LIBRARY NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE ITHACA, N. Y. Cornell University Library FtS 407.F53e 1909 Elementary exercises for students In mat 3 1924 003 350 943 Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924003350943 ELEMENTARY EXERCISES FOR STUDENTS IN Materia Medica and Pharmacy BY PIERRE A. FISH, D.Sc., D.V.M. PROFESSOR OF VETERINARY PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE CORNELL UNIVERSITY THIRD EDITION. REVISED AND ENLARGED PUBLISHED BY TAYLOR & CARPENTER ITHACA, NEW YORK 1909 111 (;A^KV PRIEST & BENJAMIN PRINTERS ITHACA, N. Y. PREFACE A laboratory manual for a course in Materia Medica and Pharmacy is not easy to prepare. The difficulty is, not so much in the matter of what to include, but what to exclude. For stu- dents it would seem desirable that an opportunity should be afforded to examine first hand and to make preparations from at least some of the drugs which they are told about in the lectures and read of in the text books, and which they, later, are to use in their practice. Veterinarians, even more than physicians perhaps, compound their prescriptions. On this account, examples of the various pharmacopoeia! preparations, as well as many imofficial ones, have be'en included. Probably in no other laboratory course is there as much care and accuracy required and this, in itself, is a valuable experience for the student. The formulary, at the end of the book, is composed of useful prescriptions. Some of them have been developed from our own experience, while the others have been collected from various sources — due credit having been given, so far as possible. This feature has been introduced primarily to give the students prac- tice in compounding prescriptions. It is believed, however, that when the student becomes a practitioner, he may find many of these prescriptions of direct advantage in his practice. Finally, as stated in the previous edition, little originality can be claimed for this work; the writer has drawn freely from the standard and excellent works of various other writers in these subjects. October 1, 1909. P. A. F. TABLE OF CONTENTS General directions, abbreviations. Definitions. Weights and measures, domestic measures, prescription-writing, incom- patibilities ..-.--- 7-li EXERCISE I Materia Medica. Inorganic drugs. Oxygen. Aqua; aciua destll- lata, aqua bydrogenii dioxldi. Inorganic acids. Ion. Hy- dracids, oxyacids, anhydrides. Chlorine, bromine, iodine. Calx chlorata. Tinctura iodi, tinctura ioda decolorata, liquor iodl compositus, amylum iodatum ... - 15-19 EXERCISE 11 Sulphur; sublimed, washed, precipitated. Sulphuris iodldum, unguentum sulphuris iodidi. Phosphorus; solution of phos- phates - - - - - - - - 20-21. EXERCISE III Carbon. Carbo i animalis. Carbo animalis purificatus. Carbo llgui. Boron. Silicon; liquor sodii sillcatis - - - 21-22 EXERCISE IV Metals and their combinations. Alkalies. Potassa. Soda. Lithium. Ammonium. Aqua ammonia - - - 23-24 EXERCISE V Alkaline earth metals, magnesia, magnesia ponderosa. Calx; linimentum calcis, lotio flava, lotio nigra, syrupus calcis, Vleminckx's solution ..... 25-26 EXERCISE VI Salts. Salts of the alkali metals. Liquor ammonii acetatis. Li- quor potassii citratis. Pulvis eftervesoens compositus - 26-28 EXERCISE Vil Salts of the alkaline earth metals. Magnesii carbonas. Calcii carbonas precipitatus ; pulvis cretae composijtus. Earth met- als. Alumen - , - - - - - - 29-30 EXERCISE VIII Heavy metals. Zlnci sulphas, solution of zinc sulphide. Cupri sulphas. Plumbi oxidum. Plumbi'acetas, liquor plumbi sub- acetatis, liquor plumbi subacetatis dilutus. Hydrargyrum. Argenti nitras. Perrum; ferri oxidum hydratum. Bismuth; bismuthi subnitras. Arsenic; arseni iodidum - - 30-34 EXERCISE IX Organic Drugs. Cellulose; gossypium purificatum. Amylum. Saccharum ....... 35.33 EXERCISE X Acetanilidum. Aconitum. Belladonna .... 35.39 EXERCISE XI Cannabis Indica. Chloral Hydrate. Coca. Digitalis - - 39-41 EXERCISE XII Opium. Nux Vomica. Physostigma. Pilocarpus - - 41-42 EXERCISE XIII Pharmacy. Aquae; aqua chloroformi, aqua camphorae, aqua cln- namomi. Liquores; liquor acijii arsenosi, liquor antigermin- arus, liquor cresolis compositus, liquor potassii arsenltis - 43-45 ' EXERCISE XIV Syrupi. Syrupus; syrupus acidi citrici, syrupus glycyrrhizae, syrupus zingiberls. Mellita; mel rosae - - - 46-47 EXERCISE XV Mucllagines; mucUago acaciae. Emulsa; emulsum chloroformi. Misturae; mistura cretae. Glycerlta; glyceritum acidi tan- nici, glyceritum amyli, glyceritum phenolis - - - 48-50 EXERCISE XVI Spiritus; spiritus camphorae, spiritus ammoniae aromaticus. Elixiria, elixir aromaticum, elixir glycyrrhizae, elixir lithii citratis. CoUodia; pyroxylin, coUodium, coUodium flexile, collodium stypticum ------ 50-54 EXERCISE XVIi Linimenta; linlmentum saponis, linimentum chloroformi, lini- mentum camphorae. Oleata; oleatum hydrargyri. Infusa; infusum digitalis. Decocta; decocta cetrariae - - 54-57 EXERCISE XVIII Tincturae; tincturae herbarum recentium, tinctura iodi, *inctura zingiberis. Vina; vinum ergotae. Fluidextracta; fluidex- tractum cannabis indica, fluidextractum zingiberis - - 57-63 EXERCISE XIX Oleoresinae ; oleoresina aspidii. Aceta; acetum scillae. Ex- tracta; ex*ractum cannabis indica, extractum gentianae - 63-65 EXERCISE XX Reslnae; resina jalapae. Pulveres; pulvis Ipecacuanhae et opii. Triturationes ; trituratio elaterini. Massae; massa hydrargyri 65-67 EXERCISE XXI . Confectiones. ^Confectio rosae. Pilulae. Pilulae aloes, pilulae rhei. Trochisci. Trochlsci potassii chloratis - - 67-68 EXERCISE XXII Unguenta; adeps benzoinatus, unguentum hydrargyri biniodide et cantharides, unguentum sulphuris alkalinum, unguentum zinci oxidi, cerata, ceratum camphorae - - - 69-70 EXERCISE XXIII Emplastra; emplastrum piois burgundicae. Chartae; charta potassii nitratis. Supposltoria; suppositoria glycerini - 71-72 EXERCISE XXIV Miscellaneous unoflacial preparations; chloral with camphor, ber- ated cot*on, salicylated cotton, styptic cotton, cauterizing pencils of copper sulphate, liquid soap - - - 73 EXERCISE XXV Eczema ointment; campho-phenique, white liniment, artificial Carlsbad salt, analgesic liniment, liniment, ointment - 74-76 FORMULARY Alterative, catarrhal disorders, colic, cough, diaphoretic, diar- rhoea, distemper, dropsy, enteritis, galactagogue, gastric sedative, liniment, polyuria, purgatives, purpura hemorrhag- ica, rheumatism, rickets, sedatives, sore throat, tonics, tympanites, vomiting, worms ----- 77.34 APPARATUS IN STUDENT'S LOCKER 1 dozen 5 in. test tubes 1 dozen 6 in. test tubes 1 Minim pipette 1 Funnel, 1% in. 1 Funnel, 3 in. 2 Beakers, 10 oz. 2 Flasks 1 Graduate, 30 cc. 1 Graduate, 250 cc. 1 Watch glass 1 Glass rod 2 Percolators I Test tube rack 1 Test tube brush 1 Test tube holder, wire 2 Evaporating dishes 2 Glass plates 1 Steel spatula 1 Horn spatula 1 Mortar and pestle 1 Sieve, 40 mesh 1 Sieve, 60 mesh 1 Thermometer 1 Copper water bath 1 Block metric weights 1 Package filter papers, 3 in. 1 Package filter papers, 6 in. 1 Piece absorbent cotton 1 Piece wire gauze 1 Box matches 1 Towel 1 Sponge Special apparatus, not found in the locker, may be obtained when needed, by handing an order for it to one of the assistants. LABORATORY WORK IN MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACY GENERAL DIRECTIONS. The work in this course will consist of the examination of specimens; testing drugs and their incompatibilities; making pharmaceutical preparations; taking notes and occasional dem- onstrations. Unless otherwise directed as to quantity, j'ust as small an amount of material as is necessary, is to be used in performing the experiments. All apparatus used during the exercise must be cleaned and the table left in an orderly condition. The bottles, containing reagents for general use, must be left on their proper shelves and under no circuihstances are they to be carried to individual desks. With all specimens presented for examination note carefully : Odor; color; taste (except poisons) ; form (liquid or solid, crys- talline, amorphous, etc.); deliquescent or effervescent; weight, whether comparatively heavy or not ; solubility, use only a small amount of the substance in a test-tube and ten or fifteen times its bulk of distilled water and shake thoroughly, if the substance does not dissolve heat to the boiling point, if unsuccessful use alcohol in the same way, or acid, or alkali, or chloroform; reaction, place a little of the substance in a clean test-tube, add a small amount of distilled water, heat gently and test the reac- tion with red or blue litmus paper. In the case of solutions the darker should be added to the lighter fluid, at first adding only a drop or two, then more if necessary. Note any change that takes place before shaking the tube. If there is no apparent result, shake thoroughly. If a precipitate forms, note whether it increases in amount or redis- solves as more of the liquid is added. State as well as you can 8 whether the results are due to, physical or chemical phenomena. Copies of the following works will be found in the laboratory and the following abbreviations refer to them: U. S. P. — ^United States Pharmacopoeia. U. S. D. — United States Dispensatory. N. D. — National Dispensatory. N. P. — National Formulary. P. Q. C. — Potter's Quiz Compend of Materia Medica. S. P. C. — Stewart's Pharmacy Compend. W. & W.