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1 NEW SERIES. 
 110 N.W. OLD SERIES. 
 
 MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 THE 
 
 GEOLOGY 
 
 OF THE COUNTRY BETWEEN 
 
 NORHAM AND TWEEDMOUTH 
 
 IN NORTHUMBERLAND. 
 
 (EXPLANATION OF QUARTER-SHEET HO N.W., 
 NEW SERIES, SHEET 1.) 
 
 BY 
 
 W. GUNN, F.G.S. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE LORDS COMMISSIONERS OP HER MAJESTY'S TBBASUBY. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PRINTED FOE HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, 
 
 BY EYRE AND SPOTTISWOODE, 
 
 PRINTERS TO THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY. 
 
 And to be purchased, either directly or through any Bookseller, irom 
 
 EYRE and SPOTTISWOODE, East Harding Street, Fleet Street, E.C. ; or 
 
 JOHN MENZIES & Co., 12, Hanoveb Street, Edinburgh, and 
 
 90, West Nile Street, Glasgow; or 
 
 HODGES, FIGGIS, & Co., Limited, 104, Geapton Stbeet, Dublin. 
 
 1897. 
 Price Sixpence. 
 
f| Cornell University 
 S Library 
 
 The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924057829784 
 
1 NEW SERIES. 
 110 N.W. OLD SERIES. 
 
 MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGIC!! SURYEY. 
 
 ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 THE 
 
 GEOLOGY 
 
 OF THE COUNTRY BETWEEN 
 
 NOBHAM'AND TWEEDMOUTH 
 
 IN NORTHUMBERLAND. 
 
 (EXPLANATION OF QUARTER-SHEET 110 N.W., 
 NEW SERIES, SHEET 1.) 
 
 BY 
 
 W. GUNN, F.G.S. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY ORDER OP THE LORDS COMMISSIONERS OP HER MAJESTY'S TREASURY. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PRINTED FOB HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, 
 
 BY EYRE AND SPOTTISWOODE, 
 
 PRINTERS TO THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY. 
 
 And to be purchased, either directly or through any Bookseller, from 
 
 EYRE and SPOTTISWOODE, East Harding Street, Fleet Street, E.C. ; or 
 
 JOHN MENZIES & Co., 12, Hanoveb Street, Edinburgh, and 
 
 90, West Nile Street, Glasgow; or 
 
 HODGES, FIGGIS, & Co., Limited, 104, Gbapton Stbeet, Dublin. 
 
 1897. 
 Price Sixpence. 
 
 w 
 
OB 
 
 A< |\^G>t 
 
%l 
 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 The area described in the following pages occupies a small 
 triangular space of about 23 square miles, on the northern border 
 of Northumberland, between Norhain and Tweedmouth, which is 
 contained in Sheet 110 of the Geological Survey Map of England 
 and Wales. It was surveyed in the year 1880 by Mr. W. Gunn, 
 under the supervision of Mr. H. H. Howell, at that time District 
 Surveyor in the Geological Survey of England and Wales. The 
 Map was published in 1884, and the present Explanation was 
 written at that time, but from various causes its publication has 
 been kept back until now. 
 
 The geology of the area is extremely simple, the rocks con- 
 sisting entirely of stratified formations, belonging to the Carboni- 
 ferous Limestone Series, and chiefly to that portion of this series 
 which is represented by the Scar Limestone of Yorkshire. The 
 Cement Stones, Fell Sandstones, Scremerston Con Is, and Marine 
 Limestones follow each other in regular succession, having a south- 
 easterly dip, and striking north-eastward nearly parallel with the 
 general course of the River Twaed. The Six-inch Maps of North- 
 umberland, representing the area described in this Explanation, 
 are Nos. 3, 5, 6, and small parts of Nos. 4 and 7. MS. copies of 
 these maps are deposited in this Office for reference. 
 
 ARCH. GEIKIE, 
 Geological Survey Office, Director-General. 
 
 28, Jermyn Street, 
 London, S.W. 
 6th April 1897. 
 
 e 96137. 500.— 5/97. Wt. 24321. A 2 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 , Page 
 
 Preface, by the Director- Genbeal - - - - - iii 
 
 Chapter I. Introduction. Physical Features, Geological Descrip- 
 tion. Table of Formations .... - 1 
 
 Chapter II. Carboniferous. Cement-stone Group, or Tuedian - 3 
 
 Chapter III. Carboniferous — (continued). Fell Sandstone Group 
 
 (Longridge Sandstone) .... 5 
 
 Chapter IV. Cabbonieebous — (continued). Soremerston Coal 
 
 Group, or Carbonaceous Division ... - 6 
 
 Chapter V. Carboniferous — (continued). Limestone Group, or 
 Calcareous Division ... -12 
 
 Chapter VI. Faults - - - - - - 14 
 
 Chapter VII. Glacial and Post-Glacial Deposits - - 15 
 
 Appendix I. List oe Fossils - - - 17 
 
 Appendix II. List oe Chief Publications on the Geology oe the 
 
 District ...... - 18 
 
 Index ... 19 
 
 ILLUSTRATION. 
 False-bedding west of Ord Burn, banks of Tweed 
 
THE GEOLOGY OF 
 
 THE COUNTRY BETWEEN 
 
 NORHAM AND TWEEDMOUTH IN 
 NORTHUMBERLAND. 
 
 CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Physical Features. 
 
 The area to be described in this memoir is a small portion o£ 
 the northern part of Northumberland bordering the southern 
 bank of the River Tweed from Tweedmouth to beyond Norham 
 Part of it drains into the Tweed by small burns such as 
 those of Newbiggin, Norham Mill, and Velvet Hnll, while 
 the south-eastern part is drained direct into the North Sea by 
 Allerdean Burn and its tributaries, such as Coal Burn. The 
 watershed runs northward from New Winning to Thornton Bog 
 and Longridge, and then turns eastward to Billylaw. The ground 
 is low and undulating, the highest point being near Billylaw, 
 357 feet above the sea, to the westward of which is the only area 
 of any size upwards of 300 feet in elevation. There are small 
 tracts at Shoreswood Hall and west of Shoreswood just over 
 300 feet. 
 
 More than half the length of the Tweed in the area is tidal, 
 ordinary spring-tides ascending to the island above HornclifEe ; 
 but as the banks of the river are high, very little of the ground 
 is below the 100-foot contour-line, except the alluvial terraces 
 and great part of the strip of ground north of the railway and 
 east of Loan End. 
 
 Geological Description. 
 
 The rocks comprised in this area are entirely sedimentary and, 
 with the exception of the Superficial Deposits, they belong wholly 
 to the Carboniferous Limestone Series. These have a generally 
 steady dip to the south-eastward, so that we find the highest beds 
 in that region and the lowest along the Tweed. Roughly, we 
 may describe the ground as made up of four strips parallel to one 
 another : the highest having fairly thick beds of limestone ; the 
 next being characterised by many coal-seams ; the third being 
 made up almost entirely of thick sandstones; and the fourth 
 consisting of alternations of sandstones and shales with thin, 
 impure, pale-coloured limestones or cement-stones. These four 
 sets ef beds strike in succession across the country from south- 
 west to north-east, but none of them as a rule form prominent 
 features by which they can be traced, save to some extent the 
 thick sandstones between East Ord and Longridge. All the 
 
FORMATIONS. 
 
 more prominent features — those of hill and valley— run nearly- 
 east and west, or from east-south-east to west-north-west, so 
 that the coal-crops can only be traced by means of the old 
 workings, and the limestone-beds by the sections in old quarries 
 and in a few streams ; for in this low ground no shake-holes or 
 swallow-holes have been formed in the limestone. Over the 
 greater part of the area the Carboniferous rocks are masked by 
 Boulder Clay. 
 
