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 ENGiNEERfNG LIBRARY 
 
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Cornell University Library 
 QE 262.I6W57 1885 
 
 The geology of the country around Ipswic 
 
 3 1924 004 550 616 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31 92400455061 6 
 
MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLO&IOiL SURYEY. 
 
 ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 THE GEOLOGY OF 
 
 THE COUNTRY AROUND 
 
 IPSWICH, HAD LEIGH, and FELIXSTOW 
 
 (EXPLANATION OF QUARTER-SHEEtS 48 N.W. AND N.E.) 
 
 t 
 
 BT 
 
 W. "WHITAKEE, B.A., F.G.S, Assoc. Inst,. C.E., 
 
 (With Notes by W. H. DALTON, F.G.S., and F. J. BENNETT, F.G.S.) 
 
 PUBLISHED BT OBDEB OF THE LOKDS COMMISSIONEKS OF HER MAJESTt's TRBASUKT. 
 
 LONDON"^ 
 PRINTED FOR HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, 
 
 AtfD SOLD BT 
 
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 HoDOES, Figgis, & Co., 104, Grafton Street, and Alexander Thom & Co., 
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 1885. 
 
 Price Two Shillings. 
 
LIST OF GEOLOGICAL MAPS, SECTIONS, AND PUBLICATIONS OF THE 
 
 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. I 
 
 The Maps are those of the Ordnance Survey, georoBioally coloured by the (Seologioal Survey of the "united Kingdom under 
 
 the Superintendence of Aech. Geikib, LL.D., F.E.S., Director General. , ... 
 
 <E'or MapS; Sections, and Memoirs illustrating Scotland, Ireland, and ihe West Indies, and for full particulars of all puBliCft- 
 
 tions, «««" Catalogue." Price 1«.) 
 
 ENCLAND AND WALES,-(8cale one-inch to a mile.) 
 Maps marked * are also published as Drift Maps. Those marked t are published only as Drift Maps. 
 Sheets S*, 6, 6», 7*, 8, 9, 11 to 22, 26, 26, 30, 31, 33 to S7, 40, 41, 44, 47*, 64*, price 8s. 6c!.-eaoh. 
 
 Sheet 4, Bs. Sheets 2*, 10, 23, 24, 27 to 29, 32, SS, 39, 58, S4t,85t, 4*. each. , . , oj i. 
 
 Sheets divided into quarters ; all at 8«. ea«h duartei^sheet,exQepting those in brafikets, whichare 1«. ""*; ®'™' 
 
 1021 
 
 BOXZZOjrTAXi SBCTIOUS, VESTICA.K SECVZOITB, 
 
 1 to 139, England, price Ss. each. . 1 to 69, England, price 3«. 6d. each. 
 
 COMPXiETED COTJirTZES OF ESTGXiAZrB AND IVAKES, on a Scale of one-inch to a Mile. 
 
 Sheets marked • have Descriptive Memoirs. Sheets or Counties marked t are illustrated by General Memoirs. 
 
 ANGLESE It,-77 (N), 78. Hor. Sect. 40. 
 
 BEDF0BDSHIEE,-4e (ITW.NE, SWt, & SEt), 52 (NW, NB, SW, * SB). 
 BERKSHIKE,— 7*, 8t, 1»', 13*, 34*. 45 (SW*). Hor. Sect. 69, 71, 72, 80). 
 
 BUBCKNOCKSHIBEt,— 36, 41, 42, 56 (NW & SW), 57 (NB & SE). Hor. Sect. 4, 5, 6, 11, and Vert. 8ect.4andl0. 
 BUCKINGHAMSHIBE,-?* 18* 45* (NE, SE). 46 {NW, SWt), 52 (SW). Hor. Sect. 74. 79. 
 CAEEMARTHENSHIEEt, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42 (NW & SW), 56 (SW), 67 (SW & SE) . Hor. Seat. 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9 j and Vert. 
 
 Sect. 3, 4, 6, 6, 13, 14. 
 CAEENAE,VONSHIEB,t-74 (NW), 75/ 76, 77 (N), 78, 79 (NW & SW). Hor. Sect. 28, 31, 40. 
 CAEDIGANSHIEEt,— «), 41, 66 (NW), 57, 68, 59 (SE), 60 (SW). Hor. Sect. 4, 5, 6. 
 
 CHBSHIEE,-73 (NE & NW), 79 (NE & SB), 80, 81 (NW* & SW*), 88 (SW). Hor. Sect. 18, 43, 44, 60, 64, 65, 67. 70. 
 COENWALLt,— 24t, 25t, 26f, 29t, SOt, Sit, S2t, & 3St. 
 
 DENBIGHt,-7S (NW), 74,75 (NE),78 (NE SB), 79 (NW,SW, SB), 80 (SW). Hor.Seot. 31, 35, 38, 39, 43, 44 ;& Vert. Sect. 24. 
 DiSRBTSHIEEt.-eS (NB),63 (NW),71 (NW, SW, SB),72 (NB,SE),81, 82,88 (SW,SE). Hor. Sect. 18, 46, 60, 61, 69, 70. 
 £)EVONSHIBEt,-20t, 21t, 22t, 23t, 24t, 25t, 26t,& 27t. Hor. Sect. 19. 
 IDOaSBTSHIEB,— 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22. Hor. Sect. 19, 20, 21, 22, 56. Vert. Sect. 22. 
 E SSEX,— It, 2, 47*, 48. Hor. Sect. 84, 1 20. 
 FLINTSHIEEt,-74 (NB), 79. Hor. Sect. 43. 
 
 ■GLAMOEGANSHIEEt,— 20, 36, 37, 41, & 42 (SE & SW). Hor. Sect. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11; Vert. Sect. 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 47. 
 ■GLOnCESTBESHIBE,— 19,34*,35,43 (NB.SW.SB), 44*. Hor. Sect. 12 to 16, 69; Vert. Sect. 7, 11, 16, 4Sto51. 
 HAMPSHIEE,— St. 9t, 10*, lit, 12*, 14, 15, 16. Hor. Sect. 80. 
 
 HEBEPORDSHIEE,— 42 (NB & SE), 43, 66, 56 (NB & SE). Hor.Seot. 5, 13, 27, 30, 34; and Vert. Sect. 15. 
 KENTt,-lt (SW & SE), 2t, 3t, 4*, 6t. Hor. Sect. 77 and 78. 
 
 MERIONBTHSHIEEt,-59 (NE & SE), 60 (NW), 74, 76 (NB & SE). Hor. Sect. 26, 28, 29, 31, 82, 36, 37, 38, 39. 
 MIDDLBSEXt ,— It (NW & SW), 7*, 8t. Hor. Sect. 79. 
 
 M0NM0UTHSHIEE,-S5, 36, 42 (SB &NE), 48 (SW). Hor. Sect. 5 and 13; and Vert. Sect. 8, 9, 10, 12. 
 MONTGOMEETSHIEEt,-56 (NW), 59 (NE & SE), 60. 74 (SW & SE). Hor. Sect. 26, 27, 29, 30, 32, 34, 36, 36 38 
 NCBTHAMPTONSHIEE,-64, 46 (NW & NE), 46 (NW), 62 (NW, NE, & SW), 53 (NB, SW, 4 SE).6S (SE), 64. 
 OXFOEDSHIEE,— 7», 13«, 34*, 44*. 46*, 53 (SE*, SW). Hor. Sect. 71, 72, 81, 82. 
 PEMBEOKBSHIREt,-38, 89, 40, 41, 58. Hor. Sect. 1 and 2 ; and Vert. Sect. 12 and IS. 
 E,ADNOESHIRE,-43 (NW & NB), 56, 60 (SW & SB). Hor. Sect. 5, 6, 27. 
 EUTLANDSHIREt,— this county is wholly included within Sheet 64.* 
 
 ^''T*^i^l7Bl ^R^feJ's^t^kV^- ^^^- ''■ '' ^'''^^- '' '' '^^- ^^'- ^"'•- ^'"^■'*- ''■ ">' ««• ^ s«. 
 S0MERSBTSHIRE,-18, 19, 20, 21, 27, 35. Hor. Sect. 16, 16, 17, 20, 21, 22; and Vert. Sect. 12, 46, 47 48 49 50 51 
 STAEI'OEDSHIEE,-(54 NW), 55 (NE), 61 (NE, SE), 62, 63 (NW), 71 (SW), 72, 7S (NE, SB), 81 (SB SW) 'nnr 
 
 Sect 18, 23, 24, 25, 41, 42, 45, 49, 54, 57, 51, 60; and Vert. Sect. 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 28. 26 '" 
 
 SU]?POlX-47,* 48,* 49, 60, 61, 66 SB,* 67. 
 
 SUEEEY,-1 (SWt), 6t, 7*, 8t, 12t. Hor. Sect. 74, 7b, 76, and 79. 
 SUSSEX,— 1*, 6t, 6t, 8t, 9t, lit. Hor. Sect. 73, 75, 76, 77, 78. 
 WARWICKSHIEB,-44*, 45 (NW), 53*, 54, 62 (NB, SW. SB), 6S (NW, SW, SB). Hor. Sect. 23, 48 to 51 82 83 ■ 
 
 WILTSHIEE,^12*, 13*, 14, 16, 18, 19, 34*, and 35. Hor. Sect. 16 and 69. 
 