— White and Wilcox Materia Medica. Butler — Text Book of Materia Medica, and Therapeutics and Pharmacology. Bruce — Materia Medica and Therapeutics. DEFINITIONS Drugs — (A. S. drugan, to dry.) A term formerly used to designate dried medicinal plants. The term is no longer re- stricted to its original meaning but includes remedial agents from the animal and mineral kingdoms as well as the vegetable. It includes all substances employed in the cure of disease. Materia Medica — (h. material of medicine) is the study of medicines. It is a comprehensive term and may include the ad- ministration and action of drugs. It may be considered as sub- divided into some of the following subjects : Pharmacognosy — (Gr. pharmakon, a drug, and gnosis knowledge) refers to the study of the physical and chemic char- acter of drugs. Pharmacology — (Gr. pharmakon, a drug, logos, a discourse) treats of the action of chemic sub^ances upon living tissues. Pharmacodynamics — (Gr. pharmakon, a drug, dunamis power) relates to, the physiologic action of drugs upon healthy individuals. Its meaning is so similar to that of pharmacology that the latter and broader term is now more generally used in preference. Pharmacy — (Gr. pharmakeia, the use of drugs) the art of preserving, preparing, compounding and dispensing drugs in a form suitable for use as medicines. Toxicology — (6r. toxikon, a poison, logos, a discourse) is the science wliicli treats of poisons. Therapeutics — (Gr. therapeuein, to attend upon) includes all that relates to the alleviation or cure of disease. Pharmacopoeia — (Gr. pharmakon, drag, poiein, to make) is a book containing a list of medicinal substances, with descrip- tions, tests and formulae for preparing same, selected by some recognized authority. In some countries the government authorizes the pharma- copoeia and the work is therefore referred to as official. In the United States the government is not concerned; a committee of representative physicians and pharmacists prepare the pharma- copoeia and revise it every ten years. The preparations contained in it are generally referred to as official on the authority of the committee (not the government). The term officinal formerly used, has now become practically obsolete in this connection. A large number of useful unofficial formulas have been pub- lished with the authority of the American Pharmaceutical Asso- ciation under the name of the National Formulary. A Dispensatory is a commentary on a pharmacopoeia. The pharmacopoeia describes the drugs and chemic substances of the materia medica, establishes the degree of purity of many of them, and defines the strength of the preparations. The dispensa- tories comment on the substances, giving their. physical, medical and pharmaceutic history, with their doses and uses. They also include many substances which are not found in the pharma- copcEia and are not, therefore, official. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Those most generally used by the physicians and pharma- cists in the United States are the Troy or Apothecaries weights, and the Wine or Apothecaries measures. The Metric System, however, has been recognized to such a great extent that it has become a necessity for physicians to become familiar with it. 10 TROY OB APOTHECARIES WEIGHTS Pound Ounce Drachm Scruple Grain (Libra) (Uncia) {Drachma) {Scrupulum i) (Granum) Ibl = 12 — 96 = 288 = 5760 51 = 8 == 24 = 480 31 = 3 91 == 60 = gr. 20 WINE OR APOTHECARIES MEASURES Gallon Pint Fluidounce Fluidrachm Minim (Congius) (Octarius) (Fluiduncia) (Fluidrachma) {Minimum) Cong. = 8 = 128 = 1024 = 61440 01 = 16 = 128 = 7680 f|l fol = 480 M. 60 AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHTS Pound Ounce Grain {Libra) ( Uncia) {Granum) Ibl = 16 oz 1 = 7000 = gr. 437i To avoid misapprehension in the use of the apothecary and avoirdupois systems, the symbols lb, §, 3, 9, should be consist- ently used for the apothecary, and the abbreviations lb, oz, gr, for the avoirdupois. The abbreviation foi* the Troy pound is characterized by the cross line drawn through the letters lb and should always meap twelve ounces, while the avoirdupois pound stands for sixteen''bunces. The symbol means an apothecaries ounce of 480 grains, while " oz. " means an avoirdupois ounce of 4371/^ grains. The grain weight is the same for both systems and the abbreviation gr. will cause no confusion.. The grain is, there- fore, the unit in both systems and the term is derived from the old system of weighing, which required that there should be usfid a "grain of wheat, well dried and 'gathered out of the middle of the ear." -tfittd In using the metric system of weights lihe' gram is ordinarily 11 used as the standard and the other subdivisions are reckoned from it. METRIC WEIGHTS 10 milligrams (mg.)make 1 10 centigrams make 1 10 decigrams make 1 1000 grams make 1 centigram (eg.) decigram (dg.) gram (gm.) kilogram (kilo.) METRIC MEASURES 1000 Cubic centimeters (cc.) (Milliliters) make 1 liter (L). 1 Gram equals the weight of 1 cc. of distilled water at a temperature of 4° C. TABLE OP APPROXIMATELY EQUIVALENT AVEIGHTS 1 milligram .001 Vt gram 1 centigram .01 = i grain 1 decigram .1 ^= H grains 1 gram = ; 15^ grams 4 grams ( 3.9 gm.) = 1 dram 31 grams ( 31.1 gm.) = 1 ounce 500 grams (453.6 gm.) = 1 pound (av.) 1 kilogram = H pounds (av.) ^V grain = .001 gram i grain = .01 gram 1 grain = .065 gram 15.43 grains = 1, gram 1 dram (apoth.) = 3.90 grams 1 ounce (apoth.) = 31.1 grams 1 minim = .061 cc. 16 minims = 1 ee. 1 fluidram :== 3.75 ee. 1 fluidounce = 30 cc. 1 cc. 16 minims 4 cc. (3.7 cc.) = 1 fluidram 30 cc. = 1 fluidounce 12 To convert grains into centigrams, multiply by 6.5. Thus 3 grains multiplied by 6.5 equals 19.5 centigrams, or 10 grains equal 65 centigrams or .65 gram. To convert centigrams into grains divide by 6.5. Thus 26 centigrams divided by 6.5 equal 4 grains. DOMESTIC MEASURES A drop, guUa (gtt.) is usually reckoned at about one minim. A tea-spoonful is about one fluidram. A table-spoonful is about one-half fiuidounce. A wine-glassful is about two fluidounces. A tea-cupful is about five fluidovmces. , A breakfast-cupful is about eight fluidounces. A tumblerful is about eight fluidounces. Domestic measures vary considerably. There may be from 50 to 150 drops in a fluidram, a teaspoon generally holds more than 1 dram, even as much as 2 drams or more. Cups and glasses likewise vary widely. PRESCRIPTION WRITING The construction of a prescription is most important. It is a trying task for the beginner and considerable perseverance is required in order to write a prescription accurately and quickly. Some knowledge of Latin is imperative and a student without training in that language should make up his deficiency at the earliest opportunity. This may be accomplished in a fairly sat- isfactory manner by a thorough study of some one or more of the good manuals on prescription writing, where the essential rules, governing the case, gender, number, etc., of the Latin terms, are given sufficiently to enable one to grasp the funda- mentals. Each student should procure such a manual. For practice, both apothecary and metric systems should be used. The prescription should be written out in one system and the equivalent amounts in the other. The decimal line is preferable to the decimal point in the metric prescription. Roman numerals are used to indicate the amounts in the apothecary, and Arabic in the metric. In transposing from one system to the other, it is approximately correct to consider 1 gram as equal to 15 grains ; 13 1 ec. to 15 minims; 4 grams or 4 cc. to 1 dram and 6.5 centi- grams to 1 grain. One of the first essentials in the writing of the prescription is to determine the dose of each ingredient. The single dose is multiplied (mentally) by the number of doses to be taken, in order to get the total amount of the ingredient to be used in the prescription. The size of the dose will depend upon the age and sex of the patient, nature of the disease, etc. Liquid prepara- tions, especially if there be any deposit, should be ordered shaken in order to insure an equal dosage. The following is an example of a compound prescription with the method of calculating the dose (a simple prescription contains one ingredient ; a compound prescription contains more than one ingredient). The prescription may be used for the reduction of temperature. Having decided upon the number of doses which the patient is to receive, which in this case is fifteen, the quantity of each substance is multiplied by the number of doses : Name of patient : A B Superscription : $ Inscription : Apoth. Metr. Basis, Quininse Sulphatis (6 grains each dose X 15) = 3iss (grams) 6 Adjuvant, Spiritus Btheris Nitrosi (32 minims each dose X K) = f§i (cc.) 30 Corrective, Syrupi Eriodictyi Aromatici 12 minims each dose X 15) = f 3iii (cc.) 12 Vehicle, (stifflcient to make each dose 1 f 5) aqusB q. s. ad; = fSii (cc.) 60 Subscription : Directions to the apothecary : Misce. Directions to fine patient: Sig, Teaspoonful in some water every four hours. Name of physician with date ; J S , D.V.M. Jan. 1, 1905. 14 The dosage in the above prescription would be suitable for a man or a good sized dog ; for a horse 16 to 20 times as much may be used. Incompatibilities must be considered. Always determine the reason for them if possible. -' Chemic incompatibility is not always evident immediately or '^-{^ after the solution has stood for a time. There may occur a double decomposition, or a less soluble or more volatile compound may form, according to changes in temperature, agitation, ex- posure to light, etc. The incompatibility may often be indicated by the evolution of gas, change of color, precipitate, etc. Pharmaceutic or Physical incompatibility depends chiefly upon the question of solvents and solubility, and usually occurs when solids or liquids are added to solutions, thereby changing their density, etc. Physiologic or Therapeutic incompatibility depends ijpon the physiologic actions of the preparations administered and the size of their doses which may render the effects of each other negative. MATERIA MEDICA EXERCfSE I INORGANIC DRUGS Taking notes of the experiments is an integral part of the laboratory work and they should be written while the experiment is in progress or immediately afterward. The work outlined in each exercise should be carefully studied in advance. For practical purposes, drugs may be divided into two groups : the inorganic and organic. The inorganic will be consid- ered first. They may be sub-divided into: 1, non-metals and their combinations, and 2, the metals and their combinations. Non-metals are electro-negative; they are attracted to the positive pole (ahions) when electrolysis occurs. Oxygen. In medicine this gas is generally used for inhala- tion. In veterinary practice it is largely used to distend the udder of the cow in eases of "Milk Fever." Oxygen is conven- iently obtained in the metal cylinders with wash bottle attach- ment. The compounds which it forms with other bodies are termed oxides and are of considerable interest pharmaceutically. Aqua. Water. Ordinary river, lake or spring water con- tains traces of salts and gases. Rain and snow water are purer. "Water is the most common and useful solvent and has a wide application in medicine and pharmacy. Aqua Destillata. The solid matter and traces of various salts are removed from ordinary water by distillation. It is used iu medicine and pharmacy principally as a solvent for delicate chemical salts or for any purpose where ordinary water is un- fitted. It is usually used in eye washes. Dissolve a crystal of silver nitrate in a little ordinary water and compare with a solution obtained by dissolving a crystal of the same salt in a little distilled water. Aqua Hydrogenii Dioxidi. Solution of Hydrogen Dioxide (X^ OiH^xi'CdC'f- ^ f-^Jt/f*^ I'^'tAAMf-t^ -*-tU. ex- ^-^Sl. 16 or Peroxide. An odorless aqueous solution containing 3% by- weight of Hydrogen Dioxide (HjOJ. The solution is liable to' decomposition and should be kept in a cool place. It is a powerful oxidizer, but deteriorates on keeping. Its value depends upon the amount of oxygen it can set free. It is incompatible with most other substances. Note the appearance, odor and taste of the specimen. Test its reaction with litmus. Mix with a little water, also with a little alcohol. Add a small portion to a little saliva. Place a few drops upon a piece of filter paper pre- viously moistened with a solution of potassium iodide and starch. Mix another portion with a small amount of a 2% solution of potassium permanganate acidified with sul- phuric acid. INORGANIC ACIDS These acids are among the most important combinations of the non-metals. Three properties distinguish them from other bodies: 1, They act on litmus and other vegetable substances, changing their color. 