, they found the place in ruins and the inhabitants scattered. On the 11th of that month a fire had destroyed almost every building in the place. Gov. Hull adopted a new plan for rebuilding the town, and in population and importance it soon regained all it had lost by the fire. Other changes were subsequently made in the boundaries of the Western Territories, as new States were from time to time admitted into the Union, until finally, all that vast domain originally designated as the " Northwestern Territory" became "sovereign States. THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE. Discovery of the Mouth of the Mississippi — Founding of New Orleans — French Grant — John Law — The "Mississippi Bubble" — Territory West of the Mississippi— France Cedes to Spain — Spain Cedes Back to France — France Cedes to the United States — Right to Navigate the Mississippi — Particulars of the Negotiations With France — Extent of the Territory — Possession Taken by the United States — Division of the Territory. That vast region of territory once known as Louisiana, came under the jurisdiction of civilized men by the right of discovery — a right which has long been known and recognized among civilized nations, though often necessarily followed by conquest to render it effective. For two centuries the Spaniards had navigated the Gulf of Mexico, so far as we know, ignorant of the fact that it received the waters of one of the largest rivers of the world. About the year 1660 the French, who had re-established themselves in Canada, received some information of this great river, but did not discover its mouth until 1691, when, according to some authorities, La Sallo succeeded in reaching it. Iberville founded his first colony in 1699, but it did not assume importance until 1717, when the city of New Orleans was founded. In 1712 Louis XIV of France granted to M. Crozart a charter to the whole territory of Louisiana, which was so named in honor of the king. Under THE N0KTHWE8T TEEKITOKY. the leadership of John Law, in 1716, a company was formed at Paris and incorporated as the "Mississippi Company," which purchased Louisiana from the crown. The financial disasters in France caused by Law brought about the failure of his Mississippi scheme, and the explosion of what is known in history as the " Mississippi bubble." Louisiana was then resumed by the crown, and the commerce of the Mississippi was declared free. The French retained possession until 1762, when they ceded it to Spain, includ- ing the whole country to the head waters of the great river and west to the Rocky Mountains. The jurisdiction of France, which had continued for nearly a century, thus ended, until in 1800 Bonaparte, then first consul, induced the Spanish government to cede it back to France. During the time that Louisiana remained a Spanish dependency, that government claimed the exclusive right of navigating the Mississippi river. The free navigation of that river was essential to the prosperity and commerce of the United States. Spain then having jurisdiction also over the Floridas east of the great river, and that river for several hundred miles flowing wholly through the Spanish dominions, the question of its navigation south of the southern boundary of the United States became a serious one to our govern- ment and people. The people in the western part of the United States especially demanded the free navigation of the river as a right. But Spanish military posts enforced the collection of duties on imports by way of the river for the upper region. Boats descending were forced to submit to reve- nue exactions by Spanish authorities. These exactions were a constant source of trouble and disaffection, and led to a threatening state of affairs between the United States and Spain. Spain, however, by the treaty of Madrid, October 20, 1795, conceded to the United States the free navigation ot the river from its source to the Gulf, and also the free use of the port of New Orleans for three years as a port of deposit. The treaty of Madrid, however, did not quiet all troubles between the United States and Spain. In 1802, during the administration of President Jefferson, there was some apprehension of a war growing out of the continued disputes respecting the southwestern boundary. These disputes had led to many difficulties between the people of the United States and the Spanish authorities. These affairs, however, assumed a new aspect, when in the spring of 1802 the government of the United States received intelligence that, by a secret treaty made in October, 1800, Spain had ceded Louisiana to France. At this time Mr. Livingston was the United States Minister to France, and President Jefferson, soon after learning of the Spanish cession to France, wrote to Mr. Livingston in reference to acquiring the right to deposit at the port of New Orleans, and other matters which had been in dispute between the United States and Spain. In his annual message to_ Congress, in December of the same year, the President alluded to the subject of the Spanish cession to France. Congress passed resolutions asserting the right of navigating the Mississippi, and insisting upon the right to the use of a port or place of deposit. At that time it was understood in the United States that the Spanish cession to France included the Floridas, which, however, was not the case.- The policy of the President was to enter into a treaty with France for the purchase of New Orleans and the Floridas, and with this view, on the 10th of January, 1803, he appointed James Monroe minister plenipotentiary to France to act in conjunction with Mr. Livingston. Mr. Monroe's nomination was confirmed by the senate. The instructions to the American ministers only asked for the cession of the city of New Orleans 30 THE NOBTHWEST TEEEITOBT. and the Floridas, together with the free navigation of the Mississippi ; The cession at this time of the entire Territory of Louisiana was not a subject of discussion. Mr. Monroe sailed from New York, March 8, 1803, and arrived in Paris April 1. Bonaparte was then first consul, and France was on the eve of a war with England. He supposed the American ministers were authorized to enter into more extended stipulations than they really were. Marquis de Marbois was directed to negotiate with the American ministers. Said the first con- sul to his minister, as recorded by the latter: "Irresolution and deliberation are no longer in season. I renounce Louisiana. It is not only New Orleans that I will cede; it is the whole col- ony, without any reservation. I know the price of what I abandon, and I have sufficiently proved the importance that I attach to this province, since my first diplomatic act with Spain had for its object the recovery of it. I renounce it with the greatest regret. To attempt to retain it would be folly. I direct you to negotiate this affair with the envoys of the United States. Do not even await the arrival of Mr. Monroe; have an interview this day with Mr. Livingston. But I require a great deal of money for this war, and I would not like to commence with new contributions. If I should regulate my terms, according to the value of these vast regions to the United States, the indemnity would have no limits. I will be moderate, in consideration of the necessity in which I am of making a sale. But keep this to yourself. I want fifty millions francs, and for less than that sum I will not treat; I would rather make a desperate attempt to keep those fine countries. To- morrow you shall have full powers. Mr. Monroe is on the point of arriving. To this minister the President must have given secret instructions, more extensive than the ostensible authorization of Congress, for the stipulation of the payments to be made. Neither this minister nor his colleague is prepared for a decision which goes infinitely beyond anything that they are about to ask of us. Begin by making them the overture without any sub- terfuge. You will acquaint me, day by day, hour by hour, of your progress. The cabinet of London is informed of the measures adopted at Washington, but it can have no suspicion of those which I am now taking. Observe the greatest secrecy, and recommend it to the American ministers; they have not a less interest than yourself in conforming to this counsel. You will correspond with M. de Talleyrand, who alone knows my intentions. If I attended to his advice, France would confine her ambition to the left bank of the Rhine, and would only make war to protect any dismemberment of her possessions. But he also admits that the cession of Louisiana is not a dismemberment of France. Keep him informed of the progress of this affair." On the same day that Napoleon thus confided to Marbois his determina- tion, conferences began between the latter and Mr. Livingston. The Amer- ican minister had been in Paris about two years, endeavoring to obtain in- demnities claimed by American citizens for prizes made by the French during peace, but so far, without result further than vague answers. Mr. Livingston had become distrustful of the French government, and feared the Louisiana overtures were but an artifice to gain still further time. Soon after these preliminary discussions were entered upon, Mr. Monroe arrived in Paris, and the next day began his conferences with Marbois. Rapid pro- gress was made in the negotiations, for both sides had an interest in hasten- ing the matter. Mr. Monroe was surprised to hear the first overtures made THE NOETHWEST TEBEITOEY. 31 bo frankly by the French minister, when he proposed to cede to the United States so vast a region of country, with the largest rivers of the world, in- stead of merely a town and an inconsiderable extent of territory. The offer embraced infinitely more than the American ministers were empowered to ask for, or accept. Their powers only extended to an arrangement respect- ing the left bank of the Mississippi, including New Orleans. But the mo- ment was a critical one with France, hostilities being about to commence with England. There was not time for further instructions from the gov- ernment of the United States before the opportunity would pass, perhaps forever. The American ministers therefore assumed the responsibility of treating for the purchase of the entire colony, or territory of Louisiana — an extent of country sufficient in itself for an empire. The terms were soon agreed upon. The United States was to pay for this vast acquisition the sum of fifteen millions of dollars. In the treaty of October 1, 1800, be- tween France and Spain, the latter had reserved the right of preference in case France should cede this territory to another power ; but here again FVance could not afford to wait. The treaty was concluded and subsequently submitted to the Spanish cabinet. They complained that no regard had been paid to their reserved right, and for almost a year that court delayed its approbation of the treaty. On the 10th of February, 1804, however, Don Pedro Cavallos, the Spanish minister, wrote to Mr. Pinckney, the American minister, that ''His Catholic Majesty had thought fit to renounce his oppo- sition to the alienation of Louisiana made by France, notwithstanding the solid reasons on which it is founded, thereby giving a new proof of his be- nevolence and friendship to the United States." The important treaty that gave to the United States this vast region, with all its wonderful resources, was concluded on the 30th of April, 1803, and four days later the instru- ments, in French and.English, were signed by the ministers. After affixing their signatures, the ministers rose and shook hands, each expressing his sat- isfaction with the result. Mr. Livingston said : " We have lived long, but this is the noblest work of our whole lives. The treaty which we have just signed has not been obtained by art, or dictated by force ; equally advanta- geous to the two contracting parties, it will change vast solitudes into flour- ishing districts. From this day the United States take their place among the powers of the first rank ; the English lose all exclusive influence in the affairs of America." The first consul, who had followed the negotiation with a lively interest, acquiesced in the result, and said to Marbois : " It is true, the negotiation does not leave me anything to desire. Sixty millions [francs] for an occupa- tion that will not, perhaps, last for a day ! I would that France should en- joy this unexpected capital, and that it may be employed in works beneficial to the marine. This accession of territory strengthens forever the power of the United States ; and I have just given to England a maratime rival that will sooner or later humble her pride." On the 22d day of May, 1803, England commenced hostilities against France by the capture of some of her merchant vessels, and on the same day Bonaparte gave his formal ratification of the Louisiana treaty of cession. In July, the treaty was received in the United States, and on the 20th of October, 1803, it was ratified by the Senate, by twenty-four against seven votes. The country ceded by this treaty, as estimated at that time, exceeded a million of square miles, all occupied by savages, except a few sparse settle- ments, aggregating from 80,000 to 90,000 inhabitants, about 40,000 of whom were slaves. The whites were chiefly French, or descendants of French' 32 THE NOETHWEST TEEEITOBY. Congress, a few days after the ratification of the treaty by the Senate, passed an act making provision for the occupation and temporary government of the territory acquired. Eleven millions of dollars were appropriated as payment for the purchase— the remaining four millions being reserved, ac- cording to. a stipulation in the treaty, to indemnify citizens of the United States who had sustained losses at the hands of the French. The resolution for carrying the treaty into effect was sustained by the House of Represen- tatives by a vote of ninety to twenty -five. Even before the acquisition of Louisiana, it had been a favorite object of President Jefferson to have an exploring expedition sent across the continent to the Pacific Ocean, and in January, 1803, he had recommended an appro- priation for that purpose. The appropriation was made, and the enterprise was placed under the direction of Captains Lewis and Clarke. . The treaty with France," however, was ratified before the exploring expedition was ready to start. On the 14th of May, 1804, Captains Lewis and Clarke, with their companions, consisting in all of thirty persons, left the banks of the Missis- sippi on their long and perilous voyage of two years and three months, to seek out and give to their country and the world some more accurate knowl- edge respecting this vast region of country, of which civilization at that time knew so little. The expedition was -in every way successful, and the report made by Captains Lewis and Clarke enabled the government and peo- ple of the United States to form a better judgment of the immense value of the country acquired. It will be seen that the region acquired by the Louisiana purchase, com- prehended not only the present State of Louisiana, but all the vast region between the Mississippi river and th'e Pacific Ocean, and as far north as the British possessions. The great States of Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Ne- braska, Kansas, the greater part of Minnesota, and several of our great Ter- ritories, are but parts of this purchase. On the 20th of December, 1803, in pursuance of authority given by act of Congress, Gov. Claiborne and Gen. Wilkinson took possession of the Loui- siana purchase, and raised the American flag at New Orleans. The Span- ish authorities there objected to the transfer, but early in 1804 they acqui- esced and withdrew. The newly acquired territory, by authority of Con- gress, was, on the first of October, 1804, divided as follows : All south of the 33d parallel of north latitude, was called the Territory of Orleans, and all north of that parallel became the District of Louisiana, and was placed under the authority of the officers of the then Indiana Territory. It so re- mained until July 4, 1805, when the District of Louisiana was'given a ter- ritorial government of its own. In 1812, the Territory of New Orleans be- came the State of Louisiana, and the Territory of Louisiana become the Territory of Missouri. On the 4th of July, 1814, Missouri Territory was divided— that part comprising the present State of Arkansas, and the coun- try west, being organized as the Territory of Arkansas. In March, 1821, a part of Missouri Territory was organized as the State of Missouri, and ad- mitted intothe Union. On the 28th of June, 1834, the territory west of the Mississippi river and north of Missouri, was made a part of the Terri- tory of Michigan, so remaining until July 4th, 1836, when "Wisconsin Ter- ritory was organized. This embraced within its limits the present States of Iowa, "Wisconsin , and Minnesota. An act of Congress, approved June 12, 1838, created the Territory of Iowa, ambracing not only the present State of Iowa, but the greater part of the present State of Minnesota, and extending northward to the British Possessions. THE NORTHWEST TERKITOEY. 33 i 3.4 THE NOBTHWEST TEEEITOEX; INDIAN WARS IN THE NORTHWEST. Gen. Harmar's Defeat— Gen. St. Clair— His Defeat— Gen. Wayne— His Victory— His Treaties With the Indians— British Posts Surrendered— Death of Wayne — Gen. Harrison— Tecum- se h— The Prophet— Battle of Tippecanoe— Tecumseh's Alliance With the British— Harri- son Appointed Brigadier-General— Perry's Victory— Gen. McArthur— Battle of the Thames — Tecumseh Killed— Peace With the Indians— Indian Titles Extinguished— Military Posts Established at Belle Point, Council Bluffs, and St. Peters— The Ricarees— Gen. Cass— Treaty at Fort Dearborn— Fort Atkinson— Grand Council at Prairie du Chien— Indian Outrages— The Militia Called Out— Gen. Atkinson— Policy of Removing the Indians West —Treaty With the Sacs and Foxes— Black Hawk— He Refuses to Comply With Treaties —Black Hawk War— Battle of Bad Axe— Gen. Henry Dodge— Black Hawk Captured— Taken to Washington— Keokuk— Black Hawk Purchase— Gen. Winfield Scott— Treaties at Davenport— Antoine Le Claire— Removal of Sacs and Foxes to Iowa— Gen. Street— Wapello— Maj. Beach— Sac and Fox Villages on the Des Moines— Gov. Lucas— Gov. Chambers— Visit of Hard-Fish to Burlington— An Incident— Speech of Keokuk. Almost every advance of civilization on the American continent has been made at the expense of more or less conflict and bloodshed at the hands of the savage tribes who were the occupants and owners of the soil prior to the advent of the white man. Passing over the conflicts of the colonists in the early settlements of the East, the later struggles of the pioneers of the '.< Dark and Bloody Ground," and the Indian wars of the South, we shall briefly refer to some of the troubles with the aborigines in the Northwest. "With the opening of the new country to white settlers it was necessary to establish military posts for the protection of the pioneers against the attacks of the Indians. In 1790, all pacific means having failed with the tribes north of the Ohio, President Washington sent Gen. Harmar with a military force against them. After destroying several of their villages, he was defeated in two battles near the confluence of the St. Joseph's and St. Mary's rivers, and not far from the present city of Fort "Wayne, Indiana. In 1781 Gen. Arthur St. Clair was promoted to the rank of major general, and was entrusted with a command against the hostile Miamis. On assuming his command,.the last admonition of "Washington was, "Beware of surprise." Gen. St. Clair marched with his troops to the vicinity of the Miami villages on the Mau- mee. On the 4th of November, 1791, he was surprised in camp on the St. Mary's river, and his force of 1400 ill disciplined men was cut to pieces. He soon after resigned his commission. In this defeat St. Clair's loss was about 600 men. The savages were greatly emboldened by their successes, and it was soon found that more vigorous measures were necessary. The Indians continued to commit outrages against the infant settlements. In some cases, doubtless, the whites were the aggressors, for "Washington in his annual mes- sage of November 6, 1792, recommended more adequate measures "for re- straining the commission of outrages, upon the Indians, without which all faciflc plans must prove nugatory." Attempts were made to treat with the ndians, but the attempted negotiations proved unsuccessful. After the unsuccessful and disastrous campaigns of Generals Harmar and St. Clair, General Anthony "Wayne, who had won distinguished laurels in the war of the Revolution, was, in April, 1792, promoted to the rank of major general, and made commander-in-chief in the war against the western Indians. In August, 1794, he gained a signal victory over the Miamis, near the rapid's of the Maumee, and compelled them to sue for peace. In the same year a fort was erected by his order on the site of the old "Twightwee Village" of the Miami tribe, where the city of Fort "Wayne is now located. It continued to be a military post until 1819. THE NOBTHWEST TEBEITOEY. 35 After his successful campaign of 1794, Gen. Wayne was appointed sole commissioner to treat with the Indians, and also to take possession of the forts still held by the British in the Northwest. He negotiated the treaty of Greenville which was signed by all the principal chiefs of the Northwest. By this treaty the Indians relinquished their title to a large tract of country. That characteristic determination which, during the war of the Revolution, had gained him the sobriquet of "Mad Anthony," impressed the hostile tribes with a dread of him which operated as a wholesome restraint. Gen. "Wayne also took possession of the British posts in the Northwest, which were peaceably surrendered, in accordance with Jay's treaty, and from this time there was assurance of peace on the frontier. He died in the garrison at Presque Isle (Erie), Pa., December 14, 1796. From the date of Wayne's victory up to 1809 the whites maintained com- paratively peaceable relations with the Indians. During this year, Gen. Harrison, then Governor of Indiana Territory, entered into a treaty with the Delawares, Kickapoos, Pottawattamies, Miamis, Eel Eiver Indians and Weas, in which these tribes relinquished their title to certain lands on the Wabash river. About this time the noted chief Tecumseh comes into prom- inence as the bitter opponent of any more grants of land being made to the whites. Tecumseh was a chief of the Shawnees, born on the Scioto river near Chillicothe, about the year 1770. It was said that he was one of three brothers who were triplets. The other two brothers were named Kum- shaka and Elskwatawa. Kumshaka is believed to have died while young, but Elskwatawa became the Prophet who co-operated with the chief in all his plans. His father, Puckeshinwa, had risen to the rank of chief, but was killed at the battle of Point Pleasant, in 1774. In 1795 Tecumseh was de- clared chief at or near where Urbana, Ohio, is now located. In 1798 he went to White river, Indiana, and his brother, the Prophet; to a tract of land on the Wabash. Tecumseh, by reason of his oratory, had great influ- ence over the savage tribes, and his plan was to unite all of them againBt the whites in a conspiracy, similar to that of Pontiac nearly half a century before. For this purpose he visited all the tribes west to the Mississippi, and upon Lakes Superior, Huron, and Michigan. At the same time his brother, the Prophet, pretended to be directed by the Great Spirit to preach against the influence and encroachments of the white men. Their efforts to incite the Indians to hostilities were successful, and they gathered a large force of war- riors, making their headquarters at a stream they called Tippecanoe, near the Wabash river. Meantime Gov. Harrison was watching the movements of the Indians, and being convinced of the existence of Tecumseh's grand conspiracy, had prepared to defend the settlements. In August, 1810, Tecumseh went to vincehnes to confer with the Governor in relation to the grievances of the Indians, but demeaned himself in such an angry manner that he was dis- missed from the village. He returned to complete his plans for the conflict. Tecumseh delayed his intended attack, but in the meantime he was gather- ing strength to his cause, and by the autumn of 1811 had a force of several hundred warriors at his encampment on the little river called by the Indians KetKrtip-pe-ce-rvunk, or Tippecanoe. Harrison, with a force of eight hun- dred men, partly regulars and partly volunteers, determined to move upon the Prophet's town, as it was called. He encamped near the village early in October, and on the night of the 5th of November his camp was furiously 36 THE N0BTHWE8T TEEEITOEY. , % but unsuccessfully attacked. On the morning of the 7th he was again ■attacked by a large body of the Indians, but Tecumseh's warriors were completely routed, but not without a severe and hotly contested battle, and the loss of about 200 of Harrison's men. President Madison, in a special message to Congress of December 12, .1811, speaking of this engagement, says: "While it is deeply lamented that so many valuable lives have been lost in the action which took place on the seventh ultimo, Congress will see with satisfaction the dauntless spirit and fortitude victoriously displayed by every description of the troops engaged, as well as tlie collected firmness which distinguished 'their commander on an occasion requiring the utmost exer- tions of valor and discipline. . It may reasonably be expected that the good effects of this critical defeat and dispersion of a combination of savages, which .appears to have been spreading to a greater extent, will be experi- enced, not only in the cessation of murders and depredations committed on our frontier, but in the prevention of any hostile excursions otherwise to have been apprehended." The result of the battle of Tippecanoe utterly ruined the plans of Tecum- seh, for his arrangements with the different tribes were not yet matured. He was greatly exasperated toward the Prophet for precipitating the war. Had Tecumseh himself been present it is likely the attack would not have been made. The defeated Indians were at first inclined to sue for peace, but Tecumseh was not yet conquered. The breaking out of the war with Great Britain at this time inspired him with new hope, and his next endeavor was to form an alliance with the English. In this he succeeded, and was ap- pointed a brigadier general. He was entrusted with the command of all the Indians who co-operated with the English in the campaigns of 1812-13, and was in several important engagements. After the surrender of Detroit by Gen. Hull, August 18, 1812, Har- rison was appointed to the command of the Northwestern frontier, with a commission as brigadier general. As this was in September, too late in the season for a campaign, he did not assume active operations until the next year, by which time he was promoted to the rank of major general. After • Commodore Perry won his signal victory on Lake Erie in September, 1813, Harrison hastened with his command to capture Maiden. On arriving there late in September he found that Proctor, the British general, had retreated. About the same time Gen. McArthur took possession of Detroit and the Territory of Michigan. Pursuing the British army into the interior of Can- ada West, Harrison overtook Proctor at the Moravian settlements, on the river Thames, on the 5th of October. The British general had an auxiliary force of two thousand Indians under the command of Tecumseh. The battle was opened by the American cavalry under the command of Col. Richard M. Johnson, afterward vice-president of the United States. Early in the engagement Tecumseh was killed at the head of his column of Indians, who, no longer hearing the voice of their chief, fled in confusion. It has been claimed by some authorities that this celebrated chief was killed by Col. Johnson, who fired at him with a pistol. This, however, will remain one of the unsolved problems of history. The result of the battle was a com- plete victory for the Americans, with the capture of 600 prisoners, six pieceB of cannon, and a large quantity of army stores. This decisive victory over the combined forces of the British and Indians practically closed the war in the Northwest, and as a consequence peace * THE NOBTHWJKST TEBBITOBY. 37 with the Indian tribes soon followed. Other treaties were negotiated with the Indians by which they gave up their title to additional large tracts of territory. The settlement of the country progressed rapidly, and again an era of apparent good will prevailed between the whites and Indians. By the end of the year 1817, the Indian title, with some moderate reservations, had been extinguished to the whole of the land within the State of Ohio, to a great part of that in Michigan Territory, and in the State of Indiana. In 1817 Gov. Cass, of Michigan, in conjunction with Gov. McArthur, of Ohio, obtained accession of most of the remaining lands in Ohio with some adjoin- ing tracts in Indiana and Michigan, amounting in all to about 4,000,000 of acres, and in 1819 Gov. Oass met the Chippewas at Saginaw and obtained a cession of lands in the peninsula of Michigan to the extent of about 6,000,000 of acres. The next year a treaty was made at Chicago, then nothing but a military post, called lort Dearborn, with the Chippewas, Ottawas and Potta- wattamies, by which a large additional tract was obtained, which completed the extinguishment of the Indian title to the peninsula of Michigan south of the Grand river. By 1820 a nnmber of military posts were established far in the interior, and among them was one at Belle Point on the Arkansas, at Council Bluffs on the Missouri, at St. Peters on the Mississippi, and at Green Bay on the upper lakes. During the month of June, 1823, Gen. Ashley and his party, who were trading under a license from the government, were attacked by the Ricarees while trading with the Indians at their request. Several of the party were killed and wounded, and their property taken or destroyed. Col. Leaven- worth, who cpmmanded Fort Atkinson at Council Bluffs, then the most western post, took immediate measures to check this hostile spirit of the Eicarees, fearing that it might extend to other tribes in that quarter and endanger the lives of traders on the Missouri. With a detachment of the regiment stationed at Council Bluffs, he successfully attacked the Bica- ree village. The hostile spirit, however, still continued and extended to the tribes on the upper Mississippi and the upper lakes. Several parties of citizens were plundered and murdered by those tribes during the year' 1824. An act of Congress of May 25th of this year, made an appropriation to de- fray the expenses of making treaties of trade and friendship with the tribes west of the Mississippi, and another act of March 3, 1825, provided for the expense of treaties with the Sioux, Chippewas, Menomonees, Sacs and Foxes, and other tribes, and also for establishing boundaries and promoting peace between them. These objects were in the main accomplished, and by the treaties made the government secured large acquisitions of territory. Gov. Cass, in conjunction with Gov. Clark, of Missouri, attended a grand council of the tribes this year at Prairie du Chien to carry out the purposes of the act of Congress last mentioned. During his continuance in office as Gov- ernor of Michigan Territory, Gov. Cass made, or participated in the making of nineteen treaties with the Indians, and by them acquired lands in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, to an amount equal to one-fourth of the entire area of those States. During the summer of 1827, when the commissioners appointed to carry into execution certain provisions of a treaty, made August 19th, 1825, with various northwestern tribes, were about to arrive at the appointed place of meeting, several citizens were murdered, and other acts of hostility were com- mitted, especially against the miners at Fever river, near Galena, by a party 38 THE NOKTHWEST TEBBITOBY. of the "Winnebago tribe, which tribe was one of those associated in the treaty. To quell these outrages the governors of the State of Illinois and the Territory of Michigan, made levies of militia. These forces, with a corps of seven hundred United States troops, under the command of General Atkinson, repaired to the scene of danger. The Indians, overawed by the ap- pearance of the military, surrendered the perpetrators of the murders, and gave assurances of future good behavior. For many years it had been the policy of the government to obtain a re- linquishment of the title of the Indians to all lands within the limits of the States, and as rapidly as possible cause the removal of the tribes to territory beyond the Mississippi. In 1830 the Chickasaws and Choctaws, occupying portions of the States of Alabama and Mississippi, agreed to remove, and in due time carried out their agreement in good faith. The same year a treaty was made with the Sacs and Foxes, by which they agreed to cede their lands to the United States, and remove beyond the Mississippi. The prin- cipal village of these united tribes was located at the mouth of Rock river, on the east side of the Mississippi, near where the city of Rock Island now stands. Here had been an Indian village, according to tradition, for one hundred and fifty years. These tribes had owned and occupied the country bordering on the Mississippi, to an extent of seven hundred miles, from the mouth of the Wisconsin almost to the mouth of the Missouri. The Indians did not seem disposed to comply promptly with the terms of the treaty, and one band, under the noted chief Black Hawk (lfa-ka,4ai-me-she-kia-kiah), evinced a determination to keep possession of their old village. John Rey^ nolds, Governor of Illinois, construed their continued residence in the ceded territory as an invasion of the State, and under his authority to protect the State from invasion, ordered out seven hundred militia to force their re- moval, according to the treaty. This interference of the governor of Illi- nois with the duties belonging to the Federal Government, obliged the com- mander of United States troops in that quarter to co-operate with him, in order to prevent a collision between the State militia and the Indians. Fort Armstrong, on Rock Island, had been established as early as 1816, and when the Black Hawk trouble commenced, was in command of Gen. Atkinson, The Indians were overawed by this imposing military force, and yielding to necessity, crossed the Mississippi. Black Hawk, feeling exasperated at the harsh treatment his people had received, resolved to prosecute a predatory war against the white settlements. He united his band of Sacs and Foxes with the Winnebagoes, under the command of the Prophet Wabo-ki-e-shiek (White Cloud), and in March, 1832, recrossed to the .east side of the Missis- sippi. They murdered a number of defenseless families, and committed many outrages upon the settlers. The whole frontier became alarmed, and many of the settlers fled for safety. The governor of Illinois ordered out the State militia, which being joined by four hundred regular troops, con- stituted a force of about one thousand, under the command of Gen. Atkin- son. They pursued the Indians, and after a campaign of about two months, during which two engagements were fought, the war was brought to an end. The last, and the decisive battle of the war, is known in history as the bat- tle of Bad Axe, being fought on a small tributary of the Wisconsin of that name. This battle took place August 2d, 1832, and the force against Black Hawk was commanded by Gen. Henry Dodge, of Wisconsin. The Indians lost forty of their braves, and Gen. Dodge one. The Indians made but little THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 39 further resistance, and Black Hawk's " British Band," as it was styled, he- came demoralized and fled. They reached the Mississippi and were making preparations for crossing when they were checked by the captain of the steamboat " Warrior," who discharged a six-pounder at them, although they had displayed a flag of truce. The next morning Gen. Atkinson arrived with his army, and made an attack, which the Indians were now powerless to resist. Black Hawk escaped, but was taken by some treacherous Winne- bagoe3, and delivered along with the Prophet, on the 27th of August, to Gen. Street, at Prairie du Chien. Two of Black Hawk's sons, the Prophet and other leaders, were also taken, and by order of the government were con- veyed through the principal cities and towns on the seaboard, in order that they might be impressed with the greatness and power of the United States. For some time Black Hawk was held as a captive, and then through the in- tercession of Keokuk, who had been opposed to the war, and had not par- ticipated in the hostilities, he was allowed to return to Bock Island, and per- mitted to join his people. Treaties were made with the offending tribes by which they agreed to compensate for the expense of the war, by ceding a valuable part of their territory on the west side of the Mississippi, and to immediately remove from the east side. The United States stipulated to pay to the three tribes annually, thirty thousand dollars for twenty-seven , years, and also to make other provisions for their improvement. By this treaty the United States acquired the first territory in Iowa which was opened to settlement, It is what is known as the " Black Hawk Purchase," and embraced a strip of territory extending from the northern boundary of Missouri to the mouth of the Upper Iowa river, about fifty miles in widthj and embracing an area of about six millions of acres. This treaty was made on the 21st day of September, 1832, at a council held on the west bank of the Mississippi river, where the city of Davenport now stands. Gen. Win- field Scott and Gov. John Keynolds, of Illinois, represented the United States, and on the part of the Indians there were present Keokuk, Pashe- pah o, and about thirty other chiefs and warriors of the Sac and Fox nation. Within the limits of this purchase was reserved a tract of 400 square miles, situated on Iowa river, and including Keokuk's village. This tract was known as " Keokuk's Reserve," and was occupied by the Indians until 1836. when it was ceded to the United States. This treaty was negotiated by Gov. Henry Dodge, of Wisconsin Territory, and on the part of the Indians Keo- kuk was the leading spirit. This council was also held on the banks of the Mississippi, near the site of the present city of Davenport. The treaty stip- ulated for the removal of the Indians to another reservation on the Des Moines river. On this an agency was established, where the present town of Agency City, in Wapello county, is located. Out of the " Black Hawk Purchase" was conveyed to Antoine Le Claire, who was interpreter, and whose wife was an Indian, one section of land opposite Bock Island, and another at the head of the first rapids above the Island. General Joseph M. Street, the agent with the Winnebagoes at Prairie dn Chien, was transferred to the Sac and Fox agency on the Des Moines river, and in 1838 took measures for building and making the necessary improve- ments. In April, of the next year, he removed with his family from Prairie du Chien. His health soon began to fail, and on the 5th of May, 1840, Gen. Street died. Wapello, a prominent chief of the Sac and Fox nation, died in 1842. His remains were interred near those of Gen. Steeet. The stone slabs placed over their graves soon after, are inscribed as follows: 40 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. In Memory of GEN JOSEPH M. STREET, Son of Anthony and Molly Street. Born Oct. 18th, 1782, in Virginia; Died at the Sac and Fox Agency, May 5th, 181,0. In Memory of WA-PEL-LO, Born at Prairie du Ohien, 1787 : Died near the Forks of Skunk, March 15th, 181$ — Sac and Fox Nation. Wapello had requested that at his death his remains be interred near those of Gen. Street. After the death of Gen. Street, Maj. John Beach, his son-in-law, received the appointment as agent for the Sacs and Foxes, and filled the position to the satisfaction of the government. Major Beach was born at Gloucester, Massachusetts, Feb. 23d, 1812. After a course of study at Portsmouth Academy, in New Hampshire, he received at the age of sixteen, the appoint- ment of cadet at the West Point Military Academy, graduating in the class of 1832. Receiving his commission as Second Lieutenant by brevet in the First U. S. Infantry, of which Zachary Taylor was then colonel, he was or- dered to duty on the frontier, and was alternately stationed at Fort Arm- strong, Fort Crawford, Prairie du Ohien, and Jefferson Barracks, near St. Louis. His hearing having partially failed, in 1838, he resigned his com- mission in the army, and was, at the time of his appointment as Indian agent, engaged in the U. S. Land Office at Dubuque. He remained at Agency City, engaged in mercantile and literary pursuits until his death which occurred August 31st, 1874. ' At the time of Gen. Street's death, the Indians were occupying their res- ervation with their permanent, or spring and summer villages, as follows : Upon the banks of the Des Moines, opposite the month of Sugar Creek, was the village of Keokuk, and- above were those of Wapello and Appa- noose. The village of Hardfish, or Wish-e-co-me-que, as it is in the Indian tongue, was located in what is now the heart of Eddyville, where J. P. Eddy was licensed by Maj. Beach, the agent, in the summer of 1840, to establish a trading post. Not far from the " Forks of Skunk " was a small village presided over by Kish-ke-kosh, who, though not a chief, was a man of con- siderable influence. Poweshiek, a Fox chief of equal rank with Wapello, still had a village on the bank of Iowa river. It has been remarked above that Keokuk, who was the chief next in au- thority and influence to Black Hawk, was opposed to the war against the whites, and persistently refused to take part in the hostilities. When Black Hawk's attempt to defy the power of the United States resulted so disas- trously to the Indians, and they were obliged to cede still more territory, his influence among his people declined, and that of Keokuk increased. Black Hawk, however, retained a party of adherents, and for some time a THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOKT. 41 sort of rivalry existed between the two chiefs, and this feeling was shared to some extent by their respective friends in the tribes. An incident is rela- ted by Maj. Beach to show how the traders were ready to take advantage of this state of things for their own mercenary purposes. When Gen.Harrison became President in 1841, John Chambers, an ex- congressman of Kentucky, was appointed Governor of the Territory, suc- ceeding Gov. Eobert Lucas. The governor was ex-offido superintendent over the Indians and their agencies. Gov. Lucas had favored the Black Hawk band, whose chief was .Hardfish. Accordingly when the new gov- ernor was appointed, both Keokuk and Hardfish felt that it would be some- thing of an object to gain his favor. The latter desired the new governor to pursue the policy of his predecessor, while Keokuk wished at least an impartial course. Keokuk requested the consent of the agent for him and his principal men to visit the governor at Burlington. As it was the policy of the government to discountenance such pilgrimages of the Indians, Maj. Beach suggested that Gov. Chambers might see proper to visit them at the agency. With this expectation Keokuk chose to wait. The Hardfish band, under the influence of some of the traders, were less patient. They hast- ened to Burlington in a large body, and on their arrival encamped near the town, sending to the governor a written notice of their presence, and a request for supplies. The governor answered, declining to accede to their request, or to hold a council with them. Hardfish and his men returned over their weary journey of seventy miles to the agency, very much dis- appointed. In the meantime the governor communicated with Major Beach, informing him that he would visit the agency soon, and requesting him to use his influence to prevent the Indians from making incursions . through the white settlements. When the governor fixed his time to be present, the bands were all informed, and it was arranged that a grand coun- cil should be held. When the day arrived all the Indians, except the Pow- eshiek band of Foxes, who were so far away on the Iowa river, were en- camped within a convenient distance from the agency. Long before the hour fixed for the meeting, the Hardfish party, arrayed in all their toggery, and displaying their richest ornaments, came in grand procession upon the ground. Having dismounted from their ponies, they formed in file on foot and marched into the agency headquarters, where the governor was to receive them. Hardfish and some of his principal men shook hands with the gov- ernor and then sat down. The reader will remember that at this time the nation was in mourning for the sudden loss of a President by death, and that Gov. Chambers had been one of the warmest and most devoted friends of Gen. Harrison, a fact of which Keokuk was fully advised. Chambers had been aid-de-camp to Gen. Harrison in the war of 1812, and they had ever after been as father and son. Keokuk was shrewd enough to make the most of this. The appointed hour for the meeting had passed, and the governor began to become impatient for the appearance of Keokuk. At last the sounds of the approaching bands were heard faintly floating upon the breeze. After a time the procession marched with slow and solemn tread into view, not ar- rayed in gaudy feathers, ribbons and trinkets, like the Hardfish band,' but with lances and staves wrapped around with wilted grass. No sound of bells responded to the tramp of their ponies, and instead of being painted in vermillion, their faces presented the sombre hues produced by a kind of clay they were wont to use on occasions of solemnity or mourning. Their 42 THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOET. V appearace betokened sadness and affliction. Mr. JosiaL. Smart, the interpre- ter, informed Gov. Chambers that this was a funeral march, and that some one of their principal men must have died during the night. Even Hard- fish and his men were at a loss to account for what they saw, and wondered who could have died. At last Keokuk and his men dismounted and filed slowly and solemnly into the presence of the governor. Keokuk signed to the interpreter, and said : " Say to our new father that before I take his hand, I will explain to him what all this means. We were told not long ago that our Great Father was dead. We had heard of him as a great war chief, who had passed much o! his life among the red men and knew their wants, and we believed that we would always have friendship and justice at his hands. His death has made us very sad, and as this is our first opportunity, we thought it would be wrong if we did not use it, to show that the hearts of his red children, as well as his white, know how to mourn over their great loss; and we had to keep our father waiting while we performed that part of our mourning that we must always attend to before we leave our lodges with our dead." At the conclusion of this speech, Keokuk 'steppped forward and extended his hand. The hearty grasp of the governor showed that the wily chief had touched the proper cord. The result was, that the Hardfish band received no special favors after that, at the expense of the other bands. SKETCHES OF BLACK HAWK AND OTHEE CHIEFS. Black Hawk— Treaty of 1804 — Black Hawk's account of the Treaty — Lieut. Pike— Ft. Ed- wards — Ft. Madison— Black Hawk and the British— Keokuk recognized as Chief— Ft. Armstrong— Sac and Fox Villages — Black Hawk's ''British Band "—Black Hawk War- Black Hawk's old age — His death in Iowa — His remains carried away, but recovered^- Keokuk — Appanoose — Wapello— Poweshiek — Pash-e-pa-ho — Wish-e-co-ma-que — Chas- chun-ca— Mau-haw-gaw— Ma-has-kah— Si-dom-i-na-do-tah— Henry Lott— A Tragedy in Humboldt County— Ink-pa-du-tah— Spirit Lake Massacre— Expedition from Ft. Dodge- Death of Capt. Johnston and William Burkholder. BLACK HAWK. This renowned chief, the "noblest Eoman of them all," was born at the Sac village on Eock river, about the year 1767. His first introduction to the notice of the whites seems to have been in 1804, when William Henry Harrison, then. the Governor of Indiana Territory, concluded his treaty with the Sac and Fox nation for the lands bordering on Eock river. Black Hawk was then simply a chief, though not by election or inheritance, of his own band of Sac warriors, but from that time he was the most prominent, man in the Sac and Fox nation. He considered the' action of the four chiefs who represented the Indians in making this treaty as unjust and refused to con- sider it binding. The territory ceded embraced over fifty-one millions of acres, extending almost from opposite St. Louis to the Wisconsin river. He claimed that the chiefs or braves who made the treaty had no authority to make it, and that they had been sent to St. Louis, where the treaty was negotiated, for quite a different purpose, namely: to procure the release of one of their people who was held there as a prisoner on charge of killing a white man. The United States regarded this treaty as a bona fide transact tion, claiming that the lands were sold by responsible men of the tribes, and that it was further ratified by a part of the tribes with Gov. Edwards and THE NORTHWEST TEEBITOBY. 43 Auguste Choteau, in September, 1815, and again with the same commis- sioners in 1816. They claimed that the Indians were only to occupy the lands at the Sac village on Kock river until they were surveyed and sold by the government, when they were to vacate them. The treaty of St. Louis was signed by five chiefs instead of four, although Black Hawk claimed that the latter number only were sent to St. Louis for a different purpose. One of these was Pash-e-pa-ho, a head chief among the Sacs. Black Hawk him- self thus describes the return of the chiefs to Bock Island after the treaty: , " Quash-qua-me and party remained a long time absent. They at length returned, and encamped a short distance below the village, but did not come up that day, nor did any person approach their camp, They appeared to be dressed in fine coats, and had medals. From these circumstances we were in hopes that they had brought good news. Early the next morning the council lodge was crowded. Quash-qua-me came up and said that on their arrival in St. Louis they met their American father, and explained to him their business, and urged the release of their friend. The American chief told them he wanted land, and that they had agreed to give him some on the west side of the Mississippi, and som6 on the Illinois side, opposite the Jeffreon* that when the business was all arranged, they expected their friend released to come home with them. But about the time they were ready to start, their friend was let out of prison, who ran a short distance, and was shot dead! This was all'myself or nation knew of the treaty of 1804. It has been explained to me since. I find, by that treaty, that all our country east of the Mississippi, and south of the Jeffreon, was ceded to the United States for one thousand dollars a year!" The treaty was doubtless made in good faith on the part of the commis- sioners, and with the full conviction that it was by authority of the tribes. From this time forward Black Hawk seems to have entertained a distrust of the Americans. Although Spain had ceded the country west of the Mississippi to France in 1801, the former power still held possession until its transfer to the United States by France. Black Hawk and his band were at St. Louis at this time, and he was invited to be present at the ceremonies connected with the change of authorities. He refused the invitation; and in giving an account of the transaction, said: " I found many sad and gloomy faces, because the United States were about to take possession of the town and country. Soon after the Americans came, I took my band and went to take leave of our Spanish father. The Americans came to see him also. Seeing them approach, we passed out of one door as they entered another, and immediately started in our canoes for our village on Kock river, not liking the change any more than our friends appeared to at St. Louis. On arriving at our village, we gave the news that strange people had arrived at St. Louis, and that we should never see our Spanish father again. The information made all our people sorry." In August, 1805, Lieut. Zebulon M. Pike ascended the river from St. Louis, for the purpose of holding councils with the Indians, and selecting sites for military posts within the country recently acquired from France. At the mouth of Bock river he had a personal interview with Black Hawk, the latter being favorably impressed with the young lieutenant. Speaking of this interview, Black Hawk himself said: "A boat came up the river with a young American chief, and a small party of soldiers. We heard of them soon after they passed Salt river. 44 THE NOETHWEST TEBBITORY. Some of our young braves watched them every day, to see what sort of peo- ple he had on board. The boat at length arrived at Bock Island, and the young chief came on shore with his interpreter, and made a speech, and gave us some presents. We, in turn, presented them with meat and such other provisions as we had to spare. We were well pleased with the young chief. He gave us good advice, and said our American father would treat 118 \r©ll Lieut. Pike's expedition was soon followed by the erection of Fort Ed- wards and Fort Madison, the former on the site of the present town of Warsaw, Illinois, and the latter on the site of the present town of Fort Madison, Iowa. When these forts were being erected, the Indians sent down delegations, headed by some of their chiefs, to have an interview with the Americans. Those who visited Fort Edwards returned apparently satisfied with what was being done. The erection of Fort Madison they claimed was a violation of the treaty of 1804. In that treaty the United States had agreed that if "any white persons should form a settlement on their lands, such intruders should forthwith be removed." Fort Madison was erected within the territory reserved for the Indians, and this they considered an intru- sion. Some time afterward a party under the leadership of Black Hawk and Pash-e-pa-ho attempted its destruction. They sent spies to watch the movements of the garrison. Five soldiers who came out were fired upon by the Indians, and two of the soldiers were killed. They kept up the attack for several days. Their efforts to destroy the fort being unsuccessful, they returned to Rock river. When the war of 1812 broke out, Black Hawk and his band allied them- selves with the British, which was the origin of his party, at a later date, being known as the "British Band." In narrating the circumstances which induced him to join the British, he says: " Several of the chiefs and head men of the Sacs and Foxes were called upon to go to Washington to see the Great Father. On their return they related what had been said and done. They said the Great Father wished them, in the event of a war taking place with England, not to interfere on either side, but to remain neutral. He did not want our help, but wished us to hunt and support our families and live in peace. He said that British traders would not be permitted to come on the Mississippi to furnish us with goods, but that we should be supplied by an American trader. Our chiefs then told him that the British traders always gave them credit in the fall for guns, powder and goods to enable us to hunt and clothe our families. He replied that the trader at Fort Madison would have plenty of goods; that we should go there in the fall, and he would supply us on credit, as the British traders had done." According to Black Hawk, this proposition pleased his people, and they went to Fort Madison to receive their promised outfit for the winter's hunt, but notwithstanding the promise of the Great Father, at Washington, the trader would not give them credit. In reference to their disappointment, Black Hawk says: "Few of us^slept that night; all was gloom and discontent. In the morn- ing a canoe was seen descending the river; it soon arrived, bearing an ex- ?ress, who brought intelligence that a British trader had landed at Rock Bland, with two boats loaded with goods, and requested us to come up im- mediately, because he had good news for us, and a variety of presents. The express presented us with tobacco, pipes and wampum. The news ran THE U0ETHWE6T TEEEITOEY. 45 through our camp like fire on a prairie. Our lodges were soon taken down, and all started for Rock Island. Here ended all hopes of our remaining at peace, having been forced into the war by being deceived." Black Hawk and his band then espoused the cause of the British, who, as in the case of Tecumseh, gave him the title of "Gen. Black Hawk." But a large portion of the Sacs and Foxes, at the head of whom was Keokuk, chose to remain neutral, as well as to abide by the treaty of 1804. Of this party Keokuk was the recognized chief. The nation was divided into the "war party" and " peace party." Black Hawk maintained his fidelity to the British until the end of the war, and was the intimate friend and sup- porter of Tecumseh, until the death of the latter at the battle of the Thames. At the close of the war of 1812, Black Hawk returned to his village on Rock river, to find Keokuk still the friend of the Americans, and the recog- nized war chief of that portion of the Sac and Fox nation which had re- mained neutral. As stated elsewhere, a new treaty was concluded in Sep- tember, 1815, in which, among other matters, the treaty of St. Louis was rati- fied. This treaty was not signed by Black Hawk, or any one representing his band, but was signed by chiefs of both the Sacs and Foxes,who were fully an thor- ized to do so. This treaty was held at Portage des Sioux,and was a result of the war of 1812, with England. In May, 1816, another treaty was held at St. Louis, in which the St. Louis treaty of 1804 was recognized. This treaty was signed by Black Hawk and twenty other chiefs and braves. The same year Fort Armstrong was erected upon Rock Island, a proceeding very dis- tasteful to the Indians. Of this Black Hawk says : "We did not, however, object to their building the fort on the island, but we were very sorry, as this was the best island on the Mississippi, and had long been the resort of our young people during the summer. It was our gar- den, like the white people have near their big villages, which supplied us with strawberries, blackberries, plums, apples and nuts of various kinds ; and its waters supplied us with pure fish, being situated in the rapids of the river. In my early life, I spent many happy days on this island. A good spirit had care of it, who lived in a cave in the rocks, immediately under the place where the fort now stands, and has often been seen by our people. He was white, with large wings like a swan's, but ten times larger. We were particular not to make much noise in that part of the island which he inhabited, for fear of disturbing him. But the noise of the fort has since driven him away, and no doubt a bad spirit has since taken his place." The expedition which was sent up the river to erect a fort at or near Rock Island, consisted at first of the Eighth United States Infantry, and started from St. Louis in September, 1815, under the command Col. R C. Nichols. They reached the mouth of the Des Moines, where they wintered. In April, 1816, Gen. Thomas A. Smith arrived and took command of the expedition. They reached Rock Island on the 10th of May, and, after a careful exami- nation, the site for the fort was selected. The regiment being left under the command of Ool. Lawrence, the work on the fort immediately commenced. It was named in honor of John Armstrong of New York, who had recently been Secretary of War. After the establishment of the fort and garrison at Rock Island settlements began to be made at and near the mouth of Rock river, on the east side of the Mississippi. Keokuk, as the head chief of the Foxes, with his tribe, in accord- ance with the treaties they had made with the United States, left in 1828 and established themselves on Iowa river, but Black Hawk and his "British 46 THE NOBTHWEST TEBBITOBY. Band" of about 500 warriors remained in their village and persistently refused to leave. The settlers began to complain of frequent depredations at the hands of Black Hawk's people, and feared that the neighboring tribes of Kickapoos, Pottawattamies, and "Winnebagoes, might be induced to join Black Hawk in a war of extermination. Finally, in the spring of 1831, Black Hawk warned the settlers to leave. These troubles culminated in the " Black Hawk War," and the final capture of the chief and some of his prin- cipal men, as related elsewhere. The Black Hawk War ended hostilities with the Indians at or near Bock Island. A garrison, however, was main- tained there until 1836, when the troops were sent to Fort Snelling. The fort was left in charge of Lieut. John Beach, with a few men to take care of the property. After his capture, Black Hawk and several of his principal men were taken to Jefferson Barracks, where they were kept until the the spring of 1833. They were then sent to Washington, where they arrived on the 22d of April, and on the 26th were confined in Fortress Monroe. On the 4th of June, 1833, they were set at liberty by order of the government and per- mitted to return to their own country. In the fall of 1837 Black Hawk, accompanied by Keokuk, Wapello, Powe- shiek, and some forty of the principal chiefs and braves of the Sac and Fox nations, again visited Washington, in charge of Col. George Davenport, who by his influence with the Indians assisted the government in making another large purchase of territory in Iowa. This tract adjoined the " Black Hawk Purchase," and embraced 1,250,000 acres. After Black Hawk's release from captivity in 1833, he seemed unwilling to reside in any of the villages of the tribe. His band was broken up and dispersed, as stipulated in the treaty of peace, and he seemed to seek seclu- sion from his people. While the garrison remained at Bock Island, he usually lived near it, and often put up his wigwam close to the fort, where his vision could take in the beautiful country on the east bank of the Missis- sippi, which had been his home for more than half a century. But the time came when he must go with his people to the new reservation on the banks of the Des Moines. He was then in the waning years of his life, and the other chiefs of the nation seemed disposed to pay him but little attention. His family consisted of his wife, two sons and one daughter. He established his lodge on the east bank of the Des Moines, about three miles below the site of the present town of Eldon. Gen. Street presented the family with a cow, which was a piece of property which exacted much solicitude and care at the hands of Madame Black Hawk. His lodge was near the trading post of Wharton McPherson ; and James Jordan, who was also at that time con- nected with the post, had his cabin within a few rods of Black Hawk's lodge. This was in the summer of 1838, and the old chief who had defied the power of the United States and caused the expenditure of millions of treasure to > subdue him, was nearing his departure for a final remove beyond the power of earthly governments. Near his lodge, on the bank of the river, stood a large elm tree, with its spreading branches overhanging the stream, and flowing from its roots was a crystal spring of pure water. Here during the sultry summer days of that year Black Hawk was wont to repose and dream over the years of his former greatness and the wrongs that his people had suffered. At last, on the 3d of October, 1838, death came to his relief, and, according to the Indian idea, his spirit passed away to the happy hunt- ing grounds. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 47 ^ The remains of Black Hawk were interred by his family and friends near his cabin on the prairie, a short distance above the old town of Iowaville. The body was placed on a board, or slab, set up in an inclining position, with the feet extending into the ground some fifteen inches and the head elevated above the surface some three feet or more. This was enclosed by placino- slabs around it with the ends resting on the ground and meeting at the top^ forming a land of vault. The whole was then covered with dirt and neatly sodded. _ At the head of the grave was placed a flag-staff thirty feet high, from which floated the American flag until it was worn out by the wind. Interred with the body were a number of his prized and long-treasured relics, including a military suit presented by Jackson's cabinet; a sword pre- sented by Jackson himself; a cane presented by Henry Clay, and another by a British officer ; and three silver medals — one presented by Jackson, one by John Quincy Adams, and the other by citizens of Boston. Near the grave a large post was set in the ground, on which were inscribed in Indian characters, emblems commemorating many of his heroic deeds. The gave and flag-staff were enclosed by a rude picket fence in circular form, ere the body remained until July, 1839, when it disappeared. On com- plaint being made by Black Hawk's family, the matter was investigated, and it was finally traced to one Dr. Turner, who then resided at a place called Lex- ington, in Yan Buren county. The remains had been taken to Illinois, but at the earnest request of Black Hawk's relatives, Gov. Lucas interposed and had them sent to Burlington. The sons were informed that the remains were in Burlington and went to that place to obtain them. While there it was suggested to them that if taken away they would only be stolen again, and they concluded to leave them where they thought they might be more safely preserved. They were finally placed in a museum in that city, and years after, with a large collection of other valuable relics, were destroyed by the burning of the building. In the meantime the relatives of the renowned chief removed westward with the rest of the tribe, and were finally lost to all knowledge of the white man. KEOKUK. Keokuk (Watchful Fox) belonged to the Sac branch of the nation, and was born on Bock river, in 1780. He was an orator, but was also entitled to rank as a warrior, for he possessed courage and energy, but at the same time a cool judgment. He had an intelligent appreciation of the power and greatness of the United States, and saw the futility of Black Hawk's hope to contend successfully against the government. In his first battle, while young, he had killed a Sioux, and for this he was honored with a feast by his tribe. At the beginning of the Black Hawk War an affair transpired which was dignified by the name of the " Battle of Stillman's Eun," in which some three hundred volunteers under Maj. Stillman took prisoners five of Black Hawk's men who were approaching with a flag of truce. One of the prisoners was shot by Stillman's men. Black Hawk had also sent five other men to follow the bearers of the flag. The troops came upon these and killed two of them. The other three readied their camp and gave the alarm. Black Hawk's warriors then charged upon Stillman's advancing troops and completely routed them. This failure to respect the flag of truce so exasperated the Indians that it was with great difficulty that Keokuk could restrain his war- riors from espousing the cause of Black Hawk. Stillman's defeat was fol- 48 THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOEY. lowed by a war-dance, in which Keokuk took part. After the dance he called a council of war, and made a speech in which he admitted the justice of their complaints. The blood of their brethren slain by the white men, while bearing a flag of truce, called loudly for vengeance. Said he: " I am your chief, and it is my duty to lead you to battle, if, after fully con- sidering the matter, you are determined to go. But before you decide on taking this important step, it is wise to inquire into the chances of success. But if you do determine to go upon the war path, I will agree to lead you on one condition, viz.: that before we go we will kill all our old men and our wives and our children, to save them from a lingering death of starvation* and that every one of us determine to leave our homes on the other side of the Mississippi." Keokuk so forcibly portrayed in other parts of this speech the great power of the United States, and of the hopeless prospect before them, that his warriors at once abandoned all thought of joining Black Hawk. The name Keokuk signified Watchful Fox. As we have seen, he eventu- ally superseded Black Hawk, and was recognized by the United States as the principal chief of the Sac and Fox nation, which, indeed, had much to do in stinging the pride of the imperious Black Hawk. In person he was strong, fraceful and commanding, with fine features and an intelligent countenance, [e excelled m horsemanship, dancing, and all athletic exercises. He was courageous and skillful in war, but mild and politic in peace. He had a son, a fine featured, promising boy, who died at Keokuk's village on the Des Moines. Keokuk himself became somewhat dissipated during the later years of his life in Iowa. It was reported that after his removal withhis people to the Indian Territory west of the Mississippi, he died of delirium tremens, Iowa has honored his memory in the name of one of her counties, and one of her principal cities. APPANOOSE. Appanoose was a chief who presided over a band of the Sacs. His name, in the language of that tribe, signified "A Chief "When a Child," indicating that he inherited his position. It was said he was equal in rank with Keo- kuk, but he did not possess the influence of the latter. He was one of the " peace chiefs " during the Black Hawk War. During the last occupation of Iowa soil by the Sacs and Foxes, Appanoose had his village near the site of the present city of Ottumwa. His people cultivated a portion of the ground on which that city is located. He was one of the delegation sent toSVashing- ton in 1837, at which time he visited with the other chiefs the city of Boston, where they were invited to a meeting in Fanueil Hall. On that occasion he made the most animated speech, both in manner and matter, that was deliv- ered by the chiefs. After Keokuk had spoken, Appanoose arose and said: " You have heard just now what my chief has to say. All our chiefs and warriors are very much gratified by our visit to this town. Last Saturday they were invited to a great house, and now they are in the great council- house. They are very much pleased with so much attention. This we can- not reward you for now, but shall not forget it, and hope the Great Spirit will reward you for it. This is the place which our forefathers once inhabi- ted. I have often heard my father and grandfather say they lived near the sea-coast where the white man first came. I am glad to hear all this from you. I suppose it is put in a book, where you learn all these things. As far as I can understand the language of the white people, it appears to me THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 49 INDIANS TRYING A PRISONER. 50 THE NORTHWEST TEBBITOBYi. that the Americans have attained a very high rank among the white people. It is the same with us, though I say it myself. Where we live beyond the Mississippi, I am respected Dy all people, and they consider me the tallest among them. I am happy that two great men meet and shake hands with each other." As Appanoose concluded his speech, he suited the action tp the word by extending his hand to Gov. Everett, amid the shouts of applause from the audience, who were not a little amused at the self-complacency of the orator. But few of the incidents in the life of this chief have passed into history. His name has been perpetuated in that of one of the Iowa counties. > WAPELLO. "Wapello, or Waupellow, was one of the minor chiefs of the Sac and Fox Nation. He was born at Prairie du Chien, in 1787. At the time of the erection of Fort Armstrong (1816) he presided over one of the three prin- cipal villages in that vicinity. His village there was on the east side bt the Mississippi, near the foot of Rock Island, and about three miles north of the famous Black Hawk village. In 1829 he removed his village, to Musca- tine Slough, and then to a place at or near where the town of Wapello, in Louisa county, is now located. Like Keokuk, he was in favor of abiding by the requirements of the treaty of 1804, and opposed the hostilities in which Black Hawk engaged against the whites. He was one of the chiefs that visited "Washington in 1837, and his name appears to several treaties relinquishing lands to the United States. He appears to have been a warm personal friend of Gen. Jos. M. Street, of the Sac and Fox agency, and made a request that at his death his remains be interred along side of those of Gen. Street, which request was complied with. He died near the Forks of Skunk river, March 15th, 1842, at the age of 55 years. His remains, with those of Gen. Street, repose near Agency City, in the county which honors his memory with its name. The two graves and the monuments have re- cently been repaired by parties connected with the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, whose line passes within a few rods of tnem. POWESHIEK. Poweshiek was a chief of the same rank with Wapello, and near the same age. He also was one of the chiefs who visited Washington in 1837. When the greater portion of the Sac and Fox nation removed to the Des Moines river, he retained his village on the Iowa river, where he presided over what was known as the Musquawkie band of the Sacs and Foxes. In May, 1838, when Gen. Street organized a party to examine the new purchase made the fall before, with a view of selecting a site for the agency, the expedition ' was accompanied by about thirty braves, under the command of Powesfaiek. At that time the Sacs and Foxes were at war with the Sioux, and after leav- ing their reservation these men were very fearful that they might be sur- prised and cut off by the Sioux. A small remnant of his band make their homo on Iowa river, in Tama county, at this time. He also remained the friend of the whites during the Black Hawk war, and the people of Iowa have honored his memory by giving his name to one of their counties. THE NOETHWEST TEEEITOBY. 51 PASH-E-PA-HO. Pash-e-pa-ho, called also the Stabbing Chief, at the time of the treaty of 1804, and until after the Black Hawk war, was head chief among the Sacs. He was also present in St. Louis at the making of that treaty," and was even then well advanced in years. It has been related that he laid a plan to at- tack Fort Madison, not long after its erection. His plan was to gain an entrance to the fort with concealed arms under their blankets, under a pre- tense of holding a council. A squaw, however, had secretly conveyed intel- ligence to the commandant of the garrison of the intended attack, so that the troops were in readiness for them. When Pash-e-pa-ho and his warriors ad- vanced in a body toward the closed gate, it suddenly opened, revealing to the astonished savages a cannon in the passage-way, and the gunner stand- ing with lighted torch in hand ready to fire. Pash-e-pa-ho deemed " discre- tion the better part of valor ", and retreated. Some time after the plot against Fort Madison, Pash-e-pa-ho made an at- tempt to obtain a lodgement in Fort Armstrong, though in quite a different way. Several of his braves had the year before, while out hunting, fell in with a party of their enemies, the Sioux, and had.lifted several of their scalps. The Sioux complained of this outrage to the Department at Washington, and orders were issued demanding the surrender of the culprits. They were accordingly brought and retained as prisoners in Fort Armstrong, where they had comfortable quarters and plenty to eat during the winter. Having fared sumptuously for several months, without effort on their part, they were re- leased on the payment of a small amount out of the annuities of their tribes, to the Sioux, The next fall Pash-e-pa-ho thought he might avoid the trouble of stocking his larder for the winter. So he voluntarily called on the com- mandant of Fort Armstrong, and informed him that while on a recent hunt he had unfortunately met a Sioux, and had yielded to the temptation to get his scalp. He confessed that he had done a very wrongful act, and wished to save the Great Father at Washington the trouble ot sending a letter or- dering his arrest; therefore he would surrender himself as a prisoner. The commandant saw through his scheme to obtain comfortable quarters and good boarding for the winter, and so told him he was an honorable Indian, and that his voluntary offer to surrender himself was a suflicient guarantee that he would appear when sent for. That was the last that was heard of the matter. Pash-e-pa-ho was never sent for. During the first quarter of the present century the Sacs' and Foxes were frequently at war with the Iowas. The latter had one of their principal villa- ges on tlie Des Moines river, near where Black Hawk died many years af- terward. It was here that the last great battle was fought between these tribes. Pash-e-pa-ho was chief in command of the Sacs and Foxes. Black Hawk was also a prominent actor in this engagement, but was subject to his senior, Pash-e-pa-ho. Accounts conflict as to the date, but the eviden- ces of the conflict were plainly visible as late as 1824. The Sacs and Foxes surprised the Iowas while the latter were engaged in running their horses on the prairie, and therefore unprepared to defend themselves. The result was that Pash-e-pa-ho achieved a decisive victory over the Iowas. Pash-e-pa-ho was among the chiefs present at the making of the treaty of 1832, when the " Black Hawk Purchase " was made. He was very much wiven to intemperate habits whenever he could obtain liquor, and it is prob- ble that, like Keokuk, he died a drunkard. 52 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. WISH-E-CO-MA-QUE. Quite prominent among the Sacs and Foxes, after their removal to Iowa, ■was a man known by the name of Hardfish, or Wish-e-co-rna-que, as it is in the Indian tongue. He was not a chief, but a brave who rose al- most to the prominence of a chief. He adhered to Black Hawk in his hos- tility toward the whites, and when Black Hawk died, Hardfish became the leader of his band, composed mostly of those who had participated in the Black Hawk war. When the Sacs and Foxes occupied their reservation on the Des Moines river, Hardfish had his village where Eddyville is now lo- cated. It was quite as respectable in size as any of the other villages of the Sacs and Foxes. Hardfish's band was composed of people from the Sac branch of the Sac and Fox nation. One John Goodell was the interpreter for this band. The name of Hardfish was quite familiar to the frontier settlers of Southeastern Iowa. CHOS-CHUN-CA. When, in 1834, Gen. Henry Dodge made a treaty with the Winnebagoes for the country occupied by them in Wisconsin, they were transferred to a strip of land extending west from the Mississippi, opposite Prairie du Chien, to the Des Moines river, being a tract forty miles in width. The chief of the Winnebagoes at that time was Chos-chun-ca, or Big Wave. Soon after their removal to this reservation they were visited by Willard Barrows, one of the pioneers of Davenport, who had an interview with Chos-chnn-ca. He found him clothed in a buffalo overcoat, and wearing a high crowned hat. His nose was surmounted by a pair of green spectacles. Mr. Barrows held his interview with the chief just south of the lower boundary of the reservation. Chos-chun-ca was quite reticent as to the affairs of his people, and refused permission to Mr. Barrows to explore the Winnebago reserva- tion, being impressed with the idea that the whites had sent him to seek out all the fine country, and that if their lands were found desirable, then the Indians would be compelled to remove again. Mr. Barrows, however, with- out the chief's permission, passed safely through their territory. MAU-HAW-GAW. The greater portion of the territory embraced within the limits of Iowa, was once occupied by a tribe, or nation of Indians, known in history as the Iowas (or Ioways), who for many years maintained an almost constant war- fare with the Sioux, a powerful rival who lived to the north of them. The Iowas were originally the Pau-hoo-chee tribe, and lived in the region of the lakes, to the northeast, but about the year 1700 they followed their chief, Man-haw-gaw, to the banks of the Mississippi, and crossing over, settled on the west bank of Iowa river, near its month, and there established a village. They called the river on which they established their empire, Ne-o-ho-nee, or " Master of Rivers." For some years they prospered and multiplied, but the Sioux began to envy them the prosperity which they enjoyed, and with no good intentions came down to visit them. Sending to Mau-haw-gaw the pipe of peace, with an invitation to join them in a dog feast, they made great professions of friendship. The Iowa chief, having confidence in their protestations of good feeling, accepted the invitation. In the midst of the THE NOBTHWEST TEEEITOET. 53 feast the perfidious Sioux suddenly attacked and killed the unsuspecting Mau-haw-gaw. This outrage was never forgiven by the Iowas. MA-HAS-KAH. One of the most noted chiefs of the Iowas was Ma-has-kah (White Cloud), a descendant of Mau-haw-gaw. He led his warriors in eighteen battles against the Sioux on the north, and the Osages on the south, but never failed to achieve a victory. He made his home on the Des Moines river, about one hundred miles above the mouth, and must have been some- thing of a Mormon, for it is said he had seven wives. In 1824 he was one of a party of chiefs who visited Washington. He left his home on the Des Moines to go down the river on his way to join his party, and when near where the city of Keokuk is now located, he stopped to prepare and eat his venison. He had just commenced his meal when some one struck him on the back. Turning round, he was surprised to see one of his wives, Eant- che-wai-me (Female Flying Pigeon), standing with an uplifted tomahawk in her hand. She accosted nim with — " Am I your wife ? Are you my hus- band ? If so, I will go with you to Maw-he-hum-ne-che (the American big house), and see and shake the hand of In-co-ho-nee ", meaning the Great Father, as they called the President. Ma-has-kah answered: "Yes, you are my wife ; I am your husband ; I have been a long time from you ; I am glad to see you ; you are my pretty wife, and a brave man always loves to see a pretty woman." Ma-has-kah went on to Washington accompanied by his " pretty wife ", Eant-che-wai-mie, who received many presents, but saw many things of which she disapproved. When she returned, she called to- gether the matrons and maidens of the tribe, and warned them against the vices and follies of their white sisters. This good Indian woman was killed by being thrown from her horse, some time after her return from Washing- ton. In 1834 Ma-has-kah was also killed about sixty miles from his home, on the Nodaway, by an enemy who took a cowardly advantage of him. At the time of his "death he was fifty years of age. After his death all his sur- viving wives went into mourning and poverty, according to the custom of the tribe, except one named Mis-so-rah-tar-ra-haw (Female Deer that bounds over the prairie), who refused to the end of her life to be comforted, saying that her husband "was a great brave, and was killed by dogs", meaning low, vulgar fellows. Soon after the death of Ma-has-kah, his son of the same name, at the age of twenty-four, became the chief of the Iowas. His mother was Eant-che- wai-me, whose tragic death is mentioned above. He also visited Washing- ton in the winter of 1836-7, for the purpose of obtaining redress for injus- tice, which he claimed had been done to his people by the government, in failing to keep intruders from their lands, and in disregarding other stipu- lations of the treaty made with his father in 1825. SI-DOM-I-NA-DO-TAH. When the whites began to make settlements on the upper Des Moines, the region about Fort Dodge and Spirit Lake was inhabited by Sioux In- dians, made up principally of that division of the great Sioux or Dacotah nation known by the name of Sisiton Sioux. When, in 1848, the govern- ment surveys of the lands purchased north of the Eaccoon Forks were in pro- gress, Mr. Marsh, of Dubuque, set out with his party to run the correction 54 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. line from a point on the Mississippi, near Dubuque, to the Missouri river,, In this work he was not molested until he crossed the Des Moines, when on the west bank of the river, he was met by a party of Sioux, under the lead- ership of their chief, Si-dom-i-na-do-tah, who notified Mr. Marsh and his party that they should proceed no farther, as the country belonged to the Indians. The Sioux then left, and Mr. Marsh concluded to continue. his work. He had not proceeded more than a mile when Si-dom:i-na-do-tah. and his band returned and surrounded the party, robbing them of every- thing. They took their horses, destroyed their wagons and surveying instru- ments, destroyed the land-marks, and drove the surveying party back to the east side of the river. This, and other outrages committed on families who, in the fall of 1849, ventured to make claims on the upper Des Moines, led to the establishment of a military post at Fort Dodge in 1850. In the winter of 1846-7 one Henry Lott, an adventurous border char- acter, had, with his family, taken up his residence at the mouth of Boone, river, in what is now Webster county, and within the range, of Si-dom-i-na- do-tah's band. Lott had provided himself with some goods and a .barrel of whisky, expecting to trade with the Indians,, and obtain their furs and robes. In a short time he was waited upon by the chief and six of his braves and; informed that he was an intruder and that he must leave within a certain time. The time having expired, and Lott still remaining, the Indians destroyed his property, shooting his stock and robbing his bee-hives, s Lott and his step-son made their way to the nearest settlement, at Pea's Point, about 16 miles south* and reported that his family had been murdered by the Indians, as he doubtless thought they would be after he left. , John Pea and half a dozen other white men, accompanied by some friendly Indians of another tribe, who happened to be in that vicinity, set out with Lott for- the mouth of Boone river. When they arrived they found that the. family had not been tomahawked, as he had reported. One little boy, however, aged about twelve years, had attempted to follow his father in his flight, by going down the Des Moines river on the ice. Being thinly clad, the little fellow froze to, death after traveling on the ice a distance of about twenty miles. The body of the child was subsequently found. The sequel shows that Lott was de- termined on revenge. . In November, 1853, Lott ventured about thirty miles north of Fort Dodge, where he pretended to make a claim, in what is now Humboldt county, He took with him several barrels of whisky and some goods, and he and his step-son built a cabin near what is now known as Lott's creek in that county. Si-dom-i-na-do-tah had his cabin on the creek about a mile west of. Lott's. In January, 1854, Lott and his step-son went to the cabin of the old chief and told him that they had seen, on their way over, a drove of elk feeding on the bottom lands, and induced the old man to mount his pony, with gun in hand, to go in pursuit of the elk. Lott and his step-son fol- lowed, and when they had. proceeded some distance they shot and killed Si- dom-i-na-do-tah. That same night they attacked and killed six of the chief's family, including his wife and two children, his aged mother, and two young children she had in charge — including with the chief, seven victims in all. Two children, a boy of twelve, and a girl, of ten years of age, escaped by hiding themselves. Some days after, the . Indians reported the murders at Fort Dodge, thinking at first that the slaughter had been perpetuated by some of their Indian enemies. Investigation soon revealed the fact that Lott and his step-son had committed the deed. Their cabin was found burned down, and THE NOBTHWEST TEEBITOEY. 55 a slight snow on the ground showed the track of their wagon in a circuitous route southward, avoiding Fort Dodge. Intelligence of them was received at various points where they had been trying to sell furs and other articles, and where the chief's pony was noticed to be in their possession. Having several days start, they made their way across the Missouri and 'took the plains for California, where, it was subsequently learned, Lott'was killed in a quarrel. It is believed by many of the old settlers of Northern Iowa that this outrage of* Henry Lott was the cause of that other tragedy, or rather series of tragedies, in the history of Northern Iowa, known as the "Spirit Lake Massacre." INK-PA-DTT-TAII. Ink-pa-du-tah, it is said, was the brother, and became the successor, of the chief who was murdered by Henry Lott. He is known to the whites chiefly in connection with the horrible outrages committed at Spirit and Okoboji Lakes in Northern Iowa, and at Springfield in Southern Minnesota. He, in connection with U-tan-ka-sa-pa (Black Buffalo), headed a band of about eighteen lodges of Sioux, who, in the spring of 1857, robbed the settlers and committed the most inhuman outrages, culminating in the massacres of the 8th and 9th of March of that year. During the year 1856 a dozen or more families had settled about the lakes, while along the valley of the Little Sioux river at Smithland, Cherokee, and Liock Rapids there were settlements. Ink-pa-du-tah and his band commenced their depredations at Smithland, and passing up the Little Sioux made hostile demonstrations both at Cherokee and Rock Rapids, killing stock and carrying away whatever they saw proper to take, but committed no murders until they reached the infant settlement at the lakes. There, and at Springfield, a small settlement in Minnesota a few miles northeast, they killed forty-one, wounded three, and took with them as captives four women — Mrs. Howe, Mrs. Thatcher, Mrs. Marble, and Miss Gardner. Twelve persons were missing, some of whose remains were afterward found, having been killed while attempting to escape. Of the four women taken captives, two were killed on their night, Mrs. Howe and Mrs. Thatcher. The other two, Mrs. Marble and Miss Gardner, were some months after, through the efforts of Gov. Madarie, of Minnesota, and the Indian agent at Laqua Parle, purchased from Ink-pa-du-tah by employing friendly Indians to affect the purchase. By this raid and massacre the set- •tlement at the lakes was entirely swept away. All the houses were burned, arid all the stock either killed or taken away. At Springfield the settlers were somewhat prepared to defend themselves, having heard of the slaughter at the lakes. Seven or eight persons, however, were Tailed at Springfield. The winter preceding these massacres had been unusually, severe, and snow had fallen to the depth of from one to two feet.. In March all the ravines were filled with drifted snow, with a thick and heavy crust, so that travel in that region was almost impossible. For this reason those infant settlements were almost cut off from intercourse with the thickly inhabited parts of the country. It was, therefore, some time before the news of the massacres reached Fort Dodge, the nearest settlement. The messengers who conveyed the intelligence were Messrs. Bell and Williams, who lived on Little Sioux river. Messrs. Howe, Snyder and Parmenter, of Newton, who had attempted to relieve the inhabitants at the lakes with provisions, also Upon arriving there found all the settlers murdered. They, too, hastened as rapidly as possible to Fort Dodge and reported. Messengers were at once 5(5 THE NOKTHWEST TEKRITOKY. sent to Webster City and Homer to request the citizens to turn out for the relief of the frontier, and they responded promptly. Those two places fur nished forty men and Fort Dodge eighty. The force of 120 men was formed into three companies of forty men each, under Captains C. B. Kichards, John F. Duncombe, and J. C. Johnston. The battalion was commanded by Major W. Williams. On the 25th of March the battalion started from Fort Dodge, the snow still covering the ground and all the ravines being so gorged with drifted snow that in places it was necessary to cut their way through snow-banks from ten to twenty feet deep. ^ After marching thirty miles ten men had to be sent back, reducing the force to 110 men. In the meantime a force from Fort Kidgely was approaching from the north. The Indians, expecting these movements, had taken their flioht across the Big Sioux river to join the Yanktons, in what _ is now Dakota. The troops, after almost incredible hardships and sufferings for eighteen days and nights, being without tents, failed to get sight of a single hostile Indian. They found and buried the bodies of twenty-nine persons. A number were burned in the houses by the savages, and their remains were foxmd in the ashes. The expedition lost two valuable citizens, Captain J. C. Johnston, of Webster City, and William Burkholder, of Fort Dodge, the latter being a brother of Mrs. Gov. C. C. Carpenter. They were frozen to death on their return from the lakes. Eighteen others were more or less frozen, and some did not recover for a year after. Several years after his death the remains of young Burkholder were found on the prairie, being recognized by the remains of his gun and clothing. When overcome by the cold he was separated from his companions, and his fate was for sometime unknown. From this brief account of Ink-pa-du-tah, it will be conceded that there is no reason to cherish his memory with any degree of admiration. He was the leader of a band comprising even the worst element of the Sioux nation, the best of which is bad enough, even for savages. The germ of the band of Which he was chief, was a family of murderers, known as Five Lodges, who, it was said, having murdered an aged chief, wandered away and formed a little tribe of their own, with whom rogues from all the other bands found refuge. At the time of these hostilities against the whites under Ink-pa-du- tah, they numbered probably over 150 lodges. They were constantly roving about in parties, stealing wherever they could from trappers and settlers. The subsequent career of Ink-pa-du-tah has been west of the borders of Iowa and Minnesota. EAKLY NAVIGATION OF WESTEKN EIVEES. Navigation of the Mississippi by the Early Explorers— Flat-boats — Barges — Methods of Pro- pulsion — Brigs and Schooners — The first Steamboat on Western "Waters — The " Orleans " — The "Comet"— The " Enterprise "—Capt. Shreve—The " Washington "—The "General Pike " — First Steamboat to St. Louis — The " Independence " the first Steamboat on the Missouri — Capt. Nelson — "Mackinaw Boats " — Navigation of the upper Mississippi — The "Virginia" — The "Shamrock" — Capt. James May— Navigation of the upper Missouri— Steamboating on the Smaller Rivers. We have accounts of the navigation of the Mississippi river as early as 1539, by De Soto, while in search of the "fountain of youth". His voyage ended with his life, and more than a hundred years passed away, when Mar- quette and Joliet again disturbed its waters with a small bark transported THE NOKTHWESt TEEEITOET. 57 from the shores of Lake Superior. At' the mouth of the Wisconsin they entered the Mississippi, and extended their voyage to the mouth of the Arkansas. Their account is the first which gave to the world any accurate knowledge of the great valley of the Mississippi river. Their perilous voy- age was made in the summer of 1673. The account was read with avidity by the missionaries and others about Lake Superior, and soon after a young Frenchman named La Salle set out with a view of adding further informa- tion in relation to the wonderful valley of the great river. His expedition was followed by other voyages of exploration on western rivers, but the nar- ratives of the explorers are mostly lost, so that very little of interest remains from the voyage of La Salle to the latter part of the eighteenth century, when the French, then holding Fort Du Quesne, contemplated the establish- ment of a line of forts which would enable them to retain possession of the vast territory northwest of the Ohio river. Regular navigation of the Ohio and Mississippi, however, was not attempted until after the Eevolution, when the United States had assumed control of the western waters. Trade with New Orleans did not begin until near the close of the century. A few flat boats were employed in the trade between Pittsburg and the new settlements along the Ohio river. The settlement of Kentucky gradually increased the trade on the Ohio, and caused a demand for increased facilities for convey- ance of freight. Boatmen soon found it profitable to extend their voyages to the Spanish settlements in the South. Freight and passengers were con- veyed in a species of boat which was sometimes called a barge, or bargee by the French. It was usually from 75 to 100 feet long, with breadth of beam from 15 to 20 feet, and a capacity of 60 to 100 tons. The freight was re- ceived in a large covered coffer, occupying a portion of the hulk. Near the stern was an apartment six or eight feet in length, called "the cabin", where the captain and other officials of the boat quartered at night. The helmsman was stationed upon an elevation above the level of the deck. The barge usually carried one or two masts. A large square sail forward, when the wind was favorable, sometimes much relieved the hands. The work of propelling the barges usually required about fifty men to each boat. There were several modes of propelling the barges. At times all were engaged in rowing, which was often a waste of labor on such a stream as the Missis- sippi. Sometimes the navigators resorted to the use of the cordelle, a strong rope or hawser, attached to the barge, and carried along the shore or beach on the shoulders of the crew. In some places this method was imprac- ticable on account of obstructions along the shores. Then what was known as the " warping " process was resorted to. A coil of rope was sent out in the yawl, and fastented to a tree on the shore, or a. " snag " in the river. "While the hands on board were pulling up to this point, another coil was carried further ahead, and the "warping" process repeated. Sometimes it was expedient to use setting poles, but this method was used chiefly in the Ohio. During a period of about twenty-five years, up to 1811, the mode of conveyance on our western rivers was by flat-boats and barges. It required three or four months to make a trip from Pittsburg to New Orleans. Pass- engers between these points were charged from $125 to $150, and freight ranged from $5 to $7 per 100 pounds. It cannot be supposed that under such circumstances, the commerce of the West was very extensive. Previous to the introduction of steamers on western waters, attempts were made to use brigs and schooners. In 1803 several ships were built on the Ohio, and in 1805 the ship "Scott" was built on the Kentucky river, and 58 THE NORTHWEST TEBBITOEY. in the fall of that jear made her first trip to the falls of the Ohio. "While there two other vessels, built by Berthone & Co., arrived. All of them were com- pelled to remain three months, awaiting a sufficient rise in the river to carry them over the falls. In 1807 Mr. Dean built and launched a vessel at Pitts- burg. This vessel made a trip to Leghorn, and when making her entry at the custom house there, her papers were objected to on the ground that no such port as Pittsburg existed in the United States. The captain called the attention of the officer to the Mississippi river, traced it to its confluence with the Ohio, thence following the latter stream past Cincinnati and Mari- etta, to the new city in the wilderness, more than two thousand miles by water from the Gulf of Mexico! All these vessels were found inadequate for the purpose of trading on the western rivers, and were soon abandoned. They could not stem the current of the Mississippi. They were transferred to the gulf, and the commerce of the rivers was abandoned to Mike Fink and his followers, remaining with them until 1811. In this year Fulton and Livingston opened a ship-yard at Pittsburg, and built the small propeller " Orleans ", which was also furnished with two masts. She was a boat of one hundred tons burthen, and the first steamer that was launched on western waters. In the winter of 1812 she made her first trip to New Orleans in fourteen days. As she passed down the river, the settlers lined the banks, and the greatest excitement prevailed. The flat- boatmen said she never could stem the current on her upward trip. After her first trip, the " Orleans " engaged in the Natchez and New Orleans trade, and paid her owners a handsome profit on their investment. The next steamer was the " Comet ", and she was built by D. French. She carried but twenty-five tons, . and made her first trip to New Orleans in the spring of 1814. Soon after she was taken to pieces, and her engine used in a cotton factory. The " Vesu- vius ", of 48 tons burthen, was launched at Fulton's ship-yard in the spring of 1814, made a trip to New Orleans, and on her return was grounded on a sand bar, where she remained until the next December. This boat remained on the river until 1819, when she was condemned. The "Enterprise" was the fourth steamboat, and was built by. Mr. French, who built the "Comet.,", The "Enterprise" carried seventy-five tons, and made her first trip to New Orleans in the summer of 1814. When she arrived at her destination she was pressed into the service of the army, under Gen. Jackson, then at New. Orleans. She was very efficient in carrying troops and army supplies from, the city to the seat of war, a few miles below. During the battle of the 8th of January she was busily engaged in supplying the wants of Jackson's army. On the 5th of May following she left New Orleans, and arrived at Louisville in twenty-five days. In 1816 Captain Henry Shreve built the "Washington" with many im- provements in construction. The boilers, which had hitherto been placed in the hold, were changed by Captain Shreve to the deck. In September, 1816, the "Washington" successfully passed the falls of the Ohio, made her trip to New Orleans, and returned in November to Louisville. On the 12th of March, 1817, she departed on her second trip to New Orleans, the ice then running in the Ohio slightly retarding her progress. She made the trip successfully, and returned to the foot of the falls in forty-one days— the upward trip being made in twenty-five days. By this time it was generally conceded by the flat-boatmen that Fitch and Fulton were not visionary fools, but men of genius, and that their inventions could be turned to immense advantage on the rivers of the West. Steamboats from this time on rapidly THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 59 multiplied, and the occupation of the old flat-boatmen began to pass away. On Captain Shreve's return to Louisville the citizens gave him a public re- ception. Toasts and speeches were made, and the " Washington " declared to be the herald of a new era in the "West. Captain Shreve in his speech asserted that the time would come when the trip to New Orleans would be made in ten days. His prediction was more than verified, for as early as 1853, the trip was made in four days and nine hours. While these festivities were going on in Lonisville, the " General Pike " was stemming the current of the Mississippi for a new port in steamboat navigation. With a heavy load of freight and passengers she left New Orleans for St. Louis. On her arrival at the latter city several thousand people greeted her as she slowly approached the landing. Steam navigation commenced on the Missouri in 181 9, the first boat being the " Independent ", commanded by Captain Nelson. She ascended as far as Chariton and Franklin, at which points she received a cargo of furs, and buffalo hides, and returned with them to St. Louis. In 1816 Fort Armstrong was erected at the lower end of Rock Island. • On the 10th of May of this year Col. Lawrence, with the Eighth Regiment and a company of riflemen, arrived here in keel boats. Col. George Davenport resided near the fort and supplied the troops with provisions, andalso engaged in trading with the Indians. Most of his goods were brought from "Macki^ naw" through Green Bay, thence up Fox river to the "Portage", where they were packed across to the Wisconsin river, and carried down the Mississippi in what were called "Mackinaw Boats." The navigation of the npper Missis, sippi was confined to keel-boats until 1823, when the first steamboat — the " Virginia " : — from Wheeling ascended with provisions to Prairie du Chien. This Doat was three or four days in passing the rapids at Eock Island* After this, up to 1827, steamboats continued to ascend the upper Mississippi occasionally with troops and military stores. In this year Capt. James May, of the steamboat "Shamrock", made the first voyage with her from Pitts-. burg to Galena. This was the first general business trip ever made on the upper Mississippi by a steamboat. .Capt. May continued as master of a steamboat on this part of the river until 1834. The first navigation of any considerable portion of the Missouri river was that of Captains Lewis and Clarke, when in 1804 they ascended that river in keel-boats, or barges, 1 from its mouth almost to its source. Of late years steamboats have navigated it regularly to Fort Benton. Steamboat navi n gation has also been employed on many of the smaller rivers of the "West, including the Des Moines and Cedar rivers in Iowa. The introduction of railroads has superseded the necessity of depending upon the nncertain nav- igation of the smaller rivers for carrying purposes. The great water-courses, however, will doubtless always remain the indispensible commercial high, ways of the nation. ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE NORTHWEST. Ancient Works — Conjectures — "Works of the Mound Builders in Ohio— Different forms and Classes— Mounds at Gallipolis, Marietta t and Chillicothe— Relics Found— Ancient Forfcifi- oations at Circleville and Other Places-^Pre-historic Remains in Other States— In Iowa- Excavation of Mounds — Elongated and Round Mounds— Their Antiquity— Who were the Mound Builders? , , ' <•■'• Scattered all over the great Northwest are the remains of the works of an gO THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. ancient people, who must have been infinitely more advanced in the arts than the Indian tribes who inhabited the country at the time of the advent of the European. The question as to whether the Indians are the descend- ants of that people, the Mound Builders, is a subject of antiquarian specula- tion. One thing, however, is certain, that a people once inhabited all this vast region who possessed some considerable knowledge of the arts and even the sciences; a people of whom the Indians possessed no knowledge, but whose works have survived the mutations of hundreds, and perhaps thous- ands of years, to attest that they lived, and acted, and passed away. There have been various conjectures of the learned concerning the time when, by what people, and even for what purpose, these monuments of human ingenuity were erected. Their origin is deeply involved in the obscurityof remote an- tiquity. Neither history, nor authentic tradition, afford any light by which to conduct inquiries concerning them, and it is probable that no certainty upon the subject will ever be attained. Brief mention of some of these ancient works cannot fail to interest the reader. They are found distributed over the country generally from the Alleghany Mountains to the Bocky Mountains. They are more numerous and more remarkable, however, in some parts of the country than in others. Some of the most remarkable -fortifications in Ohio are at "Worthington, Granville, Athens, Marietta, Gallipolis, Chillicothe, and Circleville; also, on Paint Creek, 18 miles northwest of Chillicothe, and on a plain three miles northeast of the last named city. In some localities there are both mounds and fortifications, while in others there are mounds only. _ The mpunds vary in magnitude, and also somewhat in shape. Some are conical, ending sharply at the summit, and as steep on the sides as the earth could be made to lie. Others are of the same form, except that they present a flat area on the top, like a cone cut off at some distance from its vortex, in a plane coincident with its base, or with the horizon. Others again, are of a semi-globular shape. Of this description was that standing in Gallipolis. The largest one near Worthington is of the second kind, and presents on the summit a level area of forty feet in diameter. .There is one at Marietta of this kind, but the area on top does not exceed twenty feet in diameter. Its perpendic- ular height is about fifty feet, and its circumference at the base twenty rods. Those in "Worthington and Gallipolis are each from fifteen to twenty feet in circumference at their bases. A large mound once stood in the heart of the city of Chillicothe, but was leveled forty or fifty years ago to make room for the erection of a block of buildings, and in its destruction a number of relics were exhumed. Several smaller mounds were located in the same vicinity. They are found scattered in profusion in the vallies of the Miamis, Scioto, Hocking and Muskingum rivers, as well as south of the Ohio river. One of the largest is near the Ohio river, 14 miles below Wheeling. This is about 33 rods in circumference, and consequently between ten and eleven rods in diameter at its base. Its perpendicular height is about seventy feet. On the summit is an area of nearly sixty feet in diameter, in the middle of which is a regular cavity, the cubical content of which is about 3,000 feet. Within a short distance of this mound are five smaller ones, some of which are thirty feet in diameter. Some of the mounds mentioned, and others not referred to, have been excavated, either by the antiquarian or in the construc- tion of public works, and in most of them human bones have been discov- ered. Most of these bones crumble in pieces or resolve into dust shortly after being exposed to the air; except in some instances, wherein the teeth, NORTH THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 61 jaw, skull, and sometimes a few other bones, by reason of their peculiar solidity, resist the effects of contact with the air. From the fact of the find- ing human remains in them many have inferred that they were erected as burial places for the dead. In some of them, however, which have been ex- amined, no human remains have been discovered, but pieces of pottery, stone hatchets, and other relics, are found in nearly all. Many of these mounds are composed of earth of a different quality from that which is found in their immediate vicinity. This circumstance would seem to indicate that the earth of which they were composed was transported some distance. A striking instance of this difference of composition was first noticed some sixty or seventy years ago, in a mound at Franklinton, near the main fork of the Scioto river. This mound was composed alto- gether of clay, and the brick for the court-house in that town were made of it at that time. In it were likewise found a much greater number of hu- man bones than is usually found in mounds of its size. The characteris- tics mentioned in connection with the mounds in Ohio apply to those gen- erally throughout the Northwest. Not so numerous as the mounds, but more remarkable as involving the principles of science, especially mathematics, are the fortifications, or earth walls, found in many places. They are .commonly supposed to have been forts, or military fortifications. They generally consist of a circular wall, composed of earth, and usually as steep on the sides as the dirt could con veniently be made to lie. Sometimes, though rarely, their form is elliptical, or oval, and a few of them are quadrangular or square. In height they are various; some of them are so low as to be scarcely perceptible ; some from twenty to thirty feet in height, while others again are of an intermediate elevation. The wall of the same fort, however, is pretty uniformly of the same height all around. They are likewise equally various in the contents of the ground which they enclose, some containing but a few square rods of ground, while others contain nearly one hundred acres. The number of their entrances, or gateways, varies in different forts from one to eight or more, in proportion to the magnitude of the enclosure. The walls are mostly sin- gle, but in some instances these works have been found to consist of two parallel walls, adjacent to each other. The forts are generally located on comparatively elevated ground, adjoining a river or stream of water. Their situation is usually such as a skillful military engineer or tactician would have selected for military positions. This fact would seem to strengthen the theory that they were designed and constructed for fortifications. The city of Circleville, Ohio, is located on the site of one of the most re- markable of these fortifications, and from this circumstance takes its name. There are, or were, indeed, two forts at that place, one circular, and the other square, as represented in the diagram on the opposite page. In this, it will be seen that a square fort adjoins a circular one on the east, communicating with it by a gateway. The black points in the square fort, opposite the gateways, show the location of mounds, each about three feet high. The circular fort consists of two parallel walls, whose tops are, ap- parently, about three rods apart, the inner circle being forty-seven rods in diameter. Between these two walls is a fosse, excavated sufficiently deep and broad to have afforded earth enough for the construction of the exterior wall alone, and no more. From this circumstance and others, the earth for the construction of the inner wall is supposed to have been transported from a distance. The inner wall is composed of clay, and the outer one of dirt g2 THE N0KTHWE8T TEBRITOBY. and gravel of similar quality with that which composes the neighboring ground, which is another circumstance quite conclusive of the correctness of the conjecture that the material for the inner wall was brought from a distance. There is but one original opening, or passage, into the circular fort, and that is on the east side, connecting it with the square one. The latter has seven avenues leading into it, exclusive of the one which connects with the circle. There is one at every corner, and one on each side equi-distant from the angular openings. These avenues are each twelve feet wide, and the walls on either hand rise immediately to their usual height, which is above twenty feet. When the town of Circleville was originally laid out,' the trees growing upon the walls of these fortifications and the mounds enclosed in the square one, were apparently of equal size and age, and those lying down in equal stages of decay, with those in the surrounding forest, , a circumstance proving the great antiquity of these stupendous remains of former labor and ingenuity. Of course, the progress of modern civiliza- tion in the building of a city over these ancient remains, has long since nearly obliterated many of their parts. The above is a description of them as they appeared sixty years ago, when Circleville was a mere village, and be- fore the hand of modern vandalism' had marred or obliterated any of the parts. A somewhat minute description of these ancient remains is given, not because they are more remarkable than many others found in different parts of the Northwest, but as an example to show the magnitude of many similar works. Among others in the same State may be mentioned a re- markable mound near Marietta, which is enclosed by a wall embracing an area 230 feet long by 215 wide. This mound is thirty feet high and ellip- tical in form. This mound, with the wall enclosing it, stand apart from two other irregular enclosures, one containing fifty and the other twenty-seven acres, within the larger of these two enclosures there are four truncated pyramids, three of which have graded passage ways to their summits. The largest pyramid is 188 feet long by 132 feet wide, and is ten feet high. From the southern wall of this enclosure there is a graded passage way 150 feet broad, extending 600 feet to the immediate valley of the Muskingum river. This passage way is guarded by embankments on either side from eight to ten feet high. In the smaller square there are no pyramidal struc- tures, but fronting each gate-way there is a circular mound. The walls of these several enclosures are from twenty to thirty feet broad at the base, and from five to six -feet high. Besides these, many similar embankments may be traced in the same vicinity. Squier and Davis, authors of that most elaborate work, entitled "The An- cient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley", estimated that there were in Ross county, Ohio, at least one hundred enclosures and five hundred mounds. They give the probable number in that State at from one thousand to fifteen hundred enclosures, and ten thousand mounds. These estimates are quite likely to be far below the actual number, as their investigations were made many years ago, when large portions of the State were yet covered with for- ests, and before any general interest had been awakened on the subject of which they treated. Among the remarkable fortifications in Ross county is one at Cedar Bank, on the east side of the Scioto river, about five miles north of Ohillicothe. It is of a square form, enclosing an area of thirty- two acres. The west side of this enclosure is formed by the high bluff bor- dering the river at this point. There are two gate-ways opposite each other, one on the north and the other on the south side. Inside of the enclosure, aQg^Qfr&^J-^ <•> _ x « #Hlft-if Hilled Aft Q V k § 1 'jaw* tfiSfttofawti THE NORTHWEST TEBBITOKY. 63 on a line with the gate-ways, there is a mound 245 feet long and 150 feet broad. The form of this work is shown by the diagram on the opposite page. When this work first attracted the attention of Mr. E. G. Squier, Dr. Davis, and others engaged in archaeological research, it was in the midst of a dense forest of heavy timber. Trees of the largest growth stood on the embankments, and covered the entire area of ground enclosed. About a mile and a half below, on the same side of the Scioto, are other fortifica- tions, both circular and square, even more remarkable than the one last de- scribed, on account of the forms and combinations which they exhibit. Another fortification in this county, in the form of a parallelogram, 2,800 feet long by 1,800 feet wide, encloses several smaller works and mounds, which altogether make 3,000,000 cubic feet of embankment. A series of the most wonderfjil and most gigantic of these pre-historic works, is to be found in the Licking Valley, near Newark. They cover an area of two square miles. The works are of such vast magnitude that even with our labor-saving implements to construct them, would require the la- bor of thousands of men continued for many months. "Fort Ancient", as it is called, in Warren county, Ohio, has nearly four miles of embankment, from eighteen to twenty ieet high. Mounds and fortifications similar to those in Ohio are found in all the States' of the Northwest, and indeed, throughout the entire valley of the Mississippi and its tributaries. In the valley of the Wabash, in Indiana, are many interesting remains of the works of the Mound Builders. Near Kahokia, Illinois, there is a mound 2,000 feet in circumference, and ninety feet high. Many remarkable objects of interest to the antiquary are found in Wisconsin. Scattered over her undulating plains are earth-works, mod- eled after the forms of men and animals. At Aztalan, in Jefferson county, is an ancient fortification 550 yards long and 275 yards wide. The walls are from four to five feet high, and more than twenty feet in thickness at the base. Near the Blue Mounds, in that State, there is another work, in form resembling a man in a recumbent position. It is one hundred and twenty feet long and thirty feet across the trunk. At Prairicville there is still another resembling a turtle in shape which, is fifty-six feet in length. At Cassville there is one whiah is said to resemble the extinct mastedon. In some instances these animal resemblances and forms are much defaced by time, while in other cases they are distinctly visible. Fragments of an- cient pottery are found scattered about most of them. Scattered over the surface of Iowa, also, are to be found many of these monuments of a pre-historic race. The mounds especially are numerous, appearing most in that portion of the State east of the Des Moines river, but in a few instances west of it. Groups of mounds are found along Iowa river, in Johnson county, presenting the same general appearance with those in the States east of the Mississippi. Near the mouth of this river, in Louisa county, are the remains of an ancient fortification, with a number of mounds in the same vicinity, which have attracted the attention of the curious. In the vicinity of Ottumwa, Wapello county, are a large number of mounds, several of which have been examined. There is a chain of them in this last named county, commencing near the mouth of Sugar Creek, a small tribu- tary of the Des Moines, and extending twelve miles nortward, with distances between them in some instances as great as two miles. Two of them were excavated several years ago. One of them was about 45 feet in diameter, and situated upon the highest ground in the vicinity. The other was directly Qj. THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOET. north about one-fourth of a mile. Its diameter at the base was about 75 feet. In the center of this last named mound, was found, at the depth of four feet, a layer of stone, with the appearance of having been subjected to the action of fire. There were also found a mass of charcoal, a bed of ashes, and calcined human bones. A number of relics were also found in the smaller mound first mentioned. These examinations were made by several gentlemen of. Ottumwa. Mr. F. C. Eoberts, in a Fort Madison paper, writes of the examination of a mound situated about six miles north of that city, a few years ago. It is located on the brow of a hill, is of an elliptical shape, and small in size, being only about 30 feet long, and fifteen leet wide; its height was about six feet. The mound contained a number of separate compartments, con, 6tructed as follows: First, there was a floor made of limestone, which must have been brought a distance of several miles, as none nearer could have been obtained. This floor was laid regular and smooth, the best stone only being used. Above the floor, with an intervening space of about twenty inches, there was a roof, also made of limestone. The sides of this vault, if it may so be called, seemed to have once had stone walls, but they were more or less caved in. It was also thought that the roof had originally been much higher. The compartments were made by partitions or walls of stone. Each, compartment was occupied by a human skeleton, and articles of flint and stone, as well as some bones of animals. All the skeletons of human origin were placed in a sitting position, with the knees drawn. up, and the head in- clined forward between them. The arms were placed by the side, and some- times clasped around the knees. Besides the human bones, there were those of some large birds and of some animal. Some of these were charred, and were found in connection with charcoal and ashes. There were numerous flint weapons, and small three cornered stones. In Clayton and other counties in the northeastern part of the State, the Mound Builders have left numerous monuments of their existence in that region in pre-historic times. The researches of Hon. Samuel Murdock, of Clayton county, have been extensive and successful in giving to the scien- tific and antiquarian world much information in relation to these works of an ancient people who once occupied our continent. He has collected a vast number of relics from the mounds in that portion of the State. After long and thorough investigation, he gives it as his opinion that in Clayton county alone there are not less than one hundred thousand arti- ficial mounds, including the two classes, the round and the elongated, the latter ranging from one hundred to six hundred feet in length. All of them, so far as examinations have been made, contain more or less skeletons. One which was examined near Clayton was estimated to have contained over one hundred bodies. From investigations made, .the infer* ence is drawn that the elongated mounds are of greater antiquity than the round ones. The skeletons found in the former are in a more advanced state of decay, and in some of them there account THE NOETHWEST TEEEITOET. 75 of the disputed boundary question. Finally, on the 15th of June, 1836, an act was passed " to establish the northern boundary of the State of Ohio, and to provide for the admission of the State of Michigan into the Union, upon conditions therein expressed." One of the conditions was, that if a convention of delegates elected by the people of Michigan for the purpose of giving their assent to the boundaries, as declared and established by the act of June 15th, 1836, should first give their assent, then Michigan was to be declared one of the States of the Union. This condition having been complied with, Congress, on the 26th of January, 1837, passed an act de- claring Michigan one of the United States, and admitting it into the Union upon an equal footing with the original States. Michigan occupies two peninsulas, the southern one lying between Lakes Erie, St. Clair and Huron on the east, and Lake Michigan on the west ; and the northern one between Lakes Michigan and Huron on the south, and Lake Superior on the north. The northern peninsula is about 320 miles in extreme length, from southeast to northwest, and 130 miles in its greatest width. The southern peninsula is about 283 miles from north to southland 2111 from east to west in its greatest width. The joint area of the two peninsulas is 56,243 square miles, or 35,595,520 acres. The northern penin- sula embraces about two-fifths of the total area. The southern peninsula is generally an undulating plain, with a few slight elevations. The shores of Lake Huron are often characterized by steep bluffs, while those of Lake Michigan are coasted by shifting sand-hills, ris- ing from one hundred to two hundred feet in height. In the southern part of this peninsula are large districts covered with thinly scattered trees, called "oak openings." The northern peninsula is in striking contrast with the southern, both as to soil and surface. It is rugged, with streams abounding in water-falls. The Wisconsin, or Porcupine Mountains, form the water-shed between Lakes Michigan and Superior, and attain an elevation of 2,000 feet in the northwestern portion of the peninsula. The shores of Lake Superior are composed of sandstone rock, which in places is worn by the winds and waves into many strange and fanciful shapes, resembling the ruins of castles, and forming the celebrated "Pictured Kocks." The northern peninsula of Michigan possesses probably the richest copper mines in the world, occupying a belt one hundred and twenty miles in length by from two to six miles in width. It is rich in minerals, but rigorous in climate and sterile in soil. Coal is plentiful at Corunna, one hundred miles from Detroit. The State is so surrounded and intersected by lakes as to fairly entitle it to the soubriquet of " The Lake State." There are a number of small lakes in the interior of the State, which add to the general variety of scenery, but are not important to navigation. The Straits of Mackinaw (formerly writ- ten Michilimackinac) divide the southern from the northern peninsula^ and connect the waters of Lakes Michigan and Huron by a navigable channel. There are a number of small rivers, the most important in the southern pe* ninsula being St. Joseph's, Kalamazoo, Grand, Muskegon and Manistee, all emptying into Lake Michigan; and An Sable and Siganaw, flowing into Lake Huron, and the Huron and Eaisin discharging their waters into Lake Erie. The principal rivers of the northern peninsula are the Menomonee, Montreal and Ontonagon. The shores around the lakes are indented by nu- merous bays. Several small islands belong to Michigan, the most impor- tant of -which is Isle Koyale, noted for its copper mines. 76 THE NOBTHWEST TEEKITOET. The climate of Michigan is generally rigorous, except in proximity to the lakes, where the fruits of the temperate zone succeed admirably. The north- ern peninsula is favorable for winter wheat, but Indian corn does not suc- ceed well. In the southern peninsula, Indian corn is produced abundantly y as well as the winter grains. This part of the State is pre-eminently agri- cultural. Portions of the northern peninsula are heavily timbered with white pine, spruce, hemlock, birch, aspen, maple, ash and elm, and vast quantities of lumber are manufactured at the fine mill-sites afforded by the rapid streams. Timber is plentiful also in the southern peninsula, and consists chiefly of several species of oak, hickory, ash, basswood, maple, elm, linden, locust, dogwood, poplar, beech, sycamore, cottonwood, black and white walnut, cherry, pine, tamarack, cypress, cedar and chestnut. Northern Michigan abounds in picturesque scenery, among winch may be mentioned the " Pictured Pocks," composed of sandstone of various col- ors. They extend for about twelve miles, and rise 300 feet above the water. Sometimes cascades shoot over the' precipice, so that vessels can sail between them and the natural wall of the rock. This portion of the State every sea- son attracts large numbers of excursionists and pleasure-seekers, on account of its charming and interesting scenery. The State is named for the lake which forms a part of its boundary, and signifies in the Indian language, " Great "Water." The first white settle- ments were by the French, near Detroit and at Mackinaw, in the latter hall of the seventeenth century ; but these colonies did not progress rapidly. This territory, with other "French possessions in North America, came into possession of Great Britain at the peace of 1763. It remained under the dominion of Great Britain until the American Pevolution, when it became the possession of the United States. The British, however, did not surren- der Detroit until 1796. This region was chiefly the scene of the exploits of the celebrated chief Pontiac, after the expulsion of the French. During the war of 1812, Michigan became the theater of several of the battles ana many of the incidents connected with that war. At Frenchtown, in this State, January 22, 1813, occurred a cruel massacre by the savages of a party of American prisoners of war. Gen. Harrison soon after drove the enemy out of the Territory, and removed the seat of war into Canada, where he fought and gained the battle of the Thames. Lansing, the capital of Michigan, is situated on Grand river, in Ingham county one hundred and ten miles northwest of Detroit. It was selected for the seat of government in 1847, at which time it was surrounded by an al- most unbroken wilderness. The river here affords excellent water power. A new and handsome State capitol has just been completed. Detroit, situated on the river from which it takes its name, eighteen miles from the head of Lake Erie, is the largest city in the State. It was the capital until the removal of the seat of government to Lansing, in 1850. Historically it is one of the most interesting cities in the West. The French had here a military post as early as 1670. Three Indian tribes, the Hurons, Pottawattamies and Ottawas, had their villages in the vicinity. With other French possessions, it passed into the hands of the British at the peace of 1763, and twenty years later it came under the jurisdiction of the United States, although, as stated above, it was not surrendered until 1796. June 11th, 1805, it was almost totally destroyed by fire. Gen. Wm. Hull, first governor of the Territory of Michigan, then projected the city on a new THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOET; 77 plan. On the 18th of August, 1812, this same Gen. Hull surrendered it into the hands of the British, but the latter evacuated it September 29th of the same year. In 1870 the population was 79,577, and since then has rap- idly increased. Among the other important towns and cities in the State, are Grand Rap- ids" Adrian, Kalamazoo, Ann Arbor, Jackson and Monroe. The following table shows the population of Michigan at the close of each decade, from 1800 to 1870 : COLORED. AGGREGATE. 1800. 1810. 1820. 1830. 1840. 1850. 1860. 1870. 551 4,618 8,591 31,346 211,560 395,071 736,142 1,167,232 144 174 293 707 2,583 6,799 11,849 551 4,762 8,765 31,639 212,276 397,654 *749,113 *1,184,059 *The above aggregate for 1860 includes 6,172 enumerated as Indians, and the aggregate for 1870 includes 4,926 enumerated as Indians. WISCONSIN. Wisconsin was formed out of a portion of the Territory of Michigan, but was originally a part of the Northwestern Territory ceded by the State of Yirginia to the United States. On the 12th of December, 1832, a resolution passed the house of representatives directing, a committee to inquire into the expediency of creating a Territorial government for Wisconsin out of a part of Michigan. On the 20 th of April, 1836, an act was passed and approved establishing a Territorial government. On the 20th of June, 1838, an act was passed and approved to divide the Territory of Wisconsin, and to estab- lish the Territorial government of Iowa. June 12, 1838, an act was passed designating the boundary line between the State of Michigan and the Terri- tory of Wisconsin. On the 6th of August, 1 846, an act was passed and approved to enable the people to form a constitution and State government. On the 21st of January, 1847, the people adopted a constitution, and on the 3d of March of the same year an act of Congress was passed and approved for the admission of the State into the Union. By act of May 29, 1848, the State was declared admitted into the Union, to be entitled to three represen- tatives in Congress after March 3, 1849. The extreme length of Wisconsin from north to south is about 285 miles, and its greatest breadth from east to west is about 255 miles. It includes an area of about 53,924 square miles, or 34,51 1 ,360 acres. It is generally of an elevated rolling surface, with a large proportion of prairie. There are no mountains, properly so called, though the descent toward Lake Superior is quite abrupt, and the rivers full of rapids and falls, which afford valuable mill-sites. The great lakes, Superior and Michigan, lave the northern and eastern borders, besides which there are a number of smaller lakes, the most important of which is Lake Winnebago, southeast of the middle of the State. It is 28 miles long and 10 miles wide, and communicates with Green Bay through the Fox or Neenah river. In the northwestern part are numerous small lakes, with clear water, gravelly or rocky bottoms, and bold picturesque 78 THE N0ETHWE6T TEEEITOEY. shores. The rivers generally flow in a southwest direction and discharge their waters into the Mississippi, which flows along the southwest border of the State for more than 200 miles. The most important interior river is the Wieconsin, which has a course of about 200 miles almost directly south, when it changes its course westwardly, and flows about 100 miles further to its junction with the Mississippi. At favorable stages it is navigable for steamboats 180 miles. The Bad Axe, Black, Chippewa, and St. Croix rivers are important streams for floating timber and lumber from the pine region in the northwest part of the State. The streams flowing into Lake Superior are small, but rapid, affording excellent mill-sites. The climate is severe and the winters long, but the State is free from the unhealthy changes which are common farther south. The south and middle portions form a fine agricultural region. "Wheat is the great staple produc- tion, though all kinds of small grain and Indian corn are raised successfully. Large portions of the State are well adapted to grazing and the dairy. The northern part of the State, about the head- waters of the Black and Chippewa rivers, and the sources of the rivers emptying into Lake Superior, has but limited agricultural capabilities, as in that region are many ponds and marshes, and also large quantities of boulders scattered over the surface. There are many objects of interest to the tourist and the lover of the picturesque. The rivers abound in rapids and falls. In St. _ Louis river there is a series of cascades which have a descent of 320 feet in 16 miles. The Menomonee river at Quinnesec Falls dashes down over a perpendicular ledge of rocks 40 feet, and has a fall of 134 feet in a mile and a hall. Among other noted falls are the St. Croix, Chippewa and Big Bull Falls in the "Wis- consin river. Along the rivers are many grand views of bluffs, rising from 150 to 200 feet, and at one place in I&cliland county on the Wisconsin, where it passes through a narrow gorge, the cliffs have an elevation of from 400 to 500 feet. On the Mississippi, in La Crosse county, the rocks rise 500 feet perpendicularly above the water. The great lead region extends into the southwestern part of "Wisconsin. The deposit here is intermingled to some extent with copper and zinc, together with some silver. Copper is found in a number of places, and also some iron ore. The iron ores of the Lake Superior region extend into "Wis- consin. Beautiful varieties of marble are found on the Menomonee river and in other localities. On the upper "Wisconsin river, and other tributaries of the Mississippi, north of the Wisconsin, are vast forests of pine, and immense quantities are annually floated down the Mississippi to supply the markets in other States. Among other forest trees are spruce, tamarack, cedar, hemlock, oak of sev- eral varieties, birch, aspen, basswood, hickory, elm, ash, poplar, sycamore and sugar-maple. Wisconsin was visited at an early period by French missionaries, and a settlement was made in the latter part of the seventeenth century. Madison, the capital of the State, is situated on an isthmus between Lakes Mendota and Monona, 80 miles west of Milwaukee, and 132 miles northwest of Chicago. When the place was selected for the seat of government in 1836, there were no buildings except a solitary log cabin. The State capitol is a fine looking stone building erected at a cost of $500,000, and stands on an elevation seventy feet above the lakes. The city overlooks a charming country, diversified by a pleasing variety of scenery. It has steadily and rapidly increased in population. THE NOBTHWEST TBEEITOET. 79 The great city of "Wisconsin is Milwaukee (called at an early day "Mil- wacky") and next to Chicago may be regarded as the commercial metropolis of the Northwest. It is situated on the west shore of Lake Michigan, about 90 miles north of Chicago. Milwaukee river empties into the lake at this point. The city is situated on both sides of the river, and has one of the best harbors on the whole chain of lakes. The fine water power of the Mil- waukee river is an important element in its prosperity. Being a port of entry, the government has expended large sums in the improvements of its harbor, and in the erection of public buildings. In 1805 Jacques Vieau, a half-breed trader whose house was at Green Bay, visited the country at the mouth of the Milwaukee river for the pur- pose of trading with the Indians. This he did annually until in September, 1818, when he brought with him a young man named Solomon Juneau, who became his son-in-law. The young man established friendly relations with the Indians, and in 1822 erected a block-house on the site of the present city of Milwaukee. He remained for 18 years the only permanent white resi- dent, being visited occasionally by fur traders to whom he sold goods. In 1836, the village which has grown to be a large city, began to appear. • Jun- eau died in 1856, at the age of 64 years, having lived to see the place he founded grow to a prosperous and flourishing city. In 1836 the population was 275 ; in 1840, it was 1810 ; in 1850, it was 1 9,873 ; in 1860, it was 45,286 ; in 1870, it was 71,640; and at the present time (1878) it is estimated at 123,- 000. Among other important towns and cities of "Wisconsin are Racine, Janes- ville, Oshkosh, Fond du Lac, Watertown, Sheboygan, Beliot, Kenosha, La Crosse, Wauwatosa, Manitowoc, Portage City, Platteville, Sheboygan Falls, Beaver Dam, "Whitewater, Port Washington, Green Bay, Mineral Point, Shullsburg, Monroe, Prescott, and Hudson. The following table shows the population of- Wisconsin at the close of each decade from 1800 to 1870: YEAR. WHITE. COLORED. AGGREGATE. 1800 115 30,749 304,756 773,693 1,051,351 635 1,171 2,113 115 1810 1820 1830 1840 30,945 305,391 *775,881 *1, 054,670 I860 1870 *The above aggregate for 1860 includes 1017 enumerated as Indians, and the aggregate for 1870 includes 1206 enumerated as Indians. MINNESOTA. The eastern portion of Minnesota formed a part of the territoiy surrendered by the French to Great Britain at the peace of 1763, and subsequently by the latter to the United States at the close of the Eevolution. The western portion is a part of the territory known as the Louisiana Purchase, ceded by France to the United States in 1803. . It received a Territorial form of gov- ernment under an act of Congress which became a law March 3, 1849, and was admitted into the Union as a State May 11, 1853. The extreme length of Minnesota north and south is about 380 miles, and 80 THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOET. in width is about 300 miles. It embraces an area of 81,259 square miles, or 52,005,760 acres. The face of the country generally presents the appearance of an undulating plain, although it is the most elevated tract of country between the Gulf of Mexico and Hudson's Bay. There are no mountains, but the summits of the water-sheds rise to a height of nearly two thousand feet above the level of the sea. Minnesota is one of the best watered States in the Union, being drained by many rivers and dotted over with immmerable small lakes and some of con- siderable size. The great Mississippi has its humble origin as a mere rivulet in Lake Itasca. This diminutive stream, here but a few feet in width, first meanders in a northeasterly direction, receiving tribute as it passes from a number of other small lakes, when it changes its course to the south, and after meandering a length of six hundred miles in Minnesota, dashes its waters down over the Falls of St. Anthony, then flows along the border of the State two hundred miles further, and thence grandly pursues its course to the Gulf of Mexico. Several tributaries of the Mississippi drain the southeastern portion of the State. The Eed Eiver of the North drains the northern part, passing off into Hudson's Bay. It is the outlet of a number of lakes, among which are Traverse, Otter Tail, and Bed. This river also forms the westboundary of the State for about two hundred miles. That portion of the State sloping toward Lake Superior is drained by the St. Louis and its tributaries. St. Peters, or Minnesota river, has a total length of over four hundred miles within the State. Its principal branch is Blue Earth or Mankato river, which flows nearly north. The St. Peters, Crow- Wing and Crow rivers are tributaries of the Mississippi from the west. Lake Superior forms a part of the eastern boundary, and the Lake of the "Woods a part of the northern. Among other lakes of considerable size are Bainy, Bed Lake, Lake Cass, and Leech Lake. Devil Lake in the north- west part is about 40 miles long and 15 miles wide, and is said to have no visible outlet. Lake Pepin is an expansion of the Mississippi in the north- eastern part of the State, and is a beautiful sheet of water. The State abounds in small lakes which are mostly clear and beautiful. Owing to the multitude of lakes Minnesota seldom suffers from inundations, as they tend to ckeuk the sudden rise and violence of the streams. The climate of the northern part of Minnesota is severe, but in the southern part is not so rigorous as to prevent fair crops of Indian corn from being produced some seasons. "Wheat and other winter grains succeed ad- mirably in nearly all parts. In the valleys of the rivers the soil is excellent, and even the valley of the Bed Biver of the North is regarded as a fine agricultural region. "Wheat is the great staple and the facilities for manu- facturing flour are unsurpassed, as the water power is practically unlimited. A portion of the State is heavily .timbered with pine, and one of the great industries is the manufacture of lumber. Extensive forests of pine grow on the Bum, St. Croix, and Pine rivers, and on the shores of the Mississippi, below Pokegamin Falls. Taken, as a whole, however, Minnesota cannot be called a well-wooded country. The river bottoms furnish some very good growths of oak, aspen, soft maple, basswood, ash, birch, white walnut, linden and elm. In the swamps or marshy places are found tamarack, cedar, and cypress. Minnesota presents to the tourist many natural objects of interest, especially in her grand and beautiful scenery along the Mississippi and around her lakes. St. Anthony's Falls are celebrated, not so much for their magnitude as a THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 82 cataract, as for their geological interest and the wild scenery connected with them. Like Niagara, the falls are divided by an island, with the larger volume of water passing on the west side. This west division is 310 yards wide. The greatest perpendicular fall of water is but 1 6£ feet, but in- cluding the rapids the descent is 58 feet in 260 rods. The rivers of Minne- sota have numerous picturesque falls and rapids, and are in many places bordered with perpendicular bluffs of limestone and sandstone. So far as revealed by geological examination, Minnesota possesses no great mineral or metallic wealth. There is, however, a rich deposit of iron ore in that part of the State bordering on Lake Superior. A thin vein of lead was discovered by the geological corps of Prof. Owen on "Waraiu river and some copper was found, but not "in* place," having probably been car- ried thither by the drift. Stone suitable for building purposes exists in great abundance. In the southwest part of the State is a singular deposit known as "red pipestone." Of this the Indians made their pipes, and the place of its deposit was held in great sacredness by them. It is said that different tribes at enmity with each other, met here on terms of amity and smoked the pipe of peace. Longfellow has rendered this locality celebrated in " Hiawatha." It was here — " On the Mountains of the Prairie, On the great Red Pipe-stone Quarry, Gitche Manito, the mighty, He the Master of Life, descending, On the red crags of the quarry. Stood erect, and called the nations, Called the tribes of men together." The first white men who are said to have visited the country now embraced in Minnesota, were two fur traders in the year 1654. They returned to Mon- treal two years afterward and gave a glowing account of the country. This was followed by the visits of trappers and missionaries, and to the latter we are indebted for the first printed accounts of Minnesota. In 1805 an explor- ing expedition under Pike traversed the country. A military post was established at Fort Snelling in 1819. Excepting a British settlement at Pembina, which was not then known to be within the limits of the United States, no settlements were formed in Minnesota until after 1840. St. Paul, the capital of Minnesota, is in Ramsey county, on the bank of the Mississippi, 2070 miles from its mouth, and 9 miles by land below the Falls of St. Anthony. The first settlement was made about the year 1840. The population has increased rapidly, and as a manufacturing, commercial and business place it has assumed considerable importance. Minneapolis, a few miles above St. Paul, is a rapidly growing city, and is noted for its great water power and manufacturing resources. Among other important towns are Stillwater, Red Wing, St. Anthony, Fort Snelling, and Mankato. The following table shows the population of Minnesota at the close of each decade from 1850 to 1870: YEAR. WHITE. COLORED. AGGREGATE. 1850 6,038 169,395 438,257 39 259 759 6,077 *172,023 *439,706 1860 * The above aggregate for 1860 includes 2369 enumerated as Indians, and the aggregate for 1870 includes 690 enumerated as Indians. THE NOBTIJWEST TEEEITOBY. NEBRASKA.. Nebraska is formed out of a part of the territory ceded to the United States by France by the treaty of April 30, 1804. It was erected into a separate Territory May 30, 1854, the limits subsequently being , greatly reduced by the formation of Dakota Territory in 1861, a right reserved in the act creating the Territory of Nebraska. It was admitted into the Union as a State, March 1, 1867. Nebraska is in its extreme length from east to west about 412 miles, and in breadth from north to south about 208 miles, embracing an area of 75,905 square miles, or 48,336,800 acres. The greater portion of the State is an elevated undulating prairie with a "general inclination toward the Missouri river. There are no mountains or very high hills. The soil is various,, but fenerally fertile, except in the western portion near the base of the. Rocky loun tains. The bottom lands along the rivers are not surpassed in fertility by any in the United States, while the higher undulating prairie is equally productive with that of other western States. When the prairies are once broken they are easy of cultivation, the soil being light and mellow. The staple productions are wheat, Indian corn, oats, and other cereals common to the latitude. The climate is mild, as compared with that of the same latitude on the Atlantic. The summers are sometimes very warm, and the extreme western part is occasionally deficient in rain. Taken as a whole, however, this is destined to become one of the foremost agricultural States in the Union. Nebraska is deficient in native timber, but the older settled portions are dotted over with groves of artificial or cultivated timber, which is so rapid in its growth as to require but a few years to produce enough for the ordinary wants of the settler. The rivers and streams aie generally bordered with f'oves of native trees, including oak, walnut, hickory, cottonwood and willow, long the Missouri river in places are some heavy growths of cottonwood. The Missouri river forms the entire eastern boundary, and is navigable for steamboats throughout the whole extentof that boundary and for hun- dreds of miles above. Amongthe important interior rivers are the Platte, the Niobrara, the Republican Fork ot the Kansas, the Elkhorn, the Loup Fork of the Platte, the Big Blue and the Nemaha. These rivers are so dis- tributed, as, with their numerous tributaries, to afford admirable drainage to all parts of the State, and as a consequence it is free from marshes, conduc- ing to the excellent health for which Nebraska is noted. Bo far as yet revealed, the State is not rich in minerals. Coal, however, has recently been discovered in the southeastern part, in a vein sufficiently thick for mining. Near Lincoln are some salt springs of sufiicient magni- tude to yield large quantities of salt. On Platte river and other streams both limestone and sandstone are obtained of suitable quality for building material. Rapid progress has been made in the construction of railroads in Nebraska. Among them are the Union Pacific and its branches, the Burlington & Mis- souri River and its branches, and others, affording railroad advantages to a large portion of the State, and connecting the principal towns with the mam lines, east, west and south. Lincoln, the capital of Nebraska, is in Lancaster county, in the southeast- ern part of the State. Here are most of the State institutions. It is a thriving young city and is in the midst of a fine agricultural portion of tlic State. Near it, on a little stream known as Salt Creek, are a number of THE N0ETHWE8T TEBBITOBY. 83 salt springs, and considerable quantities of salt have been manufactured. Railroads connect it witb all the great markets of the country. Omaha is the leading commercial city of the State, and is located on the west bank of the Missouri river in Douglas county. It is 18 miles by land above the mouth of the Platte river. The principal portion of the city is situated on gently rising slopes extending from the river to the bluffs. The elevatio'ns are crowned with fine residences, and command pleasant views of the river and valley, with the city of Council Bluffs, Iowa, in the distance. Since the completion of the Union Pacific Railroad it has grown in popula- tion and wealth very rapidly. A costly iron railroad bridge spans the Mis- -souri river at this point. As a produce, shipping and general commercial ?oint it is rapidly growing into prominence. It was the first capital of the territory and State, and takes its name from a tribe of Indians. . Among other important towns and cities are Nebraska City, Columbus, Kearney, Grand Island, Hastings, Plattsmouth, Tecumseh, and Niobrara. The following table shows the population of Nebraska by the census of 1860 and 1870: COLORED. AGGREGATE. I860. 1870. 28,696 122,117 82 789 28,841 122,993 In the agrgTeeate for 1860, the enumeration includes 63 Indians, and in that of 1870, the enumeration includes 87 Indians. MISSOURI. Missouri was formed out of a part of the territory ceded by France to the United States in 1803. By an act approved March 26th, 1804, the French, or Louisiana purchase, was divided, that part embracing the present State of Missouri being at first designated as the District of Louisiana. The name was changed to Territory of Louisiana, by an act passed March 3d, 1805, and again by an act of June 4, 1812, Louisiana Territory was changed to Missouri Territory. By an act passed March 2, 1819, the southern por- tion was detached and organized as the Territory of Arkansas. During the same year the people of the Territory of Missouri, through their Legislative Council and House of Eepresentatives, memorialized Congress for admis- sion into the Union as a State. On the 6th of March following an act was Sssed to authorize the people of the Territory to form a State constitution, issouri being the first State formed wholly out of territory west of the Mississippi, the question of the extension of slavery came up and gave rise to a stormy debate in Congress while the Missouri bill, as it was called, was pending. The propriety and expediency of extending that in- stitution to the new States west of the Mississippi, was powerfully and earn- estly contested, and resulted in a compromise restricting slavery to certain limits, and prohibiting the extension of slavery to certain territory. The bill, however, of March 6th, passed without restrictions. The people on the ,19th of July, 1820, adopted their constitution, which was laid before Con- gress November 16th of the same year. The Senate passed a joint resolu- tion declaring the admission of the State of Missouri into the Union. This was referred to a select committee in the House of Eepresentatives, and on 84: THE NOBTHWEST TEEEITOEY. the lOth of February, 1821, Mr. Clay made a report. The House rejected the resolution, and on motion of Mr. Clay, a committee on the part of the House was appointed to join a committee on the part of the Senate to con- sider the subject and report. On the 26th of February, Mr. Clay, from the joint committee, reported a " Eesolution providing for the admission of the State of Missouri into the Union, on a certain condition." This resolution was passed and approved, March 2, 1821. The condition was that Missouri, by its legislature, should assent to a condition that a part of the State con- stitution should never be construed to authorize the passage of a law by which any citizen of either of the States in the Union should be excluded from the enjoyment of any of the priviliges and immunities to which such citizen is entitled under the Constitution of the United States. What was known as the " Missouri Compromise," was embraced in the act of the pre- vious session, which authorized the people of the State of Missouri to form a State constitution, and consisted of a compromise section in the bill by which slavery was to be forever prohibited in that part of the territory west of the Mississippi (except the State of Missouri), lying north of thirty-six degrees' and thirty minutes north latitude. Thus, after fierce and stormy debates, running through two sessions of Congress, Missouri came into the Union, and the exciting question of slavery was supposed also to have been settled. On the 10th of August, 1821, President Monroe issued his proclamation declaring the admission of Missoiiri completed, according to law. Missouri in its greatest length from east to west is about 285 miles, and in width from north to south, 280 miles. It embraces an area of 67,380 square miles, or 43,123,200 acres. That portion of it north of the Missouri river is mostly undulating prairie and timber land, while that portion south of the Missouri river is characterized by a great variety of surface. In the southeast part, near the Mississippi, is an extensive area of marshy land. The region forming the outskirts of the Ozark Mountains is hilly and bro- ken. West of the Osage river is a vast expanse of prairie. The geological features of Missouri are exceedingly interesting. Coal, iron and several kinds of stone and marble for building purposes exist in great abundance. A vast region, in the vicinity of Iron Mountain and Pilot Knob, produces iron of the best quality, and exists in inexhaustible quantity. It is also found in other parts of the State. There is also lead, which has been mined in considerable quantities. Copper is found throughout the mineral region, but is found combined with other minerals. Silver is also combined with the lead ore. The bituminous coal deposits are mainly on both sides of the Missouri river, below the mouth of the Osage, and extending forty miles up that river. Cannel-coal is found in Callaway county. Missouri possesses the advantages of two of the greatest navigable rivers in the United States — the Mississippi, which forms her entire eastern boundary, and the Missouri, which flows along her northwestern border nearly two hundred miles, and crosses the State in a south-easterly course to its junc- tion with the Mississippi. As both of these rivers are navigable for the ' largest steamers, the State has easy and ready commercial intercourse to the Gulf of Mexico and the Eocky Mountains, as well as up the Ohio to Pitts- burg. Besides the Missouri, the State has several important interior rivers, to-wit : Grand river and Chariton, tributaries of the Missouri river from the north, and the Osage and Gasconade from the south ; also, Salt river and Maramec, tributaries of the Mississippi. The St. Francis and White river THE NOKTHWEST TERKITOKY. 85 drain the southeastern part, passing from the State into Arkansas. The Osage is navigable for steamboats about 275 miles. Missouri as a State has many material resources, fitting her for becoming one of the most wealthy and populous States in the Union. The soil is gen- erally excellent, producing the finest crops, while those portions not so well adapted to agriculture are rich in minerals. The greater portion of the State is well timbered. In the river bottoms are heavy growths of oak, elm, ash, hickory, cottonwood, sngar, and white and black walnut. On the uplands also, are found a great variety of trees. Various fruits, including apples, pears, peaches, plums, cherries and strawberries, are produced in the greatest abundance. Among the staple productions are Indian corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, hemp and tobacco. A great variety of other crops are also raised. The State has an uneven and variable climate — the winters being very cold and the summers excessively hot. Chills and fever are common to some extent along the rivers. The earliest settlement in Missouri seems to have been by the French, about the year 1719. About that time they built what was called Fort Orleans, near Jefferson City, and the next year worked the lead mines to some extent. Ste. Genevieve was settled in 1755, also by the French, and is the oldest town in the State. Missouri's greatest commercial metropolis, St. Louis, was first settled in 1764, the earliest settlers being mostly French. Jefferson City, the capital of the State,, is situated on the right bank of the Missouri river, in Cole county. It is 128 miles by land, and 155 miles by water from St. Louis. The location being elevated, commands a fine view of the river, with the pleasant and picturesque scenery which is presented at this point on the Missouri. St. Louis, the great commercial city of Missouri, as well as of a large por- tion of the Northwest, is situated on the right bank of the Mississippi, twenty miles below the mouth of the Missouri, and 174 above the mouth of the Ohio. It is 744 miles below the Falls of St. Anthony, and 1194 miles above New Orleans. The city enjoys many natural advantages as a com- mercial emporium, being situated nearly midway between the two oceans, and centrally in the finest agricultural region on the globe. With the greatest navigable river on the continent, affording her a water highway to the ocean, and to many of the large inland cities of the country, St. Louis is rapidly and surely going forward to a grand future. Her already great and constantly improving system of railways, is tending every year to open up to her larger fields of business and commercial intercourse. Of late years a strong rivalry has sprung up between St. Louis and Chicago, in regard to nopulation, etc., each claiming to be the third city in the Union. The in- crease of St. Louis since the war has been great, the ascendency being at an *>,nnual rate of about ten per cent. At this increase she is fast earning the "(oubriqnet of the " Future Great City." The site on which St. Louis stands was selected February 15th, 1764, by Laclede, as a post possessing peculiar advantages for collecting and trading In furs, as well as for defense against the Indians. For many years it was bnt a frontier village, the principal trade of which was in furs, buffalo robes, and other collections of trappers and hunters. A great part of the popula- tion was absent during the hunting and trapping seasons, so that the in- fancy of this city was almost a struggle for existence. As late as 1820, the population was but 4,598. The first brick house was erected in 1813. In 86 THE NOBTHWEST TEBEITOBY. 1822, St. Louis was chartered as a city, under the title given by Laclede in in honor of Louis XV of France. In 1830 the population was 6,694, an increase of only 2,096 in ten years. In 1840 the population had reached 16,469; in 1850 it was 77,950, including 2,650 slaves; in 1860 the popula- tion was 160,773 ; and in 1870 it was 312,963. Kansas City, one of the rapidly advancing young cities of the State, is situated on the Missouri river just below the mouth of the Kansas. In 1870 the population was 32,260. Since that time there has been a rapid in- crease, both-in population and business. St. Joseph is one of the flourishing cities, and is situated on the left, or east bank of the Missouri river, 496 miles by water from St. Louis. It was laid out in 1843, and became an important point of departure ibr overland emigration to California and Oregon. In 1870 the population was 19,560, but nas rapidly increased since then. Among the important and thriving towns and cities are Hannibal, Spring- field, Boonville, Lexington, Chillicothe, Independence, Palmyra, Canton, Iron Mount and Moberly. The following table shows the population of Missouri at the close of each decade, from 1810 to 1870 : WHITE. COLORED. AGGREGATE. 1810. 1820. 1830. 1840., 1850. 1860. 1870. 17,227 55,988 114,795 323.888 592,004 1,063,489 1,603,146 3,618 20,845 10,569 66,557 25,660 140,455 59,814 383,702 90,040 682,044 118,503 *l,182,0l2 118.071 *1, 721 ,295 *The aggregate for 1860 includes 20 enumerated as Indians, and the aggregate for 1870 includes 75 enumerated as Indians. • EXPEDITION OF LEWIS AND CLARKE. Organization of Exploring Party — Departure — Osage Indians — Straijge Tradition of the Ori- gin of the Osage Nation — The Missouris — Old French Fort— Artificial Mounds— The Ot- toes and Pawnees— Indian Graves — The Ayauway Indians — Council with Indians at Cow* cil Bluffs — little Sioux River— Death of Sergeant Floyd — Great Sioux River — Red Pipe- stone Quarries — Buffalo and other Animals — Mountain of the Little Spirits — Council with the Sioux — Indian Idols — The Mandans — Winter Quarters — White and Brown Bears- Antelopes — Black Hills — First View of Rocky Mountains — Natural Scenery^-The Great Falls of the Missouri — Shoshones — Sources of the Missouri — Columbia River-r-The Tush-< epaws — Short of Provisions — Pierced-Nose Indians — Down Lewis River — The Sokulks— Great Falls of the Columbia — The Echeloots— Wooden Houses — Fingers as War Tro- pies -Sight of the Pacific — Fort Clatsop — Return — Arrival at St. Louis. In January, 1803, President Jefferson, in a confidential message to Con- gress in regard to Indian affairs, took occasion to recommend, among other things, the organization of a party to trace the Missouri river to its source, and thence proceed to the Pacific ocean. The recommendation was favor- ably considered, and Capt. Merri wether Lewis, was, on his own application, appointed to take charge of the expedition. Wm. Clarke was subsequently associated with him, so that this celebrated expedition is known in our his- tory as that of Lewis and Clarke. The incidents of this long, tedious, and romantic journey are worthy to be related as among the most interesting THE NOBTHWEST TEEKITOET. 87 in the annals of American adventure. At that time all that vast region bordering on the Upper Missouri and its tributaries, as well as the regions bordering on the Pacific, were unknown and unexplored by white men. By the latter part of the year 1803 the party comprising the expedition was made up and ready to start. The highest settlement of whites on the Mis- souri river at that time was at a place called La Charrette, sixty-eight miles above the mouth. At this place it had been the design of Oapt. Lewis to winter, but the Spanish authorities of Louisiana had not yet received official information of the transfer of the country to tbe United States. For this reason the party remained in winter quarters at the mouth of Wood river, on the east side of the Mississippi. Besides Captains Lewis and Clarke, the party was made up nine young men from Kentucky, twelve soldiers of the regular army, two Frenchmen as watermen and interpreters, and a colored servant belonging to Captain Clarke — twenty-six persons in all. A corporal, six soldiers and nine water- men, in addition to the above, were engaged to accompany the expedition as far as the country of the Mandans, as there was some apprehension of at- tacks by the Indians between Wood river and that tribe. Three boats were provided for the expedition. The largest was a keel- boat, fifty-five feet long, drawing three feet of water, carrying one large square sail, and twenty-two oars. The other two were open boats, one of six, and the other of seven oars. The expedition started from the encampment at the mouth of Wood river on Monday, May li, 1804. Captain Lewis, who was at that time in St. Louis, joined the expedition at St. Charles, twenty-one miles oip the Missouri, which place they reached on the 16th. Here they remained until the 21st, when they proceeded on their voyage, reaching La Charrette, the last white settlement, on the evening of the 25th. The village consisted of but seven poor families. On the 1st of June they arrived at the mouth of the Osage, one hundred and thirty-three miles on their journey. The coun^ try bordering on this river was inhabited by a tribe known as the Osage Indians. They had a remarkable tradition among them as to the origin of their nation. They believed that its founder was a snail passing a quiet ex- istence along the banks of the Osage, till a flood swept him down to the Mis- souri and there left-him exposed on the shore. By the heat of the sun he was changed to a man. The change, however, did not cause him to forget his native place away up on the banks of the Osage, and he immediately sought his old home. Being overtaken with hunger and fatigue, the Great Spirit appeared, gave him a bow and arrow, and taught him to kill deer and prepare its flesh for food and its skin for clothing. When he arrived at his original place of residerfce he was met by a beaver, who inquired who he was, and by what authority he came to disturb his possession. The Osage replied that he had once lived on the borders of that river and that it was his own home. While they were disputing the daughter of the beaver ap- peared, and entreated her father to be reconciled to the young stranger. The lather yielded to her entreaties, and the Osage soon married the beaver's daughter. They lived happily on the banks of the Osage, and from them soon came the villages and nation of the Osages.- Ever since they entertained a • pious reverence for their ancestors, never killing a beaver, for by so doing they would slay a brother. It. has been observed, however, that after the opening of the fur trade with the whites, the sanctity of their maternal relations was very much reduced. 88 THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOEY. The next tribe mentioned by the explorers was that of the Missourio, once a powerful nation, but then reduced to about thirty families. They finally united with the Osages and the Ottoes, and as a separate nation became ex- tinct. The Sauks, Ayauways (Iowas), and the Sioux are mentioned as being the enemies of the Osages, and as making frequent excursions against them. On the 26th of June they arrived at the mouth of the Kansas, 340 miles from the Mississippi, where they remained two days for rest and repairs. Here resided the tribe of Indians of the same name, and had two villages not far from the mouth of the river. This tribe at that time had been re- duced by the Sauks and Ayauways to only about three hundred men. The party at this stage of their journey, saw numerous buffalo on the prairies. On the 2d of July the party passed Bear Medicine Island, near which were the remains of an old tort, built by the French, the ruins of the chimneys and the general outline of the fortification being visible. On the 8th of July they reached the mouth of the Nodawa. The river is mentioned as navigable for boats some distance. On the 11th they landed at the mouth ol the Nemahaw. Mention is made of several artificial mounds on the Ne- mahaw, about two miles up the stream at the mouth of a small creek. From the top of the highest mound there was a fine view of the country. On the 14th they passed the Nishnahbatona river, finding it to be only three hundred yards from the Missouri at a distance of twelve miles from its mouth. Platte river and other streams, both in Iowa and Nebraska, are men- tioned and the country described with great accuracy. Along in this part of the country were the first elk they had seen. On the 22d oi> July the explorers encamped on the north (Iowa) side of the river, ten miles above the mouth of the Platte river, to make observa- tions and to hold an interview with the neighboring tribes. They remained here in camp until the 27th. Among the streams mentioned in this vicin- ity are the Papillon, Butterfly Creek and Moscheto Creek, the last named being a small stream near Council Bluffs. In mentioning them we use the orthography of the explorers, which in some instances diners from that now in use. The Indians who occupied the country about the mouth of Platte river at this time were the Ottoes and Pawnees. The Ottoes were much reduced, and formerly lived about twenty miles above the Platte on the Nebraska side of the river. They lived at this time under the protection of the Pawnees. The latter were also much dispersed and broken. One band of the nation formerly lived on the Republican branch of the Kanzas River. Another band were the Pawnee Loups, or Wolf Pawnees, who re- sided on the Wolf fork of the Platte. Another band originally resided on the Kanzas and Arkansaw, but in their wars with the Osages they were often defeated and retired to the Red river. Various other tribes living fur- ther west, are mentioned. On the 27th they continued their journey, and about ten leagues from their encampment, on the south (Nebraska) side of the river, they saw and examined a curious collection of graves, or mounds. They were of different heights, shapes and sizes. Some were of sand, and others of both earth and sand. They were snpposed to indicate the position of the ancient village of the Ottoes before they retired to the protection of the Pawnees. On the 29th they passed the spot where the Ayauway Indians, a branch of the Ottoes, once lived, and who had emigrated from that place to the Des Moines. Mention is here made of an interview with one of the Missouri Indians who lived with the Ottoes, and the resemblance of his language to that of the Osages, particularly in calling a chief inca. THE NOBTHWEST TERRITORY. 89 On the 30th of July the party encamped on the south (Nebraska) side ot the river._ At that place next to the river was a plain, and back of it a wooded ridge, rising about seventy feet above the plain. At the edge of this ridge they formed their camp, and sent an invitation to the Indians to meet them. From the bluffs at this point they mention a most beautiful view of the river and adjoining country. The latitude of the camp was de- termined by observation to be 41 degrees 18 minutes and 14 seconds. The messenger sent to invite the Ottoes returned on the evening of the 2d of August, with fourteen Ottoe and Missouri Indians, accompanied by a French- man who resided among them, and who acted as interpreter. Lewis and Clarke made them presents of pork, flour and meal, and the Indians returned presents of watermelons. The next morning (Aug. 3d) a council was held with the six chiefs who were of the party of Indians; they were told of the change in the government, and promised protection and advised as to their future con- duct. All the chiefs expressed their joy at the change in the government, and wished to be recommended to the Great Father (the President) that they might obtain trade and necessaries. They asked the mediation of the Great Tather between them and the Mahas (Omahas), with whom they were then at war. At the conclusion of the council medals and other presents were given to the chiefs, and also some presents to the other Indians who were with them. The grand chief of the Ottoes was not present, but to him was sent a flag, a medal, and some ornaments for clothing. The ex- plorers gave to the place where this council was held the name of Council Bluffs. The reader will remember, however, that it was above the present city of Council Bluffs, Iowa, and was on the Nebraska side of the river. On the afternoon of the 3d of August they resumed their journey, and on the 7th arrived at the mouth of a river on the north side, called by the Sioux Indians, Eaneahwadepon (Stone river), and by the French, Petite Hiviere des Sioux, or in English, Little Sioux river. The explorers were informed by their interpreter (M. Durion)that this river rises within about nine miles of the Des Moines ; that within fifteen leagues of that river it passes through a large lake, nearly sixty miles in circumference, and divided into two parts by rocks, which approach each other very closely. Its width is various; it contains many islands, and is known by the name of Lao d' Esprit — Spirit Lake. The country watered by it is open and undulating, and may be visited in boats up the river for some distance. The interpreter further added that the Des Moines was about eighty yards wide where the Little Sioux ap- proaches it; that it was shoally, and that one of its principal branches was called Cat river. The interpreter claimed to have been to the sources of the Little Sioux, and those who are familiar with the country about Spirit Lake, will concede that he described it quite accurately. The explorers speak of a long island two miles above the mouth of the Little Sioux, which they named Pelican island, from the large number of pelicans which were feeding on it, one of which they killed. They also killed an elk. On the 10th they passed the first highland near the river, after leaving their encampment at Council Bluffs. Not far from this, on a high bluff, was the grave of Blackbird, one of the great chiefs of the Mahas, who had died of small-pox four years be- fore. The grave was marked by a mound twelve feet in diameter at the base, and six feet high, and was on an elevation about 300 feet above the water. In the center of the grave was a pole eight feet high. Near this the Mahas had a village, and lost four hundred men of their nation, and a like proportion of women and children by the small-pox at the time that Blackbird died. 90 THE NORTHWEST TEBBITORY. After this dreadful scourge they burned their village, which had consisted of three hundred cabins. On a hill at the rear of the place where the village stood were the graves of the nation. On the evening of the 18th the ex- plorers were again visited at their camp by a party of Ottoes and Missouris, who entertained them with a dance. The professed object of their visit was to ask intercession for promoting peace between them and the Mahas,. but probably the real object was to share a portion of the strangers' provisions and liquors. The next day, August 20th, after passing a couple of islands, they landed on the north side of the river, under some bluffs — the first near the river on that side after leaving the Ayauway village. It was here that the party -had the misfortune to lose one of their men — Sergeant Charles Floyd. He had the day before been siezed with a billious colic. Before his death he said.to, Captain Clarke, "I am going to leave you; I want you to write me a letter." Soon after making this request the brave soldier passed away. He was buried on the top of the bluff, with honors due to a soldier. The place of his inter- ment was marked by a cedar post, on which his name and the day of bis death were inscribed., About a mile further up on the same side of the Mis-, souri, they came to a small river, to which they gave the name of Floyd.river, in honor of their deceased companion. The place of the burial of Sergeant Floyd was but a short distance below where Sioux City now stands. During a great freshet in the spring of 1857, the Missouri river washed away a por- tion of the bluff, exposing the remains of the soldier. The citizens of Sioux City and vicinity repaired to the place, and with appropriate ceremonies,, re- intorred them some distance back from the river on the same bluff.; The same cedar post planted by his companions over his grave on that summer day more than hah' a century before, remained to mark the place of inter- ment up to 1857, although during nearly all this time the country had been inhabited only by savages. On the 21st of August the expedition passed the site where Sioux City now stands, and noted in their journal the confluence of the Great Sioux river with the Missouri. From their interpreter, M. Durion, they received an account of the Great Sioux river. He stated that it was navigable for more than two hundred miles, to the great falls, and even beyond them. The reader will remember that this was before the time of steamboats -on western waters. He mentioned a creek that emptied into the Great Sioux below the falls, which passed through cliffs of red rock, out of which the Indians made their pipes ; that the necessity for procuring that article had caused the intro- duction of a law among the nations, by which the banks of that creek were held to be sacred, and even tribes at war met at the quarries without hos- tility. These were what are now known as the " Bed Pipestone Quarries," in southwestern Minnesota. A few miles above the mouth of the Great Sioux, on the north, or Dakota side of the river, they killed a buffalo, a deer and a beaver. They also saw some elk. The place where the buffalo was killed they described as a beau- tiful prairie, and gave it the name of Buffalo Prairie. ' They mention on the south side of the river, a bluff of blue clay, rising to the height of 180 or 190 feet. Several miles from this, on the south side of the river, Captains Lewis and Clarke, with ten of their men, went to see a mound regarded with great terror by the Indians, and called by them the Mountain of the.Litle Spirits. They believed it was the abode of little devils in human form, eighteen inches high, and having large heads; that they had sharp arrows, THE NOBTHWEST TEEBITOKT. 91 and were always on the watch to kill those who might approach their place of residence. The Sioux, Mahas' and Ottoes never would visit the hill or mound for fear of the vengeance of the Little Spirits. The mound, though extraordinary in its formation, they did not regard as artificial. From its top they could see large herds of buffalo feeding at a distance. On the 26th they passed the mouth of Yankton river, and, on landing, were met by several Indians, who informed them that a large body of Sioux were encamped near. On the 30th and 31st they held a council with the Sioux, and smoked with them the pipe of peace. The Indians exhibited their skill in dancing and various other amusements to entertain their vis- itors. These Indians were the Yankton tribe of the Sioux nation. Their grand chief was We-u-cha, or in English, Shake Rand. Speeches were made and presents exchanged. On the 1st of September the explorers passed Calumet Bluffs, and the next day Bonhomme Island, near which they visited some ancient earth- works, or fortifications, on the south, or Nebraska, side of the Missouri. They made a minute and careful examination of these works. They embraced nearly five hundred acres. A day or two after, on a hill to the south, near Cedar Island, they discovered the backbone of a fish, 45 feet long, in a perfect state of petrifaction. After several conferences with different tribes, and observations in regard to the country, its formation, and the different animals seen, on the 13th of October they reached a small stream on the north side, to which they gave the name of Idol Creek. Near its mouth were two stones resembling human figures, and a third like a dog. These were objects of great veneration among the Kicaras (Kicarees), who occupied the country in that vicinity. They had a legend that a young brave was deeply enamored with a girl whose parents refused their consent to the marriage. The young brave went out into the fields to mourn his misfortunes, and a sympathy of feeling led the lady to the same spot. The faithful dog would not cease to. follow his master. The lovers wandered away together with nothing to subsist on but grapes, and they were at last changed into stone, with the lady holding in her hands a bunch of grapes. When the Kicaras pass these sacred stones, they stop to make offerings of dress to propitiate the deities, as they regard them. Such was the account given to Lewis and Clarke, by the Eicara chief. As they found here a great abundance of fine grapes, they regarded one part of the story as very agreeably confirmed. On the 19th they reached the ruins of one of the Mandan villages. It had been fortified. This, they were informed by the Eicara chief, was one of several villages once occupied by the Mandans until the Sioux forced them forty miles higher up the river. In this vicinity they counted no less than 52 herds of buffalo, and 3 herds of elk at a single view. About the 1st of November, 1804, the expedition reached the country of the Mandans, where they went into winter quarters. These Indians had raised considerable corn, some of which they presen ted to the party. During the winter they obtained a great deal of information in regard to the history, traditions, and manners and customs, not only of this peculiar and remark- able nation, but of other tribes Their huts, or cabins, were all completed by the 20th of the month, and the place was named Fort Mandan. It was on the north side of the Missouri, in a grove of cottonwood. The place, as ascertained by observation, was in latitude 47 deg., 21 min. and 47 sec, and the computed distance from the mouth of the Missouri was 1600 miles. 92 THE NOBTHWEST TEEEITOET. During the winter they were visited by a great many Indians of the Man- dan and other tribes.' A few French and traders of the Northwest Fur Company also visited them. The party remained at Fort Mandan until April 7, 1805, when they resumed their journey. There were then thirty-two_ persons in the expe- dition, some of the party having returned to St. Louis. In this portion of the country they began to see numbers of white bear, antelope, and other animals, which they nad not seer lower down on the river. On the 12th they arrived at the mouth of the Little Missouri, near which they found large quantities of small onions, about the size of a bullet, of an oval form and white. The next day they passed a small stream to which they gave the name of Onion Creek, from the great abundance of that vegetable growing near it. Along this part of the Missouri were large numbers of bald eagles, and also many geese and brant. Numerous deserted Indian lodges were noticed, which they supposed to have belonged to the Assiniboins, as there were the remains of small kegs. That tribe was the only one in this region that then used spirituous liquors. They obtained it from the traders of the Hudson Bay Company, bartering their furs for it. Here many plants and aromatic herbs are mentioned, and some resembling in taste and smell sage, hyssop, wormwood and juniper. On the 26th they camped at the mouth of the Yellowstone, where game of various kinds was very abundant. Frequent mention is made of the burned hills along that part of the Missouri for some distance above and below the Yellowstone. Among the animals killed by the hunters of the expedition in this part of the voyage were several brown bears. On the evening of the 14th of May the men in one of the canoes discovered a large brown bear lying in the open grounds about three hundred yards from the river. Six of them, all good hunters, went to attack him, and, concealing themselves by a smatl eminence, four of them fired at a distance of about forty paces. Each of them lodged a ball in the bear's body, two of them directly through the lungs. The animal sprang up and • ran open-mouthed toward them. As he came near, the two hunters who had reserved their fire, gave him two more wounds, one of which, breaking his shoulder, retarded his motion for a moment. Before they could reload he was so near upon them that they were obliged to run to the river, the bear almost overtaking them. Two of the men sprang into the canoe, and the others concealed themselves in some willows and fired as fast as they could reload, striking him several times. The shots seemed only to direct him toward the hunters, till at last he pursued two of them so closely that they threw aside their guns and pouches, and jumped twenty feet down a perpen- dicular bank into the river. The bear sprang after them, and was within a few feet of the hindmost when one of the hunters on shore shot him in the head, and finally killed him. They dragged the bear to shore and found' that eight balls had passed through his body in different directions. On the 20th of May the party reached the mouth of the Muscleshell, a river of considerable size from the south. They were then 2270 miles above the month of the Mississippi, in latitude 47 deg., 24 min. Mention is made of what the French traders called Cote Noire, or Black Hills. On the 26th of May they had the first view of the Kocky Mountains, "the object," as the journalist remarks, " of all our hopes, and the reward of all our ambition." The view was obtained from what they called one of the last ridges of the Black Mountains. On the 30th they had reached that part of the river which passes through between walls of rocks, presenting every form of THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOBY. 93 sculptured ruins, and having the appearance of being the productions of art. Of these objects of natural scenery they give a most glowing description. On the 3d of June the expedition reached a junction of two branches of the river, when they were at a loss to determine which was the true Mis- souri river. Parties, one under Captain Lewis and the other under Captain Clarke, proceeded to explore both branches by land. "The party under Cap- tain Lewis, on the 13th, reached the Great Falls of the Missouri on the southern branch, which determined the question. Onerfof the men was sent to inform Captain Clarke of the discovery. The explorers give a vivid description of the wonderful and beautiful scenery which is here presented. In the vicinity of the falls they saw a herd of at least a thousand buffalo, one of which they shot. Here Captain Lewis himself had an encounter with a large brown bear, from which he escaped by plunging into the river. Mention is made of grasshoppers at the mouth of Medicine river, about twelve miles above the Great Falls, in such multitudes that the herbage on the plains was in part destroyed by them. At that point the Missouri is described as being three hundred yards wide, and Medicine river one hun- bundred and thirty-seven yards wide. The party remained here until the 15th of July, examining the surrounding country, constructing canoes, and making general preparations for continuing the journey. On that day they again embarked with eight heavily loaded canoes, encountering many diffi- cult places for navigating, owing to the rapids. Toward the latter part of July they reached a point where the Missouri is formed of three branches, one of which they called Jefferson, one Madison, and one Gallatin. Here the party divide and explore the several branches, partly for the purpose of finding the Shoshones, the Indians that were known to inhabit that region. On the 11th of August they encountered a single Indian on horseback, who S roved to be one of that tribe or nation. Captain Lewis, who had continued is course up the Jefferson, or principal branch forming the sources of the Missouri, reached a point where it had so diminished in width that one of his men in a fit of enthusiasm, with one foot on each side of the rivulet, thanked God that he had lived to bestride the Missouri. A few miles further on they reached the point where issues the remotest water — the hitherto hidden sources of that river, which had never before been seen by civilized man. They sat down by the brink of the little rivulet, and quenched their thrist at the chaste and icy fountain, which sends its modest tribute down to the great ocean thousands of miles away. Crossing over the the 'dividing line between the waters of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, at a distance of three-quarters of a mile, they stopped to taste for the first time the waters of the Columbia, here a stream of clear, cold water flowing west- ward. On the same day Captain Lewis succeeded in gaining a friendly in- terview with the Shoshones. Captain Clarke, with a part of the expedition, was at this time at the junction of the three branches of the Missouri, and Captain Lewis engaged a number of the Indians, with about thirty of their horses, to transport their merchandise and outfit to the Shoshone camp. The Shoshones are described as being a small tribe of the nation called the Snake Indians, an appellation which embraces the inhabitants of the southern parts of the Kocky Mountains and of the plains on either side. During the summer the Shoshones resided about the headwaters of the Columbia, where they lived chiefly on salmon. In their journal the explorers give a long and interesting account of the habits, traditions, and manner of 94 THE NOBTHWEST TERBITOBY. life of this people. They found them honest, friendly, and ready to render them all assistance in their power. After purchasing twenty-nine horses from the Shoshones, the party on the 30th of August resumed their journey toward the Pacific. On the 4th of September, after many difficulties in finding a practicable route, they came to a large encampment of Indians who received them with great cordiality. The pipe of peace was introduced and a council held. They represented themselves as a band of a nation called Tushepaws, a numerous people then residing on the headwaters of the Missouri and Columbia rivers. The In- dians shared their berries and roots with the strangers and received some presents. Several horses were purchased from them. On the 6th they reached a stream to which they gave the name of Clarke river, Captain Clarke being the first white man" who ever visited its waters. Theronte was a rugged one, and in many places almost impracticable, and to add to the difficulties of the situation, snow had been falling, so that on the 16th it was six or eight inches deep. The difficulty of procuring^ game or other subsistence made it necessary for them to kill several of their horses on this part of their journey, for food. They had a little of what was called portable soup which they used by melting some snow. This, and about twenty pounds of bear's oil, was their only remaining subsistence. They were now in a region where their guns were of little service, for there was scarcely a living creature to be seen in those mountains. Captain Clarke and six hunters searched the mountains all day for game but found none, and at night encamped on a small stream to which they gave the name of Hungry Creek. Their only refreshment during the day was a little of the portable soup. On the 26th, Captain Clarke and his hunting party encountered three Indian boys, and sent them forward to the village with some presents. An Indian came out to meet them, and conducted them to a large tent in the village, which was the residence of the great chief. After some introductory ceremonies by signs, the Indians set before the strangers some buffalo meat, dried salmon, berries and several kinds of roots. This, after their long abstinence, was a sumptuous treat. One of the chiefs conducted them to another village, two miles away, where they were received with great kind- ness and passed the night. These Indians called themselves Chopunish, or Pierced-Nose (Nez Perces). "With a few articles Captaiu Clarke chanced to have in his pockets he purchased some dried salmon, roots and berries and sent them by one of his men and a hired Indian back to Captain Lewis. The main body with Captain Lewis had been so fortunate as to kill a' few pheasants and a prairie wolf. As soon as it was known in the villages that the wonderful strangers had arrived the people crowded in to see them. Twisted Hair, the chief, drew a chart or map of the country and streams on a white elk-skin, which was of great service in guiding them on their course. From these Indians as many provisions were purchased as could be carried on their horses. After proceeding down the river some distance, they determined to continue their journey in canoes, which they set about con- structing. By the 7th of October the canoes were launched and loaded. The horses were branded and left with the Indians to be kept until their return. Accompanied by some of the Indians down Lewis river, the ex- pedition finally reached the Columbia on the 16th, having stopped at a number of villages on the way. The Columbia at the mouth of Lewis river they found to be 960 yards wide, and Lewis river 575 yards wide. Here they found themselves among a nation who called themselves Sokulks, a THE NORTHWEST TEEBITORY. 95 people of a mild and peaceable disposition. Fish was their principal article of food. On the 18th they resumed their journey down the Columbia in the presence of many of the Sokulks who came to witness their departure. They passed many different tribes who inhabited the borders of the Colum- bia, all of whom they visited in their villages and encampments, learning their condition, habits, history and mode of living. Wherever they halted large numbers of Indians gathered to see them, and generally manifested the greatest kindness and hospitality. All of them had pierced noses. On the 22d of October the party reached the Great Falls of the Colum- bia. Many Indians inhabited this portion of the country, and some of them assisted the party in unloading the canoes, transporting the goods around the falls, and in bringing down the canoes. At one place it was necessary to haul the canoes over a point of land to avoid a perpendicular fall of seventy feet. Some distance below the falls they came to a village of another tribe, or nation, called the Echeloots. Here they found the first wooden houses they had seen after leaving the settlements near the Mississippi. They were made of logs and poles, with poles for rafters and covered with white cedar, kept on by strands of cedar fibres. The inhabitants received the> strangers with great kindness, invited them to their houses, and came in great num- bers to see them. They were surprised to find that these Indians spoke a language quite different from that of the tribes above the Great Falls. Some of their customs, however, were the same. Like the tribes they had recently visited, they flattened the heads of their children, and in nearly the same manner. Among the mountain tribes, however, this custom was con- fined to the females almost exclusively, whereas the Echeloots subjected both sexes to the operation. On the 18th they came to another tribe where they saw a British musket and several brass tea-kettles which the Indians prized very highly. In the interview with the chief he directed his wife to hand him his medicine-bag, from which he drew out fourteen forefingers, which he said had belonged to the same number of his enemies whom he had killed in battle. These fingers were shown with great exultation, after which they were carefully replaced among the other valuable contents of the medicine-bag. This was the first "instance in which the explorers had observed that any other trophy than the scalp was ever carried from ,the field in Indian warfare. On the 2d of November the party passed the rapids which form the last descent of the Columbia, and tide-water commences. On this part of the Columbia they began to meet with tribes who had some knowledge of the whites, and from articles in their possession, it was observed that they had maintained some sort of trade or barter with the whites. The Indians here also began to be troublesome and were disposed to pilfer whenever an oppor- tunity offered, showing that in their intercourse with the whites they had con- tracted some vices that they are free from in the absence of such intercourse. On the 16th of November, 1805, the expedition encamped in full view of the Pacific Ocean, at Haley's Bay, as laid down by Vancouver. Their long, tedious and eventful journey to the Pacific having ended, they made prepa- rations for going into winter quarters. Some distance below the mouth of the Columbia, three miles above the mouth of a little river that empties into the bay, in a thick grove of lofty pines, they formed their winter encamp- ment Game was exceedingly plenty, and during the winter they were vis- ited by a large number of the Indians inhabiting the coast region. They called the place Fort Clatsop, from the tribe of Indians inhabiting the imme- 96 THE NOBTHWEST TEEKITOBT. diate vicinity. Here they remained until the 23d of March, 1806, when they commenced their return, by the same route. Before leaving, Captains Lewis and Clarke posted up in the fort a note to the following effect: " The object of this is, that through the medium of some civilized person, who may see the same, it may be made known -to the world that the party con- sisting of the persons whose names are hereto annexed, and who were sent out by the government of the United States to explore the interior ot the continent of North America, did cross the same by the way of the Missouri and Columbia rivers, to the discharge of the latter into the Pacific ocean, where they arrived on the 14th day of November, 1805, and departed the 23d day of March, 1806, on their return to the United States, by the same route by which they came out." It is somewhat singular that this note a short time after fell into the hands of a Captain Hill, while on the coast near the mouth of the Columbia river. It was delivered to him by some Indians, and taken to Canton, China, from whence it was brought to the United States in January, 1807. On the 23d of September, 1806, the party reached the mouth of the Missouri, and decended the Mississippi to St. Louis, arriving at 12 o'clock. Having fired a salute, they went on shore, where they "received a most hearty and hos- pitable welcome from the whole village." This is but a very partial and hasty review of that romantic and extraor- dinary expedition — the first exploration by authority of the government of the United States, of that wonderful region which of late years has attracted so much attention. It gave to the world the first authentic account of the upper Missouri and its tributaries, and of the rivers that flow from the west- ern slopes of the Rocky Mountains and seek the Pacific Ocean through the great Columbia. It imparted to civilized man some definite knowledge of the strange tribes whose homes were on the borders of those rivers; of their habits, traditions and modes of life; of the fauna and flora of a region hith- erto unknown, and of natural scenery' not surpassed in grandeur and sub- limity by that of any other part of the world. Other explorers have since revealed a portion ot the hidden treasures of that part of oner national do- main, but the pioneer expeditien of Lewis and Clarke, so successfully accom- plished, will always possess a peculiar and thrilling interest. SKETCH OF CHICAGO. First White Visitors— The Name— Jean Baptiste— John Einzie — Ft. Dearborn— Evacuation— The Massacre— Heroic Women— Capt. Heald— Capt. Wells— Scalping the Wounded— Ft. Dearborn Re-built — Illinois and Michigan Canal— Chicago Laid Out — Removal of In- dians — City Organization — Pioneer Religious Societies— Public Improvements— Location of City— Growth— The Great Fire— Rise of the New Chicago. The history of so great a city as Chicago, like that of London, or Paris, or New York, by reason of its commercial, financial and other relations to the world at large, is a history of world-wide interest. Not that Chicago may yet be compared in size, population or wealth with the great cities named, would we mention it in connection with them, and yet, considering its age, it is greater than either of them. In its ratio of increase in popu- lation, commerce, and general progress, it is to-day outstripping them. In what civilized part of the globe is Chicago not heard of, read ot,and known? THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY; PRESENT SITE OF LAKE STREET BRIDGE. TUB -NOETHWE8T TEliKITOEY-. If, so many centuries after the founding of Rome, mankind still feel inter- ested in the mythical story of Romulus and Remus, may not the present and future generations read with equal interest the more authentic story of the founding of a great modern city? The Jesuit missionary and explorer, Marquette, first visited the place where Chicago is located, in 1673. Again, in the winter of 1674-5, he camped near the site of the present city, from December until near the close of March. Upon his arrival, in December, the Chicago river was frozen over, and the ground covered with snow. The name is of Indian origin, and was applied to the river. By the French voy'ageurs it is variously spelled, the majority rendering it Chicagou. The place is mentioned by Berrot in 1770. In 1796, Jean Baptiste, a trader from the West Indies, found his way to the mouth of the little 6tream known as Chicago river, and engaged in trad- ing with the Indians. Here for eight years, almost alone, he maintained trade and intercourse with the savages, until, in 1804, Fort Dearborn, was erected, and a trading post was established by John Kinzie, who became the successor of Jean Baptiste. Fort Dearborn, as first constructed, was a very rude and primitive stockade, which cost the government only about fifty dollars. It stood on the south bank of Chicago river, half a mile from the lake. The few soldiers sent to erect and garrison it were in charge i©f Major Whistler. For a time, being unable to procure grain for bread, the soldiers were obliged to subsist in part upon acorns. The original settler, Jean Baptiste, or as his full name was written, Jean Baptiste Point au Sable, sold his cabin to Mr. Kinzie, and the latter erected on the site the building known to the early settlers as the "Kinzie House." This became a resort for the officers and others connected with the garrison. In 1812 the garrison had a force of 54 men, under the command of Capt. Nathan Heald, with Lieutenant Lenai L. Helm and Ensign Ronan. Dr. Voorhees was surgeon. The only white residents, except the officers and soldiers, at that time, were Mr. Kinzie and his family, the wives of Capt. Iieald and Lieut. Helm, and a few Canadians, with their families. Nearly up to this time the most friendly relations had been maintained with the Indians — the principal tribes by whom they were surrounded being the Pottawattamies and WinnebagoeB. The battle of Tippecanoe had been fought the year before, and the. influence of Tecumseh began to be observable in the conduct of the Indians. They were also aware of the difficulties between the United States and Great Britian, and had yielded to the influences brought to bear by the latter. In April of this year, suspicious parties of Winnebagoes began to hover abbiit the fort, remaining in the vicinity for several days. The Inhabitants became alarmed, and the families took refuge in the fort. On the 7th of August a Pottawattamie chief appeared at the fort with an order or dispatch trom Gen. Hull, at Detroit, directing Capt. Heald to evacuate Fort Dearborn, and distribute all the government property to the neighboring Indians. The chief who brought the dispatch advised Capt. Heald to make no distribution to the Indians. He told him it would be better to leave the fort and stores as they were, and that while the Indians were distributing the stores among themselves, the whites might escape to Fort Wayne. On'the 12th of August Capt. Heald held a council with the Indians, but the other officers refused to join him. They feared treachery on the part of the Indians, and indeed had been informed that their intention was to murder the white people. In the council Capt. Heald had taken the precaution to open a port-liole displaying THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 99 a cannon directed upon the council, and probably by that means kept the Indians from molesting him at that time. Acting under the advice of Mr. Kinzie, he withheld the ammunition and arms from the Indians, throwing them, together with the liquors, into the Chicago river. On that day Black Partridge, a friendly chief, said to Capt. Heald: "Linden birds have been singing in my ears to-day; be careful on the march you are going to take." On the 13th the Indians discovered the powder floating on the surface of the water, a discovery which had .the effect to exasperate them the more, and they began to indulge in threats. Meantime preparations were made to leave the fort. Capt. Wells, an uncle of Mrs. Heald, had been adopted by the famous Miami warrior, Little Turtle, and had become chief of a band of Miamis. On the 14th he was seen approaching with a band of his Miami warriors, coming to assist Capt. Heald in defending the fort, having at Fort Wayne heard of the danger which threatened the garrison and the settlers. But all means for defending the fort had been destroyed the night before. All, therefore, took up their line of march, with Capt, "Wells and his Miamis in the lead, followed by Capt. Heald, with his wife riding by his side. Mr, Kinzie had always been on the most friendly terms with the Indians, and .still hoped that his personal efforts might influence them to allow the whites to leave unmolested. He determined to accompany the expedition, leaving his family in a boat in the care of a friendly Indian. In case any misfor- tune should happen to him, his family was to be sent to the place where Niles, Michigan, is now located, where he had another trading post. Along the shore of Lake Michigan slowly marched the little band of whitesmith a friendly escort of Pottawattamies, and Capt. Wells and his Miamis, the lat- ter in advance. When they had reached what were known as the " Sand Bills," the Miami advance guard came rushing back, Capt. Wells exclaim- ing, "They are about to attack; form instantly." At that moment a shower of bullets came whistling over the sand hills, behind which the Indians had concealed themselves for the murderous attack. The cowardly Miamis were panic-stricken, and took to flight, leaving their heroic leader to his fate. He was at the side of his niece, Mrs. Heald, when the attack was made, and, after expressing to her the utter hopelessness of their situation, dashed into the fight.- There were 54 soldiers, 12 civilians and three women, all poorly armed, against 500 Indian warriors. The little band had no alternative but to sell their lives as dearly as possible. They charged upon their murder- ous assailants, and drove them from their position back to the prairie. There the conflict continued until two-thirds of the whites were killed and wounded. Mrs. Heald, Mrs Helm and Mrs. Holt, all took part in the combat. In a wagon were twelve children, and a painted demon tomahawked them all, seeing which, Capt. Wells exclaimed, " If butchering women and chil- dren is your game, I will kill too," and then spurred his horse toward the Indian camp, where they had left their squaws and papooses. He was pur- sued by several young warriors, who sent bullets whistling about him, killing his horse and wounding Capt Wells. They attempted to take him a prisoner, but he resolved not to be taken alive. Calling a young chief a squaw, an epithet which excites the fiercest resentment in an Indian warrior, the young chief instantly tomahawked him. The three women fought as bravely as the soldiers. Mrs. Heald was an expert in the use of the rifle, but received several severe wounds. During the conflict the hand of a savage was raised to tomahawk her, when she ex^ 100 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY, claimed in his own language, " Surely you will not kill a squaw." Her words had the effect to change his purpose, and her life was spared. Another warrior attempted to tomahawk Mrs. Helm. He struck her a glancing blow on the shoulder, when she sized him and attempted to wrest from him his scalping knife, which was in the sheath attached to his belt. At that moment the friendly Black Partridge dragged her from her antagonist, and in spite of her struggles carried her to the lake and plunged her in, at the same time holding her so she would not drown. By this means he saved her life, as he intended. The third woman, Mrs. Holt, the wife of Sergeant Holt, was a large woman, and as strong and brave as an amazon. She rode a fine, spirited horse, which more than once the Indians tried to take from her. Her husband had been disabled in the fight, and with his sword, wliich she had taken, she kept the savages at bay for some time. She was finally, however, taken prisoner, and remained a long time a captive among the In- dians, but was subsequently ransomed. After two-thirds of the whites had been slain ot disabled, twenty-eight men succeeded in gaining an eminence on the prairie, and the Indians de- sisted from further pursuit. The chiefs held a consultation, and gave the sign that they were ready to parley. Capt. Heald went forward and met the chief, Blackbird, on the prairie, when terms of surrender were agreed upon. The whites were to deliver up their arms and become prisoners, to, be exchanged or ransomed in the future. All were taken to the Indian camp near the abandoned fort, where the wounded Mrs.. Helm had previ- ously been taken by Black Partridge. By the terms of surrender no pro- vision had been made as to the disposition of the wounded., It was the understanding of the Indians that the British general, Proctor, had offered a bounty for American scalps delivered at Maiden. Here there was another scene oi horror. Most of the wounded men were killed and scalped. Such is a hasty glance at scenes that were witnessed on this then wild shore of Lake Michigan. Such were the experiences and the struggles of the heroic men and women who ventured forth into the wilderness to plant the germs of civilization, and to lay the foundations of future cities and States. The site on which now stands a city which ranks among the great- est on the continent, is consecrated by the blood shed by heroes on that bright 15th day of August, 1812. Fort Dearborn was rebuilt in 1816, under the direction of Capt. Bradley,, and was occupied until 1837, when, the Indians having removed from the country, it was abandoned. Congress, on the 2d of March, 1827, granted to the State of Illinois every alternate section of land for six miles on either side of the line of the then proposed Illinois and Michigan canal, to aid in its construction, from Chi? cago to the head of navigation of the Illinois river. The State accepted the grant, and on the 22d of January, 1829, organized a board of canal commis- sioners, with power to lay out towns along the line. Under this authority the commissioners employed Mr. James Thompson to- survey the town of Chicago. His first map of the town bears date August 4, 1S30. . In 1831 the place contained about a dozen families, not including the officers and soh diers in Fort Dearborn. On the 10th of August, 1833, it was organized by the election of five trustees — there being twenty-eight voters. On the 26th of September of the same year, a treaty was signed with the chiefs of the Pottawattamies, seven thousand of the tribe being present, and on the 1st of October they were removed west of the Mississippi. > The first charter of THE NOBTHWEST TEBElTOET. 101 the city was passed by the Legislature of Illinois, and approved March 4th 1837. Under this^charter an election was held May 1st, of the same year! A census was taken on the 1st of July, when the entire population was shown to be 4,170. The city then contained four warehouses, three hundred and twenty-eight dwellings, twenty-nine dry goods stores, five hardware stores, three drug stores, nineteen provision stores* ten taverns, twenty-six groceries, seventeen lawyers' offices, and five churches. It then embraced an area of 560 acres. At this date grain and flour had to be imported from the East to feed the people, for the iron arteries of trade did not then stretch out over the prairies of Illinois, Iowa, and other States. There were no ex- portations of produce until 1839, and not until 1842 did the exports exceed the imports. Grain was sold in the streets by the wagon load, the trade being restricted to a few neighboring farmers of Illinois. Of religious organizations the Methodists were the pioneers, being repre- sented in 1831, 1832 and 1833, by Eev. Jesse Walker. Their first quarterly meeting was held in the fall of 1833, and in the spring of the next year the first regular class was formed. The first Presbyterian church was organized June 26th, 1833, the first pastor being Eev. James Porter. It consisted at the time of twenty-five members from the garrison and nine from the citi- zens of the town. The first Baptist church was organized October 19th, 1833 ; and the first Episcopal church, St. James, in 1834. The first Cath- olic church was built by Rev. Schofler, in 1833-4. The first great public improvement projected was the Illinois and Mich- igan canal, one hundred miles in length, and connecting Chicago with La Salle, at the head of navigation On the Illinois river, tt was completed in the spring of 1848. To the eye of an observer, Chicago seems to be situated upon a level plain, but in reality the height of the natural 'surface above the lake varies from three to twenty-four feet, and the grade of the principal streets has been raised from two to eight feet above the original surface. A complete sys- tem of sewerage has been established. The surrounding prairie for many miles is apparently without much variation of surfaee. Though it cannot be observed by the eye, yet the city really stands on the dividing > ridge be- tween the two great rivers that drain half the continent, and is about six hundred feet above the ocean. Chicago river, before being widened, deep- ened, and improved, was a very small stream. It has but very little per- ceptible current, and for several miles is very nearly on a level with the lake. It is formed by two branches, one from the north and the other from south, which unite about a mile from the lake. From this junction the stream flows due east to the lake. These streams divide the city into three parts, familiarly known as North Side, South Side, and "West Side. Bridges constructed upon turn-tables, or pivots, are thrown across the streams at many places. By swinging the bridges round, vessels are allowed to be towed up and- down the river by steam tugs, so that there is very little diffi- culty in the way of passing from one division of the city to another. The stream has been made navigable for several miles for sail vessels and pro- pellers, and immense warehouses and elevators have been constructed along its banks, where vessels are loaded and unloaded with great rapidity. We have seen that when the first census was taken in 1837, the city had a population of 4,170. By 1840 it had increased to only 4,470 ; in 1845 it was 12,088 ; in 1850 it was 28,269 ; in 1855 it was 83,509. The census of 1870 showed a population 298,977. 