 WOECBSTEESHIEE.-43 (NE), 44*, 54, 66, 62 (SW SB), 61 (SE), Hor. Sect. IS, 23, 25. 60. 59, and Vert. Sect. 16. 
 CEBTEKAXa MEMOIRS OF THE CEOKOGICAK SmtVET. 
 
 REPORT on CORNWALL, DEVON, and WEST SOMERSET. By Sir H. T. De Li Beche 14« (OP) 
 
 PIwaRES and DESCEIPTIONS of the PALiEOZOIC FOSSILS in the above Counties.' By Pbop"phiixipb fO P * 
 
 TheMBMOIESoftheGEOLOGICALSURVETofGRBATBRITAIN. Vol. I., 21s.- Vol II fin 2 P^ts) S. * 
 
 ^°^7mZoti^L)^^^''' ^- ^•'^^'''^^- ^PP«'"i^'''yr-W-S"^=«andE.ETHEEii,GE. 2nd Ed. 21s. (VoLIuJ 
 
 ^"'MeS&'oo'^^^^" ^^'■"* ^'^^^'^ *"'^^°''™«^«'l^ °^S. and W. Tracts. By W.WsiTAKEE. 13s. {Vol. IV. o 
 
 Guide to the'GEOLO.GT of LONDON and the NEIGHBOURHOOD.. By W Whitaeer Mh bh i <, 
 
 The WEALD (PARTS of the COUNTIES of KENT, SURREY, SUSSEX, and HANTS).* Bv W Topiev i». «., 
 
 The TRLASSIC and PERMIAN ROCKS of the MIDLAND COUNTIES of ENGLAND Hv 15 irirfr 
 
 TheEENLAND. By S. B. J. Skebtchit. 36s. 6(i. iv^ij^iii'. Jsy jj.utoe. 6». 
 
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MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL STJRYEY. 
 
 ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 THE GEOLOGY OF 
 
 THE OOUNTEY AROUND 
 
 IPSWICH, HADLEIGH, and FELIXSTOW 
 
 (EXPLANATION OF QUARTER-SHEETS 48 N.W, AND N.E.) 
 
 BY 
 
 W. WHITAKER, BA., F.G.S., Assoc, Inst. C.E., 
 
 (With Notes by W. H. DALTON, P.G.S., and F. J. BENNETT, F.G.S.) 
 
 PUBLISHED BT OBD£K OF THE LOltDB COMMISSIONliBS OF HEB MAJESTY B TBEASUHY. 
 
 LONDON: 
 PRINTED FOR HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, 
 
 AND SOLD BY 
 
 LoMGJtANs & Co., Paternoster Row ; Tkubnbb & Co., Ludgate Hill ; 
 
 Letts, Son, & Co., Limited, 33, King William Street ; 
 
 Bdwaed Stanfoed, 55, Chaiing Cross ; J. Wyld, 12, Charing Cross; 
 
 B, QuAEiTOH, 15, Piccadilly ; andT. J. Day, Market Street, Manchester : 
 
 ALSO BY 
 
 Messrs. W. and A. K. Johnston, Edinburgh ; 
 HoDSES, Figgis, & jCo., 104, Grafton Street, and Alexandee Thom & Co., 
 Limited, Abbey Street, Dublin. 
 
 1885. 
 
 Price Two Shillings. 
 
NOTICE. 
 
 The two Qoiarter-Sheets which are described in the 
 present Memoir include the chief area occupied by the 
 Red Orag of England. The most interesting and im- 
 portant part of the Memoir, therefore, is that which 
 deals with the Red Crag in Chapters IV., V., and VI. 
 Some small tracts of the Coralline Crag are also included, 
 but as the main district in which that subdivision of the 
 Pliocene series is developed lies to the north of the area 
 embraced by the present Memoir, the full account of the 
 Coralline Crag will be given in the Memoir descriptive 
 of Sheets 50 S.B. and 49 S. The whole of the Pliocene 
 deposits of the East of England having now been com- 
 pletely surveyed and published, it is intended to prepare 
 a Stratigraphical Monograph illustrative of them. 
 
 From the thickness and extent of the various Drift 
 deposits, the areas occupied by the Crag and under- 
 lying formations cannot be satisfactorily determined. 
 The Crag is seen at intervals along the coast, capping 
 the Eocene beds, also along the bottoms and slopes of 
 the valleys in the interior. In similar situations the 
 Lower Eocene clay and sand are laid bare below the 
 Crag, while in two or three places the erosion of the 
 main valleys has exposed the Chalk. Only one edition 
 of the Maps, that showing the distribution of the super- 
 ficial deposits, can therefore be published. 
 
 Aeoh. Geikie, 
 
 Director General. 
 
 Geological Survey Office,, 
 6th March, 1885. 
 
 E 1465 1. Wt. 4310. 
 
NOTICE; 
 
 .As the. town of Ipswich is partly in Sheet 48.. N.W. of 
 the Geological Survey Map, and partly in Sheet 48 N.E., 
 it has been thought best to.,have a joint Memoir for 
 the two maps, the chief town of Suffolk being then 
 p!ractioally the central spot of the district described. 
 
 Sheet 48 J!if.'W. was chiefly surveyed : by Mr. F. , J. 
 Bennett ; but the survey of the southern (Essex) part 
 was made by Mr, W. H. Dalton, and the eastern border 
 by Mr. W- Whitaker. 
 
 • Sheet '48 N.E, was chiefly mapped by Mr. Whitaker, 
 the N.B. part however (beyond the 'rivers Finn and the 
 Deben) is almost wholly the work of Mr. Daitdn. 
 
 The whole was carried out under Mr. Whitaker's 
 ^uperintendenpe ; and he has^alsp prepared this Memoir, 
 jisingthQ notes of his colleagues (though the greater part 
 is from his own notes), the tract mapped by him being 
 thst't in which mqst of the chief sections occur. 
 
 Both Maps were published in December 1882 ; the 
 p,ric§,qf ,eacli is tljj;ee,;shill^ngs. ,. . ... , 
 
 , The sma,ll part of Essex, in Sheet 48 N",E. (about 5 
 miles westward from Harwich) has been already de- 
 scribed in the ,^hort Memoir, by Mr. Whitaker, on the 
 tract to the soiith (4^ S.E,), to which therefore the reader 
 is referred. :;. ^ 
 
 H. W. Bristow, 
 Geological Survey Office, Senior Director. 
 
 March, 1885. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 Notice by Director- G-eneral - - - - - - iii 
 
 Notice by Director - - - - . ..iv 
 
 Chap. I. Introduction. — Area. Elvers. (Jeological Formations. 
 
 Shape of the Ground. By W. W. - - - . * 1 
 
 Chap. II. Cretaceous and Eocene (Lower London Tertiaries).— 
 Chalk (Valley of the Stour. Valley of the Brett. Gipping 
 Valley). Thanet Beds (Valley of the Brett. Valley of the 
 Gipping). Beading Beds (Valley of the Stour. Valley of the 
 Brett. Valley of the Gipping). Oldhaven Beds. By W: W. 
 and F. J. B. - - - . - • - 5 
 
 Chap. III. Eocene and Pliocene. — London Clay (South of the 
 Stour. North of the Stour, above the Brett. North of the Stour, 
 below the Brett. Valley of the Orwell. Valley of the Deben). 
 Coralline Crag (Tattingstone, Sutton, Bamsholt, Boyton 
 Marshes). By W. W., W. H. D., and F. J. B. - - - 17 
 
 Chap. IV. Red Crag. — General Description (The Nodule Bed. 
 
 Fossils. Bate of Deposit). Literature. By W. W. - - 29 
 
 Chap. V. Red Crag, continued. Details (South of the Stour, Essex. 
 Between the Stouj* and the Brett. Valley of the Brett. Valley 
 of the Stour, between the Brett and the Orwell. Valley of the 
 Orwell, up the Eight Side. Valley of the Orwell, down the 
 Left Side. Felixstow Cliffs and Pits.) By W. W., W. H. D., 
 F. J. B. . -' U 
 
 Chap. VI. Eed Crag, continued. Details (Valley of the Deben, up 
 tjie Eight Side, to the Brightwell Valley. Brightwell Valley. 
 Valley of the Deben, up the Eight Side, between the Brightwell 
 and Finn Valleys. Valley of the Finn. Valley of the ,Deben, 
 down the Left Side. Bawdsey Cliffs. Valley of the Ore.) By 
 W. "W., and W. H. D. 68 
 
 Chap. VII. Glacial Drift.— General Eemarks. Gravel and Sand 
 (South of the Stour, Essex. Valley of Stour, Left Side, above 
 the Boxford Valley. Boxford" Valley. Valley 'of the Brett. 
 Valley of the Stour and Tributaries, between the Brett and the 
 Orwell. Valley of the Orwell, and Tributaries, Valley of the 
 Deben, and Tributaries.) By W. W., W. H. D., F. J. B. - 72 
 