 Post-Glacial 
 Glacial 
 
 Carboniferous 
 
 Limestone 
 
 Series. 
 
 Table of Formations. 
 Alluvium and River Terraces. 
 Peat Bogs and Old Lake Deposits. 
 Sand and Gravel. 
 Boulder Clay. 
 
 Limestone Group or Calcareous Division. 
 Scremerston Coal Group or Carbonaceous 
 <{ Division. 
 I Fell Sandstone Group. 
 (^Cement Stone Group or Tuedian. 
 
TUEDIAN. 
 
 CHAPTER II. CAEBONIFEEOUS. 
 
 Cement-stone Group, or Tubman. 
 
 These beds are well exposed in various places along the banks 
 of the Tweed and are also to be seen in Horncliffe Dean and 
 Newbiggin Dean. They consist of reddish and white sandstones 
 alternating with thick masses of reddish, green, grey, chocolate, 
 and dark shales containing thin bands of impure limestones or 
 cement-stones. By the fossils they contain they are considered 
 to be mainly of freshwater origin, but they include in places bands 
 of marine limestone. About 1,200 feet of these beds are exposed 
 in this area without getting nearly to the bottom of the series, 
 lower beds being seen further up the Tweed. 
 
 The beds seen along the Tweed in the south-western part of 
 the district dip N.E. and consist of shales, sandstones and cement- 
 stones with a 15-inch band of yellow magnesian (?) limestone. At 
 Groatheugh Quarry near by, thick-bedded greyish sandstone has 
 been quarried. Before reaching the Lover's Walk the beds have 
 a south-easterly dip. About West Newbiggin the beds have no 
 regular dip. Close to the foot of the dean there is a whitish 
 sandstone which has many lenticular coal-patches in it, and there 
 is reddish shale below. A little way up the dean on the south 
 side, there is a fine section in shale with many cement-bands, and 
 this overlies the above-mentioned sandstone. Northward along 
 the river-side towards Norham, there are 70 to 80 feet of shales 
 and sandstone, with cement-beds, capped by a sandstone. This 
 dips northward at 12° into a synclinal which may be broken by a 
 fault, but the section was obscure. 
 
 The beds rising to the north consist as follows : — 
 
 Grey and reddish, or dark, clayey shale with cement-stones. 
 Thick irregular white sandstones. 
 
 These last can be followed to the boat-house where shale is 
 seen below. 
 
 There is a quarry at Galagate by the road-side east of the 
 village, in reddish and whitish soft irregular micaceous sandstone, 
 dipping S.E. 8°, and capped by grey and yellow clayey marl. 
 Up the Mill Burn alternations of these beds are seen dipping 
 steadily to S. or S.E., at angles of 10° to 12°, and there is a fine 
 section by the river-side northward from Norham Castle where 
 the beds dip S.S.E. at 10°. We see here the following strata : — 
 
 Shales beautifully banded with many cement-stones, 15 to 20 feet. 
 
 Thick reddish sandstones, 30 to 35 feet. 
 
 Shales, grey reddish and chocolate, banded with cement-beds and 
 
 thin sandstone, and an irregular bed which thickens northward ; 
 
 about 50 feet. 
 
 It is possible that these rocks are the same as those seen at the 
 foot of Newbiggin Dean. South of the Bed Bock (a cliff of red 
 sandstone with shale and sandstone above), there may be a fault, 
 
4 
 
 CARBONIFEROUS. 
 
 but the masses of sandstone are so changeable in character and 
 thickness that it is not safe to put in a fault unless one is actually 
 seen. North of the Red Rock the dip increases to 20° or 25°, and 
 beyond the little stream which enters here, there is a very 
 interesting section. Below thick soft sandstone weathering into 
 rounded forms, and which is reddish and false-bedded, we find the 
 following series : — 
 
 Variegated, 
 
 red, grey, 
 
 and purple 
 
 rocks. 
 
 breccia with 
 
 In. In. 
 
 0tol2 
 
 6 to 15 
 
 Oto 4 
 2 to 3 
 Oto 12 
 
 " Concretionary-looking 
 plant-stems 
 Wedge-bedded shale and sandstone, 
 
 some layers brecciated 
 Calcareous breccia containing fish- 
 teeth and calcified rootlets 
 Eeddish brecciated shale - - - - 
 
 Yellowish limestone in bands, with Corals 
 
 In Horncliffe Dean many alternations of rock are seen dipping 
 steadily S.S.E. to S.E. at angles of 8° to 10°, but in one place at 
 an angle as high as 20°. Above the mill there is a whitish 
 sandstone, irregular helow, and reddish in places, having a greenish 
 breccia at the base, and 1 to 2 feet of ferruginous mud-stone 
 below. West of Horncliffe the beds dip from S. to S.S.K. at 15° 
 to 20°, and there is a L>ood section in the quarry, with shales and 
 cement-stones above white sandstone passing down into red 
 sandstone. The beds are also well seen from Horncliffe House to 
 the Chain Bridge (Union Bridge on map). Thick-bedded sand 
 stones with some laminated sandstones alternate with red and 
 grey shales, banded with cement-beds. Near the Chain Bridge 
 there is a synclinal, the beds dipping N.N.W. and then S.S.E., 
 and, according to Winch, a small fault was formerly visible here 
 having a throw of 6 feet. We agaiD get good sections between 
 West Ord and Upper Yarrow Shiel where the dip is about 
 , 15° steadily to the S.S.E., in grey, green, and chocolate shales with 
 cement-stones, alternating with red and white sandstones. These 
 last are very irregular in places, as below the old Camp near the 
 mouth of the Whitadder and west of Ord Burn. (See Fig.) 
 
 Shales. 
 Sandstone, 
 Sandy shale. 
 
 False-bedding west of Ord Burn, banks of the Tweed. 
 
FELL SANDSTONE. 5 
 
 CHAPTER III. CARBONIFEROUS— (continued). 
 
 Fell Sandstone Group, or Longridge Sandstone. 
 
 These beds were included by George Tate in his Tuedian 
 Series, but they may conveniently be described by themselves as 
 they generally form a marked feature between the coals above 
 and the cement-stone series below. The base of the series has 
 not been drawn on the map, but roughly it may be taken to 
 coincide with the road running from the north-west end of 
 Tweedmouth, past Velvet Hall and Salutation Hall, and thence 
 striking across country to Grindon. This mass of sandstones is 
 estimated to be 600 feet thick or more, with very little shale. 
 Some purple and grey shales with cement-stone nodules were 
 noticed in the stream west of the village of East Ord, and 
 these should be in the middle of the mass. Generally the sand- 
 stones are massive and not very coarse, the prevailing tint being 
 light red, but white and brown sandstones are not rare. There 
 are several marked scars of sandstone between Murton and 
 Longridge, e.g., Murton Scar and Murton Dean. South of 
 Thornton Bog the sandstone is not so prominent, partly owing to 
 the covering of drift and partly to the softer nature of the stone. 
 West of Grievestead it is soft and rather coarse in places and has 
 been dug for sand. There are sections in the burn between 
 Grievestead and Salutation Hall where for some distance the 
 beds seem to dip westward, but there is a good deal of false- 
 bedding. At Salutation Hall there is a quarry in massive white 
 and brown stone, the beds being a good deal crushed at top. At 
 the west end of Shoreswood is a large quarry in massive reddish 
 and whitish stone with marked joints in two sets ranging S.W. 
 and N. 40° W., and there are also quarries near Newburn and 
 Thornton Cottage, and south of Thornton. 
 