102 THE NOBTHWEST TEBEITOBT. One of the gigantic public improvements of Chicago is that for supplying the city with water. Owing to the fact that the water in the lake, near the shore, was polluted by filth from the river, in 1865 a tunnel was cut under the lake, extending a distance of two miles from the shore. This tunnel is thirty-five feet below the bed of the lake. This work is regarded as an ex- ample of great engineering skill, and has proved to be successful. The con- tract price for this work was $315,139. Another great work is the tunnel under the Chicago river at Washington street, cut for the purpose of dis- pensing with the bridge over the river, and to obviate the necessity of the public waiting for vessels to pass. The contract price for this great work was $200,000. There are other great public improvements of the city, which with her rail- roads leading out in all directions, her immense lake shipping trade, and her Eopulation of nearly half a million people, show the greatness that Chicago as attained, all within so short a time. As she has been great in her prosper- ity, so also has she been great in her calamities. On the 8th and 9th of Oc- tober, 1871, this city was the scene of one of the greatest conflagrations known in the annals of the world — greater than that of London in 1666, when thirteen thousand buildings were burned. In Chicago twenty thou- sand buildings were swept away by the devouring element, with miles of magnificent business blocks, palatial residences, and costly ornamentations — all covering an area of over five thousand acres/ In all that part of the city between Harrison street and the Chicago river, and on the "N orth Side for nearly four miles to Lincoln Park, there was nothing to be seen but the ruins of a city that had suddenly gone down at the merciless bidding of the fire-fiend. It was a scene of desolation and ruin, and its announcement at the time thrilled a sympathetic chord which vibrated throughout the whole civilized world. Like the fabled Phoenix, Chicago rose again from her own ashes, but grander and more magnificent than she was before. Chicago is now, and has for some years been, the greatest pork packing and grain shipping market of the world. Her commerce is of immense proportions and reaches . to all lands where American trade is known. She is the commercial metrop- olis of the great Northwest, and the States of Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, Wis- consin and Minnesota, pour their tributes of wealth over thousands of miles of railroads into her lap. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 103 OLD FORT DEARBORN, 1830. History of Iowa. DESOEIPTIVE AND GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. Extent— Surface— Rivers— Lakes— Spirit Lake— Lake Okoboji— Clear Lake— Timber— Cli- mate — Prairies — Soils. Extent. — Iowa is about three hundred miles in length, east and west, and a little over two hundred miles in breadth, north and south; having nearly the figure of a rectangular parallelogram. Its northern boundary is the par- allel of 43 degrees 30 minutes, separating it from the State of Minnesota, Its southern limit is nearly on the line of 40 degrees 31 minutes from the point where this parallel crosses the Des Moines river, westward. From this point to the southeast corner of the State, a distance of about thirty miles, the Des Moines river forms the boundary line between Iowa and Mis- souri. The two great rivers of the North American Continent form the east and west boundaries, except that portion of the western boundary ad- joining the Territory of Dakota. The Big Sioux river from its mouth, two miles above Sioux City, forms the western boundary up to the point where it intersects the parallel of 43 degrees 30 minutes. These limits embrace an area of 55,045 square miles; or, 35,228,800 acres. When it is understood that all this vast extent of surface, except that which is occupied by the riv- ers, and the lakes and peat beds of the northern counties, is susceptible of the highest cultivation, some idea may be formed of the immense agricultural re- sources of the State. Iowa is nearly as large as England, and twice as large as Scotland; but when we consider the relative area of surface which may be made to yield to the wants of man, those countries of the Old World will bear no comparison with Iowa. Swrface. — The surface of the State is remarkably uniform, rising to nearly the same general altitude. There are no mountains, and yet but little of the surface is level or flat. The whole State presents a succession of gentle elevations and depressions, with some bold and picturesque bluffs along the principal streams. The western portion of the State is generally more eleva- ted than the eastern, the northwestern part being the highest. Nature could not have provided a more perfect system of drainage, and at the same time leave the country so completely adapted to all the purposes of agricul- ture. Looking at the map of Iowa, we see two systems of streams or rivers running nearly at right angles with each other. The streams which dis- charge their waters into the Mississippi flow from the northwest to the southeast, while those of the other system flow towards the southwest, and empty into the Missouri. The former drain about three-fourths of the State, and the latter the remaining one-fourth. The water-shed dividing the two 106 HISTOKY OF -IOWA. systems of streams, represents the highest portions of the State, and grad- ually descends as you follow its course from northwest to southeast. Low- water mark in the Missouri river at Council Bluffs is about 425 feet above low- water mark in the Mississippi at Davenport. At the crossing of the summit, or water-shed, 245 miles west of Davenport, the elevation is about 960 feet above the Mississippi. The Des Moines river, at the city of Des Moines, has an elevation of 227 feet above the Mississippi at Davenport, and is 193 feet lower than the Missouri at Council Bluffs. . The elevation of the eastern border of the State at McGregor is about 624 feet above the level of the sea, while the highest elevation in the northwest portion of the State is 1,400 feet above the level of the sea. In addition to the grand water-shed mentioned above, as dividing the waters of the Mississippi and Missouri, there are between the principal streams, elevations commonly called " di- vides," which are drained by numerous streams of a smaller size tributary to the rivers. The valleys along the streams have a deep, rich soil, but are scarcely more fertile than many portions of those undulating prairie " di- vides." Rivers. — As stated above, the rivers of Iowa are divided into two systems, Or classes — those flowing into the Mississippi, and those flowing into the Missouri. The Mississippi river, the largest on the continent, and one of the largest in the world, washes the entire eastern border of the State, and is most of the year navigable for a large class of steamers. The only serious ob- struction to steamers of the largest size, are what are known as the Lower Rapids, just above the mouth of the Des Moines. The government of the United States has constructed a canal, or channel, around these rapids on the Iowa side of the river, a work which will prove of immense advantage to the commerce of Iowa for all time to come. The principal rivers which flow through the interior of the State, east of the water-shed, are the Des Moines, Skunk, Iowa, "VVapsipinicon, Maquoketa, Turkey, and Upper Iowa. One of the largest rivers in the State is Bed Cedar, which rises in Minne- sota, and flowing in a southeasterly direction, joins its waters with Iowa river in Louisa county, only about thirty miles from its mouth, that portion below the junction retaining the name of Iowa river, although above the junction it is really the smaller stream. The Des Moines is the largest interior river of the State, and rises in,, a group or chain of lakes in Minnesota, not far from the Iowa border. It really has its source in two principal branches, called East and West Des Moines, which, after flowing about seventy miles through the northern por^ tion of the State, converge to their junction in the southern part of Hum- boldt county. The Des Moines receives a number of large tributaries, among which are Raccoon and Three Rivers (North, South and Middle) on the west, and Boone river on the east. Raccoon (or 'Coon) rises in the vi- cinity of Storm Lake in Buena Vista county, and after receiving several tributaries, discharges its waters into the Des Moines river, within the limr its of the city of Des Moines. This stream affords many excellent mill privileges, some of which have been improved. The Des Moines flows from northwest to southeast, not less than three hundred miles through Iowa, and drains over ten thousand square miles of territory. At an early day, steam- boats, at certain seasons of the year, navigated this river as far up as the " Raccoon Forks," and a large grant of land was made by Congress to the State for the purpose of improving its navigation. The land was subse- quently diverted to the construction of the Des Moines Valley Railroad. HISTORY OF IOWA. 107 Before this diversion several dams were erected on the lower portion of the > river, which afford a vast amount of hydraulic power to that portion of the ; State. The next river above the Des Moines is Skunk, which has its source in Hamilton county, north of the center of the State. It traverses a southeast course, having two principal branches — their aggregate length being about four hundred and fifty miles. They drain about eight thousand square miles of territory, and afford many excellent mill sites. The next is Iowa river, which rises in several branches among the lakes in Hancock and Winnebago counties, in the northern part of the State. Its freat eastern branch is Eed Cedar, having its source among the lakes in Gnnesota. The two streams, as before stated, unite and flow into the Mis- ■ sissippi in Louisa county. In size, Eed Cedar is the second interior river of the State, and both are valuable as affording immense water power. Shell . Rock river is a tributary of Ked Cedar, and is important to Northern Iowa, on account of its fine water power. The aggregate length of Iowa and Eed Cedar rivers is about five hundred miles, and they drain about twelve thou- sand square miles of territory. The "Wapsipinicon river rises in Minnesota, and flows in a southeasterly direction over two hundred miles through Iowa, draining, with its branches, a belt of territory only about twelve miles wide. This stream is usually called ',' Wapsie " by the settlers, and is valuable as furnishing good water power for machinery. Maquoketa river, the next considerable tributary of the Mississippi, is about one hundred and sixty miles long, and drains about three thousand square miles of territory. Turkey river is about one hundred and thirty miles long, and drains some two thousand square miles. It rises in Howard county, runs southeast, and empties into the Mississippi near the south line of Clayton county. Upper Iowa river also rises in Howard county, flows nearly east, and empties into the Mississippi near the northeast corner of the State, passing through a narrow, but picturesque and beautiful valley. This portion of the State is somewhat broken, and the streams have cut their channels deeply into the rocks, so that in many places they are bordered by bluffs from three to four hundred feet high. They flow rapidly, and furnish ample water power for machinery at numerous points. Having mentioned the rivers which drain the eastern three-fourths of the State, we will now cross the great "water-shed" to the Missouri and its tributaries. The Missouri river, forming a little over two-thirds of the length of the western boundary line, is navigable for large sized steamboats for a distance of nineteen hundred and fifty miles above the point (Sioux City) where it first touches our western border. It is, therefore, a highway of no little im- portance to the commerce of "Western Iowa. During the season of naviga- tion some years, over fifty steamers ascend the river above Sioux City, most, of which are laden with stores for the mining region above Fort Benton. We will now refer to the larger tributaries of the Missouri, which drain the: western portion of Iowa. The Big Sioux river forms about seventy miles of the western boundary of the State, its general course being nearly from north to south. It has several small tributaries draining the counties of Plymouth, Sioux, Lyon, Osceola, and O'Brien, in northwestern Iowa. One of the most important 108 HISTORY OF IOWA. of these is Rock river, a beautiful little stream running through the coun- ties of Lyon and Sioux. It is supported by springs, and affords a volume of water sufficient for propelling machinery. Big Sioux river was once re- garded as a navigable stream, and steamboats of a small size have on sev- eral occasions ascended it for some distance. It is not, however, now con-: eidered a safe stream for navigation. It empties into the Missouri about , two miles above Sioux City, and some four miles below the northwest cor- ner of Woodbury county. It drains about one thousand square miles of, Iowa territory. Just below Sioux City, Floyd river empties into the Missouri. It is a Bmall stream, but flows through a rich and beautiful valley. Its length is < about one hundred miles, and it drains some fifteen hundred square miles of territory. Two or three mills have been erected on this stream, and there ; are other mill sites which will doubtless be improved in due time. Little Sioux river is one of the most important streams of northwestern! Iowa. It rises in the vicinity of Spirit and Okoboji lakes, near the Minne- sota line, and meanders through various counties a distance of nearly three hundred miles to its confluence with the Missouri near the northwest corner of Harrison county. "With its tributaries it drains not less than five thou- sand square miles. Several small mills have been erected on this stream, and others doubtless will be when needed. Boyer river is the next stream of considerable size below the Little- Sioux. , It rises in Sac county and flows southwest to the Missouri in Pottawattamie, county. Its entire length is about one hundred and fifty miles, and drains not less than two thousand square miles of territory. It is a small stream, : meandering through a rich and lovely valley. The Ghicago and Northwest- ern Railroad passes down this valley some sixty miles. Going down the Missouri, and passing several small streams, which have; not been dignified with the name of rivers, we come to the Nishnabotna, ; which empties into the Missouri some twenty miles below the southwest corner of the State. It has three principal branches, with an aggregate, length of three hundred and fifty miles. These streams drain about five thousand square miles of southwestern Iowa. They flow through valleys of unsurpassed beauty and fertility, and furnish good water power at variouB points, though in this respect they are not equal to the streams in the north- eastern portion of the State. The southern portion of the State is drained by several streams that flow into the Missouri river, in the State of Missouri. The most important of; these are Chariton, Grand, Platte, One Hundred and Two, and the three Nodaways— East, West and Middle. All of these afford water power for machinery, and present splendid valleys of rich farming lands. # We have above only mentioned the streams that have been designated as rivers, but there are many other streams of great importance and value to different portions of the State, draining the country, furnishing mill-sitesj and adding to the variety and beauty ot the scenery. So admirable is the natural drainage of almost the entire State, that the farmer who has not a stream of living water on his premises is an exception to the general rule. LAKES OF NORTHERN IOWA. ^ In some of the northern counties of Iowa there are many small, but beau- tiful lakes, some of which we shall notice. They are a part of the system of histoby or iowa. 109 lakes extending far northward into Minnesota, and some of them present many interesting features which the limits of this work will not permit us to give in detail. The following are among the most noted of the lakes of northern Iowa: Clear Lake, in Oerro Gordo county; Eice Lake, Silver Lake and Bright's Lake, in Worth county; Crystal Lake, Eagle Lake, Lake Ed- ward and Twin Lakes, in Hancock county; Owl Lake, in Humboldt county; Lake Gertrude, Elm Lake and Wall Lake, in "Wright county; Lake Caro, in Hamilton county; Twin Lakes, in Calhoun county; Wall Lake, in Sac county; Swan Lake, in Emmet county; Storm Lake, in Buena Vista county; and Okoboji and Spirit Lakes, in Dickinson county. .Nearly all of these are deep and clear, abounding in- many excellent varieties of fish, which are caught abundantly by the settlers at all proper seasons of the year. The name ' Wall Lake,' applied to several of these bodies of water, is derived from the fact that a line or ridge of boulders, extends around them, giving them somewhat the appearance of having been walled. Most of them exhibit the same appearance in this respect to a greater or less extent. Lake Okoboji, Spirit Lake, Storm Lake and Clear Lake are the largest of the Northern Iowa lakes. All of them, except Storm Lake, have fine bodies of timber on their borders. Lake Okoboji is about fifteen miles long, and from a quarter of a mile to two miles wide. Spirit Lake, just north of it, embraces about ten square' miles, the northern border extending to the Minnesota line. Storm Lake is in size about three miles east and west by two north and south. Clear Lake is about seven miles long by two miles wide. The dry rolling land usually extends up to the borders of the lakes, making them delightful resorts for excursion or fishing parties, and they are now attracting attention as places of resort, on account of the beauty of their natural scenery, as well as the inducements which they afford to hunting and fishing parties. As descriptive of some of the lakes of Northern Iowa, the author would here introduce some former correspondence of his own on the occasion of a visit to Spirit and Okoboji Lakes, in Dickinson county. At that time he wrote in regard to Spirit Lake: With a party of delighted friends — seven of us in all — we made the cir- cle of Spirit Lake^ Or Mwme-Wcmkon as the Indians called it. Starting from the village of Spirit Lake early in the morning, we crossed the upper portion of East Okoboji on a substantial wooden bridge about three hundred feet in length, a half mile east of the village. Going around a farm or two, we proceeded up along the east shore of Spirit Lake to what is known as " Stony Point." Here a point of land has been gradually forming, for, we do not know how many years, or even centuries, but large trees have grown from the rocks, gravel and sand thrown together by various forces far back in the past. From the inner edge of the growth of timber, a ridge of rocks extends some forty rods into the lake, gradually lessening until, at the fur- ther extremity, it only affords a dry foot-way by stepping from rock to rock. This point is said to be constantly extending and it is not improbable that in time, two lakes may be formed instead ot one. " Stony Point" is almost wholly composed of boulders of various sizes and shapes, brought together by the action of water, on either side. It is the resort of mnumerablobird|and water fowl of various kinds, including pelicans, black loons and gulls. When we approached they were holding high carnival over the remains of such un- fortunate fish as happened to be thrown upon the rocks by the dashing ol the waves. Our presence, however, soon cleared the coast of its promiscuous HO HI8TOBY OF IOWA. gathering of feathered tenants, but after we left, they doubtless returned to their revelry. "We continued our journey up the lake a mile further to the " inlet." Here a small stream makes its way in from the east, and, having high steep banks, all we had to do was to go round its mouth through the lake, the water being very clear, with a fine gravel bottom, and sufficiently shallow for good ford- ing. Just above this, a sand-beach extends for some distance, portions of which are covered with clumps of willows and other small trees. No heavy groves of timber border on the east side of the lake,, but scattered trees and small groves extend all the way along. The adjoining prairie land is gener- ally diy, rolling and well adapted to farming purposes. Several farms are in cultivation along the banks of this part of the lake. Nearly east of the north end of the lake, we crossed the Iowa and Minne- sota line. Our road led us about a mile further north, where it diverged westerly to the south bank of a pleasant little sheet of water, known as Loon Lake. This has an outlet connecting it with other small lakes, which lie near the head of Spirit Lake, and which were doubtless once a part of the same. In a pretty little grove on the shore of Loon Lake, in the sovereign State of Minnesota, we paused for our nooning. From Loon Lake the road turns southward, passing several miles through groves of timber that border the west shore of Spirit Lake. A number of clear and quiet little lakes are nestled romantically in the groves west of Spirit Lake with only sufficient room in many places for a roadway between them and the latter. Of these charming little lakes, the three principal ones are Lake Augusta, Plum Lake, and Hound Lake. In the formation of the last named, nature has indulged in one of her most singular and interesting freaks. It is something over a quarter of a mile in diameter, and so nearly round that the eye can detect no irregularity. The bank, all around, rises to the uniform height of about thirty feet, sloping at an angle of forty-five degrees, and giving the lake the appearance of a huge basin. A dense forest approaches on all sides, with large trees bending over the water, which is so deep down in its reservoir that the wind rarely ruffles its surface. There is no visible inlet or outlet, but the water is always deep and clear. It is indeed worth a day's journey to see this charming -little gem of a lake, reposing so quietly in the midst of its wild surroundings of lofty trees, tangled vines and wild flowers. Plum Lake is so called from the fact that there are many groves of wild plums around it. It lies between Lake Augusta and Round Lake. Near the north end of Plum Lake is a commanding elevation called " Grandview Mound." From the summit of this mound there is a fine view of Spirit Lake, and a portion of the surrounding country. There is every appearance that these little lakes were once a portion of the greater one that lies east of them, and they are now separated from it by a strip of land only wide enough in many places for a good wagon road, but it is gradually increasing in width from year to year. It is covered with a growth of cottonwood, soft maple, elm, wild plum, and other trees, with a dense profusion of wild grape vines clinging among the branches. The beach along the edge of Spirit Lake here is composed of gravel, sand and shells, with a ridge of boulders, rising and extending up to the timber, through which the road passes. Pound Lake, above mentioned, is situated in what is known as " Marble Grove," one of the finest bodies of timber to be found about the lakes, and is so named from its early occupant, who was killed by the Indians. It was in HISTORY OF IOWA. HI this grove, after the massacre, that the Indians peeled the bark from a tree, and with a dark paint, made a picture-record of what they had done. The killed were represented by rude drawings of persons in a prostrate position, corresponding with the number of victims. Pictures of cabins, with smoke issuing from their roofs, represented the number of houses burned. In the murder of Marble and his child, and the capture of Mrs. Marble, the Indians completed the annihilation of the settlement at the lakes, and thus left a record of their fiendish work. "Marble Grove" at that time was doubtless a scene of savage rejoicing over the perpetration of deeds which cast a gloom over all Northwestern Iowa, and which the lapse of years only could remove. From the south end of " Marble Grove " to the village of Spirit Lake, the road passes over undulating prairies for some three or four miles, with several new farms now being improved on either side. The principal groves of timber about this lake are at the west side and the north end, while a narrow belt extends around the other portions. The water is deep, and the wind often dashes the waves against the banks with great violence. At other times the surface is smooth and placid. There is a legend which we give briefly, for the benefit of those who may be curious to know the origin of the name of Spirit Lake. Many moons before the white man took up his abode or built his cabin on the shores of the lake, a band of Dakota warriors brought a pale-faced maiden here, a captive taken in one of their expeditions against the whites who had ven- tured near their hunting grounds. Among the warriors was a tall young brave, fairer than the rest, who had been stolen from the whites in infancy by the wife of Um-pa-sho-ta, the chief. The pale-faced brave never knew his parentage or origin, but the chief's wife called him Star of Day, and he blew not but that she was his own mother. All the tribe expected that he would sometime become their chief, as no warrior had proved so brave and daring as he. Star of Day, only, had performed deeds which entitled him to succeed to the honors of the aged Um-pa-sho-ta. But all the distinctions or titles that his nation might bestow, possessed no attraction for him while he beheld the grief of the beautiful pale-faced captive. He therefore deter- mined to rescue her, and also made up his mind to flee with her from the tribe and make her his wife. The maiden had recognized in the blue eyes and fair face of her lover, something which told her that he, like herself, was a captive. One night, while all the warriors were asleep in their lodges, Star of Day and the maiden slumbered not. He silently unbound the thongs which fastened her to the lodge frame. Only a few paces through the thick forest brought them to the lake shore, where, under the willows, his light canoe was in readiness. Soon the lovers were midway across the lake, but the Great Spirit who ruled in the wind and the water, as well as in the forest, willed that their home should be together beneath the waters where no Dakota should henceforth ever disturb them. And so a breath of the Great Spirit in the wind dashed a wave over the little canoe, and it went down with the lovers. Since that time no Indian's canoe has ever dared to venture upon the lake. ,Only the white man's canoe is always safe, for the spirits of Star of Day and the maiden still abide under the water, in a beautiful cave of shells, guarding only the white man's canoe from danger, as spirits ever know their own. From that time the Dakotas called the lake Minne-Waukon, or Spirit- Water. Ohoboji. — Okoboji is the most beautiful of all the lakes of Northwestern Iowa. Walter Scott could not invest the historic lakes of Scotia with more 112 HISTORY OF IOWA. of the wild beauty of scenery suggestive of poetry and romance, than we here find around this loveliest of Iowa lakes. Okoboji lies immediately south of Spirit Lake, and is of very irregular shape. Its whole length is at least fourteen miles, but it is nearly separated into two parts. The two parts are called, respectively, East and West Okoboji; A wooden bridge has been erected across the straits, on the road from the village of Spirit Lake to that of Okoboji, the water here being ordinarily not over a, couple of hundred feet wide and about fifteen feet deep. "West Okoboji is much the larger body of water, stretching west and northwest of the straits some eight miles, and varying in width from one to two miles. As you pass around this lake, the scene constantly changes,- and from many different points the observer obtains new views, many of which might furnish inspira- tion to the pencil of the artist; The water has a deep sky-blue appearance, and the surface is either placid or boisterous,, as the weather may happen to be. .. The dry land slopes down to the margin on all sides. , v Huge boujders are piled up around the shores several feet above the water, forming a complete protection against the action of the waves, These rocks embrace the different kinds of granite which are found scat- tered over the prairies, with also a large ; proportion of limestone, from which good quick-lime is manufactured. This rock protection seems to be charac- teristic of all that portion of the lake-shore most subject to ; the violent beat- ing of the waves. But there are several fine gravel beaches, and one on the north side is especially resorted to as being the most extensive and beautiful. Here are immense wind-rows of pebbles; rounded and polished by the vari- ous processes that nature employs, and in such variety that a single handful taken up at random would constitute a miniature cabinet for the geologist, Agates, cornelians, and other specimens of exquisite tint and beauty* are found in great profusion, being constantly washed up by the water. The east end of "West Okoboji, at the straits, is some five miles south of Spirit Lake, but the extreme west portion extends up to a point west of Spirit Lake. East Okoboji is not so wide or deep as the other part, but is nearly as long. It extends up to within a quarter of a mile, or less, of Spirit Lake, and is now connected ,with it by a mill-race, being some four or five feet lower than that lake. At a narrow place near the npper end of this lake, a bridge some three hundred feet long has been erected on the road leading to Estherville. The Okoboji outlet heads at the south end of East Okoboji, and in its passage flows through three lakes called Upper, Middle and Lower Gar Lakes. These little lakes are so named because large quantities of the peculiar long-billed fish designated by that name, are found therein. This ; outlet has a rapid fall all the way to its junction with the Little Sioux river, some five miles below, and is about being turned to good account by the erection of machinery on it. This outlet is also the greatest of the fishing resorts about the lakes _ The groves around Lake Okoboji embrace over one thousand acres of goo(J timber. The larger groves are found on the south side, where the principal settlement was at the time of the Indian massacre. There are two or thref fine bodies of timber on the north side of "West Okoboji, and a narrow fringe of timber borders nearly all the lake shore between the larger groves. On the north side of "West Okoboji, near the west end, is a splendid grove of hard maple, of large size, while none of this kind of timber is found else- where about the lake. On the same side in another grove, we observed many red cedars of large growth. "We noticed one nearly three feet in HISTORY OF IOWA. 113 diameter, and' a fine crop of young cedars, from three to ten inches high, have taken root along the shore. Burr oak seems to predominate among the various kinds of timber, and the groves on the south side are mainly composed of this kind, with considerable ash, elm and walnut. In many places the ground is covered with a dense growth of wild gooseberry and wild currant bushes, all now giving promise of a fine yield of fruit. Many plum groves are scattered about the lake, and grapes also grow in profusion. We noticed, however, that the wild crab-apple, so plentiful in other parts of the State, was wanting. . The land rises from the lake nearly all the way round, with a gradually sloping bank, to the height of some thirty feet, and then stretches away in undulating prairie or woodland, as the case may be. In some places, the unbroken prairie extends to the beach without a tree or shrub. A splendid body of prairie, embracing several thousand acres, lies in the peninsula formed by Lake Okoboji with its outlet and the Little Sioux river. Between Okoboji and Spirit Lakes, there is also a good body of prairie with some well improved tarms. A lake of considerable size, called Center Lake, with a fine body of timber surrounding it, lies between Okoboji and Spirit Lakes. In point of health, as well as in. the beauty of its natural scenery, this locality far surpasses many others that have become fashionable and famous resorts. A month or two in the summer season might be spent here with constant change, and a pleasing variety of attractions. The invalid or pleasure seeker might divide the time between hunting, fishing, driving, bathing, rowing, sailing, rambling, and in various other ways adapted to his taste or 'fancy. He could pay homage to Nature in her playful or her milder moods; for sometimes she causes these little lakes to play the role of miniature seas by the wild dashing of their surges against their rocky shores, and then again causes them to become as calm and placid as slumbering infancy. Clear Lake. — Clear Lake, in Cerro Gordo county, is among the better known lakes of the State, on account of its easy accessibility by rail, as well as its many and varied attractions. It is a beautiful little sheet of water, and as a pleasure resort has for several years been constantly growing in favor. This, and Storm Lake, in Buena Vista county, as well, as some others, are deserving of special description, but what is already given will afford some idea of the lakes of Northern Iowa. Timber. — One of the peculiar features of the topography of the north- west, is the predominance of prairies, a name of French origin, which sig- nifies grass-land. It has been estimated that about nine-tenths of the sutt face of Iowa is prairie. The timber is generally found in heavy bodies skirt- ing the streams, but there are also many isolated groves standing, like islands in the sea, far out on the prairies. The eastern half of the State contains a larger proportion of timber than the western. The following are the leading varieties of timber: White, black and burr oak, black walnut, butternut, hickory, hard and soft maple, cherry, red and white elm, ash, linn, hackberry, birch, honey locust, cottonwood and quaking asp. A few sycamore trees are found in certain localities along the streams. Groves of red cedar also pre- vail, especially along Iowa and Cedar rivers, and a few isolated pine trees are scattered along the bluffs of some of the streams in the northern part of the State. Nearly all kinds of timber common to Iowa have been found to grow rap- 114 HISTOBY OF IOWA. idly when transplanted upon the prairies, or when propagated from the plant- ing of seeds. Only a few years and a little expense are required for the settler to raise a grove sufficient to afford him a supply of fuel. The kinds most easily propagated, and of rapid growth, are Cottonwood, maple and wal- nut. All our prairie soils are adapted to their growth. Prof. C. E. Bessey, of the State Agricultural College, who supervised the collection of the different woods of Iowa -for exhibition at the Centennial Exposition, in 1876, has given a most complete list of the native woody plants of the State. Below we present his list. When not otherwise stated they are trees. The average diameters are given in inches, and when the species is a rare one, its locality is given : Papaw — shrub; 2 to & inches. Moonseed — climbing shrub; J^inch. Basswood, Lynn or Linden — 20 inches. Prickly Ash — shrub; 2 inches. Smooth Sumach — shrub; 2 inches. Poison Ivy — climbing' shrub; 1 inch. Fragrant Sumach — shrub; 2 inches. Frost Grape — vine; 2 inches. River Bank Grape — vine; 2 inches. Buckthorn — shrub; river bluffs; 2 to 3 inches. New Jersey Tea — low shrub; J£ inch. Red Root — low shrub; % inch. Bitter-sweet — climbing shrub; 1 inch. Wahoo — shrub; 2 inches. Bladder Nut— shrub; 2 inches. Buckeye — 20 to 30 inches. Sugar Maple — 20 to 24 inches. Black Maple — 12 to 18 inches. Silver or Soft Maple — 20 to 30 inches. Box Elder — 3 to 12 inches. False Indigo — shrub ; J£ inch. Lead Plant — low shrub; % inch. Red Bud — 6 to 8 inches. Kentucky Coffee Tree — 3 to 12 inches. Honey Locust— 12 to 20 inches. Wild Plum— shrub or tree; 2 to 5 inches. Wild Red Cherry — shrub or tree; 2 to 6 inches. Choke Cherry — shrub; 2 to 3 inches. Wild Black Cherry— 12 to 18 inches. Wine Bark — shrub; % inch. Meadow Sweet — shrub; 3^ inch. Wild Red Raspberry — shrub; % inch. Wild Black Raspberry — shrub! J£ inch. Wild Blackberry — shrub; % inch. Dwarf Wild Rose — low shrub; % inch. Early Wild Rose — low shrub; j£ inch. Black Thorn — 3 to 5 inches. White Thorn — 3 to 5 inches. Downy-leaved Thorn — 2 to 3 inches. Wild Crab Apple — 3 to 5 inches. Service Berry or June Berry^-3 to 5 inches. Small June Berry— shrub; 2 to 3 inches. . Prickly Wild Gooseberry— shrub; % inch. Smooth Wild Gooseberry — shrub; % inch. Wild Black Currant— shrub; J^inch. Witch Hazel— shrub; 1 to 2 inches; said to grow in N. E. Iowa. Kinnikinnik— shrub; 2 inches. Rough-leaved Dogwood— shrub; 1 to 3 inches. Panicled Cornel — shrub; 2 inches. Alternate-leaved Cornel — shrub; 2 inches. Wolf berry — low ehrub; % inch. Coral Berry — low shrub; Jjjinch. Small Wild Honeysuckle — climbing shrub; % inch. Blackberried Elder — shrub; 1 to 2 inches. Red-berried Elder — shrub; 1 to 2 inches. This one I have not seen, but feel quite ' sure that it is in the State. Sheep Berry — shrub; 2 inches. Downy Arrow-wood — shrub 2 inches. High Cranberry Bush — shrub; 1 inch. Button Bush — shrub; 1 inch. Black Huckleberry — low shrub ; % inch; near Davenport, according to Dr. Parry. White Ash— 12 to 18 inches. Green Ash— 8 to 12 inches. There is some doubt as to the identity of this specieB. Black Ash — 12 to 16 inches. Sassafras — 3 to 18 inches. Said to grow in the extreme southeastern part of the State. Spice Bush — shrub; 1 inch. Said to grow in Northeastern Iowa. Leatherwood or Moosewood— shrub; 1 to 2 inches. In Northeastern Iowa. Buffalo Berry— shrub; 1 to 2 inches. Possi- bly this may be found on our western borders, as it occurs in Nebraska. Red Elm— 12 to 14 inches. White Elm— 18 to 30 inches. Corky Elm — 10 to 15 inches. I have seenno specimens which could certainly be re- ferred to this species, and yet I think there is little doubt of its being a native •• of this State. Hackberry— 10 to 16 inches, Red Mulberry— 6 to 10 inches. Sycamore, or Buttonwood — 10 to 30 inches. Black Walnut— 24 to 48 inches. Butternut— 12 to 20 inches. Shell-bark Hickory— 12 to 24 inches. Pecan Nut— 12 to 20 inches. Large Hickory Nut— 18 to 24 inches. Pig Nut Hickory— 12 to 20 inches. These three last species I have not seen in the State, but from, their known dis- tribution, I have no doubt that they are to be found in the southern portions of the State. Butternut Hickory— 12 to 18 inches. White Oak— 20 to 80 inches. H1ST0BT OF IOWA. JJg Burr Oak— 24 to 36 inches. Petioled Willow— shrub; 2 inches Chestnut. Oak— 5 to 10 inches. Heart-leaved Willow— small tree: 3 to 4 in- Laurel Oak — 5 to 10 inches. ches. Scarlet Oak— 12 to 16 inches. Black Willow— 3 to 12 inches * Red Oak— 15 to 20 inches. Almond Willow— 3 to & inches HazelNut-shrnb ; 1 inch. Long-leaved Willow— shrub; 2 to 3 inches. Iron Wood — 4 to 7 inches. Aspen— 6 to 12 inches. Blue Beech— 3 to 4 inches. Cottonwood— 24 to 36 inches. White Birch— 3 to 6 inches. Said to growin White Pine— a few small trees grow in North- Northeastern Iowa. eastern Iowa. Speckled Alder— shrub or small tree; 2 to 3 Red Cedar — 6 to 8 inches. inches. Northeastern Iowa. Ground Hemlock— trailing shrub- 1 inch Prairie Willows— low shrub; ^ inch. Green Briar— climbing shrub; Vi inch Glaucous Willow — small tree; 2 to 3 inches. Total number of species, 104; of these, fifty-one species are trees, while the remaining ones are shrubs. The wood of all the former is used for economic purposes, while some of the latter furnish more or less valuable fuel. # Climate.-— Prof. Parvin, who has devoted great attention to the climatol- ogy of Iowa, in a series of observations made by him at Muscatine, from 1839 to 1859, inclusive, and at Iowa City, from 1860 to 1870, inclusive, deduces the following general results : That the months of November and March are essentially winter months, their average temperatures rising but a few degrees above the freezing point. Much ot the former month is indeed mild and pleasant, but in it usually comes the first cold spell, followed generally by mild weather, while in M arch the farmer is often enabled to commence his spring plowing. September has usually a summer temperature, and proves a ripening season for the fall crops, upon which the farmer may' rely with safety if the spring has been at all backward. May has much more the character of a spring month than that of summer, and " May day" is not often greeted with a profusion of flowers. The average temperature of May during thirty-two years was 59.06 degrees, while that of September was 63.37 degrees. Prof. Parvin states that during thirty-five years the mercury rose to 100 degrees only once within the region of his observations in Iowa, and that was during the summer of 1870. It seldom rises above ninety-five degrees, or falls lower than fifteen degrees below zero. The highest temperature, with very few exceptions, occurs in the month of Au- gust, while July is the hottest month as indicated by the mean temperature of the summer months. January is the coldest month, and in this, only once in thirty- two jears did the mercury fall to thirty degrees below zero. The prevailing winds are those of a westerly direction, not for the year alone, but for the several months of the year, except June, July, August and Sep- tember. August is the month in which the greatest amount of rain falls, and in January the least. The greatest 'fall of rain in any one year, was in 1851 — 74.49 inches, and the least in 1854 — 23.35 inches. The greatest fall of snow for any one year, was in 1868 — 61.97 inches. The least was in 1850 — 7.90 inches. The earliest fall of snow during twenty-two years, from 1848 to 1869, inclusive, was October 17th, 1859, and the latest, April 29th, 1851. The greatest fall was December 21st, 1848 — 20.50 inches. During that time no snow fell during the mqnths of May, June, July, August and September, but rain usually occurs in each of the winter months. The clear days during the time embraced in Prof. Parvin's observations, were thirty- two per cent; the cloudy twenty-two per cent, and the variable forty-six per cent. 116 HISTORY OF IOWA. The year 1863 was very cold, not only in Iowa, but throughout the coun- try, and there was frost in every month of the year, but it only once or twice, during thirty years seriously injured the corn crop. When the spring is late the fall is generally lengthened, so that the crop has time to mature. The mean time for late spring frosts is May 4th; that of early fall frost is September 24th. The latest frost in the spring during thirty -one years, from 1839 to 1869, inclusive, was May 26th, 1847; and the earliest, August 29th, 1863. Prairies. — The character of surface understood by the term prairie, is not a feature peculiar to Iowa, but is a characteristic of the greater portion of the Northwest. Dr. C. A. "White, late State Geologist of Iowa, in his re- port says : " By the word prairie we mean any considerable surface that is free from forest trees and shrubbery, and whieh is covered more or less thickly with grass and annual plants. This is also the popular understanding of the term. It is estimated that about seven-eighths of the surface of Iowa is prairie, or was so when the State was first settled. They are not confined to the level surface, but are sometimes even quite hilly and broken; and it has just been shown that they are not confined to any particular variety of soil, for they prevail equally upon Alluvial, Drift, and Lacustral soils. Indeed, we sometimes find a single prairie whose surface includes all these varieties, portions of which may be respectively sandy, gravelly, clayey or loamy. Neither are they confined to the region of, nor does their character seem at all dependent upon, the formations which underlie them, for within the State of Iowa they rest upon all formations, from those of Azoic to those of Cre- taceous age inclusive, which embraces almost all kinds of rocks, such as quartzites, friable sandstone, magnesian limestone, common limestone, im- pure chalk, clay, clayey and sandy shales, etc. Southwestern Minnesota is almost one continuous prairie upon the drift which rests directly upon, not only the hard Sioux quartzite, but also directly upon the granite. " Thus, whatever the origin of the prairies might have been, we have the positive assurance that their present existence in Iowa and immediate vicin- ity is not due to the influence of climate, the character or composition of the soil, nor to the character of any of the underlying formations. It now remains to say without the least hesitation, that the real cause of the pres- ent existence of pravries im, Iowa, is the prevalence of the annual fifes. If these had been prevented fifty years ago Iowa would now be a timbered instead of a prairie State. " Then arises questions like the following, not easily' answered, and for which no answers are at present proposed: . "When was fire first introduced upon the prairies, and how? Could any but human agency have introduced annual fires upon them? If they could have been introduced only by the agency of man why did the forests, not occupy the prairies before man came to introduce his fires, since we see their great tendency to encroach upon the prairies as soon as the fires are made to cease ? The prairies, doubtless, existed as such almost immediately after the close of the Glacial epoch. Did man then exist and possess the use of fire that he might have annually burnt the prairies of so large a part of the continent, and thus have constantly prevented the encroachments of the forests ? It may be that these questions will never be satisfactorily .an- swered;- but nothing is more evident than that the forests would soon occupy a very large proportion of the prairie region of North America if the prai- HISTOBY OF IOWA. 117 rie fires were made to cease, and no artificial efforts were made to prevent their growth and encroachment." Sous. — Dr. White has separated the soils of Iowa into three general di- visions, viz : the Drift, Bluff, and Alluvial. The drift soil occupies the freater portion of the State, the bluff next, and the alluvial the least. The rift is derived primarily from the disintegration of rocks, to a considerable extent perhaps from those of Minnesota, which were subject to violent gla- cial action during the glacial epoch. This soil is excellent, and is generally free from coarse drift materials, especially near the surface. The bluff soil occupies an area estimated at about five thousand square miles, in the western part of the State. It has many peculiar and marked characteristics, and is believed to be lacustral in its origin. In some places the deposit is as great as two hundred feet in thickness, all portions of it being equal in fertility. If this soil be taken from its lowest depth, say two hundred feet below the surface, vegetation germinates and thrives as readily in it as in the surface deposit. It is of a slightly yellowish ash color, ex- cept when mixed with decaying vegetation. It is composed mainly of si- lica, but the silicious matter is so finely pulverized that the naked eye is un- able to perceive anything like sand in its composition. The bluffs along the Missouri river, in the western part of the State, are composed of this ma- terial. The alluvial soils are the " bottom " lands along the rivers and smaller streams. They are the washings of other soils mixed with decayed vege- table matter. They vary somewhat in character and fertility, but the best of them are regarded as the most fertile soils in the State. As to the localities occupied by each of these different soils, it may be stated that the drift forms the soil of all the higher plains and woodlands of the State, except a belt along the western border, which is occupied by the bluff soil, or bluff deposit, as it is generally called. The alluvial occu- pies the low lands, both prairie and timber, along the streams. It may be remarked that the alluvial soil composing the broad belt of "bottom " along the Missouri, partakes largely of the bluff soil, owing to continued wash- ings from the high lands or bluffs adjacent. GEOLOGY OF IOWA. Classification of Rocks — Azoic System — Huronian Group — Lower Silurian System — Primordial Group — Trenton Group— Cincinnati Group — Upper Silurian System — Niagara Group — Devonian System — Hamilton Group — Carboniferous System — Sub-Carboniferous Group — ' ' Kinderhook Beds — Burlington Limestone — Eeokuk Limestone — St.- Louis Limestone — Coal-Measure Group — Cretaceous System — Nishnabotany Sandstone— Woodbury Sand- stones and Shales — Inoceramus Beds. In January, 1855, the General Assembly passed an act to provide for a geological survey of the State. Under authority given by this act, Prof. James Hall, of New York, was appointed State Geologist, and Prof. J. D. Whitney, f of Massachusetts, State Chemist. During the years 1855, 1856, and 1857, 'the work progressed, but was confined chiefly to the eastern coun- ties. A large volume was published in two parts, giving in detail the results of the survey up to the close of the season of 1857, when the work was dis- continued. In 1866 it was resumed under an act of the General Assembly passed in March of that year, and Dr. Charles A. White, of Iowa City, was appointed State Geologist. He continued the work, and in December, 1869, 118 HISTORY OF IOWA. submitted a report to the Governor in two large volumes. From these reports we derive a pretty thorough knowledge of the geological character- istics in all portions of the State. In the classification of Iowa rocks, State Geologist White adopted the following definitions: The term " formation " is restricted to such assemblages of strata as have been formed within a geological epoch; the term "group," to such natural groups of formation as were not formed within a geological period; aDd the term " system," to such series of groups as were each formed within a geolog- ical age. The terms used in this arrangement may be referred to two categories — one applicable to geological objects, and the other to geological time. Thus: Formations constitute Groups; groups constitute Systems; Epochs consti- tute Periods; periods constitue Ages. In accordance with this arrangement the classification of Iowa rocks may be seen at a glance in the following table constructed by Dr. "White: SYSTEMS. AGES. GROUPS. PERIODS. FORMATIONS. EPOCHS. THICKNESS. IN FEET. Cretaceous Carboniferous • Devonian Upper Silurian Lower Silurian . Azoic Post Tertiary. . Lower Cretaceous ■ Coal Measures Subcarboniferous - Hamilton Niagara Cincinnati Trenton . . H Primordial uronian Drift Inoceramus bed Woodbury Sandstone and Shales Nishnabotany Sandstone Upper Coal Measures Middle Coal Measures Lower Coal Measures St. Louis Limestone Keokuk Limestone Burlington Limestone Kinderhook beds Hamilton Limestone and Shales . Niagara Limestone Maquoketa Shales Galena Limestone Trenton Limestone St. Peter's Sandstone Lower Magnesian Limestone Potsdam Sandstone. • • • Sioux Quartzite 10 to 200 50 130 100 200 200 200 75 90 196 175 200 350 80 250 200 80 250 300 50 AZOIO SYSTEM. Hwonicm Group. — The Sioux Quartzite Formation in this Group is found exposed in natural ledges only on a few acres in the northwest corner of the State. The exposures in Iowa are principally upon the banks of the Big Sioux river, for which reason the specific name of Sioux Quartzite is given to it. It is an intensely hard rock, breaking with a splintery fracture, and a color varying in different localities from a bright to a deep red. Although it is so compact and hard the grains of sand of which it was originally composed are yet distinctly to be seen, and even the ripple marks upon its bedding surfaces are sometimes found as distinct as they were when the rock was a mass of incoherent sand in the shallow waters in which it was accumulated. The lines of stratification are also quite distinct, but they are not usually sufficiently definite to cause the mass to divide into numerous layers. It has, however, a great tendency to break up by vertical cracks HISTORY OF IOWA. U9 and fissures into small angular blocks. The process of metamorphism has been so complete throughout the whole formation that the rock is almost everywhere of uniform texture, and its color also being so nearly uniform there is no difficulty in identifying it wherever it may be seen. In a few rare cases this rock may be quarried readily, as the layers are easily separated, but usually it is so compact throughout that it is quarried with the greatest difficulty into any forms except those into which it naturally eracks. It has a great tendency, however, upon its natural exposures, to break up by vertical fissures and cracks into angular blocks of convenient size for handling. Except this tendency to crack into angular pieces, the rock is absolutely indestructible. ~No traces of fossil remains of any kind have been found in it. As shown by the table its exposure in Iowa is fifty feet in thickness. LOWER SILUEIAN SYSTEM. Primordial Group. — The. Potsdam Sandstone Formation of this Group hasa geographical range extending throughout the northern portion of the United States and Canada, and in Iowa reaches a known thickness of about 300 feet, as shown in the table. It forms, however, rather an inconspicuous feature in the geology of Iowa. It is exposed only in a'small portion of the northeastern part of the State, and has been brought to view there by the erosion of the river valleys. The base of the formation does not appear anywhere in Iowa, consequently its full thickness is not certainly known, nor is it known certainly that it rests on the Sioux Quartzite. The rock is everywhere soft; usually a very friable sandstone, but sometimes containing some clayey material, and approaching in character a sandy shale. It is nearly valueless for any economic purpose, not being of sufficient hardness to serve even the commonest purposes of masonry. No fossils have been discovered in this formation in Iowa, but in Wisconsin they are found quite abundantly in it. The Lower Magnesian Limestone Formation has but little greater geo- graphical extent in Iowa than the Potsdam Sandstone has; because, like that formation, it appears only in the bluffs and valley-sides of the same streams. It is a more conspicuous formation, however; because, being a firm rock, it presents bold and often picturesque fronts along the valleys. Its thickness is about 250 feet, and is quite uniform in composition, being a nearly pure buff-colored dolomite. It lacks a uniformity of texture and stratification which causes it to weather into rough and sometimes grotesque shapes, as it stands out in bold relief upon the valley-sides. It is not gener- ally valuable for building purposes, owing to its lack of uniformity in texture and bedding. Some parts of it, however, are selected which serve for such uses at Lansing and McGregor. It has also been used to some extent for making lime, but it is not equal to the Trenton limestone, near Dubuque, for that purpose. The. only fossils that have been found in this formation in Iowa, are, so far as known, a few traces of the stems of Crinoids found near McGregor. The St. Peter's Sandstone Formation is remarkably uniform in thickness throughout its known geographical extent. It is a clean grit, light colored, very triable rock; so pure in its silicious compostion that it is probable some portions of it may be found suitable for the manufacture of glass. It occu- pies the surface of a large portion of the north half of Allemakee county, immediately beneath the drift, and it is also exposed a couple of miles 120 HISTORY OF IOWA. below McGregor, where it is much colored by oxide of iron. It contains no fossils. Trenton Group. — The lower formation of this group is known as the Trenton Limestone. "With the exception of this all the limestones of both Upper and Lower Silurian age in Iowa, are magnesian limestones — nearly pure dolomites. The rocks of this formation also contain much magnesia* but a large part of it is composed of bluish compact common limestone. It occupies Wge portions of both Winneshiek and Allamakee counties, together with a portion of Clayton. Its thickness as seen along the bluffs of the Mississippi is about eighty feet, but in Winneshiek county we find the thickness is increased to upward of 200 feet. The greater part of this formation is worthless for economic purposes, but enough of it is suitable for building purposes and for lime to meet the wants of the inhabitants. The worthless portions of the formation consists of clayey shales and shaly limestone. Fossils are abundant in this formation. In some places the rock is made up of a mass of shells, corals, and fragments of trilobites, together with other animal remains, cemented by calcareous matter into compact form. The upper portion of the Trenton Group, known as the Galena Limestone Formation, occupies a narrow strip of country, seldom exceeding 12 miles in width, but it is fully 150 miles long. It is about 250 feet thick in the vicinity of Dubuque, but diminishes in thickness as it extends northwest, so that it does not probably exceed 100 feet where it crosses the northern boundary of the State. The outcrop of this formation traverses portions of the counties of Howard, Winneshiek, Allamakee, Fayette, Clayton, Dubuque, and Jackson. It exhibits its greatest development in Dubuque county. It is not very uniform in texture, which causes it to decompose unequally, and consequently to present interesting forms in the abrupt bluffs of it, which border the valleys. It is usually unfit for dressing, but affords good enough stone for common masonry. It is the source of the lead ore of the Dubuque lead mines. The full thickness of this formation at Dubuque is 250 feet. Fossils are rare in it. Cincinnati Group. — The Maquoketa Shale Formation of this group, so- called by Dr. White, is synonymous with the Hudson River Shales, of Prof. Hall. It is comprised within a long and narrow area, seldom reaching more than a mile or two in width, but more than a hundred miles long, in the State. Its most southerly exposure is in the bluffs of the Mississippi river, near Bellevue, in Jackson county, and the most northerly one yet recognized is in the western part of Winneshiek county. The whole formation is largely composed of bluish and brownish shales. Its economic value is very slight, as it is wholly composed of fragmentary materials. The fossils contained in this formation, together with its position in relation to the underlying and overlying formations, leave no doubt as to the propriety of referring it to the same geological period as that in which the rocks at Cincinnati, Ohio, were formed. Several species of fossils which characterize the Cincinnati group are found in the Maquoketa Shales, but they contain a large number of species that have been found nowhere else than in these shales in Iowa, and it is th'e opinion of Dr. White that the occurrence of these distinct fossils in the Iowa formation would seem to warrant the separation of the Maquoketa Shales as a distinct formation from any others of the group, and that its true position is probably at the base of the Cincinnati group. HISTOKY OF IOWA. 121 TJPFEB SILTJKIAN SYSTEM. Niagara Group.— The area occupied by the Niagara limestone Formafion is nearly 160 miles from north to south* and between 40 and 50 miles wide in its widest part. At its narrowest part, which is near its northern limit in Iowa, it is not more than four or five miles wide. This formation is entirely magnesian limestone, with, in some places, a considerable proportion of sili- cious matter in the form of chert or coarse flint. Some of the lower portions resemble both the Galena and Lower Magnesian Limestones, having the same want of uniformity of texture and bedding. It affords, however, a great amount of excellent quarry rock. The quarries at Anamosa, in Jones county, are remarkable for the uniformity 6t the bedding of its strata. Wherever this rock is exposed there is always an abundance of material for common masonry and other purposes. In some places excellent lime is made from it. DEVONIAN SYSTEM. _ Hamilton Group. — The Hamilton Limestone and Shales Formation occu- pies an area of surface as great as those occupied by all the formations of both Lower and Upper Silurian age in the State. The limestones of the De- vonian age are composed in part of magnesian strata, and in part of common limestone. A large part of the material of this formation is quite worthless, yet other portions are very valuable for several economic purposes. Having t a very large geographical extent in Iowa, it constitutes one of the most im- ' portant formations. "Wherever any part of this formation is exposed, the common limestone portions exist in sufficient quantity to furnish abundant material for common lime of excellent quality, as well as good stone for com- mon masonry. Some of the beds furnish excellent material for dressed stone, for all works requiring strength and durability. The most conspicuous and characteristic fossils of this formation are brachipod mollusks and corals. CAJBBONIFEEOUS SYSTEM. The Sub-Carboniferous Group. — This group occupies a very large sur- face in Iowa. Its eastern border passes from the northeastern portion of "Winnebago county in a southeasterly direction, to the northern part of Wash- ington county. Here it makes a byroad and direct bend nearly eastward, striking the Mississippi river at the city of Muscatine. The southern and • western boundary of the area is to a considerable extent the same as that which separates it from the coalfield. From the southern part of Pocahontas county, it passes southeastward to Fort Dodge, thence to "Webster City, thence to a point three or four miles northeast of Eldora, in Hardin county, thence southward to the middle of the north line of Jasper county, thence southeastward to Sigourney in Keokuk county, thence to the northeast corner of Jefferson county, and thence, by sweeping a few miles eastward to the southeast corner of Van Buren county. The area as thus defined, is nearly 250 miles long, and from 20 to 40 miles wide. The general southerly and westerly dip has carried the strata of the group beneath the lower coal- measure along the line last designated, but after passing beneath the latter strata for a distance of from 15 to 20 miles, they appear again in the valley of the Des Moines river, where they have been bared by the erosion of that valley. The Kinderhook Beds, the lowest Formation of the sub-carboniferous group, 122 HISTORY OF IOWA. presents its principal exposures along the bluffs which border the Mississippi and Skunk rivers, where they form the eastern and northern boundary of Des Moines county; along English river in Washington county ; alonglowa river in Tama, Marshall, Hardin and Franklin counties, and along theJDes Moines river in Humboldt county. The southern part of the formation in Iowa has the best development of all in distinguishing characteristics, but the width of area it occupies is much greater in its northern part, reaching a maximum width of eighty miles. The Kinderhook formation has consider- able economic value, particularly in the northern portion of the region it occupies. The stone which it furnishes is of practical value. There are no exposures of stone of any other kind in Pocahontas, Humboldt and some other counties embraced in the area occupied by it, and therefore it is of very oreat value in such places for building material. It may be manufactured fnto excellent lime. The quarries in Marshall county and at Le Grand are of this formation ; also the oolitic limestone in Tama county. This oolitic limestone is manufactured into a good quality of lime. The principal fossils appearing in this formation are the remains of fishes; no remains of vegeta- tion have as yet been detected. The fossils in this formation, so far as Iowa is concerned, are far more numerous in the southern than in the northern part. The Burlington Limestone is the next Formation in this group above the Kinderhook Beds, the latter passing gradually into the Burlington Lime- stone. This formation consists of two distinct calcareous divisions, which are separated by a series of silicious beds. The existence of these silicious , beds suggests the propriety of regarding the Burlington Limestone as really two distinct formations. This is strengthened also by some well marked palaeontological differences, especially in the crinoidal remains. The south- erly dip of the Iowa rocks carries the Burlington Limestone down, so that it is seen for the last time in this State in the valley of Skunk river, near the southern boundary of Des Moines county. Northward of Burlington it is found frequently exposed in the bluffs of the Mississippi and Iowa riv- ers in the counties of Des Moines and Louisa, and along some of the smaller streams in the same region. Burlington Limestone forms a good building material ; good lime may also be made from it, and especially from the up- per division. Geologists have given to this formation the name of Burling- ton Limestone because its peculiar characteristics are best shown at the city of Burlington, Iowa. The great abundance and variety of its character- istic fossils — crinoids — have attracted the attention of geologists and nat- uralists generally. The only remains of vertebrates reported as being found in it are those of fishes. Remains of articulates are rare in it, and confined to two species of trilobites. Fossil shells are common but not so abundant as in some of the other formations of the Sub-Carboniferous Group. The Keokuk Limestone is the next Formation in this group above the Burlington Limestone. In Iowa it consists of about fifty feet in maximum thickness. It is a grayish limestone, having usually a blueish tinge. It oc- cupies in Iowa a more limited area than any other formation of the sub- carboniferous group. It is well developed and largely exposed at the city of Keokuk. It is synonymous with the Lower Archimedes Limestone of Owen and other geologists. The most northerly point at which it has been recognized is in the northern part of Des Moines county, where it is quite thinned out. It is only in the counties of Lee, Yan Buren, Henry and Des Moines that the Keokuk Limestone is to be seen; but it rises again and is HISTORY OF IOWA. 123 seen in the banks of the Mississippi river some seventy-five or eighty miles below Keokuk, presenting there the same characteristics that it has in Iowa. The upper silicious portion of this formation is known as the Geode bed. These geodes are more or less spherical masses of silex, usually hollow and .lined with crystals of quartz. The Keokuk Limestone formation is of great economic value, as some of its layers furnish a fine quality of building ma- terial. The principal quarries of it are along the Mississippi from Keokuk to Nauvoo, a distance of about fifteen miles. The only vertebrated fossils in it are those of fishes, consisting both of teeth and spines. Some of these are of great size, indicating that their owners probably reached a length of twenty-five or thirty feet. Several species of articulates, mollusks and ra- diates are also found in this formation. Among the radiates the crinoids are very abundant, but are not so conspicuous as in the Burlington Lime- stone. A small number of Protozoans, a low form of animal life, related to sponges, have also been found in the Keokuk Limestone. The next Formation in the Sub-Carboniferous Group, above the Keokuk Limestone, is what Dr. White calls the St. Louis Limestone, and is synon- ymous with the Concretionary Limestone of Prof. Owen, and the Warsaw Limestone of Prof. Hall. It is the upper, or highest formation of what Dr. White classifies as the Sub-Carboniferous Group, appearing in Iowa, where the lower coal-measures are usually found resting directly upon it, and where it forms, so to speak, a limestone floor for the coal-bearing formations. To this, however, there are some exceptions. It presents a marked contrast with the coal-bearing strata which rest upon it. This formation occupies a small superficial area in Iowa, because it consists of long narrow strips. Its extent, however, within the State is known to be very great, because it is found at points so distant from each other. Commencing at Keokuk, where it is seen resting on the geode division of the Keokuk limestone, and pro- ceeding northward, it is iound forming a narrow border along the edge of the coal-field in Lee, Des Moines, Henry, Jefferson, Washington, Keokuk and Mahaska counties. It is then lost sight of beneath the coal-measure strata and overlying drift until we reach Hamilton county, where it is found in the banks of Boone river with the coal-measures resting upon it, as they do in the counties just named. The next seen of the formation is in the banks of the Des Moines river at and near Fort Dodge. These two last named localities are the most northerly ones at which the formation is ex- posed, and they are widely isolated from the principal portion of the area it occupies in Iowa; between which area, however, and those northerly points, it appears by a small exposure near Ames, in Story county, in the valley of a small tributary of Skunk river. This formation as it appears in Iowa, consists of three quite distinct sub-divisions — magnisian, arenaceous and calcareous, consisting in the order named of the lower, middle and upper sub- divisions of the formation. The upper division furnishes excellent material for quicklime, and in places it is quarried to serve a good purpose for ma- sonry. The middle division is of little economic value, being usually too soft for practical use. The lower, or magnesian division, furnishes some ex- cellent stone for heavy masonry, and has proved to be very durable. This formation has some well marked fossil characteristics, but they do not stand out with such prominence as some of those in the two preceding formations. The vertibrates, articulates, mollusks, and radiates, are all more or less rep- resented in it. Some slight vegetable remains have also been detected in it. The Coal-measwre Group.— The formations of this group are divided 124 HISTOBY OS IOWA. into the Lower, Middle, and Upper Coal-measures. Omitting particular reference to the other strata of the Lower Coal-measure, we refer only to the coal which this formation contains. Far the greater part of that indis- pensible element of material prosperity is contained in the strata of the Lower Coal-measures. Beds are now being mined in this formation that, reach to the thickness of seven feet of solid coal. Natural exposures of' this formation are few, but coal strata are being mined in a number of local- ities. The area occupied by the Middle Coal-measure is smaller than that of either of the others, and constitutes a narrow region between them^ The passage of the" strata of the Lower with the Middle Coal-measure is not marked by any well denned line of division. The area occupied by the Upper Coal-measure formation in Iowa is very freat, comprising thirteen whole counties in the southwestern part of the tate, together with parts of seven or eight others adjoining. It ad- joins by its northern and eastern boundary the area occupied by the Middle Coal-measures. The western and southern limits in Iowa of the Upper Coal-measures are the western and southern boundaries of the State, but the formation extends without interruption far into the States -of Missouri, Ne- braska and Kansas. It contains but a single bed of true coal, and that very thin. Its principal economic value is confined to its limestone. "Wherever this stone is exposed it furnishes good material for masonry, and also for lime. The prevailing color of the limestone is light gray, with usually a tinge of blue. The sandstones of this formation are xisually shaly, and quite worthless. ■ CRETACEOUS SYSTEM. The Nishnabotany Sandstone. — This formation is well exposed in the valley of the East Nishnabotany river, from which circumstance Dr. White has so named it. It is found as far east as the southeastern part of Guthrie county, and as far south as the southern part of Montgomery county. To the northwestward it passes beneath the Woodbury sandstones and shales, the latter in tarn passing beneath the Inoceramus, or chalky beds. It reaches a maximum thickness in Iowa, so far as known, of about 100 feet, but the exposures usually show a much less thickness. It is a soft sandstone, and, with tew exceptions, almost valueless for economic purposes. The most valuable quarries in the strata of this formation, so far as known, are at Lewis, Cass county, and in the northeastern part of Mills county. Several buildings have been constructed of it at Lewis, but with some the color is objectionable, being of a dark brown color. A few fossils have been found in it, being leaves too fragmentary for identification. The Woodbury Sandstones and Shales. — These are composed of alternat ing sandstones and shales, as the name implies, and rest upon the Nishna- botany sandstone. They have not been observed outside of the limits of Woodbury county, but they are found there to reach a maximum of about 150 feet. Some layers are firm and compact, but the larger part is impure and shaly. The best of it is suitable for only common masonry, but it fur- nishes the only material of that kind in that part of the State. Some slight fossil remains have been found in this formation. The Inoceramus Beds. — These beds constitute the upper formation of the Cretaceous System in Iowa, and have a maximum thickness of about 50 feet. They rest directly upon the Woodbury sandstones and shales. They are HISTOET OF IOWA. 125 observed nowhere in Iowa except along the bluffs of the Big Sioux river, in Woodbury and Plymouth counties. They are composed of calcareous mate- rial, but are not a true, compact limestone. The material of the upper por- tion is used for lime, the quality of which is equal to that of common limestone. No good building material is obtained from these beds. Some fossil fish have been found in them. Above all the formations above-mentioned rests the Post-Tertiary, or Drift deposit, which is more fully mentioned in connection with the Soils of Iowa* ECONOMIC GEOLOGY. Coal — Peat — Building Stone — Lime — Lead — Gypsum — Spring and Well Water 1 — Clays — Mineral Faint. . COAL. Every year is adding to our knowledge of, and attesting the importance and value of our vast coal deposits. In some unknown age of the past, long before the history of our race began, Nature by some wise process, made a bountiful provision for the time when, in the order of things, it should become necessary for civilized man to take possession of these broad rich prairies. As an equivalent for the lack of trees, she quietly stored away beneath the soil those wonderful carboniferous treasures for the use and • comfort of man at the proper time. The increased demand for coal has in many portions of the State led to improved methods of mining, so that in many counties the business is becoming a lucrative and important one, especially where railroads furnish the means of transportation. The coal field of the State embraces an area of at least 20,000 square miles, and coal is successfully mined in about thirty counties, embracing a territory larger than the State of Massachusetts. Among the most important coal produc- ing counties may be mentioned Appanoose, Boone, Davis, Jefferson, Ma- haska, Marion, Monroe, Polk, Yan Buren, "Wapello, and Webster. Within the last few years many discoveries of new deposits have been made, and counties not previously numbered among the coal counties of the State are now yielding rich returns to the miner. Among these may be mentioned the counties of Boone, Dallas, Hamilton, Hardin, and Webster. A vein of coal of excellent quality, seven feet in thickness, has been opened, and is now being successfully worked, about five miles southeast of Fort Dodge,, in Webster county. Large quantities of coal are shipped from that point to Dubuque and the towns along the line of the Dubuque and Sioux City Bail- road. A few years ago it was barely known that some coal existed in JBoone county, as indicated by exposures along the Des Moines river, and it is only within the last few years that the coal mines of Moingona have furnished the vast supplies shipped along the Chicago and Northwestern Bail- road, both east and west. The great productive coal field of Iowa is embraced chiefly within the valley of the Des Moines river and its tributaries, extend- ing up the valley from Lee county nearly to the north line of Webster county. Within the coal field embraced by this valley deep mining is nowhere necessary. The Des Moines and its larger tributaries have gener- ally cut their channels down through the coal measure strata. The coal of Iowa is of the class known as bituminous, and is equal in quality and value to coal of the same class in other parts of the world. The veins which have so far been worked are from three to eight feet in 126 HISTOET OF IOWA. thickness, bnt we do not have to dig from one thousand to two thousand feet to reach the coal, as miners are obliged to do in some countries. But little coal has in this State been raised from a depth grea+er than one hun- dred feet. Prof. Gustavus Hinrich, of the State University, who also officiated as State Chemist in the prosecution of the recent Geological Survey, gives an analysis showing the comparative value of Iowa coal with that of other countries. The following is from a table prepared by him — 100 represent- ing the combustible: NAME AND LOCALITY. 03 I I Brown coal, from Arbesan, Bohemia. . . Brown coal, from Bilin, Bohemia Bituminous coal, from Bentheu, Silisia Cannel coal, from Wigan, England . . . Anthracite, from Pennsylvania Iowa coals — average 36 40 51 61 94 50 64 67 49 39 6 50 3 16 21 10 2 5 11 00 5 3 2 5 114 123 126 113 104 110 81 80 87 In this table the excess of the equivalent above 100, expresses the amount of impurities (ashes and moisture) in the coal. The analysis shows that the average Iowa coals contains only ten parts of impurities for one hundred parts combustible (carbon and bitumen), being the purest of all the samples analyzed, except the Anthracite from Pennsylvania. PEAT. Extensive deposits of peat in several of the northern counties of Iowa have attracted considerable attention. In 1866, Dr. White, the State Geologist, made careful observations in some of those counties, including Franklin, Wright, Cerro Gordo, Hancock, Winnebago, Worth, and Kossuth. It is estimated that the counties above named contain an average of at least four thousand acres each of good peat lands. The depth of the beds are from four to ten feet, and the quality is but little, if any, inferior to that of Ireland. As yet, but little use has been made of it as a fuel, but when it is considered that it lies wholly beyond the coal-field, in a sparsely timbered region of the State, its prospective value is regarded as very great. Dr. White estimates that 160 acres of peat, four feet deep, will supply two hundred and thirteen families with fuel for upward of twenty-five years. It must not be inferred that the presence of these peat beds in that part of the State is in any degree prejudicial to health, for such is not the case. The dry, rolling prairie land usually comes up to the very border of the peat marsh, and the winds, or breezes, which prevail through the summer season, do not allow water to become stagnant. Nature seems to have designed these peat deposits to supply the deficiency of other material for fuel. The penetration of this portion of the State by railroads, and the rapid growth of timber may leave a resort to peat for fuel as a matter of choice, and not of necessity. It there- fore remains to be seen of what economic value in the future the peat beds of Iowa may be. Peat has also been found in Muscatine, Linn, Clinton, and other eastern and southern counties of the State, but the fertile region of HISTORY OF IOWA. 127 Northern Iowa, least favored with other kinds of fuel, is peculiarly the peat region of the State. BUILDING STONE. There is no scarcity of good building stone to be found along nearly all the streams east of the Des Moines river, and along that stream from its mouth up to the north line of Humboldt county. Some of the counties west of the Des Moines, as Oass and Madison, as well as most of the southern counties of the State, are supplied with good building stone. Building stone of peculiarly fine quality is quarried at and near the following places: Keosau- qua, Van Buren county; Mt. Pleasant, Henry county; Fairfield, Jefferson county; Ottumwa, "Wapello county; Winterset, Madison county; Ft. Dodge, Webster county; Springvale and Dakota, Humboldt county; Marshalltown, Marshall county; Orford, Tama county; Yinton, Benton county; Charles City, Floyd county; Mason City, Cerro Gordo county; Mitchell and Osage, Mitchell county; Anamosa, Jones county; Iowa Falls, Hardin county; Hampton, Franklin county; and at nearly all points along the Mississippi river. In some places, as in Marshall and Tama counties, several species of marble are found, which are susceptible of the finest finish, and are very beautiful. LIME. Good material for the manufacture of quick-lime is found in abundance in nearly all parts of the State. Even in the northwestern counties, where there are but few exposures of rock "in place," limestone is found among the boulders scattered over the prairies and about the lakes. So abundant is limestone suitable for the manufacture of quick-lime, that it is needless to mention any particular locality as possessing superior advantages in furnish- ing this useful building material. At the following points parties have been engaged somewhat extensively in the manufacture of lime, to-wit: Ft. Dodge, Webster county; Springvale, Humboldt county; Orford and Indiantown, Tama county; Iowa Falls, Hardin county; Mitchell, Mitchell county; and at nearly all the towns along the streams northeast of Cedar river. LEAD. Long before the permanent settlement of Iowa by the whites lead was mined at Dubuque by Julien Dubuque and others, and the business is still carried on successfully. From four to six million pounds of ore have been smelted annually at the Dubuque mines, yielding from 68 to 70 per cent of lead. So far as known, the lead deposits of Iowa that may be profitably worked, are confined to a belt four or five miles in width along the Missis- sippi above and below the city of Dubuque. GYPSUM. One of the finest and purest deposits of gypsum known in the world exists at Fort Dodge in this State. It is confined to an area of about six by three miles on both sides of the Des Moines river, and is found to be from twenty- five to thirty feet in thickness. The main deposit is of uniform gray color, 128 HISTORY 01" IOWA. but large masses of almost pure white (resembling alabaster) .have been" found embedded in the main deposits. The quantity of tbis article is prac- tically inexhaustible, and the time will certainly come when it will be a source of wealth to that part of the State. . It has been used to a consider- able extent in the manufacture of Plaster-of-Paris, and has been found equal to the best in quality. It has also been used to a limited extent for paving and building purposes. SPRING AND WELL WATER. As before stated, the surface of Iowa is generally drained by the rolling or undulating character of the country, and the numerous streams, large and small. This fact might lead some to suppose that it might be difficult to procure good spring or well water for domestic uses. Such, however, is not the case, for good pure well water is easily obtained all over the State,' even on the highest prairies. It is rarely necessary to dig more than thirty feet deep to find an abundance of that most indispensible element, good water. Along the streams are found many springs breaking put from the banks, i affording a constant supply of pure water. As a rule, it is necessary to dig deeper for well water in the timber portions of; the State, than on the prairies. Nearly all the spring and well waters of the State contain a small proportion of lime, as they do in the Eastern and Middle States. There are some springs which contain mineral properties, similar to the springs often resorted to by invalids and others in other States. In Davis county there are some " Salt Springs," as they are commonly called,- the water being found to contain a considerable amount of common salt, sulphuric acid, and other mineral ingredients. Mineral waters are found in different parts of the State. No one need apprehend any difficulty about finding in all parts of Iowa an abundant supply of good wholesome water. CLAYS. In nearly all parts of the State the material suitable for the manufacture of brick is found in abundance. Sand is obtained in the bluffs along the streams and in their beds. Potter's clay, and fire-clay suitable for fire-brick, are found in many places. An excellent article of fire-brick is made at Eldora, Hardin county, where there are several extensive potteries in opera- tion. _ Fire-clay is usually found underlying the coal-seams. , There are extensivepotteries in operation in the counties of Lee, Van Buren, Des Moines, Wapello, Boone, Hamilton, Hardin, and perhaps others. MINERAL PAINT. In Montgomery county a fine vein of clay, containing a large proportion of ochre, was several years ago discovered, and has been extensively used in that part of the State for painting barns and out-houses. It is of a dark red color, and is believed to be equal in quality, if properly manufactured, to the mineral paints imported from other States. The use of it was first introduced by Mr. J. B. Packard, of Eed Oak, on whose land there is an extensive de- posit of this material. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 129 a ■NMHM ■ da m linln i & 130 histoky otf 10W4. HOW THE TITLE TO IOWA LANDS IS DERIVED. Right of Discovery— Title of France and Spain— Cession to the United States — Territorial Changes— Treaties with the Indians— The Dubuque Grant— The Giard Grant— The Hon- ori Grant^-The Half-Breed Tract— System of Public Surveys. • The title to the soil of Iowa was, of course, primarily vested in the origi- nal occupants who inhabited the country prior to" its discovery by the whites. But the Indians, being savages^ possessed but few rights that civilized nations considered themselves bound to respect, so that when they found this coun- try in the possession of such a people they claimed it in the name of the King of France, by the right of discovery. It remained under the juris- diction of France until the year 1763. Prior to the year 1763, the entire continent of North America was divided between France, England, Spain, and Russia. France held all that portion of what now constitutes our national domain west of the Mississippi river, except Texas and the territory which we have obtained from' Mexico and Russia. This vast region, while under the jurisdiction of France, was known as the " Province of Louisiana," and embraced the present State of Iowa. At the close of the " Old French War," in 1763, France gave up her share of the continent, and Spain came into possession of the territory west of the Mississippi river, while Great Britain retained Canada and- the regions northward, having obtained that territory by conquest in the* war with France. For thirty-seven years the territory now embraced within the limits of Iowa remained as a part of the possession of Spain, and then' went back to France by the treaty of St. Idlefonso, October 1, 1800. Oil the 30th of April, 1803, France ceded it to the United States in consideration of receiving $11,250,000, and the liquidation of certain claims held by citi- zens of the United States against France, which amounted to the further sum of $3,750,000, and making a total of $15,000,000: It will thus be seen that France has twice, and Spain once, held sovereignty over the territory embracing Iowa, but the financial needs of Napoleon afforded our govern- ment an opportunity to add another empire to its domain. On the 31st of October, 1803, an act of Congress was approved author- izing the President to take possession of the newly acquired territory and provide for it a temporary government, and another act approved March 26, 1804, authorized the division of the "Louisiana Purchase," as it was then called, into two separate Territories. All that portion south of the 33d parallel of north latitude, was called the " Territory of Orleans," and that north of the said parallel was known as the " District of Louisiana," and was placed under the jurisdiction of what was then known as "Indiana Territory." By virtue of an act of Congress, approved March 3 r 1805, the "District of Louisiana" was organized as tlie "Territory of Louisiana," with a Terri- torial government of its owft, which went into operation July 4th, of the same year, and it so remained until 1812. In this year the " Territory of Orleans" became the State of Louisiana, and the "Territory of Louisiana" was organized as the "Territory of Missouri." This change took place under an act of Congress approved June 4, 1812. In 1819, a portion of this ' territory was organized as " Arkansaw Territory," and in 1821 the State of Missouri was admitted, being a part of the former "Territory of Missouri." This left a vast domain still to the north, including the present States of Iowa and Minnesota, which was, in 1834, made a part of the " Territory of mSTOET OF IOWA. ^gl Michigan." In July, 1836, flie territory embracing the present States of Iowa, Minnesota and Wisconsin was detached from Michigan, and organized with a separate Territorial government under the name of " Wisconsin Ter- ritory." By virtue of an act of Congress, approved June 12, 1838 1 , on the 3d of July of the same year, the " Territory of Iowa " was constituted. It em-,, braced the present State of Iowa, and the greater portion of what is now the State of Minnesota. To say nothing of the title to the soil of Iowa that may once have vested in the natives who claimed and occupied it, it is a matter of some interest to glance at the various changes of ownership and jurisdiction through which it has passed within the time of our historical period: 1. It belonged' to France, with other territory now belonging to our na- tional domain. 2. In 1763, with other territory, it was ceded to Spain. 3. October 1, 1800, it was ceded with other territory from Spain back to France. 4. April 30, 1803, it was ceded with other territory by France to the United States. 5. October 31, 1803, a temporary government was authorized by Con- gress for the newly acquired territory. 6. October 1, 1804, it was included in the "District of Louisiana," and placed under the jurisdiction of the Territorial government of Indiana. t. July 4, 1805, it was included as a part of the " Territory of Louis- iana," then organized with a separate Territorial government. 8. June 4, 1812, it was embraced in what was then made the "Territory of Missouri." 9. June 28, 1834, it became part of the "Territory of Michigan." 10. July 3, 1836, it was included as a part of the newly organized "Ter- ritory of Wisconsin." 11. June 12, 1838, it was included in, and constituted a part of the newly organized " Territory of Iowa." 12. December 28, 1846, it was admitted into the Union as a State. The cession by France, April 30, 1803, vested the title in the United States, subject to. the claims of the Indians, Which it was very justly the policy of the 'government to recognize. The several changes of territorial jurisdiction after the treaty with France did not affect the title to the soil. Before the government of the United States could Vest clear title to the soil in its grantees it was necessary to extinguish the Indian title by pur"- .. chase. The treaties vesting the Indian title to the lands within the limits' of what is now the State of IoWa, were made at' different" times. The fol- lowing is a synopsis of the several treaties by which the Indians relinquished to the United States their rights in Iowa: 1. Treaty with the Sacs and Foaes, Aug. h l8%h.. — This treaty between the United States and the Sacs and Foxes, was made at the City of Wash- ington, William Clark being commissioner on the part of the United States. By this treaty the Sacs and Foxes relinquished their title to all lands in •Missouri, Iowa then being a part of Missouri. In this treaty the land in the southeast comer of Iowa known as the " Half-Breed Tract," was re- served for the use of the half-breeds of the Sacs and Foxes, they holding the title to the same in the same manner as Indians. This treaty was rati- fied January 18, 1825. 132 HISTOEY OF IOWA. 2. Treaty with various tribes, Aug. 19, 1825.— This treaty was also made, at the city of Washington, by William Clark as Commissioner on the part of the United States, with the Chippewas, Sacs and Foxes, Menomonees, Winnebagoes and a portion of the Ottawas and Pottawattamies. This treaty was intended mainly to make peace between certain contending tribes as to - the limits of their respective hunting grounds in Iowa. It was agreed that the United States should run a boundary line between the Sioux on the north and the Sacs and Foxes on the south, as follows: Commencing at the mouth of the Upper Iowa river, on the west bank of the Mississippi, and ascending said Iowa river to its west fork; thence up the fork to its source; thence crossing the fork of Red Cedar river in a direct line to the second or upper fork of the Des Moines river; thence in a direct line' to the lower fork of the Calumet (Big Sioux) river, and down that to its junction with the Missouri river. 3. Treaty with the Sacs and Foxes, July 15, 1830. — By this treaty the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States a strip of country twenty miles in width lying directly south of the line designated in the treaty of Aug. 19, 1825, and extending from the Mississippi to the Des Moines river. 4. Treaty with the Sioux, July 15, 1830. — By this treaty was ceded to the United States a strip twenty miles in width, on the north of the line designated by the treaty of Aug. 19, 1825, and extending from the Missis- sippi to the l)es Moines river. Bj these treaties made at the same date the United States came into possession of a strip forty miles wide from the Mississippi to the Des Moines river. It was known as the "Neutral Ground," and the tribes on either side of it were allowed to use it in com- mon as a fishing and hunting ground until the government should make other disposition of it. 5. Treaty with various tribes, July 15, 1830. — This was a treaty with the Sacs and Foxes, Sioux, Omahas, Iowas and Missouris, by which they ceded to the United States a tract bounded as follows : Beginning at the upper fork of the Des Moines river, and passing the sources of the Little Sionx and Floyd rivers, to the fork of the first creek that falls into the Big Sioux, or Calumet river, on the east side; thence down said creek and the Calumet river to the Missouri river; thence down said Missouri river to the Missouri State line above the Kansas; thence along said line to the northeast corner of said State; thence to the highlands between the waters falling into the Missouri and Des Moines, passing to said highlands along the dividing ridge between the forks of the Grand river; thence along said highlands or ridge separating the waters of the Missouri from those of the Des Moines, to a point opposite the source of the Boyer river, and thence in a direct line to the upper fork of the Des Moines, the place of beginning. The lands ceded by this treaty were to be assigned, or allotted, under the direction of the President of the United States, to the tribes then living thereon, or to such other tribes as the President might locate thereoh for hunting and other purposes. In consideration of the land ceded by this treaty the United States stipulated to make certain payments to the several tribes joining in the treaty. The treaty took effect by proclamation, February 24, 1831. 6. Treaty with the Winnebagoes, Sept. 15, 1832. — This treaty was made at Fort Armstrong, byGen. Winneld Scott, and Gov. John Reynolds, of Illinois. By the treaty the Winnebagoes ceded to the United States all their lands on the east side of the Mississippi, and in part consideration therefor the United States granted to the Winnebagoes as a reservation the lands in Iowa known HISTOBY OF IOWA. 133 as the Neutral Ground. The exchange of the two tracts was to take place on or before June 1, 1833. The United States also stipulated to make pay- ment to the Winnebagoes, beginning in September, 1873, and to continue for twenty-seven ^successive years, $10,000 annually in specie, and also to establish a school among them, with a farm and garden. There were also other agreements on the part of the government. „ 7. Treaty with the Sacs amd Foxes, Sept. 21, 1832. — This was the treaty known as the "Black Hawk Purchase," which opened the first lands in Iowa for settlement by the whites. In negotiating this treaty Gen. Win- fiold Scott and Gov. John Eeynolds represented the United States. By it the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States a tract of land on the eastern border of Iowa fifty miles wide, and extending from the northern boundary of Missouri to the mouth of the Upper Iowa river, containing about six millions of acres. The United States stipulated to pay annually to the Sacs and Foxes $20,000 in specie, and to pay certain indebtedness of^ the Indians, amounting to about $50,000, due chiefly to Davenport & Farnham, Indian traders, at Bock Island. By the terms of the treaty four hundred square miles on Iowa river, ineludingKeokuk's village, were reserved, for the use and occupancy of the Indians. This treaty was made on the ground where the city of Davenport is now located. The government conveyed in fee simple out of this purchase one section of land opposite Bock Island to Antoine LeClaire, the interpreter, and another at the head of the first rapid above Bock Island, being the first title to land in Iowa granted by the United States to an individual. 8. Treaty with the Sacs and Foxes, 1836. — This treaty was also made on the banks of the Mississippi, near where the city of Davenport now stands. Gen. Henry Dodge, Governor of Wisconsin Territory, represented the United States. By it the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States " Keokuk's Eeserve," as it was called, for whieh the government stipulated to pay $30,000, and an annuity of $10,000 for ten successive years, together with certain indebtedness of the Indians. 9. Treaty with the Sacs and Foxes, Oct. 21, 1837. — This treaty was made at Washington; Carey A. Harris, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, repre- senting the United States. By this treaty the Sacs and Foxes relinquished their title to an additional tract in Iowa, described as follows: "A tract of country containing 1,250,000 acres, lying west and adjoining the tract con- veyed "by them to the United States in the treaty of September 21, 1832. It is understood that the points of termination for the present cession shall be the northern and southern points of said tract as fixed by the survey made under the authority of the United States, and that a line shall be drawn between them so as to intersect a line extended westwardly from the angle of said tract nearly opposite to Bock Island, as laid down in the above survey, so far as may be necessary to include the number of acres hereby ceded, which last mentioned line, it is estimated, will be about twenty-five miles." The tract ceded by this treaty lay directly west of the "Black Hawk Purchase." 10. Treaty with Sacs and Foxes, same date. — At the same date the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States all their right and interest in the country south of the boundary line between the Sacs and Foxes and the Sioux, as described in the treaty of August 19, 1825, and between the Mis- sissippi and Missouri rivers, the United States paying for the same $160,000. 134 HISTORY OP IOWA. The Sacs and Foxes by this treaty also relinquished ^,11 claims and interest under the treaties previously made with them. 11. Treaty with the Sacs and Foxes, Oct. 11, 18J$.—Tba.s treaty was made at the Sac and Fox Agency, by John Chambers, as Commissioner, on behalf of the United States. By it the Sacs and Foxes relinquished to the United States all their lands west of the Mississippi to which they had any claim or title, and agreed to a removal from the country, at the expiration of three years. In accordance with this treaty, a part of them were removed to Kansas in the fall of 18-45, and the remainder in the spring of 1846. The treaty of 1803 with France, and these several treaties with the Indian tribes, vested in the United States, jthe" title to all the lands in the State of I owa — subject, however, to claims set up under certain Spanish grants, and also, the claim to the " Half-Breed Tract," in Lee county, which claims were afterward adjudicated in the courts or otherwise adjusted. The following is a brief explanation of the nature of these claims : The Dubuque Claim. — Lead had been discovered at the site of the present city of Dubuque as early as 1780, and in 1788 Julien Dubuque, then resid- ing at Prairie dn Chien, obtained permission from the Fox tribe of Indians to engage in mining lead, on the west side of the Mississippi. Dubuque, with a number of other persons, was engaged in mining, and claimed a large tract, embracing as he supposed all the lead bearing region in that vicinity. At that time, it will be remembered, the country was under Spanish juris- diction, and embraced in the " Province of Louisiana." In 1796 Dubuque petitioned the Spanish Governor of Louisiana, Carondelet, for a grant of the lands embracing the lead mines, describing in his petition a tract con- taining over twenty thousand acres. The- Spanish governor granted the petition, and the grant was confirmed by the Board of Land Commissioners of Louisiana. Dubuque, in 1804, transferred the larger part of his claim to Auguste Choteau, of St. Louis. On the 17th of May, 1805, Dubuque and Choteau filed their joint claims with the Board of Land Commissioners, and the claim was decided by them to be a clear and regular Spanish grant, hav- ing been made and completed prior to October 1st, 1800, and while it was yep Spanish territory. Dubuque died March 24, 1810. After the deaph of "(Dubuque the Indians resumed occupancy of the mines anql engaged them- selves in mining to some extent, holding that Dubuque's claim was only a permit during his lifetime, and in this they were sustained by the military authority of the United States, notwithstanding the decision of the Land Commissioners. In the treaty afterward between the United States and the Sacs and Foxes, the Indians made no reservation of this claim, and it was therefore included as a part of the lands ceded by them to the United States. In the meantime Auguste Choteau also died, and his heirs began to look after their interests. They authorized their agent to lease the privilege of workjng the mines, and under phis authority miners commenced operations, but the military authorities compelled them to abandon the work. But little further was done in the matter until after the town of Dubuque was laid out, and lots had been sold and were occupied by purchasers, when Henry Choteau brought an action of ejectment against Patrick Malony, who held land under a patent from the United States, for tjie recovery of seven undi- vided eighths of the Dubuque claim? as purchased by Auguste Choteau in 1804. The case was decided in the United States District Court adversely to the plaintiff. It wa,s, earned to the Supreme Court of the United States on a writ of error, where the decision of the lower court was affirmed. The hjsitobt qp iowa. 135 Supreme Court held that Dubuque asked, and ithe Governor of Louisiana granted, nothing more thanpeaeeahle possession of certain lands obtained from the Indians, and that Carondelet had no legal authority to make such a grant as claimed. The Giard Claim. — The Lieutenant .Governor of Upper Louisiana, in 1795, granted to one Basil Giard 5,760 acres in what is now Clayton county. Giard took possession and occupied the land until after the territory passed into the possession of the United States, after which the government of the United States granted a patent to Giard, for the land which has since been known as the " Giard Tract." His heirs subsequently sold the whole tract for $300. The Honori Claim. — On the 30th day of March, 1799, Zenon Trudeau, Aeting Lieutenant Governor of Upper Louisiana, granted to Louis Honori a tract of land on the site of the present town of Montrose, as follows: "It is permitted to Mr. Louis (Fresson) Henori, or Louis Honori Fesson, to establish himself at the head of the rapids of the Biver Pes Moines, and his establishment once formed, notice of it shall be given to the Governor Gen- eral, in order to obtain for him a commission of a space sufficient to give value to such establishment, and at the samo time to render it useful to the commerce of the peltries of this country, to watch the Indians and keep them in the fidelity which they owe to His MajeBty." Honori retained possession until 1805, but in 1803 it was sold under an execution obtained hj one Joseph Bobedoux, who became the purchaser. The tract is described as being " about six leagues above the Des Moines." Auguste Choteau, the executor of Bobedoux, in April, 1805, sold the Honori tract to Thomas F. Beddeck. In the grant from the Spanish government it was described as being one (league square; but the government of the United States confirmed only one mile square. Attempts were subsequently made to invalidate the title of the Beddeek heirs, but it was finally confirmed by the Supreme Court of the United States, in 1839. The Half-BreeA Tract. — By a treaty made with the Indians, August 4, 1824, the United States acquired possession of a large tract of land in the northern portion of Missouri. In this same treaty 119,000 acres were reserved for the use of the hajf-breeds of the Sac and Fox nation. This reservation occupied the strip between the Mississippi and Des Moines rivers, and south of a line drawn from a point on the Des Moines river, about one mile below the present town of Farnjington, in Van Buren county, east to the Mississippi river at the lower end of Fort Madison, including all the land between the two rivers south of this line. By the terms of the treaty the United States had a reversionary interest in this land, which de- prived the Indians of the power to sell. But, in 1835, Congress relinquished to the half-breeds this reversionary interest, vesting in them a fee simple title, and the right to sell and convey. In this law, however, the right to sell was not given to individuals by name, but to the half-breeds as a class, and in this the subsequent litigation in regard to the " Half-Breed Tract " originated. A door was open tor innumerable frauds. The result was that speculators rushed in and began to buy the claims of the half-breeds, and, in many instances, a gun, a blanket, a pony or a few quarts of whisky was sufiicient for the purchase of large estates. There was a deal of sharp prac- tice on both sides; Indians would often claim ownership of land by virtue of being half-breeds, and had no difficulty in proving their mixed blood by the Indians, and they would then cheat the speculators by selling land to 136 HISTORY OF IOWA. which they had no rightful title. On the other hand, speculators often claimed land in which they had no ownership. It was diamond cut diar mond, until at last things became badly mixed. There were no authorized surveys, and no boundary lines to claims, and, as a natural result, numerous conflicts and quarrels ensued. To settle these difficulties, to decide the va- lidity of claims or sell them for the benefit of the real owners, by act of the Legislature of Wisconsin Territory, approved January 16, 1838, Edward Johnstone, Thomas S. "Wilson and David Brigham were appointed commis- sioners, and clothed with power to effect these objects. The act provided that these commissioners should be paid six dollars a day each. The com- mission entered upon its duties and continued until the next session of the Legislature, when the act creating it was repealed, invalidating all that had been done and depriving the commissioners of their pay. The repealing act, however, authorized the commissioners to commence action against the owners of the Half-Breed Tract, to receive their pay for their services, in the District Court of Lee county. Two judgments were obtained, and on exe- cution the whole of the tract was sold to Hugh T. Beid, the sheriff executing the deed. Mr. Beid sold portions of it to various parties, but his own title was questioned and he became involved in litigation. Decisions in favor of Reid and those holding under him were made by both District and Su- preme Courts, but in December, 1850, these decisions were finally reversed by the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of Joseph Webster, plaintiff in error, vs. Hugh T. Beid, and the judgment titles failed. About nine years before the "judgment titles" were finally abrogated, as above, another class of titles was brought into competition with them, and in the conflict between the two, the final decision was obtained. These were the titles based on the " decree of partition " issued by the United States District Court for the Territory of Iowa, on the 8th of May, 1841, and certified to by the clerk on the 2d day of June of that year. Edward Johnstone and Hugh T. Beid, then law partners at Fort Madison, filed the petition for the decree in behalf of the St. Louis claimants of half-breed lands. Francis S. Key, author of the " Star Spangled Banner," who was then attorney for the New York Land Company, which held heavy interests in these lands, took a lead- ing part in the measure, and drew up the document in which it was pre- sented to the court. Judge Charles Mason, of Burlington, presided. The plan of partition divided the tract into 101 shares, each claimant to draw his proportion by lot,and to abide the result. The plan was agreed to and the lots drawn. The plat of the same was filed for record, October 6th, 1841. The title under this decree of partition, however, was not altogether satis- factory. It was finally settled by a decision of the Supreme Court of the United States, in January, 1855. SYSTEM OF PUBLIC LAND SURVEYS. In connection with the subject of land titles, an explanation of the method of public surveys will prove interesting to all land owners. These explana- tions apply, not only to Iowa, but to the Western States generally, and to nearly all lands the title to which is derived from the Government. Soon after the organization of our government, Virginia and other States, ceded to the United States extensive tracts of wild land, which, together with other lands subsequently acquired by purchase and treaty, constituted what is called the public lands, or public domain. Up to the year 1802, these lands were sold without reference to any general or uniform HISTOET OF IOWA. 137 plan. Each person who desired to purchase any portion of the public do- main, selected a tract in such shape as suited his fancy, designating his boundaries by prominent objects, such as trees, rocks, streams, the banks of rivers and creeks, cliffs, ravines, etc. But, owing to the frequent indefinite- ness of description, titles often conflicted with each other, and in many cases several grants covered the same premises. To obviate these difficulties, in 1802, Col. Jared Mansfield, then surveyor- general of the Northwestern Territory, devised and adopted the present mode of surveying the public lands. This system was established by law, and is uniform in its application to all the public lands belonging to the United States. By this method, all the lines are run by the cardinal points of the com- pass; the north and south lines coinciding with the true meridian, and the east and west lines intersecting them at right angles, giving to the tracts thus surveyed the rectangular form. In the first place, certain lines are established running east and west, called Base Lines. Then, from noted points, such as the mouths of principal riv- ers, lines are run due north and south, which are called Principal Meri- dians. The Base Bines and Principal Meridians together, are called Standard Bines, as they form the basis of all the surveys made therein. In order to distinguish from each other the system or series of surveys thus formed, the several Principal Meridians are designated by progressive numbers. The Meridian running north from the mouth of the Great Miami river, is called the First Principal Meridian; that running north through the State of Indiana, the Second Principal Meridian; that rnnning north from the mouth of the Ohio river through the State of Illinois, the Third Principal Meridian; that running north from the mouth of the Illinois river, through the States of Illinois and Wisconsin, the Fourth Principal Meridian; and that running north from the mouth of the Arkansas river, through the States of Arkansas, Missouri, Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin, the Fifth Principal Meridian. Having established the Standard Bines as above described, the country was then divided into equal squares as nearly as practicable, by a system of parallel meridians six miles distant from each other, crossed or intersected bylines east and west,. also six miles from each other. Thus the country was divided into squares, the sides of which are six miles, and each square containing 36 square miles. These squares are called Townships. The lines of the townships running north and south are called Range Bvnes; and the rows or tiers of townships running north and south are called Ranges; tiers of townships east and west are called Townships; and the lines di- viding these tiers are called Township Bines. Townships are numbered from the Base Line and the Principal Meridians. Thus the township in which Sioux City, Iowa, is located, is described as township No. 89 north, in range No. 47 west of the Fifth Principal Meridian. The situation of this township is, therefore, 528 miles (making no allowance for fractional town- ships) north of the Base Bine, as there are 88 townships intervening between it and the Base Line; and being in range No. 47, it is 276 miles west of the Fifth Principal Meridian, as there are 46 ranges of townships intervening between it and the said Principal Meridian. The township adjoining on the north of 89 in range 47, is 90 in range 47; but the township adjoining on the west of 89 in range 47, is numbered 89 of range 48, and the one north of 89 of range 48, is 90 of range 48, and so on. mBTORY OF IOWA. Some &f the -townships mentioned in this illustration, being on the Mis- gouri and Big Sioux rivers, are fractional. The lines and comers of the townships being established by compete surveyors, under the authority of the government, the next work is to sub- divide the townships into sections of one square inije each, making 3,6 sec- tions in each full township, and each full section containing 640 acres. Tte annexed diagram exhibits the 36 sections of a township: 6 5 4 3 2 1 .' 7 8 9 10 > 11 12 ; 18 17 16 15 : 14 J 3 19 20 21 22 23 24 30 29 28 27 26 25 31 32 33 34 35 36 The sections are numbered alternately west and east, beginning at the northeast corner of the township, as shown by the diagram. The lands are sold or disposed of by the government, in tracts of 640 acres, 320 acres, 160 acres, 80 acres and 40 acres; or by the section, half s«ction, quarter section, half quarter section and quarter of quarter sectjott. The annexed diagram will present a section and its sub-divisions: N W 160 A 40A 80 A i 40A 160 A 160 A E The corners of the section, and the corners at K, E-, S. and W. hare all been established and marked by the government surveyor in making bis sub-division of the township, or in sectionizmg, as it is termed. He does JPSTOPY OF «WA. not establish or mark any of the interior jl&aes .or corners. This work is left for the county surveyor or other competent person. Suppose the la«t diagram to represent section 25, in township 89, north of range 47 -west, then the sub-divisions shown may be described as the northwest quarter !©f section 25 ; the southwest quarter of section 25 ; the southeast quarter of section 25, all in township .89 north of range 47 west of the 5th Principal Meridian. But these descriptions do not include any portion of the north- east quarter of the section. That we wish to describe in smaller sub-divis- ions. So we say, the east half of the northeast quarter of section %5; the northwest quarter of the northeast quarter of section 25, and tfi-e southwest quarter of the northeast quarter of section 2,5, all in township 89 north of range 47 west of the 5th Principal Meridian. The last three descriptions embrace all the northeast quarter of the section, but described in three distinct tracts, one containing 80 acres, and two containing 40 acres each, The Base Lines and Principal Meridians have been established by astro- nomical observations ; but the lines of sub-divisions are run with the com- pass. The line indicated by the magnetic needle, when allowed to move freely about the point ,of support, and settle to a state of rest, js called the magnetic variation. This, in general, is not the true meridian, or nort& and south line- The angle which the magnetic meridian makes with the true meridian, is called the variation of the needle at that place, and is east or west, according as the north end of the needle lies on the east or west side of the true meridian. The variation of the needle is different at dif- ferent places, but in Iowa the magnetic needle points about 9£ degrees east of the true meridian. The lines of the lands are made to conform as nearly as practicable to the jtrue meridian, but owing to the imperfections of instru- ments, topographical inequalities in the surface of the ground, and various other causes, it is absolutely impossible in practice to arrive at perfection; or, in other words, to make the townships and their sectional subdivisions exactly square and their lines exactly north and south and east and west, A detailed statement of the manner of sub-dividing a township into sec- tions would be too lengthy for this article. Suffice it to say, that the frac- tional tracts are all thrown on the north and west sides of the townships. The last tiers, or rows, of quarter sections on the north and west sides of a town- ship generally fall either below or in excess of even quarter sections. Where •there is a large district of country of uniform level surface, the errors of measurement are not likely to be so great, and the fractions in that case may not vary much from even quarter sections. All measurements are made in chains. A chain is a measure of four rods, each link being the hundredth part of a chain, and is so used in the field notes and calculations. For convenience in practice, however, the sur- veyor generaly uses a half chain, equal to two rods, or fifty links, but the purveyor's. reckoning U kept, and all his calculations are made in full chains of four rods, and decimal parts thereof. In the measurement of lines, every five chains are called an " out," because at that distance, the last of the ten tally rods or pins, with which the forward chainman set out, has been set to mark the measurement. The other chainman then comes forward, counts and delivers to him the ten tally rods which he has taken up in the last "jWjit," the forward chainman likewise counting the pins as he receives them. At the end of every five chains, the forward chainman as he sets the tenth or last tajly rod, calk, " out," which is repeated by the other chainman, and by the marker and surveyor, each pf whom keep? a feUy of the " opts," 140 HISTORY or IOWA. and marks the same as he calls them. Sixteen " outs," or eighty chains, make a mile. The corners of townships, sections and quarter sections, are marked in the following manner: On the exterior township lines, corner posts are set at the distance of every mile and half mile from the township corner. The mile posts are for the corners of sections, and the half-mile posts for the corners of quarter sections. They are required to be driven into the ground to the depth of from fifteen to twenty inches, and to be made of the most durable wood to be had. The sides of the posts are squared off at the top, and the angles of the square set to correspond with the cardinal points of the compass. All the mile posts on the township lines are marked with as many notches cut in one of the angles as they are miles distant from the township corner where the line commenced. But the township corner posts are notched with six notches on each of the four angles. The mile posts on the section lines are notched on the south and east angles of the square, respectively, with as many notches as they are miles distant from the south and east boundaries of the township. If it so happens that a tree is situated to supply the place of a corner post, it is "blazed" on four sides facing the sections to which it is the corner, and notched in the same manner that the corner posts are. At all corners in the timber, two or more bearing trees in opposite directions are required to be noted, and the course of each tree noted and recorded. The trees are "blazed" on the side facing the post, and the let- ters B. T. (Bearing Tree) cut in the wood below the blaze. At the quarter section corners, the post is flattened on opposite sides, and marked "£," and the nearest suitable tree on each side of the section line is marked to show the township, range and section in which such tree is situated. More recent regulations require four witnesses, or bearing trees, at the township and section corners, and two at the quarter section corners, if within convenient distance. In the prairies, and other places where bearing trees could not be noted, quadrangular mounds of earth are raised around the posts, the angles of the mounds corresponding with the cardinal points of the compass. The mounds are required to be two and a-half feet high and four feet square at the base. The earth to form the mound at the section corner is taken from • one place to form the pit directly south of the mound; and at the quarter section corner it is taken directly east of the mound. The posts are squared and Notched as heretofore described. More recent regulations require stones or charcoal to be buried in the mound. In the timber the lines are marked in the following manner: All those trees which the line cuts have two notches on eaeh side of the tree where the line cuts it. These are called "station trees," and sometimes "line trees," or " sight trees." All trees within ten or fifteen links on each side of the line are marked with two spots or "blazes," diagonally or quartering toward the line. The names and estimated diameters of all the "station trees," with their distances on the lines, are noted. In the northwest part of Iowa, where the prairie so largely predominates, the landmarks, of course, are chiefly mounds and pits. The original stakes set by the surveyors have mostly been destroyed by the fires, but occasion- ally one may be found. Many of the mounds and pits have also been par- tially obliterated, but the experienced surveyor will generally identify them with very little trouble. A person in search of the landmarks on the prai- HISTOET OF IOWA. 141 rie should provide himself with' a compass with which to trace the lines. A small one will answer the purpose of ascertaining lines approximately, but for finding the sub-divisions accurately, a good compass or transit and chain are required. The field notes of the original surveys furnish primarily the material from which the plats and calculations of the public lands are made, and the source from whence the description and evidence of the location and boun- daries of those surveys are drawn and perpetuated. The surveyors of the public lands were, therefore, required to keep an accurate record of the topography of the country, with a description of everything which might afford useful information. The crossings of streams, lakes, ponds, sloughs, etc., with their location on the lines, were all required to be carefully noted. EAELT SETTLEMENTS, AND TEEEITOKIAL OEGANIZATION. Julien Dubuque— Spanish Lead Mines— Early Settlement at Dubuque— Settlement at Mont- , rose— Old Apple Trees— Fort Madison— Keokuk— First Settlement at Burlington— First Settlement in Scott County— Organization of Scott County — Murder of Col. Davenport- Band of Outlaws broken up— Some First Things— Territorial Convention— Subject of Pre-emptions— Missouri Boundary — Question of Separate Territorial Organization— Me- morials to Congress. The first white men who are known to have set their feet upon the soil of Iowa, were James Marquette and Louis Joliet, in 1673, as we have seen in a former part of this work. It was 115 years after the visit of these cele- brated French voyagews before any white man established a settlement, during which time several generations of the Indian tribes occupied the val- leys of the beautiful rivers of Iowa, or roamed over her broad prairies. Dur- ing all this time they doubtless kept alive among them the tradition of the strange Black-Eobe Chief and his pale-faced companions who came in their canoes to see their fathers so many years before. It was likewise a French- man, Julien Dubuque, who had the honor of making the first permanent white settlement. In 1788, having obtained permission from the Indians, he crossed the Mississippi with a small party of miners for the purpose of working lead mines at the place where the city is now located which bears code of laws or rules, reported by a committee consisting of James L. Lang- worthy, H. F. Lander, James McPhetres, Samuel Scales and E. M. "Wreii>. They ereeted an independent civil government of their own, the first gov- ernment established by white men in Iowa. Some time after this the watr'* Department issued an order to Col. Zachary Taylor, then in command of the military post at Prairie du Ghien, to Cause the miners^ to leave the west side* of the river. Notice was accordingly given them and the order was rehi& tantly obeyed, but not until a detachment of trOops was sent to enforce it; After the close of the Black Hawk "War, and the treaty went into effect which allowed settlement, on and after June 1, 1833, the Langworthy brothers and 1 some others returned and resumed their claims, and soon there was a con- siderable settlement at Dubuque. The first school house in Iowa Was erected there the same year, and before the close of the year there were five hundred white people in the mining district. At a meeting of the settler^ in 1834, the place was named Dubuque. Except the mining settlement! at Dubuque, the first traces of the white man in Iowa, are to be found in Lee county. On the 30th of March, 1799, Louis Honori Fesson obtained permission of- the Spa* ish government to establish himself at the head of the rapids of th# river Des Moines for the purpose of trading with the Indians. The place was at this time occupied by a half-breed Indian named Bed Bitfdy HISfOEY OF IOWA. M3 but known among the whites as Thomas Abbott. Subsequently the town of Montrose Was located on the ground where Fesson had his trading post and Ked Bird his wick-e-up. Settlers of a later day have felt much interest in the existence here of some full grown apple trees which must have been planted by some hand long before the Black Hawk "War. It has Been claimed by some that thefwere planted by Fesson as early as the beginning of the present century. Hon. D. W. Kilbottrne, one of the early settlers of Lee county, claimed that they were planted by Bed Bird some time between the years 1795 and 17 98. Mr. Kilbourne was personally acquainted with Eed Bird as Well as With Black Hawk and other noted Indians of the Sac and Fox tribes, and from them he received what he believed to be an authen- tic account of the origin of the " ancient apple orchard " at Montrose. It was the custom of the Indians once a year to visit St. Louis for the purpose of obtaining supplies of blankets and other articles. The half-breed, Bed Bird, then a young man, made his customary pilgrimage in the early spring, and on his return stopped a few days at St. Charles on the Missouri river. There a white man made him a present of about twenty small apple trees and gave him instructions' how to plant them. Ked Bird carried the trees borne with him and planted them near his wick-e-up, placing stakes around them. Nearly all of them grew and! remained to excite the wonder' and curiosity of succeeding generations of white men. In 1809 a military post was established where Ft. Madison is now located, but of course the country was not open to white settlers until after the " Black Hawk Purchase." In 1834 troops- were stationed at the point where Montrose is now located, but at that time the place was called "Fort Des Moines." They remained until 1837, when they were removed to Fort Leavenworth. At first they were under the command of Lieut. Col. S. W. Kearney, who was afterward relieved by Col. R. B. Mason. The command consisted of three companies of the 1st United 1 States Dragoons, Co. C, Cap*. E. Y. Sumner, Co. H, Capt. Nathan Boone, and Co. I, Capt. J. B. Browne. Capt. Browne resigned his position in the regular army in 1837, awd remained a citizen of Lee county. In 1838 he was appointed by <5-6v. Lucas as M aj. Gen. of Militia. He was also elected as a member of the first Territorial Legislature which convened at Burlington, and had the honor of being the^firstPresident of the Council and afterward Speaker of the House of Representatives. At the " Foot of The Lower Eapids " there was a place \**lach, prior to 1834, was known as " Farmers' Trading Post." In Septem- ber of that year a meeting of half-breed Indians and their assigns was held' in the old trading house then owned by Isaac C. Campbell. The object of the meeting was to petition Congress for the passage of a law granting them the privilege to sell and convey their respective titles to what was then known as the " Half-breed Reservation," according to the laws of Missouri. In attendance at this meeting were representatives from Prairie du Chein aftd St. Louis. At this time there were about nine families residing in the vieinity, and after the adjournment of the meeting the resident citizens re- passed to the saloon of John Gaines to talk over their prospects when the half-breed title should become extinct. They looked forward to the time when a city should grow up at that point. J ohn Gaines called the meeting to otfder and made a speech in which he said the time had now come' to agree upon a name foi' the town. He spoke of the chief Keokuk as' the friend of the white mam, and proposed his name for the future town. The proposition met with favor and the name was adopted. In the spring' of 144 HISTORY OF IOWA. 1837 the town was laid out and a public sale of lots took place in June. Only two or three lots were sold, although many attended from St. Louis and other points. In 1840 the greater portion of Keokuk was a dense for- est, the improvements being only a few cabins. In 1847 a census of the place gave a population of t>20. During the year 1832 Capt. James White made a claim on the present site of Montrose, and in the same year, soon . after the close of the Black Hawk war, Zachariah Hawkins, Benjamin Jen- nings, Aaron White, Augustine Horton, Samuel Gooch, Daniel Thompson and Peter Williams made claims at Ft. Madison. In 1833 these claims were purchased by John and Nathaniel Knapp, upon which, in 1835, they laid out the town. The next summer lots were sold. The lots were subse- quently re-surveyed and platted by the United States Government. The first settlement made at Burlington and in the vicinity, was in the fall of 1832. Daniel Tothero came with his family and settled on the prairie about three miles from the Mississippi river. About the same time Samuel White, with his family, erected his cabin near the river at what is known as the upper bluff, within the limits of the present city of Burlington. This was before the extinction of the Indian title, for that did not take place before June 1st, 1833, when the government acquired the territory under what was known as the " Black Hawk Purchase." There was then a government military post at Rock Island, and some dragoons came down from that pjace during the next winter and drove Tothero and and White over the river, burning their cabins. White remained in Illinois until the first of the following June, when the Indians surrendered posses- sion of the "Black Hawk Purchase," and on that very day was on the ground and built his second cabin. His cabin stood on what is now Front street, between Court and High streets, in the city of Burlington. Soon after Mr. White's return his brother-in-law, Doolittle, joined him, and in 1834 they laid out the original town, naming it Burlington, for the town of that name in Vermont. The name was given at the request of John Gray, a Ver- monter and a friend of the proprietors. Thus White and Doolittle became the Romulus and Remus of one of the leading cities of Iowa. During the year 1833 there was considerable settlement made in the vicinity, and soon a mill was erected by Mr. Donnell, on Flint creek, three miles from Burling- ton. In 1837 Major McKell erected a saw-mill in the town. In June, , 1834, Congress passed an act attaching the " Black Hawk Purchase " to the Territory of Michigan for temporary government. In September of the same year the Legislature of Michigan divided this purchase into two coun- ties, Des Moines and Dubuque. The boundary between them was a line running due west from the lower end of Rock Island. They also organized a county court in each county, and for Des Moines county made the seat of justice at Burlington. The first court was held in April, 1835, in a log house. In 1838 Iowa was made a separate Territory and Burlington was made the capital and so remained until after the admission into the Union as a State. The Territorial Legislature met for several years in the first church erected in Burlington, known as " Old Zion." In this same building the supreme judicial tribunal of the Territory also held its sessions, as well as the district court. The first white man to settle permanently within the limits of Scott county, was Capt. B.W. Clark, a native of Yirginia. He had settled and made some improvement on the Illinois side of the Mississippi, but in 1833 he moved across the river and made a " claim and commenced an improvement THE NOETHWEST TEEEITOKT. 145 & 10 146 HISTORY OF IOWA. where the town of Buffalo was laid out. His nearest white neighbors on the west side of the Mississippi, were at Burlington and Dubuque. David H. Clark, a son of Capt. Clark, born April 21, 1834, was the first white child bora within the limits of what is now Scott county. Before the time, June 1, 1833, that the Indians were to give possession to the whites, Geo. L. Davenport had been permitted to make a claim. He had been a favorite with the Indians from boyhood, and for this reason he was permitted to go upon the lands while others were kept off. The land upon which a part of the city of Davenport is located, and adjoining or near Le Claire's reserve, was claimed by E. H. Spencer, and a man named Mc- Cloud. Mr. Le Claire afterward purchased their claim interest for $150. The project of laying out a town upon Mr. Le Claire's claim was first dis- cussed in the autumn of 1835, at the residence of Col. Davenport, on Eock Island. The persons interested in the movement were An toine Le Claire, Maj. Thos. Smith, Maj. ¥m. Gordon, Phillip Hambaugh, Alexander W. McGregor, Levi S. Colton, Capt. James May and Cob Geo. Davenport. In the spring of 1836, the enterprise was carried into effect by the purchase of* the land from Mr. Le Claire, and the laying out of a town to which the name of Davenport was given, in honor ot Col. Davenport. The survey was made by Maj. Gordon. Some improvement had been made upon the ground by Mr. Le Claire, as early as 1833, but none of a substantial character until 1836. During this year Messrs. Le Claire and Davenport erected a building which was opened as a publie house or tavern, by Edward Powers. During the same year John Litch from. Newburyport, N. H, opened the pioneer whisky shop in a log shanty on Front street. A ferry across the Mississippi was established by Mr. Le Claire, who was also the same year appointed the first postmaster, and carried the mails in his pocket while ferrying. The first white male child born in Davenport was a son of Levi S. Colton, in the autumn of 1836. The child died in August, 1840, at the Indian village on Iowa river. The first female child was a daughter of D. C. Eldridge. Alex. W. McGregor, opened the first law office in 1836. Eev A. M. Gavit, a Methodist minister, preached the first sermon in the house of D. C. Eld- ridge. At the close of the year 1836 there were some six or seven houses in the town. The Indians still lingered about the place. Col. Davenport still kept a trading house open on Eock Island, and furnished supplies. When the Sacs and Foxes removed from the lands embraced in the first purchase they settled for a short time on Iowa river, and after the second purchase removed to the Des Moines river, where they remained until the last sale of their lands in Iowa when they were removed by the government to Kansas. Scott county was organized and named in honor of Gen. "Winfield Scott at the session of the Legislature of Wisconsin in December, 1837. Major Frayer Wilson was appointed sheriff. The election for county commission- ers was held on the third Monday in February, 1838, when" the following , were elected: Benj. F. Pike, Andrew W. Campbell, and Alfred Carter. On the 4th of July, 1838, by an act of Congress, Iowa became a separate Terri- tory, and Eobert Lucas, of Ohio, was appointed the first Territorial Governor. He made the following appointments for Scott county: Williard Barrows, notary public; Ebenezer Cook, judge of probate; Adrian H. Davenport, sheriff; Isaac A. Hedges and John Porter, justices of the peace. D. C. Eldridge received the appointment of postmaster at Davenport. The first HISTOBT OF IOWA. 147 District Court met in Davenport in October, 1838, Hon. Thomas S. Wilson, of Dubuque, presiding. For two years a contest had been going on between Davenport and a place called Kockingham as to which should have the honor of the county seat. The fourth Monday of August, 1840, was fixed for holding an election to decide the vexed question. It resulted favorably to Davenport, the citizens of the successful town bnilding a court house and jail free of expense to the county. On the 7th of July, 1838, Andrew Logan, from Pennsylvania, arrived with a printing press, and on the 17th of September following issued the first number of a paper called Iowa Sim and Davenport and Mock Island News, the first newspaper published in the county. On the 26th day of August, 1841, the first number of the Davenport Weekly Gazette was issued by Alfred Sanders. One of the most exciting incidents connected with the early history of Davenport and Scott county was the murder of Col. George Davenport on Rock Island, July 4, 1845. The country on both sides'of the river had been infested by a lawless band of freebooters, with their supposed headquarters at Nauvoo. They had organized themselves into bands and engaged in horse stealing, counterfeiting, burglary, robbery, and murder. In some places men in official positions and of good standing in community were associated with them. On the fatal 4th of July, Col. Davenport's family was away at Stephenson attending a celebration when three men attacked him in his house, one of whom shot him with a pistol through the thigh. They then bound him with strips of bark and blindfolded him. They then made a search for the key of his safe but were unable to. find it. Returning to the wounded man, they carried him up-stairs where the safe was and compelled him to unlock it. The booty obtained was about $600 in money, a gold watch-chain and seals, a double-barrelled gun, and a few articles of minor value. Col. Davenport lived long enough to relate the incidents of the rob- bery. For several weeks no trace could be found of the murderers. Edward Bonney, of Lee county, Iowa, undertook to ferret out their place of conceal-; ment. About the middle of August he went to Nauvoo where he obtained trace of them by representing himself as one of the gang. On the 8th of September he arrested a man named Fox at Centerville, Indiana, and com- mitted him to jail there. On the 19th he arrested two others, Birch and John Long, at Sandusky, Ohio, and brought them to Rock Island by way of the lakes and Chicago. These three men were known at the west as leaders of gangs of desperadoes, but operated under different names. Three others^ were- also arrested as accessories, Richard Baxter and Aaron Long, near Galena, Illinois, and Granville Young, at Nanvoo. Aaron was a brother of John Long. On the 6th of October all of them were indicted by the grand jury of Rock Island county, except Fox, who had escaped from jail inlndi- ana on the 17th of September. On the 14th of October the two Longs were put upon trial, found guilty, and sentenced to be hung on the 27th of the same month. Birch, the greatest villain, turned State's evidence. Baxter was tried separately, convicted and sentenced to be hung on the 18th of No- vember. In his case a writ of error was obtained and a new trial granted, when he was again found guilty and sentenced to the penitentiary for life, where he died two years after. Birch took a change of venue to Knox county, and while awaiting trial escaped from jail. Upon the gallows John Long confessed all, but died a hardened wretch without sign of repentance or fear of death. 148 HISTORY OF IOWA. Durino- the year 1834 settlements were made at various points besides those mentioned, in what are now the counties bordering on the Mississippi river, and soon other settlements began to extend to the western limit of the Black Hawk Purchase. The first post-ofiice in Iowa was established in Dubuque in 1833. Milo H. Prentice was appointed postmaster. The first justice of the peace was Antoiue Le Claire,' appointed in 1833, as " a very suitable person to adjust the difficulties between the white settlers and the Indians still remaining there." The first Methodist Society in the Territory was formed at Dubuque on the 18th of May, 1834, and the first class meeting was held June 1st of that year. The first church bell brought into Iowa was in March, 1834. The first mass of the Koman Catholic Church in the Territory was cele- brated at Dubuque, in the house of Patrick Quigley, in the fall of 1833. The first school house in the Territory was erected by the Dubuque miners in 1833. The first Sabbath school was organized at Dubuque early in the summer of 1834. The first woman who came to this part of the Territory with a view to permanent residence was Mrs. Noble F. Dean, in the fall of 1832. The first family that lived in this part of Iowa was that of Hosea T. Camp, in 1832. The first meeting-house was built by the Methodist Episcopal Church, at Dubuque, in 1834. The first newspaper in Iowa was the Dubuque Visitor, issued May 11th, 1836. John King, afterward Judge King, was editor, and "William C. Jones, printer. By the year 1836 the population had increased so that the people began to agitate for a separate Territorial organization. There were also several other matters in which they were deeply interested. In November, 1837, a convention was called at Burlington to take action. Some account of this first Iowa convention, and the action taken by it, will be of interest to every citizen of the State. TERRITORIAL OONVENTIOIT. On Monday the 6th of November, 1837, a convention of delegates from the several counties in that portion of Wisconsin Territory west of the Missis- sippi river, then sometimes called "Western Wisconsin, convened in the town of Burlington. Among: the principal purposes for which this convention was called were: 1. To memoralize Congress for the passage of an act granting the right of pre-emption to actual settlers on government lands; 2. To memoralize Congress on the subject of the attempt then being made by the State of Missouri to extend her northern boundary line so as to embrace territory claimed as being a part of Wisconsin; 3. To memoralize Congress for the organization of a separate territorial government in that part of the Territory of Wisconsin west of the Mississippi river. The following were the accredited delegates in the convention from the several counties: Dubuque County.— P. H. Engle, J. T. Fales, G. W. Harris, W. A. War- ren, W. B. Watts, A. F. Kussell, W. H. Patton, J. W. Parker, J. D. Bell, and J. H. Rose. Des Moines County.— David Eorer, Robert Ralston*, and Cyrus S. Jacobs. HISTORY OF IOWA. 149 Van Buren County.— Tan Caldwell, J. G. Kenner, and James Hall. Henry County.— W. H. "Wallace, J. D. Payne, and J. L. Myers. Muscatine County. — J. K. Struthers, M. Couch, Eli Eeynolds, S. C. Hastings, James Davis, S. Jenner, A. Smith, and E. K. Fay. Lomsa County.— J. M. Clark, Wm. L. Toole, and J. J. Einearson. Zee County.— Henry Eno, John Claypool, and Hawkins Taylor. The officers of the convention were: President, Cyrus S. Jacobs; "Vice Presidents, J. M. Clark, and Wm. H. Wallace; Secretaries, J. W. Parker, and J. E. Struthers. The" following committees were appointed: To draft and report a memorial in relation to the right of pre-emption Messrs. Engle, Kenner, Payne, Struthers, Patton, Eorer, and Smith. To draft and report a memorial on the subject of the boundary line — Messrs. Eno, Claypool, Kenner, Ealston, Davis, Watts, and Toole. To draft and report a memorial on the subject of a separate territorial organization— Messrs. Korer, Hastings, Caldwell, Myers, Claypool, Einear- son, and Harris. The convention continued in session three days, and on the afternoon of the last day all the committees reported, and their reports were unanimously adopted. MEMOBTAT, ON THE SUBJECT OF PEE-EMPTIONS. To the Honorable Senate and House of Representatives : A convention of citizens representing all the counties in that part of Wis- consin Territory lying west of the Mississippi river, have assembled at Bur- lington, the present seat of government of said Territory, for the purpose of taking into consideration several measures immediately affecting their in- terests and prosperity. Among the most important of these is the passage by your honorable bodies, at the session about to be commenced, ot a pre- emption law by which the settlers on the public land shall have secured to them at the minimum price, the lands on which they live, which they have improved and cultivated without fear of molestation, or over-bidding on the part of the rich capitalist and speculator. It is a fact well known to your hon- orable bodies, that none of the land in Wisconsin, west of the Mississippi river, in what is called the " Iowa District," has yet been offered for sale by the government. It is equally true that that tract of country is now inhabited by twenty-five thousand souls, comprising a population as active, intelligent, and worthy as can be found in any other part of the United States. The enterprise of these pioneers has converted what was but yesterday a solitary and uncultivated waste, into thriving towns and villages, alive with the en- gagements of trade and commerce, and rich and smiling farms, yielding their bountiful return to the labors of the husbandman. This district has been settled and improved with a rapidity unexampled in the history of the country; emigrants from all parts of the United States, and from Europe, are daily adding to our numbers and importance. An attempt to force these lands thus occupied and improved into market, to be 6old to the highest bid- der, and to put the money thus extorted from the hard earnings of an indus- trious and laborious people into the coffers of the public treasury, would be an act of injustice to the settlers, which would scarcely receive the sanction of your honorable bodies. In most cases the labor of years and the accu- mulated capital of a whole life has been expended in making improvements on the public land, under the strong and firm belief that every safeguard would be thrown around them to prevent their property, thus dearly earned 150 HISTOKY OF IOWA. by years of suffering, privation and toil, from being unjustly wrested from their hands. Shall they be disappointed? Will Congress refuse to pass such laws as may be necessary to protect a large class of our citizens from systemized plunder and rapine? The members comprising this convention, representing a very large class of people, who delegated them to speak . in their stead, do most confidently express an opinion that your honorable bodies will at your present session, pass some law removing us from danger, and relieving us from fear on this subject. The members of this conven- tion, for themselves, and for the people whose interests they are sent here to represent, do most respectfully solicit that your honorable bodies will, as speedily as possible, pass a pre-emption law, giving to every actual settler on the public domain, who has made improvements sufficient to evince that it is bona fide his design to cultivate and occupy the land, the right to enter at the minimum government price, one-half section for that purpose, before it shall be offered at public sale. MEMORIAL ON THE SUBJECT OF THE MISSOURI BOUNDARY LINE. To the Honorable, the Senate and House of .Representatives of the United . States in Congress assembled: The Memorial of a Convention of Delegates from the several comnties in the Territory of Wisconsin, west of the Mississippi river, convened at Bur- lington, in said Territory, November 6, 1837, respectfully represent: That your memorialists are desirous of asking the attention of Congress to the adjustment of the boundary line between the State of Missouri and the Territory of Western Wisconsin. Much excitement already prevails among the inhabitants situated in the border counties of the State and Ter- ritory, and it is much to. be feared that, unless the speedy action of Congress should be had upon the subject, difficulties of a serious nature will arise, militating against the peace and harmony which would otherwise exist among them. At the last session of the legislature of Missouri, commis- sioners were appointed to run the northern boundary line of the State. They have recently been engaged in the work, and, according to the line run by them, there is included within the limits of the State of Missouri a consid- erable tract of country hitherto supposed to belong to the Territory of Wis- consin, and which.is still believed of right to belong to it. The northern boundary line of Missouri was run several years ago by commissioners ap- pointed by the State of Missouri, and will cross the Des Moines river at a point about twenty-five miles from its mouth. This line, if continued on due east, would strike the Mississippi river near the town of Fort Madison, about ten miles above the rapids in said river, long since known as the Des Moines rapids; and this line, so run by the commissioners, has always been considered as the boundary line between the State and Territory. The pres- ent commissioners, appointed by the State of Missouri, giving a different construction to the act defining the boundary line of the State, passed up the Des Moines river in search of rapids, and have seen proper to find them some twelve or fourteen miles further up the river than the other commis- sioners of Missouri formerly did, and, selecting a point which they call the rapjds in the Des Moines river, have from thence marked out a line which is now claimed as the northern boundary line of the State. Were this line extended due east, it would strike the Mississippi river at the town of Burlington, some thirty miles above the rapids known, as stated above, as the Des Moines Eapids. HISTOET OF IOWA. 151 Missouri was created into an independent State, and her boundary line defined, in June, 1820. At that time the country bordering on the Des Moines river was a wilderness, and little was known, except from the Indi- ans who lived on its banks, of its geographical situation. There was at that time no point on the river known as the Des Moines rapids, and at the present time between the mouth of the river and the Raccoon forks, a dis- tance of two hundred miles, fifty places can with as much propriety be desig- nated as the one selected by the commissioners of the State of Missouri. Your memorialists conceive that no action of the State of Missouri can, or ought to, affect the integrity of the Territory of Wisconsin; and standing in the attitude they do, they must look to the general government to protect their rights and redress their wrongs, which, for so long a period of time, existed oetween the Territory of Michigan and the State of Ohio relative to their boundaries, will, it is hoped, prompt the speedy action of Congress on this existing subject. Confidently relying upon the wisdom of the general government, and its willingness to take such means as will settle this ques- tion, the people of Wisconsin will peaceably submit to an extension of the northern boundary line of the State of Missouri, if so be that Congress shall ordain it; but until such action, they will resist to the utmost extrem- ity any attempt made by the State of Missouri to extend her jurisdiction over any disputed territory. We, therefore, pray that Congress will appoint commissioners, whose duty it shall be to run the line between the State of Missouri and the Territory of Wisconsin according to the spirit and intention of the act defining the boundary lines of the State of Missouri, and to adopt such other measures as in their wisdom they shall deem fit and proper. MEMORIAL PRATING FOR A DIVISION OF THE TERRITORY. To the Honorable, the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States in Congress assembled: The memorial of a general convention of delegates, from the respective counties in the Territory of Wisconsin, west of the Mississippi river, con- vened at the capitol at Turlington, in said Territory, November 6, 1837, respectfully represents: That the citizens of that part of the Territory west of the Mississippi river, taking into consideration their remote and isolated position, and the vast extent of country included within the limits of the present Territory, and the utter impracticability of the same being governed as an entire whole, by the wisest and best administration of our municipal affairs, in such manner as to fully secure individual right and the right of property, as well as to maintain domestic tranquility," and the good order of society, have by their respective representatives, convened in general convention as aforesaid, for availing themselves of their right of petition as free citizens, by representing their situation, and wishe's to your honorable body, and asking for the organ- ization of a separate Territorial government over that part of the Territory west of the Mississippi river. Without in the least designing to question the official conduct of those in whose hands the fate of our infant Territory has been confided, and in whose patriotism and wisdom we have the utmost confidence, your memorialists cannot refrain from the frank expression of their belief that, taking into consideration the geographical extent of her country, in connection with the probable population of Western Wisconsin, perhaps no Territory of the 152 HISTOET OF IOWA. United States has been so much neglected bv the parent government, so illy protected in the political and individual rights of her citizens. Western Wisconsin came into the possession of our government in June, 1833. Settlements were made, and crops grown, during the same season; and even then, at that early day, was the impulse given to the mighty throng of emigration that has subsequently filled our lovely and desirable country with people, intelligence, wealth and enterprise. From that period until the present, being a little over four years, what has been the Territory of West- ern Wisconsin? Literally and practically a large portion of the time with- out a government. With a population of thousands, she has remained ungoverned, and has been quietly left by the parent government to take care of herself, without the privilege *on the one hand to provide a government of her own, and without any existing authority on the other to govern her. From June, 1833, until June, 1834, a period of one year, there was not even the shadow of government or law in all Western Wisconsin. In June, 1334, Congress attached her to the then existing Territory of Michigan, of which Territory she nominally continued a part, until July, 1836, a period of little more than two years. During the whole of this time, the whole country west, sufficient of itself for a respectable State, was included in two counties, Dubuque and Des Moines. In each of these two counties there were holden, during the said term of two years, two terms of a countv court (a court of inferior jurisdiction), as the only sources of judicial relief up to the passage of the act of Congress creating the Territory of Wisconsin. That act took effect on the third day of July, 1836, and the first judicial relief afforded under that act, was at the April term following, 1837, a period of nine months after its passage; subsequently to which time there has been a court holden in one solitary county in Western Wisconsin only. This, your memorialists are aware, has recently been owing to the unfortunate disposi- tion of the esteemed and meritorious judge of our district; but they are equally aware of the fact, that had Western Wisconsin existed under a sep- arate organization, we should have found relief in the services of other mem- bers of the judiciary, who are at present, in consequence of the great extent of our Territory, and the small number of judges dispersed at two great a distance, and too constantly engaged in the discharge of the duties of their own district, to be enabled to afford relief to other portions of the Territory. Thus, with a population of not less than twenty-five thousand now, and of near half that number at the organization of the Territory, it will appear that we have existed as a portion of an organized Territory, for sixteen., months, with but one term of courts only. Tour memorialists look upon those evils as growing exclusively out of the immense extent of country included within • the present boundaries of the Territory, and express their conviction and belief, that nothing would so effectually remedy the evil as the organization of Western Wisconsin into a separate territorial government. To this your memorialists conceive them- selves entitled by principles of moral right — by the same obligation that - rests upon their present government, to protect them in the free enjoyment of their rights, until such time as they shall be permitted to provide protec- tion for themselves ; as well as from the uniform practice and policy of the government in relation to other Territories. The Territory of Indiana, including the present States of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan, and also much of the eastern portion of the present Territory of Wisconsin, was placed under one separate territorial government in the year HISTORY OF IOWA. 153 1800, at a time that the population amounted to only five thousand six hun- dred and forty, or thereabouts. The Territory of Arkansas was erected into a distinct Territory, in 1820, with a population of about fourteen thousand. The Territory of Illinois was established in 1809, being formed by dividing the Indiana Territory. The exact population of Illinois Territory, at the time of her separation from In- diana, is not known to your memorialists, but her population in 1812, one year subsequent to that event, amounted to but eleven thousand five hun- dred and one whites, and a few blacks — in all, to less than twelve thousand inhabitants. The Territory of Michigan was formed in 1805, by again dividing the Indiana Territory, of which, until then, she composed a part. The popula- tion of Michigan, at the time of her separation from Indiana, your memo- rialists have been unable to ascertain, but in 1810, a period of five years sub- sequent to her separate organization, her population amounted to but about four thousand seven hundred and sixty; and in the year 1820, to less than nine thousand — so that Michigan existed some fifteen years, as a distinct Territory, with a population of less than half of Western Wisconsin at pres- ent; and each of the above named Territories, now composing so many proud and flourishing States, were created into separate territorial govern- ments, with a much less population than that of Western Wisconsin, and that too at a time when the parent government was burdened with a national debt of millions. Your memorialists therefore pray for the organ- ization of a separate territorial government over that part of the Territory of Wisconsin west of the Mississippi river. TEEEITOEY OF IOWA. Territorial Organization — Members of First Legislative Assembly — Its Presiding Officers — Important Acts — The Great Seal of the Territory — Provision for Locating Seat of Gov- ernment — Some Prominent Members — The Boundary Dispute — Its Settement — Delegate to Congress — Territorial Governors — Death of Wm. B. Conway — Various Incorporations. Congress considered the prayer of the memorial favorably, and " An Act to divide the Territory of Wisconsin, and to establish the Territorial govern- ment of Iowa," was approved June 12, 1838, to take effect and be in force on and after July 3, 1838. The new Territory embraced "all that part of the present Territory of Wisconsin which lies west of the Mississippi River, and west of a line drawn due north from the head water or sources of the Mississippi to the territorial line." The organic act provided for a Governor whose term of office should be three years, and for a Secretary, Chief Jus- tice, two Associate Justices, and Attorney and Marshal, who should serve four years, to be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The act also provided for the election, by the white male inhabitants, citizens of the United States, over twenty-one years of age, of a House of Representatives, consisting of twenty-six members, and a Council, to consist of thirteen members. It also appropriated $5,000 for a public library, and $20,000 for the erection of public buildings. President van Buren appointed Ex-Governor Robert Lucas, of Ohio, to be the first Governor of the new Territory. William B. Conway, of Pittsburg, was appointed Secretary of the Territory; Charles Mason, of Burlington, Chief Justice; and Thomas S. Wilson, of Dubuque, and Joseph Williams, of Pennsylvania, Associate Judges of the Supreme and District Courts; Mr. Van Allen, of New York, Attorney; Francis Gehon, of Dubuque, Marshal; 154 HISTOET OF IOWA. Atigustus C. Dodge, Eegister of the Land Office at Burlington, and Thom- as McKnight, Eeceiver of the Land Office at Dubuque. Mr. Yan Al- len, the District Attorney, died at Rockingham, soon after his appointment, and Col. Charles Weston was appointed to fill his vacancy. Mr. Conway, the Secretary, also died at Burlington, during the second session of the Legislature, and James Clarke, editor of the Gazette, was appointed to suc- ceed him. Immediately after his arrival, Governor Lucas issued a procla- mation for the election of members of the first Territorial Legislature, to be held on the 10th of September, dividing the Territory into election districts for thatpurpose, and appointing the 12th day of November for the meeting of the Legislature to be elected, at Burlington. The following were the names, county of residence, nativity, age, and occupation, of the members of that first Territorial Legislature: COUNCIL. COUNTY. NATIVITY. AGE. Van Buren. Vermont. 28 tt it Virginia. 52 Des Moines. Penn. 60 ii i« Ohio. 31 Cedar. New York. 81 Des Moines. Kentucky. 38 Lee. Kentucky. 40 Henry. Tennessee. 35 Virginia. 34 Scott. Vermont. 28 Dubuque. Conn. 26 Virginia. 32 Louisa. New York. 25 OCCUPATION. E. A. M. Swarzy J.Kieth , A- Ingram Robert Ralston C. Whittlesey George Hepner , Jesse B. Browne Jesse D. Payne L. B. Hughes J. W.Parker Stephen Hempstead. Warner Lewis J.M.Clark Farmer. Gunsmith. Farmer. Merchant. Merchant. Farmer. . Formerly in U.S.A. Physician. Merchant. Lawyer. Lawyer. Farmer. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. NAME. COUNTY. Wm. H. Wallace Wm.G. Coop.... A.B.Porter La.urel Summers. . Jabez Burchard . . James Brierly. . . . Wm. Patterson. . . H. Taylor Harden Nowlin. . . Andrew Bankston. Thomas Cox C. Swan C. J. Price J. W. Grimes .... George Temple. .. George H. Beeler. V. B. Delashmutt. Thomas Blair James Hall Samuel Parker . . . G.S.Bailey Levi Thornton.... Wm. L. Toole. . . . Robert G. Roberts John Frierson. . . . S. C. Hastings .... NATIVITY. AGE. OCCUPATION. Henry. ■ - From 1860 to 1877, inclusive, the total number of ladies in the collegiate department was 2,994, and gentlemen 3,941; total number of ladies in the law department since its organization, 6, and gentlemen, 632 ; total number of ladies in the medical department since its organization 48, and gentlemen 469. The presidents since its organization have been: Amos Dean, of Albany, N. Y., elected July 16, 1855. Silas Totten, D. D., LL.D., elected Oct. 25, 1859. Professor Oliver M. Spencer, elected August 19, 1862. Professor Nathan E. Leonard, elected June 26, 1866, as president pro tern., during absence of President Spencer in Europe fifteen months by leave of the board. James Black, D.D., elected March 4, 1868. Eev. George Thacher, elected March 1, 1871. C "W. Slagle, of Fairfield, elected president pro tern., June, 1877. J. L. Pickard, elected in 1878. The faculty of the University consists of the president, nine professors in the collegiate department, one professor and six instructors in military sci- ence; chancellor, three professors and four lecturers in the law department; eight" professor demonstrators of anatomy; professor of surgery and two lecturers in the medical department, and two professors in the homeopathic medical department. « The law department was established in June, 1868 ; the medical depart- ment in 1869; the chair of miltary instruction in June, 1874, and the depart- ment of homeopathy in 1876. From 1858 to 1876, inclusive, the General Assembly has made appropria- tions for buildings, and for the support of the University, sums aggregating $264,757. The Seventeenth General Assembly, by an act approved March 22, 1878, made an appropriation, as an endowment fund, of $20,000 annually, and an additional appropriation of $10,000 for repairs of buildings, fences, walks and other purposes. On the 30th of September, the University held interest bearing mortgage notes amounting to $195,423.13; contract notes amounting to $10,357,74, and a fund known as the Saline fund, amounting to $4,106.85. These amounts, aggregating $209,887.72, constitute a per- manent fund, the interest of which goes to the support of the University. There were also, September 30, 1877, remaining unsold, 2,059.70 acres of University lands, and 3887.10 acres of Saline lan'Ss, making a total of 5,946.80 HISTORY OF IOWA.. 165 acres, the proceeds of which when sold, will go to increase the permanent University fund. At five dollars per acre these lands will add to the perma^ nent fund $29,734, which amount added to the above will give to the Uni- versity a permanent endowment fund of $239,621.72. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. By an act of Congress passed in 1862, a grant of 240,000 acres of land was made to the State for the endowment of schools of agriculture and the mechanical arts. Under this act 240,000.96 acres were appropriated to the State; but as 35,691.66 acres were located within railroad limits, which were computed at the rate of two acres for one, the actual number of acres in the grant was 204,309.30. In addition to this grant Congress also gave its assent to the State to use for the same purpose the five sections of land in jasper county, which had been selected for the seat of government of the State. There were also donated in Story and Boone counties for the use of the institution 921 acres, making a grand total of 208,430.30 acres. This last donation of 921 acres was made by citizens of Story and Boone counties: ■ The General Assembly passed an act which was approved March 22, 1858, establishing the Iowa Agricultural .College and Model Farm. Under this act a board of trustees was appointed, which at a meeting in June, 1859, received propositions for the location, and in July the offer of the present location in Story county, was accepted. In 1864 the General Assembly api propriated $20,000 for the erection of a College building, and in 1866 an additional appropriation of $91,000 was made. The building was com- pleted in 1868. An office was opened in Fort Dodge for the sale of the Col- lege lands, and Hon. George W. Bassett was appointed agent for their sale. From the establishment of this agency in August; 1865, to November 1 1; 1867, the amount received on sales of lands was $68,782.81, and the amount of interest collected on leases for the same time was $338,931.78, making a total of $406,714-65, which is a permanent endowment fund. The courses of study in the College, as revised in 1877, are as follows: 1 — The Course in Science as related to Agriculture. 2 — The Course in Mechanical Engineering. 3 — The. Course in Civil Engineering. 4 — The Ladies' Course in Science. 5 — Course for Juniors and Seniors in-Special Industrial Sciences. 6 — Post-graduate. Courses of Study. 7 — The Prepar- atory Course. From 1872 to 1877, inclusive, the number of graduates of the College was 123. By the terms of the law, tuition in the Agricultural College is made for- ever free to pupils from the State, over sixteen years of age, who have re- sided in the State six months prior to their admission. Each Bounty in the State has a prior right of tuition for three pupils-, and additional pupils to the extent of the capacity of the College, are distributed by the board of trustees among the counties in proportion to the population. The following constitute ' the Faculty: — A. S, Welch, LL. D., President and Professor of Psychology and Philosophy of Science; Gen. J: L. Geddes, Professor of Military Tactics and Engineering; W. H. Wynn, A. M., Ph. D., Professor of English Literature; C. E. Bessey, M. S., Professor of Bot- any, Zoology, Entomology; A. Thompson, 0. E., Mechanical Engineering and Superintendent of Workshops; F. E. L. BeaL B. S., Civil Engineering; T. E. Pope, A. M., Chemistry; M. Stalker, Agricultural and veterinary Science; J. L. Bttdd, Horticulture; J. K. Macomber, PhysicsvE- W. Stan- ton, Mathematics and Political Economy; Mrs. Margaret P. Stanton, Pre- 166 HISTORY OF IOWA. eeptress, Instructor in French and Mathematics; J. S. Lee, B. S , Assistant Professor of Chemistry; Mrs. M. B. Welch, Instructor of the English Lan- guage, and Lecturer on Domestic Economy; J. C. Arthur, M. S., Librarian, and Demonstrator of Botany and Zoology. There are also instructors in Yocal and Instrumental Music. STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. . The State Normal School was established by the General Assembly, at Iowa Falls, in 1876, and under the law the property of the Orphans' Home, at that place, was transferred for the use of the Normal School. The first Board ot Directors organized June 7th, of that year. H. C. Hemenway, was chosen President; J. J. Tolerton, Secretary, and E. Townsend, Treasurer. At the same meeting Prof. J. C. Gilchrist, A. M., was elected Principal of the The' following constitute the Faculty:— J. 0. Gilchrist, A. M., Professor of Mental and Moral Philosophy and Didactics; M. W. Bartlett, A. M., Professor of Languages and Natural Science; D. S. Wright, A. M., Profes- sor of Mathematics; Miss Frances L. Webster, Teacher of Geography and History; E. W. Burnham, Professor of Music. During the second year 105 ladies and 50 gentlemen were in attendance, 33 counties of Iowa being represented. By an act of the General Assem- bly, approved March 25, 1878, the sum of $13,500 was appropriated for the maintenance of the school for the next biennial period of two years, By the same act the board of directors were empowered to charge pupils a tui- tion fee of not exceeding six dollars per term, if necessary, in order to prop- erly support the school. COLLEGES, SEMINARIES AND ACADEMIES. There are also in Iowa the following educational institutions: COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. COUNTY. LOCATION. Des Moines . Fayette .... Fremont. . . Henry Henry Humboldt . . Jefferson... Linn Linn Mahaska . . . Mahaska . . . Marion .... Mills 8ff:::::: Poweshiek . Scott Warren Winneshiek Burlington Fayette Tabor Mount Pleasant Salem Humboldt Fairfield Mount Vernon. Western Oskaloosa Oskaloosa Pella Malvern College Springs Des Moines.... Grinnell Davenport. Indianola. Decorah Burlington University Upper Iowa University Tabor College Iowa Wesleyan University. Whittier College Humboldt College Parson's College Cornell College Western College Oskaloosa College Penn College Central University of Iowa. Baptist College Amity College University of Des Moines . . Iowa College Griswold College Simpson Centenary College. Luther College HISTOKT OF IOWA. ACADEMIES AND OTHER PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS. 167 COUNTY. LOCATION. TITLE. Allamakee . . Allamakee . . Allamakee. . Appanoose. . Appanoose. . Benton Benton Benton Benton Black Hawk Black Hawk Black Hawk Black Hawk Buchanan. . . Chickasaw . . Chickasaw . ■ Clarke Clarke Clayton Clayton Clayton Clayton Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton Davis Davis Delaware. . . Delaware . . . Des Moines. Des Moines. Des Moines. Des Moines. Des Moines. Des Moines. .Des Moines. Des Moines. Des Moines. Des Moines. Dubuque — Dubuque . . . Dubuque . . . Dubuque . . . Dubuque Dubuque Dubuque — Dubuque . . . Dubuque Dubuque . . . Dubuque Dubuque . . . Dubuque . . . Dubuque . . . Dubuque Dubuque Dubuque Oreene Grundy Guthrie Hamilton Hardin Waukon Lansing. . . Lansing Moulton Centerville Vinton West Irving. . . Blairstown Vinton Waterloo Waterloo Waterloo Waterloo Independence . . . Bradford Fredericksburg. . Murray Osceola Elkader Guttenburg McGregor Clayton Center. . Lyons Lyons Lyons Clinton De Witt Olive Township. Bloomfield Troy HopMnton Petersburg Burlington Kossuth Burlington Burlington Burlington Burlington Burlington ..... Burlington Burlington Burlington Dubuque Dubuque Dubuque Dubuque Dubuque Dubuque Dubuque Dubuque Dubuque Dyersville New Vienna Cascade Table Mound... Dubuque SherrilTs Mount. Epworth Parley Jefferson Grundy Center.. Panora Webster City... Ackley Waukon Seminary >. . Sisters' School Mrs. Houghton's School Moulton Normal School Centerville Academy Tilford Academy Irving Institute Blairstown Academy Eclectic Institute Conservatory of Music Cedar Valley Institute Prairie Home Seminary Our Lady of Victory Notre Dame Bradford Academy Select School Graded School Osceola Private School Sisters' School ■ Sisters' School Sisters' School German School Riverside Institute Seminary of Our Lady of Angels Latin School Business College Sisters' School Norwegian Southern Iowa Normal and Scientific Institute. Troy Normal and Classical Institute Lenox Collegiate Institute Petersburg Catholic School Mr. Gordon's School for both sexes Kossuth Academy Graff's School Young Ladies' School German- American School German Evangelical Zion School First German Evangelical School St. John's Convent St. Paul's School St. Patrick's School German Theological Seminary St. Joseph's College St. Joseph's Academy St. Mary's School St. Patrick's School Academy of Visitation St. Maria, (German) Private Primary Private Boarding School St. Francis St. Boniface Church School Church School Church School St. Peters' Epworth Seminary Church School Jefferson Academy Grundy Center Academy Guthrie County High School Webster City Academy Catholic School < 168 HISTOKT OB" IOWA. ACADEMIES AND OTHER PRIVATE INSTIUTIONS-Co»W»m*<*. COUNTY. LOCATION. TITLE. Hardin Hardin Hardin... Henry .-. . Henry . . . Henry . . . Henry . . . Howard. . Iowa Iowa Jasper . . Jasper . . . Jasper . . . Jefferson. Jefferson. Jefferson. Johnson. . Johnson. . Jones.. .. Jones. . .. Keokuk. . Keokuk.. Keokuk. . Kossuth.. Lee Linn Louisa. . . Lucas. . . . Mahaska. Mahaska . Marion Marshall Marshall Marshall Marshall Mills Mitchell Muscatine Muscatine Muscatine .... Pocahontas Polk Polk Polk Polk Pottawattamie . Pottawattamie . Pottawattamie . Scott Scott Scott Van Buren Van Buren Wapello Wapello Warren Washington . . . Webster Webster -. .-. Winneshiek. . . . Winneshiek . . . . Woodbury . ■ . .-. Alden. .- New Providence. . . Eldora Mt. Pleasant Mt. Pleasant Mt. Pleasant New London Cresco Marsngo LytleCity Lynnville Prairie ^Xty Newton Pleasant Plaine... Fairfield Fairfield Iowa Gity. Iowa City Anamosa Olin Baden. * Coal Creek German Township. Algona Denmark ......... Cedar Rapids Grand View Chariton Hopewell. . . . ' Oskaloosa Rose Hill Knoxville Albion Le Grand Le Grand Stanford Glenwood Wilton Muscatine Muscatine Fonda Des Moines. . . Des Moines. . . Des Moines . . . Mitchellville. . , Couneil Bluffs. Council Bluffs. Council Bluffs. Davenport Davenport Davenport < . . . Birmingham . . Farmington . . . Ottumwa Ottumwa Ackworth. .... Washington. . . Fort Dodge. . . Fort Dodge. . . Decorah Spillville Sioux Cily. ■ . ■ Private School New Providence Academy Eldora Academy Female Seminary, and Howe's Academy German College. , German Primary Academy Private School Root's Winter School Catholic School Lynnville Seminary South Side Academy Hazel Dell Academy Pleasant Plaine Academy Fairfield Academy, and Private School High School ; McClain's Academy, and St. Joseph's Institute'. St. Agatha's Seminary >, Anamosa Academy . '. Olin High School Baden Select School Friends' Select School German 'Lutheran School Algona College Denmark Academy Collegiate Institute Eastern Iowa Normal School >. Chariton Academy Hopewell Academy Select School Select School Knoxville Academy Albion Seminary Le Grand Christian Institute Le Grand Institute Stanford Institute Private School Cedar Valley Seminary ; Wilton Seminary, and Collegiate Institute Sisters' School, and German School. Business College Teachers' Normal St. Ambrose School '. St. Mary's School, (German) Business College Mitchell Seminary St. Francis' Boys School St. Franeis' Girls' School German School. . ■. Margaret's, and Sisters' Academy Cunigundus' St. Anthony's, and Business College. Birmingham Academy . Select School Convent of St. Joseph, and Commercial College. Female Seminary, and Pecks' Normal Ackworth Seminary Washington Academy t Convent of Our Lady of Lourdes » . German School. -. Decorah. Institute, and Business College... ••• Catholic School German School HISTOET OF IOWA. 169 STATE INSTITUTIONS. Hospitals for the Insane— College for the Blind— Institutions for the Deaf and Dumb— Or- phans' Homes— Asylum forTeeble-Minded Children— The Penitentiary— The Additional Penitentiary— State Reform School — State Historical Society. HOSPITAL FOE THE INSANE, MT. PLEA8ANT, HENET COUNTT. The General Assembly, by an act approved January 24, 1855, appropri- ated $4,425 to purchase a site for a Hospital for the Insane, and $50,000 for the erection of a building. Edward Johnston, of Lee county; Charles S. Clarke, of Henry county, and the Governor (Grimes), were appointed to se- lect the location and superintend the erection of a building. They made the location at Mt. Pleasant, Henry county, and adopted a plan with suffi- cient capacity to accommodate three hundred patients. Henry Win slow was appointed to superintend the erection of the building. The building was not ready for occupancy until March, 1861. Within the first three months about one hundred patients were admitted. Eichard J. Patterson; M. D., of Ohio, was appinted Superintendent, and in 1865 he was succeeded by Dr. Mark Banney. From the opening of the Hospital to the 1st of No- vember, 1877, there had been admitted 3,584 patients, of whom 1,141 had been discharged recovered, 505 improved, ,589 unimproved, and one died. The total number discharged was 2,976, leaving 608 under treatment. HOSPITAL FOE THE INSANE, INDEPENDENCE, BUCHANAN COUNTT. In 1868 a bill passed the General Assembly making an appropriation of $125,000 for the erection of an additional Hospital for the Insane, at Inde- pendence, Buchanan county. A board of commissioners was appointed* who commenced their duties June 8, 1868. They made the location about a mile from Independence, on the west side of the Wapsipinicon river, and about one mile from the river. The building was ready for occupancy April 21, 1873. On the 1st of October, 1877, the Superintendent, Albert Eeynolds, M. D., reported 322 patients in the hospital. COLLEGE FOE THE BLIND, VINTON, BENTON COUNTT. In August, 1852, Prof. Samuel Bacon, himself blind, established an in- stitution at Keokuk for the instruction of the blind. In January, 1853, the General Assembly passed an act by which the State adopted the institution at Keokuk, and on the 4th of April, of the same year, it was opened for the reception of pupils, at Iowa City. A board of trustees was appointed, with authority to receive propositions and make a permanent location. Liberal donations were made by citizens of Yinton, Benton county, and that place was selected. In October, 1862, the institution was opened at Yinton with twenty-four pupils. Up to 1878 about $285,000 have been expended in buildings and improvements connected with this institution. During the period of two years, ending November 6, 1877, about 135 pupils were in attendance. The faculty is presided over by Rev. Robert Carothers, A. M., as Principal 170 HISTORY OF IOWA. INSTITUTION FOE THE DEAF AND DUMB, COUNCIL BLUFFS, POTTAWATTAMIE COUNTY. This institution was established first at Iowa City, by an act of the Gen- eral Assembly, approved January 24, 1855. W. E. Ijaras was the first Principal. He resigned in 1862, and the board of trustees appointed Ben- jamin Talbot his successor. In 1868 commissioners were appointed to re- locate the institution and superintend the erection of a building, and the sum of $125,000 was appropriated to commence the work. It was located about two miles south of Council Bluffs, and connected with it is a tract of about ninety acres of ground. The main building and one wing were com- pleted October 1, 1870, and immediately occupied. On the 25th of Feb- ruary, 1877, the main building and east wing were destroyed by fire, and and on the 6th of August, of the same year, the roof of the new west wing was blown off and the walls partially injured by a tornado. About 150. pupils were in attendance at the time of the fire. About half of the classes were dismissed, reducing the number to about seventy. The institution re- mains in charge of Benjamin Talbot as Superintendent. By an act of the General Assembly, approved March 25, 1878, the sum of $40,000 was ap- propriated for the purpose of rebuilding and completing in a plain and svb- stantial manner the main building. SOLDIERS' ORPHANS' HOMES, DAVENPORT, CEDAR FALLS, GLENWOOD. In 1866 the General Assembly passed an act establishing three Homes for the soldiers' orphans, as follows: located at Davenport, Cedar Falls, and Glenwood. This was the result of a movement inaugurated by Mrs. Annie "Wittenmeyer, d*ring the civil war. In October, 1863, she called a convention at Davenport, to devise measures for the support and education of the orphan children of Iowa soldiers who had fallen in the na- tional defense. An association was formed, and provision made for raising funds. A sufficient amount of funds was raised to open the Home, and at a meeting of the Trustees in March, 1864, they decided to commence op- erations at once. A large brick building in Yan Buren county was secured, and on the 13th of July, of the same year, the executive committee re- ported that they were ready to receive pupils. In little more than six months seventy pupils were in attendance. The Home continued to be sus- tained by voluntary subscriptions until 1866, when it was assumed by the State and' the three Homes established as above stated. In 1876 the Homes at Cedar Falls and Glenwood were discontinued, and the pupils remaining in them removed to the Home at Davenport. The buildings at Cedar Falls were appropriated to the use of the State Normal School, and those at Glen- wood to the use of the Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children. September 30, 1877, there were in attendance at the Home in Davenport 139 sol- diers' orphans, and forty-one indigent children, the Sixteenth General As- sembly having passed an act opening the Home for the admission of in- digent children. ASYLUM FOR FEEBLE-MINDED CHILDREN, GLENWOOD, MILLS COUNTY. By an act approved March 17, 1876, an Asylum for. Feeble-Minded Children was established at Glenwood, Mills county. The buildings and grounds for the Soldiers' Orphans' Home were by the same act transferred HISTORY Or IOWA. 171 to the use of the new institution, which was placed under the management of three trustees, who held their first meeting at Glenwood, April 26, 1876. The property having been repaired, the Asylum was opened September 1> 1876, and the school organized on the 6th with only five pupils. In Novem- ber, 1877, the number had increased to eighty-seven. THE PENITENTIARY, FOET MADISON, LEE COUNTY. The Territorial Legislature by an act approved January 25, 1839, provided for the election by joint ballot of the Council and House of Representa- tives of the Territory, of three directors to locate the Penitentiary within one mile of the public square in the town of Fort Madison, and provided further, limiting the cost of the Penitentiary to an amount not exceeding forty thousand dollars. The same act authorized the Governor to draw the sum of twenty thousand dollars which had been appropriated by 'Congress for the erection of public buildings In the Territory of Iowa, to pay for materials and work on the building. The location at Fort Madison, how- ever, was coupled with a proviso that the citizens of that place and Lee county should execute to the directors a deed for ten acres of ground. All the conditions were complied with, and the erection of the building was commenced July 9, 1839. The- main building and warden's house were completed in the autumn of 1841. Since that time additions and other im- provements have been made. ADDITIONAL PENITENTIARY, ANAMOSA, JONES COUNTY The Additional Penitentiary at Anamosa was established under an act of the General Assembly approved April 3, 1872. Three commissioners were appointed to make the location and provide for the erection of the necessary buildings. They met at Anamosa, June 4, 1872, and made selection of a site donated by the citizens. Work was commenced on the building Sep- tember 28th of the same year, and May 13, 1873, twenty convicts were transferred from the Penitentiary at Fort Madison to Anamosa. The entire enclosure embraces fifteen acres. THE STATE REFORM SCHOOL, ELDORA, HARDIN COUNTY. On the 31st of March, 1868, an act of the General Assembly was approved establishing a State Reform School near the town of Salem, Henry county. A board of trustees, consisting of one from each Congressional district, was appointed. A proposition was accepted for the lease of W bite's Iowa Man- ual Labor Institute at Salem, the buildings fitted up, and on the 7th of Octo- ber, 1868, the first inmate was received from Jasper county. In 1872, an act was passed and approved providing for the permanent location, and $45,000 appropriated for erecting the necessary buildings. The permanent location was made at Eldora, Hardin county. Inmates are admitted at ages over seven and under sixteen years. The object of this school is the reformation of juvenile offenders. STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. This society was organized in 1856, under an act of the Sixth General As- sembly, "for the purpose of collecting, arranging and preserving books, pamphlets, maps, charts, manuscripts, papers, paintings, statuary, and other 172 % HISTORY OF IOWA. materials illustrative of the history of this State; and also to preserve the memory of the early pioneers of Iowa, their deeds, exploits, perils, and adven- tures; to secure facts relative to our Indian Tribes; to exhibit faithfully the antiquities, and to mark the progress of our rapidly increasing common, wealth; to publish such of the collections of the society as it shall from time to time deem of value and interest; to bind such publications and other books, pamphlets, manuscripts and papers as they may publish or collect; and to aid in all respects as may be within its province, to develop the his- tory of this State in all its departments." At that time the sum of $3,000 per annum for two years was appropriated. The society is under the man- agement of a board of Curators, consisting of one member appointed by the governor from each congressional district, and of nine additional members elected by the society. The officers consist of a president, secretary, treasurer and librarian. , RAILROADS. In May, 1854, the first rail was laid in Iowa, at or near high water mark on the bank of the Mississippi, in the city of Davenport. That year the road was completed to Iowa City, a distance of about 54f miles. The first loco- motive in Iowa was landed' at Davenport in July of the same year, and was called the "Antoine LeClaire." The road was then called the Mississippi & Missouri Railroad. The first rail was laid at Keokuk, on what was then called the Keokuk, Fort Des Moines & Minnesota Railroad, on the 9th day of September, 1856, and in October of the same year two locomotives for the road were landed at Keokuk from a barge which arrived from Quincy. They were cabled the "Keokuk" and the "Des Moines." In the meantime several lines of railroad had been projected to cross the State from points on the Mississippi. On the 15th of May, 1756, an act of Congress was approved makinga grant of land to the State to aid in the construction of railroads from Burlington to the Missouri river, near the mouth of Platte river; from Davenport, via Iowa City and Fort Des Moines to Council Bluffs; from Lyons northeasterly to apoint of intersection with the main line of the Iowa Central Air Line Railroad, near Maquoketa thence on said main line, running as near as practicable on the forty-second parallel across the State to the Missouri river, and from Dubuque to a point on the Missouri river at or near Sioux City. The grant embraced the sections designated by odd numbers six miles in width on each side of the four roads named. Where lands had been sold the State was authorized to select other lands equal in quantity from alternate sections or parts of sections within fifteen miles of the lines located. The law provided certain conditions to be observed by the State in disposing of the lands to the railroads for which they were granted. In consequence of this grant the governor called a spe^ cial session of the General Assembly which convened at Iowa City in July of that year, and on the 14th of the same month an act waB approved accepting the grant, and regranting the lands to the railroads named, on certain specir fled conditions. The roads, with the exception of the Iowa Central Air Line, accepted the several grants, and located their lines before April 1, 1857, that being a stipulation in the act of July 14th. The lands granted to the Iowa Central Air Line road were again granted to the Cedar Rapids & Missouri River Railroad Company. The act of Congress making this grant named no companies, but designated certain lines, in aid of which they should be HISTORY OF IOWA. J7J} applied, leaving the State free to dispose of the lands to such companies as would comply with the conditions. The state granted th& lands to the fol 7 lowing companies: Burlington & Missouri Eiver Eailroad Company; Mis- sissippi & Missouri Eiver Eailroad Company; Cedar Eapids & Missouri Eiver Eailroad Company, and Dubuque & Sioux City Eailroad Company. These became the first land grant roads in Iowa. Several subsequent acts of Congress modified the conditions of the first act, especially with reference to changes in the lines of the several roads : . On the 12th of May, 1864, Congress made another grant of land to the State to aid in the construction of a railroad^ from McGregor to Sioux City. ' This grant embraced everv alternate section ten miles on each side of the proposed road, with the right to receive other lands for such as might be sold or pre-empted. By an act approved August 8, 1846, Congress granted to Iowa the alter- nate sections on'each side of the Des; Moines river for the purpose of improv- ing the navigation of that river from the mouth to the Eaccoon Fork. In 1847 the State organized a board of -public works. The board constructed, or partially constructed, dams and locks at some four or five points on the river, when with the approval of Congress, the lands were transferred to a company styled the Des Moines Navigation and Eailroad Company. At this time (1854) the board of public works had disposed of most of the lands below the Eaccoon Fork, and 58,000 acres above it, and had incurred an indebtedness of $70,000 over and above the proceeds of the sales made. This indebtedness was assumed by the company. In the meantime there were different and conflicting rulings as to whether the lands above the Eaccoon Fork were intended to be included in the grant. This led to a compromise with the Des Moines Navigation and Eailroad Company. The company took all the land certified to the State prior to 1857, and paid the State $20,000 in addition to what they had expended, and abandoned the work. Congress, in 1862, settled the question as to the extent of the grant by a definite enactment extending the grant to the north line of the State, and the General Assembly granted the remainder of the lands to the Des Moines Yalley Eailroad Company to aid in building a railroad up and along the Des Moines valley, and thus this road also became a land grant road. Under the several acts of Congress there have been granted to the State to aid in building railroads, an aggregate of 4,394,400.63 acres of land, including the grant of August 8, 1846, for the Des Moines river improve- ment, as follows: Burlington and Missouri Eiver Eailroad 292,806.41 Mississippi and Missouri Eiver (now C. E. I. & P.) 482,374.3.6 .Iowa Central Air Line (now Cedar Eapids & Missouri). .... 735,997.80 Dubuque & Sioux City & Branch 1,232,359.15 McGregor & Sioux City (now McGregor & Missouri Eiver). . 137,572.27 Sioux City & St. Paul 407,910.21 Des Moines Yalley.-. 1,105,380.43 Total number of acres 4,394,400.63 On the 1st of January, 187V, there were in Iowa 3,938 miles of railroad. , Since that time the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, as it is now called, has been extended from Algona to Sheldon, and several other lines have been '. constructed or extended, making over 4,000 miles of railroad in the State, with an aggregate assessed valuation of oveir $23,000,000. • Several very 174 HISTORY OF IOWA. important roads in the State have heen constructed without the aid of land grants, while others are projected and will be completed in due time. OFFICIAL KECOKD. TERRITORIAL OFFICERS. Governors— Kobert Lucas, 1838-41; John Chambers, 1841-45; James Clarke, 1845. Secretaries— William B. Conway, 1838, died 1839; James Clarke, 1839; O. H. W. Stull, 1841; Samuel J. Burr, 1843; Jesse Williams, 1845. Auditors— Jesse Williams, 1840; Wm. L. Gilbert, 1843; Kobert M. Secrest, 1845. Treasurers - Thornton Bayliss, 1839; Morgan Keno, 1840. Judges — Charles Mason, Chief Justice, 1838; Joseph Williams, 1838; Thomas S. Wilson, 1838. Presidents of Council — Jesse B. Browne, 1838-9; Stephen Hempstead, 1839-40; M. Bainridge, 1840-1; Jonathan W. Parker, 1841-2; John D. Elbert, 1842-3; Thomas Cox, 1843-4; S. Clinton Hastings, 1845; Stephen Hempstead, 1845-6. Speakers of the House— William H. Wallace, 1838-9; Edward John- ston, 1839-40; Thomas Cox, 1840-1; Warner Lewis, 1841-2 ; James M. Morgan, 1842-3; James P. Carleton, 1843-4; James M. Morgan, 1845; George W. McCleary, 1845-6. Fvrst Constitutional Convention, 1844 — Shepherd Leffler, President; Geo. S. Hampton, Secretary. Second Constitutional Convention, 1846 — Enos Lowe, President; Wil- liam Thompson, Secretary. OFFICERS OF THE STATE GOVERNMENT. Governors — Ansel Briggs, 1846 to 1850; Stephen Hempstead, 1850 to 1854; James W. Grimes, 1854 to 1858; Kalph P. Lowe, 1858 to 1860; Samuel J. Kirkwood, 1860 to 1864; William M. Stone, 1864 to 1868; Samuel Merrill, 1868 to 1872; Cyrus C. Carpenter, 1872 to 1876; Samuel J. Kirkwood, 1876 to 1877; Joshua G. Newbold, Acting, 1877 to 1878; John H. Gear, 1878 to . Jjieutenant Governors — Office created by the new Constitution September 3, 1857— Oran Faville, 1858-9; Nicholas J. Kusch, 1860-1; John E. Needham, 1862-3; Enoch W. Eastman, 1864-5; Benjamin F. Gue, 1866- 67; John Scott, 1868-9; M. M. Walden, 1870-1; H. C. Bulis, 1872-3; Joseph Dysart, 1874-5; Joshua G. Newbold, 1876-7; Frank T. Campbell, 1878 to . Secretaries of State — Elisha Cutler, Jr., Dec. 5, 1846, to Dec. 4, 1848; Josiah H. Bonney, Dec. 4, 1848, to Dec. 2, 1850; George W. McCleary, Dec. 2, 1850, to Dec. 1, 1856; Elijah Sells, Dec. 1, 1856,-to Jan. 5, 1863; James Wright, Jan. 5, 1863, to Jan. 7, 1867; Ed. Wright, Jan. 7, 1867, to Jan. 6, 1873; Josiah T. Young, Jan. 6, 1873, to 1879; J. A. T. Hull, 1879 to . Auditors of State— Joseph T. Fales, Dec. 5, 1846, to Dec. 2, 1850; William Pattee, Dec. 2, 1850, to Dec. 4, 1854; Andrew J. Stevens, Dec. 4, 1854, resigned in 1855; John Pattee, Sept. 22, 1855, to Jan. 3, 1859; HISTORY OF IOWA. 175 * Jonathan W. Cattell, 1859 to 1865; John A. Elliott, 1865 to 1871; John Eussell, 1871 to 1875; Buren E. Sherman, 1875 to . Treasurers of State— Morgan Reno, Dec. 18, 1846, to Dec. 2,1850; Israel Kister, Dec. 2, 1850, to Dec. 4, 1852; Martin L. Morris, Dec i, 1852, to Jan. 2, 1859; John W. Jones, 1859 to 1863; William H. Holmes, 1863 to 1867; Samuel E. Eankin, 1867 to 1873; William Christy, 1873 to 1877; George W. Bemis, 1877 to . Superintendents of Public Instruction — Office created in 1847 James Harlan, June 5, 1847 (Supreme Court decided election void); Thomas H. Benton, Jr., May 23, 1847, to June 7, 1854; James D. Eads, 1854-7; Joseph C. Stone, March to June, 1857; Maturin L. Fisher, 1857 to Dec, 1858, when the office was abolished and the duties of the office de- volved upon the Secretary of the Board of Education. Secretaries of Board of Education — Thomas H. Benton, Jr., 1859- 1863; Oran Eaville, Jan. 1, 1864. Board abolished March 23, 1864. Superintendents of Public Instruction — Office re-created March 23, 1864— Oran Faville, March 28, 1864, resigned March 1, 1867; D, Franklin Wells, March 4, 1867, to Jan., 1870; A. S. Kissell, 1870 to 1872; Alonzo Abernethy, 1872 to 1877; Carl W. von Coelln, 1877 to . Registers of the State Land Office — Anson Hart, May 5, 1855, to May 13, 1857; Theodore S. Parvin, May 13, 1857, to Jan. 3, 1859; Amos B. Miller, Jan. 3, 1859, to October, 1862; Edwin Mitchell, Oct. 31, 1862, to Jan. 5, 1863; Josiah A. Harvey, Jan. 5, 1863, to Jan. 7, 1867; Cyrus C. Carpenter, Jan. 7, 1867, to January, 1871; Aaron Brown, January, 1871, to January, 1875; David Secor, January, 1875 to 1879; J. K. Powers, 1879 to . . State Binders — Office created February 2t, 1855 — William M. Coles, May 1, 1855, to May 1, 1859; Frank M. Mills, 1859 to 1867; James S. Carter, 1867 to 1870; J. J. Smart, 1870 to 1874; H. A. Perkins, 1874 to 1875; James J. Smart, 1875 to 1876; H. A. Perkins, 1876 to 1879; Matt. C. Parrott, 1879 to . State Printers — Office created Jan. 3, 1840 — Garrett D. Palmer and George Paul, 1849; William H. Merritt, 1851 to 1853; William A. Horn- ish, 1853 (resigned May 16, 1853); Mahoney & Dorr, 1853 to 1855; Peter Moriarty, 1855 to 1857; John Teesdale, 1857 to 1861; Francis W. Palmer, 1861 to 1869; Frank M. Mills, 1869 to 1870; G. W. Edwards, 1870 to 1872 ;E. P. Clarkson, 1872 to 1879; Frank M. Mills, 1879 to . Adjutants General — Daniel S. Lee, 1851-5; Geo. W. McCleary, 1855- 7; Elijah Sells, 1857; Jesse Bowen, 1857-61; Nathaniel B.Baker, 1861 to 1877; John H. Looby, 1877 to 1878; Noble Warwick, resigned; G. L. Alexander, 1878 to . Attorneys General — David C. Cloud, 1853-56; Samuel A. Eice, 1856- 60; Charles C. Nourse, 1861-4; Isaac L. Allen, 1865 (resigned January, 1866); Frederick E. Bissell, 1866 (died June 12, 1867); Henry O'Connor, 1867-72; Marsena E. Cutts, 1872-6; John F. McJunkin, 1877 to . Presidents of the Senate — Thomas Baker, 1846-7; Thomas Hughes, 1848; John J. Selman, 1848-9; Enos Lowe, 1850-1; William E. Leffing- well, 1852-3; Maturin L. Fisher, 1854-5; William W. Hamilton, 1856-7. Under the new Constitution, the Lieutenant Governor is President of the Senate. Speakers of the House — Jesse B. Browne, 1847-8; Smiley H. Bonhan, 1849-50; George Tpmple, 1851-2: James Grant, 1853-4; Eeuben Noble, l-Jg giSTOKT OF IOWA. jut 1855-6; Samuel McFarland, 1856-7; Stephen B. Sheledy, 1858-9; John Edwards, 1860-1; Eush Clark. 1862-3; Jacob Butler, 1864^5; Ed. Wriglft, 1866-7; John Eussell, 1868-9; Aylett E. Cotton, 1870-1; James Wilson, 1872-3; John H. Gear, 1874-7; John Y. Stone, 1878. New Constitutional Convention, 1857— Francis Springer, President; Thos. J. Saunders, Secretary. STATE OFFICERS, 1878, John H. Gear, Governor ; Frank T. Campbell, Lieutenant Governor; Josiah T. Young, Secretary of State; Buren B. Sheaman, Auditor of State; Geo. W. Bemis Treasurer of State; David Secor, Eegister of State Land Office j John H. Looby, Adjutant-General; John F. McJunken, Attorney-General; Mrs. Ada North, State Librarian ; Edward J. Holmes, Clerk Supreme Court- John S. Eunnells, Eeporter Supreme Court; Carl W. von Ceolln, Superin- tendent Public Instruction ; Eichard P. Ciarkson, State Printer; Henry A. Perkins, State Binder; Prof. Nathan E. Leonard, Superintendent of Weights and Measures; William H. Fleming, Governor's Private Secretary; Fletcher W. Young, Deputy Secretary of State; John C. Parish, Deputy Auditor of State; E^astus G. Morgan, Deputy Treasurer of State; John M.Davis, Deputy Eegister Land Office; Ira C. Kling, Deputy Superintendent Pub- lic Instruction. STATE OFFICEES, 1879. John H. Gear, Governor; Frank T. Campbell, Lieutenant-Governor; J. A. T. Hull, Secretary of State; Buren E. Sherman, Auditor of State"; George W. Bemis, Treasurer of State; J. If. Powers, Eegister of State Land Office; G. L. Alexander, Adjutant-General; John F. McJunken, Attor- ney-General; Mrs. Sadie B. Maxwell, State Librarian; Edward J. Holmes, Clerk Supreme Court; John S. Eunnells, Eeporter Supreme Court; Cart W. von Coelln, Superintendent Public Instruction ; Frank M. Mills, State Printer; Matt C. Parrott, State Binder. THE JUDICIAEY. SUPREME COURT OF IOWA. Chief Justices. — Charles Mason, resigned in June, 1847; Joseph Wil- liams, Jan., 1847, to Jan., 1848; S. Clinton Hastings, Jan., 1848, to Jan., 1849; Joseph Williams, Jan., 1849, to Jan. 11, 1855; George G. Wright, Jan. 11, 1855, to Jan., 1860; Ealph P. Lowe, Jan., 1860, to Jan. 1, 1862; Caleb Baldwin, Jan., 1862, to Jan., 1864; George G. Wright, Jan., 1864, to Jan., 1866; Ealph P.Lowe, Jan., 1866, to Jan., 1868; John F. Dillon, Jan., 1868, to Jan., 1870; Chester C. Cole, Jan. 1, 1870, to Jan. 1, 1871; James G. Day, Jan. 1, 1871. to Jan. 1, 1872; Joseph M. Beck, Jan.l, 1872, to Jan. 1, 1874; Wm. E. Miller, Jan. 1, 1874, to Jan. lj 1876; Chester 0. Cole, Jan. 1, 1876, to Jan. 1, 1877; James G. Day, Jan. 1, 1877, to Jan. 1, 1878; James H. Eothrock, Jan. 1, 1878. Associate Judges. — Joseph Williams; Thomas S. Wilson, resigned Oct*, 1847; John F. Kinney, June 12, 1847, resigned Feb. 15; 1854; George Greene, Nov. 1, 1847, to Jan 9, 1855; Jonathan O. Hall, Feb. 15, 1854, to succeed Kinney, resigned, to Jan., 1855; William G. Woodward; Jan, 9, 1855; Norman W. Isbell, Jan. 16, 1855, resigned 1856;, Lacen D. Stockton, history oy iowa. _ 177 June 3, 1856, to succeed Isbell, resigned, died June 9, 1860; Caleb Bald- win, Jan. 11, I860, to 1864; Kalph P. Lowe, Jan. 12, 1860; Geo. G. "Wright, June 26, 1860, to succeed Stockton, deceased; elected U. S. Senator, 1870; John F. Dillon, Jan. 1, 1864, to succeed Baldwin, resigned, 1870; Chester C. Cole, March 1,1864, to 1867; Joseph M.Beck, Jan. 1, 1868; W.E. Mil- ler, October 11, 1864, to succeed Dillon, resigned; James G. Day, Jan. 1, 1871, to succeed Wright. SUPREME COURT, 1879. Joseph M. Beck, Lee county, Chief Justice; Austin Adams, Dubuque county, Associate Justice; William H. Seevers, Mahaska county, Associate Justice; James G. Day, Fremont county, Associate Justice; Jas. H. Roth- rock, Cedar county, Associate Justice. CONGRESSIONAL REPRESENTATION. UNITED STATES SENATORS. (The first General Assembly failed to elect Senators.) ; George W. Jones, Dubuque, Dec. 1848-1858: Augustus C. Dodge, Bur- lington, Dec. 7, 1848-1855 ;' James Harlan, Mt. Pleasant, Jan. 6, 1855-1865; James W. Grimes, Burlington, Jan. 26, 1858 — died 1870; Samuel J. Kirk- wood, Iowa City, elected Jan 13, 1866, to fill vacancy occasioned by resig- nation of James Harlan; James Harlan, Mt. Pleasant, March 4, 1866-1872; James B. Howell, Keokuk, elected Jan. 20, 1870, to fill vacancy caused by the death of J. W. Grimes — term expired March 3d; George G. Wright, Des Moines, March 4, 1871-1877; William B. Allison, Dubuque, March 4, 1872; Samuel J. Kirkwood, March 4, 1877. MEMBEES OF HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES. >Twmty*wmth Congress— 181j6 to 181fl — S. Clinton Hastings; Shepherd Lefiier. Thirtieth Congress — 184-7 to 1849 — First District, William Thompson; Second District, Shepherd Leffler. Thirty-first Congress — 181)9 to 1851 — First District, First Session, Wm. Thompson; unseated by the House of Representatives on a contest, and election remanded to the people. First District, Second Session, Daniel F. Miller; Second District, Shepherd Leffler. Thirty '-second Congress — 1851 to iSx *£iniUioip Xg •asi3asip jo •spuria^ jo •m°x •^^napioDY •nostra tq co t« -< £ W m fc. O M S3 8 &a OQ H a 1 i=> tzj —i .-I U3 •* 00 03 »M i-l Sl'»*i!o 05 r-< t- ■* SO i-l US IH ■* n3COi-HC-COCO»-*IO '-^ ^-^cO*OiOCOCvI-^COi-t MOTi-td '(N!OH -tf cm os t- «o t-i • o • ca -^ CM OS 00 CO i-l r-llNiOffl«H ■CMU5 • -i-c rH ■ >(OH "ON CO CO"* CM -l • 0Q -CMi-l t-n-ieocoKS -ojoo .-Hi-* CO COO ■)lCi-HOSCOi-H(MOSCOt^COt--CMOOI>iOUS CO 00 lOCOCOC-iOC-lO-^-^CO H 3 CNI • ?-(i-H CM • -h •*-t -— i i— ii-r ■HCOlO •-^iO'«*^ HCMrH • CNi— ( iO CD CO CD iO OS (M t-I (M CO "^ CM i *<* • CO "3 i-t CO ^h C- 'NH-* "«$«C0CDCOC0C0C , a OJ rW'' 185 b. S. h. S. S. (k Ik ^. t>- Si i i i i l <— ■* = ifi-H PM.gfefetefetetete£^ t^^^q ri J .3,33.3.3 -a 5 8 8 3 8 SjS EhHHHEhE-iE' " ' 5 4 CO OS 313^1 3333 33 3 3 3 8.H 186 STATISTICS. < m 3 « E-i ^5 E=J a 3 as < © O O E-i CO I— H >-H cts o CO Eh .-J •o {=> CO «*! o fa. o « PQ £=> •I«»°I •!)naui ■scUoq •saa -^a ox ■pajn^d'EQ rtOHOOJ CN1C--*OSO i-H CM • I> I— I ,' T-l i-H i-H CO-* OJCOcSl* SO ;CO-*CNCM«o ■ KJ OSi-tioCO -Oio^oh^h i-H .CC-* i-HCM§ll5 CO ■ 00 "3 CO •* CO TH CC (M CO CO ^H ■ i-H 00 0>(Nr-lNr-l03Wl^ 00C3CSl00C00cOI> i-H i-H CN1 *-H i-H rH r-t 03 ^H t-t-i-Hr-j-ftcst-o^ior-oO'* OHINOS CO C5 0 >-«i ** -^ iO CO CO ~co , *ococo CO • »COOJ »-4CO • ■ o •CO OS 1 O00N©H05C^Tj<05?J0iMTHOrHrJiiNO^HOO0SOtHCDcDOClWH^H^i0N00f' , *W CDC— 00*0 OCOCO-T^iOCOiOCDiOC-iOiOiaCOiOCOiOiOtOiO iocoio^-^co CO CO 00 o CO ■^ •sO'-i *l>"^00 •CM** '©OH-CN eOOS-^CM ■^OiO^i^COOiOCOCO^COiOcOOiiCC'-CCOOCO SOOiCO «O^OSCMl>-05^iO-*Oa**CD*^CO**OSOr-COCOrHi CSICMt-I -COCMCM t-1 HtMrHWrHFHHCO 305iOOOOCOI>iOOOOCMOOaC^t< • O** WCNCMH -COCMCNI t-t HCTi-i^HHHlN CM rH rH • rH • rH tH[-cftOrHCMOsOC0 1 ^OOON-^l>0'J{MrH ^OSOSOCMOOOC©©OC^COOCOCDl>l>I^COrHCOCWCOrHCNliH^**CM^ r- ^rHrHCO'^OOOOCSllO'-HCCOOOCOlOC-COOOCO hOiO^H-^Oi 1-Hr-tCM-^ CO CMCMrHrHrHrHrHT-HCMCMCMCSrHCMCNlCMCMCMC'aCM CM CM i-h CO 'H r-i CO i—i CO CO C- CM CM CM CO 'CO-^r-ti-t • -i-nCO ^HHl-iHHlfl • • i— I ■ T-H 00 CO CQ CM ■^■^OOCM TlOJTfl(NOC Oi^OSOOSCCiOS'JOSOSOSOCOOO-' i— i (M i-h i— if- 1 1— 1 1— 1 1— ( i— i CM i— i i—i C >CO^COCDOOCOOCMcOr-iOaia;CM^H[>COiO-^rH ICOCOOCOCM rHOOCM-^rMFHL^ thHCM^ CO ICMCMCMt-hCM hCMhOThh CO •CM ■ • i— ii— ( * i—i «c*w«owooi>eccftQ0 3>ot-cac»cai-iother-half of the estate shall descend as in other cases where there is no widow or surviving husband, or child or children, or descendants of the same.- " Fowrth. If there is no child, parent, brother or sister,or descendants '-'of either of them, then to wife of intestate, or to her heirs, if dead, 'according to like rules. . <■..*-, '- Fifth: If any intestate leaves no child, parent, brother or- sister^ or de- scendants of either of them, and no widow or surviving husband, and do child, parent^ brother or sister (Or descendant of either of them) of such widow or surviving husband, it shall escheat to the State. . * WILLS AND ESTATES OF DECEASED PEBSONS. > . < No exact form of words are necessary in order to make a will good at law. Every male person, of the age of ]twenty-one years, and every female of the age of eighteen years, of sound mind and memory, can make a valid will; it' must be in writing, signed by the testator, or by some one in his or her presence, and by his or her express direction, and attested by two or more competent witnesses. Care should be taken that ,the witnesses are not interested in the will. Inventory to be made by executor or administrator within fifteen days from date of letters testamentary or of administration. Executors' and administrators' compensation on amount of personal estate distributed, and for proceeds one-half per cent on overplus up to five thousand dollars, and one per cent of sale of real estate, five per cent for first one thousand dol- lars, two and one-half on overplus above five thousand dollars, with r suoh additional allowance as shall be reasonable for extra services. . Within ten days after the receipt of letters of administration, the executor or administrator shall give such notice of appointment as the court or clerk shall direct. Claims (othgr than preferred) must be filed within one year thereafter^ or are forever barred, unless the claim is pending in the District or Supreme Court, or unless peculiar circumstances entitle the claimant to equitable relief. , Claims are classed and payable in the following order: ' .', 1. Expenses of administration. • 2. Expenses of last sickness and funeral. ABSTEAOT OF THE LAWS OB" IOWA. 197 3. Allowance to widow and children, if made by the court. 4 Debts preferred under the laws of the United States. 5. Public rates and taxes. 6. Claims filed within six months after the first publication of the notice given by the executors of their appointment. 7. All other debts. 8. Legacies. The award, or property which must be set apart to the widow, in her own right, by the executor, includes all personal property which, in the hands of the deceased, as head of the family, would have been exempt from execution. TAXES. The owners of personal property, on the first day of January of each year, and the owners of real property on the first day of November of each year, a/re Viable for the taxes thereon. The following property is exempt from taxation, viz. : 1. The property of the United States and of this State, including uni- versity, agricultural, college and school lands, and all property leased to the State; property of a county, township, city, incorporated town or school dis- trict when devoted entirely to the public use and not held for pecuniary profit; public grounds, including all places for the burial of the dead; fire engines, and all implements for extinguishing fires, with the grounds used exclusively for their buildings and for the meetings of the fire companies ; all public libraries, grounds and buildings of literary, scientific, benevolent, agricultural and religious institutions, and societies devoted solely to the appropriate objects of these institutions, not exceeding 640 acres in extent, aid not leased or otherwise used with a view of pecuniary profit; and all property leased to agricultural, charitable institutions and benevolent soci- eties, and so devoted during the term of such lease; provided, that all deeds, by which such property is held, shall be duly filed for record before the property therein described shall be omitted from the assessment. 2. The books, papers and apparatus belonging to the above institutions; used solely for the purposes above contemplated, and the like property of students in any such institutions, used for their education. 3. Money and credits belonging exclusively to such institutions and de- voted solely to sustaining them, but not exceeding in amount or income the sum prescribed by their charter. 4. Animals not hereafter specified, the wool shorn from sheep, belonging to the person giving the list, his farm produce harvested within one year previous to the listing; private libraries not exceeding three hundred dol- lars in value; family pictures, kitchen furniture, beds and bedding requisite for each family, all wearing apparel in actual use, and all food provided for the family; but no person from whom a compensation for board, or lodging is received or expected, is to be considered a member of the family within the intent of this clause. » 5. The polls or estates or both of persons who, by reason of age or in- firmity, may, in the opinion of the assessor,, be unable to contribute to the public revenue; such opinion and the fact upon which it is based being in all cases reported to the Board of Equalization by the Assessor or any other person, and subject to reversal by them. 6. The farming utensils of any person who makes his livelihood by farm- 198 ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS, OF IOWA. ing, and the tools of any mechanic, not in either case to exceed three hun- dred dollars in value. 7. Government lands entered or located or lands purchased from this State, should not be taxed for the year in which the entry, location or pur- chase is made. . . There is also a suitable exemption, in amount, for planting fruit trees or forest trees or hedges. "Where buildings are destroyed by fire, tornado, or other unavoidable cas- ualty, after being assessed for the year, the Board of Supervisors may rebate taxes for that year on the property destroyed, if same has not been sold for taxes, and if said taxes have not been delinquent for thirty days at the time of destruction of the property, and the rebate shall be allowed for such loss only as is not covered by insurance. All other property is subject to taxation. Every inhabitant of full age and sound mind shall assist the Assessor in listing all taxable property of which he is the owner, or which he controls or manages, either as agent, guardian, father, husband, trustee, executor, accounting officer, partner, mortagor or lessor, mortgagee or lessee. Road beds of railway corporations shall not be assessed to owners of ad- jacent property, but shall be considered the property of the companies for purposes of taxation; nor shall real estate used as a public highway be as- sessed and taxed as part of adjacent lands whence the same was taken for such public purpose. The property of railway, telegraph and express companies shall be listed and assessed for taxation as the property of an individual would be listed and assessed for taxation. Collection of taxes made as in the case of an in- dividual. The Township Board of Equalization shall meet the first Monday in April of each year. Appeal lies to the Circuit Court. The County Board of Equalization (the Board of Supervisors) meet at their regular session in June of each year. Appeal lies to the Circuit Court. Taxes become delinquent February 1st of each year, payable, without in- terest or penalty, at any time before March 1st of each year. Tax sale is held on first Monday of October in each year. Redemption may be made at any time within three years after date of sale, by paying to the County Auditor the amount of sale, and twenty per centum of such amount immediately added as penalty, with ten per cent, interest per annum on the whole amount thus made from the day of sale, and also all subsequent taxes, interest and costs paid by purchaser after March 1st of each year, and a similar penalty of twenty per centum added as before, with ten per cent interest as before. If notice has been given, by purchaser, of the date at which the redemp- tion is limited, the cost of same is added to the redemption money. Ninety days' notice is required, by the statute, to be published by the purchaser or holder of certificate, to terminate the right of redemption. JURISDICTION OF COURTS. District Courts have jurisdiction, general and original, both civil and criminal, except in such cases where Circuit Courts have exclusive jurisdic- tion. District Courts have exclusive supervision over courts of Justices of the Peace and Magistrates, in criminal matters, on appeal and writs of error. ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA, 199 Circuit Courts have jurisdiction, general and original, with the Dis- trict Courts, in all civil actions and special proceedings, and exclusive ju- risdiction in all appeals and writs of error from inferior courts, "in civil matters. And exclusive jurisdiction in matters of estates and general probate business. Justices of the Peace have jurisdiction in civil matters where $100 or less is involved. By consent of parties, the jurisdiction may be ex- tended to an amount not exceeding $300. They have jurisdiction to try and determine all public ofFensc less than felony, committed within their respective counties, in which the fine, by law, does not exceed $100 or the imprisonment thirty days. LIMITATION OF ACTIONS. Action for injuries to the person or reputation; for a statute penalty; -and to enforce a mechanics' lien, must be brought in two (2) years. Those against, a public officer within three (3) years. Those founded on unwritten contracts; for injuries to property; for relief on the ground of fraud; and all other actions not provided for, within fire (5) years. Those founded on written contracts; on judgments of any court (except those provided for in next section), and for the recovery of real property, within ten (10) years. Those founded on judgment of any court of record in the United States, within twenty (20) years. All above limits, except those for penalties and forfeitures, are extended in favor of minors and insane persons, until one year after the disability is removed — time during which defendant is a non-resident of the State shall not be included in computing any of the above periods. Actions for the recovery ot real property, sold for non-payment of taxes, must be brought within five years after the Treasurer's Deed is executed and recorded, except where a minor or convict- or insane person is the owner, and they shall be allowed five years after disability is removed, in which to bring action. JURORS. All qualified electors of the State, of good moral character, sound judg- ment, and in full possession of the senses of hearing and seeing, are compe- tent jurors in their respective counties. United States officers, practicing attorneys, physicians and clergymen, acting professors or teachers in institutions ot learning, and persons dis- abled by bodily infirmity or over sixty-five years of age, are exempt from liability to act as jurors. Any person may be excused from serving on a jury when his own inter- ests or the public's will be materially injured by his attendance, or when the state of his health or the death, or sickness of his family requires his ab- sence. CAPITAL PUNISHMENT was restored by the Seventeenth General Assembly, making it optional with the jury to inflict it or not. 200 AB8TKACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. A MABRIED WOMAN may convey or incumber real estate, or interest therein, belonging' to her,; may control tbe same or contract with reference thereto, as other persons may convey, encumber, control or contract. She may own, acquire, hold, convey and devise property, as her husband may. Her husband is not liable for civil injuries committed by her. She may convey property to her husband, and he may convey to her. She may constitute her husband her attorney in fact. EXEMPTIONS FROM EXECUTION. A resident of the State and head of a family may hold the following property exempt from execution : All wearing apparel of himself and family kept for actual use and suitable to the condition, and the trunks or other receptacles necessary to contain the same; one musket or rifle and shot-gun; all private libraries, family Bibles, portraits, pictures, musical in- struments, and paintings not kept for the purpose of sale; a seat or pew occupied by the debtor or his family in any house of public worship; an interest in a public or private burying ground not exceeding one acre; two cows and a calf; one horse, unless a horse is exempt as hereinafter pro- vided ; fifty sheep and the wool therefrom, and the materials manufactured from said wool; six stands of bees; five hogs and all pigs under six months; the necessary food for exempted animals for six months; all'flax raised from one acre of ground, and manufactures therefrom; one bedstead and necessary bedding for every two in the family; all cloth manufactures by the defendant not exceeding one hundred yards ; household and kitchen furniture not exceeding two hundred dollars in value; all spinning wheels and looms ; one sewing machine and other instruments of domestic labor kept for actual use; the necessary provisions and fuel for the use of the family for six months; the proper tools, instruments, or books of the debtor, if a farmer, mechanic, surveyor, clergyman, lawyer, physician* teacher or professor; the horse or the team, consisting of not more than two horses or mules, or two yokes of cattle, and the wagon or other vehicle, with the proper harness or tackle, by the use of which the debtor, if a physician, public officer, farmer, teamster or other laborer, habitually earns his living; and to the debtor, if a printer, there shall also be exempt a printing press and the types, furniture and material necessary for the use of such printing press, and a newspaper office to the value of twelve hundred dollars; the earnings of such debtor, or those of his family, at any time within ninety days next preceding the leVy. Persons unmarried and not the head of a family, and non-residents,' have exempt their own ordinary wearing apparel and trunks' to contain the same. There is also exempt, to a head of a family, a homestead, not exceeding forty acres; or, if inside city limits, one-half acre with improvements, value not limited. The homestead is liable for all debts contracted prior to its acquisition as such, and is subject to mechanics' liens for work or material, furnished for the same. An article, otherwise exempt, is liable, on execution, for the purchase money thereof. ' Where a debtor, if a head of a family, has started to leave the State, he ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS OP IOWA. • 201 Bhall have exempt only the_ ordinary wearing apparel of himself and family, and other property in addition, as he may select, in all not exceeding seventy- five dollars in value. A policy of life insurance shall inure to the separate use of the husband or wife and children, entirely independent of his or her creditors. WOLF SCALPS. A bounty of one dollar is paid for wolf scalps. MARKS AND BRANDS. .Any person may adopt his own mark or brand for his domestic animals, or have a description thereof recorded by the township clerk. , No person shall adopt the recorded mark or brand of any person residing in his township. DAMAGES FROM TRESPASS. When any person's lands are enclosed by a lawful fence, ; the owner of any domestic animal injuring said lands is liable for the damages, and the damages may be recovered by suit against the owner, or may be made by distraining the animals doing the damage; and if the party injured elects to recover by action against the owner, no appraisement need be made by the trustees, as in case of distraint. When trespassing animals are distrained within twenty-four hours, Sun- day not included, the party injured shall notify the owner of said animals, if known; and if the owner fails, to satisfy the party within twenty-four hours thereafter, the party shall have the township trustees assess the dam- ages, and notice shall be posted up in three conspicuous places in the town- ship, that the stock, or part thereof, shall, on the tenth day after posting the notice, between the honrs of 1 and 3 p. M., be sold to the highest bidder, to satisfy said damages, with costs. * Appeal lies, within twenty days, from the action of the trustees to the circuit court. Where stock is restrained, by police regulation or by law, from running at, large, any person injured in his improved or cultivated lands by any do- mestic animal, may, by action against the owner of such animal, or by dis- training such animal, recover his damages, whether the lands whereon the injury was done were inclosed by a lawful fence or not. ESTRATS.' ' An unbroken animal shall not be taken up as an estray between May 1st and November 1st, of each year, unless the same be found within the law- ful enclosure of a householder, who alone can take up such animal, unless some other person gives him notice of the fact of such animal coming on his place; and if he fails, within five days thereafter, to take up such estray, any other householder of the township may take up such estray and pro- ceed with it as if taken on his own premises, provided he shall prove to the Justice of the Peace such notice, and shall make affidavit where such estray was taken up. 202 ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. Any swine, sheep, goat, horse, neat cattle or other animal distrained (for damage done to one's enclosure), when the owner is not known, shall be treated as an estray. Within five days after taking up an estray, notice containing a full de- scription thereof, shall be posted up in three of the most public places in the township; and in ten days, the person taking up such estray shall go before a Justice of the Peace in the township ana make oath as to where such estray was taken up, and that the marks or brands have not been al- tered, to h"is knowledge. The estray shall then be appraised, by order of the Justice, and the appraisement, description of the size, age, color, sex, marks and brands of the estray shall be entered by the Justice in a book kept for that purpose, and he shall, within ten days thereafter, send a certi- fied copy thereof to the County Auditor. When the appraised value of an estray does not exceed five dollars, the Justice need not proceed further than to enter the description of the estray on his book, and if no owner appears within six months, the property shall vest in the finder, if he has complied with the law and paid all costs. Where appraised value of estray exceeds five and is less than ten dollars, if no owner appears in nine months, the finder has the property, if he has complied with the law and paid costs. An estray, legally taken up, may be used or worked with care and mod- eration. If any person unlawfully take up an estray, or take up an estray and fail to comply with the law regarding estrays, or use or work it contrary to above, or work it before having it appraised, or keep such estray out of the county more than five days at one time, before acquiring ownership, such offender shall forfeit to the county twenty dollars, and the owner may re- cover double damages with costs. If the owner of any estray fail to claim and prove his title for one year after the taking up, and the finder shall have complied with the law, a com- plete title vests in the finder. But if the owner appear within eighteen months from the taking up, prove his ownership aud pay.all costs and expenses, the finder shall pay him the appraised value of such estray, or may, at his option, deliver up the es- tray. FENCES. A lawful fence is fifty-four inches high, made of rails, wire or boards, with posts not more than ten feet apart where rails are used, and eight feet where boards are used, substantially built and kept in good repair; or any other fence, in the opinion of the fence viewers, shall be declared a lawful fence — provided the lower rail, wire or board be not more than twonty nor less thah sixteen inches from the ground. _ The respective owners of lands enclosed with fences shall maintain parti- tion fences between their own and next adjoining enclosure so long as they improve them in equal shares, unless otherwise agreed between them. If any party neglect to maintain such partition fence as he should main- tain, the fence viewers (the township trustees), upon complaint of aggrieved party, may, upon due notice to both parties, examine the fence, and, if found insufficient, notify the delinquent party, in writing, to repair or re- build the same within such time as they judge reasonable. If the fence be not repaired or rebuilt accordingly, the complainant may ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 203 do so, and the same being adjudged sufficient by the fence viewers, and the value thereof, with their fees, being ascertained and certified under their hands, the complainant may demand of the delinquent the sum so ascer- : tained, and if the same be not paid in one month after demand, may recover it with one per cent a month interest, by action. In case of disputes, the fence viewers may decide as to who shall erect or maintain partition fences, and in what time the same shall be done; and in case any party neglect to maintain or erect such part as may be assigned to him, the aggrieved party may erect and maintain the same, and recover double damages. Uo person, not wishing his land enlosed, and not using it otherwise than in common, shall be compelled to maintain any partition fence; but when lie uses or incloses his land otherwise than in common, he shall contribute to the partition fences. Where parties have had their lands inclosed in common, and one of the owners desire to occupy his separate and apart from the other, and the other refuses to divide the line or build a sufficient fence on the line when di- vided, the fence viewers may divide and assign, and upon neglect of the other to build as ordered by the" viewers, the one may build the other's part and recover as above. And when one incloses land which has lain uninclosed, he must pay for one-half of each partition fence between himself and his neighbors. Where one desires to lay not less than twenty feet of his lands, adjoining his neighbor, out to the public to be used in common, he must give his neighbor six months' notice thereof. Where ja fence has been built on the land of another through mistake, the owner may enter upon such premises and remove his fence and material within six months after the division line has been ascertained. "Where the material to build such a fence has been taken from the land on which it was built, then, before it can be removed, the person claiming must first pay for such material to the owner of the land from which it was taken, nor shall such a fence be removed at a time when the removal will throw open or expose the crops of the other party; a reasonable time must be given be- yond the six months to remove crops. ADOPTION OF CHILDREN. Any person competent to make a will can adopt as his own the, minor child of another. The consent of both parents, if living and not divorced or separated, and if divorced or separated, or if unmarried, the consent of the parent ^awfully having the custody of the child ; or if either parent is dead, then "the consent of the survivor, or if both parents be dead, or the child have been and remain abandoned by them, then the consent of the Mayor of the city where the child is living, or if riot in the city, then of the Clerk of the Circuit Court of the; county shall be given to such adoption by an instrument in writing, signed by parties consenting, and stat- ing the names of the parties, if known, the name of the child, if known, the name of the person adopting such child, and the residence of all, if known, and declaring the name by which the child is thereafter to be called and known, and stating, also, that such child is given to the person adopting, for the purpose of adoption as his own child. The person adopting shall also sign said instrument, and all the parties 204 ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. shall acknowledge the same in the manner that deeds conveying lands shall be acknowledged. - ; -■ .•.:-.■ ■:. •< ■<> > The instrument shall he recorded in the office of the County Recorder, ,-,: 8URVEYORS AND SURVEYS. There is in every county elected a Surveyor known as a County Surveyor, who has power to appoint deputies, for whose official acts he is responsible. It is the duty of the County Surveyor, either by himself or his deputy, to make all surveys that he may be called upon to make within his county as soon as may be after application is made. The necessary chainmeh and other assistance must be employed by the person requiring the same to* be done, and to be by him paid, unless otherwise agreed; but the chairimen must be disinterested persons and approved by the Surveyor and sworn by him to measure justly and impartially. Previous to any survey, he shall furnish himself with a copy of the field notes of the original survey of the same land^ if there be any in the office of the County Auditor, and his sur- vey shall be made in accordance therewith. Their fees are three dollars per day. For certified copies of field notes, twenty-five cents. mechanics' liens. Every mechanic, or other person who shall do any labor upon, or furnish any materials, machinery or fixtures for any building, erection or other 'im- provement upon land, including those engaged in the construction or repair of any work of internal improvement, by virtue of any contract with the owner, his agent, trustee, contractor, or sub-con tr re tor, shall have a lien, on complying with the forms of law, upon the building or other improvement for his labor done or materials furnished. It would take too large a space to detail the manner in which a sub-con- tractor secures his lien. He should file, within thirty days after the last of the labor was performed, or the last of the material shall have been 'furnished, with the clerk of the District Court a true account of the amount due him, after allowing all credits, setting forth the time when such material was fur- nished or labor performed, and when completed, and containing a correct description of the property sought to be charged with the lien, and the whole verified by affidavit. A principal contractor must file such an affidavit within ninety days, as above. Ordinarily, there are so many points to be examined in order to secure a mechanics' lien, that it is much better, unless one is acustomed to managing such liens, to consult at once an attorney. Remember that the proper time to file the claim is ninety days for a prin- cipal contractor, thirty days for a sub-contractor, as above;" and that actions to enforce these liens must be commenced within two years, and the rest can much better be done with an attorney. ROADS AND BRIDGES. Persons meeting each other on the public highways, shall give one-half of the same by turning to the right. All persons failing to observe this rule shall be liable to pay all damages resulting therefrom, together with a fine, not exceeding five dollars. ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 205 The prosecution must be instituted on the complaint of the person wronged. Any person _ guilty of racing horses, or driving upon the public highway, in a manner likely to endanger the persons or the lives of others, shall, on conviction, be fined not exceeding one hundred dollars or imprisoned not exceeding thirty days. It is a misdemeanor, without authority from the proper Road Supervisor, to break upon, plow or dig within, the boundary lines of any public high- way. The money tax levied upon the property in each road district in each town- ship (except the general Township Fund, set apart for purchasing tools, ma- chinery and guide boards), whether collected by the .Road Supervisor or County Treasurer, shall be expended for highway purposes in that district, and no part thereof shall be paid out or expended for the benefit of another district. The Road Supervisor of each district, is bound to keep the roads and ■bridges therein, in as good condition as the funds at his disposal will permit; to put guide boards at cross roads and forks of highways in his district ; and when notified in writing that any portion of the public highway, or any bridge is unsafe, must in a reasonable time repair the same, and for this pur- pose may call out any or all the able bodied men in the district, but not more than two days at one time, without their consent. Also, when notified in writing, of the growth of any Canada thistles upon vacant or non-resident lands or vacant lots, within his district, the owner, lessee or agent thereof being unknown, shall cause the same to be destroyed. Bridges when erected and maintained by the public, are parts of the high- way, and must not be less than sixteen feet wide.. ■ A penalty is imposed upon any one who rides or drives faster than a walk across any such bridge. The manner of establishing, vacating or altering roads, etc., is so well known to all township officers, that it sufficient here to say that the first step is by petition, filed in the Auditors' office, addressed in substance as follows : The Board of Supervisors of County: The undersigned asks that a highway, commencing at and running thence and terminating at , be established, vacated or altered (as the case may be). When the petition is filed, all necessary and succeding steps will be shown and explained to the petitioners by the Auditor. SUPP0BT OF P00JJ. The father, mother and children of any poor person who has applied for aid, and who is unable to maintain himself by work, shall, jointly or sev- erally, maintain such poor person in such manner as may be approved by the Township Trustees. In the absence or inability of nearer relatives, the same liability shall ex- tend to the grandparents, if of ability without personal labor, and to the male grandchildren who are of ability, by personal labor or otherwise. The Township Trustees may, upon the failure of such relatives to main- tain a poor person, who has made application for relief, apply to the Circuit Court for an order to compel the same. Upon ten days' notice, in writing, to the parties sought to be charged, a hearing may be had, and. an order made for entire or partial support of the poor person. 206 ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. Appeal may be taken from such judgment as from other judgments of the Circuit Court. When any person, having any estate, abandons either children, wife or husband, leaving them chargeable, or likely to become chargeable, upon the public for support, upon proof of above fact, an order may be had from the Clerk of the Circuit Court, or Judge, authorizing the Trustees or the Sheriff to take into possession such estate. The court may direct such personal estate to be sold, to be applied, as well 'as the rents and profits of the real estate, if any, to the support of children, wife or husband. If the party against whom the order is issued return and support the per- son abandoned, or give security for the same, the order' shall be discharged, and the property taken returned. The mode of relief for the poor, through the action of the Township Trustees, or' the action of the Board of Supervisors, is so well known to every township officer, and the circumstances attending applications for re- lief are so varied, that it need now only be said that it is the duty of each county to provide for its poor, no matter at what place they may be. LANDLORD AND TENANT. A tenant giving notice to quit demised premises at a time named, and afterward holding over, and a tenant or his assignee willfully holding over the premises after the term, and after notice to quit, shall pay double rent. Any person in possession of real property, with the assent of the owner, is presumed to be a tenant at will until the contraiy is shown. Thirty days' notice, in writing, is necessary to be given by either party before he can terminate a tenancy at will; but when, in any case, a rent is reserved payable at intervals of less than thirty days, the length of notice need not be greater than such interval between the days of payment. In case of tenants occupying and cultivating farms, the notice must fix the ter- mination of the tenancy to take place on the 1st of March, except in cases of field tenants and croppers, whose leases shall be held to expire when the crop is harvested; provided, that in a case of a crop of corn, it shall not be later, than the 1st day of December, unless otherwise agreed upon. But when an express agreement is made, whether the same has been reduced to writing or not, the tenancy shall cease at the time agreed upon, without notice. But where an express agreement is made, whether reduced to writingpr not, the tanancy shall cease at the time agreed upon, without notice. If such tenant cannot be found in the county, the notices above required may be given to any sub-tenant or other person in possession of the prem- ises; or if the premises be vacant, by affixing the notice to the principal door of the building, or on some conspicuous position on the land, if there be no building. The landlord shall have a lien for his rent upon all the crops grown on the premises, and upon any other personal property of the tenant used on the premises during the term, and not exempt from execution, for a period of one year after a year's rent or the rent of a shorter period claimed tails due; but such lien shall not continue more than six months after the expiration of the term. The lien may be effected by the commencement of an action, within the ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 207 period above described, for rent alone; and the landlord is entitled to a writ of attachment, upon filing an affidavit that the action is commenced to re- cover rent accrued within one year previous thereto upon the premises de- scribed in the affidavit. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. Sand 130 Sorgum Seed 30 Broom Corn Seed 30 Buckwhect 52 Salt 50 Barley 48 Corn Meal 48 Castor Beans 46 Timothy Seed 45 Hemp Seed 44 Dried Peaches 33 Oats 33 Dried Apples 24 Bran 20 Blue Grass Seed 14 Hungarian Grass Seed 45 Whenever any of the following articles shall be contracted for, or sold or delivered, and no special contract or agreement shall be made to the con- trary, the weight per bushel shall be as follows, to wit: Apples, PeacheB or Quinces 48 Cherries, Grapes, Currants or Gooseber's, 40 Strawberries, Raspberries or Blackber's, 32 Osage Orango Seed 32 Millet Seed 45 Stone Coal 80 time 80 Corn in the ear 70 Wheat 60 Potatoes 60 Beans 60 Clover Seed 60 Onions 57 Shelled Corn 56 Rye 56 Flax Seed 56 Sweet Potatoes 46 Penalty for giving less than the above standard is treble damages and costs and five dollars addition thereto as a fine. NOTES. Form of note is legal, worded in the simplest way, so that the amount and time of payment are mentioned : $100. Chicago, 111., Sept. 15, 1876. Sixty days from date I promise to pay to E. F. Brown or order, one hun- dred dollars, for value received. L. D. Lowey. A note to be payable in anything else than money needs only the facts substituted for money in the above form. OEDEES. Orders should be worded simply, thus. Mr. F. H. Coats: Chicago, Sept. 15, 1876. Please pay to H. Birdsall twenty-five dollars, and charge to v F. D. Silva. BILLS OF PURCHASE. W. TS. Mason, Salem, Illinois, Sept. 18, 1876. Bought of A. A. Graham. 4 Bushels of Seed Wheat, at $1.50 $6 00 2 Seamless Sacks " 30 60 Received payment, A. A. Graham. $6 60 20S ABSTEACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. RECEIPTS. Receipts should always state when received and what for, thus: $100. Chicago, Sept. 15, 1876. Eeceived of J. "W. Davis, one hundred dollars, for 'ser- vices rendered in grading his Jot in Fort Madison, on account. Thomas Beady. If receipt is in full, it should be so stated. definition of commercial teems. -$ — ■■ — means dollars, being a contraction of II.. S., which was formerly placed beforeany denomination of money, and meant, as it means now, United States Currency. £ means pounds, English money. @ ■ stands for at or to ; lb for pounds, and bhl. for barrels ; ^ for -per or by the. Thus, Butter sells at 20@30c $ ft, and Flour at $8@$12 f bbl. % for per cent, and Jf iov'number. >. ., „• May 1. Wheat sells at $1.20@$1.25, " seller June."- Seller June meaDS that the person who sells the wheat has the privilege of delivering it at any time during the month of June. Selling snort, is contracting to deliver a certain amount-of-grain* or stoekj at a fixed price, within a certain length of time, when the seller 1 . has' not the stock on hand. It is for the interest of the person selling "short" .to depress the market as much as possible, in order that he may buy and fill his contract at a profit.- Hence the "shorts " are termed " bears." ! ' " Buying long, is to contract to purchase a certain amount of grain of shares of stock at a fixed price, deliverable within a stipulated time, ex- pecting to make a profit by the rise in prices. The "longs "are termed " bulls," as it is for their interest to " operate " so as to " toss " the prices upward as mnch as possible. * ■ CONFESSION OF JUDGMENT. Iowai , 18—. after date — promises to pay to the order of '— , dollars, at -, for value received, with interest at ten per cent per annum after until paid. Interest payable , and on interest not paid when due, interest at same rate and conditions. A failure to pay said interest, or any part thereof, within 20 days after due, shall cause the wnole note to become due and collectible at once. If this note is sued, or judgment is confessed hereon, $ shall be aliowedas attorhey'ftes. No.—. P.O. , - -^-.* f CONFESSION OF JUDGMENT. —vs. — In Court of County, Iowa, , of • County, Iowa, do hereby confess that justly indebted to — ■ , in the sum of dollars, and the further sum of $— — as attorney fees, with interest thereon at ten per cent from , and — hereby confess, judg- ment against as defendant in favor of said , for said, sum,!, of $ ) ar >d $ — -as attorney fees, hereby authorizing the Clerk- of mo — — Court of said county to enter up judgment, for said sum against with costs, and interest at 10 per cent from , the interest to be paid—. Said debt and judgment being for . ABSTEACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 209 It is especially agreed, however, That if this judgment is paid within twenty days after due, no attorney fees need be paid. And — — hereby sell, convey and release all right of homestead we now occupy in favor of said so far as this judgment is concerned, and agree that it shall be liable on execution for this judgment. Dated , 18—. . The State of Iowa, ) County. ) being duly sworn according to law, depose and say that the fore- going statement and Confession of Judgment was read over to , and that — understood the contents thereof, and that the statements contained therein are true, and that the sums therein mentioned are justly to become dnc said as aforesaid. iSworn .to and subscribed before me and in my presence by the said . this day of , 18 — . , Notary Public. ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT. An agreement is where one party promises to another to do a certain thing in a certain time for a stipulated sum. Good business men always reduce an agreement to writing, which nearly always saves misunderstand- ings and trouble, No particular form is necessary, but the facts must be clearly and explicitly stated, and there must, to make it valid, be a reason- able consideration. General Form of Agreement. — This agreement, made the second day of June, 1878, between John Jones, of Keokuk, county of Lee, State of Iowa, of the first part, and Thomas Whiteside, of the same place, of the second part — Witne88eth: That the said John Jones, in consideration of the agreement of the party of the second part, hereinafter contained, contracts and agrees to and with the said Thomas Whiteside, that he will deliver in good and marketable condition, at the village of Melrose, Iowa, during the month of November, of this year, one hundred tons of prairie hay, in the following lots, and at the following specified times; namely, twenty-five tons by the seventh of November, twenty-five tons additional by the fourteenth of the month, twenty-five tons more by the twenty-first, and the entire one hun- dred tons to be all delivered by the thirtieth of November. And the said Thomas "Whiteside, in consideration of the prompt fulfill- ment of this contract, on the part of the party of the first part, contracts to and, agrees with the said John Jones, to pay for said hay five dollars per ton, for each ton as 6oon as delivered. In case of failure of agreement by either of the parties hereto, it is hereby stipulated and agreed, that the party so failing shall pay to the other, one hundred dollars, as fixed and settled damages. In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands the day and year first above written. John Jones, Thomas Whiteside. Agreement with Clerk for Services. — This agreement, made the first day of Slay, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight, between Keuben Stone, of Dubuque, county »of Dubuque, State of Iowa, party of the first 14 210 ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. part, and George Barclay, of McGregor, county of Clayton, State of Iowa, party of the second part — Witnesseth: That the said George Barclay agrees faithfully and diligently to work as clerk and salesman for the said Reuben Stone, for and during the space of one year from the date hereof, should both lire such length of time, without absenting himself from his occupation; during which time he, the said Barclay, in the store of said Stone, of Dubuque, will carefully and honestly attend, doing and ■ performing all duties as clerk and salesman aforesaid, in accordance and in all respects as directed and desired by the said Stone. In consideration of which services, so to be rendered by the said Barclay^ the said Stone agrees to pay to said Barclay the annual sum of one thousand dollars, payable in twelve equal monthly payments, each upon the last day of each month; provided that all dues for days of absence from business by said Barclay, shall be deducted from the sum otherwise by the agreement due and payable by the said Stone to the said Barclay Witness our hands. • Reuben Stone. George Barclay, bills of sale. A bill of sale is a written agreement to another party, for a consideration to convey his right and interest in the personal property. The purchaser must take actual possession of the 'property, or the bill of sale must be ac- knowledged and recorded. Common Form of Bill of Sale. — Know all men by this instrument, that I, Louis Clay, of Burlington, Iowa, of the first part, for and in consideration of five hundred and ten dollars, to me paid by John Floyd, of the same place, of the second part, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, have sold, and by this instrument do convey unto the said Floyd, party of the second part, his executors, administrators and assigns, my undivided half of ten acres of corn, now growing on the farm of Thomas Tyrell, in the town above mentioned ; one pair of horses, sixteen sheep, and five cows, belonging to me and in my possession at the farm aforesaid ; to have and to hold the same unto the party of the second part, his executors and assigns forever. And I do, for myself and legal representatives, agree with the said party of the second part, and his legal representatatives, to warrant and defend the sale of the aforementioned property and chattels unto the said party of the second part, and his legal representatives, against all and any person whomsoever. In witness whereof, I have hereunto affixed my hand, this tenth day of October, one thousand eight hundred and soventy-six. Louis Clay. * NOTICE TO QUIT. To John Wontpay: Ton are hereby notified to quit the possession of the premises you now occupy, to*- wit: [Insert Description.] on or before thirty days from the date of this notice. Dated January 1, 1878. Landlord. [Reversed for Notice to Landlord.] ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 211 GENERAL FOEM OF WILL FOE REAL AND PEESONAL PEOPEETT. I, Charles Mansfield, of the town of Bellevue, county of Jackson, State of Iowa, being aware of the uncertainty of life, and in failing health, but of sound mind and memory, do make and declare this to be my last will and testament, in manner following, to-wit: First. I give, devise and bequeath unto to my eldest son, Sydney H. Mansfield, the sum of Two Thousand Dollars, of bank stock, now in the Third National Bank, of Cincinnati, Ohio, and the farm owned by myself, in the township of Iowa, consisting of one hundred and sixty acres, with all the houses, tenements and improvements thereunto belonging; to have and to hold unto my said son, his heirs and assigns forever. Second. I give, devise and bequeath to each of my two daughters, Anna Louise Mansfield and Ida Clara Mansfield, each Two Thousand Dollars, in bank stock, in the Third National Bank of Cincinnati, Ohio; and also each one quarter section of land, owned by myself, situated in the township of Fairfield, and recorded in my name in the recorder's office in the county where such land is located. The north. one hundred and sixty acres of said half section is devised to my eldest daughter, Anna Louise. Third. I give, devise and bequeath to my son, Frank Alfred Mansfield, five shares of railroad stook in the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, and my one hundred and sixty acres of land, and saw-mill thereon, situated in Manistee, Michigan, with all the improvements and appurtenances thereunto belong- ing, which said real estate is recorded in my name, in the county where situated. Fourth. I give to my wife, Victoria Elizabeth Mansfield, all my house- hold furniture, goods, chattels and personal property, about my home, not hitherto disposed of, including Eight Thousand Dollars of bank stock in the Third National Bank of Cincinnati, Ohio, fifteen shares in the Balti- more & Ohio Railroad, and the free and unrestricted use, possession and benefit of the home farm so long as she may live, in lieu of dower, to which she is entitled by law — said farm being my present place of residence. Fifth. I bequeath to my invalid father, Elijah H. Mansfield, the income from rents of my store building at 145 Jackson street, Chicago, Illinois, during the term of his natural life. Said building and land therewith to revert to my said sons and daughters in equal proportion, upon the demise of my said father. Sixth. It is also my will and desire that, at the death of my wife, Vic- toria Elizabeth Mansfield, or at any time when she may arrange to relin- quish her life interest in the above mentioned homestead, the same may re- vert to my above named children, or to the lawful heirs of each. And lastly. I nominate and appoint as the executors of this, my last will and testament, my wife, Victoria Elizabeth Mansfield, and my eldest son, Sidney H. Mansfield. I further direct that my debts and necessary funeral expenses shall be paid from moneys now on deposit in the Savings Bank of Bellevue, the residue of such moneys to revert to my wife, Victoria Elizabeth Mansfield, , for her use forever. In witness whereof, I, Charles Mansfield, to this my last will and testa- ment, have hereunto set my hand and seal, this fourth day of April, eight- een hundred and seventy-two. Charles Mansfield. 212 ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. Signed, and declared by Charles Mansfield, as and for his last will and testament, in the presence of us, who, at his request, and in his presence, and in the presence of each other, have subscribed our names hereunto as witnesses thereof. Petee A. Schenck, Dubuque, Iowa. Frank E. Dent, Bellevue, Iowa. , iiiiiii CODICIL. Wheeeas I, Charles Mansfield, did, on the fourth day of April, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-two, make my last will and testament, 1 do now, by this writing, add this codocil to my said will, to be taken as a part thereof. Whereas, by the dispensation of Providence, my daughter, Anna Louise, has deceased, November fifth, eighteen hundred and seventy-three;' arid whereas, a son has been born to me, which son is now christened Richard Albert Mansfield, I give and bequeath unto him my gold watch, and all right, interest and title in lands and bank stock and chattels bequea&ed to my deceased daughter, Anna Louise, in the body of this will. In witness whereof, I hereunto place my hand and seal, this tenth day of March, eighteen hundred and seventy-five. Charles Mansfield. ;| Signed, sealed, published and declared to us by the testator, Charles Mansfield^ as and for a codicil to be annexed to his last will and testament. And we, at his request, and in his presence, and in the presence of each other, have subscribed our names as witnesses thereto, at the date hereof. Frank E. Dent, Bellevue, Iowa. John C. Shay, Bellevue, Iowa. {Form No. 1.) SATISFACTION of mortgage. State of Iowa, ) County, j ss - I) , of the county of , State of Iowa, do hereby acknowledge that a certain Indenture of ■ , bearing date the day of , A. D. 18 — , made and executed by and , his wife, to said on the following described Eeal Estate, in the county of , and State of Iowa; to-wit: (here insert description) and filed for record in the office of the Recorder of the county of , and State of Iowa, on the — — day of , A. D. 18 — , at o'clock . M.; and recorded in Book of Mortgage Records, on page , is redeemed, paid off, satisfied and dis- charged in full. . [seal.] State of Iowa, ) County, f ss - Be it Remembered, That on this — — day of , A. D. 18—, before me the undersigned, a in and for said county, personally appeared — — , to me personally known to be the identical person who executed the above (satisfaction of mortgage) as grantor, and acknowledged • signature thereto to be voluntary act and deed. Witness my hand and : seal^ the day and year last above written. . ABSTEACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 213 ONE FOEM OF EEAL ESTATE MOBTGAGE. Know all Men by these Peesents: That , of county, and State of , in consideration of dollars, in hand paid by of county, and State of , do hereby sell and convey unto the said the following described premises, situated in the county of , and State of , to- wit: (here insert description) and do hereby covenant with the said that lawfully seized of said premises, that they are free from incumbrance, that have good right and lawful authority to sell and convey the same; and do hereby covenant to warrant and de'fend the same against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever. To be void upon condition that the said shall pay the full amount of principal and interest at the time therein specified, of certain promis- sory note for the sum of dollars. One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. One note for $ , due , 18, — with interest annually at per cent. One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. And the said Mortgagee agrees to pay all taxes that may be levied upon the above described premises. It is also agreed by the Mortgagor that if it becomes necessary to foreclose this mortgage, a reasonable amount shall be allowed as an attorney's fee for foreclosing. And the said hereby relinquishes all her right of dower and homestead in and to the above de- scribed premises. Signed this day of — — , A. D. 18 — . [Acknowledge as in Form No. 1.] SECOND FOEM OF EEAL ESTATE MOBTGAGE. This Indentube, made and executed by and between of the county of and State of , part of the first part, and of the county of and State of part of the second part, Witnesseth, that the said part of the first part, for and in consideration of the sum of dollars, paid by the said part of the second part, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, have granted and sold, and do by these presents, grant, bargain, sell, convey and confirm, unto the said party of the second part, heirs and assigns forever, the certain tract or parcel of real estate, sit- uated in the county of and State of , described as follows, to-wit: (Here insert description.) The said part of the first part represent to and covenant with the part of the second part, that he have good right to sell and convey said prem- ises, that they are free from incumbrance, and that he will warrant and de- fend them against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever, and do ex- pressly hereby release all rights of dower in and to said premises, and relin- quish and convey all rights of homestead therein. This instrument is made, executed and delivered upon the following con- ditions, to-wit: First. Said first part agree to pay said or order Second. Said first part further agree as is stipulated in said note, that 214 ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. if he shall fail to pay any of said interest when due, it shall bear interest at the rate of ten per cent, per annum, from the time the same becomes due, and this mortgage shall stand security for the same. Third. Said first part further agree that he will pay all taxes and assessments levied upon said real estate before the same become delinquent, and if not paid the holder of this mortgage may declare the whole sum of money herein secured due and collectable at once, or he may elect to pay such taxes or assessments, and be entitled to interest on the same at the rate of ten per cent, per annum, and this mortgage shall stand as serarity for the amount so paid. Fowrih. Said first part further agree that if he fail to pay any of said money, either principal or interest, within days after the same becomes due; or fail to conform or comply with any of the foregoing con- ditions or agreements, the whole sum herein secured shall become due and payable at once, and this mortgage may thereupon be foreclosed immedi- ately for the whole of said money, interest and costs. Fifth. Said part further agree that in the event of the non-payment of either principal, interest or taxes when due, and upon the filing of a bill of foreclosure of this mortgage, an attorney's fee of dollars shall be- come due and payable, and shall be by the court taxed, and this mortgage shall stand as security therefor, and the same shall be included in the de- cree of foreclosure, and shall be made by the sheriff on general or special execution with the other money, interest and costs, and the contract em- bodied in this mortgage and the note described herein, shall in all respects be governed, construed and adjudged by the laws of , where the same is made. The foregoing conditions being performed, this conveyance to be void, otherwise of iull force and virtue. [Acknowledge as in form No. l.J FORM OF LEASE. This Article of Agreement, Made and entered into on this day of , A. D. 187-, by and between , of the county of , and State of Iowa, of the first part, and — ■ , of the county of , and State of Iowa, of the second part, witnesseth that the said party of the first part has this day leased unto the party of the second part the following described premises, to- wit: [Here insert description.'] for the term of from and after the — day of , A. D. 187-, at the ; rent of dollars, to be paid as follows, to-wit : {Here insert terms.] And it is further agreed that if any rent shall be due and unpaid, or if default be made in any of the covenants herein contained, it shall then be lawful for the said party of the first part to re-enter said premises, or to destrain for such rent; or he may recover possession thereof, by action of forcible entry and detainer, notwithstanding the provision of Section 3612 of the Code of 1873; or he may use any or all of said remedies. And the said party of the second part agrees to pay to the party of the first part the rent as above 6tated, except when said premises are untenable ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 215 by reason of fire, or from any other cause than the carelessness of the party of the second part, or persons family, or in employ, or by supe- rior force and inevitable necessity. And the said party of the second part covenants that will use the said premises as a , and for no other purposes whatever; and that — especially will not use said premises, or permit the same to be used, for any unlawful business or purpose whatever; that will not sell, assign, underlet or relinquish said premises without the written consent of the lessor, under penalty of a forfeiture of all rights under this lease, at the election of the party of the first part; and that will use all due care and diligence in guarding said property, with the buildings, gates, fences, etc., in as good repair as they now are, or may at any time be placed by the lessor, damages by superior force, inevitable necessity, or fire from any other cause than from the carelessness of the lessee, or persons of family, or in employ excepted; and at the expiration of this lease, or upon a breach by said lessee of any of the said covenants herein contained, will, without further notice of any kind, qiiit and surrender the possession and occupancy of said premises in as good condition as reasonable use, natural wear and decay thereof will permit, dam- ages by fire as aforesaid, superior force, or inevitable necessity, only excepted. In witness whereof the said parties have subscribed their names on the date first above written. In presence of FORM OF NOTE. , 18- On or before the— day of , 18 — , for value received, I promise to pay or order, dollars, with intesest from date until paid, at ten per cent per annum, payable annually, at . Unpaid interest shall bear interest at ten per cent per annum. On failure to pay interest within days after due, the whole sum, principal and interest, shall be- come due at once CHATTEL MORTGAGE. Know all Men by these Presents: That of County, and State of in consideration of dollars, in hand paid by , of County and State of , do hereby sell and convey unto the said the following described personal property, now in the possession of in the county, and State of , to-wit: [Here insert Description.] And do hereby warrant the title of said property, and that it is free from any incumbrance or lien. The only right or interest retained by grantor in and to said property being the right of redemption as herein provided. This conveyance to be void upon condition that the said grantor shall pay to said grantee, or his assigns, the full amount of principal and interest at the time therein specified, of certain promissory notes of even date herewith, for the sum of dollars.- One note for $— , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. One note for $ — , due , 18—, with interest annually at per cent. One note for $ — , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. One note for $— , due , 18—, with interest annually at per cent. 216 ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. The grantor to pay all taxes on said property, and if at any time any part or portion of said notes should be due and unpaid, said grantee may proceed by sale or foreclosure to collect and pay himself the unpaid balance of said notes, whether due or not, the grantor to pay all necessary expense of such foreclosure, including $ Attorney's fees, and whatever remains after paying off said notes and expenses, to be paid over to said grantor. Signed the day of , 18 — . . [Acknowledged as in Form No. l.J WARRANTY DEED. Know all Men by these Presents : That of County and State of , in consideration of the sum of dollars, in hand paid by of County, and State of , do hereby sell and convey unto the said and to heirs and assigns, the following described premises, situated in the County of- , State of Iowa, to- wit: [Here insert Description.] And I do hereby covenant with the said that — lawfully seized in fee situpleof said premises, that they are free from incumbrance; that — ha good right and lawful authority to sell the same, and — do hereby covenant to war- rant and defend the said premises and appurtenances thereto belonging, against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever; and the said - hereby relinquishes all her right of dower and of homestead in and to the above described premises. Signed the day of , A. D. 18 — . IN PRESENCE of [Acknowledged as in Form ~No. l.J QUIT-CLAIM DEED. Know all Men by these Presents: That - , of County, State of , in consideration of the sum of dollars, to — in hand paid by > of County, State of , the receipt whereof — do hereby ac- knowledge, have bargained, sold and quit-claimed, and by these presents do bargain, sell and quit-claim unto the said and to — heirs and assigns forever, all — right, title, interest, estate, claim and demand, both at law and in equity, and as well in possession as in expectancy, of, in and to the fol- lowing described premises, to-wit: [here insert description] with all and singular the hereditaments and appurtenances thereto belonging. Signed this day of , A. D. 18 — . Signed in Presence of [Acknowledged as in Form No. 1.] ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 217 BOND FOB DEED. Know all Men by these Pbesents: That of County, and State of ■ am held and firmly bound unto of County, and State of , in the sum of dollars, to be paid to the said , his executors or assigns, for which payment well and truly to be made, I bind myself firmly by these presents. Signed the day of , A. D. 18 — . The condition of this obligation is such, that if the said obligee shall pay to said obligor or his assigns, the full amount of principal and interest at the time therein specified, of — promissory note of even date herewith, for the sum of Dollars. One note for $ — : — , due , 18 — , with interest annually at — per cent. One note for $ — ■—, due , 18 — , with interest annually at — per cent. One note for $— : — , due , 18 — , with interest annually at — per cent. And pay all taxes accruing upon the lands herein described, then said obli- gor shall convey to the said obligee; or his assigns, that certain tract or par- cel of real estate, situated in the County of , and State of Iowa, des- cribed as follows, to-wit: [here insert description] by a "Warranty Deed, with the usual covenants, duly executed and acknowledged. If said obligee should fail to make the payments as above stipulated, or any part thereof, as the same becomes due, said obligor may at his option, by notice to the obligee, terminate his liability under the bond, and resume the possession and absolute control of said premises, time being the essence of this agreement. On the fulfillment of the above conditions, this obligation to become void, otherwise to remain in full force and virtue; unless terminated by Jhe obligor as above stipulated. [Acknowledged as in form No. 1.] GAME LAWS. By the laws of Iowa, as amended by the Legislature of 1878, it is unlaw- ful to do any of the following acts: BIBDS AND QUADRUPEDS. 1. To kill, trap, ensnare, or in any manner destroy any of the birds of the State, except birds of prey and game birds, during the open seasons as provided by law; or to destroy the eggs of such birds as are protected by this section — except that' persons killing birds for scientific purposes, or ? reservation in museums and cabinets, are not liable under this section, 'enalty, $5 to $25. 2. To shoot or kill any prairie chicken from Dec. 1 to Sept. 1, woodcock from Jan. 1 to July 10, pheasant, wild turkey or quail from Jan 1 to Oct. 1, wild duck, snipe, goose or brant from May 1 to Aug. 15, deer or elk from Jan. 1 to Sept. 1, beaver, mink, otter or muskrat from April 1 to Novem- ber. Penalty, deer or elk, $25; the others, $10. 3. To take or attempt to take at any time with trap, net or snare any bird or animal mentioned in Sec. 2, or to willfully destroy the eggs or nests of such birds. Except that beaver, mink, otter or muskrat may be trapped 218 ABSTRACT OF THE IA.WS OP IOWA. or snared during the open season, or at any time for the protection of pri- vate property. Penalty the same as in section 2. 4. To shoot or kill any wild duck, goose or brant with any kind of gun, except such as is commonly shot from the shoulder, or to use medicated or poisoned food to capture or kill any of the birds mentioned in section 2. Penalty, $25, and thirty days in jail unless sooner paid. 5. To shoot or kill for traffic any prairie chicken, snipe, woodcock, quail or pheasant at anytime; for one person to kill during one day more than 25 of either kind of said birds; to ship or take out of the State any bird mentioned in section 2, deer or elk ; to buy, sell, or have in possession any such bird, deer or elk during the close season, except the first five days. Pen- alty, deer or elk, $25 ; others, $10. 6. For any person, firm, or corporation to have in possession,- at one time, more than twenty-five of either prairie chicken, snipe, woodcock, quail or pheasant, unless lawfully received ior transportation; to ship to any per- son in the State in one day more than one dozen of the birds mentioned in section 2; and in case of shipment an affidavit must be made that the birds have not been unlawfully killed, bought, sold, or had in possession, and are not shipped for sale or profit, and giving name and address of consignee and number of birds shipped, and a copy of the affidavit shall accompany the birds, etc. Penalty, same as in section 2. The making of a false affi- davit is perjury. 7. For any common carrier, its agent or servant, to knowingly receive for transportation any bird or animal mentioned in section two, during the close season (except the first five days), or at any other time, except in the manner provided by law. Penalty, $100 to $300, or 30 days in jail, or both. 8. The having in possession during the close season, except the first five days, of any bird mentioned in section 2, deer or elk, is prima facie evidence of a violation of the law. 9. Prosecutions, except under section 1, may be brought in any county where the game is found, and the court shall appoint an attorney to prose- cute, who shall be entitled to a fee of $10; and the person filing the infor- mation to a fee equal to half the fine imposed on the defendant; both fees to be taxed as costs. The county is, however, in no event liable for either. FISH AND FISH WATS. 10. To catch or kill bass or wall-eyed pike from April 1 to June 1; sal- mon or trout from November 1 to February 1. Penalty, $5 to $25. 11. To use any seine or net for the purpose of catching fish, except native minnows, and except by the fish commissioner for propagation and exchange. Penalty, $5 to $50 for first offense; $20 to $50 for second. 12. To place across any river, creek, pond or lake, any trot line, dam, seine, weir, fish-dam, or other obstruction, in such manner as to prevent the free passage of fish, except under the direction of the fish commissioner, and except dams for manufacturing purposes provided with fish-ways. Penalty, $25 to $100, or 10 to 30 days in jail. 13. To continue any dam or obstruction heretofore erected, for an unrea- sonable length of time, after the 6th day of April, 1878, without having fish- ways provided therein. Penalty, $5 to $50 for first offense; $20 to $50 for the second, and the dam abated as a nuisance. ABSTBAOT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 219 14. Persons raising or propagating fish on their own premises, or own- ing premises on which there are waters having no natural outlet, supplied with fish, shall absolutely own said fish. No person shall take, or attempt to take, fish therefrom without consent of the owner. Penalty, $5 to $25, or 30 days in jail. The "close" season is when killing is forbidden; the "open" season is when it is not. PURCHASING- BOOKS BY SUBSCRIPTION". The business of publishing books by subscription, having so often been brought into disrepute by agents making representations and declarations not authorized by the publisher, in order to prevent that as much as possi- ble, and that there may be more general knowledge of the relation such agents bear to their principal, and the law governing such cases, the follow- ing statement is made: A subscription is in the nature of a contract of mutual promises, by which the subscriber agrees to pay a certain sum for the work described; the consideration is concurrent that the publisher shall publish the book named, and deliver the same, for which the subscriber is to psiy the price named. The nature and character of the work is described by the pro- spectus and sample shown. These should be carefully examined before subscribing, as they are the basis and consideration of the promise to pay, and not the too often exaggerated statements of the agent, who is merely employed to solicit subscriptions, for which he is usually paid a commis- sion for each subscriber, and has no authority to change or alter the con- ditions upon which the subscriptions are authorized to be made by the , publisher. Should the agent assume to agree to make the subscription conditional, or modify or change the agreement of the publisher, as set out by the prospectus and sample, in order to bind the principal, the sub- scriber should see that such condition or changes are stated over or in con- nection with his signature, so that the publisher may have notice of the same. All persons making contracts in reference to matters of this kind, or any other business, should remember that the law as xoritten is, that they can not be altered, varied or rescinded verbally, but if done at all, must be done in writing: It is therefore important that all persons contemplating subscribing should distinctly understand that all talk before or after the subscription is made, is not admissible as evidence, and is no part of the contract. Persons employed to solicit subscriptions are known to the trade as canvassers. They are agents appointed to do a particular business in a prescribed mode and have no autlwrity to do it any other way to the pre- judice of their principal, nor can they bind their principal in any other matter. They can not collect money, or agree that payment may be made in anything else but money. They can not extend the time of payment beyond the time of delivery nor bind their principal for the payment of expenses incurred in their business. It would save a great deal of trouble, and often serious loss, if persons, before signing their names to any subscription book, or any written instru- ment, would examine carefully what it is; and if they cannot read them- selves call on some one disinterested, who can. Constitution of State of Iowa. We, the People of the State of Iowa, grateful to the Supreme Being for the blessings hitherto enjoyed, and feeling our dependence on Sim for a corv- tinuation of those blessings, do ordain and establish a free and independ- ent government, by the name of the State of Iowa, the boundaries whereof shall be as follows: Beginning in the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi river, at a point due east of the middle of the mouth of the main channel of the Des Moines river; thence up the middle of the main channel of the said Des Moines river, to a point on said river where the northern boundary line of the State of Missouri — as established by the Constitution of that State, adopted June 12, 1820 — crosses the said middle of the main channel of the said Des Moines river; thence westwardly along the said northern boundary line of the State of Missouri, as established at the time aforesaid, until an extension of said line intersects the middle of the main channel of the Missouri river; thence up the middle of the main channel of the said Missouri river, to a point opposite the middle of the main channel of the Big Sioux river, according to Nicollett's map; thence up the main channel of the said Big Sioux river, according to said map, until it is intersected by the parallel of forty-three degrees and thirty minutes north latitude; thence east along said parallel of forty-three degrees and thirty, minutes, until said par- allel intersects the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi river; thence down the middle of the main channel of said Mississippi river, to the place of beginning. Article 1. — Bill of Bights. Section 1. All men are, by nature, free and equal, and have certain in- alienable rights, among which are those of enjoying and defending life and liberty, acquiring, possessing, and protecting property, and pursuing and obtaining safety and happiness. Sec. 2. All political power is inherent in the people. Government is instituted for the protection, security, and benefit of the people, and they have the right, at all times, to alter or reform the same, whenever the pub- lic good may require it. Sec. 3. The General Assembly shall make no law respecting an estab- ment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; nor shall any per- son be compelled to attend any place of worship, pay tithes, taxes, or other CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 221 fates, for building or repairing places of worship, or the maintenance of any minister or ministry. Seo. 4. No religious test shall be required as a qualification for any office of public trust, and no person shall be deprived of any of his rights, privileges, or capacities, or disqualified from the performance of any of his public or private duties, or rendered incompetent to give evidence in any court of law or equity, in consequence of his opinions on the subject of re- ligion; and any party to any judicial proceeding shall have the right to use as a witness, or take the testimony of any other person, not disqualified on account of interest, who may be cognizant of any fact material to the rase; and parties to suits may be witnesses, as provided by law. Sec. 5. Any citizen of this State who may hereafter be engaged either directly or indirectly, in a duel, either as principal or accessory before the fact, shall forever be disqualified from holding any office under the Consti- tution of this State. Sec. 6. All laws of a general nature shall have a uniform operation ; the General Assembly shall not grant to any citizen, or class of citizens, privi- leges or immunities, which upon the same terms shall not equally belong to all citizens. Sec. 7. Every person may speak, write and publish his sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that right. No law shall be passed to restrain or abridge the liberty of speech, ov of the press. In all prosecutions or indictments for libel, the truth may be given in evidence to the jury, and if it appear to the jury that the matter charged as libelous was true, and was published with good motives and for justifiable ends, the party shall be acquitted. Sec. 8. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable seizures and searches shall not be violated; and no warrant shall issue but on probable cause, supported by • oath or affirmation, particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons and' things to be seized. Sec. 9 The right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate; but the Gen- eral Assembly may authorize trial by a jury of a less number than twelve men in inferior courts; but no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law. Sec. 10. In all criminal prosecutions, and in cases involving the life or liberty of an individual, the accused shall have a right to a speedy and pub- lic trial by an impartial jury ; to be informed of the accusation against him; to have a copy of the same when demanded; to be confronted with the wit- nesses against him; to have compulsory process for his own witnesses; and to have the assistance of counsel. Sec. 11. All offenses less than felony, and in which the punishment does not exceed a fine of one hundred dollars, or imprisonment for thirty days, shall be tried summarily before a justice of the peace, or other officer authorized by law, on information under oath, without indictment, or the intervention of a grand jury, saving to the defendant the right of appeal; and no person shall be held to answer for a higher criminal offense, unless on presentment or indictment by a grand jury, except in cases arising in the array or navy, or in the militia, when in actual service, in time of war or public danger. > Seo. 12. No person shall, after acquittal, be tried for the same offense. 222 CONSTITUTION OF the STATE OF IOWA. All persons shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient sureties, except for capital offenses, where the proof is evident, or the presumption great. Seo. 13. The writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, or refused when application is made as required by law, unless in the case of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it. Sec. 14. The military shall be subordinate to the civil power. No. standing army shall be kept up by the State in time of peace; and in time of war no appropriation for a standing army shall be for a longer time than two years. Sec. 15. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war except in the manner prescribed by law. Seo. 16. Treason against the State shall consist only in levying war against it, adhering to its enemies, or giving them aid and comfort. ' No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the evidence of two witnesses to the same overt act, or confession in open court. Sec. 17. Excessive bail shall not be required ; excessive fines shall not be imposed, and cruel and unusual punishments shall not be inflicted. Sec. 18. Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation first being made, or secured to be made, to the owner thereof, as soon as the damages shall be assessed by a jury, who shall not take into consideration any advantages that may result to said owner on account of the improvement for which it is taken. Sec. 19. No person shall be imprisoned for debt in any'civil action, on mesne or final process, unless in case of fraud ; and no person shall be im- prisoned for a military fine in time of peace. Sec. 20. The people have the right freely to assemble together to coun- sel for the common good; to make known their opinions to their represen- tatives, and to petition for a redress of grievances. Seo. 21. No bill of attainder, ex-post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, shall ever be passed. Sec. 22. Foreigners who are, or may hereafter become residents of this State, shall enjoy the same rights in respect to the possession, enjoyment, and descent of property, as native born citizens. Seo. 23. There shall be no slavery in this State; nor shall there be in- voluntary servitude, unless for the punishment of crime. Sec. 24. No lease or grant of agricultural lands, reserving any rent or service of any kind, shall be valid for a longer period than twenty years. Seo. 25. This enumeration of rights shall not be construed to impair or deny others, retained by the people. Article 2. — Eight of Suffrage. Section 1. Every male citizen of the United States, of the age of twenty- one years, who shall have been a resident of this State six months next pre- ceding the election, and in the county in which he claims his vote sixty days, shall be entitled to vote at all elections which are now or hereafter may be authorized by law. Seo. 2. Electors shall, in all cases except treason, felony, or breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest on the days of election, during their attendance at such elections, going to and returning therefrom. CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OP IOWA. 223 Sec. 3. No elector shall be obliged to perform military duty on the day of election, except in time of war or public danger. Sec. 4. No person in the military, naval, or marine service of the United States shall be considered a resident of this State by being stationed in any garrison, barrack, or military or naval place or station within this State. Seo. 5. No idiot or insane person, or person convicted of any infamous crime, shall be entitled to the privilege of an elector. Seo. 6. All elections by the people shall be by ballot. Article 3. — Of the Distribution of Powees. Section 1. The powers of the government of Iowa shall be divided into three separate departments: the legislative, the executive, and the judicial; and no person charged with the exercise of powers properly belonging to one of these departments shall exercise any function appertaining to either of the others, except in cases hereinafter expressly directed or permitted. Legislative Department. Section 1. The legislative authority of this State shall be vested in a General Assembly, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Represen- tatives; and the style of every law shall be — "Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Iowa." Sec. 2. The sessions of the General Assembly shall be biennial, and shall commence on the second Monday in January next ensuing the election of its members; unless the Governor of the State shall, in the meantime, convene the General Assembly byproclamation. Sec. 3. The members of the House of Representatives shall be chosen every second year, by the qualified electors of their respective districts, on the second Tuesday in October, except the years of the Presidential elec- tion, when the election shall be on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in November; and their term of office shall commence on the first day of January next after their election, and continue two years, and until their successors are elected and qualified. Sec. 4. No person shall be a momber of the House of Representatives who shall not have attained the age of twenty-one years; be a free white male citizen of the United States, and shall have been an inhabitant of this State one year next preceding his election, and at the time of his election shall have had an actual residence of sixty days in the county or district he may have been chosen to represent. Seo. 5. Senators shall be chosen for the term of four yeprs, at tin same time and place as Representatives ; they shall be twenty-five years of age, and possess the qualifications of Representatives, as to residence and citi- zenship. Sec. 6. The number of Senators shall not be less than one-third, nor more than one-half the representative body; and shall be so classified by lot, that one class being as nearly one-half as possible, shall be elected every two years. When the number of Senators is increased, they shall be an- nexed by lot to one or the other of the two classes, so as to ke«p them as nearly equal in numbers as practicable. CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Seo. 7. Each House shall choose its own officers, and judge of the quali- fication, election and return of its own members. A contested election shall be determined in such manner as shall be directed by law. Seo. 8. A majority of each house shall constitute a quorum to transact business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may compel the attendance of absent members in such manner and under such penalties as each house may provide. Seo. 9. Each house shall sit upon its own adjournments, keep a journal of its proceedings, and publish the same; determine its rules of proceed- ings, punish members for disorderly behavior, and with the consent of two-thirds, expel a member, but not a second time for the same offense; and shall have all other powers necessary for a branch of the General Assembly of a free and independent State. Sec. 10. Every member of the General Assembly shall have the liberjty to dissent from or protest against any act or resolution which he may think injurious to the public or an individual, and have the reasons for his dissent entered on the journals ; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house, on any question, shall, at the desire of any two members present, be entered on the journals. Seo. 11. Senators and ^Representatives, in all cases except treason, felony, or breach of the peace, shall be privileged from arrest during the session of the General Assembly, and in going to and returning from the same. Sec. 12. When vacancies occur in either house, the governor, or the per- son exercising the functions of governor, shall issue writs of election to till such vacancies. Seo. 18. The doors of each house shall be open, except on sueh.occas^ sions as, in the opinion of the house, may require secrecy. Sec. 14. Neither house shall, without the consent of the other, adjpurn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which they may be sitting. Sec. 15. Bills may originate in either house, and may be amended, al- tered, or rejected by the other; and every bill having passed both, houses, shall be signed by the Speaker and President of their respective houses, Seo. 16. Every bill which shall have passed the General Assembly, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the Governor. If lie approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it with his objections, to the house in which it originated, which shall enter the same upon their journal, and proceed to reconsider it; if, after 6uch reconsideration, it again pass both houses, by yeas and nays, by a majority of two-thirds of the members of each house, it shall become a law, notwithstanding the Governor's objec- tions. If any bill shall not be returned within three days after it shall have been presented to him (Sunday excepted), the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the General Assembly, by ad- journment, prevent such return. Any bill submitted to the Governor for his approval during the last three days of a session of the General Assem- bly, shall be deposited by him in the office of the Secretary of State within thirty days after the adjournment, with his approval if approved by him, and with his objections, if he disapproves thereof. Sec. 17. No bill shall be passed unless by the assent of a majority of all the members elected to each branch of the General Assembly, and the question upon the final passage shall be taken immediately upon its last reading, and the yeas and nays entered upon the journal. CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 225 Seo. 18. An accurate statement of the receipts and expenditures of the public money shall be attached to and and published with the laws at every regular session of the General Assembly. Sec. 19. The House of Representatives shall have the sole power of impeachment, and all impeachments shall be tried by the Senate. "When sitting for that purpose, the senators shall be upon oath or affirmation; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. Sec. 20. The Governor, Judges of the Supreme and District Courts, and other State officers, shall be liable to impeachment for any misdemeanor or malfeasance in office; but judgment in such cases shall extend only to removal from office, and disqualification to hold any office of honor, trust or profit under this State; but the party convicted or acquitted shall neverthe- less be liable to indictment, trial, and punishment according to law. All other civil officers shall be tried for misdemeanors and malfeasance in office, in such manner as the General Assembly may provide. Sec. 21. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he shall have been elected, be appointed to any civil office of profit under this State, which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which shall have been increased during such term, except such offices as may be filled by elections by the people. Sec. 22. No person holding any lucrative office under the United States, Or this State, or any other power, shall be eligible to hold a seat in the General Assembly. But offices in the militia, to which there is attached no annual salary, or the office of justice of the peace, or postmaster, whose compensation does not exceed one hundred dollars per annum, or notary public, shall not be deemed lucrative. Sec. 23. No person who may hereafter be a collector or holder of pub- lic moneys, shall have a seat in either house of the General Assembly, or be eligible to hold any office of trust or profit in this State, until he shall have accounted for and paid into the treasury all sums for which he may be liable. Sec. 24. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of appropriations made by law. Sec. 25. Each member of the first General Assembly under this consti- tution shall receive three dollars per diem while in session; and the further sum of three dollars lor every twenty miles traveled in going to and return- ing from the place where such session is held, by the nearest traveled route; after which they shall receive such compensation as shall be fixed by law; but no General Assembly shall have the power to increase the compensa- tion of its members. And when convened in extra session they shall re- ceive the same mileage and per diem compensation as fixed by law for the regular session, and none other. Sec. 26. No law of the General Assembly, passed at a regular session, of a public nature, shall take effect until the Fourth day of July next, after the passage thereof. Laws passed at a special session shall take effect ninety days after the adjournment of the General Assembly, by which they were passed. If the General Assembly shall deem any law of immediate importance, they may provide that the same shall take effect by publication in newspapers in the State. Sec. 27. No divorce shall be granted by the General Assembly. 15 CONSTITUTION OF THE BTATE OF IOWA. Seo. 28. ~No lottery shall be authorized by this State; nor shall the sale of lottery tickets be allowed. Seo. 29. Every act shall embrace but one subject, and matters properly connected therewith; which subject shall be expressed in the title. But if. any subject shall be embraced in an act which shall not be expressed in the title, such act shall be void only as to so much thereof as shall not be ex- pressed in the title. Sec. 30. The General Assembly shall not pass local or special laws in the following cases : For the assessment and collection of taxes for State, county, or road pur- poses; For laying out, opening, and working roads or highways; For changing the names of persons; For the incorporation of cities and towns; For vacating, roads, town plats, streets, alleys, or public squares; For locating or changing county seats. In all the cases above enumerated, and in all other cases where a general law can be made applicable, all laws shall be general, and of uniform ope- ration throughout the State; and no law changing the boundary lines of any county shall have effect until upon being submitted to the people of the counties affected by the change, at a general election, it shall be ap- proved by a majority of the votes in each county, cast for and against it. Sec. 31. No extra compensation shall be made to any officer, public agent, or contractor, after the service shall have been rendered, or the con- tract entered into;, nor shall any money be paid on any claim, the subject matter of which shall not have been provided for by pre-existing laws, and no public money or property shall be appropriated for local or private pur- poses, unless such appropriation, compensation or claim, be allowed by two- thirds of the members elected to each branch of the General Assembly. Sec. 32. Members of the General Assembly shall, before they enter upon the duties of their respective offices, take and subscribe the following oath or affirmation: " I do solemnly swear (or affirm, as the case may be), that I will support the Constitution of the United States, and the Constitu- tion of the State of Iowa, and that I will faithfully discharge the duties of Senator (or Representative, as the case may be), according to the best of my ability." And members of the General Assembly are hereby empow- ered to administer to each other the said oath or affirmation. Sec. 33. The General Assembly shall, in the years one thousand eight hnndred and fifty-nine, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-five, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine, and one thousand eight hundred and seventy-five, and every ten years thereafter, cause an enumeration to be made of all the inhabitants of the State. Seo. 34. The number of Senators shall, at the next session following each period of making such enumeration, and the next session following - each United States Census, be fixed by law, and apportioned among the several counties according to the number of inhabitants in each. Sec. 35. The Senate shall not consist of more than fifty members, nor the House of Representatives of more than one hundred; and they shall be apportioned among the several counties and representative districts of the State according to the number of inhabitants in each, upon ratios to be fixed by law; but no representative district shall contain more than four CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 227 organized comities and each district shall be entitled to at least one Repre- sentative. Every county and district which shall have a number oi inhabi- tants equal to one-half the ratio fixed by law, shall be entitled to one Rep- resentative; and any one county containing in addition to the ratio fixed by law one-halt' of that number, or more, shall be entitled to one additional Representative. No floating district 6hall hereafter be formed. Sec. 36. At its first session under this Constitution, and at every subse- quent regular session, the General Assembly shall fix the ratio of repre- sentation, and also, form into repsesentative districts those counties which will not be entitled singly to a Representative. Sec. 37. When a Congressional, Senatorial, or Representative district shall be composed of two or more counties, it shall not be entirely sepa- rated by any county belonging to another district; and no county shall be divided in forming a Congressional, Senatorial, or Representative district. Sec. 38. In all elections by the General Assembly, the members thereof shall vote viva-voce; and the votes 6hall be entered on the journal. Article 4. — Executive Department. Section 1. The supreme executive power of this State shall be vested in a chief magistrate, who shall be styled the Governor of the State of Iowa. Sec. 2. The Governor shall be elected by the qualified electors at the time and place of voting for members of the General Assembly, and shall hold his office two years, from the time of his installation, and until his suc- cessor is elected and qualified. Sec. 3. There shall be a Lieutenant-Governor, who shall hold his office two years, and be elected at the same time as the Governor. In voting for Governor and Lieutenant-Governor, the electors shall designate for whom they vote as Governor, and for whom as Lieutenant-Governor. The returns of every election for Governor, and Lieutenant-Governor, shall be sealed up and transmitted to the seat of government of the State, directed to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, who shall open and publish them in the presence of both houses of the General Assembly. Sec. 4. The persons respectively having the highest number of votes, for Governor and Lieutenant-Governor, shall De declared duly elected ; but in case two or more persons shall have an equal, and the highest number of votes for either office, the General Assembly shall, by joint vote, forthwith proceed to elect one of said persons Governor, or Lieutenant-Governor, as the case may be. Sec. 5. Contested elections for Governor, or Lieutenant-Governor, shall be determined by the General Assembly in such manner as may be prescribed by law. Sec. 6. No person shall be eligible to the office of Governor, or Lieu- tenant-Governor, who shall not have been a citizen of the United States; and a citizen of the State two years next preceding the election, and attained the age of thirty years at the time of said election. Sec. 7. The Governor shall be commander-in-chief of the militia, the army, and navy of this State. Sec. 8. He shall transact all executive business with the officers of gov- ernment, civil and military, and may require information in writing from 228 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. the officers of the executive department upon any subject relating to the dnties of their respective offices. Sec. 9. He shall take care that the laws are faithfully executed. Sec. 10. When any office shall, from any cause, become vacant, and no mode is provided by the Constitution and laws for filling such vacancy, the Governor shall have power to fill such vacancy, by granting a commission, which shall expire at the end of the next session of the General Assembly, or at the next election by the people. Sec. 1 1 . He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the General As- sembly by proclamation, and shall state to both houses, when assembled, the purpose for which they shall have been convened. Sec. 12. He shall communicate, by message, to the General Assembly, at every regular session, the condition of the State, and recommend such matters as he shall deem expedient. Sec. 13. In case of disagreement between the two houses with respect to the time of adjournment, the Governor shall have power to adjourn the General Assembly to such time as he" may think proper; but no such ad- journment shall be beyond the time fixed for the regular meeting of the next General Assembly. Sec. 14. No person shall, while holding any office under the authority of the United States, or this State, execute the office of Governor, or Lieuten-; ant-Govemor, except as hereinafter expressly provided. Sec. 15. The official term of the Governor, and Lieutenant-Governor, shall commence on the second Monday of January next after their election, and continue for two years, and until their successors are elected and quali- fied. The Lieutenant-Governor, while acting as Governor, shall receive the same pay as provided for Governor; and while presiding in the Senate shall receive as compensation therefor, the same mileage and double the per diem pay provided tor a Senator, and none other. _ Sec. 16. The Governor shall have power to grant reprieves, commuta- tions and pardons, after conviction, for all offenses except treason and cases of impeachment, subject to such regulations as may be provided by law. Upon conviction for treason, he shall have power to suspend the execution of sentence until the case shall be reported to the General Assembly at its next meeting, when the General Assembly shall either grant a pardon, com- mute the sentence, or grant a further reprieve. He shall have power to re- mit fines and forfeitures, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law; and shall report to the General Assembly, at its next meeting, each case of reprieve, commutation, or pardon granted, and the reason therefor; and also all persons in whose favor remission of fines and forfeitures shall have been made, and the several amounts remitted. Sec. 17. In case of the death, impeachment, resignation, removal from office, or other disability of the governor, the powers and duties of the office for the residue of the term, or until he shall be acquitted, or the disability removed, shall devolve upon the Lieutenant-Governor. Sec. 18. The Lieutenant-Governor shall be president of the Senate", but shall only_ vote when the Senate is equally divided; and in case of his ab- sence, or impeachment, or when he shall exercise the office of Governor, the Senate shall choose a president pro tempore. Sec. 19. If the Lieutenant-Governor, while acting as Governor, shall be impeached,' displaced, resign, or die, or otherwise become incapable of CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 229 performing the duties of the office, the president pro tempore of the Senate shall act as Governor until the vacancy is filled, or the disability removed; and if the president of the Senate, for any of the above causes, shall be ren- dered incapable of performing the duties pertaining to the office of Gover- nor, the same shall devolve upon the Speaker of the House of Representa- tives. Sec. 20. There shall be a seal of this State, which shall be kept by the Governor, and used by him officially, and shall be called the Great Seal of the State of Iowa. Sec. 21. All grants and commissions shall be in the name and by the authority of the people of the State of Iowa, sealed with the Great Seal of the State, signed by the Governor, and countersigned by the Secretary of State. Sec. 22. A Secretary of State, Auditor of State, and Treasurer of State, shall be elected by the qualified electors, who shall continue in office two years, and until their successors are elected and qualified ; and perform such duties as may be required by law. Article 5. — Judicial Department. Section 1. The judicial power shall be vested in a Supreme Court, District Court, and such other courts, inferior to the Supreme Court, as the General Assembly may, from time to time, establish. Sec. 2. The Supreme Court shall consist of three judges, two of whom shall constitute a quorum to hold court. Sec. 3. The judges of the Supreme Court shall be elected by the quali- fied electors of the State, and shall hold their court at such time and place as the General Assembly may prescribe. The judges of the Supreme Court so elected, shall be classified so that one judge shall go out every two years ; and the jndge holding the shortest term of office under such classification, shall be Chief Justice of the court during his term, and so on in rotation: After the expiration of their terms of office, under such classification, the term of each judge of the Supreme Court shall be six years, and until his successor shall have been elected and qualified. The judges of the Supreme Court shall be ineligible to any other office in the State, during the term ' for which they have been elected. Sec. 4. The Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction only in cases in chancery, and shall constitute a court for the correction of errors at law, under such restrictions as the General Assembly may by law prescribe; and shall have power to issue all writs and process necessary to secure jus- tice to parties, and exercise a supervisory control over all inferior judicial tribunals throughout the State. Sec. 5. The District Court shall consist of a single judge, who shall be elected by the qualified electors of the district in which he resides. The judge of the District Court shall hold his office for the term of four years, and until his successor shall have been elected and qualified ; and shall be ineligible to any other office, except that of judge of the Supreme Court, during the term for which he was elected. Sec. 6. The district Court shall be a court of law and equity, which shall be distinct and separate jurisdictions, and have jurisdiction in civil and 230 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. criminal matters arising in their respective districts, in such manner as shall be prescribed by law. Sec. 7. The judges of the Supreme and District Courts shall be conser*- vators of the peace throughout the State. Sec. 8. The style of afl process shall be " The State of Iowa," and all prosecutions shall be conducted in the name and by the authority of the same. Sec. 9. The salary of each judge of the Supreme Court shall be two thousand dollars per annum; and that of eacli District Judge one thousand six hundred dollars per annum, until the year eighteen hundred and sixty; after which time they shall severally receive such compensation as, the Gen- eral Assembly may, by law, prescribe; which compensation shall not be increased or diminished during the term for which they have been elected. Sec. 10. The State shall be divided into eleven judicial districts; and after the year eighteen hundred and sixty, the General Assembly may re-or- ganize the judicial districts, and increase or diminish the number of districts, or the number of judges of the said court, and may increase the number of judges of the Supreme Court; but such increase or diminution shall not be more than one district, or one judge of either court, at any one session ; and no reorganisation of the districts, or diminution of the judges shall have' the effect of removing a judge from office. Such re-organization of the dis- tricts, or any change in the boundaries thereof, or any increase or diminution of the number of judges shall 'take place every four years thereafter, if nec- essary, and at no other time. Sec. 11. The judges of the Supreme and District Courts shall be chosen at the general election; and the term of office of each judge shall com- mence on the first day of January next after his election. Sec. 12. The General Assembly shall provide, by law, for the election of an Attorney-General by the people, whose term of office shall be two years, and until his successor shall have been elected and qualified. Sec. 13. The qualified electors of each judicial district shall, at the time of the election of District Judge, elect a District Attorney, who shall be a resident of the district for which he is elected, and who shall hold his office for the term of four years, and until his successor shall have been elected and qualified. Sec. 14. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to provide for the carrying into effect of this article, and to provide for a general system of practice in all the courts of this State. Aeticle 6. — Militia. Section 1. The militia of this State shall be composed of all able-bodied male citizens, between the ages of eighteen and forty-five years, except such asare or may hereafter be exempt by the laws of the United States, or of this State; and shall be armed, equipped, and trained, as the General Assem- bly may provide by law. Sec. 2. No person or persons conscientiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to do military duty in time of peace: provided, that such person or persons shall pay an equivalent for such exemption in the same manner as other citizens. CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 231 Sec. 3. All commissioned officers of the militia (staff officers excepted) shall be elected by the persons liable to perform military duty, and shall be commissioned by the Governor. Article 7. — State Debts. Section 1 The credit of the State shall not, in any manner, be given or loaned to, or in aid of, any individual, association, or corporation; and the State shall never assume, or become responsible for, the debts or liabilities of any individual, association, or corporation, unless incurred in time of war for the benefit of the State. Sec. 2. The State may contract debts to supply casual deficits or failures in revenues, or to meet expenses not otherwise provided for; but the aggre- gate amount of such debts, direct and contingent, whether contracted by one or more acts of the General Assembly, or at different periods of time, shall never exceed the sum of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars; and the money arising from the creation of such debts, shall be applied to the pur- pose for which it was obtained, or to repay the debts so contracted, and to no other purpose whatever. Sec. 3. All losses to the permanent, school, or university fund of this State, which shall have been occasioned by the defalcation, mismanagement, or fraud of officers controlling or managing the same, shall be audited by the proper authorities of the State. The amount so audited shall be a per- manent funded debt against the State, in favor of the respective fund sus- taining the loss, upon which not less than six per cent annual interest shall be paid. The amount of liability so created shall not be counted as a part of the indebtedness authorized by the second section of this article. ' Sec. 4. In addition to the above limited power to contract debts, the State may contract debts to repel invasion, suppress insurrection, or defend the State in war; but the money arising from the debts so contracted shall be applied to the purpose for which it was raised, or to repay such debts, and to no other purpose whatever. Sec. 5. Except the debts hereinbefore specified in this article, no debt shall hereafter be contracted by, or on behalf of this State, unless such debt shall be authorized by some law for some single work or object, to be dis- tinctly specified therein ; and such law shall impose and provide for the collection of a direct annual tax, sufficient to pay the interest on such debt, as it falls due, and also to pay and discharge the principal of such debt, within twenty years from the time of the contracting thereof; bnt no such law shall take effect until at a general election it shall have been submitted to the people, and have received a majority of all the votes cast for and iagainst it at such election ; and all money raised by authority of such law, shall be applied only to the specific object therein stated, or the payment of the debt created thereby; and such law shall be published in at least one newspaper in each county, if one is published therein, throughout the State, for three months preceding the election at which it is submitted to the peo- ple. Sec. 6. The Legislature may, at any time, after the approval of such law by the people, if no debt shall have been contracted in pursuance thereof, repeal the same; and may, at any time, forbid the contracting of 232 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. any further debt, or liability under such law; but the tax imposed by such law, in proportion to the debt or liability, which may have been contracted in pursuance thereof, shall remain in force and be irrepealable, and be an- nually collected, until the principal and interest are fully paid. Sec. 7. Every law which imposes, continues, or revives a tax, shall dis- tinctly state the tax, and the object to which it is to be applied; and it shall not be sufficient to refer to any other law to fix such tax or object. AETICLE 8. CoEPOBATIONS. Section 1. No corporation shall be created by special laws; but the General Assembly shall provide, by general laws, for the organization of all corporations hereafter to be created, except as hereinafter provided. Sec. 2. The property of all corporations for pecuniary profit, shall be subject to taxation, the same as that of individuals. Sec. 3. The State shall not become a stockholder in any corporation, nor shall it assume or pay the debt or liability of any corporation, unless incurred in time of war for the benefit of the State. Sec. 4. No political or municipal corporation shall become a stock- holder in any banking corporation, directly or indirectly. Sec. 5. No act of the General Assembly, authorizing or creating corpo- rations or associations with banking powers, nor amendments thereto shall take effect, nor in any manner be in force, until the same shall have been submitted separately, to the people, at a general or special election, as pro- vided by law, to be held not less than three months after the passage of the act, and shall have been approved by a majority of all the electors /oting for and against it at such election. Sec. 6. Subject to the provisions of the foregoing section, the General Assembly may also provide for the establishment of a State Bank with branches. Sec. 7. If a State Bank be established, it shall be founded on an actual specie basis, and the branches shall be mutually responsible for each others' liabilities upon all notes, bills, and other issues intended for circulation as money. Skc. 8. If a general banking law shall be enacted, it shall provide for the registry and countersigning, by an officer of State, of all bills, or paper credit designed to circulate as money, and require security to the lull amount thereof, to be deposited with the State Treasurer, in United States stocks, or in interest paying stocks of States in good credit and standing, to be rated at ten per cent below their average value in the city of New York, for the thirty days next preceding their deposit; and in case of a deprecia- tion of any portion of said stocks, to the amount of ten per cent on the dollar, the bank or banks owning said stocks shall bo required to make up said deficiency by depositing additional stocks ; and said law shall also pro- vide for the recording of the names of all stockholders in such corporations, the amount of stock held by each, the time of any transfer, and to whom. Sec. 9. Every stockholder in a banking corporation or institution shall be individually responsible and liable to its creditors, over and above the amount of stock by him or her held, to an amount equal to his or her re- spective shares so held, for all its liabilities, accruing while he or she re- mains such stockholder. CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA; 233 Sec. 10. In case of the insolvency of any banking institution, the bill- holders shall have a preference over its other creditors. Sec. 11. The suspension of specie payments by banking institutions shall never be permitted or sanctioned. Seo. 12. Subject to the provisions of this article, the General Assembly shall have power to amend or repeal all laws for the organization or creation of corporations, or granting of special or exclusive privileges or immunities, by a vote of two-thirds of each branch of the General Assembly; and do exclusive privileges, except as in this article provided, shall ever be granted. Article 9. — Education and School Lands 1 .- — Education. Section 1. The educational interest of the State, including common schools and other educational institutions, shall be under the management of a board of education, which shall consist of the Lieutenant Governor, who shall be the presiding officer of the board, and have the casting vote in case of a tie, and one member to be elected from each judicial district in the State. Sec. 2. No person shall be eligible as a member of said board who shall not have attained the age of twenty-five years, and shall have been one year a citizen of the State. Sec. 3. One member of said board shall be chosen by the qualified elec- tors of each district, and shall hold the office for the term of four years, and until his successor is elected and qualified. After the first election under this constitution, the board shall be divided, as nearly as practicable, into two equal classes, and the seats of the first class shall be vacated after the expiration of two years; and one-half of the board shall be chosen every two years thereafter. Sec. 4. The first session of the board of education shall be held at the seat of government, on the first Monday of December, after their election; after which the General Assembly may fix the time and place of meeting. ' Sec. 5. The session of the board shall be limited to twenty days, and but one session shall be held in any one year, except upon extraordinary oc- casions, when, upon the recommendation of two-thirds of the board, the Governor may order a special session. Sec. 6. The board of education shall appoint a secretary, who shall be the executive officer of the board, and perform such duties as may be im- posed upon him by the board, and the laws of the State. They shall keep a journal of their proceedings, which shall be published and distributed in the same manner as the journals of the General Assembly. Sec. 7. All rules and regulations made by the board shall be published and distributed to the several counties, townships, and school districts, as may be provided for by the board, and when so made, published, and dis- tributed, they shall have the force and effect of law. Sec. 8. The board of education shall have full power and authority to legislate and make all needful rules and regulations in relation to common schools, and other educational institutions, that are instituted to receive aid from the school or university fund of this State; but all acts, rules and 234 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. regulations of said board may be altered, amended, or repealed by the Gen-; eral Assembly; and when so altered, amended, or repealed, they shall not be re-enacted by the board of education. Sec. 9. The Governor of the State shall be, ex-officio, a member of said board. Sec. 10. . The board shall have no power to levy taxes, or make appro- priations of money. Their contingent expenses shall be provided for by the General Assembly. Sec. 11. The State University shall be established at one place, without branches at any other place, and the university fund shall be applied to that institution, and no other. Sec. 12. The board of education shall provide for the education of all the youths of the State, through a system of common schools; and such schools shall be organized and kept in each school district at least three months in each year. Any district failing, for two consecutive years, to or- ganize and keep up a school, may be deprived of their portion of the school fund. Sec. 13. The members of the board of education shall each receive the same per diem during the time of their session, and mileage going to and returning therefrom, as members of the General Assembly. Sec. 14. A majority of the board shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business, but no rule, regulation or law, for the regulation and government of common schools or other educational institutions, shall Eass without the concurrence of a majoiity of all the members of the oard, which shall be expressed by the yeas and nays on the final passage. The style of all acts of the board shall be, " Be it enacted by the board of education of the State of Iowa." Sec. 15. At any time after the year one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, the General Assembly shall have power to abolish or re-organize said board of education, and provide for the educational interest of the State in any other manner that to them shall seem best and proper. 2. — School Funds and School Lands. Section 1. The educational and school funds and lands, shall be under the control and management of the General Assembly of this State. Sec. 2. The university lands, and the proceeds thereof, and all moneys belonging to said fund shall be a permanent fund for the sole use of the State University. The interest arising from the same shall be annually ap- propriated for the support and benefit of said university. Sec. 3. The General Assembly shall encourage, by all suitable means, the promotion o f intellectual, scientific, moral and agricultural improve- ment. The proceeds of all lands that have been, or hereafter may be, granted by the United States to this State, for the support of schools, which may have been, or shall hereafter be, sold or disposed of, and the five hun- dred thousand acres of land granted to the new States, under an act of Congress, distributing the proceeds of the public lands among the several States of the Union, approved in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and forty-one, and all estates of deceased persons who may have died without leaving a will or heir, and also such per cent as has been, or may hereafter be, granted by Congress, on the sale of lands in this State, CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 235 shall be, and remain a perpetual fund, the interest of which, together with all rents of the unsold lands, and such other means as the General As- sembly may provide, shall be inviolably appropriated to the support of common schools throughout the State. Sec. 4. The money which may have been, or shall be, paid by persons as an equivalent for exemption from military duty, and the clear proceeds of all fines collected in the several counties for any breach of the penal laws, shall be exclusively applied, in the several counties in which such money is paid, or fine collected, among the several school districts of said counties, in proportion to the number of youths subject to enumeration in such districts, to the support of comrnen schools, or the establishment of libraries, as the board of education shall, from time to time, provide. Seo. 5. The General Assembly shall take measures for the protection, improvement, or other disposition of such lands as have been, or may here- after be reserved, or granted by the United States, or any person or persons, to this State, for the use of a university, and the funds accruing from the rents or sale of such lands, or from any other source for the purpose afore- said, shall be, and remain, a permanent fund, the interest of which shall be applied to the support of said university, for the promotion of literature, the arts and sciences, as may be authorized by the terms of such grant. And it shall be the duty of the General Assembly, as soon as may be, to pro- vide effectual means for the improvement and permanent security of the funds of said university. Seo. 6. The financial agents of the school funds shall be the same, that by law, receive and control the State and county revenue, for other civil pur- poses, under such regulations as may be provided by law. Seo. 7. The money subject to the support and maintenance of common schools shall be distributed to the districts in proportion to the number of youths, between the ages of five and twenty-one years, in such manner as may be provided by the General Assembly. Article 10. — Amendments to the Constitution. Section 1. Any amendment or amendments to this constitution may be proposed in either House of the General Assembly; and if the same shall be agreed to by a majority of the members elected to each of the two houses, such proposed amendment shall be entered on their journals, with the yeas and nays taken thereon, and referred to the Legislature to be cho- sen at the next general election, and shall be published, as provded by law, for three months previous to the time of making such choice ; and if, in the General Assembly so next chosen as aforesaid, such proposed amendment or amendments shall be agreed to, by a majority of all the members elected to each house, then it shall be the duty of the General Assembly to submit such proposed amendment or amendments to the people in such manner, and at such time as the General Assembly shall provide; and if the people shall approve and ratify such amendment or amendments by a majority of the electors qualified to vote for members of the General Assembly, voting thereon, such amendment or amendments shall become a part of the Consti- tution of this State. Sec. 2. If two or more amendments shall be submitted at the same 236 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. time, they shall be submitted in such manner that the electors shall vote for or against each of such amendments separately. Sec. 3. At the general election to be held in the year one thousand eight hundred and seventy, and in each tenth year thereafter, and also at such time as the General Assembly, may, by law, provide, the question: " Shall there be a Convention to revise the Constitution and amend the same?" shall be decided by the electors qualified to vote for members of the General As- sembly ; and in case a majority of the elector's so qualified, voting at such election for and against such proposition, shall decide in favor of a Conven- tion for such purpose, the General Assembly, at its next session, shall pro- vide by law for the election of delegates to such Convention. Article 11. — Miscellaneous. Section 1. The jurisdiction of justices of the peace shall extend in all cases (except cases in chancery, and cases where the question of title to real estate may arise), where the amount in controversy does not exceed one hundred dollars, and by the consent of parties may be extended to any amount not exceeding three hundred dollars. Sec. 2. No new county shall be hereafter created containing less than four hundred and thirty-two square miles; nor shall the territory of any or- ganized county be reduced below that area, except the county of Worth, and the counties west of it, along the northern boundary of the State, may be or- ganized without additional territory. Sec. 3. No county, or other political or municipal corporation shall be allowed to become indebted in any manner, or for any purpose, to an amount in the aggregate exceeding five per centum on the value of the taxable prop- arty within such county or corporation — to be ascertained by the last State and county tax lists, previous to the incurring of such indebtedness. Sec. 4. The boundaries of the State may be enlarged, with the consent of Congress and the General Assembly. Sec. 5. Every person elected or appointed to any office shall, before en- tering upon the duties thereof, take an oath or affirmation to support the Constitution of the United States, and of this State, and also an oath of office. Sec. 6. In all cases of elections to fill vacancies in office occurring be- fore the expiration of a full term, the person so elected shall hold for the residue of the unexpired term; and all persons appointed to fill vacancies in office, shall hold until the next general election, and until their successors are elected and qualified. Sec. 7. The General Assembly shall not locate any of the public lands, which have been, or may be granted by Congress to this State, and the lo- cation of which may be given to the General Assembly, upon lands actually settled, without the consent of the occupant. The extent of the claim of such occupant- so exempted, shall not exceed three hundred and twenty acres. Sec. 8. The seat of government is hereby permanently established, as now fixed by law, at the City of Des Moines, in the county of Polk, and the State University at Iowa City, in the county of Johnson. constitution of the state of iowa. 237 Article 12. — Schedule. Section 1. This Constitution shall be the supreme law of the State, and any law inconsistent therewith shall be void. The General Assembly shall pass all laws necessary to carry this Constitution into effect. Sec. 2. All laws now in force, and not inconsistent with this Constitu- tion, shall remain in force until they shall expire or be repealed. Sec. 3. All indictments, prosecutions, suits, pleas, plaints, process, and other proceedings pending in any of the courts, shall be prosecuted to final -judgment and execution; and all appeals, writs of errors, certiorari, and injunctions, shall be carried on in the several courts, in the same manner as now provided by law; and all offenses, misdemeanors and crimes that may have been committed before the taking effect of this Constitution, shall be subject to indictment, trial and punishment, in the same manner as they would have been had not this constitution been made. Sec. 4. All fines, penalties, or forfeitures due, or to become due, or ac- cruing to the State, or to any county therein, or to the school fund, shall inure so the State, county, or school fund, in the manner prescribed by law. Sec. 5. All bonds executed to the State, or to any officer in his official capacity, shall remain in force and inure to the use of those concerned. Sec. 6. The first election under this constitution shall be held on the second Tuesday in October, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, at which time the electors of tbe State shall elect the Governor and Lieutenant Governor. There shall also be elected at such election, the successors of such State Senators as were elected at the August election, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-four, and members of the House of Representatives, who shall be elected in accordance with the act of apportionment, enacted at the session of the General Assembly which commenced on the first Monday of December, one thouasnd eight hundred and fifty-six. Sec. 7. The first election for Secretary, Auditor, and Treasurer of State, Attorney-General, District Judges, Members of the Board of Education, District Attorneys, members of Congress, and such State officers as shall he elected at the April election, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven (except the Superintendent of Public Instruction), and such county officers as were elected at the August election, in the year one thou- sand eight hundred and fifty-six, except Prosecuting Attorney, shall be held on the second Tuesday of October, one thousand eight hundred and fifty- eight; Provided, that the time for which any District Judge, or any other State or county officer, elected at the April election in one thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight, shall not extend beyond the time fixed for filling like offices at the October election in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty -eight. Sec. 8. The first election for Judges of the Supreme Court, and such county officers as shall be elected at the August election, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, shall be held on the second Tuesday of October, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine. Sec. 9. The first regular session of the General Assembly shall be held in tbe year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight, commencing on the second Monday of January of said year. Sec. 10. Senators elected at the August election, in the year one thou- 238 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OE IOWA. sand eight hundred and fifty-six, shall continue in office until the second Tuesday of October, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine, at which time their successors shall be elected as may be prescribed by law. Sec. 11. Every person elected by popular vote, by a vote of the General Assembly, or who may hold office by Executive appointment, which office is continaed by this constitution, and every person who shall be so elected or appointed, to any such office, before the taking effect of this constitution, (except as in this constitution otherwise provided) shall continue in office until the term for which such person has been or may be elected or ap- pointed shall expire; but ho such person shall continue in office after the taking effect of this constitution, for a longer period than the term of such office, in this constitution prescribed. Sec. 12. The General Assembly, at the first session under this constitu- tion, shall district the State into eleven judicial districts, for District Court purposes; and shall also provide for the apportionment of the General As- sembly, in accordance with the provisions of this constitution. Sec. 13. The foregoing constitution shall be submitted to the electors of the State at the August election, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, in the several election districts in this State. The ballots at such election shall be written or printed as follows : Those in favor of the constitu- tion — "New Constitution — Yes." Those against the constitution, "New Con- stitution — No." The election shall be conducted in the same manner as the general elections of the State, and the poll-books shall be returned and can- vassed as provided in the twenty -fifth chapter of the Code; and abstracts shall be forwarded to the Secretary of State, which abstracts shall be can- vassed in the manner provided for the canvass of State officers. And if it shall appear that a majority of all the votes cast at such election for and against this constitution are in favor of the same, the Governor shall imme- diately issue his proclamation stating that fact, and such constitution shall be the constitution of the State of Iowa, and shall take effect from and after the publication of said proclamation. Seo. 14. At the same election that this constitution is submitted to the people for its adoption or rejection, a proposition to amend the same by striking out the word " white," from the article on the " Eight of Suffrage," shall be separately submitted to the electors of this State for adoption or rejection, in manner following, viz : A separate ballot may be given by every person having a right to vote at said election, to be deposited in a separate box; and those given for the adoption of such proposition shall have the words, " Shall the word ' white ' be stricken out of the article on the 'Eight of Suffrage?' — Yes." And those given against the proposition shall have the words, " Shall the word 'white' be stricken out of the article on the 'Eight of Suffrage?' — No." And if at said election the number of ballots cast in favor of said proposi- tion, shall be equal to a majority of those cast for and against this constitu- tion, then said word " white " shall be stricken from said article and be no part thereof. Sec. 15. Until otherwise directed by law, the county of Mills shall be in and a part of the Sixth Judicial District of this State. Done in convention at Iowa City, this fifth day of March, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, and of the independence of the United States of America, the eighty-first. CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 239 In testimony whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our names: Attest: Timothy Day, S. G. WlNCHESTEB, David Bunker, D. P. Palmee, Geo. W. Ells, J. 0. Hall, John PI. Petees, ¥m. H. Wabeen, H. W. Gbay, Robt. Goweb, H. D. Gibson, Thomas Seeley, A. H. Maevin, J. H. Emeeson, R. L. B. Claeke, James A. Young, D. H. Solomon, Th. J. Saundees, Secretary. E. N. Bates, Assistant Secretary. M. "W. Robinson, Lewis Todhunteb, John Edwards, J. 0. Teaee, James F. Wtlson, Amos Haeeis, Jno. T. Clabk, S. Ayees, Haevey J. Skiff, J. A. Paevin, "W. Penn Claeke, Jeee. Hollingwobth, Wm. Patteeson, D. W. Peice, Alpheus Scott, GeOEGE GrLLASPY, Edward Johnston. Francis Springes, President. Constitution of United States. We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and owr posterity, do ordain, and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. Article I. Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall he vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Sec. 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, aiid who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in which he shall be chosen. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and exclud- ing Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumer- tion shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of representativ.es shall not exceed one for every thirty thou- sand, but each state shall have at least one representative, and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Caro- lina five, and Georgia three. When vacancies nappen in the representation from any State, the execu- tive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker, and other officers and shall have the sole power of impeachment. Sec. 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Sen- AND ITS AMENDMENTS. 241 ators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. Immediately after they shall be assembled, in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be, into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year; of the second class, at the expiration of the fourth year; and of the third class, at the expiration of the sixth year; so that one- third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen, by resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. JNo person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. The Vice-President of the United States shall be president of the Senate; but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president pro tem- Eore, in the absence of the Yice-President, or when he shall exercise the of- ce of President of the United States. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sit- ting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the Pres- ident of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the mem- bers present. Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit, under the United States; but the party convicted shall, never- theless, be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment according to law. Sec. 4. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed, in each state, by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may, at any time, by law, make or alter such reg- ulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall, by law, appoint a different day. Sec. 5. Each house shall be the judge of the elections returns, and quali- fications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members in such manner, and under such penalties, as each house may provide. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its mem- bers for disorderly behavior, and with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and, from time to time, publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in their judgment, require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house, on any ques- tion, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than threedays, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. 16 212 OONSTITFTIOH OF THE UNITED STATES Sec. 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall, in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and, for any speech or debate, in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place. No Senator or Eepresentative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office, under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments.whereof shall have been increased during such time; and no person, holding any office under the United States shall be a member of either house, during his continuance in office. Sec. 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with . amendments, as on other bills. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representaties and the Senate shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President of the United States ; if he approve, he shall sign it, but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress, by their adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjourn- ment), shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him; or, being disapproved by him shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Represen- tatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. Sec. 8. The Congress shall have power — To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises; to pay the debts, and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts, and excises, shall be uniform throughout the United States; To borrow money on the credit of the United States ; To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes; To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States; To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures; To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States; AND ITS AMENDMENTS. 243 To establish post-offices and post-roads; To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing, for limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries; To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court; To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offenses against the law of nations; To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules con- cerning captures on land and water; To raise and support armies; but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years; To provide and maintain a navy; To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces; To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions; To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the States, respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of draining the militia, according to the discipline prescribed by Congress; To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square), as may, by cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the Legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings; and To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Consti- tution in the government of the United States, or in any department, or officer thereof. Seo. 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress, prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it. No bill of attainder, or ex post facto law, shall be passed. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census, or enumeration, hereinbefore directed to be taken. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. No preference shall be given, by any regulation of commerce or revenue, to the ports of one State over those of another; nor shall vessels, bound to or from one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of appro- priations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the receipt^ and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. 214 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES Sec. 10. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex-post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of con- tracts, or grant any title of nobility. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any State on imports and exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States, and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war, in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. Article II. Section 1. "The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows: Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress ; but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector.. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted ibr, and of the number of votes for each; which list they shall sign and cer- tify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of government oi the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in ' the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a major- ity of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose, by ballot, one of them for President; and if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list, the said house shall, in like manner," choose the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representa- tion from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall con- sist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of a President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors, shall be the Vice-President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them, by ballot, the Vice-President. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same throughout the United States. AND ITS AMENDMENTS. 245 ~No person, except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty- five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resig- nation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of said office, the same shall devolve on the Yice-President; and the Congress may, by law, provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and Yioe-President, declaring what officer shall then act as Presi- dent, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services, a compensa-, tion, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that periodj any other emolument from the United States, or any of them. Before he enters on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath, or affirmation: " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." Sec. 2. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when called into the actual service of the United States; he may require the opinion, iii writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appoint- ments are not herein otherwise provided 'for, and which shall be established by law; but the Congress may, by law, vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen dur- ing the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions, which shall expire at the end of their next session. Seo. 3. He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinay occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, ana shall commission all the officers of the United States. Seo. 4. The President, Yice-President, and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. 246 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES Article III. Section 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may, from . time to time, ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. ; Sec. 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, aris- ing under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; to all cases affecting ambas- sadors, other public ministers and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party; to controversies between two or more States, between a State and citi- zens of another State, between citizens of different States, between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a State shall be party, the Supreme Court shall have orig- inal jurisdiction. In all other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury; and such trials shall be held in the State where the said crime shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may, by law, have directed. Sec 3. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and com- fort. No person shall be convicted of treason, unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, bul no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted. Aeticle IV Section 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State, to the pub- lic acts, records and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Con- gress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. Sec. 2. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States. A person charged, in any State, with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the Executive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws, thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up, on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. Seo. 3. New States may be admitted, by the Congress, into this Union; AND ITS AMENDMENTS. 247 but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State, nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the Legislatures of the States con- i cerned, as well as of the Congress. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular State. Sec. 4. The United States sball guarantee to every State in this Union, a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion; and on application of the legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature cannot be convened), against domestic violence. Aeticle Y. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this constitution, or, on the application of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for pro- posing amendments, which in either case shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Con- gress; provided that no amendment, which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, shall in any, manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. Article VI. AH debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States, under this Constitution, as under the Confederation. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the judges in every State, shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or- laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath, or affirm- ation, to support this Constitution; but no. religious test shall ever be re- quired, as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. Aeticle YII. The ratification of the conventions of nine states shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the States present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven 248 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES hundred and eighty-seven, and of the independence of the United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof, we have hereunto subscrihed our names. New Hampshire. John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman. Massachusetts. Nathaniel Gokham, Rufus King. Connecticut. Wm. Sam'l Johnson, ROGER ShEEMAN. New York. Alexander Hamilton. New Jersey. Wil. Livingston, "Wm. Patebson, David Breabley, Jona. Dayton. Pennsylvania. B. Franklin, RoBT. MOEEIS, Thos. Fitzsimons, James Wilson, Thos. Mifflin, Geo. Cltmee, Jaeed Ingeesoll. Gouv. Moeeis. GEO. WASHINGTON, President and Deputy from Virginia Delaware. Geo. Read, John Dickinson, Jaco. Beoom, Gunning Bedford, Je., Richard Bassett. Maryland. James M'Henry, Danl. Carroll, Dan. of St. Thos, Jenifer. Virginia. John Blair. James Madison, Je. * North Carolina. Wm. Blount, Hu. Williamson, Rich'd Dobbs Spaight. South Carolina. J. Rutledge, Charles Pincknet, Chas. Coteswoeth Pinokney, Pierce Butlee. Georgia. Wn-LiAM Few, Abe. Baldwin. WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary. AMENDMENTS To the Constitution of the United States, ratified according to the provisr ions of the Fifth Article of the foregoing Constitution. Article I. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to pe- tition the government for a redresss of grievances. AND ITS AMENDMENTS. 249 Aetiole II. A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. Aetiole III. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. Aetiole IV. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated ; and no warrant shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the per- sons or things to be seized. Aetiole V. No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service, in time of war, or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same "offense to be twice put in jeapordy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation. Aetiole VI. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accu- sation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compul- sory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence. Aeticle VII. In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact, tried by jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of common law. Aetiole VIII. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 250 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES Article IX. The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be con- strued to deny or disparage others retained by the people. Article X. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. Article XI. The judicial power of the United shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States, by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State. . Article XII. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot, for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhab- itant of the same State with themselves; they shall name, in their ballots, the person voted for as President, and, in distinct ballots, the person voted for as Vice-President; and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign. and certify, and trans- mit, sealed, to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in pres- ence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest num- ber of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be a ma- jority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers, not ex- ceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Rep- resentatives shall choose immediately by ballot, the President. But, in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representa- tives shall not choose a President, whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice- President shall act as President, as in the case of the death, or other consti- tutional disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if no person have a majority, then, from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person, constitutionally ineligible to the office of President, shall be eligible to that of Vice-President ot the United States. AND ITS AMENDMENTS. 251 Article XIII. 1. Neither slavery, nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legis- lation. Article XIV. 1. All persons born, or naturalized, in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States, and of the States wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States, ac- cording to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed ; but whenever the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States,' Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of the State, or members of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridge, except for participation in rebellion or other crimes, the basis of representation shall be reduced in the proportion which the whole number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens, twenty-one years of age in such State. 3. No person shall be Senator or Representative in Congress, or elec- tor of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any state legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion, against the same, or given aid and com- fort to the enemies thereof ; but Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each house, remove such disability. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States authorized by law, including debts incurred for the payment of pensions and bounties for suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave ; but such debts, obliga- tions, and claims shall be held illegal and void. 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions oi this article. Aetiole XV. The rights of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Miscellaneous. PRACTICAL RULES FOR EVERY DAT USE. How to find the gain or loss per cent, when the cost and selling price are Rule. — Find the difference between the cost and selling price, which will be the gain or loss. Annex two ciphers to the gain or loss, and divide it by the cost price; the result will be the gain or loss per cent. How to change gold into currency. Rule — Multiply the given sum of gold, by the price of gold. How to change currency into gold. Rule. — Divide the amount in currency by the price of gold. How to find each partner's share of the gain or loss in a copartnership business. Rule. — Divide the whole gain or loss by the entire stock, the quotient will be the gain or loss per cent. Multiply each partner's stock by this per cent, the result will be each one's share of the gain or loss. How to find gross and net weight and price of hogs. A short and simple method for finding the net weight, or price of hogs, when the gross weight or price is given, and vice versa. Note.— It is generally assumed that the„gross weight of Hogs diminished by 1-5 or 20 per cent, of itself gives the net weight, and the net weight increased by % or 25 per cent, of itself equals the gross weight. To fine the net weight or gross price. Rule. — Multiply the given number by .8 (tenths.) To find the gross weight or net price. Rule. — Divide the given number by .8 (tenths.) How to find the capacity of a granary, bin, or wagon-bed. Rule. — Multiply (by short method) the number of cupic feet by 6308, and point off one decimal place — the result will be the correct answer in bushels and tenths of a bushel. For only an approximate answer, multiply the cubic feet by 8, and point off one decimal place. How to find the contents of a corn-crib. Rule. — Multiply the number of cubic feet by 54, short method, or by 4i MISCELLANEOUS. 253 ordinary method, and point off one decimal place — the result will be the answer in bushels. Note. — In estimating corn in the ear, the quality and the time it has been cribbed must be taken into consideration, since corn will shrink considerably during the Winter and Spring. This rule generally holds good for corn measured at the time it is cribbed, provided it is sound and clean. How to find the contents of a cistern or tank. Rule. — Multiply the square of the mean diameter by the depth (all in feet) and this product by 5681 (short method), and point off one decimal place — the result will be the contents in barrels of 31£ gallons. Sow to find the contents of a barrel or cask. Rule. — -Under the square of the mean diameter, write the length (all in inches) in reversed order, so that its units will fall under the tens; multi- ply by short method, and this product again by 430; point off one decimal place, and the result will be the answer in wine gallons. How to measure boards. Rule. — Multiply the length (in feet) by the width (in inches) and divide the product by 12 — the result will be the contents in square feet. How to measure scantlings, joists, planks, sills, etc. Rule. — Multiply the width, the thickness, and the length together (the width and thickness in inches, and the length in feet), and divide the pro- duct by 12 — the result will be square feet. How to find the number of acres in a body of land. Rule. — Multiply the length by the width (in rods), and divide the pro- duct by 160 (carrying the division to 2 decimal places if there is a remain- der); the result will be the answer in acres and hundredths. When the opposite sides of a piece of land are of unequal length, add them together and take one-half for the mean length or width. How to find the number of square yards in a floor or wall. Rule. — Multiply the length by the width or height (in feet), and divide the product by 9, the result will be square yards. How to find the number of bricks required in a building. Rule. — Multiply the number of cubic feet by 22J. The number ot cubic feet is found by multiplying the length, height and thickness (in feet) together. Bricks are usually made 8 inches long, 4 inches wide, and two inches thick; hencej it requires 27 bricks to make a cubic foot without mortar, but it is generally assumed that the mortar fills 1-6 of the space. How to find the number of shingles required in a roof. Rule. — Multiply the number of square feet in the roof by 8, if the shin- gles are exposed 4£ inches, or by 7 l-'S if exposed 5 inches. To find the number of square feet, multiply the length of the roof by twice the length of the rafters. To find the length of the rafters, at one-fourth pitch, multiply the width of the building by .56 (hundredths); at one-third pitch, by .6 (tenths); at two-fifths pitch, by .64 (hundredths); at one-half pitch, by .71 (hundredths). This gives the length of the rafters from the apex to the end of the wall, and whatever they are to project must be taken into consideration. Note. — By %ox% pitch is meant that the apex or comb of the roof is to be % or J£ the width of the building higher than the walls or base of the rafters. 254 MISOELLAirEOTJS. How to reckon the cost of hay. Rule. — Multiply the number of pounds by half the price per ton, and remove the decimal point three places to the left. How to measure grain. Rule. — Level the grain; ascertain the space it occupies in cubic feet; multiply the number of cubic feet by 8, and point off one place to the left. Note.— Exactness requires the addition to every three hundred bushels of one extra bushel. The foregoing rule may be used for finding the number of gallons, by multiplying the number of bushels by 8. If the corn in the box is in the ear, divide the answer by 2, to find the number of bushels of shelled corn, because it requires 2 bushels of ear com to make 1 of shelled corn. Rapid rules for measuring land without instruments. In measuring land, the first thing to ascertain is the contents of any given plot in square yards ; then, given the number of yards, find out the number of rods and acres. The most ancient and simplest measure of distance is a step._ Now, an ordinary-sized man can train himself to cover one yard at a stride, on the average, with sufficient accuracy for ordinary purposes. To make use of this means of measuring distances, it is essential to walk in a straight line; to do this, fix the eye on two objects in a line straight ahead, one comparatively near, the other remote; and, in walking, keep these objects constantly in line. Farmers and others by adopting the following simple and ingenious contrivance, may always carry with them the scale to construct a correct yard measure. Take a foot rule, and commencing at the base of the little finger of the left hand, mark the quarters of the foot on the outer borders of the left arm, pricking in the marks with indelible ink. To find how many rods in length will make an acre, the width being Rule. — Divide 160 by the width, and the quotient will be the answer. How to find the number of acres in any plot of land, the number of rods being given. Rule. — Divide the number of rods by 8, multiply the quotient by 5, and remove the decimal point two places to the left. The diameter being given, to find the circumference. Rule. — Multiply the diameter by 3 1-7. How to find the diameter, when the circumference is given. Rule. — Divide the circumference by 3 1-7. To find how many solid feet a round stick of timber of the same thick- ness throughout will contatn when squared. Rule. — Square half the diameter in inches, multiply by 2, multiply by the length in feet, and divide the product by 144. General rule for measuring timber, to find- the solid contents in feet. Rule. — Multiply the'depth in inches by the breadth in inches, and then multiply by the length in feet, and divide by 144. MISCELLANEOUS. 255 To find the number of feet of timber in trees with the bark on. Rule. — Multiply the square of one-fifth of the circumference in inches, by twice the length, in feet, and divide by 144. Deduct 1-10 to 1-15 according to the thickness of the bark. Howard's new rule for computing interest. Rule. — The reciprocal of the rate is the time for which the interest on any sum of money will be shown by simply removing the decimal point two places to the left; for ten times that time, remove the point one place to the left; for 1-10 of the same time, remove the point three places to the left. Increase or diminish the results to suit the time given. Note. — The reciprocal of the rate is found by inverting the rate; thus 3 per cent, per month, inverted, becomes % of a month, or ten days. When the rate is expressed by one figure, always write it thus: 3-1, three ones. Rule for converting English into American currency. Multiply the pounds, with the shillings and pence stated in decimals, by 400 plus the premium in fourths, and divide the product by 90. POPULATION OF IOWA CITIES. The following table presents the population of thirteen of the principal cities of Iowa for the years 187Q, 1875 and 1878— the population for the last named year being, in the main, estimated: Pop. in 1870. Pop. in 1875. Pop. in 1878. Des Moines 12,035 14,443 25,000 Burlington 14,930* 19,987 25,000 Davenport 20,038 21,234 26,827 Dubuque 18,434 23,605 27,500 Keokuk 12,766 11,841 15,000 Cedar Rapids 5,940 7,179 11,350 Iowa City 5,914 6,371 8,000 Council Bluffs 10,020 9,287 11,000 Clinton 6,129 7,028 9,000 Muscatine 6,718 7,537 8,000 Sioux City 3,401 4,290 6,000 Ottumwa 5,214 6,326 10,000 Marshalltown : . . . 3,288 4,384 6,416 Fort Madison, Mt. Pleasant and Waterloo are, probably, entitled to appear in the above table, as each of them, doubtless, has a population or over six thousand. • Includes whole township. THE PIONEER In the heart of the grand old forest, A thousand miles to the West, Where a stream gashed out from the hill side, . Thej halted at last for rest. And the silence of ages listened To the axe-stroke loud and clear, Divining a kingly presence In the tread of the pioneer. He formed of the prostrate heeches A home that was strong and good; The roof was of reeds from the streamlet, The chimney he built of wood. And there by the winter fireside, While the flame up the chimney roared, He spoke of the good time coming, When plenty should crown their board — When the forest should fade like a vision, And over the hill-side and plain The orchard would spring in its beauty, And the fields of golden grain. And to-night he sits by the fireside In a mansion quaint and old, With his children's children around him, Having reaped a thousand-fold. History of Dallas County. INDIAN AFFAIRS. The tract of land now known as Dallas county was included in the territory which the Sac and Fox Indians ceded to the United States Government in the treaty of October 11th, 1842. This treaty was negotiated at the Sac and Fox Agency, now Agency City, and was ratified by the Senate, without an erasure, on March 23d, 1843. The council at which this treaty was made lasted about one week. Gov- ernor John Chambers, of Iowa Territory, was the commissioner on behalf of the United States Government, and a number of Indian chiefs were present, the principal ones of whom were Keokuk,- Appanoose, Poweshiek and Pana'ssa. It was an important treaty for our government, and especially so for the organization and prosperity of our State and county; and yet it was a diffi- cult one to make, and at one time during the council-meeting it seriously threatened to prove a failure. The Indians demanded the ■ reservation of a certain tract of land, and positively refused to treat peaceably without this stipulation. While on the other hand, the instructions of the government were positively opposed to any reservation. The principal cause of this difficulty on the part of the Indians, doubtless, was their profound regard for a white man who had been to them a true friend in need; their determination to fulfill their promise to his family after his death, and their sacred regard for his last resting place, made it hard for them to yield. But in order to properly understand the points of differ- ence between these two parties, and be able to give an intelligent history of this important negotiation, it is necessary to go back several years. In 1835 Gen. J. M. Street, who had been Indian agent among the Winne- bagos since 1 827,was removed to the Sac and Fox Agency, first at Pock Island, and, in 1838, at Agency City. Gen. Street was a great favorite among the' Indians, and they were accustomed to call him their father. This gentle- man died in May, 1840. His family procured an air-tight coffin, and an- nounced their intention of burying his remains at Prairie du Chien, where some of his relatives were interred. The chiefs held a council and remon- strated, offering any part of their country which might be chosen as Gen. Street's burying-ground, and adding that if their wishes were complied with, they would give to Gen. Street's widow a section of land, and a half section to each of his children. Accordingly Gen. Street's remains were interred near the Agency, and no reference was ever made to the land promised until the time of this treaty. 17 • 258 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. About the evening of the second day of the treaty-council, one of the government officers came to Gen. Street's son, Win. B. Street, now of Oskaloosa, then employed at the Agency, and said, "I do not think we will succeed in making a treaty." "Why?" "Because," said the officer, "the chiefs demand a reservation of one section for Gen. Street's widow, and a half-section each for her ten children, and also a half-section each for Smart's two children, who are half-breeds. The instructions of the government are opposed to any reservation, and positive against reservation for half-breeds." Mr. Street not wishing a treaty to fail for any such reason, held a con- sultation with some of the principal chiefs, telling them he did not care for any reservation, and his brothers and sisters were all in another territory, that he thought they would willingly relinquish the offer of the chiefs, and as for any obligation they were under to the Smart children, they could pay that in money. Keokuk and some of the others assented reluctantly, but old Poweshiek insisted that all the reservation they desired should be demanded. Mr. Street remonstrated with him as to the result in failure of the treaty, and again told him he did not care for the reservation. " What, do you decline the gift?" said the indignant old chief — for this was considered an insult among Indians to refuse a present. Mr. Street informs us that Poweshiek refused to speak to him for six months afterward, when one day, while Poweshiek was a little merry under the influence of whiskey, Mr. Street presented the old chief with a pony, and again they were good friends. Finally the Indians demanded the reservation of a single section, to be given Mrs. Street. Gov. Chambers would not consent. Then old Keokuk, rising, addressed the council thus: "There lies," said he, pointing to the grave of Gen. Street, " there lies the grave of our father, the best white friend we have ever had, and without the reservation, this land shall never, never be sold while a single one of our tribe remains." On the next day Gov. Chambers agreed to the reservation of one section, and directed the Indians to make choice. They selected that on which the Agency build- ing was situated, and including Gen. Street's. grave. Again the commissioner halted. He claimed the government had spent some $3,000 or $4,000 in improving that section, and he could not allow , that to be reserved. The Indians then proposed to pay for the improve- ments, which they afterward did, paying $2,500, which was considered a fair valuation at that time. The treaty being thus concluded, Keokuk re- marked to the commissioner that if the Senate changed it by a single scratch of the pen, it would not be agreed to by the Indians. It came be- fore the Senate. A motion was made to strike out the reservation. Keo- kuk's remark was repeated in the Senate. And on March 23d, 1843, was ratified an Indian treaty for the first time in the history of the Senate without an erasure. By this treaty a tract of land comprising probably more than two-thirds the present State of Iowa was transferred to the United States, for which the Sac and Fox Indians were to receive $800,000 in good State stocks, on which the government should guarantee five per cent interest per annum. In the words of the treaty, they "ceded to the United States all their lands west of the Mississippi to which they had any claim or title." It was stipulated that they were to be removed from the country at the expiration of three years, and all who remained after that were to remove at their own expense. Part of them were removed to Kansas in the fall of 1845, and the remainder in the spring of 1846. HISTOBT OF DALLAS COUNTY. 259 In consequence of this peaceable arrangement, the early settlers of Dallas county encountered no difficulty with the red man, and the historian has to record no price of blood paid for the possession of their primitive homes. Few Indians ever put in their appearance after the work of settlement had once thoroughly begun. Mr. William B. Street, of Oskaloosa, spent the years from 1828 to 1843 among the Indians ot the Northwest. From 1839 to 1843 he resided at Old Agency, near Agency City, and to him we are indebted for a number of interesting facts in regard to Indian names and history. By the various treaties made with the Sac and Fox Indians, the govern- ment paid these $80,000 per year, by families. Mr. Street was disbursing clerk for John Beach, Indian agent, during the year 1841, and still retains in his possession the receipts for the part payment of the annuity, in his own handwriting, and the marks of the chiefs in signing. We give an extract including the names of part of those Indians who at that time were living at Kish-ke-kosh's village, in what is now Mahaska county. "We, the chiefs, warriors, heads of families, and individuals without fam- ilies, of the Sac and Fox tribe of Indians, within the same agency, acknowl- edge the receipt of forty thousand dollars of John Beach, United States Indian Agent, in the sums appended to our names, being our proportion of the annuity due said tribes, for the year 1841 : Kish-ke-kosh 1 Ko-ko-ach Pas-sa-sa-she-shiek. . Mo-ka-qua Pa-ko-ka Ka-ke-wa-wa-te-sit . . Much-e-min-ne 2 Wa-pes-e-qua3 Wa-pe-ka-kah* Mus-qua-kes And fifty-nine others. MAKES MEN WOMEN CHILD 1 K TOTAL X 1 1 3 4 X 1 2 3 6 X 1 1 2 2 X 1 1 X 1 1 2 4 X 2 1 3 X 1 1 2 4 X 1 1 2 4 X 2 1 3 6 X 3 2 2 7 71 30 106 95 55 65 17 82 71 30 53 47 71 30 71 30 106 95 124 78 "We certify that we were present at the payment of the above mentioned paid to the several Indians, in specie, and amounts, and saw the amounts that their marks were affixed in our presence (Signed) JNO , this 19th of October, 1841. BEACH, TJ. S. Indian Agent. THOMAS McCRATE, Lieut. 1st Dragoons. JOSIAH SMAET, Interpreter'. '• We, the undersigned, Chiefs of the Sac and Fox tribe of Indians, ac- knowledge the correctness of the foregoing receipts. KEOKUK, 6 his X mark. POWESHIEK,' his X mark. ■ Kish-ke-kosh means ' ,f The man with one leg off." = Much-i-min-ne means "Big man". sMus-qua-ke means "The fox". 3 Wa-pes-e-qua means "White eyes". 6 Keokuk means "The watchful fox". ■tWa-pe-ka-kah means "White crow". ? Poweshiek means "The roused bear." 260 HISTORY OF. DALLAS COUNTY. According to the stipulations of this treaty, the government secured the right to extend the limits of emigration westward from the old bound- ary line, passing north and south through Locust Grove, Jefferson county, to a new line established farther west, extending north and. south through the meridian of Eed Kock, Marion county, and the Sacs and Foxes were entitled to occupy a territory west of this temporary line until October lltb, 1845, when they must again move westward to their reservation in Kansas. During the month of May, 1843, nearly all of the Indians were removed up the Des Moines river, and took possession of their new home, in the place which soon became known as Keokuk's village, situated about three miles southeast of the present capital of the State, and in that vicinity they remained until the three years had expired, and the time for their final removal had come. But even before they left their old camping grounds, the tide of emigra- tion was rapidly pressing in upon them. The day was also fixed upon by the treaty, for the Indians to give up the right of occupancy of all the ter- ritory east of the Eed Kock line, and for emigrants to move westward and occupy the newly vacated lands. Those expecting to make settlements on the "New Purchase," were for- bidden to come on the reserve until the time of its delivery into the hands of the government by the Indians, May 1st, 1843. Dragoons were sta- tioned all along the border, whose duty it was to keep the whites out of the country until the appointed time. For some weeks previous to the date assigned, settlers came up into the new country, prospecting for homes, and were quietly permitted to cross the border and look around, so long as they were unaccompanied by wagon and carried no ax. This latter weapon was sometimes placed without a handle in the knapsack of the traveler and an impromptu handle fitted in by a penknife when necessity called for its use. During the last few days of April the dragoons relaxed their strict discipline and an occasional wagon slipped in through the brush. The night of April 30th found some scores of" newcomers on the ground, who had been prospecting the country, who had decided mentally what claims they would make, and had various agreements among themselves. These settlers were mostly along or near the Des Moines river, it then being thought that prairie land was not half so desirable as the river and timber country. As it neared midnight on the morning of May 1st, settler after settler took his place upon the border of his claim with his bunch of sharpened stakes and lantern, or his blazing* torch, and when it was thought twelve o'clock had arrived, there was some lively surveying by amateur engineers in the dark.. The claims were paced off, and strange to say there were few cases of dispute, the matter having been pretty generally understood on the preceding day. Some of the claims were pretty large, more, in fact than the law suffered the claimants to hold, some of whom were not un- mindful of the wholesome advice of a mother in Hoosierdom, who possibly lived in a later day, but who counseled " Git a plenty while your gittin," to which the settler added, "and git the best." The memorable midnight of that "last day" of April, 1843, dark as it may have been, opened to the welcome dawning of a glorious " May day " in the prosperity of this heaven-favored land as the crowds of anxious emi- grants, so long held in check by the old boundaries, began to cross the line in multitudes and press forward to "possess the land" and secure their HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 261 claims of 320 acres each in this goodly heritage. It was a rapid successful movement in the advancement of emigration and civilization, which gave evident and assuring proof of the wisdom of the government in promptly securing the title to this valuable territory. It is estimated that before the nightfall of May 1st, 1843, there were nearly one thousand of such claims occupied by pioneers, and including in the count the families and attend- ants of these, in so short a time an aggregate population of about four thou- sand souls had .crossed the old limits to find homes in the new possessions, and convert the Indian's hunting ground into the white man's earthly Eden. Thus by this memorable treaty of 1842, was thrown open for occupation and cultivation all the rich territory of western Iowa, with great tracts more to the westward. It is to this treaty that the present citizens and property owners of Dallas county, and of all these productive counties round about, are indebted, in a great measure, for their comfortable homes, their fertile fields, and their valuable estates in this "beautiful land". From the spring of 1843 until the fall of 1845 the Indians remained quietly and peacefully enjoying their newly defined camps and hunting grounds, neither disturbing nor being disturbed by their white neighbors; and true to the instincts of their nature, while living at peace with their neighbors, they inclined to revel in a fruitless life of indolence and debauch. They were restrained from trespass on their eastern border only by the imaginary Red Rock line of reservation, which effectually and distinctly separated between civilization and barbarism. On the other hand, for a short time longer, they were permitted to rove at will westward and north- ward over these yet uncultivated and seemingly boundless prairies, and seek to gratify the desires of their wild, rude nature in hunt, and chase, and war-dance, while taking their last farewell of this beautiful, broad do- main, which for years had been their dwelling-place, and so lately they had called their own. During this same period, in all the territory east of that temporary line of reservation, the work of civilization was steadily and rapidly progress- ing. Active, daring, energetic people from nearly every quarter were crowding to the front, occupying and cultivating the fertile land and set- tling the " New Purchase " with representatives from almost every State and nation on the globe. The farming lands were being taken up rapidly by the constantly increasing number of pioneers. Important improvements of the essential kind were being made in every part, Cabins and mills were being built and roads laid out; schools and places of public worship were being talked of and provided for by the enlight- ened and devout citizens; and the general cultivation and improvement of the country continued progressing at a rapid rate. In order to the improvement of a pioneer home in the West, in those days, timber for fuel and fencing and shelter was considered the material thing in importance, second only to the " staff of life,", and therefore the timber lands and tracts of prairie adjoining were almost invariably taken first, since these were considered by the early settlers to be the cream of the country. But in this regard, experience, the effectual teacher, soon worked a rad- ical change in the minds of men. When they began to test the fertility and richness of the prairie soil, they soon found that it was much easier 262 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. and cheaper to haul timber and prepare shelter and dwell in the fresh, pure air on the bleak, yet fertile, prairie, feeling sure of an abundant crop with less labor from a large acreage, than it was to have the best advantages of a timber location, and spend time, labor and money in clearing and grubbing and fertilizing, and then fall short in the yield per acre, and be confined to a limited area of farming land. The timber settlers slowly but surely became convinced of the fact, and began to reach out and secure, in some cases, large tracts of the prairie land adjoining them, thus combining these two important elements in one large estate, and securing some of the very finest farms in the country. "While on the other hand, very many of the first settlers on timber claims, from want of means, or fear of failure in speculation, did not become awake to the real importance of this until the best sections adjoining them were all taken, and they were compelled either to go out, perhaps miles from their homes, to secure more farming land for their increasing families, or to remain shut in upon their original claims. In different localities throngout our State, many of the first settlers, and best of men, have thus been compelled either to sell their comfortable, hard- earned homes when the " boys grew up ", and " move out west for more land", or they have found out at last, perhaps, that they are "timber poor", with limited income and meager support in return for their faithful, arduous labors, while many of their wealthy prairie neighbors, who only a few years before were their hired hands working by the month or the day for small wages, are now prosperous and independent on their large prairie farms, which yield them bountiful incomes. Others, again, soon discovering their mistake in choosing river or timber locations for agricultural pursuits, disposed of their claims as soon as possi- ble at reasonable profits, to their adjoining neighbors, or later arrivals, and moved on toward the front better prepared by experience to make new and more judicious selections. Thus the work of settlement and improvement in the new country steadily progressed, and as the close of the three years drew near, crowds of emi- grants were again beginning to linger near the western limits longing for the appointed day to come when the last barrier of restraint would be taken away, and the boundaries of emigration would be extended almost indefinitely westward. October 11th, 1845, the much desired day came at last, bringing to the yet unsettled pioneer th'e welcome privilege to choose from all the goodly land before him, his future home. But to the poor Indian it brought the solemn warning that his lease of home was gone, and in keeping with his record of the past, he must again move on into western wilds, and seek there a new home congenial to his wild, untutored nature, leaving his cher- ished hunting grounds, so long possessed and enjoyed by him, to pass into the hands and under the full control of his pale-faced neighbor, soon to be stripped of all that was attractive and dear to the red man's heart. In accordance with the stipulations of the treaty, the greater part of the Indians were removed, at the expense of the government, in the fall of 1845, and those who remained until the spring of 1846 were conveyed in United States government wagons to a point on the reservation about sev- enty-five miles southwest of Kansas City, to join their comrades who had gone before. Some of their bark-covered huts still remained after the white settlers came, and the graves covered by a roof of rude slabs were HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 263 yet to be seen; but all these soon disappeared to be remembered only as things of the past, and now alm'ost every Indian relic is gone, save as the plowman turns from under the soil an occasional arrow head or hatchet of stone and lays it aside on his curiosity shelf as a memento of barbarism. Thus the Red Rock line of reservation had served its time and purpose in marking the western limits of the white man's domain, and in protect- ing the red man in his rights of home against the advancing strides of em- igration until his allotted time had come to move westward again on his roving mission, and add one more proof that his race is fast passing away and must eventually disappear before the restless march of the Anglo- Saxon race, as did the traditionary mound builders give place to the preda- tory red man of later times. "And did the dust Of these fair solitudes once stir with life And burn with passion? Let the mighty mounds That overlook the rivers, or that rise In the dim forests crowded with old oaks, Answer : A race that long has passed away Built them. The red man came — The roaming hunter tribes, warlike and fierce — And the mound builders vanished from the earth. The solitude of centuries untold Has settled where they dwelt. The prairie wolf Howls in their meadows, and his fresh dug den Yawns by my path. The gopher mines the ground Where stood their swarming cities. All is gone — All; save the piles of earth that hold their bones, The platforms where they worshiped unknown gods." Thus as those traditionary mound builders were forced to give way to the plundering red man of later times, so must he give place to his pale- faced successor, and his night of ignorance and superstition in which he so delights to revel, must give place to the approaching light of intelli- gence and civilization as truly as the darkest shades of midnight are dis- pelled by the approaching light of day. When the last barrier of restraint was thus removed, the tide of emigra- tion so long held in check, began to come' in at a rapid rate over these prairies, and thus it has continued to roll wave after wave in rapid succes- sion until it has reached the western shore, carrying with it the energy and talents and enterprise of nations, and washing to the surface the gold from the mountains and valleys on the Pacific slope, itdias enveloped our land in the mighty main of enterprise and civilization. While the hapless Indian, driven by the advancing tide from shore to shore over this mighty continent, is caught at last in the billows and drifts with the tide, clinging only to the floating driftwood of his own shattered bark of barbarism and superstition as his last faint hope before being lost in the surges and sunk in oblivion. And thus he soon will perish to be remembered only as a historic name, unless rescued from his uncivilized, savage condition by omnipotent power, through the humble instrumentality of human sympathy and christian love. After the way had thus been opened by that ever-memorable Indian treaty, emigration began at once to spread rapidly toward the northwest along the borders of the Des Moines and Raccoon rivers, and claim after claim was taken, cabin after cabin was erected, settlement after settlement 264 HISTOKY OF DALLAS COUNTY. was made by pioneer emigrants, who quickly occupied the highlands west of the Fort, and continued gradually venturing out still further into the newly vacated wilds, settling here and there in the edges of the woodlands which skirted the Raccoon river, until in the early spring of 1846 its forks were reached and passed, and the enterprising sound of the white man's ax was heard echoing from every side, as with busy stroke he felled the trees and prepared the logs for his humble cabin home. Before many days had past the curling smoke was seen rising through the tree tops from many such hopeful, happy pioneer homes in this western wild; and within those rustic walls were found thankful hearts, cheerful faces, welcome voices and liberal hospitality, which displayed on every side an air of contentment and prosperity, and made " assurance doubly sure " that the great work of the settlement and cultivation of this fertile land was. actually begun by the white pioneer, even within the present territory of Dallas county, and that it would be thoroughly carried on to the west- ern border. GEOGRAPHY— DESCRIPTIVE AND PHYSICAL. Dallas is one of the central counties of Iowa. It was named in honor of the Hon. George M. Dallas, of Pennsylvania, then Vice-President of the United States, and of distinguished revolutionary stock. It is situated in the fourth tier of counties, numbering from the southern boundary of the' state, and is number live from the Missouri river. It is bounded on the north by Greene and Boone; on the south by Madison ; on the ea6t by Polk; and on the west by Guthrie county. It is about twenty-four miles square, containing an area of 576 square miles, or 368,640 acres of surface. It contains congressional townships Nos. 78, 79, 80 and 81 north of ranges Nos. 26, 27, 28 and 29 west of the fifth principal meridian. These are divided into sixteen civil townships, each six miles square, whose bound- aries correspond with those of the congressional, and are known by the following names: Des Moines, Beaver, Spring Valley, Dallas, Lincoln, "Washington, Sugar Grove, Grant, Walnut, Adel, Colfax, Linn, Union, Adams, Van Meter and Boone. All of these townships are within the boundary of the middle and lower coal-measures of Iowa. Five of the above named townships, as will be easily recognized, took their names from presidents and vice-presidents, five from physical peculiar- ities of timber or water, and three from names of prominent citizens. Adel took its name from the county seat, Des Moines from the name of the river flowing through, and Union from the fact that the Middle and South Rac- coon rivers unite within its borders. The county was finally divided into these sixteen civil townships, with their respective boundary lines the same as those of the eight congressional townships as above described. The various townships, however, passed through numerous changes with regard to their respective boundary lines from the time of their first organization until the present, which changes are described more fully under the history of the respective townships. They were settled in their present form only a few years ago. Elevation. — The county lies high and dry, being situated partially on the east slope of the great "Water-shed" or dividing ridge between the waters of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. The elevation above the sea at four different points upon its surface, as given by the chief engineers of HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 265 the two railroads passing through it are as follows: De Soto, 868 feet; Perry, 966 feet; Adel, 1074 feet; and Dexter, 1128 feet. An elevation a short distance southeast of Pilot Lake is said to be the highest ground in the county, exceeding any of the above montioned measurements, and pre- senting a fine view of the surrounding county and general surface of the county. Surface. — The general surface of Dallas county is that of a beautiful, undulating Iowa prairie. It is slightly diversified in its general aspect, owing to the underlying coal-measure formation, yet it is quite symmetrical in its different parts. The greater portion is sufficiently level to afford the best of farming lands, and at the same time is rolling enough for good drainage. * It is somewhat broken and bluffy in different localities -along the rivers and rnnning streams, especially in its southwestern portion in the vicinity of the South Raccoon river. From the divide between this stream and the North Raccoon river the general surface gradually rises until it passes the southern border of the county and shows a tract much more broken and hilly than that of the northern portion. In some places the prairie lands are also quite elevated, especially on the divides between the different rivers and streams, but these are never broken or rough enough to interfere in the least with agriculture. They gently descend with beautiful, productive bottom lands, and then gradually ascend again into fertile rolling prairies. With the exception of a portion of the southwest corner, the general surface of the county inclines gently from the northwest to the southeast, forming part of the east side of the " Great Water-shed", and is crossed in that direction by numerous streams at convenient intervals, which are bor- dered by belts of valuable timber-lands, thus affording an abundance of wood and water. The inclination toward the southeast is sufficient to give these streams considerable fall, producing rapid currents, which have caused the larger ones to erode their beds in many places to a depth of from one hundred to two hundred feet below the general level of the uplands, and have produced flat sandy valleys of considerable width, which are bordered by declivities in many places quite abrupt. The northern portion is suf- ficiently rolling to be well drained, and affords some of the best of farming land. While west of the North Raccoon River, the surface in many localities de- scends into broad shallow depressions corresponding with the basin that exists in the coal-measure strata in'that section; and then on toward the northwest and south it rises again, more or less abruptly into high, rolling arable lands of a superior quality, while the strips of land lying between the South Raccoon River and the southern line affords some of the very best farming land in the county. The large tract lying east of the North Raccoon river, which comprises nearly one-half of the county, abounds in rich arable land, high and slightly rolling, yet it is sufficiently watered and drained by numerous small streams that flow through it and empty into the Raccoon and Des Moines rivers. The valleys along these streams are cut to a considerable, depth into the deposits belonging to the middle coal-measure. In the extreme northeast corner of the county, the surface then dips down into the broad valley and timber bottoms of the Des Moines river, 266 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. which passes diagonally across the corner, leaving only a very small strip of prairie land on the east side of that river within the county limits. Water and Drainage. — The county is well drained and admirably sup- plied with good water, so situated as to be easily accessible in the various localities and its natural drainage system could scarcely be more complete. It has four good rivers, viz: The Des Moines, and the North, Middle and South Raccoon rivers, besides numerous other minor streams of con- siderable importance flowing at convenient distances to accommodate the entire county. In fact every township in the e'ntire county lias at least one river or large creek flowing through it. Eleven of the townships have rivers, and many of them have several important streams passing through them, so that there are comparatively few sections of land in the county without running" water in abundance for agricultural purposes. No better advertisement could well be given the county for stock-raising and farming purposes than the statement of the fact that with its fertile prairies and valuable timber belts, it is also well supplied with living water, and thoroughly drained, so as to readily and safely dispose of the greatest freshets during the rainj' seasons. Des Moines River. — -This river flows for a distance of about five, miles through the northeastern corner of the countj' - , intersecting the north line of Des Moines township a little east of the center, and flowing oat through the east line of the same township a short distance south of the center, thus cutting off from that portion of the county a three-cornered piece contain- . ing about six sections of land, or 3840 acres. The average width of its channel within the county bounds is about thirty rods, and its average depth from three to four feet during low water, while at certain times of the year it rises to a mighty torrent. There are numerous shallows in the channel, which prevent the navigation of crafts of any size. It has a considerable decline to the southeast, with an average slope per mile of two feet four inches, by railroad level, through this section from Fort Dodge to Ottumwa, which makes its current rather swift. Its channel, for the most part, flows over a pebbly bed, which makes it easily fordable wherever the banks on either side will permit. Its banks are com- posed of alluvial deposits. Its bottom lands are from one-half to two miles wide in Dallas county, and are frequently overflown. These lands produce some valuable timber, such as walnut, sugar maple, and cottonwood, while on the higher bluffs are found some excellent oaks and hard woods of differ- ent kinds. Where there is no timber growing these bottoms are of wonder- ful fertility. The channel flows through the lower coal-measure strata, and the bluffy banks in section 14 afford three good coal mines, all in working order, and yielding a very good quality of coal. This river has its source in Minnesota, but enters Iowa before attaining any importance, and flows almost centrally through the State from northwest to southeast, emptying into the Mississippi at the extreme southeastern corner of the State, and thus passes through a large tract of the finest land in the State, watering and draining a greater area than any other stream within her borders, and is ap- propriately called "Iowa's finest river." Its only tributaries from this county are the Raccoon river and Beaver creek, both of which empty into the Des Moines after passing the eastern boundary of Dallas and entering Polk county. Raccoon River. — This river, doubtless, derives its name from the fact that formerly so many of these animals were found along its borders. The main HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 267 body of this stream, from its forks in Van Meter township, in section 21, township 78, range 27, flows nearly in an easterly direction, and extends but a short distance before passing the east line of the county, about one mile and a half from the southeast corner, emptying into the Des Moines river in Polk county, southwest of the State Capitol. The length of its channel, within the boundaries of Dallas, is about ten miles, flowing through the southern part of Boone township and the south- ern part of the east half of Yan Meter, supplying all that section with fine water and mill privileges, as well as with an abundance of good timber from the broad belt of heavy woodlands along its banks. During low water the average width and depth are not very great; but during freshets and rainy seasons it often swells to an immense size in order to carry off the drainage from a large scope of country lying northwest of it, through which its branches and their tributaries extend. This immense flood of drainage, flowing in so suddenly, frequently causes it to overflow its banks and flood the bottom lands along it to a great width. Its banks are of alluvial deposits, and its bottom lands, sometimes extending on either side to con- siderable distance, are either covered with a heavy growth of good timber, or afford the most productive farming lands. The channel, for the most part, flows over a pebbly, sandy bed, rendering it easily fordable in many places. Its fall is not so great, and its current not so rapid, as that of either of its branches, and therefore its good mill ■ sites are'not so numerous as theirs. According to railroad level, the aver- age slope of its channel from the forks to its mouth, a distance of about twenty miles, is two feet eleven inches per mile. Nevertheless, within the ten miles length in Dallas county its course is interrupted by two mill dams, and its channel is crossed by three good bridges, one Howe truss rail- road bridge at Booneville, built by the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad Company in 1869, and two good wagon bridges — one an iron bride near Booneville, and the other is a wooden bridge at Van Meter. The only tributaries to the main body of this river, flowing into it from this county, aside from its branches, are Sugar, Johnson, and Walnut creeks, each flowing into it from the north. The first two of these empty into it within the bounds of Dallas county, aud the other in Polk county. Above the forks the main branch is generally known as the North Raccoon river, and is so called by the citizens; while the South Branch is commonly considered as its tributary. North Raccoon. — This river, when considered as the main branch, is the most important stream in the county. It has its source away to the north above Storm Lake, in Buena Vista county, flowing in an easterly course for miles through the level open prairie as far down as Sac county where it gradually becomes skirted more and more with a belt of timber and bluff lands until it reaches the northwest corner of Dallas, and runs diagonally through the entire extentof the county, passing out at the southeas^ corner in the form of the main branch as above described, and thus bountifully supplying a large tract of the finest land through the central portion of the county with good water and timber and drainage facilities. In its meandering course, it flows through about fifty sections of land in Dallas, on almost any one of which, it is estimated, could be obtained a head of six feet fall, thus affording mill sites and water power in abundance. These numerous natural privileges, however, have not been utilized very extensively, as it has only three mills on its banks above the forks. The 268 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. supply of water in this river is constant and reliable, as it is furnished chiefly by living springs issuing from the gravel beds and bluffs along its banks. Its bed is composed mainly of sand and coarse gravel resting upon an almost impenetrable hard-pan of blue clay, which renders it free from dangerous and offensive mire holes and easily bridged or forded. This stream is spanned, above the forks, with one iron and five frame wagon bridges, and it is expected that the new railroad bridge at Adel will soon be added to the number. Its channel within the boundaries of the county above the forks, for a stream of so great length, is neither very wide nor very deep during low water, as it abounds in shallows; but during the wet seasons and spring freshets it rises very high in a short time, often overflowing its banks and flooding its entire bottom. From Jefferson to its forks, it has an average slope of four feet per mile, which causes its current to run very swiftly, and produces many valuable water powers. Its banks in most places are high and are chiefly composed of alluvial deposits, while along nearly its entire length through the county this stream is skirted with a belt of heavy tim- ber, which varies in width very greatly in different localities. Its valley, through this region, is excavated out of the heavy surface deposits and middle coal-measure through which its channel flows. In some places the valley reaches a depth of 175 feet below the level of the uplands, and in many places extends out from the river on either side in capacious bottom basins, surrounded by a chain of bluffs which roll back into high beautiful prairie, or gradually descend again into broad fertile valleys. These bottom basins along the river afford some of the most productive lands and valua- ble farms in the county. The principal affluents to this river above the forks within the county lines, are Hickory and Frog creeks, and Miller and Butler branches. South Raccoon.— This stream rises to the northwest, near the west line of Guthrie county, and enters Dallas about four miles from the southwest corner, then meanders through the south part of the county in an easterly direction until it unites with the north fork and main branch in section (21) twenty-one, township (78) seventy-eight, range (27) twenty-seven, in what is now known as Yan Meter township. It flows through a very line agri- cultural region, perhaps the finest in the county, the deep black soil of the valleys and bottom lands being of a most productive character. The river has a gravelly, solid bed, and its banks are composed of alluvial deposits. Its channel is not quite so wide or so deep as that of the North Kaccoon, but its fall is even greater, its current much swifter and its mill privileges more abundant. It is generally conceded that it affords some of the very best mill sites and water privileges in the State; still comparatively few of these have thus far been utilized. The supply of water in this stream is also constant and reliable, being fed, principally, by numerous and unfailing springs issuing from the bluffy banks and gravel beds all along its borders. On every mile in length of its channel it would be easy to secure a head of from six to eight feet of water power. During low water its channel abounds in shallows, and its average depth is not very great; but when the freshets and rainy seasons come, it rises very rapidly on account of the large amount of drainage poured into it from the surrounding hills and ra' vines, and numerous affluents on either side. These frequently cause it to HISTOEY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 269 fill its banks in a few hours time and very soon to overflow them, flooding the bottom lands in great tracts on either side. Then it as quickly falls again to its natural size, but never runs too low for effective and valuable water power in constant supply. During each year its channel carries off an immense quantity of drain- age from its surrounding country. This, with the constant wearing of its rapid current, has caused it to erode its bed in many places to an unusual depth, and has made for it a broad, fertile valley, extending out here and there in large basin bottoms. This stream is also skirted with a belt of valuable timber, varying greatly in width in the different localities, and in some places it is bordered with high bluff hinds which afford some of the finest timber, as well as pic- turesque and attractive scenery. It has four good grist mills and one woolen mill on its banks, and is spanned by two iron and one frame bridge, which number is soon to be in- creased by another iron bridge. The tributaries to the South Raccoon are the Middle Raccoon river, the Panther, Bear, Bulger and Cottonwood creeks, being the principal ones within the county limits. Middle Raccoon. — This river has its source in Carroll county, and enters the west side of Dallas, a little less than a mile north of the southwest cor- ner of Linn township, in section 31, township 79, range 29, flowing then in a winding course southeast until it empties as the chief tributary into the South Raccoon in section 9, township 78, range 29, in what is known as Union township, near the village site of Wiscofta. It flows through a fine region of country, but only for a short distance within the boundaries of this county. It is in its general characteristics and surroundings very much like the other branches of the same great river and affords some ex- cellent mill privileges and water powers, of which but a few have yet been utilized. Its current is very rapid, its bed sandy, its channel narrow, and its bot- tom lands are productive and valuable. It is bordered with a belt of good timber, and is quite bluffy in many places along its banks. It is spanned by only one bridge within the county bounds, which is situated at Redfield; while it has three good grist mills —one at Redfield, and the other two near the west line of Linn township. Its main affluent, within the county, is Mosquito creek, which empties into it from the north about midway in its course within the county. Creeks are to be found in plentiful supply in Dallas, as may be inferred from the above description of different rivers and their tributaries. These are well distributed throughout the different parts of the county, affording plenty of water and drainage in the various localities where the rivers do not extend. The names of such as are of any special note in the county are Mosquito, Panther, Bear, Beaver, Walnut, Sugar, Johnson, Hickory, Frog, Bulger, Cottonwood and Slough creeks, and Miller and Butler branches. A few of these deserve especial notice. Mosquito Creek has its source in a little lake, or pond, in the north part of Guthrie county, and runs southeast in a winding course entering Dallas at the northwest corner of Lincoln township, and passing on down through that and Linn townships, it empties into ,the Middle Raccoon river a little above Redfield. 270 HISTOEY OF DALLAS COUNTY. In its course it passes through an agricultural region of great fertility. Through Linn township it is skirted with a belt of good timber, which consists principally of soft maple, elm, and swamp ash in abundance. It "did afford a good many white ash, but these have mostly been cut off by the first settlers. It is also well supplied with fish of the smaller varieties, and affords a number of coal mines. It has several frame wagon bridges, one just above the mouth, and affords some good mill sites. At a very early day a company of hunters finding occasion to camp over night near the banks of this creek, were so completely beseiged with mos- quitoes during the night, both they and their horses, that they then and there christened the stream Mosquito creek, and ever since it has been called and known by that name. Panther Creek rises in the northwestern part of Dallas county, its be- ginning being the outlet for Pilot lake, in Lincoln township, before that lake was drained, and then winds in a southeasterly course through Colfax, into Adams township, and empties into the South Kaccoon river near the iron bridge. This creek runs all the way through a fine prairie country, except a few miles in the last of its course, where it becomes somewhat heavily timbered, and affords water and drainage facilities for a large tract of country. It is said that, at an early day, a company of hunters killed a large panther at some point along this stream, and thus it was afterward referred to as " the panther". And viewing it from the high lands on either side it seems to creep along slyly in its winding course, down its valley through the prairie grass and bushes, not unlike the trail of a stealthy panther after his prey. , In the spring of. 1846, soon after their arrival in Dallas county, John Wright and his brother-in-law, Greenbury Coffin, were out on a hunt in the vicinity of this stream, and were strolling through the tall grass and under- brush, when suddenly they came upon a large panther, which at once showed fight and manifested no disposition in the least to retreat. . The only hope for the hunters in this critical situation, was to bravely and cautiously meet the wild beast on her own ground, and either prove themselves masters of the situation, or be torn to pieces and devoured, as they were already too close upon her when discovered to have any chance to retreat. Wright, however, was a fearless frontier hunter, and not easily thrown off his guard. The instance of danger at once revealed to him the mode of escape. Quick as thought he drew a " bead " on her eye, sent a bullet whizzing through her brain, and the next instant the savage beast lay dead in her tracks. To the cantion of Coffin, to " be careful " while taking his aim, Wright cooly responded when the panther fell dead, " I am always sure of my aim when necessary." From this romantic incident in frontier life the stream derived the name of Panther creek. Bear Greek rises in the southwest corner of the county, and flows north- east through some of the richest and most productive farming land in the county, until it empties into the same river from the south, about a mile west of the mouth of Panther creek. The Bear and the Bulger creeks are the only streams of any importance in that part of the county south of the Eaccoon river; but they water a magnificent region, and drain a very fer- tile soil. Beaver Creek rises among the ponds and sw.amp lands in the northwest HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 271 part of Boone county, and crosses the north line of Dallas about two miles west of the middle in Spring Yalley township, a little northeast of the town of Perry. It flows then in a tortuous course to the southeast, across the northeast corner of the county, and passes out of Dallas about the middle of the east line of Grant township, emptying into the Des Moines river in Polk county. This creek, during most of its course through Dallas, runs through open rolling prairie with occasional belts of light scrubby timber and brush land skirting it here and there. It has two affluents of some size within the county boundaries. The Little Beaver creek flows into it from the north, and Slough creek from the south, each emptying into it in Beaver township, about two miles apart. These two streams, flowing into it from opposite directions, show that it runs through a broad, fertile valley, draining a large acreage of very fine country. Lakes. — The northwest part of Dallas county also affords a number of small lakes and large ponds, but not enough of them to render the land around sour and unproductive, as is the case in so many localities further north. These bodies of water lie out in the midst of a broad, high prairie, scattered here and there as so many convenient little basins, holding suffi- cient water, during the greater part of the year, to accommodate the thirsty herds from prairie range, or pasture fields, that come to slack their thirst from the refreshing contents. Many of these, then, are both useful and ornamental, and serve the purpose for which they were placed there, while the land around them is generally both fertile and valuable. Some of these become dry during the warm summer months, but others contain a sufficient quantity of water during the entire year to afford a good many fish. The water in these lakes and ponds is supplied from the rain-falls and drainage from the surrounding country; and the bottoms of their basins are underlaid with this impenetrable hard-pan which does not allow the contents to soak away, and the pure atmosphere of the prairies keeps the water, thus confined, from becoming stagnant. In the eastern part of the county, in some places, these ponds are rather too thick for convenience or comfort, and are surrounded with too much low land to be profitable, which tend to depreciate the attraction and value of the land in those localities for farming purposes. Two of these lakes are worthy of special notice. Pilot Lake was formerly the largest and most important of these bodies of water in the county until a few years ago it was drained out entirely. The principal part of its basin is situated about the middle of the north half of section (10) ten, with a small portion, perhaps about ten acres, reach- ing north upon section (3) three, township (80) eighty, range (29) twenty- nine, now known as Lincoln township. The entire basin covers an area of about one hundred acres, swamp land and all included, and sometimes the water rose in it so as to cover nearly this entire surface; but in its average state, before being drained, its water surface covered about eighty acres, while its depth averaged from five to eight feet. It also contained a good many fish of different kinds, and was a great harbor for wild game, as also a favorite resort for hunters. The water in it was furnished entirely by the rain-falls and surface drain- age, and its bottom was underlaid with that white clay hard-pan which held securelv whatever of water fell or ran into it until an outlet was furnished through its banks. 272 HISTOBY OF DALLAS COUNTY. Until a few years ago it was an ornamental and attractive little lake, when Mr. E. M. Jones, the present owner of the lake-basin and lands adjoining, in July, 1876, cut a drain from a low point on the east side, across in an easterly course to the Panther creek, a distance of about three-quarters of a mile, which soon carried off all the water and left the basin as dry as the surrounding prairie; so that now it is necessary to dig from three to five feet below the surface in order to secure water. No indications of springs have been discovered in the bottom or around its banks. Mr. Jones feels confident that in a few years, when he has succeeded in draining it a little more thoroughly, so that the rain falls and surface floods can be carried off more rapidly, and the surface becomes moulded and purified by the atmos- phere, he will have, in this lake-basin, a tract of the most productive and valuable land in all that vicinity, with comparatively little extra work or expense. Since it was thus drained a great many bones of buffalo skeletons have been found strewn over the bottom of the basin in various places. It is supposed that the hunted animals, having given out, or been wounded in chase, had rushed into the lake for water, or perhaps to take refuge from the closely pursuing wolves, or dogs and hunters, and that, being unable from exhaustion to rejoin their herds, they have died there and become buried in the waters. Dr. Akin, of Minburn, Sugar Grove township, has now the skeleton of a buffalo's head found on the bottom of this lake- basin after its drainage, and treasures it as a choice relic of buffalo bar- barism. The lake, and adjoining land on the west and south sides, were formerly owned by William Clarke, who built a small frame two story house, about 16x24 feet, on its western shore, and in this kept hotel on the old stage , line passing through that place, some thirteen or fourteen years ago. In that small house, we are informed, he has accommodated in those days of frontier life, as high as forty guests at one time with meals and lodging. Mr. Clarke finally disposed of this property, and it afterward came into the possession of the present owner, Mr. E. M. Jones, a well informed and courteous gentleman, to whom we are indebted for liberal hospitality and valuable information regarding this vicinity. Swan Lake is situated on sections (27) twenty-seven and (28) twenty- eight, township (81) eighty-one, range (29) twenty-nine, now known as Dallas township, and is also an attractive little body of water. It covers about one-half section of ground, considering all the low lands included witlmi the rim of its basin, and in the center of this low tract there is an area of about eighty acres of water surface, which constitutes the lake proper. In depth it will average nearly five feet of good clear water. The shallower portions in some places are grown up with large rushes, but the greater portion of it presents an open surface, and is altogether a beautiful little body of water. It has an outlet into the Elm slough, and thence into North Raccoon river in the northwest corner of the county. The lake lies out in the midst of a level prairie, with no timber near it, and is sur- rounded by a fine tract of country. It affords a good supply of fish, prin- cipally large, black bass and sun, or pumpkin-seed fish, and is a favorite re- sort for wild ducks and geese, as well as for hunters from various parts of the country, who come sometimes great distances to enjoy the choice sports of gaming and fishing which it affords. If it were drained like Pilot Lake HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 273 has been it doubtless would afford a similar display of buffalo bones and skeletons strewn over the bottom of its basin. Sloughs. — This county, very fortunately, has comparatively few of those unapproachable sloughs and tracts of swamp lands so often found on exten- sive prairies. The sloughs throughout the county are generally a good dis- tance apart, leaving a broad strip of well drained farming land on either side. They are mostly broad and level, with sufficient fall to carry off the drainage and prevent water from standing in them very long, while their channels do not wash deep narrow drains in the center as is the case in many other places. The greater portion of the slough lands in Dallas county could be easily drained and made tillable. They would then become some of the most productive farming lands in the county, and would still answer the same purpose of drainage for which they are now prized, at the same time producing abundant yields of hay or other products. In some places they spread out in the shape of broad, level bottom lands, gradually widening and sloping down toward the valleys of the neighboring rivers or other running streams. The soil of these slough lands is some- what sandy, but is fertile and easily tilled when once drained and broken. Well Water. — In most localities throughout the county good well water is easily obtained, at a moderate depth below the surface, in great- abund- ance. Even on the high lands good wells are secured at a depth of from twelve to twenty feet, which furnish an almost unfailing supply of clear, cold lime water. Less frequently it becomes necessary to dig thirty and forty feet, and occasionally deeper before meeting with the same results, accordingly as the well-digger is fortunate in starting in the right place to strike a good vein. Here, as in other localities, of course, these water veins underground vary greatly in depth, and sometimes only a few rods from a good well fifteen or twenty feet deep, it may become necessary to dig twice or three times the distance in order to find plenty of water again, and vice versa, so that it is difficult to give an average of depth. But in this county, as a general thing, plenty of good well water is more easily obtained than in most places throughout the State, and though sometimes it is necessary to go down to quite a depth, the excellent quality of water secured well re- pays the digging. ,. Springs.— Dallas county is fortunately favored with springs. In fact nearly all the rivers and running streams within the county bounds seem to be fed principally by living springs issuing out of the bluffs, and ravines, and gravel beds all along their banks. They are so numerous and close together in many places along the rivers as to present the appearance of one continuous sheet of water running down the side of the bank into the channel, as if pressed out from a spongy spring-bed beneath by the im- mense weight of earth above. At other places they appear springing up and gushing out near the water's edge, or back in the ravines, sometimes at freat distances from the river, and even well up on the sides of the bluffs tie springs are often seen boiling out and rippling down in crystal streams of clear cold water, and hurrying on to pay their tribute to the rivers. Thus there is no scarcity of good spring and well water in Dallas county, which is generally easily obtained, excellent in quality and unfailing in quantity. The county also affords some springs whose water possesses mineral qualities worthy of note. 18 274 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. Salt Spring. — Near the head of a ravine in the southwest corner of the county, in Union township, there is a spring the water of which is strongly impregnated with salt. Around it is a level surface of about an acre, which it is supposed was worn down in this form by the continual tramping of deer and buffalo and other animals that had gathered around it to secure the salt element contained in the water. Roads and paths leading into it from different directions are yet easily traced as the marks of approaches of wild animals to it in early times. It is located near Lemuel Maulsby's, about section 18, and is quite a large spring. During wet seasons a stream of considerable size issues from it, sufficient to turn an overshot wheel of considerable dimensions. The deposits found by it are of a saline character, and the water is quite brackish; but no perceptible salt taste to it. The water of this spring has never yet been utilized for any special purposes, though there is evidently quite a salt element contained in it. Sulphur Spring. — -In Union township, a little more than a mile east of Wiscotta, on section 2, there is a spring that is strongly tinctured with sulphur. It covers an area of several rods square, including the boggy land around it; and the stream of water issuing from it constantly and flowing into the South Raccoon river a few rods below, is some two or three feet in width, sufficient to turn a good sized overshot wheel. It is doubtless a valuable spring for medicinal purposes, and is consid- ered by various physicians to contain better medicinal properties than many other such springs of considerable notoriety in the country. But its waters have never yet been utilized for such purposes, nor have its medicinal prop- erties ever been thoroughly tested by anyone so as to learn the real value. There are also numerous small springs around it of similar character; and still further east of it, important springs occur more or less frequently on either side of the river during its entire course in the county. Timber. — Dallas county is also fortunately favored with timber, well dis- tributed and conveniently located to the prairie and farming lands, so as to be easily accessible from almost any locality within its boundaries. All the rivers during their entire length within the county are bordered with belts of timber. Many of their tributaries are also skirted with woodlands along the greater part of their course. Beautiful groves are dotted here and there, some of them occupying quite elevated positions, and others bordering on the low lands, which tend to relieve the monotony and dreary aspect so prevalent on our broad, bleak western prairies. There are a great many varieties of timber found', such as oak, hickory, sycamore, walnut, hackberry, linn, elm, sugar maple, soft maple, cotton- wood, swamp ash, and in some localities white ash, etc. Along the river bottoms and low lands it chiefly abounds in the soft woods with a moderate per cent of hard wood trees occurring among them more or less frequently in different localities, while along the higher banks and bluff lands are found the more valuable hard woods suitable for fencing and building pur- poses. The heaviest and finest timber in the county is found, perhaps, at the junction of the North and South Raccoon rivers and around in that vicin- ity throughout the center of Van Meter township. In many places, the HISTOKY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 275 best hard woods of the old growth of timber have been pretty well culled out, and in others quite thoroughly cleared off, leaving a plentiful supply of the less valuable soft woods. But the second growth is rapidly increas- ing, and is furnishing, as an average, a better quality of timber than that which preceded, and it is estimated that the increase in growth will exceed the annual waste and consumption for all purposes; so that there need be no fear of the citizens suffering from want of fuel, and fencing, and shelter, especially since coal and lumber are becoming so plentiful and cheap, found almost at their very doors; and since about one-tenth of the entire county consists of good timber lands to be had at reasonable prices. Even 'those who were born and raised in a timber country, and who have spent their prime of life in the woods can find here a timber home quite congenial to their nature, and also joining this they can secure, for as large a family as they choose to raise, a fertile tract of farming land, all grubbed and cleared and ready for the plow, which, with a moderate amount of labor and judicious management, will furnish a comfortable home and liberal income as the reward of faithful industry and prudence. Along the South Raccoon river east from Wiscotta, and in Adams town- ship, around and in the vicinity of the mouth of Bear and Panther creeks, is a large body of heavy, valuable timber; and on the North Raccoon river, near the Union of Miller and Butler branches with that stream, there is a broad belt of fine timber land. In these days, however, timber is not prized so highly as it was a few years ago, since railroad facilities and coal mines have rendered fuel, and fencing, and building material so plentiful and cheap; and as a consequence the price is considerably reduced, and the opportunities for purchasing in- creased. The average value of good timber land in the county is about twenty dollars per acre, and a fair quality can be purchased for even less. Prairie is the prevailing characteristic of the county. It is abundant in quantity and mostly all excellent in quality. In so large a tract there must alwa3^s be some that is of an inferior qual- ity. HoweVer, there is a comparatively small per cent of poor prairie land in this county, and among so much that is good it is a difficult task to des- ignate that which is best. On nearly all the divides between the rivers and running streams are found large tracts of beautiful, rolling prairie lands well drained, easily cultivated, highly productive and conveniently located to water and timber, and mills and'markets. Perhaps some of the choicest farming land in the county is found be- tween the Raccoon river and the southern - border of the county. Some portions of that, however, are rather broken and hilly. While north of that stream and all to the west of the North Raccoon river on either side of Panther and Mosquito creeks, up to the north line of the county, there is a large tract of as fine productive prairie land as could reasonably be de- sired. Some portions of this are quite elevated and rolling, but never enough so to interfere materially with easy cultivation and improvement, while it possesses some broad, beautiful valleys and low lands of excellent quality. Nearly all the prairie on the east side of the North Raccoon is pretty much of the same character, only perhaps a little more elevated, and not so rolling as an average. The tract contained between the North Raccoon river and Beaver creek is the largest body of prairie, unbroken by any running stream of much size ki the county. It lies high and dry — except in some localities where 276 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. the ponds are a little too thick — enough rolling generally for good drainage and a very productive soil. Along the Beaver creek and Des Moines river there is some excellent valley land, and in many places throughout the northern and northwestern part of the county are still fine tracts of prairie unimproved, affording fa- vorable opportunities for those wishing to procure desirable farms in a good county with productive soil. The Climate is wholesome, invigorating and pleasant for this latitude, both winter and summer. The winters are generally long, with rather an even temperature, sometimes changing quite suddenly from cold to warm and back again to extremely eold weather within a few days. But these sudden changes are the exception rather than the general rule, so the cit- izens soon become accustomed to them, and consider it not half a winter without them. This region is subject to an average and occasionally a heavy fall of snow during the winter season, which is usually accompanied by sharp, healthful frosts. But as a general thing the mercury remains above zero, seldom reaching more than twelve or fifteen degrees below, and very rarely falling to twenty and twenty-five degrees below zero. Strong, sharp, chilling winds sweep over the broad prairies and down the valleys during the winter and early spring months, but these become m&di- fied to gentle, bracing, welcome breezes during the later spring, summer, autumn, and early fall months; and within the past few years the winters have become greatly modified from the reputed coldness of earlier days to the milder temperature of a more southern clime, so that many of the older settlers having become accustomed to exposure in driving storms and blustery weather during the hardships of frontier life, rather incline to look upon these open, mild winters as intruders, coming out of season and out of place, and they begin to " long for the good old days of yore," when neighbors must become congenial and accommodating in order to keep from freezing or "starving to death, and when storm-staid strangers will be made welcome guests at the fireside. The later spring, summer and autumn months are generally delightful and sain brio us. The prairie winds, which become mild and almost constant, are fresh and bracing, regulating the temperature and purifying the atmosphere. During the months of July and August they sometimes seem rather mild and motionless, allowing the sun's rays to beam down unhindered for awhile, and to occupy thefield with almost undisputed sway, thus producing a fewdays of hot, sweltering harvest weather, which cause the citizens to place something of a proper estimate on the value and usefulness of the county's beautiful shade trees and excellent water. Then these few sultry summer days are soon followed by a glorious "Indian summer" of balmy autumn days, which are aptly fitted to brighten the pathway and " cheer the heart of man." The county has rain and wet weather enough to water the crops and produce a healthy growth of vegetation. But thus far, very fortunately, it has been out of the track' of any seriously damaging storms or destructive tornadoes. According to the climatological chart, the county has an average rainfall of 38 inches, but this seems to be a little exaggerated. Health in Dallas county is generally good, and the citizens are usually robust and healthy. Ague is now becoming quite rare, and the county is comparatively free HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 277 from any climatical diseases peculiar to its limits. There have been some cases of sickness this fall from malarial diseases in some localities, a num- ber of which have proven fatal. Here, as in all other places, people will sicken and die occasionally, and no one particular climate or locality seems to be full}' adapted to all persons. GEOLOGY. Desiring to give the best authority on this subject, the following account has been carefully compiled and partly quoted from Prof. White's official report on the geological survey as State Geologist of Iowa in 1870. The Geological Formations found in Dallas county belong to the post- tertiary and coal-measure periods, and are of the simplest character. The Post-tertiary Drift is spread generally over the entire county, and is of variable thickness, estimated at from ten to fifteen feet. On the North Raccoon river, above Adel, the bluffs in many places are largely composed of these deposits; but its minimum thickness is found along the stream to the south where the drift has been extensively denuded. The drift is made up of blue clays, representing the original glacial de- posits and gravel beds; besides boulders, pebbles and "sand pockets" with occasional fragments of coniferous wood are distributed through its mass. In excavating for water, these "old forest beds" are frequently encoun- tered, and in some cases the trunks of quite large trees have been discovered in a very perfect state of preservation. The loose materials form a consid- erable, though unevenly distributed, portion of the drift, and one that is co-extensive with the unmodified deposits in the uplands. In the valleys, these deposits have been still further modified by the currents confined in definite channels and producing the varied phenomena displayed in the terrace 'formations bordering the larger water-courses. Terraces of this kind occur in various parts of the county along the larger streams. In the valley of the South Raccoon, especially in the vicinity of Redfield, there are three or four distinct benches, besides the intervale lands which are still subject to periodic overflow. The highest of these benches has an elevation of nearly forty feet above the river, and forms a level plain about half a mile wide. Upon it are several oblong mounds eight to ten feet high. These mounds are composed of gravel, and are subtantially of the same material as the terraces on which they rest. They were probably formed when the waters ot the river occupied a higher level, and were thrown up as gravel bars when this bench formed the flood-plain. There are two other terraces just below this one, with elevations respect- ively ten to fifteen and twenty feet above the river. The higher and best defined benches are composed chiefly of coarse gravel and sand, while the lower ones, or intervale bottoms, are principally made up of finer sand and sediment washed down and deposited by the annual freshets^ Those tearaces occupy the wide recess formed by the junction of the two rivers in this vicinity, and greatly enhance the beauty of Redfield's sit- uation. There is another series of such terraces, though not so regular and beau- tifully defined, in the valley of the North Raccoon. Adel is built partly 278 HISTORY Otf DALLAS COUNTY. upon the higher of these benches, which is twenty to thirty feet above the river, and all are composed of pretty much the same material as those already described. Similar formations are also found in the northern part of the county, where the valley presents three or four benches remarkable for their grace- ful conformation. The intervales or alluvial lands are limited in extent, being entirely confined to the narrow belt immediatelyjaordering the streams, and are mainly important for the forest growth they support. Coal-measures. — The only consolidated strata found in the county belong to the coal-measures underlying its entire area. The portions of these strata, as seen at the surface, comprise the upper beds of the lower coal formation, the entire thickness of the middle formation, with the lower beds of the upper coal-measure. These latter appear only in the southwest part of the county. The Lower Coal Formation occupies the larger portion of the northern half of the county. On the South Raccoon its upper beds crop out to view over a limited area, partly hemmed in by the succeeding strata of the middle coal-measure. This area possibly has an intimate connection with the similar border out- crops of the middle coal-measure in the counties to the southeastward. On the Middle Raccoon, a short distance below Kedheld, on section 9, township 78, range 29, a bed of coal nearly three feet thick crops out in the banks and evidently belongs to this formation. It is doubtless the equivalent of the bed now so extensively mined at Des Moines, differing only in that it has a less number of clay partings. The products of this bed are of fair average quality, and its value will increase in proportion to the increasing demand for mineral fuel in this section. This bed, how- ever, rapidly disappears beneath the river to the westward as does also the one on South Raccoon below Redfield. On the right bank of the river at " hanging rock ", a short distance above the mine, the sandstone forms an abrupt and picturesque bluff about forty- five feet high, where the shales and sandstone overlying the coal are best seen. At Newport mills on South Raccoon, half a mile southeast of the Red- field mine, some ten feet of micaceous sandstone is exposed, which corres- ponds with similar deposits underlying the coal-bed at Des Moines, indi- cating that a similar bed exists in the adjacent bluffs on the right side of the river, and also on the north side of the valley, which possibly may be reached by shafting. In the valley of the North Raccoon there are but one or two exposures of lower coal strata at present known, and these are comparatively unim- portant. A thin seam of this coal has been found in section 16, township 81, range 28, on a branch, near J. II. Roberts. Another similar exposure of a four-inch coal-seam occurs on the left bank of the river, in section 17, township 81, range 28, on the land of Hiram Harper, and a heavier bed is said to out- crop in the bed of the river at that place, as is indicated by the fragments of coal being washed out and deposited on the sand bars by the freshets. It is altogether probable that other and workable coal-beds of a similar character will be found in this part of the county, but they are doubtless buried quite deeply under the drift. Yery few fossil remains have been found in any of the strata of the lower HISTOET OF DALLAS COUNTY. 