 Chap. VIII. Glacial Drift, continued.— Brickearth or Loam. (South 
 of the Stour.Bssex. Between the Stour and the Orwell. East of 
 the Orwell). Boulder Clay. (South of the Stour, Essex. Between 
 the Stour and the Orwell. Between the Orwell and the Deben. 
 East of the Deben.) By W. W., W. H. D., F. J. B. - - 83 
 
 A 2 
 
VI 
 
 Paob 
 
 Chap. IX. Post Grlaoial Beds.— High Level Gravel. Kiver or Valley 
 Drift. 1. Gravel (Valley of the Stour and Tributaries. Valley 
 of the Orwell. Valley of the Deben). 2. Loam or Briokearth. 
 List of Fossils from Stutton. Eecent Beds. 1. Alluvium. 
 2. Coast Deposits (Shingle, Blown Sand). By W. W., 
 W.H.D-.andF. J.B. --.--- 92 
 
 Chap. X. Miscellaneous. — Disturbances. Economics (Building 
 Materials, etc. Mineral Manures, Tvith Analyses of Phosphatic 
 Nodules. -Watei^. By W. W. ■ '• - ■ -100 
 
 Appendix A.— Well-sections. 1. Essex. 2. Suffolk. By W. W. 
 
 andE. J. B. - - - - - - - 106 
 
 Appendix B.— Borings. By W. W. - ' - - - 126 
 
 Appendix C. — Supplementary Notes to other Memoirs.--l-. Sections 
 at Sudbury (Sheet 47). — 2. Analyses of Septaria from Col- 
 chester (Sheet 4& S.W.). By W. W. and W. H. D. - - 132 
 
 Appendix D.— List of Works on the Geology and Palaeontology of 
 
 Suffolk. By W. W. (and in part W. H. D.) - - - 134 
 
 Postscript. Well-section at Bradfleld . . - . 152 
 
 Index. ByW. W. . - - 153 
 
 PARTS BY THE VAB,IOUS AUTHORS. 
 
 W. Whitakek, Pages 1-19, 21-70, 72, 73, 76-90, 92H56. 
 
 W. H. Dalton, Pages 17, 18, 26-28, 44, 45, 67, 70, 71, 73, 82, 83, 87, 90- 
 92, 95, 98, 99, 109, 148-150. 
 
 F. J. BenneM;, Page's 5, 6, 18-22, 45, 46, 73-78, 83, 84, 88, 92, 93, lil- 
 116, 120-122, 124. 
 
vu 
 LIST OE ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Faoe 
 Fig. 1.— Section in a Pit South-westward of Bramford Church. 
 
 (W.W.) 7 
 
 ,, 2. — Section in Stoke Brickyard, Ipswich. (W- W.) - -11 
 
 „ 3.— Greneral Section at the Chalk Pit, nearly a mile North- 
 ward, of Bramford Station. (W. W.) - - - 14 
 
 „ 4. — Cliff-Section on the Bight Bank of the Stonr, Wrabness. 
 
 (W.W.) - . - - . . . .18 
 
 „ -6.— Section at Boxford Tile Kiln. (F. J. B.) - - - 19 
 
 „ 6.— Greneral Section at Aldham Brickyard. (F. J. B.) - 20 
 
 „ 7. — Section at Hadleigh • Brickyard, showing Disturbance. 
 
 (W.W.) 21 
 
 „ 8. — Section of the Southern Side of the Brickyard at Whitton 
 
 Leys. (W.W.) 24 
 
 ,, 9.— Section in Chalk Pit, Monks' Eleigh. (W.W.)- - ,45 
 
 * „ 10. — Section in a Pit at Park Farm, Tattingstohe. (Prestwich.) 47 
 
 ,, 11. — Section in a New Road-cutting, just N. of the Convalescent 
 
 Home, Felixstowe. (S. V. Woor.) - - - 57 
 
 * „ 12.— Section in a Coprolite Pit by Foxhall Hall. (Wood.) ; 63 
 ^ " i/ >■ Sections in a Pit South of Martlesham. (Wood.) 65 
 
 * „ 15.- ■) 
 
 * , , 16.^ \ Sections at Sutton. (Pkbstwich.) - - - 68 
 
 * „ 17— I 
 
 * „ 18. — Section in Red Crag at Ramsholt. (Pkestwich.) - - 69 
 
 „ 19 Section in Drift at Cosford Union House. (F. J. B.) - 74 
 
 „ 20.— Section South of Semer Church. (F. J. B.) - . 75 
 
 „ 21.— Section East of Hadleigh Railway Station. (F. J. B.) - 75 
 
 „ 22.— Section ill a Grravel Pit near Hintlesham Priory. (P. J. B.) 77 
 
 „ 23.— Diagram-Section at Kirton Kiln. (W.W.) - - 86 
 
 ,, 24. — Section in- an old Pit westward of Lay ham Church. 
 
 (W. W.) - - 88 
 
 ,, 25. — Section in the Cutting on the Pelixstow Railway, north- 
 ward- of Albion Mills, Woodbridge Road, Ipswich. 
 
 (W.W.) 89 
 
 „ 26.— Section on the Railway S,E. of Playford Hall. (W. W.) - 90 
 
 J, 27. — Plan of Borings at the S. End of Ipswich Dock - - 126 
 
 ,, 28.— Section in the Chalk Pit at Sudbniy Waterworks. (W.W.) 132 
 
 * These figures are from Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc, toIs. xxvii., xxxiii. 
 
THE GEOLOGY OF 
 
 THE COUNTRY ABOUND 
 
 IPSWICH, HADLEIGH, AND 
 FELIX^STOW. 
 
 GHAPTEIi I.— INTRODUCTION. ; 
 
 -'• ^ Area. 
 
 The two northern quarters of Sheet 48 of the Geological 
 Survey Map represent an area of over 330 square miles, which 
 consists chiefly of the extreme Southern part Of Suffolk (with the 
 towns Hadleigh, Ipswich, Nayland, and the southern end of 
 Woodbridge), but includes also the neighbouring border, .of Essex 
 (Harwich and Manniogtree). This tract is wholly in the 
 geological district known as the London Basin ; and comprises 
 some 18 miles of coast, from a little south of Harwich to a little 
 south of Orford (in Sheet 50, S.E.). 
 
 A small part of this area, the neighbourhood of Harwich, has 
 already been described in the Geological Survey Memoir, on 48, 
 S.E.,* with which Map this particular part of 48, N.E. (S. of the 
 Stour) is naturally joined. 
 
 ElVBRS. 
 The Stour, which is the county-boundary, runs through our 
 district frpm La Marsh, on the west, to Harvyich, on the east, 
 where it meets the Orwell, .the combined rivers then reaching the 
 sea in about a mile. It is tidal to above Manniugtree and 
 navigable throughout. The length of this river is 61| miles, and 
 the area of its basin 420 square miles, its two chief tributaries 
 having a combined length of 34 miles.f On the south the Stour 
 receives only a set of small brooks ; but on the north it has the 
 following tributaries : — 1. Below Bures the sinall stream rising 
 near Assiti^on, from the Drift beds overlying - the London Clay. 
 2. The Boxferd River, starting in the Boulder Clay country of 
 Little and Great Waldingfield and Groton, flowing south-east- 
 ward, through the lower beds of the Drift, and the Eed Crag, and 
 over the London Clay, and joining the Stour more than three miles 
 
 * The Geology of the Eastern End of Essex (Walton Naze and Harwich). 1877. 
 t Report from the Select Qomqiittee of the House of Lords on Conserrancy 
 Boards, &c., 1877. 
 
2 GEOLOGY OF IPSWICH, ETC 
 
 below Nayland. 3. The Brett, which rises north of our district,* 
 enters it westward of Monks' Eleigh, whence it flows, at first 
 eastwaid, through Drift and occasionally Chalk, and then south- 
 ward, through Drift and London Clay, with Red Crag between 
 on the south, to the Stour at Higham, about half a mile below 
 the Boxford stream. 4. The stream rising from the Drift north 
 of Capel, with a branch from the Red Crag at Bentley, which 
 joins the Stbur at Stutton New Mill. 5. The stream rising from 
 Drift and Red Crag W.S.W. of Bel stead, and flowing thence 
 south-eastward to the main river just below Stutton. 
 
 The Orwell or Gipping. This river, known as the Gipping 
 in its non-tidal part, above Ipswich, but as the Orwell in its tidal 
 estuary, below that town,' rises north of our district,* through 
 which it flows south-eastward from the north of Bramford to the 
 sea at Harwich, just after receiving the Stour. On the right the 
 Orwell is joined, just below Ipswich, by the stream rising in the 
 Drift near Elmsett and flowing thence E.S.E. ; but on the left it 
 has only very short streams. 
 
 The Deben, which, rising to the north,* has its tidal estuary in 
 our district, from Woodbridge S.S.E. to the sea at Bawdsey 
 Haven. On the right it receives two tributaries : — 1. The Finn 
 some 10 miles long, which, rising to-the north, enters our district 
 at Tuddenham and flows eastward, through Drift, Red Crag and 
 London Clay, to the Deben at Martlesham, 2. The brook that 
 rises in tbfe Red Crag east of Ipswich and flows eastward through 
 that bed to the London Clay, joining the Deben just below 
 Hemley. On the left are only short streams, the brook from the 
 Red Crag east of Sutton being the only notable one. 
 