2, Those soluble in water have a char- acteristic sour taste. 3, All contain the hydrogen ion and may be called hydrogen salts. The hydrogen is capable of being re- placed by metals to form salts. The term "ion" is the present participle of the Greelc verb ienai, go. When an electric current is passed through the solution, the particles go to the electrodes. An ion cannot exist in a free state; it must always be connected with another ion bearing an opposite electric charge. Ions go to the electrodes because they are naturally charged with electricity, differing in this way from the corresponding molecules which are uncharged. When an electric current is passed through the solution, the positively charged ion goes to the negative pole (cathode) and is called cation. The negatively charged ion goes to the positive pole (anode) and is therefore called anion; opposite charges attract, like repel. At the electrode, each ion loses its electric charge by neutralization of its electricity, and is converted into its elementary condition. The term electrolysis refers to the decomposition of a chemical compound by the passage of an electric current through it. 17 A compound decomposable by an electric current is called by some an electrolyte. The inorganic acids are divided into: Hydracids, those not containing O, derived from non-metallic elements, e. g., HCl, HBr. Oxyacids, from non-metallic elements. They contain oxygen, e. g., HNO3, H2SO4. Anhydridet^ are commonly in- cluded with the acids. They constitute a class of acid-forming oxides, erroneously termed acids — such as arsenous acid, chromic acid, carbonic acid &c. The sufSxes ic (L. icum) and ous (L. osum) are used as terminations to the names of acids containing 0. The former denoting a higher amount and the latter a lower proportion of 0. e. g., sulphuric acid, H2SO4 contains more than sulphuroMs acid, HjSOj. Still higher or lower proportions are designated by the prefixes per and hypo attached respectively to the name of the ic or ous acid. Many of the official inorganic acids are solutions of gases in water. The amount of gas in solution varying in the stronger acids, e. g., Acidum Hydrochloricum contains 31.9%. Acidum Nitrieum, 68%. Acidum Sulphuricum 92.5%. Acidum Phos- phorieum 85%. The dilute acids contain uniformly 10% of the absolute acid, except acetic (6%) and hydrocyanic (2%). CHLORINE, BROMINE AND IODINE Chlorine, bromine and iodine are halogens (salt producers) . Chlorine is a greenish-yellow, gaseous body, having a very suf- focating odor. It is a strong oxidizer; it unites with elements directly and is very irritant to the air passages. Prepare a little chlorine water by placing a little man- ganese dioxide in a gas generating apparatus, cover it with hydrochloric acid (4 parts) and shake well. Arrange so that the delivery tube will reach to the bottom of a test tube containing 30 cc. of cold water. Assist the generation of gas by slightly heating the flask. When 40 bubbles of gas have passed over, and the gas ceases to be absorbed, disconnect the apparatus. Preserve the chlorine •^18 water thus prepared in an ounce bottle and label aqua chlori. Note its appearance, odor, taste and chemical reaction. The generator should be quickly and thor- oughly cleaned. Official chlorine water should contain, 0.4% of the gas. It should be kept from the light, as it undergoes decomposition and some HCl is formed. Calx Ghlorata. Chlorinated lime is improperly called "Chloride of lime." Its common name is "bleaching powder." Chlorinated lime is a loose compound of chlorine and slaked lime and should contain at least 35% of available chlorine. It is used for disinfecting and bleaching purposes. Its efficiency depends upon the available chlorine. Make a solution of chlorinated lime (5 grams lime chloride in 25 cc. of water), filter. Add to the filtrate a solution of sodium carbonate (4 grams sodium carbonate in -25 cc. of water). Note result and filter again. The product thus obtained if made so as to contain 2.6% of available chlorine is the official Liquor Sodae Chloratae, Solution of chlorinated soda or Labarraque's Solution. Eau de Javelle ( Javelle water) is a French prepara- tion made as above but substituting potassium carbonate for the sodium salt. Bromum. Bromine is a dark brownish-red, mobile liquid, at ordinary temperature evolving a yellowish-red vapor highly irritating to the eyes and lungs. It is only slightly soluble in water, but readily dissolves in alcohol and ether. Add some chlorine water to a strong solution of potas- sium bromide. Bromine should be liberated and may be dissolved in a little ether, add a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid to some, crystals of potassium bromide, reddish vapors of bromine are evolved. lodum. Iodine. NatVt'he.va:pDI %a,jiM M^and odor. Test its solubility in water, alcohol and in a solution of potassium iodide. Tinctura lodi is a 7% solution of iodine in alcohol. Take 3.5 grams of iodine and add enough alcohol to measure 50 cc. When completely dissolved add a few drops to some Water and npte result. ^^^gfc/ h^uJ^ f^^r^t--^^^^^ , Jiit^ /^,.^to .^^^ 19 Tinctura lodi Decolorata (N.F.) Iodine 4.1 grams Sodium Thiosulphate (hyposulphite) ^ 4.1 grams. Water, ' 5. cc. Stronger Ammonia Water, 3.2 ce. Alcohol, a sufficient quantity to make 50 ec. Digest the iodine, sodium thiosulphate and water, at a gentle heat, until a perfect solution, of a dark reddish-brown color, is produced. Then add 6.2 cc. of alcohol, and afterwards, the stronger ammonia water. Shake a few minutes until no more l^ubbles of gas escape, and the liquid has become colorless, with a whitish precipitate (of sulphur) suspended in it. Cool it, if nec- essary, and add enough alcohol to make 50 cc. Place the bottle containing it in a refrigerator for a few hours, or longer if con- venient, then filter, in a covered funnel, and preserve the liquid for use. Note. On prolonged standing a crystalline precipitate of sodium tetrathionate will usually form in the liquid. This may be removed by filtration. Liquor lodi Gompositus Lugol's Solution. Make the solution as follows : Iodine 2.5 grams. ■ Potassium Iodide 5. grams. Distilled Water q. s. -50. ce. Place the iodine and potassium iodide in a 2 oz. bottle and add enough of the water to make 50 cc. Apply a little of the iodine solution to the skin of the hand. The stain may be removed by the application of any reducing agent as sodium hyposulphite or ammonium or other hydroxide. Amylum lodatum. Iodized starch. -Triturate 2.5 grams of iodine in a small quantity of water. Add 47.5 grams of starch in small quantities and carefully triturate until the mass is of a uniformly blue black color. The product should be allowed to dry slowly, not over a tem- perature of 40°C. * ^ (5iM4 20 EXERCISE II Sulphur. Roll sulphur (brimstone) is prepared by fusing crude sulphur, allowing it to stand, to separate impurities and then pouring into cylindrical moulds. Three forms are official: sublimed, washed and precipitated sulphur. Sulphur Sublimatum. Flowers of Sulphur. Place in a suitable tube a small piece of sulphur and heat gently. The sulphur will first melt, then be con- verted into a gas which will condense in the upper end cooler portion of the tube. This process is known as sublimation and is used in the preparation of some im- portant pharmaceutic substances.. Sulphur Lotum. Washed Sulphur. This is made by washing sublimed sulphur with water containing am- monia and then with pure water, to rid it of sulphuric acid and other impurities. It is preferred in medicine be- cause of its greater purity. Sulphur Precipitatum. Precipitated Sulphur. A very fine, yellowish-white, amorphous powder, odorless and almost tasteless, made by precipitating a solution of calcium disulphide with hydrochloric acid. Sulphuris lodidum. Iodide of Sulphur. Also known as subiodide of sulphur. A grayish-black solid, generally in pieces, having. a radiated, crystalline appearance, with a characteristic odor of iodine. It has a faintly acid reaction. There are some doubts as to its being a definite chemical compound. Weigh out 1 gram of sulphur and 4 grams of iodine. Triturate thoroughly in a mortar. Introduce the powder into a test tube; close the orifice loosely and heat in a water bath gradually with occasional agitation. The tem- perature should not exceed 60 °C at first until the ingredi- ients combine and become of a uniformly dark color throughout. Then increase the heat to the boiling poiut of the water so as to fuse the mass. After codling break the tube and remove the contents. Break the product into pieces of suitable size and keep in a glass stoppered bottle in a cool place. ^r: ^-ez^t^^^ ^^^luO^ ajtA<>^. >2^ J!uU^^^*^ :?»«*t>^S5?' 21 Unguentum Sulphuris lodidi. Ointment of Sulphur iodide. Sulphur iodide 1 gram Lard 15 grams Triturate the sulphur iodide in a mortar until it is reduced to a fine powder. Add the lard in small quantities thor- oughly rubbing the mass after each addition. Phosphorus. A translucent, nearly colorless, volatile solid, having at the ordinary temperature, about the consistence of bees- wax, and with a distinctive disagreeable odor and taste. It has a great affinity for oxygen, with which it combines on exposure to the air. It is sparingly soluble in absolute alcohol, a 0.12% solu- tion of which forms the official spiritus phosphori, which is used in the preparation of the elixir phosphori, each 4 c.e. of which contains 1 mg. of phosphorus. It is more soluble in oil, and a 1% solution in almond oil forms the official oleum phosphoratum. As phosphorus is a powerful reducing agent, its preparations are incompatible with many substances. SOLUTION OF PHOSPHATES (Unofficial) ■ Calcium phosphate 4. grams Magnesium phosphate 2.5 grams Potassium phosphate 2. grams ^.-:._ Phosphoric acid (concent.) 