279 coal-measures; but such animal remains as have been found are almost invariably of marine origin. Middle Coal Formation. — This is the prevailing formation in the county, and probably embraces in its outcrops nearly one-half of the area of the county. In the main valley of the Raccoon river the strata dips gradually to the westward, carrying the lower member of the middle coal formation down to a level very little above the river at Rocky Ford, on the eastern border . of Dallas county. On section 26, township 78, range 26, the uppermost layers of the lower division appear in the right bank of the river, where the fossiliferous lime- stone layers, overlying the Panora coal, present their lithological and palaeontological characteristics. This exposure is capped by a four-foot bed of sandstone, forming the upper bed of this division. There is no definite evidence that the Panora coal appears here above the river level. The next exposures of rock are found in the bluffs bordering the south side of the valley, a little above the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. bridge, in sections 26 and 27, township 78, range 27, near Mr. Colton's. At this locality the middle division has almost a complete representation, being capped by the lower member of the upper division. At De Soto, five miles west, almost the same series of strata are met with. The upper beds of the section are well exposed just above the railroad track in the bluffs on the south side of the river on section 26. The Marshall coal, with all the lower beds included, is finely displayed in a ravine a few hundred yards west of the former exposure in section 27, displaying a. strata of about seventy feet thickness. The bed here furnishes a good quality of coal, but is only from two to six inches thick, and is too thin for profitable working. At Yan Meter, north of the station, a seam of the Marshall coal, not more than six inches thick, outcrops in the left bank of the South Raccoon river, where a fine section is presented of the accompanying strata. This includes some twenty-five feet of shales inclosing a limestone layer between the coal and the bed of the stream, and also shows the sandstone at the top of the middle division. On Bulger creek, in the vicinity of De Soto, the upper layers of this sandstone are again seen in the bed of the creek, supporting some eight feet thickness of shales, including the lower carbonaceous horizon of the , upper division. There are numerous beds of similar character in this vi- cinity. To the westward of De Soto the strata continues to rise until it reaches the vicinity of Redfield, and then it has a very considerable west- erly dip, which carries the lower coal-measures beneath the level of both rivers, while the middle formation appears again in the valiey sides pre- senting successively its three divisions as you ascend either stream to the westward. Two miles northwest of Redfield, in the south side of the valley of Mos- quito creek, in sections 34 and 27, township 79, range 29, the Panora coal crops o»t in a bed about six inches thick, and about thirty to thirty-eight feet above the Middle Raccoon River, on 'the lands belonging to Messrs. Parker and Piatt. The bed here dips again rapidly to the westward and disappears beneath the Middle Raccoon, half a mile west of Parker's 280 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. mine. In this locality there are several beds of similar character, and farther up the stream still higher and higher strata are successively en- countered, consisting of shales and arenaceous deposits which belong to the two lower divisions of the formation, and appear at frequent intervals in low bluffs on the north side of the stream. Near the west line of the county, some two miles southwest of Parker's coal mine, a vertical exposure, about eight feet high, of the upper beds of the middle division, is beautifully exhibited in a high bluff skirting the left bank of the river. The highest bed found in this locality appears near the top of the expos- ure where a thin seam about six inches thick of Marshall coal outcrops be- neath a thin ledge of sandstone, and immediately above the sandstone the lower carbonaceous horizon of the npper division appears. All that vicinity is well supplied with coal-beds belonging to the middle formation. On Mosquito creek, seven or eight miles above its mouth, the Panora coal outcrops in the southeast quarter of section 31, township 80, range 29, where it has been worked by stripping off the shales and drift material. A coal vein in this locality from twelve to twenty inches, and in places two feet thick, has been opened, and is being successfully worked. It yields unusually hard coal, but is not of so good quality and is rather diffi- cult mining. The outcrop at the water's edge was first discovered by George Martin and Lem. Southerland, and it is now yielding a good sup- ply. The highest point of the cut now opened is twenty-four feet. Coal is found on Mosquito creek during almost its entire length through Lincoln township, and there are strong indications of its existing still further up, but no veins have yet been definitely found. There is evidently much more and better coal further under this; but it has not yet been found as no one has sought diligently for it any deeper. The overlying bituminous shale and bands of earthy limestone are richly stored with fos- sils usually found associated in this horizon. On the North Raccoon the first rock exposures above its mouth are ob- served in the vicinity of Adel. A vertical thickness of forty feet of strata belonging to the upper part of the middle division is exposed on Miller's branch. This includes a thin seam of coal near the top, which is but the repre- sentation of the Marshall coal. On Hickory creek, about one mile and a half north, the same beds are again met with, presenting nearly the same characteristics; but showing the entire thickness of the upper sandstone of the middle division, and the lower carbonaceous horizon of the upper di- vision. Half a mile north of Adel, in the bed of Butler's branch, a thin bed of coal has been opened which is overlaid by two feet of black carbonaceous shales and about the same thickness of arenaceous shales, with a soft heavy bed and shaly iron-stained sandstone, containing obscure vegetable re- mains. The black shales immediately overlaying the coal present an interesting fauna, and afford a great variety of fossil remains. The same beds are again met with about three miles further north, where they appear at an elevation very little above their position at Butler's branch. In a ravine about four miles northwest from Adel, in the southeast quar- HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 281 ter of section 12, township 79, range 28, a thin bed of coal outcrops at an elevation of aboufforty feet above the North Raccoon. This bed has been worked for several years with good success. It is from twelve to twenty inches thick, and about seven feet beneath the coal there is a ledge of rather hard, gray sandstone. Half a mile southeast of this, about fourteen feet above the level of the river, a two or three-foot bed of coal outcrops, and in the opposite side of the ravine a ledge of gray, shaly sandstone is seen, which probably belongs to the same bed. This exposure has not been regularly opened. The strata at this locality has a slight westerly inclination. Six miles southeast of Adel, near the head of Sugar creek, in sections 5 and 6, township 78, range 26, are to be found exposures of the upper and lower beds of the middle and upper divisions. This section also affords Bome valuable sandstone as well as a variety of interesting plant and fossil remains. A short distance below this, in the low bluffs on the opposite side of the stream, at an elevation of about twenty feet above the Marshall coal, there is an outcropping of sandstone, about eight feet thick. In this bed there are one or two layers sufficiently durable to be used in ordinary masonry, but the mass of the bed is of no value for this purpose. £)n Walnut creek, in the northeast quarter of section 16, township 79, range 26, a vein of Marshall coal about ten inches thick has been opened, which is said to be of excellent quality. It is overlaid by arenaceous clays, capped by a four-foot bed of soft, shaly sandstone, and containing imperfect remains of ferns and animal fossils. The Upper Goal Formation occupies a quite limited area in Dallas coun- ty. The outcrops of this formation are confined to the southwestern town- ships below the South Raccoon river. In the valley of Bulger creek, some four or five miles southwest. of De Soto, on the line of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R., quite an extensive exposure of limestone calcareous clays present a vertical thickness of about sixty feet of unequivocal upper coal strata. These strata are seen in the cuttings along the railroad, and for a half mile or more present a very perceptible westerly dip. It contains a great variety of shales, clays, and fossiliferous limestones. Upper coal-measure limestones are met with in various localities on the tributaries to Beaver creek, west of Bulger, in the southwest corner of the county, which furnish several excellent limestone quarries, and an abundant supply of superior building-stone. ECONOMIC GEOLOGY. In the supply of fuel and building materials, Dallas has a very fair pro : portion, even greatly superior to many of its surrounding counties, not only of timber, but of coal, stone, gravel, sand, lime, brick-clay and other materials necessary for building purposes. All of these are quite conven- iently distributed 'for the supply of different localities. Coal is the most important mineral product of the middle coal-measure, as is apparent from the preceding description; and by far the greater num- ber o? exposures of tnat valuable mineral, within the county, belong to the thin deposits of that formation. These deposits, however, are quite limited in number and extent of pro- 282 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. duction as compared with those of the lower coal-measure; but their quality is greatly superior. They afford a much purer and more valuable coal, as they contain comparatively little pyrite or other impurities, and therefore they are being mined more or less extensively to supply the local demands for special purposes, which require the use of pure coal. Some of these beds are too thin to be opened and worked with any degree of profit, while many, others are considered sufficiently thick, even at twelve to twenty inches, to be quite extensively mined with good profits; and the local demand for coal is being largely supplied with coal from them. Should this supply threaten to fail, there is still an abundance on reserve in the lower formation, which can be secured by adding a little more labor and expense. In many places throughout the county, the upper bed of the lower form- ation is brought to the surface, which affords a fair quality and plentiful supply of coal two and three feet in thickness. It is thought probable, too, that in the northern portion of the county especially, still lower beds in the productive measures will be discovered not far from the surface. "When the demand for mineral fuel increases so as to warrant the neces- sary expenditure, these lower coals will be reached by shafting, and heavy coal deposits will be opened at depths varying from a few feet to one hun- dred and fifty feet below the surface in the valleys. Since the geological survey was made from the report of which the above account was taken, several important coal mines have been opened, and quite a number are now in working order in the county. These are prin- cipally all thin veins near the surface belonging to the upper coal-measure, averaging in thickness from two to three feet, and yielding a fair quality of soft coal; but they^are not very extensively mined, as they onjy supply the local demand. Coal Mines. — Caldwell's bank is, perhaps, the most extensively worked of any of these surface veins in the county. It is situated near the Middle Raccoon river, about eighty rods south of "hanging rock ford", on section 4, township 78, range 29, not far from the town of Redfield. The vein, as now being worked, is from three to three-and-a-half feet in thickness, and yields a very good quality of soft coal, similar to the Des Moines coal. ^ The bank is opened on the high table-lands, with its entrance into the side of the hill, and the vein here has quite a downward dip. Sixteen hands are now working in it, and mining, as an average, about three hundred and fifty bushels of good coal per day. It is estimated that on the flat land below Redfield, by shafting about 125 feet below the surface, a vein of four to six feet in thickness can be secured - of a much better quality of coal than is found so near the surface; but no definite steps have been taken yet to secure it. The "Wiseotta cool bank is situated about eighty rods east of Caldwell's bank, on the north side of the Middle Raccoon river, on what is known as the Redfield land, and near Wiseotta. It has also a vein about three to three-and-a-half feet in thickness, which is thought to be the same vein as that opened at Caldwell's bank, only cut off by the river, or, perhaps, taking a downward dip beneath the river. The opening of this one, however, is about ten feet higher than the other, and the vein lies nearly level, so that the entrance goes almost directly into the hill, showing no dip at this locality. HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 283 It is not being rained very extensively. It was opened some time ago, and small quantities were taken out, but for several years it was allowed to remain idle until this winter, when two men again opened it, and are now working it on a somewhat limited scale. The coal is of about the same character as that across the river. Still further down the South Raccoon river, and a short distance from its banks there are two other coal banks open. Payton's bank is situated near George B. Warden's farm, on section 2, Union township, and shows a vein of about the same quality of coal about two feet in thickness. This bank is not being worked very extensively as the local demand is not very great and sales are light, there being no con- veniences for shipping. Marsh's bank is still further down the river, in Adams township, with about the same thickness of vein, and nearly the same quality of coal. This is the only bank opened in Adams township. But there are doubtless great quantities of coal all along these bluffs. This one is also being mined to some extent. Northwest of Redfield, in Linn township, there are also live coal banks now being mined to a considerable extent. Maulsby's bank, situated in the southwestern part of Linn township, on the north side of the Middle Raccoon, shows a two-foot vein of coal a short distance below the surface, and of about the same . character as that found at Wiscotta. Underneath this vein, about thirty-six feet, another vein some four feet thick is feund by prospecting; and just under that again is found an excel- lent fire clay for potter's use. Howell's bank is a little to the south of this in the same locality and shows, in the main, about the same general characteristics. It is probably part of the same vein, and underneath it about the same distance a similar bed of fire or potter's clay appears. Bailey's bank, a short distance west of this, and George Duck's bank, still west of that a little further, about in section 29, each reveal a two-foot vein of pretty much the same quality of coal; and the mines present about the same general characteristics as those before described. Near the west line of the county, on the south side of the Middle Rac- coon river, near Harvey's Mill, the same two-foot vein of coal appears in the mine of D. Lewis, on section 31; and a bed of fire-clay underlies the lower vein some forty or fifty feet below the surface similar to that found beneath all the others. None of these mines are worked very extensively, however, only from four to six men are engaged in them. The largest coal mine in the county, and the one most extensively worked, doubtless, is the one at Van Meter, owned apd worked by the "Chicago and Van Meter Coal Company." J. L. Piatt, president; John Walker, superintendent; John Honicker, clerk and cashier; Ira S. Hall, weigh-boss. The shaft is 257 feet deep, and is located northwest from the town of Van Meter, about thirty rods from the town limits and about the same dis- tance south of the main Raccoon river, just below the forks. The mine was first opened by Messrs. Boag and Van Meter, who com- menced sinking a shaft in 1878, and afterward sold out to the present owners. The vein runs from two-and-a-half to four feet in thickness, and 284 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. yields a good quality of coal. From the bottom of the shaft they have thus far worked principally north toward the river, and find a slight in- crease in thickness of the vein. The coal is elevated by steam power, and there are now about fifty men engaged in the mine. They are mining at the rate of abont one thousand bushels, or thirty-six tons of coal per day, but are capable of turning out two thousand five hundred bushels, .or ninety-six tons per day. Lump coal sells at nine cents per bushel, and nut coal at eight cents per bushel at the mine. The Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad Co. take two flats, or twen- ty-four tons per day from this mine'for their own use; and besides there is sold at the mine six or seven hundred bushels per day to the farmers, and vicinity round about. The "Pioneer Coal Shaft" is located in Des Moines township, on section 14. It is owned by Frank "West, of New York, and was first prospected in 1870. The shaft is 40 feet deep, and the coal is elevated by horse power. The vein is from two to two-and-a-half feet thick, and about twenty feet below it there is another vein three or four feet thick. Beneath this again is found a fine bed of fire-clay for pottery. It is now being worked quite extensively, considering its location, but it is too far from any railroad to be run on a large scale. This mine and the one at Yan Meter are the only shafts of importance in the county. In the same section there are also two other mines of about Jhe same character as those mentioned in the southern part of the county. On Mil- ler's branch, northeast of Adel, a bed was opened some time ago which shows a vein of eighteen inches to two feet in thickness. But that one has never been worked systematically. On Mosquito creek, in Lincoln township, on section 31, a mine of con- siderable importance is being worked. This one has been previously men- tioned. Other mines of some importance may have been omitted, but the above is sufficient to show that Dallas county is almost completely under- laid with one continuous bed of coal, which can easily be secured in unfail- ing supply, and which is sure to make it one of the first counties in the 'State. Building Materials. — Next to coal good stone is the important product of the upper and middle coal-measures for the improvemnt and develop- ment of a county. In this respect, also, Dallas is fortunately supplied, both witK sandstone and limestone of good quality for building-stone and, lime manufactory. Much of the sandstone found here in the middle coal formation, how- ever, is not very suitable for building-stone, but some of it, and also the thin bands of impure limestone afford a tolerable substitute in the absence of better materials, while the sandstone between the two upper divisions of this formation sometimes affords a very fair freestone, which is durable and quite extensively used for building purposes. This bed of freestone is extensively quarried on Hickory creek near Adel, and is largely used for building in that vicinity. It is said to be one of the best quarries of this kind in the State. The limestone of the upper coal-measure, however, furnishes the main supply of stone for building material. This quality of stone is found ex- HISTOKY OP DALLAS COUNTY. 285 tensively in the southwest part of the county, also on Mosquito creek, and in other places throughout the comity. On Bulger creek, near De Soto, t*lie same quality of stone is found as that so highly prized just across the line in Madison county. "Bear Creek Stone Quarry," in Adams township, on section 28, is per- haps the most extensive quarry now being worked in the county. Some of the stone used in building the new State capitol was furnished from this quarry, and a great deal of building-stone has been shipped from it to different parts of the State. Several years ago a railroad track was laid out to it from the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, for the purpose of shipping building-stone, but lately that road has not been used very much. There are from twenty to thirty hands at work in this quarry most of the time, and are thus quar- rying quite extensively. This quarry furnishes a very good quality of limestone, and contains an extensive bed of valuable stone. There are numerous other good limestone quarries in different parts of the county along the various streams and bluff lands, conveniently situated to most localities in the county, and sufficient for all practical purposes. The flat sandstone, however, is not found so extensively here as it is in many other localities, but its place is well supplied with an abundance of other kinds. Quicklime. — The upper coal-measure will furnish an almost unfailing supply of material for the manufacture of lime when the supply from other sources is exhausted. Thus far the drift has afforded a plentiful sup- ply of limestone boulders, known as the "lost rocks,". which furnish some of the very best quicklime manufactured here, being much stronger and more valuable than that derived from the limestone of the upper coal- measure. These boulders, however, are generally large and difficult to handle, being often of many tons weight, and the labor of removing and preparing them for the kilns frequently requires a greater outlay of time and expense than it would to quarry them; but this seems to be .fully re- compensed by the superior quality of the lime they produce. A large sup- ply of these limestone boulders is found on Sugar creek, in Boone town- ship. The fact that these exist so numerously in this section, Prof. -White says, "is probably owing to the much greater) degree of denundation to which the drift was subjected along the lower reaches of the Raccoon in the process of the erosion and deepening of the valleys, which swept away the larger portion of the finer materials of which these deposits were in part composed, leaving beh nd only the boulders and coarser materials, as they are now found." Clay for the manufacture of brick and pottery is found in good supply. The superficial deposits, in various localities, afford plenty of good clay and other material for common brick of the finest quality, and in the under clays of the coal beds, in various parts of the county, is found excellent clay for potter*' use, and fire-brick purposes. Not much of this latter clay, however, has yet been utilized, though it is abundant in the county. Sand and Gravel are found plentifully distributed along the beds and valleys of rivers and running streams. Beautiful stones, shells, pebbles and choice' geological specimens of var- ious kinds are found in great variety, scattered through the numerous gravel heds and rocks of the quarries aloug the streams. Not many sand banks are 286 HISTOBY OF DALLAS COUNTY. found on the uplands,but on the lowlands along the rivers and running streams, especially in the bends and shallow beds of the rivers, great bars are washed up by the freshets, of choice sand for plastering and building purposes. Soil. — On the uplands the soil of Dallas county in general is a rich, black, vegetable loam, averaging from one to three feet thick. In the valleys and lowlands is found a greater per cent of sand, and also, as an average, a much greater depth of soil, of a somewhat more fertile character, while on the terraces, or second bottoms, is found a warm gravelly soil such as usually exists in similar situations throughout this region. As will be remembered, Dallas was the banner county of the ban- ner State on soils represented at the Centennial Exhibition, in 1876, and carried off the first premium. This specimen of soil was procured from the valley of the main Raccoon river, in Boone township, on the north side of the river, not far from Mr. Flinn's farm. It was taken out by Prof. Fox, one of our former State Geol- ogists, and prepared by him in a large glass tube, six feet in length, and about ten inches in diameter; which tube was filled with earth in the exact order in which it appeared in nature. This column showed at the top about four feet depth of rich black soil, underneath which was a two- foot layer of yellow clay, showing a somewhat shaly, rocky substance at the bottom It was placed in the Agricultural Hall at the Centennial Exhibi- tion, in connection with similar representations from numerous other counties of the State, and over all received the first premium. Roads in Dallas county are generally good, and easily constructed in the greater part of county. During the wet seasons, in some localities, they become very muddy, and even quite mirey, and almost impassable; but this fenerally lasts but a short time, as they about as quickly dry off again, here is sufficient sand and gravel in the soil of the valleys and lowlands to enable the water to soon drain off; and the highlands are so thoroughly drained by nature that the rainfalls are not permitted to remain very long at one place on the surface. Excep't in the early spring, after a heavy rainfall in the morning, the roads in the afternoon become sufficiently passable to haul good , loads without difficulty. There are some steep hills met with in traversing the roads along the rivers and bluff lands; but 11 these can be made very passable by work- ing them, as these hills furnish the best of material for constructing roads. _ Those portions of the county where numerous ponds exist are the most difficult parts to furnish with good roads at all times of the year, especially where there is not sufficient fall for drainage. The old State road from Davenport to Council Bluffs traverses the county almostcentrally from east to west, passing through Adel and Redfield, and extending over a distance of twenty-five miles and eight chains within the bounds of Dallas county, it being the first public highway established in the county. With regard to the establishment and opening of said road through this county, the following order appears on the minute book in the Auditor's office: State of Iowa, ) Dallas County. ) Monday, October 8, 18*9. Commissioners of said county met pursuant to law, this 8th day of October, A. D. 1849. Present Messrs, Tristam Davis, 0. D. Smalley, and Wm. W. Miller, county commissioners, and S. K. Scovil, clerk of board of commissioners. HISTOET OF DALLAS COUNTY. 287 That, whereas John Wright, Jesse Richman and John Wyckoff, commissioners appointed by the General Assembly of the State of Iowa, at their second session, approved January 12, 1849, to locate and establish a State road, commencing at the west line ot Johnson county, on section No. 31, township No. 79 north, range No. 8, west of the fifth principal meridian, and ending at the west line of Dallas county, on section 6, township 78, range 29, report that they met at the house of John Wyckoff, on the 29th day of June, 1849, having been severally- sworn, proceeded to locate and establish the said road according to law. The whole length is 136 miles and 8 chains. The distance the road runs in Dallas county is 25 miles and 8 chains. Therefore, it is considered and ordered by this court, that the report and plot of said com- missioners as returned be accepted, recorded and filed in the office of the clerk of the board of commissioners, and so much of said road as runs through the county of Dallas be and forever remain a public highway; and that the same be opened and kept in repairs according to law. For a long titne this old State road served as the only public highway in the county on which any pnblic work or money was expended to keep it in repairs, and it is still one of the best and most extensively traveled roads in the county, as most of the travel and emigration westward by wagon from Davenport to Council Bluffs pass over this old thoroughfare. Good roads are now laid out in most parts of the county, on most of the township and section lines, greatly facilitating travel in every direction. EARLY SETTLEMENT. But to return to the early settlement of this tract of land now known as Dallas county. After the last period of Indian occupancy of these lands had expired, on October 11th,- 1845, as was before stated, emigrants were at liberty to go up the Des Moines and Raccoon rivers, or any place west, to select and se- cure their claims on the public domain of now western Iowa. In the enjoyment of this liberty, therefore, during the fall of that year the more adventurous of the land-viewers and claim-seekers came out this far, looking at the country and hunting the best localities in order that they might be better prepared to make an intelligent and satisfactory selec- tion before settling permanently on a claim. But nearly all of these either returned again without taking any definite steps toward settling here, or else went further on viewing in other places, while some, perhaps selected such claims as would suit them best if they should afterward decide to move here, and then returned to their homes farther east without making any arrangements for securing them, intending that if they found no bet- ter prospects elsewhere, they wonld come back in the spring and make a settlement. A very few, however, did select their claims that fall and remained long enough to secure them by building a craim-pen, as we learn from some of the old settlers themselves who are still living in the county. THE FIRST SETTLER. As to who was the veritable " First Settler" in this county, accounts dif- fer widely. Though the various statements regarding this are almost legion, yet no two .of them seem to' fully correspond when placed side by side. And after examining so many authorities and interviewing a num- ber of the oldest settlers now living in the county, with regard to this much vexed question, it may not appear very singular if the following 288 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. statement of the case should differ, in some particulars, from all the rest. It is impossible to get at all the facts, and therefore very difficult to relate the circumstances just as they occurred; but so far as we have been able to learn, after careful and diligent investigation, the facts are about as follows : "Sometime during the fall of 1845, not long after the Indian title was extinguished, two brothers, Daniel and Lewis Stump, came through the south part of the county prospecting, and finally selected and staked out claims in what is now Yan Meter township, a short distance below the forks and north of the Raccoon ri'ver in the well known Stump bottom. . "They were, of course, in a very uneasy position during that fall in at- tempting to settle here so early, as the Indians were still here; though their title had run out they had not been removed to their reservation in Kansas when the Stump boys came, and these pioneers were in some dan- ger of being driven from their claims. " They remained, however, and dnring the early part of that winter made rails for fencing, and built a cabin on their claim, sixteen by eighteen feet, one story high, and sometime dnring the following February, 1846, their sister Mary came on with their brother John and kept house for them." These are the only ones of whom we have found any authentic account, who came in the fall of 1845 and remained on their claims. John Wright also came and selected his claim early in the winter of 1845, but returned again soon to the East, and moved out with his family in March, 1846, set-. tling first within the present limits of Van Meter township, but soon after- ward moved into what is now Boone township and settled near where J. C. Goodson-now lives. Sometime in January, 1846, Samuel Miller and his brother "William Wilson Miller, then residing in Jefferson county, Iowa, and Eli Smithson, of Fort Des Moines, and son-in-law of Wm. W. Miller, came through here to look at the country and finally took claims in and adjoining the timber on the opposite side of the North Raccoon river, east from the present site of Adel. None of these, however, remained here long at that time, but returned again to their homes, and on the 12th day of March following, Samuel Miller returned here with his family, arriving about noon of that day, and settled permanently on his claim which he had selected some two months previous, in what has since been known as the Miller settlement, in honor of which a branch near there now bears the name of Miller's Branch. Soon afterward, on the 25th day of March, of the same year, W. W. Miller and family, accompanied by his son, John Miller, and his son-in- law, Eli Smithson, and perhaps others, returned and settled on their claims as before selected, John Miller taking, as at least part of his claim, the principal portion of the land on which the county seat now stands, and af- terward turned over to the county his claim on what is known as the "town quarter," when the seat of justice was finally located here by the county seat commissioners. Early in February, 1846, Levi Wright, and his brother James Wright, deaf mute, came to the Stump cabin, and finding the door and windows (or light-holes) securely barred against the Indians, in the absence of the inmates — who had gone to the woods to work, or on a hunt — the Wrights found entrance to the cabin by climbing in through the roof and patiently awaited the return of their host. HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 289 They remained at the Stump cabin a few days, and then went a short distance to the west, across North Raccoon, and took claims near the forks of the Raccoon river, on section 16, township 78, range 27. They then built a claim cabin, made a few other improvements on their claims «md soon afterward returned to their former home in Polk county. In April of that year they returned here. Levi brought his family along with him and settled on his original claim, where he still lives as one of the oldest settlers now in the county. Tristram Davis and John Longmire also made their claims in February, 1846, but returned again to their former homes and arrived here with their families on the 18th of May following, in company with a number of others. During the spring of 1846 small settlements were made in some four or five different localities in the county. There was one, as just referred to, in the southeast part of the county within the present boundaries of Boone and Van Meter townships, which consisted in the main of the Stumps, the Wrights, George and Shubal Haworth, who laid claims and settled on the land now owned and occupied by John Barto. William and John Ellis also came in February of this year, selected their claims, made some improvements and went back, re- turning here in April following with their widowed mother, Mrs. Sarah Ellis, and her large family of eight sons and two daughters. They settled on the claim previously taken by the boys, and prepared a comfortable home. About the same time, or soon afterward, Noah Staggs, Henry Garner, Mr. Clark, Henry Stump and the rest of his family, Greenbury Coffin, William P. McCubbin, James W. Black, John Juvenaugh, Henry Busick, George Gresham (1847), John Johnson (1847), William Brown, James Moore, John Crane, Nathan Moore, and others, settled in that vicinity during that spring, summer and fall, increasing that settlement to quite a community, though considerably scattered. In the spring of 1846, also, a small settlement was made north of the South Raccoon in what is now Adams township, consisting in the main of John Longmire, Tristram Davis, George S. Hills, John Davis and Levi A. Davis, all of whom came with their families May 18th, and settled on and adjoining sections 10 and 11. Archibald Crowl and others joined their number soon afterward. Along the North Raccoon, also, in the central part of the county, and principally near the present site of Adel, there was quite athriving settle- ment during the spring and summer of 1846, consisting chiefly of Millers, the most of whom were among the first settlers in the county. There was a host of them who nearly all settled in one vicinity, Samuel, Isaac, Eli, William W., John, Martin W, and Jesse K. Miller, besides Eli Smithson, Isaac Tribby, William Galway, Joseph C. Corbell, and others. Their number was rapidly increased so that 'this settlement soon became the largest in the county, as it had the good fortune to secure the location of the county seat near at hand. In the northeast corner of the county, near the Des Moines river and within the present bounds of Des Moines township, O. D. Smalley settled May 18, 1846, 6n the northwest quarter of section 26, and for a good while held sole possession of that part of the county as one of its earliest pio- neers. He was re-enforced that fall, however, by a number of pioneers. 19 290 ~ HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. John and David Spear settled near him on section 11, in September, 1846. Jerry Evans settled on section 2, August 15, 1846. Judge McCall settled on section 12, in September, 1846. Samuel Ramsey settled on sec- tion 26, in October, 1846, and Judah Learning settled on the southwest quarter of section 23, March 1, 1847. Others, doubtless, should be added to the foregoing list,' whose names, dates of arrival and places of settlement we have been unable to obtain, but the above named persons — with the respective households of those who were then fortunate enough to have such blessings — constituted the princi- pal portion of the inhabitants of Dallas county during the year 1846. The entire list of inhabitants at the close of that year would not number, perhaps, more than sixty or sixty-five persons. To one looking back over the situation at that time from the present standpoint of progress and comfort, it certainly does not seem very cheer- ing; and yet, from the testimony of some of these same old settlers them- selves, it was the most independent and happy period of their lives. At that time, it certainly would have been much more difficult for those old settlers to understand how it could possibly be that thirty-two years hence the citizens at the present stage of the county's progress would be complaining of hard times and destitution and that they themselves, per- haps, would be among that number, than it is now for us to appreciate how they could feel so cheerful and contented with their meager means and humble lot of hardship and deprivation during those early pioneer days. The secret doubtless was that they lived within their means, however lim- ited, not coveting more of luxury and comfort than their income would afford, and the natural result was prosperity and contentment, with always room for one more stranger at the fireside, and a cordial welcome to a place at their table for even the most hungry guest. During the year 1847, and the early part of 1848, there was quite an in- crease of emigration, and not only the different settlements already made were reenfored, but also new ones were started in various other localities, so that the work of improvement and enterprise continued to move grad- ually forward. Some of these newcomers were as follows : J. 0. Goodson, "William D. Boone and others settled in what is now Boone township. S. K. Scovell, Horatio and Barney Morrison, Chelsea Shelton, Isaac Magart, James A. and Thomas Butler, " Chris." Fowler, "Jeff." Jones, Bud Lathrop, Thomas J. Drummond, William C. and Daniel James, Anderson Kelley, E. J. Fowler, Ira Sherman, John and Valentine Cline, Benjamin Greene and others settled near Penoach, in what is now Adel township. In the fall of 1847 George P. Garroutte settled on the North Baccoon, very near what proved to be the geographical center of the county; and early in the preceding spring, Harvey Adams, Zebin Babcock — better known as " Squire Babb " — and Judge Lloyd D. Burnes were the first settlers in what is now Sugar Grove township, all coming about the same time. Not lone afterward, Adam Vineage, with his family, John Bevens, a sin- ' gle man, Milton Randolph, J. V. Pierce, and perhaps others, settled in the same vicinity. " Dutch Henry " also came to Sugar Grove township about this time, remaining for a while, but making no permanent settlement. He finally ventured off by himself to"ward the north and took a claim, on the edge of the prairie west of Perry. During the summer of 1848 the first settlement was made in what is now "Washington township, by John Sullivan and sons, who were soon fol- HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 291 lowed by James McLane, Jacob "Winters, Samuel Mars, John S. Sammies and others. Union township was also first settled in the spring of 1848. About Feb- ruary of that year, Humphrey Smith (more commonly known as "Yankee" Smith), and his son-in-law, Henry Owens, settled near the mouth of Cotton- wood creek, where they put up a mill in company, on section 11, on the South Kaccoon river, known as Owen's mill. This mill, however, only endured for a few years, when it was swept away entirely by the flood. In February, 1848, Leroy Lambert, now of Adel, settled on section 6, near the west line of the county, and in October of that year, David Daily came and settled on section 4. About 1850 John W. Hayes, Elisha Mor- ris, Mr. Wilcox, John F. Willis, Uriah Stotts, and perhaps others, joined their number. Mr. Stotts had come to the county in 1847, and settled in Van Meter; but moved to Union township in 1850, and settled on section 8, where he still lives. George B. Warden also came to the township about this time, or perhaps before, and located on section 1, three miles east of Kedfield, His present home. Previous to this he had lived two years in Adel. In 1850, also, Samuel Carpenter, James Brookes, W. W. Harper and others located near this settlement just across the line, in what is now Linn township. The Cavenaugh brothers, Patrick, Thomas and Michael, entered the land on which the town of Kedfield now stands, in the year 1850, and laid out the town of New Ireland on that site in 1852-3. They afterward sold the town site, and large tract of land adjoining it, to Col. James Eedfield, his brother, Luther, and the colonel's father-in-law, Thomas Moore, about 1856 or 1857. During this time, in other parts of the county, and especially in and around the first settlements, the population and improvements had been increasing so rapidly that it is impossible to find trace of their names, locations and dates of arrival. If enough has herein been given to indicate to some degree at least, the order in which the different parts of the county were first settled, with a partial list of the first settlers in each locality, the aim intended has been accomplished. Thus we find that during the fall of 1845, and early in the spring of 1846, pioneers began to ascend the highlands west of Fort Des Moines, and continued gradually extending the new settlements out still further along the woodlands bordering the main branch of the Raccoon river, until they soon passed its forks and began to follow these up still further to the north and westward, generally settling close to the rivers and timberlands which skirted them, and finding no decrease; but rather an improvement in the value and attraction of the land as they advanced. During that and the following years the work of improvement thus be- gun, continued gradually progressing until it has attained to its present stage of advancement with the growth of thirty-three years, and many of Dallas county's earliest settlers still live within its bounds to enjoy some- thing of the fruits of that growth of years which tbey have helped to make. In those early pioneer days, however, the outlook was not altogether a cheerful one. There were none of the conveniences and facilities of the present then with which to aid and comfort the settlers. 292 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. During the year 1846, and perhaps not until some time afterward, there was not a public highway established and worked, on which they could travel. And as the settlers were generally far apart, and mills and trading points were at great distances, going from place to place was not only very tedious, but attended sometimes with great danger. USTot a railroad had yet entered Chicago, and there was scarcely a thought in the minds of the people here of such a thing ever reaching the wild West; and, if thought of, people had no conception of what a revolution a railroad and telegraph through here would cause in the progress of the country. Then there were less than 5,000 miles of railroad in the United States, and not a mile of track laid this side of Ohio; while now there are over 100,000 miles of railroads extending their trunks and branches in every direction over our land. Supplies, in those days, came to this western country entirely by river and wagon transportation. Mail was carried to and fro in the same way, and telegraph dispatches were transmitted by the memory and lips of emi- grants coming in, or strangers passing through. There was not a mill, store, post-office, school-house, church, road or trad- ing point then in the entire county. THE WEAKEST TEADING POINT. Fort Des Moines was the nearest trading point where mail matter, cloth- ing, groceries and the necessary family supplies could be secured, and the stock in trade at that point was oftentimes not nearly sufficient to supply the urgent demands of the settlers. It was, at that time, a very small place, with only a single row of cabins extending along the west bank of the Des Moines river, and another row extending along the north bank of the Raccoon river, forming an angle between the two rivers, little dreaming that before many years it would bear the honored title of the Capital of Iowa. These cabins had been built for the accommodation of the garrison, and in them all the business of the place was then transacted. In one of these cabins, on "Coon Eow," occupied by P. M. Casady, the post-office was kept, he being the postmaster of that general delivery. The mail matter was kept in a dry goods box marked " Phelps & Co., Fort Des Moines, Iowa," from which he gracefully distributed the precious missives to the anxious inquirers, who had traveled, perhaps, many weary miles on foot to receive from the rude box the long delayed letter that brought a message of love from the dear ones far away. The place being so small, and the means of transportation to it being so limited and irregular, they were unable to supply, regularly, the now in- creasing demand from all around them, and settlers in these parts thought themselves happy if they were not compelled to go on far beyond there to Oskaloosa, Keokuk or Burlington to obtain the necessaries of life. Corn, the staple article among the pioneers as food for man and beast, was a scarce, high-priced article then in the new country, especially where the first crop had not yet been raised. In order to secure this and other necessary provisions they were often under the necessity of going to Oskaloosa, and sometimes as far down as the Mississippi river to Keokuk and Burlington, a distance of about two hundred miles, to supply the wants of their pioneer homes. After store& and trading points began to be established in this county, the merchants HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 293** for many years were in the habit of going to these distant points on the rivers to purchase their stocks of goods and bringing them through by wagon transportation. Occasionally a number of families in a community would club together, make out a list of what they needed and send off to the trading post as many men and teams as necessary, or as could be obtained to procure and bring home supplies for all, and thus to a great degree they worked to- gether, and to one another's interest as one great family. In this way, also, they took turns in going to mill, to the stores, for the mail, etc., and when a cabin was to be raised, or a neighbor assisted in any way, all, within reach or hearing, turned out with one accord, quite willing to lend the helping hand and enjoy in common the feast and frolic that was sure to accompany all such gatherings. In this isolated condition, pioneer life here, as elsewhere, was one of stern realities and serious trials, especially for the sick and aged ones, while so far removed from points of supply, and almost completely cut off from communication with the outside world. If a stranger from any distance came into the new settlement he was treated with unusual cordiality, and questioned with unabating zeal, with regard to the great world-matters without; and if he saw fit to accept the urgent invitation of the settlers to share their humble hospitality in welcome for many days, he might rest assured that he must pass through that long siege of incessant question- ing by the inquisitive settlers, from which he, doubtless, would derive as much pleasure and profit as they. The claims occupied by the first settlers were supposed to contain about 320 acres; but these were run off "by guess," and as a consequence often included two or three times that number of acres. The general improve- ments on these, for a long time, consisted of old-fashioned worm fences made of rails split by the settlers themselves, and snug, though humble, cabins. LOG CABINS. Of these pioneer log cabins and their general furniture, one of Dallas county's old settlers says: " These were of round logs notched together at the corners, ribbed with poles and covered with boards split from a tree. A puncheon floor was then laid down, a hole cut out in the end and a stick _ chimney run up. A clapboard door is made, a window is opened by cutting out a hole in the side or end, about two feet square, and it is finished without glass or trans- parency. The house is then < chinked ' and ' daubed ' with mud made of the top soil. "The cabin is now ready to go into. The household and kitchen furniture is adjusted, and life on the frontier is begun in earnest. " The one-legged bedstead, now a piece of furniture of the past, was made by cutting a stick the proper length, boring holes at one end, one-and-a-half inches in diamater at right angles, and the same sized holes corresponding with these in tlie logs of the cabin the length and breadth desired for the bed, in which are inserted poles. '' Upon these poles clapboards are laid, or linn bark is interwoven consec- utively from pole to pole. Upon this primitive structure the bed is laid. The convenience of a cook stove was not thought of then, but instead the * 294 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. cooking was done by the faithful housewife in pots, kettles and skillets, on and about the big fire place, and very frequently over and around, too, the distended pedal members of the legal sovereigns of the household while the latter were indulging in the luxury of a cob pipe, and discussing the probable results of a contemplated elk hunt up and about Walled Lake. These log cabins were really not so bad after all. ''We have seen a good deal of solid comfort about them which, we pre- sume to say, in many cases money could not purchase for the millionaire. Still, as ' contentment is happiness,' wherever one is the other must fol- low, as a matter of course, whatever may be the condition or location in life." A PIONEER MILL. The first water-power grist mill built west of the Eed Rock reservation line in Iowa, was built and run by John D. Parmelee, on Middle River, iu Warren county, some ten or fifteen miles southeast of Fort Des Moines. It was both a saw and grist mill and, for a long time, made the meal, flour and lumber for all the region now included in Warren, Madison, Polk and Dallas counties, and sometimes for settlers living even in more distant parts. To a good extent, this mill, on account of its convenient location and ca- pacity for grinding, stopped the rush of travel to Oskaloosa from these parts, especially of all those who had found it necessary to go there for milling purposes and breadstuff's ; and being the only mill in all these parts as a consequence it was crowded night and day with anxious customers, each desiring to get his grist done first so as to return home. On account of the great rush of work it had to do, and possibly because it was not built and run altogether in the most systematic and commenda- ble manner, this mill finally got so completely out of repairs that they were compelled to stop running it. This brought a sad state of affairs for the settlers in the communities and country around about, who were now in the habit of getting all their grinding and sawing done at this place. Something must be done to put it in running order again so as to accom- modate the customers. Finally Judge L. D. Burnes, the pioneer mill-wright, was sent for to put it to rights again, and after a two weeks siege o,f as thorough repairing as the circumstances and conveniences would permit the mill was again found in running order, to the delight of the owner and the eminent satisfaction of his numerous and dependent customers. With regard to this circumstance the judge gives the following interest- ing account: "The miller, poor Mordecai Disney, seemed to be overwhelmed with trouble, at times, to know what to do amid the babble around him, and this deserving class of people are apt to get, as a general thing, more curs- ings than blessings anyhow. " Poor Disney had learned to make the most of his position under ordi- nary pressure, but this was rather too much for his trained equanimity, and he would get off, now and then, some of the most chilling expletives that we ever heard. " This mill was finally run down with constant overwork and no care, and and it became so relaxed that it stopped business altogether. This was a HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 295 terrible blow to the settlers, as its stoppage implied the going away off to Oskaloosa for breadstuffs. " Several machinists were called in but the patient got worse and worse. We were finally called to the sick bed of this frontier mill in consultation. We found the patient completely prostrated, its nervous system was sadly out of sorts. We administered alteratives and cardiacs. " The patient, under this radical treatment, and in the course of two weeks, got entirely well and was ready to go to work again with increased vitality. " But, alas! when we were ready to try the ability of the convalescent mill to eat corn, we were brought to realize the fact that " ' Life is a drama of a few brief acts, The actors shift, the scene is often changed. Pauses and revolutions intervene, The mind is set to many and varied tune And jars and plays in harmony by turns.' "John D. Parmelee was not in calling distance to come and see the ex-pa- tient survive. "John ha"d put in most of his time, during the sickness and convalescence of the mill, up at the Fort as a zealous votary of the fiery god Bacchus. The excellent woman and wife, Mrs. Parmelee, sent Jack, an old bachelor domestic, to go up to the Fort and bring John D. home to 'see the mill start.' Jack went, but delayed his coming. Another messenger was sent by the good woman to hasten Jack's return. "The second messenger found John D. and Jack on a protracted 'bust,' deaf to ell entreaty. John refused to come home to 'see the mill start.' The second . messenger, too, was soon overcome by the furious god, and joined in the debauch. The miller, Mordecai Disney, was finally sent up to the Fort to bring back the three loyal disciples of jolly John Barleycorn. He was successful, and John D. saw ' the mill start ' out with new life and vigor, to his perfect satisfaction, muttering all the while to himself: ' ' ' There is a tide in the affairs of men Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune; Omitted, all the voyage of their life Is bound in shallows and in miseries.' " Suddenly John D. yelled out at the top of his voice, ' See boys, how she chaws!' " This mill, being again repaired and ready for effective service, was not long in regaining its former rush of custom from the citizens of the frontier who were anxiously waiting for this event, and the settlers of Dallas county for a long time got most of their milling done there, until others were erected and prepared for service nearer home. Of course, at the very first, all sorts of means were resorted to for grind- ing and grating corn as the staple article of food; and not un frequently it was boiled whole, and prepared in various ways which the ingenuity of the hungry ones would devise in the absence of better means. Hand mills and horse mills of various kinds were also constructed and procured, some of which would serve for the accommodation of several families by turns. One of these horse mills was constructed by Samuel Miller, and started in use December 24, 1846, being, perhaps, the first one of the kind in the 296 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. county. It was called the " Stump Mill," as it had one small set of hurrs prepared and fastened on a stump, and constituted a regular old-fashioned "corn cracker," run by horse power. The event of starting this mill afforded an occasion of a great Christmas jollification the next day among the settlers of that vicinity. This little mill was a great convenience in that neighborhood, and did the corn grinding for many a pioneer home. In 1848 Mr. Miller sold it to Buel Lathrop, who moved the burrs up to his claim on Hickory creek, and built the first water mill for grinding corn in the county, using what he could of the old "stump mill" for its construction, and with it did some grinding for the surrounding community, but seems to have been too neg- ligent and too much occupied in advocating Mormonism to accomplish very much as a pioneer miller, so that his mill soon ran down and stopped grinding altogether. But a fuller account of this mill will be given fur- ther on, under proper date. After this, both grist and saw mills gradually increased in number in the county until they became quite numerous, and milling privileges became reasonably convenient to most of these settlements. GOING TO MILL. Going to mill in those days, when there were no roads, no bridges, no ferry boats, and scarcely any conveniences for traveling, was no small task where so many rivers and treacherous streams were to be crossed, and such a trip was often attended with great danger to the traveler when these streams were swollen beyond their banks. But even under these circum- stances some of the more adventurous and ingenious ones, in cases of emergency, found the way and means by which to cross the swollen streams and succeed in making the trip. At other times, again, all attempts failed them, and they were compelled to remain at home until the waters snb- • sided, and depend on the generosity of their more fortunate neighbors. One bold attempt of this kind, which failed of success, is described in the following account by Mr. Greene, in the Dallas County News: "The Ellises had been on their claim but a few months when it became necessary to go to mill, for, though hominy is a pretty good substitute for bread, the corn they brought with them was about out, and not only had they to go a hundred miles to mill, but they had first to work to buy the grain when there. It was common to be gone three or four weeks on such a trip. At the outset, in this case, North Raccoon, then 'out of its banks,' had to be crossed. They had as yet no ferry boat, not even a canoe, and wagons, yokes, chains and camp furniture, had to be taken over on a log raft. The central current, too deep for setting poles, swept them a long way down stream. The wagon had thus been crossed and debarked in shallow water, the four oxen driven across, yoked and chained together,!, the 'traps' were being loaded upon the wagon, when the oxen, with bovine stubbornness and stupidity, took it into their heads to return. When they struck the main current, it swept them irresistibly down stream. They soon became entangled in their chains and the floodwood. Thus they struggled and strangled for several hours, till all but one gave up and seemed to have a through ticket for the Mississippi. ' Old Ben ' (the boys, to this day, can scarcely refrain from both laughing and crying when they relate it) would paddle for the west bank whenever he came HISTOET OF DALLAS COUNTY. 297 round in sight of it. They finally got fast in some drift, and made no ef- fort to get loose. "Isaac Ellis (next younger than William) stripped and swam a long dis- tance to them, and with a pocket-knife he carried with him cut the how keys, unyoked the oxen, and got them all safely to land. "Late in the night, naked, hungry, tired and scratched, he called at the cahin for the boys to bring him out some clothes. "Isaac Ellis will be remembered by those only who were here more than twenty years ago. About that time he went west of the Missouri, hunted with the Indians, and supplied for some time several stations of the over- land stage company with deer, buffalo, and other wild meat. When last heard from he was with the Indians in British America. "Of Wm. Ellis — sound, joyous, whole-souled Will — little need be said. Who that lived here within twenty-five years of the first settlement did not know him? Who has not shouted at his uproarous merriment? Who was not gladdened by his constant cheerfulness? And let cynics say 'every man has his price ' ; those who best knew the subject of these comments will point to him and answer, ' There's an honest man.' " It is significant that the mother of this large family of boys says ' thee and thou.' " INCIDENTS. The above sketch will aid the reader in gaiuing some knowledge of the hardships and trials of the early pioneers, and of the difficulties and dan- gers under which they labored in order to gain an honest livelihood. Some of the difficulties of traveling from place to place in those days, as also the unpleasantness and sometimes dangers attending their travels, are nicely illustrated by the following from the same writer: "In February, 1846, William Ellis and George Haworth set out to follow the Raccoon river on the ice, from Des Moines up to Stump's cabin, about twenty miles by land. After a hard day's travel (not less than twenty-five miles) they found themselves, at dusk, not more than half way. They now attempted to cross the country, but the dry weeds were so high and so dense that this was given up and they had to camp for the night. But they had neglected to take any matches with them, and the only alternative to an all night's travel was to ignite some dry grass by firing their guns into it. "This was effected after the expenditure of a good deal of patience and powder, and they carried their fire to the timber, some half a mile away, where they spent the winter night with what comfort they could." This was the first trip of these parties to Dallas county, when they came and laid their claims, as before mentioned, and soon afterward returned, and the following month moved out here with their folks and settled on their claims as before selected — Ellis on the land now owned and occupied by Joseph Otterman, and Haworth on what is now the Barto farm, or " Haworth Point " — and through life, doubtless, they will not forget that pioneer adventure. Previous to this, however, some time in January of the same year, a no less singular, but rather more successful, expedition — so far as speed and ease in travel is concerned — was made up the same river road on the ice by John Wright, the frontier hunter, and his cousin, "Deaf Jim" Wright, in a one-horse " pung." Of John Wright it is said: "His rifle and his bottle were his delight and 298 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. consolation." He was brave and reckless, having little sympathy with the ways and customs of civilization; yet generous to a fault, always kind and true to his friends, but to his enemies, bitter, malignant and revengeful. His cousin, "Deaf Jim," was the skilled mimic of the settlement, who had the power of so accurately personating various persons in their striking peculiarities, even on short acquaintance, that the subject was readily rec- ognized. He was, therefore, just the man for sport at a public gathering. THE FIRST DEATH. The first death of a white person in the county occurred in the winter of 1846-7; that of William Coffin, father of Greenbury Coffin, and father-in- law of John Wright. The deceased was a blacksmith by trade, and though well along in years when he came here, faithfully worked at his anvil and forge set up on tfie open prairie until a shop was built, sharpening ploughshares, mending broken articles, and doing other small jobs of smithing, to assist in "earn- ing his bread by the sweat of his brow," and by the exercise of his strong right arm, until finally called away from labor to rest. He died in the Stump cabin, of old age, and was buried in the "Clayton grave-yard," in what is now Boone township. The coffin, or box, in which he was buried, was made of puncheons split ont of large logs, and dressed and fitted by Levi Wright, Noah Staggs and other neighboring settlers as best they could under the circumstances, and his remains were lovingly laid in their last resting place with decency and respect by the hands of those who had been friendly and true to him in life. Thus this memorable Stump cabin was not only the first house built, but also was the place where the first death occurred in the county, and there- fore afforded both the first place of entertainment for the living, and prepa- ration of the dead for the silent tomb. THE FIRST MARRIAGE. This Stump cabin was also the home of the first white woman who lived in Dallas county. Early in the year 1846, perhaps in February, Miss Mary Stump came and kept house in it for her three brothers, until" their father, Henry Stump, and the rest of his family came on soon afterward. She has the honor, also, of being the first white woman married in the county, and hers was the first marriage ceremony performed within the county limits. She was united in marriage with George Haworth, on the second day. of September, 1847, by J. C. Corbell, Esq., who was the first justice of the peace to perform such a ceremony in the county, and this was his first ex- perience in that line. Whether this marriage occurred in the Stump cabin, or in the new hewed log house of the bride's father, we have not been able to ascertain defi- nitely. The bride and groom were of even ages, each twenty-four years, and were nearly of like dates as early settlers of the county, as Mr. Haworth also came early in 1846, and settled within the present limits of Yan Meter town- ship, where he and his affianced bride lived in prosperity and comfort until a few years ago, they moved to a new home, about two miles north of Adel. Their old homestead is now known as the John Barto farm. HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 290 They are still living, each past the age of fifty -five, well entered on the decline of life; and while now gone on a trip to Oregon, with gratitude,, can look back over more than thirty-one years of married felicity and pros- perity passed in Dallas county, Iowa. THE SPORTS AND CUSTOMS Of the early settlers were not so numerous and varied as at present, but they were no less enjoyable and interesting. Hunters now-a-days would be only too glad to be able to find and enjoy their favorable opportunities for hunting and fishing; and even travel hun- dreds of miles sometimes, counting it rare pleasure to spend a few weeks- among the lakes, and on the wild prairies and woodlands, in hunt and chase, and fishing frolics, where not half so good hunting and fishing sport was furnished as was in this vicinity twenty-five or thirty years ago. There- were a good many excellent hunters here at an early day, too, who enjoyed thesport as well as any can at the present. Wild amimals of various kinds were found here in abundance during the time of the early settlement. The prairies, and woods, and streams, and various bodies of water, were all thickly inhabited by more than Indians- before, and even for some time after the white man came. Deer, turkeys, ducks, geese and various other kinds of choice game were- plentiful, affording freely and at the expense of killing what are now con- sidered the choice and costly dishes in the restaurants. The fur animals also, were abundant, such as the otter, beaver, mink, muskrat, raccoon, pan- ther, fox, wolf, wild-cat and bear. Deer and elk were quite numerous on these prairies for some time after the first settlements were made. These various kinds of game afforded not only pleasure, but profit for those among the early settlers who were lovers- of hunt and chase; and skillful hunters were not scarce in those days in proportion to the number of inhabitants. Many interesting incidents and daring adventures occurred in connection with these hunting excursions, which the old settlers who still remain seem never tired of relating. It is difficult to reproduce these scenes now, and present the incidents with their original "pith and point" as those most intimately connected with them have nearly all passed away, and these stories must have passed through many minds and mouths before reaching us, and therefore have become- more or less colored in passing, so that as related now they might not be- easily recognized as the same stories by the original actors. In point, we quote a part of an article on "old times,'.' as published in The Dallas County News, February 2d, 1876, at that time published by S. H. Greene, which will give some idea of the customs and sports of the- early settlers. "The capture of elk calves was, in those early days, a favorite pastime, or business, rather, for there were visions of wealth to be derived from their sale. In these adventures John Wright was the natural leader and captain. The outfit consisted of teams and covered wagons sufficient to convey pro- visions, camp equipage, etc., and to bring home the proceeds of the chase. Cows were taken along to furnish milk for the young elk ; sometimes the expedition would be gone a month or more. From Greene county to the- head-waters of 'Coon was the favorite hunting ground. The hunting was done on horseback. And first the old elk must be found, which was done- 300 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. by looking over the surrounding country from some high point and then with the aid of dogs to thoroughly search thereabout for the hidden calves. These were usually found in the tall grass surrounding the ponds that so abound in that part of the State. When the calf found that he was observed he would spring from his hiding place and run with the spewed of a race horse, and if two or three weeks old it took good ' bottom ' to overtake him in those bogs and ponds. Many a good farm horse was ruined in the •effort; rarely a very young calf was captured by springing upon it in its bed. " On one of these excursions John "Wright saw some dark object at a distance and determined to interview it. It proved to be a half grown black bear. It fled. Wright gave chase, and coming up with it, he aimed, by a flying leap from his horse to grapple with and prevent its escape. As our hero came down, Bruin turned and received him in a cordial •embrace. He was now in his element and glory, and after a protracted struggle, in which one of his hands was badly lacerated, besides getting sundry smaller bites and scratches, he bound his captive and took him in triumph into camp; and subsequently, on his way home, he passed through Adel with this pet and a score or more of young elk. The last known of John Wright he was on his way to the Far West. " These elk sadly disappointed us all. Theoretically they were most use- ful domestic animals, for the shambles, for the plow and cart, carriage and course, possibly for the dairy — why not? As thus: in size and form, in hoof and horn, they were own cousins to the reindeer — that indispensable .adjunct to arctic humanity. Their speed and bottom had been proven in many a hard half day's heat; their beef was as that of the ox. They conld winter where the mule would freeze or starve, and so easily domesticated! — take a young one that never saw the face of man, carry it in your arms a hundred yards and it would follow you through water or fire. But they turned out unmitigated nuisances. They would neither work nor play. The trial was fair and conclusive. In the spring of 1851 much valuable time which had else been devoted to 'seven-up,' euchre and kindred in- dustries, was spent in Adel, in breaking them to harness and saddle; and Elisha Morris, then well known in sporting circles, harnessed a span of two- year old bucks to a light buggy and started for some eastern emporium where it. was thought the unique turn-out would command bags of gold. Eight days' drive took him to Oskaloosa, where he was fain to swap the whole rig for a horse that he sold for some eighty dollars. His verdict was, 'they won't work; they are too much like a d — d Indian.' They were utterly lawless, going without let or hindrance into field and garden, and doing mischief out of sheer wantonness. They seemed aware that a horse, not familiar with them, would stampede at sight. They would curve the neck, throw up their huge horns, set the hair forward and snort to increase the fright. Runaways from this cause were frequent. At certain seasons of the year the males were as dangerous as mad bulls. A son of Dr. Bush, at I)es Moines, was attacked by one, his abdomen ripped open so that his bowels protruded; the boy recovered — the brute was destroyed. ' Sic transit gloria ' elk. 0. S." Fish. — The streams and lakes, also, afforded fish in great variety and abundance, which were caught by quantities in extemporized traps by the •early settlers, and were feasted on by them witli a relish. HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 301 These fish traps were generally considered as public property, and when once established in good working order they secured a bountiful supply of choice fish, of which the neighboring settlers partook in common. One of these traps was located on the shallow just below the site of J. Ii. "War- rington's mill, in Sugar Grove township, and proved a success in catching fish for the entire community. Sometimes as high as one hundred and fifty fine fish have been taken in at one time. Another of these traps was located at Eocky Ford, on the Middle Rac- coon river just above Isaac Fee's farm, in what is now Linn township. This one supplied all that community with fresh fish in abundance. So also there were several other similar ones in various localities extempo- rized by the early settlers, as the occasion required, and placed in the most suitable location for the convenience of all concerned. There being no- mill-dams then on the streams to muddy the water or prevent the fish from coming up the channels, the water was so clear and the fish so plentiful that they were easily secured by the settlers going out in canoes and dug- outs and spearing them. In this way great quantities were caught, afford- ing both pleasure and satisfaction to the fishermen. These various incidents and occurrences, in connection with the early settlement and pioneer life in the county, are of intense interest, and might be further dwelt upon at great length, especially by anyone who was fa- miliar with the scenes and intimately connected with many of the occur- rences. The lives of those early settlers, while frought with dangers and dis- couragements and inconveniences, still had their bright spots of encourage- ment and joy. On account of the high price of corn during the first years, and the great inconveniences of procuriftg it at distant markets, they were com- pelled to be economical and judicious in the use of it, and used every means and effort within their power in making preparation the first year, so as to be sure of a crop the following year; and for this labor and care they were almost invariably rewarded with an abundant harvest. The la- bor, care and anxiety of one year was generally repaid with prosper- ity, peace and plenty during the next, and the majority of the pioneers found more pleasure in thus having a plentiful supply of the necessaries of life and being able to give of their substance when the occasion re- quired, to those in straightened circumstances around them, than in being dependent and needy themselves, and thus being on the receiving list. Oftentimes, indeed, such persons had the privilege of realizing the truth and beauty of our Saviour's sweet words of comfort, " it is more blessed to give than to receive." While the early settlers were generally industrious, honest, generous and sympathetic, moving along peaceably in the even tenor of their ways about their daily duties, and usually temperate in their habits; still their customs and habits were not altogether of the same character as those of the pres- ent day. Customs and habits that are now looked upon as quite improper and de- grading by society generally, though practiced still by a large per cent of the inhabitants, were considered by many of the early settlers as not so very much out of place, while others of their number — perhaps no smaller per cent in proportion to the population than at present — were faithful to shun and frown down upon all such improper conduct. Still a good many 302 HISTOET OP DALLAS COUNTY. of them seemed to deem it eminently proper and quite essential in starting off on a journey to take with them a handy -flask in their pocket, and some- times the "wee brown jug" in their wagons, well filled with something to keep them warm and in buoyant " spirits," and also to have something along with which to accommodate tbeir particular friends of like tastes and longings whom they might accompany or meet with on the way, and thus be able to sustain their cherished title of "hail fellows well met." The following little incident as related by Judge L. D. Burnes furnishes a good illustration of that phase of pioneer customs: " We and Squire Babb were returning from a business trip to the Fort in the winter of 1847-8. We met Corbell on the ridges east of the site of Waukee, going to the the Fort on horseback, for the mail. We had never seen Corbell before. Babb had seen him only once, but had no acquaint- ance with him at all. They stopped mutually and eyed each other for a moment. Squire Babb addressed Corbell thus: " ' It seems to me, sir, that I have seen you before.' " 'No doubt of it, sir,' replied Corbell, 'I'm Squire Corbell, of Dallas county, have just been appointed postmaster in Penoach by the commis- sioners of the General Land Office, sir, and I'm goin' down to the Fort for the mail matter. What might your name be?' " ' My name, sir, is Squire Babb. I have just come to your county to seek a little rest. I have held many official places of honor and trust in my. day. I was appointed by the legislature of the State of Indiana, one of the re-locating commissioners to re-locate the seat of justice of Foun- tain county, Indiana, and sir, ' By this time Squire Babb was out of the wagon and Corbell was off his horse. They rushed toward each other; they clasped hands and tangled congratulations followed. Squire Babb had brought with him from the Fort a jdg of pretty large capacity, well filled with sweetened hoiniletic elaborator, and in order to cement the friendship just formed' with Corbell, he lifted it from its hiding place in the wagon, and with an introductory speech on hygiene, that was inter- larded with affirmative responses from Squire Corbell, it was gracefully given to the latter, accompanied by this laconic sally, ' Squire, let us drink to a better acquaintance in Dallas.' Corbell taking the jug, replied, ' I will never refuse a friend, sir, in such trying times as those.' Babb then politely turned his back, and Squire Corbell proceeded at once to flood his epiglottis. Squire Babb now took the jug, saying, 'here is to my friend, Squire Corbell, great Jupiter, prithee,' he then threw back his head, poised his jug on his pouting lips, a long gurgling current coursed its way toward his plastic epigastrium, and the jug was grounded. Squire Babb then continued the colloquy: "'Now, Squire Corbell, I beg of you not to men- tion my name in connection with any office whatever. I have come to Dal- las with no such purpose. I want the good people of Dallas county to let me enjoy the sweets of private life on the mellifluous waters of the classic 'Coon, the one great object I had in coming here. Yes, sir, yes, let me hunt the bear, the elk, the deer, and trap the pretty fur-coated tribes of the woods and waters, and office may go begging for me.' Squire Corbell could hardly see how it was possible to comply, and would not promise Squire Babb. They drank again, they mounted and parted with a wave of the hands." We see by the recital of this little incident by what means, in two. many cases, office, popularity and position were gained even by those who were HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 303 utterly unworthy of any such public trust; and honesty and candor compel the statement that, in this regard, very little if any change for the better has occurred even until the present day. Though, perhaps, not practiced so openly and above board, yet the deadly deceitful work of the evil practice still prevails. Too long and shamefully that accursed fiend of intoxication- has been the means of placing in many of our important offices of State and positions of public trust, men who were utterly unqualified and unworthy, to the de- triment and disgrace and threatened ruin of our cherished government. May the day speedily come when this destructive, deadly fiend shall be robbed of his power, and when public men and officers shall be measured in the campaign, and at the ballot box, not only by their intellectual qualifica- tions and statesmanship, but also by their firm adherence to the strict prin- cipals of temperance in all its forms, and when society shall demand the same of all its members, male or female, high or low. But we are deviating, and already with regard to many of these inci- dents and occurrences have been anticipating as to dates, we must there- fore turn to other items equally interesting and important under the early history of the county, which are, perhaps, of a somewhat different charac- ter; and the aim hereafter will be, as nearly as possible, to weave the various items and events in their chronological order. ORGANIZATION. With regard to the origin of dividing individual States into county and township organizations, which, in an important measure, should have the power and opportunity of transacting their own business and governing themselves, under the approval of, and subject to, the State and general government of which they each formed a part, we quote from Elijah M. Haines, who is considered good authority on the subject. In his "Laws of Illinois, Relative to Township Organizations," he says the county system " originated with Virginia, whose early settlers soon be- came large-landed proprietors, aristocratic in feeling, living apart in almost baronial magnificence on their own estates, and owning the laboring part of the population. Thus the materials for a town were not at hand, the voters being thinly distributed over a great area. "The county organization, where a few influential men managed the whole business of the community, retaining their places almost at their pleasure, scarcely responsible at all, except in name, and permitted to conduct the county concerns as their ideas or wishes might direct, was moreover conso- nant with their recollections or traditions of the judicial and social dignities of the landed aristocracy of England, in descent from whom the Virginia gentlemen felt so much pride. In 1834 eight counties were organized in Virginia, and the system, extending throughout the State, spread into all the Southern States^ and some of the Northern States; unless we except the nearly similar division into 'districts' in South Carolina, and that into 'parishes' in Louisana, from the French laws. " Illinois, which, with its vast additional territory, became a county of Vir ginia, on its conquest by Gen. George Eogers Clark, retained the county organization, which was formalty extended over the State by the constitu- tion of 1818, and continued in exclusive use until the constitution of 1848. " Under this system, as in other States adopting it, most local business was 304 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. transacted by those commissioners in each county, who constituted a county court, with quarterly sessions. "During the period ending with the constitution of 1847, a large por- tion of the State had become filled up with a population of New England birth or character, daily growing more and more compact and dissatisfied 1 with the comparatively arbitrary and inefficient county system. It was maintained by the people that the heavily populated districts would always control the election of the commissioners to the disadvantage of the more thinly populated sections — in short that under that system, ' equal and exact justice ' to all parts of the county could not be secured. "The township. system had its origin in Massachusetts, and dates back to 1635. " The first legal enactment concerning this system, provided that, whereas, ' particular towns have many things which concern only themselves, and the ordering of their own affairs, and disposing of- business in their own town,' therefore, ' the freeman of every town, or the majority part of them, shall only have power to dispose of their own lands and woods, with all the appurtenances of said town, to grant lots, and to make such orders as may concern the well-ordering of their own towns, not repugnant to the laws and orders established by the General Court.' "They might also (says Mr. Haines) impose fines of not more than twenty shillings, and 'choose their own particular officers, as constables, surveyors for the highways, and the like.' " Evidently this enactment relieved the general court of a mass of munic- ipal details, without any danger to the power of that body in controlling general measures or public policy. " Probably also a demand from the freemen of the towns was felt for the control of their own home concerns. " The New England colonies were first governed by a ' general court,' or legislature, composed of a governor and a small council, which court con- sisted of the most influential inhabitants, and possessed and exercised both legislative and judicial powers, which were limited only by the wisdom of the holders. They made laws, ordered their execution by officers, tried and decided civil and criminal causes, enacted all manner of municipal regulations, and, in fact, did all the public business of the colony. " Similar provisions for the incorporation of towns were made in the first constitution of Connectiut, adopted in 1639; and the plan of township* organization, as experience proved its remarkable economy, efficacy and adaptation to the requirements of a free and intelligent people, became uni- versal throughout New England, and went westward with the emigrants from New England into New York, Ohio and other Western States." Thus we find that the valuable system of county, township and town or- ganizations had been thoroughly tried and proven long before there was need of adopting it in Iowa, or any of the broad region west of the Missis- sippi river. But as the new country soon began- to be opened, and as eastern people continued to move westward across the mighty river, and form thick settlements along its western shore, the Territory and State and county and township and town organizations soon .followed in quick site- cession, and these different systems became more or less modified and improved, accordingly as deemed necessary by the experience and judg- HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 305 ment and demands of the people, until they have arrived at the present stage of advancement and efficiency. In the settlement of the Territory of Iowa the legislature began by organizing counties on the Mississippi. As each new county was formed it was made to include, under legal jurisdiction, all the country bordering west of it, and required to grant to the occidental settlers electoral priv- ileges and an equal share in the county government with those who prop- erly lived in the geographical limit of the county. The counties first organized along the eastern border of this State were given, for a short time, jurisdiction over the lands and settlements adjoining each on the west, until these different localities became sufficiently settled to support organizations of their own; and finally, at the first session of the legisla- ture, after the Indians sold out, the newly acquired territory, including all Northwestern Iowa, was laid off into counties, provisions were made for their respective organizations when the proper time should arrive, and these were severally named. Dallas was organized as a county, then, in pursuance of an act of the State Legislature of Iowa, approved February 16, 1847. In order to com- plete this organization, under the old Territorial law then in force, it was necessary to elect three county commissioners, one county commissioners' clerk, one clerk of district court, one treasurer and recorder, a sheriff, sur- veyor, judge of probate, prosecuting attorney, coroner, sealer of weights and measures, and a school fund commissioner, with the required number of justices of the peace and constables. For this purpose, at the same ses- sion of the legislature, a sheriff was duly appointed and a special election was provided for, to be held on the first Monday of April, 1847, at which the county officers and such justices of the peace and constables as might be ordered by the organizing sheriff, should be elected. The county officers elected under the provisions of this act were to hold their respective offices until the first Monday of August, 1847, and the justices and constables were to hold theirs until the first Monday of April, 1848. Eli Smithson was appointed organizing sheriff, to hold office until his successor was chosen, on Monday, the fifth day of April, 1847. THE FIRST ELECTION as thus provided for by law, was announced by the organizing sherift issuing the following PROCLAMATION: I, Eli Smithson, being appointed organizing sheriff of Dallas county, in the State of Iowa, by the legislature, to organize the county: Now, therefore, I, Eli Smithson, sheriff aforesaid, do hereby proclaim and make known that an election will be holden in said county on the first Monday of April, 1847, for the pur- pose of electing three county commissioners, one county commissioners' clerk, one clerk of district court, one treasurer and recorder, one sheriff', one county surveyor, one judge of probate, one prosecuting attorney, one coroner, one sealer of weights and measures, one school fund commissioner, one justice of the peace, and one constable; And I Eli Smithson, do furthermore order and proclaim that 1 have named two polling places in the said county, one to be at the house of W. W. Miller, and one to be at the house of Henry Stump; ,.,,,,, „ •„ . j i • * i i j And I further order and proclaim that the polls will be opened at nine o clock a.m., and continue open until six p. m. at each of these polling places; Three judges and two clerks of election will be chosen by the voters, who will be approved 20 306 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. by me. The said judges and clerks will make due return of said election to me, under seal, within five days thereafter, and in this you will fail not, under penalty of the law. Given under my hand this first day of March, 1847. En Smitiison, Organizing Sheriff. There were two polling places named in the sheriff's proclamation, one at the house of W. W. Miller, located at the edge of the prairie on the north side of the road leading east, and about two miles distant from the present site of Adel; and the other at the house of Henry Stump, situated in what is now known as Van Meter township, the identical place now owned and occupied by Eli Golden. These two places were the first polit- ical battle grounds in the county. For the information and interest of the reader we append copies of the original poll-books and election returns of these two places of voting at the first election in Dallas county. "Poll-book of an election held at the house of W. W. Miller, in Dallas county. State of Iowa, on the first Monday, the 5th day of April, 1847. William W. Miller, William Galway, Isaac Tribby and John Miller, judges and clerks of election, were severally sworn by me, as the law directs, pre- vious to their entering upon the discharge of the duties of their respective offices. " Samuel Miller, " Judge of Election." " Samuel Miller, judge of election, was sworn by me, as the law directs, previous to entering upon the discharge of the duties of his office. " William W. Miller, "Judge of Election." NAMES OF VOTERS. Martin W. Miller, Samuel Miller, William W. Miller, William Galway, Isaac Tribby, John Miller, Isaac Miller, Eli Miller — 8 votes. The clerks and judges of election made their official returns to the organ- izing sheriff, of the votes cast in this precinct, as follows: District Clerk. — Samuel Miller, 2 votes; George S. Hill, 6 votes. Commissioners. — W. W. Miller, 7 votes; Tristam Davis, 6 votes; John Wright, 3 votes; Greenbury Coffin, 5 votes. Sheriff. — Eli Smithson, 5 votes; Jesse K. Miller, 3 votes. Assessor. — Isaac Miller, 2 votes. Commissioners'' Clerk. — John Miller, 4 votes. Surveyor. — Martin W. Miller, 4 votes. Justice of the Peace. — J. C. Corbell, 4 votes; William Ellis, 3 votes. "Certified by us, this fifth day of April, A. D. 1847. " Isaac Tribby, "Attest: "John Miller, "Samuel Miller, u Clerks of Election." "William W. Miller, "William Galway, "Judges of Election." HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 307 " Poll-book of an election held at the house of Henry Stump, in Dallas county, State of Iowa, on the first Monday, the fifth day^of April, A. D. "George S. Hills, Henry Stump, Levi A. Davis and "William P. McCub- bin, judges and clerks of an election, were severally sworn by me, as the law directs, previous to their entering upon the discharge of their respective offices. "Archibald Ceowl, "Judge of Election." "Archibald Growl, judge of election, was sworn by me, as the law directs, previous to his entering upon the discharge of the duties of his office. "George S. Hills, '■'•Judge of Election." NAMES OF VOTERS. Eli Smithson, James "Wright, John M. Davis, John Sharp, John Long- mire, Jesse K. Miller, John Crowl, Shubal Haworth, James "W. Black, William Ellis, James Moore,. Lewis Stump, Tristam Davis, Levi A. Davis, William P. McCubbin, George S. Hills and Henry Stump — 17 votes. The judges and clerks of election in this precinct made the following returns to the organizing sheriff, under seal, within the specified time: District Clerk. — Samuel Miller, 10 votes ; George S. Hills, 7 votes. Commissioners. — -Tristam Davis, 17 votes ; Henry Stump, 9 votes ; Green- bury Coffin, 7 votes; William W. Miller, 12 votes. Sheriff. — Jesse K. Miller, 10 votes; Eli Smithson, 7 votes. Recorder and Collector. — L. A. Davis, 13 votes; Samuel Miller, 1 vote. Assessor (no such office yet) — Isaac Miller, 12 votes. Commissioners' 1 Clerk. — Samuel Miller, 9 votes; John Miller, 5 votes. Constable.^Qeorge Haworth, 16 votes. Justice of the Peace. — William Ellis, 15 votes ; J. C. Corbell, 9 votes. Surveyor. — Samuel Miller, 1 vote. "Certified by us this 5th day of April, A. D. 1847. "Henry Stump, "Attest: "George S. Hills, "William P. McCubbin, "Archibald Crowl, "L. A. Davis, "Judges of Election." "Clerks of Election." The above returns of said election being duly made to the organizing sheriff, this official proceeded with the county canvass, it seems, without calling to his assistance two justices of the peace, as required by law, and gave the result in an abstract, of which the following is a copy: State of Iowa, ) County op Dallas. J Abstract statement of the whole number of votes given for county officers at a special elec- tion in Dallas county, on the first Monday, the 5th day of April, A. D. 1847, wherein the sev- eral places of holding said election are distinguished: 308 HISTORY OV DALLAS COUNTY. NAMES OF CANDIDATES District Clerk: George S. Hills Samuel Miller Commissioners : William W. Miller.. Tristam Davis Greenbury Coffin. . . . Henry Stump John Wright Assessor: Isaac Miller Clerk: Samuel Miller John Miller , Sheriff: Jesse K. Miller Eli Smithson Recorder and Collector: Levi A. Davis Samuel Miller Surveyor : Margin W. Miller. . . Samuel Miller Justice of the Peace : William Ellis Joseph C. Corbell. . . Constables : George Haworth &P.8 W. W. Miller's House -3 •a Hen Stum Hou ■4^ o H o. 7 6 • 13 i 10 2 12 12 7 19 7 17 6 23 4 7 5 12 3 9 9 3 3 12 2 14 14 9 9 5 4 9 10 3 13 1 7 5 12 13 13 12 1 1 4 4 3 1 1 15 3 18 5 9 4 13 16 16 16 State of Iowa, ) Dallas County. J I, Eli Smithson, sheriff in and for Dallas county, do hereby certify that the above and fore- going contains a true abstract of all the votes given in each precinct in this county, for county officers, together with the names of persons voted for, as appears from the returns of the elec- tion held in said county, on the 5th day of April, A. D. 1847. Given under my hand this 12th day of April, 1847. Eli Smithson, Organizing Sheriff and Ex-offlcio Clerk of Dallas county, Iowa. The two candidates for county commissioners' clerk each received nine votes. Being a tie, neither one was elected, and their case, according to law, must he determined by tot before the organizing sheriff. For this purpose, the sheriff issued the following notice : State of Iowa, | Dallas County, j To Samuel Miller, Sir.— Whereas, at the election holden in Dallas county, on the first Monday of April, 1847, you and John Miller were a tie for the office of county commissioners' clerk; Now, therefore, you will appear before me at my residence on the third Monday, the 19th day of April, A. D. 1847, and there determine by lot your claims to the office. Eli Smithson, . .. ln . _ 10 ,_ Organizing Sheriff, April 12, A. D. 1847. Dallas county, Iowa. A copy of the above notice was served on each party, and they appeared at the appointed time and place to meet the decision. It appears that in this case there was no serious rival between the two contestants, for by some mutual arrangement between John Miller and the sheriff, the lot fell to Samuel Miller, and he was accordingly declared duly HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 309 elected to the office. He qualified, entered upon the duties of his new office, and served out his full term as the first county commissioners' clerk of Dallas county; and the first records now appear in his handwriting over his official signature. It will be noticed that there were only eight votes cast at the house of William W. Miller, and seventeen at the house of Henry Stump, making twenty-five votes, all told, as the total number cast at the first election in Dallas county, and the entire population of the county at that time would not number more, perhaps, than about seventy-five or eighty persons. These were located in at least six different settlements, distributed around at various points in the county, each a considerable distance from the other; and yet they seemed much closer together in common sympathy and fellowship, and better appreciated each other's value as neighbors, though far apart, during their trials and deprivations of frontier life, than they now do when closely packed and comfortably fixed in their elegant homes, with all the modern improvements and conveniences of civilization. The citizens were then generally quiet, industrious and peaceable with one another. Occasional differences and disputes arose, which, in the main, were soon overlooked, or forgotten on account of their necessary and mutual dependence for aid and convenience, as well as for common defense in their pioneer homes. Dissensions and enmities, however, began to creep in gradually, as the settlement progressed, and continued to increase in working mischief very much in proportion as the settlement became more independently situated and more exclusive in their devotion to self-interest and adi*ancement. This unwelcome spirit of dissension began to manifest itself to the pub- lic most clearly, perhaps, about the time the proclamation of the organ- izing sheriff announced the organization of the county which would create numerous offices to be filled from the ranks of first voters. These offices, during the first term, of course, presented no great induce- ment for being very eagerly sought after so far as salary was concerned; but then they afforded positions of influence and preference, and they might, in the near future, prove very convenient stepping-stones to more lucrative and influential positions; beside, it was no mean thing to be elected to fill the first offices created in the new county. In this regard they afforded considerable inducement for being sought after by those who were at all inclined toward official distinction, and they called forth numer- ous aspirants. At that time as well as now, doubtless, there was a good per cent of worthy, influential citizens who, so far as their own desires for official posi- tion were concerned, were entirely disinterested in the political canvass. These persons sought no such positions for themselves, and would not accept one if offered. Public applause and criticism were not at all cov- eted by them. Nevertheless they were as deeply interested in the welfare of the county as any other citizens, and had a decided preference for those who should receive their votes. They desired to intrust the county gov- ernment to efficient, trustworthy men, who were willing to assume the responsibility, and capable of conducting it in an efficient and acceptable manner; while they themselves were content to engage in some other department of the county's progress, more congenial to their tastes and dispositions. On the other hand, there were always enough of those who would accept these official positions — more or less reluctantly or cheer- 310 HISTOKY OF DALLAS COUNTY. fully — if duly elected, or urged a little to fill them; so that it was soon found the various offices were not sufficient to give each of the aspirants a position. Evidently, some of these must gain the honored distinction, while others must be left out, part of whom, doubtless, would be disap- pointed not a little over their defeat. ■' Who, then, of these various aspirants were the best qualified to fill these several positions? Who had the most deserved claim on the public sup- port? Who were the shrewdest political tricksters and wire-pullers? Who, of all the number, could wield the most extended and effective influ- ence, either by honorable or, it may be, by unfair means in securing the majority vote. These, and many other questions of similar character, would quite naturally arise, even in the minds of early settlers, as the memorable first election day drew near, when they must each receive a decisive answer at the ballot box. One of the most spirited contests during this first political campaign and" election in the county was between the two contestants for the office ot sheriff, Eli Smithson and Jesse K. Miller. From authentic accounts it is evident that this contest was spirited in the double sense — not only in an earnest desire" on the part of each candi- date to secure the position in question, but also in the free and plentiful use of ardent spirits to court favor with a certain class on election day. While this spirited way of gaining influence on any occasion is not at all commendable on the part of the one resorting to it, yet it is conceded that, on this occasion at least, it not only caused considerable diversion at the polls, but was J;he undoubted means of securing the majority of one vote for Jesse K. Miller, and of thus handing his name down to posterity as the first regularly elected sheriff of Dallas county, and ex-officio assessor. By some misunderstanding, the same day Isaac Miller was elected county assessor without any opposition, by fourteen votes. There being no such office authorized yet in the county the duties pertaining to it were turned over to the sheriff elect, and that position was not filled by a separate officer for some time afterward. No school-fund commissioner was chosen either at this time. From the foregoing table of election returns it is apparent, also, that George S. Hills was the first district clerk of Dallas county. He came to this county May 18, 1847, and settled in what is now Adams township, on section ten (10), where he still lives, an estimable citizen, enjoying the ben- efits of the old homestead in his declining years, an energetic, industrious, conscientious man, and generous neighbor. The first county commissioners elected in this county were William W. Miller, Tristram Davis and Greenbury Coffin. Two of these are still liv- ing, in ripe old age. Mr. Miller is one of the very oldest settlers now living in the county, it being nearly thirty-three* years since his arrival, on February 25, 1846. Having disposed of the old homestead, he now lives around among his children. For a long time he took an active part in public affairs, and has proven to be one of the county's greatest benefactors, especially during her earlier years of trial and discouragement. His name will appear frequently here- after in connection with the county's history. Mr. Davis remained a valuable and honorable citizen of this county, in what is now Adams township, from the spring of 1846 until, several years HISTORY OF DALLA8 COUNTY. 311 ago, he sold out and moved to Benton county, Arkansas, where he now resides, peaceful and prosperous. Greenbury Coffin, who also came in 1846, lived a few years in this county, within the present limits of Boone township, when he moved to Mahaska county, and soon afterward died. The first county surveyor of Dallas county was Martin W. Miller, who was also among the earliest settlers. During his term of office he, by his deputy, Alfred D. Jones, of Des Moines, made the original survey and plat of the county seat as they were accepted by the board of county com- missioners at their following July meeting, and now appear on the records over his official signature. The first justice of the peace regularly elected by the vote of the county was William Ellis, who, with his widowed mother, settled within the pres- ent limits of Van Meter township in the spring of 1846, where he lived many years, and during that time was intrusted with several official posi- tions, the duties of which he invariably discharged with credit to himself and fidelity to his constituents. He afterward removed from the county to Oregon, where he now resides. Before him, however, Joseph C. Corbell had been appointed to that office by proper authority, to serve until the organization of the county was effected. He was also the defeated candidate for the same office at this first election, but was afterward appointed and duly constituted a justice of the peace by the board of county commissioners at their first meeting, on the first Monday of May, 1847, to hold office until the first Monday of April, 1848. This was a special meeting, and the appointment of Corbell to that office was about the first business transacted by this newly elected board. During his residence in the county he filled several important offices with faithfulness and honesty. An early settler and a worthy citizen for many years, he finally moved away in 1852 and died in Oregon not long ago. George Haworth, the first Dallas county bridegroom, was also the first duly elected constable, and is thus honored with these two significant titles to be recorded in the county's early history. He came to this county among the first pioneers, settling in what is now Van Meter township, where he has lived for a long period of years as an industrious, genial, well-to-do farmer, until a few years ago he purchased and settled on the Scovell farm, two miles north of Adel, as before related. Eli Smithson, the organizing sheriff, came from Wayne county, Indiana, and made his first home in Iowa in Jefferson county, in 1843. From there he moved to Fort Des Moines, where he lived a while and then came to Dallas county among her earliest settlers. By his first wife he was son-in- law of W. W. Miller. Some years after her death he married Mrs. Emma Ocherman, August 7, 1851, and on the 30th day of the same month he was buried in the " Miller graveyard," east of Adel. The above concise sketches of the first officers are here given, as these men were so intimately connected, at the beginning, with the general gov- ernment and political machinery of the'county, and on this account some repetition of statement regarding them becomes necessary. We would be glad to give full and minute sketches, not only of the first officers elect, but also of the various candidates and voters of this first elec- tion- but the statistics regarding all of them cannot now be secured, and 312 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTT. the limited space alloted us would not permit without crowding out more important and interesting matter. Besides, this does not come within the limits of the special work assigned us, but properly belongs further on under the department of Biographical Sketches, where an abundance of these are found, prepared by men who have that special work in charge. The reader will please pardon and bear patiently with us if, under this department, he or she shall find occasional sketches of men who have been prominent in the public life of the county, for these must sometimes occur in order to properly complete the work. And if any indications of partial- ity should appear where, in your estimation, some persons may be presented a little too prominently, while others, more worthy, are not mentioned, rest assured that it is entirely unintentional on our part, and is caused from want of full and definite information regarding each individual settler, which it is impossible to secure at this late date. Please do not presume to think that we esteem these public men and officers, by any means the only and greatest benefactors of the county. For there are, doubtless, many in the quiet, private walks of life who have accomplished, perhaps, more for the general welfare and prosperity than any of these mentioned as figuring so prominently in public affairs. Bemember it is these public men, who are made public by your own votes and influence, with whom we have to deal, principally, in this work. And if any of these have not proven worthy of the several positions in which you have placed them, the failure certainly cannot be set to our account. While to those who have proven worthy of the public trust com- mitted to them we delight to render their just and equitable dues, and beseech you, as faithful citizens, to exercise diligent precaution in the future, and endeavor always to place such trustworthy men in charge of your public affairs as will render a satisfactory account of that which you commit to them. "We simply take the limited, imperfect account of these public men as we find it on record, or in .the jumbled casket of general information, and, having linked the facts in a connected chain of narrative, as best we could under these embarrassing circumstances, return the result to you for just what it is worth, trusting that you will peruse carefully, and criticise sparingly. COUNTY SEAT. The next important step taken in the general order of progress was the location and establishment of the county seat of justice. This was also duly provided for by an act passed by the first session of the State legisla- ture which was approved February 16, 1847; and the board of locating commissioners thus appointed for this purpose consisted of Messrs. William Wear and William Canfield, of Polk, and Lysander W. Babbit, of Marion county. They were required to meet on the first Monday of May, 1847, or within thirty days afterward, at such time as the majority should decide to be most convenient. The place of meeting was also designated in the act of legislature as Hickory, an imaginary point honored with the title of a town, but the real location of which is not now, and probably never was, definitely known. If it ever had a location at all it is thought to have been in the vicinity of HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 313 the angle at the junction of the Hickory Creek and North Kaccoon timber- belts, just north of the residence of C. Squires, and only a few miles north- west of the present site of the county seat. Instead of meeting at this place as directed, however, the locating com- missioners met in May, 1847, at the house of one of the county commissioners, that of W. W. Miller, a short distance east of the present site of Adel, and from that place of meeting they proceeded to their appointed work. They were not long selecting and agreeing upon the spot, and the final result was, they located the county seat on the east half of the southwest quarter, and the west half of the southeast quarter of section twenty-nine (29), township seventy-nine (79), north of range twenty-seven (27), west of the fifth principal meridian. The county surveyor, Martin W. Miller, by his deputy, Alfred D. Jones, of Des Moines, as previously stated, then proceeded to lay off" and plat the chosen site of Dallas county's seat of justice, which work was completed on the 22d day of May, A. D. 1847. The board of county commissioners held their first regular meeting in July, 1847, at which only two members appeared, W. W. Miller and Tris- tam Davis, whose names appear in the record of the proceedings, Greenbury Coffin being absent; before that, as will be remembered, the board held at least one special meeting, at which one justice of the peace had been appointed, and other business transacted. At this first regular meeting, however, the survey and plat made by the county surveyor, as above mentioned, was accepted; and at the suggestion of the deputy surveyor, A. D. Jones, the newly established county seat was named Penoach, an Indian word, meaning, in English, "far away." The name of the new town was spelled and pronounced in various ways by the settlers, according to their individual fancy, such as Panoach, Paneuch, Pincook, Penoachaway, etc., but the mode of spelling most generally set- tled on was the first mentioned, Penoach, pronounced Pen-nii'-ch. For the purpose of christening the place, the board then issued the fol- lowing order: Ordered, That the survey and plat of the seat of justice of Dallas county be accepted and approved, and that it be named Penoach ; and it is further ordered that the streets and alleys be deeded to the public, and that the public square is hereby held and reserved for a court- house site. Accordingly, on the same day, the streets and alleys were deeded to the public by the county commissioners, and the court-house square was re- served, and, on July 5th, 1847, the deed was duly acknowledged before Jos. C. Corbell, Esq. About two years afterward, in the fall of 1849, a petition was granted by Judge McKay — then of the District Court in the Fifth Judicial District — changing the name of Penoach to Adel,'which name it still retains, in honor of "a very pretty child with a prettier mother"; and we may well add, it is a beautiful name for an enterprising city, in a lovely location, in an ex- cellent county, in this beautiful State of Iowa. The county was thus far organized, and the county-seat established, with- out meeting with any serious difficulty; but the most trying ordeals were yet to be passed. There being as yet no funds in the new county treasury with which to pay the deputy-surveyor for his labors, and defray other necessary expenses, the amount was promptly advanced from the private funds of W. W. Miller 314 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. and Eli Smithson, and the new town site was ready for settlement. A serio'us trial, however, was soon to be met in the shape of further financial embarrassment, which was not so easily disposed of as the former mentioned, and for a while threatened to deprive the county of its cherished treasure and seat of justice. The " town quarter " soon came into market, and the county was entirely devoid of money with which to enter it, so that for awhile it seemed almost impossible to procure the required amount from any source. It is true they all realized that in. the rich soil, the valuable water-power and the concealed mineral products of the county, there was doubtless the equivalent of great wealth, a very limited per cent of which, if converted into cash, would pur- chase county-seat sites for all the counties in the State at the current prices of wild land here in those days. But the great difficulty in the case arose from the fact that scarcely any of this abundant wealth had yet become available. Very little had found its way into private pocket-books, and none at all into the county treasury fund. The circulating medium of Dallas county, in this its infancy, was not at all cumbrous. A dollar was a dollar in those days, and there was no occasion for quarrelling or quibbling over hard or soft money questions. It was all hard enough to get, and soft enough to pass again quite as readily. But the "town quarter " must be entered and paid for from some source. In this extremity the board of county commissioners undertook to raise the required amount by pledging the town lots in Penoach, and failing in this attempt, they next offered to give county warrants in security for the money, but all to no avail. The only hope now was to raise it from individual funds or personal securities on private lands. This last plan finally proved a success, and the land in question was secured through the timely aid and generous, noble act of W . W. Miller, who mortgaged his homestead to the school-fund, and procured the money in time to secure the property. Dr. J. E. Mills was then hurried off to the land-office at Iowa City, to enter the illustrious " town quarter " for the county, and succeeded in mak- ing the entry January 4th, 1851, in his own name, but afterward deeded the site to the county, January 27th, 1851, and a lot in the county-seat was then deeded to said Mills for this service, by the board of county commissioners. Surely, Dallas county can never esteem too highly, nor cherish too grate- fully, the liberal, self-sacrificing conduct of W. w. Miller, in thus coming so promptly and nobly to her rescue in such a perilous time of need. On July 9th, 1851, O. D. Smalley surveyed the " out-lots," which in- cluded all that portion of the town quarter not embraced in the original survey of May 22d, 1847; and the town plat was filed for record on Sep- tember 9th, 1851, about seven months after the land was entered and deeded to the county, and more than four years after the town was located and the original survey made. THE FIRST LOT FUND AGENCY. Thomas Butler, who came into this county with George P. Garroutte in 1847, was duly appointed as the first Lot Fund Agent by the Board of County Commissioners in Jnly of the same year, by the following order: . HISTOKY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 315 Ordered, That Thomas Butler be, and is hereby appointed, Lot Fund Agent of Dallas county, to make sale of the town lots in Penoach, to receive the money paid in on the sale of lote and to execute bonds for deeds to purchasers on payment of deferred payments; and he is hereby required to give bonds in the penal sum of one thousand dollars for the faithful dis- charge of his duties as such, to be approved by the Clerk of the Board before entering upon the discharge of the duties of his office. This gentleman first settled a little northwest of Adel, near Butler's branch, from whom the stream derived its name. He figured quite largely in politics, occasionally exercising his powers by preaching when a favorable opportunity offered, and, for a while, was quite popular. But it soon became known that he had left Missouri suddenly, because of some important financial troubles, and had sought refuge in these parts in hope of bettering his financial condition and of being freed from the in- timacy of his exacting creditors. But the improvement was not lasting. He soon lost the confidence of the board of commissioners and received from them a polite but very ur- gent invitation to resign his office as Lot Fund Agent, which he did, and left the county after only a few years' residence in it, forgetting, however, to make good an important deficit in his official account, and moved else- where, doubtless only to impose upon some other peaceable community. Under the said Butler's agency, on October the 6th, 1847, were sold the first lots in Penoach, as shown in the following table: PURCHASERS' NAMES. Lot. Block. 1. W. W. MiUer 2. EliSmithson 3. Stephen K. Scovell. 4. W. W. Miller 5. EliSmithson 6. Samuel Miller 7. Stephen K. Scovell. 8. Eli Miller 9. Joseph C. Corbell.. 1 17 8 13 8 8 8 17 6 13 4 10 5 9 4 19 5 8 The lots sold went at a low price, there being .but few bidders, and as there Were not many persons then desiring to purchase, the sale was closed and the further disposition of the remaining lots was left with the Lot Fund Agent under the supervision of the county commissioners, but for a number of years a very small per cent of them was disposed of, and those- that were sold went on credit, a very small per cent being received in cash and the rest in notes on long time. Upon lot 5, block 8, J. C. Corbell, in the fall of 1847, erected the first building in Penoach. It was a log house built and used for the double purpose of a dwelling and a post-office, the owner himself being both the first occupant and the postmaster, and George P. Garroutte has the honor of hauling the logs with which the house was built. Ira Sherman was the first merchant in Penoach; but he is saidto have carried too small a stock of goods, and too large a margin on profits to be- able to transact a very extensive or profitable business. These items of the first settlement and early business of Penoach will be- more properly and fully noticed further on in the work under the history of Adel. 316 HISTOKT OF DALLAS COUNTY. THE FIKST ASSESSMENT. Under the Territorial statutes which were also continued in force, after the admission of the State into the Union, until July 1st, 1851, the sheriffs were ex-officio assessors, and were required to perform the duties of both •offices. Jesse K. Miller being the first duly elected sheriff of this county, also became responsible for the transaction of the business pertaining to the office of accessor, which duty he faithfully performed during the spring of 1847, at the rate of one dollar per day. The county being very new, and comparatively little improvements yet being made, the duties of the assessor were not very cumbrous. The principal amount of personal property subject to taxation, consisted of cattle, horses, wagons, and occasional lots of hogs. There were two or three flocks of sheep, a few time pieces and several guns, but there was only one case found where a man had money at interest, and that only to the amount of $30 (thirty dollars), by Humphey Smith, who was perhaps the first money-loaner in the county. The result of this first assessment is shown in the following table: Horses. Cattle. •a > » WagonB Hogs. Sheep. Time Pieces. Wright, John Sharp, John Tribby, Isaac Black, James Gal way, Wm Smalley, O. D Lott, Henry — Griffin, franklin... Spear, John Scovell, S. K Spear, David Turner, James Noah, David Ramsey, Samuel . . . Busick, William Boone, Wm. D.. .. Smith, Humphrey Peabody, Lovel .... Miller, Jesse K $125 5 $ 193 3 1 160 120 $ 100 85 20 $ 10 $2875 10 $ 18 $ 629 76 69 00 69 00 20 00 8100 100 00 18100 105 00 180 00 8100 16100 113 00 60 00 309 00 195 00 98 00 100 00 Total 13 $606$ 30110 g 225|77 $ 875 14|$ 440 46$ 82 27 $3375 2 $ 5 10 8 77 $ 2403 76 "Assessment by Jesse E. Miller, Sheriff of Dallas county, June the 12th, A . D. 1847. For services five dayi, $5.00; to making whole amount of property, $1.00; whole, $6.00. JESSE K. MILLER, Slteriff. .The above table, showing the result of the first assessment, together with the preceding returns of the first election which had been held a little more than two months previous, gives the reader a very fair idea of the limited population and improvements of the county at that time. No crop had yet been harvested or gathered, except, perhaps, a little sod- corn and garden truck the preceding year, and about all the settlers had was what they had brought with them when moving here. THE SECOND ELECTION In Dallas county was held on the first Monday of August, 1847, at which time the four months term of each of the first county offices expired, and these offices were now to be filled : HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 317 Besides this, three new officers were to be elected, a judge of probate, a coroner and a sealer of weights and measures. In the meantime the board of county commissioners had changed the places of voting from two to one place, and thus required the entire vote of the county to be cast at one place, called Dallas precinct, at the house of Henry Stump, by issuing the following order: 1 Ordered, That the August election, of 1847, be held at the house of Henry Stump, in Dal- las precinct, Dallas county, Iowa, and that the clerk give due notice. At this election, there were nineteen votes cast to twenty-five in April, showing a decrease of six votes in four months, which was caused chiefly,, perhaps, because some of the voters being otherwise engaged in improve- ment, failed to go to the polls, and was not on account of any decrease in the population, though the increase of that had been quite limited during this time. NAMES OF VOTERS. John Wright, James Wright, J. C. Oorbell, Henry Garner, William W. Miller, Peter Groseclose, Martin W. Miller, Jesse K. Miller, Archibald Crowl, James Moore, Eli Smithson, Tristam Davis, George Haworth, Dan- iel Stump, Lewis Stump, Levi A. Davis, Henry Stump, James Black and G-reenbury Coffin — 19 votes. The .judges of election were — Archibald Crowl, Henry Stump and J. C. Corbell. And the clerks of election were — Greenbnry Coffin and Noah Staggs. The following table shows the names of the candidates in the second election ; and also of those elected to the respective offices, as indicated in the majority column opposite each successful candidate's name: NAMES OP CANDIDATES No. of Votes Major- ity 11 11 7 7 4 8 8 8 4 4 17 17 IS 18 6 6 6 6 7 7 County Commissioners : Noah Staggs John Sharp (an alien) W.W.MiTler O.D.Smalley .' Clerk: S.K.Scovell District Clerk: S. K\ Scovell Noah Staggs Treasurer and Recorder: J. C. Corbell Sheriff: Eli Smithson Judge of Probate : Samuel Miller Coroner : Martin W. Miller Sealer of Weights and Measures : Archibald Crowl According to law, the candidate for county commissioner receiving the highest number of votes was elected to that office for three years; the next for two years; and the third for one year, which secured the election of a 318 HISTOBT OF DALLAS COUNTY. new commissioner each succeeding year, and retained two of the experi- enced members on the board all the time. John Sharp being an alien, and therefore ineligible to hold office, was counted out of the canvass by the board of election, which left Noah Staggs with the highest vote, and, there- fore duly elected for the term of three years, being the first one to receive that honor in the county. The remaining two candidates being a tie cast lots, as the law provided, and the result was, "W". W. Miller stood elected for the term of two years, and O. D. Smalley for the remaining term of one year. The first Judge of Probate in the county, therefore, was Samuel Miller. ' The first Sealer of Weights and Measures was Archibald Crowl, and the first Coroner was Martin W. Miller. At the very commencement of his political career in the county, Stephen K. Scovell was honored, at this election, with the two important offices and clerkships — clerk of the District Court and clerk of the board of connty commissioners. J. C. Corbell was elected Treasurer and Recorder by the next to the largest vote cast; and Eli Smithson was elected Sheriff this time by the highest vote, receiving every one cast for that office, without any spirited contest or opposition. No prosecuting attorney or school fund commissioner had yet been elected as named in the original proclamation of the organizing sheriff, as neces- sary for the complete organization of the county. There was thus far no special need for them, and when the demand for them came these offices were soon regularly filled. At this election there was no special excitement, or opposition worthy of mention. . THE FIRST DISTRICT COURT. On the 6th day of September, 1847, the first District Court of Dallas county was held at the house of W. W. Miller, a day and an occasion that ought to be long and fondly cherished in memory by the peaceable citizens of Dallas county, not on account of the amount of business then transacted, but because of the fact that there was not a case on the docket, no tangly disputes nor spiteful quarrels to be adjusted, and as a consequence very few lawyers were in attendance. „ The legal profession would not see it in this light, most likely, but it certainly indicated a healthy state of society and morals in the county. There being yet no court-house, or public buildings erected for such pub- lic gatherings, and the transaction of county business, the more convenient and commodious private dwellings were freely thrown open by the owners, to be used in welcome on all such occasions. The Judge of the Fourth Judicial District of Iowa, Hon. James P. Charlton, of Iowa City, presided. S. K. Scovell was clerk and Eli Smith- son, sheriff. THE FIRST GRAND JURY Impaneled in Dallas county consisted of John Longmire, Levi Wright, Uriah Stotts, Archibald Crowl, Henry Stump, Shubal Haworth, James Black, David Spear, O. D. Smalley, John Spear, John Wright, Greenbury Coffin, Henry Garner, John Miller, George Haworth and Eli Miller, mak- . ing seventeen in all, and taking nearly all the voters in the county. HISTOBY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 319 David Spear was foreman of the jury, Martin W. Miller was bailiff, and William McKay was appointed special prosecuting attorney, pro tern. The grand jury being duly sworn and charged by the court, were then conducted by the bailiff to their place of meeting under the shade of a large hickory tree near at hand where, furnished with the very best seats and conveniences their new and commodious jury-room could afford, they were prepared to take counsel together concerning the various breaches of law and order, and heartless betrayals of trust that might be brought before them. But, as already stated, they failed to find any indictments, and no cases appear on the record of this first term of the District Court. In all probability, however, that condition of things has never been allowed to occur from that day to this in this county. There being no county seal, the court ordered that the '' eagle side of a twenty-five cent piece of American coin " be the temporary seal of Dallas county, until a proper one should be provided, and the court adjourned the same day. This court was maintained at the expense of the United States govern- ment, and therefore had both federal and local jurisdiction. This fact makes the short session and sudden adjournment all the more singular, since, if the various members had felt so disposed, they easily might have found business of sufficient importance to have continued the sitting for at least one week, and thus each have been entitled to draw from the govern- ment a handsome amount for fees — which elsewhere has not nnfrequently occurred on similar occasions — and the amount thus received doubtless would have come very handy at that time for pocket change among both lawyers and jurors. But this court seemed to have no such unfair desires. It was for the transaction of business they had assembled, and when they found none they adjourned until a more fitting season, and returned to their peaceful pursuits of industry. But after the adjournment of court a most important event was to tran- spire before separating to go, each his respective way — an event in which every one present undoubtedly was most intensely interested. The whole- souled host, Mr. W. W. Miller, through the faithful labors and culinary accomplishments of the ladies of the household, displayed his generous hospitality on this occasion by giving a free and bountiful dinner to the court, the jury, and all the attendants. It is needless to say that all par- took bountifully of this generous favor, with a rare relish, and in return duly signified their feelings of gratitude by a display of marvelous capac- ity on the part of each guest for hiding beneath the suits of homespun the choice viands amply loading the groaning table. JUDGE JAMES P. CHARLTON. It appears that to be a good performer on the violin was one of the prac- tical accomplishments characteristic of a good, or at least a popular, judge in those days — since Hon. James P. Charlton, like Hon. Joseph "Williams, of Muscatine, judge of the second judicial district of Iowa Territory, and various other such prominent officials were all fine fiddlers and great jokers. We would be glad to give here a full sketch of Judge Charlton, but are unable to obtain the necessary statistics, having nothing at hand concerning 320 HISTOBY OF DALLAS COUNTY. him that would be of importance to the reader, except the following short sketch from the pen of Judge L. D. Burnes, which says: " Judge James P. Charlton had a good, big heart, overflowing with wit, humor, benevolence and magnanimity. He was, withal, a very fine per- former on the violin, as was also Jefferson, and the great astronomer, Herschel. He used to while away many happy, fleeting inoments in the bosom of friends, with his favorite instrument in hand, while on his rounds of official duty. • "He and old Jerry Church often met at the house of their mutual friend, Dr. Brooks, of Polk county, to play together. They were a trio of amateur performers on the grand old instrument, that would cause the hearts of miserable misanthropes to beat with a momentary philanthropy." He figured somewhat prominently in political and public affairs during the last years of the Territorial and the first years of the State government. He was Johnson county's representative in the house at the Sixth Legis- lative Assembly of Iowa Territory, which convened at Iowa City, Decem- ber 4, 1843, and adjourned February 16, 1844. By that body was conferred on him the distinguished honor of being elected speaker of the House, December 5, 1843, in which position he is said to have displayed excellent abilities as an expert parliamentarian, and a ready, impartial presiding officer. After the organization and admission of the State of Iowa into the Union, under the constitution of 1846, he was elected the first judge of the fourth judicial district, April 5, 1847; was commissioned April 27, only about four months before holding the term of court in Dallas county above mentioned — being, perhaps, his first experience as presiding judge. At the expiration of his term of office he was re-elected, April 5, 1852, and resigned in 1853. Judge Charlton's home was in Iowa City, where he had a beautiful one situated in the east side of the city, near the limits, with quite a ' large tract of pasture and garden lands adjoining it, and all finely improved and tastefully arranged for comfort and convenience. For a long time it was one of the very finest residences in the city. But, as is the case with all these beautiful homes, the owners are per- mitted to enjoy them only for a brief period, at most, during the average lifetime. And so from this one Judge Charlton has long since been called away, never again to return, leaving it to the enjoyment of others. His family still continued to remain there, enjoying the comforts it afforded, until a few years ago, when, we believe, the old homestead finally passed into the hands of strangers, and the former inmates moved away. THE LOST RECORDS. It appears the minutes of this District Court of Dallas county were lost by the clerk, and had to be restored by hiin from memory, as they now ap- pear in the first minute book, without the signature of the court. The occurrence of this little circumstance furnished a practical joke which was richly enjoyed by the entire community for many years, and is by no means forgotten even now by the older settlers who are still living, and others who have so often heard them relate it. But for the younger inhabitants and later arrivals in the county, as well as to many of the older ones, it will, perhaps, be of interest to have the principal facts in the case narrated again in this connection. HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 321 It seems there was " a girl in this case," living over in the vicinity of the Des Moines river, a number of miles from here, whose personal attraction and superior worth— in the estimation of the district clerk — proved to be the cause of this peculiar mishap. Indeed, Scovell had become so intensely interested in that direction as to fondly entertain the firm conviction that the pleasure derived from a fe'w hours passed in her company under her bewitching smiles, was well worth the tramp of twenty miles on foot through sloughs and marshes, over the pathless prairies and woodlands. Soon after the adjournment of District Court, impelled by his heart-long- ings, he set out on such a trip to fulfill a previous engagement with his fair one. There being no book or desk yet procured in which to record or keep the minutes of the court, and as the entire record of proceedings only filled a few pages of common fools-cap paper, the clerk found it most convenient to drop this document in his pocket, among other papers, for safe keeping, and at once dismissed the matter from his mind, to meditate on much more endearing themes, and so started off for that cherished spot on the banks of the Des Moines, where the sunlight of love beamed most fondly for him. He is described by those who knew him as being a fair scholar and busi- ness man, with a reasonable amount of common sense; gallant and prompt in all his engagements with the fair sex; no special friend of hard work; but a fine sleeper, an excellent judge of good victuals, and the butt of many practical jokes among his various associates. In his manner and gen- eral appearance, he was impulsive, yet inoffensive; tall, slender, high-heaaed, with " lips pursed up and protuding as if puffing vacant air "; always wear- ing a " plug hat " perched on the back part of his head, with one hand stroking his beard and the other the front part of his waist-coat. He was rather excitable, a trifle giddy and not a little absent-minded on certain occasions. Imagine, then, such a man trudging along over these wild prairies on such an enrapturing mission as his, with the ideal of his heart engrossiug his mind, what room could be left for a thought of district court records under such circumstances? The subject paramont with Scovell now was the preparation of an acceptable docket for another court of a very differ- ent character. He traveled along successfully with the records of the first District Court in his pocket, happy in his meditations, and finally became so ab- sorbed in thought over the probable reception that awaited him by his sweetheart as to grow utterly oblivious to all his immediate surroundings. Thus neglecting to watch his route, and missing his foot-hold, he sud- denly found himself sprawling in a deep little water drain, with his cherished air-castles scattered to the four winds. With some difficulty he gathered himself up and regained the dry land, thoroughly drenched, not a little chagrined, and minus an important portion of the caudal appendage of his best courting coat. Under such circumstances, a great many people would find quite a natural desire to express their disapprobation of the situation by the use of rather strong language; and it is said that even in this case the unfortunate one did actually " give vent to a ' dod drat it ' or two " (per- haps still stronger), and then went on his way a little more cautiously as to his footsteps, with one coat tail drying in the wind, while the other part still soaked in the ditch. .,.._.. , ... .. . . . He reached his destination by nightfall, perhaps a little dampened in ar- . 21 322 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. t dor as well as in clothing, but furnished with an additional topic of interest for the evening's conversation; transacted all the important business on the docket for that session of circuit court, and the next day returned home to Penoach to meditate over the general results of his wonderful adventure. In a day or two, when he came to himself again, and began to take an invoice of his general effects as stored in his pockets, to his dismay, he dis- covered that the important document that was to perpetuate in memory the proceedings of first District Court held in Dallas county was gone, and the most diligent and careful search of the clerk utterly failed to secure the lost records. He retraced his steps over his former adventurous journey (and doubtless improved this favorable opportunity of having another circuit court ses- sion with his loved one), scanned the treacherous brook and winding way with utmost care, but all to no avail. The records were gone, and could only be restored by substituting a copy from memory, which the clerk did at once, giving all the particulars, but" could not restore the signature of the court, and they now appear spread on the minute-book without signatures of judge or clerk. That this important document may be preserved and read by future gen- erations, who may feel interested in the records of the first Dallas county court, we append a copy of the missing papers, as restored from memory by the courting clerk and now appear on the record-book in the county clerk's office, from which this copy was taken : State of Iowa, ) Disthict Cotjbt, September Term, A. D. 1847. Dallas County, j 8B - At a District Court in and for said county of Dallas, in the State of Iowa, begun and held at Penoach, the county seat of said Dallas county, on the sixth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and forty-seven. Present, the Honorable James P. Charlton, Judge of the Fourth Judicial District, in said State, Eli Smithson, Sher- iff, and Stephen K. Scovell, Clerk. And now, on this day, to-wit: the sixth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and forty-seven, comes into court the sheriff, and makes return of the venire facias heretofore issued for grand jurors (this list of grand jurors is the same as given above * * * *); who, being first sworn touching their qualifications to serve as grand jurors, as the law directs, and all being good and lawful men, and the eourt having appointed David Spear foreman of said grand jury, were then duly impaneled, charged and sworn, retired m charge of Martin W. Miller, a. sworn officer for that purpose, to . consider of such matters and things as might come to their knowledge according to their charge. It appearing to the satisfaction of the court that there is no prosecuting attorney for the said county of Dallas : Ordered, by this court that William McKay be, and he is, hereby appointed special prose- cuting attorney for said county of Dallas. Ordered, by said court, that the eagle side of a twenty-five cent piece of American coin shall be the temporary seal in and for the county of Dallas until a proper seal may be provided for said county. And after being absent for some time, the grand jury returned into court, to-wit: on the sixth day of September, 1847, and through their foreman informed said court that they had no bills or presentments to make, and that they had no further business to engage their attention. It is therefore ordered by said court that said grand jury be discharged. Ordered, that this court now adjourn sine die. PETIT JUEY. The first petit jury chosen in Dallas county, of which we find any record, was impaneled September the 21st, 1852, in the case of James B. Huston ) v. >■ Damages. $5. William C. Huston. ) HISTOET OF DALLAS COUNTY. 323 and consisted of the following named persons: Samuel Miller, W. W- Miller, Chelsea Shelton, Stephen Mount, James Laverton, M. C. Thomas, Enos Williams, Isaac Ellis, John Mount, Elijah Miller, O. D. Smalley and L. D. Burnes. The above named jury, with the exceptional change of one man, Isaac Ellis for Levi "Wright, sat on all the jury cases during this term of the District Court, and " all being good and lawful men, who being duly elected and sworn to try the issue joined between the parties, after hearing the evi- dence and all the matters touching the same, returned to consider of and upon their verdict," and being absent sometime on each case returned into court just and satisfactory verdicts. THE FIEST SCHOOL. During the winter of 1847-8 the first school-house was built, and in it the first school was taught in Dallas county. This was altogether a pri- vate enterprise, carried on by W. W. Miller at his own expense. At the same time it was free for all who desired to send their children and share in the benefits derived from the new enterprise. Stephen K. Scovell was employed as the teacher, and, therefore, to his former list of pioneer honors must also be added this important one of being the first school teacher in the county. As a recompense for these labors he received eight dollars per month and board, for a term of three months. In keeping with the average improvements of that date in these parts, this first school-house was a log cabin, perhaps sixteen feet square, with a clapboard roof, puncheon floor, puncheon seats, puncheon desks, and a sod- and-stick chimney which stood outside the building. In this fire-place, which occupied nearly one end of the house entire, a great fire was built of logs and dry limbs of trees, which was kept blazing all the day long for the comfort of the inmates, some of whom had come, perhaps, for long distances through the cold and snow to lay the foundation of their future education in this pioneer school-cabin, and by those very trials and hardships learned lessons of experience which proved eminently useful to them during all their lives. In order that it might not be all darkness within, a log was cut out on either side and a kind of elongated window was formed about one by ten or twelve feet in size. A row of small pins placed in the logs around the insides in each chim- ney-corner, on which to hang their hats and bonnets and extra wrappings, constituted the wardrobe. A door made of puncheons and hung on wooden hinges, closed the en- trance against the rain and cold, and the new school-house was finished, furnished and ready for use. It was truly a rough-looking structure as compared with the more ele- gant ones of the present day. Nevertheless it was quite convenient and comfortable, and withal it was a most important institution which, aside from the instruction received in the private household, afforded the first and only educational advantages in the county, there being as yet no gen- eral provision made by the county for public schools. 324 HISTOBY OF DALLAS COUNTY. THE FIEST CHURCH. The first sermon preached in the county was by Rev. Thompson Bird, a Presbyterian minister of Fort Des Moines, sometime during the year 1846. "We have not been able to ascertain the exact location where this important service occurred, nor the exact date of its occurrence. Very soon after this, and during the same year, Rev. Wm. Busick, a Radical Protestant Methodist minister, then occupying a circuit including Port Des Moines and the surrounding country, came into this county and preached in the house of James Black, in what is now Van Meter town- ship, and soon afterward organized a small class in that vicinity. The first church regularly organized in the county was a Christian church, in the Miller school-house, soon after that cabin was completed, and for a long time that pioneer cabin served the double purpose of a school- house and church building until better accommodations were found. This organization was effected by Elder John P. Glenn, with a member- ship of eighteen persons. They had no cushioned seats or carpeted isles and pews then, and no costly organs and elegantly finished churches; but they rejoiced to meet together on the Sabbath and worship God in his sanc- tuary, even though it were in the rough log cabin in the humble pioneer home. CLAIM CLUBS VERSUS CLAIM JUMPERS. During the early settlement of all this portion of country, while the different lands were being claimed and taken up, the greater part of the first settlers banded themselves together for mutual protection in or- ganizations called " claim clubs," to prevent the encroachment of land speculators, "professional claim jumpers," and various kind of intruders who had no intention of settling here and enduring their share of the hardships and labor involved in opening up and improving a new country. It was a perilous act for anyone outside of these claim clubs to take a claim in any of the more desirable parts of the county lest he should settle upon or interfere with some club-members' previous claim or interest, and if such a thing did occur, no matter how innocent he may have been as to his intentions of intruding, in all such cases the non-initiated could do nothing but give up his claim, improvements and all, either peaceably or through compulsion of the combined force of the club, and resignedly seek elsewhere for lands. If he did not feel like submitting to this treatment, his only hope was to join the club for protection and advice, and thus be admitted to the secrets of its plan of working. In many instances these claim clubs did good service when the enforce- ment of law and order seemed otherwise impossible, in protecting settlers in their rights of home and property. While on the other hand, doubt- less, a good many honest and innocent persons were caused to suffer serious loss and inconvenience through the workings and sometimes unfair means of these clubs. The very best intentioned organizations and individuals sometimes make mistakes in running to extremes and cause injury to others by that which was only originally intended to be beneficial. Especially is this the case where so many different minds and dispositions are united to govern one organization. HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 325 So it was, to a greater or less extent, with these early claim clubs. While the chief design in their work was the mutual protection and ben- efit of all the members, and the proper settlement and development of the country, the injudicious, selfish members sometimes caused the institution of means that resulted in the injury and oppression of the innocent. But professional claim jumpers were plentiful, as well as very shrewd and persistent in their modes of working to get the advantage, and these organized clubs seemed to prove as the only effectual checkmates for them. In this respect, therefore, the latter accomplished a good work and afforded a formidable defense. These clubs existed in almost every community, and were by no means a new institution when first introduced here. The claim rights of settlers were then regulated by what was called the claim law, which had its origin in Jefferson county, and was in a certain sense sanctioned by the legisla- ture of 1839. Dallas -county, however, was very fortunate in not being as seriously troubled with professional claim jumpers and intruders as many other neighboring localities, especially further east, and, therefore, did not have so much need of resorting to club rule. The early settlers of this county did find occasion for such a mode of defense, and were not slow to put it in operation. In the early spring of 1848 a good many troubles and disputes arose about land and claim titles, and the settlers began to consider seriously the propriety of organizing an effective claim club for self-protection against the avaricious professionals who were boldly displaying their colors as scheming claim jumpers. Accordingly, on July 1, 1848, quite a number of the prominent citizens of the county assembled at the house of Judge Samuel Miller, and a formal meeting was held for the purpose of taking definite steps in this important movement. Samuel Miller was made chairman of the meeting, and S. K. Scovell, secretary. After several pointed speeches by different settlers present, urging the propriety of immediately forming such a club, on motion a committee of three, consisting of Thomas Butler, S. K. Scovell and L. D. Burnes, was duly appointed by the chair, to draft by-laws for the government of the "DALLAS COUNTY CLAIM CLUB." This committee performed the duty thus assigned them, and reported through their chairman, Thomas Butler, the following by-laws, which were accepted and adopted unanimously: BY-LAWS. Whereas: Self-protection, the acquiring and peaceable possession of property are essen- tial to the happiness and prosperity of the people; and Whereas: Reckless claim jumpers and invidious wolves in human form are prowling thr6ugh the county for the purpose of robbing the settler of his claim and of the means of support; therefore, be it ,.,,...., Resolved, 1. That we pledge ourselves to protect every member of this club in his rights of claim, or against the pre-emption of adverse parties, without fear of the world, the flesh or the devil. 2. That no person shall be allowed to pre-empt, or to purchase from government any claim of a member of the club, without the unequivocal consent of the member. 3. That the filing of any intention to pre-empt, in contravention of the right of any member hereof, shall be regarded as an attempt to deprive one member of his rights under the eternal fitness of things, and we pledge ourselves one to another to meet the offender on the home stretch with logic of life or death. 326 HISTOKT OF DAXLAS COUNTY. 4. That a committee of three be raised, whose duty shall be to hear and adjust any dis' putes, evasions or disagreements that may arise with members of this club, or any case where claims of members are in dispute with outside, adverse claimants, of every character whatever. 5. That we pledge ourselves to sustain and uphold our committees and appointments in the performance of their several duties, and to enforce their decisions and adjudications to the very letter, with force and arms if necessary. 6. That a cordial invitation is hereby extended to every citizen of Dallas county to sign these articles of by-laws, and to assist in their faithful execution and enforcement. The above by-laws were signed by Samuel Miller, Thomas Butler, S. K. Scovell, James A. Butler, W. W. Miller, J. C. Oorbell, L. D. Burnes, Mil- ton Randolph, Harvey Adams, George P. Garroutte, Z. Babcock, John Bivens, Eli Miller, John Sharp, Eli Smithson and Adam Yineage, making sixteen signers in all, and including every man present at the meeting. Afterward it was signed by numerous others who were at this time absent, and whose names we have not been able to obtain. W. W. Miller, Z. Babcock and Adam Vineage were appointed the " Committee of Reference," and were duly instructed that on the notifica- tion of the party or parties claiming to be aggrieve, the said committee should meet as soon as possible at the house of W. W. Miller, and then and there proceed to hear and adjust flie difficulty. From the foregoing account, the particulars of which were furnished by one of the original members of the club, it is evident that these early set- tlers meant business in earnest, and had no sympathy or patience with the deceitful schemes and workings of professional claim jumpers; but were determined that all such should be dealt with promptly and in such a man- ner as would soon rid the county of all such nuisances and their injurious work. It appears, too, that this plan worked effectually in quickly accomplish- - ing the end designed, as, very fortunately, no cases occurred of sufficient importance to be brought before the club, or their committee of reference, for adjustment, and there are no intricate schemes of arbitration, or occa- sions of bloodshed, to be here recorded as the result of its workings. There was one case of claim trouble in the county after this organization was effected, existing between John Wright and W. D. Boone, in the south- east part of the county, which caused considerable difficulty and malicious feeling between them individually, but this occurred outside of the club- membership, and was finally settled without serious results to either party concerned. In 1852 an aggravated case of wholesale claim appropriation threatened seriously to occur in Penoach precinct, when John Sutton proposed to enter the homestead and claim of George P. Garroutte, which would most certainly have tested the mettle and efficiency of the club for settling such disputes, if the proposed scheme of invasion had been persisted in by the offending party. But, fortunately, it was abandoned in due time, and peace prevailed without the need of any aggressive movement on the part of the claim club or the party threatened. THE THIRD ELECTION. On Monday, the third day of April, 1848, the third election was held in Dallas county. Nothing of unusual importance transpired on this occasion, other than the common occurrences of the average spring election. HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 327 There were only two new officers to be elected at this time, a school-fund commissioner and a prosecuting attorney. Beside these, two other offices were to be filled, one of which had been made vacant by resignation since the previous August election, and the other was still vacant because of the failure to qualify on the part of the elected candidate. Noah Staggs had resigned the office of county commissioner to which he had been elected for the term of three years, and Tristram Davis was elected in his place, to hold office until the August election following, when a candidate must again be elected regularly, who should continue during this unexpired term of three years. William D. Boone was elected at this time, also, to the office of probate judge, to fill the vacancy caused by the failure of Samuel Miller to qualify as the law required, the latter having been elected to that office at the pre- vious fall election. Stephen K. Scovell was duly elected as the first School Fund Commis- sioner of 'the county, which office was created by an act of the State legis- ture of Iowa, and approved January 24, 1847; but had never before been filled in the county. Henry Stump was elected as the first prosecuting attorney in the county, at this election also. This office had heretofore been filled \>j appointment of the court. At this election there still was only one voting precinct in the county, as at the previous fall election, and all the votes were polled at Penoach (now Adel). There were, in all, twenty-four votes cast this time, showing an increase of five over the previous election, but a decrease of one still below the num- ber of votes cast at the first election. This, however, was not on account of any decrease in the number of inhabitants in the county, for in this there had been a great increase during that time; but it simply showed a decline in the interest manifested on the two occasions. The first election was a new and an important event in the history of the county, while the third one began to appear like the old story often told. Besides this the greater part of the citizens were becoming too much in- terested in, and occupied with, their private affairs and spring work, to be very desirous of public positions, unless there was more money in them than was afforded by the majority of the offices then to be filled. The coming fall election would, doubtless, display a different feeling, and awaken a much deeper interest on the part of all, as new issues were again to be met. All the offices announced in the proclamation of the organizing sheriff, as necessary for the complete organization of the county, had now been duly filled by the votes of the people at regular elections, and the new county's political machinery was fully organized and in running order. The coming fall election would give the voters of the county their first op- portunity, as such, for casting their votes for State officers. THE FIRST COUET-HOUSE. Lot 8, block 9, of the town of Penoach, was purchased by Buel Lathrop, July 8, 1848, and upon it he built a double log cabin, which he soon after- ward sold to the county for a temporary court-house, and offices in which the county business could be transacted. 328 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. This cabin consisted, in the main, of two separate rooms, built a short distance apart, but connected by one roof, and a porch-way extending be- tween them, with a door leading into each room from this porch or alley. This cabin was built of hewed cotton wood logs, and was roofed with shingles, or rather clapboards made of the same kind of material, which rendered it not by any means always waterproof, but made it to answer the purpose for whicli it was used, very conveniently and acceptably in the ab- sence of any better place. There was a large awkward-looking chimney on each end, made of blocks of prairie-sod and sticks of timber, daubed between with mud mortar, and each setting outside of the building. These rough chimneys afforded am- ple room for log fires within sufficient to make the rooms quite comfortable for hardy pioneers, even during the coldest winter weather, and many happy hours have been spent around those great log fires, relating the va- rious adventures experienced and heard of, and enjoying the jokes of the season. ' It was supplied inside with a rough puncheon floor and a number of ex- temporized seats, desks, tables and other necessary furniture, all made of like material as that of the walls and roof. These were all of the best style and quality that the times and circumstances could afford. On the side next the street each room had one six-light window of 8x10 glass, which served the important purpose of letting in the amount of light the inmates were allowed to make use of each day while engaged in their official duties. Judging from the photograph of this rustic relic, which is still extant, it is evident that this cabin was not especially noted for its beauty of archi- tecture, nor even for the wonderful degree • of comfort and convenience it afforded to those who occupied it; but at all events it was the most conven- ient and comfortable structure the people could afford in those days, per- haps more so than many of them afforded at home, and very appropriately served the purpose for which it was intended until a better place could be secured. Within that rough exterior doubtless, not only logical reasoning with rhetorical flights of eloquence were frequently displayed, but most important business was there transacted, to which the county is indebted, in a great measure, for its present condition of improvement and pros- perity. Hon. James P. Charlton and Hon. William McKay are the only Judges whom we find mentioned on the records as having presided over terms of District Court held in this first, Dallas county court-house. In 1849 this double cabin was converted into a store building, by George B. Warden, and was used by him for this purpose for some time, but finally was sold to Jesse K. Miller and moved away. In 1853 a new court-house was built on lot 4, block 17, where the brick bank buildingnow stands, on the south of the court-house square and just east of Boaks' grocery store. This second court-house was a great improvement on the first one, being a one-story frame structure, about forty feet in length by twenty feet in width, comfortably finished and furnished, and served the purpose finely for a number of years until the present one was built. Some years after- ward it caught fire, and, with the building adjoining it on the east, was burned to the ground. According to the records it appears that Hon. William McKay, during his last terms of service, Hon. Charles J. McFar- HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 329 land, and Hon. William M. Stone were the judges who presided over the various terms of the District Court in this second court-house during the four or five years that it remained in use for that purpose by the county. The present court-house, which is the third one for Dallas county, was built in 1858. It is a firip brick structure, two stories high and about sixty-four feet in length by forty-two feet in width, costing about eighteen or twenty thousand dollars when built. The lower story is divided into five offices, while the upper one serves as a comfortable and sufficiently commodious court-room. This building is situated about the center of the court-house square, being the first one erected on that ground. About two years ago the county, finding there was not sufficient room in this main building down stairs for all the different offices, erected another brick building one story high in the southwest corner of the court square and divided it into three commodious and attractive offices, which are oc- cupied respectively by the treasurer, clerk, and recorder. This structure is built in the shape of a letter L, thus forming two wings each eighteen feet wide, while the south and west walls of the building are each about forty feet in length, these being the longest sides. At the election of April 2, 1855, a vote was taken on levying a tax for building a new court-house, but was lost by 99 to 179 votes. The county officials and tax-payers were not disposed to run in debt for such public improvements, but preferred to wait awhile until the county had procured the means by which to defray the expenses of such a struc- ture before entering upon the task of building. Accordingly, on the minute-book is found the following record of the ac- tion taken two years afterward on this subject which proved much more successful and met with the favor of the people: Whereas a petition has been presented to the county court of Dallas county, Iowa, praying that the county judge take immediate steps for the erection of a. court-house; and Wheeeas, the county having available means, amounting to about ten thousand dollars, that can be applied for that purpose; and believing that a good and substantial court-house can be built without increasing the ordinary expenses, or the taxes heretofore laid ; it is there- fore ordered by the court that an election be held in Dallas county, at the several places of voting therein to take the sense of the people of said county, for a court-house, and against a court-house. The manner of voting on the above proposition— the tickets shall have written or printed thereon the words, " For the Court-house," or "Against the Court-house." The vote on the above proposition was carried by a handsome majority, there being 240 against to 401 votes in favor of building a new court-house which resulted in the erection of the present brick structure, from the treasury funds, without levying a tax. The contract for building said court-house was let during the June term of court, 1857, to C. Eodenbach for $9,980, and the building was erected during the next year. MORMON RAID. The fourth election in Dallas county was held August 12, 1848, and proved to be an occasion of considerable importance, as a member of Congress, together with several State officers, were to be elected at this time, and Dal- las was to have her first experience, as a county, voting in a State election. Iowa was, at that time, entitled to only one representative in the lower house. 330 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. The two political parties then in the field were Whig and Democrat, and the party lines were pretty distinctly drawn so that a close political contest seemed inevitable. During the summer the board of county commissioners had again di- vided the county for political purposes and increased the number of polling places from one to three, in order that it might be more convenient for the voters who were now scattered over various and quite distant parts of the county. One of these new polling places was at Penoach, as before, one at the house of William P. McCabbin, situated in what is now Boone township, and the third at the house of Judah Learning in the northeastern part of the county. This division made it much more convenient for the attend-' ance of all parties concerned. There was, however, a rather ingenious and disgraceful political trick played at this election, which resulted in very suddenly increasing the number of votes cast in the county to one hundred and ten (110) while there had been only twenty-four (24) cast at the previous April election of the same year. The cause of this sudden increase of votes at this election was the unex- pected appearance at the polls, on election day, of some fifty or sixty Mor- mons who came in wagons and camped out near the place of voting. At that time Dallas county really extended in its political jurisdiction clear to the Missouri river, and people proving themselves to be naturalized citizens and living within said bounds were entitled to cast their votes at this election. This condition of things offorded broad latitude for political chicanery for those who desired to avail themselves of it in order to gain a political triumph; and it appears that on this occasion one Pete Myers, then of Fort Des Moines, took advantage of this favorable opportunity and perpetrated a shrewd but unjustifiable trick on the honest voters of the county. He is accused of having negotiated with the Mormon leaders for their votes in the interests of the Whig "candidate for Congress. Accordingly the above mentioned company of Mormons came in their wagons, claiming to belong to the attached territory of Dallas west of this on the Missouri slope, but really lived some distance south of the attachment line, and cast their votes en masse for the Whig candidate, Daniel F. Miller, each and every one swearing in his vote. The result was that Miller received eighty-eight votes for Congressman, and William Thompson, the Democratic candidate, received twenty-two, giving the former a majority of sixty-six. The most of the excess vote by the Mormons was cast at the house of Wrn. P. McCubbin, where the greater part of them camped with their wagons. The clerk of the board of county commissioners, S. K. Scovell, according to law having chosen two justices of the peace, Samuel Miller and Levi A. Davis, to assist him in the election canvass, saw, as soon as the returns from the different precincts were received, that a serious fraud had been committed, and positively refused to join with the two justices in completing the can- vass and making the returns. In this case the law required that three separate abstracts should be made in the returns, one giving the votes for Congressman, another for the State officers, and the third for the county officers. HISTORY OF DA1LAS COUNTY. 331 _ Notwithstanding this, when the clerk refused to join them, the two jus- tices, Miller and Davis, proceeded on their own responsibility, completed the canvass themselves, and made but one abstract of the whole, either ig- norantly or willfully, giving the entire vote of Congress, State and county officers all on one and the same sheet, in open violation of the law, and re- quested the clerk to forward said returns to the Secretary of State. Scovell refused to do so on the same ground on which he refused to join the canvass, and finally through the influence of Daniel F. Miller's friends an order was issued by the court requiring Scovell to correct the abstract and forward the returns in due form to the Secretary of State, and the Mormon tricksters gained their triumph. Tristram Davis was elected county commissioner to fill the unexpired term of three years previously vacated by the resignation of Noah Staggs. William P. McOubbin was elected in the place of O. D. Smalley, whose one year term had expired, and Uriah Stotts was elected Judge of Probate, to fill the place made vacant by the resignation of William D. Boone. The following is a copy of the abstract of the election returns as made by the two justices, on the single sheet, including the votes cast for all the officers, and which the clerk refused to forward or approve until specially ordered by the court: NAMES OF CANDIDATES. .a 60 & .9 ° s O § 3 S J3 DO .J 53 M o S O wJ £ ' 03 0h £ 10 11 1 62 23 3 62 23 3 10 11 1 10 11 1 62 23 3 62 23 3 10 11 1 2 29 4 47 3 3 1 26 3 18 38 9 9 14 be I So Congress : Wm. ^Thompson Daniel F. Miller Secretary of State : John M. Coleman. . . Joseph H. Bowny. . . . Auditor of State : Joseph T. Fales Wm. A. Warren Treasurer of State: Robert Holmes Morgan Reno Count;/ Commissioners : Tristram Davis Wm. P. McCubbin. . . O. D. Smalley Joseph C. McCubbin. Judge of Probate : Uriah Stotts Wm. D. Boone Justice of the Peace : Archibald Crowl Constable : Wm. D. Boone 22 88 22 22 88 88 22 35 53 80 18 38 9 14 We, Samuel Miller and Levi A. Davis, two acting justices of the peace in and for Dallas county, do hereby certify that the above abstract of the election in all. the precincts in said county is correct. Given under our hands this 12th day of August, 1848. SAMUEL MILLER, Justice of the Peace. LEVI A. DAVIS, Justice of the Peace. 332 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION. In the year 1848, on the seventh day of November, the sixteenth pres- idential election occurred, which was the first election of this kind since the organization of Dallas as a county. It was therefore an occasion of consid- erable interest as it gave the voters their first opportunity of casting their ballots in their new county for the Chief Executive of the nation. The population of the county had not yet become sufficiently extensive to call forth any very great demonstration in a political campaign; but those who were here were generally as thoroughly interested in the important event which was about to transpire in the nation's career as those who were living in parts more densely populated; and as the appointed election day drew near, the display of interest and enthusiasm continued to increase until the excitement became quite interesting and called forth some lively speeches and zealous electioneering from the different parties. The three political parties then in the field were the Whig, Democratic and " Free-soil " parties. Gen. Zachary Taylor, or " Old Rough and Ready," was the Whig candi- date for the presidency, being nominated on the fourth ballot over Henry Clay, Gen. Scott and Daniel Webster, in the Whig convention, which met at Philadelphia, June 7th, 1848. Gen. Lewis Cass, an American statesman and eminent United States sen- ator from Michigan in 1844, on account of his able opposition to the " Wil- mot Proviso," * was nominated as the Democratic candidate for the presi- dency in 1848. And Martin Van Buren, the eighth President of the United States was the "Free-soil" candidate for the presidency at the same election. Quite a schism had been caused in the Democratic party about that time over " the question of the permission of slavery in the newly-acquired terri- tory," and a considerable faction branched off under the name of " Free- soilers " forming a new party, and nominating their own candidate above mentioned. This, of course,very materially weakened the old party, and helped secure the victory for the Whigs. Besides, in nominating Gen. Taylor, with his great popularity as the "hero of the battle of Buena Vista," for which he had just received the gold medal and thanks of Congress, the Whig party had " struck the key-note of success," and the result was Taylor received 163 electoral votes to 137 received by Cass; and a popular vote of 1,360,752 against 1,219,962 for Cass, and 291,342 for Van Buren. As one has truthfully said regarding this presidential race, " Old ' Rough and Ready,' so recently from the victorious battle-field of Buena Vista, was a power in the land, and, we dare say, the ' Great Michigander,' with all his knowledge of men, with all his laurels of field and forum, of statesmanship and diplomacy, could hardly have expected to be successful, as against Gen. Taylor, before the American people." But the facts in the case are, eminent statesmanship has not appeared to * David Wilmot, a Democratic congressman, on August 8th, 1846, offered an amendment to a bill appropriating $2,000,000 for the purchase of Mexican territory, which amendment became celebrated under the name of u The Wilmot Proviso." In substance it required : " That as an express and fundamental oondition to the acquisition of any territory from the republia of Mexico by the United States * * * neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of the said territory." This proviso was adopted by the House, but rejected by the Senate, and became the starting-point for the "Free-soil " movement of 1848. HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 333 be the essential qualification in a public man for gaining the nomination, or for carrying the popular vote for the presidential office, and there has not been any radical change for the better visible in that respect during our entire career, even until the present day. The natural result is, as shown by a glance at the past political record, comparatively few of our chief ex- ecutives have been especially noted for what is understood as eminent states- manship. Gen. Taylor received the nomination on that occasion over at least two men in his own party who stood in the foremost ranks of American states- manship, Henry Clay and Daniel Webster, and by a handsome majority he carried this election over Gen. Cass, another of our first statesmen and most powerful orators, either of whom, doubtless, was greatly his superior as an orator or a statesman, and as such, by their superior powers and extended knowledge and experience, could sway the masses at their will on almost any other important question; but could not, for themselves, command the pop- ular vote, or control the political scheming with sufficient success to gain the presidential chair. Too often it is the case that wide notoriety over some sudden success, and the great burst of public applause that is made to follow it, through the agency of influential friends, rather than true popularity from real merit and emi- nent qualifications for the position, are made the principal means of decid- ing who shall fill many of our high offices of trust, and thus bring danger and disaster upon our government. A man may be deservedly popular and eminently fitted for one important position, and yet be very unfit for an- other one of an entirely different character to which the popular voice may call him ; and yet such great mistakes as these are often made of placing the wrong man in the wrong place, thus dwarfing his powers and injuring his usefulness to the detriment of the nation. This great political evil can only be remedied, and the disaster resulting from it averted, by carefully and accurately measuring each candidate by the special qualification and fitness he possesses for filling the particular position, and thus choose the " right man for the right place." In Dallas county's first experience in presidential elections, she had the privilege and honor of casting her vote for eminent and worthy men, which made the occasion one of interest and importance to all. In view of the troubles experienced by the perpetration of fraud at the preceding August election, and in order to effectually prevent the like from occurring again at this time, the board of county commissioners decided to have only one voting precinct for the entire county, in place of three, as at the previous election. To this end, at one of their sessions, they passed the following order: Ordered, That hereafter the only place of voting in Dallas county shall be Penoach, until otherwise changed, and that due notice be given as required by law. 9 Accordingly the election was held at the house of J. C. Corbel], in Pen- oach. There were in all fifty-seven votes cast at this time and the follow- ing list shows the names of ail the voters in the order in which each vote was cast: W. W. Miller, John Sullivan, Sr., John Sullivan, Jr., Harvey Adams, John Bivens, L. D. Burnes, S. K. Scovell, Isaac Tribby, William D. Boone, Thomas Butler, Samuel Miller, John Miller, William Ellis, Eli Smithson, 334 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. John Bennett, Lewis Stump, Shubal Haworth, Isaac Ellis, David Daily, Z. Babcock, Uriah Stotts, James Wright, Milton Kandolf, Buel Lathro'p| George Haworth, "Jeff" Jones, James Drummond, Jonathan ' Sullivan, James A. Butler, George P. Garroutte,. Samuel P. Garroutte, James Brooks, Daniel James, Anderson Kelly, Daniel Stump, " Chris " Fowler, Horatio Morrison, Ed. J. Fowler, Archibald Crowl, Eli Miller, Levi "Wright, John M. Davis, Ira Sherman, J. C. Corbel], Chelsea Shelton, Nathan Moore, Barney Morrison, Tristram Davis, Howell Blacketer, Isaac Magart, Judah Learning, Sr., O. D. Smalley, Judah Learning, Jr., Samuel Todd s F. 0. Case, Elisha Learning, G. H. Reynolds — 57 votes. There were but few legal voters in the county who failed to cast their ballots at this election. A number had come in since the previous August election who were entitled to a vote in the county at this time, but some of these living so remote from the polls, and being so new and unsettled in the county, failed to make their appearance at the polls on election day. Aside from these few cases a full vote was cast, and a general good feel- ing prevailed, though each party was intent on its own especial interest, and worked faithfully to gain the victory. ( The Whig electors for General Z. Taylor, presidential candidate, were: Fitz Henry Warren, "] WilhamTWallace, f These received 34 votes in this cmni ^ Stephen B. Shelleday. J The Democratic electors for General Lewis Cass, presidential candidate were: Augustus C. Dodge, ] jZsSIE; The9e receiyed 22 votes " this county - Lincoln Clark. J The Free-soil electors for Martin Van Buren, presidential candidate, were; George McDonald, 1 X™°' }- These received i vote in this count y- George Thomas. J There were no regular Yan Buren tickets here, and in the absence of any Ira Sherman receives the credit of [furnishing, impromptu, Free-soil tickets bearing the above names, among which his own appears. And he also is accredited with casting the only ballot in the county for the Free- soil electors. THE FIEST WATER MILL. As previously mentioned, the first water mill for grinding grain, in the county limits, was built by Buel Lathorp, in the year 1848. After selling his property in Penoach to the county for a court-house, Mr. Lathrop took a claim on Hickory Greek, a little south of Matt. Freeman's farm. He built a dam, cut a mill race across the bend of the creek, constructed a breast-wheel and so placed it as to utilize the power of the water fall, erected a log mill house, purchased Samuel Miller's old horse-power " stump mill," and thus fitted up an improved pioneer mill on his new site HISTOKY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 335 for the accommodation of the public on quite an extensive scale, capable of grinding at least one and one-half bushels of corn per hour. After a short time, however, he sold this mill to "Chris." Fowler, who ran it for a while,or rather let it run itself as a general thing, after tilling the hopper, until it became empty again, without making any special effort tokeep it in repairs, or improve its condition, or increase its capacity for grinding. With this lax treatment the mill soon ground itself out until it was almost without grist or patrons, so that the miller, finding it unprofit- able business, and becoming so enamored with the attractions of Mormon- ism, soon disposed of his mill property and left the country. As Mr. Burnes, one of his old patrons, says of him : " Chris, was a disciple, theologically, of Joe Smith, Jr., and this mill required so little of his attention after the hopper had been well filled, that 'Chris.' would take advantage of his leisure hours (and they were many) to impress his patrons with a sense of the beauty and self-abnega- tion of Mormonism, enlarged and improved upon by Bro. Young. " Poor ' Chris.' became environed by the hobgoblins on his return home one night from an effort at Penoach, after which he became trist, and soon after left the county, in fear of a second seance of infernals over his mis- sionary labors in Penoach." THE OWENS MILL. Sometime this same summer of 1848 another water-power grist and saw- mill was put up by "Yankee" Smith and his son-in-law, Henry Owens, near the mouth of Cottonwood creek, in what is now Union township, on section 11. This was commonly known as "Owens' Mill," and is very distinctly remembered by most of the early settlers yet surviving, on account of the general good time enjoyed on the occasion of its being raised and chris- tened in pioneer style. Though the mill itself endured but for a short season until it was entirely 6wept away by the flood, still the building of it at that early day remains green in the memory of many, even now. Judge L. D. Burnes, who was present and performed a very important part in the building of this mill, gives the following interesting account of the raising and what soon followed: " Henry Owens put up a water-mill on South Raccoon river, near the mouth of Cottonwood, in the summer of 1848. Mr. Harvey Adams, George P. Garroutte and Squire Babb were invited, as were nearly every- body else, to help raise the house and frame the mill. " The house was built of hewed logs, and was a double, two-story one. In fact, it was as fine a hewed-log house as we had ever seen. Henry Owens was a gentleman of the old school, and had, of course, laid in a very large supply of ' liquid fire ' for this occasion. ' Fun and frolic ' abounded. The colonel's table fairly groaned under the rich supplies he had provided for the hungry. Just at nightfall the work was done. "Many could not make home that night, 'and, of course, stayed with the chivalrous colonel, and we were treated like princes of the blood. "We, Squire Babb, George P. Garroutte, Harvey Adams and Eli Miller determined to return home that night. There was not a road leading homeward, nor even a pathway going to Penoach. We chose Eli Miller, 336 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. upon his own recommendation, as guide and cicerone, and started out for home by the way of Penoach. The night was bright and clear, the moon was in its new, first quarter, the dew fell rapidly and abundantly. "We had not proceeded far when Squire Babb fell from his horse, from the effects of Colonel Owens' ' liquid fire.' We and George P. Garroutte got off our horses and replaced the Squire on his horse and steadied him a moment, but as soon as we had remounted and started, off came the Squire sprawling on the ground. We were soon off again to replace him, but we found the Squire limber and deaf to all our appeals to go on. - "George P. Garroutte finally got out of patience and bounced him, gathered the Squire by the throat and plied his fists vigorously, to the per- son of the inebriate Squire. " Every blow was accompanied by such a gush of virulent invective that the little stars above seemed to hide their faces in very shame. "The Squire finally came to, and replied to George's chastisement thus: 'Mr. Garroutte, I can whip you the best day you ever saw; but, sir, I scorn to do such a thing. You are my neighbor, Mr. Garroutte, and, sir, I would as soon be found fighting my mother as my neighbor, sir!' "George replied, vigorously: 'Get up, you d — d old whig, or I will kill you and throw your old carcass into the creek to feed the minnows.' " ' Mr. Garroutte,' replied the Squire, ' you are a villain, sir, but you are my neighbor, Mr. Garroutte, and I would just as soon, sir, be found fight- ing Mrs. Babb as to be found fighting my neighbor, Mr. Garroutte, hie' — "George rejoined at the very top of his voice: 'The h — 11 yon say! Get up, you old sheep thief, or I will bait my wolf-trap with your old rotten carcass.' " By this time the Squire was on his feet, ready for fight. " George got him by one leg and we by the other, and lifted him astride his horse and started on, we holding one leg and George holding the other, Eli Miller leading the way. "After winding over the prairies for some time we came to the house of our old friend, Abner McKean, on Panther creek, where we unloaded the Squire, and left Harvey Adams with him to keep him quiet. " We went on, struck the ford on the slough above the site of the Adel Mill, and reached Horatio Morrison's late in the night. Horatio was living on and owned the claim on the river at the east side of the island. There we staid all night. On our arrival at Morrison's Horatio got up, struck a light, asked us if we would have supper. After we had replied in the neg- ative he got down his old red violin, and we were welcomed with the ' Arkansaw Traveler,' 'Mony Musk,' 'Fisher's Hornpipe,' and 'Jenny, get your hoe-cake done.' " Thus the curtain fell on the jovial scene of important mill-raising in Dallas county. How Squire Babb fared with his generous host during the rest of the night, we have not been able to ascertain; but undoubtedly he felt the un- pleasant effects of Dr. George P. Garroutte's radical remedy for a serious and sullen attack of mill-raising inebriety for several days, and was exceed- ingly fortunate if Mrs. Babb did not give him even a much more severe trouncing for affirming that he would just as soon "fight her as his neigh- bor." It is little wonder that this mill could not long endure the pressure of circumstances. HISTOET OF DALLAS COTJNTY. 337 As a mighty flood of the most dangerous liquid attended its construction, it was quite in keeping that another flood should also be the cause of its destruction. THE PIONEER MIMIC. Mill-raisings, house-warmings, corn-huskings,and all such public gather- ings and working-bees would be stale and unattractive without some one to take the lead as the genuine fun producer. After all, the public enjoyment of the multitude, to a very great extent, is dependent on a few persons who are especially adapted to take the lead in joking and mimicry ; and on this occasion, of the Owens mill-raising, it appears that such comic characters were sufficiently numerous to secure a jolly time for all. One of those who most materially enhanced the interest and enjoyment of this occasion was " Deaf Jim " Wright, the star mimic of the entire settlement, who was present in highest glee, and in the best of trim for the ludicrous imitation and ridicule of any appropriate characters whom he might undertake to personify. A graphic description of the role " Deaf Jim " there played, and other items regarding the proprietors of said mill, and their career here, is given by Mr. Greene, in the Dallas County JVews, from which we quote as fol- lows: " ' Deaf Jim ' was a model citizen, and though one principal avenue be- tween the outer world and his brain was quite closed, still his perceptions, intellectual and moral, were exceptionably quick and his judgment good. His powers of mimicry and imitation were a constant surprise, and would have made the fortune of a stage actor. Scarce a man of his acquaintance but he could so accurately personate that the subject would be readily recog- nized. Steve Scovell, with his head thrown back, his lips pursed up, pro- truded, and puffing the vacant air — one hand complacently stroking his beard, the other his capacious stomach. Judge Burns — so quietly rolling and caressing his hands, while ' smiling a smile so child-like and bland.' And the gallant young swell — mincing and prancing by the side of his girl, and indignantly throwing away the soiled and offensive pocket handker- chief (after, wiping his mouth with it), that some envious scamp had stealth- ily stuck into his pocket, and many more — all were ' painted lively as the deed was done.' But his masterpiece was ' Yankee Smith.' " When, in 1847 and 1848, Smith and Owens were building their saw and grist mills on South 'Coon, near the mouth of Cottonwood, nearly all the able-bodied men in the county volunteered many days to forward the much needed work. ' Deaf Jim ' was there to lend a helping hand. A hired man, with a cart and oxen belonging to Smith, was hauling earth to build the dam, and dumping it off a bank some 12 feet high. He awkwardly backed cart and oxen off into the river. Smith was a tall, bony, restless, passionate, irrepressible yankee, over 70 years of age. Imagine him trying to 'work off' the effects of such a disaster! Coatless and hatless, his long gray hairs literally on end, his bony arms beating the air in impotent rage. 'Tis said he did full justice to his subject. Deaf Jim was deeply im- pressed — the violent gestures he could give in full; and though he could not understand the full force of the expletives, he seemed aware that they were not wanting, for when reproducing the scene he would utter the most fear- ful howls, but they cannot be transferred to paper. On witnessing this 22 338 HIST0KY OF DALLAS COUNTY. exhibition one could see clearly what Shakspeare means by ' tear passion to tatters — to very rags.' "The Smith and Owens mills being built upon the sand, when the rains descended, the floods came and swept them wholly away, ruining the pro- prietors, and discouraging our people sadly. Smith went to stay with his son in Missouri, where he died shortly after, of small-pox. After hearing of his decease, 'Deaf Jim' could not be prevailed upon to personate 'Yan- kee Smith.' " Henry Owens was a gentleman in the best sense of the term. His fair natural abilities were supplemented bj 7 considerable culture, and his frank genial manners made him a general favorite. After the destruction of his mills he went to California in quest of gold. He had an interesting « family — one son, William, accompanied him to California, and afterward- \ went to Oregon. Mrs. Owens and her two daughters, twelve and fifteen years of age, remained in Dallas, and during the summer of 1850 the girls boarded '] at W. W. Miller's, and attended a school near by, taught by a young lady hired by Miller. " After some three years H. Owens returned from California, and ran for member of the Iowa Legislature against Dr. E. Van Fossen. But the yonng republican party, led by Grimes, was irresistible, and Owens, with nealy all democrats (for the first time in Iowa), had to take back seats." Judge L. D. Burns, also, in his Centennial History of the county, relates several interesting incidents as occurring during the year 1848, which we herein present, as follows: A CABIN-RAISING. " In the year of grace, 1848, the cabin of a new-comer was to be 'raised.' Invitations to help had been given to all the settlers near — and there were not many — and to bring along with them the wife and children, which was the prevailing idea in those days of mobilized homogenousness and peren- nial philanthropy and singleness of heart. "We had the honor to be included among the favored number to whom the invitation had been extended, and we set out pretty early for the seat of the cabin, and as early as we were we found on our arrival on the ground that a few had preceded us, while others were still coming in, whistling merry bouts of a quaint old roundelay. " The work of rearing the cabin had cheerfully begun, good humor, fun and facetiae abounded. " The cabin was, in fact, pretty well on the way, when a well dressed stranger suddenly appeared in our midst. He was gentlemanly and collo- ■ quial, and curiosity ran high to know who on earth this comely stranger could possibly be, so that the anxious interrogatory went from lip to lip, 'who is he?' " This anxiety, however, was soon allayed by the stranger himself announe- , ing his name to be ' Ira Sherman, from York State.' He was looking around for a good sheep range, where he thought of locating himself for all time to come, and would be pleased to know ' if any one present ' could point out to him such a place. " Many localities were soon mentioned, not far away, as being just the very place for wool-growing, and as many persons confidently advised the wool-grower, by all means, to look at them. HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 339 "Just here our old irrepressible friend, James Y. Pierce, who had been hitherto a quiet listener, and for whom the cabin was being raised, inter- posed, and in his inimitable manner piat this leading question to the ur- bane wool-grower: " ' Mr. Shorsmans, how many sheops do you prepoas to spread out on thoas big prarees, mistow?' The wool-grower promptly replied, without a ripple of emotion on his placid countenance, 'Well, sir, some ten or twelve thousand.' This cool enuncication quickened the ears of the credu- lous settlers, and very soon they became so deeply interested in the collo- quy between Pierce and the wool-grower that the work on the cabin ceased, and those who were running up the corners came down and, with itching ears, had swept around in concentric circles, inclosing Pierce and the wool-grower in the center. The settlers were astonished and were pretty sure they saw in the blanched, smooth, full face of the wool-grower, ample evidence that ' bull ' or ' bear ' from Wall street, mayhap a million- aire, was present, who had, in all probability, cloyed and sickened on the veneered and varnished civilities of artificial life on ' Fifth Avenue,' to es- cape which he had come away out West to grow wool, to romp over these interminable prairies, to inhale the rejuvenescent air of youthful, vigorous, and joyous Iowa, in order to renew wasted energies in the counting-rooms, and to grow fat and funny withal. "All the settlers were anxious indeed to have the amiable wool-grower for a neighbor, or at any rate to have him settle in the neighborhood some- where, with his massive flock of sheep, to answer as a light-house to draw emigration hither. Among those in attendance on this interesting occa- sion was one ' Dutch Henry,' a masculine of Hessian extraction, whose pa- ternal ancester had fought the colonies under General Heister, at the battle of Long Island. He was a lugubrious individual, of an awkward, physical contour, with an ugly yawning scar above his left eye, at right angles with his little terrapin nose — a late arrival, in our quiet little settlement, from the East, by way of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and had located a claim west of the river, near Perry. " Many wondered why Henry had strayed so far from the cordon of set- tlements, when equally as good a claim could have been had within. " Henry made rails, dug wells and made himself generally useful to the settlers in many ways, for which he, was willing and even anxious to take in turn cows, calves, cattle, hogs, and even the notes of the parties desiring his services, on a long run, if they had nothing better to offer. "Henry was, at the time of which we are speaking, making his home — when not under an engagement — with Squire Babb, who was by common consent the most distinguished individual in our settlement. The wool- grower seeing Dutch Henry, approached him with a smile and certainly thought he knew him, and in a pleasant, fraternal kind of a way remarked to him, 'It strikes me, sir, that I have seen you before; is not your name Henry Johns?' "Henry's legs now grew feeble and aberrant, and he stammered out in a miserable, guttural reply, ' Nix, my name ish not dot, he ish von Dutch ■ Henri, all der time, yaw.' " ' I beg pardon, Mr. Henry,' returned the wool-grower, and Henry re- joined, ' Dot ish gude,' and the matter was dropped. " Henry was taken suddenly ill, however, with violent intestinal pains, and being wholly unable to keep his feet, he spasmodically laid himself 340 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. carelessly, face down, in the tall grass, -writhing with bolting misery under the cool inviting shade of a compassionate elm hear. " Here Henry lay until night-fall, meanwhile refusing the most tooth- some dishes offered by the good woman in attendance, and growing no bet- ter, the while, under the most approved palliatives of the neighborhood ad- ministered to him by fair hands. " Squire Babb now pressed the gushing wool-grower to accept the hospi- talities of his bountiful and cheery cabin, nestled among the tall sugar maples of North Raccoon, for the night. " The wool-grower gladly accepted the invitation and went home with the Squire. " A little later Dutch Henry, too, came reluctantly in. He was a little better, but still robust and incessant pains were holding a high carnival in his celiac region and beckoning him on, without pity, to the grave. Henry, fairly seated, was not long, however, in ascertaining the fact that the wool- grower was a guest of Squire Babb. He straightway grew rapidly worse, his reason realed, his breath grew short and hurried, and the poor man rushed out zig-zag in great haste to take the open air, and if possible, to live unattended. " He wandered away and was never seen in the settlement afterward, leaving behind him claim, cows, calves, everything, which things were never afterward called for. " After Henry had acted so strangely and disappeared so mysteriously, the wool-grower bethought himself, and upon reflection, claimed to have recognized in Dutch Henry the identical Henry Johns, whom he had taken him to be on first sight, who had, some years before, broken into a farm house near Beaver, Pennsylvania, and had stolen therefrom some six or eight hundred dollars, and had made good his escape. "Time rolls on and full twenty-two years after this cabin had heen reared, we were traveling in Kansas, in a wagon a la mode. Night coming oh we went into camp some twelve miles north of Fort Scott. We had been in camp but a little time when a lean, lank, miserly looking individ- ual came striding up to our camp fire and saluted us in a peculiar brogue, that we at once recognized. He "asked us if we had seen a party, that he described as being runaways, having in charge a span of horses belonging to himself. " We replied that we had not. He then wished us to keep a sharp look- out for the delinquents, and if we should hear of the ' bar.ties ' to write him. " We promised to do so, and ventured to suggest to him the propriety of our knowing his name and address in order to be enabled to comply with his reasonable demand. " He replied instantly 'Dutch Henri, send de ledders to Fort Scott, Kan- sas.' Well, well, before us stood the selfsame Dutch Henry, with the iden- tical scar on his apathetic brow that we had so often looked at in years agone, and wondered how it got there. The very same Dutch Henry that had suffered so terribly on the day and the night after the cabin aforesaid was reared. " We did not make ourselves known, nor did he seem to have any know- ledge of us. He got the better of us in the price of a feed of corn for our horses. We overpaid him, and he promised to return the surplus before we set out in the morning, but alas, he had left early while it was yet dark, -on business some twelve miles away, and we never saw him afterward." HISTORY OF DALLA8 COUNTY. 341 A PIONEER COURTSHIP. The following is by the same writer: "In the spring of 1848 we were busily engaged. in planting corn in our little field nestled in the woods, our little woman going before, and, with dextrous precision, was measuring out to every hill its exact quota of seed, while we, hoe in hand, was baptizing them in the virgin soil abaft. These were among the happy days of our life's journey. Suddenly we heard a strong grating voice ringing out upon the air from our rear, saying ' neigh- bor, what will you take to leave this place and let me come in?' " We looked around, and saw a man on horseback in the road (that passed around or cabin) at a stand. "We replied ' one thousand dollars, sir.' The stranger rejoined: ' Cheap enough, sir, cheap enough. I'm looking around for a claim here somewhere. It's the first time I've been down here. This is a nice grove; a little paradise here, and I'd like the mate to it. You had ort to be satisfied.' " We replied we were pretty well pleased with our location, all things considered, and did not care to look further; but would do so for the amount named. 'You might do worse, sir: a good 'eal worse.' " ' How long have you been here, neighbor? ' ' Since last fall,' we replied. 'Then you have been working, I see.' 'Yes, we have been pretty busy.' 'How many settlers are there here?' "Tour of us, all told; others, we are told, will be here soon, from below.' 'What may I call your name, sir?' We gave him our name, and, in turn, we asked his. ' My name, sir, is Adam Vineage, the world over. I've stopped on the prairie, a little way above here, until I can find a claim that suits me; then I'm going to work in earnest to build a cabin; to break up some prairie, and put in some sod-corn to run me through the winter. It isn't business to buy corn and haul it a long ways, when we can raise it right , here just as easy as you can in any place in the world. It's warm isn't it? I'm sweatin' for all's out, just a ridin' along. Call round, neighbor, when we get settled down, and git acquinted. Bring your wife and children along. That's the way I like to see it done. Good-bye, sir, and don't work too hard.' "Adam Vineage was a mass of muscles, and he had but few equals in this respect anywhere. He was a good neighbor, and a most devoted friend, and would fight the 'old scratch' on time, were he to 'cross his path.' He loved fun, and was a wag of the very first water. "Adam soon found a claim (the place now occupied by W. R. Kimry), and went to work sure enough, and was getting things in a good shape, when, alas, Mrs. Vineage sickened and died suddenly in July of that year, This was the first death in what is now Sugar Grove township. "Hers was the first burial in what is known as the Kimry grave-yard. The coffin was made of an old wagon box, the very best' that could be done at that time. "Mrs. Yineage was a woman of good intellect, with a teeming philan- thropy that went out in a strong tangible current for the good of all the world. "Her death was a terrible blow on Adam, and his activity in building up a home and farm on the wild lands he had taken was greatly abridged by the constant care demanded by the brood of little chicks left to his sole charge by the untimely death of their dear mother. He was, however, 342 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. equal to the task, and battled on cheerfully and bravely for better days to come. " Things went on in this way for many months, and Adam finally began to meditate seriously upon his isolated condition, and upon a way to remedy this state of things. The neighbors urged him on to make up his cheer- less, clouded cabin with the gushing rays and merry song of a second wife. "Adam was cajoled into activity, and very soon after began to tune up his long unstrung voice and. to sing pathetically in his lonely, hapless hours at nightfall, after the toils of the day were over and the evening shades had. brought sadness and ennui to his heart, imprimis: " ' There's naught but care on every hand, In every hour that passes, 0; What signifies the life o' man, An' there's na for the lasses, 0.' "The settlements had spread since Adam had built his cabin in our midst, and in the family of a new-comer there was an active, sprightly, good- looking girl of some seventeen summers, in whose welfare Adam took a lively interest. "He was no niggard in love; but was, forsooth, ardent, bountiful, irre- pressible, and played the role of a youthful lover with a masterly hand. " He would sing to her tenderly and cooingly, while Bessie lightly paced the floor to the music of her spinning wheel, the following trenchant ditty: " ' Wilt thou be my dearie? When sorrow wrings thy gentle heart, Wilt thou let me cheer thee? Be the treasure of my soul? ' " She only replied that she ' could not see the point,' and was shy and provokingly distrustful, while he was importunate and played a hand that deserved success. " Adam could jump further, bound higher, come down easier, carry a bigger load of ' coon-timber,' somersault more gracefully, prestidigitate more wonderfully and acrobat more originally, by far, than any young man in the settlement. Yet, strange to say, in the face of all these persoaal charms and allurements, the girl was coy and frigidly irresponsive. "Adam, seeing that beauty, muscle, manhood and bon-ton were about to fail him, like a general in extremity, changed his tactics. "Yineage had resources, and his keen, practical business eye suggested , to him the potency of hard money. " It had done wonders in legislations, on the bench and in the pulpit, to say nothing of the wonders of its creation in social life, and he availed himself of its influence in the further prosecution of his suit. "Yineage was suddenly called to Oskaloosa on important private business of a very pressing character, regretting to go very much indeed, and would be gone, the ' Lord only knew how long.' In this sudden emergency Yine- age called on Squire Babb, took him aside, and with great diffidence and delicacy confided to him a secret: '"Squire Babb,' says he in a whisper, 'I'm going down to Oskaloosa on very important private business; don't know when I'll be back; may never get back; life's uncertain, you know, and as you are the only man in all the world I'd trust in this business I'll now say to you that I've — that I've HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 343 a large box of gold coin, locked up and made fast 'gin the pryin' eyes of the curious, that I want to put into your dear hands for safe keepfn' till my return, and should I never return it's yours.' " 'Squire Babb, my means are ample, and my family are otherwise well provided for. Now, I shall ask you to keep this whole matter a profound secret, locked up in your own manly bosom. I'd be truly sorry to think I'd been the means of bringing trouble and perhaps death upon my dearest and most valued friend, which might be the result should it become pub- licly known that you, Squire Babb, had in your care such a pile of gold. ,' "The Squire was fairly overcome with gratitude for the honor done him, and thanked Vineage again and again. 