 The Ore or Aide reaches the coast at Aldborough, about four 
 miles north of our district; but it is there turned southward by a 
 bank of shingle, which, turning south-westward as it enters the 
 N.E. corner of our district, continues some six miles further, 
 dividing the river from the sea until just east of Hollesley. The 
 Butley River, which rises a little north, joins the Ore about two 
 miles above this. 
 
 The short Hollesley brook discharges itself into Bowman's 
 Creek, which, though now flowing, by one arm, direct to the sea, 
 may be regarded as a tributary of the Ore, into the mouth of 
 which its other arm flows. 
 
 * See " The Geology of the Neighhourhood of Stowmarket," Geological Survey 
 Memoir, 1881. 
 
intkoduction. 3 
 
 Gkologioal. Fokmatioms. 
 
 The beds that occur at the surface in our district are shown in the 
 following table, in which the right-band column gives the divisions 
 that are shown by colour, etc. on the Greelogical Survey Map : — 
 
 Becent 
 
 -^ 
 
 Blown Sand. 
 
 Shingle. 
 
 AUnvium. 
 
 Valley Drift, f ^°*=' ^'^ Brickearth. 
 Post.Glaoial.|.(j^^^3l_ 
 
 J3.igh Level Gravel (of doubtful age). 
 
 f Boulder Clay. 
 
 I 
 Grlacial Drift -i Gravel and Sand. 
 
 [_Loam or Brickearth. 
 
 Pliocene 
 
 r Bed Crag. 
 
 I Coralline Crag. 
 
 Eocene 
 
 "London Clay. 
 
 Woolwich and Beading Beds, including a little 
 of the Oldhaven Beds, above (Ipswich), and 
 a little of the Thanot Beds, below. These 
 three forming together the Lower London 
 
 . Tertiaries. 
 
 Cretaceous - Chalk. 
 
 For a notice of the beds found beneath the Chalk in the boring at 
 Harwich, see Memoir on Quarter-Sheet 48 S.E., p. 23. (1877.) This adds 
 the following to the formations proved to Occur in our district, though not 
 at the surface : — 
 
 Cretaceous - { Sj^ '^'^^''''*'"^ '' 
 
 Palaeozoic 
 
 Lower Carboniferous. 
 
4 GEOLOGY OF IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 The Chalk, whilst forming the basement-rock of the whole, 
 and occurring as such throughout the district, and far beyond 
 it on every side> is yet very rarely to be seen at the surface, 
 in the bottom of some of the main valleys. The Reading Beds, 
 too, crop out only to a slight extent in the same valleys ; btit the 
 London Clay, though almost wholly confined in its outcrop to the 
 valleys, plays a more important part in them, forming great part of 
 their flanks. Were the district bared of Crag and Drift it would 
 show, in its western half, a band of Chalk on the norths varying 
 in width from about five miles to. nothing, followed by a com- 
 paratively narrow belt of the Reading Beds ; whilst to the south, 
 as well as over the whole of the eastern part of the district, there 
 would be London Clay. The Coralline Crag, is a very local bed, 
 and there are but three outer0{)8 of it. Thfe Red Crag, on the 
 other hand, occurs over a large part of the district, generally with 
 a narrow outcrop at the higher part of the valley-flanks. The 
 various beds of Glacial Drift occur over nearly the whole of the 
 area ; indeed it is for the most part in the valleys only that other 
 beds are to be seen, whether those -underlying ones already noted, 
 or those newer deposits which are essentially of vaUey-formation 
 The shore accumulation of shingle is well represented, especially 
 on. the north-east. 
 
 Shape op the Ground. 
 
 The physical features of the district are simple. We have to 
 deal with part of a low, wide-spread plateau of Glacial Drift 
 (from about. 50 to 200 feet above the. sea), which was once con- 
 tinuous, but is now more or less divided by the valleys that have 
 been cut through it. On the west and north-west this plateau is 
 formed by the Boulder Clay ; whilst in the other parts, which on 
 the whole are at a lower level, the underlying gravel and sand 
 form the flat tops of the low hills, 
 
 W. W. 
 
CHAPTER II.— CRETACEOUS AND EOCENE (LOWER 
 LONDON TERTIARIES). 
 
 Chalk. 
 
 We have only to do with the top part of the Upper Chalk. Of 
 the formation as a whole, it is enough to say that at Harwich its 
 thickness has been proved to be 890 feet. 
 
 Valley of the Siour, 
 
 In the valley southward of Chilton Church, at the western edge of the 
 map, there is a small outcrops^the easterly? end of that at Sudbury, already 
 described in the G-eological Survey Memoir on Sheet 47.* 
 
 Brett Valley. ,, 
 
 At Monks' Meigh there is a small outcrop,, and the Chalk is shown in 
 section beneath Crag and Drift (see Pig. 9, p. 45). ' " "W. W. 
 
 At Ohelsworth is another outcrop, with a large old pit, marked on the 
 Map, about half-mile S.E. of the church. This pit is now ahnost aban- 
 doned and overgrown, showing' only al>out 12 feet of soft jointed bedded 
 chalk, with very few flints. To the north-east, across the stream, is 
 another ^it, also almost abandoned, between the road and the windmill. 
 
 There is a very small exposure along an old river-cliff about half-a-mile 
 N.B. of Oosford Bridge, with a pit (see p. 6), and, at Kersey Mill, just 
 below, is another, also in ariver-oliflF, at the base of which the Chalk is 
 just visible, whilst, it can be clearly seen in the bed of the mill-stream. 
 
 I'- J- B. 
 Valley of the Gipping. 
 
 The outcrop of the Chalk along this valley in the tract just to the north 
 (50 S.W.) continues for about half-a-mile into our district on the right 
 side, and about a mile on the left, to near Bramford Station. 
 
 At the old chalk-pit, marked on the Map, about 1| miles N.N.W. of 
 Bramford Church, there is some gravel, and apparently some Boulder 
 Clay, over the Chalk. At one spot there was a black mass in the Chalk, 
 tending to go off into a thin layer, and at another (freshly cut) there 
 was a black smudging, chiefly along two irregular layers of chalk. This, 
 perhaps due to manganese, is like what has been noticed in a neighbouring 
 pit, in 50 S.W-t 
 
 .On'the left side of the river there are good exposures in the two large 
 pits described at pp. 14, 15, and the Chalk is also shown in the large old 
 overgrown pit in the wood to the south, and in the small pit eastward of 
 Bramford Station (see p. 88). 
 
 South of Bramford the Chalk has a very narrow outcrop along the steep 
 bank on the left side (Hazel Wood, see p. 6). At the northern part of 
 the wood is a large old pit, quite overgrown and hidden, where Chalk was 
 probably got, at the bottom at all events : at the top there is gravel. 
 
 On the south of Ipswich the Chalk seems to have been brought up, by a 
 disturbance of the beds, near or to the surface. It is shown in an old pit 
 on the southern side of the farm, about a quarter of a mile 8. of Stoke 
 Eeetory, and on the southern" side of the side-stream, justW. of the 
 Ostrich Inn, it seems also to have been found^ judging by the occurrence 
 of green-coated flints (from the base of the Tertiary beds) on the site of a 
 pit, now ploughed over. 
 
 * The Geology of the N.W. Part of Essex and the N.E. Part of Herts, with 
 Parts of Camhridgesliire and Suffolk. 1878. 
 
 f The Geology of the Neighbourhpod of Sto-vrmarket^ p. 4. Geological Survey 
 Memoir, 1881. 
 
GEOLOGY O* IPSWIOH, ETC. 
 
 Thanet Beds. 
 
 The occurrence of the lowest division of the Lower London 
 Tertiaries at the western border of Suffolk has already been 
 noticed in a Geological Survey Memoir,* and from the district 
 therein described the division seems to reach eastward to Ipswich, 
 where, however, it is thinner than at Sudbury, being represented 
 only by the clayey greenish bed that forms its, base. It is, of 
 course, far too thin to be mappable, and therefore, as in Sheet 47, 
 has been included with the Reading Beds. 
 
 Valky of the Brett. 
 
 The clayey base-bed was shown in a pit less than a quarter of a mile 
 south of Semer Church (see pv 75). W. W. 
 
 At the old chalk-pit, marked on the Ma^p, about half-a-mile north- 
 eastward of Cosford Bridge, the following section was seen : — 
 
 Boulder Glay, at one part. - 
 
 Pinkish clayey sand, firm, bedded, passing into the bed 
 
 below. 
 Dark green clayey sand. A foot. 
 Thanet Beds -i I^gl»*-grey clayey sand, with green grains, blooky and 
 _ ^ jointed, the interstices filled with a white incrustation, 
 forming in one place a hard calcareous nodule. 
 4i feet. 
 Layer of greea-coated flints. 
 
 Chalk, rather hard, with few flints. Slight dip to S.E. 
 