 North of Murton and south-west of Gamesgreen Plantation a 
 thin coal is seen with an underclay. Northward from Gamesgreen 
 Plantation there is a large quarry in massive light-red sandstone 
 of which 30 feet is seen, with two sets of joints running W.N.W. 
 and N. 35° E. On the south side of East Ord we find another 
 large quarry, nearly 50, feet deep, in massive whitish sandstone ; 
 and at the junction of roads further east, near the Manse, is a 
 third large quarry showing the following section : — 
 
 Ft. Ft. 
 
 Sandstone mostly thick-bedded, broken above, with 
 some thin beds below - » - - - 8 to 10 
 
 Reddish clayey shale, passing up into a kind of fire- 
 clay - - - ■ 7 to 8 
 
 Sandstone white and grey, also yellowish and pinkish, 
 thick-bedded, upper 6 to 7 feet fine and white, but 
 coarser towards the bottom - - - - 30 
 
 Dip S.S.E. 10°-15°. 
 
 The thick sandstones of this group have generally been called 
 Fell Sandstones in the country to the south, and along the Scottish 
 Borders. 
 
Ft. In, 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 135 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 78 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 310 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 CARBONIFEROUS. 
 
 OHAPTEE IV. CARBONIFEROUS— (continued). 
 
 SCREMERSTON COAL GROUP, OR CARBONACEOUS DIVISION* 
 
 This series is about 900 feet thick, and consists of alternations 
 of sandstones and shales with thin limestones, and many coals and 
 lire-clays. It ranges from the Dun Limestone down to the Wester 
 Coal, the lowest of the series that has been worked. We are not 
 able to give details of the whole of these beds from actual sinkings 
 within the area, as though nearly all the beds have been proved, 
 many of the workings are very old, and sections could not be 
 obtained. In the sinking at Jack Tar Pit, Scremerston, in the 
 district to the east,, the section below the Dun Limestone may be 
 summarised as follows : — 
 
 Dun Limestone - - 
 
 Goal ..... 
 
 Measures, mostly freestone .... 
 
 Roby's Coal - - 
 
 Measures - - 
 
 Caldside Coal, or Fawcett Seam (here unusually thin) 
 
 Measures, including 25 thin coals 
 
 Scremerston Main Coal - 
 
 The Fawcett Seam was once worked east of Unthank, where 
 there are several old shafts, and it must be here 50 fathoms or so 
 above the Scremerston Main Coal, which was worked at Unthank 
 Colliery at a depth of 48 fathoms. The usual thickness of the 
 Caldside or Fawcett Seam is from 2 feet to 2 feet 6 inches. The 
 Roby's Coal has not, so far as we know, been worked within this 
 area. Below the Scremerston Main Coal, five or six different 
 seams have been worked down to the Wester Coal. We give 
 below the section of Felkington Old Pit, sunk about the year 1859. 
 It is on Felkington North Moor, on the north side of a fault which 
 throws down in the same direction 84 feet. 
 
 Section of Felkington Old Pit. 
 
 Ft. In. Ft. In. 
 
 1. Soil and Clay 9 
 
 2. Freestone bands - 5 
 
 3. Red Sandstone - - - 36 
 
 4. Blue Metal 2 5 
 
 5. Goal 0, 9 
 
 6. Hard bastard limestone - - 2 6 
 
 7. Goal - - - - - - 1 
 
 8. Blue Metal - - - 2 10 
 
 9. Limestone - - - - - 2 7 
 
 10. Blue Metal - - - - 2 10 
 
 11. Top Goal 2 ft. 6 in. f Scbemebston Main Coal 1 
 
 12. Band Stone 2 in. i or }■ 3 6 
 
 13. Ground Goal 10 in. I Biackhill Seam. : J 
 
 68 5 
 
 * In the description of the Scremerston Coals I have to acknowledge my 
 indebtedness to Mr. R. Nesbitt, Manager of the Scremerston Coal Company, and to 
 Mr. G. Bailes, former Manager. 
 
SOKEMEESTON COAL. 
 
 
 
 Ft. In 
 
 14. Soft blue Metal 
 
 2 
 
 15. Limestone - - - - 
 
 3 
 
 16. Strong grey tills 
 
 2 O 
 
 17. Freestone - - .... 
 
 1 8 
 
 IS. Metal ... ... 
 
 2 
 
 19. Coal - - - 9 in. f HabdtI 
 
 20. Band. Blue Metal - - 9 in. 1 or | 
 
 
 
 21. Coal - - - 1ft. 2in.<( Stony J> 4 7 
 
 22. Band. Limestone - - 1 ft. 2 in. j Coal j 
 
 
 23. Coal - - - 9 in. L Seam. J 
 
 
 24. Strong tills mixed with freestone 
 
 1 2 
 
 25. Grey tills .... . 
 
 1 
 
 26. Coal - ... 
 
 1 4 
 
 27. Tills - 
 
 2 
 
 28. Freestone bands - 
 
 4 
 
 29. Limestone - - - - - 
 
 1 6 
 
 30. Coal .... 
 
 4 
 
 31. Tills 
 
 2 6 
 
 32. Blue Metal 
 
 17 
 
 33. Freestone bands - - - 
 
 6 3 
 
 34. Blue Metal .... . 
 
 10 
 
 35. Coal - ... 
 
 3 
 
 36. Freestone bands - - 
 
 1 
 
 37. Top Coal - - 1 ft. 2 in." 
 
 
 
 38. Chalk stone - 1 in. 
 
 
 
 39. Splmt Coal - - 1 ft. 1 in. 
 
 40. Bough Coal - - 7 in. 
 
 Main Coal^ 
 
 
 41. Band. Grey Metal - 1 ft. 8 in. 
 
 42. Parrot Coal - 8 in. 
 
 » ^ or 
 
 BULMAN 
 
 Seam, j 
 
 .6 7 
 
 43. Grotmd Goal, Parrot - 11 in. 
 
 
 44. Chalk stone - - 1 in. 
 
 
 
 45. Smith/i/ Coal - - -4 in._ 
 
 
 
 46. Strong grey tills - - - - 
 
 7 
 
 47. Soft light-blue Metal 
 
 9 
 
 48. Freestone bands - - ... 
 
 6 
 
 49. Metal 
 
 3 
 
 50. Limestone - - .... 
 
 1 1 
 
 51. Black Metal ... . 
 
 10 
 
 52. Limestone ... 
 
 3 
 
 53. Coal ... 
 
 11 
 
 54. Limestone - - - 
 
 11 
 
 55. . Coal, - - - t 
 
 7 
 
 56. Strong tills ..... 
 
 4 6 
 
 57. Soft blue Metal - - - 
 
 1 11 
 
 58. Tills 
 
 2 6 
 
 59. Strong grey tills - - - - 
 
 18 
 
 60. Freestone bands - 
 
 38 
 
 61. Blue Metal 
 
 5 
 
 62. Grey freestone - - 
 
 8 
 
 63. Coal - - - 
 
 6 
 
 64. Hard red freestone. Ten Quarter Stone 
 
 18 
 
 65. Blue Metal ... 
 
 2 
 
 66. Grey freestone. Ten Quarter Stone 
 
 15 
 
 67. Blue Metal ..... 
 
 12 
 
 68. Limestone - - ■■ - - 
 
 2 
 
 69. Coal - ... 
 
 1 
 
 70. Metal 
 
 6 
 
 71. Grey tills ... 
 
 2 
 
 72. Coal - - 1 ft. 2 in. r Thbeb 1 
 
 
 73. Band stone - - 6 iaA Quarter [ 
 
 2 8 
 
 74. Coal - - 1 ft. in. [ 
 
 COAI. J 
 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 10 8 
 
 54 11 
 
 140 3 
 
CARBONIFEROUS. 
 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 75. Metal ...... 
 