'To-morrow morning early, Squire Babb,' continued Vineage, ' I'll hitch up my team and bring down the box of gold. Have Mrs. Babb go a visiting, and see that Jack is a-fishing. Will you promise me this, Squire Babb?' " 'I will, I will,' answered the Squire. " Adam now returns home in great glee at his success thus far. Morn- ing came. " ' The birds sang love on every spray.' "Adam hooked up his team and drove rapidly to the cabin of Squire Babb, with the box containing the precious metal. On his arrival he found the Squire alone, as he had promised, and ready to greet him. "Hastily the money-box was lifted out of the wagon, with difficulty, from its great weight, and carried, gravely as death, into the cellar under the floor of the cabin of the magnanimous Squire, and was, with as little ceremony as possible, buried away down in the stolid subsoil, there to await, unmolested, the precarious return of the assiduous Adam from Oskaloosa. " Adam now drove rapidly back home, and soon after set out for Oska- loosa on his important private business. " But a few days after Adam had gone his bosom friend, Squire Babb, gave us, as was usual, a friendly call, and left us a choice cut of venison taken the day previous, for which we thanked him and were grateful. As the Squire was about to depart he took us aside and very confidentially gave us the whole story of the ' money-chest,' as here detailed. " "We congratulated him on the reception of such a high honor, and the Squire bid us adieu. " Two weeks after this confidential interview the Squire gave us another friendly call and also another fat cut of luscious venison, for which we were again very thankful. Again he took us aside and spoke of the confi- dential ' money-chest ' ; said that ' he had resurrected it honestly out of mere ' curiosity, yon know, with no intention whatever of purloining any part of its precious contents, and had, with much difficulty, opened it and found, to his great surprise and indignation, that the whole thing was a cruel sell; that instead of being filled with glittering gold — as he had every rea- son to believe — it was, on the contrary, filled to the lid with the basest bits of broken pots, old iron, in fine, the odds and ends the like of which may be found laying loose about every farm house in the land.' Here the good old Squire rested with a sigh, and lapsed into an expressive silence. " His pride of character had received a terrible blow. We commiserated him and we parted. "The story got out (the Squire never knew just how) that the puissant 344 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. lover had a great, big box of gold coin. Meanwhile Vineage returned from Oskaloosa to scan the field, and to make some reckonings, from his matri- monial law-book, for the good time ahead. The saucy girl had heard of the 4 box of gold,' but still her heart did not bound toward her lover. The bird would not yet sing in her heart. " She was stiff-necked, obdurate and unemotional, and refused point-blank to be wooed and won. " Our lover was whipped and quit the field in disgust. The ' money-chest ' was called in and there was peace in this department of the realms of cupid for many months. " The lover never knew that the real contents of the mysterious box was known to the Squire. " The Squire dare not mention his discovery to the lover, so- the matter stood and still stands. All was quiet, but it had a terrible effect on the Squire. lie never fairly got over it, and it was the means of hastening him away. " The Squire left here soon after, and the lover followed a few years later. All the parties to this little affair have long since crossed the river." A PIONEER DOCTOR. Doctors were rather scarce in these parts in those days, and, as a general thing, people did their own doctoring, or some handy, accommodating per- sons in the neighborhood, who had, perhaps, learned from wider experience a little more of the common ailments of the human system, as also of the most natural relief from them, stood always ready to give the benefit of their superior knowledge and timely advice, without cost, to all the afflicted ones in the vicinity who might call for their aid. In this way people got along very comfortably for sometime without any doctor in their midst. But they, too, came along in due time and soon be- came plentiful as need be. Among the first who came was Dr. Henderson, who is thus described by Judge Burns: " So history of the early settlement of this county would be complete without mention of the eccentric Dr. Henderson, who made his advent here in the spring of 1848. We had become well acquainted with the doctor in the State of Illinois, where we had last lived prior to our coming to Iowa. li Henderson was a Pennsylvanian and had graduated at the Philadelphia Medical School with highest honors. His parents, who were in affluent circumstances, lavished their means to educate, fit and prepare an only son for the highest walks in life. His intellectual power had wonderful com- pass. And such a retentive memory we have never known. " He was a critical master of more than a baker's dozen languages, and was a physician of the very first water. "But in all things said or done by him he portrayed the same eccentric and peculiar original. "When called to the bedside of the sick he would approach the patient in the most dignified manner, reach for the arm and feel for the s pulse, throw his head back so as to bring his face on a parallel with, the ceiling above, his eyes trembling in their sockets meanwhile, like the flying jib- boom of a vessel laboring in a gale. Soon his he"ad would assume its natu- HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 345 ral plane, and a moment after he would say to the patient, < stick out your tongue, sir.' The patient complying, he would gaze upon it for a moment and say in an imperious tone and manner, if the case was serious and would probably result in the death of the patient, ' Well, sir, you're sick, very sick, sir, and if you have any prayers to make be about it, sir, at once. There is no use of me nauseating your stomach with a prescription that can do no good. You must die, sir, and if you have a will to make, make it. Don't be deluded by a fallacious hope that you will live, or even grow better. You will do neither. " ' Still, sir, if you have money to spare foolishly, I am willing to watch by your bedside and smooth your pathway to the grave as best I can, sir. " ' I will charge you $20 for this interview. But, sir, if the money is forthcoming now $10 will pay the bill. I await your answer, sir. "A pause, the money is paid, the doctor looks it over carefully and says, 'Do you wish my professional services longer?' " 'Gu — ess not,' is the response, and the doctor moves carefully out, and the patient, sure enough, dies, as the doctor had predicted. " As an advocate he had no superiors anywhere (having graduated at a distinguished law school). " His volubility of tongue was marvelous. But with all these varied {lowers of mind, they failed to make a man of him, and he floated reck- essly down the stream of life, without a point of concentration in view, and was thrown into its eddies to be lost among the drift of poor humanity. He remained here less than a year, to lodge somewhere else, only to stay a brief period, and then on, and on, and on to the end." Of course the above described personage, with all his eccentricities, was by no means a true specimen of all pioneer doctors; nor a fitting type of the many able and most worthy members of that profession who succeeded • him as citizens and practitioners in this county. For Dallas county can proudly and deservedly boast of affording physicians and surgeons who stand in the very first ranks of the medical and surgical professions in the West. A FKUITFTJL YEAR The year 1848, generally, was a fruitful, prosperous one for the county. Careful preparation and faithful efforts had been made, during this and the previous year, by almost every one present, for securing a crop for the har- vest of this year, which would be at least sufficient to supply all the set- tlers and their now increasing stock with all the essentials of living, and, if possible, have some to spare for those coming in, so that the community would be supplied with breadstuff's and common home products, without going so far from the settlements to secure these necessaries at high prices and with great difficulty of transporting. For this faithful labor and careful preparation the settlers were bounti- fully and almost universally rewarded with a fruitful harvest, and with an excellent quality of grain and other products raised. This was, of course, a great source of encouragement as well as comfort to those in this new country, and gave them sufficient assurance that they could very readily be able not only to comfortably support themselves, but could raise quite a surplus to sell to the new-comers for cash with which to 346 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. purchase the groceries, clothing and other essential articles for family use and farm improvements. By this means, also, emigration was encouraged and greatly increased, which brought in more or less money, created a demand tor more and more supplies such as could be raised abundantly by any and every settler, in- creased the number of settlements and made quite an extensive and en- couraging home market for the surplus of all that was raised Thus the work progressed with eminent satisfaction to all concerned, and made the early settlers feel that the day was not far distant when they would not be more dependent upon their old neighbors further east, than those who were settling the lands further west on the Missouri slope were dependent on them, and when Dallas would be proudly numbered with the older counties of the State. During this year (1848) the population of the county was more than doubled, and the amount of cultivation and improvement was more than trebbled, greatly increasing the convenience and comfort of the settlers. Milling privileges were becoming much more numerous and near at hand. Small stocks of goods, consisting of the essential commodities, were being brought in, and pioneer stores or common supply posts were beginning to be established right at home. Schools and church privileges were being talked of, and the necessary steps taken to secure them in due time, and, taking it all together, the year 1848 was one of the eventful years in the early settlement and history of Dallas county. A HAKD WINTER. It was fortunate indeed that the harvest of 1848 was so bountiful, and the general advancement in improvement so great, for the winter which followed was a fearful one, and brought one of the heaviest snow storms that ever has been known here. Without the preparation and plentiful pro- duct of the past' year, that winter would have been the sad occasion of a great deal of suffering in these parts and all along the frontier. The snow commenced falling the seventh of November, before the ground had become frozen, covering the earth with a heavy coat of white, and con- tinued at a depth of nearly three feet on the ground until toward the last of the following February. It came in heavy driving storms, after intervals of a few days cessation off and on, all winter, often coming with such driv- ing, drifting force as to render it impossible for the settlers to venture out or get from place to place without danger of being lost or frozen to death. There being yet comparatively few settlers in the county, and not a great deal of marketing to be done, or foreign trading to be transacted, travel was not sufficient to keep the ways opened or form a beaten track in any direction. And if anyone found it necessary to venture out any distance from home, the driving winds on these great unobstructed prairies only filled up his tracks with the drifting snow almost as fast as he made them, so he was unable to follow the same track in return. The inhabitants of the pioneer cabins were completely snow-bound all winter, never venturing out only in cases of absolute necessity, and then it was at the peril of their lives, or at least of frosted ears and toes, especially if they had any great distance to go. It afforded splendid opportunities for enjoying the inestimable blessings of home life to those who were fortunately favored with any such earthly HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 347 luxuries, but to those who were not thus favored it was certainly a terrible winter. It was no unusual thing to make several unsuccessful attempts, through desperate blockades of snow-drifts, in order to reach a mill with a few bushels of corn as a load. Many still relate with delight — and yet with an air of triumph and aston- ishment at having endured such trials — how that they have made three or four such vain attempts successively to carry off a grist or haul a load of corn from another neighborhood, but each time became so overwhelmed in the snow-drifts that they found it impossible to go further on their errand, and were compelled to dig their way out of the drifts, and retrace their tracks back as best they could to their humble cabins, which were nearly covered in the drifts, and scarcely visible to the wandering traveler at any great distance from home. The settlers generally aimed to take advantage of the milder weather to go to mill, and get their extra provisions and mail matter, and other neces- sary errands, always clubbing together as much as possible on such occa- sions, and allowing the stronger, hardier ones, who were the best fitted, and, ' perhaps, the most delighted, to undertake such an excursion, to go on these distant errands for the neighborhood, while the more feeble and dependent ones remained to take care of matters at home. This all worked very well, with comparative comfort and satisfaction to those who had been fortunate in raising a crop during the past summer, and exercised forethought and precaution enough to lay in a supply ahead during the better days to serve them through the stormy, blustering weather. And though the heavy snow banks did block them in from getting to mill for several weeks, they could live at home in comparative happiness and contentment, on their abundance of boiled corn and hominy, or exercise their genius and skill in trying to invent some new plan of grinding or grating their corn, and preparing their home products for a palatable diet. But for those new-comers, who had arrived late in the fall, and especially for those who had come in just before the heavy fall of snow came, so that they had no time or opportunity for making preparation for the approach- ing storm and cold weather, this winter was a most terrible and gloomy one. They could not get away any distance to supply themselves with corn or any of the necessaries of comfortable living, on account of the heavy snow and driving winds, and as a general thing they had no great supply of these things on hand. Their only hope and relief in this extremity was to de- pend on their generous and more fortunate neighbors, who had been here long enough to have raised and harvested a crop, both for supplies for their families and their stock. And in all such appeals in cases of emergency, those seeking aid and relief, seldom, if ever, failed to have their requests granted abundantly,, with cheerfulness on the part of their more favored neighbors, and most generally without remuneration. One of the greatest difficulties and severest trials these new-comers had to undergo during that hard winter was that of procuring the necessary food and shelter for their stock which they had brought along with which to make a comfortable commencement on improvement during the coming year. This stock necessarily suffered a great deal during the cold and 348 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. stormy weather from want of sufficient food and shelter, and much of it died from hunger and constant exposure, causing serious loss and incon- venience to the owners. In the absence of hay, corn, stalk-fields and straw-piles in this extremity the settlers were obliged to cut down linn and elm trees in the most con- venient and sheltered places, from the tops and branches of which the hungry stock could browse, as a substitute for the more nutritious food, and behind whose bushy tops the poor animals could Qnd a partial shelter from the chilling winter winds. In this way many of the settlers who came in late succeeded in bringing the most of their .stock • through the hard winter, but could not have endured the siege much longer, as they found in the spring that there was not much more vitality and locomotive power than was absolutely necessary on the part of these dumb brutes to enable them to get around and graze upon the new grass sufficiently to recruit their diminished strength and wasted bodies. Even many of those who had been here for a longer time, having pre- pared, in the summer and fall, what they supposed would be sufficient fod- der for their stock through an average winter, and not looking for such a fearful siege of snow and storm, were glad to resort to the browsing sys- tem also, and cut down trees plentifully near their stock yards, in order that the animals might fill up on the twigs and branches, and thus get along on a smaller quantity of the prepared fodder, lest the supply should fail before spring set in. Many such ingenious plans were resorted to in these cases of necessity in order to "winter through." From all accounts of those who were compelled to endure it on the frontier, it was certainly a desperate winter, thoroughly fitted to try the hearts and test the powers of endurance of those who were obliged to bat- tle with the trials of pioneer life in the West. Such a winter coming even now, when people are thoroughly fixed for it, with fine houses and barns, and food and shelter for man and beast, and with all the conveniences and comforts and provisions that could reasonably be desired, would be considered as a " stormer," which must cause destitu- tion and suffering on the part of very many. JS"o wonder, then, that the early settlers still living, who endured it here with meager preparations, ever remember and refer to it as the " hard winter of 1848-49." THE FIEST POST-OFFICE. Penoach was then quite a pioneer village, consisting of several log cabins* each one of which was thoroughly inhabited. Something of an assortment was now being kept in the line of a stock of groceries, dry-goods, notions, and other essential family supplies, so that the settlers could there be accommodated with many necessary articles for home use. But during this hard winter it was very difficult getting to the village to obtain these. A post-office had also been established there, as before stated, during the previous fall (1847), when the postmaster, J. 0. Oorbell, had built a log house which he used both for a dwelling-house and post-office, being the first house built in the town. About the only way the settlers could reach this poat-office. during the winter of heavy snow was on foot, by following the river on the ice where the snow had not drifted so deeply. HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 349 Even then they were compelled to be very vigilant, lest, in their journey for the mail matter, they might run into an air-hole, or break through the thin ice, as the heavy coat of snow had prevented the ice from freezing very thickly, and the settlers did not dare to venture upon it with teams or on horseback. The building in which the mail matter was kept must have been a shackly old structure, poorly finished and furnished, and not well adapted either for convenience or comfort, from the description given in the fol- lowing incident related by Judge Burns: " S. K. Scovell was deputy postmaster in 1848, under Squire Corbell, chief. In June of that year we called at the post-office, at Fenoach for a magazine we were taking at the time. We found the deputy postmaster sprawling on the dirt floor of the office, with his leonine head pillowed on a rick of ' Session Laws,' fast asleep. " Intone, the deputy, got up, yawning and scratching his head, and began to look through his pillow, in which the uncalled for mail matter was interlaid, for the magazine asked for. It could not be found, and the deputy remarked that ' it must be here somewhere, for I have certainly read it. May be possible it has blown out through these tarnal cracks, for it's powerful windy here sometimes. I'll look and see.' " The deputy went out doors, and, on looking around in the tall grass, found it sorne thirty feet away, where, sure enough, it had been blown." Of course the amount of mail matter at that time passing through this post-office was very limited in comparison with that of the present day; but the scarcity, the great length of time elapsing between the dates of arrival of the different mails, and the difficulties and trials encountered in securing and bringing it home made it all the more precious to those receiving the long-looked-for messages and periodicals. A week then, perhaps, seemed shorter than a day does now to one looking for a delayed letter. A WELCOME SPEING. The fearful winter referred to gradually began to loosen its hold in the following February, and before the month of March was gone the snow had all disappeared, except occasional remnants of massive drifts that had existed on the north side of high banks and hills, where the sun had not been permitted to shine so powerfully, and the spring of 1849 was ushered in quite early, with a kindly welcome, bringing encouragement and hope to many anxious hearts, as well as comfort and warmth to many needy, suf- fering homes. The heavy snow lying so constantly on the ground during the previous winter had not allowed the ground to become frozen very solid or deep, so that the stock could take care of themselves quite comfortably during the latter part of March, and until the grass began to start in the sloughs and bottom-lands in sufficient quantities to furnish feed in abundance. Every thing seemed most favorable also for producing an early growth of vegeta- tion as if to recompense for the want and suffering of the past winter. By the time the snow was melted the frost was nearly all out of the ground, so that the constant rays of the sun soon produced warmth enough 350 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. in the earth to start the growth of grass and hurry the much-wished-for pasture along, and furnished food for the famishing herds. This was, in- deed, an inestimable blessing to all those who had settled here late in the previous fall, and had not been enabled to procure either feed for their stock, or sufficient food and comforts for themselves and families. , The felling of trees for the browsing and shelter of stock had proven a good thing in time of need, but all were heartily glad that the time had at last come when this custom need not longer be pursued, and when stock could take care of themselves, leaving the owners to go about their spring work and improvements. Great preparation was made on all hands during the spring for securing as good and large a crop during the coming harvest as possible. Every available acre and square foot of ground that was at all arable and fitted for receiving the seed with any chance of producing a reasonable growth of grain or garden stuffs, was seeded or planted with the utmost care and dili- gence. During that spring quite a large crop was planted, considering the age of the settlements and the great disadvantages under which the citizens labored for making improvements, and again their faithful labors were re- warded with a fruitful harvest. Quite a large increase of emigration also came into the county during that spring and summer, almost doubling the population of the county be- fore the end of that year. , As one who was present and witnessed the scene of progress says of it: " The year of grace, 1849, was crowned with an abundant harvest, and witnessed the incoming of many immigrants within our borders, who were greeted with a hearty welcome by all." No doubt those coming in during that year did receive a hearty welcome from all those who had preceded them, and found the way opened with far more encouraging prospects than those did who 'first made permanent settlements in Dallas county. It was, in general, a summer of peaceful prosperity. Many of the new-comers bringing in more or less money, to be distributed, to some extent, among those already living here, who had been fortunate enough to have something left from last year's crop to sell for the supply of others. FLOOD OF 1849. When the immense coat of snow that covered the ground during the pre- vious winter, began to melt in the spring, it caused a terrible flood, which swept down the ravines and bottoms into the rivers, carrying every thing before it. The melting of the snow began about the first of March, and continued, under the increasing power of the sun's rays, to swell the rivers until far beyond their banks and well up on the bluffs on either side, thus ren- dering it impossible to cross them, and shutting the settlers in from com- munication with those living on the other side, for weeks and months. A great many heavy rains also came during that spring, and kept the flood raging from March until July of that year. There was very little getting to mill, or any place else, while that continued, if the desired trip was to be made across a stream or two of any considerable size, and under HISTORY OT DALLAS COUNTY. 351 such circumstances the settlers must still remain contented with their alloted apportionment of "hog and hominy" until the "floods of water" subsided so that crossing could again be accomplished. Sometimes very risky, and generally fruitless, attempts were made at crossing during the high waters, by the more adventurous and daring ones. ■ A temporary raft was made of logs or home-made canoes and dug-outs fastened together, on which the grist and wagons were taken across, piece by piece, and then the oxen caused to swim to the other shore, when all things were again put in running order, and the mill-goers moved onward on their journey. But not very many of the settlers chose to risk such an hazardous under- taking, and sometimes those who did undertake it found more on their hands than they were able to manage, and were glad to get back safely to shore with all their effects and wait until a more convenient season, as was the case with the Ellis boys, before related. As a general thing the citizens were content to remain near their homes attending to the work to be done there during the high waters, and make the best of the circumstances living on just such as they had and could get near home. FLOOD OF 1851. Two years later, ako, during the spring of 1851 there was another great flood, as great, if not greater in extent and amount of damages than the previous one. The rainfall throughout Iowa in that spring was unprece- dented, and the smaller rivers in the State attained a high water mark which has not since been reached, and for some time the earth's surface was like an immense sea of mud and water, rather than like terra firma. It is said that at times the rain fell .literally in torrents for the space of an hour, giving the face of the whole country the appearance of a vast lake or sheet of rnshing water. The Des Moines river reached an immense size, tearing down and carry- ing off everything that came within reach of its current, and reaching out in many places to a width of two" to four miles, as the high water marks plainly showed by measurement after the waters had subsided. The Raccoon river, in all its branches and tributaries, was swollen in equal proportions, bearing along with its current everything that could not withstand the power of its sweeping, rushing waters, and thus causing much damage by floating away fencing and other improvements along its banks and bottom lands that had been made since the previous flood of 1849, and flooding many of the farms on the low lands along it so that the owners were unable to go forward with their work for many weeks. This overflow finally reached its culmination about the last of May. SECOND DISTRICT COURT. On June 4, 1849, after a lapse of nearly two years from the date of the first court session in the county, the second district court convened in Pe- noach. Hon. William McKay who had been appointed prosecuting attorney at 352 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. the first court, had been promoted to the position of judge of the fifth ju- dicial district, in the meantime, and presided over this second session. This was really the first one at which any cases appeared upon the docket, and there seems to have been but one case at this session, which was of minor importance and was dismissed from the docket, as the follow- ing record shows : William D. Boone ) vs. [• John Wright. ) The parties now come, and thereupon the said defendant files his motion for a continu- ance,' and also a motion to dismiss the case from the docket; and thereupon, by agreement of said, parties, a change of venue is granted to the court of Polk, in this Judicial District. S. K. Scovell was clerk, Eli Smithson, sheriff, and Henry Stump, prose- cuting attorney. ELECTIONS OF 1849. The April election of this year created no unusual interest, as there were only few offices to be filled, and not very important ones. At their January meeting the board of county commissioners had again provided for three places of voting, one at Penoach, one in Boone, and one in Des Moines township. The whole number of votes cast at this election was sixty-seven. There were only four officers elected at this time: a probate judge, Sam- uel Miller, to succeed Uriah Stotts; a school-fund commissioner, Ira Sher- man, to succeed S. K. Scovell; and two justices of the peace, F. 0. Case and Judah Learning, Sr. The temperance issue at this election is noted further on under the head of temperance. The August election of 1849 elicited a greater interest on the part of the voters generally throughout the county. The principal offices of importance now to be filled were that of district clerk and sheriff, and over the filling of these two offices there was quite an enthusiastic fight, causing rather a lively campaign, and some earnest work was carried forward • on both sides with considerable earnestness of feeling. But it is said that, "notwithstanding the activity of the chief contestants for the succession in this election, there were no thorns left in the .flesh to irritate and inflame in after days. On the contrary, the kindest feelings seemed to prevail among all." The voting precincts, at this time, stood as at the previous April election, three in number, and the highest number of votes cast for any one office was ninety-five (95), which was, perhaps, about all the available votes in the county at that time. There were numerous candidates for the various offices, several having four different contestants and one reaching as high as five, but these were principally for offices of minor note. The more important offices only had the two opposing candidates, and the largest number of votes possible on either side was cast for them. The following table shows the various candidates for the respective offices, and the number of votes each received; also, the successful ones, as shown by the majority column: *\ aBKBjjf HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 353 NAMES OF CANDIDATES No. of Major- Votes ity 49 36 12 13 2 44 7 37 11 48 5 43 63 42 21 51 18 33 44 6 88 5 8 45 16 29 84 76 8 46 36 1 10 1 1 38 36 1 1 2 Probate Judge: J. C. Goodson William D. Boone James V. Pierce Barney Morrison District Clerk: S. K. Scovell Lot P. Patty L. D. Burns Sheriff: Samuel Marrs Thomas Butler Treasurer and Recorder : Samuel Dilly John Clayton County Commissioner: William W. Miller Thomas J. Drummond Commissioners' Clerk: S. K. Scovell Lot P. Patty L. D. Burns Thomas J. Drummond Prosecuting Attorney : Benjamin Greene William Miller Surveyor: John S. Sammis Aaron L. Johns Coroner: Harvey Adams George B. Warden William Ellis William D. Boone Samuel Dilly Sealer of Weights and Measures : Z. Babcock George S. Hills George B. Warden Thomas Butler While there was a great increase of emigration to the county during the entire year of 1849 there was also in that fall quite a perceptible decrease in the population on account of the great excitement in these parts caused by the, opening of the rich gold mines of California, taking many away from their settlements here, and vacating a number of the important offices so recently filled at the late August election. This movement necessitated the appointment, October 9, 1849, of Aaron L. Johns as sheriff, to fill the vacancy occasioned by the resignation of John S. Sammis; and also the calling of a new election, by the board of county commissioners, to fill this and other offices vacated for the same reason, which election should be held early the following year, on February 23, 1850, the results of which are given further on, under the proper date. The gold excitement of California was the means of drawing away about thirty persons from this county during that fall, many of whom were num- bered among the first citizens of the county. The winter which followed was also quite severe, but not so much so as the preceding one, and the citizens were much better prepared for enduring 23 354 HISTOET OF DALLAS COUNTY. it than they were a year before. The crop had been abundant, so that all who had spent the summer here were well supplied with food and shelter and other necessaries for making them and their stock comfortable through the winter; besides, they had learned a most important lesson from their past experience, that was not likely soon to be forgotten. There was enough raised in the county to furnish a reasonable supply for all the new-comers, as well as for the former settlers, and this winter was passed with comparative convenience and comfort, with no unusual stir except that caused by the gold excitement of California. GOLD-HUNTEKS OF 1850. The California gold excitement, which was first manifested here in the fall of 1849, taking away from this county many good citizens that could illy be spared, and unsettling the' minds of many more, did not die out in the least during the siege of winter, but rather increased in its intensity, spreading to a wonderful extent throughout the country, and enlisting the sympathies of multitudes, who became only too anxious to dispose of the little property or comfortable homes they might be possessing or enjoying in peace and contentment, and pushing on to the strange new land in pur- suit of more gold. The winter season in very many localities, as well as in several settle- ments of this county, was spent principally in making the necessary prep- aration for joining the throng and starting westward as soon as the weather and grass would permit. And in the spring of 1850 the rush of emigra- tion along the overland route to California passing through here presented a scene never to be forgotten by those who beheld it, and especially by those whose friends, the nearest and dearest of earth, had parted from them and joined the throng, perhaps never to return again. It was one continuous line of wagons, extending east and west as far as the eye could see, moving westward, and drawing in from the country on either side as it passed along very many from their quiet homes and peaceful pursuits, until about the first of June of that year, when the great rush had passed by here, and left the remaining citizens to pursue the even tenor of their ways. The scene along this line, through this vicinity, is thus described by one who was an eye-witness: " It seemed that Bedlam itself had been let loose. "A. continuous line of wagons, stretching away to the west as far as the eye could see. *********** If a wagon was detained by being broken down, or by reason of a sick horse or ox, it was dropped out of line and the gap closed up immediately. If a poor mortal should sicken and die^ the corpse was buried hurriedly by the way-side, without coffin or burial service. When night came on, the line of wagons was turned aside and their proprietors would go into camp. "Very soon the sound of revelry would begin around the camp-fires thickly set on every hand, first to bottle and then to cards, to the echo of the most horrid oaths and imprecations that were ever conceived or uttered since the fall of man. "These poor deluded votaries of Mammon scattered that dreadful scourge, HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 355 emall-pox, everywhere that they came in contact with the settlers on the way. Game cards were strewn all along the line of travel. Glass bottles, after being emptied of their nefarious contents down the throats of the men, were dashed against wagon wheels, pieces of which were thickly strewn all along the road, as if to mock the madness of the advancing col- umn of these fervent janizaries of the golden calf. "At the time of the treaty df Gaudalupe Hidalgo, the population of Cali- fornia did not exceed thirty thousand, while at the time of which we are writing (1850), there were more than one hundred and fifty thousand people that had found their way thither. "Of which number at least one hundred thousand were ' gold-hunters ' from the States. "There had been taken from the auriferous beds of California, up to Janu- ary, 1850, over $40,000,000 in gold. "Out of a population of a little less than three hundred, our county lost one-tenth of that population in the tide to California. "The evil effects of this gold mania upon the moral status of the people of the United States is still seen and felt everywhere, and among all classes of society, and no man can see the end. It has popularized the worship of Mammon to an alarming extent throughout the country, and to this wor- ship may be imputed, to a great extent, the moral declension of to-day." GENERAL PROSPERITY IN 1850. The draft from the citizenship of this county, which the passing rush of emigration carried away to the gold-fields, was very sensibly felt in this young settlement for awhile during this spring, and it was feared that it might prove even much more disastrous while the high excitement was raging. But as a general thing, the people here soon concluded they had been hav- ing, during the past few years, experience enough, in frontier life and new settlements, to do them for a while, and became contented to cling to the more certain pessession for which they had already toiled so hard and en- dured so much, though they might not hasten along quite so rapidly on the road to riches and lavish pleasures, rather than dispose of their humble estates and rush off wildly after the uncertain possessions and happiness offered by the placer mines of California. Many of the marvelous stories regarding that great Eldorado of the "West, began to appear incredible and lost the power of exciting the more stable ' minded ones, so as to lure them from their quiet homes and peaceful pos- sessions. When the flush of excitement was once over, and the more exciteable, restless ones had been sifted out and carried away, the remainder settled down again to active, steady work, on their homesteads, carrying the work of general improvement steadily forward, and multiplying inducements for bringing in other settlers to increase their number and further their home interests. The embarrassment experienced for a few months in the spring was soon afterward more than doubly counteracted by the increase of immigration within the county bounds during the following summer and fall. And before the year 1850 had closed, the population of Dallas county numbered about 850 persons, all told. 356 HISTOKY OF DALLAS COUNTY. Cultivation and general improvement also had become greatly advanced) so that evident signs of enterprise and civilization on a more than ever ex- tensive scale became apparent, giving encouraging promise for the future. People from other States and other parts of this State now begau to dis- cover indeed that Dallas county, with her fertile prairies, excellent timber and water privileges, and numerous other natural advantages, afforded some of the finest opportunities of any locality in the State or western country for the investment of money in real estate or the procuring of desirable, comfortable homes which would soon become greatly increased in value, and salable in market at the highest figures. Besides, being located so near the center of the State it was becoming apparent to many of the more sagacious ones that at no distant day this locality would not be far from the capital city, at least near enough to secure the increased value and ready sale of land after the lapse of a few years, though it was not until five years afterward that the seat of government was finally located at Des Moines (January 15, 1855). This brought into the county a rapid increase of land owners within the few following years, many of whom became permanent settlers and estimable citizens, and many others who only entered or purchased the best lands there to be found, and held these for speculation, which proved in some respects a benefit, and in others a great injury to the county's progress. > The crop was again good this year, and everything went on prosperously in view of the coming bountiful harvest. Mills went up rapidly in various localities, rendering milling privileges comparatively convenient to all set- tlements in the county. Koads were being laid out and worked, and tern- porary bridges constructed in different localities for the convenience of travel. Schools and school-houses were rapidly increasing, and conve- niences for public worship multiplied. Manufactories of various kinds began to be talked of by the more enterprising men of some capital, and the general work of improvement and civilization progressed most en- couragingly. The summer season was oppressively hot, and the great increase of immigration into the county and country round about, together with the demands of the immense rush of California emigrants passing through here for grain and breadstuffs during the spring and preceding fall, the surplus crop of the previous year was quite exhausted before the new crop came into market, and as a consequence prices ruled very high here for all such products during the summers of 1850 and the following year. Corn sold at times as high as $1.50 per bushel, and flour was ready sale at $7.00 per cwt. Mills and markets had now come almost to the doors of the settlers, and the thing of chief importance was to raise products to supply these markets. THE FIEST DEED. Early in the year of 1850, also, the first conveyance of real estate in the county, of which any record is found, was made, the deed of which bears date of February 13, 1850. The grantors were Judah Learning, Ji'-i and wife, and the grantee was Martin Tucker, of Polk county. The property thus conveyed was the southwest quarter of section twenty- HISTOEY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 357 three (23), township eighty-one (81), range twenty-six (26), containing one hundred and sixty (160) acres, for the consideration of one hundred dollars ($100). The deed was acknowledged before Judah Learning, Sr., an acting justice of the peace, living in Des Moines township of this county. Soon after this, and during the same spring, another transfer of real estate was made in the county, in what is now Washington township, by one Samuel Marrs, to David M. Starbuck, 160 acres, for the sum of $150, and other minor considerations as specified in the following agreement between the parties. It appears that this was only a claim disposed of, and no deed was given at the time; but a written statement of the agreement between the two parties was given by the one selling to the one purchasing, to bind the bargain and make sure the transfer for all time. Of said paper the following is an exact transcript from the original: Ailel, Dallas County Iowa, nown by all men of theas prents I Samuel Marrs have Sold my Came ling in Section thirteen two David M Starbuck witch Marrs Agreas two furnish one thousand rails on said Came this being All the Came that the said Marrs oans in the County of Dallas this Apel the 24 . . 1850 Samuel Marrs April the 24 . . 1850 Received of D M Starbuck one hundred and fifty dollars being the ful amount that he was two give for said Came. Samuel Marrs The original paper, from which the' above was copied, is still in the pos- session of Mrs. W. H. Murphy, of "Washington township (formerly Mrs. D. M. Starbuck), which she holds as a choice memento of earlier days, when her former husband secured the possession of the land which has pro- duced the comfortable home where she now lives as Mrs. Murphy. The original paper is now well worn and rusty in appearance, but tells, as plainly and unmistakably as it did the day it was written, the intent for which it was given to the purchasing party. THE ELECTIONS OF 1850. During this year there were, in all, five different elections held, three of which were special elections called by the board of county commissioners to fill vacancies caused principally by the resignation of officers going to the gold-fields, or, for other reasons, moving away from the county. The first election held this year was the one before mentioned as being •called by the board to be held February 23, 1850, to elect a sheriff in place of Samuel Marrs', resigned. The voting precincts were three in number, as before, Penoach, Boone and Des Moines. There were in all, ninety-two (92) votes cast of which Horatio Morrison (Whig) received 55, Thomas Butler (Dem.) received 36, and Eli Smithson received 1 vote, giving Morrison a majority of 19 votes, and therefore duly electing him sheriff. The sheriff elect came here from Missouri with a large family in 1848, and is described by one who knew him well as being " a genial, whole- souled, kindly, loquacious, vis a vis sort of a man, who to be known was to be respected. But alas for poor humanity ! The 'social glass,' one of the engines of satan to polute and destroy God's noblest work and world, beset his pathway and quickened his footsteps to the threshold of eternity. Mor- rison held the office only a few months, he too having resigned, and, in 358 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. company with his son James, went to California in the spring of 1850, a ' gold-hunter,' where he died a few years later." At the April election following, there were ninety-two votes cast, the polling places remaining the same as at the previous election. The office of sheriff being again vacant, the board of commissioners or- dered that the place be filled at this election. A school-fund commissioner was also elected, together with other minor officers of county and townships, the statistics regarding which we have not been able to procure. The following table shows the vote as cast for the candidates of the above named offices: NAMES OF CANDIDATES. ^° f M ^ or- Sheriff: William Ellis (Whig) 54 17 John W. Hayes (Dem.) John Banks (Dem.) : School Fund Commissioner: Benjamin Greene (Whig) John James (Dem.) J. C. Goodson (Dem.) .- It appears a disagreement arose between the members of the board of. canvassers, with regard to the poll-book of Penoach township, which re- sulted in its rejection. This did not effect the result with regard to the county officers, but an- nulled the vote as to some of the min'or offices in that particular township, which caused quite little disturbance and brought the matter to test. Eli Smithson had been elected a justice of the peace at this time, and did not feel disposed to submit thus to be counted out and ruthlessly de- prived of his honors and profits without ascertaining definitely the reasons why it was done. So with his official bond properly made out and duly signed according to law, he_ appeared with it before S. K. Scovell, clerk, to be qualified and re- ceive his proper commission for said office. The clerk, on his dignity, re- fused to sign it, or recognize his right to the demands. Smithson appealed to the authority of the district judge, Wm. McKay, who straightway ordered the clerk to count Penoach township as in order in the regular. election returns. But rather than submit to this and thus "come down a peg" from his assumed dignity, Scovell resigned both clerkships which he had so long held, and left the two offices of district and commissioners' clerk vacant. _ On May 13th, following, the board appointed Benjamin Greene to fill his place as commissioners' clerk, and on the same day the rejected poll- book was accepted, Eli Smithson was duly commissioned a justice of the peace, and all the other offices in dispute were declared duly filled by those receiving the majority vote for each respectively. The August election of 1850 was also the State election at which time the entire list of State officers were again to be chosen. The voting precincts remained as before, three in number, and there were in all one hundred and twelve (112) votes cast in the county, of which HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 359 Penoach precinct cast fifty-two (52), Boone thirty-four (34), and Des Moines precinct twenty-six (26) votes. "We have not been able to ascertain the exact number of votes cast for each office, but give below the names of candidates voted for, at this time, indicating the county officers elected. STATE TICKET. COUNTY TICKET. District Clerk: Andrew Schouten (Whig), elected. S. K. Scovell (Dem.). Sheriff: Irwin C. Hughes (Dem.), elected. Levi A. Davis (Whig). County Commissioner: J. C. Corbell (Dem.), elected. Tristram Davis (Whig). County Surveyor : S. K. Scovell (Dem.J, elected. 0. D. Smalley (Dem.). For Governor: Stephen Hempstead (Dem.). James L. Thompson (Whig). Secretary of State: Geo. W. McCleary. Isaac Cook. Auditor of State: William Pattee. Wm. H. Seevers. Treasurer of State: Israel Kister. Evan Jay. Treasurer of Board of Public Works : George Gillaspy. James Nosier. Congressmen: Barnhart Henn. George G. Wright. State Legislators: W. W. Williamson (Whig). Taylor Seargent (Whig). S. K. Guiberson (Dem.), elected. L. W. Babbitt (Dem.), elected. The above are the fullest statistics we have been able to procure with re- gard to this election. But so far as learned there was no unusual excite- ment or events of special importance, aside from the usual programme at regular fall elections, and all passed off in a quiet and peaceable manner. The election of William Thompson to a seat in the 31st Congress from the first district of Iowa, was contested by his opponent, Daniel F. Miller, which resulted in the unseating of Thompson and the calling of a new election, by the Governor, to fill the vacancy. This special election was held September 24, 1850, with the following re- sults: FOR CONGRESSMAN. No. of Votes. Major- ity. Daniel P. Miller (Whig) William Thompson (Dem) Delazon Smith (Independent). 38 33 2 Miller was duly elected and took his seat in "the second session of the 31st OoDgress. Soon afterward three other vacancies in the county offices occurred on account of the resignation of Andrew Schouten, district clerk; Samuel 360 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. Dilly, treasurer and recorder; and S. K. Scovell, county surveyor. To fill these vacancies, another special election was called by the board of commis- sioners, which was held November 19, 1850, The townships remained as before — Penoach, Boone, and Des Moines — and there was only twenty-one (21) votes cast in all. S. K. Scovell was elected to fill the two offices of district clerk and treasurer and recorder, receiving eighteen (18) votes for the former and twelve (12) votes for the latter office; and 0. D. Smalley was duly elected surveyor by seven (7) votes. This was the fifth and last election held in Dallas county during the year 1850. "We have aimed to follow the elections, during the first four years of the county's existence and history, as accurately and minutely as possible, in view of the great difficulties under which we have labored in tracing these up and obtaining the necessary statistics. Doubtless, occasional mistakes and omissions will appear, which it has been impossible to prevent, but in main the above report is correct. To follow this plan through, year by year until the present, giving the minutiae of all the election returns, would require much more space, time and labor than can possibly be devoted to it in this work. Besides, it would neither prove interesting nor profitable to any of the parties concerned to pursue such a statistical course. The particulars of these first few years have been given, thinking they would prove of especial interest to each reader, but qui^e enough of this has already been given to show the youthful condition and growth of the county. "We insert, further on, the substance of election abstracts of a few years later, and also the general result of the last year's election, to show the rapid increase of voters, population and general growth of the county, together with a full list of county officers from the first to the present. THE FIRST PROBATE. Probate business -was not very extensive during the first years of the county's existence. In fact, no cases appear on record as having been ad- justed until after the office of probate judge was abolished and the duties pertaining to it were turned over to the county judge in 1851. Lloyd D. Burns was elected the first county judge in August, 1851, and by him, on the 12th day of September following, was the first probate on record in the county, which was the appointment of "William W. Miller as the guardian of the minor children of Eli Smithson, deceased; Solomon Eunyan as the administrator of the estate, and Rice R. Turner as the gen- eral executor. The first will admitted to probate was that of Massorn Bilderback, the duplicate of which appears in full on the probate record in the clerk's office as the first one recorded in Dallas county. It was made October 14, 1851, and recorded November 17, 1851. A number of others soon followed, however, and probate business of different kinds has filled many pages of the county records from that until the present time. THE FIRST FERRY. On March 6, 1850, license was granted by the board of county commis- sioners for running the first ferry boat in the county, as is shown by the following order copied from the minute-book in the auditor's office: HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 361 Ordered, That Horatio Morrison be, and he is hereby, licensed and permitted to keep a ferry across the North Raccoon river, -where the State road runs across said river, at the town of Adel, for the term of five years, from the 6th day of March, 1850, by the said Horatio Mor- rison paying into the county treasury of said county two dollars annually, and obtaining a license from the clerk of said board; and the rates established for ferrying by said board, as follows, to- wit: For a four-horse team and wagon 50 cents. For a two-horse team and wagon 35 cents. For a horse and man 15 cents. For a footman , 5 cents. In January, 1851, this ferry changed into the hands of Eli Smithson, who obtained permission to run it on pretty much the same terms for ten years, only the board took pains to specify that " the ferry was to be supplied with one good boat, at least thirty-five (35) feet long by nine (9) feet wide, to be propelled by hand-power or rope; also one skiff or canoe, good and sufficient." BATES OF FERRIAGE. For footmen, each 5 cents. Man and horse 10 " One-horse carriage . . . . 25 " Two horses and wagon 35 " Same for oxen as horses. Neat cattle, per head 5 " Sheep and swine, per head 3 " "The applicant to give bonds in the penalty of three hundred ($300) dollars." This ferry afforded the first, and for a long time the only, means in the county for crossing the river otherwise than by fording, which was often impracticable as well as dangerous on account of high water. Smithson died in the following August, and this ferry again changed hands. VALUATION OF OUT-LOTS. The following order of the board of commissioners, fixing the price of town lots in Adel, issued July 7, 1851, shows their valuation at that time: Ordered, That the out-lots in the town of Adel be valued at the following prices, to-wit: That Lots Nos. 6 and 16-28 be valued at ($20) twenty dollars each. Lots Nos. 4, 5 and 8-14 be valued at ($30) thirty dollars each. Lot No. 3 at ($25) twenty-five dollars. Lot No. 1 at ($12) twelve dollars. .Lot No. 2 at ($10) ten dollars. Lots Nos. 7 and 11 at ($15) fifteen dollars each. And that Lot No 15 is granted to the M. E. Church at Congress price. (Paid.) STATISTICS. It will be remembered that at the first election in Dallas county, April 5, 1847, there were only (25) twenty-five votes cast; and at the first presiden- tial election, November 7th, 1848, there were (57) fifty-seven votes cast; while in August, 1850, at the State election, there were (112) one hundred and twelve votes cast. There is a missing link in the election returns, after the year 1850, caused by a failure to record or preserve some of the abstracts during that time, so that we have been unable to procure the complete returns. The follow- ing abstracts show the healthful increase of votes in the county during the succeeding six years: 362 HISTORY OP DALLAS COUNTY. THIED PKESIDENTIAL ELECTION. Abstract of votes cast November 4, 1856. ss. State op Iowa, ) Dallas County. ] The undersigned Board of County Canvassers for the county aforesaid, do hereby certify- that we have this day duly canvassed the returns of the elections held in the several town- ships in said county, on the first Tuesday following the first Monday, the 4th day, of Novem- ber, A. D. 1856, and find the result for electors of President and Vice-President of the United States as follows to- wit: Whole number of votes cast for electors of President and Vice-President (826) eight hun- dred and twenty-six; of which J. C. Hall and James Grant, senatorial electors, each received (319) three hundred and nineteen votes. D. 0. Finch of First Congressional District, and A. H. Palmer of Second Congressional District, each received (319) three hundred and nineteen votes. Daniel F. Miller and Henry O'Conner, senatorial electors, each received (487) four hundred and eighty-seven votes. Wm. M. Stone of First Congressional District, and Samuel A. Russell of Second Con- gressional District, each received (487) four hundred and eighty-seven votes. John P. Cook and "Wm. F. Graff, senatorial electors, each received (20) twenty votes. S. G. McAchran of First Congressional District, arid Isaac Booth of Second Congressional District, each received (20) twenty votes. In testimony whereof we have hereunto set our official signature and caused to be affixed the seal of the County Court of said county, at Adel, this eighth day of November, 1856. Llotd D. Burns, County Judge, ) , Stephen Peabodt, J. P., \ County Canvassers. Nathan B. Nichols, J. P., ) 'ABSTRACT Of the election held in the several townships in the county of Dallas, in the State of Iowa, on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November, A. D. 1856, for electors of President and Yice-President of the United States": Buchanan and Breckenridge. Fremont and Dayton. Fillmore and Donaldson. Presidential Elec- tors. Presidential Elec- tors. Presidential Elec- tors. CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS AND TOWNSHIPS. 3 "3 W -+3 CO ■3 CD B P4 53 F3 . El a o o -S r/j if; 3 « M o o U 1 < 4 o B d o W fe o a o Ph' ,a CS jjj >-i 1-5 Q < a a £ 02 t-j £ t/2 m 171 20 40 31 17 40 319 171 20 40 31 17 40 1st 171 20 40 31 17 40 2d 171 20 40 31 17 40 168 62 146 42 30 39 487 168 62 146 42 30 39 1st 168 62 146 42 30 39 2d 168 62 146 42 30 39 5 7 5 3 20 5 7 5 3 1st 5 7 5 3 5W 5 7 5 3 At this election, also, on the fourth day of November, 1856, Dallas county cast (812) eight hundred and twelve votes for delegate to the constitutional HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 363 convention from the twenty-seventh senatorial district — consisting of Polk, Dallas and Guthrie counties — of which M. M. Crocker received 327 votes, and Thomas Seeley received 485 votes. The following table, as taken from the abstract on file, shows the entire vote of the senatorial district: DELEGATE TO CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION, 1856. NAMES OP COUNTIES. J • g u 6 OQ 3 1 as GO w 1001 327 205 1533 950 485 197 1632 6 Total 6 At the election previous, held August, 1856, the following vote was cast for the respective candidates and offices : NAMES OF CANDIDATES. NO. VOTES Secretary of State: George Snyder 337 EJisha Sells 454 Auditor of State: James Pollard 336 John Pattee 454 Treasurer of State: George' Paul 336 M.L.Morris 454 Attorney General: James Baker. ." 336 Samuel A. Rice 454 State Senator: Theophilus Bryan 187 James Jdrdon 200 NO. VOTES 'Representative in Congress: Augustus Hall 332 Samuel R. Curtis 455 Representative, 36th District: Wm. L. Henderson 835 Benjamin Greene 442 District Clerk: O. D. Smalley 352 Cole Noel 414 Prosecuting Attorney: Jeremiah Perkins 456 H. C.Rippy 324 Cole. Noel was duly elected district clerk by a majority of 62 votes, and Jeremiah Perkins, prosecuting attorney, by a majority of- 132 votes. Benjamin Greene received a majority of 107 votes in his own county, and a much. larger one in the District, which included Dallas, Polk and Guth- rie counties, and altogether gave him 1539. votes, to 1242 cast for Mr. Hen- derson, securing Greene a seat in the Assembly. The board of county canvassers at this election were, L. D. Burns, County Judge; David M. Starbuck, J. P.; John T. Alexander, J. P. The population, at that date, would number at least four thousand, and the general cultivation and improvement of the county had advanced in proportion to the greatly increased number of inhabitants. Bleaching forward, then, from the date of the Presidential election in 1856, over a scope of twenty years, to the eighth Presidential election held in Dallas county, and noting the Presidential vote, the following results 364 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. appear, which indicate at a glance the remarkable growth of the county from its organization to the present: PRESIDENTIAL VOTES. The following are the votes cast for the Presidency in Dallas county since 1848 : 1848. Taylor 34 Cass 22 VanBuren 1— 57 1852. Pierce, Scott and Hale. Abstract missing. 1856. Buchanan 319 Fremont 487 Fillmore 20— 826 1860. Lincoln 612 Douglas 434—1046 1864. Lincoln 632 McClellan 328— 960 1868. Grant 1254 Seymour 590—1844 1872. Grant 1620 Greeley 564 O'Connor 45—2229 1876. Hayes 2136 Tilden l 752 fiooper 451-3339 In 1876 the following is an abstract of the official vote: NAMES OF* CANDIDATES. NO. VOTE8 NO. VOTES Presidential Electors at Large: Supreme Judge — {Cole Vacancy): John Van Valkenburg 2136 William H. Seevers 2135 William P. Hepburn 2136 Walter I. Hayes 754 John P. Irish 752. Charles Negus 5 Daniel F. Miller 752 Judge Supreme Court: A. M. Dawley 451 William H. Seetebs 2135 P.C.Welch 451 Walter I. Hayes 754 District Electors, 6th District: . Charles Negus 452 W. O. CROSBr 2136 Supreme Judge— {Vacancy 1879) : T.B.Perry 752 James H. Rothrock 2136 J. W. Murphy 451 William Graham '. 754 Secretary of State : O. R. Jones 453 Jobiah T. Young 2137 Superintendent of Public Instruction : John H. Stubenrauch • 755 Carl W. von Coelln 2132 A. Macready 452 J.A.Nash 458 Auditor of State : Representative in Congress : Buren R. Sherman 2137 H. J. B. Cummings 2061 William Groneway 754 S.J.Gilpin 765 Leonard Brown 452 A. Hastie 505 Treasurer of State : Circuit Judge : Geo. W. Bemis 2137 John Mitchell 2160 Wesley Jones 750 Clerk of Courts : George C Fry 452 A. C. Hotchkiss 2194 Register of State Land Office : A. R. Smalley - 1238 David Secor 21S7 Recorder: N.C.Ridenour 754 J. W. Mattox 2163 Geo. M. Walker 448 Preston Bilderbach 1164 Attorney General : Board of Supervisors : John F. McJunkin 2137 Jacob Stump 1766 J. C. Cook 755 Stevens 1532 Note.— Republicans in Small Capitals ; Democrats in Italia ; Greenbackers in Roman type. o **■ E. m Des Moines.. Spring Valley Ballas . Sugar Grove. Washington . Lincoln Linn Bed field Dexter 3&M Adel Dallas Center Adams Colfax □ a CD 1-1 1 -1 M M M bO m w m «*■ 1 -q.coo©o©-qoi©coct if*M wto ©ot roco E. J. B. Cummings. 1 Q^g a 8 a* ■ g p 1 ? *-* 1 A -5 hTMHMM M M CO 00-3 0>-7COCD03 01000HCDCOl^COOCOOl col CO a* to Ol If- If. O CD Ot -q bO -1 CO CO -3 OS CO CO bO E. H. Gillette. -q CO OS MMM M to MMM -q©bOOS©lMOlCOW>iCCO-qao©©OSO©CH M to © Ot m to -q M CO to -1 G» M ro CO CO 00 CO (*»■ John A. T. Hull. OD OD » ~3| MMHHM |_l|_l ol NJObOMcoccoacoif-M^OT^bo^tioboo E. M. Farnsworth. *"* 1 -q MM M M bO ) — i ( — ■ i t ■jl ro©cootbOto-qM©bo-qotMcs©io-3g5ot Buren B. Sherman. OOg; o Ml ... ol coos' os- • osat« -q©M- © *- ■ eo ot Ml Ot CO ■ 00' • O bO • C0M-3- OtbOM- COM Joseph Eiboeck. OS • ■ " M • • ■ M< ! o> os- coco* • ooj • co coo' ■ CO 1 CO OS CO • to CO ■ - COM ■ oi to coco- G. V. Swearingen. 3 CO CO }-ti-i}-^ M tO MMM -q©MOS©IMOtCOCOIf.CO-qOOCO©OSOcOOl MM CO CJI bO bP-qj.M© W -q Ot M OS © CO CO CO & G. W. 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M -q CO o MMM M to MMM -qObOOSOtMOiCocoif-CO-qco©oas©©Cn MfcO©OlbObO-q©Mb3-qOlM-q©C0COC0tf. E. J. Holmes. M j OS CO -q OS -qcoco root O OOMCO CO tf. COO CD ot -q 1 bo©MOboco©-qfco©iM-qcnosboco©bO© Alex Itunyon. M -q MMM M bO MMM -q©tO©OIMOtCObOlf.CO-qCO©OOS©©Ol MO©OtbObO-s:©©fcO-qOlMCft©COCDCOIf. John S.Runnells. 2 o Ml ' • - M , . M< l-H-i* • M © -qos- os- ■ osoi* -qoM« ©if. • coot bS | COIf'- -q- • O-q* OSM-q- OtbOi—- bO M J. B. Elliott. OS I ' '• • M ■ '• • M« ■ OS OS ■ GO CO • ■ © to >CO . CO © ■ ' CO 1 CO OS M- to co ■ • co -q • otto- toco G. W. Rutherford. 1 GS 1 M M M M MM -q Ot©bOOS©lMOl©COCOlf.-q-q©©OSO-qiP- col -qif»coif^Mfco-qb300iooiif>co-q©ooscD John Leonard. cnanS Ell OD 1 MMM M MMM *- eo-qot-qcocoosco©M©McoeooicoM©oi it 1 bOOSCO©CObO©eibOM©OSC7tCOCCOfcO}f.CO W. H. McHenry. M 00 to If. MMM M to MMM OSOtOOSOSMOtCOCOIf.03COCO©MOSO-q-q cocncocoMro-qtoOMcoif.©ic^boif.ososif- S. A. Calvert. M 1 -3 MMMMM MMM m -qosoi-q-qceasoi©©©o©©co©ooco Oil C01f.C0b3M©OCltC00Sl-'C00l-qc0M-qC0M George W. Seevers. "1 _j MMM M tO MMM CO -qObOOSOt MOl CO CO CO co -q -q CO © OS © coot if. 1 to — to wcocooscoco>f.co-qcD-qcooiroccro Wm. Connor, Jr. OS 00-qQ1-qOOCOOSOt©MCOMCOtDlf.cO©CO)f- -q I COMcObObObOMtOCOCOCDOlOS-qtf-OeOOeO A. R. Smalley. tjMM M bO MMMM co -qcocorooiMOicococo>f.~q-q©ocnococn jf: j -q-q-qOOM-qMM-qOtOCn©©©~qcO)f. A. C. Hotchkiss. ^2 C o S 1 ■ M M M rn -3 -1 *. -q CO CO OS Ol O © col if. co b9 ot if. to © if. co ot © © CO OS M MM M©©!f-©0©01 cocoottocnosro — I. J. Mills. M CO CO CO i^^t-l M tO -qObOOSOtMOTCObOjf. b9-q-qenb9co-qos©ro MMM -q-q©MOso©-q 00©-qfcObO©bOO J. G. Howe. 4 Si t^ i-^ i-i l-^t-i M M to co e»oi -qco co os *» p © o m ©©co© o ©co co 1 ww fen MfcOM©coiP©Mtf.rococoif.-q*0(o W. A. Cook. d! MMM M tO MMM if. oo — at osoot co co co if. -q-q coooso os cn -q 1 Ot -q M©M©-q MM Ot MQ1 CO OS COCO -q© If. A. C. Newell. g.aa| F l§s 3 s " 7 p. • M CO s Is MM M MMM OS~q-q*qcooscno0scOMCocoif.<0OMCft cnM-qbSco©osMif.ro-qos©wbo©cnco L. D. Burns. w i o H O g O i-9 i— i O O td W S3 366 HISTORY OF DAXLAS COUNTY. LIST OF COUNTY OFFICEKS. The aim in the following is to give as complete a list as possible of the various county officers and representatives, with their respective dates of election, as taken from the records of elections. Some of the abstracts of the earlier elections are missing, so that it has been a difficult task to trace out this list of names, and impossible to find some that should appear here. But with the exception of the few missing links, the list will serve to give a condensed and classified view of all the important officers chosen at the regular annual elections, in their order of succession, under their respective headings, together with the length of time that each one served, following the dates of election and not of inauguration. COUNTY COMMISSIONERS. The financial affairs of the county were first managed by a board of county commissioners, consisting of three in number, which, except the first board elected, were chosen for terms of one, two and three years respec- tively, thus adding one new commissioner each year, and retaining two of experience on the board all the time. These successive boards were as follows: April to August, 1847 — William W. Miller, Tristram Davis, Greenburv Coffin. August, 1847, to August, 1848— Noah Staggs, ¥m. W. Miller, 0. D. Smalley. August, 1848, to August, 1849— William P. McCubbin, Wm. W. Miller, Tristram Davis (the last mentioned was elected also the April previous, to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of Noah Staggs). August, 1849, to August, 1850— Wm. W. Miller, Wm. P. McCubbin, Tristram Davis. August, 1850, to August, 1851— J. C. Corbell, Wm. P. McCubbin, Tris- tram Davis. This was the last board of county commissioners elected. By an act of the legislature the county affairs were then managed by a county judge. COUNTY JUDGES. L. D. Burns, August, 1851, to Oct., 1859. Henry Thornburgh, Oct. 1859; resigned January, 1861. Jeremiah Perkins, appointed to fill va- cancy, January, 1861. He was elected October, 1861, and served in that capacity until the office was abolished. The management of county affairs, however, was virtually taken out of the hands of the county judge in 1861, being given into the hands of a board of supervisors, which should consist of one supervisor elected from each civil township in the county, according to sections 3 and 4, Article 11, Chapter 22, of the Revised Code of Iowa, and the judge's office was con- fined to probate business. SUPERVISORS. Dallas county, at that time, only having ten organized civil townships, was therefore entitled to but ten supervisors to constitute their board, of HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 367 whom one-half were elected for two years, and the remainder for one year, divided by lot before the proper authorities. The following table shows the names of the first board, and the last board of 16 county supervisors. Their first meeting was held January 7, 1861: 1861—1862. NAMES. TOWNSHIPS. LENGTH OF TEKM. 1 Samuel J. Garoutte. 2 Simon H. Vestal. . . . 3 John D. Whitman. . 4 0. D. Smalley 5 Robert H. Elder. . . . 6 Andrew Rhinehart. . 7 J. D. Curry 8 D. M. Starbuck 9 John Maulsby 10 James Pugh Adel Boone Walnut Des Moines Spring Valley. . . Sugar Grove Dallas Washington Linn Union One year. Two " Two " Two " One " One " One " Two " One " Two " The last board of sixteen (16) supervisors, sisted of the following named persons : under the old system, con- 1869—1870. Benjamin Greene, Chairman. S. H. Vestal, L. D. Bullis, Ohas. B. Snow, B. W. Thomas, L. S. Wells, B. F. Sincoak, David J. Pattee, G. S. Mitchell, J. W. Eedfield, ¥m. Davidson, G. W. Hermon, W. E. Tolle, O. D. Smalley, Jacob Stump, ffm. Jenkins. In 1870 the supervisor system was changed and the number reduced to three, who should be elected by the county at the general election. The law provided that the first board of three supervisors should be elected to serve one, two and three years respectively, their several positions to be de- termined by lot, before the proper authorities. Afterward one new super- visor was to be elected each year for the term of three years, leaving two old members on the board constantly, except in cases of resignation, when others must be elected, or appointed, to fill vacancies. October 11, 1870, the first board of three supervisors was elected by the county, which consisted of the following named persons: David Smart, three "years term. William Ellis, two years term. J. W. Eedfield, one year term. J. K. Van Meter, March 23, 1871, by appointment; vice, Ellis, resigned. AFTEBWARD ELECTED. O. D. Smalley, Oct., 1871, to fill vacancy. Abe. Smith, Oct., 1871, full term. S. W. Gilliland, November, 1872. J. C. Goodson, October, 1873. Benjamin Greene, October, 1873, to fill vacancy. L. Warford, October, 1874. L. D. Burns, October, 1875. Jacob Stump, November, 1876. Wm.' B. Ellis, October, 1877. L. D. Burns, October, 1878. Others may have been appointed to fill vacancies whose names we have not been able to learn. 368 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. CORONERS. (Date of election.) Martin W. Miller, Aug., 1847, to Aug., 1849. Harvey Adams, Aug., 1849, to Aug., 1851. Martin W. Miller, Aug., 1851, tq Aug., 1852. J. V. Pierce, Aug., 1852, to Aug., 1857. M. F. Gerard, Aug., 1857, to Feb., 1859. John Eichhart, Feb. 14, 1859, to Oct., 1859, by appointment. J. D. Ferguson, Oct., 1859, to Oct., 1863. Levi Diddy, Oct., 1863, to Oct., 1865. Wm. Thornburgh, Oct., 1865, to Oct., 1866. M. E. Coons, Oct., 1866, to Oct., 1873. T. E. Foster, Oct., 1873, to Oct., 1875. Wesley Wright, Oct., 1875. PROBATE JUDGES. Samuel Miller, Aug., 1847, to April, 1848. Wm. D. Boone, April, 1848, to Aug., 1848. Uriah Stotts, Aug., 1848, to April, 1849. Samuel Miller, April, 1849, to Aug., 1849. J. C. Goodson, Aug., 1849, to , 1851. The probate business then passed into the hands of the county judge. See above. Samuel Miller, April 5, 1847, to Aug., 1847. S. K Scovell, Aug., 1847, to May, 1850. Benjamin Greene, May 13, 1850, by appointment. Served until office was abolished. DRAINAGE COMMISSIONERS. George Davis, Aug., 1852, to April, 1857. L. L. Collins, April, 1857, to Oct., 1859. Joseph Parker, Oct., 1859, to Oct., 1865. W. H. H. Brown, Oct., 1865, to Oct., 1867. G. L. Eobertson, Oct., 1867, to Oct., 1869. I. D. Eedfield, Oct., 1869. SEALERS OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. Archibald Crowl, August, 1847, to August, 1848. Z. Babcock, August, 1848. LOT FUND AGENTS. Thomas Butler, July, 1847, to . F. G. France, , to Octo- ber, 1850. Benjamin Greene, October, 1850, to August, 1851. PROSECUTING ATTORNEYS. William McKay, appointed to serve at the first session of the District Court, April 5, 1847. Henry Stump, April, 1848, to August, 1849. Ben- jamin Greene, August, 1849, to August, 1851. Leroy Lambert, August, 1851, to August, 1852. E. L. Morse, August, 1852, to August, 1853. Benj. Greene, August, 1853, to August, 1856. Jeremiah Perkins, August, 1856, to August, 1857. Wm. Henry Dodge, August, 1857. DISTRICT CLERKS. George S. Hills, April, 1847, to August, 1847. S. K. Scovell, August, 1847, to August, 1850. Andrew Schouten, August, 1850, to November, ^3® &sGl HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 371 1850. S. K. Scovell, November 19, 1850, to April, 1854. Judah Learning, April, 1854, to August, 1856. Cole Noel, August, 1856, to October 15, 1866 (resigned). John "Warford was appointed to fill vacancy. J. K. Joy, elected October, 1866, to November, 1868. N. G. Long, November, 1868, to October, 1874. A. C. Hotchkiss, October, 1874 — present incumbent; re-elected twice. SHERIFFS. Eli Smithson, appointed organizing sheriff by State Legislature. Jesse K. Miller, April, 1847, to August, 1847. Eli' Smithson, August, 1847, to August, 1849. Samuel Marrs, August, 1849, to February, 1850. Horatio Morrison, February, 1850, to April, 1850 — by appointment. "William Ellis, April, 1850, to August, 1850. Irwin C. Hughs, August, 1850, to August, 1852. ¥m. Davidson, August, 1852, to August, 1855. Slemmons 0. Taylor, August, 1855, to August, 1857. Isaac D. Marsh, August, 1857, to September, 1862. William Ellis, by appointment, September, 1862, to October, 1862. J. M. Bvers, October, 1862, to October, 1871. A. W. Haines, October, 1871, to October, 1875. Shubal J. Ellis, October, 1875, to October, 1877. J. W. P>ly, October 9, 1877 — present incumbent. ASSESSORS. Isaac Miller, elected April 5, 1847, but no office being authorized yet, did not qualify. The duties of the office were performed by the sheriff tor sev- eral years. S. F. Graham, April, 1857-1858, when the office was abolished. TREASURERS AND RECORDERS. Levi A. Davis, April, 1847, to August, 1847. J. 0. Corbell, August, 1847, to Augnst, 1849. Samuel Dilley, August, 1849, to November, 1850. S. K. Scovell, November, 1850, to August, 1851. E. Y. Irwin, August, 1851, to April, 1852. J. W. Hays, April, 1852, to August, 1855. Jacob P. Eckles, August, 1855, to October, 1859. F. S. Graham, October, 1859, . to November, 1864. The office was then divided. TREASURERS (ALONE). F. S. Graham, November, 1864, to June, 1867 (resigned). S. J. Ga- routte, appointed to fill vacancy. John Maulsby, October, 1867, to October, 1869. S. J. Garoutte, October, 1869, to October, 1873. Thomas C. "Walsh, October, 1873, to October, 1875. Jesse Macey, October, 1875, to October, 1877. E. H. Conger, October, 1877 — present "incumbent. RECORDERS (ALONE). Jeremiah Perkins, November, 1864, to November, 1868. J. "W. Coons, November, 1868, to October, 1874. J. W. Mattox, October, 1874, to Octo- ber, 1878. J. G. Howe, October, 1878— present incumbent. AUDITORS. Jeremiah Perkins, October, 1869, to October, 1871. Z. "W. Kelly, Octo- ber, 1871, to October, 1877. L. Swearingen, October, 1877 — present in- cumbent. 24 372 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. SURVEYORS. Martin W. Miller, April, 1847, to August, 1849. John S. Sammis, August, 1849, to October, 1849. Aaron L. Johns, October, 1849, to August, 1850. S. K. Scovell, August, 1850, to November, 1850. O. D. Smalley, November, 1850, to August, 1855. Adam Buck, August, 1855, to August, 1857. Jno. T. Jackson, August, 1S57, to November, 1860. John W. Wright, November, 1860, to October, 1863. W. S. M. Abbott, October, 1863, to November, 1864. John W. Wright, November, 1864, to October, 1865. H. H. Moffatt, October, 1865, to October, 1867. Thomas 0. Walsh, October, 1867 (never qualified). A. J Lyons, by appointment, to Novem- ber, 1868. E. T. Abbott, November, 1868, to October, 1870. J. A. Car- rothers, October, 1870, to October, 1871. J. T. Jackson, October, 1871, to October, 1875. A. A. Nolan, October, 1875 — present incumbent. SCHOOL FUND COMMISSIONERS. S. K. Scovell, April, 1848, to April, 1849. Ira Sherman, April, 1849, to April, 1850. Bejamin Greene, April, 1850, to April, 1852. Leroy Lam- bert, April, 1852 to 1857. S. K. Scovell, April, 1857-1858. COUNTY SUPEEINTENDENTS. (Office established April, 1858.) James O. Eeed, April, 1858, to June, 1859. John W. Boyle, by appoint- ment, June, 1859, to October, 1859. Joseph R. Reed, October, 1859, to May, 1860. S. B. Hempstead, by appointment, May, 1860, to November, 1860. M. C. Twitch ell, November, • 1860, to October, 1865. William Hastings, October, 1865, to October, 1867." Amos Dilly, October, 1867, to October, 1871. A. E. Simons, October, 1871, to October, 1873. J. M. Crocker, October, 1873, to October, 1875. Amos Dilley, October, 1875 — present incumbent; re-elected in 1877. jueors — 1879. The following is a list of the men drawn to act as grand and petit jurors at the next term of District Court, which commences at Adel, March 31st: Grand Jurors. — D. Sutherland, J. M. McLucas, Jno. McCormick, E. M. Jones, Elisha Bennet, J. F. Coulter, W. H. H. Binns, H. Stitzel, J. S. De- Motte, Cyrus Parcel, Jesse Macy, W. W. Waldo, R. M. Lee, W. P. Dills, N. M.Y. Ustick. ' Petit Jurors. — G. W. Halley, Geo. Blackman, Ira Edwards, R. H. Ross, C. W. Patch, P. Wagner, Sr., J. Ludington, H. Estes, J. L. Carter, T. H. Brenton, C. Squires, G. W. Roland, Jacob Hougham, David Crane, D. C. Bligh. . REPRESENTATIVES. J. C. Goodson and Benjamin Greene, 1852-53. Ezra Van Fossen, 1854-56. Benjamin Greene, 1856-58. Leroy Lambert, 1858-60 — the last of the dis- trict representatives. The first representative that Dallas county, alone, sent to the house was Leroy Lambert, 1859-61. Peter T. Russell, 1861-63. Elwood Lindley, 1863-65. W. S. M. Abbott, 1865-67'. Leroy Lambert, 1867-69. Cole Noel, 1869-71. Hugo G. Yan Meter, 1871-73. John Mc- Lucas, 1873-75. T. C. Norris, 1875-1877. W. S. Russell, 1877-79. # HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 373 SENATORS. James Redfield, 1862-66. Only served during one session, when he was appointed lieutenant-colonel of 39th Iowa Infantry, and was killed at the battle of Allatoona, Ga., October 5, 1864. His term in the Senate was served out by some one from another county. The remaining senators elected from this county were: Joseph R. Heed, 1866-70. Henry Thornburgh, 1870-74. CIRCUIT JUDGES. John Mitchell, 1868-78. S. A. Callvert, the present incumbent, was appointed by the Governor, June 1st, 1878, and elected October, 1878. He is the first and only one elected to that position from this county. DISTRICT JUDGES AND JUDICIAL DISTRICTS. Dallas county has not yet furnished a district judge from the ranks of her citizens; but we give the names of the different judges presiding over the District Court in the county, and the judicial districts to which they be- longed, together with the various changes in those districts until they were settled in the present form. Hon. James P. Charlton, the first district judge who presided in Dallas county, belonged to the Fourth Judicial District, and was the only judge .from that district who presided over a term of court in this county until after the change. Originally, the fourth district was composed of the counties of Benton, Boone, Dallas, Iowa, Jasper, Johnson, Linn, Marshall, Polk, Poweshiek, Story and Tama. But, in 1849, Washington county was annexed to it, from the first district, and Dallas, Boone, Jasper, Marshall, Polk and Story counties were, detached, to form the new Fifth Judicial District, consequently, Charlton was no longer the presiding judge here. Dallas county remained in the fifth district about seven years, and during that time the following district judges presided over court, in Adel: Hon. William McKay, of Polk county, presided over the second term of District Court held in the county, June 4, 1849, as shown by the records. He was elected to that office April 2, 1849, and commissioned April 27, just two years after the date of Hon Charlton's commission. Hon. McKay continued as the presiding judge here until after the May term of court, 1854. Hon. Phineas M. Casady, of Polk county, was elected as his successor, April 3, 1854; qualified June 1st, and then resigned without serving even one term. Hon. Charles J. McFarland, of Boone county, was appointed in his place by Governor Hempstead, in May, 1854; qualified in July, and presided over the October term of the district court in Dallas county the same year. Hon. Wm. W. Williamson, of Polk county, was declared elected as his successor on April 2, 1855, and qualified the 11th; but this election was contested, and the contest was decided January 10, 1856, in favor of Hon. Charles J. McFarland, who qualified the same day, and resumed the duties of his office, continuing to preside over the district court in Dallas county until December, 1856, when a change in judicial districts was again made, and Dallas, Jasper, Marion and Polk counties were detached from the Fifth to aid in forming the new Eleventh Judicial District, and McFarland was no longer the presiding judge in Dallas. 374 HISTORY OF DAXLAS COUNTY. Hon. Wm, M. Stone, of Marion county, was elected the first judge of this new Eleventh District, April 6, 1857 ; was commissioned April 23, and served in that capacity until January 1, 1859. In accordance with Article Y of the Constitution of 1857 the fourteen old judicial districts, formed under the constitution of 1846, were superseded by eleven new districts, the judges and district attorneys of which entered severally upon their duties January 1, 1859. Under the last change Dallas county again became part of the Fifth Ju- dicial District in connection with Adair, Guthrie, Madison Polk and War- ren counties, which position it still retains. Hon. John H. Gray was the first judge of this new district, after the change under the constitution of 1857. He was first elected October 12, 1858; was re-elected October 14, 1862, and served in that capacity with great acceptance for more than seven years, until October 14, 1865, when he died, highly esteemed and sadly lamented by all who knew him. Hon. Charles C. Nourse was duly appointed his successor by Governor "Wm. M. Stone, October 16, 1865 ; qualified October 20, and in less than a year resigned; this resignation to take effect August 1, 1866. Hon. Hugh Maxwell was appointed to fill the vacancy until October 9, 1866, when he was elected by the people, and was re-elected October 11, 1870, serving out his second full term of office, and occupying the position' more than eight years. Hon. John Leonard was elected as his successor October 13, 1874, enter- ing upon the duties of his office the first of January following, and faith- fully served his four years' term in an acceptable manner. Hon. W. H. McIIenry was elected as his successor October 8, 1878, and is therefore~the present incumbent. COUNTY FINANCES. The financial management of Dallas county has always been an economi- cal one. Opposed to running the county in debt, its financiers have never permit- ted useless extravagance or rash expenditure, and in the opinion of some have at times ignored the best interests of the county by a too conservative management. The county taxes have been comparatively light, and generally judiciously expended. In the early days county orders were sometimes considerably below par, selling at from sixty to seventy cents on the dollar; but this was years ago, and the present high standard of county warrants brings contract bids down to a cash basis, securing for the county full work for the orders drawn. No money has ever been paid out of the county treasury for any railroads through its territory, nor has any very great amount ever been spent for the erection of public buildings. At the April election, 1857, a vote was carried ordering that a new court- house be built, and paid for out of the treasury fund to the amount of about $10,000; a poor farm was purchased and fitted up by the county; a good brick jail was built about six years ago at a cost of about $5,000; and a few years ago a brick building was erected in the court yard for the offices of treasurer, clerk and recorder, which cost also about $5,000. The above HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 375 items constitute about the bulk of the expenditure from the county treasury for public buildings for county use, aside from that drawn from the school fund for the erection of school-houses, which latter fund has been quite lib- erally drawn upon and judiciously expended to the credit of the county. The outstanding county warrants only amount to about $5,000, the greater per cent of which is not due yet, and the bond indebtedness is little over $4,000, making the entire indebtedness of the county at present a little less than $10,000, which this year's levy will entirely cancel, leaving the county on a square footing, and making a most creditable showing for the financial management of the county. The long concealed wealth of the county now begins to become available, so that it would be a very easy matter to borrow a few hundred, or even many thousands of dollars on the public credit, in comparison with what it was nearly thirty-two years ago, when the credit of the county could not se- cure for it the meager sum of $200 with which to enter the "town quarter" selected as the seat of justice. * The wealth and value were here at that time, as well as now, hid deep down in the earth and mixed in the fertile soil; but these were not then available, and the mere prospect of them was not sufficient security for ob- taining the ready cash in any considerable amount, since that most impor- tant article was even much more scarce then than now in these much criti- cised and sadly abused days of "specie resumption." As people, in those early days, did not dream that the county 'would attain the present stage of development in thirty years, so now no one can estimate the advancement it will make in thirty years to come. treasurer's report of 1878. County treasurer's semi-annual report of receipts and disbursements of the several funds examined and approved : FUNDS. State County School , -Bridge Bond District Contingent Sohool-house' Eoad Per School Fund School Fund Interest Apportionment ■ Corporation Swamp Lands Fines Witness Fees Insane St. P. & S. W. R. E D. M. &W. B. R Institute Account School-house Site Account Totals • Over- draft 28 90 On hands last re'pt 2060 20 1715 51 1597 72 580 34 749 73 7061 12 2644 34 2605 05 890 49 68 00 1542 56 567 40 356 81 145148 '2825 85 140 95 418 71 14 40 148 33 138 55 40 00 Am't rec'd 3635 60 10816 97 1869 15 5480 97 1914 12 13186 54 5104 31 5077 65 2019183 3925 93 1325 64 6547 00 777 1391 89 154 45 793 60 377 70 50 00 Total 5695 80 12532 48 3466 87 6061 31 2663 85 20247 66 7748 65 7682 70 2907 32 3993 93 2868 20 7114 40 1134 20 2843 87 2980 30 140 95 1212 31 14 40 148 33 516 25 90 00 28 90 27617 54 64445 74 92065 28 &4080 92 18011 26 Paid out 5275 37 12561 38 2089 16 4969 26 2419 98 14691 74 5644 69 5899 93 1993 78 3400 00 1653 35 5619 70 932 35 2500 00 2833 85 1174 06 422 32 Bal. on hand 420 43 1377 71 1092 05 243 87 5555 92 2103 96 1782 77 913 54 593 93 1214 85 1494 70 20185 343 37 146 45 140 95 38 25 14 40 148 33 93 93 90 00 E. H. Conger, County Treasurer. 376 HISTOET OF DALLAS COUNTY. Auditok's Office, Dallas County, Iowa. I, L. Swearingen, county auditor in and for Dallas county, Iowa, do certify that I have compared the treasurer's report with the books in my office, and find the same correct. Witness my hand and seal this 6th day of January, A. D. 1879. [seal] L. Swearingen, County Auditor. valuation and tax eepoet, 1878. Auditor's Office, Dallas County, Iowa. To the Auditor of State: Sir: — In compliance with section 844, of the Code of 1873, I hereby report the aggregate valuation of lands, town property, and personal property, each separately, and also the aggre- gate amount of each separate tax levied in said county, for the year 1877, as shown by the tax^ book of said county, when the same was delivered to the county treasurer for collection, as follows: TAXABLE PROPERTY. VALUE. Lands Town Property Personal Property Railroad Property Total valuation of county $3,341,495 352,832 1,130,716 274,220 $5,099,263 AMOUNT. State tax County tax Insane Hospital tax Bond Bridge tax County School tax Teachers' tax School-house tax School Contingent tax Road tax Corporation Polls to be added to county 2 mills. 3K " 1 mill. 1 Total tax levied . . 10,198.49 17,847.35 5,099.18 12,748.16 5,099.16 31,709.31 6,771.25 10,621.45 5,243.94 2,125.99 1,871.00 $109,335.28 I certify the foregoing to be a correct statement, as appears from the tax-book of said county, for the year 1878. Witness my hand and seal this 12th day of November, A. D. 1878. L. Swearingen, County Auditor. The total assessments of live stock alone in Dallas county during the past two years amounted to the following: For 1877 '. . $686,772.00 For 1878 685,037.00 Total valuation of real and personal property in 1878 was $5,099,263. Total tax on the same, $109,335.28. . The above shows a slight decrease in the live stock valuation during the last year, but a most marked increase in the entire amount during the past HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 377 thirty years, when the amount of the assessment in the county, as taken by Jesse K. Miller, in 1847, was only $2,403.75, which amount included all the personal property and money then in the county subject to taxation, and the population of the county during those thirty years has increased from the few hundred to some sixteen or seventeen thousand, perhaps more. BRIDGES. Owing to the great number of rivers and running streams throughout the county, there are few connties that have been called upon for larger expen- ditures for bridges than Dallas, in proportion to the age of the county and number of inhabitants, and in this respect the response of the people has been liberal. Crossed as the connty is by four rivers and a great number of large creeks and numerous smaller streams that require bridging, the expense of building and maintaining bridges for the convenience of the public has been considerable, and as a result the county is already furnished with a large supply of good- bridges. In many cases substantial iron bridges have been constructed, both arch and truss, varying in cost of construction from eight hundred to several thousand dollars. There is a larger number of good substantial wood bridges, however, in the county, most of which were built by Mr. Jonathan Peppard, of Union township. The county being favored with having a good bridge-builder and contractor within its own limits, who always aims to give eminent satisfaction in his work, has very naturally and properly em- ployed him in their contracts, and has, therefore, a great many of his wooden bridges, as this is the only kind he contracts for. There are two good wagon bridges across the main branch of the Raccoon river, one at Booneville, and one at Van Meter; three or four across the South Raccoon; two or three across the Middle Raccoon; and some seven or eight across the North Raccoon river, besides a great many of minor im- portance across the different creeks and smaller streams rendering crossing quite convenient and safe to almost all parts of the county. There is one good railroad bridge within the county limits, situated near Booneville, built in 1869, by the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad Company; and another one is now under contract and process of building across the North Raccoon east of Adel, by Jonathan Peppard, for the Des Moines, Adel and Western Railroad Company, the following account of which is clipped from the Dallas County News: THE BRIDGE. " After days and weeks of hard work and close figuring the officials of the Des Moines, Adel & Western R. R. Cotnpany have succeeded in selling a sufficient number of bonds to justify them in contracting for the erection of a bridge across 'Coon river at this place, and consequently last Saturday the contract was awarded to Jonathan Peppard, with the stipulation that it should be completed within ninety days, and we understand Mr. Peppard says it will not require over sixty. It is to be what is termed a combina- tion bridge, of two spans, each a hundred feet, an approach on the east of two hundred feet and on the west of about ten feet, the whole to cost $4,770. And now in a very short time Adel can truthfully boast of a rail- road which will, beyond doubt, be a paying institution, whereas heretofore 378 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. it has scarcely paid its running expenses. By the time the bridge is com- pleted there will already have been erected a good, substantial depot on this side of the river, the necessary switches put in at either end of the road, and at least one passenger coach ready for business. " The people along the line west are anxiously waiting for spring to open so they can commence work on the grade, and ere the year 1879 closes Des Moines, "Waukee, Adel, Redfield and Panora will be connected by rail- road. Three cheers for our little narrow gauge, which has forever settled the question of the removal of the county seat, and put Adel in a fair way to make one of the finest and most prosperous towns in the "West." "The board of supervisors, last Saturday, let the contract for an iron bridge across South 'Coon at Maulsby's Ford, just north of Dexter, to the, King bridge company of Cleveland, Ohio. They also let the contract for a similar bridge at Van Meter." — January 17, 1879. POOR FARM. Asylums for the poor, the disabled and the orphans are distinctively Christian institutions, Which are becoming more and more numerous and efficient in these latter days. Tt has been frequently remarked that among heathen nations, Rome, Greece and Macedon, no State institutions were ever established for the use of the destitute; but in this age a State, or even a county of an}' considerable age or advancement, would be considered far behind the advance of progress without some provision being made for the relief and care of paupers and destitute ones. In this respect Dallas county has used diligent efforts toward performing its duty of public benevolence in providing a poor farm for its paupers, and in endeavoring to keep that in proper condition to provide for the comfort of all who may be deemed proper subjects for such public care and aid. This institution has not yet become self-sustaining, but is supported by the county fund when the income is not sufficient. It is located on the southwest quarter of section eight (8), township sev- enty-nine (9), range twenty-seven (27), 160 acres. It was purchased by the county from Cyrus Hemphill, June 9, 1869, at a cost of about $4,000, and the deed was filed for record June 11 of that year. More land was afterward purchased by the county, adjoining the first quarter-section purchased, increasing the amount to two hundred acres, and the necessary improvements have since been made year by year. The following report, made February 18, 1875, by a committee appointed by the board of supervisors to inspect the poor farm, shows the improve- ments that have been made and the condition of things at that date: To the Honorable Board of Supervisors : Gentlemen — I would respectfully report that I have inspected the poor farm of Dallas county, Iowa, and make the following statement: There are two hundred acres of land, of which something over one hundred acres are improved and in good cultivation. The fences are in good repair, buildings all new and in good order. The dwelling-house is 30x45 feet. There are thirteen rooms in the house and a good cellar under the house. There is a good, new bam, and the appearance of everything indicates good management. There is now on the farm 2,000 bushels of corn, 100 bushels of wheat, about 150 bushels of oats, about 15 tons of hay. There were about 1,500 R>s. of pork put up for the use of said farm. There are 150 head of hogs, that will average about 120 fcs. each; four milk cows, worth $120; three calves, I HISTOET OF DALLAS COUNTY. 379" 'worth $25; one span of horses, worth $300; one new wagon, worth $95; one pair of bob- pleds, worth $20; one good stirring plow, one good stalk-cutter, one harrow, one corn-planter, » ii I 6 s , -i • ' " efore spring work commences, two new cultivators furnished. All of which is respectfully submitted, this 16th day of February, 1875. Lbm. Warpord. Other changes and improvements have been made during the past three years, and the farm is still kept in good repair by the county. COUNTY JAIL. For a long time the county had no jail, which would indicate, at least, that there was not any very great demand for one — not board.ers enough furnished by the county to properly support such an institution. "Whether this was because of a scarcity of lawless characters to be found here, or a failure on the part of the authorities to bring such to justice is not recorded; but, at all events, the county did without that important institu- tion until about the year 1872, taking their jail-birds to Des Moines for safe keeping. Ou the county records, under date of June, 1861, the following order appears, which shows that an attempt was made at that early date on the part of some to erect a jail, but it failed: Ordered, That the question of building a jail in Dallas county be submitted to the voters of said county at the next general election to be holden in October next. The election returns of October 8, 1861, show that this proposition was voted on by the people at that time and received two hundred and six (206) votes for, to four hundred and twenty-seven (427) votes against. So the jail was not built at that time and the county did without one and made no special effort again in that direction until ten more years had passed, when the question was again agitated, and in June, 1871, a committee consisting of the board of supervisors and Charles Rodenbaugh, was appointed to " ex- amine the court-house and ascertain whether a jail can be built on the sec- ond story of the court-house, and ascertain also the probable cost of the same." This committee, it seems, reported unfavorably, and the jail matter rested again until September, 1871, under which date the following order of the board of supervisors appears: Ordered, That the board of supervisors appropriate the sum of five thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary to build a county jail on lot No. 6, in block No. 8, in the town of Adel, Dallas county, Iowa, and that the board of supervisors be authorized to re- ceive bids therefor and let the contract for the building of said jail. This step decided the jail matter and. the work went forward resulting, soon afterward in the two-story brick structure which is now used for the county jail. This building was perhaps erected during the following sum- mer, and, though not very commodious, it is a substantial and comfortable structure. STOCK-RAISING. Considerable interest is being manifested during late years in the county in the department of stock-raising, and in many parts of the county is found a high grade of blooded stock of various kinds, j>rincipally cattle and hogs. 380 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. At an early day, among the fancy breeders of hogs, the preference was given to Chester Whites, but more recently the Poland China and Berk- shire have almost entirely taken their place, while among the thorough-bred and graded stock of cattle now raised here, the short-horn Durham blood prevails, and a number of good herds of high grade are now owned in the county, each of which would make a creditable showing at any stock fair in the State, and the owners have given their special attention and devoted their energies to the raising of fine cattle and hogs. H. C. Swallows, W. Z. Swallows, D. M. Flinn, and others, on their large and well cultivated farms in Boone township, have each large and valuable stocks of thorough-bred and high-grade cattle and hogs, which for years they have taken great pains and delight in improving. J. D. "Whitman, Hooker & Gillette, and others in Grant township, E. A. Barnett, Peter Marshall, and others of Union township, and numerous large farmers and stock dealers in various townships, have extensive stocks of thorough-bred and high-grade short-horn cattle, and Berkshire and Po- land China hogs, which show a decided and increasing interest in the county in the line of general improvements in blooded stock. A good many blooded horses and fine flocks of Merino and Cots- wold sheep are also found in various parts of the county, which make a very interesting display on exhibition at the county fair. Considering the age and population of Dallas county, a great many hogs and cattle are fattened and shipped yearly from it, especially during the past few years. There are a number of extensive stock dealers. The Van Meters raise and feed large stocks of cattle each season, herding them dar- ing the good grass season on the unimproved prairie land, then feeding and shipping during fall and winter. Peter Fish, of De Soto, has the credit of being the largest shipper of stock in the county, and among the largest in all this part of the country. He brings his average shipments up to the rate of one car-load per day the year round, and keeps the market up to a very close margin. The stock and grain from this locality is shipped to market principally by way of the Chicago, Kock Island & Pacific Railroad, but the county is conveniently located to the two main lines, and by means of the convenient and important connecting link of the Des Moines & Fort Dodge Railroad, the shippers here are privileged to choose their route and ship East over either the Chicago, Kock Island & Pacific, or the Chicago & Northwestern, giving them excellent accommodations and facilities. In short, Dallas county gives excellent promise of being one of the finest stock-raising counties in the West. From the earliest the citizens have displayed a deep interest in this important work and have generally directed their energies and efforts to make.it a success, using all due precaution to guard the rights and advance the highest interest of each individual in pro- tecting against trespass of stock upon each others' premises, as witness the following SHEEP AND HOG LAW. At an election holden in Dallas county, Iowa, on the fourth clay of November, A. D. 1856, on the following proposition, to- wit: Whereas, Petitions have been to me prajring to have the question, whether hogs and sheep shall be permitted to run at large, submitted to a vote of the people of Dallas county; now, therefore, I, Lloyd D. Burns, Judge of the County of Dallas in the State of Iowa, do HISTOBY OB 1 DALLAS COUNTY. 381 hereby notify the qualified electors of the county of Dallas, to assemble in their respective townships, at the usual places of holding elections, on Tuesday, being the fourth day of No- vember, A. D. 1856, and then and there to decide for or against the following proposition : 1. That every owner of sheep or swine, in the county of Dallas, shall restrain their sheep and hogs from running at large in said county; and in the event of a failure so to do, shall be liable to any damage done by said sheep or swine, to be recovered by an action of trespass by the party injured. 2. That any person may take possession of any sheep and swine found running at large in said county, who shall thereupon notify any constable in said county, who shall have power, and it is hereby made his duty, to sell any such sheep or swine, at public auction, to the high- est bidder, for cash, upon giving ten days' notice of the time and place of such sale, by post- ing the same in writing in three public places in the township, where such sheep or swine are found at large. The proceeds of such sale, after the payment of costs and charges of keep- ing, shall be paid into the county treasury, to be applied to the use of the county until legal proof be made to the county judge of said county, by the person or persons claiming such property to be his or theirs, whereupon, the county judge shall order said amount to be paid out of any moneys in the hands of the treasurer not otherwise appropriated: Provided, that the owner, or any person for him, shall on or before the day of such sale, pay the cost and charges thus far made, the constable is hereby required to release said sheep and swine to the persons making such application, upon satisfactory proof being made of the ownership. This proposition to take effect and be in force from and after its adoption. The vote shall be by ballot, and those voting for this proposition, shall have written or printed on their tick- ets the words: "For the sheep and hog law"; and those voting against this proposition,, shall have written or printed on their tickets, the words: ''Against the sheep and hog law." The returns shall be made as in ordinary cases. In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, and affixed the seal of the county of [l. s.] Dallas, State of Iowa, this third day of October, A. D. 1856. Lloyd D. Bukns, County Judge. There were six hundred and forty-nine (649) votes cast for and against said proposition, of which there were three hundred and sixty-nine (369) votes cast for the sheep and hog law, and two hundred and eighty (280) votes cast against the sheep and hog law, being a major- ity of eighty-nine (89) votes in favor of the sheep and hog law. Recorded this eleventh day of November, A. D. 1856. L. D. Burns, County Judge. The above, together with other stock acts and herd and fence laws, enacted at different times by county and State, have enabled people to understand how far the limit of privilege extends before crossing the line of trespass,, and what the penalty of violation must be — a most important and valuable lesson to be learned in every stock-raising community. We give a description of one of the large stock farms in Dallas county,, as found in the Dexter Herald, of January 3, 1879, this being only a specimen of many similar ones in the county: " In order to give our foreign readers some idea of the improvements in this country, and show them that Iowa is not a howling wilderness, we will reproduce a discription of the farm of Pete Marshall, which appeared in the Herald, September 29, 1877: " Mr. Marshall's farm begins just three-quarters of a mile north of the corporation of Dexter, and extends north one mile, and west one-half mile, and, therefore, contains three hundred and twenty acres of as good land as any person need care to see. It is a high, rolling prairie, and all under cultivation. He bought the farm twenty-three years ago for one dollarand twenty-five cents per acre, and at a time that all these beautiful prairie& were wild, and when the people, told him he was wild himself for buying it, as it was then said that this country would never be settled up, at least away from the timber along the rivers. However he was not the kind of 382 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. a man to get discouraged at trifles, as he saw, in his mind's eye, the time that this country would be the garden of the world. " At the time he came here he had to come by stage from Keokuk, where he first struck the State. At that time the capital of Iowa was at Iowa City, and Des Moines only a fort. There were a few settlers along the streams, bnt nobody had thought of pushing off on the prairies. As far as the eye could reach to the east, the west and the south, no habitation could be seen, yet here he concluded to set his stakes and await the coming of the emigrants, that he knew must, in time, come to till these rich prairies. To the north of him along the river settlers came in one by one, but it re- quired the iron horse, that great civilizer, to develop the prairie country about him, and to the south and east. With the laying of that great 'iron trail,' the Rock Island railroad, came the settlers from the far East, eager to put a shoulder to the wheel, the hand to the plow, and help to build up a civilization equal to any in the world, for certainly this country is fortunate in having such a superior set of men for its pioneers. After the coming of the railroad the country settled up very rapidly, houses and towns springing up as if some magician had touched the country with his magic wand. " Soon Pete had plenty of neighbors and a good market at his very door; and then he realized the fulfillment of his dreams. He found himself with one of the finest farms in the country, and right in market, and in a com- munity noted for its morality and intelligence. " Let us now see what his farm is to-day. Estimating it at a low figure it is worth fifty dollars per acre, against one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre, which he gave for it. He now has a fine orchard coming on, and would have had an old one, but for the fact that for many years it was sup- posed that fruit could not be successfully grown in Iowa, and then it took many more years of experimenting to discover what varieties could be suc- cessfully grown in this climate. Happily those days are now gone by, and Iowa stands to-day in the front rank with such States as New York, Ohio, Michigan, and Illinois, as a fruit growing State. He has on his place a fine maple grove, and a grove of seedling apple trees, which answer the double purpose of windbreak for the rest of his orchard and for bearing fruit, as there is some fine fruit in the grove. "the buildings. " His house is a large, double, two storry, frame house, with a cellar equal to another story, in fact his cellar is the finest we have seen any place. He has a complete set of water works for furnishing his house and feed lots with pure water. He has constructed a set of water works on the follow- ing plan, viz: He had a large well, nine feet in diameter, dug, and placed in it a force pump, to be run by wind power, and put a large wind-mill for that purpose. From this well he has pipes about five feet under ground, so as to be below the freezing point, running to his house, his stables, and his feed lots. The main pipe runs through the cellar, and is so arranged that it can he tapped at any point and water forced up into any part of the house. In this way he has fresh water in the house at all times. There are also pipes •extending to the barn and feed lots, giving stock an abundance of fresh water at all times, without the labor of giving it to them; thus making it much better for both man and beast. His barn is a large frame, with stone HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 383 ■ ♦ basement, partitioned off with walls and gates, so as to be convenient for cattle in cold weather. There is a corn-crib in connection with the barn, and all the modern conveniences for keeping and feeding stock. • His feed lots are large and his pens commodious, giving ample room for stock to roam about. The great beauty of his feed lots, however, is the three hun- dred or more as fine hogs as can be found anywhere. Hog raising is his speciality, and he is very successful in his business." AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY". The first decisive steps toward organizing an Agricultural Society in Dallas county, were taken at a meeting held for that purpose, Dec! 31, 1855, with Archibald Crowl as chairman, and Benjamin Greene as secre- tary. At that meeting a committee was appointed to prepare proper ar- ticles of incorporation, and at a meeting held April 9, 1856, the said com- mittee reported; their report was received, and the articles of incorporation were adopted, and the society duly organized. The first executive committee of this society were as follows: John Wilson, of Penoach township; Calvin Marshall, Union township; Isaac Kobins, Des Moines township; L. L. Collins, Sugar Grove township; Hooper Morain, Dallas township; Daniel M. Flinn, Boone township. The first officers of the society were: President, ~W. W. Payne; Vice President, J. T. Alexander; Secretary, Benjamin Greene; Treasurer, James D. Ferguson; Marshal, Cole Noel. The first premium list of the society was adopted September 11, 1856, and the first county fair was held October, 1856. On this occasion the first premiums were all donated to the society, except $9.75, which was duly paid. The society held fairs regularly during the next four years, with quite a good attendance and considerable interest. But after 1860 it was allowed to go down and no more county fairs were held until the 3d of April, 1867, when the society was again called to- gether, a full list of officers were elected for that year, and everything was put in running order for a county fair the coming fall. At that meeting (April 3, 1867) the following officers were duly elected: President, J. R. Reed; Vice President, T. J. Boak; Secretary, T. R. North; Treasurer, Larkin Thornburgh; Marshal, E. F. Frush. Mr. Reed, however, refused to serve as president, and Ezra Van Fossen was elected in his place, who presided during that term. During the year 1867 the society procured and fenced the fair grounds; and the society having very little funds with which to defray necessary ex- penses, they were unable to purchase grounds, and therefore decided to lease grounds and proceed on the safe basis. The grounds were leased from Judge Byron Rice, of Des Moines, some 23 or 24 acres lying just north of Adel, adjoining the Slough cut-off, where the county fairs have been held annually ever since. The lease is now run out, however, and the society has now a committee appointed to procure grounds for the coming year. The society is free from debt, and will most likely purchase lands soon and establish and fit up a permanent fair ground for the county. The last fair was held September 19, 20 and 21, 1878, and the next one is appointed for August 27, 28 and 29, 1879. 384 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. The present officers of the society are: President, T. J. Caldwell ; Vice President, A. J. Lyon ; Secretary, T. E. North; Treasurer, W. S. Kudrow; Directors, E. F. Frush, Z. W. Swallow, J. J. Clark, Cole Noel; Marshal, A. G. Marsh. EAILKOADS. Dallas county has very good railroad facilities, having two main line roads passing through it, one east and west opening direct communication with Chicago and eastern cities, as also with the west; and another north and south road passing diagonally through the east part of the county and opening communication north and south as well as making connection with the two main east and west line, passing north and south of it. THE CHICAGO, EOCK ISLAND AND PACIFIC RAILROAD Passes through the south tier of townships, giving all the south half of the county excellent market privileges, with direct communication east and west on one of the best railroads in the State. This one was also the first rail- road established in the State of Iowa, under the title of the Mississippi and Missouri Railroad. Its construction was commenced at Davenport in May, 1854, and during that year it was completed as far as Iowa City, a distance of about 54J- miles, which place remained as the terminus for several years. (For particulars see first of book, page 172, History of Iowa — Railroads.) The extension of this road westward then progressed slowly for many years, and it was not Until 1868-9 that it reached and passed through Dallas county and hurried on to the Missouri slope. It has four stations in Dallas county — Boone, Van Meter, De Soto, and Dexter. THE DES MOINES AND FORT DODGE RAILROAD Enters Dallas county near the southeast corner in Boone township and extends in a northwesterly direction between Beaver creek and the North Raccoon river, passing through a fertile prairie country, and leaving the county about eight miles east of the northwest corner, a few miles above the town of Perry. This road was also built through Dallas county about 1869-1870; and having four thriving towns along its line in the county — Waukee, Dallas Center, Minburn, and Perry — it affords excellent market privileges for all the east and north parts of the county. (For particulars of its origin, see page 173, History of Iowa — Railroads.) Various surveys for east and west roads through the county have been made at different times and some grading has been done, but none have met with any considerable degree of success until during the last year by indomitable energy and unflinching pluck of the enterprising citizens and leading men of Adel a narrow gauge railroad has been constructed and put in running order from Waukee to Adel, which is destined before many years to traverse the county and connect Des Moines and Panora by a narrow gauge railroad, giving new life and energy to all the towns along its line, and perfecting the railroad conveniences of Dallas county by a central railroad through its county seat. HISTOKY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 385 i THE DES MOINES, ADEL AND WESTERN RAILROAD NARROW GAUGE. The great bulk of expense in constructing this road thus far and putting it in running order from Waukee to Adel has been borne by the citizens in and around Adel, for which enterprise they deserve great credit. The description of this road is quite fully given in an article which we quote from the State Register, of December 11, 1878 : "Recently it has been our good fortune to secure some valuable items in reference to the Des Moines, Adel and "Waukee Railroad, a narrow gauge road now in process of construction from Waukee, on the line of the D. M. & Ft. D. R. R. fifteen miles west of our own city, to Panora, by way of Adel and Redfield. For this information, which we are now presenting to the reader, we are indebted to Mr. Hotchkiss, secretary of the Narrow Gauge Company, and the popular clerk, also, of the district and circuit courts for Dallas county. "The Des Moines, Adel and Western Railroad Company was incorporated , April 12, 1878. The present officers are: President, T. J. Caldwell; Vice President, J. W. Russell; Treasurer, L. Lambert; Secretary, A. C. Hotch- kiss; Directors, T. J. Caldwell, J. O. Risser, L. Lambert, D. A. Blanchard, A. C. Hotchkiss, J. W. Russell, and Thos. Ashton. "It is a noticeable fact that these officers are citizens of Adel, and are numbered among the most solid and enterprising gentlemen in Dallas county. What they undertake to do will be accomplished in good time. "This new road, of which we are writing, is already completed and in good running order from Waukee to Adel, a distance of six and a half miles. The present western terminus is a quarter of a mile east of Adel. The great need now is the construction of a bridge over Worth 'Coon at that place, and we are assured that this structure will be completed at a very early period, most probably within the next two or three months. North 'Coon is the most serious objection in the way, and when the pro- posed bridge is erected the road will be rapidly pushed on to Panora. The greater part of the grading has been done for some time. The road west of Adel will pass through the townships of Colfax, Union, and Linn, in Dallas, and Cass, in Guthrie county, the general direction being northwest, and the distance from Adel to Panora being twenty-two miles. "It is to be remarked that the region through which the road passes is drained and fertilized, in great part, by the three 'Coon rivers, and is cele- brated for the richness of its soil, and for the enterprise of its rapidly in- creasing population. "Add, the county seat of Dallas, despite the disadvantages under which it has been laboring in the absence of railroads, has maintained a steady and solid growth, and now numbers a population of 1,200, whose dark nights are beginning to be enlightened by street lamps, and whose bright days are made lively by the bustle of prosperous business. "Redfield, with its Indiana House, and its genial landlord, Mr. Browning, is a well-preserved and well-to-do village in the heart of a very rich country. " On the Middle 'Coon, a short distance from this place and near the line of the new railroad, are productive coal mines, adding materially to the great natural resources of this region. 386 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. "The cost of the new road, thus far, has been about $50,000, which is paid by the citizens of Adel, and $30,000 of which has been raised this year. " The subsidies to continue the road have mostly been pledged. " That part of it already completed is paying well, and when finished through the entire route will richly compensate those friends who have made investments in it." Since the above account was written, the required amount has been raised by the Narrow Gauge Company, the contract has been let and the new railroad bridge is now under process of erection, which virtually set- tles the question of the further continuance of the road at a very early day. (For the particulars of this contract see previous article on bridges.) Several years ago a proposed narrow gauge railroad was surveyed through the northern part of the county, under the title of the Des Moines cfe Western Midland Railroad. The survey entered Dallas county some- where along the east line of Grant township, passing on to Minburn, and running from thence nearly west until it entered Lincoln township 40 rods north of the southeast corner of section V2 ; thence south of west to the center of section 11 ; thence west to the southwest corner of section 10; thence northwest direct to the northwest corner of section 5, and passing out of the county at the west side, about the northeast corner of section 31, Dallas township. This road, however, has not made much progress beyond the prospect survey, and perhaps never will be completed since the present narrow gauge south of it is proving a success. Other surveys may have been made through the county of which we have received no information. The number of miles and estimate of taxation is shown by the following report of the county Auditor in 1877: STATEMENT Showing the length, in miles, and assessed valuation of railroads in the several townships and lesser taxing districts in Dallas county, Iowa, for the year 1877, as fixed by the board of supervisors at the April meeting, 1877. CHICAGO, BOCK ISLAND & PACIFIC RAILROAD. TOWNSHIPS. Miles . ^eH *-"* Boone Van Meter Adams Union • Total LESSER DISTRICTS — SCHOOL AND CORPORATION De Soto (Cor . ) DeSoto Ind.) DeSoto find.) Dexter (Ind Dexter (Cor 5.80 6.50 2.38 2. $ 11,300 11,300 11,300 11,300 17.56 .53 1.10 1.80 2.05 .80 65,540 00 73,450 00 26,894 00 32,544 00 $ 198,428 00 5,989 00 12,430 00 20,340 00 23,165 00 9,040 00 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. DES MOINES & FORT DODGE RAILROAD. 389 TOWNSHIPS. * Boone .'-. 777 Walnut Adel Sugar Grove Beaver Spring Valley Total LESSER DISTRICTS — SCHOOL AND CORPORATION Waukee (Ind.) F. Val. (Ind.) V. Grove (Ind.) D. C. find.) D. C. (Ind.) Perry (Ind. ) S. Rem. (Ind. ) S/ Val. (Ind.) Alton (Ind.) Perry (Cor.) I hereby certify the foregoing correct. TEMPEKANCE. Miles. Val. per Mile. 3.80 $ 3,200 5.40 3,200 3.20 3,200 7.20 3,200 .12 3,200 7.30 3,200 .27.02 2.12 1.36 1.92 2.60 1.18 .70 2.40 2.44 1.76 .62 Amount. $ 12,160 00 17,280 00 10,240 00 23,040 00 384 00 23,360 00 $ 86,464 00 6,784 00 4,352 00 6,144 00 8,320 00 3,776 00 2,240 00 7,680 00 7,808 00 5,632 00 1,984 00 Z. W. Kelley, Auditor. The question of temperance has been pretty thoroughly ventilated in all the days of Dallas county, especially during the latter years in the county's history, and the cause of temperance has been strongly maintained. It is true, that in counties and communities there is always a greater or less per cent 'of the citizens who are firm advocates of each view, and it is generally not a difficult matter to determine on which side of this great question each one belongs; in this case the scriptural rule, "by their fruits ye shall know them," proves an infallible test, for, certainly, nothing shows the evil effects of its workings and influence upon its subjects and votaries like the practice of intemperance. The victims are soon marked with an unmistak- able brand. Deceive themselves as they may, they cannot long succeed in deceiving others while they persist in the degrading habit, and much less can they deceive the Omnicient One. To discover the different phases of the temperance cause in all the times since the day in which men were indicted for selling fire,- water to the Indi- ans, would be almost an impossibility, and far beyond the reach or intent of this short article. As has been shown by the previous narrative of incidents during the early days of the county, there were evidently not a few of the early set- tlers who liked their bitters too well, and would _ have them, at all hazards, and who were not unfrequently liable to take "just a wee drap too much," either for their own good or for the welfare of their households, when the supply was sufficient for the demand; and when this was not the case, they would wade through thick and thin, during the roughest storms to meet the demands of their desperate craving. Far as this new country was situated from the base of supplies, and diffi- 25 390 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. cult as it was to go to the nearest trading point and bring home eyen the necessary supplies for family and home use; yet despite all these difficul- ties, the intoxicating beverage would be procured by some means and freely distributed among those desiring it, when it seemed almost impossible to procure the essentials of living. As an example of this, witness the fol- lowing: A whisky-seller's mishap. During that hard winter of 1848-9, when the fearful snow banks so blockaded the ways in p every direction, that travel was not only most diffi- cult, but dangerous to those venturing any distance from home, and at times it was almost impossible to get away any great length, even for the neces- saries of life, it appears that even these difficulties and threatened dangers did not prevent the whisky dealers from venturing off even as far as Fort Des Moines, through the deepest snow-drifts, to procure a new supply of the deadly, degrading stuff, in which they trafficked to ruin their fellow- men. A. good illustration of this is given in the following anecdote, related by Judge Burns: " A whisky shop was being kept at this time" (winter 1848-9) "in Pen- oach by one Anderson Kelley, an old man full of years, and full of whisky as well. Kelley ran out of spirits as soon as spirits ceased to run out of him. His stock in trade— a barrel of whisky — had been disposed of by drinks to the votaries of Bacchus, and another barrel of whisky must sup- ply its place or Kelly must- shut up shop. To get to the Fort, over an un- broken track, and in the midst of • snow storms, was a big undertaking, even with a man full of spirits. Kelley set out, however, with a yoke of cattle hitched to a sled made from the fork of a tree. He reached the Fort in safety, interviewed ' Jim ' Campbell, and soon got a barrel of whisky. Next morning it was loaded on the tree fork and Kelly started back for Penoach. He had barely reached the skirt of the prairie west of the Fort, when he was met by one of those northwesters, which were characteristic of this terrible winter. The wind blew furiously from the northwest, which increased to a gale. The heavens were a seething mass of granulated snow, which, impinging the naked face, made it impossible to confront it by other than a side or back view. Kelly, full of whisky and full of determination, struck out boldly on the open prairie for Penoach, to meet the wants of his customers, betimes. Great rattling snow festoons hung from the brows of his patient, submis- sive cattle, blinding them so that they could not keep the way. Kelley, meanwhile goading them on with cruel threats and fearful imprecations, the storm increasing in fury afad malevolence all the while. The folds and cav- erns of his tattered garments were filled with snow, and became as rigid as raw-hide. The poor cattle, becoming wearied and lifeless, turned their heads from the pitiless storm and, drawing their chilled legs well under them, stood motionless. Kelley, shivering like an aspen leaf, handled by a midsummer storm, felt his way to the barrel, banged out the bung with the hook of a log cbain, thrust a blue-stem into the bung-hole and sucked his fill. Loosening his poor cattle from the fork sled, and with a goad firmly clenched in his left hand he grabbed the tail of the near ox with his right and then gave the word " go on," crowning it with heavy blows from his HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 391 goad on the shivering backs of his weary animals. Kelley had determined to follow them wherever they might go, and they might go wherever they pleased. The jaded beasts moved on slpwly over hill and hollow, keeping the storm well to the rear of them, now and then standing in a snow drift, which after a little rest they would struggle through, Kelley meanwhile sprawling on his back and plowing along through the drift, holding fast to the tail. The cattle finally reached the timber skirting 'Coon river, near the resi- dence of the late W m. D. Boone, in Boone township, Dallas county. Kelley found lodging and a shelter for his cattle with Boone for the night. Next day he found his way home with his cattle only up the bottom of 'Coon, under the shelter of the hills skirting the river. There he remained for some ten days before the weather had moderated so as to allow him to return in safety for the barrel of whisky that he had left behind. Not a drop could be had all this time in Penoach. On Kelley's return to the scene of his late discomfiture, he found the barrel had leaked fearfully in his absence from some cause; and Kelley was not slow to believe that old John Wright, of Boone township, was the cause of the leak, supposinghim to have heard of the, location of the barrel, and that his evil genius had pass that way " ad interim." Of course it is not the intention, for a moment, to intimate that the above is a fair representation of a majority or even a small minority of the early settlers in the county; for the information we have received on this subject from those who were here to gain a personal knowledge of affairs, and the evident testimony on record of the ballots and declarations of the people made, time and again, in favor of temperance, together with the prevailing popular sentiment in its favor throughout, the county, it is evident that a strong and influential temperance element has existed in Dallas county through all the years of its growth. But the above anecdote serves as an illustration to show what difficulties the cause of temperance and its faithful adherents had to contend with in former times, and give courage for faith- ful perseverance in the present, as they look back over what has been ac- complished in contending with the monster enemy, and look forward again in hope to the future. In April, 1855, the people were granted the privilege of voting on the "prohibitory liquor law," and the temperance sentiment of the legal voters in the county at that time is shown by the following abstract of that elec- tion. State op Iowa, ) Dallas County. ) " An abstract of all the votes cast on " The Prohibitory Liquor Law," on the first Monday, the second day of April, A. D. 1855, in the county aforesaid. There were (397) three hundred and ninety-seven votes cast, of which there were (233) two hundred and thirty-three cast for and (164) one hundred and sixty-four votes against the said We do hereby certify the foregoing abstract to be correct, as shown by the returns of the several townships of said county, in testimony whereof, we have hereto set our hands as county canvassers, and afiixed the seal of said county, at Adel, this 6th day of April, A. D. 1855. (Signed) Lloyd D. Burns, County Judge, Samuel Miller, Justice of the Peace, Charles Bilderback, Justice of the Peace, County Canvassers. 392 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. The above only gives the voice of the legal voters who declared their sen- timents by their ballots, and not the voice of. the whole people, but it gives strong indication of the pulse beat; and it is very evident that the side of temperance would have lost nothing had all adults, male and female, been permitted to cast their ballots on the question, for the female element, which is the great human power in the land for promoting the cause of temper- ance, had no voice in that election, and* the expression of their sentiment was not regarded and publicly declared as it is in these latter days. LICENSE LIQUOR LAW. On the records of the March term of the county court, 1857, is found the following minute: Now comes Benjamin Bennett and one hundred and eighty others who present a petition asking the court to submit to a vote of the people of Dallas county the License Liquor Law., And whereas, it appearing that said petition was gotten up in conformity with the law made in such cases, and that there were over one hundred names to said petition. Now, therefore, it is ordered by the court, that an election be held for the purpose aforesaid, on the first Monday of April, A. D. 1857, in the county of Dallas, Iowa, and the ballots shall have printed or written, "For License,'' or "Against License ". The vote at this election was carried against license by a good majority, and the temperance principles of the county were still maintained. Here as elsewhere in every community, various schemes were laid and all sorts of means contrived by the liquor advocates to foster the lion's cub un- chained, and make of him a harmless playmate in the midst of a civilized community, but despite their efforts and fostering care, at every opportu- nity, he only became the more bold to display his destructive lion nature, and to choose as his victims of ruin those who had most fondly cherished and defended him as" their bosom friend. The corner grocery system, the county agency system, the high revenue system, the license system, the private cellar and back-way-entrance plan all were tried, but failed to prevent the degrading, destructive effects of the evil, until the temperance friends began to assert their rights, and declare, by united voice and effort and influence, that this fiend of intoxica- tion should no longer be allowed to rain ruin in their midst by any kind of leave or license, then the day of victory began to dawn, and the result is there are now six towns in Dallas county that grant no license for the sale of intoxicating drinks, against four that do grant license, and a great num- ber of thriving temperance organizations throughout the county. In nearly every town in the county now is found a temperance society, and the most of them have a large membership, that are actively and faith- fully engaged in prosecuting the good work, and extending their influence for the promotion and success of the temperance cause. For an account of some of these temperance societies see sketches of the different towns* and townships in the county. KELIGIOUS. " You raised these hallowed walls; the desert smiled, And Paradise was opened in the wild." — Pope. In this day of missionary and benevolent spirit, the gospel in the West rather precedes than follows the settlement of the country. But in the .HISTOBY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 393 earlier days of frontier life the progress toward public worship was of necessity slow. Yet the devotional spirit of those who had left godly homes opened up here and there an organized body of worshipers, many months before they had a regular building for their services. The transformation' of any country or locality from a condition of bar- barity to one of civilization requires long-continued and faithful effort, not only on the part of the first settlers, but also of the majority of those who follow in after years. So, also, it is. with regard to the promotion and development of the Christian religion, that most important branch of civ- ilization, and, in fact, the great civilizer of nations. Its progress in a new country is necessarily comparatively slow for many years, and its promul- gation depends to a great extent on the unshaken faith and untiring efforts of the few trustful, devotional, zealous ones who are generally to be found, in greater or less numbers, in almost every community, even from the days of its earliest settlement. "While the human element is the means to a glorious end in this regard, yet it is a most important means in the effectual promotion of this greatest of all causes, and we should have no misgivings or wavering doubts with regard to the ability to perform the important part of this work assigned each of us, for if we will only rely upon the promise, grace will be given us each, "sufficient for the day." Eeligious interests in Dallas county have always been carefully fostered by the citizens, from the earliest days of settlement until the present, not only in the county seat, but also in the country districts, and in all the other towns and villages in the county, and in a county where the people have always shown themselves to be so thoroughly alive to educational interests as the citizens of Dallas always have been, the result could hardly have been otherwise, for to a good extent education and religion go hand in hand. For many years after the emigrant cabins began to dot the woodlands and prairie, the settlements were so scattered over different parts of the county that it was almost impossible for any great number to assemble in any particular place for public worship, much less to erect houses or cabins for that purpose, and, as a consequence, for a while religious worship was known only at the home firesides of those who, in distress and privation, had not forgotten their devotion to Him who had graciously provided for them their dwellings, friends, and necessary comforts of life. Occasional preaching services were held in private cabins, and in the first rude school-houses, which were always well attended and highly appre- ciated by the settlers who were hungering for the "bread of life." The first sermon preached in the county, as before stated, was by Kev. Thompson Bird, a Presbyterian minister then living at Fort Des Moines, in 1846. During the same year, and very soon afterward, Kev. "William Busick, a radical Protestant Methodist, held services at the house of James Black, and afterward organized a class in that vicinity, which was, doubtless, the first organization of that kind in the county. The first church organized in the county was the Christian church in the Miller school-house east of Penoach, which is now the Christian church of Adel, in a reorganized form. The particulars of this church are given under sketch of Adel, and the article on "The First Church," in the general history. From that time forward the cause of religion has slowly, but gradually 394 HISTOET OF DALLAS COUNTY. and surely, progressed with the general advancement of improvement and civilization, until now the country districts are dotted with fine church buildings, and in nearly every town and village in the county from two to four church steeples are seen pointing upward toward Him who put it into the hearts of His people to erect these buildings as places of worship, and as tokens of love to Him in return for all His-gracious dealings to the sons of men, and thus the work of religion is made to prosper in Dallas county. EDUCATIONAL. The schools of our county are sharing with the newsboys' bundle the title of " universities of the poor," and not only so, but they are in a large proportion the final educators of the rich. A close observation of the working of the public schools shows that if the induction of facts be com- plete it could be demonstrated that, in fact, the public schools turn out more better fitted for business and for usefulness than most of our colleges. The freedom and liberty of our public schools affords less room for the growth of effeminacy and pedantry; it educates the youth among the peo- ple, and not among a caste or class, and since the man or woman is called upon to do with a nation in which we, the people, are the only factor, the education which the common schools afford, especially where they are of the superior standard reached in Dallas county, do fit their recipients for a sphere of usefulness nearer the public heart than can be attained by pri- vate schools or academies. Dallas county educational affairs are in a flourishing condition. The contrast between the settler's school and the present accommodations has been marked. The puncheon floor and desks, and doorless aperture for entrance, have given place to more finished edifices, in some cases elegant ones, possibly not more thoroughly ventilated, but more comfortably so. The county has now become well supplied with comfortable, commodious school-houses, and good schools are being taught in all the townships and towns, sufficiently numerous and convenient for the accommodation of all parts of the county. Educational interests have been considered as of the highest importance by the majority of the citizens, and means and efforts have not been 'spared to make their public schools a success; and under the efficient management of the present county superintendent, Captain Amos Dilley, the schools and educational interests in the county are attain- ing a high standard. Dallas county teachers believe in the interchange of thought as also in the community of effort, and are making the profession of teaching a study as well as a practice. Teachers' institutes are now becoming of regular and frequent occurrence, and are well attended by those who take a special in- terest in the work. The superintendents' examination grade is now of such a standard that all applicants do not attain it, and for those who are success- ful, after diligent study and preparation, it shows a much more creditable standing, besides furnishing a more efficient class of teachers. The first teachers' institute was held in the county some time during the war, but no papers regarding this meeting being preserved, the special date and particulars regarding it cannot now be procured. They have been in- creasing in interest and importance ever since, and especially during the past few years; and the last one, recently held in Adel, was a well attended, profitable meeting. The first normal under the Iowa law was held in 1872, HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 395 as the present superintendent informs us, and instituted the system of nor- mal schools in the county in a very encouraging manner, with a fair attend- ance and considerable interest on the part of all. These normal institutes have been held annually ever since in the county during the months of August and September, and have greatly increased in interest and profit to all concerned in them, greatly advancing the educational interests of the county. NORMAL OF 1878. The institute held in Adel, during August and September, 1878, was per- haps the most interesting and profitable one held in the county since the system was instituted. There were 175 teachers in attendance, and efficient, thorough work was done, which reflected great credit, not only on all parties concerned in it, both teachers and taught, but also on the county for sup- porting such a meeting and displaying such an interest in the cause of edu- cation. The able address delivered before the teachers during the progress of the institute, by Rev. E. J. Hughes, of Adel, is printed in full in the Dallas County News, and is spoken of in the highest terms as being "among the very best lectures ever delivered, in Adel." Many others, also, in connection with the conduct and instruction of the institute received equally high and deserved compliments, as shown by the resolutions passed toward the close of the session. At the close of the regular exercises of the normal, a meeting was called and a formal organization effected for the transaction of any special business coming before the teachers of Dallas county. The county superintendent, A. Dilley, was chosen as chairman, and A. C. Holderbaum, secretary. A committee previously appointed, consisting of Mr. Doling, A. C. Phillips, and Miss Rosa Lewis, to prepare resolutions, presented the following, which were accepted and adopted unanimously: Resolved, 1. That we, the teachers of the Dallas County Normal, tender our most sincere thanks to Sup't Dilley for the admirable manner in which he has directed the workings of the Normal, his kindness and courtesy, the valuable aid rendered to all. and the efficiency mani- fested by him in the superintendence of our common schools. 2. To M. B. Phillips for the efficient manner in which he has conducted the institute, for the interest awakened in the subject of didactics, and the originality and common sense dis- played in presenting the subject of grammar. 3. To D. G. Perkins, for his able instruction in arithmetic, history and orthography; for untiring energy he has shown for the general good of his classes, which we, individually and collectively, fully appreciate. 4. To C. M. Pinkerton, for the practical teaching done in the subjects of geography, orthography, and physiology, feeling that we have been greatly benefited by his instruction. 5. To the Revs. Hughes and Oheatem for the able addresses delivered by them before the Normal. 6. To the citizens of Adel for the hospitality and kindness shown us during our stay among them. 7. That we, as teachers of Dallas county, go forth with a firm determination to labor earn- estly for the grading and systematizing of our common schools, realizing from their present condition the necessity of thorough reformation in this direction; that we endeavor to utilize the methods which have been presented to us in our school work; that we embrace every opportunity afforded for our improvement, for the advancement of our pupils, and the eleva- tion of the teachers' profession to the place where the importance of the work demands. 8. That a copy_of these resolutions be tendered to each paper published in the county for publication. > THE GKEGG NORMAL SCHOOL. The origin of this grand Normal School movement in Dallas county was, perhaps, the munificent donation of land to the county, at an early 396 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. day, by Thomas D. Gregg, for educational purposes, which resulted in the erection of the present Normal school building at Adel, where these yearly institutes are held. Mr. Gregg, possessing considerable property and a large tract of land in this vicinity, and being withal a whole-souled philanthropist and public benefactor, aimed to use the wealth he had accumulated in the best manner possible to accomplish the greatest good for coming generations, and have the influence of his life-work live and tell for itself for the promotion of the general welfare of mankind long after he had passed from the stage of action. A most important step was taken by him, in this direction, when he do- nated to Dallas county a quarter section of land for the purpose of estab- lishing a seminary of learning within her bounds at some future day. The purport of this generous donor's will, in this regard, has been effect- ually carried out by disposing of the land donated at advanced figures, and investing at least a portion of the proceeds in establishing the Normal School at Adel, from which the county is now deriving such lasting benefits. The following preamble and resolutions, found spread on the minutes of the board of county supervisors, bearing date of October 16, 1866, explain for themselves the origin and purport of the "Gregg Seminary Fund": Whereas, Thomas D. Gregg, Esq., did, on the 15th day of September, A. D. 1866, vol- untarily donate and, by deed of warranty, did convey to the county of Dallas, one hundred and sixty acres of land near the town of Adel, for the purpose of establishing a seminary of learning for the use and benefit of the people of Dallas county, Iowa; therefore, be it Resolved, That the people of Dallas county, by and through the board of supervisors, now in session doing business in and for said county, do hereby accept the aforesaid grant; and we do hereby pledge the people of said county to the faithfully carrying out of the intentions of the said Thomas D. Gregg, as by him in the said grant expressed. And be it further Resolved, On behalf of the people of said Dallas county, and on behalf of future genera? tions to whose benefit the aforesaid donation will inure, we do hereby tender to the said Thomas D. Gregg, the everlasting gratitude of the people of said county of Dallas, and we do humbly pray the giver of all good that the life of the said donor may be preserved to a very green old age, and that the charity by him so munificently, nobly and generously be- stowed upon the people of Dallas county may be like " bread cast upon the waters returned after many days," and that future generations may arise and call hirn blessed. And be it further Resolved, That, at the earliest time practicable, the people of Dallas county will erect a suitable building for carrying out the intentions of the donor, Thomas D. Gregg, which shall be known as "Gregg Seminary." Resolved, That the foregoing preamble and resolutions be spread on the records of the board of supervisors, and a copy of the same be presented to the donor, Thomas D. Gregg. By order of the board of supervisors of Dallas county, Iowa, October 16, 1866. With reference to the disposition of this land the following order appears in the record of the proceedings of the board at their meeting January 10, 1867: Ordered, That a committee of three, consisting of the following: J. W Redfield, 0. D. Smalley and P. A. Mower, be appointed to prepare resolutions relative to the disposal of cer- tain real estate property belonging to the county, for the establishment of a Normal School. Committee reported the following resolutions which were ordered to be spread upon the minutes of the board: Resolved, 1. That chairman and clerk of the board of supervisors be directed to put in market as soon as practicable the " Gregg donation " of land for the purpose of establishing an institution of learning to be known as the " Gregg Normal School," to be located at or near Adel, Iowa. HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 397 _ 2. That the proceeds of said land be paid out by the president of the board, subject to the approval of the board. , j' ?^ a * ^ 6 board of supervisors are in favor of appropriating the proceeds of the swamp lands belonging to the county for the establishment of the " Gregg Normal School," by unanimous vote. Nearly three years later, under date of June 10, 1869, appears the fol- lowing order on the minute-book, which shows what disposition was finally made of the funds derived from the sale of the Gregg donation land: . Ordered, That a .warrant be drawn in favor of the trustees of the Independent School District of Adel, for three thousand dollars ($3,000), to be paid out of funds derived from sale of the Gregg donation of lands to build a Normal School. It appears from accounts that the above-amount constituted only a small part of the property left ' to Dallas county, by Mr. Gregg, for educational purposes, as ■ the funds' received at various times amounted to about " $10,000 in cash, and the fifth of 1,300 acres of land, ad-joining the town of Adel." Out of the Gregg funds, however, the upper story of the present school building in Adel was paid for, which is known as the' Gregg Normal School, of Dallas county, and adds greatly to the advancement of the county's educational interests. There is another fine large Normal school building under contract and process of erection, at Dexter, in the south- east corner of Dallas county, which shows that the good work in the inter- ests of education is gradually and surely progressing in the county, and gives the friends of education and general progress and enlightenment, not only here, but all over our land, assuring encouragement to take heart and go forward with unabating zeal in the good work of schooling the masses. Of this Normal School at Dexter, more extended mention is made under the sketch of the town. There are also four large brick puplic school buildings in the county, mostly all erected within the past few years, and each one is a credit to the . town and county to which they belong. The one at"Adel, already mentioned, as occupying the two stories under- neath the Normal School, is a graded school with six rooms and seven teach- ers. Prof. M. E. Philips, as principal. One at De Soto, graded, with four rooms and three teachers, C. M. Pinker- ton as principal. One at Dallas Center, graded, with three rooms and three teachers. T. K. "Whitlock, principal. One at Perry, graded, with four rooms and three teachers. D. G. Per- kins, principal. At Kedfield the graded school building is frame, with two rooms. Two teachers are employed, Miss Ida Twitchell, principal. At Dexter, also, the public school building is a frame, with four rooms, and they employ three teachers. Ira Doling, principal. Graded school. At Waukee, the building is a frame, two-story one, with two rooms; a fraded school with two teachers. A. C. Philips, principal, and Miss Sadie landall, assistant. At this date there is no teachers' public library in the county, and only one school library mentioned in the superintendent's report of 1878, which belongs to the "Adel school, procured last year, and contains 125 volumes. 398 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. During the past year about $1,500 has been expended by the county for school apparatus, which indicates increase in the interest and progress in the work, and the school and teachers' libraries will soon begin to follow. As the county superintendent's report, for 1878, has not yet been com- pleted, on the retained copy, we are unable to give the statistics from it; but a very good idea of the present condition of the schools in the county may be gained from the following items taken from his report of last year, 1877: EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS OF DALLAS COUNTY. No. of districts in township 7 — 10 " independent districts 28 " sub-districts 115 " ungraded schools 138 " graded " 11 Average number of months taught in 1877 6.33 No. of male teachers employed 118 " female " "' 171 Average compensation of males, per month $ 41.56 " " " females " " 32.49 No. of male pupils between ages of five and twenty-one. 3,363 " female " " " " " " • 3,114 " pupils enrolled 5,216 Average attendance 2,967 '• cost of tuition per month $ 2.19 No. of school-houses ". 145 Value " $126,960 " apparatus 1,049 EXAMINATION OF TEACHERS. No. of professional certificates issued 5 " 1st grade certificates issued to males 30 " 1st " " " " females 28 " 2d " " ' « " males 41 " 2d •' " " " females 63 Total number of certificates issued to males 73 " " " " females 94 No. of applicants examined, males 180 " " females 232 " " rejected, males 34 " " " females 54 Average age of applicants, males 19.6 " " females 21.4 VISITATION OF SCHOOLS, ETC. No. of schools visited by the superintendent 143 " educational meetings , . 18 " cases of appeal decided 9 Compensation of superintendent, 1877 $ 942 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 399 SCHOOL-HOUSE FUND. On hand at last report $ 482,585.00 Keceived from district tax 17,617.25 " " other sources 7,940.80 Total debit 30,383.90 Paid for school-houses and sites $ 18,513.63 " on bonds and interest 7,839.1© On hand 4,941.17 Total credit 30,383.90 CONTINGENT FUND. On hand from last report $ 4,146.30 Keceived from district tax 4,862.17 " " other sources 1,085.21 Total debit $ 20,093.68 Paid for rent of school-houses $ 176.25 " repairing " 2,777.88 " fuel 3,269.05 " secretary 550.59 " treasurer 1 619.99 " records, apparatus, etc 382.41 " other purposes 6,482.57 On hand - 5,834.94 Total credit $ 20,093.68 teachers' fund. On hand at last report $ 11,398.28 Keceived from semi-annnal appointment 8,984.05 " " other sources * 1,568.30 Total debit 44,479.80 Paid to teachers 40,707.97 On hand 13,771.83 Total credit 54,479.80 The State Auditor's report of September, 1878, shows that, in the ap- portionment of interest of permanent school fund for the last year, Dallas county received $6,547. We would like to give here a full list of the teachers in the public schools in the county during 1878, but as no complete list of these has been kept, it is impossible to procure either a full or correct one, so it must be omitted. THE PKESS. No more infallible index to the state of society or the thrift of a com- munity can be found than the press it supports. Decide the question as you may, whether the press is the power behind the throne, or simply the mirror of public thought, the newspaper does not 400 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. thrive in a virgin soil, but prospers only in a well cultivated garden. In countries, districts, or localities where educational interests are at a low standard, and the masses of the people think more of amassing wealth than they do of general education and enlightment, and become almost wholly- absorbed in the groveling persuits, the press must toil incessently with re- newed zeal to give a stable foot.-hold, and patiently wait for many years to witness the benign influence of a virtuous sheet on such communities; but where intelligence exists, and the spirit of enterprise and enlighten- ment prevails, the press has a healthful growth, which increases in influ- ence and power from beginning to end ; and if this influence is wielded on the side of purity, equity and right, the people grow, mentally and pros- perously, with its growth, and strengthen with its strength. In every country or community, where it has any extended circulation, the influence and character of the press lias a mighty power in shaping the morals and manners of the people for good or for evil. The history of the Dallas county press is not so extensive and varied as that of the older counties in the State; but considering the age of the county, the press supported makes a most creditable showing as compared with any of the neighboring counties. In all, at least nine newspapers have been in existence and caused their influence to be shed abroad in Dallas county, within the last twenty-two or twenty-three years^ and a marked progress is shown in this respect. The first newspaper established in the county was the Ship of State, a Democratic organ, published by Rippy & Reed, in 1856, at Adel. This paper continued only about a year under the original management, when it passed into the possession of a joint stock company in 1857, and came out under the name of the Prairie Flower edited by William Henry Dodge. It became neutral in politics and continued in existence only a few months. Next followed the Dallas County Union, some three years afterward, being established the summer of 1860. It was edited by E. "W". Fuller, and was the first Republican organ in the couuty. It was discontinued in the fall of 1862, when Mr. Fuller went into the army as sutler of the 39th Iowa Infantry. The Western Journal then followed, which was started that same fall, 1862, edited by Harmon Cook. It was also Republican in politics, and was sprightly and flourishing for a time, but did not continue for a great while, and the county remained without a paper again for some time. In May, 1866, another Republican organ was issued by Luther M. Holt, called the Dallas County Gazette. He edited it ably for a little more than a year, and August 1, 1867, sold out to G. A. Atw'ood, who published it for about three years in an efficient and commendable manner. In 1870 lie sold it to J. E. Williams, by whose efficient and judicious management the circulation, influence and usefulness was greatly increased, gaining a much larger circulation, perhaps, than any of its predecessors. During all the various changes and transfers it was issued as a Repub- lican organ from its origin, and was decidedly so under the management of Mr. Williams, who continued to conduct the enterprise for more than six years. In last of June, 1876, it was purchased by J. & C. M. McLaury, and was published by them as a Democratic organ until January 5, 1878, when it was discontinued. HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 401 . 'The Dallas County News was established in Adel, as a Republican organ, in November, 1872, by Amos Dilley, under whose able management it flourished as a neatly printed sheet until in October, 1873, when he sold it to J. M. Landis, who issued it for some time as an Anti-Monopoly sheet. On July 15, 1875, it went into the possession and under the editorial man- agement of S. H. Greene, who issued it as a sprightly, attractive paper under the same political belief until April 15, 1876, when it was purchased by the firm of Noel, Newton & Noel, and again changed its politics to Re- publican, as it had commenced, and still continues. January 1, 1877, Mr. Noel, Sr., went out of the firm, leaving the enterprise in the hands of the present proprietors, Noel & Newton, under whose editorial management the former creditable reputation of the paper is being well sustained and the circulation and influence gradually increased. It is an eight-column folio, and a lively, enterprising sheet, with a circulation of something over seven hundred. The New Era, holding the Greenback belief in politics, was established February 28, 1878, by the New Era Publishing Company, edited by John McLaury, at Adel. It is a seven-column folio, with a circulation at the ex- piration of the first year, as the editor informs us, of 786, and is a bright, attractive sheet. The above-mentioned papers were all published at Adel. The Dexter Herald, a live, Republican organ, published at Dexter, in the southwest part of this county, was established in January, 1871, by J. J. Davies, the first sheet being issued about the middle of the month, and con- tinued under his editoral- management until the summer of 1876, when he sold it to Grant & Lawrence, who only kept it for a few months and sold it back to Mr. Davies, who kept it until March 24, 1877, and sold it to the present proprietor, J. C. McManima, who continues to conduct it in an able and acceptable manner, and is gaining for it a high reputation .and an ex- tensive circulation. It is an eight-page, six-column sheet, with a circula- tion of 748 at present, and being in the southwest corner of Dallas county, so near the corners of four counties, it has the advantage of circulation not only in its own county, but also in the adjoining counties, Madison, Adair, and Guthrie. It is the oldest paper now published in the county, and though Republican in politics, it is especially devoted to local and county news. No other paper has ever been started in the town. It is through the kindness of the present editor we have received the above statistics. The Perry Chief, an eight-page, five-column paper, now published at Perry, in the northern part of Dallas county, was established September 19, 1874,. by J. W. Jones & Ed D. Lunt, editors and proprietors. January 1, 1877, it was sold to George Harlan, who conducted it until sometime in March of the same year, when he sold out to E. D. Lunt, and in July, 1878, the latter sold an interest in the paper to his brother, Wm. L. Lunt, thus constituting the firm of Lunt Brothers. February 8, 1879, Wm. L. Lunt sold his interest again to his brother, E. D. Lunt, who still owns and con- ducts it ably and successfully. Being near the north line of the county, it has the advantage of circulation not only in its own, but also in Greene county, and is in a prosperous condition. The present editor has done nearly all the editorial work on this paper ever since it had an existence, and has fully displayed his especial adaptation for the work. As the editor in- forms us — who has kindly favored us with these statistics — the paper was started under very unfavorable circumstances, without any capital, having 402 HISTOET OF DALLAS COUNTY. only such old type and material as could be had here and there "on time"; it now has an outfit worth, at least, $1,200, which was new last July, a good job patronage, and the best job outfit in Dallas county. It has a good cir- culation, both at home and in the adjoining counties of Boone, Greene, and Guthrie. Though Republican in its politics, it is especially devoted to the local interests of the town and surrounding county. The Dallas Center Globe was established by Samuel G. Sloane, its present editor and proprietor, in December, 1875, the first sheet being issued on Thursday, the 31st of that month. Politically, the Globe is an independent Republican paper, with a circulation at present of 300, or upward, and is an attractive, wide-awake, eight-page, six-column newspaper, and its pub- lisher fearless and outspoken in his sentiments; devotes his energies princi- pally to the advancement and welfare of the community in which his paper is located. Just prior to the establishment of the Globe another sheet was started, called the Dallas Center Mail, edited by J. W. Jones, who at that time owned a partial interest in the Perry Chief. The press and material were owned by a joint stock company, composed of the citizens in and around the town, and the intention was to make it neutral in politics, and devote it chiefly to the interests of the new town and surrounding commu- nity. It was only issued for a short time by Mr. Jones when it was dis- continued, and the press and materials were disposed of to the present editor and proprietor, who established the Globe, as above stated. We are indebted to the present publisher of the Globe and Mr. Cole ISoel, of Adel, for the above facts, the latter having been a stockholder in the original company. WAR HISTORY. DALLAS COUNTY WAR RECORD. If there is any one thing more than another of which the people of the North have reason to be proud, it is the record they made during the dark and bloody days of the "War of the Rebellion." When the war was forced upon the country the people were pursuing the even tenor of their ways, doing what ever their hands found to do ; working the mines, making farms, or cultivating those already- made, erecting homes, founding cities and towns, building shops and manufactories; in short the country was alive with industry and hopes for the future. The people were just recovering from the depression and losses incident to the financial panic of 1857. The future looked bright and promising, and the industrious and patriotic sons and daughters of the free States were buoyant with hope — looking forward to the perfecting of new plans for the ensurement of comfort and compe- tence in their declining years. .They little heeded the mutterings and threatening of treason's children in the slave States of the South. True sons and decendants of the heroes of the " times that tried men's souls " — the struggle for American independence — -they never dreamed that there was even one so base as to dare attempt the destruction of the Union of their fathers — a government baptized with the best blood the world ever knew. While immediately surrounded with peace and tranquility, they paid but little attention to the rumored plots and plans of those who lived and grew rich from the sweat and toil, blood and flesh, of others; aye, even trafficked in the offspring of their own loins. Nevertheless, the war came with all its attendant horrors. April 12, 1861, Fort Sumpter, at Charleston, South Carolina, Major Anderson, U. S. A., commandant, was fired upon by rebels in arms. Although basest treason, this first act in the bloody reality that followed was looked upon as a mere bravado of a few hot-heads— the act of a few fire-eaters whose sectional bias and freedom hatred was crazed by the excessive indulgence in intoxicating potations. When a day later the news was borne along the telegraph wires that Major Anderson had been forced to surrender to what had at "first been regarded as a drunken mob, the patri- otic people of the North were startled from their dreams of the future — from undertakings half complete — and made to realize that behind that mob there was a dark, deep and well organized plan to destroy the government, and rend the Union in twain, and out' of its ruins erect a slave oligarchy, wherein no one would dare question their rights to hold in bondage the sons and daughters of men whose skins were black, or who, perchance, through practices of lustful natures, were half or quarter removed from the color God for his own purpose had given them. But they reckoned without their host. Their dreams of the future — their 404 DALLAS COUNTY WAR EEOOED. plans fo.r the establishment of an independent Confederacy — were doomed from their inception to sad and bitter disappointment. Immediately upon the surrender of Fort Sumpter, Abraham Lincoln, America's martyr Presi- dent — who but a few short weeks before had taken the oath of office as the nation's chief executive — -issued the following proclamation April 15, 1861: Whereas, the laws of the United States have been, and now are opposed in several States by combinations too powerful to be suppressed in an ordinary way, I, therefore, call upon the militia of the several States of the Union to the aggregate number of 75,000 to suppress said combination and execute the laws. I appeal to all loyal citizens for State aid in this effort to maintain the laws, integrity, National Union, perpetuity of popular government, and redress wrongs long enough endured. The first service asigned forces will probably be to re-possess forts, places, and property which have been seized from the Union. The utmost care should be taken consistent with our object to avoid devastation, destruction and interference with the property of peaceful citizens in any part of the country, and I hereby command persons commanding the aforesaid combinations to disperse within twenty days from date. I hereby convene both Houses of Congress for the 4th day of July next, to determine upon measures for the public safety as its interests may demand. Abkaham Lincoln, By W. H. Sbwakd, President of the United States. Secretary of State. The last words of that proclamation had scarcely been taken from the electric wires before the call was filled. The people who loved their whole government could not give enough. Patriotism thrilled, vibrated, and pulsated through every heart. Every calling offered its best men, their lives and fortunes in defense of the gov- ernment's honor and unity. Party ties were, for the time, ignored. Bitter words, spoken in moments of political heat, were forgotten and forgiven,, and joining hands in a common cause, they repeated the oath of America's soldier and statesman, "By the Great Eternal, the Union must and shall be preserved." Seventy-five thousand men were not enough to subdue the rebellion, nor were ten times that number. Call followed call. Then came that well remembered lull in the conflict, when sanguine men grew more hopeful, and the desponding less in despair; a time when it was hoped the war would soon end, and once more would be "beaten the swords into ploughshares, and the spears into pruning hooks." But soon was the spirit of the North again aroused, and the blood of chivalry of Dallas was sent leaping in boiling currents through veins swollen with righteous wrath, as the terrible news of Shiloh, of thousands slain and sons in Southern pris- ons, came to fathers, brothers and friends of those who had gone to the front. The call of President Lincoln, for three hundred thousand men, met a most liberal response from Dallas. From the plow, from the workshop and counting-house, leaving the school-room, the desk, the bar, the pulpit, the press, men of every rank of life, of all ages, grey-bearded and youth, those who showed themselves the bravest of the brave, came forth and enrolled their names among those who were ready to face the cannon's mouth. It began to look as if there would not be men in all the free States to crush out and subdue the monstrous war traitors had inaugurated. But to every call for either men or money there was a willing and ready response; and it is a boast of the people that had the supply of men fallen short, there were women brave enough, daring enough, patriotic enough, to have offered themselves as sacrifices on their country's altar. Such were the impulses, motives and actions of the patriotic men of the North, among whom the ' DALLAS COUNTY WAR EECOED. 407 sons of Dallas county made a conspicuous and praiseworthy record. Two companies were enrolled for a single regiment, besides large enlistments in other companies of the same regiment, the gallant Thirty-ninth. Those who were kept at home by age, infirmity, or sex, did noble service, too. They assisted with their hands, their money, and their words of cheer. Ethically considered, to the wives and mothers who gave up their husbands and sons, their natural protectors, and with a passive self-sacrifice, suffered them to go to the field of carnage, an even greater debt of gratitude is due than to those brave men who then actively, and with less self-denial rendered their ser- vice, and suffered like hardships, in the preservation of that other mother- life, the nation itself. Of the number drafted in Dallas county, we have not been able to secure a complete list. In fact, we are quite unwillingly driven to an apology for the meagreness of parts of our war history. Newspaper files could not be found covering the war period, a most important era in the history of the county, and we have been obliged to depend very considerably upon the frail memory of mortals in regard to facts whose occurrence is removed by years. Having thus hurriedly sketched in general terms the history of Dallas in the war, there yet remains another duty for our pen. That is, to collect the names so far as possible, of those brave men who left their homes at their country's call; and to place on imperishable record, the enlistments, promo- tions, and casualties of the humblest knight in Dallasian chivalry. This is a duty we gladly perform, not alone for those yet living, but for the memory of those whose blood was made to fatten Southern battle-fields, whose loss a multitude of widows and orphans have mourned with a bitterness which no pension can ever sweeten, nor crown of glory drive away. When another generation has passed, we trust an occasional gray haired veteran, bowed with the infirmity of years, will point to these pages with the commendable pride of a volunteer of' 1812, in this day; while the orphans of the slain and their children, will look upon this brief epitaph of their forefathers, as an undying witness that the blood of their loyal ancestry,. not only pulsated with a patriot's devotion, but fatally left its living fountain upon the nation's battle-field. "All hail to our gallant defenders, all hail! Our noblest, our bravest, our best; Proud peers of the world's worshiped heroes ye stand, By freedom's dear attributes blest. Ah, the voice of the past to your heart and ours, It brings in its eloquent breath The wild tones of victory, softened and blent, With the low mystic cadence of death. But the angel of faith with her magical wand, Lifts the veil from our grief, and behold! The invisible arm of a pitying God Hath gathered them into the fold." The following is compiled in part, from the Adjutant General's Eeport: FOUKTH INFANTRY. Dallas' contribution to this regiment was composed of squads in Cos. The regiment went into camp at Jefferson Barracks, Mo., Aug. 12, 1861. 25a 408 DALLAS COUNTY WAE RECORD. Aug. 24 the regiment took the cars for Rolla. Mo., being at that time the farthest military post south in that department, where it arrived the same evening, and the following day went into Camp Lyon, two miles southeast of the town of Rolla. Here commenced the military training which gave that confidence to the men, to enable them to perform the perilous duties of a soldier's life. On the 22d of September the regiment received its first clothing, and on the 28th of September broke camp and marched toward Springfield, but, after two days marching, were ordered back to Rolla, where they remained until Nov. 1, 1862. On the morning of January 23, 1862, it broke camp for the last time at Rolla, and became a part of the "Army of the south- west." The regiment was in the engagement at Pea Ridge, Chiskasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post. From there, the regiment went to Young's Point, accompanying the army to Grand Gulf, crossing the river and reaching Jackson, Miss., May 14, 1863. From there they marched toward Vicks- burg, and were engaged in the skirmishing with the enemy. The regiment participated in the second Jackson campaign, which was made in the middle of summer, and their suffering for want of water was intense. After their return to Vicksburg, they remained in camp at Black river until Sep. 23, when they broke camp, took cars for Yicksburg, and there embarked for Memphis, and from there took cars for Corinth. Oct. 9, were on the march for Chattanooga; Oct. 24, met the enemy under Forrest and Roddy, and for four days kept up a constant skirmish and putting them to route. They were engaged on Lookout Mountain with Hooker, "above the clouds," and were the first Union soldiers on Missouri Ridge. It was with Sherman in his " March to the Sea," and in the battles of Columbia, S. C, and Goldsboro, 1ST. C. It participated in the grand review at Wash- ington, and from there it was sent to Louisville, Ky., and were detained as Provost Guard, which duty it performed until July 23, 1865, when it was mustered out at Davenport, Iowa, Sep. 3, 1865. COMPANY A. November 18, 1862, at Helena, Fife Major Wm.HBinns, enlisted w Ark £ ^ promotion June 26, 1861, in Co. and was W f- H - ■ J n ?|'« ™ h&ted a ? P n £? promoted January 1, 1862. Re- ^ n . e 2 T 6 ' 1861 i, ?™ oted ?? duced to ranks July 1, 1862. ^ a J. or J 8 ™?/^ 8 T J r ?~ ' J ' ed in Fourth V et. Inft., January PRIVATES. 1, 1864. Goodale, Lucius P., enlisted Novem- privates. ber 30, 1862. Hughs, John, enlisted October 22, Hubbard, Lewis W., enlisted June 1862, died at Helena, Ark., Sep- 26 > 1861, discharged October 16, tember 25, 1862. 1861, for disability. Hoeye, John, enlisted March 18, 'Mouray, Abram, enlisted June 26, 1862. 1861, wounded at Pea Ridge,. Teal, John W., enlisted March 9, Mar( > h 1> 1862. 1862. Stiles, Joshua L., enlisted June 26, 1861. Stram, John S., enlisted ■, dis- James M. Loomis, enlisted June 26, charged on account of wounds re- COMPANY C. joomis, enlist 1861, Fifth Sargent, discharged ceived at Pea Ridge. DALLAS COUNTY WAR BECOED. 409 ADDITIONAL ENLISTMENTS. Hays, Garrison, enlisted April 7, 1862, discharged December 1, 1862. Lamb, "Wilson B., enlisted Decem- ber 20, 1861, re-enlisted January 1, 1864. Lamb, "William E., enlisted Decem- ber 20, 1861, discharged on ac- count of wounds received at Vicksburg, May 11, 1863. Blakemore, John "W., enlisted April 6, 1862, discharged for disability . September 8, 1863. Howell, Joshua "W., enlisted April 6, 1862, wounded at Chickasaw Bayou December 29, 1862, died January 23, 1863. COMPANY E. Daniel Rhoads, Second Corporal, en- listed July 15, 1861, promoted Second Corporal September 20, 1862, died at Paducah, Ky., Jan- uary 28, 1863. PRIVATES. Binnie, William S., enlisted July 15, 1861. Gates, Alfred, enlisted July 15, 1861, re-enlisted January 1, 1864. Pacy, "William, enlisted July 15, 1861, died December 30, 1862, at St. Louis, Mo. Palmer, "Walter "W., enlisted July 15, 1861. ADDITIONAL ENLISTMENTS. Baffrey, John P., enlisted March 25, 1862. Camery, Benjamin F., enlisted March 26, 1862. Clark, Wm. F., enlisted March 26, 1862. Moffat, Bobert H., enlisted April 6, 1862. Moore, Jacob, enlisted April 6, 1862. Beasoner, Hiram D., enlisted April 6, 1862. "Winslow, Nathan, enlisted April 6, 1862. TENTH INFANTRY. This regiment was organized at Camp Fremont, Iowa City, in August, 1861. On the 24th of September the regiment embarked at Davenport on board of transports for St. Louis, arriving there on the 27th, and was mus- tered into the service December 6, 1861. The regiment was clothed and equipped with all possible dispatch, and from here went to Cape Girardeau, where it remained until November 12, when orders came to remove to Bird's Point; and they were among the expeditions sent out from time to time in quest of rebel bands, who were sustaining the rebel cause and annoying our troops, and performed a full share ot this duty. The most vigilant guard and picket duty was performed by the regiment up to the time of its departure to New Madrid, March 4, 1862, and was one of the regiments instrumental in the capture of between 5,000 and 6,000 pris- oners, who were formerly stationed on Island No. 10. They afterward went to Pittsburg Landing, and took their place in the line investing that position. "Were engaged with Bosecrans at the battle of Iuka, also at Corinth. They were with the campaign commencing at Milliken's Bend and terminating with the capture of Vicksburg, and in the battles of Raymond, Jackson, and Champion Hills. Afterward it was ordered to Chattanooga to reinforce the army of the Cumberland, and was in the engagement at Missouri Ridge, and from there to the sea. "Were the 410 DALLAS COUNTY WAE EECOED. heroes of eighteen engagements, beside skirmishes of less note, and were mustered out. COMPANY A. Bobbins, James M. C, enlisted Au- -Leming, Elisha, wagoner, enlisted S ust 21, 1861, re-enlisted Febi August 21, 1861, discharged Feb- „ ™ ar X I i».^? 64 - TT ,. 1A ruary 28, 1863, on account of dis- Zl S\ er > ^T ?•> en ] lst A ed Au S ust ability. 21 > 1861, discharged August 13, PEITATES. 1862. Palmer, Lewis EL, enlisted February 1, 1864. FIFTEENTH INFANTEY. The place of rendezvous for volunteers in the Fifteenth Infantry was at Keokuk, where the first companies of the regiment appeared in autumn, 1861. Not until the latter part of February, 1862, were all the companies mustered in. In marked contrast with the enlistment of the Seventh Regiment, from the same place, the Fifteenth had had weeks of military drill, and few companies ever went out of the State better prepared for the field than those of this regiment. After several days spent at St. Louis in Benton Barracks, on the first day of April the regiment eagerly embarked on steamer for the department of the Tennessee. The regiment reached Pittsburg Landing on that memorable Sunday, the 6th of April, when the contest had already been raging for some hours. Immediately ordered to the front, on that and the following day the regiment won the praise of the commanders for its bravery and desperate fighting. The maiden sac- rifice of the Fifteenth was one hundred and eighty-eight in killed, wounded and missing. The regiment assisted in the siege of Corinth without serious loss. In reconnoitering about Bolivar, in a march to Corinth, and thence to luka, where the regiment was not ordered into action, the time was spent until the battle of Corinth, in which the Fifteenth took a gallant part. The loss in this battle from the regiment in wounded, killed and missing, was eighty-five. November 2 the regiment was ordered to Grand Junction, and for sev- eral weeks was engaged in drill with other troops. The command engaged in the unsuccessful campaign against Yicksburg, and in January, 1863, went into camp at Memphis. In a few days the regiment was transported to Milliken's Bend, thence to Lake Providence, and back to Milliken's Bend in April. In the spring campaign against Yicksburg the regiment had the remarkable experience of frequent engagements and several weeks in rifle pits, without a single casualty during the entire siege. A share was taken in the movement against Jackson, immediately following The command took part in the luckless expedition to Monroe, Louisiana, and also in the famous Meridian raid. It had in the meantime become a veteran organization, and was furloughed in March, 1864. The first important campaign participated in after furlough was that of Atlanta. Even before the battle it had lost in heavy skirmishing nearly one hundred officers and men. Most desperate fighting was done by the regiment in the battle of July 22, the total casualties for that day being one hundred DALLAS COUNTY WAK RECORD. ,411 and thirty-two. The Fifteenth was engaged in the battle of Ezra Church, but with small loss. With undiminished bravery and fortitude the Fifteenth engaged in the "Siege of Atlanta " and the "March to the Sea." Savannah to Goldsboro, Goldsboro to Ealeigh, and thence to Washington City, by way of Peters- burg and the evacuated Southern capital. The regiment next went to Louisville for muster out, and to Davenport for discharge, an aggregate travel of 8,518 miles. The Fifteenth Iowa suffered a greater number of casualties than any other regiment ever sent out from the State. Of one thousand, seven hundred and sixty-three men who had been members of the regiment, one thousand and fifty-one were absent at the muster out. COMPANY B. 31, 1862, died in hospital at Keo- Sixth Corporal David King, en- w k f uk ' Marc £ V 86 *: listed as private November 3, W f° r ? s T,' ' 1861, promoted November 1, r. j- T .. L , T iggo (rammer, James, enlisted January privates. ' Houston, Lafayette, enlisted January SEVENTEENTH INFANTEY. This regiment rendezvoused at Keokuk and mustered into the service with Jno. W. Eankin as Colonel, April 16, 1862. Proceeding to St. Louis to receive equipage the new volunteers reached Mississippi in time to assist at the siege of Corinth. The part taken by the Seventeenth in the battle of Iuka received, probably unjustly, the censure of Eosecrans. Smarting under this, the command went into the battle of Corinth with the deter- mination to wipe out the stain cast upon its reputation. Its success is best told by the following general order, No. 145: " The General commanding cannot forbear to give pleasure to many, be- sides the brave men immediately concerned, by announcing in advance of the regular order, that the Seventeenth Iowa Infantry, by its gallantry in the battle of Corinth, on the fourth of October, charging the enemy, and capturing the flag of the Fortieth Mississippi, has amply atoned for its misfortune at Iuka, and stands among the honored regiments of his com- mand. Long may they wear with unceasing brightness the honors they have won. " By order of Major General, W. S. Eosecrans. " C. GODDABD, "A. A. A. G." Notwithstanding, the whole number of casualties was but twenty-five, of whom only two were killed. Before Vicksburg, at Chattanooga, and in the defense of Tilton, these troops fought with a bravery unrivaled. In the defense of Tilton the gar- rison was compelled to surrender, and the entire regiment, with the excep- tion of forty or fifty men, were carried away prisoners. Those who re- mained were f nrloughed and were a sorry looking band when compared with 412. DALLAS COUNTY WAR RECORD. the stout nine hundred and fifty-six, who had left Iowa two and a half years before. The regiment was mustered out at Louisville, July 25, 1865. COMPANY G. Third Sergeant George G. Clark, en- listed March 15, 1862, reduced to ranks. Fourth Corporal Jacob Ollum, en- listed as private March 12, 1862, discharged June 16, 1863, for dis- ability. Eighth Corporal John S. Willis, en- listed March 14, 1862, discharged October 14, 1862. PRIVATES. Bryant, Wm. C, enlisted March 12, 1862, discharged at Jackson Octo- ber 12, 1862. Drake, James O, enlisted March 21, 1862, discharged at Keokuk Sep- tember 21, 1862. Kimery, Geo. W., enlisted March 18, 1862. Lee, Jesse, enlisted March 25, 1862, wounded at Iuka, captured at Trenton Tenn., December 18, 1862, discharged February 7, 1863, for disability. Lee, Anderson, enlisted March 25, 1862, re-enlisted March 22, 1864. Noel, William T., enlisted March 17, 1862, died May 16, 1862. Parish, Linus, enlisted March 12, 1862. Parish, Lewis F., enlisted March 14, 1864. Richmond, Allen R., enlisted March 12, 1862, killed in battle at Iuka, Miss., September 19, 1862. Vaughan, John, enlisted March 12, 1862, transferred to Invalid Corps September 1, 1863. Willis, Espy D., enlisted March 15, 1862, re-enlisted March 28, 1864 West, Elias F., enlisted March 13, 1862, wounded at Missouri Eidge. West, Wm. A., enlisted March 19, 1862, died of wounds April 7, 1863. Wilmot, Edgar E., enlisted March 14, 1862, discharged for disability January 3, 1863. Yard, Samuel, enlisted March 12, 1862, re-enlisted March 28, 1864. Yard, Marion, enlisted March 12, 1862, discharged December 18, 1862. EIGHTEENTH INFANTRY. The men enlisting in this regiment were mustered in at Clinton, the place of rendezvous, in the early part of August, 1862, with John Edwards, of Lucas county, Colonel. The regiment was almost immediately ordered into the service in the Army of the Southwest, where, after a wearisome campaign, it was made a part of the garrison at Springfield, Mo., during the winter of 1862-3. It had a taste of real war in the battle of Spring- field, in January, 1863. in which a loss of fifty-six was incurred in killed and wounded. The irksome duties of the garrison continued until the fall of 1863. After a vain chase in pursuit of Shelby, the regiment was again placed on garrison duty, at Ft. Smith, Arkansas. Disastrous campaigning and some brilliant skirmishing at Prairie D'Anne, and about Camden, tried the energies of the Eighteenth until their brilliant struggle, April 17, near Poison Spring, in defense of a forage train, where, for a considerable time, the regiment " kept at bay " a force of five to one of its number. At Jenkin's Ferry it was used as a reserve force, and was not brought into action. DALLAS COUNTY WAR RECORD. 413 From thistime the regiment was on garrison duty at Ft. Smith most of the time until the date of its muster out — often enduring hardships, poor rations and heavy labor. This regiment mustered out at Little Kock, Arkansas, July 20, 1865. privates. Lambert, Benjamin F., enlisted July ^ n t n . , T , 9, 1862. ' im& Lorenzo ' enllsted MP 13 > Wilson, Josiah, enlisted July 17, tt-11 t x. ,. , t , „ 1862 > died at Springfield, Mo., Hill, James D., enlisted July 7, December 3, 1862. 186.2. TWENTY-THIRD INFANTRY. The Twenty-third Iowa Infantry Volunteers was organized at Des Moines during the fall of 1862, under the direction of Ool. William Dewey. It was mustered into the United States service September 19, 1862. On the 20th a portion of this regiment left for Keokuk, and on the 26th the remainder arrived at that place. On the 28th it embarked for St. Louis, where it arrived the 30th, and reported to Gen. Curtis, who ordered the regiment to Schofield Barracks, where it was quartered and kept on provost duty in the city until October 7, when it was ordered to Pilot Knob, Mo., where it re- mained encamped until the 15th, when it was sent to Patterson. While encamped at this place the regiment suffered severely with numerous camp diseases, and was engaged in several successful expeditions. December 1 the members were called upon to mourn the loss of their leader, Ool. Dewey. December 20, it broke camp and started for Yan Buren, Mo.; and January 14, 1863, started for West Plains, Mo., where they arrived after much dif- ficulty, on account of cold and rain. February 25, 1863, it returned to Pilot Knob, where it remained in camp until March 9, and then started for Ste. Genevieve, and from there to New Madrid, Mo., and remained here until March 20, and then embarked for Milliken's Bend, La. On the 11th of April, broke camp and proceeded, via Richmond, La., to a point opposite Grand Gulf, Miss., and witnessed the bombardment of that place by gun- boats, and the next morning crossed the Mississippi river, below Grand Gulf, and continued the march until after midnight, when the advance was fired on by the enemy's pickets. At 8 o'clock, May 1, the regiment was ordered to advance and charge down a hill on the enemy, who were partially concealed in a dense canebrake. Into this they went with fixed bayonets and drove them from it. They were under fire until 3 o'clock, when they made another charge and drove them back in such confusion that they could not make another stand that day. The regiment was held in reserve at Champion Hills until the afternoon, when they were deployed as skirmish- ers. May 17 it started for Black River Bridge, where the enemy had a line of entrenchments three miles long with a deep bayou in front of them. Here the regiment signally distinguished itself by charging the enemy's works and taking 2,500 prisoners. This result was not obtained without a heavy sacrifice. The colonel and one captain were mortally wounded and four other officers wounded, and 134 enlisted men killed and wounded. _ The regiment was then detailed to guard prisoners to Memphis, and on their re- turn were stopped at Milliken's Bend to defend the place against attack. Here they were attacked by 2,500 Texans and had one of the most sangui- 414 DALLAS COUNTY WAR EECOED. nary struggles of the war, and of the mos.t desperate character; the conflict was hand to hand, and the losses frightful. July 20 they returned to the rear of Vicksburg, and remained in the trenches until its surrender. July 5, started in pursuit of Gen. Johnston, capturing Jackson, Miss., driving the enemy across the Pearl river. The excessive heat and arduous duty told heavily on the regiment and they returned to Vicksburg with 120 men for duty. August 13 it was" transferred to the Department of the Gulf and proceeded to New Orleans. September 4, started with Gen. Banks' Teche expedition as far as Opelousas, and returned to New Orleans. November 16, in connection with other forces, embarked for the coast of Texas, and captured Fort Esperanza, on Matagorda Island. January 16, the regiment went to Indianola, and remained there on post duty until March 14, when it returned to Matagorda Island, and April 26 embarked for New Orleans, and was ordered to reinforce Gen. Banks at Alexandria, La. It formed a junction with him at Morganza, La. July 13, were ordered to proceed to St. Charles, Ark., and establish a post there. August 6, returned to Mor- ganza. After this it was at Duvall's Bluffs, Brownsville, and in 1865 em- barked for Kennville, La. They afterward distinguished themselves in the operations around Mobile, where they were ever in the front. After the fall of Mobile it accompanied the Federal forces to Texas, and was mustered out at Harrisburg, July 26, 1865. Assistant Surgeon Smith V. Campbell, commissioned August 20, 1862, re- signed July 26, 1863. Assistant Surgeon Timothy J. Caldwell, commissioned January 17,. 1864 COMPANY A. First Lieutenant John W. Mattox, enlisted as a First Corporal July 28, 1862, and commissioned First Lieutenant April 12, 1864. Second Sergeant Thomas H. Tar- nell, enlisted July 28, 1862. Third Sergeant ¥m. S. Kussell, en- listed July 28, 1862. First Corporal John F. Slaughter, enlisted July 28, 1862, died at Arcadia November 30, 1862. Musician David C. Hale, enlisted August 2, 1862, discharged Octo- ber 23, 1863, for disability. Musician Wm. T. Clayton, enlisted August 1, 1862. PRIVATES. Broyhill, Geo. O, enlisted July 20, 1862, died May 13, 1864. Bnrgett, Francis M., entisted Au- gust 4, 1862, killed in battle of Black Kiver Bridge, Mississippi, May 17, 1863. Carnes, John E., enlisted August 4 1862, died from gastritis, at St. Louis, October 2, 1862. Clayton, John D., enlisted August 8, 1862. Corliss, Ariel G., enlisted August 4, 1862, died July 10, 1863. Crowl, Henry B., enlisted July 29, 1862, died July 24, 1863. Fletcher, Lewis, enlisted July 20, 1862. Fisher, Lewis W., enlisted August 8, 1862, died at Camp Patterson, Mo., November 11, 1862. Forster, John W., enlisted August 2, 1862. Haines, John C, enlisted August 15, 1862, wounded at Black Eiver Bridge. Hutchins, Francis M., enlisted Au- gust 15, 1862. Johnson, Calvin, enlisted August 4, 1862, killed at Anderson Hill, Miss., May 1, 1863. Loomis, Geo. W., enlisted July 28, 1862. DALLAS COUNTY WAR RECORD. 415 Mead, John C, enlisted August 4, 1862. & Mills, Orin, enlisted August 4, 1862, died November 8, 1863, at New Orleans. Moor, Charles R., enlisted August 2, 1862, died of wounds received - at Black River Bridge. McKean, Wm. J., enlisted July 27, 1862, died at Camp Patterson, Mo., November 8, 1862. Noland, Joseph, enlisted July 27, 1862. Stanfield, Thomas J., enlisted Au- gust 9, 1862, discharged April 12, 1863, for disability. Trindle, Aaron, enlisted August 14, 1862. Thornton, Nathaniel, enlisted July 28, 1862, died July 5, 1863. Vestal, Henry C, enlisted August 2, 1862. COMPANY B. Cattrell, Zerah B., enlisted August 4, 1862, promoted Corporal, wounded at Black Biver Bridge, May 17, 1863. COMPANY C. PRIVATES. Morgan, James H., enlisted August 9, 1862. COMPANY E. PRIVATES. Elliott, Henry B., enlisted August 13, 1862, died at Camp Patterson, November 21, 1862. Swallow, Harrison T., enlisted Au- gust 12, 1862. Trindle, Alexander, enlisted August 12, 1862, discharged November 10, 1863, for disability. Wilkins, Wm. M., enlisted July 28, 1862, died July 10, 1863. . COMPANY G. PRIVATES. Richmond, Rufus R., enlisted Au- gust 22, 1862. Richmond, Cas. M. C, enlisted Au- gust 22, 1862, died August 15, 1863. Russell, John H., enlisted August 22, 1862, died of measles at Arc- adia, Mo., October 23, 1862. ADDITIONAL ENLISTMENTS. COMPANY H. Parman, William H, enlisted De- cember 30, 1863. Hutson, J. W., enlisted December 28, 1863. THIRTY-NINTH INFANTRY. The enlistments in this regiment from Dallas county were in Companies B, C, and H, the two latter having been raised in this county. The com- panies were assigned to the regiment, and its colonel commissioned Septem- ber 12, 1862, and was ordered to rendezvous at Des Moines. While they re- mained here the whole energies of the officers were devoted to instructing the men in drill and other duties of soldiers. On the 26th of October, the regiment moved to Davenport, where they were speedily uniformed and equipped. The regiment was mustered into the service of the United States November 24, 1862^ The delay in mustering was caused by two other companies not having the minimum number of men. While in camp at Davenport they had nearly 300 cases of measles. Many of the men were only convalescent when the regiment was ordered to the front. On the 13th day of December the command left Davenport by rail and reported to Brig. Gen. Tuttle at Cairo, at which place they remained two 416 DALLAS COUNTY WAE EECOED. days awaiting orders. The men were then transferred to a steamboat, and on the 16th of December dropped down the river to Columbus and disem- barked. It 'was dark and very muddy and rainy. They were ordered to select a place to camp, and for the first time those miserable apologies known as shelter-tents were raised, and on the cold and wet ground the Thirty-ninth made its bed. On the 18th December the regiment took cars for Corinth, Miss. This day the rebel Gen. Forrest first approached the railroad near Jackson, Tenn. The regiment arrived at that place about dark. Forrest cut the road that evening near Trenton about half an hour after the Thirty-ninth passed over, cutting off the train following it. The regiment was kept lying behind earth-works for four days, a momentary attack being expected by the commanding general. Here the men suffered much from short rations, and were unable to cook what food they had. It finally became apparent that the move on Jackson was a feint to hold the troops there while Forrest cut the road north of the town On the 22d the Thirty-ninth, with other regiments, was ordered up the road to drive off the enemy and repair the road. Forrest was known to be at Huntingdon, thirty miles east. The Thirty-ninth, with other regiments, comprised the Second Brigade, and were ordered to march from Trenton on the 27th at dark, each man to carry five days' rations and one hundred rounds of ammunition. This was the first march of the regiment. Just from Iowa, many but a couple of weeks out of hospitals, all worn out by short rations and loss of sleep, and overburdened by carrying rations and ammunition, they marched all night and went into camp near daylight. At 8 o'clock they were ordered to resume their march and marched all day. The next morning many of the men were completely worn out, others were too foot sore to proceed, and they were compelled to leave over one hundred men. During the day they attempted to make their way back to Trenton, but at Shady Grove were surrounded by a regiment of Forrest's Cavalry and one hundred and one were made prisoners. (These did not rejoin the regiment until October, 1863.)_ December 31, 1862, at Ked Mound, or Parker's Cross Eoads, they came in contact with Forrest's whole command, numbering between 6,000 and 7,000 men. They fought from 9 o'clock in the morning until 3 in the afternoon under great disadvantage of numbers and position. At 3 o'clock reinforcements arrived and Forrest fled, leaving in their hands a great num- ber of prisoners, horses, cannon, and small arms. January 2, 1863, they arrived at Jackson, and on the 7th, at Corinth, where they remained until November 2, 1863, doing garrison duty. The regiment made several marches, guarding trains, that took two or three days at a time. May 6, Co. H, which was on duty guarding a corral a few miles from Corinth, was surrounded by 800 rebel Cavalry and the captain and most of the company made prisoners. November 2, i863, the regiment, with others, moved from Corinth to Pulaski, Tenn., and had twenty-five miles of railroad and country to hold and maintain quiet. March 12, 1864, marched to Athens, Ala. But it was in the battle at Altoona, Ga., October 5, 1864, that the regiment suffered its greatest loss. Eight companies of this regiment were in the en- gagement, numbering 284 men. There was left 119, making a loss of 165 men, or nearly three-fifths of the regiment. Among the killed was Lieut. Col. Eedfield, of whom we have more to say. Those who witnessed the heroism and determination of the Thirty-ninth on that day say they had never before seen such fighting, and pronounced it the Chickasaw Bayou DALLAS COUNTY WAR RECORD. 417 TaIITo f °r five h0 " rS : The "**=»»* was with Sherman in the Georgia and tne Carolina campaigns, and participated in the grand review at Wash- ington, and was mustered out June 5, 1865. NOTB.-Offloers not otherwise accounted for were mustered out as with the regiment. Lieutenant-Colonel James Eedfield, commissioned September 16, 1862, wounded severely -in left shoulder at Parker's Crossroads, Tennessee December 31, 1862 killed in battle at Altoona, Georgia, October 5, 1864* Major Isaac D. Marsh, commissioned captain of Go. C/November 24 1862, promoted Major May 12, 1865. Assistant Surgeon Ephraim P. Davis, commissioned September 17, 1862, resigned January 4, 1865. Adjutant J. E. Joy, enlisted as private August 8, 1862, promoted Sergeant- Major, commissioned May 22, 1865. Chaplain Peter T. Eussell, commissioned August 25, 1865. Commissary-Sergeant Walker Garoutte, enlisted August 9, 1862. COMPANY B. First Sergeant C. D. G. Eickinson, enlisted August 14, 1862. PRIVATES. Adams, William H., enlisted Au- • gust 16, 1862, discharged Decem- ber 3, 1862. Albin, John L., enlisted August 16, 1862, wounded severely in battle at Parker's Cross Eoads. Brobst, Daniel, enlisted August 11, 1862. Burns, Henry T., enlisted August 16, 1862. Case, Benjamin, enlisted August 15, 1862, died January 4, 1863, of wounds at Parker's Cross Eoads. Crouch, Joseph, enlisted August 8, 1862, taken prisoner at Shadv Grove, December 31, 1862. Crouch, Newton, enlisted August 11, 1862, taken prisoner at Shady Grove, December 31, 1862. Crouch, James, enlisted August 10, 1862, taken prisoner at Shady Grove, December 31, 1862. Epps, John, enlisted August 13, 1862. Lane, Noah, enlisted August 9, 1862. Lane, John T., enlisted August 2, 1862. Long, William K, enlisted August 15, 1862. Nichols, Axtil B., enlisted August 15, 1852. Shepherd, Silas D., enlisted August 17, 1862, captured December 30, 1862, at Shady Grove. Walker, John W., enlisted August 15,1862, Miller, Lewis O., enlisted November 17, 1863, wounded October 5, 1864. COMPANY C. Captain Isaac D. March, enlisted August 9, 1862, promoted Maj'or May 12, 1865. First Lieutenant Joseph W. Price, commissioned November 24, 1862, resigned November 24, 1862. First Lieutenant Owen D. Eussell, commissioned Second Lieutenant November 24, 1862, promoted April 22, 1865. Second Lieutenant Owen D. Eussell, enlis,ted August 9, 1862, promo- ted April 22, 1865. First Sergeant Matthew B. Noel, enlisted August 9, 1862. Second Sergeant Thomas Ashton, enlisted August 9, 1862, .taken prisoner at Parker's Cross Eoads December 31, 1862. 418 DALLAS COUNTY WAK EECOED. Third Sergeant David Smart, en- listed August 9, 1862. Fourth Sergeant Maclin E. Coons, enlisted August 9, 1862. Fifth Sergeant Oliver C. Macy, en- listed August 9, 1862. First Corporal Alexander M. Logan, enlisted August 9, 1862. ■Second Corporal Joseph C. Early, Jr., enlisted August 9, 1862, taken prisoner at Shady Grove, Decem- ber 30, 1862. Third Corporal Lemuel Warford, enlisted August 11, 1862, wound- ed at Altoona, Georgia, October 5,1864. Fourth Corporal James Mitchell, enlisted August 9, 1862, died June 23, 1863, at La Grange, Tennessee. Fifth Corporal William McMillen, enlisted August 9, 1862, dis- charged May 15, 1863, for dis- ability. Sixth Corporal Francis M. Roush, enlisted August 9, 1862. Seventh Corporal Joseph L. Slaugh- ter, enlisted August 9, 1862, died January 28, 1863, at Mound Citv, 111. Musician James D. Carpenter, en- listed August 9, 1862. Musician Hezekiah H. Moffatt, en- listed August 9, 1862, discharged August 18, 1863, for disability. "Wagoner Wesley Krysher, enlisted August 9, 1862, wounded October 5, 1864. PRIVATES. Albin, Moses, enlisted August 9, 1862. Burnett, James, enlisted August 11, 1862. Beall, Thomas, enlisted August 11, 1862, wounded October 5, 1864, at Altoona, Ga., limb amputated, discharged June 29, 1865. Baker, Julius W., enlisted August 11, 1862, wounded October 5, 1864. Boak, Theodore J., enlisted August 9, 1862. Coffin, Wm., enlisted August 11, 1862. Carpenter, Ambrose, enlisted Au- gust 11, 1862. Case, Geo. W., enlisted August 9. 1862. Carpenter, Henry, enlisted August 9, 1862, died. February 22, 1863. Clark, Hiram P., enlisted August 9, 1862. Crawford, Wm., enlisted August 9, 1862. Cawger, Aaron H. H., enlisted Au- gust 9, 1862, captured July 28, 1864. Couch, C. W., enlisted August 9, 1862. Diddy, Wm. A., enlisted August 11, 1862, taken prisoner at Shady Grove, December 30, 1862, died June 3, 1863. Diddy, John W., enlisted August 9, 1862. Davenport, Wm. F., enlisted Au- gust 9, 1862, discharged for disa- bility April 4, 1863. Davis Issacher, enlisted August 14, 1862, captured July 28, 1864: Dillon, Wm. H, enlisted August 14, 1862. Elwood, Thomas, enlisted August 9, 1862. Ellis, Martin, enlisted August 9, 1862. Ellis, Marquis D. L., enlisted Au- gust 11, 1862. Elder, Wm. H., enlisted August 11, 1862. ' Elder, Wm. C, enlisted August 9, 1862. Elder, Kobert H, enlisted August 15, 1862. Fisher, Wm. P., enlisted August 9, 1862, captured December 30, 1862. Frakes, Wm. M., enlisted August 21, 1862, taken prisoner at Shady Grove, December 30, 1862. HALLAS COUNTY WA? KECORD. 41 9 Grout, Chester P., enlisted August 11, 1862, taken prisoner at Shady Grove. Gilman,' Milon A., enlisted August 11, 1862, discharged at Cairo, January 21, 1863. Graham, Charles M., enlisted Au- gust 9, 1862, discharged on ac- count of wounds, January 22, 1865. J Hiltebrand, Daniel, enlisted August 9, 1862, discharged for disability. Hathaway, Geo. T., enlisted August 9,1862. Harrison, Robert, enlisted August 9,1862. Harper, Daniel C, enlisted August 9, 1862. Hill. Calvin, enlisted August 9, 1862. Howe, John G., enlisted August 11, 1862. Hunt, Jacob W., enlisted August 14, 1862. Hubbell, Ganet V., enlisted August 15, 1862, discharged for disability. Haworth, Jas. R., enlisted August 9, 1862, discharged for disability. Hathaway, John, enlisted August 9, 1862, discharged for disability. Harper, Wm. H., enlisted October 21, 1862, died August 2, 1864, at Rome, Ga. Johnson, Wiley, enlisted August 9, 1862, died March, 1863, at Cairo, 111. Jenkins, John, enlisted August 9, 1862, died February 23, 1864, at Mound City. Jeffers, Elijah, enlisted August 21, 1862, died June, 1864. Johnson, Jas. D., enlisted August 15, 1862. James, Daniel W., enlisted August 9, 1862, died December 16, 1862. Kimery, John, enlisted August 9, 1862, wounded at Altoona, Ga. Ludington, Alfred, enlisted August 9, 1862. Lewis, Wm. A., enlisted August 9, 1862, captured at Shady Grove. Merical, Abraham, enlisted August 9, 1862, died December 23, 1863. Merical, John W., enlisted August 9, 1862. Marsh, William H., enlisted August 9, 1862. Mark, Wm. A., enlisted August 9,. 1862. McClelland, Isaac L., enlisted 9, 1862. Mount, Matthias, enlisted August 9, 1862. Mitchell, Jacob, enlisted August 9, 1862. Murdock, Wm. H., enlisted Novem- ber 12, 1862. Miller, John R., enlisted August 15, 1862. Overman, Thad. W., enlisted Au- gust 9, 1862. Ostler, John, enlisted August 11, 1862, captured October 5, 1864. Perry, John, enlisted August 15, 1862. Ruth, Peter, enlisted August 9, 1862. Rosecrants, Jesse, enlisted August 9, 1862. Sawin, George, F., enlisted August 9, 1862, taken prisoner at Shady Grove. Shields, George W., enlisted August 9, 1862, captured December 30, 1862. Slaughter, Martin L., enlisted Au- gust 9, 1862, discharged Febru- ary 8, 1863, for disability. Tawney, James L., enlisted August 9, 1862, died at Trenton, Tenn., January 27, 1863. Tarr, Hamilton J., enlisted August 20, 1862, killed in battle at Al- toona, Ga., October 5, 1864. Vanbrunt, Joseph, enlisted August 11, 1862. Yoas, Henry, enlisted August 9, 1862. Van Cleave, Thos. T., enlisted Au- gust 21, 1862. Welch, Amos, enlisted August 9, 1862. 420 DALLAS COUNTY WAR RECORD. Wright, Geo. W., enlisted August 9, 1862, died at Corinth, Miss., January 27, 1863. Wright, Thos. J., Jr., enlisted Au- gust 9, 1862, wounded at Altoo- na, Ga. Watkins, Benj. F., enlisted August 9, 1862, died at Jackson, Tenn., January 18, 1863. Wright, Thomas J., Sr., enlisted Au- gust 9, 1862, discharged on ac- count of wounds. Young, John E., enlisted August 9, 1862, taken prisoner at Shady Grove, December 30, 1862. Young, Philip A., enlisted August 11, 1862. COMPANY H. Captain, James M. Loomis, enlisted in Co. C, Fourth Infantry, June 26, 1861, discharged November 18,1862, for promotion; he was commissioned Captain of Co. H November 24, 1862, captured at Cornith, Miss., July 7, 1863, sup- posed to have been killed by the enemy September 1, 1863. Captain Henry R. Benjamin, was commissioned First Lieutenant November 24, 1862, promoted Captain September 2, 1863. First Lieutenant Wesley Wright, enlisted as private August 8, 1862, commissioned Second Lieutenant July 5, 1863. Second Lieutenant John N. Main, enlisted August 11, 1862, resigned March 5, 1863. Second Lieutenant Collins Marshall, enlisted as private August 7, 1862, promoted from First Sergeant and commissioned March 6, 1863, killed by guerrillas near Cornith, Miss., July 4, 1863. First Sergeant Collins Marshall, en- listed August 7, 1862. Second Sergeant Wesley Wright, en- listed August 8, 1862. Third Sergeant Geo. W. Noel, en- listed August 11, 1862, captured July 7, 1863. Fourth Sergeant Wm. W. Wirth, en- listed August 11, 1862, died at Davenport January 21, 1863. Fourth Sergeant S. C. Maulsby, enlisted August 5, 1862, promoted to Fourth Sergeant January 21, 1863, captured July 7, 1863, at Corinth, Miss. Fifth Sergeant Wm. Moore, 1 enlisted August 5, 1862. First Corporal Wm. T. Koot, enlisted August 5, 1862, captured July 7, 1863. Second Corporal Neherniah Harris, enlisted August 7, 1862. Third Corporal Miles C. Marshall, enlisted August 8, 1862. Fourth Corporal Pleasant Parker, enlisted August 8, 1862. Fifth Corporal Phineas S. Howell, enlisted August 11, 1862, dis- charged June 14, 1865. Sixth Corporal Jonas C. Stearns, en- listed August 11, 1862, killed in battle at Parker's Cross Eoads December 31, 1863. Sixth Corporal William L. Roles, en- listed as private August 8, 1862. Seventh Corporal S. C. Maulsby, enlisted August 5, 1862, promoted Fourth Sergeant January 21, 1863. Seventh Corporal Andrew Rickey, enlisted August 8, 1862, died at Corinth, Miss., February 25, 1863. Eighth Corporal Wm. Wright, en- listed August 25, 1862, died No- vember 26, 1863, in Libby prison. Musician Jesse H. Thornburgh, en- listed August 10, 1862. Musician William Webb, enlisted August 8, 1862, discharged May 8, 1863. Wagoner George F. Armstrong, en- listed August 11, 1862, taken prisoner at Parker's Cross Roads Wagoner Clifford B. Parker, en listed August 8, 1862. DALLAS COUNTY WAK RECORD. 421 PRIVATES. Bailey, George, enlisted August 7, 1862, discharged August 22, 1863. Bailey, Jonathan A., enlisted Au- gust 9, 1862. Ballenger, Milo, enlisted August 9, 1862. Ballenger, Barzillas, enlisted Au- gust 11, 1862. Barnett, Wm. C, enlisted August 7, 1862. Barnett, Francis, enlisted August 7, 1862, captured July 7, 1863, at Corinth. Boots, Martin S., enlisted August 11, 1862, captured July 7, 1863, at Corinth. Bingham, Jesse C, enlisted August 8, 1862, captured July 7, 1863. Brown, Thomas J., enlisted August 8, 1862, discharged January 31, 1863, for disability. Bingham, William H., enlisted Au- gust 11, 1862, captured July 7, 1863, died at Andersonville June 3, 1864. Burden, Alfred, enlisted August 20, 1862, taken . prisoner at Shady Grove. Combs, John H. enlisted, August 6, 1862, died March 29, 1863. Cave, Albert, enlisted August 13, 1862. Cummings, Alfred, enlisted August 8, 1862. Estes, James P , enlisted August 11, 1862, wounded in battle at Par- ker's Cross Eoads. Estes, George M., enlisted August 11, 1862, wounded at Parker's Cross Boads. Elliott, Elwood, enlisted August 10, 1862, captured July 7, 1863. Frazier, Henry, enlisted August 11, 1862. Godwin, Nathan, enlisted August 13, 1862, captured July 7, 1863. Garwood, Jonathan, enlisted August 11, 1862. Grnbbs, Luther, enlisted August 14, 1862. Gowdy, David, enlisted August 9, 1862, died at Davenport Decem- ber 24, 1862. Hubbard, James A., enlisted August 11, 1862. Hunt, Elihu, enlisted August 11, , 1862. Haines, Ner B., enlisted August 11, 1862, captured July 7, 1863. Hervey, John, enlisted August 5, 1862. Harber, Milton, enlisted August 11, 1862, captured December 30, 1862. Hadley, David W., enlisted August 11,1862. Joy, John R, enlisted August 8, 1862. Joy, Henry,' enlisted August 11, 1862, discharged April 6, 1863. Jameson, John R., enlisted August 9, 1862, captured July 7, 1863, died in Libby prison December 14, 1863. Jameson, Edward P., enlisted Au- §ust 8, 1862, taken prisoner at hady Grove, paroled. Lewis, Milton M., enlisted August 11, 1862, discharged May 15, 1863, for disability. Lewellen, Wm. M.. enlisted August 11, 1862. Lamb, Charles B., enlisted August 11, 1862, taken prisoner at Shady Grove, paroled. Lambert, Charles M., enlisted Au- gust 6, 1862. Lewis, Wm. H., enlisted August 20, 1862, captured July 7, 1863. Laubach, Isaac, enlisted August 7, 1862. Moon, John, enlisted August 11, 1862, died March 31, 1864, in An- dersonville, Ga. Moon, James, enlisted August 11, 1862, wounded in battle of Par- ker's Cross Roads, died April 9, 1864, in Andersonville, Ga. Marshall, Clayton, enlisted August 9, 1862, captured July 7, 1863. Mendenhall, Charles T., enlisted Au- gust 11, 1862, taken prisoner at Shady Grove, paroled. 422 DALLAS COUNTY WAR RECORD. Mendenhall, James K., enlisted Au- gust 9, 1862. Morris, Bobert, enlisted August 8, 1862. Megeath, John, enlisted August 11, - 1862. McCreary, Lewis, enlisted August 8, 1862. Murray, Exaver, enlisted August 11, 1862, taken prisoner and died Jan- uary 23, 1864, at Richmond, Va. Parker, Melvin, enlisted August 8, 1862, died January 23, 1864, while prisoner ot war. Parker, Clifford B., enlisted August 8, 1862, wounded in battle at Par- ker's Cross Roads. , Pickering, Henry C, enlisted Au- gust 8, 1862, captured and died while prisoner of war. Reynolds, Zimri P., enlisted August 11,1862. Robinson, Geo., enlisted August 9, ,1862. Russell, Nathan A., enlisted August 11, 1862, wounded in battle at Parker's Cross Roads, captured July 7, 1863, and died in Libby prison. Redman, Thomas, enlisted August 6, 1862, taked prisoner at Shady Grove, paroled, and died February 28, 1863. Shillers. Samuel, enlisted August 11, 1862.' Smith, Aaron, enlisted August 11, 1862. Smith, Josephus, enlisted August 11, 1862, wounded in battle at Parker's Cross Roads. Swain, Wm. H., enlisted August 8, 1862, captured July 7, 1863, at Corinth, Miss. Stout, David, enlisted August 11, 1862. Swallow, Henry C, enlisted October 21, 1862, captured July 7, 1863. Yermillion, Wm. P., enlisted August 11, 1862, captured Dec. 30, 1862, Watts, Joseph R., enlisted August 11, 1862, taken prisoner at Shady Grove December 30, paroled. "Willis, Wm., enlisted August 8, 1862, discharged February 9, 1863, for disability. Welker, Andrew J., enlisted August 11, 1862. Willitts, Levi, enlisted August 8, 1862. Winslow, Nathan, enlisted August 18, 1862, discharged May 24, 1865. Way, Benjamin F., enlisted August 7,1862. Wood, Homer E., enlisted August 11, 1862, died in Libby prison February 16, 1864. ADDITIONAL. ENLISTMENTS. Crouch, Henry, enlisted February 25, 1864. Eshllman, Jos., enlisted February 29, 1864. Grubbs, John M., enlisted January 17, 1865. Kinnick, Richard R., enlisted Feb- ruary 24, 1864. Meyers, Jos., enlisted February 22, 1864. Perry, Fred, enlisted February 29, 1864. Slaughter, Martin L., enlisted Feb- ruary 26 ; 1864. Parker, Richard F., enlisted January 17, 1885, died February 24, 1865. West. Elisha D., enlisted February 26,' 1864. Walsh, Thomas C, enlisted February 29, 1864. Winslow, Jabes, enlisted February 29, 1864. Winslow, Isaac M., enlisted February 29, 1864. Thornburg, Jos., W., enlisted March 17, 1864, discharged October 28, 1864. Yoxthiner, Martin, enlisted Febru- ary 29, 1864. COMPANY I. Second Lieutenant J. Ward Eed- field, enlisted as a private in Co. H, and was promoted July 25, 1863, resigned October 5, 1864. DALLAS COUNTY WAK KECOKD. 425 FORTY-FOURTH INFANTRY. This regiment contained a squad of men in Co. H, and was mustered into the service June 1, 1864, for 100 days. COMPANY H. PRIVATES. Dennis, David M, enlisted May 11, 1864. Guthrie, Jatnes H., enlisted May 11, 1864. Guthrie, James, enlisted May 11, 1864. Kerr, Samuel, enlisted May 12,1864. Keith, Mel vin, enlisted May 11, 1864. Newland, James F., enlisted May 11, 1864. Russell, Calvin W., enlisted May 11, 1864. Watson, James B., enlisted May 11, 1864, died of measles at memphis June 27, 1864. Householder, James M., enlisted May Waldo, Wm. W., enlisted May 11, 17, 1864. 