 At Kersey Mill a like section was shown in the river-cliff, the beds 
 being as follows: — 
 
 Boulder Clay, in part, cutting across the next two beds. 
 
 Beading Beds. — ^A wedge-shaped piece of green gand. 
 
 rFine buff bedded clayey sand, firm, blocky and jointed. 
 Thanet Beds -< '^^^ bottom part pinkish and passing into the bed 
 
 I below. 6 feet. 
 
 L Rather clayey bedded green sand. 
 
 The junction with the Chalk was hidden by talus. 
 
 F. J. B. 
 
 Valley of the Gipping. 
 
 North of Bogers-field Grove, at the very edge of the map, there 
 seems to be a trace of the base-bed, between" the Drift sand and the 
 Chalk. , ^ 
 
 At the two large pits northward of Bramford Station the layers of 
 green sand and grey clay next above the Chalk may belong to the Thanet 
 Beds (s^e p. 14). 
 
 In the ditch running westward from the western corner of Hazel Wood, 
 south of Bramford, and close to the marsh, there was at the bottom some 
 very challgr clay {? reconstructed or decomposed Chalk) and some clayey 
 green sand (of the base-bed) mixed up ; showing the proximity of the junc- " 
 tion of the Thanet Beds and the ChaU:. Just within the wood is an old 
 overgrown chalk-pit, with a little clay at top in parts. 
 
 * The deology of the K.W. Fart of Essex, etc. (Sheet 47), pp. 12, 15-17. (1«78). 
 

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8 GEOLOGY OF IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 A pit about half a mile to the south east gives the clearest section of 
 the Thanet Beds in this neighbourhood (Kg. 1), showing the thin reddish 
 bed that occurs so universally above the green sand around Sudbury 
 (Sheet 47). The evenness with which both the Boulder Clay comes on above 
 the Thanet base-bed, and the latter above the Chalk is noteworthy. 
 
 • In the Ipswich Museum there are some oasts of shells (a large Nueula, 
 Oa/rdimn, &c.) which Dr. J. E. Taylok told me that he had found in this 
 pit, and which he thought might have come from the Beading Becls. This, 
 however, is unlikely, though they might belong to the basement-bed of 
 the Loudon Clay; but as no other part than the very base of the Eocene 
 series is to be seen in the pit, I arrl inclined to think that the specimens 
 must have come from some transported mass. 
 
 Reading Beds. 
 
 Although but little seeb at the surface, by reason of the wide 
 spread of Drift, there can be no doutt of the universal presence of 
 this Varying set of sands and clays beneath the London day, as 
 may be inferred from the sections of wells sunk through the last 
 (see Appendix A). In thickness the Keading Beds, as- we may 
 call them, the shelly Woolwich conditions being absent in our 
 district, seem to vary from about 20 to 50 feet ; but it is doubtful 
 in most cases whether the clayey green sand at the base may not 
 rather belong to the Thanet Beds. , 
 
 In Phof. Pkestwich's paper on this Series,* which gives so 
 full an account of other districts, very little is said of Suffolk 
 (pp. 92, 93), the author clearly not having seen such good sections 
 as were open to us. The statement that "it appears that the 
 space of 30 or 40 feet between the London clay and the chalk 
 is occupied by sands only," will be seen not to hold good, as the 
 characteristic mottled plastic clays dso occur. 
 
 It will be convenient in describing the sections to work from 
 west to east. 
 
 Valfey of the Stour. 
 
 On the left bant of the Stour there is afa outcrop south of Chilton ; but 
 the bottom of the series i^ hidden by the deposit of loam and giTivel in the 
 lower part of the valley. The outcrop seems to begin near Kiln Farm, 
 and thence runs north-westward along the flank of the valley for about a 
 milef. ' . 
 
 At the pottery nearly a mile east of south from Chilton Church the pit 
 jiist by the kiln (western and lower edge of the yard), gave the following 
 section (1873) :— 
 
 Feet. 
 Surface- earth, loam, &c. , - - . .." - up to 3 
 
 Drift. Kne soft brownish rather clayey sand, with layers of 
 clay - - - - - - - -iiptoS 
 
 London Clay, bluish when: freshly cut but getting darker and 
 brown by weathering, with vertical cracks in part, causing 
 it to split oflf in great irregularly columnar masses. No 
 basement- bed - ■ - - - - - up to 8 
 
 * Quart. Journ. Oeol. Soc., vol. x., p. 75. 
 t See also the Memoir on Sheet 47. (1878.) 
 
Heading 
 Beds. 
 
 LQWEK LONDON TERTIIAKIES. 9 
 
 Feet. 
 'Sharp loose light-coloured sand . . -froni to over 1 
 
 Dark grey firm fine sand, dompaoted, passing into 
 '. the next .... from .0 to nearly 1 
 
 Dark grey sandy clay, partly ironshot, passing into 
 
 the next - . - - - - 1 or more 
 
 Pale greenish fine sandy cl^iy-and clayey sand, 
 
 ' mottled with red at the bottom part - , - 3 or 4 
 Pale greenish and light coloured fine sand, with 
 
 two marked layers of pipe-day, shown to over 4 
 
 The top bed of the Reading Series passes over the second one and then 
 rests on the third, soon, however, ending ofi", when the London Clay rests 
 on the last. 
 
 A pit just north of the comer of the road north-west of the Pottery gave 
 the following section (1873), partly derived from information, the lower 
 part not being visible: — 
 
 Coarse bright-coloured sand, with a little ironstone ; the upper part 
 rather clayey, the lower false-bedded ; about 10 feet. Though mapped 
 with the Drift this very likely belongs to the Crag. . 
 London Clay, the top 3 feet clean, the rest with "malms" (=race), 
 
 about 10 feet. 
 Beading f Sharp sand, nearly white, 3 feet (=the 1 foot bed at the 
 Beds 1 pottery). . - ' 
 
 ' L Reddish play ?aid to occur below. 
 
 IVom this short outcrop, at the western edge of our district, the 
 Beading Beds are not again seen for more than seven miles. We will, 
 however, leave the northern outcrop to notice a small isolated protrusion 
 of this series, due to local disturbance, at a still more unexpected place 
 than Shelly (noted below). 
 
 The low cliff' of the Stour froni nearly half a mile below Stutton Mill 
 eastward is overgrown and tumbled. At first there is some gravel, but 
 this soon ends, and then London Clay n^ay be seen, sandy^and like base- 
 ment-bed at the bottom in parts. A trifle further, in the very slight 
 hollow in the shore due south of Stutton Hall, there was (in 1872) at the 
 bottom, in a tumbled mass, some reddish mottled clay, like the plastic 
 clay of the Reading Beds, and close by fine light-coloured sand, with some 
 pieces pf sandstone, occurs beneath thip clay. (A block of grey wether- 
 sandstone and some smaller pieces that were lying about may have come 
 from this.) At the top was a little gravel, but nowhere any clear section. 
 The sandy London Clay comes on again directly, so that there would 
 seem to be merely a very small (unmappable) boss of the beds below. 
 
 Valley of the Brett 
 
 On the right bank of the valley there seems to be an outcrop from 
 Semer to Kersey (up the side-valley) and also jip the next side- valley to 
 Kersey Hole. . ^ " 
 
 A mere trace has been noted at Kersey Mill, on the left bank of the 
 Brett (see p. 6). 
 
 Just north-eastward of Hadleigh there is a narrow outcrop along a side- 
 valley, and at the brickyard nearly three <iuaiters of a mile S.W. of 
 Aldham, the mottled clay and saiid is worked' beneath London Clay, 
 (see p. 20). - 
 
 " The Reading Beds seem also to have been touched in the brickyards, 
 lower down the valley, at Hadleigh and Layham (pp. 19, 21). 
 
 Still further down the valley, at Shelly, there seems to be some local 
 rise of the beds, by which the Reading Beds have been brought to the 
 surface. However, when the' Geological Survey of that part was' carried 
 ' otit by Me. Bennett, he was unable to findsiny sign of an out crop, the pit, 
 noted by the Rev. W. B. Ciaeke lilany years before, being filled in. As 
 far as we could make out it must have been just west of the church, 
 where there were traces of a small hole. I can, therefore, do no more 
 than give Mb. Clarke's account : — * 
 
 * Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. v., p. S73, (1840.) 
 
lO GEOliOGY OI< IPSWICHj Eld, 
 
 Pit near Shelly Church (W. side of ravine). 
 
 Mould ........ 
 
 "Chalky clay (? with race) . . . - 
 
 White clay ' - 
 [Reading Ochreous yellow clay - - - - - 
 
 Beds, or < G-reenish clay, with fullers' earth 
 partly so] Bed dish loam - " " . ' 
 
 Hard bluish clay, with green particles and pebbles 
 L [flints P] ...... 
 
 Chalk with large flints, to the level of the river 
 
 All the beds of the Beading series'were curved up to the N.W, 
 
 19 2 
 
 In all probability this outcrop is of very small extent. We were obliged 
 to neglect it. 
 
 From the Yalley of the Brett, at Aldham, we iiave to go five miles 
 ' eastward before again seeing the Beading Beds. 
 
 Valley of the Gipping. 
 