 3 
 
 76. Goal ■ .... 
 
 3 
 
 77. Blue Metal 
 
 1 6 
 
 78. Freestone ..... 
 
 2 6 
 
 79. Blue Metal ... ... 
 
 2 
 
 80. Goal .... . - 
 
 3 
 
 81. Limestone - ... 
 
 1 2 
 
 82. Splint Coal - 1 ft. 3 in. f Cooper ] 
 
 
 83. Band stone - - 9 in. < Eye } 
 
 3 4 
 
 84. Ground Coal - - 1 ft. 4 in. 1 Seam. J 
 
 
 85. Soft blue Metal .... 
 
 3 
 
 86. Limestone - ... 
 
 1 6 
 
 87. Tills - - - ... 
 
 2 
 
 88. Hard bastard limestone - - 
 
 3 
 
 89. Blue tills .... 
 
 5 
 
 
 1 
 
 91. Blue tills ---- - . 
 
 1 6 
 
 92. Freestone - - .... 
 
 2 
 
 93. Blue tills - - - - 
 
 3 6 
 
 94. Freestone - .... 
 
 1 
 
 95. Goal - ' - 
 
 6 
 
 96. Metal ... 
 
 1 
 
 97. Grey freestone .... 
 
 2 9 
 
 98. Red freestone ... 
 
 2 9 
 
 99. Limestone - - .... 
 
 1 4 
 
 100. Metal ... ... 
 
 1 6 
 
 101. Limestone - - - - - 
 
 1 8 
 
 102. Freestone band - 
 
 2 
 
 103. Tills - .... 
 
 6 
 
 104. Limestone - .... 
 
 2 6 
 
 105. Metal .... . . 
 
 1 4 
 
 106. Limestone ..... 
 
 1 
 
 107. Metal ' 
 
 2 6 
 
 108. Goal - - 2 ft. 2 in-1 
 
 
 109. Limestone - - - I ft. 6 in. f Westee 1 
 
 
 110. Goal - - - 7 in. )> Coal [ 
 
 111. Blue Metal band - 3 ft. in. j Seam. J 
 
 8 1 
 
 
 112. Goal - - - lOin.J 
 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 14 Q 
 
 Total 
 
 58 '5 
 346 8 
 
 Tills and Metal are names for varieties of stale, tills being the harder 
 kinds. Any parting in a coal-seam is called a band. MacJeer is a 
 carbonaceous shale. 
 
 The above section gives the only authentic account we can find 
 of the Wester Coal in this area, and of its distance below the 
 Cooper Eye Seaai. It is the lowest coal of the series tbat has 
 been worked, and so far as we can learn, the old workings in it 
 exist only on the Shoreswood Estate in this area. It seems to be 
 a poor coal, and the soft shale roof and numerous bands must 
 render it comparatively valueless. It will be seen that there 
 are numerous thin limestones between the Wester Coal and the 
 Cooper Eye Seam. 
 
 The Cooper Eye Coal has been extensively wrought all through 
 the district, and, in fact, is almost entirely exhausted between its 
 outcrop and a depth varying from 20 to 40 fathoms. It was 
 
SCHEME RSTON COAL. W 
 
 formerly much wrought at Shoreswood Colliery, south of Shores- 
 wood Hall, at a depth of 43 fathoms, where the section was as 
 follows : — 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 Limestone, roof of seam - - 1 
 
 Top Coal - - 1 ft. 4 in. 1 
 
 Grey stone band 9 in. ^ - - - - 3 3 J 
 
 Ground Goal - 1 ft. 2J in. J 
 
 This is very similar to the Felkington section given above. 
 
 The only place in the area where it was (in 1885) being worked, 
 was Billylaw Colliery, and there it had been reached at a depth 
 of 26 fathoms. There was the usual limestone roof, 1 foot 3 inches 
 in thickness, and the section of the coal was as follows : — 
 
 Ft. In. Ft. In. 
 
 Goal (splint) - - - - - 1 5") 
 
 Midstone - - - - - - 2 ^ 4 6 
 
 Ground coal - - - - - 1 1 J 
 
 At Murton Colliery the section of the Cooper Eye is said to 
 have been : — 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 Splint Coal 12 
 
 Metal - - - - - - - lj 
 
 Stone ... - - - 1 1 
 Ground Coal - - 1 OJ 
 
 The Three Quarter Coal comes from 10 to 15 feet above the 
 Cooper Eye, and therefore will have practically the same outcrop 
 on the map as that seam. It seems to have been little worked 
 in this area, being a poor seam or series of seams with several 
 bands. We give below the sections of this seam at Felkington, 
 Shoreswood, and Billylaw : — 
 
 Felkington ; 
 
 
 Shoreswood. 
 
 
 Billylaw 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ft. 
 
 In. 
 
 Ft. 
 
 In. 
 
 
 
 Ft. 
 
 In. 
 
 Limestone 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Limestone - 1 
 
 11 
 
 Limestone 
 
 - 1 
 
 1 
 
 Coal - 
 
 - 1 
 
 
 
 Coal - - 1 
 
 
 
 "Coal - 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 Metal 
 
 - 
 
 6 
 
 Soft grey stone 
 
 4 
 
 Maoker - 
 
 - 
 
 4 
 
 Grey tills 
 
 - 2 
 
 
 
 Coal - - 
 
 8 
 
 Coal - 
 
 - 
 
 7 
 
 r Coal - 
 
 - 1 
 
 2 
 
 Metal - - 
 
 5 S 
 
 Brassy band 
 
 - 
 
 I 
 
 i Band stone 
 
 - 
 
 6 
 
 Grey stone - 2 
 
 1 
 
 Coal - 
 
 - 
 
 L Coal - 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Goal - - 2 
 
 1 
 
 Limestone bands 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .Coal - 
 
 - 
 
 6 
 
 In the Felkington section the two lower coals are called the 
 Three Quarter, while in the Shoreswood section the name is 
 restricted to the seam at the bottom ; and at Billylaw the name is 
 applied to the whole series below the limestone. 
 
 Some distance above this seam comes occasionally a marked 
 freestone-band called the Ten Quarter Stone. This bed forms the 
 highest ground at Billylaw and has been quarried east of the 
 main road near South Ord ; but very often these freestones 
 are so soft that they can be dug for sand. A thin yellow lime- 
 stone may be seen on Bleak Ridge, north-west of the old pit 
 called New Winning. 
 
10 
 
 CARBONIFEROUS. 
 
 The Bulman or Cancer Coal is found to be usually from 20 to 
 
 25 fathoms above the Cooper Eye, but it must be more than 
 
 26 fathoms at Billylaw. 
 