1864. FORTY-SIXTH INFANTRY. This was one of the regiments raised in accordance with the proposition of the " War Governors " of Illinois, Ohio, Indiana, Iowa, and Minnesota, to supply to the United States 85,000 volunteers for one hundred days' ser- vice, which offer was accepted by the President, April 23, 1864. Company C of this regiment was raised by Captain Jacob R. Vanmeter, in May. The rendezvous of the company was at Davenport, and was mustered into the service June 10, 1864. COMPANY C. Captain Jacob R. Yanmeter, com- missioned June 10, 1864. First Lieutenant John N. Main, commissioned June 10, 1864. First Sergeant Frederick M. Hain, enlisted May 21, 1864. Third Sergeant Richard P. Lewis, enlisted May 18, 1864. Fourth Sergeant Samuel L. Loomis, enlisted May 21, 1864. First Corporal David Herry, enlisted May 21, 1864, reduced to ranks at his own request. Second Corporal William Harvey, enlisted May 21, 1864, promoted First Corporal. Second Corporal William C. Pugh, enlisted May 23, 1864, promoted from Third Corporal. Third Corporal David A. Cowell, enlisted May 21, 1864, promoted from Fourth Corporal. Fourth Corporal David I. Ham, en- 27 listed May 21, 1864, promoted from Fifth Corporal. Fifth Corporal Thomas Thornburg, enlisted May 27, 1864, promoted from Sixth Corporal. Sixth Corporal Nathan W. Brock, enlisted May 23, 1864, promoted from Seventh Corporal. Seventh Corporal Nathan W. Brock, enlisted May 23, 1864. Seventh Corporal Jerry Clayton, en- listed May 20, 1864, died August 16, 1864, at Memphis, Tenn. Eighth Corporal Richard Vermillion, enlisted May 21, 1864. Musician John M. Moraine, enlisted May 23, 164. PRIVATES. Adams, Wm. H., enlisted May 23, 1864. Brenton, Archibald G., enlisted May 18, 1864. 426 "dallas county war record. Burrows, ¥m., E., enlisted May 21, Leeper, Alexander, enlisted May 21, 1864. . 1864. Bauine, Daniel, enlisted May 23, Lee, Jonathan, enlisted May 21, 1864. " 1864. Berry, Larkin • W., enlisted June 3, Lee, Hiram, enlisted May 21, 1864 1864. Lane, William, enlisted May 18, Cartright, Wm. E., enlisted May 1864. 25, 1864. McClelland, Morgan, enlisted May Clayton, Henry C, enlisted May 23, 18,1864. 1864. Marshall, John L., enlisted May 21, Cook, Harmon, enlisted May 21, 1864. 1864. McKean, Geo. W., enlisted May 23, Case, Separate P., enlisted May 24, 1864. , 1864. Nichols, Geo. W., enlisted May 23, Cook, Joseph, enlisted May 21, 1864. 1864. Clark, Benjamin F., enlisted May Noland, John, enlisted May 21,1864, 23, 1864. died July 17, 1864. Conical, Lewis, enlisted May 23, Potter, Eobert, enlisted May 18, 1864. . 1864. Davis, Levi A., enlisted May 18, Perkins, Albert F., enlisted Mav 18, 1864. 1864. Douglass, ¥m. H., enlisted May 21, Eippy, Henry C, enlisted May 19, 1864. 1864. Edmonson, Samuel E., enlisted May Eoush, Samuel W., enlisted May 18, 23,1864. 1864. Griffith, Eli H., enlisted May 21, Sherard, John M., enlisted May 25, 1864. 1864, died August 23, 1864. Hain, John W., enlisted May 21, Sypherd, Charles B., enlisted May 1864. 18, 1864. Hunter, Harvey, enlisted May 21, Stiles, Jason E., enlisted May 21, 1864. 1864. Howell, Edward, enlisted May 21, Thompson, Nat. P., enlisted May 21, 1864. 1864, died August 8, 1864. Henderson, Levi, enlisted May 18, Vermillion, Eichard D., enlisted 1864. May 21, 1864. Hain, Joseph McE., enlisted May Wyatt, Isaac, enlisted May 23, 1864 23, 1864. Warner, Wm., enlisted May '27, Hain, James E., enlisted. May 23, 1864. 1864. MISCELLANEOUS ENLISTMENTS. Alkins, Henry C, enlisted May 16, Wheeler, Theodore, enlisted Feb- 1864, in Co. F, Forty-seventh In- ruary 5, 1864, in Second Veteran fantry. Infantry. Lyon, John B., enlisted January 29, 1864, in Second Veteran Infantry. seventh veteran infantry. Gross, John B., enlisted May 27, 1861, in Second Veteran Infantry, Hoyt, Allen B., enlisted June 27, re-enlisted December 18, 1863. 1865, transferred from Co. H, Smithson, N., enlisted December 29, Thirty-ninth Iowa Infantry. 1864, in Second Veteran Infantry. Lamb, Josiah B. EECEUITS. DALLAS COUNTT WAK EECORD. 427 Mills, John H., enlisted December Smith. James L., enlisted January 27, 1864, transferred from Thirty- 10, 1865. Ninth Iowa Infantry. Towne, Marion A., enlisted January iSwallow, Henry C, enlisted Octo- 17, 1865. ber 21, 1862, transferred from Vermillion, Eichard, enlisted in the Thirty-Ninth Iowa, January 10, Twelfth Veteran Infantry, Sep- 1865 - tember 29, 1864, mustered out at Selma, Alabama, July 19, 1865. SECOND CAVALRY. COMPANY D. Heal, Samuel, enlisted August 8, Farrier Samuel F. Witham, enlisted -r> " q i v * j a August 2 1861. Rogers, Samuel, enlisted August 2, Witham, Charles ' W., enlisted Au- 1861 ' gust 2, 1861, died April 10, 1864, at Memphis, Tennessee. Burkhart, Hiram, enlisted August D ra b e Samuel S., enlisted January 2, 1861, died April 5, 1864, at 18i i 86 4, J Memphis, Tennessee. Straini John g enlisted January 4, Lewis, George W., enlisted August 1864 2,1861. FOURTH CAVALRY. This regiment was raised during the latter part of 1861, with rendez- vous at Camp Harlan, Mount Pleasant, and contained a few Dallas county men who enlisted with the regiment, or as recruits after it had entered the service. During May, 1863, the regiment was in several engagements in Missis- sippi, at Jackson, at Raymond, and twice at Mechanicsburg, on the 24th and 29th of that month.- During the previous part of the year the reg- iment had been stationed at Helena, Arkansas, doing scouting and picket duty. Under General Sherman at Black river, in June, a portion of the regiment had quite a severe encounter with the enemy's cavalry, about one hundred and twenty-five Union men being surrounded by eight hundred rebels. The former were successful in cutting their way out, with a loss of near fifty men in killed and taken prisoner. During the remainder of the year the regiment was engaged in skirmishing in Mississippi, but without serious loss. During 1864 no regiment in the army was in more active service than the Fourth Cavalry. After several skirmishes and long marches in the early spring, or rather during the winter, they were furloughed March 4, 1864, by special order of General Sherman. Various expeditions were undertaken upon the return of the regiment to Mississippi, involving marches of some thousands of miles, and numerous brilliant engagements. Of his men, December 1, 1864, Colonel Winslow says: "No language can describe their sufferings, or give them credit" for that distinguished bravery and endurance which have taught the enemy to respect them and fear their coming, as the people of the Indies fear the simoon. Four expe- 428 DALLAS COUNTY WAR RECORD. ditions against Forrest and one against Price bear testimony to the fatigues endured, the dangers encountered, the defeats shared, the victories won." During March and April, 1865, a most brilliant march, with frequent fighting, was made from Chickasaw, Alabama, to Macon, Georgia. Seven battle flags were captured in a single engagement near Columbus, Georgia, by volunteers of this regiment. During the month occupied in this expe- dition 610 miles were marched, 2,436 prisoners captured, 21 pieces of artillery; 1,650 stand of small arms, and 880 horses and mules taken. Note. — This regiment was mustered out at Atlanta, Georgia, August 10, 1865. Men not otherwise accounted for, mustered out as with the regiment. COMPANY P. Manor, Samuei, enlisted December 1, 1861. Duck, Simon P., enlisted December 18, 1863, promoted Seventh Cor- poral July 1, 1864. COMPANY L. Fifth Sergeant George A. Loomis, enlisted November 16, 1861, re- duced to ranks. First Corporal Frank Murray, en- listed November 16, 1861, died of typhoid fever at West Plains, Missouri, May 10, 1862. Third Corporal Henry W. Butts, enlisted November 15, 1861. PRIVATES. Morris, Reuben, enlisted October 15, 1861, discharged January 9, 1863. Perry, Frederick, enlisted October 19, 1861, discharged for disability January 1, 1862. Wade, John, enlisted September 29, 1861, discharged for disability May 13, 1862. NINTH CAYALEY. There is little of general interest connected with the history of the Ninth Iowa Cavalry. Its field of service was confined to Arkansas, the head- quarters of the regiment having been mantained a chief portion of the time at Brownsville, between Duvall's Bluff and Little Rock. Its most ac- tive and laborious service was performed while Gen. Steele was in a state of siege at Little Rock. During this time, it engaged the enemy in fre- quent skirmishes, but none of them were of much importance. . COMPANY D. Loftus, Jasper W., enlisted Febru- ary 1864, died March 20, 1864. COMPANY H. Eighth Corporal Reuben J. Lamb, enlisted October 12, 1863, died June 28, 1865, at Dardenelle, Ar- kansas. PRIVATES. Felton, David, enlisted October 23, 1863. Howell, Emanuel, enlisted October 23, 1863, died December 13, 1864, De Vails Bluffs, Ark. Hoeye, Wm. enlisted October 1, 1863. Hoeye, Samuel V, enlisted October 9, 1863. Lewis, Wm. W., enlisted September 26, 1863. Lamb, Joshua S., enlisted October 12, 1863, died October 7, 1865, at Washington, Ark. Moorman, Enoch, enlisted October 24, 1863. Wright, Wesley W., enlisted Octo- ber 9, 1863. DALLAS COUNTY WAR EECOED. 429 SECOND LIGHT ARTILLERY. The Second Battery was composed of men from the counties of Dallas, Polk, Harrison, Fremont, and Pottawattamie, and ordered into quarters July 4, 1861, and were mustered into the service at Council Bluffs and St. Louis August 8 and 31, 1861. The Battery received its armament at St. Louis in October, 1861. The 25th day of December a section under Lieut. "Walling was sent with Gen. Schofield on the North Missouri Railroad, returning to Benton Barracks the 20th of February, 1862. February 26, the Battery went to„Commerce, Mo., then to New Madrid, under General Pope. Participated in actions there on the 3d, the night of the 4th and on the 13th of March. March 18th, a detachment of the Battery under Lieut. C. F. Reed, beat off five gunboats at Riddle's Point. Was engaged in April in the series of movements which resulted in the capture of Island No. 10. Went down the river to Fort Pillow, then up the Mississippi and Tennessee to Ham- burg Landing, arriving at the latter place April 23d. With the Army of the Mississippi was engaged May 9th in the battle of Farmington; May 28th, battle of Corinth. Followed the enemy to Boon- ville, Miss. At Rienzi during the summer, till August 18th; then moved to Tuscumbia, Ala.; back to Corinth Sep. 11; in battle ofluka Sep. 19th; in battle before Corinth Oct. 3d and 4th; in the pursuit under Rosecrans until Oct. 12th. Was in engagements in the rear and siege of Yicksburg; at the battle near Nashville in December, 1864, and did valiant service; and, during the two days of the engagement, expended 1500 rounds of ammunition. The Battery was mustered out at Davenport August 7, 1865. The enlistments from Dallas county were as follows: Captain Joseph R. Reed, commissioned Sr. First Lieutenant August 8, 1861, promoted to Captain August 31, 1864, mustered out June 9, '1865. Captain John "W. Coons, enlisted August 1, 1861, appointed Third Ser- geant, promoted to Sr. First Lieutenant August 31, 1864, commissioned Captain June 19, 1865. Second Lieutenant John E. Snyder, enlisted August 20, 1861, promoted from Frst Sergeant June 19, 1865. Q. M. S. John A. Dawson, enlisted August 1, 1861, died of fever July 23, 1862. Q.M. S. James H. Coons, enlisted August 1, 1861, promoted from Second Coporal, died April 19, 1863, at Duck Port, La. First Corporal Alexander Dodge, enlisted August 1, 1861. Fourth Corporal Elihu Cook, enlisted August 1, 1861, died July 3, 1862, of wounds at Farmington May 9, 1862. Fifth Corporal "William Leverton, enlisted August 1, 1861, discharged for disability October 19, 1862. Fifth Corporal Daniel B. D Davidson, enlisted August 1, 1861, died No- vember 21, 1863. Sixth Corporal John W. Mattox, enlisted August 1, 1861, discharged for disability January 2, 1862. 430 DALLAS COUNTY WAR BEOOBD. PEIVATES. Brenton, Arch., enlisted August 1, 1861, discharged for disability September 8, 1862. Carpenter, Josephus, enlistedAugust 1, 1861, wounded at Corinth Oc- tober 3, 1862, discharged May 30, 1863. Crowell, Jesse H., enlisted August 1, 1861. Carpenter, Geo. F., enlisted August 24, 1861. Dodge, Charles M., enlisted August 23, 1861, re-enlisted Vet. Davidson, Daniel B., enlisted Au- gust 1, 1861, wounded at Corinth, Miss. Dodge, John M., enlisted August 1, 1861, died of fever November 7, 1862. Eckles, ¥m., enlisted August 1, 1861. Fish, Geo., enlisted August 1, 1861, veteranized. Gilman, Francis, enlisted August 1, 1861, re-enlisted as veteran. Graham, Jacob M., enlisted August 1, 1861. Holt, Joseph L., enlisted August 1, 1861, wounded at Corinth, Miss. Johnson, Jacob, enlisted August 1, 1861, re-enlisted as veteran. Kinnick, Jno. F., enlisted August 20, 1861. McElree, Benjamin, enlisted August 15, 1861, re-enlisted as veteran. Nickols, John C, enlisted August 1, 1861. Noel, Sam, J., enlisted August 1, 1861. Kamsberger, Wm., enlisted August 1, 1861, discharged for disability, wounds received July 4, 1862. Rose, Robert, enlisted August 1, 1861. Seward, Charles A., enlisted August 15, 1861. Strader, John, enlisted August 1, 1861, discharged for disability January 6, 1862. Stanfield, Geo., enlisted August 1, 1861, re-enlisted as veteran. Smith, Elias, enlisted August 15, 1 861, wounded at Yicksburg. Slate, Israel B., enlisted August 1, 1861, died September 18, 1862. Thornton, Thomas, enlisted August 1, 1861, died of fever June 8, 1862. Thompson, Geo., enlisted August 28, 1861. "Wisner, Benjamin, enlisted August 24, 1861. Welch, Harrison, enlisted August 1, 1861, re-enlisted as veteran. ADDITIONAL ENLISTMENTS. Allenbaugh, S. A., enlisted October 24, 1861, iwounded at Corinth, discharged February 13, 1863. O'Neal, Michael, enlisted October ■ 24, 1861. Roe, Reuben, enlisted October 24, 1861, wounded July 14, 1864. Sloan, Thomas, enlisted August 15, 1861. Baffney, John, enlisted March 15, . 1863. Camery, Benjamin, enlisted March 26, 1863, died May 1, 1863. Ferguson, Clemant A., enlisted March 15, 1863. Ferguson, Caswell D., enlisted March 12, 1863, discharged for disability and re-enlisted in Feb- ruary, 1864, and mustered out August 7, 1865. Fish, James M., enlisted March 30, 1863. Moffatt, Robt. H., enlisted April 16, 1862. Payne, Edward, enlisted September 16, 1862, died July 24, 1863. DALLA8 COUNTY WAR RECORD. 431 DALLAS COUNTY SOLDIEES' UNION. In the latter part of July, 1878, the following notice appeared in print, calling a meeting in Adel for the purpose of holding a reunion and encamp- ment ot the county's soldiers and sailors and organizing an association : "We, the undersigned soldiers of the late war, unite in calling a meeting of all the honorably discharged soldiers and sailors now resident in Dallas county, to be held at Adel, on the 17th day of August, 1878, at 10 o'clock, for the purpose of organizing a permanent organization and taking into consideration the propriety of holding an encampment and reunion some- time during the coming autumn. Let all come. " J. W. Coons, E. H. Conger, T. J. Caldwell, D. J. Pattee, Levi Thornburg, J. T. Davis, J. H. Conley, Amos Gilliland, N. Allard, G. W. Loomis, J. W. Mattox, S. L. Ward, T. C. Walsh, T. E. North, A. G. Brenton, L. W. Garoutte, D. A. Blanchard, J. K. Joy, A. Dillv, W. H. Chandler, A. D. Haskins, J. A. Waldo, C. D. Ferguson, F. M. Hain, Ed D. Lunt, H. H. Cardell, J. M. Hoopes, L. D. Bullis, J. G. Howe, Z. W. Kelly, D. W. Woodin, A. Welch, S. A. Callvert, A. C. Hotchkiss." The above announced meeting was held according to the call and proved a complete success in securing a large attendance and effecting an organiza- tion, as is shown by the following report of the meeting by the president and secretary: *»'?C,, soldiers' re-union. "Adel, August 17, 1878. "Pursuant to a call heretofore made, the following persons, to-wit: A. Dilly, First Iowa Cavalry; E. H. Conger, 102d Illinois Infantry; T. E. North, Fifth Indiana Infantry; D. W. Woodin, Third Michigan Cavalry; H. Kennerson, Second Minnesota Cavalry; J. W. Mattox, Twenty -third Iowa Infantry; J. W. Coons, Second Iowa Battery; S. A. Callvert, Second Iowa Infantry; C. W. Ingle, Twenty-fourth Iowa Infantry; W. C. Dunn, Fifth Wisconsin Battery; J. J. Jones, Second Iowa Infantry; John Fee, Nineteenth Kansas ; A. C. Hotchkiss, lf>8th New York Infantry, and First Veteran Cavalry; L. W. Garoutte; A. M. Garoutte, A. Q. M ; C. D. G. Eickinson, Thirtieth Iowa Infantry; W. Krysher, Thirtieth Iowa In- fantry; Amos Welch, Thirtieth Iowa Infantry; M. E. Coons, Thirtieth Iowa Infantry, and J. E. Joy, Thirtieth Iowa Infantry, soldiers of the war of 1861-5, met for the purpose of organizing the 'Dallas County Soldiers' Union.' The following proceedings were had, to-wit: "Upon motion of A. Dilly, T. E. North was elected as chairman; J. E. Joy was selected as secretary. "Thereupon Captain Dilley proceeded to state, the object of the meeting, and also to read the constitution of the Madison County Soldiers' Union. After the reading of which, upon motion of D. W. Woodin, the said consti- tion was adopted by the Dallas County Soldiers' Union. " Upon motion of A. Dilly and others, the following persons were elected as officers until the first regular meeting of the Assciation: E. H. Conger, 432 DALLAS COTJNTT WAR RECORD. President and Colonel; D. J. Pattee, First Vice-President and Lieutenant- Colonel; I. D. Marsh, Second Yice-President and Major; J. P. Joy, Secre- tary and Adjutant; A. J. Lyon, Treasurer and Quarter-Master; Rev. Case, Chaplain; T. J. Caldwell, Surgeon. "Upon motion, the quarter-master was directed to apply for, and, if possible, procure tents for the use of the Association at the time of the re- union this fall. "Upon motion, the secretary was directed to have one hundred copies of the constitution printed for distribution to township aids, etc. "By motion, ordered that the proceedings of this meeting be published in the county papers. Meeting adjourned. "E. H. Conger, President. "J. R. Joy, Secretary." This organization being thus effected, the members of the Association agitated the question of holding a grand re-union during the following month, while the county fair was in progress at Adel, and the progress of their work in this regard is shown by the following minutes of a called meeting afterward held: "Adel, August 31, 1878. "Pursuant to a call heretofore issued, the following members of the Dal- las County Soldiers' Union met at the court-house in Adel' for the purpose of perfecting the arrangements for a re-union : E. H. Conger, D. J. Pattee, T. J. Caldwell, A. H. Chase, A. J. Lyon, J. R. Joy, J. W. Mattox, I. J. Randall, D. Smart, J. C. Haines, W. H. Chandler, W. W. Machen, C. D. Overstreet, S. O. Conger, W. H. Murphy, and Isaac Hoch. "Meeting called to order by E. H. Conger, president. Upon motion of D. Smart a committee 6f seven was appointed to prepare a programme for the re-union. " Meeting adjourned to one o'clock, p. m. " One o'clock p. m. Meeting was called to order, vice-president D. J. Pattee presiding, and, upon motion, it was decided to appoint an executive and a finance committee of five, whose duty it shall be to make the neces- sary preparations for the re-union and the expenses of the same. " The president and secretary were directed to appoint said committee. A committee, consisting of I. D. Marsh, D. J. Pattee and A. J. Lyon, was appointed to procure a speaker or speakers. By vote it was decided to have at least seventy-five tents put up as early as the first day of the fair, a'nd that soldiers attending the fair, and having membership tickets, shall have the privilege of occupying the tents during the fair. ''The committee reported and recommended lhat the re-union be set for Friday and Saturday, September 20 and 21. The fair ground to be thrown open by six o'clock p. m. of the 20th, and also suggest the following pro- gramme for Saturday the 21st: "5 o'clock a. m. — Reveille. 7 o'clock a. m. — Breakfast. 8 o'clock a. m. — Surgeons' call. 8:30 o'clock a. m.— Guard mounting. 9 o'clock a. m. — Campany drill. 10:30 o'clock a. m. — Election of officers. 12 o'clock m. — Dinner. 2 o'clock p. m.— Oration and Dress Parade. DALLAS COUNTY WAR EECOED. 4:33 " By vote the report was received and adopted. Upon motion the execu- tive committee was directed to procure a cannon for the re-union, provided the expense is not too great. " By vote the quarter-master was directed to procure a sufficient quantity of 'hard-tack' to issue rations to the soldiers present. Adjourned. " E. H. Congee, President. "J. B. Joy, Secretary.'''' All necessary preparation being made and no pains or effort being Spared on the part of those interested, to make the occasion a success, the re-union came off at the appointed time, collecting a large crowd of witnesses and participants, and a good time generally was had on this most enjoyable oc- casion. The Dallas County News has this to say about the occasion in its issue the following week: " We are happy to be able to say that the Dallas county soldier's re-un- ion, held at this place last Friday and Saturday, was a far greater success than was anticipated by any. About one hundred and fifty names were enrolled, and it is safe to say that there were half that many more present who failed to enroll. "The programme previously adopted was carried out with few excep- tions. At the election of officers, which occurred Saturday forenoon, the following gentlemen were chosen for the ensuing year: " Colonel — A. J. Lyon. Lieutenant-Colonel — D. J. Pattee. Major — A. Dilley. Adjutant — J. B. Joy. Quarter-Master — T. K. North. Chaplain — A. JBL Chase. Surgeon— T. J. Caldwell. "After dinner the large concourse present gathered around the stand and listened to short addresses by Prof. Phillips, of Adel, and Eev. Chase, of Bedfield. Between the remarks of these two gentlemen J. B. White read a poem written by Bev. Frisbie, of Des Moines. " A martial band from Dexter, and the Perry and Adel brass bands fur- nished good music and thereby added materially to the enjoyment of the gathering. A great deal of praise and credit is due the gentlemen who were instrumental in working up and making a success of Dallas county's first re-union, and we know that enough interest is now awakened to insure its greater success next year." . SHEEMAN'S MAECH TO THE SEA. The following beautiful poem, which has won for its author a National reputation, and has been sung in the theaters of* Europe, was written in a Southern prison by Adjutant S. H. M. Byers, at present (1879) IT. S. Con- sul at Zurich, Switzerland. In his little book, "What I saw in Dixie," on page 73-4, he copies from his diary, December 25, 1865, as follows: " This is my second Christmas in prison. * ****** 434 DALLAS COUNTY WAR EECORD. I Lieutenant Tower, of Otturnwa, Iowa, who had lost a leg in the array, and was afterward captured, is now to be exchanged and sent home. He wears a hollow, artificial wooden limb in place of the one he lost; this we packed full of letters, one of which contained ' Sherman's March to the Sea'. The Eebels little suspected our novel way of communicating with our friends.. The Lieutenant went safely through, and the letters were all delivered": Our camp fires shone bright on the mountains That frowned on the river below, While we stood by our guns in the morning And eagerly watched for the foe — When a rider came out from the darkness That hung over mountain and sea. And shouted " Boys, up and be ready, For Sherman will march to the sea." Then cheer upon cheer for bold Sherman Went up from each valley and glen, And the bugles re-echoed the music That came from the lips of the men. - For we knew that the stars in our banner More bright in their splendor would be, And that blessings from Northland would greet us When Sherman marched down to the sea. Then forward, boys, forward to battle, We marched on our wearisome way, And we stormed the wild hills of Resaca, — God bless those who fell on that day — Then Kenesaw, dark in its glory, Frowned down on the flag of the free, But the East and the West bore our standards, And Sherman marched on to the sea. Still onward we pressed, till our banners Swept out from Atlanta's grim walls. And the blood of the patriot dampened The soil where the traitor flag falls; But we paused not to weep for the fallen, Who slept by each river and tree, Yet we twined them a wreath of the laurel, As Sherman marched down to the sea. 0, proud was our army that morning That stood where the pine darkly towers, When Sherman said, ''Boys, you are weary. This day fair Savannah is ours." Then sang we a song for our chieftain That echoed o'er river and lea, And the stars in our banner shone brighter, When Sherman marched down to the sea. CITIES AND TOWNS. ADEL. _ This town is the county-seat of Dallas county, and has a delightful situa- tion on the west bank of the North Kaccoon river, on sections 29 and 32, township 79, range 27, the original " town quarter " being the east half of the southwest quarter, and the west half of the southeast quarter of section 29, in the above mentioned township. The original town was surveyed and platted by the county surveyor, Martin "W. Miller — or rather by his deputy, Alfred D. Jones, of Des Moines — which work was completed May 22, 1847, the town site having been selected just previously as the proper place for the location of the county-seat of Dallas county, by the locating commis- sioners appointed by the Legislature for that purpose. The out-lots were afterward surveyed 'by O. D. Smalley, in July, 1851. Several additions have been made to the town since it was first established, until it now extends its limits from the river to the west line of section 29, and south for a considerable distance on section 32, including a large tract of land within the corporation. The original plat was situated principally on a beautiful, level plane or second-bottom, near the river, on land formerly owned, or claimed, by John Miller; but now the town extends toward the west, over the high ridge of rolling land which opens back upon the prairie, and affords numerous beautiful building sites, on many of which elegant, commodious and costly residences have been built. Adel was the first town established in the county, and has been compelled to pass through many trials and seasons of discouragement to attain its present stage of progress, and hold its own against the adverse circumstances and influences surround- ing and opposing it. Even from its beginning for many years no very great advantages or en- couraging prospects were afforded for its rapid growth and prosperity. The country around was new and uncultivated, and the settlers were yet very few and widely scattered, so that the progress in general develope- ment was exceedingly slow and somewhat discouraging for several years, during which time the town of Adel, though the first and only one in the county, made but little increase, either in size or business. To one living in the county-seat to-day it is a difficult matter to realize what was the appearance of Dallas county and of Adel in the fall of 1847, and for a few years following. At that early day, to one standing on the high ridge just above the present site of the public school-building and looking down on the original town site as laid off for the county-seat, only a few cabins could be seen, and no shade trees, or foliage, or two and three story brick and frame build- 436 HISTOET OF DALLAS COUNTY. ings interrupted the view; and then, looking to the west, and north, and south, as far as the eye could see over the trackless, rolling prairies, nothing met the eye but one unbroken sea of prairie grass waving over the unculti- vated lands, or the massive tops of forest trees skirting the branches- of the Raccoon. No cabins, nor fences, nor barns, nor marks of cultivation and improvement could be seen, save the few original cabins and improvement on and near the site of the county-seat. The town when first laid out was called Penoach, at the suggestion of the deputy surveyor, A. D. Jones, and retained that name until sometime in 1849, when it received its present name, the exact date of which change of name we have not been able to ascertain, as no record is found on the county books of any order changing it. It was probably done by the Leg- islature and the record would thus appear in Des Moines. But much of the early history of the county-seat is necessarily involved in the general history of the county, and being there quite fully given need not be here repeated. (See history of county-seat.) The first house in town was built by J. 0. Corbell in the fall of 1847, on lot 5, block 8. It was a small log cabin used as a dwelling house and a post-office, the owner being the postmaster and mail carrier from Fort Des Moines. Ira Sherman sold the first goods in town — as before stated- — and not long after him Benjamin Greene and George B. Warden each opened stores about the same time, in 1848 or 1849, warden occupying the old log court- house, and Mr. Greene occupying a small building which stood opposite the northeast corner of the court-house square. Each carried a mixed stock of goods, and these were then the only stores in town. Mr. Greene sold out to William Ellis, a few years afterward, who opened a mixed store in a small one-story building, which stood on lot 4, block 18, just opposite the southeast corner of the square. About 1853 Cole Noel also opened a store, keeping a general assort- ment, on lot 4, block 17, and about 1854-5 E. D. Smith opened a small grocery and notion store on lot 8, block 7, opposite the northwest corner of court-house square. The first two-story frame store building erected in town was, perhaps, the one which now stands empty on lot 1, block 17. It was built by ¥m. Ellis about 1855, and his stock of goods was moved into it that year, just across the street from his first small store. Among the very first frame dwellings ejected was one which stood on lots 7 and 8, block 13, and was afterward converted into a store building, and then, in connection with three other small buildings, it was burned, this being the largest one of the four. The first brick building erected in the town was the small one-story building now occupied by G. W. Campbell as a tailor shop. This building was erected in 1856 or 1857. The first brick dwelling house erected in town was one built by C. 0. Baird, on an out-lot in the southwest part of town, soon after the brick tailor shop was erected. The first two-story brick building erected in town is the one now occu- pied by Leroy Lambert as a dwelling on an out-lot in the west part of town on Main street. This building was used as the school-house for a number of years until the present large school-building was erected in 1869. It was built about the same time, or a little before, the present court-house. HISTOBY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 437 The first three-story brick store building erected in town was Kisser's large and elegant store building, about 1867-8. The first hotel in the town was a small storj-and-a-half frame building which now forms part of the "Hill House," and stood on the same ground. Mr. R. R. Bailey kept hotel in it for a long time, as a stage station on the line of the "Western Stage Company, from Davenport to Council Bluffs, this being the first and only hotel is town for some time. In 1855 the " Flank House " was built by Jacob Frush on the site now oc- cupied by the "Forrester House," and when this was finished and put in run- ning order, the stage station was moved to it. and thus continued until the line was discontinued. Mr. Frush kept the stage station for some time after his "Plank House" was completed, then sold out to Mr. Hale, who kept it until August, 1863, when he sold to Mr. Forrester, and has since continued under his name, but is now in the possession of A. F. Ford. Among the first men who preached in town were Thomas Butler, Elder Castle, John P. Glenn and Elder Baird. In 1855 there were not more than twenty-five houses, all told, in the town, and only three stores, ¥m. Ellis', Cole Noel's and E. D. Smith's, as above mentioned, showing that the progress during the first seven or eight years was not very great. After that, however, buildings and inhabitants and business increased more rapidly. The town gave two lots for church purposes at an early day; one to the M. E. Church, situated in the northeast corner of town, an out-lot, and one to the Christian Church, situated in the extreme southeast corner of town. But these were never built upon by the churches. We are indebted to the kindness of Judge Perkins for many of the above statistics, who also informs us that not long after coming to the county and town he performed the marriage ceremony for two colored couple here in Ad el, which were the first and last and only colored couple married in the town, and perhaps in the county. The first white couple married in the town we have not been able to ascertain. Mr. Greene informs us that the first death in town was that of the wife of Isaac Miller, son of Samuel Miller, at a very early day in the town's history. GEAVE-YAEDS. The first burying ground of Adel was south of town a mile or two, which was used for some time; but no.t being satisfactory to all parties, the loca- tion was changed, and a five-acre lot was secured about a mile and a quarter west of town, which was properly laid off, and deeded to the town of Adel for a public burying ground. It is fenced aud now under the management of the town trustees since the incorporation of the town. The I. O. O. F. lodge also have a burying ground of their own across the river, a short distance east of town, containing three acres, which was do- nated to them for that purpose about 1856, by Barak Michener, who re- served a lot for himself, and has since been buried there. Only two or three others have yet been buried in the ground. It is well fenced and kept, and has a beautiful location. POST-OFFICE. The post-office was established in Penoach in 1847. No regular mail route passed through here at that time, but for a while a man was appointed 438 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. to the double work of postmaster and mail carrier, whose duty it was to go to Fort Des Moines for the mail, and also to distribute it at Penoach, until the mail and stage route passed through here. J. C. Corbell was the first postmaster and mail carrier of this kind in the town, who held the office for some time. The following, as near as we can ascertain, is a list of the postmasters who followed him: Stephen K. Scovell, Ira Sherman, M. 0. Thomas, S. K. Scovell, Leroy Lambert, H. C. Kippey, James Eobinson, N. B. Nichols, Esq., S. B. Hempstead, N. B. Nichols, Esq., G. A. Atwood,_ J. E. Williams and W. E. Brockway, the present incumbent, who was appointed December 27, 1873. Adel was incorporated in 1856. Kecorded in the minutes of the term of • County Court, held March 3, 1856, the following order, regarding the or- ganization and incorporation of the town of Adel, appears: "On a- petition of William Ellis and forty-seven other citizens of Adel, praying for a Town Organization; and it being proven to the satisfaction of this court that there are three hundred inhabitants in the village of A.del, and that one-fourth of the legal voters of said village of Adel were sub- scribed to the petition aforesaid, it is Ordered, That an election be held in the village of Adel, at the court-house, on the 13th day of March. A. D. 1856, in order to take the census of the inhabitants, 'for incorporation' and 'against incorporation' ; and that N. B. Nichols, Leroy Lambert and M. F. Gerard be, and are hereby, appointed judges of said election; and that Wm. H. Dodge and J. Perkins be, and are hereby, appointed clerks of said election." "articles of incorporation for the town of adel." Article 1. All that tract of land being in township seventy-nine (79), north of range twenty-seven (27), west of the fifth principal meridian, in the county of Dallas, and State of Iowa, which is comprised in the original town plat of Adel; together with all additions here- tofore made and recorded, and all additions that may hereafter be made and recorded accord- ing to law, be, and the same is hereby, declared a town corporation, by the name and style •of Adel, and the inhabitants thereof are created a body corporate ana politic, by the name and style of the town of Adel, and shall have and exercise the rights, powers and duties of a corporation, from and after the tenth day of April, A. D. 1856. Art. 2. The legal voters, who have resided within the limits of said corporation twenty days immediately preceding any such election, shall meet at some suitable place within said corporation, on the first Saturday in April, A. D. 1856, and annually thereafter, and then and there proceed to elect, by ballot, one mayor, four councilmen and one recorder, who shall hold their offices for one year and until their successors shall be elected and qualified. Art. 3. At the first election there shall be chosen, by the electors present, two judges and a clerk of election, and at subsequent elections the councilmen, or any two of them, shall be the judges of election, and the recorder shall be the clerk of election. The judges and clerk of elections, at all elections, shall be governed by the laws of Iowa governing gen- eral elections so far as applicable, except that the polls shall be opened at any time before twelve o'clock at noon, and closed at four o'clock in the afternoon, after which the votes ■shall be canvassed and the judges shall declare the election and the clerk shall, within three days, notify the persons elected. Art. 4. The mayor shall be the presiding officer of the council when present, and shall give the casting vote when there is a tie. In his absence, the council may appoint a presi- dent pro tern from their own body. Art. 5. The regular meetings of the council shall be held on the first Saturday in each month, and the council may provide by ordinance for calling special meetings. Art. 6. Ordinances passed by the council shall be signed by the mayor and attested by the recorder, and before they take effect shall be posted up in three public places in said town, or published in some newspaper printed in said town, and shall also be recorded in a book kept for this purpose, attested by the mayor and recorder. Art. 7. It shall be the duty of the recorder to keep a true record of all the official pro- •ceedings of the council, which records shall be open at all times to public inspection. Art. 8. The mayor, councilmen and recorder, before entering upon the duties of their HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 439 offices, shall each take an oath, or affirmation to support the constitution of the United States, and the constitution of Iowa, and faithfully and impartially discharge the duties of their office. Art. 9. The council shall have authority to make and establish such by-laws and ordi- nances as may be necessary and proper for the good regulations, safety and health of the town and citizens thereof; to levy and collect taxes on all property within the limits of the corporation, which, by the laws of the State, is not exempt from taxation, which tax shall not exceed one per cent per annum on the assessed value thereof, and its collection may be enforced by such measures as maybe deemed expedient, provided these measures be not more stringent and summary than those used for the collection of State and county taxes; to im- prove the streets and alleys; to provide drains, sewers, public wells, and keep them in re- pairs; to license, regulate, or prohibit all shows or public exhibitions, if the laws of the State are thereby not interfered with; to provide against gambling and drunkenness, and disor- derly conduct; and for the prevention and extinguishment of fires, and to make all ordinary, proper and suitable regulations for the government and well-being of the town, and impose penalties for the violation of such regulations, which penalties may be collected by civil ac- tion, in the name of the town, before any justice of the peace having jurisdiction. Art. 10. The mayor, recorder and councilmen shall receive a compensation for their services, such compensation to be fixed by the council. Art. 11. The board of councilmen may create such offices as they may deem necessary to carry out the intent of any ordinance passed by said town, prescribe their duties, declare their qualifications and mode of election, and may require them to give security, if they deem it necessary. Art. 12. Ten days' notice of all town elections shall be given, by posting written notices in three public places in said town, or by publication in some newspaper printed therein. Art. 13. These articles of incorporation shall be subject to alteration or amendment by a, vote of two-thirds of all the votes cast at a special election called for that purpose. Done at Adel, Dallas county, Iowa, this 21st day of March, A. D. 1856. Jeremiah Perkins, E. D. Smith, Draftsmen. Recorded this 9th day of April, A. D. 1856. * L. D. Burns, County Judge. The town continued under this organization as governed by the foregoing articles of incorporation until in August, 1867, when it gave up its former charter and re-organized under the new law of the State regarding town corporations, and has since continued as governed by that law. The present population of the town is about 1,200. Councilmen: TOWN OFFICEKS OF 1878. Mayor— S. H. Greene. A. G. Marsh, J. L. Clarkson, Geo. McLaughlin, J. O. Risser, L. L. Ward. Recorder — J. R. Joy. Treasurer— B. F. Lambert. Marshal — 0. D. G. Rickinson. PUBLIC SCHOOL. Miss Anderson and James Reed were among the first who taught school in the town at an early day, the first school in the county having been taught by S K Scovell, a short distance east ot the town, in the W. W. Miller school-house, as before noticed. The town has had three school- 440 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. houses, the first one being a one-story small frame house, on an out-lot in the west part of town, on Main street, where L. Lambert now lives. This house served the town for school purposes for several years. On the same ground, the two-story brick house — before mentioned as the first two-story brick erected, and the present residence of Mr. Lambert — was built and used as the public school-building of the town until in 1869. The present large and elegant public school-building was erected by Charles Kodenbaugh, con- tractor and builder. It is a commodious, well furnished brick structure, about 45x90 feet, three stories high, the lower two stories being used for public school purposes and the upper or third story being devoted to a Nor- mal school, as previously mentioned. The Normal department is divided into two large rooms, well furnished, and the lower stories each have three large school-rooms, with a dressing room adjoining each recitation room, all thoroughly fitted and furnished. Mr. Kodenbaugh informs us that the building itself cost about $28,000, and counting the furniture and fixtures, the entire structure cost some $32,000, making it much the finest public school-building in the county, and show- ing that the citizens of Adel are thoroughly awake to the importance of ed- ucational interests. The interests of their public schools lie very near and dear to their hearts. Adel is an independent school district, and spares no pains nor effort nor money to make the public school what it should be; and under the able and judicious administration of Prof. M. E. Phillips, their efficient principal, their school is making marked progress. Seven teachers, are now employed in the public schools of Adel, whose names are as follows: Principal— Prof. M. E. Phillips. Grammer Department — Miss Ida Twitchell. 1st Intermediate — Miss Alice Slocum. 2d Intermediate — Miss Alice Brenton. 1st Primary — Miss Mary Patty. 2d Primary — Miss Mina Lee. Assistant, High School — Miss Jennie Allen. There are about three hundred and sixty pupils in attendance, and the school is in an excellent condition, making most encouraging progress un- der the present efficient corps of teachers. DIEECTOES OF SCHOOL BOARD, 1878. President— S. L. Ward; Secretary— J. K. Joy; Treasurer— L. Lambert; J.W. Coons, Joe Geniser. E. M. Lee, E. S. Barr! D. McKay. BUSINESS OF ADEL. FIBMS AND THEIE BUSINESS, AS THEY STAND AT THE CLOSE OF 1878. J. Eisser & Son, dealers in dry goods, boots and shoes, hats and capSj car- pets, trunks, notions, etc. West side of square. M. B. Cole, dealer in dry goods, boots and shoes, hats and caps, notions, etc. West side of square. D. A. Blanchard, dealer in groceries, boots and shoes, hats, caps, gloves, notions, etc. Also hardware, stoves and tinware. South side of square. HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 443 Allen & Chapman, dealers in groceries and hardware. Southwest of square. J. M. Jolly, dealer in groceries, Yankee notions, confectionery, etc. Also furnishes warm meals at all hours. Upper end of Main street. T. J. Boak, dealer in groceries, glassware, crockery, etc. Also agricul- tural implements. South of square. L. W. Garoutte, dealer in groceries, stoves and agricultural .implements. "West side of square. M. E. Coons, groceries and notions. Also furnishes warm meals. East side of square. S. Sweeley, groceries and notions. South side of square. S. T. Buckman, dealer in hardware, tinware, stoves, iron, flour, etc. East side of square. G. "W. Loomis, dealer in all kinds of furniture. Ready-made coffins al- ways on hand. East side of square. Win. McMullen, wagon-maker. Shop over "Ward's blacksmith shop. J. Perkins, dealer in books, stationery, notions, attorney's blanks, etc. "West side of square. "W. F. Brockway, watchmaker and jeweler. Keeps a good assortment of watches, clocks, and all kinds of jewelry. "West of square, in post-office. Attorneys. — A. R. Smalley, office in old bank building, south side of square; North. Gonsor & "Whitman, opposite court-house, south side of square; I. O. Varner, in Risser's block, west side of square; Baugh, Smith & Sweeley, office north of post-office; Perkins & Barr, office back of book store; Greene & Clark, in Odd Fellows' block, west of square; "White & "Wooden, in Odd Fellows' block. Loan and Abstract. — Jeremiah Perkins, office west side of square. Land Agent. — Cole Noel, office in post-office. Physicians. — J. F. Irvin, homoeopathic, in old bank building, south side of square; T. J. Caldwell, allopathic, in post-office building, west side of square; J. B. Brenton, allopathic, in drug store. Drugs. — J. B. Brenton, drugs, stationery, books, patent medicines, no- tions, etc.; soutli side of square; F. E. Houghton, drugs, patent medicines, books, etc. Milliners. — Miss.E. H. Stiles & Co., millinery and ready-made clothing, and fancy articles of all kinds; store in post-office building, west of square; Mrs. L. Holt, millinery and dressmaking; store on Main street, southeast of square. Dressmakers. — Mrs. M. E. Phillips, shop at residence on Mam street; Mrs. D. McKay, shop at residence on Market street; Mrs. McAllister, shop on Main street; Miss McNees and Mrs. Coon, shop in south part of town. Photographers.— McMullen & Co., rooms over P. 0. west side of square. Newspapers. — New Era, Greenback, published by the New Era pub- lishing company; office in old bank building, south of square. Dallas County News, Republican, published by Noel & Newton; office in P. O. building, west side of square. _ Meat Markets— Royer & McKay, on Main street opposite Risser & Son's; J. "Warford, on Main street south of square; J. Paquin, on Main street. ' Blacksmiths— $. L. "Ward, blacksmith and plow shop, west Main street; Dack Bros., blacksmith and wagon shop, west Main street; Sam'l Witham, blacksmith and plow shop, east side of square; Marsh & Royer, blacksmith, shop at lower end of Main street. 28 444 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. Boot and Shoe-makers. — Geo. McLaughlin, boot and shoe-maker, shop at the corner of Main and Yine streets; Dad Ely, boot and shoe-maker, shop on west side of square. Harness Shops. — M. M. George, dealer in harness and saddles, whips, blankets, etc., shop on Main street, opposite Risser's; M. C. Garoutte, dealer in harness and saddles, whips, blankets, etc., shop on east side of square. Carpenters. — Ohas. Rodenbaugh, carpenter and joiner, shop on upper Main street; E. Gallop, carpenter and joiner, shop on corner of Main and Vine streets; L. Rider, carpenter and joiner, shop on Main street; W. Hempstead, carpenter and joiner, shop opposite Christian Church; G. D. G. Rickinson, carpenter and joiner, shop on Railroad street; E. Hoey, car- penter and joiner, shop on Vine street; L. Hoey, carpenter and joiner, shop in south part of town; F. Roush, carpenter, shop in east part of town; E. P. Prontte, carpenter, shop on Main street; Mr. McAlister, carpenter, shop on Main street; H. Holt, cabinet maker and carpenter, shop at Loomis' cabinet store; L. A. Caselman, carpenter and joiner, shop in south part of town; Mr. Burch, carpenter, shop on Railroad street. Tailors. — J. Geniser, merchant tailor, shop on Main street, west side of square; G. W. Campbell, merchant tailor, shop on west Main stPeet. Hotels. — Forrester House, F. Ford, proprietor, located at east end of Main street; Hill House, Hill proprietor, located in southeast part of town. Livery Stables. — J. Carnahan, livery and feed stable, west of post-office; T. Sloan, livery and feed stable, north of post-office; T. Ashton, livery stable, east part of town ; F. Ford, livery at Forrester House. Miscellaneous. — Dallas County Bank, L. Lambert, proprietor, south side of square; J. W. Russell, loan and abstract office, south side of square; D. "W. Smith, loan and abstract office, west side of square; Dr. W. A. Tudor, dentist, office in Odd Fellows' block; Amos and George Welch, painters, shop at residence, northeast part of town ; H. Kenerson, cooper, shop oii Vine street; J. Rohner, bakery, store and eating room on Main street; C. W. Ingle, dealer in washing machines, corner Main and Vine streets; S. J. Garoutte, dealer in lumber and lath; B. F. Graves, barber shop, on west Main street. ADEL MILL. Adel has also a good water-power flouring-mill, situated at the. northeaBt corner of town, on the slough cut-off, owned by Noeinger, Cantrel & Co. It wasj built by J. H. Strong, now of Des Moines, and H. H. Moffatt, in 1856-57, at a cost of about $20,000, when building material was high and hard to procure, and could now be built* for less than half that amount. The dam has about eight feet head of water. The mill is kept in good repair, and is doing an extensive custom work, averaging from twelve to fifteen bushels per hour, but is capable of grind- ing thirty or more per hour, and then but very little of the great water- power is utilized. MASONIC. The following sketch of the Masonic lodges in Adel was kindly furnished by Judge Jeremiah Perkins: " Adel Lodge No. 80, A. F. da A. M., was organized under dispensation HIST0BY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 445 from the Grand Lodge of Iowa, December 15, 1855, with J. E. Yan Meter, W. M.; Stephen Peabody, S. W.; S. H. Vestal, J. W.; Cole Noel, secretary. At the first meeting held under dispensation (December 15, 1855) there were eight petitions presented for initiation. "The lodge having worked under dispensation until the 5th day of June, 1856, the Grand Lodge granted them a charter, signed by Grand Master John P. Sanford, and Theodore S. Parvin, Grand Secretary. Under said charter, on Wednesday evening, June 18, 1856, the following officers were duly installed: M. F. Girard, W. M.; Cole Noel, S. W.; William Ellis, J. W.; H. G. Yan Meter, treasurer; A. P. Sherman, secretary. " From that time until the present the lodge has held meetings reg- ularly, and has been very prosperous. There have been about one hundred and sixty members enrolled upon the books of the lodge since its organ- ization, seventeen of whom have since died, and about sixty have removed out of the jurisdiction of the lodge. The following are among the old membership, and who are still- living within the county: Jacob Yan Meter, H. G. Yan Meter, Cole Noel, S. H. Yestal, K. E. Bailey, Jonathan Dillon, Ephraim Williams, Leonard Chance, Leroy Lambert, John Barto, J. T. Jackson, J. Perkins, L. D. Burns and William A. Marsh. " William A. Marsh is the oldest member now living, being about eighty years old. Stephen Peabody, one of the charter members and the first Senior Warden, was sixty years old at the time of the organization of the lodge, and if now living would be eighty-four years old. "The charter members were: J. E. Yan Meter, Stephen Peabody, S. H. Yestal, H. G. Yan Meter, Cole Noel, M. F. Girard, John F. Metz'and E. Baily. "The following have been Masters of the lodge: J. E. Yan Meter, M. F. Girard, Cole Noel, S. B. Hempstead, William Ellis, J. Perkins, J. S. De Motte, A. Dilley, J. C. Todd, Leroy Lambert, W. J. Duck and E. S. Barr. "The present officers of the lodge are: E. S. Barr, W. M.; M. M. George, S. W.; D. W. Wooden, J. W.; W. F. Brockway, treasurer; W. J. Duck, secretary. "The present membership numbers sixty-two. " Tyrian Chapter JVo. 37, of Adel, was organized under a dispensation from the Grand Lodge of Iowa, dated March 28, 1867. Said Chapter was organized April 15, 1867. Officers: S. B. Hempstead, High Priest; Cole Noel, King; David Smart, Scribe, with a full quorum of minor officers. "Chapter worked under dispensation until October 17, 1867, when a charter was granted by the Grand Chapter of Iowa, signed by H. H. Hemingway, Grand High Priest, and W. B. Laughridge, Grand Secretary. "Chapter organized under charter December 4, 1867, and officers in- stalled by Wilson T. Smith, Acting Deputy Grand High Priest. Officers elected and installed were: Cole Noel, High Priest; David Smart, King; William G. James, Scribe, with a full quorum of minor officers. "There have been enrolled upon the books of the Chapter since its organization ninety-six members. There have been but five deaths of Chapter members. ,. , ™ n . . " Among the older and prominent members of the Chapter now living within its jurisdiction are the following: Cole Noel, J. E. Yan Meter, David Smart, H. G. Yan Meter, J. S. De Motte, A. Dilley, J. Perkins, C W. De Motte, Levi Diddy, J. E. Joy, W. J. Duck, S. A. Callvert, D. 446 HISTOET OF DALLAS COUNTY. W. "Wooden, W. F. Brockway, Eobert S. Barr, A. F. Ford and H. W. Hempstead. "Present officers: A. Dilley, High Priest; Levi Diddy, King; M. M. George, Scribe; J. K. Joy, secretary; J. W. Eussell, treasurer. " Present membership, sixty-seven." The hall in which they hold their meetings is in the third story over Messrs. Eisser's brick store, opposite southwest corner of the court-house square, and is well furnished and fitted up as a comfortable and commo- dious lodge room, at considerable expense. i. o. o. F. Friendship Lodge, No. 96. — This lodge was organized under charter from the Grand Lodge of the State, at Adel, September 23, 1856. The charter officers were: T. B. Garoutte, 1ST. G.; I. D. Marsh, Y. G.; S. P. Garoutte, Eec. Sec; W. Garoutte, Treasurer; J. T. Blue, P. Sec. The present officers are: S. J. Thrift, JST. G.; S. H. Greene, V. G.; J. M. Brenton, Eec. Sec; Stephen Adams, P. Sec; J. B. Brenton, Treasurer; C. Eodenbaugh, E. S. 1ST. G.; T. R. Foster, T. S. K G.; John Miller, War- den; M. T. Fox, E. S. Y. G.; John Tanney, T. S. Y. G.; J. Q. Adams, R. S. S.; Wm. Chance, T. S. S.; J. P. Hathaway, Guardian. The present membership numbers sixty-one. Two hundred and nineteen members have been admitted since the lodge was instituted, and six of this number have died. The lodge is in a flourishing condition at present, and still holds its own amidst all the varied fluctuations. Adel Encampment, No. 23. — This lodge was instituted December 26, 1864, and the first officers were: J. A. Allen, C. P.; JST. B. Nichols, H. P.; Wm. Smith, S. W.; J. T. Eonsh, Scribe; G. P. Garoutte, Treasurer; Stephen Adams, J. W. The present officers are: E. M. Fee, C. P.; Stephen Adams, H. P.; Joseph Geuiser, S. W.; C. Eodenbaugh, Treasurer; S. Swearingen, Scribe; J. B. Brenton, J. W. The present membership is fourteen, and the Encampment is in a flour- ishing condition. The hall in which both of these lodges meet is in the third story of Mr. James' brick store building on the west side of the court-house square, and" is nicely furnished and fitted up by the societies, for a comfortable and commodious lodge room. We are indebted to Mr. Stephen Adams, and others, for the above statis- tics regarding these lodges. TEMPERANCE. The Temperance Society of Adel was organized in August, 1878, with a large membership and an encouraging prospect for usefulness. President, Dr. T. J. Caldwell; Secretary, S. H. Greene. They hold regular and interesting meetings in the court-house. Yery many of the school children, as well as of the middle aged and older citi- zens of the town, perform prominent parts in the programmes, and the ladies, mkiisters, business men and citizens of the town generally, take a^ lively interest in the work. There are no saloons in town. The account ol HISTOET OF DALLAS COUNTY. 447 the societies' last meetingj Friday evening, February 28, 1879, is given as follows in the Dallas County News: " The club held its regular meeting Friday evening, and to say that the exercises were highly entertaining is but to express the sentiment of every one present. Toasts were responded to by Messrs. Hotchkiss, Hughes, Sweeley and Clark, each acquitting himself in an able manner. Mrs. D. W. Smith also responded in a happy style to the toast 'Our gallant, talented, good-looking brothers.' A class from Miss Brenton's school sang a song entitled 'The Drunkard's Child,' which brought forth hearty applause. The declamation by Miss Carrie Smith — 'The Last Glass' — was, we think, the finest effort of the evening, showing that with proper culture and train- ing Miss Carrie will make a fine declaimer. Miss Carrie Gray wound up the programme with an appropriate selection, 'The Blue Ribbon.' Officers for the ensuing year were chosen as follows: "President, T. J. Caldwell; Vice Presidents, G. W. Clarke, Mrs. D. W. Smith, Mrs. J. J. Jones: Secretary, Allie Erenton ; Visiting Committee, Mrs. Dilley, Mrs. Joy, Revs. Hughes, Corbin and Shenton; Executive Committee, L. W. Garoutte, M. J. Sweely, J. B. "White, Mrs. Ward, Mrs. Dr. Caldwell, Mrs. Smith, Mrs. Ely, Miss Bell Noel; Pledge Committee, Misses Josie Garoutte, Carrie Knowles, Carrie Gray, Ida Garoutte and Mr. George Ward." MILITIA. Company G, of the First Regiment, was organized at Adel in May, 1878, and the following persons were duly elected as the regular officers of the company, all of whom still retain the several positions: Captain, Amos Dilley; First Lieutenant, S. L. Ward; Second Lieutenant, D. W. Wooden; Orderly Sergeant, J. W. Coons. They also have a full list of non-commis- sioned officers. They have an armory over Houghton's drug store, and quite a full equip- ment for drill and parade. The company meet regularly and drill one hour every week in the man- ual of arms, in their armory, and are becoming quite proficient in the manual drill. THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH Of Adel was first organized in the Miller settlement, a few miles east of town, in May, 1847, by Elder John P. Glenn, and was, as before mentioned, the first church organization in the county. It was re-organized, however, in Adel, March 3, 1850, and adopted the following name: "The Church of God in Christ, at Adel, Iowa," by which name it has been known ever since. The names of the original members are not now known, the books hav- ing been burned. Samuel Miller, William Davidson and Leroy Lambert, however, were among the number, and were the Elders of the church from its re-organization in 1850. The last two are still living and are members of the organization at the present time. The declaration to which each one becoming a member was required to subscribe was as follows: "We do covenant and agree and bind ourselves to be subject to one another and live together as directed in the Word of God." 448 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. Their church building in Adel was erected during the summer of 1868, at a cost of $4,000. It is a neat, substantial brick structure, 32x45, well finished and furnished, and the organization is in a prosperous condition. The present number of members reported is 135, and they have regular services every Sabbath morning and evening with good attendance and in- terest. They also have a large and flourishing Sabbath -school, which meets every Sabbath afternoon at 2:30 o'clock. The following are some of the men who have labored as pastors of the congregation since its organization : Elders — John P. Glenn, Baird, L. Lambert, P. T. Eussell, J. M. Dodge, Jno. C. White, Marsh, Jas. E. Gaston, John Crocker, E. E. Swartz, A. tt. Cornell, A Hickey, and A. C. Corbin, the present pastor, to whom we are indebted for the above items of this sketch. The officers at present are: • Elders— J. J. Clark, J. B. White. Deacons — J. L. Clarkson, John Coons, N. B. Nichols. Treasurer — Web. Loomis. Quite a number from the old organization are now separately organized in a separate body a short distance east of town in the Miller settlement, near where the church was first established. • These branched off some seven or eight years ago, perhaps twenty or more in number, and for a time they kept up services quite regularly, but now they only have service occa- sionally, still retaining their organization. THE FIEST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH Of Adel, Iowa, was organized July 6, 1856, by Rev. Thompson Bird, then of Des Moines, a committee appointed by Des Moines Presbytery. The following persons composed the organization: Robert C. Allison and Mrs. Julia Allison (received by letter from Presbyterian Church of Lock- land, Ohio); Mrs. Elizabeth J. Young, Presbyterian Church of Bridge- water; Mrs. Jane Eckels, Mount Hope Presbyterian Church, Indiana; Jos. A. Thomson, Presbyterian Church, Bethel, Indiana; Mrs. Mary K. Holt, Congregational Church, North Beading, Massachusetts; Mrs. Jane E. Smith, Presbyterian Church, Winterset, Iowa; Mrs Jane Kodenbaugh, Presbyterian Church; John F. Yandoren, Presbyterian Church, Chester, New York; J. H. Vreeland, Presbyterian Church, Elgin, Illinois; Parmelee, Congregational Church, Tinmoth, Vermont. Of these eleven persons Mrs. Holt and Mrs. Rodenbaugh are the only ones belonging to the church at present, the rest having died or removed to other places. The church was organized in the school-house in Adel (which is now the residence of L. Lambert, Esq.). It continued to meet there and in the court-house until the erection of the M. E. Church. The Methodist brethren kindly gave them the use of their house for public worship until their own church was built. Rev. Fisk Harmon preached to this people during the summer and fall of 1856. Since then the following pastors have ministered to them : Rev. Asa Johnson, from July 19, 1857, to April 22, 1866; Rev. Wra. Campbell, from May 25, 1866, to February, 1868; Rev. J. Smith, from April, 1868, to February, 1869; Rev. Joshua Cooke, from March, 1869, to HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 449 May, 1871; Eev. Geo. Pierson, from May, 1871, to May, 1876; Eev. K. J. Hughes, the present pastor, began his labors here in May, 1876. Like many other churches in the West this organization has passed through very trying times. Its membership was small, and not possessing much wealth it required great exertion on their part to secure a house of worship. They determined not to involve themselves in debt in building, and the wisdom of their determination has been apparent ever since. After the most untiring efforts on the part of the membership, assisted by a few of the citizens of Adel, they were ready to commence the erection of a church building in the spring of 1868. The lot on which the bnilding now^ stands was donated by S. J. G-aroutte, and to his perseverance and lib- erality the church is greatly indebted. A good, substantial brick building was erected. In size it is 32x48 and has a seating capacity of about 200. Its location is one square south of the southwest corner of the public square. The building cost $4,000, and of this sum all but $600, which was given by the board of church erection, was paid by the members of the church and the citizens of Adel. The house was dedicated to the worship of Al- mighty God September 6, 1868, Eev. T. O. Eice, of Des Moines, preaching the dedication sermon. The first ruling Elders elected by the church were: E. D. Smith, F. S. Graham and H. H Moffatt. S. L. Ward and J. E. Eeed were elected in 1868, John Eisser in 1870, and A. C. Hotchkiss in 1877. The present ses- sion consists of J. Eisser, S. L. Ward and A. C. Hotchkiss. The first trustees were Dr. T. J. Caldwell, F. S. Graham and H. H. Mof- fatt. The present board is composed of Judge S. A.. Callvert, Dr. T. J. Caldwell and J. O. Eisser. The Sabbath-school under the control of the church is flourishing. Its average attendance is seventy. Mr. A. C. Hotch- kiss is superintendent, assisted by an able corps of teachers. This church has always been noted for its liberality. Although it still receives some aid from the Home Mission Board, its contributions for home and foreign benevolence are highly creditable. During the' past three years over $200 has been given to the various boards of the Presbyterian church. This, too, in addition to their support of pastor and incidental expenses. There is a Ladies' Foreign Missionary Society in connection with the church. It has a membership of twenty-seven, and besides the interest it has awakened in the church and community on the subject of missions, has contributed in cash to the Board of Foreign Missions $136, since its organ- ization in March, 1877. Its meetings are held on the second Wednesday of each month. M. E. CHUECH. We are indebted to Eev. David Shenton, the present pastor, for the fol- lowing sketch: "At what time the Society of the M. E. Church was organized in Adel, Dallas county, Iowa, is uncertain. For previous to 1851 the Society was a part of the Des Moines Circuit. But in the summer of 1851 we rind this record on the church book: 'At a quarterly meeting conference held in Des Moines, 1851, John James, G. W. Noel, Masom Bilderback, J. C. Goodson, Wm. Shepherd, were elected trustees to purchase a lot in Adel, Dallas county, Iowa, for the use of the M. E. Church.' And in the fall of 450 HISTOEY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 1851 the Iowa Annual Conference appointed Adel the head of a new Cir- cuit, and called it the Adel Mission. And so we find the first quarterly Conference of the Adel Mission holding its session at the residence of Mr. L. D. Hewitts, Oct. 4, 1851. The following were the official members of the Circuit: Rev. John Hayden, presiding elder; Rev. Robert G. Hawn, preacher in charge; John Jones, class leader; Joseph Goodson, class leader; Jonathan Waldo, class leader; Abraham Moore, class leader; Marshal Townsbey, (Recording) Steward; JB. Koukel, Steward; M. Bilderback, Steward. We find five societies in connection with the Adel Mission in Oct., 1851: Adel, Irish Grove, Bethel, D. S. Bays, Goodsont. The amount paid for the support of the Gospel for 185 1 : Presiding Elder, $25.20 received; preacher in charge $151.36. Total, $176.56. We find that for the Conference year, 1852-3, Rev. John Hayden, pre- siding elder, and Rev. G. H. Clark, preacher in charge, with ten societies within the bounds of the Circuit. And for the Conference year, 1853-4, the Rev. Joel Mason was the preacher. His work was such that he preached four times each Sabbath, and his salary was $125.00. On the 31st of Dec, 1853, I. C. Goodson, Peter Ellis, M. Haworth, John Fooley, and Wm. Ellis, were appointed a committee to build or purchase a parsonage for the Cir- cuit. The Circuit at that time embraced Dallas and a part of the adjoin- ing counties. And so the work continued until the fall of 1857, when we find the trustees of the Circuit directed to sell the lot that had been se- lected for building a church thereon, and to purchase another more suitable. And • a committee of five, Payne, Goodson, T. P. Garoutte, Robbing, and E. D. Smith, were appointed to raise $2,000 for the purpose of building a church house in Adel, and they were to proceed at once to do it. The Circuit then had sixteen preaching places, with two preachers to supply them — Rev. A. W. Johnson, and J. W. Todd. The Adel society ceased to be a mission, and became self-supporting, according to the action of the members of the society, they refusing to receive support from the mission- ary society in November, 1856. So that thereafter it was known as the Adel Circuit of the M. E. Church. At the quarterly Conference, held December 15, 1860, at Adel, efforts were made to build the church house in Adel, which proved .successful, it being the first church house erected in Adel. That was the Adel Mission of the M. E. Church in 1851. There is now (1878) within the same terri- tory, fifteen different Circuits, with as many ministers, and each Circuit self-supporting. In September, 1876, David Shenton was appointed to take charge of the M. E. Church in Adel as its minister. The Circuit had then two appoint- ments, Adel, and one at the Tice School-house, in Colfax township. The membership of the Adel church then was seventy-two members. Now (March, 1879) the membership of the same society is 110. The member- ship of the Tice appointment in Sept., 1876, was fifteen members. Now (March, 1879) it numbers thirty-four members. And in November, 1876, there was a society belonging to the Adel Cir- cuit formed in Adams township, at what was then known as the Frakes school-house. This society numbers twenty-eight members. And the so- ciety is making an effort to build a church building to worship in. At the present they are using the old school-house, which they bought and have seated with slab benches. HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 451 In 1876 (Dec. 28th) the same minister took up an appointment in Wash- ington township, at the Beaver school-house. The organization at its com- mencement had. a membership of six. Now it numbers sixty-four members, and the society will before long make an effort to build a church house in connection with the society. So that the Adel society of the M. E. Church numbers 236 members at the present time. THE PRESS. The histories of the Dallas County News and New Era, are given under the article on " The Press " in the general history, which see. DE SOTO. This thriving town is situated in Van Meter township, Dallas county, on sections 19 and 30, the west line of the township being also the west line of the town plat. The town is within two miles of the south line of the township; the South Raccoon river flows within one or two miles north of it, affording excellent water and mill privileges; and the Bulger Creek passes to the south of the town, flowing through a tract of valley land ad- joining the town, and thus forming a natural sewerage system extending from the town and surrounding hills to the Raccoon river, and making the location of De Soto a pleasant and healthy one. The town is located on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, on a beautiful hill, the land around it being elevated and rolling (except in the valley of Bulger creek), which lends a charm to the surrounding scenery, and affords numerous and attractive building sites on eminences adjoining the town. While the town is on a hill itself, it seems nestled snugly among the hills which rise up beautifully around it, especially to the south of Bulger Creek; and with the advantages of being thus situated on one of the best railroads in the State, as well as being surrounded with a large tract of rich farming land and extensive coal-beds, the situation cannot be otherwise than a desirable and important one. The land embraced in the original plat of the town was formerly owned by Thomas Hemphill and J. J. and EL G. Van Meter, and was donated by them to the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. Company for the pur- pose of establishing a town on this site. The tract given by Mr. Hemphill was a part of the south half of the southwest quarter of section 19, and that given by the Van Meter brothers was a part of the northwest quarter of section 30, the two tracts adjoining each other, and constituting in the neighborhood of one hundred acres of a gift by these parties to the Rail- road company. This grant was made and the town laid out early in the spring of 1868, being surveyed by Capt. A. J. Lyon, who was at that time County Surveyor, and this survey was completed March 27, 1868, and the new town was at once christened De Soto, in honor of some railroad official. There were upward of three hundred lots embraced in the original plat as surveyed, the greater part of which were soon disposed of and the town sprung up as if by magic, the lots bringing in price from twenty-five to five hundred dollars each. The first lot disposed of in the new town was sold by "William Hemphill to a Mr. Jones for $250, as Mr. Hemphill in- 452 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. forms us, very soon after the town was laid out. The above mentioned lot is just east of the hotel, and on it is now an old two-story dwelling house which was built at an early day in the town's existence. A. J. Lyon & William Hemphill were the first to open a real estate office in the town ; and they also built the first house in it, early in the spring of 1868. It was a very small building, only about 10x12 feet, which they used as a land office, but it was large enough to claim the title of being the first building erected in the town, and in it the greater part of De Soto was sold by the above mentioned firm, who for a long time were the only real estate agents in the place. The first building erected for a family to live in, within the town limits, as Mr. Haycraft informs us, was a small frame shanty, built by Geo. ~W. Smith in the east edge of town, and in which he lived sometime. The first comfortable dwelling house erected, Mr. Hemphill says, was a small frame house built by Mr. Wood, early in the spring of 1868, soon after the town was laid out. Others soon followed in quick succession, and during that summer and fall some twenty-five or thirty houses, perhaps more, were erected. The first brick building in the town was erected by Robert Hillyer, dur- ing the summer of 1868, on block 9, just opposite the railroad depot, for a grocery store building. While building this brick, however, Mr. Hillyer lived in a small frame shanty in which he also sold groceries and other nec- essary articles, this being perhaps the first store started in the new town. As soon as his brick was completed he moved into it, and opened a flourish- ing store with quite an extensive stock of groceries and other goods. Mr. Hillyer afterward sold this property to J. D. Gavenor, who in turn traded it to Mr. Mnrry for property in Winterset, Madison county, Iowa, and for sometime Mr. Murry carried on the grocery business in this brick building. It is now used as a dwelling house. Mr. A. Collins was among the first to open a dry goods and grocery store in the town; but during the year 1868 quite a number and variety of stores were opened and business firms established, and a general air of thrift and enterprise prevailed. The first car load of hogs sold in the town was sold by G. W. Miller to H. G. YanMeter in 1868. They were sold at DeSoto for seven cents per pound, and shipped by Mr. VanMeter to Chicago, where they brought eight cents per pound. DeSoto has now several stock-shippers, and one of the most ex- tensive bnyer8 and shippers in all these parts. The advantages for shipping at this point are excellent, having a direct line to Chicago by the C, R. I. & P. R. R., and making it a good market for the surrounding conn try, which is now yielding annually a large supply of produce to be sent to Chi- cago from this station. It also has a decided advantage on account of the railroad interests centered there. A good many railroad officers own prop- erty in the place, and their influence will tend to promote its growth and prosperity. Besides, soon after the town was laid out, the railroad company purchased one hundred and sixty acres of land adjoining the original town plat, and laid it out in residence lots of three and fiveacres each, among which are some most desirable sites for residences, and all of these are not yet disposed of by the company, which possession secures the influence of the company in favor of the town to a great extent. The company have built a fine, well furnished depot in the south part of the town, which is commodious enough for a town or city of considerable Council/men: . HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 453 importance; and near it is a large water-tank, which is supplied from a spring some fifty or sixty rods distant, the water being "conducted to the tank through cast-iron pipes in plentiful supply for railroad use. Brick of excellent quality are also being manufactured extensively in sev- eral places near the town, from the clay deposits weU adapted for that pur- pose, and plenty of stone and other building material are fonnd at conven- ient distances from the town, rendering the work of building and other improvements comparatively cheap and easy. For several years the town grew very rapidly, but of later years, on ac- count of the unsettled state of affairs in financial circles, the rapid growth has become somewhat checked, and of a more steady, enduring character. The population will now number, perhaps, about six hundred. The town of De Soto was incorporated nearly four years ago. The peti- tion for incorporation was heard before Judge Mitchell, and granted May 24, 1875, and was filed for record January 1, 1875. J. S. DeMotte, 0. C. Case, George Hathaway, Richard French and J. C. Ault were duly ap- pointed as the commissioners on corporation and corporation elections. The number of inhabitants at that time were about four hundred. The following are the names of the town officers for the year 1878 : Mayor — J. S. DeMotte. Recorder — E. II. Haycraft. I. L. Carter, Ezra Mann, E. M. Giles, Jacob Payton, J. W. Blackman. Marshal— G. G. Fish. Justice — Z. S. Whaley. Constable — G. W. Tomlinson. BUSINESS INTERESTS IN 1878-9. The following is a list of the business houses in De Soto at the beginning of the year 1879, as furnished us through the kindness of Mr. Isaac Hoch, and others. Dry Goods. — There are no firms in the town exclusively dry goods deal- ers, but all such dealers carry also a general stock of dry goods, groceries, boots, shoes, etc. There are four such firms, viz: William Hemphill, J. "W. Blackman, Siegel & Gotstein, and W. H, Dillon. Groceries — The grocery dealers also as a general thing carry something of a mixed stock, of whom there are four, viz: S. Wright, dealer in grocer- ies, and carries perhaps the largest stock of boots and shoes in the town; J. Dillon & Son, deal principally in groceries; F. W. Gaines deals principally in groceries; E. H. Haycraft, dealer in groceries and notions. Hardware. Payton & Mitchell, dealers in hardware, tinware, stoves,, iron, etc. ; B. F. Irwin, tinner. Drugs. E. M. Giles, dealer in drugs, medicines, notions, etc. Doctors— -S. B. Campbell, D. C. Bice. Furniture.— -"W '. H. Smith, dealer in all kinds of furniture, coffins, etc. Milliners.— -Mrs. Nichols & Snyder, millinery and dressmaking, fancy goods, etc. 454: _ HISTORY OF DALLAS COTTNTY. Notions. — E. H. Haycraft, notions and groceries; Isaac Hoch, all kinds of notions, books, stationery, cigars, etc., at the post-office. Mr. Hoch is also the postmaster. Jewelers. — E. L. Davis, watchmaker and jeweler, dealer in watches, clocks, and all kinds of jewelry. Boot and Shoe-makers.-^- A. T. Hart, Fred Swanson, dealers in ready and •custom-made boots and shoes. Harness Shops. — J. L. Snyder, dealer in harness, saddles, whips, blan- kets, etc. Blacksmiths. — B. F. Way, A. B. Rosenberg, general blacksmithing, etc. Wagon Shop. — W. H. Nichols, wagon-maker. Meat-market. — P. Jones, butcher. Agricultural Depots. — Isaac Hoch, Pay ton & Mitchell, dealers in agri- cultural implements; both firms near depot. Lumber and Grain. — F. R. Lewis, dealer in lumber and grain, near the •depot. Stock-dealers. — Peter Fish; averages one car per day; Hemphill Bros., Hill&Fox. Poultry -dealers. — L. W. Smith, Abraham Parker, dealers in all kinds of poultry. Barber Shop. — Ezra Hutchinson (colored), barber and hair-dresser. Hotel. — J. W. Blackman, proprietor; located near depot. Livery Stable — J. W. Blackman, livery and feed stable in connection with hotel; near depot. Insurance Agents. — A. A. Nolan, F. R. Lewis, Silas Bailey. Attorney. — A. A. Nolan, attorney and counselor at law. Notaries Public. — Isaac Hoch, A. A. Nolan. Carpenters. — R. J. Hook, J. L. Carter, J. M. Lowrey. Painters. — R. L. Adello; C. W. Huntington. Express Agent. — Edwin Conger; also the station and ticket agent. Telegraph Operator. — William Kibby. Drayman. — George W. Leonard. Baggage-master. — L. C. Drury. POST-OFFICE. Isaac Hoch, postmaster. This office was established soon after the town was laid out in 1868, and the first postmaster was Albert Collins, who re- tained the office until November, 1875, when Isaac Hoch was appointed as his successor, and has retained the office ever since. OAK HILL CEMETEKY Is situated about half a mile south of town, on a high ridge, being first •established in the summer of 1878. For ten years the citizens of De Soto •did without a burying ground they could call their own, and went else- where to bury their friends who died, until last summer, when this one was laid off and properly deeded, and since that time more than twenty persons have been buried in it. EDUCATIONAL. De Soto is an independent school district, and has a fine school and school-building situated in the northern part of the town. The building HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. % 45 & is a large brick structure, two stories high, and about 30x60 feet. It was built in 1870, at a cost of $5,000, and has four large well ventilated rooms, well furnished and fitted for school purposes. The school is graded, and has three teachers: C. M. Pinkerton, princi- pal; Miss M. E. Caldwell, intermediate teacher; Mrs. Jennie E. Whinery,. primary teacher. There are about two hundred pupils in attendance. SCHOOL BOARD. President — L. W. Smith; Secretary — Isaac Hoch; Treasurer — F. E. Lewis; J. J. Van Meter; Ezra Mann; E. M. Giles; I. L. Carter; Peter Fish. The citizens of De Soto take great interest in their public school, and spare no pains or expense to make it successful and prosperous. And in this respect their efforts have not been in vain, but are being crowned with a rich reward in the superior educational advantages afforded the youth of the town and surrounding community. SOCIETIES. The following particulars of the Masonic Lodge were kindly furnished us by the secretary : "Fortitude Lodge, A. F. <& A. M., De Soto, Iowa, was chartered by the Grand Lodge, of Iowa, June 2, 1869, on petition of M. A. Knight, J. J. Van Meter, H. G. Van Meter, and others. "The first officers of the Lodge were: M. A. Knight, W. M.; J. J. Van Meter, S. W.; EL G. Van Meter, J. W.; Z. W. Kelley, Secretary; J. D. Perkins, Treasurer; C. C. Goodale, S. D.; Jesse Lee, J. D.; W. F. Brewster, Tyler. " The membership of the Lodge now is thirty-four, and the officers of the Lodge at present are: E. Conger, W. M.; L. C. Drury, S. W.; G. C. Briggs, J. W.; Wm. Eoberts, Secretary; J. S. De Motte, Treasurer; W. D. Clayton, S. D.; J. J. Van Meter, J. D.; M. A. Little, Tyler. " The Lodge meets in a very comfortable and convenient hall, arranged for their use in Kuhn's brick building, on west Walnut street." TEMPERANCE. De Soto is very firm on the temperance question, and is one of the six towns in the county that has no saloons. These were closed out some three years ago, and we are informed the town has had none since. During 1878 an important temperance move- ment was started here under the leadership of John W. Harden, of Des Moines, and the interest is still maintained, and we are informed by the secretary that as a result of this movement, The De Soto Temperance Re- form Club was organized March 17, 1878, by John W. Harden, of Des Moines, Iowa, with four hundred members, at which time the following officers were elected: President — J. S. De Motte; Vice-President — J.J. Van Meter; Secretary — J. F. Perry; Assistant Secretary — Miss May Hemphill; Treasurer — Frank Hemphill ; Chaplain— Wesley Payton. The society has increased in interest as also in numbers ever since its organization, and has at present over five hundred names on its roll of 456 HISTOEY OF DALLAS COUNTY. membership, gathering in from the county around as well as the town, and holding regular and interesting meetings. May the good work continue in encouragement and prosperity. M. E. CHURCH. The beginning of this Church was a class organized by a Meth- odist minister, Kev. J. E. Darby, in 1868, soon after the town was started, and was the first church organization in the town. It was at first, of course, few in numbers, but having more than human power and wisdom to give it growth and strength, it soon increased in numbers and influence, until it has now become a strong church and a power for useful- ness in the town and community. For several years the people were compelled to worship in private dwell- ings, school-houses, and other buildings, doing the^ best they could to con- tinue their regular meetings until in 1872, when was erected the fine brick structure they now worship in, on block 16, lots 11 and 12. It is 60x34 feet, nicely finished and furnished, and cost $6,000. The present membership of the organization is 110. The following is a list of the pastors since the organization: J. E. Darby, appointed Aug., 1868; Wm. Hestwood, 1870; J. W. Todd, 1872; T. McK. Stuart, 1873; W. D. Bennet, 1875; W. T. Bartholomew, 1877— the present pastor, to whom we are indebted for the particulars. CHUECH OF CHEIST. This church was organized November 26, 1870, by Elder A. J. Hobbs, who is now of Bloomington, Illinois. The original organization consisted of the following: Z. W. Kelly and wife, Elizabeth A. Kelly; Silas Garrett and wife, Rebecca A. Garrett; Leonard Williams and wife, Elva F. "Williams; Wil- liam H. Beck and wife, Angelina C. Beck; George T. Hathaway and wife, Lucinda Hathaway; Julius J. Yan Meter and wife, Amanda K. Yan Meter; Hugo Grotius Yan Meter and wife, Damaris D. Yan Meter; Edgar H. Haycraft and wife, Susan G. Haycraft; Elder John M. Dodge and wife, Margaret Dodge; Alexander K. Dodge and wife, Sophronia Y. Dodge; Joseph C. Ault and wife, Elizabeth Ault; Thurston P. Chase and wife, Phoebe J. Chase; Edgar H. Yan Meter; Alfonso Yan Meter; Mrs. Cyrene Binkhard; Eobert D. Dodge; Harry Dodge; Cicero Dodge; Ber- nice Dodge; Edwin Conger; Emina Babb;* Samuel J. Harper; James Maynard; Mary J. Maynard; Laura A. Way; L. H. Whinery; Solon B. Campbell; W. D. Gross; Julia K. Haycraft — 41. The roll of membership now numbers about two hundred and fifty. The church building is a frame structure, 33x55 feet, neatly finished and furnished, and built at a cost of $4,000, in 1870. It is located on block 24, lots 6 and 7. Quite contrary to the ordinary course of events, and common custom in these matters, this church was built, finished and furnished, even to the dressing-rooms at either side of the pulpit for the use of the minister, which were supplied with dressing-gowns, combs, looking-glasses, toilet set, baptismal robes, and all such conveniences, before there was any organ- ization of the church made, and the entire structure was paid for and free. HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 457 Then the elder, as above stated, formed the organization with over forty members, and when he left, after a few months' labor among them, it numbered over one hundred. In June, 1871, one Sabbath evening, a little before time for evening service, this building was blown down by a hurri- cane, which came up suddenly. It was rebuilt again forthwith, in the same style, and dedicated November, 1871. The following pastors have served the church since its organization: Elders John M. Crocker, Wil- liam M. Eoe, John W. Monser, Barton W. Johnson, C. Chutham — the present pastor. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. This church was organized in 1869, being the second in order of organ- ization, with a membership of about twenty-five or thirty, and at one time the membership had increased to the number of about sixty, but emigra- tion and death so decreased their numbers that they have been compelled to be without any regular services for nearly two years, and the church has been closed. The membership was reduced to about eight or ten when the services closed. The organization has never disbanded, and is still retained on the roll of the Presbytery of Des Moines, in the Southern Synod of Iowa. The church building was erected in 1870, and dedicated that fall. It is about 30x40 feet, nicely finished and furnished, a frame structure, situated on block 18, lots 8 and 9, and was the first church built in town. The ministers who served the church from the time of its organization were mostly all stated' supplies, and were as follows: Revs. Bayliss, T. S. Bailey, William Campbell, John Sylvanus, R. J. Hughs (now of Adel) and a year ago last summer Rev. M. L. Bardue preached the last sermon that was delivered in the church. Elders. — R. S. Walker was probably the first; Mr. Collins and William Paine; Mr. Walker continued as an active elder until the church was closed. The present trustees are Ezra Mann and George W. Leonard. FERRY. This town is located in the northern part of Spring Valley township, on sections 9 and 10. It is one mile from the Boone county line, three from Greene, and six from Guthrie. Being thus favorably situated a large por- tion of the trade is drawn from three counties, thus making Perry one of the most enterprising and live bnsiness towns in the countv. Perry derived its name from one of the owners of the road at that time, Col. Perry, of Keokuk. The town was laid out in the winter of 1868 and spring of 1869, by John and Harvey Willis. The original town plat contained about 220 acres. Five acres was donated to the railroad company for depot purposes, also thirty-two lots south of Willis avenue, were given to the company. The first merchant in the place was D. J. Pattee, who first opened a store one and one-half miles west of Perry, two years before the railroad was completed. As soon as the town was located he moved his store and stock of goods to Perry. The building was 22x60 feet, two-story frame,, and it was located on the corner where his present business house stands. It burned down February 7, 1870. 458 HISTOEY OF DALLAS COUNTY. B. B. Campbell built the first residence. It was a frame building on lots 11 and 12, block 20. The first death in town was that of a child of Levi Thornburgh. The first death of an adult in town was that of Dr. J. H. Fry. The burying ground is located one mile north of town, and contains ten acres of ground. It was laid out about one year ago. It is nicely located, and in time will be nicely arranged for this purpose. It belongs to the city and is under its management. In 1870 the population of Perry was 301. The town was incorporated March 27, 1875. THE FIBST OFFICERS. Trustees: Mayor — J. H. Conley. Kobert Ginn, W. H. Chandler, J. H. Willis. Kecorder — A. G. Webster. Treasurer— Kobert Ginn. Marshal — A. D. Haskins. Council: W. H. Chandler, S. A. Carpenter, Kobert Ginn, Wm. McLuen, B- F. Newport. The present officers are: Mayor — D. J. Pattee. Kecorder — C. H. Ainley. Treasurer — Wm. Jennings. Assessor — A. D. Haskins. Marshal — J. T. Davis. Trustees: Win. Jennings, H. A. Hoyt, J. A. Waldo. D. W. Payne, F. M. Hain. Council meets first Monday night in each month, in Pattee & Webster's office. POST-OFFICE. The first post-office in Perry was established in the summer of 1869, D. J. Pattee as postmaster, who has held that office ever since to the general satisfaction of the people. STEAM FLOUEING MILL, ETC. Of this mill the people of Perry have reason to be proud. It was built during the summer of 1875, by Messrs. Otis & Selby Bros., at a cost of $12,000. It is 40x70 feet in size, three stories high, with stone basement, and fire-proof engine room. It had originally three run of stone, and is HI8T0RY OF DALLA8 COUNTY. 461 fitted throughout with the latest improved and best machinery that could be obtained. In the fall of 1878 there was added another run of burs, and also another chest of bolts for the new process of making flour, at an additional cost of about $1,000. Their trade extends all along the Des Moines and Fort Dodge railroad. This mill is now managed by A. W. Otis. There are two plow factories doing quite an extensive business, F. M. Hains' and M. A. Conley's. Their plows are extensively sold throughout this section of the country. PUBLIC SCHOOL. The school-building is located on Second street, near the business center of the town. It is a two-story brick, a fine structure, nicely finished and fur- nished, and is 50x60 feet. It was built in 1876, at a cost of between $11,000 and $12,000. It is divided off in four departments, and four teachers are employed. Principal, G. Perkins; Intermediate, Miss Ella Cassidy; First Primary, Miss Rebecca Bohrer; Second Primary, Miss Ena Balentine. DIRECTORS OF SCHOOL BOARD. President — "Rev. A. E. Simons; Secretary — J. Parmenter; Treasurer — D. J. Pattee; George Harlen, F. M. Hain, W. F. Cordell, W. L. Warren, Wm. McLuen. Average attendance about 200. The fli'st lady teacher in the town was Miss J. Perkins, and the first gentleman teacher Jesse Macey. CATHOLIC CHURCH. This church was built during the summer of 1873. The building is frame, 30x60. They hold meetings the second Sunday of each month, and are now talking of building a new brick church, which they hope to have completed during the coming year. Priest, P. J. Harney. BAPTIST CHURCH. The following sketch was kindly furnished by the pastor, which we give in full: " The Perry Baptist Church was organized in 1869 in a school-house four miles south of town and was then known as the Spring Valley Baptist Church. There were nine constituent members. " In January, 1870, the place of meeting was changed to Perry, and the name changed to the Baptist Church of Perry. At the time this change was made the church numbered about 20 members. There have been re- ceived into the church. since that time by baptism 91, and by letter 62. Recently twenty-nine members have been dismissed to form a new church in People's township, Boone county. The present membership of the church is 115. " Rev. E. R. Swain was pastor for one year after the first organization. In January 1, 1870. Rev. A. E. Simons became pastor and has continued as such until the present time. Lewis Maulsby was the first deacon of the church. The present deacons are A. Parker, David Bonine and S. J. Brom- 29 462 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. field. The trustees are A. Parker, W. H. Phelps and A. Ashcroft. The clerk and treasurer is W. H. Phelps. " In 1870 the church procured the lots upon which the church building stands, laid the foundation for the building, put up the frame and enclosed it. In the spring of 1871 the house was temporarily seated and used in that condition until the winter of 1872-3, when it was completed, and dedicated in April, 1873. The entire cost of the building and furnishing has been about $3,500. There was upon the church lots when first ob- tained, a small house, which has been used as a parsonage; this has been enlarged so as to make a very commodious and pleasant dwelling at a cost of several hundred dollars, so that during this time there has been ex- pended upon the church property some $4,200. "This enterprise was undertaken by a church numbering only about 30 members, all poor; and has been carried through by indomitable pluck, hard work and personal sacrifice. A Sunday-school has been maintained from the first. Rev. A. E. Simons is the present superintendent. The average attendance is about 100." THE M. E. CHUECH Of Perry was organized October 17, 1869. Eev. I. F. Miller, pastor; Rev. Samuel Jones, presiding elder; H. A. Chappelear, class leader, and David Kelley, steward. The original members were Nancy Chappelear, Mary Kelley, Isaac Townsen, Hannah Townsen, Anna Townsen, Eliza Fry, Ke- becca Allen, Lizzie Miller and Eliza Chappelear. Rev. I. F. Miller resigned the charge at the end of two months; Rev. H. B. Kees completed the year. On the fifth of Sept., 1870, Rev. I. Mershon was appointed to the charge and remained one year. Four additions were made to the church membership that year. Rev. W. C. Smith was- next appointed, Sept. 24, 1871. For two years he labored 'With great success, and an addition of 94 members was made. Rev. D. Lamonte succeeded him Sept. 15, 1873; Rev. M. D. Collins being then presiding elder, having been appointed Sept. 15, 1872. Rev. Lamonte only staid one year when Rev. S. Snyder was appointed Sept. 15, 1874; he was succeeded by Rev. E. W. Brady, Oct. 12, 1875; and he by Rev. Samuel Jones, Sept. 26,1877, the present pastor, who is now completing his second year as pastor of this charge, and who has kindly furnished us with the materials for this sketch. The church records show a present membership ot 110, and though addi- tions have been made to the church membership under the administration of each pastor, and frequently large ones, still the records show that over 100 have been dismissed by letter to other churches; so that the permanent increase has not been so perceptible on account of so many removals; but. it is to be hoped that all these have only gone out as ministers and helpers in other parts of the Lord's vineyard. During the administration of Rev. D. Lamonte the first church building was erected on the corner of Third and Warford streets. It is a frame structure 35x55 feet, costing $3,100, very neatly finished and furnished in- side and outside, and was dedicated in November, 1874, Rev. Kendig officiating. During the administration of Rev. E. W. Brady, a good par- sonage was built on lots 3 and 4, block 39. The property is now worth $1,000. The membership of the church is well represented in all the business of HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 463 the town, and more than half of the professional men are members of the M. E. Church, and as the pastor states: " the corporation officers, merchants and manufacturers, together with the several professions, bear a greater proportion to the number thus employed, than the proportion of the mem- bership does to the number of inhabitants; which proves that the talent of the town is well represented in the M. E. Church." a. o. u. w. This society was organized in the spring of 1877, with the following named persons as charter members: D. J. Pattee, P. C. Eude, J. E. Peed, W. L. Warren, M. W. Slocum, H. J. Holmes, G. Harlan, P. H. Dunlap, W. F. Cardell, S. Parmenter, D. W. Payne, 1\T. Endeqnist, H. Courtney, C. Lombard, J. S. Goss, S. Pangburn, L. H. Pickerel, A. T. Hart, E. W. Brady, J. P. Spalding and C. H. Ain- ley— 21. A.t the first meeting the following officers were elected : W. F. Cardell, M. W.; Dr. P. H. Dunlay, P. M.; H. J. Holmes, G. E.; J. E. Peed, Over- seer; C. Lambard, Guide; S. Parmenter, I. W.; A. T. Hart, O. W.; J. P. Spalding, Financier; W. L. Warren, Receiver; D. W. Payne, Recorder. Present membership, twenty-nine. Present officers: D. J. Pattee, M. W.; H. Courtney, P. M.; P. C. Eude, G. F.; Geo. Harlan, Overseer; E. P. Stiles, Guide; H. J. Holmes, I. W.; J. Goss, O. W.; U.J.Holmes, Financier; C. H. Ainley, Receiver; E. D. Lunt, Eecorder. They meet Monday evening of each week. GOOD TEMPLARS. Perry Lodge, No. 235, 1. 0. O. T. — This lodge was organized February 1, 1878. There were sixteen original members, and they now have about fiftv. Present officers: W. F. Cardell, W. C. T.; Mrs. H. J. Holmes, W. V. T.; H. J. Holmes, Secretary; Q. A.Willis, Financial Secretary; Mrs. C. L. Lane, Treasurer; I. N. Willis, Marshal; S. R. Ems, Chaplain; J. H. Willis, P. W. C. T.; Mrs. C. Pierce, W. G.; J. J. C. Yan Norden, W. S. They meet Friday evening of each week. MASONIC. Otley Lodge, No. 299, A. F. dk A. M. — This lodge was organized under charter in 1871, with seven members, whose names were as follows: S. Pangburn, Robert Hastie, Ira Doty, F. M. Hain, H. A. Chappelear, Hora- tio Hall and Luma Gee. The following are the names of some of the charter officers: S. Pang- burn, W. M.; Robert Hastie, S. W.; Ira Doty, J. W. The present officers are as follows: W. H. Chandler, W. M.; Ed. D. Lunt, S. W.; H. A. Chappelear, J. W.; J. M. Hain, Treasurer; I. Parmen- ter, Secretary ; C. E. Cox, S. D. ; J-. D. Stiles, J. D. They meet Saturday evening of each month, on or before the full moon. The present member- ship is fifty-five. The Palmira Chapter, No 86, received its charter in 1878. The present officers are: H. A. Hoyt, H. P.; B. B. Selby, K; R. Ginn, Scribe; A. D. Hoskin, C. H.; C. E. Cox, P. S.; S. Pangburn, R. A. C; 464 HISTOBT OF DALLAS C0TJNTT. W. H. Chandler, M. 1st V.; E. D. Selby, M. 2d V.; S. O. Conger, M. 3d Y. BUSINESS INTERESTS. The following list of business houses and items is clipped from the Perry Chief of January 4, 1879: Dry Goods, etc. — D. W. Payne, general stock, east side of square; S. M. Thornley, general stock, except clothing, east side; Wales & Co., dry goods, boots and shoes, west side; B. F. Van Leuven, general stock north side; G. H. Rowley, general stock, north side. Clothing. — J. J. Yan Norden, clothing and gents' furnishing goods, east side. Groceries.— Parnaenter & Co., groceries, queensware, etc., west side; W. Ar Shong, Chinese store, Willis -avenue; W. H. Carmody, groceries and restaurant, Willis avenue; J. H. Shippey, groceries and restaurant, Willis avenue; Weaver & Cardell, groceries and drugs, northwest corner of square; Win. Bollen, groceries and restaurant, Willis avenue; N. Schuc- hart, groceries, etc. Bakers. — J. EL Shippey, Willis avenue; W. H. Carmody, Willis avenue. Drugs. — Courtney & Long, drugs, books, stationery and news depot, west side; Weaver & Cardell, drugs, books, stationery, etc., west side; Hunter & Gross, drugs, books, stationery, etc., north side. Hardware. — C. H. Ainley, hardware, stoves, etc., west side; Lods & Selbj* Bros., hardware, stoves, glassware, etc., east side. furniture. — W. H. Phelps, furniture, coffins, etc., Willis avenue. Tin Shops. — J. D. Clark, over Lods & Selby Bros', hardware store; C. H. Ainley, west side of square. Millinery and Dressmaking. — Mrs. J. L. Grace, millinery, west side; Mrs. Whitman, millinery, west side; Mrs. S. Long, millinery and variety store, east side; Milligan & Cassidy, millinery and fancy goods, Second street; Mrs. Gale & Mrs. Marrs, dessmakers, Third street. Livery Stable. — William Bollen, Willis avenue. Agricultural Implements. — W. H. Chandler, machinery, wagons, drain tile, etc., corner Willis avenue and Second street; J. L. Grace, machinery, wagons, etc., west side of square. Wagon and Plow Shops. — F. A. Carpenter, wagon and blacksmithing, west of railroad; F. M. Iiain, wagon and plow factory, Willis avenue; M. A. Conley, blacksmithing and plow factory, First street; C. L. Lane, black- smithing and wagon making, Willis avenue. Lawyers.- — Cox & Hoyt, office west side of square; Cardell & Shortley, office on Second street, Blakeslee's Eow; A. G. Webster, office north side of square. Physicians. — S. Pangburn, office and residence on Third street; John Boss, office on Willis avenue; T. F. Johitsou (homoeopath), office at resi- dence; P. A. Mowrer, residence one mile southwest of town. Real Estate Agents.- — -Harlan & Eude, office on Willis Avenue; L. D. Gamble, office north side of square; Geo. D. Hendricks & Son, office at depot; Otley & Chappelear, office east side square, up stairs. Lumber. — Holme» & Dnrfee, lumber and grain, Second street, south of square; B. F. JSTewport, First street. Perry Mills and Elevator. — Otis & Selby Bros., proprietors, west side of railroad. HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 465 Shoemakers. — Swan Johnson, Willis Avenue, west of railroad; F. O. Griswold, Willis Avenue, Winsor's building. Hotels. — City Hotel, southwest corner of square, A. D. Haskins, propri- etor; Perry House, First street, Fleming, proprietor. Meat Markets. — Isaiah Smith, west side of square; W. B. Newkirk, Second street, Blakeslee's block. Banks. — Geo. W. Blakeslee, corner Willis Avenue and Second street. Barber Shops.— C. E. Gale, Second street, in Blakeslee's brick; D. M. Si pes, west side of square. Jewelers. — J. P, Spaulding, clocks, watches and silverware, north side square; J. R. Winsor, Willis avenue. Gunsmithing. — F. Eossiter, north side square, rear of Spaulding's jew- elry store; J. P. Montgomery, Willis avenue, in Winsor's building. Nursery. — Geo. D. Barton, one mile north of town. Painter. — J. F. Hantz, residence on Third street. Loan Agents. — Harlan & Rude, D. J. Pattee, Hendricks & Son, Geo. B. Paul. Dentist.— Chas. E. Hunt, office on Second street, in Blakeslee's brick. Grain Dealers. — Otis & Selby Bros., Holmes & Durfee, 0. Brideman. J. Hart. 6 Harness and Saddles. — W. L. Warren, north side square; A. W. Par- menter, east side square, at McLuen's old stand. Butter and Eggs. — J. F. Davis, east side of square. Through the kindness of Mr. Jennings, our station agent, we are enabled to give the number of cars of produce, stock, etc., shipped from this sta- tion during the year, as follows : Corn 664 Hogs 153 Oats 90 Cattle 30 Flax Seed 13 Potatoes 10 Butter and Eggs 12 Wheat 9 Flour and Feed 3 Lumber 1 Total 985 The 664 cars of corn above mentioned represent 287,000 bushels, which, with the other shipments, make a very good showing for Perry. Perry is decidedly one of the most live, thorough-going business towns in the west, being surrounded as it is with a large tract of rich prairie and farming land, and so near the line of several different counties, it draws trade from great distances in nearly every direction, and since its first es- tablishment the town has a rapid, steady growth. The merchants generally carry a full and well selected stock of goods, and the town and inhabitants display a general appearance of thrift and en- terprise. The farming community around are usually well-to-do, industrious citi- zens, who are becoming extensively engaged in stock and grain-raising, and 466 HISTOET OF DALLAS COUNTY. take great delight in furthering the general interests and grpwth of their favorite town which gives it the means of growth. Its location, about midway between the two great east and west lines of. railroad to Chicago, and on the D. M. & Ft. D. R. R., connecting these .two rontes to the great market of the Northwest, gives warrant that the town of Perry is destined, at no very distant day in the future, to become a flourishing town of no small dimensions and importance, even to be num- bered among the cities of the West. The place has one good newspaper, The Perry Chief, the history of which is found in the article on "The Press." Perry has a good cornet band under the leadership of Marion Flinn. The present population of the town is about 1,000. DEXTER. This enterprising business town is situated in the southwest corner of Union township, Dallas county, Iowa, near the four corners of sections 29, 30, 31 and 32, the principal part of the town being on the northeast quar- ter of section 31, and the north half of this last mentioned quarter-section comprised the original town plat of 80 acres, township 78, range 29. The town was surveyed and platted in June, 1868, by M. J. Marshall and A. Kimball. The lots were sold at private sale by Messrs. Marshall & Kimball, none being deeded to the railroad company, except, perhaps, a portion for depot purposes. The first lot in town was sold to Hunter Brothers, for $100, size 40x135 feet, in July, 1868. Cheeseman & Ellis sold the first goods in the town very soon after it was laid out. Their store building stood on lot 19, block 9, a frame struc- ture. A number of other store buildings had been started, but were not yet completed when Cheeseman & Ellis opened their store and commenced selling goods in a small, low, one-story plank shanty, which stood a few doors east of where Stanley's drug store now stands. It is is supposed that the first birth, as also the first death, in town, was that of a child of John Howard, born in 1869, and lived only a short time. Regarding the early settlement and business affairs of Dexter We present the following portion of an article clipped from the Dexter Herald of January 3, 1879: "About the first death in town was that of a little boy named Miller, who was thrown from the platform of a car, as he was getting off, one of his limbs being crushed almost off, several wheels passing over him. He lived a few days in great pain, and then died. Some eye-witnesses say it was one of the saddest sights ever witnessed. "The town was laid out by M. J. Marshall, in the spring or summer of 1868, the first building being built in June of that year. The second building was built by Mr. Roland, and is the building now owned and occupied by Charles Wolffinger as a business house and dwelling. The next was built by Messrs. Ellis & Cheeseman, who sold the first goods that were sold in Dexter, both dry goods and groceries, and as there was no- boarding house they did a good business in selling crackers and cheese, as that was all that could be had to replenish the inner man. Hunter Bros. HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 4:67 soon had their business house up, and brought on a stock of drugs and groceries. "Their place of business was where J. G. Stanley now holds forth, though the building is not the same, as it was burned up, together with several others, in the fall of 1870. "All the lumber used so far in building was hauled from Des Moines by teams. "In the meantime B. B. Campbell built a boarding house 16x24 feet, and was so well patronized that at times some of the boarders would have to wait out of doors while others would eat. In August of this year, 1868> the cars made their first appearance in Dexter, and it wasn't long then till houses were looming up all over town. For awhile it was very difficult to get the railroad company to ship lumber in, as they had so much work of their own to do. "About the 25th of August J. C. Allen built the red warehouse, now owned by D. A. Burrows. The lumber in it was the first shipped into Dexter by railroad. This building was used by the railroad company as a depot until the present depot was built, when J. C. Allen used it as a grain warehouse, where he bought and shipped the first car load of grain that was ever shipped from Dexter. There was no grain but wheat to ship then, as corn had to be brought from further east to use here. " As there was as yet but little accommodation for man or beast, and there was need for both, J. J. Young concluded to build a hotel and J. C. Allen a livery stable; so Mr. Young built the building long known as the Dexter House, but now known as the Johnston House." BUSINESS INTERESTS. The following list of business houses and firms, as they stood at the beginning of the year 1879, is also clipped from the Dexter Herald of .the same date: Physicians. — A. W. Vance, office at residence on State street; E. J. Smith, office corner Dallas and Marshall streets, over Will Young's drug store; E. F. Linton, office corner Polk and Marshall streets, over Stanley's drug store; Robert Evans, office in residence. Attorneys. — 0. A. Berger, office over Pierce's bank; Gr. W. Seevers, office over Stanley's drug store; S. O. Simonds. Insurance Agents. — E. Battey, station agent for the C, P. I. & P. P. P., and agent for several insurance companies, office at depot; C. A. Berger, agent for several insurance companies, office over Pierce's bank. Real Estate and Loan Agents. — J. C. McManima, office at Herald office; B. Battey, office at depot. Notaries Public — J. A. Carrothers, office at post-office; C. A. Berger, office over Pierce's bank. Justice of the Peace. — J. A. Carrothers, postmaster and justice of the peace. Banks. — G. G. Pierce, brick building, corner Dallas and Marshall streets. Dry Goods. — Downey & Conger, corner Dallas and Marshall streets; W. M. Isham, corner Polk and Marshall streets; Rimer & Crane, north side of Polk street; L. Frank & Co., north side of Polk street. Groceries. — S. D. Clark, Marshall street, west side; S. Swihart, west side Marshall street, opposite post-office; P. Brower, north side Polk street. 468 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. Hardware. — Meisker & Conger, brick block, west side Marshall street; J. H. Aten & Bro , east side Marshall street, one door north of post-office. Furniture.— -J ' . F. Watts, east side Marshall street, three doors north of post-office. Drugs.— J. G. Stanley, corner Polk and Marshall streets; W. G. Youug, successor to E. J. Smith, corner Dallas and Marshall streets. Jewelry. — Ed Gittins, in W. G. Young's drug store, jeweller and dealer in clocks, watches, etc. ; J. G. Stanley, in drug store. Clocks. — Ed Gittens, in W. G. Young's drug store; S. 0. Davis, south side Dallas street. Bakery. — E. A. Small, Marshall street, opposite Pierce's bank. Restaurants. — E. A. Small, city bakery; Mrs. M. Connolly, Marshall street, Green Front; John Charles, Oriental Restaurant, south side Polk street. Agricultural Implements. — J. B. Yorse, near depot; F. A. Small, near depot; Meisker & Conger, in bank block. Coal Dealers. — Burke & Vorse, implement warehouse, near depot; J. H. Aten & Bro., in hardware store, north of post-office; M. Percy, at grange elevator; W. P. Maulsby, at Dexter mill. Lumber. — J. T. Yan Orman, opposite grange elevator. Grain. — F. A. Small, at steam elevator; M. Percy, at grange elevator; J. M. Burke, at implement warehouse; W. P. Maulsby, at Dexter steam mill. Dexter Steam Mill. — W. P. Maulsby, proprietor. Livery. — O. K. Spencer, opposite mill. Feed Stables.— O. R. Spencer, opposite mill; C. G. "White, in red livery stable. Hotels. — Johnston House, near depot, O. P. Johnston, proprietor; Gilpat- rick House, Dallas street, O. Hemenway, landlord. Butter-packing. — L. B. Libley, north side Polk street. Newspaper. — The Dexter Herald, opposite post-office, J. C. McManima, proprietor. Millinery. — Miss I. M. "Work, Marshall street, four doors north of post- office; Mrs. Cherry, Marshall street, two doors north of post-office; Mrs. 0. L. Holmes, Polk street. Shoe-making. — A. Cowan, Dallas street; H. Pohle, dealer in boots and shoes, Dallas street; "Wm. Cooney, Dallas street. Blacksmithing. — A. S. Welch, shop north side of Polk street; Purdou & Wilson, shop south side of Polk street. Tailoring. — Wm. Donar, Dallas street. Coffins. — D. Hammond, Dallas street Photograph Gallery. — Clifford & Bailey, over Small's bakery. Meat-markets. — Homan & Pitcher, Polk street; F. P. Wood, Dallas street. Saloons.— C. Wolffinger, Polk street; P. Hendeiff, Marshall street. Barber Shop. — C. W. Henry, Polk street, opposite implement warehouse. Harness Shops— ^F. P. Young, corner Marshall and Polk streets; Larkin Maulsby, Polk street. Carpenters and Builders. — W H. Stevens, F. A. Bisbee, Ed Rugg, L. M. Grant. Dexter was incorporated December 13, 1870. The petition for incorpo- ration was heard by Judge Mitchell, of the Circuit Court, and granted, and HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 469 C. T. P. Bass, J. G. Mark, O. P. Williams, S. 1ST. Stevens and. Sol. Eimer were duly appointed as commissioners on corporation and corporation elec- tions. In the following spring the first town election was held in Dexter, and G. K. Rockwood was duly elected as the first mayor of the town. All the commissioners except Charles Bass are now residents of Dexter. At the time of incorporation it is said " the town had a little over five hundred ' inhabitants, and was growing rapidly." It now claims a population of about 1,000. V V The present town officers are: Mayor — J. S. Downing. Treasurer — Sol. Rimer. Recorder — Charles Wright. Marshal— W. li. Stevens. Councilmeri: F. S. Small, Conrad Homan, J. F. Watts, A. N. Tate, J. T. Thrasher. Justice— J. A. Carrothers. Constable — W. H. Stevens. SHIPMENTS. During the past year the following shipments were made from the depot at Dexter: Wheat 143 cars. (400 bushels to the car.) Corn 650 Oats 29 Barley 3 Potatoes 5 Broom Corn 2 Horses 1 Hogs 55 Cattle 17 Butter 98,500 pounds. The above statistics were kindly furnished by the station agent, Mr. B. Battey. THE POST-OFFICE Was established at Dexter in the fall of 1868. Mr. Carrothers was depu- tized to take charge of the office September 24, 1869, and continued in that capacity until May 16, 1870, when he was duly appointed postmaster, and has held that office ever since. , THE BURYING-GROUND, Situated one-half mile south of town, was laid off about 1870. The lot is owned and controlled by the corporation, and is a beautiful location for a cemetery. 470 HISTORY OP DALLAS COUNTY. THE PUBLIC SCHOOL. This building is located at the north end of Marshall street, Allen's addi' tion. It was built in 1870, at a cost of about $5,500. It is a frame two-story building, well finished and furnished, having two wings and five rooms, and ' over 200 pupils are in attendance. Five teachers are employed, two male and three female. Principal, Ira Doling; Gratnmer department, A. C. Hol- derbaum; Intermediate, Clara C. Lacey; Primary, Jffiss Julia K. Haycraft; Assistant, Miss Hannah Neal. The school is in a flourishing condition, and well sustained by the citizens. SCHOOL BOARD. M. C. Marshall, President; A. ~N. Tate; Charles Crane; J. C. McManima; N. Angle. It is an independent school district, and affairs are well managed, so that the district is out of debt, and has a small surplus on hand, which doubt- less will soon be increased and expended in the erection of a new and more commodious public school-building, in keeping with the growth and devel- opment of the live enterprising town. Good salaries are paid, and the best teachers are employed by the board, thus warranting a thorough and satis- factory school, in which the citizens take a deep interest, and spare no efforts or means to make it a success. THE GERMAN LUTHERAN SCHOOL Was started in 1875, and they now have an average attendance of twenty- five to twenty-eight pupils. Kev. J. Horn, teacher. The school-building was erected in 1875, at a cost of $800, furniture in- cluded. It is a one-story frame structure, 22x32 feet, and 12 feet high,' capable of seating about 200 persons. This building is also used for their church services. NORMAL SCHOOL-BUILDING. This building is now under process of erection, the work on it having been commenced in October, 1878. The foundation is now laid, and it is expected the structure will be completed, finished and furnished during the coming summer, and ready for use in the fall or winter. It is to be a large brick building, 57x67 feet, three stories high, with half-mansard roof, tower, and all the modern improvements in like structures. The entire building will be heated by hot air pipes, and, as nearly as now can be esti- mated the cost will be about $6,000. The architect is Benjamin J. Bart- lett, of Des Moines, and the building is being erected by a stock company, comprising the business men of Dexter and farmers from Dallas, Guthrie, Madison, and Adair counties. The officers of the company are: President — J. C. Allen, DexFer; Vice- President — M. Percy, Dexter; Treasurer — A. N. Tate, Dexter; Secretary — E. J. Smith, Dexter. The board of directors are: J. C. Allen, M. Percy, A. N. Tate, E. J. Smith, James Simonds, Leverett Brown and A. C. Holderbaum. The building is located at the north end of Marshall street, Allen's addi- HISTOET OF DALLAS COUNTY. 471 tion, near the public school-bnilding, and the company own about three acres of ground in connection with the building. The intention of the company is to lease the building when finished to teachers of known ability in their profession and stability of character, who will make of it a most valuable institution of learning for the entire western portion of Iowa. SOCIETIES AND LODGE8. Dexter Lodge, No. 215, I. 0. 0. .£'.— This Lodge was organized at an early day under Charter, with the following as Charter members: M. 0. Marshall, M. Macy, A. J. Welker, J. E. Roper, E. S. Fry, and J. J. Davies, making six in all, four of whom received offices at the first elec- tion. The following are the names of the Charter officers: James E. Eoper, N. G.; M. C. Marshall, V. G.; J. J. Davies, Secretary; A. J. Welker,. Treasurer. The present officers are: M. Macey, N. G.; Edward Giddings, V. G.;, M. C. Marshall, R. S.; W. H. Stevens, P. S.; C. Homan, Treasurer. The present membership is forty-two. The Lodge meets each "Wednes- day evening. The hall is located on the corner of Marshall and Polk streets. Mount Tabor Lodge, No. 293, A. F. & A. M.— This Lodge was organ- ized under Charter June 7, 1871. The following are the names of the Charter officers : C. T. Bass, W. M. ; Sol. Rimer, S. W. ; J. E. Roper, J. "W. There were several other Charter members whose names are not recorded and cannot now be obtained. The present membership is thirty-six, and they hold their regular meetings in their hall, corner of Polk and Marshall streets, on or before the full moon of each month. The present officers are: J. A. McBride, W. M.; E. J. Smith, S. W.;. A. 1ST. Tate, J. W.; J. F. "Watts, Treasurer; J. H. Aten, Secretary; J. 1ST. Main, S. D.; W. J. Nolan, J. D.; C. Vermillion, Tyler. Dexter Grange, No. 185, was organized in the spring of 1872, with 26 members. The present offcers are: J. R. Chandler, Master} M. Macy, Overseer; M. Perry, Lecturer and Treasurer; John "Watts, Steward; A. C. Macy, Assistant Steward; F. M. McPherson, Chaplain; Nicholas Ogle,. Secretary; E. M. Lindsey, Gate Keeper. The Association meet every second Saturday of each month. Is a German Lutheran Church, organized in 1871, by Rev. F. Doescher r with nine members, whose names were as. follows: Ed. Meisker, Nicholas Schlarb, Peter Schlarb, H. D. Holderbaum, Michael Holderbaum, Michael S. Holderbaum, Fredinand Rohde, Charles "Wolffinger and Philip GutheiL The membership now numbers twenty-four, and the church is in a flourishing condition, under the leadership of their present Pastor, Rev. J. Horn, who is also the teacher of their school. They hold services in their school-building every other Sabbath, with good attendance. This church belongs to the Synod of Missouri, Ohio and other States. They also have a good parsonage in connection with their association, which is located just north of the school-building, at the south end of Marshall street. 472 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH Is a neat little edifice, but there is now no organization or preaching by that denomination in town. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. The following sketch, regarding this church was furnished through the kindness of the Pastor, Eev. T. N. Buchanan: "The Presbyterian Church of Dexter was organized November 8, 1868, by Kev. P. H. Jacob, of Knoxville, Iowa. The original members were six in number, and their names are as follows: Mr. Joseph Hunter, Mrs. Annie Hunter, Miss Fannie O. Hunter, Mr. Jonathan Hunter, Mr. David B. Hunter and Mr. Jerry Carrothers. "Rev. D. L. Hughes was their first minister. He began his labors on the nrst of September, 1869, and continued until March, 1870. Eev. B. 0. Junkin succeeded Hughes, beginning his labors in May, 1870, and contin- ued to minister to that people until May, 1871. In September, 1871, Rev. H. H. Kellogg was called to the pastorate and continued in that relation until March 5, 1876. Rev. W. F. Frackelton succeeded Kellogg, and began to minister to the Dexter Presbyterian Church, as stated supply, in April, 1876, and continued his labors for six months. "Rev. T. N. Buchanan became stated supply to this church in June, 1877, and was ordained and installed pastor, November 7, 1877. " During the ten years since its organization, it has had five ministers, two of whom were pastors, the latter still continuing his pastoral relations to that people. "At the organization, David Hunter and Jerry Carrothers were chosen to the office of Elders. The present incumbents of that office are Charles Crane and Robert Williams. The present membership is thirty-four. The present condition of the church is good, and it is making fair progress. The church building, located on the corner of State and Lyon streets, was built in the fall of 1870. The building is 32x46, and cost $2,300." THE M. E. CHURCH "Was organized in August, 1869, with the following members: John R. Chandler, Charlotte Chandler, Albert Macy, Susan Macy, Wm. J. Haines, Elizabeth A. Haines, Hannah Couch, B. F. Tate, Louisa Tate, Elizabeth Jameson, E. J. Farholm, E. A. Roland, J. F. "Watts, Mary Watts, ■Charles Russell, Sarah A. Russell, Margaret Stephens, Robert Dwigans, Margaret Dwigans, Joanna Dwigans, Ann E. Dwigans, Robert J. "Watts, Margaret Watts, Mary Price, Silas Lightner, Helen Lightner, R. A. Sipe, Rachael Barnett, James Simonds, Eliza Simonds, Francis Jones, Barbara Jones, James Thrasher, Elizabeth Thrasher, Susan Davis, Ruth May, A. Johnson, Elizabeth Stephens, Peter Brower and Martha Brower — 40. The names of the pastors who have been over this church from its organi- sation until the present, are as follows: Rev. James Lisle , . . . Appointed August, 1869. Rev. D. Lamonte " September, 1870. Rev. James Lisle " " 1871. " « » " " 1872. HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 473 Rev. Charles Ashton Appointed September, 1873. " « F - 1874. Rev. T. Burk « October, 1875. ," " " September, 1876. " " " " 1877. Rev. L. Jean « October, 1878. The last mentioned is the present incumbent, and to him we are indebted for the statistics herein set forth regarding this church. The present membership of the church is 140. They have a good church building well finished and furnished, which was built about 1872, at a cost of $3,500, and was dedicated January 25„ 1873, by P. P. Ingalls. THE PEESS. The town has one good newspaper, The Dexter Herald, the history of which is found in the article of " The Press," in the general history. DALLAS CENTER. This town is a neat and flourishing station on the Des Moines & Fort Dodge Railroad, full of life and business. It is a prairie town situated in the midst of a broad, fertile tract of farm- ing land in the northeast corner of Adel township, Dallas county, Iowa, on the north half of section 2, the railroad passing nearly centrally through the town plat, and the north line of the township constituting the north line, also, of the town plat. The surrounding view over the broad, rich prairies in the summer season is of more than ordinary interest and at- tractiveness, and there are few towns of its size and age that can rival Dal- las Center in business and enterprise, especially for a western town in a new country. The land on which the town is located was formerly owned by Percival & Hatton, and R. D. Kellogg. Percival & Hatton bought the portion that Kellogg owned, and May 7, 1869, laid . out the town, christening it Dallas Center, it being located within about four miles of the center of the county, east and west, and al- most in the exact center north and south. The survey of the town was made by Francis Pelton, and the plat was recorded in June, 1869. There was none of the land in the original town plat deeded to the rail- road company, but it was entirely a private enterprise of Percival & Hat- ton, who sold the lots at private sale, accordingly as they came into demand, and still own the greater part of the vacant lots in town. Huber & Yan- dercook's addition was afterward made to the town. The first goods were sold in the new town by O. N. Steele, in the last of June, 1869, on the east side of the railroad track, in a shanty out on the open prairie. This was the first e and only business firm in the town for a while, and the shanty in which the goods were sold was, perhaps, the first building erected in the town'. This house was afterward sold and moved to the country. T. R. North soon afterward followed with a stock of hardware and gro- 474 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. ceries, and also J. E. Fleischman with dry goods and a general mixed stock, giving the new town quite an encouraging appearance of business and enterprise from the very start, which it has never since lost, but con- tinued to increase, and has built up very rapidly as a stirring business point, gaining the patronage and confidence of the surrounding community. ' The first regular and comfortable dwelling house built in the town was by W. B. Fuller, in June or July, 1869. It was a frame two-story struct- ure, comfortably finished and fitted for a dwelling house, and continued in use as such for some time. The first birth in the town was that of a child of B. F. Huber. In September, 1 878, Mr. Melick took the census of the town and found the number of inhabitants to be 547, at that date, but says they will now number at least 560. PUBLIC SCHOOLS. They have a large two-story brick school-building, with four commodi- ous, well-ventilated, neatly furnished rooms, two up stairs and two down stairs. This building was erected about five years ago, at a cost of $10,000, and is fondly cherished by the citizens of the town, who spare no effort or ex- pense to make it a thorough and valuable school. There are three teachers now employed, and a large number of pupils are in attendance. The teachers at present are: T. K. Whitlock, principal; Miss E. Garret- son, intermediate; Miss Mary Thornton, primary. This is an Independent School District, and the officers of the district, as well as the members of the school board, use all due diligence to make their school a success and have it compare favorably with any of the public schools in other places, and in this respect their efforts are not in vain, but are being crowned with a rich reward in furthering the educational interest of their own children. BUSINESS INTERESTS. At the beginning of the year 1879 the business firms in the place stood about as follows: Dry Goods. — Melick & Fox, mixed stock of dry goods, groceries, etc.; J. E. Fleischman & Co., dry goods, groceries, queensware and general mer- chandise; A. B. Smith, dry goods, groceries, etc.; G. W. Zook, dry goods, groceries, etc. Drug Stores. — James Brainiff, drugs, medicines, clothing, groceries, etc. ; I. G. Morgan, drugs, patent medicines, etc. Hardware.— Townsend & Gartright, hardware, groceries, queensware, fur- niture, etc.; Martin & Woodward, hardware, stoves and agricultural imple- ment; J. Purinton, hardware and tin-shop. Agricultural Implements. — F. Hubbard, general stock — several other firms also keep implements. Harness Shop. — T. W. Ferguson, harness, saddles, whips, blankets, etc. Furniture Store. — Townsend & Gartright. Bank. — O. Mosher, proprietor. * Bakery and Restaurant. — Nazarene & Einger. Merchant Tailor. — Charles Bomberger; cutting, fitting and making done. Milliner Shops. — Mattie Fleming; Mary Brockway & Co. HI8T0KT OF DALLAS COUNTY. 475 Boot and Shoe Shops.— E. J. M. Stevens; J Harvey. Meat Market. — Olarey Brothers. Blacksmith Shops. — J. F. McGrath; Dan. Collins. Wagon Shops. — F. Pinne & Balcom; fin. Gorman. Postmaster. — O. N. Steele. Jeweler. — Jed Brockway, at the post-office. Land Office. — Smart & Steele, office at post-office. Grain Dealers. — Schamel & Loughran; Ken worthy Brothers, also deal some in stock. Stock Dealer. — ~W. H. Brenton. Lumber Dealer. S . S. Easton. Hotels. — Dallas Center House, Mrs. A. A. Perkins, proprietor and owner; Grant House, Mrs. Lucy Hutchinson, proprietor and owner. Livery Barn. — W. S. Jamison, proprietor. Insurance Agents. — W. T. Allen; J. L. Loring. Physician and Surgeon. — B. H. Criley. Dentist. — A. E. Rawson. Lawyers. — F. M. Hoopes; O. Mosher; J. L. Loring. Justices. — W. T. Allen; R. R. Richmond. Notaries. — 0. N. Steele; J. M. Hoopes; 0. Mosher; J. L. Loring. Carpenters. — D. F. Neff; M. S. Van Dusen. Saloons. — Henry Saunders; J. Freund; P. McGrath. This town has one newspaper, "The Globe", an account of which is found in the general history, under the article on " The Pfess ". There are two good mills in Dallas Center, one grist mill, known as the " Union Mill ", owned by R. Roberts, and one planing mill, owned by C. Rathbur.n & Son. These mills do good work and are having quite an exten- sive run of custom. Their presence in the town adds greatly to its interest and enterprise, in drawing customers from a distance in different directions to get milling and planing work done, and thus they bring trade to the other departments of business. SOCIETIES. , Delta Lodge, JVo. 356, A. F. & A. M. — This Lodge was established under dispensation sometime during the summer of 1876. The first offi- cers under dispensation, and the first elected before the date of Charter, were: D. Smart, W. M.; W. M. Y. Ustick, S. W.; J. E. Fleischman, J: W.; C. B. Rathbun, Acting S. D.; 0. JST. Steele, J. D.; W. H. Brenton, Treasurer; O. Mosher, Secretary; A. Ustick, Tyler. The Lodge was organized under Charter, with some twenty members, about July 1, 1876, and has continued under a good degree of prosperity - until the present. The Charter officers were: David Smart, W. M.; C. B. Rathbun, S. "W.; J. E. Fleischman, J. W.; ¥m. H. Brenton, Treasurer; O. Mosher, Secre- tary; I. G. Morgan, S. D.; O. K Steele, J. D.; J. M. Hoopes, S. S.; J. Crinkshank, J. S. The present officers are: David Smart, W. M.; S. R. Small, S. W.; N. A. Townsend, J. W.; O. N. Steele, Secretary; ¥m. H. Brenton, Treasurer; J. W. Humphries, S. D.; J. A. Richmond, J. D.; J. J. Cramer, Tyler. The membership will now number about forty, and the Lodge is reported to be in a prosperous condition. 476 HI6T0ET OF DALLAS COUNTY. Dallas Center Lodge, No. 2^8, T. 0. 0. F., received dispensation Aug. 14, 1872, but held no meetings until the date of their organization, Oct. 5 r 1872. They were organized with six members, all of whom received offices at the first election, and the list of first membership is also shown in the fol- lowing list of first officers: J. L Loring, 1ST. G.; F. Hubbard, V. G.; "W. M. Clark, Secretary; A. K. Clark, Permanent Secretary; S. S. Grossman, Treasurer; "W. P. McClure, "Warden. This Lodge was instituted by the District Deputy, Grand Master, M. C. Twitchell. with "Ward Redfield, and M. C. Thomas, assistants. The present officers are: S. P. Melick, N. G.; T. "W. Ferguson, Y. G; J. L. Loring, Secretary; G. "W. Zook, Permanent Secretary; F. Hubbard, Treasurer; E. J. M. Stevens, "Warden. The Lodge is generally prosperous. At one time it had as high as 35 members, but by removals and changes the present membership is reduced to about 22. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. This Church was organized about 1873, with about some twelve or fifteen members, among whom were the following: Old Mr. Scott, Mrs. "Whitman, Mr. Jennings and family, some six or seven in all, Mr. John White, and two daughters, and Mrs. Rathbun. A small organization had existed for some time before in the country a few miles from town, and sometime dur- ing the spring or summer of 1873, Eev. Geo. E. Smith, a student from a Theological Seminary in New York, being out on vacation, stopped off the cars at Dallas Center, went to work with zeal and earnestness, gathered up the scattered elements of Presbyterianism in town and county round about, and succeeded in organizing quite a flourishing church here. The small organization from the country (above mentioned) came in, and with united effort, and the liberal help of the outside community, they erected, the same summer, a comfortable house of worship, about 50x34 feet, which served for the accommodation of all denominations until others were erected. Mr. Smith returned to the seminary in the fall again, and afterward purchased a beautiful communion set which he sent to the church as a present. The following ministers have supplied the church since its organization: Reverends George R. Smith, Peed, Goodison, Jacobs, James Smith — the latter resigned about the close of 1878, on account of ill-health. Prof. M. E. Philips, of Adel, now supplies the church every sabbath morning and evening. There is now a membership of about twenty. M. E. CHURCH. Previous to 1873 this church belonged to the Waukee Circuit. The min- isters who have been over it as pastors are as follows: Revs. G. S. "Whar- ton, D. Thompson, H. M. Sexton, J. J. Caldwell, James Lisle and Cyrus Smith, the present pastor. The church was incorporated in 1873, by B. W. Thomas, J. W. Garmong. J. Slocnm, J. M. Hoopes, JST. M. Y. Ustick, F. Hubbard and J. Purinton as- trustees. HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 477 The present trustees are J. Slocum, M. Slaughter, J. O. McClure, J. M. Hoopes, S. P. Melick, F. Hubbard, John Fox, J. Purinton and G. L. Rob- ertson. A parsonage was built in 1876, at a cost of between $600 and $700, which building is situated on parts of lots Nos. 15 and 16, block 26. The chapel was built in 1877, on a leased lot, No. 13, block No. 39, at a cost of about $600. It is a comfortable, neatly furnished frame structure. The present membership of the church is about fifty. The above particulars were furnished through the kindness of Mr. S. P. Melick. Dallas Center has never been incorporated, though several attempts have been made. Shipped from Dallas Center station for the year 1878: Cattle 1,084 head Hogs 12,000 " Eye 800 bushels Wheat 25,000 " Oats 40,000 " Corn 200,000 " Potatoes 1,000 " Hay 30 cars, baled. KEDFIELD. This town is situated on section 4, township 78, range 29, and is among the oldest towns in Dallas county. It is near the north line of Union town- ship, and has a beautiful location on a hill facing the south, and is shel- tered on the north by a belt of heavy timber. The Middle Raccoon river passes a few rods to the west of it, and the junction of the South and Middle Raccoon rivers is only about a mile south of Eedfield, leaving a beautiful valley or plane to the south of the town site, extending to Wiscotta, while this is surrounded by a range of high hills and bluffs on the opposite side of the rivers, thus affording some beautiful natu-i ral scenery, and making the location of Eedfield one of the most beautiful town sites in the county, or surrounding country. The numerous coal-beds and excellent water-power near it afford fine opportunities for manufacto- ries of various kinds, and these natural advantages doubtless will be utilized before many years. There are several good mills now in that vicinity, and one large mill just west of the town, known as the Eedfield Mill. The ac- counts of these mills are given under the history of Union township. The town has no railroad yet, but now has strong prospects of the Des Moines, Adel & Western Eailroad being in running order to the place be- fore another year is past, which will develop the natural advantages of the place, and give new energy and confidence to the citizens. The road is already for the most part graded from Adel to Eedfield, and if it is pushed on through there to Panora, Guthrie county, Eedfield is des- tined to make a very desirable point on the line for market and manufac- turing. The land on which the town of Eedfield now stands was formerly owned by the Cavenaugh brothers, and before them, perhaps part of it was owned 30 478 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. by David Daily who was the first settler in that section of country, and part o.f his original claim on section 4 is now included in the town plat. Bat, as before stated, in 1850, Patrick Thomas and Michael Cavenaugh came in and not only purchased the claim of David Daily on section 4, but also entered a large tract of land adjoining it, and in 1852 or 1853 they laid out the town of Slew Ireland on the present site of Eedfield. A few years af- terward they sold the entire tract of land, town site and all to Redfield and Moore. The town received its present name in honor of Col. James Red- field, who had become the principal owner of the laud adjoining, as also of much of the town property. The town was surveyed and platted by O. D. Smaller, then county sur- veyor, and the first settlers in the town were, perhaps, the Oavenaughs. On lot 8, block 2, just east of the present site of the Iowa House, the Oavenaughs built a hewed-log house, 18x24 feet, story and a-half high, which was doubtless the first house built in the town. This house was considered somewhat extra in those days, being well built, of good oak logs, and it was the scene of a good many jolly house-warmings and frolics among the first settlers. This house was finally sold, some twelve or thirteen years ago, to Mr. Morse, who moved it out on the prairie near Greenevale, in Linn township, where it was used for some time as a dwelling house. The Oavenaughs also built a saw-mill, on the present site of the Redfield mill, at an early day. The first stores were built and opened by Thomas Campbell and Macy B. Maulsby. Campbell's was on lot 5, block 1, where Scott & Maulsby's store now stands, and Maulsby's was located on lot 8, block 1, where the harness shop now is. These buildings were among the first erected in town, and a general stock of goods was kept for sale by each firm. In 1858 there were only five or six houses in the town, but during the few following years they increased quite rapidly. At the August term of county court, 1860, a petition was granted chang- ing the name New Ireland to that of Redfield, which it now .bears, as is shown by the following copy of the original petition as found on file in the Auditor's office: Mact B. Maulsby et al. \ Petition for change op I In the County Court of Dallas County, Iowa, August the name of New Ire- | Term, 1860. LAND. J Be it remembered that on the 17th day of May, A. D. 1860, Macy B. Maulsby and others filed in the office of the County Judge of Dallas county, Iowa, their petition praying for a change of the name of the town of New Ireland, in said county, to the name of Redfield, and the court being satisfied that a majority of the actual voters of the said town of New Ireland are in favor of such change, and three notices having been posted up, by order of said County Court, in three of the most public places in the said town for at least thirty days, prior to the present term of the County Court of said county, to-wit: the August term, A. D. i860, notifying the voters of said town that a petition has been presented to the said County Court by the citizens of said town praying for a change of the name of the said town from New Ireland to the name of Redfield, and that unless those interested in the change of said name shall appear at the next regular term of said court and show cause why said name shall not be changed, there will be a decree rendered granting such change, and the said hearing upon said petition, having been continued from the July term of this court to the August term thereof, Now, therefore, be it remembered that at the August term of the County Court of said county, on the second day of said term, to-wit: on the 7th day of August, A. D. 1860, this HISTOEY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 479 cause came up for final hearing, and the court being fully advised in the matter, and being satisfied that there is still a majority of the actual resident voters of said town in favor of said change of said name of said town, it is therefore Ordered, And adjudged and decreed by this court that the change prayed for in said peti- tion be granted, and is hereby Ordered, Adjudged and decreed by the court that the name of the town of New Ireland, in the county of Dallas and State of Iowa, be, and the same is hereby, changed to the name of the town of Redfield, and that the petitioners pay the costs of this proceeding. In witness whereof, I, Henry Thornburgh, Judge of the County Court of Dallas county, State of Iowa, have hereunto set my hand and affixed the seal of said County Court. Done at Adel, in said county, in open court, this 7th day of August, A. D. 1860. Attest: H. Thoenburgh, County Judge of Dallas County, Iowa. Cole Noel, Clerk, by J. Perkins, Deputy. BUSINESS INTERESTS. The following is a list of the business firms in Redfield, at the beginning of the year 1879, as nearly as we can ascertain: Dry Goods. — Scott & Maulsby, S. S. Harmon & Son, each keeps a mixed stock and general assortment. Groceries. — John Puffer, groceries and notions. Drug Store.- — Dr. R. H. Rust, proprietor lot 3, block 5. Shoemaker. — Aaron Robbins, lot 6, block 5, Redfield addition. Milliner Shop. — Mrs. R. D. McLucas, lot 6, block 2. Tinner. — H. C. Overstreet, lot 4, block 2. Harness-makers. — Charles B. Lamb, Edward E. Thomas, both on lot 8, block 1. Furniture Store. — Mahlon 0. Thomas, proprietor, lot 7, block 5, Red- field addition. Art Gallery. — IS". J. Tice, artist, lot 1, block 3, Redfield addition. Lawyer. — Ira A. Smith, attorney and counselor. Physicians. — Drs. R. H. Rust (also druggist), Macy B. Maulsby and John C. Caldwell. Meat-market. — R. M. Finicum, proprietor lot 7, block 5, Redfield addi- tion. Wagon-makers. — J. H. Armfield & Son, lot 5, block 5, Redfield addition. Blacksmiths. — J. H. Carter; Belles & Harmon; Moses Mills — all on block 5, Redfield addition. Hotels. — Indiana Hotel, Henry C. Browning, proprietor, lot 4, block 5; Iowa House, W. H. H. Brown, proprietor, lot 8, block 2. POST-OFFICE. The post-office is located on lot 6, block 5, Redfield addition, Mr. Mahlon C. Thomas, postmaster. He also keeps a general news depot and notion store in connection with the office. This post-office was established at an early day, and was first called McKay post-office, but was afterward moved to "Wiscotta, about 1858, and went by the name of Wiscotta post-office for some time after the office was moved back to Redfield, until in August, 1860, when it received the new name of Redfield post-office, which it still retains. Ira A. Smith was the postmaster all the time the office was at Wiscotta. Mr. M. C. Thomas, the deservedly popular postmaster and citizen, has retained the position for some time, and was among the early settlers in Redfield. To him, W. H. H. Brown, I. D. Redfield and others, we are in- 480 HISTOKY OF DALLAS COUNTY. debted, in a great measure, for the particulars regarding the early settlement; and business matters of the town. CHURCHES. The Christian church have a neat frame building in the northeast part of town, situated on block 4, Hain's addition, built some years ago, and com- fortably fitted up for purposes of public worship, it being the only church building in the town. Elder O. H. Derry is their present pastor, and has just lately commenced his labors among them. "We are unable to give a sketch of this church, as the necessary items regarding it were not furnished us. The. Methodist Episcopal church have a small organization in town, and occasional services, but no church building. Rev. Mumford is their pastor, who includes this organization with others in his charge. They hold ser- vices generally in the Christian church. Rev. Alvin Chase, a " Kewlight " minister is also a resident of the town, and preaches occasionally at different points. PUBLIC SCHOOL. The public school-house is a frame two-story building, about 30x40 feet, situated on lots 1, 2 and 3, block 17, in the northeast part of town. It was built in 1867, at a cost of about $3,200. There are two large rooms in the building, one in each story, and two teachers are employed. Principal — Miss Ida Twichell; Assistant — Miss Maggie Mitchell. About 85 pupils are in average attendance, and the school is in a prosperous condition, and is well sustained by the citizens. MASONIC. Wiscotta Lodge, No. 158, A. F. & A. M.— The Charter for the organiz- ation of this Lodge was granted June 8, 1860, and the following are the names of the Charter members, as kindly furnished us by T. C. Chance, ~W. M.: J. W. McPherson, Abe Smith, Collen Marshall, John Puffer, M. J. Marshall, T. E. Harbour, J. M. McLucas, Wm. Thornburg, Elwood Linley, M. L. Mills, E. A. Barnett, and Ira Barnett. The first officers of the Lodge were: J. W. McPherson, "W. M.; Collen Marshall, S. W.; John Puffer, J. W. The present officers are: Thomas C. Chance, ~W. M.; John H. Mills, S. W.; Thomas Hoyt, J. W. The membership at present numbers fifty-nine, and there are eight whose dues are remitted by reason of old age. They have a good hall of their own, well fitted up, in which they hold their regular meetings Saturday evenings on or before the full moon in each month. This is one of the early chartered lodges in Dallas county. HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 481 BIOGRAPHICAL. Col. James Kedfield was born in the State of New York in the year 1824. He graduated at Yale College in 1845, when about twenty-one years of age, and was for sometime afterward clerk in the office of the Secretary of State, at Albany, New York. In 1855 he came to this" State, and settled as above described in Dallas county, purchasing the large tract of land and site of New Ireland (now Kedfield) from the Cavenaughs, in connection with his brother and Mr. Moore, who afterward became his father-in-law; and together they accumulated a large amount of valuable property. • Colonel Kedfield married Miss Achsah Moore, May 7, 1856, and lived in Wiscotta for a number of years as a highly respected and valuable cit- izen. He was a 1 great public benefactor, a man of more than ordinary energy and enterprise, and is most highly spoken of by those who knew him. He was popular, and figured prominently in the public affairs of the county, receiving several important offices and positions of public trust by the popular vote during his residence in Dallas county. In the fall of 1861 he was elected State Senator from the senatorial district comprising Dallas, Adair, Cass, Guthrie, Audubon and Shelby counties, and thus became a member of the State Senate in the Ninth General Assembly, which convened at Des Moines January 13, 1862, and adjourned April 8, He only served this one session of his senatorial term, however, when he received the appointment as Lieutenant-colonel of the Thirty-ninth Iowa Infantry Volunteers, and entered the army in response to the call for 300,000 more by the President in 1862. He was wounded at the battle of Perkins' Cross Roads, and afterward was killed at the battle of Altoona, Georgia, October 5, 1864. He was a brave and efficient officer during his entire military career, and for his worthy conduct as a brave soldier he received important notes of commendation by his superior officers in all the official reports of battles in which his regiment was engaged, and especially so of his conduct in the battle in which he was killed. His brother, Luther Kedfield, died in New York State in September, 1878, and his father-in-law, Mr. Moore, died in Oskaloosa, Kansas, sev- eral years ago. His brother, I. D. Kedfield, now lives in the town of Kedfield, and to his kindness we are indebted for the principal facts regard- ing his brother's life and career. WISCOTTA. This village is situated a short distance south of Kedfield on the flat, near the junction of the Middle and South Kaccoon rivers, on sections 4 and 5 — the line dividing the two sections passing through the town east and west. It was laid out by Col. Kedfield, being located on the Kedfield property before the other tract of land was purchased of Cavenaugh, and some spirit of rivalry was shown in attempting to build up the two towns so close to- gether, and at one time Wiscotta was quite a flourishing little town, until about 1864. When the great rush of emigration pressed through here along the main thoroughfare from Davenport to Council Bluffs, and on to Montana and Idaho, the little town of Wiscotta was almost deserted, and the stores and business houses were all moved to Redfield. 482 HISTOET OF DALLAS COUNTY. A number of stores and business houses had been started and were quite flourishing until the wreck came. Col. James Eedfield, Mr. "Wright, Noel & Lyon, Chance & Miller, and perhaps others, had mixed stores, carrying a general stock, and were doing a good business. Peppard & Leeper had a chair factory. Thomas & Smith had a blacksmith shop, and other places of business were established and moving along prosperously when the sudden reverse came, and all the business places were moved up to Eedfield, and since that time the place has scarcely been known as more than a resident village. No business houses are there at all now. There are about fifteen or twenty residences, and some very good ones. The village has a good school-house, a one-story frame, about 24x70 feet, which belongs to school district No. 6, Union township, Jonathan Peppard, director, and a good school is taught in the house. There are two rooms in the school-house, both on the first floor, and two teachers are employed: Principal — Miss Lucy Shephard; Assist- ant — Miss Dora Sales. About eighty scholars are in average attendance. THE FRIENDS' MEETING-HOUSE Is located just at the east side of the village, on David Bowles' land. It is a frame structure, about 24x35 feet, and was built some nine or ten years ago. We regret that we have been unable to get the full particulars of this society, but have failed in several attempts to do so. Is also situated a short distance east of the village, an account of which is given under the history of Union township. And for the history of Wis- cotta post-oflice see Eedfield sketch. The town has a beautiful location, and will eventually be united with Eedfield, and both constitute a lovely town site. YAN METEE. This town is a station on the Chicago, Eock Island & Pacific Eailroad, and is something of a mining town. It is situated on the northwest corner of section 27 and the northeast corner of section 28, and is therefore within a mile of the center of Van Meter north and south, and about in the exact center east and west. Its site is in the valley of the main Eaccoon river, and being thus on low valley land, it is surrounded with high hills and woodlands, which afford some attractive natural scenery. This main railroad passing through it makes it an important shipping point, not only for stock and general farm produce, but also for wood and coal, there being an abundance of timber in that vicinity, from which the railroad company and various prairie towns along the road obtain large amounts of cord-wood. There is also a good coal mine opened and in good working order at that point, the largest in the county, which makes pretty large shipments and sales of coal each year. The account of this mine is given in full under " Coal Mines," in the first part of this work. Considerable wood is being delivered to the railroad company, and a con- tract of about 1,500 cords of wood is now being filled. HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 483 The town was laid out about 1869, and the land on which it stands was formerly owned by Mr. Wilson. Clayton's addition was afterward made. The first house in the town was built by Mr. Wilson, the former owner of the land, and this house was perhaps built before the town was laid out. E. D. Smith kept the first store in the town, and carried a mixed stock of goods. The first postmaster was W. H. B. Wilson, and the present one is W. H. Jennings. The town now has about 300 inhabitants, and is surrounded by a rich country and thick settlement of well-to-do, thrifty farmers. The town of Van Meter was incorporated a little more than a year ago. The petition for incorporation was granted June 1, 1877, and was filed for record December 28, 1877. J. R. Van Meter, T. E. Moore, G. 0. Briggs, W. H. Jennings and B. F. Goar were duly appointed as commissioners on corporation and corporation elections. We have not been able to ascertain who were the first town officers elected, nor the date on which the first elec- tion was held, but it was not long after the petition of incorporation was granted by the court. The following is a list of the present officers: TOWN OFFICERS — 1878. Mayor — H. A. Bullis. Kecorder — M. A. Little. Treasurer — Phillip Hunt. Councilmen: J. R. Van Meter, C. K. Smith, Samuel Drew, Silas Parker, C. W. Bogue. Marshal — E. D. Akers. Justice— J. W. Welch. Constable — J. B. Lemans. THE PUBLIC SCHOOL-BUILDING In the town is a two-story frame structure, of two rooms. It was built about 1870, and a good school is taught in it, with quite a large number of pupils in attendance. There are two teachers employed. Principal — J. F. Curren; Assistant — Miss Hoover. The town has no lawyers and no saloons, rather singular coincidents, especially for a mining town ; but the people are generally peaceable and prosperous, and go forward industriously in the even tenor of their ways. There are two churches in the town, each well finished, comfortable frame buildings. The United Brethren Church, Rev. S. E. Dennis, pastor, and the M. E. Church, Rev. Osborn, pastor, each having a large membership for the size of the town. We would be glad to give a more complete sketch of each of these churches, but cannot,- as the material is not at hand. A request was made for each party to send in the statistics, but they have not come; hence the omission. 484 HISTOBY OF DALLAS COUNTY. BUSINESS INTERESTS. The following is a list of the business houses and firms as they stood at the beginning of the year 1879, as nearly as could be ascertained: Dry Goods. — W. H. Jennings, dry goods, groceries and general stock; Goar Brothers^ dry goods, groceries and general stock. Hardware. — 0. W . Bogue, general stock. Drug Stores. — M. A. Little, J. B. Kubinson. Restaurant. — H. A. Bullis. Notion Store. — Eichard Graham. Millinery Store. — Charles Linthurst. Blacksmith Shops. — Samuel Hobaugh, McNair Brothers, blacksmith and wagon shop. Carpenters. — Alexander Logan, A. C. Akers. , Physicians.— Br. C. M. Dodge, Dr. C. K. Smith, Dr. Kirk Woodruff. Harness Shop. — S. L. Doty. Meat Markets. — W. T. Clayton, Welch & Hunt. Shoe Shop. — L. S. Thomas. Express Agent. — M. A. Little. Station Agent. — Charles Linthrust. His son is the telegraph operator. Hotel. — Graham House, Richard Graham, proprietor. The property and building are owned by C. McCoy. Boarding Houses. — H. A. Bullis, proprietor; C. M. Dodge, proprietor. Flourvixg Mill. — J. R. Vanmeter. Grain Dealer. — Samuel Cook. Elevator — Owned by W. B. White, of Des Moines. It was built by Miles White, being the first and only one in the town. It is a large one well fitted up, and through it is shipped a great deal of grain annually. LODGES. ''Coon Valley Lodge, I. 0. 0. E,, Wo. %57. — This lodge was organized by grant of charter in 18?1, with five members, whose names are as fol- lows : Stephen Adams, Shubal Ellis, S. L. Doty, William Hoffstott and J. D. Ellis. The first officers were: Stephen Adams, 1ST. G.; William Hoffstott, V. G.; Shubal Ellis, Rec. Sec. ; J. D. Ellis, Treasurer. They hold their meetings every Saturday night. The present officers are: L. W. Clayton, N. G.; S. B. Kenworthy, V. G.; F. M. Ross, Rec. Sec; Philip Hunt, Perm. Sec; William Hoffstott, Treas- urer. The ex-officers just retiring are: J. S. Hall, N": G.; L. W. Clayton, V. G.; H. R. Yan Meter, Rec Sec; Philip Hunt, Perm. Sec; William Hoff- stott, Treasurer. The present membership numbers 26. The lodge was at one time much more prosperous until about three years ago last fall when another lodge at Booneville, called "Forest Lodge," was organized by grant of charter from this lodge, which greatly reduced the numbers and strength, taking at one time 16 members from this lodge. But they are now regaining from this embarrassment and are increasing gradually in growth and influence. • Rebecca Lodge. — This lodge was organized in October, 1874, by grant of charter from the 'Coon Valley Lodge, and for a while was quite flourishing;' HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 4:85 but of late it has been neglected somewhat, and during the past year have held no regular meetings. The object was a benevolent one and while in working order the designs were effectually carried out by the members. The charter members were, as nearly as we can ascertain, as follows: Mrs. "William Hoffstott, Mrs. "William Shull, Mrs. A. M. Logan, Mrs. S. Parks, Mrs. J. J. Smith, Mrs. J. D. Ellis, Mrs. S: L. Doty, Mrs. F. M. Evans and Mrs. A. Pearse. MINBUEN. This town is a station on the Des Moines and Fort Dodge railroad, situ- ated on sections 7 and 8, in Sugar Grove township, and is the only town in the township. It is situated in the midst of a good farming community, and surrounded with a class of active enterprising, well-to-do farmers. It is a prairie town, and the bountiful products from the rich broad prairie flow into it abundantly, making it one of the best shipping points for graip and stock and other agricultural products, of any town of its size and age . on this railroad. The town was laid out in 1869, by J. B. Hill and D. F. Rogers. The first house was built by F. H. Baker, who was also the first mer- chant and postmaster of the town. POST- OFFICE. The post-office was established the same year (1869). In all it has had three postmasters since its establishment. A. C. Nims succeeded Baker, who kept it but a short time, and was followed by the present incumbent, John "Warford. BUSINESS INTERESTS. This town has two general stores, John Warford^and A. J. Knowles. Two hardware, G. F. Brayton & Bro. and Jesse Pilbean. Drug Store. — William Seidler. Physician — E. R. Aiken. Restaurants. — Joel Cushman, William Mitchell. Blacksmiths. — Frank Edmunson, V. W. Beeson, Brown & Gosselin. Livery Stable. — John Oklund. Motels. — Frank Knowles and John W. Gillan. Gram, Buyer. — M. "W. Gribben. Saloon. — M. M. Maurer. They also have a Cornet Band, conducted by William Osborne. The population of the town is about 300. They have shipped from this point during the year 1878 : Corn 110,000 bushels. Oats 25,000 " Wheat 4,000 " Hogs 7,500 head. Horses 18 " Butter and Eggs *. 35,000 pounds. 486 HISTOET OP DALLAS county. STEAM SAW MILL. This mill is owned by Osborne Bro's. It was formerly set up on the North Kaccoon river, and moved to its present location three years ago. It has a capacity of from 3000 to 6000 feet. The same firm have also a planing mill and lumber yard in connection with their saw mill, and are also contractors and builders, at which business they have quite an extensive custom. PUBLIC SCHOOL. Minbnrn is an independent school district, and has two frame buildings devoted to school purposes, one room each. There are eighty-three pupils enrolled, and the schools are in good con- dition. Two teachers are employed: Principal— S. H. Lauder; Assistant — Sophie Burnett. The principal receives $42.50 per month, and the assis- tant $30 per month. The present principal has been in charge of the school for two years. THE M. E. CHURCH Of Minburn was organized first at a school-house near Minburn, in the year 1859. When the town was laid out the place of meeting was moved to Minburn, in the year 1870. In the summer of 1869 Rev. J. Hestwood, pastor at Adel, preached at Minburn and organized a small class, consisting of the following named persons: Rhoda A. Hill, Minnie J. Knowler, Ab- bie Baker, Mark J. Newley and Margaret Eewley. These two organiza- tions were united in the year 1870, and known as the Minburn Society. The following pastors have served the society: Rev. I. Mershon, in 1870; Rev. W. C. Smith, in 1871-2; Rev. D. Lamonte, in 1873; Rev. J. R. Os- borne, in 1874; Rev. B. F. Shetterly, in 1875; Rev. fm. Abraham, in 1876-7, and Rev. "W". C. Smith, returned in 1878, and is the present pastor, to whose kindness we are indebted for these statistics. One of the first officers in the church was Edward P. Vail. The present officers are: Mathew Crawford, Albert Birdsall, George Blackman, William Mortimer, Rhoda A. Hill, and Lizzie Minnis. The present membership is fifty-three. The society is in a prosperous condition, growing encouragingly, and is free from debt. The church building is a neat, substantial, frame structure, erected in 1877, and dedicated in February, 1878. It is 30x48 feet, cost $1,400, and will seat about two hundred and twenty-five persons comfortably. THE PEESBYTEBIAN CHDECH Of Minburn, was organized in August, 1869, in a log school-house, two miles south of the present town site, before the town was laid out. The church was organized by Rev. Wm. Campbell, formerly of Adel. The names of the original members are William Luellen — to whose kind- ness we are indebted for these particulars — Eliza Luellen, Lizzie Luellen, Ruth D. Rogers, J. M. Porterfield, Clara Porterfield, and William McFar- land, making six in all. HI8T0KT OF DALLAS COUNTY. 487 The names of the various pastors and stated supplies who served this church, are as follows: Eev. H. H. Kellogg, Jr., 1869, who served the church one year. During the year 1870 the church was supplied only occasionally. In 1871, Kev. George K. Smith supplied for four months, and in the fall of the same year, Rev. "Win. Reed commenced his labors with it, and served until the spring of 1873. In December of the same year, Rev. P. H. Ja- cobs was employed, but only preached two Sabbaths, when he was suddenly stricken down with a stroke of paralysis, and the church remained without regular preaching until July, 1874, when the Rev. W. H. Goodison com- menced his labors with it and continued with them for four months, when it was again left vacant until May, 1875. On the last mentioned date, Rev. J. M. Smith served as a stated supply for four months, and then returned to the Theological Seminary, finished his course there, and returned to the church in May, 1876, continuing with them as a stated supply until May, 1877, when he was ordained and installed as their pastor, and remained as such until the fall of 1878, on account of ill-health. The pastoral relations were dissolved, and since that the church has had only occasional services. The following officers were elected at the time of organization: Elder — William Luellen. Trustees — William Luellen, Samuel Edmundson, William McFarland. March 24, 1875, J. A. Thompson was elected an elder. Joseph A. Thompson was elected trustee in the spring of 1871, to fill the vacancy occasioned by the removal of Wm. McFarland out of the bounds, and in 1875 D. F. Rodgers was elected, vice S. Edmundson, resigned. The above constitutes all the officers up to the present date. The present membership is twenty-three; the number deceased, one; the number dismissed by letters, five. The church, at present, though without any regular preaching, carries on a good Sabbath-school, which has been kept up all winter with a good aver- age attendance. The building was erected the summer of 1871, at a cost of $2,000, and has never yet been dedicated. It is a frame structure 28x42 feet, and will seat one hundred and seventy-five persons comfortably. BOONEVILLE. This village is a station on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, being the second station west of Des Moines. It is situated in the valley of the main Raccoon, in the bend of the river, on section 29, township 78,. range 26, and is therefore near the southwest corner of Boone township. Though it is the only town in the township, it is so near Des Moines, and so completely surrounded with other towns that its chances for growth have not been very favorable, and as a consequence it has never attained any very great size. It has good facilities for shipping by means of the important railroad passing through, and considerable grain and stock are shipped annually from it, being brought in from the surrounding country, as the most convenient point at which a good many extensive farmers in Dallas and Madison counties can reach this through line to the eastern market; but on account of the small scope of country it commands and the- limited amount of trade it receives because of its proximity to other towns ■488 HISTOET OT DALLAS COVnTY. in more favorable situations, its first flush of prosperity has not been very permanent, and its growth has been hardly perceptible during the past few years. The land on which Booneville is now located was formerly owned by Mrs. Susannah Boone, wife of the William D. Boone whose name appears fre- quently in the early history of the county. The township in which this , village is situated also derived its name in the same way, as Mr. Boone owned a large property within the township bounds which fell to his widow and family after his death ; and he was also among the first settlers in the township, settling at first near the present site of Booneville, where he died some years ago. . The town of Booneville was laid out in 1871, A. J. Lyon, surveyor, and the plat was filed for record June 6, 1871. The first house in the town was built by George Baldwin, on the same site on which W". H. Baldwin's store now stands. Other dwelling houses and store-buildings were soon afterward erected, and places of business were opened, until the place became quite a village, and for a time it showed fair prospects of an even race with its neighbors; but of later years its prospects of becoming a city have not been so favorable. The town has never been incorporated, and therefore there is no list of town officers to be herein recorded; but before another decade shall have passed, it is to be hoped that Booneville will have reached that position of dignity, and become numbered with the incorporated towns of Dallas county. Booneville has a number of business houses of which we note the fol- lowing: W. H. Baldwin, general stock of merchandise, also keeps the post-office. J. Winter, drugs, groceries and notions. Dr. Tidball, physician and surgeon; Dr. Morgan, physician and surgeon. Mr. Jones, proprietor of hotel. S. H. Benson, stock-dealer. S. M. Cook, blacksmith; Jones & Baldwin, wagon and blacksmith shop; J. Y. Pace, wagon-maker; S. M. Cook, blacksmith shop and farming imple- ments. I. O. O. F. Forest Lodge, No. 292, 1. 0. 0. F.— This lodge was organized under charter, October 14, 1874, with eleven charter members whose names are as follows: L. Lambert, O. Gurnsey, S. S. Parker, Adam Heck, F. M. Evans, J. B. Harper, H. McConnell, Joe Winter, D. H. Fitch, E. Treefry and D. M. Flinn. The first officers were: L. Lambert, K G.; S. S. Parker, V. G.; J. Winter, Secretary. The present officers are: Simpson Flinn, N. G.; S. M. Cook, V. G.; William Hoeye, Secretary. The present membership is thirty-eight or forty. They hold their regu- lar meetings every Saturday evening, in " Grange Hall." The charter was granted by the Grand Lodge of Iowa. The lodge is reported as being now in a prosperous condition. _ We are indebted to Mr. W. H. Baldwin of Booneville, for the above sta- tistics regarding the lodge. HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 489 WAUKEE. This town is a station on, the Des Moines and Fort Dodge railroad, sit- uated on the north half of section 33, township* 79, range 26. It is a prairie town, surrounded by a broad scope of farming land, and about fif- teen miles from Des Moines. The junction of the Des Moines, Adel and "Western railroad with the D. M. & Ft. D. E. E. is made at this point, which affords excellent advantages for shipping, and when the Narrow Gauge is extended on westward, it will make Waukee an important point as the junction of the two roads so near the Capital city. Considerable grain and stock are shipped from it annually. Waukee was laid out by L. A. Grant, now of Des Moines, in 1869, who formerly owned the land on which it stands. The first house in the town was built by L. A. Grant, and stood near where the water-tank now stands. The first goods sold in Waukee were sold by W. J. Johnson, soon after the town was established. The first birth was Minnie, daughter of James Parker, November 25, 1869. The first death was that of Mrs. A. Tyler, January 26, 1870. It is supposed that John M. Atkins and Miss Dora Taylor were the first couple married in the town. The marriage ceremony was performed by C. F. M. Clark, J. P. The town was incorported in 1878. B. F. Halstead, G. S. Whalen, M. Sines, C. C. Tyler and C. F. M. Clark were appointed the committee on corporation and corporation election. The following officers were elected who were both the first and present officers of the town: Mayor — C. F. Howe. Eecorder — W. E. Humphrey. Assessor — J. E. Huston. Marshal — Samuel Shearer, vice L. Hubbard resigned. Councilmen: C. C. Tyler, Patrick Hogan, A. T. Blackman, W. Wood, Taylor Bates, C. F. M. Clark. The present population of the town is about two hundred and fifty. POST-OFFIOB. The first post-office was established in October, 1869, W. J. Johnson be- ing appointed postmaster, who held that office until 1870, when he was succeeded by C. F. M. Clark in 1870, who has held the office ever since, and is the present postmaster. BUSINESS INTERESTS. General Stores. — A. T. Blackman, C. Middlekauff. Groceries. — Mrs. B. M. Snow; How, & Duncan. Hardware. — Tyler & Huston. 490 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. Drug Stores— C F. M. Clark, W. A. Garter. Lumber Dealers. — Tyler & Huston. Coal.—C. 0. Tyler. Real Estate. — Miles Sines. Grain Dealers. — Herbert & Carrell, 0. C. Tyler. Blacksmiths. — Charles Kobin_son, John Olke. Hotels. — Thomas J. Sloan, James Parker. Livery. — Thomas J. Sloan. Physicians. — J. K. L. Duncan, George L. Piper, S. W. Aldridge. Lawgers. — B. T. Halstead, Geo. A. Smith. Flouring Mill. — Gurnsey & Treefry. Harness Maker. — Geo. S. Wharton. Restaurant. — E. McDougal. PUBLIC SCHOOL. This building is a two-story frame structure, 26x40 feet in size. There ■are two good school rooms and two recitation rooms. The cost of the build- ing was $2,300. They employ two teachers. Principal — A. C. Phillips; Assistant — Sarah E. Randall. The average attendance of pupils is about eighty-five. Waukee is an independent school district. The members of the school Tjoard are: President — A. T. Blackman; Secretary — C. F. M. Clark; Treas- urer — C- Tyler; George Bass. THE BURYING- GROUND Is located one-half mile south of town, contains two acres, is owned by a joint stock company. President — M. Sines; Vice-President — John Wragg; Secretary — C. Robinson ; Treasurer — A. T. Blackman. Directors — M. Sines, J. Wragg, C. C. Tyler, George Bass and A. T. Blackman. LIBRARY ASSOCIATION. Waukee also has a library association, and quite an extensive library, -which is being kept in good shape, and being added to more or less every year, and is becoming a very profitable institution in the town. The par- ticulars regarding this were to have been furnished, but have not been sent in, which omission we regret. SHIPMENTS. The following shipments were made from this station during the year 1878: Corn 146,000 bushels. Oats 12,600 " Wheat 10,400 " Hogs 3,000 head. Cattle 260 " Waukee is becoming quite a shipping point for grain and stock, having •quite a large scope of good farming country around it, which is becoming pretty well settled. But there is still considerable vacant land and open prairie in the township. A great quantity of corn is now cribbed at this station, and still more is ■coming in, all of which is to be held over until the coming summer. HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 491 I. O. O. P. Waukee Lodge, No. 311. — This lodge was organized, under charter from the Grand Lodge, on the 14th day of March, 1875. W. W. Moore presided as the installing officer, and the following persons were elected for the first term of office: L. Swearengen, K Gh; D. Bates', V. G.; 0. W. Robinson, K. S.; T. Bates, Treasurer. The following officers were appointed: E. L. Carrell, C; "W". M. Cribbs, W.; J. W. Blackmail, O. G. The lodge is in a very flourishing condition at the present, having a fine suit of rooms, well furnished and fitted up, in which they hold regular meet- ings with good attendance, and the members take great delight in promoting its growth and prosperity as one of the important institutions of their town. We acknowledge indebtedness to Mr. 0. F. M. Clark for the above sta- tistics regarding the lodge. METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. This church was first built by the Episcopalians, who for some years had quite a flourishing organization in the town, but afterward became so reduced by emigration and death of membership that the organization became disbanded, the most of the members going into other organ- izations, and finally sold their church^building to the M. E. Church, who now occupy it, having service every other Sabbath. The M. E. Church of "Waukee is united with the Fairview Church, in Boone township, a few miles south, in one charge, with Rev. Yail as pastor, who resides at Waukee. Each church has quite a large membership, and they are making encourag- ing progress. WAUKEE CIRCUIT. " In 1874 the annual conference held at Des Moines organized the Waukee circuit, and A. J. Barton was appointed preacher in charge. On a beautiful eminence about two miles east of Booneville was located the only church edifice on the charge. This was called Fairview, and it was at this place, 1 in 1849, that the Rev. E. M. EL Fleming organized the first Methodist society in Dallas county. "The year was prosperous, and closed with an increase of membership from "eighty-six to one hundred and fifty -five. "At the next conference, held at Indianola, Brother Barton was re-ap- pointed to the charge. "During this year the society at Waukee purchased of the Protestant Episcopal church, the lot and church then being built, and completed the same at a cost of twenty-three hundred dollars. " At the conference of 1876 Rev. D. Lamonte was appointed to the charge, and served one year. "In 1877 the present incumbent, Rev. E. P. Vail, was appointed preacher in charge, and on the 28th of April, 1877, the church at Waukee was ded- icated, and the entire indebtedness of the church property, ten hundred and sixty dollars, was liquidated." . PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. *The First Presbyterian church of Waukee, Iowa, was organized April 24, 1870, by Rev. William Campbell, who was appointed a committee for that purpose by the Presbytery of Des Moines. 492 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. "Twenty-one persons composed the organization. Rev. George Pierson was the first stated minister to this church. He began his labors here in May, 1871, and closed in May, 1876. The present pastor, Eev. R. J. Hughes, commenced preaching here in, June, 1876. " The first ruling elder in this church was J,. A. "Wick. In December, 1873, Mr. A. Tyler was elected elder. In January, 1878, Mr. Wick re- signed, and Mr. J. R. Elliott was elected in his place. The present session consists of Mr. Tyler and Mr. Elliott. The first board of trustees con- sisted of J. A. Wick, Jacob Snyder and . Subsequently M. H. Baugh, William Cribs and T. K. Duncan composed the board. At present N. Nish, 0. R. Storrs and T. F. Howe constitute the board of trustees. " The church edifice stands in the southwest part of town. It is a frame building, in size 28x40, and will seat two hundred persons. " The house was built in 1870, at a cost of $1,600. All but $400, which was given by the Board of Church Erection, was raised by the members of the church and the residents of the village. The lot on which the building stands was donated by General L. A. Grant, of Des Moines. " In 1871 the church edifice was dedicated to the worship of God, Rev. T. O. Rice, then of Des Moines, preaching the dedicatory sermon. During the summer of 1878 the house was painted, the foundation penciled, the windows furnished with shutters, and some repairs made inside, the whole costing $100. The present membership of the church is forty-seven. " There is a Sabbath-school in connection with this church, held during the summer season only. It has an enrollment of sixty scholars and six teachers." XENIA. This is a small village in the northern part of Des Moines township, located on section 4, township 81, range 26, near the northeast corner of the county, and about one mile and a-half west of the Des Moines river. It was laid out as a town many years ago, and made something of a growth in that direction for several years, but being left far to one side by the railroad, without any prospect of ever getting one, and being situated so near the corner of the county, with so many towns springing up near and around it in much more favorable circumstances, its growth soon ceased, and its prospects for becoming a city of considerable dimensions vanished, leaving it a small inland village, with ten or a dozen houses. There is still one store in the village, kept by Messrs. Learning & Parks, which has quite a local trade; one boarding house, J. Casebeer, propietor; two physi- cians, Dr. Sanks and Dr. Brooking, each of whom has a good country practice, having a large scope of territory at their command, in much of which are thick settlements; and there is a Methodist Episcopal church in the village, a neat frame structure, neatly finished and comfortably arranged for the accommodation and convenience of the village and country people around in that vicinity. There is also a post-office in the place, a blacksmith shop, and a good school-house. # It is an old settled place, and has a good country and farming com- munity around it, composed chiefly of industrious, sturdy, well-to-do farmers. TOWNSHIPS. As has been before stated, on the authority of Mr. Elijah M. Haines, " The township system had its origin in Massachusetts, and dates back to 1635. " The first legal enactment concerning this system provided that 'whereas particular towns have many things, which concern only'themselves and the ordering of their own affairs, and disposing of business in their own towns, therefore the freemen of every town, or the major part of them, shall only have power to dispose of their own lands and woods, with all the appurte- nances of said towns, to grant lots, and make such orders as may concern the well-ordering of their own towns, not repugnant to the laws and orders established by the General Court. * * * " Similar provisions for the incorporation of towns were made in the first Constitution of Connecticut, adopted in 1639: and the plan of town- ship organization, as experience proved its remarkable economy, efficacy, and adaptation to the requirements of a free and an intelligent people, became universal throughout New England, and went westward With the emigrants from New England into New York, Ohio and other western States." Dallas county was for some time without being regularly divided into townships, owing to the sparseness of settlement in many localities, as was generally the case with other counties in the west during the first years of their existence as counties. The first general division of Dallas county into precincts was made in March, 1850, for political purposes; but no regular organization of town- ships was then made. The county was then divided into five precincts for political and judicial purposes, as is shown by the following orders as designating the bounda- ries of Penoach, Boone, Des Moines, Buena V^ista, and Owens precincts. State ov Iowa., } Tuesday, March 5, 1850. Dallas County. J Commissioners met pursuant to adjournment, the 5th day of March, A. D. 1850. Present: Messrs. 0. D. Smalley and "William W. Miller, Commissioners, and S. K. Scovell, clerk of board of commissioners. Ordered, That the county of pallas be divided into precincts, with the following metes and bounds, to-wit: All the territory, commencing at the southeast corner of township (80) eighty, range (26) twenty-six; thence north to the county line of said county; thence west to the northwest corner of township (81) eighty-one, range (27) twenty-seven; thence due south three miles; thence south by east to the place of beginning Bhall constitute one precinct, to be known and styled the Des Moines Precinct. The first election to be held at the house of Aaron Johns. 31 494: HI8T0ET OF DALLAS COUNTY. Ordered, That all the territory included in the following metes and bounds, to-wit: Com- mencing at the northeast corner of township (81) eighty-one, range 28; thence west to the northwest corner of the county of Dallas; thence due south twelve miles; thence east twenty- four miles; thence northwest to the place of beginning, shall constitute one precinct, to be known and styled as the Buena Vista precinct. The first election to be held at the house of Adam Vineage. Ordered, That all the territory included in the following metes and bounds, to-wit: Com- mencing at the southwest corner of Dallas county; thence due east six miles; thence due north twelve miles, with all the territory west that is attached for election and judicial pur- poses, shall constitute one precinct, to be known and styled Owens Precinct. The first elec- tion to be held at the house of John W. Hayes. Ordered, That all the territory included in the following metes and bounds, to-wit: Com- mencing at a point on the east line of said county, one mile south of the correction line; theace due west to the head of Galloway's branch; thence down said branch to its junction with the north branch of Raccoon river; thence down said river to its junction with the South Rac- coon river; thence due south to the southern line of said county; thence east along last men- tioned line to the southeast corner of said county; thence north to the place of beginning, shall constitute one precinct, to be known and styled the Boone precinct. First election to be held at the house of John Clayton. Ordered, That the balance of the territory included in the following metes and bounds, to- wit: Commencing at a point on the east line of said county, one mile south of the correction line; thence along the Boone precinct line to its junction with the South Raccoon river; thence south to the south county line; thence west to the corner of Owens precinct; thence north to the south line of Buena Vista precinct; thence east along the Buena Vista precinct line to the southeast corner of said precinct; thence south to the place of beginning, shall constitute one precinct, to be known and styled Penoach precinct. First election to be held at Adel. The diagram on the opposite page gives some idea of this general divis- ion of 'the county, according to foregoing orders, in 1850. February 2, 1857, again, we find by the records, that the county was laid off into ten general divisions, called townships, just doubling the number previously made, and consequently lessening the territory of each for con- venience for political and school purposes, as is shown by the following orders describing each; but it appears that this division was only intended to be temporary, and none seem to have been regularly organized as settled townships, no orders or preparations for elections having been made: DES MOINES TOWNSHIP. Ordered, By the court that the district of country included in the following limits, shall form and constitute the township of Des Moines, to-wit: Commencing at the northeast cor- ner of Dallas county; thence west to the northwest corner of township eighty-one (81), north, range twenty-six (26); thence south to the southwest corner of township eighty-one (81), north, of range twenty-six (26); thence east to the southeast corner of township eighty -one (81), north, range twenty-six (26); thence north to the place of beginning. BEAVEE TOWNSHIP. Ordered, By the court, that the district of country inclosed in the following limits, shall form and constitute the township of Beaver, to-wit: Commencing at the northeast corner of township eighty-one (81), north, range twenty-seven (27); thence west to the northwest cor- ner of the aforesaid township; thence east to the southeast corner of the aforesaid township; thence north to the place of beginning. DALLAS TOWNSHIP. ' Ordered, By the court that the district of country included in the following limits shall form and constitute the township of Dallas, to-wit: Commencing at the northeast corner of township No. eighty-one (81), north range twenty- eight (28); thence west to the northwest corner of township No. eighty-one (81), north range twenty-nine (29); thence south to the southwest corner of township No. eighty-one (81), FRECIXTGTS~awI.fl.HaH 5, 1SSO. BtJENA VISTA DBS MOINES 81. T. 80. T., OWENS PENOACH BOONE 79.T. 78.T. 29. R. 28. H. 27. H. 26. B.. HISTOE* OF DALLAS COUNTT. 4:96 north range twenty-nine (29); thence east to the southeast corner of township No. eighty- one (81), north range twenty-eight (28); thence north to the place of beginning. This made Dallas township include two congressional townships. IOWA TOWNSHIP. Ordered, By the court that the district of country included in the following limits shall form and constitute the township of Iowa, to- wit: Commencing at the northeast corner of township No. eighty (80), north range twenty-nine (29); thence west to the northwest corner of township No. eighty (80), north range twenty- nine (29); thence south to the southwest corner of township No. seventy-nine (79), north range twenty-nine (29); thence east to the southeast corner of township No. twenty- nine (29); thence north to the place of beginning. SUGAR GEOVE TOWNSHIP. Ordered, By the court that the district of country included in the following limits shall form and constitute the township of Sugar Grove, to- wit: Commencing at the northeast corner of township No. eighty (80), north range twenty- seven (27); thence west to the northwest corner of township No. eighty (80), north range twenty-eight (28); thence Bouth to the southwest corner of township No. eighty (80), north range twenty-eight (28); thence east to the southeast corner of township No. eighty (80), north range twenty-seven (27); thence north to the place of beginning. WALNUT TOWNSHIP. Ordered, By the court that the district of country included in the followings limits shall form and constitute the township of Walnut, to- wit: Commencing at the northeast corner of township No. eighty (80), north range twenty-six (26): thence west to the northwest corner of township No. eighty (80), north range twenty- six (26); thence south to the southwest corner of township No. seventy-nine (79), north range twenty-six (26); thence east to the southeast corner of township No. seventy-nine (79), north range twenty-six (26); thence north to the place of beginning. BOONE TOWNSHIP. Ordered, By the court that the district of country included in the following limits shall form and constitute the township of Boone, to-wit: \ Commencing at the northeast comer of township No. seventy-eight (78), north range twenty-six (26); thence west to the section line dividing sections three (3) and four (4), in township No. seventy-eight (78), north range twenty-seven (27); thence south on said line to the south line of Dallas county; thence east on the county line of said county to the south- east corner of the county aforesaid; thence north to the place of beginning. 'COON TOWNSHIP. Ordered, By the court that the district of country included in the following limits shall form and constitute the township of 'Coon, to-wit: . . Commencing at the northeast corner of section nine (9), in township No. seventy-eight (78), north range twenty-seven (27); thence west to the northwest corner of section seven (7), in township No. seventy-eight (78), north range twenty-eight (28); thence south to the south- west corner of township No. seventy-eight (78), north range twenty-eight (28); thence east to the southeast corner of section thirty-three (33), m township No. seventy-eight (78), north range twenty-seven (27); thence north to the place of beginning. UNION TOWNSHIP. Ordered, By the court that the district of country included in the following limits shall form and constitute the township of Union to-wit: . Commencing at the northeast corner of township No. seventy-eight (78), north range twentv-nine(29); thence west to the northwest corner of the township aforesaid; thence south to the southwest comer of Dallas county; thence east on the south line of said county to the southeast corner of township No. seventy-eight (78), north range twenty-nine (29); thence north to the place of beginning. 496 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. ADEL TOWNSHIP. Ordered, By the court that the district of country included in the following limits shall form and constitute the township of Adel, to- wit: Commencing at the northeast corner of township No. seventy-nine (79), north range twenty-seven (27); thence west to the northwest corner of township No. seventy-nine (79), north range twenty-eight (28); thence south to the southwest corner of township No. seven- ,-: ty-nine (79), north range twenty-eight (28); thence east to the northwest corner of township -■'-• No. seventy-eight (78), north range twenty-eight (28); thence south to the line dividing sec-; 'i tions six (6) and seven (7), in township No. seventy-eight (78), north range twenty-eight j (281; thence east to the southeast corner of section four (4), in township No. seventy-eight | (78), range twenty-seven (271; thence north to the township line dividing townships seventy. | eight (78) and seventy-nine (79); thence east to the southeast corner of township No. seven- ji ty-nine (79), range twenty-seven (27); thence north to the place of beginning. In the minutes of March 17, 1857, the following order appears: County Court, March 17, 1857. The townships in Dallas county will remain for the -present as heretofore existing prior to the March term of the county court, 1857, and the elections therein respectively will be held also as provided by the trustees thereof. Provided, that the township of Walnut shall be and remain a township as given at the March term of county court, 1857, and a warrant has been issued by the county court for its organization at the April election, 1857. The law providing for the election of a county assessor, superceding the necessity of multi- plying the number of townships. The diagram on the opposite page gives some idea of the division of the county, in 1857, ADEL. This township occupies the second place from the south and east in the tiers of townships, and is therefore the southeast one of the four central townships in Dallas county. It is known in the government surveys as congressional township 79, north of range 27, west of the fifth principal meridian. It was one of the first three electoral precincts formed in the county, as early as 1849, but was then known by the name of Penoach, and after passing through various forms and changes of boundary lines, until the general division of the county was made into precincts, March 5, 1850, when the territory now included in Adel township constituted a small part of Penoach precinct. (See order for Penoach, March 5, 1850.) By the general division of the county again into townships, in February, 1857, Adel township was made to include its present territory with that of Colfax, and a one mile strip off the north side of what is now Adams, and also off the west half of Van Meter. (See previous order, February 2, Nearly two years later the boundaries were extended south to the south line of the county throwing the old territory of 'Coon township into Adel, and making the latter include what is now Adel, Colfax, Adams and the west half of Van Meter township, as shown by the following order, made in January, 1859: Ordered, By the court, that the district of country included in the following limits, shall form, and constitute, the township of Adel, to-wit: Commencing at the northeast corner of township (79) seventy-nine, range (27) twenty-seven; thence west on the township line, dividing (79) seventy-nine and (80) eighty to the northwest corner of township (79) seventy- nine, range (28) twenty-eight; thence south to the southwest corner of said township and TOWWSXS1FS— FESRT7.&.RY 3, lSST". DALLAS IOWA UNION BEAVER SUGAB GROVE ADEL 'OOON DBS MOINES 81. T. 80. T. WALNUT 79.T. BOONE 78.T. !9.R. 28. R. 27. H. 26. R. RTSTOKY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 4:97, f range; thence east to the northeast corner of township (78) seventy-eight, range (29) twenty- nine; tnence south on the range line to the south line of Dallas county; thence east on the county lme to the southeast corner of section (33) thirty-three, township (78) seventy- eignt, range (27) twenty-seven; thence north on the said section line to the northwest cor- ner ot section (3) three, township (78) seventy-eight, range (27) twenty-seven; thence east to the southeast corner of township (79) seventy-nine, range (27) twenty-seven; thence north on the range line, dividing (26) twenty-six and (27) twenty-seven, to the place of beginning. No record of any important changes appears in the boundaries of Adel township, except occasional minor changes of cutting off and adding on different sections, at various times, for school and other purposes, until about ten years after the above date, in January, 1869, when Yan Meter, Adams and Colfax townships were formed into separate organizations, and Adel township was left in its present form, as bounded by the congressional township lines, and no record appears of any important change since the last mentioned date. Adel township is admirably supplied with water, timber, coal, building materials and mill privileges. The North Raccoon river passes through the west side of the township, entering near the northwest corner of section 6, and flowing in a very crooked course down through the township, passing out at the south side on section 33. From near the center of section 18 it runs in a southeasterly course until it reaches nearly the southeast corner of section 21; then bends abruptly and flows southwest to the southeast cor- ner of section 29, just east of Adel, where it turns again quite abruptly to the southeast, and winds on in that direction out of the township. There is a cut-off, called the slough, which leaves the main branch near the north- east corner of section 19, and runs nearly in a straight course until it inter- sects the main branch again just east of Adel, above the wagon-bridge, leav- ing a large island in the bend of the river, cut off by the slough, on which island there are several valuable farms. On the east side of the river Hick- ory creek flows down from the north and empties into the Raccoon river near the east point of the bend, and a short distance below it Miller's branch flows in from the east. Butler's branch flows in from the west and empties into the slough just above the fair grounds, north of Adel; and other minor streams empty into the river from different localities in the township. All these larger streams are heavily timbered along their bor- ders. Abundance of stone and coal is found along these streams, but no coal mines of any importance have yet been opened or extensively worked in the township. A few years ago very strong indications of the existence of iron ore were discovered in sinking a shaft prospecting for. coal, near Miller's Branch, but from some cause or other the work of discovering the extent and value of the mine has not been prosecuted any further. The east and northeast part of the township contains plenty of excellent farming land, as also the south- west corner, west of the river, and numerous large and well improved farms are found throughout the township. There is a comparatively small amount of wild prairie now to be found in Adel township, and what little there is still unimproved is principally owned by capitalists and land speculators, held at high figures. Adel township has the honor of the second settlement in the county be- ing made within its present bounds, and also has both the honor and good fortune of having the county-seat located within its limits. The first settlement in Adel township was made by Samuel Miller, March 498 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 12, 1846, in what is known as the Miller settlement, a short distance east of Adel;. and from which settlement doubtless Miller's Branch derived its- name. Some time in January, 1846, Samuel Miller, "W. W. Miller and Eli Smith- son came through here prospecting, selected their claims in the Miller set- tlement, and returned to their former homes. On the 12th day of March, 1846, Samuel Miller returned here with his family, and settled on his claim formerly selected, where he lived for many years. March 25, 1846, W. W. Miller and family, accompanied by his son John Miller, and his son-in-law, Eli Smithson, and perhaps others, returned here and settled on their claims as before selected, John Miller taking as part of his claim the land on which the connty-seat now stands, and afterward re- linquished his claim on a quarter section in the interests of the county-seat. Soon afterward these were joined by others (see early settlement), and before long quite a thriving settlement was formed in the township, which continued for years to grow, perhaps, the most rapidly of any in the county, on account of the location of the county-seat. The first cabin built in the township was Samuel Miller's, on his claim east of Adel, early in the spring of 1846. The second one was, perhaps, W. "W. Miller's cabin, built soon afterward. The first mill in the township was Samuel Miller's "stump mill," started December 24, 1846, and the first school- house built was the one built by W. ~W. Miller, as previously described, (see early settlement). The first school in the township was taught in this house by S. K. Scovell, during the winter of 1847-8, a three-months' term, at eight dollars per month. It was a private enterprise, at the expense of W. W. Miller, but free to all who desired to send their children. , The township now has seven school- houses, besides the two graded schools at Adel and Dallas Center. The first post-office established in the township was probably the one es- tablished at Penoach, with J. C. Corbell as postmaster. There are now two in the township, Adel and Dallas Center. The first sermon preached in the township was either by Thomas Butler or Elder Caste], at a very early day. The first congregation organized in the township was also the first one organized in the county, that one organized by Elder John P. Glenn, at the school-house of W. W. Miller, in May, 1847, which was the origin of the Christian church now of Adel, in a re-organized form (see sketch under town of Adel). The township now has five or six churches within its bounds. _ Many of the first incidents of importance occurring in Adel township, like those also of Boone and Van Meter townships, are the same as those occurring first in the county. A few in each township have been herein re- peated, simply to give some idea of the first settlements and improvements in each. To attempt to follow these events up fully, would be unsatisfactory either for the writer or reader, as it is now impossible to get all the various incidents, names and dates correctly. Adel township has two good towns, one near the southwest, and the other near the northeast corner of the township. Adel, the county-seat, is located on sections 29 and 32, on the west bank of the North Raccoon river, and is the oldest town in the township and county, being laid out in 1847, and is also the largest, having now some 1200 inhabitants. HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 499 Dallas Center is located on the north half of section 2, a station on the Des Moines & Ft. Dodge R R, between twenty and twenty-five miles from Des Moines. It was laid out in May, 1869, and has between five and six hundred inhabitants. (See sketches.) Adel township also has two railroads, making both the towns within its bounds, railroad towns. The D. M. & Ft. D. R. R. crosses the northeast corner of the township, entering at the east side, on section 13, and passing out at the north side on section 2, thus cutting off about two sections of land to the northeast. The Des Moines, Adel & Western R. R, running from Waukee to Adel, extends through the south part of the township, entering the east side of the township near the southeast corner of section 25, and extending nearly due west to Adel, which is as far as it is now completed, though the new railroad bridge is now under contract and process of construction, and will be completed before spring, when the road will doubtless be extended on to Redfield and Panora, Guthrie county. This is Adel township's pet rail- road, of which it is justly proud, and especially the enterprising citizens of Adel for the energy and liberality and enterprise they have displayed in putting it thus far under headway, and their untiring perseverance in labor- ing to push it on through as surveyed and graded. The township also has one water-power grist mill, situated on the banks of the slough cnt-off, just northeast of the town of Adel. This mill was built by J. H. Strong, now of Des Moines, and H. H. Moffatt, in 1856-7, at a cost of about $20,000, but would now, perhaps, not cost half that amount. It is now owned by Noeinger & Cantrel. (See sketch, Adel.) Within the township also are two other mills situated at Dallas Center, one steam grist mill, owned by R Roberts, and a planing mill owned by C. Rathbun & Son. The township also has three good bridges built by the county, one east of Adel, and two north of Adel; besides one situated nearly on the township line between this and Sugar Grove township, which may be claimed by both. These are all frame bridges, and the most of them, if not all, were built by Jonathan Peppard. There are also numerous large fruit farms in this township, among which may be mentioned that of Benjamin Greene adjoining the town of Adel on the south, known as the old Ira Sherman farm. Mr. Greene has something over thirty acres of an orchard, well filled with thrifty trees, mostly bear- ing, and of various and choice varieties; also quite an extensive vineyard, well kept and fruitful, the vines of which were beautifully laden with choice grapes during the past years. Ezra Van Fossen also has an extensive and valuable orchard, about a mile southwest of Adel, of about the same size and character as that of Mr. Greene. And throughout the township, especially in the older settle- ments, the farmers are becoming well supplied with all kinds of tame fruits of their own raising. The first election held in the limits of the township, occurred April 5, 1847, at the house of W. W. Miller, that being one of the polling places of the first election held in the county; and for a long time Penoach was the voting place for the entire county. The township officers elected at the last election, 1878, were: 600 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. Trustees: Justices: Constables: Township Clerk — G-. W. Loomis. Assessor — S. G. Barton. Henry Stitzel. W. H. Kridler. L. Kenworthy. G. W. Clark. B. K. Richmond. W. T. Allen. J. L. Clarkson (failed to quality). Levi JDiddy (appointed). J. D. Payne. W. S. Jamison. W. E. Cartwright. Wesley Wright. BOONE. This township is situated in the southeast corner of Dallas county, and is known in the government surveys as congressional township 78, range 26, west of the fifth principal meridian. It has passed through numerous changes in its boundary lines since it was first called Boone, as it was one of the first three electoral precincts formed in the county, as early as 1849, and then received its present name. By the general division of the county into precincts, March 5, 1850, Boone precinct was made to include all of its present territory, except a one mile strip along its north side, and also included about- half the present territory of Van Meter. (See previous order, March 5, 1850.) In the general division of the county into townships, February 2, 1857, Boone township was made to include all its present territory and one-half of Van Meter, as shown by the following order of the county court, re- corded under the above date: * Ordered, By the court, that the district of country included in the following limits shall form, and constitute, the township of Boone, to-wit: Commencing at the northeast corner of township No. seventy-eight (78), north range twenty-six (26); thence west to the section line dividing sections three (3) and four (4), in township No. seventy-eight (78), north range twenty-seven (27); thence south on said line to the south line of Dallas county; thence east on the county line of said county to the southeast corner of the county aforesaid; thence north to the place of beginning. There seems to have been no important changes after this in the boun- daries of Boone township until in January, 1869, when Van Meter town- ship was organized in its present form, leaving Boone bounded, as it now is, by the congressional township lines. The main Raccoon river enters the east side of Boone township in the north part of section 30, then bends abruptly to the south and flows in that direction for about a mile when it tuns again to the east and flows in a winding course within about a mile of the south line of the county and township, until it passes out at the east side of the township on section 25, and flows on to the Des Moines through Polk county. HISTOBY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 501 Sugar Creek extends diagonally from near the northwest corner of the township toward the southeast until it empties into the Raccoon on section 26, and Johnson creek aoout two miles southwest of it, and nearly parallel with it, flows in the same general direction until it empties into the same river to the west. These three streams give the township excellent water and drainage privileges, as also an abundance of wood, building material, coal and mill sites. There is considerable timber and rolling land in Boone township, as also excellent river bottom land ; and a large portion of the northeast half of the township is admirable prairie land. There is evi- dently plenty of coal, also, along these streams and bluff lands, but no im- portant mines have yet been opened, as so many are being worked in other localities not far distant, and with the conveniences the railroad affords of shipping, especially with the. extensive Van Meter coal mine so near, it has not been necessary or profitable to open or work mines in Boone to any great extent. When the demand from abroad increases sufficiently to warrant the nec- essary expenditure, no doubt Boone will be able to find plenty of coal as convenient and of as good quality as is now found in the neighboring local- ities along the river, and the work of extensive mining will then be com- menced in earnest. Building material of almost all kinds is very plentiful also in the township. Plenty of good stone for building purposes, as also for lime manufactory, is found within the limits of the township. It is throughout that locality that the greatest quantities of those "lost rocks" or limestone boulders have been found. They are becoming less numerous now, as so many of them have been used on account of the superior quality of lime they produce. But when these all fail there will be an almost unfailing supply found in the limestone quarries along the streams. The C, B. I. & P. R. B. passes east and west through the township, just north of the river, crossing the latter at its southern bend, just west of the town of Booneville. This railroad gives the entire township excellent market privileges, and gives it one town, Booneville, within its limits. (See sketch of Boonville.) Booneville is also its only post-office. Pjoone township was also among the earliest settlements in the county, and in giving the separate township histories it should be borne in mind that for many years, and in fact until January, 1869, Boone township also included the east half of Van Meter, and, therefore, many of the early in- cidents which now properly come under the history of Van Meter township really occurred in what was then Boone. On this account it is difficult to separate between the two and give the early particulars of each, and miist, therefore, give much of the early histories of both in one. The first settler on the present territory of Boone township was John Wright, some time in 1846, on section 22. He had previously settled across the line, in what is now Van Meter township, early that spring, not far from Levi Wright's present home, and built the third log cabin erected in Van Meter; but as Levi Wright informs us, John did not remain on his first claim long until he moved off by himself into better hunting fields, and settled, as above stated, on section 22, within the present limits of Boone township, and thus became the first settler of that township as well as nearly the first in the other. Soon after he moved over, "Deaf Jim" Wright, his cousin, also 502 HISTOEY OF DALLAS COUNTY. went over and made his home principally with John for some time, but still kept his land in Van Meter, adjoining Levi. Grreenbury Coffin also settled in Boone township about the same time as John "Wright, or not long afterward, and near by him, on section 27, they being brothers-in-law. In 1847 William D. Boone, George Gresham, J. C. Goodson and John Johnson also settled in Boone township, and soon afterward others came in and formed quite a flourishing community. William D. Boone died in 1855. J. 0. Goodson still lives on his old homestead, owning a large tract of some 300 acres of land. He first came to this county prospecting in 1846, but did not move and settle here with his family until 1847, and to him we are indebted for many important items regarding the township history. The first school in the township was taught by his wife, Priscilla Good- son, at an early day. The first marriage in Boone township was the same as that in Yan Meter, George Haworth and Mary Stump, Sept. 2. 1847, in Henry Stump's new hewed-log house. This is also claimed as the first marriage in Van Meter township, as it occurred in the present limits of Van Meter, and both parties lived west of the congressional township line, though it was at that. time Boone township. They were married by J. C. Corbell, Esq. This being also the first mar- riage in the county. (See account.) The same is true also of the first death in these townships, that of old Mr. Coffin, in the winter of 1846-7, being also the first in the county. (See account.) The first cabins were built by John Wright and Greenbury Coffin, in 1846. The first sermon was preached in the township by a colored minister, now living in Des Moines, Rev. Ezra Rathburn, at the house of John Wright. This occurred soon after the settlement was made. The first circuit preacher who preached in the township was J. Q. Ham- mond who organized the first church in the township. It was a Methodist Episcopal Church, and some of the original members were J. C. Goodson and his wife, Priscilla Goodson, George Gresham and his wife, ISTancy Gres- ham, Susanna Boone, and Sarah Lane. This is the only church now in the township, and is called the "Fairview Church," named by J. C. Goodson. The building is located a little south of the center of the township, and is the first and only church building in the township. Some of the ministers on this circuit who have ministered to it are as follows: Reverends J. Q. Hammond, Ockerman, Robert Haun, M. H. Hare, George Clark, Thomas Dixon, Donahue, Fieming, Murphy, Sexton, Barton, LaMoute, and E. P. Vail, the present pastor, living now at Waukee, where he also preaches, uniting tlie two churches as one charge. (See sketch of church at Waukee.) This township has one good iron bridge spanning the main Raccoon river, near Booneville, also a fine' railroad bridge a short distance above it, across the same stream, besides other bridges of minor importance over the smaller streams in different places. There is also one good steam mill in the town- ship at Booneville. There are many large and well impi'oved farms in the township, which are kept in fine repair by the owners, and stock-raising is followed extens- HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 503 lvely. This township displays some of the best blooded stock in the county, and has^ perhaps, as many extensive stock- raisers and dealers as any other locality in the county. It also has some extensive and valuable orchards, and generally shows thrift and prosperity in like manner with its adjoining neighbor, Yan Meter. The Des Moines & Fort Dodge Railroad passes through the northeast corner of the township, cutting off a three-cornered piece containing about two sections. Boone township has a desirable location, as well as a stable and thrifty class of citizens, and on account of being sitnated so near Des Moines, as well as because of its natural advantages and advanced improvements the, land is generally valuable and readily salable. The township now has nine school-houses, and as many sub-districtsu- The township officers elected at the last election were as follows: Town-, ship Clerk — Simpson Flinn; Assessor — S. S. Parker; Trustees— Jameson, A. JSTish, Jasper Goodson; Justice— J. M. Flinn; Constable— Austin Flinn. VAN METER. This township is the second one from the east in the south tier of town- ships in Dallas county. It is known in the government surveys as con- gressional township 78, north of range 27, "west of the 5th principal! meridian. The forks of the Raccoon river are near the center of this township, andl the Bulger creek flows into the South Raccoon river within the township boundaries, giving it very fine water, timber and mill privileges. It also has plenty of good prairie farming land, and some excellent river bottom land for agricultural purposes. Its surface is, for the most part, rolling, the soil fertile, and the general improvements now pretty well advanced. It is becoming quite thickly settled, and has numerous large and well improved stock and grain farms, and the citizens are generally in comfortable circumstances. The territory now known as Yan Meter township was, for a long time after the organization of the county, without any separate township organ- ization, being split up and attached to the other adjoining townships. For a long time the east half was a part of Boone, while a part of the northeast corner was attached to Adel township, and the remainder, in connection with the greater part of what is now Adams township, united in forming 'Coon township, which was soon afterward all thrown into Adel township, and so remained for a number of years, until Adel was settled in its pres- ent form. Yan Meter was first settled in its present form by the following order, made January 4, 1869, as shown by the records : Ordered, That all that portion of congressional township number seventy-eight (78), range twenty-seven (27), now included in the township of Boone; and all that portion of said congressional township number seventy-eight (78), range twenty-seven (27), aforesaid, now included in Adel, be detached from said townships of Boone and Adel; and that the whole of said township seventy-eight (78), range twenty-seven (27), shall constitute a new town- ship, to be called and known as Van Meter township; and it is further Ordered, That William Ellis be appointed to post notices of the organization of said township of Van Meter, in pursuance of the statute in such cases made and provided. 