 On the right bank of the Gipping above Ipswich the Beading Beds 
 seem to b& masked by Drift, except just westward of Grindle Farm, N.W. 
 of Sproughton, where the occurrence of the loam and pebbles of the 
 basement-bed of the London Clay a little way up the slope shows the 
 outcrop of the beds below, and it is possible that this outcrop may run 
 higher up the little valley westward of Thornbush Farm than has been 
 shown on the niap ; but there were no sections to be seen. 
 
 Below Sproughton I was obliged to colour the London Clay as reaching 
 down to the river-level, though it is quite possible that there may be a 
 narrow outcrop of the Beading,Beds here. 
 
 On reaching Ipswich Bailway Station we find that the beds begin to 
 rise eastward, so that whilst at the bridge the London Clay seems to go 
 down to the river, immediately to the east there is evidence of the occur- 
 rence of the Oldhaven Beds (see p. 16), Which are at once succeeded by the 
 Beading Beds. Mottled plastic, clay occurs along the river north of 
 Burrell Street, and there must have been a good section in the old brick- 
 yard, now a garden, between this and Willoughby Boad. 
 
 The outcrop continues southward through the parish of Stoke, though 
 much hidden by Valley Gravel, and a good section is given by the large 
 brickyard just S. of the church. 
 
 In 1875 the clearest "and most interesting part of this section was in the 
 S.W. corner of the yard, directly S. from the kiln for about 26 yards, 
 which showed the London Clay in apparent conformity with a hollow of 
 Glacial Drift and cutting sharply into the beds below, as in Fig. 2, a most 
 nnusual thing, and such as I had never seen before t6 nearly so great 
 extent. 
 
 On the other side of the kiln, that is ata distance of only 12 yards, the 
 base of the London Clay was shown at about the level X , which is much 
 the same as that of the base of the kiln, and the clay is underlain by a thin 
 pebble-bed and a sand, which I had little doubt represented the Oldhaven 
 Beds, a division of the Lower London Tertiaries that had not before been 
 noticed in Sufiblk (see p. 15). 
 
 Between the kiln and the cottages to the west (and close to the section 
 in Fig. 2), the gravel (6) is somewhat thicker and, as before, with the 
 Boulder Clay (e) beneath it. The latter would seem not to belong to the 
 great mass that forms the upper part Of the Glacial Drift, but to be a local 
 bed connected with the sand and gravel. 
 
 South of Stoke Brickyard the Valley Gravel sweeps inwards for a short 
 way, hiding the outcrop, but the Beading Beds soon show again. On the 
 southern side of the farm south of Stoke Beotory there is London Clay on 
 the west, whilst in the old overgrown chalk->pit on the east red mottled 
 
LOWER LONDON TBETIABIES. 
 
 11 
 
 Fm. 2. 
 . Section in Stoke Brickyard, Ipswich, 1875. 
 
 S. 
 
 N. 
 
 w.w 
 
 For convenience of reference the fetters to the various beds are made the same as 
 in the general section below. 
 
 a. Sandy soil 
 
 Glacial Drift 
 
 Fbet. 
 - -r - - . about 2 
 
 Sand and gravel - - nearly 10 
 
 Boulder Clay. At the bottom a layer of sand 
 and stones (?=Bed Crag. Fhospbatic nodules 
 have been found in it) - up to about 1 1 
 
 d. Bedded sandy London Clay - - - - 20 or more. 
 
 e. ? Oldhaven Beds. Sandy gravel, with broken shells up to 2 
 
 h. Reading Beds. Light-grey sand, a little mottled (green and red) at top. 
 
 The curved broken line draws the probable continuatiou to the point x , near 
 where the base of the London Clay was again seen. 
 
 f 
 
 The following general section of the Oldhaven and the Beading Beds 
 here is made from observations in the various parts of the yard where the 
 section was at all clear : — 
 
 d. LondonrClay, nearly flat at the western and higher part of the yard : 
 at the bottom a sandy pebble-bed up to 6 inches thick, with 
 a few broken shells, which may belong to the underlying series 
 (=e). 
 
 /. Oldhaven Beds ? Fine bufl" sand, with some grey clayey layers 
 (partly ferruginous), in places hardened into stone ; 6 feet or 
 more. 
 
 fg- 
 
 Reading 
 Beds. 
 
 G-rey- and red-mottled plastic clay, blackish at the very 
 top, greenish at bottom, shows something of a passage 
 into the bed below (P from staining it), with a little 
 race : about 4 or 5 feet. 
 
 Sand, brown and grey or irregularly mottled red, and 
 sometinies rather clayey, at top, the rest light- 
 coloured, sometimes very pale green ; several feet, 
 bottom not seen. 
 
 E 14651. 
 
12 GEOLOGY OF IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 clay over sand were seen at top on the eastern side. There must be some 
 fault or other disturbance to bring up the Ohalkhere, and it is unfortunate 
 that no clear section could be seen. 
 
 The short shallow railway-cutting about three-quarters of a mile S.S.B. 
 of Ipswich Station, just south of where the line forks (Halifax Junction), 
 is overgrown ; but I was able to make out something on the western 
 (deeper) side. The northern end was quite hidden ; hut further on there 
 is brown clay, loam, and fine clayey sand, from below which, seemingly, 
 mottled plastic clay has been turned up (by the signal-post at the fork). 
 
 At about the middle there seems to be Boulder Clay beneath the gravel, 
 and at one spot the following order of beds was to be seen, the top of the 
 cutting, however, being hidden : — ^ 
 
 r A little Boulder Clay. 
 Glacial Drift ■< Brown clay and sandy clay; about 18 inches. 
 LA little gravel. 
 
 Red-mottled clay (Beading Beds) at bottom. 
 
 On the south there is a little gravel, perhaps in pipes, over red-mottled 
 plastic clay. 
 
 The outcrop seems to extend to the side-valley south of the house in 
 Stoke Park, where there is some mottled clayey sand, and to the other 
 side of that valley just west of the Ostrich Inn (see p. 5); 
 
 I'rom a cesspit, about lOJ feet deep, in, front of some new cottages 
 (1875) oloseto, and west of, Grusford Hall, yellowish sand was turned out, 
 and I was told that this was capped by clay and stone, the upper half of 
 the pit being in clay, the lower in sand. Probably we have here London 
 Olay and Beading Beds, though there is no sign of the outcrop of the 
 latter. 
 
 Crossing the Orwell the Beading Beds come to the surface at the base 
 of the left bank, N.B. of The "Ostrich. A good section was made here 
 some time after the G-eologioal Survey was done, the whole cliff having 
 been cut back in making the outfall-sewer from Ipswich. I saw this 
 cutting in June 1882, and though somewhat hidden, the following succession 
 could be made out. The beds rise northwards at first, but seem to fall 
 slightly in that direction at last : — 
 
 Brown London Clay, the lower part sandy and with a layer of pebbles 
 at the bottom. 
 
 f Brown and grey mottled clay, with small lumps of race ; 
 about 3 feet. Where this crops out, at the northern part 
 I of the section, it has weathered until much like London 
 I Clay, for which at first I mistook it. 
 I Buff flncisand, about 2 feet. This has some blocks of 
 Readine Beds-^ sandstone in it, one about 8 feet long and up to 18 
 » ^ inches thick." It is like the Oldhaven sand, and passes 
 
 down into — 
 Buff and grpyish fine loam and clayey sand ; about 3 
 
 feet. 
 Grey clay, crimson-mottled lower down ; up to 4 feet. 
 .Pale'green and red mottled sandy clay ; about 5 feet. 
 At the southern part there is a hollow of gravel," south of which the 
 Eocene beds come up again suddenly (perpendicularly or even slightly 
 overhanging) and the buff sand is represented only by some small blocks 
 of sandstone, about 6 inches thick, which soon die out, when, however, the 
 sand seems to come on again. At the extreme south gravel comes on, at 
 first witH great layers and masses of mottled clay in it. 
 
 The outcrop runs a little way up the side-valley east of Greenwich Farm, 
 and the low cliff just south of the Cliff Brewery again shows plastic olay • 
 but northwards the narrow outcrop is soon hidden under Valley Gravel' 
 again to reappear, however, in the midst of the town, for a little, when the' 
 Reading Beds seem to be finally hidden through the rest of the town, first 
 by a covering of gravel and then probably also through a local westerly 
 dip, carrying them downwards. 
 
LOWER LONDON TEETIARIES. 13 
 
 At Trinity brickyard, jnat S.E. of the church, the beds are as follows : — 
 ("Brown bedded clay ; up to about 12 feet. 
 London Clav-i Basement-bed. Brown loam and clayey sand with green 
 ^1 grains; about 6 feet shown, hidden by water below, 
 L but said to be 14 feet more. 
 ? Oldhaven Beds. — Sand, with a few pebbles at top. Some lying about 
 -jW.S'S. fine, grey, and much like that of the Oldhaven Beds elsewhere. 
 Saidto ba,6ifeeii. vc ■ luix-.'.-y . m-, , ', ,■ ... 
 
 Beading Beds. — Horddfiisk/fiarth'^aid to occur below, probably plastic 
 clay. 
 