 The sections of this seam at Shoreswood and Felkington Old 
 Pit are as follows : — 
 
 Shoreswood. 
 
 
 Felkmgton Old Pit. 
 
 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 '— Ft. In. 
 
 Top Coal 
 
 - 1 4 
 
 Top Coal - - 1 2 
 
 Ohalk Stone 
 
 - 1 
 
 Chalk Stone - - 1 
 
 Splint Coal 
 
 1 10 
 
 Splint Coal - - 1 1 
 EoughCoal - - 7 
 
 Grey stone band 
 
 1 4 
 
 Band, grey Metal - 1 8 
 
 Ground Coal 
 
 - 8 
 
 Parrot Coal - - 8 
 Ground Coal, Parrot 11 
 
 Chalk Stone - 
 
 - 1 
 
 Chalk Stone - - I 
 
 Smithy Coal 
 
 - 11 
 
 Smithy Coal - - 4 
 
 In a pit at Murton Colliery 18£ fathoms deep, which was 
 working in 1820, the section of the Bulman Main Coal was as 
 follows : — 
 
 Top Coal 
 Chalk Stone 
 Splint Coal 
 Hough Coal 
 Stono 
 
 Ground Coal 
 Chalk Stone 
 Smithy Coal 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 1 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 0i 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 1 4J 
 1* 
 9 
 
 The coal here is about 20 fathoms below the Scremefston Main 
 Coal. The Bulman Coal was sunk for in the last Engine Shaft 
 at Unthank, but was not in existence, according to Mr. Bailes 
 (formerly Manager of the Scremerston Collieries), who thinks the 
 workings in the Bulman further east were stopped owing to the 
 seam thinning out. 
 
 In 1885 the Bulman Coal was being worked in a new pit at 
 Felkmgton, just south of the limits of the area, at a depth of 19 
 fathoms. The Top Coal is usually left on for a roof. From 
 Shoreswood and Felkington southwards this coal is called the 
 MainCoal, while the Scremerston Main Coal is called the Blackhill 
 Seam. It seems to have been wrought nearly everywhere at the 
 outcrop, except perhaps near Billylaw, but never to so large an 
 extent as the Cooper Eye Seam. 
 
 The Hardy or Stony Coal is a poor seam occurring a few feet 
 below the Scremerston Main Coal. It appears to have been 
 little wrought in this district. Reference may be made to it in 
 the section of Felkington Old Pit. Where it has been wrought, 
 its outcrop, as shown on the map, will virtually be the same as that 
 of the coal above. The pits near the Folly, "West Allerdean, are 
 said to have worked a seam called the Diamond Seam, which 
 comes just below the Hardy Coal ; it appears to have been a poor 
 coal. 
 
SCREMERSTON COAL. 11 
 
 The Scremerston Main Coal or Blachhill Seam is usually found 
 to be 10 or 12 fathoms above the Bulman or Main Coal. The 
 section at Felkington is as follows: — 
 
 Felhmgton Old Pit. Felhmgton New Pit. 
 
 Ft. In. Ft. In. 
 
 Top Coal - - 2 6 Top Goal - - 2 
 
 Band stone - - - 2 Band stone - - - 2 
 
 Ground Coal - - 10 Ground Coal - - 8 
 
 This seam has beeD but little worked on Felkington Moor, and 
 it has not been proved at Shoreswood Colliery, where 22 fathoms 
 of beds were sunk through above the Bulman Seam without any 
 coal, more than 18 fathoms of this thickness being freestone. 
 Whether the coal exist to the south-east of the shaft, or has been 
 nipped out by the thickening of sandstone cannot be said; but 
 there is no thick sandstone above the Bulman in either of the 
 Felkington Pits, and the thick sandstones which do occur there 
 (6 fathoms in one and 9 fathoms in the other) come above the 
 Scremerston Main Coal. Much doubt exists as to the seam which 
 was worked at the pit by the road-side between West and East 
 Allerdean, but all accounts seem to agree that it was not the 
 Scremerston Main Coal, which thus appears to have been wrought 
 very little south of Allerdean. There is one pit where this coal was 
 reached at about 20 fathoms, nearly 200 yards south-east of the 
 Miller's Bridge. North of Allerdean the seam has been extensively 
 wrought, and Unthank Moor is quite riddled with shallow old 
 pits — the deepest of which at Unthank Colliery was 48 (or 40) 
 fathoms. The outcrop for a long way keeps near the main road, 
 and about 100 yards south of the Miller's Bridge, a coal with an 
 underclay is seen on the west side of the road. So far as we 
 know this is the only place where any of the coal-seams above 
 described can be seen to crop out, and the outcrops marked on the 
 map have had to be inferred from old plans and workings. 
 
 The coals are all more or less bituminous and the better sorts 
 make a fairly good household coal, which at one time had an 
 extensive land-sale on the borders. The coal was mainly drained 
 in old times by means of levels driven in from the nearest low 
 ground. There is a very old level traceable by means of old 
 shafts near Thornton, which was made to drain the rise pits on 
 the north side of Shoreswood, but the two most important of these 
 old levels drain into Allerdean Burn. The one north-east of 
 Thornton Mains drains all the old rise pits to beyond Felkington, 
 outside the southern limit of the map, and the level near Allerdean 
 Mill " unwatered " many of the old pits on Unthank Moor. 
 
 o 96137. 
 
Ft. 
 
 In, 
 
 - 100 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 - 50 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 "J220 
 
 
 
 - 90 
 
 
 
 - 85 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 - 100 
 
 
 
 5 ft. to 6 
 
 
 
 1 ft. to 1 
 
 6 
 
 12 CARBONIFEROUS. 
 
 CHAPTEK V. CARBONIFEROUS— {continued). 
 
 Limestone Group, or Calcareous Division. 
 
 This is a set of beds ranging upwards from the Dun Limestone, 
 in which occur limestones of considerable thickness. We will first 
 give an estimate of the general section of these beds in this area, 
 and afterwards mention the few places where they may be seen. 
 The sequence is as follows : — 
 
 Sandstone and shale 
 
 Oxford Limestone 
 
 Sandstone and stale with coal 
 
 Limestone (thin) 
 
 Greenses Coal - 
 
 Sandstone and shale 
 
 Muckle Howgate Coal .... 
 
 Sandstone and shale with, probably, thin limestone 
 
 Oil shale - - ... 
 
 Sandstone and Shale ... 
 
 Little Howgate Coal 
 
 Sandstone and shale 
 
 Woodend Limestone 
 
 Sandstone and shale 
 
 Dun Limestone 
 
 Coal 
 
 These thicknesses, except in the case of the limestones and the 
 coals, must be considered only as approximations, no good section 
 existing in this area. The Dun Limestone Coal has been proved 
 by the side of the burn south of East Allerdean, and the lime- 
 stone can be seen in the burn. A coal 18 inches thick is said to 
 have been proved near Allerdean Mill, which is probably this coal. 
 
 The Dun Limestone is generally of a brown colour, hence its 
 name, and it has been very little quarried in this area. Some 
 beds of sandy shale and thin sandstone that come between the 
 Dun and the Woodend Limestones, crop out at Allerdean Mill, 
 dipping S.E., 15° to 20°. 
 