504 HISTOET OF DALLAS COUNTY. This order established the township in its present form, with the bound- ary lines of the congressional township above named. Some minor changes in the boundaries may have occurred since, for school purposes or other conveniences, but no record of any important or permanent change is found since that date. Yan Meter township has the honor of the first settlement' in Dallas county being made within its present bounds. This settlement was made by the Stump Brothers, during the fall of 1845, as before stated (see early settlements.) Early the next spring a number of more settlers came intjo that vicinity, „ the Wrights, the Ellises, the Haworths and others, and during that year the number was increased by the arrival of Henry Stump and family, Noah Staggs, Mr. Clark, Henry Garner, Henry Busick, John Juvenaugn, James Black, William P. McCubbin, Richard Golden, John Clayton, Syl- vanus Night, James Moore, Nathan Moore and William Brown, and doubt- less others whose names we have not been able to ascertain — making quite ■a thriving settlement in that vicinity during that year. Wa are indebted to Mr. Levi Wright for the principal information re- garding the early settlement of this township, who came into that vicinity in February, 1846, took a claim on section 16, in company with his brother, James Wright, built a cabin on his claim, and moved his family there from Polk county the following April, where he still lives, a number more coming into that and other parts of the county at the same time and in ■company with him. The first house built in Yan Meter township was also the first one built in the county, which was the claim cabin, 16x18, built by the Stump broth- ers early in the winter of 1845, as previously mentioned. The second claim cabin in the county was built by Levi Wright a few months later, in the last of February, 1846, about the same size and style ■of structure and architecture as that of the Stump cabin. John Wright built the third cabin soon afterward, and Henry Stump, sometime during the spring of 1846 — as Mr Wright informs us — built the first double, hewed-log house in the township, consisting of two rooms, •one story high, each room being about sixteen feet square. This house was considered a fine structure in those days, and perhaps was not sur- passed in beauty and convenience and comfort for many years. The first death in this township was also the first one in the county, as previously mentioned. It was that of old Mr. Coffin, the father of Green- bury Coffin, and father-in-law of John Wright. He died at Henry Stump's house, of old age, during the winter of 1846-47, and was buried in the ■Clayton grave-yard (see first death.) The first school-house in the township was a log cabin, built on section 15, during the spring of 1847, by a claimant who soon moved away and left it vacant, and for some time it was used as a school-house, until a better one was provided. The first school taught in this house was taught ■either by William P. McCubbin or Miss Malinda Night. Mr. Wright informs us that these were the first two who taught school in the township, but does not remember certainly which taught first. The first church service was at the house of James Black, some time in 1846. The sermon was preached by Eev. William Busick, a Radical Pro- testant Methodist, who supplied a circuit west of Des Moines. Religious HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 505 services were then held altogether in private houses and school-houses for some time. The first church organization formed in the township was that of a Meth- odist Episcopal church, some time during 1847, and the first church build- ing erected and dedicated in the township was probably the one in the town of Van Meter. The township has five different grave-yards within its limits: one at De Soto, one at Yan Meter, one near Levi Wright's, and two others. The wooden bridge at Yan Meter, built by Jonathan Peppard, is 364 feet lon^, being a double bridge, and is a model in construction. It is by con-* siderable the longest bridge in the county, and cost a great amount of money for its construction. The iron bridge at Yan Meter's mill on the Adel and De Soto road is 220 feet long, and is also a model bridge of its kind. This township has two fine bridges, built by the county, one spanning the main Raccoon river at the town of Yan Meter, and the other across the South Raccoon at H. G. Yan Meter's mill, near the west line of the town- ship. The township has also some good stone-quafries, which furnish both sandstone and limestone in abundance, and a good many of the limestone boulders are found scattered on the surface in different places. It has eight school-houses, besides two graded schools in De Soto and Yan Meter; and at least five or six church buildings, counting those in the towns. There are two. thriving towns in the township, De Soto and Yan Meter, each of which receive due notice further on, under the head of towns. Van Meter township affords plenty of coal, and the most extensively worked coal mine in the county, the one at the town of Yan Meter owned and worked by the Chicago & Van Meter Coal Company, a sketch of which is previously given under, the head of "Coal Mines." It also has two good water-power grist-mills, and numerous excellent mill sites on the Raccoon river. H. G. Van Meter's mill is situated on the bank of the South Raccoon, about three miles west of De Soto, on the main road to Adel. On the same site was formerly a saw-mill, built by Clover & McPherson about 1855-6, and the property was sold by them in 1859 to H. G. & Jacob Van Meter, who tore down the old saw-mill and built a grist-mill a little above, or per- haps partly on the old mill site, in 1860-1. This mill is now owned by H. G. Van Meter, and is said to have one of the best dams on the river, having a head of about seven feet of water. It has three run of stone, one four-foot burr, one three and a-half feet, and one two and a-half feet, only two of which are run at once. One burr is capable of grinding eight bushels per hour as an average. This mill is kept in good running order, and has a large run of custom. Jacob Van Meter's mill is situated on the bank of the main Raccoon, near the town of Van Meter. It was built about 1866-7, and also has two wheat burrs, each about three feet, and one corn burr about two and a-half feet in diameter. Each of the wheat burrs is capable of grinding about six bushels Eer hour, and the dam has a head of about six feet fall. This mill is also^ ept in good repair, and has an extensive custom. Van Meter township has one good railroad, the C, R. I. & P. R. R., which enters the township at the east side, about a mile from the southeast 506 HISTOBY OF DALLAS COUNTY. corner, and follows the valley of the main Baccoon river as far as the town of Yan Meter, where it turns up the valley of Bulger creek, and follows that in a rather crooked course, passing out at the east side of Yan Meter town- ship, on section 30, at De Soto. This road furnishes the township with excellent shipping facilities and market privileges, and gives it two towns within its limits— De Soto and Yan Meter— as also two good post-offices at these towns, and daily mails arrive and depart regularly, north, south, east and west. » There are numerous large and elegant farm houses and country residences in the township, among which may be mentioned those of J. J. and H. G-. Yan Meter, and fine yards and fruit orchards in every direction, all of which indicate thrift and enterprise on the part of the owners of the farms and citizens of the township. The first election held in Yan Meter township was held at the house of Henry Stump, April 5, 1847, that being one of the polling places at the first election, and it was then and there chiefly that the spirited contest was liad between the rival candidates for the office of sheriff, when the jug of whisky won the day. The township officers elected at the last election, 1878, were, Trustees: Justices: Constables: Township clerk — J. W. Welch, Assessor— J. E. Brown. F. M. Ross, Jesse Dillon, J. J. Yan Meter. Z. Whaley, J. W. Welch. J", B. Seaman, G. W. Tomlinson. ADAMS. This township is the second one from the west, in the south tier of townships in Dallas county, and is known in the government surveys as congressional township 78, north, of range 2'8, west, of the 5th principal meridian. The South Baccoon river passes almost centrally through it, east and west, while Panther creek flows into' it from the north, and Bear creek from the southwest, each emptying into said river near the middle of the township, about a mile apart, Adams township is, therefore,* well supplied with water, drainage, tim- ber, coal, stone and mill privileges, as well as fertile soil and excellent farm- ing lands, both on the prairies and capacious river bottom's. The settlements are becoming quite thick, the' land being principally taken up and cultivated, and it has a good many well improved farms, the citizens being generally enterprising, thrifty, and' well-to>-do' farmers. Like that of Yan Meter township, the district of country now known as Adams township, was for a long time divided up; and constituted parts of other townships, a strip off the north side about two 1 miles- wide being HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 507 joined to Adel township, and the remainder, in connection with part of the west half of Van Meter, forming what was called 'Coon township for a while, and then finally all was thrown into Adel township, and so remained for a number of years, until the following order, as found on the records, settled it in its present form, January 4th, 1869: Ordered, That congressional township No. 78, range No. 28, heretofore included in the town - ship of Adel, be formed into a new township; and that the boundaries of said new township shall be the boundaries of said congressional township 78, range 28; and that said township shall be called and known as Adams township. And it is further Ordered, That Stephen Adams be appointed to post notices of the organization of said township, in pursuance of statute, in such cases made and provided. This order established the new township of Adams in its present form, and no order appears on reeord of its having been changed since, being still bounded by the lines of said congressional township 78, range 28. The new township was named -after Stephen Adams, one of its present honored citizens, who was one of the influential ones in getting it set off from Adel, and organized as a separate township, as above described. It appears that a difference of opinion existed with regard to a railroad tax about to be voted on in Adel township, to which tax most of the citizens of Adams were opposed. In order to save further trouble and settle the matter peaceably, and in the most satisfactory manner to all, a petition was gotten up, signed by Mr. Adams and others, and presented to the county court, asking that the territory above described be set apart and organized as a separate township, which petition was granted, and Mr. Adams was appointed by the court to complete the organization of the said township in pursuance of law, the township thus taking the name of Adams. "We are indebted to Mr. George S. Hills for the principal information re- garding the early settlement of Adams township, who came in May 18, 1846, and settled on his present homestead, sections 10, 11, 14 and 16, where he still lives, comfortably fixed and well provided. John Longmire, his neighbor, adjoining on the west, and Tristram Davis, who settled just adjoining the latter on the west, were perhaps the first settlers in Adams township. Mr. Longmire and Mr. Davis came in the month of February, 1846, selected their claims, made some improvements, and returned for their families, and then moved out here again, arriving May 14, 1846; at the same time with George S. Hills, John Davis, a brother, and Levi Davis, a son of Tristram Davis, and perhaps others, all came in at the same time and settled along the north side of South Raccoon, adjoining one another, with their farms extending down on the fertile river bottom lands. Levi A. Davis settled on a claim just east of George S. Hills, while his uncle, John Davis, settled just west of Tristram's claim, and that fall Archibald Crowl came in and settled on a claim just west of John Davis. During the summer or early fall of 1847, Nathan and Abner McKeen settled on the west side of Panther creek. There are doubtless other set- tlers who came in during this period of time, whose names and locations and dates of arrival we cannot ascertain, but the above named persons were among the first and, perhaps, the principal ones. The settlement and im- provement gradually increased until the year 1850, when there was quite a brisk immigration which filled up the township quite rapidly. The win- ters of 1847-8, and 1848-9 were considered by the settlers as the hardest 508 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. they ever witnessed before or since, and it required very careful work and management on the part of all in order to succeed in wintering through. The north half of Adams township was generally settled first, along the timber and bottom lands of the South Eaccoon and Panther creek, and in these localities are now found the greatest number of old settlers, and some of the best farms in the township. Other localities, however, were grad- ually settled, and with their greately increased advantages were not long in catching up with their older neighbors. The first claim-pen in the township was built by Tristram Davis in the spring of 1846. It was simply a log pen about sixteen feet square, built up hurriedly so as to form the sides of a house, and let stand there for awhile so as to secure his claim. He afterward covered it with bark and lived in it all summer. John Longmire built the first log house in the township, in the spring of 1846, also. It was 16x18 feet, built of round logs scotched down at the corners during the process of building, and afterward the sides were hewed down, making it a finished hewed-log house, in which he lived many years, until he next built a larger hewed-log house. George S. Hills built the first frame house in the township, 24x48 feet, a story and a-half high, with a one-story kitchen, in 1857, in which he lived until a few years ago, when he built another new frame house, his present residence. The first death that occurred in the township was that of a child of some travelers passing through, whose name is unknown. The child died on the journey and was buried in the Davis burying- ground. This burying-ground was located on the northeast quarter of the northeast quarter of section 16, and was a donation of Tristram Davis to the general public for that purpose, but it was never deeded to any one. When he sold out he made a reservation of the grave-yard land, but still failed to deed it, to trustees, and it still remains in that unsettled condition, for which reason, perhaps, not very many have felt secure in burying their friends and relations there, not knowing into whose hands it might fall. The first death among the settlers of the township was that of Miss Matilda Hill, and her sister Malinda also died about two weeks afterward. These deaths occurred in July, 1850, and the remains of both were interred in the Davis burying-ground. There are at least two other places of burying in the township, though only one of these is regularly fenced. It is south of the river, on section 14, and this one, with the Davis burying-ground, are the only ones fenced in the township. There is no church building in Adams township, and no church organi- zation that we can learn of; the people generally going to the neighbor- ing towns to church. The first attempt at building a school-house in the township promised fairly at first but finally proved a failure. The need of such an institution being felt, the citizens met and decided on their plan, each one agreeing to- do his share by furnishing necessary materials. Some promised to furnish the materials for the sides, others the ribs, others the roof, others the floor, etc., etc., and the plan seemed to be working nicely; but it turned out that some of those who promised were prompt and faithful to fulfill their promises, while others failed, so the whole scheme fell through, and the re- sult was they had no school-house until one was built by law, in 1853, HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 509 which was a frame house 16x18 feet, situated on the southeast quarter of section 11. The contract for building this house was let, with the understanding that when the property of the district so increased as to be sufficient to pay off this debt by a tax of 15 mills on the dollar, a tax should then be levied to that effect and the debt paid off. At this time the entire township constituted one district, being then only part Penoach township, and the house being so far distant from many parts of the school district when finished, it was not at all profitable or convenient for many families to send to the school, and such did not feel like submitting to the tax levy for this purpose. It was proposed by George S. Hills and others, in view of these difficul- ties that all those living sufficiently convenient to the new school-house should pay their per cent of the proposed tax in advance, and thus pay off the contractors and workmen. This was done, and a sufficient amount in this way was soon raised and paid in, and all the debt squared, those pay- ing their money, in the mean time, each taking a note from the district for the amount paid, to draw ten per cent interest until the district should be able to lift them, or until the school district should become small enough for all within its bounds to attend the school, then a tax should be levied and the notes raised. The original cost, including house and apparatus, was $161, and notes were given out by the district for this amount, in return for money paid in, and loaned by individuals to pay off this debt. These notes range in amounts from $3 to $25, and by some mismanagement on the part of those placed in charge of financial affairs of the district, none of these notes have ever yet been paid, but are treasured, rusty and worn, by those who loaned the money for the benefit of the district in the time of need, and for the advancement of the cause of education. The following is a copy of one of these notes held by George S. Hills, which, after an hour's search, was dug out of a huge pile-of old papers, where it had remained buried for years. The original note was not drawn on buckskin but it will wear yet for many years, and would be as good as gold if he could only draw the money on it. But he congratulates himself that he is not alone in the boat, as there are numerous others in with him, and some singing to the tune of $25. The note reads as follows: To the Treasurer of District No. 4, Penoach Township : You are hereby authorized to pay Geo. S. Hills ten dollars, with interest at ten per cent per annum until paid, from date. This January the 13th, A. D. 1854. Clark Hill, Attest: President of School District No. 4, Penoach Township. J. W. Garoutte, Secretary. This house was built by J. W". Garoutte, in 1853, and was used as the school-house of that district until about six years ago, when a new one was built, and the old one was moved away for a dwelling-house, for which pur- pose it is still in use. The first public school in the township was taught in this house during the winter of 1854-5, by Samuel J. Garoutte. Miss Mary Holt succeeded him as teacher the next term, and kept a pri- vate school in the same school-house, being paid by George S. Hills. Stephen Adams— for whom the township was named — taught the first 32 510 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. school in the township, on the south side of the river, during the winter of 1856-7, in an old log house belonging to old Mr. Bilderback, and testifies that it was a very cold winter. There are now ten good school-houses in the township. The first, water-mill in the township was built in 1856, by Charles Bil- derback, on the northwest half of section 16, on the banks of the South Raccoon river, the same site where Mitchel & Payton's mill now stands, and Samuel J. Garoutte was the mill-wright who constructed it. Messrs. Mitchell & Payton afterward purchased the property and now have a fine water-power flouring mill, kept in good repair and doing a thriving business. This is the only mill in the township. There is plenty of coal in the township, along the streams, in thin veins eighteen to twenty inches in thickness, but no mines of great importance have yet been opened and worked. Marsh's bank is the only one worked to any extent in the township (which see under " coal mines "). The Bear creek stone-quarry is also located in Adams township, and is perhaps the most extensive one in the county. They are not working it now to any great extent but in the summer sea- sons from twenty to thirty hands generally employed. (See building ma- terial.) Adams township also has one fine iron bridge across the South Raccoon river at Mitchell & Payton's mill, 160 feet long, and also one at Panther creek, built by the county. The Chicago, Bock Island & Pacific Kailroad passes through the south- east corner of Adams township, and the stone-quarry branch runs up from Earlham, a distance of about a mile and a-half from the south line. The township has no post-office in its limits, but De Soto and Earlham supply the need. The township officers elected at the last election, 1878, were: Township Clerk — J. R. Wilson. Assessor — Stephen Adams. Trustees — J. W. Forrester, William Brown, William King, Justices — Stephen Adams, J. D. Marsh. (Both held over from last year.) Constable — Alden Whitney. Officers of school board — President, D. W. Snyder; Treasurer, Thomas Bilderback; Secretary, Stephen Adams. UNION. This township is situated in the southwestern corner of Dallas county, and is known in the government survey as congressional township 78, range 29, west of the fifth principal meridian. The South Raccoon river flows entirely across the northern portion of the township in a winding course, and the Middle Raccoon river enters at the northwest corner of the township, and flows in a southeasterly course until it empties into the South Raccoon just below the site of Wiscotta, thus furnishing all the northern portion of the township with abundance of wood, water, mill sites, stone-quarries and coal mines. The south part of the township, comprising nearly two-thirds of the en- HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 511 tire area, has excellent, fertile, rolling prairie land, which is now well culti- vated, and in many cases converted into well improved valuable farms. This township has not so large a per cent of timber land as those east of it, as the river runs farther to the north; but these deficiencies are more than compensated by other redeeming qualities, making Union one of the very best townships in the county. It is not so old a settled township as some others in the county, but has, sprung up with a rapid, healthful growth, and is scarcely surpassed by its neighbors in any of counties adjoining. To show what the people think of their own township we quote part of an article from the Dexter Herald, as follows: " Iowa is one of the best States in the Union, and Dallas county is one of the best counties in the State, and Union township is one of the best town- ships in the county. The township is in the 78th tier of townships north, and in the 29th west of the 5th principal meridian, and is situated in the southwest corner of the county, and is one of the most thickly popu- lated townships in the county, and is well watered by 'Coon river and its tributaries. It is bounded on the south by Penn township, Madison county, on the west by Penn township, Guthrie county, on the north by Linn town- ship, Dallas county, and on the east by Adams township, Dallas county. While it is mostly prairie, there is an abundance of timber along the banks of 'Coon river to supply it with fuel for the present. There is also an abundance of coal, easy of access, along the banks of the river, and under- lying the whole township. It contains two good business towns, viz: Dex- ter and Redfield; Dexter near the southern and Redfield the northern line. The C, R. I. & P. R. R. goes for quite a distance through the southern part of the township, giving it the advantage of easy access to market. "The eastern, or Bear Creek, settlement is one of the oldest and best set- tlements in Dallas county, and, we may also add, in Central Iowa. The soil throughout the township is a rich, deep loam, and almost inexhaustible, and •capable of producing crops equal to those of the far-famed Miami valley, of Ohio. Stone for building purposes is also found in quantities in various parts. Artificial groves have sprung up as if by magic, and gives it a beau- tiful appearance, as well as greatly enhancing the value of the land. For a person accustomed to living in a timber country, to take a ride over this township on a fine summer day, the view is enchanting. Here you will see a stretch of prairie; over there you will see a beautiful grove surrounding a fine residence, with all modern improvements; and, again, your eye will be delighted with a long row of stately tree's, entirely surrounding a field or an entire farm. Ton will see residences that would be the pride of any community. Yon will see churches and school-houses that show to the observer that this is a land of religion and education as well as agriculture. You will see mills that grind the grain that is raised here in such abund- ance, and prepare the material for the houses, and the cloth for your clothes. You will see men burrowing in the ground,, and bringing forth the black diamonds in abundance. Yon will see large fields of grain that would put Illinois or Michigan to shame. You will see vineyards that will, in a few years, equal the far-famed vineyards of Kelley's Island in Lake Erie. You will see orchards that will, in a few years, outstrip those of Michigan and New York, for Iowa is no. longer behind other States in the culture of fruit; You will find every class of business represented. You will find some as 512 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. fine farms as your eye would care to look upon, and all in a high state of cultivation." By the first general division of the county into precincts, the territory now included in Union township formed part of what was called Owens precinct, which included all the present territory of Union and Linn town* ships, together with a two mile strip off the west side of what is now Colfax township. (See previous order of March 5, 1850.) This arrangement did not continue long however, for under date of April 9, 1850, another order appears on the minutes which throws all the territory of Owens precinct into Penoach precinct. And again in less than a year, January 6, 1851, Union township is formed, including nearly the same ter- ritory as was before included in Owens precinct, as is is shown by the fol- lowing: Ordered, That all the territory included within the following limits be organized into a township to be called Union township, viz : Commencing at the southwest corner of Dallas county; running from thence east six miles, from thence north to the correction line; from thence west two miles; from thence north six miles; thence west six miles; thence south with the west line of the county to place of begin- ning; and that the election in April, 1851, be held at the house of John W. Hayes. By the above order Union was made to include not only its present terri- tory, but also that now known as Linn township. It seems to have re- mained in the above described shape for several years until June i, 1855, when it passed through another change, as shown by the following: Ordered, By this court that hereafter the following shall be the boundaries of Union, town- ship as •petitioned for by divers citizens of Union and Penoach townships : Commencing at the southwest corner of Dallas county; thence east six miles;_ thence north to the correction line; thence east on she correction line to the corners dividing sections thirty-two (32), and thirty-three (33); thence north six miles; thence west to the county line; thence south on the west line of Dallas county to the place of beginning. Again the minutes show that the following order made on February 2, 1857, first established Union township in its present form as bounded by the congressional township lines : Ordered, By the court that the district of country included in the following limits shall form and constitute the township of Union, to- wit: Commencing at the northeast corner of township No. seventy-eight (78), north range twenty-nine (29); thence west to the northwest corner of the township aforesaid; thence south to the southwest corner of Dallas county; thence east on the south line of said county to the southeast corner of township No. seventy-eight (78), north range twenty-nine (29); thence north to the place of beginning. It then continued in the above described convenient and settled condition until May 9, 1859, when five sections were added to it for school purposes, by the following order of the county court: Whereas, The people living on sections 29, 30, 31 and 32, township No. seventy-nine (79), range twenty-eight (28) west, have shown that they suffer great inconvenience for the want of school facilities, by reason of their isolation, and therefore ask that they may be at- tached township of Union, thereby securing to themselves the privileges of a common school; and they further ask that the east half of section thirty-six (36), township No. seventy-nine (79), north range twenty-nine (29), west, be also detached from Linn township and added to the township of Union. It is therefore Ordered, That the said territory be added to the now Union township for the purpose of accommodating the people living therein. HISTOKY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 513 The above mentioned five sections remained thus attached for school pur-r poses until June 7, 1870, when Union township was again settled with its present boundary lines by the following order of the board of supervisors, and from which it has not since been changed: Ordered, That all the territory included within congressional township No. 78, north of range 29, west of fifth P. M., Iowa, shall constitute the township of Union. Thus it is seen that Union, like several others of the townships, has been made to pass through numerous changes of form since first named. But has at last, though quite recently, become settled in a permanent and conven- ient form from which it will not probably be changed for some years to come. The first settler in Union township, as Judge Burns informs us, was David Dailey, who settled on section 4, sometime in 1847.* He was joined in the spring of 1848 by Humphrey Smith and his son- in-law, Henry Owens, who, in partnership, built the first mill in the town- ship, near the mouth of Cottonwood creek, on the banks of the South Rac- coon river. (See account.) Others may have come in about the same time, or previous, whose names and dates have not been received. In February, 1848, Leroy Lambert, now of Adel, settled on section 6, near the west line of the county, where he lived for a number of years. About the same time, or not long afterward, Mr. Wilcox, and others, came into that vicinity; but the settlement in this township did not in- crease very rapidly during the years of 1848-9; while in 1850-1 there was quite a rapid increase. In 1850 the Cavenaugh brothers, Patrick, Thomas and Michael Cave- naugh, came in and bought the claim of David Dailey, in section 4. They also entered. a large tract of land adjoining it, which included the present site of Redfield. A few years later they laid out the town of New Ireland on part of the present site of Redfield, and a few years afterward they sold the town site and large tract of land adjoining it to Redfield and Moore,- after which the name of the town was changed. (See sketch of town.) About this time, also, Elisha Morris came into the vicinity. J. W. Hayes settled on section 5, west of Redfield; John F. Willis, on section 4, which is now partly included in the town plat of Redfield; Nelson Cave settled on section 4, some three-quarters of a mile southwest of town, where he died the following year. In 1848-9 L. D. Hewitt settled on section 8, where he died about two years ago, having lived on the old homestead some 28 years. He was a great fruit man, one of the best in the county, and a highly respected citizen. In 1849, also, Charles Vermillion settled on section 8. He still owns the property though living now in Dexter. In 1850 Uriah Stotts settled in Union township on section 8, where he still lives as an ex-probate judge of Dallas county. He had come to the county at an early day and settled first in Van Meter township, perhaps as ♦This statement regarding the first settlement of Union township is at variance with one made in the previous part of the work, under early settlement, because of additional information received, since sending the other to press. 514: HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. early as 1847-8, but moved to Union in 1850, and settled on his present homestead. In 1849 or 1850 George B. Warden also settled on section 1, three miles east of Kedfield. He had previously lived for some time in Adel, and sold goods in the old court-house. Elijah Thomas, also, and his three sons, Mahlan C, Martyn and Abner Thomas came in 1850. Two years afterward Martyn died, and Abner died in the army. Mahlon C. Thomas is still living in Kedfield, and to him we are indebted for many important items regarding this township and town. The above names are but a few of the settlers during that period; but they are only given as some who were among the early settlers of Union township. Since those days the general appearance of things is radically changed, and Union is no longer the weak, sparse settlement, but the in- fluential, thickly populated township. The first cabin in the township was probably built by David Dailey in 1847,* and the next ones by Humphrey Smith and Henry Owens, who built the first water mill; and the Cavenaughs, perhaps, erected the next cabin. The first death in the township was probably that of David Dailey's child, soon after he settled in the township; and some time in 1849 Mrs. Brewer died, on the Smith property, and was buried in the Wiscotta burrying- f round. In 1850 old Mr. Cavenaugh, father of the Cavenaugh brothers, ied near the present site of Kedfield, before the town was laid out, and soon after he arrived in the county. He was buried in the WisGotta bury- ing-ground, and a few years ago his remains were removed to Des Moines. He was over eighty years of age when he died. The first grave-yard started in the township was the Wiscotta grave-yard, above mentioned. The ground for this was donated to the public for bury- ing purposes by the Cavenaughs when the town was first laid out, and the grave-yard property was deeded to three trustees, Isaac Fee, George Noel and John Puffer. It is still the principal one in the township. There is another now near Dexter, which has been deeded and laid out for several years. Union township is well supplied with mills, having at least four good water mills and one steam mill within its bounds. The Parker & Hollingsworth grist and saw-mills, known as the Kedfield mills, stand just west of the town of Kedfield, on the same site of the old Cavenaugh mill. This old mill was built about 1854-5, by Thomas Cav- enaugh, now of Des Moines. It was a frame structure, and, from all ac- counts, a pretty jolly time was had at the raising of it. L. D. Burns was the mill-wright in its construction. It was afterward burned down. The grist-mill now on the same site was built by Hollingsworth & Brown in 1874, and the saw-mill was built in 1872, by Amos Dowe, of Maine. The Wiscotta mill, situated about one mile southeast of Kedfield, on the north bank of the South Kaccoon, was built in 1865, by Bowles & Horner, and is now owned by Zimri Horner & Co. A sad accident occurred near this mill a short time ago. Two men attempted to cross in a boat while the river was terribly swollen and the current very swift, so that with all their strength and efforts they could not stem the current nor keep their boat right side up, and they were swept over and drowned. The Newport woolen mills, situated just across the river from Horner's mills, and using the same dam, were built about the same time by Joseph Cook and A. W. Lewis. The dam was built in partnership. This mill has HIST0KY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 515 changed hands several times, and is now in the possession of Joseph R. Sheely. It is not running, and has not been for some two years. The Cottonwood mill, on the South Raccoon, also, about one mile east of the Wiscotta mill, was built about 1870 by Bowles, Pearson & Hollings- worth. This one has also changed hands several times, and is now owned by Mr. Sheely, and is doing good work. At Dexter there is a steam grist-mill within the corporation, owned by Mr. Manlsby, which is doing a thriving business. The Compton steam saw-mill is also in Union township, some miles southeast of Redfield. It was built in 1856 at Wiscotta, and afterward re- moved to its present site, about thirteen years ago. Union township also has some good coal-mines (see coal-mines), and sev- eral county bridges. The bridge at Redfield, built by Jonathan Peppard, 240 feet long, is said to be the best wood bridge in the county. An iron bridge 150 feet long is now being built across the South Raccoon by the King Bridge Company, of Ohio, in place of the old wood bridge torn down. There are also several other smaller county bridges in the township span- ning Bear creek and the North river near Dexter. This township now has nine school-houses, and as many sub-districts, be- sides the graded and public schools in the different towns, the Bear Creek Academy, and the large Normal school-building now being erected at Dex- ter. The township officers elected at the last election, 1878, were: Trustees: Justices: Constables: Township clerk — C. R. Wright. Assessor — T. C. Chance. J. E. Stiles, Leverett Brown, Evan George. Mahlon C. Thomas, John A. Carrothers. David Chance, William Stephens. The township has two post-offices, one at Redfield and one at Dexter. DES MOINES. This township is situated in the northeast corner of Dallas county, and is known in the Government surveys as congressional township 81, range 26, west of the 5th principal meridian. It has passed through a good many changes in its boundary lines since it was first organized, being one of the first three electoral precincts formed, as early as 1849. And by the general division of the county into precincts, March 5, 1850, Des Moines was constituted one, as shown by the order given on that date (previously quoted). It was then made to include, not only its present territory, but the greater part of Beaver and Grant townships as well. 516 HISTOBY OF DALLAS COUNTY. In the general division into townships, February 2, 1857, it was constitu- ted, in its present form, as bounded by the congressional township lines; (See order previously given, Feb. 2, 1857.) In October of the same year a change occurred, which added a two-mile strip to its south side, six miles in length, as is shown by the following order made by the county court, October 5, 1857. Now comes Caleb Crawford and others, and files a petition asking the court to strike off two miles from the north end of township 80, north of range No. (26) twenty-six (being a part of Walnut township), and attach the same to Des Moines township; and it appearing that the people on this strip are laboring under great inconvenience from their being isolated from the main settlement in Walnut township, and their proximity to the settlements in Des Moines township, making it much more convenient to be attached' to Des Moines township, it is ordered that the two-mile strip aforesaid be attached to Des Moines township and form a a part thereof. Again in January, 1859, the following change was duly authorized by the court: Ordered, By the court that the district of country included in the following limits shall form and constitute the township of Des Moines, to- wit: Commencing at the north-east corner of Dallas county; thence west to the northwest corner of township eighty-one (81), range twenty-seven (27); thence south to the south? west corner of section eighteen (18), township eighty-one (81), range twenty-seven (27); thence east to the southeast corner of section sixteen (16), township eighty-one (81). range twenty-seven (27); thence south to the southwest corner of section twenty-seven (27); thence east to the northeast corner of section thirty-six (36), township eighty-one (81), range twenty-seven (27); thence south to the southwest corner of section seven (7), township eighty (80), range twenty-six (26); thence east on the section line to the east line of Dallas county; thence north to the place of beginning. This change of line cut off all the northeast part of Beaver township and added it to Des Moines township. In June, 1861, it was organized with its present boundary lines, which cut off from Des Moines township. all that had been before added lying west of the range line dividing ranges 26 and 27 (see sketch of Beaver). And in September, 1868, Grant town- ship was organized^ its present form, which cut off from Des Moines all that had been previously taken from Walnut township, leaving Des Moines township reduced to its present ^form as bounded by the congressional township lines, and no record appears changing it since that date. The Des Moines river passes through the northeast corner of this town- ship, entering at the north side on section 3, and flowing out at the eagt side on section 25, pretty well down toward the southeast corner; and Beaver creek flows across the southwest corner, cutting off nearly three sections of land by its winding course. These two streams afford sufficient water and drainage for all parts of the township. And the Des Moines, having a heavy belt of timber along it, furnishes a plentiful supply for all the citizens of the township. Quite a large per cent of the township is timbered and hilly land; but still there is a sufficient quantity of good arable land which is of a very fertile char- acter, and some excellent bottom lands near the river and Bear creek. There is still some uncultivated prairie land in the township; and there are also numerous large, well-improved farms. A settlement was made in this township at a very early day, it being among the very first settlements in the county. The first settlement in this township was made by 0. D. Smallev, May 18, 1846, who moved in at that time and took possession of the lancl. He JIISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 517 located on the northwest quarter of section 26, where he still lives, and for several months held sole possession of all that region of country, until in. September, 1846, John and David Speare settled on section 11, up in the timber near the Des Moines river, while Mr. Smalley chose a prairie loca- tion, i August 15, 1846, Jerry Evans settled' on section 2, in the timber, also near the" river, and well toward the northeast part of the township and county, not far from the present site of Kuth's Mill. Judge McCall settled on section 12, on the prairie east of the river, in September, 1846. Samuel Bamsey settled on section 26, in October, 1846, and Judah Learn- ing settled on the southwest quarter of section 23, March 1, 1847. Each not far from the present location of the Snyder post-office. The settlers of 1846 were not very numerous in this township, and the number was not very greatly increased during the next year, but they afterward began to come in and fill up the settlements gradually, enabling this township to keep pace with the general progress elsewhere in the county, until it is now in prosperous condition and pretty generally settled up. The first election was held at the house of Judah Learning, in August, 3848, which was also the fourth election held in the county, the other two polling places in the county being Penoach and the house of William P. McCubbin. ; The first post-office established in the township was at the house of O. D. Smalley, in September, 1858, O. D. Smalley also being appointed the first postmaster. The township now has two post-offices, Xenia post-office being located near the north line of the township, and Snyder post-office located in the southeast part of the township. The first school was taught in the house of Martin Tucker, in 1850, by Dr. Plumly, and had ten pupils in attendance. There are now seven school-houses in the township, and one hundred and eighty voters. It is an independent school district. There are also three coal mines in the township, all located on section 14, and plenty of coal is to be found in various other localities along the river (see coal mines). Beaver creek is spanned with one frame bridge, near tho southwest cor- ner of the township, on section 33. The township has one steam saw and grist-mill, known as " Euth's Mill," situated on section 3, near the norths east corner of the township, and not far from the Des Moines river, owned by W. Euth. It was built by the present owner in 1867, has two run of stone, and is doing a thriving business, having a good local custom. There is also a steam saw-mill situated on section 24, owned by Mr Taylor. The first minister in the township was John Johns, a Baptist, who probably held the first church service in the township. There is now one church organization and church building in the township — the Methodist Episcopal church, at Xenia. The township has no railroad, and but one town (Xenia) within its bounds, and that is only a small village, consisting of a few houses, and is situated near the north line of the township, on the line between sections ■4 and 5. The nearest market towns for the township are Minburn and 518 HISTOBY OF DALLAS COUNTY. Perry in Dallas county, and Boone, on the C. & N. W. R. R., in Boone county, about twelve miles north of Xenia. The township officers elected at the last election, 1878, were: Trustees: Justices: Constables: Township clerk— W. S. Craft. Assessor — O. D. Smalley. S. S. Purdy, Peter Stoker, Jacob Wingerson. Z. E. Cottrell, John Hunt. S. S. Zenor, Jacob Lawson. WASHINGTON. This township occupies the second place from the north and'west in the tiers of townships, and is, therefore, the northwest one of the four central townships of Dallas county. It is known in the government surveys as congressional township 80, north of range 28, west of the fifth principal meridian. It lies high and dry, and contains a large tract of fine prairie and farming land, a continuation of the excellent quality of land found in the north part of Colfax township. It has a good many well-improved farms, and is commencing to turn off annually large supplies of stock and grain of various kinds. There is also considerable uncultivated prairie of excellent quality held by speculators at high figures, which tends to retard the growth of the township; but despite of all this, general improvements and cultivation are being carried on in a most commendable manner, and Washington township is making a healthful, vigorous growth. The North Raccoon river flows in a southeasterly course through the east side, cutting off several sections from the northeast corner of the township, but following along down near the east line for some distance after leaving the township boundaries, so as to leave the timber belt either in the township or near the line during nearly the entire length of the east side. This stream, together with other smaller ones, flowing into it from the township makes water, timber, coal and building material quite plentiful and convenient to all parts of the township. » There is plenty of coal along the river in this locality, and several banks have been opened and worked some, but not very extensively, except for home consumption. The vein in this locality is from twenty to thirty inches thick. (See coal mines.) By the general division of Dallas county into precincts, nnder date of March 5, 1850, the territory now included Washington township, was made to form part of Buena Yista precinct; March 3, 1856, it became part of Sugar Grove township; and in general division of the county into town- ships, February 2, 1857, it still constituted the west half of Sugar Grove township. HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 519 A little more than a year afterward, March 2, 1858, the following order was made by the county court, constituting a new township by the name of Washington: Now, on this day, comes D. M. Starbuck et. al., and files a petition for the division of Sugar Grove township. Thereupon it was Ordered, That the district of country included within the following bounds shall form and constitute the township of Washington, to- wit: All that portion of township No. eighty (80), north of range No. twenty-eight (28), lying west of the North Raccoon river, and all of the township No. eighty (80), north of range No^ twenty-nine (29) west; and that a warant issue for an election, to be holden at the school-house, m school district No. 4, in said township, on the first Monday of April, A. D. 1858, for the perfecting an organization of said township; and that there be elected, at that time and place, three township trustees, one township clerk, two justices of the peace, and two constables, and such other officers as may be provided by law. By the above order Washington township was first made to include all its present territory lying west of the Raccoon river, and all of what is now Lincoln township, and so it continued to remain in the above described shape until in June, 1867, when the present territory of Lincoln was cut off and formed into a separate organization, as shown by the order under that township. Washington was then reduced below its present size, having only that portion of the congressional township 80, range 28, which lies west of the river and thus it remained without much of any change until June 7,. 1870, when the board of supervisors made the following order concerning it: Ordered, That all the territory included within congressional township No. eighty (80), •north of range No. twenty-eight (28), west of fifth P. M., Iowa, shall constitute the town- ship of Washington. This new boundary line added to Washington quite a large corner of Valuable land, comprising nearly four sections on the east side of the river in the northeast corner of the township, and fixed it in its present form with the congressional township boundaries, and no record appeal's of any important change having been made since that date. The first settler in Washington township was John Sullivan, who came in with his family and made a settlement within its present boundaries in 1848, and afterward traded his claim and cabin for a gun worth $6.00. Regarding the early settlement of Washington township, Judge Burns also makes the following statement in his centennial history: "In 1848, also, James McLane, Jacob Minter, Samuel Mars, John S. Sam- mis, Redish, soldiers of the Mexican war, from Kentucky, settled and took claims about, and comprising the farm of Henry Myers in Washington township. John Bivers, an unmarried man, took a claim about the same time. Bivers made his home at George P. Garoutte's." This settlement was near the northeast corner of the township, and was for a long time in Sugar Grove township, east of the river, even after Wash- ington was organized, but is now in Washington. Martin W. Miller settled here also in 1848; William Rouse, William T. Clark and others in 1849; David M. Starbuck and others in 1850, making Washington an early settlement and giving it a good start to grow to. its present state of thrift and enterprise. The first school in the township was taught by John Warford in the northeast part of the township, in 1857. It now has nine school-houses. 520 HISTORY PF DALLAS COUNTY. The first religions services were held on section 36, by Rev. Abram Lau- bach, a Methodist minister. There are two churches in the township, a Christian chapel and an M. E. church. The latter has no church building, but meet in the Beaver school- house for services, and are now talking of building. They have a member T ship of 64. For particulars see the account given of this church by its pastor, Rev. David Shenton, under the history of Adel. 'The following sketch of the. history of the Christian Church is taken from the records, as kindly furnished by Mr. Bly, the county sheriff: "The Church of God in Christ," in Washington township, Dallas county, Iowa^ was organized June 30, 1866, at the Buchanan school-house, situated on the south side of section No. 23. Bro. J. T. Bly, who was then preach; ing irregularly at that point, was the officiating evangelist. The names of the charter members are as follows: John Strader, Margaret Strader, Noah Strader, Jeremiah Reaves, Catharine Reaves, A. J. Olin, Hannah Clin, Jas- t>er Rice, Sarah M. Rice, Lemuel Warford, Sarah E. Warford, A. C. Clark, Nancy Clark, Marilda A. Clark, Lettie Henderson, Mary Henderson and Thomas Henderson. , The statement to which they appended their names read as follows: Washington Township, \ June 30, 1866, Dallas County, Iowa. ;L We, the disciples of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, do hereby covenant with each other, and with God our Heavenly Father, through Jesus Christ our Savior, to attend to the institu- tions of His house through His divine aid, and to be known as The Church of God in Christ. "At the time of the organization, John Strader was appointed to act tem- porarily as elder, and Jasper Rice, deacon. Of the charter members, the following named, Jasper Rice, Sarah M. Rice, Jeremiah Reaves and Catha^ •rine Reaves came from the church at Adel by commendation; John Strader, Margaret Strader, Noah Strader, A. J. Olin, Hannah Olin, Lemuel Warford, Sarah E. Warford, Lettie Henderson, Mary Henderson', Thomas Henderson and Marilda A. Clark were formerly members of an organization on the ■east side of the river at a school-house, about l£ miles south of the present site of Minburn; and A. C. Clark and Nancy Clark were recently from In- diana by commendation. " Bro. J. T. Bly continued to preach irregularly to the new congregation thus formed, until the next spring, and a. number were added by his labors during this time. At this time, April, 1867, Elder J. M. Dodge, of the Adel church was employed to preach one fourth his time for one year, but he resigned at the end of five months. " In May of this year there was an election of officers held under the di r rection of Elder J. M. Dodge, and J. C. Clark, of Adel, which resulted in the choice of W. H. Murphy and Jasper Rice to act as elders, and Lemuel Warford and A. J. Olin to act as deacons." We learn also from the church record that this congregation was incor- porated March 31, 1877. Their new chapel was completed that year, and was dedicated August 5, 1877, and- for this purpose the following formula was used on that occasion, DEDICATION FORMULA. Brethren, you have found it in your hearts to build a house for the Lord. God in His providence has blessed you with the ability; we are now assembled to make an offering of HISTOHY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 521 this house to Him , and ask Him to accept this humble expression of our devotion to His cause. As you, by your united efforts, erected this house for the Lord, so may you, under the divine blessing, be built up a spiritual house for Him to dwell in by His Holy Spirit. As the mate- rials of this building are joined together in one, so may you be one in the Lord. As this place is a suitable place for God's children to meet, so may the character of your devotion be such as to make it the Father's pleasure to be with you; and as your seats are vacated one by one, may you have been the means of preparing 1 your children, your neighbor and his chil- dren, to take your places; and when the battle of life is ended, may we all find a place in the "house not made with hands." f Congregation arose.] Respected friends : be pleased to accept our heartfelt thanks for the liberal aid you have given us. We welcome you to a seat with us, and as you have willingly contributed of your means, so may you become willing to contribute your heart's best affections to Jesus, and of your noblest energies to His cause. J. W. Bly, Secretary. Some of the numerous ministers who have labored with this congrega- tion since its organization are as follows : Elders J. W. Bly, J. M. Dodge, Frank Gill, J. E. G-aston, J. W. Snyder, J. B. Vawter, W. D. Swain; also occasionally, J. 0. White, P. T. Russell, Mr. McCoy, Charles Yard, J. M. Crocker and Robert E, Swartz, up to October, 1876. The present membership of this church is 100. The present pastor is Elder O. H. Deny; and the present officers of the organization are: Elders — W. H. Murphy, Darius Sutherland. Deacons — J. W. Bly, Franklin Miller. Board of Trustees. — President — Lemuel Warford; Treasurer — F. Miller; Secretary — J. W. Bly. This township has one good county bridge across North Raccoon river,. 140 feet long, with 300 feet of trestle work. It has no post-office, no rail- road, and no town within its limits; but the town of Minburn is only a short distance from the east line, in Sugar Grove township, affording good post- office and market privileges, and Perry is only about four miles north. The township has never had but one State case, which was State of Iowa vs. J. _ZT. JSlliott, for the murder of John 1ST. Bold. The defendant was con- victed and sentenced to eleven years imprisonment. He took an appeal and was out on $10,000 bail when the sentence was reversed and a new trial called, but he turned up missing, and the county is now trying to recover the bail bond.* The township officers elected at the last election, 1878, were: Trustees; Justices: Constables: Township Clerk— John T. Roush. Assessor — "Win. Jenkins. James Scurry, Franklin Miller, Henry Boas. Robert Henderson, I. A. Daugherty. JN". V. Mourey, E. Slattery. The following is a complete list of the taxes paid by William Rouse, of * Just as we go to press we learn that Elliott has been captured and Is now aafely lodged in jail at Adel. 522 HISTORY OP DALLAS COUNTY. Washington township, Dallas county, Iowa, from 1851 to 1878, as kindly furnished by him. DATE AMT. REMARKS 1851.... $ 5 00 Receipt for 1850 is lost. 1852 ... 5 00 1853 . . . 5 83 1854. . . . 7 50 On 173 acres of land. 1855.... 5 69 1856.... 6 61 1857. . . . 7 78 1858.... 6 51 1859.... 6 10 1860. ■ • . 4 03 Different payments for the same year. I860- ■ • . 3 61 1860. • • . 2 10 1860. . . . 2 08 $11.82 for 1860. 1861.... 10 38 First decade, $83.22. 1862. . . . 7 78 1863. . . . 99 1863. . . . 8 15 1864. . . . 20 44 On land as above. 1865. . . . 21 45 1866. . . . 24 40 1867.... 27 76 On 153 acres of land. 1868. . . . 41 41 School House, $13.00. 1869. . . . 40 21 School House, $8.38. 1870. . . . 54 16 On 193 acres of land. 1871.... 54 84 2d decade, $302.59. 1872. . . . 61 26 1873.... 40 91 Value of personal property. 1873. . . . 4 45 1874. . . . 56 68 71 01 313 acres of land. 1876. . . . 62 97 1877.... 65 80 1878. . . . 60 27 Personal property, $655.00. 3d decade, $423.45. Total, $809.21. SUGAK GKOVE. This township occupies the second place from the north and east in the township tiers, and is therefore the northeast one of the four central town- ships of Dallas county. It is known in the government surveys as con- gressional township 80, north of range 27, west of the fifth principal meridian. For a long time the boundary lines of Sugar Grove were in a very un- settled state, and it has passed through a great many changes since its first organization as a township. When the county was divided into precincts in March, 1850, the present territory of Sugar Grove was divided up and formed parts of Buena Yista and Des Moines precincts. The first record we find of a township being organized by this name, is the following one, making it to include its present territory and that of Beaver, date of Sep- tember 2, 1851: Ordered, That hereafter the territory included in the following' metes and bounds, com- mencing at the northeast corner of township No. 81, north of range 27, west; thence south HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 523 'to the southeast comer of township No. 80, north of range 27, west; thence due west six miles; thence due north twelve miles; thence east six miles to the place of beginning, shall constitute an election township, to be called Sugar Grove township. The first election to be held at the house of James V. Pierce, in said township Under date of March 3, 1856, also, appears the following order changing the boundary lines of Sugar Grove township: Ordered, That hereafter the following shall be the metes and bounds of Sugar Grove town- ship, to-wit: Commencing at the southeast corner of section thirty-six (36), township eignty (80), north of range twenty-seven (27) ; thence north six miles ; thence west twelve miles ; thence south six miles to the southwest corner of section thirty-one (31), township eighty, (80) north range twenty-eight (28); thence east to the place of beginning. Andagain, date of June 2, 1856, appears the following: Hereafter the boundaries of Sugar Grove township shall be as follows : Commencing at the southeast corner of section 36, township 80, range 27; thence north to the northeast cor- ner of section 36, township 81, range 27; thence west three miles; thence north two miles; thence west to range line dividing ranges 28 and 27; thence south on said range line to the southwest corner of section 21, township 81, range 27; thence west six miles; thence south six miles; thence east twelve miles to the place of beginning. In the general division of the county into townships, February 2, 1857, Sugar Grove was reduced in size and again made to include its present ter- ritory and the present territory of Washington township — congressional township No. 80, north of ranges 27 and 28, west. March 2, 1858, Wash- ington township was cut off, and again in January, 1859, the boundaries of Sugar Grove were changed, making it to include part of the 'present terri- tory of Beaver, as shown by the following: Ordered, By the court that the district of country included in the following limits shall form and constitute the township of Sugar Grove, to-wit: Commencing at the northwest corner of section nineteen (19), in township eighty-one (81), range twenty-seven (27); thence south to the southwest corner of section thirty-one (31), township eighty-one (81), range twenty-seven (27); thence west to the middle of the channel of North 'Coon river; thence south along the channel of said river to where the township line dividing townships seventy- nine (79) and eighty (80) crosses said river; thence east on said line to the southeast corner of township eighty (80), range twenty-seven (27); thence north to the northeast corner of section thirty-six (36), township eighty-one (81), range twenty-seven (27); thence west to the northwest corner of section thirty-four (34). township eighty-one (81), range twenty- seven (27); thence north to the northeast corner of section twenty-one (21), township eighty-one (81), range twenty-seven (27); thence west to the place of beginning. This change of line cut off all the southeast part of Beaver township left out of Des Moines, and added it to Sugar Grove township, thus destroy- ing Beaver township altogether, as organized, February 2, 1857. In June, 1861, Beaver township was again organized, cutting off some territory from Sugar Grove, and the latter, after passing through various minor changes in its boundary lines, was finally settled in its present form, June 7, 1870, as shown by the following order of the board of supervisors: Ordered That all the territory included within congressional township No. eighty (80), north of range No. twenty-seven (27), west of the 5th P. M., Iowa, shall constitute the town- ship of Sugar Grove. No record appears of any important change occurring in its boundaries since that date. 524 HISTOKT OP DALLAS COTJNTT. Judge L. D. Burns has kindly furnished us with the following sketch of the first settlement of his township, which we quote as follows: " L. D. Burns, Harvey Adams and Zabina Babcock were the first settlers. They took claims here simultaneously in 1847. In the spring of 1848 came Adam Vineage, James Y. Pierce, James McLain and John Sulliva^ Jr., and their families. Dutch Henry, a bachelor, settled here the same year. In 1849 came William Boyd, wife, sons and daughters. The sons were Samuel and James; the daughters married were Jane Taylor and Nancy Boyles, and their husbands; the daughter unmarried was Catharine, who afterward married Allen Boyles. S. C. Taylor and family, Haye& Boyles, Isaac Ballard and Milton Randolph closed the immigration for that year. " In 1850 came Win. Groves and Wm. Cartwright and their families, Bachael and Louisa-Sutton, unmarried sisters of Mrs. Groves, Win. Boyles and Allen Boyles. ■ i " The first school was taught by Slemmons C. Taylor, for which he was paid twenty dollars for a term of three months. It was a subscription school. " The township is an independent school district, and has nine school- houses. Minburn has an additional house to accommodate its pupils, mak- ing, in all, ten school-houses in the township. " The first religious services were held at the house of Wm. Boyd, on the evening of the 22d day of April, 1851, sermon by Rev. Hare, of the M. E. Church; text, Acts, 10th chapter and 43d verse. It was a practical, well- timed effort. ' Those in attendance were, besides the immediate family of Wm. Boyd, Samuel Taylor and wife, Taylor Boyles and wife, Harvey Adams and wife and children, Geo. P. Garoutte and wife, Adam Vineage, a Mr. Wilson (a peddler), James V. Pierce, Wm. Groves and wife, L. D. Burns and wife, and the two Misses Sutton." The church organizations and buildings within the bounds of Sugar Grove township are»all at Minburn (see sketches), and this is the only town in its limits. Dallas Center is just across the south line, in Adel township, and is about as convenient as though situated in its own bounds, affording good market and mail privileges; and though Minburn is the only post-oflice in Sugar Gnove, yet it has the use and convenience of two, the southern por' tion generally going to Dallas Center. The Des Moines & Fort Dodge R. R. passes through the township diag- onally, entering near the southwest corner of section 35, and passing out near the northwest corner of section 6, thus affording the township splendid op- portunities for shipping. The North Raccoon river passes through the southwest corner of the township, cutting off a very small portion of section 31, and Slough creek rises about section 26, and flows northward, passing out of the township on section 3, thus watering and draining the northeast portion of the township. The North Raccoon river, in and adjoining the west side, affords plenty of timber and building material for the township, at a very convenient dis- tance to all parts. _ In the southwest corner of the township the Sugar Grove flouring mill is situated, on the east bank of the Raccoon river, owned by John H. Warring- ton, and does a thriving business. HISTOBT OF DALLAS COUNTY. 525 The old mill on this site was built some thirty years ago by Mr. Rine- hart, while_ the present one was built in 1872-3, J. N. Southgate, of Des Moines, being the mill-wright. It has two run of stone, one three and a- half foot wheat burr and one corn burr; will average about six bushels per hour in wheat grinding. The dam has about seven feet of head. Just be- low the mill site, in the North Raccoon, is where the old fish trap was loca- ted which supplied all that section with fresh fish in early days, as before mentioned. There is one good county bridge on or near the township ling called the Garoutte bridge, which may be claimed either by Sugar Grove or Adel township, and aside from this bridge Sugar Grove has no bridges of any importance. This township is becoming quite well advanced in general improvements, especially in the southwestern portion, where numerous fine farms and or- chards are found. In the northeast portion some prairie still remains un- cultivated, but the per cent of such in the township is becoming rather small* The first election in the township was, perhaps, the one held at the house of James V. Pierce, in the fall of 1851. The township officers elected at the last election, 1878, were: Trustees: Justices: Constables: Township clerk — G. L. Rinehart. Assessor — David Roush. F. Peters, M. D. Orannell, G. F. Brayton. J. O. McClure, M. W. Gibbeu. F. J. Edmundson, Jasper Foster. LINN. This township is the second one from the south in the west tier of town- ships in Dallas county, and is known in the government surveys as con- gressional township 79, north of range 29, west of the 5th principal merid- ian. The Middle Raccoon river passes through the southwest corner of this township, and the Mosquito creek flows almost centrally through it in a winding course from north to south, the two streams thus abundantly sup- plying it with water, wood, coal, stone, and mill sites. It has fine farming jand, and a good many valuable farms, being quite an old settled township, especially in the southern' part and along the Mosquito creek. As shown by the orders regarding the changes in Union township, the present territory of Linn township was also a part of Owens precinct, in 1850, and afterward formed part of Union township until February 2, 1857, when it was cut off from Union and united with what is now Lin- coln township, to form Iowa township, as shown by the order of the countv court forming Iowa township. (See order February 2, 1857.) 33 526 history of Dallas county. It remained in this connection as part of Iowa township a little more than a year, when it was settled in its present form as bounded by the con- gressional township lines, as shown by the following order given March 2, 1858, by the county court: Now on this day comes E. W. Lumpkin et al., and file a petition for the division of Union township. (Should be Iowa township.) Whereupon it was Ordered, That the district of country included within the following bounds shall form and constitute the township of Linn, to-wit: All of township No. seventy-nine (79), north of range twenty-nine (29) west; and that a warrant issue for an election to be holden at the house of John Lamb, in 1 said township, on the first Monday of April, A. D. 1858, for the perfecting an organization of said township; and that there be elected at that time and place three township trustees, one township clerk, two justices of the peace, and two constables, and such other officers as may be provided by- law. In May, 1859, a slight change was made in the boundary lines (as before mentioned in the description of Union), when the east half of section 3,6 was cut off from the southeast corner of Linn and attached to Union town- ship for school purposes. After this we find only one order on record changing the boundary lines of Linn, and that is the following one, made June 7, 1870, by the board of county supervisors: Ordered, That all the territory included' within congressional township No. seventy;nine (79), north of range twenty-nine (29), west of the 5th P. M., Iowa, shall constitute the town- ship of Linn. This order simply restored to Linn its lost half section which had been attached to Union previously for school purposes, and at the same time Un- ion, Sugar Grove and Washington were settled in their present form. No record of any important change in its boundaries appears since that date. Linn is one of the thrifty townships in the county, and shows marked indications of enterprise and industry on the part of its citizens. It was perhaps^ first settled by Samuel Carpenter, about 1848-9, who se- lected his home just across the line from Union township, in the southern ?art of Linn. About the same time, also, or soon afterward, James Brooks, homas Elliott and perhaps others, settled in that vicinity, and a few. years later the settlement was materially increased. About 1850-1 James Harper and his son W. W. Harper, William Maulsby, Judge Jamison, Isaac Fee, and others, made settlements in the township. Mr. Fee is among the very few first settlers of the township now living in it. He settled in 1851 on section 34, where he still lives, and to him we are indebted for much important information regarding the early settle- ment of the township. Among the early settlers who came about the same time and soon after Mr. Fee, also, were Abner Hill, George Bailey, George Duck, Mr. Howell 1 , Abner Hill, Joel and Isaac Davis, Seth Pattee, Squire Lumpkins, W. M. Thornburg and sons, and others. These latter are known rather as the sec- ond settlement in the township. The settlement in the south part of the township increased quite rapidly during the few years following, and soon good improvements were made for those times, though the early settlers in these parts, like those in other HISTORY OF DA1LAS COUNTY. 527 localities, were compelled to endure severe trials and hardships for many years, in order to secure and prepare themselves homes, and very few of the first ones now remain here to enjoy them. The great floods that occurred during several seasons, did considerable damage, especially to those living along and near the river and other Streams, and greatly hindered them in their work of improvement, there being no bridges or means of crossing during high water, except on rafts and canoes extemporized for the occasion, and many dangerous adventures were made with these. During the spring of 1852, Mr. Fee tells us, a heavy fall of rain contin- ued for a long time, swelling the streams, completely flooding the bottom lands, and keeping the citizens for a long time from doing anything toward their spring work, and rendering it almost impossible to cross the streams to mill and market, and compelling them to do the best they could by di- viding up what little remained in the neighborhood, and patiently waiting until the flood was gone. This flood was the means of destroying some good farms along the river bottoms, by seeding them to cottonwood groves. There is now a cottonwood grove, containing, perhaps, forty acres or more, near the mouth of Mosquito creek, just below Mr. Fee's farm, which Mr. Fee tells us was planted by that flood. He also says that the year previous there was a crop of corn raised on it that would average 75 or 80 bushels per acre. But after it was so flooded and seeded it was left idle, and became thickly set with cottonwoods, which now make a dense and beautiful grove, many of the trees now measuring from eighteen to twenty inches in diameter, with a growth of 26 or 27 years. The timber is quite valuable for lumber, and while frozen, splits easily into rails and cord-wood, and when well seasoned makes very good rails, but is of not much account when used green or near the ground, being easjly rotted. Mr. Fee also has a similar grove near his house, which was started in the same way, and which he has taken great pains in pruning and cultivating, so that it is now a nice ornament, and yields him considerable wood and lumber. The township is generally well timbered, and well watered, and has at least five good coal mines now opened and being worked to some extent, known as Maulsby's, Bailey's, Howell's, George Duck's and D. Lewis's coal banks. (See account of coal banks.) The township also has one good water-power grist mill situated on the bank of the Middle Raccoon river, near the southwest corner of the town- ship, known as Harvey's Mill, and owned by O. M. Owens. The old mill was built on this site some twenty-two years ago, by William Harvey, and the new one was built about 1875, and is doing a good local business. There is also a saw-mill in connection with the grist-mill, both run by the same power. Linn township is well supplied with post-offices, having three, Greenvale, Linn, and Harvey's Mills post-office; and has nine good school-houses. There is one frame bridge across the Middle Eaccoon at Harvey's Mills, 132 feet long, one across Mosquito creek, just above the mouth, 75 feet long, and three others across the same stream further up, within the township limits, each about 60 feet long, mostly all built by Peppard, at the expense of the county. 528 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. The township has no railroad yet. but the grade of the Des Moines, Adel and Western (narrow-guage) passes through the southwest corner of the township, entering on section 34, and passing out at the west side on sec- tion 18, and the township have strong hopes that before another year passes the cars will be running on this grade. Dexter is at present its nearest market, but before long it will doubtless have one within its own bounds, with Kedfield also a short distance south. A good many well-improved stock and grain farms are found in the southern part of the township, and along either side of the Mosquito creek for some distance up, and numerous fine orchards are beginning to bear quite extensively. The greater part of the prairie land in the township is now under cultivation except some in the northeastern portion. This township has one church within its borders, a Methodist Episcopal church, situated on section 20, and called the Berean M. E. Church, which was organized about 1866; and as nearly as we can learn, the organizing members were about as follows: J. Laubach, Mrs. Sarah Laubach, Mrs. Elizabeth Bailey, Mrs. Catharine Thornburgh, Elizabeth North, Mrs. Sarah Duck and Rebecca Boher. Eev. W. Abraham was the preacher in charge, and the organization was attached to the Des Moines Conference. For some time before this organization a class had been formed in this vicinity, and also, one west in Guthrie county, which had occasional services at pri- vate houses and elsewhere, as they could, until the above date, when these two classes were united under one organization, about 1866, constituting the Berean church as above mentioned. After the organization was effected, they first worshiped in a school-house, and in 1874, the present church building was erected at a cost of $1,800, and dedicated free from debt. It is a neat, new, comfortable building, and is well filled by appre- ciative audiences on occasions of their regular meetings. The pastors who succeeded Bev. W. Abraham, are: Rev. J. W. Adair, Rev. A. Badley, Bev. John Hestwood, Bev. Oiling, Bev. J. "W. Adair, and Bev. "W". H. Burke, the present pastor. Services are held every Sabbath. The present trustees of this church are John E. Lisle, J. Laubach, J. A. Bailey, J. W. Duck, and Joseph Lisle. The stewards are Joseph Lisle and J. Laubach. The church has been blessed with several revivals, and the active mem- bership at this time is about sixty. The church building is located in the northeast part of the northwest quarter of section 20, township 79, range 29, near the west side of Linn township, Dallas county, Iowa. The township officers elected at the last election, 1878, were: Trustees: Justices: Constables: Township clerk — Thomas Hoyt. Assessor — Hiram Hoyt. T. A. Thornburg, J. C. Hardin, J. C. Andrews. J. Balesbaugh, J. J. Seaman. John Cameron, B. S. Howell. HISTOBY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 529 "WALNUT. This township is the second one from the south in the east tier of town- ships in Dallas county, and is known in the government surveys as con- gressional township 79, range 26, west of the the 5th principal meridian. By the general division of the county into precincts, in March, 1850, the. territory now included in Walnut formed part of Penoach precinct, and in the general division into townships, February 2, 1857, it was constituted as a township, including its present territory, and that of Grant township, and was then first called Walnut (see order). October 5, 1857, a strip two miles wide and six miles long was cut off the north end of Walnut and added to Des Moines, by order of the court. (See order under sketch of Des Moines.) After this no other important change in its boundaries seems to have occurred, until in September, 1868, when Grant township was organized, which cut Walnut down to its present form, as bounded by the congress- ional township lines, and no record appears of any important change in its boundaries since that date. It has no river passing through it but Walnut creek, with its two branches flowing in a winding course through different localities on the east side, and meeting a short distance before passing out through the east line about two miles north of the southeast corner, water and drain all that por- tion of the township. • The thickest settlements are along the east side and in the vicinity of the above mentioned streams, and some good and well improved farms are found throughout that locality. In the eastern and northern portions are found a good many small ponds, which, while they are sometimes convenient for stock water, arerather too< thick in certain localities to be profitable for farming and good road pur- poses. There - is still some unimproved prairie land in Walnut, and beinig> situated so near Des Moines, farming land of all classes commands a good price and ready sale when there is any market for land. Walnut has one town, Waukee, situated near the center of the south row of sections, a station on the Des Moines & Ft. Dodge P. R., about fif- teen miles from Des Moines. The railroad crosses the southwest corner of the township, entering the south side on section 34, and passing out at the west on section 18, leaving about five sections of land in the township, southwest of the railroad; and has also one post-office, Waukee. Walnut is an independent school district, and has eight good school- houses, beside the public school of Waukee. ) Among the early settlers in Walnut township were John Betts, Henry Young, Paul Hoff, Liman Ellis, Lafayette Ellis, Frank Strahl, Loren Bing- ham and others, some of whom came at quite an early day. T. K. Duncan is, perhaps, the oldest settler now in the township. He settled in this vicinity about twenty years ago, and still continues as an honored and highly respected citizen of the township. In some parts of Walnut settlements were made at quite an early day, especially in the southwest portion, in what- is known as the 'Coon settle- ment, in the vicinity of the North Raccoon river, and in that portion of the township there is some excellent, rolling farming land, and some large,? well-improved farms. Also, northeast of Waukee, there is quite an old 580 BISTORT OF DALLAS COUNTY. settlement, in a good locality, and now has some good improvements, and extensive, well-arranged farms. Considerable stock is being raised in the township, and the gradual growth and prosperity is very perceptible. The first election in "Walnut township was, perhaps, held in the spring of 1857, soon after the order was issued for its organization for political purposes, and the township officers elected at the last election, 1878, were: Trustees: Justices: Constables: Township clerk — H. M. Whinnery. Assessor — W. Lackie. A. F. Strahl, E. C. Herbert, T. K. Duncan. T. F. Howe, B. F. Wood. J. H. Keynolds, W. Bartlette. DALLAS. This township is situated in the northwestern corner of Dallas county, and is known in the government surveys as congressional township 81, range 29, west of the fifth principal meridian. By the general division of the county into precincts, in 1850, the pres- ent territory of Dallas township formed part of Buena Yista precinct, and the first organization of a township in the county by the name of Dallas,: was made March 3, 1856, as is shown by the following order of the county court, under the above mentioned date: Ordered, That the following shall be the metes and bounds of an electoral township: com- mencing at the southeast comer of section thirty-six (36), township eighty-one (81), north range twenty-eight (28); thence north six miles to the Dallas county line; thence west on said county line to the northwest corner of Dallas county; thence south six miles to the south- west corner of section thirty-one (31), township eighty-one (81), north range twenty-nine- (29); thence east on the range line to the place of beginning. To be known and called Dallas township. The first election to be held at the house of Adam Collins, in said town- ship, on the first Monday of April, A. D. 1856. The above order made it to include the present territory of Dallas and Spring Valley, and in the general division of the county into townships, February 2, 1857, Dallas township remained the same as before. A little more than a year and a-half later, September 6, 1858, this township was divided in the middle north and south and two townships were formed of it (Spring Valley), each bounded by the congressional township lines, and at that time Dallas township was first constituted in its present form, as shown by the following order of court, given September 6, 1858. And it was Ordered, that the district of country included in the following bounds shall hereafter con- stitute the township of Dallas: Township No. eighty-one (81), north range No. twenty- nine (29). HISTOBY OF DALLA8 COUNTY, 531 We find no record of its boundary lines having been changed since that date. The North Raccoon river flows through the north part of this township in a winding course, across nearly the entire north side, coining in about a mile east of the northwest corner, and at one place it bends down into the township more than a mile south of the north line, and then bends back again, passing out near the northeast corner and flowing down through Spring Valley. Several other running streams of minor importance are found also in Dallas township, and one beautiful lake, Swan Lake, situated near the center of the south half of the township, ou sections 27 and 28, which affords quite a supply of fish and game and is a favorite resort for hunters and fishers during favorable hunting and fishing seasons. (See previous sketch — Water.) The river in this locality has quite a belt of timber along its borders, which furnishes a good supply for all the township, and has one good iron bridge spanning it within the township bounds. The prairie land in Dallas township is also of an excellent quality, suf- ficiently watered and drained for stock raising and general cultivation, with a fertile soil, and conveniently located to a good market, as Perry is only a few miles east, on the Des Moines and Fort Dodge railroad, and Grand Junction, in Greene county, on the C, N". W. R. R., is only about twelve miles from the north line of Dallas township. Though the town- ship has no towns within its own limits it is thus well supplied with thrifty neighboring towns. There is no post-office yet established in the township, but Perry being so near on one side, and B rough post-office so convenient on the other, render post-office privileges quite convenient. There are nine school-houses in the township, in each of which schools are taught during the average school months each year. There are a good many large and well improved farms in the township, especially in the northern part, where many of the early settlers reside, and stock raising is becoming quite popular and extensive in the township. The township has one water power grist mill, Atkinson's mill, situated on the bank of .North Raccoon. It was built in 1859, has two run of stone, is owned by J. F. Atkinson, and is situated in the heart of one of the oldest and thickest settlements in the township. In the south and southwest parts of the township there are still found large tracts of fertile prairie land not yet brought under cultivation, much of it being held by moneyed men and speculators. This township was settled at quite an early day in some parts up near the river in the northern portion of the township. Mr. Henderson was, perhaps, the first settler, who was soon afterward followed by several others. R. D. Oorry settled there in 1854; William E. Toll in March, 1855; W. H. Adams in' 1856; and A. L. Towne in 1857. Others accompanied these, or soon afterward followed, making quite a settlement along the North Rac- coon river at an early day. The first election in the township was doubtless the one held at the house of Adam Collins, on the first Monday of April, 1856. 532 HISTOET OF DAXLAS COUNTY. The township officers elected at the last election. 1878, were: Trustees: Justices: Constables: Township clerk — I. T. Atkinson. Assessor — B. O. Witter. W. B. Taylor, J. R. Summerson, J. E. Finley. W. E. Tolle, John McElrath. C. A. Seckler, C. E. Taylor (never qualified). SPRING VALLEY. This township is the second one from the west in the north tier of town- ships in Dallas county, and is known in the government surveys as con- gressional township 81, north of range 28, west of the 5th principal meridian. In the general division into precincts, in March, 1850, this was also a part of Buena Vista precinct, and in March, 1856, it was made to form a part of Dallas township. It remained in this shape and connection during the general division into townships, Febrnary 2, 1857, and until the division of Dallas township was made, September 6, 1858, when Spring Valley was first organized as a township, as shown by the following order of the court, made that date: * Now, on this day, comes J. H. Roberts and others, and file a petition praying for the form- ation of a new township in the township of Dallas. . Whereupon it was ordered that the district of country included in the following bounds shall constitute the township of Spring Valley: Township No. eighty-one (81), north of range No. twenty-eight (28). The first election to be held at J. Chiles'. No record appears of any important change having been made in its boundary lines since that date, and it still remains bounded by the con- gressional lines of township eighty-one, range twenty -eight, west of the 5th principal meridian. The North Raccoon river enters Spring Valley township near the north- west corner, and flows diagonally through it to the southeast, passing out at the south side, about two miles west of the southeast corner of the townr ship; and Beaver creek flows across the northeast corner of the township, cutting off about two sections of land. These streams furnish the township with plenty of timber, coal, building materials and mill privileges, and are spanned by several good bridges; one large wooden frame bridge east of Perry, across the North Raccoon river. There is also one good water-power grist mill on the North Raccoon, near the south part of the township, owned by Henry Thornburgh, and known as " Thornburgh's Mill ". It was originally built as a saw mill, and some seven years afterward the present grist mill was built on the same site. It has three run of stone, two for grinding wheat and one for corn, and is doing a fine home custom work. There is also a steam mill at Perry, owned by Otis & Selby Brothers, HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 533 which, is doing a good business, especially for all the northern part of the townstup and surrounding country, drawing the custom more or less from " duce a8 Pe ° ple C ° me iftt ° 7 t0 trade ' and dis P ose of their P r °- The land in this township is pretty much all taken up and under good cultivation and improvement. 'p!? 18 t( ? w ° shi P has onl y one post-office, which is at Perry. _ Ihough there is considerable timber land, and some rough land along the river and creek passing through, there is still a predominance of valuable and fertile farming land in the township, and many large well-improved stock and grain farms. Having a good railroad and one enterprising town in their_ midst, the citizens of Spring Valley largely partake of the same spirit of enterprise, and are constantly pushing general cultivation and im- provement along in a most encouraging and commendable manner. Perry, the only town within its limits, is one of the most live, thrifty, pros- perous towns in the county, and quite naturally sheds the same influence abroad throughout the township, and the effects are becoming quite visible on all the surrounding community. The Des Moines & Fort Dodge E. E. extends diagonally through the township from southeast to northwest, enter- ing the township near the southeast corner, and passing out about two miles east of the northwest corner, leaving the town of Perry a little north of the center, and thus convenient to all parts of the township, giving them an excellent market and trading-point right at home, ■ Spring Yalley is an independent school district and has nine school- houses within its limits, besides the schools at Perry, which receive due at- tention under sketch of the town. The first settlement in Spring Valley township was made by Dutch Henry in the spring of 1848, on what afterward became the William Elder farm, situated west of the North Eaccoon river, not far from the present site of Perry. Dutch Henry, however, did not remain very long in posses- sion of that claim, as he suddenly found occasion to disappear entirely from this part of the country, on account of the, to him, unwelcome presence of Ira Sherman, the wool grower at the house-raising, as before related; leav- ing his claim and improvements to be occupied and enjoyed by others. He had first settled in Sugar Grove township before going t» the above men- tioned claim. Cornelius McKeon, Esq., settled in Spring Valley township not long after Dutch Henry's settlement. The above was a son of one of the McKeons who settled near the mouth of Panther creek, in Adams township, a short time previous. Not long after he settled in Spring Valley, numerous others came in and joined him, among whom may be mentioned Judge Thorn- burgh, Harvey "Willis, John McMillen, Michael Shively, Wilson Minor, Jesse Bramfield and others. This township soon increased quite rapidly in settlement, and has become one of the finest townships in the county. The farmers are engaged quite extensively in raising stock, for which the township is well adapted, being admirably watered and supplied with farm- ing and pasture land; and having a good railroad passing through gives the citizens a good shipping point at Perry, not far from the center of the township. The first election in the township was perhaps the one held at the house of J. Chiles in the fall of 1858. 534 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. The township officers elected at the last election, 1878, were: Trustees: Township Clerk — J. T. Davis. Assessor — Thomas Whitmer. Justices: Constables: Thomas Scott. W. F. Cardell. L. P. Wilcox. E. D. Lunt. A. G. Webster. W. Snyder. S. D. Gamble. A. W. Parmeter. A. D. Haskins. W. H. Harlan. I. S. Bibbins. BEAVER. This township is the second one from the east in the north tier of town- ships in Dallas connty, and is known in the government surveys as congres- sional township 81, north of range 27, west of the 5th principal meridian. In the genera] division of the county into precincts in March, 1850, it was mostly included in Des Moines precinct, a small corner being in Bnena Vista. February 2, 1857, it was constituted a township by itself, with its present boundary lines as shown by the following order of the county court on that date: Ordered, By the court that the district of country included in the following limits shall form and constitute the township of Beaver, to- wit: Commencing at the northeast corner of township No. eighty-one (81), north range twenty- seven (27); thence west to the northwest corner of the aforesaid township; thence south to the southwest corner of the aforesaid township; thence east to the southeast corner of the aforesaid township; thence north to the place of beginning. In January, 1859, Beaver township, as thus constituted by the above order, was entirely cut to pieces and swallowed up by the extension of Des Moines and Sugar Grove townships, about one-halt' being thrown into each of these townships. (See sketches of Des Moines and Sugar Grove.) June 3. 1861, the board of county supervisors issued the following order, again constituting the township of Beaver, with the same boundary lines as before : Ordered, That the district of country included in township No. eighty-one (81), north of range twenty-seven (27), west of the 5th P. M. Iowa, form and constitute the township of Beaver; and that a warrant be issued for an election to be holden at the house of Seth H.' Dayton, in said township, on the 8th day of October, A. D. 1861, for the purpose of perfecting an organization of said township ; and that there be elected at that time and place, three township trustees, one township clerk, two justices of the peace, two constables, one assessor and such other officers as may be provided by law. Warrant issued to Seth H. Dayton, June 14, 1861. No record appears of the above described boundary lines having been changed since that date. , I HISTOKY OF DALLAS COUNTT. 535. • Beaver township has no river passing through its limits, but has several large creeks and running streams. The big Beaver creet passes in through Its west line about a mile south oi the northwest corner, and flows diagonally in a winding course through the township, passing out at the east side about a mile and a-half north 'of the southeast corner. The little Beaver creek flows into it from the north, a little east of the center of the township; and Slough creek flows into it from the south, passing through the southern part of the township, nearly centrally north and south, and emptying into the big Beaver on section 16. These three streams, each of considerable size, water and drain the entire- township nicely, and together with the large tracts of fertile prairie and farming land contained within the township limits, render it an attractive- locality for stock-raising and agricultural pursuits. There is considerable- timber along some of these streams at different places, especially bordering on the Beaver creeks, and being so near the central part of the township is. quite convenient to all portions. The belt of timber along the North Rac- coon is not far distant from the western portion of the township, and the- Des Moines river timber on the other side is comparatively convenient to all the eastern portion of Beaver township, so that all parts are well sup- plied with timber, coal, building material and milling privileges at conven- ient distances. Though the township has no town within its own limits, it is conveniently located to the two thriving towns in adjoining townships, Minburn and Perry. The D. M. & Ft. I). R. R. passes through the southwest corner of the township, cutting off a small portion. The township has no post-office located within its bounds, but is handy to at least four different ones, Berry, Minburn, Xenia and Snyder post- Beaver, though organized quite early as a township, did not progess in settlement and improvement so rapidly for a number of years, as it was at one time entirely divided up and thrown into adjoining townships, and did not, perhaps, take so much interest in its general progress as a township until after it was organized in June, 1861, in its present form; and since that time, especially of late years, it has been making marked progress.' Though there is still a large tract of unimproved land in it, there are some well improved farms and some thriving settlements. Spanning the Beaver creek, there are two wood frame bridges built by the county, within the township limits, each about sixty feet long, built by Jonathan Peppard, of Union township, and good roads are now being con- structed on the principal section lines throughout the township. The first settler in Beaver township was Seth EL Dayton, who located there at an early day. Among the early settlers of the township, also, were J. M. Townsend, Mrs. Gardner and family, C. C. Burdick, Mr. McConnell, and others, who came in about the same time and soon after those above mentioned. This township was organized with seven voters, all of whom were Dem- ocrats, making the township for a long time the banner Democratic town- ship of the county, but of late years it has become Republican. The Walworth family also came at an early day and settled in Beaver township among the very first, and built a mill on Beaver creek. There are nine school-houses in the township. 536 HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. '■ The first election held in Beaver township was, perhaps, the one held at the house of Seth H. Dayton, October 8, 1861. The township officers elected at the last election, 1878, were: Trustees: Justices: Constables: Township Clerk — K. Cameron. Assessor — H. II. Hayes. James Stephens. Ira Doty. D. Norwood. M. S. Conway. D. C. Bligh. Emerson Carleton. James Gardiner. COLFAX. This is one of the central townships in Dallas county, occupying the sec- ond place from the south and west in the tiers of townships, and is known in the government surveys as congressional township 79, north of range 28, west of the 5th principal meridian. It has no river flowing through its boundaries; but the Panther creek en-; ters near the northwest corner of the township and flows diagonally ■through, passing out about two miles west of the southeast corner, giving: it plenty of water and drainage facilities. There is not much timber, •within its bounds, except what is found along the Panther creek, but most parts of the township are near enough either to the North or South Bac~ •coon rivers and their heavy timber belts to make timber quite convenient and easily accessible to all parts of the township. The. beautiful tract of farming land contained in this township cannot ■easily be excelled. ' It contains both high rolling prairie and beautiful fertile valley land, well drained and sufficiently watered by springs and running streams. It is hot a very old settled township but shows thrift and enterprise on every 'hand, and has a good many large, well improved farms, which produce im- mense yields of corn a.nd other crops, and the farmers are now beginning to raise and turn off large droves of fat hogs and herds of cattle. • ; Some fine tracts of prairie are yet found, that have never been brought under cultivation, being held principally by eastern speculators, which has held the township back somewhat in its progress and settlement; but the time is not far distant, doubtless, when all these vacant prairie lands will change hands, and be brought under cultivation, and when Colfax will be numbered among the thickly-settled townships of Dallas county. The ex- tension of the Des Moines, Adel & Western narrow-gauge railroad passes through the southern part of this township down through a beautiful, fer-; tile valley, which extends from a little west of Adel on toward the Middle Baccoon river, and affords a valuable tract of farming land of great fer- 1 tiHty. HISTORY OF DALLAS COUNTT. 537 ^During all the early years of the county, and in fact until quite recently, the territory now included in Colfax township was mostly attached to Adel,. with occasional strips heing cut off and attached to other adjoining townw ships, accordingly as the increase of settlement demanded, and it was not until January 4, 1869, that it was set off by itself, and constituted a town- ship with its present boundaries, as shown by the following order of the supervisors, which appears on record under the above date: Ordered, That all that portion of congressional township, No. 79, range 28, heretofore- included in the township of- Union, and all that portion of said township 79, range 28, here- tofore included m the township of Adel be detached from said townships of Union and Adel, and that said congressional township No. 79, range 28, shall constitute a new township, to- be called and known as Colfax township. And it is further ordered that John Tyre be ap- pointed to post notices of the organization of said township, in pursuance of the statute in such case made and provided. The above order cut off from Union the four sections previously annexed for school purposes (May 9, 1859), and all the rest of said congressional township from Adel, and constituted the new township of Colfax at the same time that Van Meter and Adams townships were organized, and also- cut Adel township down to its present form. Among the first settlers in Colfax township were "William Franks, Jack- son Franks, Willis Franks, William Loper, John Tyer, J. 1ST. Ludington, and John Metz, all of whom came in at quite an early day, and with energy and perseverance have succeeded in making themselves comfortable homes, and greatly advancing the cultivation and improvement of their township. There are two church organizations in the township. The M. E. Church has no building erected yet, but hold their meetings in the Tice school- house, and their membership now numbers thirty-four. They will probably build a house of worship soon. (See the account of this church as given by the pastor, Rev. David Shentpn, under the history of the Adel M. E. church.) The German Baptist Church is located on section 4, Colfax township, and is called the Panther Creek Church. The association was organized in the fall of 1869, with Christian Long as Bishop. The members at that time were as follows: His wife, son and daughter, Henry Stitzel and wife, John B. Diehl and wife, Henry Miller and wife, Jacob Eowland and wife, Emanuel Couchenour and wife. Their meetings were held regularly each Sunday at different places until the building of their church, which occurred in the spring of 1873. They nave a commodious and well constructed edifice, capable of seating about 500 people. It was built at a cost of about $1,400. Their present membership is from 70 to 75, and the church is in a flour- ishing condition. In February, 1877, Mr. Eobert Badger succeeded Mr. Long, which place he fills with credit to himself and satisfaction to his people. The township has two good county bridges over the Panther creek, one near Mr. Ludington's and one near Mr. Foster's, besides several others of minor importance. It also has one post-office, called Panther Creek post-office. With this one within its bounds, and Adel and Eedfield so near, all parts are conveniently situated for receiving and sending mail matter. 538 HI8T0KY OF DALLAS COUNTY. The first election held in Colfax township was, perhaps, in the spring of 1869, soon after the order was issued for its organization; and the township officers elected at the last election, 1878, were: Trustees: Justices: Constables: Township Clerk— C. W. Sutherland. Assessor— C. H. W. Payne. F. A. Kennedy, V. P. Gray, J. Ludington. James Snyder, L. D. Bullis. James Ackley, J. S. Fair, William Bales. The township has nine good school-houses, and as many good schools. LINCOLN. This township is the second one from the north in the west tier of town- ships in Dallas county, and is known in the government surveys as congres- sional township 78, north of range 28, west of the 5th principal meridian. It has no river passing through it, but is very well supplied with two running streams of considerable size, which afford plenty of water and •drainage. The Mosquito flows full length of the township, north and south, lived there until February, 1861, when he married Miss Mary M. Miller, from Montgomery county, New York; came to Iowa and lo- cated in Dallas county in June, 1864; she died in 1873, leaving three children: Omar, Josie and 544 DIRECTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. Mo tie; Mr. Ely was elected sheriff of Dallas county October, 1877; he has held office of justice of the peace, assessor and town clerk and other town and school offices; he married Eliza A. Miller, from In- diana. BOAK, T. J., dealer in groceries and provisions; born in Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, in 1823; he was brought up in Wayne cpunty, Ohio; he went to California in 1852 and remained there seven years, and came to Iowa and lo- cated in this county in May, 1859, and engaged in farming and buy- ing and shipping stock until 1871 ; then came to Adel and en- gaged in mercantile business; he still owns a farm of over 300 acres in Yan Meter township; he has held school and road offices; he married Mary A. Burnsj from Rochester, New York, in 1845; they have five children: Crosby, Clara Belle, Arvilia, Carrie and Matie. Brenton, A. G., drug clerk. BRENTON, Dr. J. B., physician ; born in Henry county, Kentucky, March 15, 1815; he was raised in and near Indianapolis, Indiana, coming there when only nine years of age, in 1824; he received his education there and studied medicine; he practiced, medicine in Indiana until 1853, when he came by wagon to Iowa, and was about six weeks on the way, and arrived in this county October 13, 1853, one of the early set- tlers; he engaged in practice of medicine, his practice extending to five different counties. In the early settlement of a new country the life of a physician is one of constant exposure, being obliged to go in all kinds of weather; he has made it an invariable rule never to let the weather prevent him from answering the calls of suffering humanity, let it be ever so cold and stormy, or the night ever so dark ; he rode from here to New Jefferson the coldest day he ever knew, with the thermom- eter thirty-nine deg. below zero; the snow was deep, and no track made across the prairie; he came out here on account of his health, and has only been sick one day and two nights in twenty-five years; he has practiced medicine over forty-four years, and is still in the prime of life; he has been twice married; his first wife was Eliza St. John, from Indiana; she died in 1840; in July, 1842, he married Elizabeth Glen ; she was born in Kentucky and raised in Indiana; they have six children: William H., Dallas Center; Arch- ibald G., drug trade, here; Clar- inda J.; Andrew T., physician, Adel; Leone A., teacher in High School; James M. F., engaged in teaching; William H. was in the army; Archibald was in 4th Reg- iment Iowa Infantry, Co. I, and was transferred to the 2d Iowa Battery ; he was discharged on ac- count of disability, and re-enlisted in the 46th Regiment Iowa Infan- try, Co. C. BROCKWAY, WM. F., watch- maker and jeweler, and postmaster at Adel; born in Wayne county, New York, February 5, 1851; when five years of age he came with his parents to Buchanan county, Iowa; he was brought up there; he served apprenticeship in watch-making and jewelry trade there and in Des Moines for &ve years, and came to Adel May 15, 1871, and engaged in his present business; he married Miss Iris Byers, from this town, April 1, 1872; they have three children: Leta, Charlie and Delia. Buckman, S. T., hardware dealer. Burch, — , carpenter. Byers, J. M., retired. ADEL. 545 CALDWELL, TIMOTHY J., M. D., physician and surgeon, was born in Vermillion county, Indiana, July 21, 1837; his father was William Caldwell; his grand- father was a prominent Baptist minister; he participated in some of the skirmishes with the Indians in Ohio, and built what is known in history as the Caldwell Block- house, located in Preble county. The subject of this sketch attended school and completed his literary education at the Newport Semin- ary, in his native county; he came with his parents to Iowa and located in Dallas county, in Sep- tember, 1853; after working on the farm, helping his father for three years, he commenced reading medicine, and attended lectures in the medical department of the State University at Keokuk, now called the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and graduated from this institution in February, 1861; he located in Adel and practiced his profession there until 1864, when he was commissioned Assist- ant Surgeon of the 23d Kegiment Iowa Infantry, and served in that position until the close of the war, returning to Adel in 1865; after practicing a few months he spent the following winter at Jefferson Medical College, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; since then has reaped the benefit of a thorough review of medical and surgical ■science; he spent the winter of 1877-8 in the city of New York, . reviewing his profession; he went through the whole course at Belle- view Medical College and Univer- sity : he obtained all his medical •education by zealous and untiring efforts at his own expense, and now stands at the head of his pro- fession; he married Miss Melissa V. Maulsby, of Dallas county, Sep. 30,1869; she is a native of Indiana. CALLVERT, JUDGE S. A., was born in Albany, Whiteside county, Illinois, February 12, 1843. When twelve years of age he moved with his parents to Lucas county, Iowa, where they remained but a short time, then removed to Ringgold county, and there spent three years of his early life, attending preparatory school; in 1858 he again removed with his parents to Washington county, Iowa, and entered Washington College, where he received his classical education; during the winter of 1864-5, he attended the University at Ann Arbor, Michi- gan, and soon' afterward entered the office of Judge Miller, of Iowa City, under whose able instruction he pursued the study of law until he was admitted to the bar before Judge Conklin, October 18, 1865; he then went to Marble Hill, Mis- souri, and practiced his profession until 1870, when he returned to Iowa and located in Nevada, Story county, where he continued his practice successfully for more than a year; but not yet feeling fully satisfied as to his place of perma- nent settlement, and more encour- aging prospects opening elsewhere, one more move brought him to Adel, Dallas county, in September, 1871, where the paved pathway to profit and promotion soon began to appear; he pursued his calling here diligently for more than six years, gaining a good practice and grow- ing in favor with the people, until in March, 1878, he was honored with the appointment of Judge of the Second Circuit of the Fifth Judicial District, and in October, 1878, he was elected to the same position by the people, which he now fills so acceptably, with credit to himself and honor to his con- stituents. On the 22d of June, 1868, he married Miss Rachel B. 546 DIBECTOEY OF DALLAS COUNTY. Berger, of Iowa City; they now have a family of three children living and one dead, their young- est darling, Mary Josephine, was called away on the 10th of last December. During the war he served in Oo. H, 2d. Iowa In- fantry. Campbell, G. W., tailor. Carnahan, J., livery stable. Caselman, L. A., carpenter. Chapman, A., grocer and artist. Clarlcson, Jas. L., farmer. Cole, M. B., merchant. CONGER, MAJOR E. H., county treasurer ; the subject of this sketch was born in Knox county, 111., near Galesburg, March 7, 1843; he resided there with his parents until 1868, where he re- ceived his education, being a grad- uate of Lombard University, Galesburg; he also is a graduate of the law school, at Albany, New York, and was admitted to the bar in 1866; in 1868 he removed to Madison county, Iowa, and located one-half mile south of Dexter, where he engaged in farming and stock business; five years later, in 1873, he engaged in the banking business iu Dexter, as a successor to his father, deceased, and moved his family to Dexter in 1874; he sold an interest in his bank to G. G. Pierce, in 1875, and the firm name was changed to Conger & Pierce; after selling an interest to Mr. Pierce in the bank at Dexter, he, with his brother, purchased the exchange bank at Stuart, the oldest bank in the place, which they are successfully operating; in 1862 he enlisted as a private in Co. 1, 102 111. Infantry, and served three years; in 1864 he was com- missioned Captain, and at the close of the war was breveted Major; he was engaged in the battles of Resaca, Georgia, Kenesaw Moun- tain, Peachtree Creek, and num- erous skirmishes; in the fall of 1878, he was duly elected to the office of county treasurer, which office he fills in a most satisfactory manner, and is highly respected as a public officer and citizen; June 21, 1866, he married Miss Sarah J., daughter of E. W. and Laura Pike; she is a native of Ohio, but was raised in Galesburg, Illinois; they have, one daughter, Laura V., and have lost one son, Lorentus. Coons, M. E., grocer. Coons, J. W., clerk. Crawford, Wm., laborer. kACK, W. J., wagon-maker. n Dack, John, blacksmith. Delap, H., teamster. Diddy, A., laborer. Diddy, M. L., clerk. DIDDY, LEVI, justiceof thepeace; born in Dauphin county, Pennsyl- vania, September 25, 1818; when eight years of age went with his par- ents to Ohio ; then removed to Indi- ana in 1828 ; he learned the trade of - carpenter and joiner, helped raise the first house in Elkhart, In- diana; helped build the first mill in that county, and helped build the first bridge across the St. Joseph river; his father was the first county judge in Elkhart county, and filled that position until his death; in 1850 Esq. Diddy determined to see theWest; he started from home April 1st on foot; he went to Davenport, from there to Iowa City, then to Cedar Rapids, from there to Des Moines; came to Adel, then to Warren county, then to Pella and Muscatine, and through Illinois by way of Dixon and Joliet, to Indiana, on foot all the way and arrived home about the middle of June in good health, and good condition ; he married Sarah Burns, from New Jersey, Novem- ber 15, 1838; they came to Iowa in a Prairie Schooner, with an ox team; started September 6, and ADKL. 547 arrived in Adel October 6, 1852; they were early settlers; there is no one living 'in Adel now that was here when he came; he has held offices of assessor, coroner, township school director, was ex- press agent for eight years,has held office of justice of the peace for the past ten years ; they have eight chil- dren, four sons and four daughters ; he had two sons in the army: John W. enlisted in the 39th Reg. Iowa Infantry, Co. C; William A. en- listed in the same regiment and company; he was taken prisoner and paroled, and came to St. Louis and died there. DILLEY, AMOS, superintendent schools Dallas county; born in Trumbull county, Ohio, March 16, 1833; he attended school there and completed his education at Meadville, Pennsylvania; he en- gaged iu teaching in Ohio and Michigan, and came to Iowa in 1858, locating in Keokuk county, and engaged in teaching until the breaking out of the rebellion, when he enlisted in April, 1861, in the .First Reg. Iowa Cavalry, Co. I; the first year in the service they were engaged in pursuing the noted Guerrilla Qnantrell and his band, and they had innumerable fights and skirmishes with them; one of the hardest fights he was in during the war was with this band of outlaws at Spring Hill; out of 75 engaged, 35 were killed, beside the wounded; he was in the battle of Prairie Grove, capture of Little Rock and Camden, Battle of Little Missouri, and Jenkens Ferry, and up the Red River ex- pedition with Gen. Steele; he was promoted Orderly Sergeant, then First Lieutenant, and then was commissioned Captain ; was in the service five years; mustered out in February, 1866 ; after the war he came home, read law and was admitted to the bar; in 1867 he E was appointed county superinten- dent; he was elected and served two terms, and is again serving his third term; he married Miss M. J. Bowman, in Stark county, Ohio, in March, 1853; they have two children: Grace and Zoe. LY", S. W., shoemaker. Ely, Jared, shoe shop. Emihiser, Ira, teamster. FORD, A. FRANK, proprietor of the Forrester House; born in Lycoming county Pennsylva- nia, November 28, 1843 ; . at a very early age his parents removed to Ashland county, Ohio, and he was raised there; upon the breaking out of the rebellion he enlisted in . the 42d Reg. of the Ohio In- fantry, Co. II, in 1861; he was in the siege of Yicksburg; was besieged in Cumberland Gap three months, and half starved; up the Red Kiver campaign with Gen. Banks; and at Black River and New Orleans; he was in 13 battles and skirmishes; was in the service three years and three months; he came to Iowa in 1867, and located in Dallas county; has been engaged in hotel business here for the past five years; he married Miss Jennie Miller, Octo- ber 8, 1869; she was born in Michigan; they have three chil- dren: Fred., Ward and Bert, and have lost one son. Ferguson, C. A., hackman. Ferguson, C. D., teamster. Fox, Benj., retired. Frush, E. F., farmer. f~^ ALLUP, E., carpenter. GAROUTTE, M. C, harness-ma- ker; born in Hancock county, Illinois, August 24, 1845, and came with his parents to Iowa when only six years of age; they located in this county; he was raised on farm until he learned his trade here in Adel; he spent about 548 DIEECTOEY OF DALLAS COUNTY. eight years in Colorado, Wyoming and Utah ; then returned here and engaged in his present business in 1876. Garoutte, S. J., lumber merchant. Garoutte, L. W., grocer. Geniser, J., tailor. GEORGE, M. M., manufacturer and dealer in harness and saddlery hardware; born in Huron county, Ohio, December 25, 1821; he was raised in Ohio, and removed to Wisconsin, and lived there until 1866, when he came to Iowa, and located in Dallas county, and en- gaged in business; he was in the army; enlisted in the 48th Reg. Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry, Co. A; he has held town and school offices; he married Clarissa Taylor, from Livingston, county, New York, io 1844; she died in 1857, leaving one daughter, now Mrs. Mary Greene; married Mary W right, from State of New York, in June, 1859; she died January 8, 1876. Gilkinson, J. A., painter. Gonser, Samuel, lawyer. Graves, J. JB., barber. GREENE, S.H., attorney at law and mayor of Adel; born in Adel, Dallas county, February 13, 1850; he was raised here, and received his education partially here, and in Oswego, New York ; he studied law, and entered the law depart- ment of the Iowa State. Univer- sity, and graduated in the year 1871; with the exception of a short time he published a paper he has practiced his profession here since then; he is the oldest person now living in Adel that was born here; he holds office of mayor of the town ; he was elected in 1874, and at every election since then has been re-elected ; he married Miss Jennie Hickey, from Oskaloosa, May 20, 1872; they have two children : Norman and Belle. Greene & Clark, attorneys. Grop, J. B., retired. ^ATHAWAY, J. P., teamster. H Haddon, W. W., fireman on rail- road. Haptanstall, J., gunsmith. Hedge, Susan. Hempstead, H. W., carpenter. Hill, M. M., hotel keeper. Hoey, L., carpenter. Hoey, E., carpenter. Hoeye, M. M., laborer. Holt, B. H., cabinet-maker. Holt, Mrs. L., milliner. Hoppe, Charles, teamster. Hotchkiss, A. C, clerk of courts. Houghton, F. E., druggist. HOWE, JOHN G., recorder of Dallas county; born in Frank- lin county, Indiana, September 19, 1838; he was brought up there until sixteen years of age; he came to Iowa in 1854; lived in Muscatine and Louisa coun- ties, and came to Dallas coun- ty in 1857; he was in the army; enlisted August 11, 1862, in the Thirty-ninth Regiment Iowa In- fantry, Co. C; he was in a num- ber of fights and skirmishes, and was in the second battle at Al- toona, October 5, 1864; went with General Sherman from Atlanta to the sea, and with him to Wash- ington; after the war he returned here; he was appointed deputy recorder in February, 1877, and was elected recorder of the coun- ty at the recent election, in October,' 1878; he married Miss Sarah E. Diddy, from Elkhart county, Indiana, June 5, 1860; they have three children: James W., William O. and Charles N.; they have lost one daughter: Anna Belle. Hughes, R. J., pastor Presbyterian church. TNGLE, C. W., dealer in wash- J- ing machines. Isenhart, W. H., teamster. ADEL. 549 IRVIN, J. F., physician; born in Butler county, Ohio, March 22, 1829; he was raised in Indiana and received his education there, then studied medicine and grad- uated in 1850, and engaged in the practice of his profession; tie came to Iowa and located in Adel ; he has been married twice; his first wife was Mary J. Ludlow, from Indiana; she was a native of New Orleans; she died in 1865; he married Martha E.An- drews, from Indiana, in 1866; he has nine children. TAMES, W. G., dry-goods, cloth- o ing, hats and caps; born in Scott county, Indiana, June 27, 1821; he was brought up there and in Johnson county; in 1842 he went to Missouri, and lived there six years, and came to Iowa and arrived in Adel July 8, 1848; he entered land from government, and engaged in farming until 1855, then built a steam saw-mill; he engaged in the mercantile bus- iness January 1, 1870; he owns a farm of 200 acres, beside his town property; he has held town and school offices; he married Sarah A. Hutson, from Indiana, in 1840; they have no children. Mr. and Mrs. James are among the earliest settlers, and there is no one living in Adel that was here when they came to this county. Jolly, J. M.j grocer. Jones, J. J., clerk. Joy, J. R., clerk. Joy, Mrs. A. L.. milliner. " _ ENERSEN, H., cooper. K 1 Kating, P., laborer. Knowles, A., insurance agent. Kryshe, Wesley, farmer. AMBEET, L , banker. U Lambert, B. F., clerk. Lee, R. M., stock-dealer. Long, Melissa, Mrs. Loomis, S. D., drayman. LOOMIS, GEORGE W., manufac- turer and dealer in furniture; born in Onondaga county, New York, March 16, 1841; when thir- teen years of age he came with his parents to Iowa, and located here in Adel, in 1854, and was brought up here; he was in the army; enlisted in July, 1862, in the Twenty-third Regiment Iowa Infantry, Co. A; he was in the siege of Vicksburg, Port Gibson, and battle of Champion Hills; his regiment led the charge at Black River Bridge; he was also at the siege of Spanish Fort, and the taking of Mobile; he was wound- ed at the battle of Black River Bridge; after the war he returned here, and for the past four years has been engaged in the furniture business; he holds the office of town clerk; he married Miss Mattie C. Clark, from Indiana, November 17, 1868; they have two children: Mary L. and John C; have lost two little girls. MCALLISTER, JOHN, car- penter. Malton, J. W. Marsh & Royer, blacksmith. Marsh, A. G., blacksmith. Martino, Henry, laborer. McKay, Donald, butcher. McLaughlin, George, shoemaker. McLAURY, JOHN, publisher and editor of the New Era; born in Grant county, Wisconsin, March 14, 1840; he was raised in Wis- consin until sixteen years of age, then came to Iowa, to McGregor, Clayton county, and learned the printer's trade, and afterward en- gaged in the printing business there; he came to Des Moines in 1874, and came to Adel in 1876; since then he has published a newspaper here; he married Miss Constance L. Piedfer, from Greene county, New York, January 29, 1876. McMullen, William, wagon-maker. 550 DIRECTORY OF- DA1LAS COUNTY. McMullen & Co., photographers. McMullen, C. F., teacher. Mead, E. W., farmer. Miller, Fred., porter Forrester House. Michner, J. C, physician. NEWTON, AVERY C.,firm of Noel & Newton, publishers of the Dallas County News; born in Berrien county, Michigan, Febru- ary 12, 1853; when 10 years of of age he went with his father to Illinois; he came to Des Moines in 1871 and entered the office of the Leader and learned the print- ing business; he came to Adel in November 9, 1875; the following year he associated with his pres- ent partner, "Walter A. Noel, in pushing the Dallas County News; he married Miss Martha A. Per- kins, daughter of Judge Perkins, in April, 1878. NICHOLS, A. B., blacksmith; bom in Cleveland, Ohio, June 30, 1825; he was raised in" Indiana; learned his trade there and came to Iowa, and arrived in Adel April 11, 1355; he was in the army; en- listed August 15, 1862, in the 39th Regiment, Iowa Infantry, Co. B; he was detailed by Gen. Dodge as blacksmith in the 4th Division, 15th Army Corps; was in the service three years; he mar- ried Lucy A. Crofutt, from Penn- sylvania, in August, 1850; have eight children, live sons and three daughters. Nichols, N. B., retired. Nichols; G. W., teamster. NOEL, WALTER A., firm of Noel & Newton, publishers Dal- las County News; born in Adel, Dallas county, May 4, 1856; he was brought up and has always lived in this county; he learned the printing business, and in 1876 he associated with A. C. Newton, and bought the Dallas County News; his father is one of the oldest Bettlers here. Noel, Cole, real estate agent. NORTH, T. R., attorney at law; born in Union county, Ohio, June 23, 1839; he lived "in that State until 12 years of age, then re- moved with his parents to Clayton county, Iowa, and then to Kos- ciusko county, Indiana; he re- ceived his education in Ohio and Indiana, and commenced the study of law until the breaking out of the rebellion, when he en- listed in the 57th Regiment, Indi- ana Infantry, Co. K; he was in the battle of Stone River; after his return from the service he com- pleted the study of law and was admitted to the bar in February, 1864; he came to Iowa and lo- cated in Adel June 16, 1864, and since then has practiced his pro- fession here; he married Miss Frances E. Whitaker from Mil- ford, Indiana, in 1858; she died in 1862, leaving one daughter, Sarah M., no w Mrs. J.H, Whitman ; he was again married, to Miss N. E. Stewart December 31, 1864; she was born in Illinois but was raised here; have five children: Ettie, Austin, J., and little girl and boy not named. Novinger, John, miller. Nye, Anna, boarding house. Nye, J. B., laborer. '' kRTON, W. T., laborer. O 1 Orton, Edgar, laborer. O'Neal, Mrs. Susan. PERKINS, JUDGE JEREMI- AH, attorney at law ; firm of Perkins & Barr; Judge Perkins was born near Goldsboro, Wayne county, North Carolina, January 7, 1816, and was raised there un- til 14 years of age, when he came with his mother to Wayne county, Indiana, where he learned the car- penter and cabinet maker's trade; after retnaing there for three years, he removed to. Laporte county in . 1833, where he worked ADEL. 551 at his trade; having a taste for study he devoted his leisure mo- ments during the busy season, and his entire winter to mental pur- suits and reading law, and was admitted to the bar in Laporte about the year 1845; he came to Iowa by wagon and arrived at Newton, Jasper county, October 28, 1854, and was admitted to the bar under the celebrated Judge McFarland ; the following year he came to Dallas county and located in Adel in June, 1855, and en- gaged in the practice of his pro- fession ; he built the house where he now lives, with his own hands; the first term of the district court was held the July following his coming here; his honor Judge McFarland presiding; he ap- pointed Judge Perkins prosecut- ing attorney; in August, 1856, he was elected prosecuting at- torney on a republican ticket in a democratic county; in 1861 he was appointed county judge to fill vacancy and was subsequently elected for four successive terms and filled that position for nine years; during the same period he was elected recorder of Dallas county and held that office for four 'years, and also held the office of county auditor for three years; - few men in Dallas county have held more offices' and none have discharged their duties better and to the more complete satisfaction of the people; he married Miss Eliza Kennedy a native of Bich- mond, Indiana, February 4, 1841; she died April 6, 1876, leaving six children. Patty, L. B., physician. Perkins & Barr, attorneys. Phillips, A. C, teacher. PHILLIPS, M. E., principal of public school ; born in Philadel- phia, Pennsylvania, August, 1843; he was raised and attended school there, completing his education at Greenwood Seminary; then en- gaged in teaching; in 1860 he went to Michigan and was princi- pal of the schools at Constantine for three years; he was principal of the schools at Lena, Stephen- son county, and at Ashton, Lee county, Illinois, for a number of years; he came to Adel in 1875 and since then has occupied his present position; .he has been en- gaged in teaching for the past twenty years; he married Miss M. E. Wetzel in Lena, Illinois, Janu- uary 25, 1866; have two children: Orville P. and Llewellyn A. Piquane, J., Butcher. Preston, A. S., teamster. Preston, F. B. Proutte, E. P., carpenter. RICKEESON, C. G. D., carpen- ter. Bickerson, W. H., teamster. Eider, L., carpenter. Eisser & Son, merchants. Eohner, J., baker? Eoland, J. G., carpenter. Eodenbangh, Chas , carpenter. • Eoush, F., carpenter. Eoyer & McKay, butchers. Eudrow, W. S., farmer. Eussell, J. W., real estate and loans. OLOAIST, T., livery. Shenton, D., Pastor M. E. Church. Skinner, G. "W., laborer. SMALLER, ADDISON R., attor- ney; born in this county, in Des Moines township, February 10,. 1848; he was brought up here, and is one of the oldest, if not the oldest native born citizen now liv- ing in Dallas county (his father- being one of the earliest settlers- in the county); he commenced reading law in Hamburg, Fre- mont county, and continued it here, and was admitted to the bar in 1875, and has practiced law here for two years; he was a candidate for the office of district attorney for this district in the recent fall 552 DIEECTOEY OF DALLAS COUNTY. election, and his opponent was only elected by live votes, owing to alleged irregularities in one township in Polk county, where a new election will probably be or- dered ; Mr. Smalley married Miss Marietta Hooper, from Fremont county, Iowa, February 28, 1872; they have two children: Leon H. and Myrta. Smart, J. C, plasterer. SMITH, D. W., firm of Baugh, Smith & Sweeley, attorneys; born in Er^e county, New York, Feb- ruary 6, 1843; when ten years of age he came with his parents to Iowa; they located in Cedar county in 1853; he attended school and afterward studied law and graduated in the law department of the Iowa State University; he ■came to Adel in 1875, and since then has practiced his profession here; he also owns a set of abstract books; he has held the office of mayor of Adel ;* he married Miss Narcissa Macy, from Indiana, May 24, 1870; they have three chil- dren : Jennie, Carl M. and Clara. Smith, W., boarding house. Smith, Daniel, teamster. Steck, H. F., jeweler. Stickney, Gilbert, teamster. Stiles, Messrs. E. H. & Co., milliners. Sweeley, S., grocer. Sweeley, E. P., teacher. Sweeley, M. J., of firm Baugh, Smith & Sweeley. SWEARINGEN, LEONARD, auditor of Dallas county; born in Beaver county, Pennsylvania, Oc- tober 12, 1831, and was brought up and lived there until May, 1856, when he went to Mercer county, Illinois, and lived there eight years, then came to Iowa and located in Dallas county in 1864, and en- gaged in farming; he has held the ■office of justice of the peace, and all the different town and school ■offices; he was elected auditor of this county' in October, 1877; he T has been married twice; his first wife was Elizabeth Moore, from Pennsylvania; she died in Sep- tember, 1870, leaving four chil- dren; he married his present wife, Miss S. J. Robinson, from Illinois, in 1872. AWNEY, HENRY, retired. Tawney, J. W., plasterer. Trainor, James, teamster. Tutor, "W. A., dentist. T TARNER, I. O., attorney. WALSH, THOMAS C, dep- uty treasurer; born in Culpepper county, Virginia, De- cember 25, 1834; lived there until 1847; he, with his parents, then removed to Frostburg, Maryland, where he lived until 1856, and then came to Iowa and located at Des Moines; he remained there about one year, and then came to this county and located in Red- field, where he has lived ever since; November, 1863, he mar- ried Miss Sarah A., daughter of Hon. Elza Lank, of , Indiana; they have by this union three sons and three daughters: Reno, Effie, Cynthiaetta, Mark, Grace and Ray; in 1873 Mr. W. was elected county treasurer, and served until 1S76; was deputy U. S. enrolling marshal; was ap- pointed in July, 1864, and served until the following October, and was. afterward in the service nine months. "Ward, S. L., engineer. "Warford, J., butcher. Welch, Amos and George, painters. "Welch, Geo., laborer. WHITE, J. B., attorney at law; born in Kentucky, January 14, 1849; when five years of age he came with his parents to Iowa; they located in Keokuk county in 1854, where they lived a short time, and also lived in Mahaska and Marion counties; he com- DEXTEE. 553 menced reading law in Marion county with Stone & Ayres; he- entered Oskaloosa College, and graduated in 1871; he completed his law studies, and was admitted to the bar in 1872; he came to Adel in January, 1873, and was appointed principal of the public schools of Adel, and held that po- sition for two years; he then en- gaged in the practice of his pro- fession; he received the degree of A. M. and A. B. from Oskaloosa College; Mr. White has a great taste for the study of languages t and is quite a linguist; he is fa- miliar with Greek, Latin, French, Spanish and Italian; he married Miss Mary Greene, in Adel, April 30, 1874; she is a daughter of Benjamin Greene, an old and honored settler of Dallas county; they have had one son: Victor Greene, who died in 1876. White & Woodin, attorneys. Whitman, J. H., lawyer. Witham, Samuel, blacksmith. Wright, Wesley, tinner. DEXTEE. ADAMS, SIMEON, owns 18 acres of land, valued at $100 per acre; born in Morgan county, Ohio, in 1819; came to Iowa in 1876; was formerly a res- ident of Vernon county, Wiscon- sin; he located in Dexter in March, 1878; married Abi Doan in 1854; she was born in Ohio; have four children: James, Lucy, Lydia and Julia. Are members of the M. E. Church. Republi- can. Akester, H., laborer. ALLEN, J. C, dealer in grain and stock; born in Brown county, Ohio, in 1836; came to Iowa in in 1868, and located in Dexter, and engaged in the commission business; married Emily McYay in October, 1871; she was born in Adams county, Ohio, in 1842; have four children: William A., Mary M., Thusa J. and Finnis. Are members of the United Pres- byterian church. Mr. Allen has been a member of the town coun- cil and is president of the normal school board. Republican. ATEN, JAMES H., dealer in hard- ware, stoves and tinware; born in Gurnsey county, Ohio, in 1842 and came to Iowa in 1865 and lo- cated in Marion county; re- moved to Dexter in 1871; mar- ried K N. Orcutt in 1866; she was born in Pennsylvania; have three children: Cora L., Minta B. and Wilbur. Mr. Aten enlisted in Co. B, 122d Ohio Infantry, in 1862, and was discharged in 1865. Aten, J. H. & Bro., hardware mer- chants. "TDAILEY, M. L., photographer. Battey, B., station agent. Berger, C. A., attorney at law. Bisbee, F. A., carpenter. Bondy, Fred., billiard hall. Bondy, C. J., farmer. Bonplin, D. A., laborer. Brower, Peter, grocer. Burke, J. M., grain dealer. CARROTHERS, J. A., postmas- ter. Charles, John, restaurant. CHRISTOPHER, JOHN, proprie- tor of Gilpatrick House ; born in Warren county, Ohio, in 1822; came to Iowa in 1876 and located in Washington county ; removed to Dexter in 1878 ; married Mary , A. Moore in 1875; she was born in Wheeling, Yirginia; Mr. C. has three children by a former wife: Albert, Sophia J. and Hen- ry Oscar. Are members of the M. E. Church. 554 DIEEOTOET Or DALLAS COUNTY. Clark, W. G., laborer. Clark, ¥m. G., farmer. Clark, S. D., grocer. Clifford & Bailey, photographers. Conger & Meisker, hardware dealers. Conger, J. W., hardware dealer. Connelly, Chas., restaurant. Cooney, Wm., shoemaker. Cowan, A., shoemaker. Crane, Chas., merchant. k AYIS, S. C, clock seller. OHNSTON, 0. P., hotel. D Dean, H. R., laborer. Donar & Nelson, tailors. DOWNEY, J. S., dealer in general merchandise; born in Beaver coun- ty, Pennsylvania,,, in 1847; came to Iowa in 1868; married Lizzie Hill in 1870; she was born in Indiana; have two children: Frank C. and an infant. Mr. Downey is the present mayor of Dexter. Republican. Dwigens, R. J., retired farmer. T^YANS, ROBERT, physician. T^-ORD, D. R., clerk. Ford, U., boot and shoe-dealer. French, Noah, clergyman. Freeman, Hiram, real estate. ITTENS, EDWARD, jeweler. G 1 Goldsbury, N. B., retired. Grant, L. M., carpenter. HAMMOND, DAYID, under- taker. Harvey, J. M., miller. Helm, J. C, harness-maker. Hendorff, P. E., saloon. Henry, C. W., barber. Holmes, H. H., clerk. Holmes, C. S., milliner. Holmes, E. T., carpenter. Holt, Caroline, laundry. Homan & Richter, butchers. Homan, Conrad, butcher. Hoover, W. C, miller. Hubbard, E. T. TSHAM, W. H., merchant. L 1NTON, E. F., physician. TV /TcELHENY, JOHN, laborer; McYey, M. J., retired. McMANIMA, J. C, editor Dexter Herald, established in 1870 by J. J. Davies; born* in Yan Wert county, Ohio, in 1850; came to Iowa in 1873 and located in Dex- ter and engaged in mercantile business until 1877, when he pur- chased the Dexter Herald of J. J. Davies, and has been manager and owner since. MARSHAL, M. J., farmer ,_ born in Wayne county, Indiana, in 1817; came to Iowa in 1855, and set- tled in this township; married Priscilla Raber in 1853; she was born in Pennsylvania, in 1828. Mr. M. has four children by a former wife: Laura A., Me- linda E., John L. and Alice. Mrs. M. has three children by a former husband : William Alonzo, George W. and Sophronia Elizabeth. Mr. M. was a member of the board of supervisors four years. Wife is a member of M. E. church. Maulsby, L. T., harness-maker. Maulsby, W. R., corn dealer and proprietor Dexter steam mill. Meisker, Edward, hardware dealer. Mills, Milton L., clerk. Miller, J. C, laborer. Mundorf, David, retired. Myers, Jonathan, clerk. ■NJICHOLS, JOSEPH, laborer. Nokes, R. J., mason. T~1ALMER. R. O, boarding house. Perdun, J. M., blacksmith. PERCY, M., dealer in grain; born in Yermont, in 1838; came to Iowa in 1871, located in Dexter and engaged in farming; engaged in present business in 1873; mar- DEXTEK. 555 ried Mary Amidon, in 1866; she was born in Vermont; have five children: Fanny M., Lena N., Harry A., Nelson M. and Allen T. Peterson, M., farmer. PIERCE, G. G., banker; born in Massachusetts in 1833; came to Iowa in 1868, located in Dexter, and engaged in the banking busi- ness in March, 1875; married Helen A. Conger in 1866; she was born in Galesburg, Illinois; have three children: Willard C, Mary C. and Chase H. Pohle, H, shoemaker. RICHTER, HERMANN, butch- er. Rhoda, F., laborer. Richardson, E. A., clergyman. Rimer, Sol., merchant. Rimer & Crane, merchants. Roland, A. E., boarding. . Rugg, Ed., carpenter. Rugg, Theodore, harness-maker. SEEVERS, G. W., attorney at law and collecting agent ; born in Coshocton county, Ohio, in 1843; came to Iowa in 1852 and located with parents in Jefferson county; removed to this county in 1876 ; married Emily A. Pur- sel in 1867; she was born in Montgomery county, Indiana; have one child: Zella, born in 1874. Seise, Fred, wagon-maker. Sibley, L. B., butter-packer. SMALL, F. A., dealer in grain and proprietor of elevators; born in Bangor, Maine, in 1846; came to Iowa in 1855, and located in Da- venport; removed to Dexter in 1874, and engaged in present bus- iness; married Lydia M. Trimble in 1874; she is a native of Prince- ton, Illinois; have one child: Fred. E.; is one of the towncoun- cilmen ; wife is a member .of the Christian Church; enlisted in Co. K, 44th Iowa Infantry, in 1863, discharged in 1864. Smith, E. J., physician and surgeon. Spencer, O. R., liveryman. Stalker, J. A., laborer. STANLEY, J. G., dealer in drugs and medicines; established in February, 1869; born in Harlan county, Ohio, in 1846; came to Iowa in 1864, and located in Des Moines; removed to Dexter in 1869; married Mildred R. Young in October, 1870; she is a native of Armstrong county, Pennsylva- nia; have two children: Alice M. and William A. Mr. S. has been alderman four years and school treasurer one year. Steven, S. N., mason. Stevens, W. H., carpenter. Swihart, Simon, grocer. 1 ATE, A. N., grain-dealer. T Thresher, J. T., tinner. Todd, G. W., merchant. STANCE, A. W., physician. VAN ORMAN, J. T., dealer in lumber; born in Medina county, Ohio, in 1838; came to Iowa in 1866, and to Dexter in 1868; mar- ried Amanda "Way in 1859; she was a native of Indiana; have one child by adoption: Jane. Yer mil lion, Charles, retired farmer. VORSE, J. B., dealer in agricul- tural implements and coal; bus- iness established in 1875; born in Des Moines in 1851; came to Dexter in 1875, and engaged in present business. T A 7"ATTS, J. F., furniture V V dealer; born in Perry county; Pennsylvania, in 1836; came to Iowa in 1869, and loca- ted in Dexter; married Mary Rowland in 1872 ; she was born in Indiana; have two children : John F. and Birdsall. Mr. W. enlisted in the Seventh Pennsylvania Cav- alry in 1861, and was discharged in July, 1865. Are members of M. E. church. Welsh, A. S., blacksmith. White, C. G., veterinary surgeon. 556 DIRECTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. "Williams, O. P., ex-merchant. Wilson, J. A., blacksmith. "Wood, F. P., meat market. WOOLFFINGER, CHARLES, saloon and restaurant; born in Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany, in 1834, and came to America in 1867, and located in Des Moines; removed to Dexter in 1868; mar- ried Fredricka Walters in 1867; she was born in Baden, Germany, in 1842; have four children: Charles, Robertena, Emeil and Bertha. Member of German Lu- theran church. OUNG, WILL G, druggist. Y Young, F. P., harness-maker. ■cr^rionsr TOTT^isrsHiii 3 . ADAMS, T. M., farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Dexter. Alcorn, William, farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. Redfield. Allen, John, farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. Redfield. » Angle, Nicholas, farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Dexter. Armfield, J. H., wagon-maker; P. O. Redfield. Armstead, F. M., blacksmith; P. O. Redfield. Armstrong, Elliott, farmer, Sec. 5; P. 0. Redfield. BARNETT, T. D., farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. Dexter. Barnett, Levi, farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Earlham. Baruett, E. A., farmer, Sec. 20; P. O DsxtGr BARNETT, CURTIS, farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. Dexter; owns 180 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; born in Clinton county, Ohio, in 1823; came to Iowa in 1855, and located in Dallas county; married Sidney George, in 1843; she was born in Marion county, Indiana, in 1825; have nine children: Anna J., Isaac, Thomas D., William A., Spicy A., Even E., Abigail, James E.'aud Mary E. Members of So- ciety of Friends. Republican. BARNETT, ISAAC, farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. Dexter; owns 160 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre; born in Marion county, Indiana, in 1848; came to Iowa in 1855, and located in this county, mar- ried Sarah' Scott in 1875; she was born in Marion county, Indiana, • in 1850; have one child: Minnie. Members of Society of Friends. Republican. BARNETT, W. A., farmer, Sec. 21; P. O. Dexter; owns 80 acres of land, valued at $20 per acre; born in Indiana, in 1853; came to Iowa in 1856 with parents; mar- ried Anna J. Hadley, in 1874; she was born in Marion county, Indiana; have two children: Lo- rin EL. and Elda. Are members of the Society of Friends. Re- publican. BAILEY, DAVID, P. O. Redfield; owns 120 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre; born in Wayne county, Ohio, in 1816; came to Iowa in 1853, and located in this township; married Sarah A. Jones, in 1840; she was born in Wayne county, Indiana, in 1822; have two children: Alice and Ann Eliza. Are members of the Chris- tian church. Greenback. Belles, Jacob, farmer; P. O. Red- field. Belles, Peter, speculator; P. O. Red- field. BROWN, L., farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. Dexter; owns 338 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; born in Windsor county, Vermont, in 1830; came to Iowa in 1854, and located in Jones county; removed | to this county in 1868, and settled on his present farm; married UNION TOWNSHIP 557 Lorett C. Griswold, in 1854; she was born in Windsor county, Vermont, in 1833; have four chil-* dren: Flora H., Charles E., Lu- cius G. and Alice E. Eepublican. Brown, W. H. BE., hotel-keeper; P. O. Eedfield. Brown, B. F., farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Eedfield. Browning, G. W., farmer; P. O. . Eedfield. Browning, H. O, hotel-keeper; P. O. Eedfield. Bugg, "William, farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Dexter. Burnham, J. W., farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. Eedfield. CALDWELL, WILLIAM, re- tired; P. O. Eedfield. CARTER, J. H., blacksmith, and dealer in agricultural implements ; P. O. Eedfield; born in Kentucky in 1833; came to Iowa in 1862, and located in Eedfield; married Mary Eoberts in 1854; she was born in Indiana in 1834; have four children: Elizabeth EL, Ida, James and Belle. Are members of the Christian church. Eepub- lican. Carman, M. L., farmer, Sec. 16; P. . O. Eedfield. Cave, Sarah, farmer, Sec. 1; P. O. Eedfield. CHANDLER, JOHN R., farmer, Sec. 33; P. O. Dexter; owns 80 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre; born in Belmont county, Ohio, in 1837; came to Iowa in 1859, and located in Johnson county; removed to his present farm in 1868; married Charlotte Laffer in 1860; she was born in 1844; have one child by adoption: Bessie May. Eepublican. Chance, David, constable; P. O. Eedfield. Chance, T. C, carpenter; P. U. Eedfield. Charles, Albert, Sec. 4, laborer, P. O. Eedfield. 35 Clark, Charles, Sec. 29, farmer; P. COMPTON,ELI, Sec 21; P. O. Dexter; owns 240 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre; born in Marion county, Indiana, in 1831; came to Iowa in 1855, and located on present farm in 1866; was mar- ried in 1862, to A. J. Barnett; she was born in Iowa, in 1842; have 6 children: Euth, Elmer, Emma, Olive, Sidney and Evaline. Are members of the Society of Friends. Colver, Nathaniel, plasterer; P. O. Eedfield. Compton, John, Sec. 15, farmer; P. O. Eedfield. Cook, Peter, Sec. 21, farmer; P. O. Dexter- Cook, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. O. Dexter. COOK,W. H., farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. Earlham; owns 112 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre; born in Union county, Indiana, in 1827; came to Iowa in 1853, and located on present farm; married Keziah Bowles, in 1845; she was born in Indiana in 1817; have four children: Sarah Jane, Asenath, Darius B. and Peter. Members of Society of Friends. Eepublican. COULTER, J. F., farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. Eedfield; owns 100 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre; born in Montgomery county, Ohio,' in 1837; came to Iowa in 1865, and located in Polk county; removed to this county in 1868 ; married Mahala Martin in 1862; she was born in Ohio in 1840; have six children: Eddie E., Elden M., I. J., Franklin, Alice May and Cora Ann. Are members of the United Brethren church. Eepublican. Cox, Elizabeth, P. O. Eedfield. Cranmer, Jas. E., teamster, P. O. Eedfield. CRAVEN, A. S., Sec. 22; P. O. Dexter; born in North Carolina, 558 DIRECTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. in 1824; came to Iowa in 1856, and located in this township; mar- ried Huldali Hinshaw, in 1847; she was born in Randolph county, North Carolina, in 1824; have seven children; D. H., J. L., E. S., M. J., J. W., L. T., Tacy H. Wife is a member of the Society of Friends. Republican. CRONK, ELI, farmer, Sec. 13 ; P. O. Earlham ; owns 256 acres of land, valued at $20 per acre; born in Stokes county, Virginia, in 1825; came to Iowa in 1856, and located on his present farm; married Eliza- beth Chance in 1856; she was born in Hiland county, Ohio, in 1835; have four children: Wm. F., Isaac M., Jacob W. and Mary E. Are members of the U. B. church. Republican. Curts, Geo. W., farmer, Sec. 1; P. O. Redfield. DEVORE, J., teamster; P. O. Rediield. Diggs, P. W., farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. Dexter. Dyer, E., cooper, P. O. Rediield. EDWARDS, I. W., farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Earlham. Ellis, John S., farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. Redfield. FINICUM, J. W., manager of American Mills; P. O. Red- field; born in Carroll county, Ohio, in 1834; came to Iowa in 1'869, and located in Warren coun- ty; removed to this county in 1872; married Elizabeth McAfee in 1859; she was born in Harrison county, Ohio; have six children: William L., George E., James R., John E., Louie and Frank. Are members of the M. E. church. Fish, J. M., farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. Redfield. Firkins, Egbert, farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Dexter. Flinn, John, farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. . Redfield. Foster, Elizabeth; P. O. Redfield. FRY, E. S., farmer, Sec. 26; P. O. Earlham; owns 280' acres of land, f , valued at $25 per acre; born in Shenandoah county, West Vir- ginia, in 1837; came to Iowa in 1869, and located on present farm; married Mary Lewellen in 1856; she was born in Virginia, in 1836, and died in 1875; have six chil- dren: Virginia, Magdaline, James, George, Alice and Eldred. Green- Fry, Geo. T., farmer, Sec. 26; P. 0. Earlham. G AMBER, S. J., farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. Dexter. Gamber, John, farmer,- Sec. 29; P 0. Dexter. Garwood-, Samuel, farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Redfield. George, Baxter, farmer, Sec. 33; P. O. Dexter. George, Evan, farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. Dexter. Griffith, Jesse, cooper; P. 0. Red- field. HADLEY, D. W., farmer, Sec. 26; P. O. Earlham. Hadley, W. J., farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. Earlham. Hadley, M. L., farmer, Sec. 27; P. O Dsxt6r. HADLEY, JAMES, farmer, Sec. 24; P. 0. Earlham; owns 180 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre ; born in North Carolina, in 1828; came to Iowa in 1863, and located in Hardin county; re- moved to this county in 1868, and • settled on present farm; married Catharine R. Mendenhall in 1854; she was born in North Carolina, ; in 1828 ; have four children : Sraah . i; Ellen, Charles R., Stephen M. and Albert E. Are members of the Society of Friends. Repub- J lican. HADLEY, ISAAC, farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. Dexter; owns 883 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre; born in Clinton county, Ohio, in 1825; came to Iowa in 1868, and located On present farm; UNION TOWNSHIP. 559 Mr. H. has been twice married, first to Susanna Hadley, in 1849; she was born in Cheatham county, "North Carolna, in 1823, and died in 1872; have five chil- dren: Eunice, Anna J., Samira, "William J. and Alfred; lost four: Martha Ellen, Elmina, Emma and Alvira; married again, in 1875, to Jane Nichols; she was born in Ohio, in 1828. Are mem- bers of the Society of Friends. Republican. HARMON, S. S.,. dealer in general merchandise; P. O. Redfield; born in Gotham, Maine, in 1826; came to Iowa in 1856, and located in Des Moines; removed to Redfield in 1862, and engaged in present business; married Eunice A. Le Gro, in 1848; she was born in Maine; have one child: Eugenie. Harmon, Eugene, stock-dealer; P. O.. Redfield. Harner, Z., miller, Sec. 3; P. O. Redfield. Haskins, J. G., farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Earlham. Henderson, James, cooper; P. O. Redfield. Hibbs, V., farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Redfield. Hodgson, John, laborer; P. O. Red- field. HOLLINGSWORTH, PARKER, proprietor of Redfield Mills; born in Indiana in 1821; came to Iowa in 1856, and located in "Winnebago county; removed to this county in 1872. Mr. H. has been mar- ried four times; his present wife was Rebecca Moorman; born in Grant county, Indiana, in 1837; they have three children: Moses, Reno and Linneus. Mr. H. has two children by his first wife: , Levi and Rebecca; three by sec- ond wife: Anna J., Ira and Na- than, and two by third wife: Han- nah E. and Sarah A. Are mem- bers of the Society of Friends. Hook, A, fisherman; P. O. Redfield. Horner, Oliver, miller, Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Redfield. Hutchins, N. B., farmer; P. 0. Red- field. TRWIN, MATHIAS, agent, Sec. 1 4; P. O. Redfield. KENWORTHY, A. A., farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Earlham. Kenworthy, S. H., farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Earlham. LAMB, CHARLES, farmer and saddler; P. O. Redfield. LEEPER, ALEXANDER, farm- er, Sec. 4; P. O. Redfield; owns 360 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre; born in Stark county, Ohio, in 1828; came to Iowa in 1855, and located in Wiscotta; married Samantha J. Boone, in 1856; she was born in Holmes county, Ohio, in 1837; have eight children : George "W., William A., Anna M., Martin V., Catharine A., Cora J., Hezekiah B., Gusta M. Greenback. Lenox, R., farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Redfield. Lewellen, S., farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. -L/Gxtcr LEWIS,' A. W., farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Earlham ; owns 266 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre; born in Wayne county, Indiana, in 1832; came to Iowa in 1853 and located in Warren county; removed to Guthrie county in 1856, and to this county in 1865, and settled on his present farm in 1874; married Nancy J. Hadley in 1853; she was born in Hen- dricks county, Indiana, in 1836; have eight children: T. Had- ley, Rosa E., Sarah E., Charles E., Emma M., Laura R., Waldo Emerson and Grace. Are mem- bers of the society of Friends. Republican. Lyon, C. H., farmer, Sec. 28; P. O. Dsxtcr 'oGREW, MELYIN, farmer, M< Sec. 14; P. O. Earlham. 560 DIRECTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. McNichols. Thomas, farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. Redfield. McNichols, Cyrus, farmer, Sec. 26; P. 0. Earlham. McNICHOLS, GEORGE, farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. Earlham; owns 112-J acres of land, valued at $40 per acre ; born in Monroe county, Ohio, in 1836; came to Iowa in 1864, and located in this township; married Sarah J. Ealey in 1872; she was born in Harrison county, Ohio, in 1830. Mr. M. has one child by a former wife: Howard. Are members of Society of Friends. Kepublican. McLucas, John, farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. Redfield. McVey, G. M., farmer, Sec. 32; P. O Dexter. ' McPHERSON, F. M., farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. Dexter; owns 160 acres of land, valued at $33 per acre; born in Randolph county, Indiana, in 1840; came to Iowa in 1853, and located in this county; mar- ried Losada Maulsby in 1860; she was born in Wayne county, In- diana, in 1836; have four chil- dren: Landon E., Elmer D., Eva A., Alpha L. Mr. McPherson has been assessor two years. Greenback. MALES, J. M., farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. Redfield; owns 110 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre; born in Kentucky, in 1825; came to Iowa in 1852, and located in Dal- las county in the spring of 1853; married Nancy Mendenhall in 1849; she was born in Ohio in 1824; have six children : Richard, Nathan, Enoch, William, Elward and Martha Jane. Wife is a mem- ber of the United Brethren church. Greenback. Massure, H. L., farmer, Sec. 5 ; P. O. Eedfield. MARSHALL, CALVIN, farmer, Sec 19; P. O. Dexter; owns 320 acres of land, valued at acre; born in Wayne county. Z diana, in 1824; came to Iowa in 1854, and located on present farm; married O. E. Maulsby in 1858; she was born in Porter county, Indiana, in 1841; have four chil- dren: Ira, Fanny, Burchard Hayes and Martha. Mr. M. has been justice six years, and has held dif- ferent township offices. Repub- lican. Marshall, M. O, farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. Dexter. Marshall, M. J., farmer, Sec. 31; P. O. Dexter. Martin, David, laborer; P. O. Red- field. Maulsby, Lemuel, farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. Dexter. Maulsby, W. R., farmer and miller, Sec. 19; P. O. Dexter. Maulsby, Elwood, farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. Dexter. Maulsby, M. B., physician; P. 0. Redfield. Maulsby, Irvine, merchant; P. 0. Redfield. Maulsby, L. W., farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. Dexter. Mendenhall, C, farmer, Sec. 22; P, O. Dexter. Mendenhall, Jane, farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. Earlham. Mills, Moses, blacksmith; P. 0. Redfield. Mills, Hadley, farmer, Sec. 28; P, O. Dexter. Mills, Milton, farmer, Sec. 21; P. O. Dexter. Mills, M., Jr., farmer, Sec. 21; P. 0. Dexter. Mills, Cyrus, farmer, Sec. 26; P. 0. Earlham. Moorman, John, farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Redfield. Muchler, L. W., farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. Redfield. Murray, J. M., farmer and broker, Sec. 4; P. O. Redfield. NEWLLN, ABNER, farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Earlham. Newlin, Aquilla, farmer, Sec. 11; P- O. Redfield. UNION TOWNSHIP. 561 Newlin, Euth, farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Earlham. Nichols, L. L. ; P. O. Eedfield. Noel, Dulcina, farmer, Sec. 3; P. O Eedfield. Northup, N., farmer, Sec. 8; P. 0. Dexter. ODELL, A., farmer, Sec. — : P. O. Eedfield. ORAHOOD, GARRETT, farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. Earlham; owns 160 acres of land, valued at $25 per acre; born in Union county, Ohio, in 1835; came to Iowa in 1868, and located in Madison county; removed to this county in 1873; married Victoria Pierce in 1860; she was born in Cass county, Illinois, in 1836; have 7 children: Lena, George B., Day- ton P., Harriet M., Mittie, Har- vey and Mary. Greenback. Overstreet, C. D., barber; P. O Eedfield. Overstreet, James, plasterer; P. O Eedfield. PANCOAST, W. H. H, farmer Sec. 11 ; P. O. Eedfield. Pancoast, Alvaro, laborer; P. O Eedfield. Pay ton, John, farmer, Sec. 2; P. O Eedfield. PEPPARD, JONATHAN, farmer bridge builder and contractor, Sec, 9; P. O. Eedfield; owns a farm of 410 acres; was born in Union township, Wayne county, Ohio, May 29, 1829, where he lived until 18 years of age; he then left his home to seek his- own fortune in life, locating in Medina county, Ohio, where he took up his trade, that of a bridge builder; January 1, 1855, he married Miss Betsy,' daughter of E. F. and Betsy D. Bissell, of La Fayette, Medina county; she was born in Bristol, Ontario county, N.Y., Oct. 1, 1836 ; the year following he moved with his wife to Lansing, Mich., where he remained about one year; they then returned to Ohio, where they continued to live until May, 1866 then with his family he removed to this county, and located in Eed- field; three years later he removed to his present home, 2 miles south of Eedfield; December 29, 1873, after a short illness, his wife was taken from, him, leaving a family of six children to mourn her loss, having lost two previously: Overt E., born December 15, 1855; Hat- tie A., born February 12, 1858, died October 12, 1866; Lovisa A., born November 1, 1860; Harry E., born October 1, 1862, died November 16, 1866; Marsious L., born August 3, 1865 ; Eudoice B., born December 13, 1867; Guy A., born June 17, 1872; Ward L., born December 15, 1873; September 3, 1875, he again married to Eliza, widow of Win. E. Longworthy, a native of Montville, Waldo county, Maine; she was born in June, 1836; they have two children by this union, named: Edith, born April 15, 1877; Charles A., born September 24, 1878; Mrs. Pep- pard has five children by her former marriage; William M., born August 18, 1860; Annie, born October 21, 1861; Ella, born February 28, 1863; Agnes, born August 18, 1864; Cordelia, born February 2, 1866. Mr. Peppard has been extensively engaged in bridge building since coming to this county, in fact he has built most all the wooden bridges, and has given general satisfaction to the people; he is now engaged in building the bridge across 'Coon river, at Adel, for the D. M., A. W. E. E. Peppard, Win., farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Eedfield. Pitts, W. H. H, laborer, P. O. Eed- field. Porter, L. F., farmer; P. O. Eed- . field. Porter, ,W. H., farmer; P. O. Eed- field. 562 DIRECTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. PRICE, R. K., farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. Dexter; owns 160 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; born in Harrison county, Ohio, in 1839; came to Iowa in 1860 and located in this township; married S. E, Stribling in 1864; she was born in Missouri in 1844; they have six children: Annie, Ralph, Arthur, Charlie, Florence and Nettie. Republican. Price, P. K., Jr., farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. Dexter. PUFFER, JOHN, dealer in grocer- ies, boots and shoes; P. O. Red- field; born in Monson, Mass., in 1810; came to Iowa in 1856 and located in Redfield ; married Har- riett J. Williams in 1847; she was born in Brunfield, Mass., in 1817; lost one child, Frank; have one child by a former wife, Charles. Mr. Puffer has been assessor one year and justice one term. Are members of the M. E. church. Republican. Pugh, James, farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Redfield. RABER, CHAS., farmer, Sec. 6; P. (). Redfield. Ramsey, W. L., farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Earlham. , RAMSEY, WILLIAM, farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Earlham; owns 90 acres 'of land, valued at $35 per acre; born in Hendricks coun- ty, Indiana, in 1842; came to Iowa in 1843 and located in Keo- kuk county; settled on his present farm in 1855 ; married Susanna Newlan in 1865; she was born in Hendricks county, Indiana, in 1845; have six children: Phineas L., John D., Elistes W., Walter V., Theo L. and Homer. Are members of the Society of Friends. Redfield, I.*D., clerk; P. O. Redfield. Redfield, F., coal digger; P. O. Red- field. Redfield, Abram, teamster; P. O. Redfield. REDFIELD, J. W., capitalist; P. O. Redfield; born in Wayne county, New York, in 1839; came to Iowa in 1857, and located in Redfield ; married Pauline For- rester in October, 1866; she was born in Canada in 1846; have one child: Emma Louise. Mr. R.- has been a member of the board' of supervisors three or four terms. Republican. Reynolds, G. W.j mill-wright; P. 0. Redfield. Reynolds, J. Q. A., farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. Redfield. Robbins, Aaron, shoemaker; P. 0. Redfield. RUST, R. H., physician and sur- geon, and dealer in drugs and medicines; P. O. Redfield; born in Virginia in 1828; came to Iowa in 1850, and located in Keo- kuk; removed to Redfield in 1861 ( married Lutitia Maulsby in 1855; she was born in Wayne county, Indiana; have six children: Dora, Edwin G., Dell, Martha, Richard and Ravmond. SCHLARB, PETER, farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. Dexter. Scott, Eli, farmer, Sec. 20; P. 0. Dexter. Scott & Maulsby, merchants; P. 0. Redfield. SHEELEY, J. R., Sec. 2; owner and proprietor of American Mills; P. O. Redfield; valued at ten thousand dollars; born in Ver- million county, Indiana, in 1848; came to Iowa in 1856 and lo- cated with his parents in Union township; married Helen Pear- son in 1868; she was born in Polk county, Iowa, in 1850; have three children: Charley, Jesse C. and Sidney; enlisted in Co. C, 40th Iowa Infantry, in 1864, and discharged in 1864. Republican. Sheridan, M., farmer, Sec. 13; P. 0. Earlham. UNION TOWNSHIP. 563 Short, Thos. H., farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Eedfield. SIMCOKE, JOSEPH H., farmer, Sec. 19; P. O. Dexter; owns 80 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; born in Kandolph coun- ty, Indiana, in 1852; came to Iowa in 1866 and located in Pot- tawattamie county; removed to this county in 1875; married Flora Brown in 1875; she was born in Windsor county, Ver- mont; have lost two children: Cora L., and Herbert D. Eepub- lican. Sividge, John G., farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. Dexter. SLOAN, G. W., farmer; P. O. Eed- field; owns 102 acres of land, val- ued at $30 per acre; born in New Jersey in 1833; came to Iowa in 1855 and located in Eed- field ; married Hannah Harris in 1855; she was born in Indiana in 1836; have fonr children: Au- gusta Jane, Dora, J. Ward -and Mary S. Greenback. Smith, Eli, farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. Eedfield. Smith, George, farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Dexter. Spillers, Saml., farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Eedfield. Spillers, Peter, farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. Eedfield. Sturtevant, A., farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Dexter. Stearns, J. E., farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Eedfield. Stiles, J. E„ farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. Eedfield. Stiles, E. F., clerk; P. O. Eedfield. Stout, Dan., farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. Eedfield. Stout, David, farmer, Sec. 8; P.O. Stotts, W. E, farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Eedfield. Stotts, Uriah, farmer, Sec. 5 ; P. O. Eedfield. Sumpter, G. W., farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. Dexter. Sumpter, John, farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Dexter. Swizer, J. W., farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. Eedfield. THOMAS, M. S., clerk; P. O. Eedfield. THOMAS, E. E., harness-maker; P. O. Eedfield; born in Ean- dolph county, Indiana, in 1848; came to Iowa in 1850 and located with his parents in Union town- ship; married Cora Massure in 1869; she was born in Maine in 1856; have one child: Earl. Ee- publican. THOMAS, M. C, postmaster and notary public; P. O. Eedfield; born in Warren county, Ohio, in 1818; came to Iowa in 1850, and located in Union township; has been twice married; first to Mahala Smith, in 1840; she was born in Ohio in 1820; have eight children: Sarah J., Naomi A., William, E.E.,Malon S., Matilda, Caroline and Evaline. Married again in 1863 to Margaret J. Ives; she was born in Ohio in 1840; have five children: Marcus L., Joseph L., Lillie May, Winnie and Ward. Mr. Thomas has been justice about ten years. Eepub- lican. Thornbnrg, Elizabeth; P. O. Eed- field. Tice, N. J., photographer; P. O. Eedfield. TICE, D. N., farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. Eedfield; owns 120 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre; born in Chenango county, New York, in 1835; came to Iowa in 1856 and located in this township; married Permina Carpenter in 1865; she was born in Chenango county, New York; have two children: Ida J. and Maggie. Enlisted in Co. K, 15th Iowa In- fantry, in 1863, and discharged in * 1865. Eepublican. Tompkins, A. J., farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Eedfield. 564 DIBECTOBY OF DALLAS COUNTY. Tompkins, Levi, farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Eedfield/ Twichell, Ida, school teacher; P. O. Eedfield. \ A ;TALSH, THOS. O., deputy V V treasurer, P. O. Adel. "Watts, K. J., farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. Dexter. Warden, G. B., farmer, Sec. 1; P. O. Eedfield. Weasner, Alex., farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. O. Dexter. Weasner, Micaja, farmer, Sec. 21; P. 0. Dexter! Welker, A, 3"., farmer, Sec. 3; P. 0. Eedfield. Wickwire, E., farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. Eedfield. Wickwire, Abe, farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. Eedfield. Wilson, Euth, farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Earlham. Wilson, Barnett, farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Earlham. Wilcox, H. A., farmer, Sec. 9; P. 0. Eedfield. Wiseman, M. A., farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Earlham. Woolrey, Eobert, farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Eedfield. Woolrey, Euben, farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. Eedfield. Wright, Lnke, farmer, Sec. 2; P. 0. Eedfield. -a-id-Au^s rroTTvri^snii 3 . ADAMS, STEPHEN, farmer, Sec. 16; P.O. De Soto; born in Brown county, Ohio, April 14, 1826, where he lived until the fall of 1856; he then emigrated to Iowa and this county, and located in what is now Adams township, the township being named in honor of himself; he has lived here ever since, 22 years; Maj r 13, 1847, he married Miss Matilda Walker, of Brown county, Ohio; have by this union four sons and five daughters, named: Ann E., now Mrs. John E. Wilson, Azuba, now Mrs. Ii. S. McKibbin, Eliza- beth, now Mrs. Daniel Lance, John Q., James A., Florence S., Mary L., now Mrs. Jos. Gano, Joshua E. and Stephen M. Mr. A. has been justice of the peace since 1857; was postmaster at Chattanooga eleven years ; is as- sessor and has been for seven years; has been secretary of the school board seven years. Adams, J. A., farmer, Sec. 21; P. O. De Soto. Adams, John, farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. De Soto. Adams, G. M., farmer. Sec. 23; P. O. De Soto. Alkire, W., farmer, Sec. 27; P. 0. De Soto. BALLAED, LEVI, farmer, Sec. 81; P.O. Earlham. Barker, W. B., farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. De Soto. Barnett, Joel, farmer, Sec 33 ; P. 0. Earlham. BENSON, JASPER, farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. Earlham; owns 75 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre; born in Laclede county, Missouri, in 1840; came to Iowa in 1852 and located in this township; married Maria Bingman in 1860; she was born in Marion county, Indiana, in 1845; have four chil- dren: Nancy J., Wm. N., Anna and Josie Ella. Are members of United Presbyterian Church. Democrat. Benson, T. W., farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. Earlham. BILDERBACK, NORMS, far- mer, Sec. 28; _ P. O. Earlham; born in Laclede county, Missouri, in 1845; came to Iowa in 1852 and located with his parents on ADAMS TOWNSHIP. 565 present farm; Samuel Bilderback, his father, was born in Pennsylva- nia in 1817, and died in 1871; married Sallie Meads, who was a native of Kentucky; have seven children: Charles, Norris, Pres- ton, Honor, Polly A., John and Ferdinand. BILDERBACK, THOMAS, far- mer, Sec. 3; P. O. Adel; owns 178J acres of land, valued at $30 per acre; born in Holmes county, Ohio, in 1837; came to Iowa in 1850, and located in Adel; mar- ried. Susan Meeds, in 1865; she was born in Montgomery county, Illinois, in 1835; have three chil- dren: Joseph E., Eva J. and Prank S. BINGHAM, J. W., farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Earlham; born in Marion county, Indiana, in 1853; came to Iowa in 1853, and located with parents in Union township; mar- ried Polly A. Bilderback in 1874; she was born in Missouri in 1852. Binginan, J. W., farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. Earlham. Bishop, Aaron, farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. De Soto. Bishop, Jonathan, farmer, Sec. 10; P. 0. De Soto. BROWN , JAMES M., farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Earlham; owns 300 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; born in Preble county, Ohio, in 1832; came to Iowa in 1866 and located on present farm; married Ann E. Hale in 1862; she was born in Minard county, Illinois, in 1844; have six chil- dren: Emily J., Marietta, Clarisa, Milem, Charles and Leona. Are members of the Presbyterian Church. Democrat. Brown, Wm., farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. De Soto. CALDWELL, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. O. Adel. CASE, WILLIAM P., farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. De Soto; owns 119 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre; born in Kentucky in 1826; came to Iowa in 1845, and located .in Jackson county; removed to this county in 1864; married Su- san A. Shearel in 1863; she was born in Hancock county, Ohio, in 1844; have three children: Emma, Minnie and Ralph E. Are mem- bers of Christian Church. Dem- ocrat. CHESNUTWOOD, M. A., farmer, section 13; P. O. De Soto; owns 200 acres of land valued at $20 per acre; born in Bellfountain county, Pennsylvania, in 1815; came to Iowa in 1854, and located on present farm ; married Hannah Collins in 1842; she was born in Stark county, Ohio, in 1821 ; have ten children: Mary Ann, Sarah, Hannah, Barbara, William, Levi, Harriett, M. A., Catherine and Samuel; Mr. O, has been school treasurer about eleven years. Are members of the M. E. Church. Republican. Chesnutwood, Wm., farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. De Soto. CHURCHMAN, JAS. , farmer, Sec. 26; P. O. De Soto; owns 180 acres of land valued at $30 per acre; born in Rutledge county, Tennessee, in 1829; came to Iowa in 1853 and located on present farm; married E. C. Reynolds in 1869; she was born in Laport county, Indiana, in 1850; have two children: Wirinie B. and Arthur R. Mr. C. enlisted in the 8th California cavalry in 1864, and was discharged in 1865. Re- publican. Clark, F. M., farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. De Soto. Clark, David, farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. De Soto. Cler, P. and M., farmers, Sec. 3; P. O. Adel COFFIN, WM., Sec. 3; P. O. Adel; owns 170 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre; born in Wayne county, Indiana, in 1835; came to 566, DIRECTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. Iowa in 1856, and settled in Dallas county in 1857; married Rachel L. Shelley in 1857; she was born in Hendricks county, Indiana, in 1838; have four children: Jas. H., Rachel M., Seerepta J. and Cora L.; enlisted in Company C, 39th Iowa Infantry, in 1862, and was discharged in 1865. Are members of the M. E. Church. Mr. Coffin has been township trustee 2 years. Republican. College, James, farmer; Sec. 1; P. O. Adel. College, J. K. P., farmer; Sec. 1; P. O. Adel. CONGER, M. M., farmer; Sec. 24; P. O. De Soto; owns 160 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre; born in Courtland county, N. Y., in 1815; came to Iowa in 1856, and located on present farm ; married Catherine Murphy in 1851; she was born in Knox county, Ohio, in 1830; have three children : Ed- win, Cyrus and Emmet T. Are members of the Christian Church. Republican. Corey, Wm., farmer; P. O. De Soto. COUCH, J. A., farmer; Sec. 3; P. O. Adel; owns 145 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre; born in North Carolina in 1820; came to Iowa in 1856, and located on pres- ent farm; married Ruth Coffin; she was born in North Carolina in 1831; have eight children: Har- • vey M., Mary, Geo. W., Hannah, Milton, Eli, 'Eddie and Charlie; Mr. Couch has two children by a former wife: Joel and Harriet A., now Mrs. Adkins; lost one son: Cummings W. Are members of M. E. Church. Republican. Couch, H. M., farmer; Sec. 2; P. O. Adel. Crowl, Wm., farmer; Sec. 4; P. O. Adel. DAVENPORT, JOHN, farmer; Sec. 4; P.O. Adel. DeCamp, E. W., farmer; Sec. 5; P. O. Adel. Dehart, Thos., farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. 0. De Soto. Doty, J. P., farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. Earlham. Doty, Elizabeth, farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. Earlham. ELLIS, PETER, farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. De Soto. FARNHAM, WM. W., farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. De Soto; owns 56 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre; born in Essex county, Mass., in 1828; came to Iowa in 1859, and located in Jones county; mar- ried Laura Bowley in 1855; she was born in Maine, in 1833; have six children : John W., Charles A. Minnie J., William B., Mary E. and Elick A. Republican. FIDLER, ALFRED, farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. De Soto; owns 137 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; born in Knox county, Ohio, in 1827; came to Iowa in 1854, and located on present farm; married Harriet Ellis, in 1854; she was born in Bureau county, Illinois, in 1834; have one child: Zenas N. Are members of the M. E. Churh. Republican. Fike, T. S., farmer, Sec. 4, P. 0. Adel. FISH, PETER., farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. De Soto; owns 160 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre; born in Monroe county, Pennsylvania, in 1832; came to Iowa in 1855, and located in this county; mar- ried Elizabeth Harrison in 1854; she was born in Luzerne county, Pennsylvania in 1835; have four children: Samuel, Emery, Nelson and Ada; married again in 1867 to Frances Haselton ; she was born in Ohio in 1847. Republican. FORRESTER, J. W, farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. Adel; owns 135 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre; born in Indiana, 1842; came to Iowa in 1853, and located in this county; married A. E. Douglas, in 1865; she was born in Indiana, in 1842; ADAM& TOWNSHIP. 56T have four children: Carrie, John K, Willis V. and Guy. Are mem- bers of the M. E. church. Enlisted in Co. A, 23d Iowa Infantry, in 1862, and was discharged in 1865. Republican. Fox, Daniel, farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. De Soto. Francis, Geo., farmer, Sec. 5 ; P. O. Adel. Francis. Darius, farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Adel. GANOE, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. Adel. Garside, Samuel, farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Adel. Garrett, Evan, farmer, Sec. 33; P. O. Earlham. GARRETT, SILAS, farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. De Soto; owns 440 acres of land, valued at $25 per acre;_ born in Jefferson county, Kentucky, in 1833; came to Iowa in March, 1869, and located on his present farm; mar- ried KebecGa Ashenfeller,in 1855; she was born in York county, Pennsylvania, in 1834; have eleven children. Garoutte, Frank, farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. De Soto. Garoutte, W. P., farmer, Sec. 10; P. . O. De Soto. George, F. M., farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. Earlham. Graham, J. G., farmer and preacher, Sec. 19; P. O. Earlham. Green, "Wm., farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. De Soto. HAGERMAN, E, farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. Earlham. Hall, T. J., farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Earlham. Hemphill, Thos., farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. De Soto. Harper, Adam, farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. De Soto. Harper, Henry, farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Adel. Harper, D. C, farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. De Soto. Harrison, Thos., farmer, Sec. 16; P.. O. De Soto. HARRISON, G. W., Sec. 24, P. O. De Soto; owns ninety acres of land valued at $50 per acre; born in Wyoming county, Pennsylva- nia, in 1838; came to Iowa in 1868 and located on present farm ; mar- ried Minerva Goble in 1867; she was born in "Wyoming county,. Pennsylvania, in 1849; have three children : Charles E., Ada B., and an infant. Harmon,. Joseph, farmer, Sec. 7; P» O. Earlham. Hibbs, L. A., farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. Earlham. Hightower, J. G., farmer, Sec. 32;. P. O. Earlham. Hill, Harriet, farmer, Sec. 11 ; P. O. De Soto. Hill, II. P. farmer, Sec. 11; P. O.. De Soto. Hills, G. S., farmer Sec. 10; P. 0„ De Soto. Hocket, Stephen, farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Earlham. HODSON, CARY, farmer, Sec. 33; P. O. Earlham ; owns 240 acres of land valued at $30 per acre; born in Clinton county, Ohio, in 1832;. came to Iowa in 1869 and located in this township; married Mary Miller in 1873; she was born in Ireland in 1841; have two chil- dren: Lydia M. and Susan E., and Mr. H. has five children by a former wife: . G. A., Catherines- Isabel, Cora and Hattie. Green- DRCk Holt, W. A. & G. W., farmers, Sec. 2; P. O. Adel. Hooks, W. F., farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Adel. Hoselton, P., farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. De Soto. Hongham, J., farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Adel. Hunt, Henry, farmer, Sec. 14; P. 0_ De Soto. 568 DIRECTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. TLES, EICHAKD, farmer, Sec. 22; 1 P. O. De Soto. 7 0HNS0N, H. 0., farmer, Sec. ■d 28; P. O. Earlham. Johnson, J. F., farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. Earlham. KAHLE, ANGELINE, farmer, Sec. 27; P. 0. De Soto. Kelly, Z. W., farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. De Soto. KEN WORTHY", JESSE, farmer, Sec. 31; P. 0. Earlham; owns eighty acres of land valued at $40 fer acre; born in Marion county, nd., in 1835; came to Iowa in 1860 and located in Madison county; removed to this county in 1862; married Mary Spray in 1858; she was born in Ohio in 1840, and died in 1876; have six children: Lydia A., Ida J., Eli K, Evaline, Allen and Milton; are members of Society of Friends. Republican. Xing, Win., farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. Earlham. King, J. V., farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Adel. KRAMER,, W. H., farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. De Soto; owns 560 acres of land valued at $35 per acre; born in Center county, Pennsylvania, in 1837; came to Iowa in 1859; located on his present farm in 1868; married Edna Wilson in 1864; she was born in Indiana in 1838; have four children: Mary • A., L. C, Milburn and Grace G. KELLY, Z. W., deputy auditor of Dallas county; residence on his farm, Sec. 23, Adams township; P. 0. Adel; born in Columbiana county, Ohio, July 10, 1835; he was brought up and received his education in that State; he came to Benton county, Iowa, in 1858; remained a short time and went to Missouri, and was engaged in teaching there for four years; then ■came to Dallas county and en- gaged in teaching; he was elected auditor of Dallas county in 1871, and held that office for six years; then was appointed deputy audi- tor, and has held town and school offices; he owns two farms, con- taining 253 acres; married Miss E. A. Harper, in February, 1864; she was from Indiana; they have two children : Orville A. and Myr- tle D. LONGMIRE, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Adel; owns 392 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre; born in Washington county, Tennessee, in 1811; came to Iowa in 1846, and located on his pres- ent farm; married Melinda Chris- topher in 1832; she was born in Indiana in 1814; have nine chil- dren: George, James, Michael, Benton, Elizabeth, Le Roy,Charles, > Ida and Melissa; have lost five children. Greenback. LONGMIRE, MICHAEL, farmer, Sec. 34; P. O.De Soto; owns 200 acres of land, valued at' $30 per acre; born in Caldwell county, Missouri in 1846; came to Iowa in same year with his parents, and located in Dallas county; married Mattie Johnson in 1868; she was born in Porter county, Indiana in 1848; have three children: Lester, Alonzo and Minnie. Mr. Long- mire has been connected with Cole's circus as treasurer for about 12 years. Democrat. LONGMIRE, LEROY, 'farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. De Soto; owns 30 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; born in Dallas county, Iowa in 1851; married E. M. Winans in 1873; she was born in Indiana in 1854; have three children: D. J., Delia and Clarence. Longmire, Geo., farmer, Sec. 9; P- O. De Soto. Lowry, J. M., farmer, Sec. 24; P.O. De Soto. MoBRIDE, C. EL, farmer, Sec. 26; P. O.De Soto. McKibbin, S. S., farmer, Sec. 28; P. O. De Soto. • ADAMS TOWNSHIP. 569 Maliza, Jacob, farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. Adel. MARK, GEO. M., farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. De Soto; owns 80 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre; born in Fayette county, Ohio in 1839; came to Iowa in 1854, and located in Marion county; removed to this county in 1869; married Mary A. Wright in 1867; she was born in Stark county, Ohio, in 1844; have three children: Melvina, Levi and an infant; she has two children by a former husband: John A. and George "W". Wright. Are members of the M. E. Church. Mr. Mark enlisted in Co. H, 1st Iowa Cav- alry in 1861, June 13th, and was discharged March 23, 1866; held a commission of 2d Lieutenant. Republican. Mark, W. A., farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. De Soto. Marsh, I. D., farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Adel. " Mavity,L., farmer, Sec. 4; P.O. Adel. Mazema, Mary J., farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. Earlham. Mercer, V., farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. De Soto, Mercer, Henry, farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. De Soto. Miller, Hiram, farmer, Sec. 13 ; P. ' O. De Soto. Miller, J. C, farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. De Soto. Mitchell, G. S., miller, Sec. 16; P. O. De Soto. Monahan, Thos., farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. DeSoto. Morzena, Andrew, fanner, Sec. 13; P. O. De Soto. NELSON, HANS P., farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. Earlham. NEWHOUSE, J. M., farmer, Sec. 19; P. O. Earlham; owns 140 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre; born in Noble county, Indi- ana in 1838; came to Iowa in 1854, and located in Jasper county ; re- moved to present farm in 1867; married Nannie E. Pearson in 1859; she was born in Missouri in 1844; have eight children: Frank L., Minnie, Samuel M., James M. r Jessie, Etta, Thomas and Ella. Are members of United Brethren Church. Greenback. OBERWETTER, M. E., farmer,. Sec. 2; P. O. Adel. O'Neal, Jesse, farmer, Sec. 11 ; P. O. De Soto. Orton, Lester, farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Adel. PERKINS, J. D., farmer, Sec, 14; P. O. De Soto. REAMS, I. B., farmer, Sec. 21; P. O. Earlham. Rinard, C. B., farmer, Sec. 19; P. O. Earlham. ROUTH, JAMES M., farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Adel; owns 175 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre; born in Butler county, Ohio, in 1817; came to Iowa in 1870, and located on present farm; married Eliza Atterman in 1839 ; she was born in yirginia in 1821; have four children: Nancy, Mary, Lewis and Hattie. Ruth, Peter, farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. De Soto. SEARS, FRED., farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. De Soto. SHUEY, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. Adel; owns 97 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre; born in Washington county, Maryland, in 1812; came to Iowa in 1855, and located in Marion county; remov-« ed to this county in 1866; mar- ried Catherine Gunckel in 1839; she was born in Montgomery county, Ohio, in 1817; have seven children: Jacob, Mary, John W., Eliza J., Jeremiah, David and Amanda. Lost three children:. Joshua, Rosanna and Daniel. Are members of United Brethren Church. Republican. Snyder, Dan., farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. De Soto. Snyder, A. J., farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. De Soto. 570 DIEECTOEY OF DALLAS CQUNTY. Standing, Geo., farmer, Sec. 19; P. O. Earlham. THOMAS, CHAS., farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Earlham; owns 227£ acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; born in Carolina in 1810; came to Iowa in 1872, and located on present farm; married Isabel Maxwell in 1868; she was born in Union county, Indiana, in 1825; has ten children by a for- mer wife: Sidney, Peter,, Stephen, Hannah, Mark, Moorman, Mary, David, Amanda and Lucy; his wife is a member of the Society of Friends. Republican. Thompson, A., farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. De Soto. Trimble, James, farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. De Soto. Tucker, Thos., farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. De Soto. Tunnis, Wm., farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. Adel. VAN OLEVE, 0. J., farmer, Sec. 8; P.O. Adel. Tan Cleve, B. T., farmer, Sec' 5 ; P. O. Adel. "Van Cleve, Matilda, farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Adel. Van Cleve, S. G., farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Adel. Tan Cleve, T. T., farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Adel. WALKER, R. S., farmer, Sec. 21; P. O. DeSoto. Walker, J. W., farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. Adel. Webster, H. C, farmer, Sec. 28; P. O. Earlham. Whinery, S. D., farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. De Soto. Whitney, Alden, farmer, Se& 16; P, O. De Soto. WILSON, SAMUEL, farmer, Sec. 31; P. O. Earlham; owns 160 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; born in Warren county, Ohio, in 1825; came to Iowa in 1854 and located on present farm; married Mary Mills in 1852 ; she was born in Clinton, county, Ohio, in 1827; have seven children : Re- becca, Amy, James, Ann, Sarah, Edna and John. Are members of Society of Friends. Wilson, J. R., farmer, Sec. 9; P. 0. De Soto. WILLIAMS, E.,_farmer, Sec. 1; P. O. Adel; born in Fayette county, Indiana, in 1822; came to Iowa in 1850, and located in Yan Meter township ; married Elizabeth Par- ker in 1845; she was born in Ohio in 1821 ; have six children : Riley T., Martha J., Rachel A., Wm. J., Thomas M. and Ora. Democrat. Williamson, Jos., farmer, Sec. 31; P. O. Earlham. Wright, B. F., farmer, Sec. 35; P. - O. De Soto. WRIGHT, B. F., farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. De Soto ; owns 280 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre; born in Howard county, Indiana, in 1841 ; came to Iowa in 1854, and located in Jones county; removed to this county in 1854; married Caroline Adkins, in 1862; she was born in Indiana in 1842; have four children: John W., Sarah, Melinda and Otis. Wroe, R. M., farmer, Sec. 31; P. 0. Earlham. r)E SOTO. A DELLS, R. L., painter. BAILEY, SILAS, insurance agent. Bates, Albert, carpenter and buil- der. BICE, D. COR WIN, physician and surgeon; was born in Schoharie county, New York, in 1852; came to Iowa in 1869, and located in Adel, and engaged in the practice of medicine in De Soto in 1875; DE SOTO. 571 married Georgie Park in 1878; she was born in Williamsburg, Ohio, in 1 858. Are members of the Christian Church. Republican. BLACKMAN, J. W., proprietor of the Kimball House, livery and feed barn, and dealer in general merchandise; was born iu Miami county, Indiana, in 1848; came to Iowa in 1854, and located in this county; removed to De Soto in 1875; married Jennie Smith in 1876; she was born in Ohio. Are members of the Christian Church. Republican. /">ONGER, E., station agent. Carter, J. L., carpenter. kAYIS, E. L., jeweler. D' DEMOTTE, J. S., retired mer- chant; born in Mercer county, Kentucky, in 1823; came to Iowa in 1854, and located in this town- ship; married Margaret E. Span- gle in 1842; she was born in Charlestown, Indiana, in 1824; have four children: Charles W., Laura E., Alice E. and Martha F. Are members of the M. E. Church. Republican. DILLON, W. H., dealer in general merchandise; born in Tazwell county, Illinois, in 1844; located in De Soto in 1877 ; married Julia Hill in 1862 ; ' she was born in In- diana in 1840; are members of the M. E. Church. Mr. Dillon enlisted in Co. O, 39th Iowa In- fantry, in 1862, and was discharged in 1865; he was in the battles of Altoona, Kenesaw Mountain and others. Republican. Dillon, J. & Son, merchants. Drnry, L. O, baggage-master. TT'ISH, PETER, stock-dealer. f> AINES, F. W., merchant. GILES, E. M., dealer in drugs and medicines; born in Cadaraugas county, New York, in 1840; came to Iowa in 1867, and located in Malcolm; removed to De Soto in 1871; married Alice A. Wigton in 1868; she was born in Ohio in 1846; have two children : Clarence E. and Winnefred M. Mrs. Giles is a member of the Presbyterian Church. Republican. Green, J. C, retired. HART, A. T., boot and shoe- maker; born in La Peer county, Michigan, in 1844; came to Iowa in 1860, and located in Appanoose county; settled in Dallas county in 1875; married Jane E. Halfield in 1867 ; she was born in England, in 1847; have four children: Arza L., Wm. H., Ada A. and Arthur; Mr. H. enlisted in Co. H, 1st Iowa Cavalry, in 1862, and was dis- charged February 15, 1866; was in all the battles that regiment participated in. Republican. Harper, Abraham, poultry dealer. Haycraft, E. H., groceries and no- tions. Hemphill, Wm., merchant. Hill & Fox. stock-dealers. HOCH, ISAAC, postmaster and dealer in agricultural implements; + was born in Union county, Penn- sylvania, in 1840; came to Iowa in 1853, and located- at Holladay P. O., Adair county; married Dorcas Murry in 1867; she was born in Ohio in 1847; have three children: Katie, Lela B. and Frank L. Are members of the M. E. Church. Republican. Hook, R. J., carpenter. Huntington, C. W., painter. Hutchinson, Ezra, barber. RVIN, B. F., tinner. 1 ONES, W. P., butcher. IBBY, W., telegraph operator. K Kibby, A. M., retired. EONARD, G. W., drayman. U 572 DIRECTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. Lewis, F. E., lumberman. Long, Margaret, dairy. Lowry, J. M., carpenter. "IV /["ANN", EZRA, horse-dealer. Matox, M. H., mason. Michell, G. S.. miller. NICHOLS & SNYDEE, MES. millinery and fancy goods. Nichols, W. H., wagon -maker. Nolan, A. A., attorney. TDAYTON, JACOB, retired. Payton, Win., merchant. Pay ton & Michell, hardware dealers. Porter, A. S., teamster. i ICHAEDS, EPHEAIM. Eosenberg, A. B., blacksmith. SIEGEL & GOTSTEIN, mer- chants. Solomon Lewis, night watchman. Smith, A. J., physician and surgeon. Smith W.. merchant. Smith W. H, furniture dealer. Smith, L. W., poultry dealer. Snyder, J. L., harness-maker. Swanson,'Fred., shoemaker. ^HEAILKILL, D. K, farmer. T Tomlinson, G. M., constable. 'AY, B. F., blacksmith. W J R 1 Whaley, Z. S., justice of the peace. Wright, J. W., retired farmer. . "ST-A-ISr DMIETIE-R. A KEBS, E. D., carpenter. BOGUE, C. W., dealer in hard- ware; born in Henry connty, Indiana, in 1840 ; came to Iowa in 1866, and located in Des Moines; removed to Yan Meter in 1869; married Eachel E. Pearson; she was born in Ohio; have five chil- dren: India, Cora, Charity, Wal- ter and Wallace. Are members of the Society of Friends. Eepub-* Mean. Bogue, C. W., hardware merchant. Briggs, G. C, dealer in lightning rods. Bullis, H. A., restaurant. f>ALYEE, ELIZABETH. CLAYTON, JOHN, retired farmer; was born in Pherson county, North Carolina, 1801; came to Iowa in 1848, and located in this township; married Eebecca Day in 1827; she was born in Pherson county, North Carolina, in 1804; have one child living: Susan Mary, now Mrs. Parker; lost three children: J. H. died in 1864, J. C. died in 1866, Julia A. died in 1866; Mrs. Clayton died August 22, 1876. Eepublican. CLAYTON, W. T., proprietor of meat market; born in Lawrence county, Indiana, in 1837; came to Iowa in 1853, and located in this county; came to Yan Meter in 1868, and engaged in the mercan- tile trade, and continued until February, 1877; engaged in his present business in 1878 ; enlisted in Co. A, 23d Iowa Infantry in 1862, and discharged in 1865; married Frances E. Euberson in 1866; she was born in Indiana in 1848; have five children: Clara, Edgar, Harry, Jessie B. and Deleo. Are members of the M. E. Church. Eepublican. Clayton, L. W., farmer. COOK, SAMUEL, dealer in grain, owns elevator; born in Steuben county, New York, in 1850; came to Iowa in 1868, and located in Dubuque; came to this county in 1875; married Ada Hathaway in 1876 ; she was born in New York; have one child: May. Curran, J. F., teacher. DENNIS, EEY., pastor U. B. Church. Dodge, C. M., physician. Doty, S. L., harness-maker. Drew, Saml., coal-miner. VAN METEB. 573 GILLIAM, HUMPHREY, la- borer, (roar, Eli, merchant. Goar, B. F., dry goods merchant. Graham, Ei chard, hotel keeper. U ALL, IRA, laborer. " Haynes, R., engineer. Hobaugh, M. A., blacksmith. HONAKER, JOHN, book-keeper for Chicago and Van Meter Coal Company; born in Lewis county, Missouri, in 1843; came to Iowa in 1865, and located in Van Bnren county ; removed to Van Meter in 1877; married Margaret Bain in 1870; she was born in Maryland in 1852; have three children: Agnes, Jennie and Nellie. Re- publican. Hoppers, G. W., laborer. Hunt, P., plasterer. JENNINGS, W. H., postmaster, T METER TO^T^lSrSHII 3 . ALDRICR, SUMNER, farmer, Sec. 13; P. 0. Van Meter. BAICHTAL, J. S., farmer, Sec. 6; P.O. Adel. Ealmer, Peter, farmer, Sec. 3; P. 0. Adel. Bales, Elizabeth, farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Adel. Bales, Jacob, farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. Van Meter. Barto, John, farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. Adel. Barnes, John EL, farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. Adel. Barret, John, farmer, Sec. 15 ; P. O. Van Meter. Beck, Wm., farmer, Sec. 31; P. O. De Soto. BEVER, JOSEPH, farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. De Soto; owns 225 acres of land valued at $36 per acre; born in Seneca county, Ohio, in 1836; came to Iowa in 1856 and located in this county; married Ruth Payne in 1861; she was born in Indiana in 1837; have five chil- dren: Sarah M., Sovena M., Tenis M , Edward E. and Minerva Elizabeth. Are members of the M. E. Church. Democrat. Bilderback, Chas., farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Adel. Bishop, C. E., farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. De Soto. Bishop, Elizabeth, farmer, Sec. 8; P. 0. De Soto. Bixler, Peter, farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. ' Van Meter. BROYHILL, T. D., farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. Van Meter; owns 105J acres of land valued at $40 per acre; born in North Carolina in 1816; came to Iowa in 1854 and located in this township; married Emeline Wooley in 1840; she was born in New York in 1814; have one child : Mary E. ; lost one son in the U, S. A., died at New Orleans. Mrs B. is a member of the U. B. Church. Republican. Brown, G. H., farmer, Sec. 1; P. 0. BROWN, JAMES B., farmer, Sec. 4; P. 0. Adel; was born in Van Meter township, this county, No- vember 29, 1856, and has lived here ever since; his father and mother, William and Elizabeth, came to this county in 1846, and were among the first settlers. BROWN, J. E., farmer, Sec. 5; P. 0. Adel; was born in what is now Van Meter township, December 3,1848; his father, Wm. Brown, came to this county and township in the spring of 1846; J. E., now lives on the farm entered by his father; he married Miss Louisa Dillon, September, 1867; a native of North Carolina; she died May 30, 1869; he married again to Lucinda Kendall, January 1,1873, a native of Iowa; they have four children by this union, three sons and one daughter. Sarah E., Bertie O., Thos. T. and George; was school director three terms, and is assessor, and has held that office two terms; homestead contains 374f acres. Buckley, Dennis, farmer, Sec. 1; P. ' O. Waukee. Buell, Dewey, Mrs., farmer; Sec. 4; P. O. Adel. CHESNUTWOOD,W. L., farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. De Soto. Clayton, Susan M., farmer, P. 0. Van Meter. VAN METEE TOWNSHIP. 575 Clayton, L. W., farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. Van Meter. CLAYTON, HENRY C, farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Van Meter; owns 160 acres of land valned at $40 per acre; born in Lawrence county, Indiana, in 1845; came to Iowa in 1853; married Sarah J. Koberts in 1878; enlisted in 1864 in Co. C, 46th Iowa Infantry, and dis- charged in 1864. Republican. CLAYTON, JAMES D., farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Van Meter; owns 360 acres of land valued at $35 per acre; born in North Carolina in 1833; came to Iowa in 1853 and located in this township; mar- ried Sarah A. Goodson in 1858; she was born in Indiana in, 1837; have six children: B. C, Ada E., Ida J., Chas. U., Owen W. and Anna P. Are members of the M. E. Church. Republican. CLAYTON, SIMEON, farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. Van Meter; owns 215 acres of land valued at $30 per acre; born in Pierson county, North Carolina, in 1810; came to Iowa in 1853, and in 1866 pur- chased his present farm; married Anna White in 1845; she was born in Indiana in 1825; have seven children: W. A., Ruthanna, Louisa A., Susanna M., Louis W., John D. and Almira Jane. CLAYTON, J. EL, farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Van Meter; owns 160 acres of land valued at $40 per acre; born in Lawrence county, Indiana, in 1850; came to Iowa in 1853; married Ella McCoy in 1876; she was born in 1856; have one child: "Wilda R. Republican. Conant, Richard, farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. De Soto. Conant, S., farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. De Soto. Cook, Win., farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. De Soto. Cook, John, farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. De Soto. Cook, Margaret, farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. Van Meter, Cosby, Robert, farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Adel. Crawford, R. M., farmer, Sec. 12; P. CRAWFORD, W. D., farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. Waukee; owns 190 acres of land valued at $25 per acre; born in Fairfield county, Ohio, in 1823; came to Iowa in 1 865, and located on his present farm. Democrat. DAVIDSON, SILAS, farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Adel. Dillon, J., merchant, Sec. 3; P. O. De Soto. DILLON, JESSE, farmer, Sec. 33; P. O. Van Meter; owns 200 acres of land valued at $40 per acre; born in Vermillion county, Illinois, in 1830; came to Iowa in 1855 and located in Warren coun- ty; removed to this county in 1869; married Sarah Golden in 1853; she was born in Vermillion county, Illinois, in i830; have six children: Frank, Alice, David, Hannah, Mary and George. DILLON, WM, farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. De Soto; owns 180 acres of land valued at $35 per acre; born in Clinton county, Ohio, in 1822; came to Iowa in 1846, and located in Warren county; removed to this county in 1874; married Mil- dred Hadgens in 1856; she was born in North Carolina in 1833; have six children: Jane, Cornelia, Lucinda, John, Jennett and Le- nora. Dodge, Margaret, farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. De Soto. Donaldson, A. J., farmer, Sec. 6; P. O, Adel. DOUGLAS, JAMES, farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. De Soto; owns 140 acres of land valued at $3,000; born in Cumberland county, Penn- sylvania, in 1799; came to Iowa in 1853, and located in this township; 576 DIRECTOEY OF DALLAS COUNTY. married Catherine Rick in 1836 ; she was born in 1814 in Crawford county, Pennsylvania; have six children: Wm. Harrison, Adeline E , Sarah M., James Albert, Chas. T. and John Milton. Are mem- bers of the Christian Church. ELLIS, T. C, farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. Adel. Evans, Wl J., farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Adel. FELLER, MARY, farmer, Sec. 24; P.O. Booneville. Feller, John, farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Booneville. Feller, Andrew, farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Booneville. FISH, DAVID M., farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Van Meter; owns 100 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre; born in Brown county, Ohio, in 1828; came to Iowa in 1855, and located on present farm; married Elizabeth Riddle in 1854; she was born in Indiana in 1837; have 4 children: Sarah, George, Lucinda and William. Foley, Francis, farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. De Soto. Foley, John, farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. De Soto. Foster, Francis, farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Adel. GOLDEN, A., farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Van Meter. GOLDEN, ELI, farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Van Meter; owns 560 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre; born in Vermillian county, Illi- nois, in 1834; came to Iowa in 1849, and located on present farm; married Sallie A. Johnson in 1855 ; she was born in Jay county, In- diana, in 1837; have 13 children: Lucinda, Olive, Mary A., Emma E., Clara Belle, Elarn EL, Nellie E., Ida I., Albert O., Owen El- den, May, Frank E. and John C. Are members of the United Breth- ren Church. Graham, Elizabeth, farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. Van Meter. Gross, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. vv 3. lit 66 GUNDY, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. Van Meter; owns 106 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; born in Harrison county, Ohio, in 1844; came to Iowa in 1871, and located on present farm; married Emma Pitzer in 1865; she was born in Ohio in 1848; have four children: Addie, Rodella, Maggie and Jacob W. GUTCHALL, JACOB, farmer, Sec 36 ; P.O. Booneville ; o wns 600 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre ; born in Perry county, Pennsylvania, in 1815; came to Iowa in 1855, and located on his present farm ; mar- ried , Mahala Snyder in 1843 ; she was born in Harrison county, Ohio, in 1823; have four children: Hannah E., Ruth A., J. H. and George A. HALTERMAN, JAS., farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. Van Meter. Halterman, J. W., farmer, Sec. 2; P. O \V sinlvGG HAZLETT, ELI AS, farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Booneville; owns 262£ acres of land, valued at $25 per acre; born in Harrison county, Ohio, in 1840; came to Iowa in 1865, and located in this township; married Rebecca Algeo in 1862; she was born in Washington county, Ohio, in 1845; have seven children: Thursa A., Chas. L., Maria F., Geo. W., James B., Johnny B. and Ruth M. Are members of the U. B. Church. Democrat. HESTER, S. R., farmer, Sec. 33; P. O. Van Meter; owns 170 acres of land, valued at $45 per acre; born in Miama county, Indiana, in 1842; came to Iowa in 1860, and located in Warren county; re- moved to this county in 1868; married Mary E. Peckempangh in 1863. She was born in Illinois in 1843; have 7 children: Albert, Belle, Dora, Ada, Emma, Robert VAN METER TOWNSHIP. 577 and Carrie; enlisted in 16th Iowa Infantry in 1861, and discharged in 1865. Are members of United Brethren Church. Hester, Chas., farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. O. Van Meter. Hester, J. F., farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Van Meter. Hill, C. C, farmer, Sec. 19; P. O. De Soto. HOFFSTOT, WM, farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Van Meter; owns 90 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre; born in York county, Penn- . sylvania, in 1830; came to Iowa in 1856, and located in this town- ship; married Eunice Knight in 1865; she was born in Indiana in 1842; have two children: George and Lizzie E.; lost one: Melvin. Republican. Huff, J. M., farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Adel. TENNINGS, TAYLOR, farmer, J Sec. 32; P. O. Van Meter; owns 80 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre; born in Gurnsey county, Ohio, in 1846; came to Iowa in 1854, and located in Louisa county; removed to this county in 1867 ; married Elizabeth Hunt in 1869; she was born in Ohio in 1848; have three children: Euth, Frank and Alice. KNIGHT, DANIEL, farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Van Meter; owns 185 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; born in Eandolph county, Indiana, in 1836; came to Iowa in 1852, and located in Oskaloosa ; removed to this county in 1854, and located in this town- ship; married Mary E. Broyhill in 1859; she was born in Tazwell county, Illinois, in 1839; have four children : Otis E., Othello E., E. E. and C. W. ; enlisted in Co. A, 15th Iowa Infantry, in 1864, and discharged in 1865. Repub- lican. LAOTERBACK, L., farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. O. Waukee, LEAVERTON, AARON, farmer, Sec. 5 ; P. O. Adel ; son of James and Massa; his father was born in North Carolina, October 12, 1791 ; his mother was born in Virginia, February 14, 1793; they emigra- ted to Iowa and this county in 1849, and located in what is now Van Meter township, and entered the land from the government; he died March 10, 1861; Aaron still occupies the old homestead, and his mother is living with him en- joying good health, and at the present writing being eighty-six years old; he married Cyntha Hardin February 20, 1865, a na- tive of Missouri; she has been a resident of this county twenty- five years ; they have by this union three sons and four daughters: Aaron J., Luella, George, Massa, John, Hattie and a baby. LOWREY, W. F., farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. De Soto; owns 143 acres of land, valued at $25 per acre; born in Vermillion county, Illinois, in 1839; came to Iowa in 1852, and located in this county; married Eachel Foley in 1860; she was • born in Lake county, Indiana, in 1839; have five children: Theo. A., Susanna, John W., Sarah A. and James M. ; enlisted in Co. O, 39th Iowa Infantry, in 1862, and discharged in 1863. Are members of the M. E. Church. Eepublican. Lowrey, Lydia, farmer, Sec. 9;j P. O. De Soto. McDOWELL, JAS., farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Adel. McKee, John, farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. Waukee. Magart, Joana, farmer, Sec. 8; P.O. De Soto. MAGART, B. F., farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. Adel; owns 52 acres of land, valued at $25 per acre; born in this county in 1848; married Elizabeth Hasty in 1869; she was born in 1848; have three children: Minnie, Edward and an infant. 578 DIEECTOET OF DALLAS COUNTY. MATTOX, JOHN W., farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. Adel; 'owns 75 acres of land, valued at $25 per acre; born in Lake county, Indiana, in 1838; came to Iowa in 1859, and located in Adel; married Maria Wright in 1865; she was born in Illinois in 1840; have two children: Levi H. and Estella. Enlisted in 2d Iowa Battery in J 861, and again in 1862, in Co. A, 23d Iowa In- fantry, and was discharged in 1865; held a commission of First Lieutenant; in 1874 was elected county Recorder and re-elected in 1876. Republican. MARK, JAMES A., farmer, Sec. 33; P. O. Van Meter; owns 117 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre; born in 1840; came to Iowa in 1866, and located in this coun- ty; married Sarah J. Mitchell in 1868; she was born in Illinois in 1850; have four children: Mary F., John S., William 0. and James. Marshal], M. and N., farmers; P. O. Waukee. Miller, Ambrose, farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. Van Meter. Miller, G. W., farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Adel. Miller, Sarah A., farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. De Soto. MOORE, NATHAN, farmer, Sec. 33; P. 0. Van Meter; owns 210 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; born in Hardy county, Vir- ginia, in 1823; came to Iowa in 1846 and located in this coun- ty; married Elizabeth Crowl, in 1848 ; she was born in Ohio in 1829; have seven children : J. N., W. H., Gyrus O., Abram, Mary A., Archie and Rosetta. Are members of United Brethren Church. Republican. Mitchell, D. B., farmer, Sec. 33; P. O. Van Meter. NEAL, SAMUEL, farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. Booneville. Neal, D. B.. farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. Booneville. Neally, Daniel, farmer, Sec. 4; P» O. Adel. Neally, Ludlow, farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Adel. OTTERMAN, JOSEPH, farmer, . Sec. 8; P. 0. De Soto; owns 390 acres of land, valued at $25 per acre; born in West Virginia, in 1826; came to Iowa in 1864 and located on present farm; mar- ried Melissa Westfall in 1852; she was born in Ohio in 1830; have two children: Carrie, now Mrs. Campbell, and Hattie. Are members of Christian Church. Greenback. PATTEN, JOEL, farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. O. Van Meter. Payne, P. Ii., farmer, Sec. 15; P.O. Van Meter. REECE, C. E., farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. De Soto. RICHARDS, HIRAM J., farmer, Sec. 31; P. 0. De Soto; owns 120 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre; born in Stark county, Ohio, in 1842; came to Iowa in 1866, and located on present farm; married Samantha Layton in 1865;, she was born in Blackford county, Indiana, in 1845; have seven chil- dren: Calvin B., Edward. Jacob Franklin, Kittie, William, Mollie and Joseph. Are members of M. E. Church. Republican. Ross, F. M., farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Van Meter. Routh, J. M., farmer, Sec. 6; P. 0. De Soto. SHANNON, J AS., farmer, Sec. 2; P. 0. Waukee. Starrs, C. R., farmer, Sec. 1; P. .0. Waukee. STUMP, JACOB, farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. Van Meter; owns 340 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre; born in Randolph county, Indiana, in 1825; came to Iowa in 1853, and located in Boone township; he removed to this township and settled on his present farm in 1865; married Mary Troxel in VAN METER TOWNSHIP. 579 1849; she was born in Ohio in 1832; have eight children: Jenny, now Mrs. Kinnick, S. Albert, Nellie, Nettie, Walter, Bertie, Katie and Arthur. Mr. S. is county supervisor. Republican. STUMP, LOUIS, farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. Van Meter; owns 320 acres of land, valued at $25 per acre; born near Crawfordsville, Indiana, January 22, 1823; came to Iowa in 1845, and located on his pres- ent farm; 'Mr. S. erected the first cabin that was built in Dallas county; married Elizabeth Lev- erton in 1850; she was born near Indianapolis, Indiana, in 1835; have eleven children: Oliver, James, Sarah, Rachel, Jane, Isaac, Aaron, Jacob, Minerva, Belie and John. Swallow, G. W., farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. Van Meter. THORNTON, REBECCA, farm- er, Sec. 14; P. O. Van Meter. Thornton, Lea, farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Van Meter. THORNTON, W. R., farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. Van Meter; son of Isaac Thornton; born in Polk county, Iowa, in 1848; removed to this county in 1850, and located with his parents on present farm ; married Olive Aldrich in 1870; she was born in Jones county, in 1850; have two children: Hattie S. and Thomas. His father, Isaac Thornton, was born in Dayton, Ohio, in 1819, and died in 1876; he married Miss Rebecca Stan- field; she was born in Tennessee, in 1822; they had six children: Sarah, William R, Anna Maria, Marietta. Cynthyaand Arminta. TRINDLE, GEORGE E., farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. Van Meter; owns 180 acres of land, valued at $35 Ser acre; born in Ray county, lissouri, in 1839; came to Iowa in 1858, and located in this coun- ty; married Susan E. Clayton, in 1861' she was born in Lawrence county, Indiana, in 1840; have four children: Flora, Florence, John and Henry. Are members of U. B. church. Republican. VAN METER, J. J., farmer, Sec. 19; P. O. De Soto; owns 1,093 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; born in Barthol- omew county, Indiana, in 1829; came to Iowa in 1863, and located in this township; married Amanda K. Pence in 1851; she was born in Bartholomew county, Indiana; have two children : Edgar H. and Alphonzo.' Are members of the Christian church. Republican. Van Meter, H. G., miller, Sec. 18; P. O. De Soto. Vangnindy, S., farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. Van Meter. Violet, L. M., farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. De Soto. Watson, Ellen, farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. Van Meter. Watson, J. W., farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. Van Meter. Weems, Mary, farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Adel. Wilson, Lewis R., farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. Waukee. T A 7ILS0N, RUFUS R., farm- V V er, Sec. 2; P. O. Waukee; owns 100 acres of land, valued at $20 per acre; born in McDonough county, Illinois, in 1841; came to Iowa in 1867, and located on present farm; married Martha A. Harkrader in 1867; she was born in Ohio in 1848; have six chil- dren: Charles, John, Silas, Delia, Jany and an infant. WILLIAMS, NANCY A., farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Adel; widow of John Williams, who was born in South Carolina, in 1794; he came fo this county at quite an early day, and located on the farm now occupied by the family. Mrs. W.'s maiden name was Wood; she was born in Greene county, Pennsylvania, and came to this county in 1853; she was pre- 580 DIRECTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. viously married to Henry Gross, of North Hampton county, Penn- sylvania; he was born December 2, 1804; they were married De- cember 21, 1843; he died April 23, 1861; she married Mr. W. October 21, 1866; he died July 28, 1878; she has three sons and 'one daughter by her former mar- riage, and lost two sons and one daughter: William D., born May 28, 1845; John H, born May 11, 1847; Joseph, born September 15, 1850; George W., born August 24, 1849, died September 3, 1849; Margaret, born August 18, 1853, died September 29, 1857; Louisa, born October 2,- 1855; Charles, born March 17, 1858, died Octo- ber 14, 1858. Wolf, Oalvin, farmer, Sec. 20; P. 0. De Soto. Wright, C. W., farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. DeSoto. Wright, Levi, farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. De Soto. Wright, Jackson, farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Van Meter. BOONE TO^TNSHIP. ALLEN, JACOB, farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Booneville. Austin, N. J., farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. BALDWIN, W. I-L, merchant, Booneville. Barton, George, farmer, Sec. 31; P. O. Booneville. Barnett, O, farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Booneville. Berger, B., Jr., farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. BOONE, MRS. SUSANNA, farm- er, Sec. 29; P. O. Booneville; was born in Harrison county, Indiana, in 1814 (her maiden name being Farnsley); in 1831 she married John Smith, who was born in Pennsylvania; he died May 13, 1832; in 1833 she married Wm. D. Boone, who was born in Ohio, and came to this county in 1847, being among the earlist settlers of this township; Mr. Boone died January 14, 1855, leaving eight children: Joshua, Florida, Frances, Sarah, Martin, Margaret, ,Mary and Elizabeth; lost one daughter: Julia A. Boone, Joshua, farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. Booneville. Bronson, S. H., stock-buyer; P. O. Booneville. Buck, Daniel, farmer, Sec. 2; P. 0- Waukee. Burt, C. W., farmer, Sec. 28; P. 0. Booneville. CAPS, ELIJAH, farmer, Sec. 33; P. O. Booneville. CASSATT, CHARLOTTE, farm : er, Sec. 6; P. O. Waukee; owns 212 acres of land valued at $40 per acre; born in Wayne county, Ohio, in 1824; Mrs. Cassatt's maiden name was Charlotte Par- rott; she was married to Henry Cassatt in February, 1849; he was born in Warren county, Ohio, in 1821, and died in 1869; Mrs. C. has four children: Mary (now Mrs. Haines), Horace, Clara and Ella. Childress, B. R., farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Commerce. Cook, Wm.. farmer, Sec. 28; P. 0. ' Commerce. Cook, S. M., grain-buyer; P. 0. Booneville. Crawford, John, farmer, Sec. 31; P. O. Booneville. Conch, G. W., farmer, Sec. 27; P. 0. Booneville. DOWLER, H. O, farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Waukee. ^AGAN, THOS., farmer, Sec. E J 32 ; P. O. Ashawa. BOONE TOWNSHIP. 