 St. Helen's^ Pottery and the Back Hamlet Brick and Tile Work, just 
 N. of Trinity Church, are practically one for; pur ©impose, tiaiC pits 
 joining, and the following is the succession of the b|ids, 'tiie account of 
 those"below the' London Clay being from information "on the' spot : — 
 
 A little Boulder Clay over Bed Crag, on the N.B.' ' " ' 
 
 'Bedded clay, partly sandy, with'- £[''m£ll'k6&' layer of 
 
 cement-stone and other li^htTQoJoured; layers ; for 
 
 ' the.most' part'browm, but at.botiom,,dark, grjey (at 
 
 , London Clay < the deepestpart) ; iip'tomore l^an 20 ffi^;b., ,,, 
 
 Basement-bed. Dark' grey loain (brown where near 
 
 . the' surface) with a few shells AV top, amd ' a layer of 
 
 L pyrites ; about 5 feet seen, said'tobe 2 feet more. 
 
 Oldhaven Beds. Fine buff sand (I saw some of this lyingr about) ; about 
 
 3 or 3^ feet. 
 
 ["Green and red mottled plastic clay,' 5 or 6 feet ; but 
 
 Tj„„ J. T!„j„ J in a little pit at W. edge of yard ; 8 to 9 feet. 
 
 EeadmgBeds g^^^j^^^^^jg^. j^^^s^fgg^^ 
 
 L Sand, with water. 
 
 A boring in a well close to the kiln, already 24 feet deep, and therefore 
 oelow the last bed, passed through : — 
 Dark earth, 2 or 3 feet. 
 Green sand, 2 or 3 feet. 
 .. Clay, 3 or 4 feet: 
 , Mixed beds (clayey). 
 Total, to chalk, from the surface, about 40 feet. 
 
 The section given by the Eiiv. W. B. Clakke, of brick-pits at St. 
 Helen's * probably refers to these ; ^ut it errs, like others of his sections, 
 in making some of the bedsmuch too thick, the London Clay being made, 
 42 feet, at a time when it could not have been cut back into nearly as 
 much as now : perhaps, however, this division has been carried too low in 
 that account. 
 
 The foreman of the Trinity Brickyard told me (in 1875) that at a 
 brickyard in what is now Argyll Street (Woodbridge Koad) where he had 
 worked for 50 years, there was at top 30 feet of clay, like that at Trinity^ 
 Brickyard (London Clay) for the most part, then sand, which was dug to 
 a depth of 20 feet, and bored 30 feet more in a well, when Chalk was 
 touched, and bored, into some depth, plenty of water being got. 
 
 The Beading Beds rise again on the N.W. of Ipswich, and sand is 
 found beneath the London Clay in the brickyard N.W. pf Brook's Hall 
 (see p. 23). There is a small outcrop just north, by the railway. 
 
 In the brickyard at Whitton Leys sand occurs beneath London Clay 
 (fig. 8, p, 24), and two little diggings at the lower (western) end of the 
 common bearing that name on the Map seemed also to show London 
 Clay over light-coloured sand. There are flint-pebbles lying about, a 
 sign of the basement-bed of the London Clay. 
 
 Hence northward there is a narrow outcrop along the sharp slope of 
 the valley for about a mile, when it turns eastward along the side-valley 
 to Akenham.f It is in this part of the left bank of the Gipping that 
 
 * Tratis. Geot. Soc, ser. 2, vol. v., p. 382. 
 
 t See the Geology of the Neighbourhood of Stowmarket (Explanation of Quarter 
 Sheet 50 S.W.), p. 4. (1881.) 
 
 B 2 
 
14 
 
 Fig. 3. > 
 General Section at the Chalk Pit nearly a mile Northwatd oj 
 Bramford Station. 
 
 Scale 8 feet to an inch. 
 
 Feet. 
 1. Glacial Drift. Gravel and sand, 
 
 resting irregularly on 2 up to 8 
 
 
 Vine light-coloured sand, -with 
 thin clayey layers; at the 
 bottom a tldn layer of gravel, 
 with phosphatic nodules (may 
 belong to the Crag) - - up to 15 
 
 •^;77i""^g~l London Clay. - 
 
 • •" Tr-r^-t-*^"! 
 
 
 '3. Brown bedded 
 
 clay and loam, 
 
 like the base- 
 ment-bed of 
 
 some places - up to 10 
 4. Sandy pebble-bed, 
 
 of black flint 
 
 pebbles (mostly 
 
 small but some 
 
 large) - from an inch to 1 
 
 Reading Beds. — Light-coloured 
 (whitish) sharp sand, false- 
 bedded (especially the upper 
 part), with long lenticular 
 masses of ironshot grey clay 
 (up to 3 feet or more thick) 
 and with ironstone-nodules ; at 
 bottom here and there a few 
 
 ebbles 
 
 1 8 or more 
 
 "Clayey greeusaud 
 
 XJrey clay, marly ? ■• 
 
 Clayey greensand, 
 
 not so bright as 
 
 that above ; some 
 
 about l\ 
 neariy 3 
 
 green-coated flints 
 at bottom ; resting 
 evenly on the 
 Chalk - 
 
 about 2i 
 
 !i.. Si- 'L .„» ,Ji. .—rTI 
 >y w. lit jir Ml l',"f 
 
 6. Reading or 
 Thanet Beds. 
 
 7. Chalk with a few flints, many feet. 
 
LOWER LONDON TERTIAEIES. 15 
 
 occur two of the finest sections in our district. These are given by the 
 large chalk-pits northward of Branaford, and in describing them the same 
 index-figures will be used for both, so that comparison may be easy. The 
 southern of the two was the clearer and better section, all the beds being 
 accessible. It is marked "Chalkpit" on the Map, and is less than a 
 mile northward of Bramford Station. Here the London Clay comes on 
 above the Beading Beds, so that we have the full thickness of the latter, 
 the fine section being as in Fig. 3 (1875-77). 
 
 Tbe northern pit is about a quarter of a mile further up the valley, 
 east of the Paper Mill of the Map. Touching it, and to the north, on the 
 higher ground, was a small sand-pit, which showed the following beds : — 
 
 ? 1 & 2. False-bedded sand ; with a gravelly layer, half a foot thick, 
 at the bottom, chiefly of flint-pebbles, but with some flints and 
 phosphatic nodules ; resting irregularly on 5. 
 
 5. Sand, with a lenticular mass of grey clay. (Reading Beds.) 
 At the clearest pai:t of the large pit the section was — 
 
 1 . Glacial Drift. Gravel and sand, false-bedded ; up to 8 feet thick 
 
 resting somewhat unevenly on 2. 
 
 2. Buff and brown sand, with thin ferruginous layers: at the bottom 
 
 a gravelly layer, with phosphatic nodules ; up to 8 feet. 
 
 6. Reading Beds. Sand, with clay ; hidden, but apparently like that 
 
 in the small pit ; some feet thick. 
 
 6. Readingor Thanet Beds? (pairtly inaccessible). Clayey green sand, 
 
 grey clay, and again clayey green sand (with green-coated flints) ; 
 some feet, resting evenly on the Chalk. 
 
 7. Bedded chalk with very fsw flints ; many feet. 
 
 Although bed No. 2 has been mapped with the Drift (from which it 
 could hardly be separated except in sections), I am inclined to think that 
 it may perhaps belong rather to the Crag, as in the tract to the north.* 
 
 In the springy hollow N.W. of Whitton Church a shallow drain showed 
 clay, some like London Clay, but some (at the bottom) red-mottled and 
 probably belonging to the Reading Beds. There would seem, therefore, 
 to be a small outcrop of these two clays (too small to be shown on a one- 
 inch, map) in the midst of the Drift. 
 
 At Tuddenham Kiln there is some mottled sandy clay (see p. 25), not, 
 however, at the surface, and this is the last seen of the Reading Beds in 
 our district. 
 
 Oldhaven Beds. 
 
 The occurrence of this uppermost division of the Lower London 
 Tertiarles in the town of Ipswich, and apparently nowhere else, 
 is peculiar ; indeed its occurrence anywhere in Suffolk was not 
 to be expected. It is the most local of the three divisions, being 
 confined in the southern part of the London Basin to the ea:stern 
 part of Surrey, parts of Kent, and a small-ffai-t?W^^Sf fis^ and 
 not having been before noticed nlong the whole of the northern 
 eilge of tiiat Basin, except for a possible wee patch (of pebbles) 
 at the border of Essex (with Suffolk),t It consists essentially of 
 fine light-coloured sand, often witli flint pebbles. In Ea.5t Kent 
 tliis sand sometimes contains hardened masses, which seem to 
 have been the parent bed of many of tlie blocks of grey wether- 
 sandstone scattered over the surface of that part. Now in 
 Ipswich, where this sand seems present, it is singular that many 
 blocks of like stone have been met with. 
 
 * See Memoir on Sheet 50 S.W., p. S. 
 
 t The Geology of the N.W. Part of Essex , . , etc. {Geological Survey Memoir 
 on Sheet 47'), p. 24. (1878.^ 
 
16 GEOLOGT OF IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 Some of these masses of sandstone occur on the bank of the 
 river, near the railway-station, just where the outcrop of the 
 sand would be expected. 
 