 The Woodend Limestone was formerly quarried in Reekyrow 
 Plantation, near East Allerdean, and is said to have been 14 feet 
 thick. It may be seen in the wood east of Allerdean Mill, 
 where it is at least 7 feet thick and probably more, and again at 
 Slateford, where the road crosses the Howgate Burn. It is 
 generally a light-coloured limestone, often nearly white, rubbly 
 and shaly above with numerous fossils, principally small Corals. 
 There is an old quarry west of the Slateford Burn which is 
 probably in the Woodend Limestone, and another 250 yards 
 further west which may have been in the Dun Limestone. 
 
 Some of the sandstones and shales that come between the 
 Woodend and the Oxford Limestones may be seen in quarries, in 
 the banks of Allerdean, and in the burns further south. The 
 Little Howgate Coal has been worked near the head of the Coal 
 Burn to some extent. It was largely wrought near the east 
 
LIMESTONE GKOUP. 13 
 
 edge of the area more than a hundred years ago, the workings 
 being drained by means of a level driven from the Slateford Burn. 
 The seam is said to have been 3 feet thick and wrought for lime- 
 burning — dip from information, 1 in 5. 
 
 The bed of oil-shale seems a persistent one, for it can be 
 recognised in several widely distant places on or about the same 
 horizon. It may be seen in the burn S.E. of East Allerdean 
 where it is contorted, and beds near it are dipping at angles of 
 30° to 50° to S.S.E., probably due to a fault close by. It has 
 also been proved in a field east of the limestone-quarry in 
 Reekyrow Plantation.* It seems to be of good quality., but too 
 thin to be of use. Remains of Fishes, Plants, and Ostracoda 
 have been found in it. 
 
 The Muckle Howgate Coal appears not to have been worked in 
 this area. 
 
 The Oreenses Coal takes its name from Ancroft Greens or 
 " The Greenses," near which the coal has been worked, principally 
 for lime-burning. It seems also to have been wrought for the 
 same purpose at the lime-works near Ancroft North Farm in 
 shallow pits ; and it was sunk to and worked at the eastern edge 
 of the district near Longdyke, at a depth of 24 fathoms. It was 
 said to be here about 60 feet below the Oxford Limestone and 
 had a 2-foot limestone for roof, the coal being 2 ft. 6 in. thick. 
 
 The beds between the coal and the Oxford Limestone consist 
 mainly of freestone-bands, but about 8 feet below the limestone 
 occurs a thin coal of 10 inches, which may be seen in the stream 
 about 100 yards east of Greens Bridge, having shale above and 
 an underclay below. 
 
 The Oxford Limestone, from 18 to 20 feet thick, has probably 
 been more extensively quarried in north Northumberland than 
 any other limestone. Large and deep old quarries in this lime- 
 stone occur in many places, but as they are usually full of water, 
 like those near Ancroft North Farm, they afford no sections. 
 The limestone usually has a very thick bed of shale over it, 
 some 50 or 60 feet thick, and the lower 20 to 30 feet of this 
 may be seen over the limestone at the Greenses Quarry. The 
 limestone is blue, shelly and encrinital, but the lower posts are 
 unfit for lime-burning. It does not seem to occur in this area on 
 the south side of the large fault which ranges from Felkington 
 Old Pit to near Longdyke, except in one doubtful place east of 
 the Long Loaning Plantation. A coal 1 foot thick is visible 
 north of the east end of this plantation, and sandstones are seen 
 down the burn ; but these, and the sandstone dipping N.N.W. a 
 long way to the east, are probably below the limestone. The 
 shales that come above the limestone crop out near the Mill Pond 
 on the north side of the fault, and the limestone has been largely 
 quarried on the north side of the burn just outside the district 
 under consideration. 
 
 * The late Dr. Pax ton, of Notham, kindly pointed out the place to me. 
 e 96137. O 
 
14 FAULTS. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. FAULTS. 
 
 The Felkington fault is' the largest one proved within the area. 
 At the Felkington Old Colliery it had a throw of 84 feet down to 
 the north, but at New Winning the throw was only 42 feet. The 
 small faults on the south side of it have been proved in the 
 workings.* The throw of 18 feet north of Shbreswood is said to 
 have been proved in mining, and near Shoreswood Hall and the 
 Folly, a ", trouble " is described as occurring, but some accounts 
 make it' 1 doubtful whether there is an actual break or only a 
 thinning out or "nithering" of the coal.* There is however 
 disturbance in the burn south of East Allerdean, and the Oxford 
 Limestone appears to be shifted as if by a downthrow to the 
 north. 
 
 There is a large fault in Aller Dean which throws down to the 
 south-west, for the line of outcrop of the Oxford Limestone is 
 shifted about 500 yards just at the edge of the map. It seems to 
 die out westwards, however, and cannot be traced through the 
 coals, unless the small downthrow of 5 feet proved in the Cooper 
 Eye Workings north-west of the Miller's Bridge be a con- 
 tinuation of it. The fault near the edge of the area north-east of 
 Unthank has a downthrow on the north-east of 96 feet a little 
 way to the east^ and the workings in the Scremerston Main Coal, 
 at Unthank, were stopped by it; but it must be rapidly losing 
 its throw westward. Possibly it is connected with the fault 
 having a northerly downthrow of 6 feet near Murton Square. 
 
 * Some examples of this thinning of coal-seams are mentioned by Mr. Boyd in 
 his paper in' the North of Engl. Inst. Min. JEng., Vol. ix., p. 1&0. One occurs 
 in the Shoreswood -workings. 
 
GLACIAL DEPOSITS. 15 
 
 CHAPTER VII GLACIAL AND POST-GLACIAL 
 DEPOSITS. 
 
 Glacial Drift. 
 
 A large part of the areas occupied by the Limestone group 
 and the Scremerston Coal Series seems to be covered by Glacial 
 Clay which is not very thick, and is very difficult to map, so that 
 the boundaries drawn are only approximately correct. No doubt 
 in some parts there is little or no drift where it has been coloured 
 as such, and drifty areas exist in parts where none has been 
 mapped. The clay is generally grey with often a reddish tinge. 
 It was 9 feet thick at Felkington Colliery. Over the cement- 
 stone area of the Tweed valley the Glacial clay is thicker and 
 generally widespread, and is of a more decidedly red tint, 
 especially as we approach the sea-coast. 
 
 Over the area between Longridge and Norham the drift is 
 disposed in the form of long ridges or drumlins with intervening 
 hollows, which mostly run nearly east and west, the prevailing 
 direction being a little north of east. These ridges seem, so 
 far as one can judge, to be composed of a gravelly kind of clay, 
 the materials being more loosely aggregated than in the flatter 
 areas ; and the boulders they contain are generally well rounded. 
 Throughout the district where drumlins occur, well-rounded 
 boulders of Silurian grit or grauwacke are very numerous at the 
 surface, together with boulders of Cheviot porphyrite, quartzite, &c. 
 There are very few sections. There must have been many 
 along the railway at one time, in some places 20 to 25 feet deep, 
 as near East Ord; but the banks are now grassed over. A 
 boring for water near Norham proved 13 feet 6 inches of marl, 
 clay, and sandy clay. Near Tweedmouth the clay has „ been 
 used for brick- and tile-making. There is a section in the clay*, 
 pit west of the railway near Millhouse which shows 15 feet or 
 more of clay mostly of a light red or chocolate- colour with some 
 sand. About 6 feet from the top the clay is laminated and rather 
 sandy. On the north side of the pit a lighter-coloured clay is 
 seen below, and this is laminated and without stones. A reddish 
 clay is also seen in the old clay-pit east of Tweedmouth Grove, 
 which was once a tile-yard. There are a good many places in 
 the area where small patches of Glacial sand and gravel occur. 
 Sometimes these seem to be thin bands in the Glacial clay, but 
 usually they overlie it and assume a more or less moundy form. 
 The three largest patches occur near Murton, at Damses Bridge 
 south-west of Salutation Hall, and near Mount Pleasant. The 
 two former are mostly gravel, but sand also occurs in the latter 
 and may be seen in the railway-cutting. There are no good 
 sections. The flat of gravel at Groathaugh in the S.W. may be 
 an old river-terrace. 
 