581 Ellis, Lysander, farmer, Sec. 1; P. O. Ashawa. Estes, Horace, farmer, Sec. 1; P. O. Ashawa. FAG AN, E. B., farmer, Sec. 6; P. O.Waukee ; born in Park coun- ty, Indiana, in 1 845 ; came to Iowa in 1847 and located in Polk county; removed to his present residence in 1874; married Ella Perkins in 1875; she was born in Michigan; have two children: Jennie C. and Grace; Mr. Fagan enlisted in Co. E, 47th Iowa Infantry, in 1864 and was discharged in the same year. Earret, Margaret, farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. Booneville. 'Earret, Nicholas, farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. Booneville. Eeller, Nicholas, farmer, Sec. 19; P. O. Booneville. Elinn, Squire, farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. Ashawa. Elinn, D. M., farmer, Sec. 21; P. O. Booneville. Flinn, J. M., farmer, Sec. 11 ; P. O. Ashawa. Erick, John A., farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. Ashawa. GOODSON, J. C, farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Booneville; he was born in East Tennessee in 1812; when 4 years of age his parents removed to Indiana; he came to this county in 1847, and was among the earliest settlers, the first settlement having only been made the year previous; he owns 300 acres of land ; has held the offices of justice of the peace and school director; he married Miss Priscilla Coffin in 1835; she was born in Tennessee; have four children: "Wm. N., Sarah A., Silas J., and Jacob M. Goodson, S. J., farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Booneville. Gresham, Geo., farmer, Sec. 31; P. O. Booneville. GUERNSEY, OTIS, P. O Boone- ville; born in Canada in 1833; he removed from Canada to .Indiana in 1844; in 1852 he went'to Cali- fornia, where he remained until 1865; he came to this county in 1871, and in 1873 erected the steam saw mill known as Guern- sey's Mill; the engine is a 45 horse power, and capable of saw- ing 10,000 feet per day, and em- ploy from 8 to 10 hands; during the past year, in connection with his son-in-law, E. Tufrey, he has built the flouring mill at Waukee, known as the Waukee Mills ; while in Oregon he was in the Indian army, and for 12 months was with Kit Carson; he married Miss Nancy J. Fisher December 25, 1856; she was born in Missouri; have three children: Hosea B., Chester G. and Lena R.; Lost one daughter: Mary S. HANES, DAVID, farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Booneville. HORTON, 0. M., farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. Waukee; born in Erie county, New York in 1842; and removed to Warren county, Illinois in 1868, and to this State in 1869, and to this county in 1870; owns 80 acres of land ; he has held offices of con- stable, town clerk, justice of the peace and school director; in 1861 he enlisted in the 44th New York Infantry, and served until dis- charged ; he married Miss Hattie Hill in 1865; she was born in Erie county, New York; have two children: Maud and Claud. Huff, John, farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. Ashawa. Hunter, A. B., farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. Ashawa. Huston, J. H., farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. Booneville. Huston, J. W., farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. Commerce. Huston, J. B., farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. Booneville. Huston, J. P. farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. Booneville. 582 DIRECTORY OF DA1LAS COUNTY. JAMISON, A. J., farmer, Sec. 12; cJ P. O. Ashawa. Jones & Baldwin, wagon-makers, Booneville. Jones, A. B., teacher, Sec. 32; P. O. Booneville. KEOFNER, PETER, farmer, Sec. 1; P. O. Ashawa. Killian, Thos., farmer, Sec 35; P.O. Commerce. Knight, Geo., farmer, Sec. 17 ; P. O. Booneville. Kriser, Henry, farmer, Sec. 5; P. 0. Waukee. Kruger, L. W., farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. Booneville. LANDERBACK, ADAM, farm- er, Sec. 20; P. O. Booneville. Landerback, Andrew, farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. Booneville. Lane, Newton, farmer, Sec. 26; P. O. Booneville. Lane, W. C, farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. Booneville. Learson, John, farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Waukee. Leyner, Geo. & J., farmers, Sec. 15; P. 0. Booneville. McCONNELL, H., farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. Booneville. McCorkell, Joseph, farmer. Sec. 8; P. O. Booneville. Manders, J. O, farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Waukee. Marker, Hinson, farmer, Sec, 3; P. O. Waukee. Mortimer, B. L., farmer, Sec. 3; P. O "W^jiukGG MORTIMER, J. R., farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. Waukee; born in Vir- ginia in 1843; came to this State in 1866, and settled in Mad- ison county, where he remained until 1867, when he came to this county; owns 120 acres of land; he married Miss Catherine Hattle in 1868; she was born in Pennsyl- vania; have four children: Rosalie, Elma, Clifford and Lillian. Myers, J. A., farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Booneville. NELSON, W. F., farmer, Sec. 21; P. O. Booneville. Newbie, Wm., farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. Booneville. Nish, Nathan, farmer, Sec. 4; P. 0. Waukee. Nish, Alex., farmer, Sec. 9; P. 0. OLESON, C. J., farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. Ashawa. PACE, J. V., wagon-maker; Booneville. Parker, S. S., farmer, Sec. 7; P. 0. Booneville. RABIN, J. S., farmer, Sec. 19; P. O. Booneville. Rabin, J. C, farmer, Sec. 31; P. O. Booneville. Robinson, Wm., farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Booneville. Robinson, James, farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Booneville. SHAFER, R, farmer, Sec. 1; P. O. Ashawa. SMITH, JOSEPH, farmer, Sec. 13; P. 0. Ashawa, Polk county; bom in Indiana in 1829, and removed to Adams county, Illinois, in 1865, and remained one year, and came to this county in 1866; owns272£ acres of land ; has held offices of town trustee and school director; he married Miss Jeannette Casey, in August, 1850; she was born in Kentucky; has eight children: Otis E., Osmon B., Horace G. f Samuel L., Ulysses R., Nettie F. t James E. and Helen E. Smith, Robert R., farmer, Sec. 1; P. O. Ashawa. Smith, Spencer, farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. Ashawa. SNYDER, JACOB, farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Waukee; owns 465 acres of land valued at $35 per acre; born in Cumberland county, Penn- sylvania, in 1823; came to Iowa in 1855, and located in this town- ship; married Hannah M. Ran- dolph, in 1850; she was born in Cumberland county, Pennsylvania WALNUT TOWNSHIP. 585 in 1829; have nine children : John R, Virginia M., Eachel A., Martha K, Emma A., Belle, Irene, Chas. V. and May. Snyder, J. A., farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Wankee. Spatz, Fred, farmer, Sec. 19; P. O. Booneville. Spear, John, farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Waukee. Stroeber, Geo., farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. Booneville. Swallow, W. Z., farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Booneville. Swallow, J. Q., farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Booneville. Swallow, H. C, farmer, Sec. 20 ; P. O. Booneville. Sweeney, J. A., blacksmith, Boone- ville. TIDBALL, J. T., physician and surgeon, Booneville. UNDERWOOD, J. K, farmer, Sec. 26; P. O. Booneville. VESTAL, S.H., farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Commerce, Polk county, Iowa; born in North Carolina in 1817, and remained there until 1831, when he removed to Indiana, and lived there until 1854, when he came to this county; he owns 120 acres of land; has held offices of justice of the peace, county supervisor, town trustee, school director and assessor; he married Miss Allie J. Chambers, in 1841; she was born in North Carolina; has seven children: Henry, Jennie, Mary, Eva, Lin- coln, Charlie and Frank. Henry enlisted in the 47th Iowa Infantry in the late war; one son, Theo- dore, enlisted in the 23d Iowa r and died from disease contracted in the army. \ A 7-ACHT, NICHOLAS, farm- V V er, Sec. 20; P. O. Boone- ville. Watrous, Phineas, farmer, Sec. 13;. P. O. Commerce. Watrous, Matilda, farmer, Sec. 13;. P. O. Commerce. Webster, S. P., farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. Commerce. Williams, Mary, fanner, Sec. 15; P. O. Booneville. Windsor, J. H, farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Commerce. Winters, J., druggist & grocer;, Booneville. Wooden, Henry, farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Booneville. Wragg, John, farmer, Sec. 5; P. 0. »V&llkGG YOUTS, J. S., farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. Commerce. -T77--A-Ij3SrTTT TO"WITSHIP. ALDRICH, J. N, farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Waukee. BALDWIN, M. H., farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. Waukee. Bass, G. M., farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. Waukee. Beatty, David, farmer, Sec. 27; P. O "WjUlkcG BELL, J. H.', farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. Dallas Center; born in Piermont, Eockland county, N. T., Novem- ber 27, 1823; he lived there until 1856, and then emigrated to Laun Ridge, Marshall county, Illinois, where he lived twelve years, and where he worked at his trade, that of a brick mason; he then re- moved to Dallas county, where he now lives; his farm contains 150' acres; he married Miss Emma. Campbell, a native of Rockland county. New York, June 30, 1847; they have five sons and one daughter: Nathan, Cyrus, Char- ley, Caroline, Oscar, Frank. BINGHAM, LORIN, farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. Waukee; owns 151 acres of land, valued at $25 per acre; born in Otsego county, N. Y., in 1817; came to Iowa in .584 DIRECTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 1860, and located on his present farm in 1867; married Cordelia Furgeson in 1838; she was born in Canada; have eight children: Eunice, Sarah, Lydia, Lorin, Franklin, Ellen, Jessie and Hattie. Blackman, E., farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. Waukee. Blackman, A. F., merchant; Waukee. Bolen, S., farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. Waukee. BR1GGS, JAMES G., farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. Waukee; owns 240 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; born in Peoria county, Illi- nois, in 1846; came to Iowa in 1855, and located with his parents in Dallas county; in 1869 he lo- cated on his present farm; mar- ried Lucy E. Carpenter, in 1870; she was born in Vermont, in 1844; have four children: Marshall R., Frank W., Dorcas C. and Lucy E. Are members of Christian church. Brier, George D., farmer; P. O. BROWN, JAMES B., farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. Waukee; born in Mor- gan county, Ohio, January 27, 1838; he lived there until the fall of 1851, and he then emigrated to Bureau county, Illinois, where he lived four years; he then went to Gentry county, Missouri, where he lived until 1862; he then en- listed in Co. E, First Missouri Cavalry; was mustered out April 4, 1865, at St. Louis; he was in the battles of Kirkville and Hart- ville, and was in a number of other battles and skirmishes; he married Miss Susanna Carter, of Gentry county, Missouri, May 1, 1859; they have four sons and four daughters: Sarah M., Mary E., Louisa A., Joseph J., Matilda J., James B. Jr., and Julius H. Buckley, D., farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Waukee. Bullock, Albert, farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. Waukee. CAMPBELL, S. M., farmer, Sec 13; P. O. Waukee. Carpenter, E. H., farmer, Sec. 27 f P. O. Waukee. Cartwright, Henry, Sr., farmer, Sec. 35" P. O. Waukee. CARTER, JOSEPH, farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. Waukee; born in Campbell county, Tennessee, Feb- ruary 1, 1820; he lived there until he was about eight years of age; his parents then moved to Fayette county, Indiana, where they remained two years, and then settled in Bush county, In- diana; he married Miss Elizabeth Turner, of Rush county, Indiana) February 4, 1540; the same year they emigrated to Gentry county* Missouri, where he lived until 1861, and then, with his family, moved to Warren county, Iowa; came to Polk county in 1864; lived there for two years, and then came here, and has been here ever since; has a farm of 200 acres; has a family of seven sons and seven daughters: John R., Peter W., Elijah T., Susanna, James M., Mary, Jane, Charles R., Isabel! D., Hannah, Hiram J., Ada M., Rachel I., William. John R. and James M. served in the late war; John was in the service nearly three years, and James about seven months; both served in the Thirty-fourth Iowa Infantry ,Co.K. Carson, M. L., shoemaker; Waukee. CARTER, WM. A., physician and surgeon and dealer in drugs and medicines, Waukee; born in Lin- coln county, Kentucky, in 1813;' came to Iowa in 1875 and located in Sac City; removed to Waukee in September, 1878, and engaged in his present business; married Tempy Adams in 1832; she was born in Rock Castle county, Ken- tucky, in 1814; have four children: Wm. A., Hannah J., Sarah E. and Martin Luther. Mi\ C. is a clergy- man in the Christian Church. WALNUT TOWNSHIP. 585 CARRELL, E. S., dealer in grain and agricultural implements, Waukee; born in Greene county, Ohio, in 1833; came to Iowa in 1862, and located in Washington county; removed to this county in 1869, and engaged in farming; en- gaged in his present business in 1875; married Elizabeth Corrgill in 1856; she was born in Cham- paign county, Illinois, in 1832; have five children: W. C, G. B., H. L., S. E. and F. M. Mr. C. owns a farm of 200 acres in Sec. — , valued' at $30 per acre. Caswell, Jos., farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. \t 9i U K 6 G CLARK, C. F. M., dealer in drugs and medicines, Waukee; born in Medina county, Ohio, in 1840; came to Iowa in 1861, and located in Tipton; removed to Waukee in 1870, and engaged in his present business; married Elizabeth B. Wright in 1861 ; she was born in Bellville, Richmond county, Ohio, in 1842; have five children: Ad- die, Forrest, Ernest, Victor and Joseph. Mr. C. enlisted in Co. I, 15th Iowa Infantry, in 1863, and was discharged in 1865 ; has been justice of the peace eight years, and held other township offices. Are members of the Episcopal Church. Cornish, N. B., farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Dallas Center. Cornish, L. E., farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Dallas Center. Cowger, J. T., farmer, Sec. 33; P. O. AV Mil IvGG DALEYMPLE, D. W., steam corn-sheller; P. O. Waukee. DAVENPORT, JOHN S. H., farm- er, Sec. 23; P. O. Waukee; owns 120 acres of land valued at $35 per acre; born in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1835; came to Iowa in 1871, and located on his E resent farm; married Sarah A. (ouglas in 1857; she was born in Providence in 1837; have two children: Wm. F. and Frank D. Day, W. EL, farmer; P. (J. Waukee. DUNCAN, T. M., of the firm of Herbert & Duncan, Waukee; born in Industry, Illinois, in 1856; came to Iowa in 1878 and engaged in his present business. DUNCAN, T. K., farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Waukee; owns 240 acres of land valued at $25 per acre ; born in Washington county, Pennsyl- vania, in 1827; came to Iowa in 1857, and located on his present farm; married Mary A. Eobbins- in 1861 ; she was born in Fayette county, Pennsylvania, in 1836;. have four children: Isaphine, Mary A., Frances E. and Jona- than J. Are members of the Presbyterian Church. DUNCAN, JAS. K. L., physician and surgeon, Waukee; born in Washington county, Pennsylvania, in 1845; came to Iowa in 1870, and first located in Decatur coun- ty; removed to Waukee in Janu- ary, 1871, and engaged in the prac- tice of medicine. Mr. Duncan, at the age of eighteen, shipped as an ordinary seaman in the United States Navy, in 1863, and received a medal of hdnor from the gover- nor of Florida for galantry in an engagement at Hind in an, Louisi- ana. He was married to Miss- Florence Maulsby in 1875; she was a native of Indiana. ELLIOTT, J., farmer, Sec. 28; P. P. Waukee. Ellis, Lyman, farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. O. FILSON, JOSEPH, farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Dallas Center. Finley, E. A., farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. Waukee. Finley, Abel, farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. \V nukcG Finley, U.S., farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. Waukee. 586 DIRECTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. GRIFFITH, J. W., farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Waukee. HALE, A. EL, farmer; P. O. Waukee. Hall, J. M., farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Dallas Center. Harkrader, G. J., farmer; P. O. Waukee. Henderson, A., farmer, Sec. 12; P. 0. Waukee. Hoff, Powell, farmer, Sec. 1; P. O. Waukee. Hoff, Nathan, farmer, Sec. 1; P. O. Waukee. Hoff, Nathaniel, farmer, Seel; P. O. Waukee. Hogan, P., section hoss, Waukee. Holf, M., farmer; P. O. Waukee. Houghtaling, K. F., farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Waukee. Humphrey, W. E., station agent; HUSTON,' J. A., firm of Tyler & Huston, Waukee; born in Alle- ghany county, Pennsylvania, in 1852; came to Iowa in 1875 and located in Waukee; married Miss Florena Sloan in 1878; was elected assessor in 1878. JACKSON, J. T., farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. Waukee. James, T. T., farmer. Sec. 29; P. O. Wo rj Ir gg JOHNSON, AARON, farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. Waukee; born in Greene county, Ohio, February 17, 1821; when he was four years of age his parents moved to Ed- gar county, Illinois, where he lived seventeen years, and then went to Will county, Illinois, where he lived nineteen and a-half years; from there went to Powe- shiek county, Iowa, where he* lived seven years; he came to this coun- ty and located where he now lives in 1870 ; owns a farm of 428 acres; he married Elizabeth Tay- lor, June 25, 1839; she died June 8, 1845, leaving a family of one son and one daughter: Charity A. and William J. He married again to Sarah A. Taylor, January 7, 1846; she died September 3, 1859, leaving a family of four sons: Theodore F., Millard F., Cassius C. and Lewis C. F. He again married to Jennett E. Bol- by, March 8, 1860; have five chil- dren: Ernest L. L., Newell E., Amelia J., Amrna L. and Ulysses Colfax. Jones, J. N, farmer, Sec. 9; P. 0. Waukee. Jordan, J. T., farmer, Sec. 23; P. 0. Waukee. Julius, Aaron, farmer, Sec. 4; P. 0. Waukee. KENT, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. Waukee. King, Wm.; P. O. Waukee. LACKEY, WILLIAM, farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. Dallas Center. LEAMING, JEREMIAH, far- mer, Sec. 32; P. O. Waukee; born in Potters county, Pennsyl- vania, in 1815; his parents moved to Hamilton county, Indiana, when he was about three years of age; was raised there, and lived there until 1839; in 1838 he mar- ried Miss Jane Reynolds, a native of Ohio ; the following year they emigrated to Jefferson county, Iowa; they drove an ox team and were about five weeks on the road ; he came to this county in 1868, and located where he now lives; has a family of three sons and two daughters: Charles, Eu- nice, Jeremiah, Sarah and John. Leonard, H. L\, farmer, Sec. 31; P. O. Waukee. Livingston, W. C, farmer, Sec. 31; P.O. Waukee. Livingston, G.; P. O. Waukee. MARSHALL, WM., farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. Waukee; born in Green county ,Tenn., September, 1830; his parents moved from there when lie was very young and went to Henry county, Indi- ana, where he lived until he was about fifteen years of age, and WALNUT TOWNSHIP. 587 then went to Howard county, In- diana; he married Miss Caroline Lancaster, September 12, 1855, of Jackson county, Indiana; in 1856 they emigrated to Marshall coun- ty, Iowa, and settled near Bangor, where they lived seventeen years; Mr. M. was one of the founders of the Stanford Seminary, located near Bangor; was also postmaster at Stanford ; he came to this coun- ty in the spring of 1873, and lo- cated one mile east of Dallas Center, where he still owns a farm of 120 acres; he moved on his present farm in the spring of 1877; farm contains 80 acres; also owns a farm in Marshall county of .133 acres; have four sons and four daughters : Osborn J., Mary E., John E., Olive A., Martha E., William E., Amanda M. and Alveso. Marshall, E., farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Waukee. Merical, B., farmer; P. O. Waukee. MIDDLEKAUFF, CHRISTIAN, dealer in dry goods and groceries, Waukee; born in Maryland, in 1821; came to Illinois in 1857, and located in Ogle county; re- moved to Waukee in 1872, and _ , engaged in farming, and in 1878 engaged in present business; mar- ried Amelia J. Keedy in 1849; she was born in Maryland; have ten children: Susan Selest, Cal- vin E., Benjamin F., Arbanna K., Admer, Charlie, Jacob C, Grace, Yictor and Oliver. Miller, Martin, farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Dallas Center. Morrison, Wm., farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Waukee. Morrison, D. ; farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. MORRISON, J. R., farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Waukee; was born, near Montreal, Canada East, February 25, 1844; came to this county in 1865, and located near Minburn; has lived on his present farm 8 years; has a farm of 140 acres; he married Miss Mary Coffeen, December 31, 1872, a native of Polk county; Iowa; they have 3 sons and 1 daughter: Mary E., Arthur E., Chas. M. and Chester C. Myers, A. E., farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Dallas Center. Myers, Martin, farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Dallas Center. NICHOLSON, THOS., farmer; P. 0. Waukee. ISTissly, K M., farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Dallas Center. OVEEMTEE, WM., Butcher; Waukee. PAEKEE, JAMES, hotel; Wau- kee. PIPER, GEO. L., physician and surgeon, Waukee; born in Ogle county, Illinois, in 1850; came to Iowa in 1874, and located in Clar- ence, and removed to Waukee in 1876; married Jennie P. Wright in 1876; she was born in Eich- land county, Ohio; have lost one child: Georgie. RAMSEY, MAET, farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Waukee. Eatcliff, Eli, farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Waukee. Eawson, E. A., farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Waukee. Eeynolds, G. H., farmer; P. O. Waukee. Eiley, M. E., farmer; P.O. Waukee. Eobinson, J. H., farmer; P. O. Waukee. Eobinson, C. W., blacksmith, Wau- kee. Eow, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Dallas Center. SHAEP, W., farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. Waukee. Sines, M., farmer; P. O. Waukee. Sines, Maggie, Waukee. SLOAN, THOS. J., proprietor of Valley House, and livery stable, Waukee; was born in Ashland county, Ohio, August 1, 1832; came to Iowa in 1854, and located 588 DIRECTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. in Adel, and was engaged in stage driving between Des Moines and Adel; in 1861 he enlisted in the 2nd Iowa Battery; was wagon- master 3 years; was discharged in 1864; he married Miss Annie E. Frush in 1857; she was born in Elkhart, Indiana, April 4, 1840; they have 7 children : Florena J., Harry G, Edward F., Larkin T., John E., Nellie R. and Lizzie P. Smith, Clark, farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. "Waukee. Smith, R. A., farmer, Sec. 36; P. 0. \\ fin Kf*p Stahl, A. F., farmer, Sec. 2; P. 0. Dallas Center. Stanbaugh, John, farmer, Sec. 8; P. O VV 3, u kGG TAYLOR,' JAMES, farmer, P. O. vy 3,11 KPft THATCHER, MILTON, farmer, Sec. 14; P. 0. Waukee; owns 80 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre; born in Clinton county, Ohio, in 1840; came to Iowa in 1863, and located on present farm; married Catherine Crispin in 1861 ; she was born in Highland county, Ohio, in 1841; have six children: Mary F., Silas, Hattie, Virginia, Martha and Charles. Mr. T. has been secretary of the school board 4 or 5 years, and has taken an active part in all educational enterprises. Thompson, H. P., farmer, Sec. 26; P. 0. Waukee. Thorn, Nathan, farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Waukee. Tribby, J. J., farmer, Sec. 18; P. 0. TYLER, C. C, dealer in grain, lumber and hardware, Waukee; established in 1870; was born in Knox county, Illinois, in 1843; came to Iowa and Waukee in 1870, and engaged in his present business; he married Miss Maggie Huston, in 1875; they have one son, Harry. Mr. T. enlisted in the 132d Illinois Infantry in 1864, and was discharged in 1865. WHARTON, G. S., farmer, P. O. Waukee. Whinnery, H. M., farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Waukee. Williams, G., farmer, Sec. 1; P. 0. Waukee. Woolman, A., farmer, Sec. 17; P. 0. Waukee. Wood, B. F., farmer, Sec. 3; P. 0. Dallas Center. YOUNG, HENRY, farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Waukee; owns 240 acres of land, valued at $25 per acre; born in Prussia, Germany, in 1823; came to America in 1853, and located first in Cincin- nati; removed to his present farm in 1866; married Elizabeth Betz in 1857; she was born in Guttenburg, Germany, in 1825; have three children : Charlie, Mary and Caroline. ZIMMERMAN, J. D., farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. Waukee. ADEL TCTWlsrSHIIIE 3 . AIGNER, I., farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. Adel. Albin, Mary L., farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Dallas Center. Allen, W. T., justice; Dallas Center. ■TDAILEY, J. A., P. O. Adel. Batton, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. Adel. BARNGROVER, JOHN S., farm- er, Sec. 22; P. O. Adel; born in Highland county, Ohio, Septem- ber 26, 1822, and was raised there until 20 years of age, then re- moved to Indiana; he was in the Mexican war, enlisted in 1846 in the 1 st Regiment Indiana Volun- teer Infantry, Co. C; after his re- turn he married Sarah A. Kinnick, from Highland county, Ohio, ADEL TOWNSHIP. 589 April 13, 1848; they came by wagon to Iowa, and arrived in this county, September 1, 1854, and located where they now live; engaged in farming; he owns 150 acres of land; has held office of school director; they have eight children: George W„ Sarah A., Mary E , James A , Charles E., Harvey M., Nettie and Frank L.; have lost two children. Barton, S. G , farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Dallas Center. Bassart, A., retired, Dallas Center. Bearr, Jacob, farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. O. Dallas Center. BECKER, PHILIP J., farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. Dallas Center; born in Germany, October 31, 1837; emi- grated to this country in May, 1849; came to Iowa and located in Dallas county, at Adel, in July, 1853; he was in the army, enlisted in April, 1361; he and "William Benton and John Gross were the first soldiers that enlisted in Dal- las county ; he was in the battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloh; and was discharged on account of dis- ability; after the war he engaged in farming; married Miss Per- melia Ellis, from Indiana, July 16, 1864; they have four children: George W., 'Allie, Caddie and Harry. Booher, J. S., farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Adel. Bomberger, Charles, merchant tailor, Dallas Center. Branniff, James, druggist, Dallas Center. Branniff, B., clerk, Dallas Center. BRENTON, WM. H., stock-dealer, • buying and shipping stock, Dallas ' Center; born in Johnson county, Indiana, January 12, 1840; when thirteen years of age he came with his parents to Iowa; they came by wagon and arrived in this county in October, 1853, and located about three miles south on Sec. 37 16 ; upon the breaking out of the war he enlisted April 20, 1861, in the 2d Regiment Iowa Infantry, Co. D; he was wounded in the battle of Fort Donnelson; after the war he engaged in farming and stock-raising, and feeding stock, and for the past few years has bought and shipped stock ex- tensively; he owns 960 acres of excellent land in this county; he married Miss Mary E. Richmond, from Wayne county, New York, May 25, 1862; they have three children : Charles R., Clyde E. and Eva Ann. Brockway, F., jeweler, Dallas Cen- ter. Brown, John, laborer, Dallas Cen- ter. Brown, Geo., retired, Dallas Cen- ter. Brown, Martin, farmer, Sec. 23; B. O. Adel. Brown, Peter, laborer, Dallas Cen- ter. Buckley, C, retired, Dallas Cen- tGr BURNS, MRS. MARY A., farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Dallas Center; born in Pennsylvania; her maiden name was Diddy; when quite young she came to Indiana, and was brought up there ; she married Samuel Burns in Indiana; he died in 1855; after his death Mrs. Burns came with her children to Iowa; she came by wagon with other friends and was four weeks on the way, and arrived in this county in 1855, and located near where she now lives ; she got 40 acres of land and began farming and managed everything herself; aided by her two sons, Henry T. and Peter E.; by economy, indus- try and good management, they now own 300 acres of good land, beside town property in Adel and land in Kansas; Henry T. was in the army; enlisted in August, 590 DIRECTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. 1862, in the 39th Regiment Iowa Infantry, Co. B; he was in the battles of Parker's Cross Roads, Altoona, and in other fights and skirmishes; he was on duty at headquarters, being escort and or- derly for Gen. Corse. Burns, P. E., farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Dallas Center. BYERS, CLAR, farmer and stock- raiser, Sec. 22; P. O. Adel; born in Williams county, Ohio, in June, 1854; he came with his parents in infancy to Iowa; they located in this county and he was raised here; he is engaged in farming , and raising fine horses, and has some of great value; he mar- ried Mrs. Maggie Orton, formerly Miss Maggie Brockway, from the State of New York, in February, 1873; they own a farm of 280 acres; have one son: Bert. CADWELL, S. C, farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Dallas Center. Cadwell, J. W., farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Dallas Center. CHANCE, WILLIAM J., farmer, Sec. — ; P. O. Adel; born in Clay county, Indiana, October 13, 1852; his parents came to Iowa and settled in this county in 1855; he was brought up here and is en- gaged in farming; he owns 72-J acres of land; married Miss Louisa Ellen Ganoe, a native of this State, March 30, 1873; they have one daughter: Mary Eliza- beth. Chance, J. A., Dallas Center. Chance, L., farmer, Sec. 31; P. O. Adel. Clark, Jesse J., farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. Adel. Clark, John J., farmer, Sec. 28; P. O. Adel. CLARK, M. F., farmer and stock- raiser, Sec. 15; P. O. Adel; born in Kentucky, November 13, 1818; when ten years of age he came with his parents to Indiana, and lived in Johnson county for twenty-five years; then came to Iowa by wagon and arrived in this county October 12, 1853, and located on his present farm; he entered it from the government; he was one of the early settlers; he owns a farm of 160 acres; lie has held school offices'; he married Miss Mary R. Burke, from Kentucky, May 10, 1840; they have five children: Melinda M., Martha E., James W., George W. and Robert H.; they have lost seven children. Clary, Brothers, meat-market, Dal- las Center. Cler, Phillip, farmer, Sec. 21; P. 0. Adel. Collins, Daniel, blacksmith, Dallas Center. Collins, Edgar, Dallas Center. Condron, M., farmer, Sec. 9; P. 0. Dallas Center. Condron, John, farmer, Sec. 9; P. 0. Dallas Center. Cook, Manervia, farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. Dallas Center. Craig, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 25; P. 0. Adel. Criley, B. H., Physician, Dallas Center. Crookshank, J., farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Dallas Center. Crouch, Charles, farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Dallas Center. CURTIS, CHARLES W., farmer and stock-raiser, Sec. 16; P. 0. Adel; born in Ohio August 21, 1844; when only ten years of age he came to Iowa, to Monona coun- ty; he went in the army; enlisted in October, 1862, in the 2d Iowa Battery; he was in the siege of Vicksburg, Jackson and Mobile, and in many other battles; wasin. the service three years; after the war he came to this county, in 1866, and engaged in fanning; owns 245 acres of land, and has held town and school offices; he married Miss Susan E. Kinnick, from Indiana, September 11,1866; they have six children: Kittie A., ADEL TOWNSHIP. 591 Frank L., John, George, Enos and Willie. B DANIELS, W-., farmer; P. O. Dallas Center. Decker, J. C, farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. Dallas Center. Diddy, Peter, farmer, Sec. 5: P. O. Adel. DUGAN, JAMES, farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Dallas Center; born in Ire- land February 15, 1843; he came to Canada in 1848; in 1851 he came to the United States; lived in the State of New York ; then went to Wisconsin, where he mar- ried Miss Margaret Markey, from Wisconsin, June 28, 1869; they came to Iowa and located in Dal- las county in March, 1871, and engaged in farming and stock- raising; he owns a farm of 160 acres; they have four children: Katie, Thomas, James A. and John L., and have lost two children. Durkis, Adam, farmer; P. O. Dal- las Center. Dtirkis, Henry, farmer; P. O. Dal- las Center. Durkis, V., farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. Dallas Center. E ASTON, J. S., lumber-dealer, Dallas Center. Emert, C, tree agent, Dallas Center. FAIRFIELD, WM., drayman, Dallas Center. FARLOW, T. J., farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. Adel ; owns a farm of 420 acres ; was born in Push county, Indiana, April 11, 1827; his parents moved to Madison county, Indiana, when he was eight years old; he erai- • grated to Iowa and Dallas county in 1854, and located in Adel, where he worked at his trade two years (that of a carpenter); he moved on his present farm in 1863; he married Martha E. Bringham, November 25, 1855; she was born in Tippecanoe county, Indiana, in 1837; they have five sons and three daughters: Henry M., James N., Edward J., Walter P., Mary E., Albert A., Julia E. and Ida L. Ferguson, T. W., harness-shop, Dal- las Center. Ferguson, W. W., Dallas Center. Finn, Michael, Dallas Center. Finn, P. O., farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. Adel. FLEISCHMAN, J. E., dealer in dry goods, groceries and clothing, Dallas Center; born in Mobile, Alabama, in 1829; he was raised in St. Louis, and came to Iowa in 1854; in 1856 he located in Des Moines, and came to this county in 1861; he has been engaged in business here since 1869 — a longer time than any one here doing a general mercantile trade. [Since the above sketch was writ- ten, and as we were about to go to press, we have learned of the death of Mr. Fleischman, which took place the 8th of March, 1879.] Fleming, Catherine, Dallas Center. Foster, T. R, farmer, Sec. 33; P, O. Adel. Fox, John, merchant, Dallas Center. Freund, J., saloon, Dallas Center. FREEMAN, NATHANIEL, farm- er and buying and shipping stock, Sec. 17; P. O. Adel; born in John- son county, Indiana, November 6, 1835; was brought up and raised there until 20 years of age,when he came to Iowa by wagon, and was 18 days on the way, and arrived in this county October 2, 1855; he is engaged in farming and owns a farm of 200 acres ; for the past 10 years has been engaged in buying and shipping stock; he has held town and school offices; he married Miss Elizabeth Sutton from Indiana, in July, 1862; they have six children: Amanda M., Alvaretta, Nathaniel F., Lovell, Forest and a little boy infant; have lost one daughter. FRUSH, E, F., farmer and stock- raiser, Sec. 26; P. O. Adel; born £92 DIEECTOKT OF DALLAS COUNTY. in Harrison county, Virginia, Nov- ember 17, 1833; he was raised in Indiana, and came to Iowa with his buggy and team, and was 16 days on the way; arrived in Dal- las county, at Adel, in August, 1855; engaged in the livery busi- ness for 2 years; then engaged in farming and stock business; he owns 440 acres of land; he mar- ried Mary E. Gregg, from Indiana, June 29, 1859; they have two children : Mary and Elizabeth. G ARM AN, W., wagon-maker, Dallas Center. Garner, Peter, farmer, Sec. 6 ; P. O. Dallas Center. Garman,Wm., wagon-maker, Dallas Center. GAROUTTE, C. P., farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. Adel; was born in Gloster county, New Jersey, October 12, 1810; he lived there until he was 19 years of age; his parents then moved to Highland county, Ohio, where he remained until 1834; he then emigrated to Hancock county, Illinois; while there he married Sarah A. Sheppard, November 8, 1843; she was born in Vermont, November 6, 1821 ; they came to this county in 1852, and located where they now live; farm 124£ acres; they have a family of live sons and four daughter: Anne S., born October 2, 1844; Michael, born August 24, 1846; George W., born August 29, 1848; Theodore 0., born May 15, 1853; Charles S., born September 8, 1855; Hattie R., born October 7, 1857; Flora O, born October 29, 1859; Mary E., born October 3, 1862; William M.,born Septem- ber 6, 1864. GAROUTTE, GEORGE P., farm- er, Sec. 6; P. O. Dallas Center; born in Gloucester county, New Jersey, May 1, 1809; where he lived until he was 21 years of age; lie came to Ohio in the fall of 1830; lived in Cincinnati 7 years; he married Maria Eggman April 31, 1833 ; she was a native of Port Elizabeth, New Jersey ; they lived in Cincinnati until 1843, and then removed to Greene county, Mis- souri; they came to Iowa and this county October 15, 1847, and were among the first settlers ; lie entered the land from the government on which he now lives; his wife died March 21, 1870; they had eleven children, eight of whom are liv- ing: Sarah, Joseph H., Howard N., Michael L. and Maria J— all living in Oregon; Washington M., Adam and Lucy A. — living at home; he married again to Cath- erine Gross, in August, 1870; she was born in Ohio; they have four children : Mark, Pomeroy, May J. and Royal F. Mr. Garoutte owns 237 acres of land. When Mr. Garoutte came to this county and settled, in 1847, he found an un- cultivated wilderness about him — no white neighbors nearer than Adel (then called Penoack), and none but Indians north of him; one pair of horses, a wagon, and $30 in money embraced all of his earthly possessions; he laid the foundation of his future home in the construction of a rude cabin; after thus providing a shelter for his family, with the characteristic energy of a frontier farmer, he set to work to clear a portion of his land for cultivation, and soon had 100 acres of heavy timber-land subdued; the first winter de- manded some provision for his family, so he purchased a shoat of 80 pounds, and a small quantity of corn; this with venison, wild turkey, plenty of fish and coon, with coon lard to shorten their corn dodgers, constituted their supplies; Sammy Miller had a rude contrivance for grinding corn; Oskaloosa furnished the nearest mill; in the winter of 1848 Mr. Garoutte undertook this ADEL TOWNSHIP. •593 journey of 90 miles to mill, the snow being so deep that none of his neighbors would venture upon it; on his return his supply of meal was divided among his neighbors, but being insufficient for all, it was soon exhausted, and they lived, as did their neighbors during the rest of the winter, on boiled corn, or, if they wanted to make bread, they provided meal by pounding corn in a mortar; there . were plenty of Indians in this locality then, and friendly dis- posed ; often the women would visit Mrs. Garoutte, particularly if she was sick, but never allowed their men to come; a small amount of trading was done at Penoach, and also at Des Moines. Greene, Benj., farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Adel. Grief, Conrad, blacksmith, Dallas Center. Gross, I. H., farmer, Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Adel. HALL, LORENZO, farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Dallas Center. Hartwig, A., carpenter, Dallas Cen- ter. Harris, James, farmer, Sec. 26; P. O. Adel. .Hardison,' P. S. farmer, Sec. 86; P. O. Adel. Harvey, Richard, farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Adel. Harris, P. W., farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Adel. Harper, M. W., farmer, Sec. 21; P. O. Adel. HARRIS, EDWARD, farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. Adel; born in , England, May 4, 1827; he came with his parents in infancy to America, and was raised in the State of New York; he came to Johnson county, Iowa, in 1855, and lived there until 1872; he came to this county in 1874, and engaged in farming; he owns 200 acres of land ; he was in the army, -enlisted in the 22nd Regiment Iowa Infantry, Co. K, but was dis- charged on account of sickness; he married Sarah E. Ford, from the State of New York, March 29, 1858 ; they have five children : Net- tie E., Emma B., Ella, Mary and Rhoda; they lost one daughter: Annie. HA WORTH, COLUMBUS, farm- er and stock-raiser, Sec. 18 ; P. O. Adel; born in Yan Meter town- ship, Dallas county, Iowa, Oct. 28, 1849; when 16 years of age he went, with his parents to Oregon, and remained there three years, and returned to this county in 1868, and engaged in farming and stock-raising; he and his father own 336 acres of land; he married Miss Annie Slaughter, from this county, in Sept., 1871; they have three children : Alice, Morris W. and Minnie. George Haworth, father of Columbus, was born in Yermillion county, Illinois, in 1821 ; he came to Iowa, and loca- ted in this county in, 1845, and was one of the first settlers in the county; he married Mary Stump, from Indiana, in 1847; she was one of the earliest settlers of the county. There are only a very few that have lived in this county as long as they. They have four children: Sarah, Columbus, Perry and John T; and have lost two children. Hay worth, Geo., farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Adel. HOOPES, JOHN M., attorney at law, Dallas Center; born in Mont- gomery county, Ohio, August 15, 1839; when 18 years of age he came with his parents to Iowa, and located in Dubuque county in 1857; he was in the army, enlisted in the .1st Regiment Iowa Cavalry, Co. M; was in the battles of Prairie Grove, Little Rock, and many other fights and skirmishes; was in the service three years; he came to Dallas county in 1869; he 594 DIRECTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. read law and was admitted to the bar in 1877; he married Effie Gibbs, from Lyons, Iowa,in Dec, 1867; she died Oct. 26, 1876, leav- ing two children: William A. and John W. He married Carrie Wickersham, from Lee county, Iowa, Sept. 12, 1878. Holmes, N., farmer, Sec. 33; P. O. Adel. HUBBARD, P., dealer in agricul- tural implements, Dallas Center; born in Sangerfield, New York, December 13, 1824, and was raised in Orleans county; he married Miss Eunice Potter, of Pennsyl- vania, in 1850; she died in 1860, leaving two children : Mrs. Amelia S. Pollard, and Mrs. Hattie E. Johnson, now living in Rock Is- land. He came to Illinois in 1860, and located in Morrison, White- side county, and engaged in busi- ness there; he married Charlotte Otis, in Chicago, in 1864; he came to Dallas county in 1871, and located in Dallas Center, and engaged in dealing in farm ma- chinery, and is doing a large and extensive business — during last year he sold over 100 Moline wagons; he has five children: Olive, Fortunatis, Otis A., Alexis and Asahel. Humphrey, J. W., station agent, Dallas Center. Hutchinson, Mrs. Lucy, proprietor of Grant House, Dallas Center. Hutchins, J. D., farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. Adel. Husband, M , miller, Dallas Center. TNESON, SAM'L, farmer, Sec. 3; 1 P. O. Dallas Center. JAMISON, W. S., livery stable, cl Dallas Center. Jennings, J. P., laborer, Dallas Cen- ter. Jones, B. F., miller, Dallas Center. KEIFL, F. X., soap-maker; P. O. Adel Kenworthy Bros., grain and stock- dealers, Dallas Center. King, J. H., farmer, Sec. 5 ; P. O. Dallas Center. KING, MRS. ESTHER, farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Dallas Center; bora in Chatham county, North Caro- lina; her maiden name was Esther Washburn; when 13 years of age she came to Indiana, and was raised there, and married Coleman M. King, from Pennsylvania county, Virginia, January 13, 1842; they came to Iowa in a wagon, and was 23 days on the way, and arrived in this county Oct. 10, 1853, and located where they now live, and were among the early settlers; Mr. King died February 18, 1878, leaving nine children : Martha J., Amanda E., Emily A., Sarah M., Marian S, t Obed T-, Millie, Nancy and W La- visa; lost one daughter; Mrs. King owns a farm of 80 acres. KING, ISAAC F„ farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Dallas Center; born in Highland county, Ohio, October 1, 1818 ; he was brought up in that and in Clinton counties; he mar- ried Kate Hiltebrand, from High- land county, Ohio, in October, 1840; they came to Iowa, and ar- rived in this county, on the farm whe"re they now live, November 4, 1852; there are very few ex- cept* his neighbors, George Gar- outte and Judge Burns, that were here when he came; he owns a farm of 160 acres; has held school offices for many years ; they have eight children: Sarah O, Mary A., David, Jasper, Nancy, Ella, Louie and Jackson ; have lost two children. David was in the army four years, in the Fifteenth Reg- iment Iowa Infantry, Co. B. KINN1CK, WILLIAM B., farmer and stock dealer, Sec. 8; P. 0. Adel; born in Johnson county, Indiana, March 20, 1849; when only five years of age he came with his parents by wagon to Iowa; they were about one month 'on ADEL TOWNSniP. 595 the way, and arrived in Dallas county in October, 1855; he and his brother have been engaged in feeding, and buying and shipping Stock; he married Miss Mary J. Stump, from Indiana, March 3, 1 875 ; they have one son : Frank B. Mr. Kinnick's mother, Mrs. Sarah Kinnick, lives with him; her husband died in 1861, leaving three sons and three daughters; two of their sons were in the army; John T. was in the Second Iowa Battery three years; Hi ch- ard R. was in the Thirty-ninth Reg- iment Iowa Infantry, Co. C, one and one-half years. KINNICK, JOHN T., farmer and stock-dealer, Sec. 16; P. O. Adel; born in Johnson county, Indiana, March 16, 1842; when twelve years of age he came with his parents to Iowa; they came by wagon, and were about one month on the way; arrived in Dallas county in October, 1855; on the breaking out of the war he en- listed, in 1861, in the Second Iowa Battery; he was in every battle that the battery was engaged in ; was in the service three years; after he returned from the army he engaged in farming and stock raising, and owns 170 acres of land;- he married Miss Annie Graham, from Illinois, September 29, 1868; she died May 28, 1878, leaving two children: Willie G-. and Nellie; they lost two children. Kramer, J. W., clerk; Dallas Cen- ter. Kramer, J. I., drayman; Dallas Center. LEAVERTON, MRS. MARY A., farmer, Sec. 18 ; P.O. Adel ; owns a farm of 40 acres; widow of John Leaverton, who was born near Indianopolis, Indiana, March 22, 1819; he came to this county in 1854, and located in this town- ship" Mrs. L's maiden name was Brobst; she was born in North Hampton county, Pennsylvania, July 3, 1829; they were married March 1, 1857 he died March 9, 1864, leaving a family of three sons and one daughter: Lucetta, Solomon A., John W., Aaron A. Mr. L. had four children by a for- mer marriage: Sarah J., James F., Thomas J. and Martin A, Mrs. L. has two children by a for- mer marriage: Martin B. Yox- thermer and Edward. LEAMING, WILLIAM J., farm- er, Sec. 27; P. 0. Adel; born in Jefferson county, Iowa, May 18, 1841; when eight years of age he came with his parents to Dallas county; they located at Learning's Point, and he was raised here; he enlisted in the Second Iowa Bat- tery; was in the battle of Nash- ville, siege of Spanish Fort, and in many fights and skirmishes; after he returned from the army he engaged in farming; he had nothing, and by industry and good management now owns 200 acres of land; he held the office of constable three years; he mar- ried Miss Martha E. Clark July 3, 1861; she was born in Indiana, and is a daughter of M. F. Clark, an old settler of this county; they have three children: Mattie, Mary and Rosa; have lost two children. Learning, Ed, farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. Adel. Lanning, Henry, farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Dallas Center. Long, Robert, farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. Adel. Long, "W. K., farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. Adel. LORING, JAMES L., Dallas Cen- ter; born in Boston, Massachu- setts, September 20, 1833; he was raised and received his education there, graduating at the Boston Latin school; when sixteen years of age he went to South America; he also went to California and re- mained three years ; then came to 596 DIRECTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. Ohio, and was civil engineer on the Atlantic and Grear "Western E. B. ; in 1856 he came to Iowa; at that time there was only forty miles of railroad in the State; he was one of the first engineers in constructing the Des Moines Yal- ley B. B., and had charge of the division from Croton to Bentons- port, and run the first lines on the Burlington & Southwestern B. B. from Farmington to Upton; he lived in Keosauqua, and was en- gaged as deputy in the office of the county treasurer & recorder, and other county offices for eight years; came to Dallas county in 1870; was engaged in the hard- ware business; holds the office of justice of the peace; he married Miss Emma Gebhardt, from Ohio, in November, 1871; they have four children: Joseph, Harry, Frank and John. Lunn, Julia A., farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Dallas Center. McCALL, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 1; P.O.Dallas Center. McGrath, P., saloon ; Dallas Center. McGraph, J. F., blacksmith; Dallas Center. McLane, P. O, farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Dallas Center. Mann, Thomas, farmer, Sec. 26; P. 0. Adel. Martin & Woodward, hardware & agricultural implements; Dallas Center. MARTIN, D. P., firm of Martin & Woodward, dealers in hardware and farm machinery, Dallas Cen- ter; born in Washington county, Pennsylvania, April 20, 1838; he was raised in Ohio; then remov- ed to Indiana, and lived there eight years; he married Miss Mary A. Woodward, from Indi- ana, in April, 1864; they came to this county in 1868,and he has been engaged in his .present business since 1871 ; they have four chil- , dren: Willard E., Homer E., Her- bert O. and Edith W. They have lost one son and one daughter. Melick & Fox, general merchandise, Dallas Center. MERICAL, BENJAMIN, farmer, Sec. 23; P. O: Adel; born in Ul- ster county, New York, May 22, 1812; he was raised there and re- moved to Boss county, Ohio, where he married Miss Magdalen Smith, from Montgomery county, Virginia, March 12, 1838.; they removed to Indiana, and came to Iowa by wagon and were five weeks on the way ; arrived in this county in October, 1852, and set- tled on the place where he now lives; entered their land from the govern- ment and engaged in farming; he owns 275 acres of land and has held office of school director; have seven children : Levi, Henry, Ma- ry B., Town send, Paulina, Annie and Sarah. Have lost five; they had two sons in the army: Abra- ham and John, who enlisted in the 39th Regiment Iowa Infantry, Company 0; they died of disease. Merical, L., farmer ', Sec. 23; P. 0. Dallas Center. Mellick, S. P., merchant, Dallas Center. Michener, J. O, farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Adel. Miller, D. W., runs ditching ma- chine, Dallas Center. Miller, J. K., farmer, Sec. 33; P. 0. Adel. MILLS, I. J., farmer and stock- dealer, Sec. 18; owns a farm of 85 acres; was born in Madison county, Indiana, December 2, 1842; he came to this county with his parents in 1856; he married Miss Mary J. Clark, December 22, 1864; she was born in Putnam county, Indiana, May 12, 1848; have four sons and three daugh- ters: Willard E., James N., Ellen B., Baxter, Eosa L., Minnie M. and Jennie C. Mr. M. was the greenback candidate for county ADEL ^TOWNSHIP. 597 clerk in 1878; was a member of the board of supervisors one term; was secretary of the Dallas County Agricultural Association two years; he taught school for thirteen years, commencing when nineteen years of age. MILLER, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. Adel; born in Clay county, , Illinois, July 27, 1824; at an ear- ly age he went with his parents to Indiana, and from there he went to Illinois; he saw the corner stone laid of the Mormon temple in Hancock county; he came to Iowa and lived in Jefferson coun- ty; then came to Polk county where Des Moines now is; located in 1843, the year the soldiers came; he was in the. government employ, splitting rails to fence the govern met) t farm; he came to Dallas county in the fall of 1845, and was one of the earliest set- tlers; he made the claim where John Clark now lives, and three others; he married Rachel Dailey, from Ohio, in Wapello county, September 11, 1846; his mar- riage license was the first one ever issued in Wapello county; his wife died September 19, 1846, leaving one daughter, who died; he again married Annis Bellotte, from Tennessee, December 4, 1848; she was born August 30, 1824; there are only a few as old settlers as Mr. Miller in this county; in 1866 he, with his fam- ily, went to Oregon Territory, and after remaining there three years he was satisfied* to come back to Dallas county, where he now lives engaged in farming; he owns a farm of 90 acres; have nine chil- ehildren : seven daughters and two sons. Lost three sons. MORGAN, I. O., druggist and fan- cy goods, Dallas Center; born in Addison, Addison county, Ver- mont, February 8, 1831; wh.en quite young his father bought the old garrison grounds, across Lake Champlain at Crown Point, and he went there with his parents; the garrison was built by the French and rebuilt by the Eng- lish; his first recollection was of the old barracks ; the garden was called the King's Garden surround- "ed by a lime-stone wall; when twelve years of age he went to Brandon, Vermont, and was rais- ed there until nineteen years old; then went to the city of New York and lived there five years; while living there he married Miss Ann Eliza Martin, daughter of Henry S. Martin, of Pough- keepsie, New York, July 18, 1854; they removed to Wisconsin; after living there five years, and in Mis- souri one year, they returned to Ithica, New York; during the war lie went out with the 137th Regiment New York Infantry; he was in the engineer corps, and afterward run a commissary train for two years with General Sher- man, and was one of the very few in the commissary department who, upon settling their accounts with the government at the close of the war, accounted for and de- livered more than he was charged with; after the war, in 1868, he came to Des Moines, and was there six years; came to Dallas Center in 1874, and engaged in business, and has the finest drug store in Dallas county; have three children: Franklin, Roola and Burdette W. Morgan Wm., Dallas Center. Moran, D., farmer, Sec. 25; P. 0. Waukee. Morain, J. J., farmer, Sec. 22; P.O. Adel. Mosher, O., banker, Dallas Center. NAREY, J., boot and shoe shop, Dallas Center. Nazarene & Ringer, bakery and res- taurant, Dallas Center. 598 DIRECTORY OF DALLAS COUKTT. Nazarene, E. L., bakery and restau- rant, Dallas Center. Neff, D. F., carpenter, Dallas Oen- ORTON, K. Z., farmer, Sec. 26; P. O. Adel. Oswalt, J., farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. Adel. PAYNE, J. M., farmer, Sec. 19; P. 0. Adel. Perkins, Mrs. A. A., proprietor of Dallas Center hotel. Prime, F., wagon-maker, Dallas Cen- ter. Piercey, J. T., farmer, Dallas Cen- tcr PURINTON, J. K., dealer in hard- ware, stoves and tinware, Dallas Center; born in Canada, January 31, 1842; he was mostly raised there and came to the United States to live when nineteen years of age; he came to Iowa and lo- cated in this county in 1861; he came to Dallas Center in 1870 and engaged in his present business; he has recently invented and pat- ented a useful furnace for cooking purposes, on a large or small scale, with a wash-boiler connected; it promises to become very useful; he married Miss Mary J. Robbins, from Indiana, in 1866; they have four children: Flora Belle, Cora Alice, Sophia May and an infant son. RATHBUN, H. G, plaining mill, Dallas Center. RATHBUN, C. B., superintendent Dallas county Poor Farm, Sec. 7; P. O. Dallas Center; born in Franklin county, New York, Oc- tober 24, 1839, and was brought up and lived there until the break- ing out of the war; he enlisted August 6, 1862, in the 106th Regiment New York Volunteer Infantry, Co. E; was in tlie-ser* vice three years; was discharged in August, 1865; became to Iowa in 1871 and located in Dallas Center; married Miss Eliza J. Owen, from Franklin county, New York, in 1865; they have two children: Frank C. and Willie E. Rawson, A. E., dentist, Dallas Cen- ' tcr "* RICHMOND, RUFUS R., farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. Dallas Center; born in Columbia county, New York, January 17, 1815; he was raised there and in Wayne county, and came to Iowa and settled in this county in June, 1855; located, near where he now lives and en- gaged in farming; after the war broke out he enlisted in the 23d Regiment Iowa Infantry, Co. 6, and was in all the battles of the Regiment" except two; he was in the service three years; he has. held office o/ assessor and was elected justice of the peace at the recent election ; he owns 330 acres of land; he married Ann Ross- man, from the State of New York, in 1840; she. died in January, 1866, leaving six children: Mary E., Allen R., Cassius M., James A., Richard M. and Edward A.; Allen R. was in the 17th Regi- ment Iowa Infantry, Co. G, and was killed at the battle of Iuka; Cassius M. was in the 23d Regi- ment Iowa Infantry, Co. G, and died in the hospital. Mr. Rich- mond again married in 1868 to Elizabeth Barton, from Columbia county, New York. Richmond, R. M., farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Dallas Center. Bichmond, J. A., stock-dealer, Dal- las Center. v • , Ridge,* F., farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. .." Waukee. ROSS, ROBERT H, farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Adel; born in the State of Kentucky, April 29, 1823; when six years of age he removed with his parents, to Johnson county, Indiana, and was brought up there; he came to Iowa and lo- cated in this county, where he now lives, in 1854, and engaged in ADEL TOWNSHIP. 599- farming; he owns 195 acres of land; he was in the army; en- listed in the 39th Regiment Iowa Infantry, Co. C; was in the bat- tles of Altoona Pass, Parker's Cross Roads, and in many fights and skirmishes; he has held school offices; married Tabitha J. Hub- bel, from Indiana, in 1836; they have seven children: Mary Ann, Isaac L., Sarah, Belle, Henry, Cummings and Walter; they have lost five children ; one of his sons was in the army, in the 5th Regi- ment Indiana Cavalry, and was taken prisoner and died in a Southern prison. Robinson, C. A., farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. Dallas Center. Roberts, R., miller, Dallas Center. Roland, G. W., farmer, Sec. 21; P. O. Adel. Rudrow, W. S., farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Adel. SAUNDERS, HENRY, saloon, Dallas Center. SCHLEYER, FRANK S., far- mer, Sec. 13; P. O. Dallas Cen- ter; born in Germany, January 16, 1827, and was raised there and learned the trade of white-smith ; he emigrated to America in 1848, and lived in Pennsylvania and Ohio until 1855; he then went to California and was there eight years; engaged in mining, black- smithing and engineering; he re- turned in 1869, and located in Dallas county, and engaged in farming and stock-raising; he owns a farm of 160 acres; he married Miss Kittie Markey, from Wisconsin, August 20, 1875; they have one daughter: Mary. SCHLOSSER, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. Dallas Center; born in Germany in December, 1818; he immigrated to America in 1843; settled in Pennsylvania, and lived there four years; married Nancy Eshelman, from Pennsylvania, in 1847; they went to Ohio and lived there six years; they came to Iowa and settled in Dallas count}' in the fall of 1854, and located where they now live; he entered 120 acres of land from the government and began farming; he now owns 300 acres of land; they have six children : Willie H., Kathrina, Mary, Sarah, Emma and Rebecca. Schlosser, W., farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. Dallas Center. Schamel & Loughran, grain-dealers, Dallas Center. Shaffer, Adam, farmer, Sec. 9 ; P. O'. Dallas Center. Sheller, John, Dallas Center. Simpson, S. N., farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Dallas Center. SLAUGHTER, MARTIN L., far- mer, Sec. 8; P. O. Adel; born ire Wayne county, Indiana, May 9, 1844; when nine years of age he- came with his parents to Iowa by wagon, and was about a month on the way, and arrived in this coun- ty in May, 1853; he was in the- army; enlisted in the 39th Regi- ment Iowa Infantry, Co. C, and was discharged in February, 1863;, re-enlisted in the same regiment,. Co. 0, February 24, 1864, and was mustered out July 12, 1865; after the war he returned and engaged in farming; owns a farm of eighty acres in Sugar Grove townships married Miss Sarah A. Mullen, from Indiana, January 27, 1866; they have two children : Oscar J. and Eulilla; lost one daughter: Octavia. Slocum, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Dallas Center. SLOANE, SAM. G., publisher of the Dallas Center Globe, Dallas- Center; born in Clinton county, Ohio, September 7, 1851; when only two years of age his parents- came to Iowa and located in Dal- las county; they removed to Char- iton, Lucas county, and lived there- two years, and went to Sioux City, «00 DIEECTOET OF DALLAS COUNTY. where they lived until the death of his father, Dr. Sloane; in the fall of 1860 his mother returned to this •county and located in Adel, and he was raised here; served ap- prenticeship in the printing busi- ness; he established the Dallas Center Globe, and got out his first issue December 31, 1875; he mar- ried Miss Emma Louise Brockway, from Clyde, Wayne county, "New York, July 26, 1876; they have one daughter, Yerva Mary, born October 1, 1877. Smart, David, land-agent, Dallas Center. Smith, A. B., merchant, Dallas Cen- ter. SQUIRES* CHRISTIAN, farmer, Sec. 21; P. 0. Adel: born in Can- ada June 7, 1837; when sixteen years of age he came to "Warren county, Illinois; he married Ar- minda McGahey, from "Warren county, Illinois, January 23, 1863; they came to Iowa in 1868, and he engaged in farming; owns 120 acres of land; they have four chil- dren: S. Edwin, Abbie May, Scio- ta J. and Nellie F. Starrs, W. H., farmer, Sec. 36; P.O. Waukee. Stevens, E. J. M., boot and shoe- dealer, Dallas Center. STEELE, 0. N., firm of Smart & Steele, Dallas Center; born in Loraine county, Ohio, August 25, 1843; he was raised there until thirteen years of age, and came to Iowa in 1856; he returned to Ohio and completed his education, and came to Lee county, Iowa, in 1861, and was engaged in mercan- tile business there for seven years; came to Dallas county in 1869 and brought the first goods to this town, and engaged in the mercan- tile business; he has held the office of postmaster for the past five years, and also holds the office of justice of the peace; he married Ella Russell, from Laporte countv Indiana, April, 28, 1877. Stitzel, H., farmer, Sec. 1; P. 0. Dallas Center. Sweezey, E. P., farmer, Sec. 36; P. O \Vjiiikgg SYLVESTER, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 8; P. 0. Adel; born in Bos- ton, Massachusetts, Aug. 11, 1802, and was brought up there, and served an apprenticeship to the cooper's trade; he followed a sea- faring life for three years, then went to North Carolina and mar- ried Cassandra Slaughter, from that State; they came to Indiana in 1833; lived there twenty-one years, and came, with their own wagon, to Iowa, and located where they now live, in the fall of 1854, and engaged in farming; and has lived here over twenty-four years; he owns a farm of seventy acres; they have three children: John A., Elizabeth and Maria L. THOMAS W. EL, farmer, Sec. 1; P. O. Dallas Center. Townsend & Cartright, hardware, queensware, and furniture dealers, Dallas Center. Turner, P. O, farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. Adel. U STICK, N. M. Y., farmer, Sec. 12; P. 0. Dallas Center; born in Marion county, Ohio, May 8, 1824; and was raised there until fifteen years of age, then removed to Morrison, Whiteside county, Illinois, where he remained until coming to Dallas county in April, 1871; he located in Dallas Center and engaged in the agricultural implement business with Mr. Hubbard ; has been engaged in farming for the past two years; he owns a farm of 136 acres, besides town and business property in Dallas Center; has held office of assessor; married Amelia C. Bar- num, from 01 ean, New York, Feb. 12, 1867; they have four children: COLFAX TOWNSHIP. 601 May E., Myrtle A., Carl M. and Julia B. VAN DUSEN, M. S, carpen- ter, Dallas Center. VOGUS, FRANCIS, farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. Dallas Center; born in Yenango county, Pennsylvania, Sept. 25, 1820, and was raised there; he married Miss Sarah Whitman, from Venango county, Pennsylvania, February 22, 1848; they emigrated to Illinois, and lo- cated in Henry county, in 1855, and lived there until 1870, when they came to Iowa, and located in this county; and since then have resided here; he owns a farm of 160 acres; he was in the army, enlisted in 1861 in the 9th Illinois Cavalry, Co. C ; was in the service four years, and was in many bat- tles and skirmishes; they have three children : James M., Charles N. and Abbie A.; he has one son: William J. by a former wife. Van Fossen, W., farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Adel. VAN FOSSEN, DR. EZRA, phy- sician and farmer, Sec. 31; P. 0. Adel; born in Alleghany county, Pennsylvania, May 17, 1817; when only three years of age his parents removed to Columbiana county, Ohio; and he was raised there; he studied medicine in Ohio, and graduated at Rush Medical Col- lege, Chicago, about 1850, and be- fan the practice of medicine in ndiana; he married Miss Eliza- beth Kinnear, from Indiana, in January, 1846; on account of his health not being good, and having a taste for farming, and fruit cul- ture, he and his family emigrated to Iowa; they came in a large "prairie schooner," he and his wife and three children, and was twenty-eight days on the way, and arrived in Adel October 7, 1852, and were among the earliest set- tlers in Adel; he entered most of the land where he now lives from the government; he engaged in the practice of medicine about six years, then gave his whole atten- tion to farming and fruit-growing; he owns a very fine farm of 350 acres, in one of the finest locations in the county; they have five children: Walter, Sarah, Horace, Ralph and Frank; and have lost two children: John and Mary. T A 7-HITE, JOHN, farmer, Sec. V V 11; P. O. Dallas Center. White, D. W., farmer, Sec. 31; P. O. Adel. Witham, Emily, farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Adel. WOODWARD, ORVILLE R., firm of Martin & Woodward, dealers in hardware and agricultu- ral implements, Dallas Center; born in Marshall county, Indiana, July 26, 1850, and was raised there until fifteen years of age; then came to Iowa and located in Dal- las county, March 18, 1865; he has been engaged with Mr. Mar- tin in business since 1873; he married Miss Sarah Read, from Toledo, Ohio, December 30, 1875. yEIGLER, J., Dallas Center. Zook, G. W., dry goods, Dallas Cen- ter. colpax rro-^risrsnii 3 . ARMAGOST, ELIAS G., far-> Arthurs, Wm., farmer, Sec. 10; P. mer, Sec 3; P. O. Dallas O. Adel. Center . TDADGER L SAML., farmer, Sec. Arthurs, Geo., fanner, Sec. 10; P. J-J O. Adel. 3; P. O. Panther Creek. 602 DIEECTOEY OF DALLAS COUNTY. Bates, John, farmer, Sec. 29 ; P. O. Kedfield. Bates, Charles, farmer, Sec. 29 ; P. O. Redfield. Bates, Isaac, farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Kedfield. Bates, Daniel S., farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. Kedfield. Beaver, Israel, farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. Panther Creek. Beaver, T. J., farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Panther Creek. Beazor, H. E., farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Panther Creek. Beasley, W., farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Adel. Burnett, S., farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Kedfield. Bentall, Lewis, farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Kedfield. Britton, G. W., farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. Adel. Bringhan. J. N., farmer, Sec. 21; P. O. Adel. BULLIS, L. D., farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Adel; he owns a farm of 120 acres; was born in Oswego county, New York, February 9, 1830; when he was about three years of age his parents moved to Ashtabula county, Ohio, where he lived until he was twenty-one vears of age; he then went to Rock county, Wisconsin, where he lived three years; he then re- moved to Henry county, Illinois; he enlisted in Co. B, 19th Illinois Infantry, in June, 1861, and mus- tered out in February, 1862; No- vember 12, 1862, he married Miss Emily A. Enslow, a native of Oswego county, New York; he enlisted again in February, 1864, in Co. A, 42d Illinois Infantry, and was mustered out in January, 1865; he came to this county in the spring of 1867, and located in this township; they have one son: Dwight O; was a member of the board of supervisors one term. CHANEY, LEWIS, farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. Adel. Chapman, Wm., farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. Redfield. Clark, Abraham, farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Adel. Clark, J. F., farmer, Sec. 16; P. 0. Adel. Clark, John, farmer, Sec. 16; P. 0. Adel. Crouse, Jacob, farmer, Sec. 30; P.O. Kedfield. Cunningham, W., farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Redfield. Cunningham, H. G., farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. Redfield. CURTIS, A. H., farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Adel ; was born in Genesee county, New York, April 24, 1839; he lived there until he was six- teen years of age; he then imi- grated to Stark county, Illinois, where he staid about four months, and then went to Grant county, Wisconsin; remained there three years and then returned to Stark county where he married Miss Elizabeth lines, April 4, 1858, a native of Lawrence county, Ohio; came to Iowa in 1866, and to this county in 1870; owns a farm of 41 acres; have a family of two sons and one daughter: Chas. A., Liewevin and Nora A. ; he served about one year in the late rebel- lion in Co. B, 7th Illinois In- fantry. DORR, J. O, farmer, Ses. 23; P. O. Adel. Doyle. Michael, farmer, Sec. 30; P. 6. Redfield. ELLIS, S. J., farmer and stock- raiser, Sec. 29; P. O. Adel; Born in "Vermillion county, Illi- nois, July 26, 1834; when eleven years of age he came with his mother and her family by wagon to Iowa; they arrived in Jefferson county in the fall of 1845; the following spring they came to Dallas county and arrived here May 1, 1846, and located near Adel; they located and made a claim; they were among the COLFAX TOWNSHIP. 603 earliest settlers in Dallas county, and there are only a few here now that was here wlien they came; he married Miss Lydia Beeson, from Indiana, in 1857; she died in 1867, leaving two children: Lu- vada and Augusta V.; married Mrs. Clarinda J. Nichols, formerly Miss Clarinda Brenton, daughter of Dr. Brenton; he has held of- fice of sheriff of Dallas county, was elected in 1875, and has held town and school offices; he owns 276 acres of land; Mrs. Sarah Ellis, mother of Mr. Ellis, is now living in Yan Meter township; she has eight children living and has lost two. Emmert, Theodore, farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. Banther Creek. FAIR, JOSIAH, farmer, Sec. 33; P. O. Eedfield. Fitzgerald, Mike, farmer, Sec. 26; P. O. Adel. Fitzgerald, Pat, Jr., farmer, Sec. 28; P. O. Adel. Fitzgerald, D. F., farmer, Sec. 26; P. O. Adel. Fitzgerald, Maurice, farmer, Sec. 33; P. O. Adel. Fitzgerald, Pat., farmer, Sec. 26; P. O. Adel. Flack, Geo., farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Eedfield. Foster, E. B., farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Adel. FRANCIS, WM. H., farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. Adel; born in Butler county, Ohio, October 16, 1819; he was brought up and lived there except two years until coining to this State; he married Phebe Phillips from Ohio, May 16, 1844; they t came by wagon to Iowa, and were 26 days on the way; arrived in this county in 1855, and en- gaged in farming; they have six children : John, Nancy J., Sarah E., George W., Elmer E. and Tab- itha; and have lost six children. FRANCIS, FRANKLIN, farmer, Sec. 25; P.O. Adel; born in Dark county, Ohio, April 7, 1837; he was brought up there until 17 years of age; then came with his parents to Iowa by wagon, in 1855, and located in the county, Mr. Francis is engaged in farming and stock-raising; owns 335 acres of land; married Miss Margaret J. Van Cleave from Indiana, in July, 1859; they have six children: George, Eugene, Charles, Cora, Laura, Belle and Sarah; they have lost one daughter. GEAY, V: P., farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Adel. Gray, Geo., farmer, Sec. 25 ; P. O. Adel. HAYES, C.W., nurserv and fruit growing, Sec. 36 ; P. O. Adel; was born in the town of Spafford, Onedague county, New York, May 8,1835; he came to Dallas county in the spring of 1869; has lived on his present place 4 years; owns 40 acres of land; he married Miss Calista Eipley, July 4, 1860; she was a native of the same county; she died April 14, 1864, leaving one son and one daughter: Bertha J. and James "W.; he married again to Miss E. M. Adams, Octo- ber 9, 1867; she was a native of Niagara county, New York; have one daughter: Alma J. Hollinberger, J. J., farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. Eedfield. Huffman, E. B., farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. Adel. TEWELL, VICTOE, farmer, Sec. J 11; P. O. Adel. JOLLEY, LEWIS, farmer, Sec. 36 ; P. O. Adel ; was born in Dar- by township, Union county, Ohio, December 21,1827; he lived there until March, 1855, and then emi- grated to Iowa and this county, and located at Adel, where he re- mained 4 years working at his trade, that of a carpenter; he then removed to his present farm, which contains 250 acres, all well im- proved; he married Elizabeth J., 604 DIRECTORY OF DALLAS COTTNTY. widow of G. G., Young; her maiden name was Sowash; she was born in Alleghany county, Pennsylvania, January 11, 1824; they were married February 12, 1857; she came to this county in 1856; have one son and one daughter: Jasper L. and Mary E. ; Mrs. Jolley has two daughters by her former marriage: Nancy J., now Mrs. Frank Houghton, and • Maggie A., now Mrs. Albert L. Wooster. KENEDY, F. A., farmer and stock dealer, Sec. 33; P. O. Pedfield; was born in Montgomery county, Indiana, November 18, 1831; came to this county, in the fall of 1856, and located where he now lives — farm of 312 acres, all well improved; he married Miss Nancy Doyel, who was born near Lexington, Kentucky, but raised in Montgomery county, Indiana, they have one son : James M. Xing, David, farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Adel. LEE, S. C, farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. Adel. Lee, Aaron, farmer, Sec. 28; P. O. . Adel. LONG, CHRISTIAN, farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. Adel; owns a farm, of 320 acres; born in Hun- tington county, Pennsylvania, April 10, 1813; he lived there until 1852, and then emigrat- ed to Carroll county, Illinois, and in 1869 came to this county and located in this township; he married Miss Susanna Hershey in February, 1834, a native of Alle- ghaney county, Pennsylvania; have a family of three sons and two daughters: Abraham, Jacob, John, Mary, now Mrs. Christian Emmert, Annie, now Mrs. Wil- liam Pennebaker. Lost three sons and one daughter: David, George, Benjamin, and Catherine, wife of J. P. Strickler. LOPER, WILLIAM, farmer, Sec. 1; P. 0. Adel; born in Glosces- ter county New Jersey, in 1804; came to this county in 1853 and located where they now live; owns a farm of 70 acres; he married Lucy A. Garoutte, January 22, 1827; she. was born in the same county, May 16, 1807; their chil- dren are: Mary E., Sarah E., Henry T., John W., Susan C, William and Margaret P. LUDINGTON, J. N., farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. Adel; born in Duchess county, New York, May 25, 1809; he lived there until he was about seven years old; his parents then moved to Indiana, locating near Vincennes, where he lived about six years, then with his older brother removed to Vermillion county, Illinois; when he was about nineteen years of age he went to Fayette county, Pennsyl- vania, where he worked at his trade, that of a tanner; in 1853 he came to this county and loca- ted where he now lives; owns a farm of 160 acres; he married Miss Elizabeth Spar in the fall of 1841; she was born in Sommerset county, Pennsylvania, June 25, 1812,; he previously married Mary Hoover, March 18, 1832; born August 17, 1811, in Fayette county, Pennsylvania; she died February 28, 1841 ; left one son and one daughter: Alfred N. and Sarah J. Has two sons and four daughters by second marriage: John W., Mary E, William H., Cornelia V., Elizabeth A. and Al- mira. Ludington, A. N., farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. Adel. Ludington, Josiah, farmer, Sec. 15; P. 6. Adel. Ludington, W., farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. Adel. Lyon, J. H., farmer, Sec. 15; P.O. Adel. MACHEN, W. W., farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. Adel. COLFAX TOWNSHIP. 605 Machen, W., Sr., farmer, Sec. 26; P. O. Adel. MAHAR, PATRICK, farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. Redfield; born in County Kerry, Ireland, in 1821; he emigrated to the United States in 1848; stopped for a short time in Buffalo, New York, and then came to Illinois; he came to this county in 1868; came from Illinois here with his team and was three weeks on the road; when he arrived here all he owned was his team and by hard work and economy he has a farm of 166 acres, all paid for ; he married Margaret Auraught,. in 1851, at Ottawa, Illinois; she died in 1861; he married .again to Margaret Hayden, in 1863, at La- Salle, Illinois; has four children by first marriage: Jeremiah, Ho- nora, Margaret and Patrick. Maxon, Duane, farmer, Sec, 6; P. O. Redfield. Messamer, J. M., farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. Panther Creek. MILLS, HENRY, farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. Adel; born in Gilford coun- ty, North Carolina, May 25, 1817; he lived there until the fall of 1833, and then with his parents moved to Madison county, Indi- ana; he married Julia A. Farlow, September 6, 1838, a native of "Wayne county, Indiana, born May 5, 1819; they emigrated to Dallas county, and" located where they now live, in the spring of 1856; have four sons and three daughters: Isaac, 1ST. J., Mary E., Luctnda A., H. E., H. C. and Ada. „ Mills, N. J., farmer, Sec. 12; P. U. Adel. tj MILLS, J. M., farmer, Sec 1; ±*. O Dallas Center; was born in Gilford county, North Carolina May 17, 1824; lived there until 1833' his parents then moved to Madison county, Indiana; he mar- 38 ried Hannah Flint, March 11, 1847; she was born in Wayne county, Indiana, January 27, 1828; they came to this county in the spring of 1856, and located where they now live; farm 181 acres; they have nine children, and lost two: Martha A. (de- ceased), J. K., Charity (deceased), Mary, Joseph W., Jacob H., John M., Middleton M., Chas. G, Han- nah E. and Emma J. MILLS, JERRY, farmer, Sec. 1; P. O. Dallas Center; was born in Gilford county, North Carolina, May 12, 1822, he lived there until 1833, his parents then moved to Madison county, Indiana; he married Nancy Etchison, March 15, 1846; she was born in North Carolina, but raised in Indiana; they came to this county in the spring of 1856, and located where he now lives; farm of 313 acres; they have one son and three daughters: Mahala A., John F., Mary E. and Clara D. MYERS, ISAAC, farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. Dallas Center; was born in Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, April 15, 1822, he lived there until 12 years of age; his parents then moved to Mifflin county, Pennsylvania, where he lived until 1851 ; and then to Hunting- ton county, Pennsylvania, where he remained until 1855; he then emigrated to Jo Daviess county, Illinois, where he lived until com- ing to this county in 1875; his farm contains 240 acres, and 10 acres timber, one of the best im- proved in the county; he married Miss- Sarah Garver, December 4, 1845, a native of Franklin county, but raised in Huntington county, Pennsylvania; they have four sons and four daughters: Nathan, Rebecca (now Mrs. John Glock), Geo. S., Albert, Harriet (now 606 DIRECTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. Mrs. John Long), Christia A., Henry E. and Emma J. Myers, Nathan, farmer, Sec. 5; P, O. Panther Creek. O 'BRIAN", J. T., farmer, Sec. 6 P. O. Panther Creek. Olin, A. J., farmer, Sec. 1; P. O Dallas Center. PARKINSON, J., former, Sec, 11; P. 0. Adel. PAYNE, C. H. W., farmer, Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Adel; was born in Clinton county, Indiana, September 20, 184i; came to this county in the spring of 1856, with his parents, remained one year, then removed to Henry county, Illinois, where they remained until 1866, and then returned to this county; farm 80 acres; he married Mary E., daughter of Henry Mills, May 9, 1868; she was born in Madison county, Indiana; he served about 3 years in the late rebellion, in Co. D, 112th Illinois Infantry; en- listed August 9, 1862; mustered out June 20, 1865. Payne, E, P., farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Adel. Phillips, L. S., farmer, Sec. 31; P. O. Redfield. Piatt, Joshua, farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. Redfield. Plummer, J. S., farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Adel. Potter, John R., farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. Adel. Powell, Robert, Mrs., farmer, Sec. 22; P. 0. Adel. QUIGLEY, JAMES, farmer, Sec. 15; P.O. Adel. REEVES, JEREMIAH, farmer, Sec. 1; P. 0. Dallas Center. SCHAMEL, ANDREW, farmer, Sec. 8; P.O. Panther Creek. Shaffer, J. S., farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Adel. Shaffer, Martin, farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Adel. Shirk, Eeuben, farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Adel. Skinner, Alvah, farmer, Sec. 35; P O. Adel. Smith, John, farmer, Sec. 31; P. Redfield. Snyder, J. S., farmer, Sec. 31; P. O. Redfield. Stafford. John, farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Adel. Stine, W, H., farmer, Sec. 18; P. 0. Redfield. Sutherland, M., farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. Adel. SUTHERLAND, DARIUS, farm- * er, Sec. 2; P. 0. Dallas Center; owns a farm of 679 acres; born in Washington county, Indiana, November 30, 1828; his parents moved from there when he was eleven years of age to Fulton county, Illinois, where they lived about seven years, and then re- moved to Bureau county, Illinois; he came to this county August 23, 1878; he married Miss Auzo- letta Britton May 1, 1853; she is a native of New York; they have eight sons and five daughters: Simon R., born Arpil 16, 1854;i Henry H., born March 29, 1856; Charles E., born December 31, 1857; Andrew L., born September 5, 1859; George H., born April 13, 1861; Benjamin F., born May 20, 1863; Annetta E., born May 6, 1865; Mary F., born Septem- ber 27, 1867; Susan A, bora July 27, 1869; Martin R., born September 7, 1871 ; Corrianna M., born August 27, 1873; Samuel H, born September 26, 1875; Nora C, born March, 1878. TICE, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. Redfield. Tice, M., farmer, Sec. 30; P. 0. Redfield. Tyer, F. W., farmer, Sec. 22; P. 0. Adel. TYER, JOHN, deceased; born in London, England, February 9, 1820; he married Miss Harriet Franklin, of the same place, May LINN TOWNSHIP. 60T 15, 1841, and the following Sep- tember they emigrated to the United States and New York, where they staid but a short time, and then removed to New Orleans; staid but a short time, and then went to New Jersey; remained there and in Massachusetts until coming to Iowa in March, 1855; located in Colfax township, where he remained until his death, which occurred July 11, 1874, leaving a family of four sons and two daugh- ters: John M., Charles F., Fred- erick W., Edward (who has since died), Harriet E. and Mary L. TYER, CHARLES F., farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. Adel; owns a farm of 86 J acres; born in New Bruns- wick, New Jersey, September 29, 1844; his parents moved to Massa- chusetts when he was very young; they came to this county in 1855, and located in this township; he manned Miss Cornelia V., daugh- ter of J. N. Ludington, Esq., No- vember 7, 1870; she was born near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; they have two sons: Charles W., born August 25,1871; Oscar F., born Mav 8, 1878. TYER, JOHN M., farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. Adel ; born in New Bruns- wick, New Jersey, October 19, 1842, where he lived until he was six years old; his parents, then moved to Massachusetts, where he lived until the spring of 1855, and then, with his parents, came to this county, and located in Col- fax township; his farm contains 160 acres; he married Miss Addie J. Hoyt, December 6, 1868; she was born in Maine, but raised in Rock county, Wisconsin; they have one son and two daughters: Addie N, born October 2, 1869; Henry W., born February 7, 1871 ; Ina Pearl, born July 15, 1878; he was justice of the peace one term; township clerk two terms, and is school director. VAN CLEAVE, I. J., farmer, Sec. 26; P. 0. Adel. WAGNER, MICHAEL,farm- er, Sec. 4; P. O. Panther Creek. Walters, G. W., farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. Adel. Walker, S. F., farmer, Sec. 6: P. O. Panther Creek. Wicks, Samuel, farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. Adel. Wood, J. K., farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. Adel. Worster, A. L., farmer, Sec. 36; P. * O. Adel. Worster, J. O , farmer, Sec. 25 ; P. O. Adel. YORK, JOSEPH, farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Panther Creek. Young, Frank, farmer, Sec. 31; P. O. Redfield. Li^risr T , o"^ri>TSi3:ii'. ALLEN, B. B., farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. Green vale; born in Massachusetts in 1813; came to this county in 1854; owns 169 acres of land; has held offices of school director and postmaster four years; he married Miss Eliza Smith, January 24, 1857; she was born in Erie county, New York; have one daughter: Alice E., and lost one : Mona E. Andrews, S. B., farmer, Sec. 28; P. O. Redfield. Anderson, Isaac, farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Redfield. Andrews, J. C. farmer, Sec. 28 ; P. O. Redfield. BAILEY, J. A., farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. Redfield; born in Ran- dolph county, Indiana, in 1842; came to this county in 1853; owns 180 acres of land; has held offices 608 DIEECTOBT OF DALLAS COUNTY. of town clerk and school director; he enlisted in the 39th Iowa In- fantry in the late war and served until the close; he married Miss Martha A. Noel in 1873; she was born in Indiana; has three chil- dren : Fred, Nora E. and Carl F. Bailey, J. G., farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. Ee'dfield. BAILEY, L. D., farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. Linn; born in Indiana in 1841; came to this county in 1853; owns 291 acres of land; he enlisted in the 4th Iowa Cavalry, and served four years.; he married Miss Pa- melia Laubach in 1858; she was born in Pennsylvania; has five children: Blanche ,0., Harry W., Julia May, George R. and Mary Nellie. •Bales, Lewis, farmer, Sec. 9; P. 0. Redfield. Balesbaugh, J., farmer, Sec. 4 ; P. O. Green vale. Ballinger, M., farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Greenvale. Bennett, D. M., farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Greenvale. Binford,F. W., farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. Greenvale. Bice, J. W., farmer Sec. 9; P. O. Kedfield. Briggs, J. W., farmer, Sec. 6 ; P. O. Linn. Briggs, Joseph W., farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Linn. Brody,H. P., farmer, Sec. 19; P. O. Kedfield. Bnrnham, Alex., farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Kedfield. Bnrnham, James, farmer, Sec. 31; P. O. Redfield. CLARK, ALONZO, farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Greenvale. Clark, N. B., farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Greenvale. Clark, Jonathan, farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Redfield. Chace, E. K, farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Linn. Cloud, Harmon, farmer, Sec. 32; P. 0. Harvey's Mills. Cloud, "W. B., farmer, Sec. 31; P. 0. Harvey's Mills. Cloud, Stephen, farmer, Sec. 36; P O. Redfield. COX, WE, farmer, Sec. 30; P. 0. Harvey's Mills; born in Randolph county, Indiana, in 1825; came to this county in October, 1867; owns 300 acres of land; he married Mary R. Holloway in 1842; she was born in Ohio. Cronk, I., farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Redfield. DAVIS, ISAAC J., farmer, Sec. 21; P. O. Redfield; born in Kentucky in 1817, and when young removed to Ohio, and after- ward emigrated to Indiana; came to this county in 1854; owns 175 acres of land; he married Mrs. Lu- cinda Swain (whose maiden name was Maulsby) in 1849; she was born in Tennessee; Mrs. Davis was first married to Zeno Swain, in 1830; he died in 1834, leaving one daughter, Rhoda J., wife of S. Patty. Doty, L., farmer, Sec. 22; P. 0. Redfield. Drake, Silas, farmer, Sec. 15; P. 0. Redfield. DUCK, GEO. C, farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. Redfield ; born in Columbi- ana county, Ohio, in 1814, and re- moved from there to Porter coun- ty, Indiana, in 1844, and lived there eleven years, and came [to this county in 1855; owns 230 acres of land; on this land is a valuable coal bank, known as Duck's bank; he has held the offices of justice of the peace, school director and town trustee; he married Miss Mary Hesser in 1844; she was born in Jefferson county, Ohio, in 1818; has six children: Simon, John W., Rachel, Sarah, George and Catha- rine; lost two: Mary and Joseph. Duck, J. W., farmer, Sec. 8; P. 0. Redfield. Dyer, E., farmer, Sec. 32; P. 0. Redfield. LINN TOWNSHIP. 609 1h"LLIS, WM. B., farmer, Sec. J -^ 15; P. O. Kedfield; born in Greene county, Tennessee, in 1829 ; he removed with his parents, when six years of age, to Indiana, and came to this county in 1854; owns 135 acres of land; has held offices of county supervisor, justice of the peace, town clerk, town trustee, assessor, and school director; he married Miss Susanna Lewis in 1851; she was born in Indiana; has ten children : Marcus D., Jesse C, Sarah E., Lucinda, Maria, Sam'l R. C, Emma E., Lueretia M., Mary Melinda and fm. E. Elliott, Francis, farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. Kedfield. Estes, G. M., farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Kedfield. Evans, Elisha, farmer, Sec. 19; P. O. Kedfield. Eyres, Wm., farmer, Sec. 9 ; P. O. Green vale. FEE, ISAAC, farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Kedfield; born in Galia County, Ohio, January 26, 1821, and emigrated to Iowa in 1846, settling near Des Moines, in Polk county, and came to Linn town- ship in 1851, and settled and im- proved the farm on which he now resides, and has remained on the place since that time; he owns eighty acres of land; he married Miss L. Slaughter in 1841; she was born in Ohio; has ten children living: John, Richland, William, Hollace, Thomas, Lovina, Caro- line, Ellen F., Abagail and Sarah A.; lost three: Mary E., Dulcena J. and Nora L. Flinn, John, farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Kedfield. FOY, ROBERT F., farmer, Sec 34- P. O. Kedfield; born in Maine in 1823; came to this county in 1857; owns 170 acres of land; has held offices of town trustee, school director, and treas- urer of the school fund; he mar- ried Miss Ann E. Schuster, in 1850; she was born in Maine; has two children: John F. and Laura K. Freeman, J. J., farmer, Sec. 1; P. O. Greenvale. GAREY. HENRY, farmer, Sec. 32; P. 0. Redfield. Gary, L. G., farmer, Sec. 32; P. 0. Redfield. Grubbs, Luther, farmer, Sec. 5 ; P. O. Linn. HART, L0RING, farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Redfield; born in Massachusetts in 1805; came to this county in 1866; owns ninety acres of land ; he married Rebecca Babbit in 1837; she was born in Massachusetts. Harper, W. W., farmer, Sec. 26; P. O. Redfield. Harden, Ezra, farmer, Sec. 15 ; P. O. Redfield. HARDEN, JOHN C, farmer, Sec. 23 ; P. O. Redfield ; born in North Carolina in 1824, and in 1837 re- moved to Indiana, and came to this county in 1854; owns 120 acres of land, eighty of which he entered; he has held offices of school director and town trustee; he married Miss Louisa Barker in 1850; she was born in Indiana; has eight children: Alonzo L., Ezra MT, Emma B., Eli in E., Al- fred P., Louisa E., Reno L. and Cooty. HILL, ABNER, farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. Harvey's Mill; born in Ohio in 1816; removed to Ran- dolph county, Indiana, in 1836, and came to this county in 1856; owns 139 acres of land; he mar- ried Miss Elizabeth Lank in 1836 ; she was born in Ross county, Ohio; has four children: Martha A., wife of M. C. Marshall, Elizabeth L., wife of James S. Douney, Olive and Chester P. Hodson, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. Kedfield. Holloway, A. W., farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. Linn. 610 DIEECTOEY OF DALLAS COUNTY. Howell, P. S., farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Kedfield. Howell, Ira, farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Kedfield. Howell, Needom, farmer, Sec. 28; P. 0. Kedfield. Hoy t, Ben., farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. Greenvale. HOYT, THOMAS, farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. Greenvale; born in Maine in 1834; he lived in Wisconsin for sometime, and then removed to California, where he remained until he came to this county; he has held offices of town clerk, ' town trustee and school director; he married Miss Susan Ross, in 1861; she was born in Newark, New Jersey; has five children: Lizzie, Leland, "Willie, Mabel and Blanche. Humphrey, "W. C, farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Kedfield. TAMESON, JOHN, farmer, Sec. J 36; P. O. Redfield; born in Kockbridge county, Virginia, January 31, 1800; he removed to Franklin county, Ohio, in 1816, where he remained until 1827, and then moved to Marion county, and in 1833 to Allen county; came to this county in 1853; owns 150 acres of land; held office of assessor in 1855 and 1856; and while living in Allen county, Ohio, was Judge of the Probate Court from 1838 to 1852; he married Sarah Ann Lawson, De- cember 16, 1823; she was born in Duchess county, New York; she died April 3, 1867; has four chil- dren: William W., Samuel F., James H. and Edward P.; lost six: Robert L., John R, Marga- ret J., Rachel A., Ellen G-. and Sarah. John R. and Edward P. enlisted in the 39th Iowa Infantry in the late war; the former was taken prisoner and confined at Belle Island, and died; one son- in-law, John H. Combs, the hus- band of Ellen G. (deceased), died from disease contracted in the service. Johnson, Nelson, farmer, Sec. — : P. O. Redfield. Jones, S.. farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. Redfield. Jones, C. M., farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. Linn. JOY, JOHN F., farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. Redfield; born in Maine in 1853; came to this county in 1857; owns 160 acres of land. Judge, Patrick, farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Redfield. KEATOR, L. W., farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. Greenvale. Ketner, J. M., farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. Redfield. LAWBACH, J., farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. Redfield; born in Co- lumbia county, Pennsylvania, Oc- tober 10, 1823; came to this county April 17, 1855; owns 200 acres of land; he enlisted in Co. H, 39th Iowa In ft. during the late war, and served three years; he' married Miss Sarah Ash, July 7, 1847; she was born in Columbia county, Pennsylvania; has six children: Pernilla, Hiram F., John K., Russell A., Sanford H., Charles W.; lost one daughter: Mary A. Lawbach, H. F. and I. K., farmers, Sec. 17; P. O. Redfield. Lewis, David,, farmer, Sec. 31; P.O. Redfield. Lewis, S., farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. Redfield. Lewis, T. D., farmer, Sec. 35 ; P. O. Redfield. Lumpkin, R. W., farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. Linn. MoATEE, SAMUEL, farmer,. Sec. 27; P. O. Redfield. McLucas, J. M., farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. Redfield. McNees, A, farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Redfield. Madren, A. J., farmer, Sec. 13; P. 0. ■ Redfield. LINN TOWNSHIP. 611 Manor, Samuel, farmer, Sec. 19; P. O. Eedfield. Manor, Lewis, farmer. Sec. 31; P. O. Eedfield. Marshall, H. M., farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. Eedfield. MAULSBY, JOHN, (deceased), farmer, who resided on Sec. 28, was born in Tennessee, September 11, 1814; he removed with his parents to Indiana in 1817; he married for his first wife, Mary Croft, who died in 1846; August 19, 1847, he married Miss Mary 0. Kimmerle, who was born in . Butler county, Ohio; in 1854 he came to this county and entered for himself and others, 2,200 acres of land; and at the time he re- moved from Indiana, he was the means of 20 families coming to this oonnty;. he held various offices of tlie township, and also county treasurer; he died Novem- ber 19, 1876, leaving five chil- dren by first marriage: Letitia (wife of Dr Bust), Melissa (wife of Dr Caldwell), Jane (now Mrs. DeMotte), Luny and Edgar; and by second marriage six: Josephine, Cromwell, Florence, Forrest, Ver- non and Frank. Maulsby, J. H., farmer, Sec., 10; P. O. Greenvale. MAULSBY, WM, farmer, Sec. 26; P. O. Eedfield; born in Jefferson county, Tennessee, in 1810; in 1817 his parents removed to Indi- ana, where he remained until 1857, when he removed^ to this county; he owns 320 acres of land; he married Miss Z. Mills in 1833; she was born in Tennessee; have two children: Irwin and Milton. Maulsby, Milton, farmer, Sec. 26; P. O. Eedfield. : Merritt, James, farmer, Sec. 29; if. O. Eedfield MILLS, J. H-, farmer^Sec. 23; P. O Eedfield; born in Wayne coun- ty Indiana, in 1847; came to this county in 1856; owns 80 acres of land, and has under his supervision 240 acres; has held office of school director; he enlisted in the 39th Iowa Infantry in the late war, and was afterward transferred to the 7th Iowa, and mustered out with that regiment: he married Miss S. A. Duck, September 15, 1867; have three children : Eoscoe E., Charlie C, Milton D. MITCHELL, T. J., farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. Greenvale; born in Waldo county, Maine, in 1825; came to this county in 1863; previous to his removal to this county he lived in Wisconsin 10 years; he owns 98 acres of land; he married Miss Augusta A. Howard in 1845; she was born in Waldo county, Maine; have two adopted children: Lizzie and Addie Wagle. Mohr, Samuel, farmer, Sec. 33; P. O. Eedfield. Moormon, Enoch, farmer, Sec. 31; P. O. Eedfield. MOORE, ALLEN, farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. Eedfield; born in Indiana in 1825; came to this county in 1852; owns 226 acres of land; he married Miss Ada Van Cleave in 1847; she was born in Indiana; have three children living: Eliza- beth A., Melinda J. and Win. Allen; lost five: Samuel G., James, Matilda, Augusta and Mary A. Mosier, Jonathan, farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Greenvale. NELSON, W. A., farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. Eedfield. OVEEHALSEB* M. K, farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Linn. PARKER, PLEASANT, farm- er, Sec. 11; P. O. Eedfield; born in Laurel county, Kentucky, in 1826; removed with his parents to Ind., in 1832, and came to this county March 8, 1855; owns 200 acres of land; has held offices of town trustee and school director; he enlisted in the 39th Iowa In- fantry, in the late war, and served three years ; he married Miss Anna 612 DIEECTOBY OF DALLAS COUNTY. E. Joy in' 1856; she was born in "Wayne county, Indiana; have four « children: Wayne, Vienna, Dora and Irwin ; have lost two children. Patty, D. S., farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. Eedfield. PATTY, S., farmer, Sec. 21; P. O. Eedfield; born in Lima county, Ohio in 1830; removed from there to "Wayne county, Indiana, and came to this county in 1854; owns 240 acres of land ; has held office of school director; he married Bhoda J. Swain in 1550; she was born in "Wayne county, Indiana; have four children: T. Swain, Cora M., May and Reno P. Presley, "Wm., farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Eedfield. ROUP, W. T., farmer, Sec. 33; P. 0. Eedfield. Enssell, G. E., farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Eedfield. ST. JOHN, E. F., farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Greenvale. Seamen, J. J., farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Eedfield. SHIECKLE, J. J., farmer, Sec. 26; P. O. Eedfield ; born in England in 1810; came to this county in 1869; he married Mrs. Alice Harper, who was born in New York. Mrs. Schieckle's maiden name was Shil- lato ; she first married James Har- per, who was born in Virginia in 1800, and came to this county in March, 1851, and at the present writing she and her son are the oldest residents of what is now Linn township; Mr. Harper died May 14, 1869, leaving eight chil- dren: Hiram, James M., Edward, "Wm. W., Mary, Sarah, Elizabeth and Eliza J. Shillato, "Wm., farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. Eedfield. SIMCOKE, B. P., farmer, Sec. 26; P.O. Eedfield; born in "Wayne county, Indiana,' in 1836; came to this county in 1867; has held offices of county supervisor, town- ship clerk, justice of the peace and school director; he married Mrs. Eachel E. Maulsby, whose maiden name was Patty; she was born in "Wayne county, Indiana; has four children : James L., Wil- liam O., Laura and Joseph 0. Mrs. S. died in June, 1877; she was previously married to Ezra Maulsby, who was born in Indi- ana, in 1838, and died in 1864, leaving three children: Ellis, Alonzo and Lawrence. Sloan, S., farmer, Sec. 27; P. 0. Eedfield. Smith, I. H., farmer, Sec. 24; P. 0. Eedfield. Smith, Lewis, farmer, Sec. 16; P. 0. Eedfield. Smith, Jacob, farmer, Sec. 5; P. 0. STROUD, A., farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. Greenvale; born in Vermont, in 1827; came to this county in July, 1858; owns 390 acres of land ; he married Miss Ann Mc- Namee in 1854; she was born in New York; have ten children: Carrie, Irene, Louisa, Charles, Edgar, John, Minnie, Arthur, Philip and Bazie B. TAYLOR, WM. R., cabinet mak- er and farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. Greenvale; born in Canadain 1827; came to this county in 1871; holds office of postmaster at Greenvale; he married Miss Frances E. "War- ren, in June, 1870 ; she was born in Franklin county, New York; has one child: Clarence M. Thompson, "Wm., farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. Greenvale. Thompson, C, farmer, Sec. 2; P. 0. Greenvale. Thornburgh, J. A., fanner, Sec. 18; P. O. Eedfield. THORNBURGH, THOMAS K. and P. KERNS, farmers, stock- raisers and stock-dealers, Sec. 20; P. O. Eedfield; the former was born in Indiana on April 9, 1847, and came to this county in 1856; he holds office of township trus- LINCOLN TOWNSHIP. 613 tee; he married Miss Jennie Ves- tal in 1871; she was bom in In- diana; lias three children: Zena C, Mabel and Baby. P. Kern was born in Indiana in 1850, and came to this county in 1856; they own, with their mother, 240 acres of land; their father, "Win. Thorn- burgh, was born in Tennessee in 1804; removed to Indiana; and came to this county in 1856; he married Miss Catharine Bohrer; he died in September, 1876. Town, Cyrus, farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. Redfield. Turner, Jos., farmer, Sec. 10 ; P. O. , Greenvale. Turner, Geo., farmer, Sec. 10 ; P. O. Greenvale. \ A T ARREN, T. P., farmer, Sec. VV 11; P. O. Greenvale; born in New Hampshire, in 1813; came to this county in 1866; owns 20 acres of land; has held office of school director; he married Miss Phebe J. Eobinson in 1836; she was born in Plattsburg, New York; has three children: Ara- minta S., Isaac M. and Frances E., wife of Wm. E. Taylor. WESCOTT, W. H., blacksmith and farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. Greenvale; born in Vermont in 1822; came to this county in August, 1868; owns 166 acres of land; holds of- fice of school director; he mar- ried Miss Sophia C. Sibley in June 1852; she was born in Vermont; has three children: Stella. Frank and Willie; previous to coming to this county he lived twenty years in Wisconsin. Willis, Lucinda, farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. Linn. "Winslow, Henry, farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. Linn. "Winslow, Nathan, farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. Linn. Wolf, Joseph L., farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. Linn. * Welf, F. M., farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. Linn. "Wright, Jesse, farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Linn. YOUNG, E. W., farmer, Sec. 4: P. O. Linn. LIKraOXjET TOX^NSHIP. A LLARD, N., farmer, Sec. 10; P. 0\ Brough; born in Ohio, July 29, 1845; moved with his parents to Henry county, Illinois, in 1850; came to this county in 1871; owns 160 acres of land; has held the offices of assessor three years, and of justice of the peace; 'he enlisted in the 124th Illinois Infantry in the late war, and serv- ed until the regiment was mus- tered out; he married Miss Mary Wilhelm, February 29, 1869; she was born in Pennsylvania, and died January 17, 1871; he after- ward married Miss Emma Wil- helm who was born in Pennsylva- nia, and died February 12 1872; he married for his third wite Miss Lucy Isenhart, August 11, 1878; she was born in Ogle county, Illi- nois; has two children by second marriage: Elmina and Willie. Andrews, Chas., farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. Perry. Arthand, Leo, farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Brough. BIROHFIELD, I. E., farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. Panora. Birchfield, I. S., farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. Panora. Boyle, N S , farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. Brough. Butler, E. "W, farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. Greenvale. CAMPBELL, D. J., farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Panora. Campbell, J. H., farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Panora. 614: DIEECTOEY OF DALLAS COUNTY. Campbell, M. J., farmer, Sec. 31 ; P. O. Panora. Churchill, 1ST. P., farmer, Sec. 27; P. . O. Greenvale. Coates, W. H., farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Greenvale. Coleman, D. L., farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Brough. Coleman, John, Sr., farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Brough. Cooper, W. N., farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Brough. DAVIS, K, farmer, Sec. 21; P. O. Brough. De La, Reuben, farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Brongh. De La, W. W., farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Brough. Dibble, Edward, farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. Brough. Doran, J. A., farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. * Brough. Dorras, J. F., farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Brough. Dorman, Jos., farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. Brough. Dyer, Conway, farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. Greenvale. EDMUNDSON, M. E., farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. Brough. Eveland, H. A., farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Brough. FOY, J.W., farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. O. Brough. Frost, A. C, farmer, Sec. 11; P. 0. Brough. Fry, Henry, farmer, Sec. 1; P. O. Brough. GILES, JOHN L., farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. Panora. Grnbbs, John, farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. Panora. HALL, DAYID, farmer, Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Panora. Harrison, C, farmer, Sec. 33; P. O. Panora. Hayes, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 24; P. 0. Minburn. Hennon, Geo., farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. Brough. Herendeen, 1ST. N., farmer, Sec. 27; P. 0. Brough. Higgs, Samuel, farmer, Sec. 23; P. 0. Greenvale. Hodson, Josiah, farmer, Sec. 33; P. O. Panora. Hohenshelt, G. W., farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. Panora. Hollingsworth, R., farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. Perry. Horsely, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. Brongh. Hossteater, W. O., farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Brongh. Howell, Nathan, farmer, Sec. 31; P.O.Linn. Hoyt, John, farmer, Sec. 15; P.O. Brough. Huffman, E., farmer, Sec. 3; P. 0. Brongh. TONES, E. M., farmer, Sec. 3; P. cl O. Brough ; born in New York in 1836; he removed to Michigan in 1846, and in October, 1869, came to this county; owns 200 acres of land ; has held the office* of school director, district treas- urer, assessor and town trustee; he enlisted in the Twenty-second Michigan Infantry in the late war, and afterward transferred to the Twenty-ninth Infantry, and dis- charged at the close of the war; he married Miss Harriet Van Dewarker in 1856; she was born in New York, and died March 16, 1870; he afterward married Mrs. Ann E. Bugbee, in 1871; she was born in Canada; her maiden name was Huffman ; has five children by first marriage: Ellen, Albert, Theresa, Burton and George; lias three by second marriage: Her- bert, R. T. and William; Mrs. Jones has three children by for- mer marriage: Marcus, Lucinda and Elias. KELSO, S. J., farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Brough. Klinkerfns, R , farmer, Sec. 14; P O. Brough. Knapp, Thomas, farmer, Sec. 28; P. O. Greenvale. LINCOLN TOWNSHIP. 61& K ™PP> D- S., farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Brough. KNAPP, J., farmer, Sec. 28; P. O. Green vale; born in Indiana, in 1832 ; when four years of age his parents removed to Illinois, where he remained until he came to this county, in 1871; he owns 280 acres of land; he has held the office of school director; he en- listed in the 126th Illinois In- » fantry in the late war, and served until the regiment was mustered out; he married Miss Margaret Beaver in 1855 ; she was born in Chester county, Pennsylvania; has five children: Samuel B., Thomas C, Martha A., Margaret Isabel and Jacob Colfax. Knowlton, W., farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. Brough. • LEE, W. E., farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Brongh. McCHESNEY, J., farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Brough. McKinley, Charles, farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Panora. McNeil, J., farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. Brough. Macomber, W. EL, farmer, Seo. 20; P. O. Brough. Miller, David V., farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Brough. Moffatt, John, farmer, Sec. 9 ; P. O. Brough. Mosier, William, farmer, • Sec. 29; P. O. Brough. Moorman, E., farmer, Sec. 31; P. O. Panora. Morse, Charles, farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. Brough. NORTHY, JONATHAN, farm- er, Sec. 36; P. O. Redfield. OVERLOOK, O. J., farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. Brough. PETERS, SIMON, farmer, Sec. 14; P.O.Perry. Peters, Aaron, farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. Minburn. Peters, J. A., farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. Minburn. Pitzenbenger, J., farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Greenvale. REYNOLD, L. M., farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Greenvale. Richmond. Jacob, farmer, Sec. 13; •P. O. Perry. Ridnour, Geo., farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. Perry. Rishel, John, farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Brough. SCHWAB, CHAS., farmer, Sec 24; P. O. Minburn. Sheldon, W. F., farmer, Sec. 24; P.. O. Minburn. Simpson, M. B., farmer, Sec. 23; P-. O. Brough. Smith, James, farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. Redfield. Smith, H. C, farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. Linn. Smith, Isaac, farmer, Sec. 3; P. O- Brough. Smith, D. B., farmer, Sec. 11; P. O.. Brongh. Smith, Clias. E., farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. Perry. Stephens, A. S, farmer-, Sec. 32; P. 0. Panora. Steiner, John, farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Brough. Stichler, John, farmer, Sec. 14; P. 0. Perry. THORN BURGH, D. G., farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. Panora. Thornburgh, H. C, farmer, Sec. 30;. P. O. Panora. T A 7ALT0N, ROB'T, farmer, V V Sec. 13; P.O.Perry. Williams, D. S., farmer, Sec. 33; P. O. Linn. Wilhelm, James, farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. Brough. Wright, W. A., farmer, Sec. 27; P.. O. Linn. «16 DIEEOTOET OF DALLAS COUNTY. -^7--A.sni3srci-Tonsr to-wnship. ALBORN, HENRY, farmer, Sec. 5; P.O. Minburn. Andreus, Hiram, farmer; P. O. Minburn. BADGER, ROB'T, farmer, Sec. 33; P. 0. Panther Creek. Badger, John, farmer, Sec. 33 ; P. O. Panther Creek. Barrett, Mark, farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. Panther Creek. Beidenrian, E. and F., farmers, Sec. 22; P. O. Minburn. Betzenhouser, N., farmer, Sec. 13; P. 0. Minburn. Betzenhouser, Geo., farmer, Sec. 28; P. O. Panther Creek. SEVER, J. B., farmer, Sec. 26; P. 0. Adel ; was born in Seneca county, Ohio, March 18, 1832; where he lived until he was 23 years of age; he married Elizabeth Richards, a native of Crawford county, Ohio, February 8, 1855; she was born September 23, 1835; they came to this county in the fall of 1856, and located on the place where they now live; their farm contains 171 acres; they have two sons and three daughters: Win. M., born in Seneca county, Ohio, December 27, 1855; Emma, born in this county June 15, 1858; Oscar A., January 29, 1861; Minnie A., January 12, 187L; Cora L., Feb'y •5, 1873; they have lost one son, Wesley G., who was born March 1, 1866, and died December 26, 1870; was justice of the peace two years, township clerk four years, and held other township offices. IBever, Alvin, farmer, Sec. 26; P. O. Adel. Britton, Andrew, farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. O. Panther Creek. Britton, I. 1ST., farmer, Sec. 28; P. 0. Panther Creek. Bryant, John, farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. Minburn. Bumgardner, Charles, farmer, Sec. 19*, P. O. Minburn. CAMPBLLL, A. B., farmer, Sec. 26; P. 0. Adel. Coulter, Charles, farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Minburn. Clark, A. O, farmer, Sec. 26; P. 0. Minburn. Clark, Nathan, farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Minburn. » Craig, J. H., farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Minburn. DOUGHERTY, I. A., farmer, Sec. 33; P. 0. Panther Creek. EDWARDS, H. O, farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. Minburn. ELLIS, J. W., farmer and stock- dealer, Sec. 16; P. O. Dallas Cen- ter; born in Summerset county, Maine, December 20, 1818; he . lived there until 1851; he married- Miss Mary A. Clifford, a native of Kennebeck county, Maine, in 1842; he, with his family, came west in 1851, and located in Peoria county, Illinois, where they remained until 1857, and then removed to Crawford county, Iowa; lived there five years, and then returned to Peoria county, Illinois ; he remained there but a short time, and then went to Bureau county, Illinois, where he remained about six years, and then came to this county in Feb- ruary, 1872, and located in Wash- ington township, where he now lives; he owns a farm of 415 acres; has given two of his chil- dren 320 acres; has a family of five sons and two daughters: Charles K., Frank, Ferdinand F., George W., Adelia (now 'Mrs. Daniel Child), Addie and John. Ellis, G. W., farmer, Sec. 16; P. 0. Minburn. FLICKINER, J. 0., farmer; P. O. Dallas Center. WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 617 French, WilW f arm er, Sec. 32; ,-, F -°- Papier Creek. n tJA W - f *™^Sec. 21; P. O. Minburn. Fr ?? k ^?u A ' farmer > Sec. 27; P. O. Minburn. Fronk J. R, farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Minburn. GAROUTTE, WALKER, far- mer, Sec. 36; P. O. Adel; born in Gloucester county, New , Jersey, in 1818, where he lived until 1829; . his parents, then . moved to Highland county, Ohio ; he remained there until 1834, and then removed to Hancock, Illi- nois; he came to this county in 1855, and located in Adel town- ship; has lived on his present farm since 1866; he married Kate Bevins in 1840; she is a native of Maryland; have one daughter: Addie; he served three years in . the late rebellion, in Co. C, Thir- ty-ninth Iowa Infantry, in the commissary department; his farm contains 80 acres. Gates, Peter, farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. Minburn. Gorham, O. B., farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Minburn. Gorham, John, farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Minburn. HENDERSON, ROBERT, far- mer, Sec. 3; P. O. Minburn. Hiney, E. F, farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Minburn. Hurlburt, J. W., farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. Minburn. Hurlburt, H. E., farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Minburn. HUTCHESON, JOSEPH G., far- mer, Sec. 34; P. O. Adel; born in Madison county, Indiana, in 1831 ; he came to this county in February, 1877, and located where he now lives; he has a farm of 105 acres; he married Miss Eliza- beth Wood in 1854; she was born in Morgan county, Indiana; have one son and six daughters: Mary, Cyrus, Lottie, Maggie, Ida, Flora and Hattie; he served about six- teen months in the late rebellion,, in Co. F., Fifty-fourth Indiana Infantry. Hutchinson, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Dallas Center. TNGLES, WILLIAM, farmer,. -L Sec. 8; P. O. Minburn. Ingles, Jesse, farmer, Sec. 8 ; P. O. Minburn. TENKINS, WILLIAM, farmer, cJ Sec. 36; P. O. Dallas Center; born in East Tennessee, January 1, 1831; he lived there but a. short time when his parents moved to Putnam county, In- diana; he lived there off and on until 1850; he then went to Cal- ifornia, driving a team all the way, and was six months on the road ; he remained there three years,, engaged in mining; he then re- turned to Indiana, where he re- mained until coining to this coun- ty, in 1857; he located in this- township in 1858, in company with two others; he was engaged to select swamp land in the six northwest counties; in 1859 he went to Pike's Peak and returned the following winter; he returned to Pike's Peak again in 1860, and also in 1861, prospecting for new diggings with the celebrated mi- ner, John Gregory ; was gone thir- teen weeks, and then struck north- west, there being eleven in the company; he then returned; he married Elizabeth Frakes, March 6, 1862, a native of Putnam coun- ty, Indiana; she died September 3, 1863; he married again to Deborah Kidwell, of Madison county, Indiana, December 2, 1865; has three children by pres- ent wife: Edmund R. L., Joseph E. and William W. ; his wife has one daughter by a former mar- riage : Mary L. Kidwell. Jenkins, J. K., farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. Dallas Center. €18 DIRECTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. KOOBESTCHECK. F, farmer, Sec. 17; P. 0. Minburn. KUGLER, J. M., farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Minburn ; born in Harrison county, Ohio, October 22, 1830; he was six years of age when his parents moved to Belmont county, Ohio, where they lived about sev- en years, and then removed to Gurnsey county, Ohio; lived there about six years, and one year in Noble county; in 1851 he went to California, where he remained until April, 1872, and came to this county in the following May; he married Miss Emeline Crane, March 27, 1873 ; she was born in Stevenson county, Illinois, March 30, 1846 ; have three daughters : Nora May, born December .31, 1873; Cora Bell, born March 5, 1874; Minnie Alice, born March 2, 1877. His larm contains 240 acres, and eleven acres of tim- ber. LANGFIT, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 31; P. O. Kedfield. Lee, Silas A., farmer, Sec. 20 ; P. O. Minburn. Long, John, farmer, Sec. 28; P. O. Panther Creek. Lynch, John, farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. Minburn. MILLER, FRANKLIN, far- mer, Sec. 26; P. O. Min- burn ; born in Montgomery coun- ty, Indiana, November 27, 1838; he lived there until 1865 ; then came to this county and located in this township; owns a farm of 120 acres; he married Miss Lu- cinda Britton January 15, 1864, a native of Indiana; have one son and one daughter: Mary L. and Jesse. Was constable two years, township clerk one year and town- ship trustee one year. Minnis, Chas., farmer, Sec. 1; P. O. Minburn. .Moffatt, S. O, farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. Minburn. Montha, James, farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Dallas Center. MURPHY, W. H., farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Minburn; born in Warren county, Illinois, December 31, 1839, and lived there until 1861; enlisted in Company F 66th Illi- nois Infantry, October 10; was mustered out December 23, 1863; he re-enlisted the same day, and in the same company, and was mustered out July 7, 1865, at Louisville, Kentucky; he partici- pated in sixteen pitch battles and numerous skirmishes; has been married twice; first wife was Mary S. Parish, a native of "War- ren county, Illinois; they were married January 14, 1861; she died August 19, 1863; he has one son by this union : 'Ira V. He came to this county in February, 1866; on December 20, 1870, he married again, to Martha, widow of David Starbuck and Thomas Arrington; her maiden name was "Warford ; Mrs. M.'s first husband was an old settler of this county; he was born in Washington coun- ty, Indiana, November 17, 1817; he came to this county in 1850, and located where she now lives; he was a member of the first board of supervisors and was the first township clerk; he died De- cember 1, 1865. Myers, J. K., farmer, Sec. 1; P. 0. Minburn. MYERS, HENRY, farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. Minburn; born in Wash- ington county, Pennsylvania, June 25, 1798, where he lived until he was about fifteen years of age; his parents then removed to Ohio, where they lived about four years; he then, with his parents, remov- ed to Dearborn county, Indiana; he came to this county and locat- ed where he now lives, in Septem- ber, 1852, and was among the first settlers in this township; his farm WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 619 contains 194 acres; he married Margaret Hodshire, a native of Maryland, in 1826; she was raised in Indiana; she died De- cember 15, 1870, leaving a family of four sons and one daughter: Samuel, Sarah, James, William and Franklin. NASH, P., farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Minbnrn. PEEIGO, R, farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. Adel. Philbrick, E. D., farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. Dallas Center. REPP, GEO., farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. Minburn. Bobbins, Henry, farmer, Sec. 4; P. Minburn. ROUSE, WM., farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. Minburn; was born in Louis coun- ty, Kentucky, September 27, 1824; he lived there until lie was about seven years of age, when his father died; his mother and the balance of the family then removed to Park county, Ind., where he lived until 1849; he then emigrated to Iowa, and Dallas county; he selected and entered the farm where he now lives — 173 acres ; he has since increased the number to 313 acres; he married the widow of Israel Smith, of Lee county, Iowa, in January, 1851, at Des Moines; her maiden name was Crosby; she was a native of Sullivan county, New York; they have a family of six sons and three daughters: John, Amanda, Win. E., James C, Eliz- abeth, Thompson, Albert, Mary A. and Chas. W. ; Mrs. K. has one daughter by her former marriage: Sarah A. ROUSH, JOHN T., farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. Minburn; was born in Adams county, Ohio, August 16, 1819; he lived there until 1823, and then lived in different coun- ties in Ohio until the winter of 1854; he then came to this county and entered his farm of 120 acres; he then returned te Ohio and brought his family here in May, 1855, and has lived in this county ever since; he married Catherine Neel, June 13, 1839; she was born in Brown county, Ohio, November 30, 1817; they have seven sons and four daughters: Sarah, now Mrs. S. S.- Davis, was born in Ohio, August 14, 1842; Francis, born in Ohio, December 1, 1843 ; Samuel U., born in Ohio, October 24, 1845 ; Win. H., born in Ohio, June 22, 1847; David W., born in Ohio, December 5, 1848; James W., born in Ohio, August 6, 1850; Franklin P., born in Ohio, March 5, 1852; George W., born in Iowa, September 5, 1855 ; Mary L., born ip Iowa, February 16, 1857; An- nie J., born in Iowa, August 2, 1859; Isabel E., born in Iowa, December 15, 1862. Eoyer, Amos, farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Panther creek. SCUREY, JAMES, farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. Minburn. Slattery, E., farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. Minburn. Smith, W. G., farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. Dallas Center. Spin teg, Charles, farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. Minburn. Sweet, H. L., farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. Minburn. THOEP, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Perry. Thompson, J. A., farmer, Sec. 1; P. O. Minburn. VANDEVERE, ELIAS, farm- er, Sec. 35, P. O. Adel ; owns 85 acres of land; was born in New York city, August 22, 1815; his parents moved to Monmouth county, New Jersey, when he was quite young, where he lived until he was about nineteen years of age; he then, with his parents, re- moved to Champaign county, Ohio; he married Miss Mary J. Miller, of Montgomery county, Ohio, in about 1842 ; she died in 1845; he married again, to his 620 DIRECTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. present wife, December 22, 1852; her maiden name was Melissa Grove, a native of Clarmont coun- ty, Ohio; they came to this coun- ty and located where they now live, in 1857; they have a family of one son and two daughters: Charles E., Sarah F. and Susan L. VOAS, HENRY, farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. Minburn; was, born in Ber- mingham, England, January 17, 1831; he was about fifteen or six- teen years old when his parents emigrated to the United States; they located in New York City; he traveled more or less until 1856, when he came to this county and located where he now lives; he married Miss Emily E. Randell, June 1, 1863; she is also a native of England; they have five sons and one daughter: Sherman R., Charity M. E., Alfred R, George E., Frank L. and. Charles E. ; have lost one son: Albert H.; Mr. Y. served three years in the late war, in Co. C, 39th Iowa Infantry; was justice of the peace four years; owns a farm of 100 acres. WALKER, J.W., farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. Minburn. WARFORD, LEMUEL, farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. Minburn; was born in Guilford county, North Carolina, December 24, 1833, where he lived until he was 5 years of age, when his parents moved to Monroe county, Ken- tucky, where they lived two years, and then removed to Morgan county, Indiana; he lived there 12 years, and then came to this county with his parents in 1852; he married Sarah E., daughter of "W. T. Clark, September, 23,1860; they have by this union three sons and two daughters: Elmer E., Wm. M., Etta Bell, Hattie B., David M. ; was supervisor three years, assessor one term, justice of the peace two years; in 1862 when the 39th Regiment was be- . ing organized, Mr. "W. enlisted in Co. C; he participated in the battles of Perkins' Cross Roads, rear of Resaca and Altoona; he was wounded October 5, 1864, ^a ball passing through the right cheek, and coming out through the left; it was two years before he entirely recovered. "West, H. II., farmer, Sec. 35; P. 0. Dallas Center. "Wilson, T. H., farmer, Sec. 15; P.* O. Minburn. "Wilson, F. L. M., farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. Minburn. YARD, BENSON, farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. Minburn. Yard, Samuel H., farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. Minburn. Young, J. R., farmer, Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Panther Creek. STTGr^.13 G-ISOTrE TOTKraSTSHXIE 3 . ADAMS, J. Q., farmer, Sec. 19; P. O. Minburn. Aiken, E. R., farmer and physician, Minburn. ALBIN, S. E., farmer, Sec. 32; P. O.Dallas Center; born in Indiana in 1835; came to this county in , 1855; owns 90 acres of land; has held offices of school director, town trustee and town clerk; he married Miss Ann Toveyin 1868; she was born in Pennsylvania; have four children: Eugene Kelly, Dudly "W., Bertie and Ward. Albin, "W. "W, farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. Minburn. Aschan, Carl, section boss, P. 0. Minburn. BARTLETT , P. S., farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. Minburn; born in Hanover county, Ohio, in 1830; came to tljis county in 1867; owns SUGAR GROVE TOWNSHIP. 621 160 acres of land; has held office of school director; he married Miss Eliza J. Moore, February 17, 1859 ; she was born in Ohio; have seven children: Thomas, Annabel, Frank G., Willard, Delia, Clinton and Baby. Basart, Martin, farmer, Sec. 21; P. O. Dallas Center. BE ALL, T., farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Minburn; born in Indianain 1834; came to this county in 1852; owns 180 acres of land; he enlisted in the 39th Iowa Infantry, in the late war, and served three years; he was wounded at the battle of Altoona, and lost a limb. His father, ¥m. S. Beall, was one of the early set- tlers of the county, coming here in 1852; he was born in Kentucky, May 15, 1812, and previous to his removal to this county, lived in Indiana for many years ; he died in June, 1875, leaving a widow and five children; names: Thomas, Nancy, Susan, Mary and Minta. *Beeson, V. W., blacksmith, Min- burn. Best, Edward, farmer, Sec. — ; P. O, Minburn. Bickford, Lewis, farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. Minburn. BLACKMAN, GEO-, farmer, Sec. 1; P. O. Minburn; born in Ireland in 1829; came to this country in 1752, and was for many years a resident of Buffalo, New York, and was in the employ of the N T. Cent. E. B., and his services were so valued that overtures have been made him several times to return and fill his old position; he resided in Camden threeyearspre- vious to his going to New York State; came to this county in Sep- tember, 1869; he owns 101 acres of land- he married Miss Jane •Mmnis/May 22, I860; she was born in Ireland; have five chil- dren- Wm., George, Susan, Sarah MandFannieL. Mr. B., while in the employ of the N. Y. Cent. B. Pi,., had charge of a large force of men, who spiked the switches in order that the late President Lincoln might pass through the State safely on his way to "Wash- ington to be inaugurated. Boyle, Michael, farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Dallas Center. Bray ton, G. F., merchant, Minburn. Braniff, Dennis, farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. Dallas Center. Brown & Gooselin, blacksmiths, Minburn. BROWN, LEVI, farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. Dallas Center; born in New York in 1842; came to this coun- ty in 1870; owns 100 acres of land; he enlisted in the 1st New York Light Artillery during the late war, and re-enlisted as a veteran; he married Miss Kate Cole, in 1865; she was born in New York; have two children : George L. and Nellie A. BROWN, N. J., farmer, Sec. 1; P. O. Dallas Center; born in Indiana in 1837, and in 1838 removed with his parents to Muscatine county, this State, where he remained 40 years, coming to this county in 1878; owns 160 acres of land; he married Miss Vesta C. Ferry in 1862; she was born in Burlington, Iowa; has eight children : Harvey "W., Hubert C, Matthew O., Adrian W., Bertha L., George E., Flavia M., Elsie S. Brubaker, A. 0., farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Dallas Center. BURNS, JUDGE LLOYD D., was born in Clark county, Ohio, August 8, 1825, where he lived until twelve or fourteen years of age, and then moved with his par- ents to Elkhart county, Indiana, where he remained until 1840. On March 15th of that year, though not yet fifteen years of age, he as- sumed the responsibility of seek- ing his own fortune in life. 39 622 DIRECTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. In the fall of 1840 he came "West as far as Vermillion county, Ills., where he received his education through his own industrious ef- forts, and for sometime engaged in the milling business, becoming a practical mill-wright by trade; November 15, 1846, he married Minerva J. Adams, of Preble county, Ohio, and about the 15th of April, 1847, they started in their own wagon en route west- ward for Iowa, arriving in Polk county about the middle of May following, and settled for awhile a short distance east of Des Moines. In March, 1848, he moved still further west, and located with his family on a claim in Dallas coun- ty, where he still lives comfortably fixed to enjoy the decline of life in peace and plenty. On arriving at this new home, he found a wild, uncultivated, yet fertile and attrac- tive place, with beautiful surround- ings in which to prepare his future dwelling-place, and at once set about building a cabin, clearing a garden patch and making neces- sary preparations for the coming winter. It was fortunate for him that he did arrive so early in the season, in order to make some pro- visions for shelter and living, for the winter which followed was a fearful one (of which a description has been given in the general history) — the new-comers and their stock suffered intensely on account of the heavy snows and drifting storms, as food and shelter were scarce for both man and beast. The winter was so severe that it frightened many of the new- comers away, as soon as it became possible for them to travel. One of his neighbors, John Sullivan, traded his claim and cabin for a gun valued at $6.00, and left for other parts to seek a warmer cli- mate; but the judge remained unmovable from the place of his choice, and persevered in improv- ing his new home, despite all in- conveniences, and is now reaping a rich reward for the trials and hard- ships endured during his early pioneer days, having converted his once wild claim into one of the first farms in Sugar Grove town- ship; he has held several important official positions of honor and trust in his county, always filling them with honor, to himself and credit to his constituents. In 1851 he was elected county judge, for the term of four years ; was re-elected in 1855; and again re-elected in 1857, and many of the early county records appear over his signature as county judge of Dal- las county; in 1861 he was Demo- cratic candidate for State senator, and ran far ahead of his ticket, though Col. James Redfield, his opponent, was elected; in 1864 Judge Burns was a delegate from the Fifth Congressional ( Des Moines) District, to the Chicago * Convention; in the fall of 1875 he was elected county supervisor, and in the fall of 1878 he was re- elected to the same position, which he now holds; in 1876, on the recommendation of many of the first citizens of the county, aff being the one best suited to perform that important work, he was appointed by the governor to prepare a Cen- tennial History of Dallas county, a part of which work he per- formed, but never completed the entire history, and to which work we are indebted for many impor- tant facts and incidents in this County History; he has a family of eleven children, six sous and five daughters: Letitia, now Mrs. Henderson, of Dallas Center, Alexander, Lewis, Robert, Augus- ta, Adella, Mary, Ada, Lyle, Ed- win E. and Ward; all of the last mentioned, ten being at home still. SUGAB GKOVE TOWNSHIP. 623 CAMP, C, farmer, See. 20: P. O. Minbnrn. CARTWRIGHT, W., farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. Minbnrn; born in North Carolina in 1804; in 1816 his parents removed to Indiana, where he remained until 1843, when he emigrated to Missouri, and came to this county in the spring of 1853; he owns 125 acres of land; he has held the office of township trustee; he married Miss Sarah Smith in 1837; she was born in Ohio; has nine children: David, Elizabeth, Mary A., William R., John, Louisa, James B., Sarah and Frances. COLLINS, L. L., farmer and capi- talist, Sec. — ; P. O. Dallas Cen- ter; born in Washington county, N. Y., in 1816; lived eleven years in Cayuga county, and removed to Calhoun county, Michigan, in 1844, and remained there until Marcli 2, 1850, whea he removed to Porter county, Indiana; 'he came to this county in 1855; owns 540 acres of land ; has held offices of township trustee, township clerk, and treasurer of the school board, and was the only treasurer out of . five that made good his account by the loss of money in the hands of the "county treasurer; Mr. Collins felt he was individually responsi- ble for the money committed to his trust, and like the true man, he has paid it out of his own pocket; he married Miss L. Blanchard in 1843 ; she was born in Cayuga county, N. Y., and died ■ September 23, 1856; he afterward married Sophia L. Ridevut in 1859; she was born in East Dor- set, Bennington, county, Vermont; has four children by first marriage: Gilbert W., Edgar L., James B. and Fred E., and three by second marriage: Celia F., Jesse J. and Silas C. _ _ Collins, L. L., farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Dallas Center. Collins, Daniel, farmer, Sec. 35; P« O. Dallas Center. Connell, M. D., farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. Minbnrn. Crawford, C. E., farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. Minbnrn. Cushman, Joel, restaurant, Minburn. EAKIN, G., farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Dallas Center; born in Ireland in 1828; came to this State in 1875 ; previous to his re- moval to this county he resided in Chicago, and followed for many years his occupation as carpenter, and his reputation was enviable as a master workman ; he owns 180 acres of land; he married Miss Carrie Rochelle in 1860; she was born in Sussex county, New Jersey; has seven children: Charles, Fannie, Nellie, Bobbie, Carrie, Jennie and Frank. EDMUNSON, S., farmer, Sec. 19 ; P. O. Minburn; born in Knox county, Tennessee, Oct. 2, 1819; In 1824 his parents removed to Indiana, where he remained until his removal to this county in 1854; he owns 89 acres of land; he has held offices of school di- rector, assessor, and justice of the peace; he married Miss Matilda Greeson in 1843 ; she was born in North Carolina, and died March 16, 1874; he afterward married Jane Roe, in 1874; she was born in Indiana; has one son: Samuel E. Edmunson, F., blacksmith, Minburn. Edmnnson, Edgar, farmer, Sec. 19; P. O. Minburn. FAULKNER, E. C, farmer, Sec. 26; P. O. Dallas Center. Ford, A. F., Minburn. Fowler, M. J., Minburn. Foster, Nathan, farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. Dallas Center. aERBER, JOSEPH, Sec. 19; P. O. Miuburn. Gill, Luther, station agent, Minburn. Gillam, John W., hotel, Minburn. 624 DIRECTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. Gossman, S. S., farmer, Sec. 26; P. O. Dallas Center. Gott, F. M., farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Dallas Center. Gray, F. M., farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Minburn. Griebler, E., Minburn. Gribben, M. W., grain buyer, Min- burn. HALL, E., farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. Minburn. Hill, J. B., farmer, See. 7; P. O. Minburn. HOSE, SAMUEL, farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. Dallas Center; born in Washington county, Maryland, in 1822; he removed to Ogle county, Illinois, in -1851, and .remained there 23 years, coming to this county April 3, 1874; he owns 75 acres of land, and on which there is a good line fence, nearly enclos- ing it. Mr. H. has devoted more than ordinary attention to horti- cultural pursuits, and the care he has given to his orchard and fruits show he is not a novice in the business; he married Emaline Sieyster in 1853 ; she was born in Maryland; has eleven children: Jonas F., Andrew F, Mary E., Lydia A., Ellen, Lillie, Daniel C, Rosa, Mary, Clara and Susan. Huff, P. B., farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Dallas Center. TENNINGS, JACOB, farmer, J Sec. 33; P. O. Dallas Center. KINNEY, N. E., farmer, Sec. 19; P.O. Minburn. King, L. W., farmer, Sec. 13; P. 0. Dallas Center. Knowls, Frank, hotel, Minburn. Knowls, Fred., farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. Minburn. Knowles, A. J., merchant, Minburn. Knospe, F., farmer, Sec. 28 ; P. O. Dallas Center. LUELLEN, WM, farmer, Sec. 5; P. 0. Minburn. LYON, A. J., farmer and stock-rais- er, Sec. 16; P. O. Minburn; born in Warren county, Ohio, in 1832; came to this State in September,. 1865; owns 668 acres of land; has held office of township trus-< tee, assessor, school treasurer and served one term as county survey- or by appointment; he enlisted in the 54th Indiana Infantry in the late war; was commissioned Cor- poral of Company E, and served until the close of the war; he married Miss Matilda Elliott in 1855; she was born in Ohio, and died in 1859; he afterward mar- ried Miss L. C. Hemphill, Sep- tember 14, 1865; she was born in Indiana; has one child: Henri- etta. McCLURE, J. O., farmer, Sec, 25; P. 0. Dallas Center. McClure, W. P., farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. Dallas Center. McPhillips, Frank, Minburn. Massey, Z. T., farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. Minburn. Maulsby, Forest, Minburn. Ma"urer, M. M., saloon-keeper, Min- burn. Meyers, G. S., farmer, Sec. 35; P. 0. Dallas Center. MINNIS, WM., farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Minburn; born in Ireland in 1831 ; came to the United States in 1849; he resided in Buffalo, New York, for several ^years, and came to this county in 1870; owns 100 acres of land ; has held offices of 'school director and township trustee; he enlisted in the. 74th New York Infantry in the late war; married Miss Frances Mer- ritt, in 1857; she was born in Ire- land; have six children: Lizzie F., Henry I., William J., Nathan- iel G., Tillie S. and Jesse M. MITCHELL, JACOB, farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Minburn; born in Ad- ams county, Ohio, in 1831; came to this county first in 1850; he owns 190 acres of land; has held office of township trustee; he married Miss Alice Beall in 1859; she was born in Indiana; died in SUGAR GKOVE TOWNSHIP. 625 I860; he afterward married Miss J^ucinda West in 1862; she was ■ oorn in Indiana; has one child by lirst marriage: Wifield. Lost one. Has six children by second marriage: Fred, Carrie, Ward, Cora, Mina and Frank. Lost two. Mr. Mitchell enlisted in the 39th Iowa Infantry in the late war, and - was with Sherman in his "march to the sea. Mitchell, W., restaurant, Minburn. ^Mitchell, John, farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. Dallas Center. MORTIMER, W. W., farmer and stock-raiser, Sec. 3; P. O. Min- burn; born in Virginia, in 1841; at the outbreak of the rebellion lie removed to Pennsylvania, and from there to Marion county, Iowa, coming to this county in 1869; he owns 440 acres of land; has held offices of township trus- tee, assessor and school director; he married Miss Nancy J. Brown February 1, 1865; she was born in Marion county, Iowa; has five -. children: Clara A., Mary E., Cora ; J., Nora M. and Theron W. (Muck, James, farmer, Sec. 18 ; P. O. t Minburn. .Mnrnort, A. B., farmer, Sec. 24; P. Dallas Center. Murphy, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 2; P. ■- O. Minburn. 'Myers, J. K., farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. Minburn. NEISWANGER, SAMUEL, far- mer, Sec. 4; P. O. Minburn. Neiswanger, A., farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Dallas Center. .Ney, Henry, farmer, Sec. 26; f. V. . Dallas Center. . OAKLAND, JOHN, Minburn. lOMs, J. K., farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. O^ORNE, RICHARD, of the firm of Osborne Brothers, Min- burn- born in England in 1847; ' came' to this county in 1867. OSBORNE, X J-, of the firm of, Osborne Brothers, lumber dealers, contractors and builders, and pro- prietors of the saw and planing mills, Minburn; born in England in 1835; came to the United States in 1865; he married Miss Lncinda Adams, July 4, 1870>, she was born in Dallas county; has four children: Mary A., Win- nie M., Bessie and Edward M. OSBORNE, WM, of the firm of Osborne Brothers, Minburn; was born in England in 1853; came to this county in 1872. PETERS, F., farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Dallas Center. Pilbean, J., hardware, Minburn. Price, Jacob E., farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Dallas Center. RAMAGE, JONATHAN, farm- er, Sec. 2; P. O. Minburn. Bbinehart, A., farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. Dallas Center. Rhinehart, Geo., farmer, Sec. 28; P. O. Dallas Center. Rogers, D. F., farmer, Sec. 8 ; P. O. Minburn. SADLER, WM., farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. Minburn.. Schuman, J., farmer; Sec. 34; P. O. Dallas Center. Schlossen, J., farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. Dallas Center. Scott, John, farmer," Sec. 16; P. O. Minburn. Scott, W. P., farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Dallas Center. Seidler; Wm., druggist, Minburn. Sharp, Morris, farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. Minburn. SLAUGHTER, MOSES, farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. Dallas Center; born in North Carolina in 1815, and in 1832 removed to Indiana, and came to this county in 1855; he owns 170 acres of land; has held offices of justice of the peace, school director, &c. ; he married Miss Mary Powell, December 28, 1841; she was born in Wayne county, Indiana; has four children: Julia A, Ella, Lila E. and Chaun- 626 DIKECTOKY OF DALLAS COUNTY. cyM.; lost three: Leroy, Luther, L. and Elizabeth. Snell, K. A.', farmer, Sec. 15 ; P. O. Minburn. Snell, ¥m, farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Minburn. Snow, S. O, farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. Dallas Center. Snyder, G. W., farmer, Sec. 31; P. O. Dallas Center. Steiner, S., farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. Dallas Center. Stephens, Thos., farmer, Sec. 31 ; P. O. Dallas Center. TAYLOR, S. C, farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. Minburn; born in Ohio in 1818; his parents re- moved to Indiana while he was young, where he remained until his removal to this county in 1849; he owns 424 acres of land; has held offices of sheriff, county supervisor, and justice of the peace 16 years, and taught the first school in the township; he married Miss Phebe Mnrron in 1843; she was born in Indiana; has four children: Howard W., Sarah J. (wife of J. W. King), John "W". and Slemmons D. TAYLOR, HOWARD C, farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Dallas Center; born in Park county, Indiana, in 1848, came to this county in 1849; owns 90 acres of land; he mar- ried Miss Harriet Albin, in 1870; she was born in Indiana; has three children: Delven W., Clin- ton and MaryE.; lost one. Tooman, J. H., farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. Dallas Center. Tovey, J., farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Dallas Center. WAERINGTON, J. W., farmer and miller, Sec. 30; P. O. Dallas Center. Warford, I., farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. Minburn. WARRINGTON, J. 0., farmer and stock-raiser, Sec. 14; P. O. Dallas Center; born in Delaware county, Ohio, in 1829: came to the State in 1853, and entered land in Mahaska county, this lie sold in 1855, and came to this county, first in 1855, removing his family in 1856; he owns 326 acres of land ; lias held offices of town clerk, school director, town trustee and justice of the peace; he was the successful bidder for the mail contract for carrying the mail between Oska- loosa and Washington in 1862; also in 1870 from Des Moines to Boone, and from Stuart to Panora and Casey; he married for his first wife Miss Cordelia Eastman, who was born in Ohio; he after- ward married Miss Jane Jeffrey in 1854; she was born in Ohio; has one child by first marriage: Henry M.; and four by second marriage: Pluma, Thomas A. T Charles H. and Jane J. WARFORD, JOHN, dealer in gen- eral merchandise, Minburn; born in North Carolina in 1838; came to this county in October, 1852; has held offices of justice of the peace and postmaster; he married Miss S. A. Sutphen, in September, 1863; she was born in Indiana; has one child, Dottie, born January 24, 1866. WATERS, W. H., farmer, Sec. 33; P. O. Dallas Center; born near Montreal, Canada, in 1832; came to this county in July, 1866; owns 100 acres of land; he married Miss Sarah Braniff in AuguBt, 1854; she was bora in Canada East; has thirteen children living, Sarah, Elizabeth, Catharine, Johu, Joseph, Mary, Margaret, Isabel, May, William, Henrietta, Alex- ander and Henry; one son Patrick, aged 13 years, was drowned in Coon river. Wernick, Fred, Sec. 18; P. O. Dal- las Center. West, J. J. farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Minburn. GEANT TOWNSHIP. 627 W Minbura' farmer; Se °" 11; P - °- WEST, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 7; P. iflAi nburn ; born in Indiana, in 1S41; came to this county in 1853; he enlisted in the 2d Iowa -Battery in the late war, and served three years, and was in 14 engage- ments; he married Miss Sarah J. West in 1866; she was born in New York; has five children: Albert, Ida, Clara, Amelia and Joseph. WEST, DANIEL, farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. Minburn; born in Eng- land in 1811; camp to this county in 1853; owns 50 acres of land; has lived on the same land on which he now resides, since com- ing to the county; held office of postmaster five years; he married Sarah Burras in in 1835; she was born in Ohio; has six children: John J., Jane £., Tabitha, Lucin- da, Mary and Sarah A. West, T. J., farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. Minburn. Wesley, Delos, farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. Dallas Center. Wilks, W., farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Dallas Center. ZOOK, D. B., farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Dallas Center. GKR-Al.3STT rrO""s7s7-lSTSI3:H :) . A DRAIN, JACOB, farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. Dallas Center. Andrews, G. W., Sec. 1 ; Snyder P. O. Anlick, Win., farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. Dallas Center. BLACK, ANDREW, farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. Dallas Cen- ter. Bohn, B. C, farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Dallas Center. Braniff, John, farmer, Sec. 4; Sny- der P. O. Braniff, Henry, farmer, Sec. 4; Sny- der P. O. Briggs, S. W., farmer, Sec. 35; Sny- der P. O. Burk, John, farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. Dallas Center. Burns, James, farmer, Sec. 31; ?. O. Dallas Center. Bush, A., farmer, Sec. 32; if. U. Dallas Center. CALL AN, PAT, farmer, Sec. 6; p O. Minburn. .Campbell, G, R, farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. Dallas Center. Carroll, James, tanner, Sec. 9; P. O. Minburn. Castello, James, farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Minburn. Clarkin, Peter, farmer; Sec. 4; Sny- der P. O. Coffman, Henry, farmer, Sec. 28; P. O. Dallas Center. Cole, W. W., farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Minburn. Crahan, Wm., farmer, Sec. 4; Sny- der P. O. Cummins, W. D., farmer, Sec. 32; P. 0. Dallas Center. DARLING, STEPHEN, farm- er, Sec. 34; P. 0. Dallas Cen- ter; born in Tioga county, Penn., in 1833; came to this county in March, 1865; previous to his re- moval to this county he lived one year in Clark count}', Illinois; owns 80 acres of land; has held office of town trustee; he enlisted in the 46th Pennsylvania In- fantry during the late war, and served three years; he married Cordelia Stephens in 1859; She was born in New York; has one adopted son: Roger. Devin, D. T., farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Dallas Center. Douney, John, farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Dallas Center. Driscoll, J., farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. Minburn. 628 DIRECTORY OF DAIXA8 COUNTY. Durkins, Peter, farmer, Sec. 33; P. O. Dallas Center. ELLERMAN, C. F., farmer, Sec. 19; P. 0. Dallas Center. Ensley, Josiah, farmer, Sec. 25 ; P. O. Dallas Center. Ensley, Isaac, farmer, Sec. 26 ; P. O. Dallas Center. FEES, HENRY, farmer, Sec. 24; P. 0. Dallas Center. Fuller, W. B., farmer, Sec. 31; P. O. Dallas Center. GILLHAM, W. & J., farmers, Sec. 32; P. O. Dallas Center. HALEY, MARTIN, farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. Dallas Center. Hall, J. H., farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Dallas Center. Harless & Gorde, farmers, Sec. 25; P. O. Dallas Center. Hawbaker, John E., farmer, Sec. 17; P. 0. Dallas Center. Hoff, Amos, farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Dallas Center. ' Hooper, W. T., farmer, Sec. 20; P. 0. Dallas Center. Hooker, Thomas, farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Dallas Center. Hutchinson, 0., farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. Snvder. . JOHNSON, MATTHIAS, farmer, J Sec. 11; Snyder P. O. KLINE, J. G., farmer, Sec. 10; Snyder P. O. LANE, J. & G., farmers, Sec 30; P. 0. Dallas Center. McCORMICK, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. Dallas Center. McGrath, M. farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. Dallas Center. Manning, D., farmer, Sec. 10; P. 0. Minburn. Miller, Jacob, farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. Minburn. ■ Morgan, J. H, farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. O. Dallas Center. Morgan, Levi, farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Dallas Center. Morgan, T. J., farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Dallas Center. Moran, W. & E., farmers, Sec. 31; P. O. Dallas Center. Moran, P., farmer, Sec. 4; Snyder P.O. Moran, Ed, farmer, Sec. 8; P. 0. Minburn. Moreland, H., farmer, Sec. 6; P. 0. Minburn. O 'CONNER, THOS., farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. Dallas Center. PERDUE, DAVID, farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. Dallas Center. Pitzman, Fred, farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. Dallas Center. Pressley, J. N., farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. Dallas Center. RANDALL, T. J., farmer and stock-raiser, Sec. 31; P. 0. Dallas Center; born in Michigan in 1839; came to this State in 1860, and to this county in 1869; owns 240 acres of land; has held offices of town trustee, school director, as- sessor and justice of the peace; he enlisted in the 4th Iowa Cavalry during the late war, and served three years; he married Miss Sarah' Jennings in 1870; she was born in Pennsylvania; has three children: Millie, Jennie and Wm. J. Rickard, J., farmer, Sec. 33; P. 0. Dallas Center. Rice, Isabella, farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. Dallas Center. Robertson, B. F., farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Dallas Center. Robertson, W. H, farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Dallas Center. Robertson, G. L., farmer, Sec. 36; P. 0. Dallas Center. Rochelle, Peter, farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Dallas Center. Rochelle, J., farmer, Sec. 24; P. 0. Dallas Center. Royer, G. B., farmer, Sec. 18 ; P. 0. Dallas Center. Royer, J. H., farmer, Sec. 18; P. 0. Dallas Center. SAUER, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 21; P. 0. Dallas Center. Scott, Robert, farmer, Sec. 19; P. 0. Dallas Center. Scott, Jane, farmer, Sec. 30; P. 0. Dallas Center. DES MOINES TOWNSHIP. 629 -Scott W. A, faraer Sec . _ P ^ -Dallas Center. Smith James, farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. Minbnrn. Stoner, , Jesse, farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. fcsnyder. Stoner, D. H., farmer, Sec. 14; P.O. Dallas Center. Stoner, James, farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. Snyder. •Sullivan, M. O., farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. Dallas Center. TWORNEY, WM, farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Minbnrn. 'ATTERS, DAVID, farm- er, Sec. 28; P. O. Dallas Center: Ward, W. C, farmer, Sec. 33; P. O. Dallas Center. Weber, John, farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Dallas Center. Webber, Geo., farmer, Sec. 28; P. O. Dallas Center. Welby, P., farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Minburn. WHITMAN, J. D., farmer and 6tock-raiser, Sec. 30; P. O. Dal- las Center; born in Ansterlitz, New York, August 20, 1824; he learned the trade of carpenter, and for many years he was engaged as W J AMISOIST, H., farmer, Sec. 6; P. 0;, Xenia. BON TON, JAMES, farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. Xenia. JBordy, , farmer, Sec. 21; P.O. Brakefleid, John, farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Swede Point. Griggs, R, farmer Sec. 5; P. U. Xenia. T , . . ■?■„„:„ Brookings, D J., physician, Xenia. VxASEBEER E., farmer, .P. O. \y Xenia- „ Casebeer, Joh", farmer, Sec. 4; 1 . O. OhSItWn... farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. Xenia. a contractor and builder; he came to this county in 1857, and set- tled on the section where he now resides; he owns 355 acres of land, and is largely engaged in the rais- ing of Short-horn cattle, both thoroughbred and high-graded stock; few men are better posted than he as to the best herds, and many of his present stock will convince those who are posted that they are closely connected with the best families; he is un- able to meet the demand for his stock, a fact that speaks volumes for the confidence he has among those acquainted with him, for honor and fair dealing; he has held the offices of town clerk and school director; he married Miss Mary A. Hulet, in 1854; she was born in Massachusetts; has three children: John H., Frank L. and Albert; lost three daughters: Eva, Cora and Addie. Wilson, M. S., farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Dallas Center. Wolf, Charles, farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. Dallas Center. Worster, Fred, farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Dallas Center. Cole, J. H., farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Xenia. Cole, J. R, farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Xenia. Cole, T. H., farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. Xenia. Conner, P. farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Xenia. COTTR1LL, Z. E., farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. Xenia; born in Allegheny county, N.T., in 1838; came to this county in 1859; owns 104 acres of land; has held offices of township trustee, constable, town- ship clerk, assessor and justice of the peace; he enlisted in the 23d Iowa Infantry, in the late war, and 630 DIRECTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. held the position of Sergeant-Ma- jor, and served three years; he married Miss M. Palmiter in 1865; she was born in the same county, N. Y.; has two children: Carrie and May. DENNIS, W., farmer, Sec. 12; P. 0. Swede Point. Dickerson, B., farmer, Sec. 16 ; P. O. Xenia. Dickerson, A., farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Xenia. EDINBUEJST, J. J., farmer, Sec. 27; P. O., Snyder. Elefritz, S. G., farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. Xenia. Erickson, E , farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. Swede Point. FLOOD, M., farmer, Sec. 34; P. 0. Snyder. Foley, T. H., Xenia. GARNETT, M. E., farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Snyder. Gorman, J. J., farmer, Sec. 36; P.O. Snyder. Guthrie, Francis, farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. Xenia. Guthrie, J. H., farmer, Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Xenia. Guthrie Jame's, farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Xenia. HAKDY, E. ESTATE, farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Swede Point. Harlow, Win., farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. Xenia. Hickey, John, farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. Snyder. Horton, A. L., farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. Xenia. Horton, G., farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. Xenia. Houchin, A., farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. Xenia. Hunt, J. C, farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. enia. TNCE, J. W., farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. J- Xenia. JACOBS, John, farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Snyder. Jacobs, ¥m., farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. Snyder. LEAMING & PARKS, mer- chants, Xenia. Learning, Elisha, farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. Xenia. Lee, , farmer, Sec. 13: P. 0„ Swede Point. MC CALL, H. D , farmer, See. 19; P. O. Xenia. McCracken, Mrs. A., farmer, Sec. 5: P. O. Xenia. McDowell, John, farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Xenia. Mills, W. S., farmer, Sec. 22; P. 0. Snyder. Moran, J.. & Bros., farmers, Sec. 28; P. O. Snyder. Moran, Win.. Mrs., farmer, Sec. 28; P. O. Xenia. Moran, D., farmer, Sec. 34; P. 0. Snyder. NEWELL, A. C, farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Snyder; born in Park county, Ohio, in 1831; came to this county in 1852; owns 229£ acres of land; has held offices of township clerk one year, secretary of school board one year, treasurer seven years, school director eight years, assessor two years, and jus- tice of the peace nine years; he married Miss Elizabeth Eobbins in 1849; she was born in Indiana; has nine children; Thomas E., Al- bert I., Alice, Maggie, Daniel, Belle, Lena, William aud Pasallee. OGLEVIE, J. R, farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. Snyder. Olmstead, C. S., farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. Xenia. PARKS, W. H. A„ merchant, Xenia; born in Ky. in 1851; came to this county in 1873; holds office of postmaster; has been selling goods thirteen years, and at present is associated with Mr. Learning, under the firm name of Learning & Parks, and are dealers in general merchandise; he mar- ried Miss Jennie W. Bright in 1876; has one son: John Holmes, DES MOINES TOWNSHIP. 631 ^Xenk ' R '' farmer ' Sec - 16 '> p - °- Pe Xeni J ° hn ' famer ' Sec - 16 "> P - °- P] af,Mrs. John > farmer, Sec. 27; P. U. Snyder. Preston, Z., farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Aenia. Prichard, Thos., farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Snyder. Purdy, S. S., farmer, Sec. 26; P. O. Snyder. Purdy, Samuel, farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. Xenia. RADIGAN, JOHN & BRO., farmers, Sec. 32; P. O. Sny- der. Radigan, Thos., farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Dallas Center. Radigan, Martin, farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. Dallas Center. Raybourne, Mrs. C, farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Swede Point. RHOADS, D., farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Xenia; born in Ohio, October 12, 1807; came to this county in 1848 ; owns 45 acres of land ; he married Sophia Miller in 1829; she was born in Pennsylvania, and died February 25; 1874; has eleven children. Rodgers, G. W., farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. Snyder. Rosecrants, J. C, farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Dallas Center. Russell, J. A, farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Snyder. Russell, J. F., farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Xenia. Russell, J. T., farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Ruth, fm„ farmer and miller, Sec. 3; P. O. Xenia. QANKS, J- O., physician, Xenia. fiJMA LLEY, 0. D., farmer, Sec. 26; b ^ A Snyder; born in Morris ™'nntv New Jersey, August 14, 1817- he removed with his father ' ttf T a'fayette, Indiana, in 1 830, and £ tlVspringofl832 toLacon; 1842 he emigrated to JLinn county, Missouri, where he re- mained until March, 1844, when he changed his residence to Sparta, Missouri, coming to this county in the spring of 1846; he owns 114 acres of land; in 1847 he was- elected one of the county commis- sioners and served three years; he- was the first county surveyor and served seven years; served one- term as county road supervisor,, and served seven years as a mem- ber of the board of supervisors;. he served several years as town clerk and treasurer of the town- ship district; he married Miss- Serena Ramsey in 1841 ; she was- born in Maryland; has six chil- dren: Martha, Arthur R., Eva,. Ada, Francis 1). and Rena. Smith, T. P., farmer, Sec. 10; P. 0„ Xenia. Snogren, A., farmer, Sec. 1; P. 0_ Swede Point. SNYDER, MRS. EMALINE (whose maiden name was Eslick),. farmer, Sec. 26; P. O. Snyder; was born in Indiana in 1832, and came to this State in 1852, settling- in Polk county; in'1872 she mar- ried Philip Snyder, who was born in Virginia in 1809; he removed at an early age to Indiana and came to this county in 1854, and remained here until his death ia February, 1875 ; he left five chil- dren: Wm. R., Sarah A., Mary E., John A. and Marion J. Snyder, M. D., farmer, Sec. 25; P- O. Snyder. Snyder, J. A., farmer, Sec. 26; P. O^ Snyder. Snyder, W. R., farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. Snyder. Staker, S., farmer, Sec. 8; P. 'O. Xenia. Stover, J. M., farmer, Sec. 1; P. O- Swede Point. Stover, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. 0_ Swede Point. Sullivan, James, farmer, Sec. 21; P~ O. Xenia. •632 DIRECTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. -Swanson, J. A., farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. Swede Point. TABOE, MPS. NANCY, far- mer, Sec. 14; P. O. Xenia. Tarr, fm, farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. Xenia. Thomas, G. C. farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. ■ Xenia. Todd, T. J., farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Xenia. -\A7AGNER, PHILIP, far- VV mer, Sec. 18; P. O. , Xenia; born in Germany, Decem- < ber 5, 1832; came to the United States in 1837, settling in Ohio; came to this county in 1869; he , owns 346 acres of land; has held offices of town trustee and school •director, and treasurer of the district; he married Miss Eva Stuber in 1856; she was born in Germany; has nine children: John P., Elizabeth, Henry, Jacob, George, Clemena E., Eosana, Charlie and Flora; lost one daugh- * ter: Catharine. "Waldo, A., farmer, Sec. 5;. P.O. Xenia. Waldo, Winchester, farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Xenia. Ware, L., farmer, Sec. 24; P. 0. Snyder.. West, F., coal bank, Sec. 14; P. 0. Xenia, Wilson, D. D., farmer, Sec. 1; P. 0. , Swede Point. Wingerson, Jacob, farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. Xenia. Winslow, W., farmer, Sec. 11; P. 0. Xenia. Worden, G., farmer, Sec. 24; P. 0. Polk City, Polk county. BEAVER TO-V^IfcTSIIIF. BARLOW, J. H., farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. O. Xenia; born in Chenan- go county, New York in 1850; came this county in 1876; owns 160 acres of land; he married Miss Jane Siglin in 1873; she was born in De Kalb county, Illinois. Bennett, E., farmer, Sec, 2; P. O. ■ Xenia. Biggs, J. H., farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. Perry. Bligh, D. O, farmer, Sec. 33; P. O. Minburn. Bligh, A. M., farmer, Sec. 32; P.O. Minburn. Purringtou, G. M., Sec. 16; P. O. Perry. CAMEEON, K., farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Perry. ■Carey, John, farmer, Sec. 34; P. 0. Minburn. -Clarke, T. K, farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. Minburn. •Conway, M. S. & T. L., farmers, Sec. 14; P. O. Perry. Conger, S. O., farmer, Sec. 29; PO. Minburn. Conway, Eliza, farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. Xenia. Copple, F., farmer, Sec. 17; P. 0. Perry. Crane, Silas, farmer, Sec. 28; P. 0. Minburn. Crawford, John, farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. Minburn. Crawford, C. E., farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. Minburn. DAYTON, S. H., farmer, Sec. 15; P. 0. Minburn; born in Law- rence county, New York, in 1827; he lived several years in Illinois, and shipped the first three car loads of corn on the Alton railroad west of the Kankakee river; he came to this State in 1854; owns 320 acres of land ; has held offices of town trustee, town clerk, school director, assessor, justice of the peace and county supervisor; he was largely instrumental in organ- izing Beaver township; he mar- BEAVEE TOWNSHIP. 63£ I«T L " Woolcott in 1848; • sue was born in Essex comity, New ^ork, and died in 1859; he after- ™ s ^ried Mary Gardiner, in lew; she was born in Canada; has two children by first mar- riage: Ellen and Prank D.; and seven by second marriage: Addie, Eva, Jane, Herod, Pharaoh I., Minnie and John. Dills, W. P., farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Minburn. DOTY, IRA S., farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Perry ; born in Mercer county, Pensylvania, in 1839; came to this county ; owns 140 acres of land; holds office of town trustee; he enlisted in Co. K, 26th Iowa Infantry in the late war, and served three years; he married Miss Harriet J. Wells in 1860; she was born in Ohio; have nine children: Ida J., ¥m. I., Milton M., George C, John W., Laura, Maud, Lyman and Mark. E'VANS, M. L., farmer, Sec. 11; i P. O. Perry. FRENCH, G. C, farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. Perry. GARDINER, THOS., farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. Perry. Gardiner, James, farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. Minburn. Gardiner, Chas., farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. Minburn. Gannon, Mark, farmer, Sec. 22; F. < O. Minburn. Gill, Sylvanus, farmer, bee. 12,; r. O. Xenia. n Gill, Stephen, farmer, bee. 11, if. U. GiSyfl'., farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. Per- Gl?de, Fred, Farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. TJ ASS* G. W., farmer, Sec. H «• P. O.Perry. Hanson,D.,fa"-r,Sec.lO;P.O. Ha^ y H- H " farmer ' SeC - 31;Ra Minburn. Heck, M., farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. Per- ry- Holland, M., farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Perry. Huntington, S. A., fanner, Sec. 30;. P. O. Minburn. Husted, James, farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. Perry. KERBY, J., farmer, Sec. 8; P. 0. Perry; born in Mercer coun- ty, Pennsylvania, in 1838; came to this State in 1858, and to this county in 1866; owns 105 acres of land; has held the office of town clerk; he enlisted in the 2d Iowa Cavalry in the late war, and served four years; he married Miss Sarah Moyer in 1866; she was born in New York; has nine children; Dora, Mary, Sadie, John, Effie, Lefa, Amanda, Nettie and Fred- die. Kughler, John, farmer, Sec. 22; P, O. Perry. LEAMING, C. M., farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Perry; born in In- diana in 1834; came to this State in 1839, and to this county in 1866; owns 300 acres of land; has- held offices of school director, jus- tice of the peace and town trustee; he married Miss Mary Newland in 1855; she was born in Ohio; has eight children: Eunice, Jen- nie, Martha, George, Agnes, Al- bert, Franklin and Eddie. MoFEE, J. M., farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. Perry. • McLaughlin, E. S., farmer, Sec. 10 ; P. O. Perry. Maher, E., farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. Dallas Center. Marrs, J. B., farmer, Sec. 3; P. 0» Xenia. Miller, E. W., farmer, Sec. 2; P. O* Xenia. Mier, Herman, farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Perry. Morressey, S., farmer, Sec. 34; P.O. Minburn. «34 DIEECTOET OF DALLAS COUNTY. Mortiner, J. H., farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Dallas Center. Murphy, Mary, farmer, Sec. 23; P. 0. Minburn. MYERS, S. H., farmer, Sec. 31; P. 0. Minburn; born in Morgan county, Indiana, in 1837; came to this county in October, 1853; owns 160 acres of land; he married Miss S. A. Williams in 1859; she was born in Michigan; has six chil- dren: Mary E., Julia A., Charlie J., Minnie J., John C. and Walter B. NEWBY, M. J., farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Minburn. Newland, John, farmer, Sec. 15; P. 0. Perry. Noble & McCrasky, farmers, Sec. 20.; P. O. Minburn. Norwood, D., farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. Minburn. , O'MALEY, PAT, farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. Perry. O'Maley, James, farmer, Sec. 9; P. 0. Perry. O'Maley, Peter, farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. Perry. O'Maley, Martin, farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Perry. Olsen, O, farmer, Sec. 1; P. O. Xenia. PADDICK, ¥M, farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Minburn. Parcel, O, farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. Per- ry- Parker, Wm., farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Perry. R ALITOR, G., farmer, Sec. 31; O. Minburn. Rooney, Pat, farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. Dallas Center. SCHNOOR, HENRY, farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. Xenia. Schuoor, C, farmer and blacksmith, Sec. 3; P. O. Xenia. Schnoor, Hans, farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. Xenia. SIGLIN, M. W., farmer, Sec. 1; P. 0. Xenia; born in Pennsylvania in 1850;. came to this county in 1876; owns 150 acres of land; married Miss Lottie Lawrence in 1876; has one child: Jacob M. Siggerson, James, farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Perry. Skiler, J. W., farmer, Sec. 14; P. 0. Xenia. Stephens, James, farmer, Sec. 12; P. 0. Xenia. STORMS, J., farmer and stock- dealer, Sec. 25; P. O. Dallas Cen- ter; born in Indianain 1829; came to this county in 1865; owns 917 acres of land; has held the office of town trustee. THOMPSON, JAMES, farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Xenia. Tovey, F., farmer, Sec. 22; P. 0. Minburn. Tovey, Reuben, farmer, Sec. 26; P. O. Minburn. Tovey, G. W., farmer, Sec. 26; P. 0.. Minburn. Tovey, Job, farmer, Sec. 26; P. 0. Minburn. TOWNSEND, JACOB M., farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Dallas Center; born in Ohio in 1822; came to this State in April 1848, and was one of the organizers of this town- ship; he owns 240 acres of land; has held the offices of town trus- tee, constable, justice of the peace and school director; he married Miss Martha Griggs in 1852; she was born in Indiana; has four children: Alexander, Amy, Sarah and Roxie. \ A TALKER, J. J., farmer, Sec. VV 8; P. O.Perry. Wells, John H., farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. Perry. Wells, L. S., farmer, Sec. 16; P. 0. Perry. Winkler, John, farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. Minburn. Woods, W. W., farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. Xenia. Worrell, E. A., farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. Perry. PEEEY. 635 ^e^ir-st. ^INLEY, CHAS. H., dealer in W9W . St0 K ves > hardware and tin- ware, born in Massachusetts in I*?? ' C ^ ne t0 this county in 1876 ; holds office of town recorder; he yarned M 1S s L. H. Langford in 1874 she was born in Illinois; has two children: Fred L. and J rank C. Aldrich, John, shoemaker. Anderson, C. A„ blacksmith. Ar Shong, W., grocer. Ashford, E. P., retired farmer. Atkinson, T. S., clerk. TD AUERLE, S., plasterer. Beeson, I. N., teamster and farmer. Bibbins, I. S., horse-dealer. Bieson, E. J., Mrs. Blakeslee, G. W., banker. Bollen, S., livery stable. Bone, Henry, farmer. Breckenridge, A., clerk. Bridgman, 0., grain-dealer. CAMPBELL, W. L., farmer and blacksmith. CARDELL, W. F., merchant and stock-dealer; born in Yermont in 1839; when he was sixteen years of age he went to California, and remained between two and three years; came to this State in 1856, and was largely engaged in stock and grain-raising; he represented Guthrie county in the Fifteenth General Assembly of the State Legislature; has served as mem- ber of the school board and town trustee; he married Miss Jennie ' E Buler in 1858; has three chil- dren: Walter W., Albert L. and George B. Cardell? H. H., attorney. Carmody, W. H., grocer and res- taurant. , Carpenter, F. A., wagon-maker. c\ „Aer Ezra., teamster. CHTNDiER,W. H., dealer in ag- • lhiml implements; born in FrTnSin county, Ohio! in 1844; came to this State in 1852, and to this county in 1870; he has served as town clerk and member of the city council, and of the school board ; he enlisted in the 4th Iowa Cavalry in the late war, and re- enlisted as a veteran, serving in all four years; he married Miss Elizabeth A. Emberling Decem- ber 30, 1873; she was born 'in Illi- nois; has one child: Elsie M. CHAPPELEAR, H. A., real es- tate and insurance agent; born in Ohio December 14, 1819; came to this State in 1864, and to this county in 1869, and built the ninth house in the town of Perry; he is associated- in business with J. W. Otley, and represent the fol- lowing companies: Phoenix, of Hartford; Home, of New York; Underwriters, of New York; Con- tinental Fire and Marine, of Mas- sachusetts; State, of Des Moines; he married Ruth Newton July 11, 1841 ; she was born in Worcester, Massachusetts; has four children: Win. A. J., Nancy J., Luke N. and James N. Chappelear, W. A. J., drayman. Clark, Wm., drayman. Clark, J. D., tinsmith. Courtney, H. J., druggist. Conley, M. A., blacksmith. Courtney & Long, druggist. Cox, C. E., attorney. Cross, R. S., painter. T~\ANKS, H. S., plasterer. Davis, J. T., butter and eggs. Downing, J. F., Mrs. Durfee, F. R., lumber. GAMBLE, L. D., justice of the peace. Ginn, R., grain and stock-dealer. Goss, J. S., druggist. Grace, J. L., agricultural imple- ments. Griswold, F. O., shoemaker. 636 DIEECTOEY OF DALLAS COUNTY. HAIN/F. M., blacksmith; born in Clark county, Ohio, in 1836; came to this State in 1854; has held offices of town trustee, school director, and served as member of the city council; he enlisted in the 46th Iowa Infantry in the late war; he married Miss Mary Spilker in 1868; she was born in Delaware county, Indiana; has five children, Bertha, Carl, Artie, Grace and Freddie. Hantz, J. F., painter. Hart, J., grain-dealer. Harlan & Rude, real estate. Harlan, Geo., real estate dealer. Haskins, A. D., hotel keeper. Hendricks, G. D. & Son, real estate and loan agents. Holmes, H. J., lumber dealer. HOYT, H. A., attorney; born in Livingston county, New York, in 1834; came to this county in 1875; has served as member of the'city council; he married Mary M. Johnson in 1876 ; she was born • in Pennsylvania. Hunt, Chas. E., dentist. Hunter, W. S., agent. Hunter, D. B., druggist. "NGLISON, S., shoemaker. I TOHNSON, GABE, laborer. JOHNSON, T. F., physician; born in Will county, Illinois, in 1849; came to this county in 1871; educated at Cleveland, Ohio; has been practicing for three years; married Miss Lydia E. Andrew in 1877; she was born in Indiana; have one child: Nellie. Johnson, S., shoemaker. T^- EELEE, W. N. Keeley, J. W., contractor. Kelsey, D. N., contractor. Kelley, James, section hand. ANE, C. L., blacksmith. U Lods & Selby Brothers, hardware. LUNT, EDWARD D., editor and proprietor of the Perry Chief/ was born in Jamestown, New York, in 1844; when he was two and a-half years of age his parents removed to Texas, where they lived for two and a-half years and then went to New Orleans, where they remained but a short time and went to Dubuque, and lived there five years; from here they went to Findlay, Ohio, and were residents of this place until 1861; from this place he started alone on: his future career; he came to Des Moines, Iowa, and in October, 1861, he enlisted in Co. B, 15th Iowa Infantry; he re-enlisted as a • veteran and served until the close of the war, and was mustered out at Louisville, July 24, 1865; while in the service he was taken pris- oner at the Battle of Peach Tree Creek, near Atlanta, Georgia, and was confined in Andersonville prison about two months, and was transferred to Charleston, South Carolina, and detained one month, and from there he was taken to Florence, South Carolina, and paroled December 10, 1864; he participated in the battles of Shiloh, Iuka, second Corinth and in the siege of Vicksburg, and Sherman's Atlanta campaign, un- til his capture; after being mus- tered out of the army he made a visit to his parents in Pennsylva- nia, remaining eight months and returned to Des Moines; he mar- ried Miss Augusta Longshore", November 11, 1867; she was born in Delaware county, Ohio; they have three children, two sons and one daughter: Chas. E., Frank P. and Emma I.; he has published in this State the Glenwood Opinion, the Corning Gazette and Quincy Telegram,' he came to this place in 1874 and started the Perry Chief, which he has managed to PEEEY. 63T the satisfaction of his patrons; he was town recorder of Perry in 1876-7, and is now a justice of the peace. A/TcLUEN, W., harness-maker. Madigan, John, section hand. Miller, W. M., farmer and fancy stock-dealer. Miller, J. B., engineer. Montgomery, J. P., gunsmith. Myers, J. P., traveling agent. NEWPOET, B. F, lumber and grain-dealer. Newkirk, B. W., meat market. Newbury, W. A., pumps and light- ning rods. Nichol, J. F., retired farmer. OTIS & Selby Bros., millers and grain -dealers. PANGBUEN, SAMUEL, physi- cian. PATTEE, D. J., born in Yermont in 1840; came to this State in 1863, and to this county in 1866; he owns 344 acres of land, aside from city property; was the first merchant in the town of Perry; he is the present mayor, and has held the office of postmaster since 1870; he has served as town trus- tee and school treasurer; he en- listed in the late war in the 9th Yermont, and was discharged, and afterward enlisted in the 47 th Iowa Infantry, and was commissioned Captain of Co. F.; he married Miss Belle Moore in 1872; she was born in Iowa; has two children: Mary Belle and' Harry M. ; lost one son : ¥m. EL. Pattee, I. G., Clerk. PARMENTER, I., merchant; born in New York in 1820; came to this State in 1855 and to this county in 1869; previous to his removal to this State he lived in Dewitt county, Illinois, and in Michigan, and has been engaged in merchandising all his life; has held offices of justice of the peace 40 and secretary of school board for five years; he married Miss Phebe Davis in 1844; she was born in Ohio and died in 1864; he after- ward married Mrs. Cornelia Ayres in 1865; she was born in New York; has four children: Almon, Ollie, Smith and Carrie. Parmenter, A. W., harness-maker. Eossiter, F., gunsmith. PARKER, A. T., photographer; born in Thurman, Warren county, N. Y., in 1850, and removed to Saratoga county, where he remain- ed four years, and then emigrated to Oshkosh, Wis., in 1865, where he remained a short time, and came to Boone county, Iowa, in 1865, and remained there until he came to this county in 1869, and there is at present but one person in the town, that is engaged in active business, that was here when he came; he married Miss Maud Elder in 1877; she was born in Iowa; has one child: Charles E. Paul, Geo. B., loan agent. PAYNE, D. W., dealer in dry goods, groceries, boots and shoes, hats and caps, clothing, and mer- chant tailoring; born in "Wash- ington county, Ohio, Nov. 6, 1842; came to this State in 1868, and to this county in 1875; holds office of member of city council; he enlisted in the 18th Ohio Infantry, and served three months, and re- enlisted in the 125th Ohio, and served three years; he married Miss M. Shaw in 1872; she was born in Washington county, Ohio; has one child: Genoveva. Peter, Perry, boarding house. Phelps, W. H, furniture dealer. "EDOSS, JOHN, physician. Eowley, G. H, merchant. O CHITCHAET, N., groceries. Selby, E. D., miller and grain-dealer. Selby, B. B., miller and grain-dealer. 638 DIEECTOEY OF DALLAS COUNTY. Shippey, J. EL, groceries and res- taurant. Sides, J. C, blacksmith. Sipes, D. M., barber. Shortley, John, attorney. Smith, Isaiah, meat market. Smith, Barton, restaurant. SPAULDING, J. P., jeweler; born in Roxbury, Vermont, in 1840; came to this State in 1868, and to this county in 1874; has held offices of town clerk and as- sessor; he enlisted in the 6th Vermont Infantry, and served un- til the close of the war; he mar- ried Miss R. Adelia Ainsworth in 1861; she was born in Calais, Vt.; has four children living: Archie V., Allie B., J. Lillian and Gertie; lost three: Nora D., Edwin L. and Delia. Stiles, R. P., harness-rnaker. THORNBURG, L. B., wagon- maker. Thornley, S. M., merchant. 'AN" PATTEN", A., stock-dealer. V Yan Leuven, B. F., merchant. Van Norden, J. J., clothing dealer. T A 7"ALDO, J. A., merchant; V V born in Franklin county, Ohio, in 1833; came to this State in 1849; owns fifty acres of land; has held offices of town trustee, justice of the peace, town clerk, &c; he enlisted in the 15th Iowa Infantry in the late war and served three years; he married Miss Mary B. Godman in 1856; she was born in Missouri, and died in 1872; he married for his second wife, Miss Julia A. Biggs in 1876; she was born in Dallas county; has three children by first mar- riage: Rosalia, Charles L. and INorman; and two by second marriage: Ralph E., and Lottie; he was recently associated in bus- iness with S. M. Thornley, as dealers in general merchandise. Walker, J. S., clerk. "Wales N". S.., merchant. Warren, W. L., harness-maker. Weaver & Cardell, drugs and gro- ceries. Webster, A. G., attorney. WILLIS, JOHN H., born in Wayne county, Indiana, Septem- ber 7, 1823; lived in that vicinity until eighteen years of age; then went to La Porte county, Indiana; was married in Union Mills, La Porte county, in October, 1847, to Hilah Jane Webster; lived there till 1865, when he came to Dallas county, Iowa; was representative in the Indiana legislature one term, 1864-5, from La Porte county, Indiana; was justice of the peace several years; has lived where Perry now is ever since he came to Iowa; owned the land upon which the south part of Perry now stands, and was one of the parties who laid out the town; was elected second mayor of Per- ry, and was for several years one of the board of supervisors of Dallas county; have four children living: Lydia J. Thornburg, Quincv A., Estella and Anna. WILLIS, L INDSEY, deputy post- master; born in Wayne county, Indiana, in 1834; came to this county in 1857; owns 47 acres of land adjoining the town; has held office of town clerk ; married Miss L. S. Webster in 1861; she was born in Chautauqua county, N". Y. WILLIS, HARVEY, stock-dealer; born in Wayne county, Indiana, in . 1831; came to this county in 1859; owns 160 acres of land; he, with his brother, owned the land and laid out the town of Perry; he married Miss Eliza J. Webster in 1852; she was born in Chautauqua county, New York, in 1833; have seven children: Arthur, Lucinda S., Wm. E., Frank, Ella, Kittie G., and baby; have lost five: Emma, Calvin, Reno, Orlando, Alfred. Willis, W. M„ farmer. Winsor, J. R., jeweler. SPRING VALLEY TOWNSHIP. 639 siE^mra- -v-a.il.XjE-2- TO"W2srsia:n=- ALEXANDER, W., farmer, Sec. — ; P. O. Perry; born in Pennsylvania, June 8, 1811; he moved with his parents from Pennsylvania to Brown county, Ohio, and afterward to Dearborn county, Indiana, while it was a Territory, and came to Dallas county in 1854; owns 100 acres of land; has held offices of town- ship trustee and school director; he worked forty-eight years at his trade as blacksmith; he mar- ried Miss MahalaGreggs in 1834; she was born in Ohio; have six children: William D., Mary E., John N., Ann L., Mahala H. and Lucy J. One son, Samuel McC, enlisted in the army during the late war and died from disease contracted in the army. BARTON, GEO. D., nursery- man, Sec. 3; P. O. Perry; born in Michigan in 1852; came to this State in 1870; owns 40 acres of land, and is largely en- gaged in setting it with fruit and ornamental trees, adapted to the soil and climate; he has held of- fice of assessor; married Miss Emily Throckmorton in 1873; she was born in Ohio; has three children: Mirian, Eaymond and Edna. Bennett, D., farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. JPcrrv Birdsall,' S. G, farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Minbnrn. Brady, T., farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. Brinfiefd, S. J-, farmer, Sec. 2; P. Br^TG, farmer, Sec. 19; P.O. Brya'nl'W. C farmer, Sec. 22; P. BryanW'^—' S ? c " ^ R °" Bu^t *™» SeC - 21 ' R °- perry. BUMGARDNER, W. H., farmer, and stock- raiser, Sec. 19; P. O. Perry; born in Indiana in 1838; came to this State in 1838, and to this county in 1868; owns 160 acres of land; he married Miss E. Woodin in April, 1876; has one daughter: Ruthie. Bumgardner, G. E., farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. Perry. Burdick, C. C., farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Perry. CAHILL, C. O, farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Perry. CAMPBELL, GEORGE, farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Perry; born in County Down, Ireland, August 25, 1807; came to America in 1847, settling in Knox county, Ohio; came to this county in 1855; owns 80 acres of land; he married Miss Eleanor Leslie in 1832; she was born in County Down, Ireland; have six children: Margaret, Maria A., William, Rachel, Mary and Eliza. Lost two: Stafford L. and John. Campbell, N. 1ST., farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Perry. Conner, O. BT., farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. Perry. COUNCIL, WILLIS, farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. Perry; born in Logan county, Illinois, in 1833; came to this county in 1854; owns 62 acres of land; has held office of constable six years; he married Miss Amelia Simpson in 1855; she was born in Ohio; have three children: Thomas T, Mary C. and William N. Craft, W. L., farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. Perry. Crocker, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Perry. CROCKER, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. Perry; born in Penn- sylvania, January 6, 1832; came to this county in 1857; owns 212 acres of land; has held office of 640 DIEECTOKT OF DALLAS COUNTY. school director and township trus- tee; he married Miss Jane Mc- Millan in 1854; she was born in Pennsylvania, and died in Febru- ary, 1867; he afterward married Catharine Miess in 1869 ; she was born in Pennsylvania; has two children by first marriage : George and Henry, and three by second: Jesse, Annie and Nettie. CROWEL, HARDMAN, farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. Perry; born in Blair county, Pennsylvania, in 1835; came to this county in 1857; owns 80 acres of land; has held office of school director; he married Miss Ellen McMillan in 1855; she was born in Pennsylva- nia; has eleven children: Sarah, Bazil, Christian L., Comfort J., Mary I., Viola, Ellen, Emma, Lu- cinda and Mattie M, Lost three. ELDER, R. H., farmer, Sec. 6 ; P. O. Perry; born in Pennsylva- nia in 1829; came to this State in 1854; owns 410 acres of land; has held office of county supervisor; he married Miss Naomi Warford January 1, 1860; has seven chil- dren: Naomi J., Isaac S., S. James C, Hugh A., Harry E., Homer C. and Daisey P. Lost one daughter: Sarah E. Mr. El- der enlisted in the 39th Iowa In- fantry, and was with Sherman in his march to the sea. FAHEY, WM, farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Perry. Feather, H. N, farmer, Sec. 1; P. O. Perry. Fessler, J. J., fanner, Sec. 20; P. O. Perry. GREANEY, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 33; P. O. Perry. Greaney, James, farmer, Sec. 28 ; P. O. Perry. GREANEY, PATRICK, farmer and stock-raiser, Sec. 33; P. O. Perry; born in Ireland in 1821; came to America in 1846, settling in Philadelphia; from there he re- moved to Indiana, and came to this county in 1855; he owns nearly 1,000 acres of land; has held office of school director; he married Miss Mary Sheahan in February, 1844; she was born in Ireland ; has nine children : Ellen, John, Cornelius, Agnes, Patrick, Honora, Timothy, Don and Den- nis; lost three children: one daughter, Mary, was the wife of D. Fitzgerald, Esq. Griswold, C, farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. Perry. HALL,H., farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Perry; born in Hebron, Connecticut, in 1838; came to this county in 1868; he married Miss Nancy Chapalier in 1874; she was born in Ohio ; has one child : David W. HARPER, MRS. MARY M., far- mer, Sec. 17; her maiden name was Bennett; was born in Mont- gomery county, Ohio, and mar- ried Hiram Harper, January 3, 1865; he was born in Indiana, January 1, 1828, and died in De- cember, 1877, leaving two chil- dren : one son, Perry, by a former marriage, and Charles by second marriage. Mr. Harper was a man who had the entire confidence of the community in which he lived, and the reputation of an upright and honest citizen. Harris, John J., farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. Perry. Harris, L. H, farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Perry. Hart, H. H, farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. Perry. Hasty, David, farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. Perry. Hawk, F. W., farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. Perry. Hendricks, Bruce, farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Perry. Hoffman, Daniel, farmer, Sec. 20; P. O.Perry. , Hunt, W. H., farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Perry. SPRING VALLEY TOWNSHIP. 641 TESSUP, ALONZO, farmer, Sec. *J 17; P. O. Perry. KEGANCE, JACOB, farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. Perry. KELLY, JOHN (deceased), who lived on Sec. — ; was born in Ire- land, in 1828; he came to this country and lived for some years in New Haven, Connecticut; he married Miss E. J. Kirtland, No- vember 9, 1851; she was born in New Haven; he died June 23, 1878, leaving eight children: Hayne, Amy M., Charles E., Mary J., Wm. H., James I., David J., Joseph H. and Geo. W. KNEE, A., farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Perry; born in Ohio in 1812; came to this county in 1865; owns 25 acres of land; he married Maria Bennett in 1832; she was born in Pennsylvania; has six children: Eliza A., Isaac, Levi, Francis, Ella and Henry. Knee, Francis, farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Perry. LONG, E. E., farmer, Sec. 5 ; P. O. Perry; born in Virginia, in April, 1835; came to this county in 1866; owns 117 acres of land ; has held office of school director; he married Miss Anna Willis in August, 1855; she _ was ihorn in Wayne county, Indiana, :and died in 1873; he married for his second wife, Angeline Mc- Dowell, in 1877; has six children: D. Lewis, Benjamin F., Gideon M., Lela F., Effie A. and Melvin. Lunn, Clark, farmer, Sec. 2 ; P. O. Perry. McFABLAND, M , farmer, ' Sec 27; P. O. Perry. McKEON, C, farmer, Sec. — - ; P. O. Perry; born in Washington county, Missouri, July 18, 1834; came to this State in 1848; and at that time it took all the available men in ^ ie county to raise a saw- mill; he owns 40 acres of land, a nd has held offices of justice of the peace, town clerk, school di- rector, and postmaster; he was the first town clerk of Spring Valley township; he married Miss Nancy McCullough May 8, 1858; she was born in Ohio; has seven children: Eva, John, Albert, Jas- per, Allie, Evan, Eoscoe; lost two: Mary J. and Sedora. McKeon, G. W., farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Perry. McMichael, James, farmer, Sec. 3; P. 0. Perry. MACY, JESSE, farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. Perry; born in Indiana in 1832; came to this county in 1868; owns 165 acres of land; has held office of county treasurer and president of the school board of the district; he married Miss Emma J. Osborn in 1872; she was born in Indiana; has two children: Nora Eleanor and Lula May. Martin, Mrs. J., farmer, Sec. 1; P. O. Perry. Maulsby, Lewis, farmer, Sec. 34; P. 0. Perry. Meyer, J. B., farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Perry. Mills, J. B., farmer, Sec. 11; P. 0. Perry. MOORE, J. H., farmer, Sec. 15; P. 0. Perry; born in Pickaway county, Ohio, in 1827; when young removed to Vermillion county, Illinois, where he lived many years, and came to this State in 1854, and to this county in 1871; owns 265 acres of land; he married Miss Martha J. Pad- gett, who was born in Kentucky; have three children: Alfred D., Sarah I., wife of D. J. Pattee, and Fred. Moore, A. D., farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. Perry. Mower, P. A., physician and farmer, Sec. 16; P.O. Perry. NAYLOR, L. L., farmer, Sec. 31; P. 0. Perry; born in Adams county, Ohio, in June, 1826; came to this State in 1853, 642 DIEECTOEY OF DALLAS COUNTY. and to this county in June, 1869; owns 200 acres of land; has held office of school director; he mar- ried Miss L. Y. Stoner in 1851; she was born in Delaware county, Indiana; has ten children: Sarah, Emma, John, Joseph, Thomas, Melvin, Ora B., Florence, Arthur and May. Naylor, T. J., farmer, Sec. 30; P. 0. Perry. NORRIS, THOMAS C, farmer, Sec. 9; P. 0. Perry; born in New Hampshire Oct. 28, 1808; and after living in Massachusetts and Maine came to this county in 1870; owns 80 acres of land; he represented the county in the State Legislature, being a member of the 16th General Assembly; he has held office of justice of the peace; he married Miss Aurelia Colcord in 1831; she was born in New Hampshire; has two chil- dren : Elizabeth P. and George L. OTLEY, J. W., insurance agent, Sec. ,15. Osborn, Charlotte, farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. Perry. Osborn, Alex., farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. O. Perry. PATCH, C. W., farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Perry. PEASE, J. S., farmer and stock- raiser, Sec. 2; P. O. Perry; born in New York, in 1846; came to this county in 1866; owns, with his brother, 216 acres of land; he married Miss Allie Thornburgh, in 1870; she was born in Wayne county, Iowa; has two children: Albert and Willie. PEASE, GEORGE A., farmer and stock-raiser, Sec. 2; P. O. Perry; born in New York, in 1850; came to this State in 1866; owns, with his brother, 216 acres of land; married Miss Carrie Throckmor- ton, in 1873; she was born in Ohio; has one child: Grace. PETERS, P. J., farmer, Sec. — ; P. O. Perry ; born in Hamilton county, Ohio, in 1822; came to this State in May, 1855; owns 181 acres of land; has held the offices of town trustee and school director; he married Miss Mary Simpson, in 1841; she was born in Ohio; has seven children : Martha O, Styles, Frances E., Helen J., James Es, Berthena J., David T. PETTY, ASA, farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Perry; born in Buffalo, New York, October 19, 1814; he was a sailor on the lakes for seven or eight years; he came to this State in 1844, and settled in Muscatine county, and came to this county in 1866; owns 165 acres of land; has held the office of town trustee; he enlisted in the Thirty-seventh Iowa Infantry in the late war, and served until the close; he married Susanna Lamb, in 1836; she was born in New York; has five children: Josiah, Rosilla,. Libbie, Harriet J. and Chester. PHILLIPS, J., farmer,Sec. — ; P. O. Perry; born in Erie county, NeW York, April 12, 1828; came to this county in 1855; owns 180 acres of land, and is largely en- gaged in stock-raising; he mar- ried Miss May Campbell, in 1867; she was born in Ohio, in 1846; has two children. Potts, Mrs. J. P., farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. Perry. REED, T. Y., farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. Perry. ROBERTS, J. H., farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Perry; born in Oneida county, New York, in 1819; came to this State in 1854; owns 120 acres of land; he married Miss Mary Shaw, in 1847; she was- born in Ohio, and died in 1855; he afterward married Miss Mary McKeon, who was born in Mis- souri: has five children: Clar- ence, John L., Middleton H., W. Harris and George B ; lost two: Mary S. and Laura. SPRING VALLEY TOWNSHIP. 643 R °op, c, farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. Perry. ROUSE, JAMES, farmer, Sec. 3; P- O. Perry; born in Upper Can- ada in 1828, and came to this county in 1870; owns, 120 acres of land ; he enlisted in the 45th . Illinois Infantry, and served until the close of the war; he married Miss Arabel Boss in 1857; she was born in Wisconsin ; have six children: Howard A., Florence, Ella, Anna, Susan and Charles. RUSSELL, W. S., farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. Perry; born in New York in 1844; came to this county in 1853; owns 120 acres of land; he enlisted in Co. A, 23d Iowa In- fantry, in the late war, and served three years; has held offices of town trustee and a representative from this district in the 17th Gen- eral Assembly of the State Legis- lature; he married Miss Ada Greene in 1870; she was born in Iowa; have three children: Ward A., Wm. Burton and Katie. Kussell, T. J., farmer,, Sec. 36; P. O. Minbnrn. SEARS, E. K., farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Perry. Schnoor, John, farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Perry. SCOTT, THOMAS,' farmer and stock-raiser, Sec. 13; P.O.Perry; born in Scotland in 1841; became to this county in 1870; owns 520 acres of land; has held office of town trustee; he married Miss Jennie Henderson February 10, 1875- she was born in Vermont; has one child: Nellie E. Sheehan, T., farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. Shfvel^'j- H., farmer, Sec. 35; P. si P Ti f —' Sec - 7; R °" oiTtt£ C H., farmer, Sec. 18; P. O > Perry; born in Eichland coun- ty, Ohio, in 1827; came to this State in 1873, and to this county in 1875; owns 40 acres of land; he married Nancy A. Shinabarger in 1853; she was born in Ohio; have two children: Irene and Mary C. Snyder, W., farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. Perry. TAYLOR, C. & R., farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Perry. THORNBURGH, COLEMAN, farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. Perry; born in Wayne connty, Indiana, Janu- ary 23, 1830; came to this county in December, 1865; owns 65 acres of land; has held offices of school director and town treasurer; he married Mis| Martha Greenstreet in 1850; she was born in Wayne county, Indiana; they have three children: Alice, Darwin O. and Emma F. ; one son, Alvin T., a promising business man in Perry, engaged in the jewelry business, died October 20,"l877. THORNBURGH, H, farmer, stock, raiser and miller, Sec. 34; P. O. Perry; born in Tennessee in 1809; came to this county in 1855; owns 140 acres of land; soon after com- ing to the county he erected a saw-mill, and in 1872 the present mill known as Thornburgh's mill, having three run of stone; he was elected county judge of Dallas County, and after serving one vyear resigned, in consequence of business interest; he also served four years as State Senator; he married Rachel Willis, in 1848; she was born in Indiana; have one daughter: the wife of M.Shi vely, now living in California, and four adopted children. Thornburgh, J., farmer, Sec. 21; P. O. Perry. Thornburgh, L., farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. O. Perry. WEAVER, E., farmer, Sec. 33; P.O.Perry; born in Ohio in 1823; came to this State 644 DIBECTORY ts:]=3:i:£ 3 . ADAMS, W., farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Rippey; born in Ohio, in 1809; came to this county in 1856; owns 274 acres of land; has held the office of justice of the peace; he married Nancy Adkins, in 1830; she was born in Ohio; has seven children: Wil- liam H., Charles, Evaline O, Nancy E., John W., Mary E. and George W. Alexander, J. N., farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Perry. Anderson, John, farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. Perry. ATKINSON, J. F., miller, Sec. 3; P. 0. Perry; born in Ohio, in 1842; came to this county first in 1857; holds the office of town clerk; his father, Isaac Atkinson, was born in Pennsylvania, in 1797, and after living in Ohio DALLAS TOWNSHIP. 645 many years came to this county in 1857, and built the mills known as Atkinson's Mills; he died in 1875, leaving a wife, who still survives, and eight children: Matthew, Hettie, Jane, Louisa, Thaddeus, Isaac, George and Mary. Averson, EL, farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Perry. BARNES, GEORGE, farmer, Sec. 21; P. (X Perry. BENNETT, THOMAS K., farm- er, Sec. 11; P. O. Perry; born in Indiana, in 1845; came to this county in 1856; owns 80 acres of land; he married Miss Emma E. Beach, in 1876; she was born in Ohio; has two children: Ira M. and baby. Black, Richard, farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Perry. Brown, O. P., farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Perry. Brown, John G., farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Perry. BROWN, W. B., farmer and stock- raiser, Sec. 17 ; P. Q. Perry ; born in New York, in 1838 ; came to this county in 1869; owns 525 acres of land; has held the offices of town clerk and justice of the peace ; married Miss Mattie Setzer, in 1860; she was born in Penn- sylvania; has two children: Har- ley B. and Lewis; he enlisted in Battery M, First Illinois Light Artillery, during the late war. Brobst, Daniel Est, farmer, Sec. 4; P..O. Perry. n Brock, J. W-, farmer, Sec. 5; f. U. RROWN, WILLIAM, farmer, Sec 22 P. O. Perry; born in h Virginia, in 1845; came to this • „VnntV i" 1875 ! 0WnS 24 ° aCr6S Tfand- h" held the offices of ?„r, rlerk and school director; hTinaiied Miss M Stickel, in 1872- has two children: Jessie jf and Lina M; he enlisted in the First Virginia Cavalry, and served until the close of the war. Burington, S. M., farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. Perry. CHAPMAN, JAMES, farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Perry. COFFEE, A. D., farmer, Sec. 26; P. 0. Perry; born in Scotland, in 1831; came to this county in 1870; owns 160 acres of land; has held the office of school di- rector; he married Miss J. French, in 1857; she was born in Ver- mont; has three children: Agnes L., Ella V, Hattie B. Collins, A., farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. Perry. Cole, William, farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. Perry. Coleman, Wm., farmer, Sec. 28; P. O. Perry. CORREY, J. D., farmer, Sec.—; P. O. Perry; was born in 1833; came to this county June 18, 1856; owns 372 acres of land; was one of the first town trustees of this township and member of the board of county supervisors; he married Miss Mary A. Brown- field, April 18, 1855; she was born in Illinois; have lost four children by 'diptheria. Correy, Wm., farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. Perry. Correy, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. Perry. Council, T. O, farmer, Sec. 1; P. O. Perry. », Curnmings, P. S., farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Perry. DALBY, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. O. Perry. DODGE, W.E., farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. Perry; born in England in 1828; came to America in 1854, and to this county in 1870; owns 160 acres of land; has held office of school director; he married Miss B. Medland in 1854; she was born in England in 1832; have seven children: Wm. H., 646 DIRECTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. Kosetta M., Charles E., Albert M., Renford, Sidney B. and Lillie Dunn, Patrick, farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. Perry. EDWARDS, JAMES, farmer, Sec. 2; P. O.Perry. Elifrits, W., farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. Perry. * FAGEN, M. E., farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. Perry. FINLEY,J. K, farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Perry; born in Stark coun- ty, Illinois, in 1842; came to this county in 1871 ; owns 200 acres of land ; has held office of town trus- tee; he enlisted in the 112th Illi- nois Infantry in the late war, and served three years; he married Miss Julia M. Scott in 1867; she was born in New Jersey; have four children: Estella M., Jennie L., Anna C. and Josie F. Flood, Peter, farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. Perry. Fourgisson, G. R. W., farmer and carpenter, Sec. 17; P. O. Perry. Francis, Hosea, farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Perry. GANOE, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. Perry. Garfield, H.W. farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. Perry. Gilliland, M. W., farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Eippey. GILLILAND, A. P., farmer, Sec. 4; P.. O. Eippey; born in Ohio in 1837; came to f this county in 1857; owns 200 acres of land; has held offices of town trustee and school director; he enlisted in the 10th Iowa Infantry and served three years; he married Miss Julia Hutchinson in 1859; she was born in Illinois; have six children: Owen, Ella, Eddie, Harry, Florence and Lester. GILLILAND, S. W., farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Rippey; born in 1809, and came to this county in 1858; own6 288 acres of land; has held offices of town clerk, town trustee, member of the board of county supervisors; he married Miss Rachel Pettijohn June 7, 1832; she was born in Ohio and died February 14, 1842; he afterward married Ruhama Harmon No- vember 13, 1845; she was born in North Carolina; have two chil- dren living by his first marriage: Samantha and Amos P.; lost * three: Lyman B., Wendell P. and Jane; have ibur living by his second marriage: Alvan S., Myron W., Elizabeth and Mary E. ; lost one: Willis L. Gorman, Thomas, farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. Perry. HAINES, M. F., farmer and in- surance agent, Sec 10; P. O. Perry. Halton, J. S., farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Perry. Harty, P., farmer, Sec. 21; P. O. Perry. 7ACKS0N, D. R, farmer, Sec. J 28; P. O. Perry. KELSEY, L., farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. Perry. KEMPF, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. Perry; born in Germany in 1839; came to the United States in 1855, and to Iowa in 1874; owns 160 acres of land; he en- listed in Battery M, 1st Illinois Light Artillery, in the late war; he married Susan M. Barr in 1868 ; has three children : Charles, Burt and Stella. LACY, PAT, farmer, Sec. 21; P. O. Perry. Lanahan, M., farmer, Sec. 28; P. O. Perry. Lee, E. F., farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. Perry. LEONARD, G. W., farmer and stock-raiser, Sec. 32; P.O.Perry; born in Delaware county, Ohio, in March, 1836; came to this State in 1855, and to this county in June, 1868; has held office of school director; owns 440 acres of land; he married Miss Martha DALLAS TOWNSHIP. 647 Husted in 1857; she was born in Illinois; has eight children : Lewis, Albert, Carrie, Allie, Lucy, Orie and Scottie. LEWIS, N. G., farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. Perry; born in Otsego county, New York, in 1818; came to this county in 1872; owns 200 acres of land; he married Miss Clar- rissa A. Whitney in 1840; she was born in Erie county, Pennsyl- vania; has five children: Sarah, Mary A., "Win. H., John N. and Charles "W. ; lost three sons : Au- gustus M., died in February, 1873; Benjamin L., died Decem- ber 25, 1874; James, died No- vember 20, 1875. Augustus M. enlisted in the 1st Board of Trade Regiment of Chicago. Liste, John, farmer, Sec. 19 ; P. O. Perry. Liste, Wm., farmer, Sec. 31 ; P. O. Perry. Lisle, J. D., farmer, Sec. 19; P. O. Perry. McELRATH, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 24; P.-O. Perry; born in Ireland in 1836 ; came to the Uni- ted States in 1838, and to this State in 1873; owns 240 acres of land; has held the office of school direc- tor; he married Miss Sarah C. Hubbs, in 1866; she was born in ]ST. T. ; has lost two children. McElrath, T., farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Perry McElree, B. B., farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Perrv. a _„ D McElree, Wm., farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Perry. „ n x> Maxwell, James, farmer, Sec. 32; P. Mo gle Pe BV^ er ' SeC - 35 ' P - a Mo P rS'j- farmer ' SeC - 29; R °- MorS B. B, farmer, Sec. 4; P. Mo'raSrl'M., farmer, See. 5; P.O. ■ Perry PEDDICORD, D., farmer and stock-raiser, Sec. 32; P. O. Perry; born in Virginia in 1826; removed to Ohio when young, and remained there 23 years, and then emigrated to Illinois, where he re- mained 22 years, coming to this county in 1876; he owns 480 acres of land; he has brought with him the spirit of enterprise, and his improvements are the best in the township; he als<» takes great in- terest in the improvement of the stock of horses of this section, and his Clydesdales are unsur- passed. He married Miss Susan Kyle in 1848; she was born in Ohio, and was the first white child born in the township; has seven children: James P., David E. r Margaret E., Douglas, Gaylord, Elias and Arthur. Porter, A. F., farmer, Sec. 26; P. O. Perry. QUINTS, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Perry. ROSS, J. C, farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. Perry. S EBBING, W., farmer, Sec. 30;. P. O. Perry. Strickland, Eli, farmer, Sec. 25; P. Perry. Summerson, J. R., farmer, Sec. 11;. P. O. Perry. Sutton, A. M., farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Perry. TAYLOR, W. B.. farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Perry; born in Butler county, Ohio, in 1821; came to this- State in June, 1857; owns 80 acres of land ; previous to his removal to his farm he was engaged in the hotel business in Adel; has held offices of school director and town- ship trustee; he married Miss Cornelia Ashmore in 1851; she was born in Clark county, Illi- nois; have five children: Charles E., Cassandra, Robert O, "William H. and Harry S. 648 DIRECTORY OF DALLAS COUNTY. TOLLE, W. E., farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. Perry; born in Indiana in 1833; came to Iowa in 1854, and to this county in March, 1855; owns 274 acres of land ; has held offices of justice of the peace, township trustee, school director, etc.; he married Miss Catharine Ganoe in 1 858 ; she was born in Champaign county, Illinois; has five children: Eliza J., Jones L., Ulysses G., Isaac W. and John L. TOWNE, A. L„ farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Kippey, Greene county; born in Ohio in 1827; came to this county in 1857; owns 235 acres of land; has held offices of town- ship trustee and school director; he married Miss Maria Wells in 1855; she was born in Ohio; has nine children living: Harlow, Charles, Ralph, Cora, Grace, Ern- est, Maud, Guy and George. Lost six. • T A rAEEEE", M., farmer, Sec. VV l; P. O.Perry. Warren, F. L., farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. O. Perry. WELLS, J., farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. Perry; born in Ohio in 1838; came to this State in 1865, and to this county in 1875 ; owns 160 acres of land; he married Miss Cynthia A. Wallace in 1862; she was born in the same place; has three children: Fred. J., Hattie I. and William M. He enlisted in the 128th Ohio Infantry in the late war, and served three years. White, S. H., farmer, Sec. 11; P. 0. Perry. WITTER, B. 0., farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. Perry; born in Ohio in 1848; came to this county in 1872; owns 80 acres of land; has held office of assessor; he mar- ried Miss Amanda Dwire in 1868; she died September 5, 1875; he afterward married Miss Flora M. Dwire in February, 1877; has two children: Eollin S. and Min- nie A. He enlisted in the 139th Illinois Infantry and 7th Illinois, and served until the close of the war. , YOEK, KD., farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. Perry. YOUNG, S., farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. Perry; born in Indiana Novem- ber 27, 1842; came to this county March 15, 1865; owns 180 acres of land; has held offices of asses- sor, township trustee and school director; he married Miss Mary C. McElroy in 1867; she was born in Illinois, and died December 26, 1875 ; he afterward married Caro- line Lee, who was born in Ohio; has two children by first marriage: Eosa M. and George M.; and one son, Albert A., by second mar- riage.