6. cc. Water sufficient to make 80. cc. Make a solution and filter. EXERCISE III Carbon. Carbon is a constituent of all organic substances. The two oxides of carbon and their corresponding acids are, carbon dioxide,, CO^, and carbonic acid, HjCOj, carbon monoxide, CO, which is of little interest in pharmacy. There are three forms of carbon official. Carbo Animalis. Animal charcoal. (Bone or Ivory Black.) This preparation is made by subjecting bones to a red heat in i"'£-. -:v 22 close vessels. The volatile portions are driven off, carbon, mixed with mineral salts, being left. Carbo Animalis Purificatus. Purified Animal Charcoal. This is animal charcoal purified from its calcium salts with hydrochloric acid. Carbo Ligni. » Charcoal. Prepared by burning wood with- out contact with the air. Charcoal has great porosity, from which fact it has consider- able power in absorbing, collecting and condensing substances from the surrounding medium. It therefore serves as a deodorant, decolorant and absorbent. Its principal use in medicine is an absorbent and disinfectant. It should never be left exposed to the air as its absorbent properties are soon lost. This condition, however, may be remedied by heating the charcoal before use. < Dissolve 0.1 gram of quinine sulphate in 4 cc. of water, hastening the solution by the addition of a few drops of sulphuric acid. Note the fluorescence. Take one-half of the solution and shake with a little charcoal and filter. Compare the two solutions now as to fluor- escence and taste. Boron. Boron combines with hydrogen and oxygen, and boric (or boracic) acid is produced H3BO3, the principal salt of which is sodii boras, or borax. Make a hot saturated solution of borax in about 2 ec. of water and add ten drops of hydrochloric acid, and let the mixture cool. Boric acid is precipitated in white shining scales. Silicon. Silicon is found in combination with aluminum, magnesium and calcium, in pumice stone, meerschaum, asbestos, talcum, soapstone, etc., and as an anhydride (silica) in sand, flint, agate, quartz, etc. Liquor Sodii Silicatis. Solution of Sodium Silicate or Soluble glass. This is made by fusing 1 part of fine sand (silica) with two parts of dried sodium carbonate, and dissolving the product. The solution is used in surgery in preparing mechani- cal dressings. Saturate a piece of cloth or filter paper in the solution provided and allow to dry. Ca4^ J 23 EXERCISE IV METALS AND THEIR COMBINATIONS Metals have a peculiar luster. They are good conductors of heat and electricity, and are capable of forming elementary cations. The oxides and hydrates of all metals are insoluble except those of the alkali metals, and of the alkaline earth metals —the latter sparingly. The soluble oxides, when brought in con- tact with water, form hydrates which are known as alkalies. The alkaline metals are potassium, sodium and lithium. They are characterilzed, 1 by their silvery white appearance; 2, softness; 3, powerful affinity for oxygen; 4, lightness, being lighter than water, on which they float and take fire spontane- ously, owing to their power of decomposing that fluid. They are all univalent. Ammonium is a compound radical, consisting of NHj, but, owing to its many analogies with the alkali metals, is classed with them. Alkalies. Alkalies are distinguislied by the following char- acteristics : 1 a characteristic taste and if concentrated caustic. 2, They restore the color of reddened litmus. 3, They contain the hydroxy 1 (OH) -ion, and might be called salts of hydroxyl. They combine with acids to form salts. The neutralization of an acid by an alkali consists essentially in the union of the H- and the OH-ions to form water. The alkali metals, potassium, sodium, ammonium, and lithium are noted for the fact that all their ordinary salts are soluble, except potassium bitartrate and lithium carbonate, which are only sparingly soluble. Care should be taken to distinguish between the names of the metals, which end in um, and the hydrates whiteh end in a. Potassa. (Potassium Hydrate, Caustic Potash.) * Place a little potassa in an evaporating dish, exposed to the air. After a time it will liquefy (deliquesce). Potassa is quite strongly caustic and rapidly destroys organic tissue. It is, perhaps, more commonly used in veterinary than human practice. Make a dilute solution of potassa. Test with litmus paper. Taste a little ' of the solution. Add gradually ^;^::^^ (ffre^\ 24 some dilute hydrochloric acid, testing with litmus, until the mixture just turns the litmus red. Evaporate to dry- ness. The product is a salt. Taste it. The alkaline taste of the OH-ions, and the acid taste of the H-ions, has dis- appeared; the salty taste common to the halogen ions appears. To solutions of alum, copper sulphate, and zinc sul- phate, add some solution of potassa and note results. In an excess of a concentrated solution of tartaric acid, add, a drop at a time, some strong solution of potassa. Potasiium bitartrate (cream of tartar) is formed. Does the precipitate redissolve ? ^ Soda. ( Sodium Hydrate. Caustic Soda. ) The sodium salts, as a rule, are more frequently used than the t)otassium, because they are relatively cheaper and are often more soluble. Repeat the last experiment, substituting a solution of soda for potassa. Lithium. The lithium salts resemble those of potassium and sodium. The metal lithium is much less prone to oxidation than potassium and sodium ; it is soft and is the lightest of known metals, having a specific gravity of 0.5891. Ammonium. Although the metal ammonium has not yet been isolated in the free state, its salts resemble those of the alkali metals so closely that they are usually considered in the same group. Aqua Ammonia. Ammonia w;ater is a 10% aqueous solu- tion of NH3 by weight. Aqua Ammoniae Fortior, stronger am- monia water, contains 28% by weight of the gas. Dip a glass rod in some strong hydrochloric acid and hold it over some ammonia water. Note the white cloud that forms from the vapor. Add some hydroehlofic acid to ammonia water until the latter is neutralized. Evaporate to dryness with a gentle heat and stir constantly. The granular salt that remains is ammonium chloride. Note its taste. Add some ammonia to a solution of corrosive sub- .limate. The precipitate is ammoniated mercury. ^ ^-<«tV «-< <««j^ a^c4^Ctt ^.^^ ^o^ 7^^^ Ooi^cv^ ^^r^t^ a^^fi,/^^ xsa^'^^-x-"^ e^^UAA/c /y CA^ ^.^^^t.eijC ^ ^l^c;^^ c^^A#-W ,^^r ^a^.,J/ e*^.<<^ a-^J^*^^^^ ,i^^<^ tl^^A-^i^ -^^^^ d^f^*''*'^^<^j/i^€.^^^^^ 25 EXERCISE V The Alkaline Earth Metals. Magnesium, Calcium, Stron- tium and Barium. The oxides of these earth metals, although only slightly soluble, resemble those of the alkali metals with the formation of a hydrate of alkaline properties. They differ from the alkali metals by forming insoluble carbonates and phosphates. Magnesia. (Light Magnesia. Calcined Magnesia.) ' Note the odor, taste, and solubility. Test chemical reaction. Add 1 part of magnesia to 15 parts of water in a beaker. This forms the milk of magnesia. Allow the mixture to stand for half an hour. A gelatinous hydrate forms. Add 4 parts of water to some milk of magnesia. Dilute with anS^qual amount of water some solution of ferric sulphate. {Liquor ferri tersulphatis.) Add this to the diluted milk of magnesia. The product is Ferri oxi- dum hydratum cum magnesia, — ^ferric hydrate with mag- nesia ; the antidote for poisoning by arsenic. Magnesia Ponderosa. Heavy Magnesia. A white, dense and very fine powder, corresponding, in all other properties and reactions, with magnesia. Heavy magnesia, on account of its density, often permits the decrease in bulk of the dose in the ratio of nearly four to one. Calx. Lime, or calcium oxide, is a very important alkaline earth. To 30 grams of lime add 15 ec. of water, calcium hydrate or slaked lime results. To this slaked lime add 6 or 8 volumes of water. This forms milk of lime. Mix 60 ec. of the milk of lime with 600 cc. of water. Allow the lime to settle ; pour off the supernatant fluid and throw it away. Now add some distilled water (300 ec.) to the lime;" shake thoroughly ; allow it to settle, or filter after a time and the product then represents Liquor Galcis, solution of lime or lime water. Heat a little of the lime water and allow it to cool again. Lime is more soluble in cold than in hot water. Lime water is a saturated solution and contains usually about 0.17% of calcium hydrate. 26 Linimentum Calcis. Lime liniment, sometimes called Carron Oil. Mix 30 cc. of lime water with 30 ec. of linseed oil. This liniment is used largely as an external application for burns. In veterinary practice it is sometimes used internally for diarrhoea. Lotio Flava. Yellow lotion or wash. Dissolve 0.3 gram of corrosive chloride of mercury in 3.5 cc. of boiling water. Add enough lime water to this mixture to make 100 cc. Lotio Nigra. Black lotion or wash. Triturate 0.75 gram of mild chloride of mercury (cfal- omel) in 3.5 cc. of water. Gradually add enough lime water to make a total of 100 cc. Syrupus Calcis. Syrup of Lime. Boil 3.25 grams of lime and 20 grams of sugar in 25 ec. of water, and add sufficient water to make a total of 50 cc. Lime forms soluble saecharates with sugar and is more soluble in syrup than in water. VLEMiNCKx's SOLUTION (Unofficial) Lime 15 grams Sublimed sulphur 30 grams Water . 300 ce. Boil down to 180 cc. and filter. For external use. EXERCrSE VI Salts. The product formed by the union of an acid radicle with a base is termed a salt. This term is applied more especially to solid substances assuming a crystalline form. Salts may be neutral, acid, or alkaline according to the rela- tive strength of the components. Those formed by the interac- tion of a strong acid and a strong base are of neutral reaction e. g. KCl. A weak base combined with a strong acid forms a salt of acid reaction e. g. FejCle- A strong base and a weak acid form a salt with alkaline reaction e. g. KjCOs. The knowledge :^^i4t^ ^^^/''t«'*^^rlfc» Ce^dLcc^ 27 of the reaction of the salts is important from the fact that salts with an acid reaction have' incompatibilities of acids ; salts 'with an alkaline, reaction those of the alkaUes. Binary compounds (compounds of elements) end in ide. For example the union of zinc with phosphorus forms zinc phosphide. Salts ending in ate are formed by the union of an acid ending in ic with a base, e. g. iron and sulphuric acid forms iron sulphate. Salts ending in ite are formed by the union of an acid ending in ous with a base, e. g. sodium sulphite, sodium and sulphurous acid. Salts of the Alkali Metals. (1) Neutral reaction, sotne- times faintly alkaline. These salts are very soluble in water. In alcohol the iodides are relatively most soluble and the chlorides the least. The chlorates, nitrates and sulphates are nuastly fairly soluble in water; they are practically insoluble in aleohor. The chlorates and nitrates are oxidizing agents. Add a small portion of a concentrated solution of potassium chlorate to a little alcohol. Mix a minute quantity (a grain or less) of powdered potassium chlorate with the same quantity of powdered sugar in an evaporating dish, and