 It may be as well to mention that in the north bank of the 
 Tweed, opposite Yarrow Slacks, fragments of shells are found 
 
16 GLACIAL DEPOSITS. 
 
 in the boulder clay and in gravelly bands connected with it. The 
 fragments may be seen strewn about near the paths in the wood 
 between Oastlehills and New Water Haugh where the ground 
 is a mass of slips, but they have been traced to gravelly bands 
 in situ at heights of from 75 to 90 feet above Ordnance datum. 
 From a collection made by myself and one of my sons, the 
 following list was drawn up by my colleague Mr. G. Sharman : — 
 
 Ostrea. 
 
 Oyprina islandica, Linn. 
 
 Turritella terebra, Linn. 
 Littorina littorea, Lvrm. 
 Buccinum ?. 
 
 Dentalium abyssorum ?, Sews. 
 Fragments of Belenmites 
 (derived). 
 
 Pecten. 
 
 Astarte borealis P, Gheimm. 
 
 sp. 
 
 Cardium edule, Lvrm. 
 Saxicava rugosa, Pennant. 
 Mya truncata, Lvrm. 
 Tellina balthica, Linn. 
 
 The only example of a striated surface noted in the district, 
 occurs north of Murton where the sandstone is glaciated in an 
 E.N.E. direction. Most of the sandstones are soft, so that striae 
 would not long be retained, and the limestones which might 
 better preserve them are seldom exposed. 
 
 Post-Glacial Deposits. 
 
 These consist of the freshwater sand, loam, and gravel of the 
 River Tweed and of several small burns ; they include also the 
 peat and stoneless grey clay of old tarns and marshes, and the 
 tidal mud of the mouth of the Tweed, which is marine. The 
 latter deposit is scarcely noticeable except at Yarrow Slacks. 
 
 The number of old tarns must have been great at one time, 
 and some of them, now mostly filled with peat, are of considerable 
 size, as for instance the one north of Thornton, which is divided 
 into Thornton Bog, Longridge Bog, and Murton Craggy Bog. 
 The bog north of Felkington Moor and Shoreswood Bog are also 
 of good size. Of the old tarns now filled with grey clay may be 
 mentioned the one south-east of East Ord and the one east of 
 Grievestead. In the latter, 18 inches of stiff grey clay overlies 
 sand. 
 
 Along the course of the Tweed there are in several places well- 
 marked gravel-terraces at great heights above the present Alluvial 
 flats or highest flood-marks of the river. Thus at Yarrow Haugh 
 there are three distinct Alluvial flats, one above another, and 
 at Lowhouse the same number, the highest being about 50 feet 
 above the river. Between Horncliffe and Norham there are only 
 two terraces, the highest being below the 50-foot contour. At 
 Norham they are most numerous and form extensive spreads of 
 gravel the highest being about 50 feet above the river. West of 
 Newbiggin there are only two certain terraces, with the doubtful 
 gravel-flat of Grpathaugh previously mentioned. 
 
17 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 I.— LIST OF FOSSILS. 
 Fossils from the Tuedian Beds. 
 
 Named by Mr. Gr. Sharman. 
 
 The following is a list of the localities from which apecimeus have been 
 obtained ; the numbers corresponding with those appended to the names 
 of species : — 
 
 1. Newbiggin Burn, 100 yards above junction with Tweed and one mile 
 south of Norham. 
 
 2. Eiver Tweed, 100 yards below Norham Castle. 
 
 3. River Tweed, half a mile below Norham Castle. 
 
 4. Horncliffe Dean, near mill, south of HornclifEe village. 
 
 5. River Tweed, one mile below West Ord, and near point marked 105'8 
 on the 6-inch map, Sheet III. 
 
 Plants. 
 
 Plant-remains, 3, 4. 
 Cardiooarpus nervosus, Kidston, 4. 
 Alcicoraopteris convoluta, Kidston, 2, 4. 
 
 Annelida. 
 Spirorbis helioteres, Salt,, 3. 
 
 Ostracoda. 
 Leperditia, 2. 
 
 MOLLUSCA. 
 
 Murchisonia elongata P, Portl., 3. 
 Natica, 3. 
 Orthoceras, 3. 
 
 Pisces. 
 
 Strepsodus (Archichthys) Portlocki, Ag., 3. 
 Callopristodus (Ctenoptychius) pectinatus, Ag., 2, 3. 
 Fish bones, 3, 5. 
 
 tooth, 4, 5. 
 
 Gyracanthus, 3. 
 Pahsoniscoid scale, 3. 
 Psammodus P, 3. 
 Rhizodopsis, 1. 
 
 In the Transactions of the Berwickshire Naturalists Club, vol. ii. p. 168 
 (1846), at the Norham meeting, we find the following: " Some very fine 
 fossil trees similar to those found at Lennel some years ago, were 
 inspected at the vicarage on our return; they were dug out of the sand- 
 stone cliff where the new and hideous bridge is erected." 
 
 In vol. v. of the same Transactions, p. 187 (1865), at another meeting at 
 Norham, it is stated that, up the river, teeth and scales of Rhizodus 
 Hibberti and other ganoid fishes were discovered, with the remains of 
 Lepidodendron and other plants. Worm-tracks and borings are also 
 mentioned, 
 
18 APPENDIX. 
 
 For fossils of the Calcareous Division reference may be made to the 
 lists in the Memoir on 110 S.W. already published, and to those in the 
 forthcoming Memoirs on 110 N.E. and 110 S.E. The sections of 
 the Limestones in this district are poor, and fossils cannot readily be 
 obtained. 
 
 H— LIST OF CHIEF PUBLICATIONS ON THE GEOLOGY OF 
 THE DISTRICT. 
 
 1831. .. 
 
 Winch, N. J.— Remarks on the. Geology of the Banks of the Tweed. 
 Trams. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle, vol. i. ; 
 also 4to. Newcastle ; and. PAH. Mag. and. Arm., new series, vol. i. 
 
 1833. 
 
 Witham, H. — On the Red Sandstones of Berwickshire. Trans. Nat. 
 Mist. Soc. Northumb., BwAa/m, and Newcastle, vol. i. 
 
 1835. 
 
 Milne, D. — On the Geology of Berwickshire. Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 
 1834, Sect., p. 624; Trans. Highland Soc, vol. xii. p. 169; and. Quart. 
 Journ. Agricult., vol. vi. p. 182. Published separately as a pamphlet, in 
 1837, entitled " A Geological Survey of Berwickshire." 
 
 1838. 
 
 Milne, D. — On the Berwick and North Durham Coalfield. Rep. Brit. 
 Assoc, for 1839, Sect., p. 76. 
 
 Wood, N. — On the Red Sandstone of the Tweed and Carlisle. Ibid., 
 p. 78. 
 
 1861. 
 