heat gently. An explo- sive combustion will occur. [Oxidizing agents, chlorates, nitrates, etc., should ngver be mixed dry with reducing agents (organic substances) unless explosions are desired.] To a solution of potassium iodide, add a little solution of potassium chlorate (or nitrate). The poisonous iodate will be formed, although no apparent change occurs. Upon the addition of an acid iodine is liberated. If taken inter- nally the same change would occur in the stomach, and the liberated iodine would cause considerable irritation. Experiments with reducing agents : To a minute quantity (1 grain or less) of powdered potassium chlorate in an evaporating dish add a similar quantity of powdered sodium hypophosphite. Heat gently and note result. To a solution of mercuric chloride add a solution of sodium hypophosphite. fil-toUjuJ^' 28 To a solution of iodine add some sodium hyposulphite until the" color changes. Salts of vegetable acids are of a neutral or faintly alkaline reaction and are freely soluble in water. The acetates are soluble in alcohol ; the citrates and tartrates are not. (2) Alkaline reaction. The alkaline salts are incompatible with acids, alkaloids, and solutions of the salts of other metals. The carbonates are soluble in water but are insoluble in alcohol. (3) Acid reaction. Potassii Bitartras, Potassium Bitar- trate (Cream of Tartar) is an example. Note its appearance, odor, taste, solubility and chemical reaction. Solutions of salts of vegetable acids are made by neutralizing a solution of a vegetable acid with an alkaline carbonate. Liquor Ammonii Acetatis. Solution of ammonium acetate. (Spirit of Mindererus). Add 1 gram of am- monium carbonate (translucent pieces free from white bicarbonate) gradually to 20 cc. of diluted acetic acid, and stir until it is dissolved. It is better to dispense the solu- tion when freshly made as the presence of some free car- bonic acid is desirable. Liquor Potassii Citratis. Solution of potassium eir trate. Dissolve 4 grams of potassium bicarbonate in 20 cc. of water. Dissolve 3 grams of citric acid in 20 cc. of water. Filter the solutions separately and wash the filters with enough water to obtain, in each case, 25 cc. Finally mix the two solutions, and, when effervescence has nearly ceased, transfer the mixture to a bottle. Pulvis Efifervescens Gompositus. Compound Ef-. fervescing Powder. (Seidlitz Powder.) « 1 •» ^ A V ■>. Sodium Bicarbonate, powdered 2.5 grams UrVM**>»* VAX/^^ Potassium and Sodium Tartrate, powdered 7.7 grams Tartaric Acid, powdered 2.2 grams Mix the sodium bicarbonate intimately with the potassium and sodium tartrate and wrap in a blue or yellow paper. "Wrap the tartaric acid in a white paper. The two powders are mixed in a half tumblerful of water, which is taken while effervescing. (Z oirO^^ QjrOrUXA^ -il^^juuCCft^ ^'Ud.^^U^ ,^ ^/c ^^<^^ fic-OOLu^ CJc^^^U^ 29 EXERCISE VII Salts of the Alkaline Earth Metals. These salts are in- compatible with fixed alkali hydrates, carbonates, phosphates, sulphates (except in case of Mg.), oxalates, and tartrates. Magnesii Carbonas. This salt exists in two forms, the light and heavy. Prepare some of the light variety by mixing dilute solutions, in the cold, of magnesium sulphate and sodium carbonate. Prepare some of the heavy, by mixing hot concen- trated solutions of the same salts. These preparations fursish.ja good illustration of the rule in precipitation, that dilute solutions produce light precipitates, and dense solutions heavy precipitates. Calcii Carbonas Precipitatus. Precipitated Chalk. Take of chloride of calcium 5 grams; carbonate of soda 13 grams ; boiling distilled water a sufficiency. Dissolve the chloride of calcium and the carbonate of soda each in 32 cc. of the water ; mix the two solutions ; and allow the precipitate to subside. The product may be further puri- fied by collecting. the precipitate upon a filter, washing it with boiling distilled water until the washings cease to give a precipitate with a solution of nitrate of silver, and the product dried at a temperature of 100° C. Pulvis Cretae Compositus. Compound Chalk Pow- der. This preparation is made by mixing'?. 5 grams of powdered chalk with 5 grams of powdered acacia and 12.5 grams of powdered sugar. It is used for making chalk mixture. The Earth Metals. Aluminum and Cerium are the only earth metals fjirnishing official preparations. Alumen. Alum, (Potassium Alum. Aluminum and Po- tassiiun Sulphate). The name of the metal (aluminum) should be distinguished from that of the double sulphate alumen;' (alum). Note the appearance, odor, taste, solubility and reac- tion of alum. (jljl4^ ^^^^ ^ "h^ i^i/L. ^-=H:/ ; y C^,AJt/CiU> CMAAr^'^-eL^ (f^LjL^C^'^^'C^-^U^^ ^'luf.tJt^ CZ^ CAr6^tZL X-^^i^rdf^. ^^^-^^i^5<^t-*-c-^^ ^^^^ «*-- «UJjU^ ejHiry^ dji-^x/euZ.,^ 33 reducing agents act similarly. Silver nitrate is quite generally incompatible. Ferrum. Iron. The number of official iron salts is very large ; in addition there are a great many unofficial preparations used in medicine. Ferrous salts are mostly green in color and are reducing agents. Ferric salts (except phosphate) are red, and the "ic" compounds may act as oxidizing agents. The iron salts are incompatible in the form of a precipitate with soluble hydrates, carbonates, phosphates, borates, sulphides, ferrocyan- ides, ferricyanides, tannic acid, gaUie acid. Alkaline citrates and sugar dissolve many insoluble salts of iron. Many ferric salts precipitate albumin and gelatinize mucilage of acacia. Incom- patibility by. oxidation or reduction is shown by the two classes of the salts. Ferrous salts are incompatible with oxidizing agents; ferric with reducing agents. Color incompatibility is shown with the ferric salts, which give colored compounds with many organic bodies, particularly those containing tannin. Perri Oxidum Hydratum. Ferric Hydrate. (Ferric Hydroxide, Hydrated Oxide of Iron). To 11 cc. of am- monia water diluted with 25 cc. of cold water, add, under constant stirring, 10 cc. of solution of ferric sulphate, previously diluted with 100 ee. of cold water. As soon as the precipitate has subsided, draw off the clear liquid with a siphon, then mix the precipitate intimately with about 100 cc. of cold water, again draw off the clear iiqutd~after the precipitate has subsided. To purify it this may be repeated until a portion of the decanted liquid gives not more than a faint cloudiness mth a barium chloride test- solution. Finally the precipitate may be transferred to a wet muslin strainer, and, after it has drained, mix it with sufficient cold water to make the mixture weigh 25 grams. This compound is used as the basis of several iron salts, citrate, tartrate, etc. It is also used as an antidote to arsenic poisoning, freely administered. It acts by pro- ducing insoluble ferrous arsenate. , Bismuth. Bismuth is found in the metallic state, and occa- sionally as a sulphide. Only the insoluble compounds are im- portant medicinally. 34 Bismuthi Subnitras. Bismuth subnitrate. ' Mix a considerable quantity of bismuth subnitrate with a solu- tion of sodium bicarbonate. Shake together in a test tube, keeping ♦the tube closed for some time with a moistened fingef-. Note that a small quantity of gas (CO^) is being formed and escapes on partially removing the finger. The evolution of the gas is slow but may be sufficient to burst a bottle. Bismuth subcarbonate would not act in this manner. Arsenic. Although this element . appears like a metal, it resembles in its compounds the non-metallic elements phosphorus and nitrogen. It is found in many minerals, generally as a sul- phide or an arsenide. Its most important compound is arsenous acid AS2O3, more properly called arsenous anhydride. Arseni lodidum. Arsenic Iodide. Take 0.5 gram, of arsenic and 2.5 grams of iodine. Rub the arsenic in a mortar until reduced to a fine powder ; then ' add the iodine and rub them together until they are thoroughly mixed. Put the mixture in a test tube, loosely stopped, and heat it very gently until liquefaction occurs. Incline the tube in different directions, in order that any portion of the iodine, which may have condensed on its surface, may be returned into the melted mass. Let the mass be- come cold ; break the tube and break the mass into small pieces and keep it in a well-stoppered bottle. To a solution of arsenous acid, add a solution of cupric sulphate, and then a small amoimt of ammonia water. Too much ammonia water will redissolve the precipitate. A green precipitate of cupric arsenite {Scheele's green) is produced. A mixture of this with cupric acetate is known as Schweinfurth green, used as coloring matter. A similar mixture but less pure, is Pom green. _^ ^-•t^:>t--^C/«X- X <::^'<-=»ast...-.^ -^m^rnUCS^ OuJ yy ^.^-w^ -u«^_ v;^ ^ ,^5^ ^,:^^ ^^^ ^ ^ ^^.^ /U-*^.U^&^ />^i^ ^.^^^^ ^^(iV .^-t:^^*- PHARMACY EXERCISE XIII Accuracy and cleanliness are very essential in the making of pharmaceutic preparations. It is therefore necessary to use labels plentifully to mark the different stages in the preparation of the product, so that every step may be followed with absolute certainty. Guess work is worse than useless because it invites error. On the finished product the student should write : (a) the name of the preparation; (b) his own name; (c) the date. If this is not done the preparation will be valueless and the material wasted. The student wiU. be required to make the preparation over again and charged extra for the additional material. Students are advised to consult freely the larger text books on pharmacy and gain as comprehensive an insight as possible of the different groups of preparations and the methods of making them. ' AQUAE (WATERS) Aqua — An aqueous solution of a volatile substance. There are eighteen official waters (U. S, P. 1905), divided into three classes, according to their method of preparation. (1) Direct solution. (2) Filtration through an absorbent powder. (3) Distillation. 1. Direct solution — simple agitation — e. g., aqua chloro- formi, etc. By dissolving gases in cold water, aqua ammoniae, etc. 2. Filtration through an absorbent powder e. g., aqua menthae piperitae, etc. - . 3. Distillation, aqua rosae, aquae destillata, etc. Make the following preparations : AQUA CHLOROFOEMI Jl Chlorofom/ 0.6 cc. (9 drops) Distilled Water q. s. 100. ce. 44 Add the chloroform to the distilled water and agitate thor- oughly. This gives a saturated solution. AQUA CAMPHOEAE 9* Camphor 0.8 gm. Alcohol 0.8 ec. (12 drops) Purified Talc. 1.5 gm. i)istiUed "Water q. s 100. cc. Triturate the camphor with the alcohol and with the purified talc, then with the water gradually added, and filter. {8f Oil of Cinnamon 0.2 ec. (3 drops) AQUA CINNAMOMI Oil of Cinnamon 0.2 ec. Purified Talc. 1.5 gm. Distilled Water q. s. 100. cc. Triturate the oil of .cinnamon with the purified talc, add the water, gradually under constant trituration and filter until the product is perfectly clear. LIQUORES (SOLUTIONS) A liquor is an aqueous solution of a chemical substance. There are twenty-five official liquors (U. S. P. 1905). They are divided into two classes according to the method of prepara- tions. (Simple solution, e. g., liquor acidi arsenosi. (2) Solution prepared by chemical decomposition, e. g., liquor ammonii acetatis. LIQUOE ACIDI ARSENOSI Jfe Arsenic Trioxide 0.5 gm. Diluted Hydrochloric Acid 2.5 ec. Distilled Water q. s. 50. cc. Mix the diluted hydrochloric acid with 12.5 cc. of distilled water. Add the arsenic trioxide and boil until the latter is dis- solved. Filter the solution and pass enough additional distilled water through the filter to make the final product measure 50 cc. ;^:^yixv»^ cu>^ctA a^^.^A^^O'^^ AhjL *> ^^-^ 45 it LIQUOB ANTIGEEMINAKUS (N. F.) "germicide" Thymol 0.8 gm, Oil of Eucalyptus 3. ec. Oil of Lavender 3. ce. Alcohol" 40. cc. Water q. s. 50. ce. Dissolve the thymol and the oils in the alcohol, add enough water to make 50 ec, and filter if necessary. LIQUOB CRESOLIS COMPOSITUS Cresol 50 gm. Linseed Oil 35 gm. Potassium Hydroxide 8 gm. "Water q. s. 100 gm. Vk Dissolve the potassium hydroxide in five grams of water in a tared (weighed) dish, add the linseed oil and mix thoroughly. Then add the cresol and stir, until a clear solution is produced, and finally sufficient water to make the finished product weigh one hundred grams. LIQUOR POTASSII ARSENITIS ( FOWLER 'S SOLUTION) 9? Arsenic Trioxide (in fine powder) 0.5 gm. Potassium Bicarbonate 1. gm. Compound Tincture of Lavender 1.5 cc. Distilled Water q. s. 50. cc. Boil the arsenic trioxide and potassium bicarbonate with 50 cc. of distilled water until thoroughly dissolved. Then add enough distilled water to' make the solution, when cold measure 48.5 cc, and lastly add' the compound tincture of lavender. Filter through paper. C>^^-t-'<^^/6.^ Y^Cry ^^iZ<^t^ (/Oi^ i^^/j^u- (tz^^^^^-^^ Ch^<^Ljgc:^.2<,,^^^ 55 enough water to make the product measure 100 cc. Set it aside in a cool place for twenty-four hours, then filter. LINIMBNTUM CHLOEOPORMI Pf Chloroform 15 cc. Soap Liniment 35 cc. Mix them by agitation. LI]^IMENTUM CAMPHOEAE 5? Camphor, in coarse powder 5 gm. Cotton Seed Oil 20 gm. Introduce the camphor and the cotton seed oil into a suitable flask, and apply a gentle heat, by means of a water bath, loosely stoppering the flask during the operation. Agitate from time to time until the camphor is dissolved. OLEATA (OLEATES) The official oleates are liquid preparations, made by dissolv- ing metallic salts, or alkaloids in oleic acid. They are not as- sumed to be definite chemical compounds. Oleic acid has special advantages as a ba^is for administering external remedies, being more readily absorbed than most of the fatty substances used in making ointments. Five oleates are ofScial (U. S. P. 1905). OLEATUM HYDEARGYRI ^ Yellow Mercuric Oxide (in very fine powder) 5 gm. Distilled Water 5 cc. Oleic Acid (j^f^ C^^- ^0 gm. Triturate the yellow mercuric oxide with the distilled water in a tared mortar, add 14 grams of oleic acid, and mix thor- oughly; warm the mortar to a temperature not exceeding 50° C. (122° P.), stir occasionally until the water has evaporated, then 56 add, if necessary, oleic acid to make 20 grams, and mix thor- oughly. Avoid contact with metal utensils ; preserve the oleate in tightly stoppered bottles. INFUSA (INFUSIONS) Infusions are liquid preparations, made by treating vege- table substances with either hot or cold water. They are not loiled, though boiling water is often employed. Infusions are usually made in four ways : 1. By maceration. 2. By digestion. 3. By percolation. 4. By diluting fluid extracts. There are three official infusions (U. S. P. 1905). The following general formula is given by the U. S. P. {I The Substance coarsely com- minuted 50 gm. Boiling Water 1000 ce. Water q. s. to make 1000 ce. Put the substance into a suitable vessel provided with a cover, pour upon it the boiling water, cover the vessel tightly, and let it stand for half an hour in a warm place. Then strain with expression and pass enough water through the strainer to make the infusion measure 1000 cc. INFUSUM DIGITALIS B> Digitalis, bruised 1.5 grams Alcohol 10. cc. Cinnamon Water ^15. ce. Boiling Water 50. ce. Cold Water q. s. 100. cc. Upon the digitalis, contained in a suitable vessel, pour the boiling water, and allow it to macerate for one hour. Then strain, add the alcohol and cinnamon water to the strained liquid, and pass enough cold water through the residue on the strainer to make the product measure 100 cc. Mix well. o^^X^^eiJ^ ^r /K^'i/ffi^t/i/uL/yC c>t^€*^t^ /^iftt^Uz^ — ^. 57 DECOCTA (DECOCTIONS) Decoctions are liquid preparations made by ioiling vegetable substances with water. A general formula given by the U. S. P. is : Jt The Substance, coarsely comminuted 50 gm. Water q. s. 1000 cc. Put the substance into a suitable vessel provided with a cover, pour upon it 1000 ec. of cold water, cover it well, and boil for fifteen minutes. Then let it cool to about 40° C, express, strain the expressed liquid, and pass enough cold water through the strainer to make the product measure 1000 cc. DECOCTUM CETBAEIAB 9? Cetraria 5 gm. Water q. s. 100 cc. • Cover the cetraria in a suitable vessel with 40 cc. of cold water, express after half an hour, and throw the liquid away. Then boil the cetraria with 100 cc. of water for half an hour, strain, and add enough cold water, through the strainer, to make the product, when cold, measure 100 ec. EXERCISE XVIII TINCTURAE (TINCTURES) Tinctures are alcoholic solutions of medicinal substances. They differ from spirits in that the substances are non-volatile. (Except Tr. lodi.) With but one exception, spirits are solu- tions of volatile substances. Tinctures may be prepared by per- colation, maceration, solution or dilution. There are sixty-four official tinctures (U. S. P. 1905) which may be classified accord- ing to the percentage of active constituents. The majority of tinctures are made by percolation and a brief description is herewith given. "Percolation, or displacement, is the process whereby a powder contained in a suitable vessel is deprived of ^^ /5^^^^ c^t::^^. 58 its soluble constituents by the descent of a solvent through, it." — Remington. The solvent, which is poured on the top of the powder, in passing downward exercises its solvent power on the successive layers of the powder until saturated, and Is impelled downward by the combined force of its own gravity and that of the column of liquid above, minus the capillary force with which the powder tends to retain it. A percolator is a vessel with a porous diaphragm below, into which the drug, in the form of a powder, is introduced, and its soluble portions extracted by the descent of the solvent through it. The' menstruum or solvent is the liquid poured on top of the powder. The liquid coming from the percolator, impregnated with the soluble principles of the drug is the percolate. The first portion of the percolate is always more dense, more highly colored and contains the largest proportion of the soluble principles, because the first portion of menstruum, in its descent through the powder, has the first opportunity to come in contact with the largest proportion of the soluble principles, which are to be found in the finer dust scattered through the powder, and in the thoroughly disintegrated particles, which offer but slight resistance to the passage of the menstruum. When successfully conducted, the first portion of the percolate will be nearly saturated with the soluble constituents of the substance treated; if the quantity of the menstruum be sufficient for its exhaustion, the last portion of the. percolate will be destitute of color, odor and taste, other than that possessed by the menstruum itself. The general rule in percolation is to moisten the powder. The reason for this is that most drugs are vegetable substances which in their natural state were moist. The process of dessiccation has hard- ened and dried the tissues, so that they do not absorb moisture quickly, and when compressed, as they are when packed in a percolator, the resistance is still greater. If a dry powder Is tightly packed in a glass percolator and water poured upon it, the water will penetrate the powder but a short distance. Its further passage is prevented by the particles which are immediately in contact with the water, which have become swollen to such a degree that they press tightly against the sides of the percolator, and thus entirely, overcome the gravitating force and penetrating power of the water. If, on the other hand, the powder is moistened with sufficient water to satisfy its tendency to swell, hefore it is packed in the percolator, the addition of water is followed by its slow percolation through the mass without stoppage. A moist powder like a moist sponge, greedily absorbs moisture, but a dry powder, like a dry sponge, repels attempts to moisten it. Care should be exercised in packing the percolator. It should be packed in layers, each succeeding layer, according to directions, should be packed "moderately" or "firmly," as the case may be, using the same 59 degree of pressure with each layer. If packed too firmly, the menstruum will not pass through readily; if not packed firmly enough the men- struum will pass through too quickly and the full strength of the drug will not be obtained; if packed unevenly the menstruimi will pass readily through one side of the mass and not come in contact with the 1) Fig. I Fig. 2 remainder at all. The menstruum should descend uniformly and slowly through the drug. Before the drug is introduced in the percolator, a small piece of absorbent cotton, moistened with, the menstruum, should be placed in the neck of the percolator. The cork with its glass tube should be adjusted. The rate of flow may be regulated by the proper adjustment of the tube in the cork, and should not, in most cases, exceed one drop per second. If it is desired to stop the process temporarily this may be easily accomplished by drawing the tube further into the cork so that the orfice is closed. Figs. 1 and 2, 60 In Fig. 1, the orifice a is above the stopper to allow the liauid to percolate through the tube into the receiver. In Fig. 2, the tube is pulled down so that the orifice o is within the stopper thereby shutting off the flow of liquid. The bottle which receives the percolate should be graduated and the process discontinued when the proper amount is obtained. The bottle should be thoroughly clean and if not dry when ready to use should be rinsed with a small amount of the menstruum. Tinctures are also made from green as well as dry