 Boyd, E. F. — On a Part of the Carboniferous or Mountain Limestone 
 Series of North Northumberland. Trans. N. of Engl. Inst. Mim. Eng., 
 vol. ix. p. 185. (Discussion in vol. xi. pp. 174, 196. 1862.) 
 
 1867. 
 Tate, G. — Miscellanea Geologica. Proc. Ber. Nat. Club, vol. v. p. 283. 
 
 1868. 
 
 Bahes, G. — Sections of Mountain Limestone Strata at Scremerston, 
 North Northumberland, with a "Note on the Scremerston Sections," by 
 G. Tate. Proc. Ber. Nat. Club, vol. v. pp. 349-57. 
 
 1876. 
 
 Milne Home, D. — NoticeB of High Water Marks on the Banks of the 
 River Tweed and some of its Tributaries, &c. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edm., 
 vol. xxvii. p. 513. 
 
 1884. 
 
 Gunn, W. — On the Finding of Shells in the Boulder Clay near Berwick- 
 on-Tweed. Proc. Ber. Nat. Club, vol. x. p. 540. 
 
 1896. 
 
 Gunn, W., and C. T. Olough.— The Geology of the Country between 
 Wooler and Coldstream. 8vo. London. Geological Survey Explanation of 
 Quarter- sheet, 110 S.W. (New series, Sheet 3") A longer list of papers 
 on North Northumberland will be found in the Appendix to this 
 publication. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 19 
 
 AUerdean, 11, 12, 14.' 
 
 Burn, 1, 11. 
 
 Mill, 12. 
 
 Alluvium, 16. 
 Ancroft Greens, 13. 
 North Farm, 13. 
 
 Bailes, G., 6, 10, 18. 
 Band, 8. 
 Billylaw, 1, 9. 
 
 Colliery, 9, 10. 
 
 Blackhill Seam, 6, 10, 11. 
 Bleak Bidge, 9. 
 Boulders, 15. 
 Boulder Clay, 2, 15. 
 Boyd, E. F., 14, 18. 
 Bulman Seam, 7, 10, 11. 
 
 Calcareous Division, 12, 18. 
 
 Caldside Coal, 6. 
 
 Cancer Coal, 10. 
 
 Carbonaceous Division, 6. 
 
 Castlehills, 16. 
 
 Cement-stones, 3. 
 
 Chain Bridge, 4. 
 
 Coal Burn, 1, 12. 
 
 Cooper Eye Seam, 8, 9, 10, 14. 
 
 Damses Bridge, 15. 
 Diamond Seam, 10. 
 Drift, 15. 
 Drumlins, 15. 
 Dan Limestone, 6, 12. 
 
 East Allerdean, 11, 12, 13, 14. 
 Ord, 1, 5, 15, 16. 
 
 Ealse-bedding, 4. 
 Fawcett Coal Seam, 6.. 
 Felkington, 10, 11, 16. 
 
 Fault, 14. 
 
 New Pit, 11. 
 
 North Moor, 6. 
 
 Old Pit, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15; 
 
 section at, 6-8. 
 Folly, 10, 14. 
 Fossils in drift, 16 ; in Tuedian, 17. 
 
 Galagate, Norham, 3. 
 Gamesgreen Plantation, 5. 
 Glacial Clay, 15. 
 Gravel, 15. 
 Green's Bridge, 13. 
 Greenses Coal, 12, 13. 
 
 Quarry, 13. 
 
 Grievestead, 5, 16. 
 Grindon, 5, 
 Groathaugh, 15, 16. 
 
 Quarry, 3. 
 
 Gunn, W., 18. 
 
 Hardy Coal Seam, 7, 10. 
 Horncliffe, 1, 4, 16, 17. 
 
 Dean, 3, 4, 17. 
 
 House, 4. 
 
 Howgate Burn, 12. 
 
 Jack Tar Pit, 6. 
 
 Lennel, 17, 
 
 Limestone Group, 12, 15. 
 
 Little Howgate Coal, 12. 
 
 Loan End, 1. 
 
 Long Loaning Plantation, 13. 
 
 Longdyke, 13. 
 
 Longridge, 1, 5, 15. 
 
 Bog, 16. 
 
 Lover's Walk, 3. 
 
 Macker, 8. 
 
 Main Coal, 7. 
 
 Metal, 8. 
 
 Miller's Bridge, 11, 14. 
 
 Mill Burn, 3. 
 
 Millhouse, 15. 
 
 Milne Home, D., 18. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, 15. 
 
 Muckle Howgate Coal, 12, 13. 
 
 Murton, 5, 15, 16. 
 
 Colliery, 9, 10. 
 
 Craggy Bogg, 16. 
 
 Dean, 5. 
 
 — ■ — Scar, 5. 
 Square, 14. 
 
 Nesbitt, E., 6. 
 Newbiggin, 16. 
 
 Burn, 1, 17. 
 
 ' Dean, 3. 
 Newburn, 5. 
 New Winning, 1, 9, 14. 
 New Water Haugh, 16. 
 Nithering, 14. 
 Norham, 1, 3, 15, 16, 17. 
 
 Castle, 3, 17. 
 
 Mill Burn, 1. 
 
 North Sea, 1. 
 Northumberland, 1, 13. 
 
 Oil Shale, 12, 13. 
 
 Ord Burn, 4. 
 
 Oxford Limestone, 12, 13, 14. 
 
 Physical Features, 1. 
 
 Bed Bock, 3, 4. 
 
 Beekyrow Plantation, 12, 13. 
 
 Boby's Coal, 6. 
 
 Salutation Hall, 5, 15. 
 Sand and Gravel, 15. 
 
20 
 
 INDHXi 
 
 Scremerston, 6. 
 
 Coal Group, 6, 15. 
 
 Main Coal, 6, 10, 11, 14. 
 
 Scottish Borders, 5. 
 Shake-holes, 2. 
 Sharman, G., 16, 17. 
 Shoreswooil, 1, 5, 8, 11, 14. 
 
 Bog, 16. 
 
 Colliery, 9, 10, 11. 
 
 Hall, 1,9,14. 
 
 Slateford, 12. 
 
 Burn, 12, 13. 
 
 South Ord, 9. 
 Stony Coal, 7, 10. 
 Striated Surface, 16. 
 Swallow-holes, 2. 
 
 Tate, George, 5, 18. 
 Ten Quarter Stone, 7, 9. 
 Thornton, 5, 11,16. 
 
 Bog, 1, 16. 
 
 Cottage, 5. 
 
 Mains, 11. 
 
 Three Quarter Coal Seam, 7, 9. 
 Tills, 8. 
 Tuedian, 3, 5, 17. 
 
 Tweed Biver, 1, 3, 4, 15, 16, 17. 
 
 Valley, 15. 
 
 Tweedmouth, 1, 5, 15. 
 Grove, 15. 
 
 Union Bridge, 4. 
 Unthank, 6, 14. 
 
 Colliery, 6, 10, 11. 
 
 Moor, 11. 
 
 Upper Yarrow Shiel, 4. 
 
 Velvet Hall, 5. 
 Burn, 1. 
 
 West Allerdean, 10, 11. ] 
 WeBt Newbiggin, 3. 
 West Ord, 4, 17. 
 Wester Coal, 6, 8. 
 Whitadder, 4. 
 Winch, N. J., 4, 18, 
 Witham, H., 18. 
 Wood, N., 18. 
 Woodend Limestone, 12. 
 
 Yarrow Haugh, 16. 
 Slacks, 15, 16. 
 
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