herbs. A general formula for the tinctures of fresh herbs as given by the U. S. P. is as follows : TINCTURAE HEBBARUM BECENTIUM Jl The Fresh Herb, cut, bruised or crushed 500 gm. Alcohol 1000 cc. Macerate the herb with the alcohol in a closed vessel in a moderately warm place during fourteen days, with occasional stirring; then strongly express the liquid and filter it through paper. TINCTURA lODI Jl Iodine 7 gm. Potassium Iodide 5 gm. Alcohol q. s. 100 cc. Triturate the iodine and potassium iodide rapidly, in a mortar, to a coarse powder, and transfer it at once to a gradu- ated bottle. Einse the mortar with several successive portions of alcohol, and pour the rinsings into the bottle. Then add alcohol, shaking occasionally, until the iodine and potassium iodide are dissolved, and the finished tincture measures 100 cc. TINCTURA ZINGIBERIS Bf Ginger, in No. 50 powder 10 gm. Alcohol q. s. 100 cc. /^-T^T'US^ /Uii^O^^^-c^ 61 Moisten the ginger with 3 ee. of alcohol, transfer it to a percolator, and, without pressing the powder, allow it to stand, well covered, for six hours; then pack it firmly and pour on enough alcohol to saturate the powder and leave a stratum above it. When the liquid begins to drop from the percolator, close the lower orifice, and, having closely covered the percolator, macerate for twenty-four hours. Then allow the percolation to proceed slowly, pouring on sufficient alcohol to obtain 50 cc. of tincture. VINA (WINES) Wines are liquid preparations containing the soluble princi- ples of medicinal substances dissolved in wine. They differ from tinctures merely in the character of the menstruum. There are ten official wines (U. S. P. 1905). Br Mix them. Set the mixture aside for two days, then filter through paper, in a well-covered funnel. FLUIDEXTRACTA (FLUIDEXTRACTS) Pluidextracts are liquid alcoholic preparations of nearly uniform and definite strength, made by percolating ^rugs with menstrua, and concentrating a portion of the percolate, so that in each case a cubic centimeter represents the medicinal virtue of one gram of the drug; they are mostly concentrated tinctures. The special feature of fluidextracts is that they represent the ac- tivity of the drug, volume for weight, or one minim of the fluid extract always represents about one grain of the drug from which it is prepared. They possess the advantage over tinctures that they are uniform, definite and concentrated. Tinctures on the other hand possess the advantage that they may be added in VINUM EEGOTAE Fluidextract of Ergot 10. cc. Alcohol 2.5 cc. White Wine 37.5 cc. 1^^ 62 small proportions to aqueous preparations without serious precip- itation. In some eases, also, the alcoholic menstruum of the tincture is to be desired. Fluid extracts are prepared by (1) Percolation with partial evaporation (official). (2) Percolation with incomplete exhaustion. (3) Repercolation. (4) Macera- tion with hydraulic pressure. (5) Vacuum maceration with percolation. There are eighty-five official fluidextracts, (U. S. P. 1905) which may be arranged in classes according to the alcoholic strength of their menstrua. FLUIDEXTKACTUM CANNABIS INDICT 9? Indian Cannabis, in No. 30 powder 50 gm. Alcohol q. s. 50 cc. Moisten the powder with 15 ce. of alcohol, and pack it firmly in a cylindrical percolator; then add enough alcohol to saturate the powder and leave a stratum above it. "When the liquid be- gins to drop from the percolator, close the lower orifice, and, having closely covered the percolator, macerate for forty-eight hours. Then allow the percolation to proceed slowly, gradually adding alcohol, until the Indian cannabis is exhausted. Reserve the first 45 cc. of the percolate. Distil off the alcohol from the remainder by means of a water bath, and evaporate the residue, at a temperature not exceeding 50° C. (122° F.), to a soft ex- tract; dissolve this in the reserved portion, and add enough alcohol to make the fluidextraet measure 50 cc. t PLUIDEXTEACTUM ZINGIBEBIS ■« ' 3* Ginger, in No. 50 powder 50 gm. Alcohol q. s. 50 cc. Moistept,]ai#- powder witl^ 12.5 cc. of alcohol, and pg,ek it firmly in a cylindrical percolator; then add enough alcohol to saturate the powder and leave a stratum above it. "When the liquid begins to drop from the percolator, close the lower orifice, and, having closely covered the percolator, macerate for forty- eight hours. Then allow the percolation to proceed slowly, 63 gradually adding alcohol, until the ginger is exhausted. Eeserve the first 45 cc. of the percolate, and evaporate the remainder, at a temperature not exceeding 50° C. (122° F.), to a soft extract; dissolve this in the reserve portion, and add enough alcohol to make the fiuidextract measure 50 cc. EXERCISE XIX OLEORESINAE (OLEORESINS) The oleoresins are ofSeial liquid preparations, consisting principally of natural oils and resins extracted from vegetable substances by percolation with acetone. They were formerly classed with fluid extracts, but they differ essentially from the latter. They do not bear any uniform relation to the drug as the fluid extracts do, of gram to cubic centimeter, — the yield of oleoresin obtained from the drug varying according to the pro- portion of oil and resin naturally present. They are without exception the most concentrated liquid preparations of the drugs that are produced. Six oleoresins are official (U. S. P. 1905). OLEOEESINA ASPIDII • jftr Aspidium, recently reduced to No. 60 powder 50 gm. Acetone q. s. Put the aspidium, into a cylindrical glass percolator, pro- vided with a stop-cock, and arranged with cover and receptacle suitable for volatile liquids. Press the drug firmly, and percolate slowly with acetone, added in successive portions, until the drug is exhausted. Recover the greater part of the acetone from the percolate by distillation on a water bath, and, having transferred the residue, to a dish, allow the remaining acetone to evaporate spontaneously. (The product is usually about 6 gm.) Keep the oleoresin in a well stoppered bottle. 0^..^. (X'<.ottii^ (/Zi^^n^^ ^^^1^-^ ^»-«^^^*:-*'-*— 7 * /' J^M^ iM^^ i^^^ i^i^fWT'U^ tt-et/v-f f'Mi 69 TROCHISCI (TROCHES) Troches, or Lozenges, are solid, discoid, or cylindrical masses, consisting chiefly of medicinal powders, sugar and mucilage. Very powerful or disagreeable remedies are not ad- ministered in this way. They are prepared by making the ingredients into a mass which is rolled into a thiu sheet, and cut into proper shape with a lozenge cutter. The U. S. P. 1905 recognizes nine formulae for troches. TEOCHISCI POTASSII CHLORATIS {Ef Potassium Chlorate, in fine powder 1.5 gm. Sugar, in fine powder 6. gm. Tragacanth, in fine powder .3 gm. Water q. s. to make ten troches 10. Mix the sugar with the tragacanth by trituration, in a mortar; then transfer the mixture to a sheet of paper and by means of a bone spatula mix with it the potassium chlorate, be- ing careful, by avoiding trituration or pressure, to prevent the mixture from igniting or exploding. Lastly, with water, form a mass, to be divided into ten troches. EXERCISE XXII UNGUENTA. (OINTMENTS) Ointments are fatty preparations, softer than cerates, in- tended to be applied to the skin by inunction. The medicating ingredients are combined with a basis of lard, petrolatum or similar substance. There are 24 official ointments (U. S. P. 1905). ADEPS BENZOINATUS. BENZOINATBD LAKD P( Benzoin 4. gm. Lard 200. gm. Melt the lard over a water bath. Tie the benzoin in a piece "i^jUtr^ e,^<(P^ 70 of coarse muslin, suspend it in the melted lard, stirring fre- quently. Cover the vessel and continue the heat for an hour, not allowing the temperature to rise above 60° C. Remove the benzoin and stir the lard until it becomes cold. unguentum hydrae6yei biniodidi et canthaeidis (unofficial) 1^ Biniodide of Mercury ' 10. gm. Powdered Cantharides 10. gm. Benzoinated Lard 50. gm. Triturate the biniodide of mercury in a mortar until all small lumps are reduced to a fine powder, add the powdered cantharides, a little at a time, and mix the two substances thor- oughly. Finally add the benzoinated lard gradually and rub in the mortar until completely mixed. UNGUENTUM SULPHURIS ALKALINUM (N. F.) Washed Sulphur 10. gm, Potassium Carbonate 5. gm. Water . 2.5 ce. Benzoinated Lard 32.5 gm. Rub the washed sulphur with the potassium carbonate and the water, gradually add the benzoinated lard, until they are thoroughly mixed. UNGUENTUM ZINCI OXIDI Jl Zinc Oxide, in very fine powder, 5. gm. Benzoinated Lard 20. gm. Rub the zinc oxide, which must be free from gritty particles, with an equal weight of the melted benzoinated lard, and with this incorporate the remainder o'f the benzoinated lard, previously melted; if necessary strain the ointment while warm, and stir thoroughly until it congeals. 71. CERATA. (CERATES) Cerates are unctuous substances of such consistence that they may be easily spread, at ordinary temperatures, upon mus- lin or similar material with a spatula, and yet not so soft as to liquefy and run when applied to the skin. They are called cerates because of the presence of wax {Cera). There are six official cerates (U. S. P. 1905). CEEATUM CAMPHOR.*; ft Camphor Liniment 2. gm. White Wax 7. gm. White Petrolatum 3. gm. Benzoinated Lard 8. gm. Melt the white wax, add the white petrolatum, then the benzoinated lard, and continue the heat until the mixture is liquefied. While the mixture is cooling, add the camphor lini- ment, and incorporate thoroughly by stirring until it congeals. EXERCISE XXIII EMPLASTRA. (PLASTERS) piasters are substances intended for external application, of such consistence that they adhere to the skin, and require the aid of heat in spreading them. There are seven official plasters (U. S. p. 1905). EMPLASTBUM PICIS BURGUNDIC^ (UNOFFICIAL) JSr Burgundy Pitch 40. gm. Olive Oil 2.5 gm. Yellow Wax 7.5 gm. Melt together the burgundy pitch and yellow wax, then in- corporate the olive oil, and stir constantly, until the mass thick- ens on cooling. 72 CHARTAE. (PAPERS) Papers are preparations intended principally for external application, made either by saturating paper with medicinal sub- stances, or by applying the latter to the surface of the paper by the addition of some adhesive liquid. Only one paper is official, (U. S. P. 1905) ; Mustard paper. CHAETA POTASSn NITKATIS (UNOFFICIAL) Pi Potassium Nitrate 1 gm. Distilled Water 4 ee. Dissolve the potassium nitrate in the water. Soak strips of unsized white paper in the solution and then dry them. The paper should be kept in well closed bottles. This preparation is used in asthma by burning the paper and inhaling the fumes. SUPPOSITORIA. (SUPPOSITORIES) Suppositories are solid bodies intended to be introduced into the rectum, urethra or vagina to produce medicinal action. Their consistence should be such that, whilst they will retain their shape at ordinary temperatures, they will readily melt or soften at the temperature of the body. The only official suppositories are those made with glycerin. (U. S. P. 1905). SUPPOSITORIA 6LTCERINI Hr Glycerin 30. gm. Monohydrated Sodium Carbonate .5 gm. Stearic Acid 2. gm. Water 5. cc. To make 10 rectal suppositories. Dissolve the sodium carbonate in the water and add it to the glycyerin in a dish on a water bath ; then add the stearic acid, and heat carefully until this is dissolved, and the escape of car- bonic acid gas has ceased. Then pour the melted mass into suit- able moulds, remove the suppositories when they are cold, and preserve them in tightly stoppered glass vessels. 73 EXERCISE XXIV MISCELLANEOUS UNOFFICIAL PREPARATIONS CHLORAL with CAMPHOR Pr Camphor 5. gm. Chloral 5. gm. Triturate thoroughly in a warm mortar. Filter if necessary. Preserve in a well stoppered bottle. BORATED COTTON ^ Boric Acid ■ 1. gm. Water 6. cc. Absorbent Cotton q. s. Dissolve the boric acid in the water at a temperature of 60° C. Saturate the cotton with the solution. Press it and dry it. SALICYLATED COTTON 5^ Absorbent Cotton 5. gm. \ / Salicylic Acid 0.5 gm. ' Alcohol 5. cc. Dissolve the salicylic acid in the alcohol and saturate the cotton with the liquid. Press out the superfluous liquid and dry. Vk STYPTIC COTTON Solution of Ferric Chloride 5 cc. Grlycerin 1 cc. Water 4 cc. Absorbent Cotton q. s. Mix the liquids and add enough cotton so that it shall be completely immersed when pressed slightly. Let the cotton re- main in the liquid for one hour, then remove and press it until it (?- ^ 74 has been brought to twice its original weight. Spread in thin layers, in a warm place, protected from the dust and light and when dry transfer to well-closed receptacles. CAUTERIZING PENCILS OP COPPER SULPHATE J{f Copper Sulphate 8 gm. Sodium Borate 2 gm. Triturate together in a warm mortar ; the mass becomes soft from the liberation of water of crystallization and it may be readily rolled into sticks. If it becomes too dry a little water may be added. ifc LIQUID SOAP Potassium Hydroxide 4. gm. Sodium Hydroxide 4. gm. Cotton Seed Oil 50. cc. Alcohol 25. cc. Distilled Water q. s. to make 250. cc. u Dissolve the alkalies in 150 cc. of water, add the alcohol,' then the oil in three or four portions, shaking vigorously after each addition. Shake occasionally, until saponified, then add the re- maining portion of water. By the addition of antiseptics it serves as a useful antiseptic soap, or perfumes may be substituted if desired for the toilet. EXERCISE XXV ECZEMA OINTMENT Zinc Oxide 12. gm. Sulphur 7. gm. Corn Starch 22. gm. Oil of Tar 15. gm. Menthol 0.5 gm. Salicylic Acid 1. gm. Lard 43. gm. {jJUyJjJ^ ^Z^rt>^ ^"Cc^ '<2H<~^i;'«'^55ztA 75 Triturate thoroughly the menthol with the salicyUc acid, then add, in turn, the sulphur, zinc oxide and corn starch. Add the oil of tar and after all have been thoroughly triturated to- gether, add the lard in small portions. Triturate until a homo- geneous paste is formed. CAMPHO-PHENIQUE JJf Gum Camphor 12 gm. Phenol Crystals 3 gm. Reduce the camphor to small pieces; melt the phenol and then mix together in a clean dry bottle ; the camphor will dissolve in a short time. 1^ WHITE LINIMENT Castile Soap, Powdered 4 gm. Cotton Seed Oil 24 cc. Aqua Ammonia 24 cc. Turpentine 8 cc. Camphor Gum 2 gm. Mix the soap with the cotton seed oil in a perfectly dry bottle; add the aqua ammonia in divided portions, shaking after each addition ; then gradually add the turpentine and lastly the camphor gum. ARTIFICIAL CARLSBAD SALT (n. F.) In a dry amorphous form. Jl Potassium Sulphate 2 gm. Sodium Chloride 18 gm. Sodium Bicarbonate 36 gm. Sodium Sulphate, dried 44 gm. Triturate the ingredients, previously well dried, to a fine, uniform powder. ^T^''^'*^ 't'UL4M^ t//^tuJ6i l^iX, -^UA^JLe^U^^^LJO.^ ijdkik (pfMMu^ ^.^.^H-^XZZT" 76 ANALGESIC LINIMENT Jfc Oil of Wintergreen 7 ce. . Tincture of Capsicum 7 cc. Menthol 2 gm. Alcohol q. s. 60 ec. Dissolve the menthol in the alcohol and then add the other ingredients. P^ Boil the sulphur in the linseed oil until it is dissolved and add the oil of amber. Lastly add the turpentine in suflScient quantity to reduce the mass to the consistence of thin molasses. This preparation may also be used internally as a laxative and alterative. The dosage for man or dog is from 15 to 25 drops. LINIMENT Precipitated Sulphur 8 gm. Oil of Amber 6 cc. Linseed Oil 50 ee. Oil of Turpentine q. s. OINTMENT Precipitated Sulphur 8 gm. Acetanilid, Powdered 2 gm. Balsam Peru 8 .gm. Vaseline 30 gm. it Mix thoroughly until the mass is of the proper consistence for an ointment. /Pj^jl^uoaA^ h^t^^O^ ^r^txvL-^O ^tpcJMf^ FORMULARY The prescriptions in this list have been selected with consid- erable care. Examples of the various forms of the prescriptions may be compounded, so that the student may become not only experienced but skilled in this useful work. The prescriptions are intended for the larger animals except in those cases which are specifically mentioned otherwise. ALTERATIVE JSr Magnesii Sulph. gvi Sulphuris Subl. Sodii Bicarb. aa gii M. Div. in pulv. vi. Sig: One powder twice daily in the feed. — Hoare. CATARRHAL DISORDERS it Quininae Sulph. ,^i Ammonii Chloridi giii Pulv. Camphorae gi Pulv. Potass. Nitr. giii M. Ft. pulv. No. XII. Sig : One powder every three hours. — Quitman. COLIC, SPASMODIC iSr Chloral Hydr. gi Mucilaginis giv Aquae ad Oi M. Ft. haust. Sig: Give at once. Repeat in two hours if necessary. With the addition of four grains of morphine, the prescrip- tion is also recommended for enteritis, peritonitis, etc. — Hoare. 78 COLIC Jh Fldext. Cannabis In^. Fldext. Hyoscyami aa gss Tr. Zingiberis Siss Spt. Ammon. Arom. .li Aeidi Salieyliei 3ii M. Sig: Give in one dose in one pint of water ; repeat in an hour if necessary. — Quitman. COLIC B' Tr. Opii Spt. Menthae Piperitae Spt. Etheris Nitrosi Etheris aa 3i Sodii Bicarb. .Iss Spt. Prumenti 01. Lini aa giv M. Sig: Give in one dose. — Humley. COLIC, FLATULENT 9? Spt. Ammon. Arom. gi Etheris 3ss Fldext. Cannabis Indieae ,gss Aquae ad gviii M. Ft. haust. Sig: One dose each hour until improvement! COUGH, SIMPLE P? Pulv. Camphorae giii Pulv. Fol. Belladonnae giss ?;;. Potassii Chloratis giss Pulv. Anisi gii M. Div. in pulv. No. VI. Sig: Give one twice a day in the food. — Hoare. 79 COUGH, CHRONIC Pulv. Aconiti 3vi Aeidi Arsenosi 3SS Antim. Potass. Tartr. 3vi Pulv. Anisi .?ii M. Div. in pulv. No. VI. Sig : Give one every, night in the food. — Hoare. » COUGH, DOG Syr. Grlycyrrhizae giv Glycerini Siii Ammonii Chloridi 3iii Heroin gr ii 01. Menthae Piperitae M V M. Sig : Teaspoonf ul dose as required. — F. ^ DIAPHOEETIC . Spt. Btheris Nitrosi 3ii Tr. Arnicae 3ii-iii Fldext. Pilocarpi gi-ii M. Sig : Give one half at a dose in a pint of water. Repeat in two hours if necessary. Blanket patient well with woolen blankets. — Quitman. DIAEEHOEA Jl Tr. Opii Spt. Camphorse Ac. Sulphurici Arom. aa gvi M. Sig : One and a half ounces in one half pint of flour gruel every two hours. — Quitman. 80 DISTEMPER, CANINE Jfc Acetanilidi Salol Pulv. BelladonnEe aa gi Sodii Sulphitis 3ii Molasses q. s. M. Ft. pil. No. XII. Sig : One pill twice daily.— i^. 9? Spt. Chloroformi ,li Fldext. Digitalis Mxv Fldext. Belladonnas 3ss Tr. Aconiti (U. S. P. 1905) Si Elix. Aromatici q. s. ,?ii M. Sig : Teaspoonful in a little water thrice daily. — F. DROPSY Jfc Potass. Aeet. Tr. Digitalis aa .Ivi Aquae q. s. • .Ixxiv M. Sig : Two ounces every four hours. — Quitman. ENTERITIS 9> Fldext. Cannabis Indicse 3ss-i Glyeerini 3ii Aquae ad Oi M. Ft. haust. Sig: One dose. — Hoare. GALACTAGOGUE, COW {fc Potass. Nitratis Pulv. Anisi Pulv. Carui .!ii Pulv. Capsici • aa li Magnesii Sulph. .?ii M. Sig : Give in a quart of good ale at blood heat. 81 GASTRIC SEDATIVE, DOG ^ Bismuthi Subcarb. Sodii Bicarb. Magnesii Carb. aa 51 M. Div. in pulv. No. XII. Sig: Give from one to two pow- ders, placed on the back of the tongue, every three or four hours. — Hoare. LINIMENT, ABSORBENT lodi Si Potassii lodidi 3ii Glycerini Oi M. Ft. Linimentum. POLYURIA ^ lodi 3SS Ferri Sulph. 3i Pulv. Gentianae 3iv M. Give one such dose daily for a week. PURGATIVE DRENCH FOR CATTLI Jfc 01. Crotonis 3SS Calomel oi 01. Lini. Oii M. Ft. haust. Sig : One dose. — Hoare. PURGATIVE BALL {{f Aloes 3vi Calomel Belladonnse Pulv. Zingiberis Pulv. aa 31 Molasses q. s. M. Ft. bolus. 82 PURPURA HEMORRHAGICA 9f Potassii Bichromatis giiss Tr. Ferri Chloridi Siv Aquae q. s. Oi M. Sig: Give one ounce in six ounces of water every four hours, (less often as improvement is shown) . — Quitman. Br M. Ft. pulv. No. XII. Sig: One powder every four hours. -Quitman. RHEUMATISM Quin. Sulph. giss Pulv. Belladon. Fol. 3ii Sodii Salicylatis 3ivss Pulv. Cimicifugae givss RICKETS — DOG ^ 01. Phosphorati Mxv-xxx 01. Morrhuae q. s. iiv • M. Sig : Teaspoonful three or four times a day. — Quitman. it Ferri Phosphatis gi Calcii Phos. Precip. gii Pulv. Nueis Vom. grvi Pulv. Gentianae gi M. Ft. capsulae No. XL VIII. Sig: Two capsules thrice daily. — Quitman. SEDATIVE — DOG P? Chloral Hydr. Potass. Bromidi aa gi Bxcipient q. s. M. Ft. pil. No. XII. Sig : Give one to three pills every four hours as required. — Hoare. 83 9( Potassii Bromidi Sodii Bromidi aa 31 Ammonii Bromidi gss Excipieut q. s. M. Ft. pil. No. XII. Sig : Give from two to three pills three times a day. — Hoare. SORE THROAT {I Tr. Ferri Chloridi 3ss * Potassii Chloratis Si G-lyeerini Sii Aquae q. s. Oi M. *Sig : One ounce every two or three hours as a gargle. — Quitman. TONIC JJr Cupri Sulphatis 3vi Ferri Garb. Saceh. » Pulv. Fcenug. Pulv. Gentianae aa |iss Sodii Chloridi giii M. Div. in pulv. No. XII. Sig : One daily with food. J{f Ferri Sulph. Exsic. 3vi Sodii Bicarb. gii Pulv. Nucis Vom. 3iii Pulv. Gentianae |iss Pulv. Anisi .lii M. Div. in pulv. No. VI. Sig: Give one twice daily in feed. — Hoare. ft Ferri Sulphatis Pulv. Belladonna aa |iii Pulv. Aloes Siss Pulv. Digitalis Si Acidi Arsenosi 3iii M. Ft. pulv. No. XXX. Sig:( 3ne powder daily in feed. — F. 84 TYMPANITES — CATTLE ' {{r Spt. Ammon. Arom. |ii Tr. Capsici gii Tr. Zingiberis ^i Aquae ad . Oiv M. Ft. haust. Sig: Repeat in half an hoiir if there is no relief. VOMITING — DOG Jt Chloretone jss Ft. Capsulae VI. Give one or two every three or four hours until relief is obtained. pf Ac. Carboliei Miii Bismuthi Subnitr. 3! Tr. Opii Camph. gss Glycerini gss Aquae Cinnamomi q. s. |iss M. Sig: Teaspoonful every two or three hours. — Quitman. WORMS — DOG 9^ Fldext. Spigeliae Fldext. Sennae aa |i Santonini gr viii M. Sig: Teaspoonful dose as required. TAPE OK BOUND WORMS 9 01. Chenopodii iiss Thymol ■ gi Etheris giiss Chloroformi gi 01. Ricini ad ,?iv M. Sig : Give from one half to two drams in an equal amount of castor oil. — Hoare. 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