 In June 1882, after the above was written, the widening of the railway 
 (S.W. side) at the ' station showed the junction with the London Ola^. 
 Near the tunnel there was clay ; then the loamy bottom part of the clay 
 rose up, with a layer of pebbles at the base, and then fine light-oolonr'ed 
 sand. Opposite thd centre of the station there seemed to be loam again, 
 biit I could not tell whether it was in place or slipped. 
 
 The best section is at the Stoke Brickyard (see p.' 11), and the sand also 
 occurs at the bottom of the railway-eutting, up to the tunnel-mouth, on 
 the S.W., beyond which nothing has been seen of it on, this side of the 
 river. 
 
 In the wood, on the site of an old brickyard, just south of the house in 
 Stoke Park, there are many greywethers. Some of these came from the 
 old brickyard at WiUoiighby Eoad, Stoke, and would seem, therefore, to 
 belong to the Oldhaven Beds ; some are of concretionary structure and 
 partly soft. If any came from the brickyard at the spot they would lead 
 one to infer a local outcrop of the Oldhaven Beds. - 
 
 On the left side of the Orwell the sand has been found beneath the 
 London Clay at Trinity Brickyard and at St. Helen's Pottery (see p. 13). 
 
 Of course the outcrop of so thin a bed is too narrow to be shown on the 
 one-inch Map, audit has, therefore, been included with that of the Reading 
 Beds. 
 
 In the well at Landguard Port pieces of stone, like greywether- 
 sandstone were found. 
 
 In concluding this chapter, I may express a hope that the older 
 Tertiary beds of Suffolk may in future have more attention from 
 geologists than they have had in, past years. The marvellous 
 accumulations of fossils in the Crags seem so to have fascinated 
 observers as to have led them to pass by unnoticed the really fine 
 sections of the older beds that have been opdu for many years. , 
 
 I may remark also, though the matter is one referring to the - 
 district to the N.E., that the evidence of well-sections has shown 
 us that the usually accepted notion of the ending off of these older 
 Tertiary beds in Suffolk is quite wrong. They seem to extend, 
 under Crag and Drift, along the whole of the eastern border of the 
 county, as Mb. Dalton has shown in a short hpte on the 
 subject.* 
 
 W.W. 
 
 * Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1880, p. 375, and Geol. Mag. dec. 2, yol. vii., p. 518. 
 
CHAPTER III.~EOOENE AND PLIOCENE. 
 
 London Clay. 
 
 This formation has its usual character, and consists, where seen 
 at the surface, of a brown clay, rather sandy towards the bottom, 
 and with layers of septaria, or concretionary masses of clayey lime- 
 stone, at internals. The brown colour is, however, due , to oxida- 
 tion, and when a section shows the clay at some depth from the 
 surface it is usually found to be dark bluish-grey, unless where it 
 is covered only by permeable deposits, when the topmost part has 
 turned brown. 
 
 In our district we are far from having the whole thickness of 
 this clay, the greater part of which has been carried away, by denu- 
 dation, before the deposition of any of the overlying beds: indeed, 
 we have only the lower part,' which here in great measure is 
 somewhat sandy and often rather well-bedded, the bedding being 
 shown by the comparatively frequent calcareous layers, whicli 
 sometimes form continuous beds of cement-stone. 
 
 The bottom part, generally very sandy, and often with a layer 
 of flint-pebbles, is so distinctive as to have acquired the name of 
 basement-bed. 
 
 The London Clay is almost unfossiliferous here, the only 
 notable fossils being the remains of turtles, which were found 
 on the coast when the cement-stones were dredged for the manu- 
 facture of Eoman cement, a bybgone industry, and the great 
 number of pyritized plant-remains that occur on the beach at 
 Felixstow: so plentiful are these latter that I have sometimes 
 seen patches of scanty beach, on the clay foreshore, almost wholly 
 formed of them. 
 
 W. W. 
 
 South of the Stour^. Essex. 
 
 On the right bank of the Stour the London Clay occurs in 
 continuous exposure from La Marsh to Harwich. In most 
 sections it is seen to be somewhat sandy and regularly bedded. 
 
 It may be seen on the road about a third of a mile southward of La 
 Marsh Ohuroh and in the railway-cutting at Bures Hill. 
 
 It is worked at the kiln on the west of the railway at Bures Station. 
 The'top part is brown a,nd stiff, then comes brown bedded clay, then 
 brown sandy clay, and then dark grey clay has been found. Clay is said 
 to have been dug to a depth of about 30 feet, when quicksand (Reading • 
 Beds) was found.' At the lowest part of the pit there is a wash of 
 London Clay, with flints ; and in some parts gravel seems to cut into the 
 clay. 
 
 Between Bures and Dedham the clay is often shown in temporary 
 sections, but no large pits occur. At Dedham and Manningtree fouj- 
 brickyards are worked in it. The cutting on the main line S.E. of 
 
18 
 
 GEOLOGT OF IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 Dedham is in London Clay, as also are the cuttings on the Harwich 
 Branch Eailwaj (with or without a capping of Drift). The clay is well 
 seen in the cliffs east of Mistley Quay. In a brickyard on the quay the 
 bottom part, is very sandy. Septaria occur at Nether Hall in a low clifl- 
 section. W. H. D. (and W. W.) 
 
 In the river-cliff north of Low Farm, WrabnesiS, a fault may be seen 
 with an* eastern downthrow, but of indetermiftable amount, in a slight 
 arch of London Clay, the bedding being well marked by continuous cal- 
 careous layers, and by septaria, as shown in Fig. 4. 
 
 Fig. 4. 
 Cliff-Section on the Right Bank of the Stour, Wrabness. 
 
 E. 
 
 W. 
 
 a. Clay with a few calcareous layers, 
 
 b. Clay with calcareous layers near together. 
 
 c. Clay with calareous layers and septaria. 
 
 d. Grey clay (at bottom). 
 X Fault. 
 
 The London Clay from Wrabness to Harwich has already been 
 described in the Geological Survey Memoir on the Eastern End of Essex 
 (48, S.E.) ; but since our mapping was done the works for the new 
 landing-place, station, etc., at Bamsay Kay gave a fine section, and I 
 quote the following from De. J. E. Taylok's note thereon : — " In many 
 places the London Clay is . . thrown into a series of very gentle folds. 
 At . . nine places in the section small faults are as plainly visible as 
 in a geological diagram, owing to the banded character of the strata. 
 With one exception all the faults have an angle of about fifty degrees, the 
 exceptional fault . . being nearly verjiieal. . . The largest . . 
 measures upwards of twelve feet."* When I saw these works, at a later 
 date, the section was mostly inaccessible, from wet ; but they bid fair to 
 destroy the outlier of gfavel that I had mapped on the hill-top. 
 
 North of the Stour above the Brett. 
 
 Along the Suffolk side of the Stour the London Clay also crops 
 out from beneath the Drift, as well as up the side-valleys to 
 Assington and Lendenheath, and up that of Boxford as far as 
 Groton. 
 
 The junction with the Reading Beds was shown at the Pottery south of 
 Chilton and with possible Crag sand at a pit close by (see pp. 8, 9). 
 
 W. W. 
 
 At the tile-kiln, marked on the Map, at Boxford, N.E. of the village, 
 the section showed a disturbance affecting alike the Glacial Drift and the 
 London Clay, as in Fig. 5. 
 
 * Geol. Mag., dec. ii., vol. vi., p. 383. (1879.) 
 
LONDON CLAY. 
 
 19 
 
 Fig. 5. 
 Section at the Tile Kiln N.E. of Boxfcrd. 
 Scale 16 feet to an inch. i 
 
 c b 
 
 Glacial Drift. 
 
 London Clay 
 (bottom part). 
 
 (a. Boulder Clay (brown at top, blue below) at one part. 
 6. Lenticular mass of loam^ 
 c: Bather fine, bedded aud false-bedded, reddish-yellow, sand, 
 with a ferruginions layer (c') in the upper part. 
 'd. Bather stiflF sandy clay, bedded, the upper half greenish, the 
 
 rest reddish ; 3 inches to 2 feet. 
 J e. Bather stiff brown clay, with sand-partings ; 2 feet, 
 j /. Brown sandy clay ; 5 feet seen. I was told that this went 
 I 9 feet further down, and was succeeded by sand and then 
 
 L pebbles, showing the base of the formation. 
 
 Valley of the Brett. 
 
 In this valley there are some good flections of the bottom part of the 
 London Clay, the most northerly being at Aldham Brickyard (marked on 
 the Map), about a mile N.E. of Hadleigh Church, where the beds dip 
 slightly S.E., and show the succession described in Fig. 6 (p. 20). 
 
 P. J. B. 
 
 The section described by Pkof. Pkesiwich as on a hill a mile E.N.E. 
 of Hadleigh refers to this brickyard, E.N.E. having been printed for 
 N.N.B.* As when he saw the section it differed somewhat from what 
 Mk. Bennett and myself saw, I give the earlier account (condensed) : — 
 
 London Clay, brown, passing down into grey and sandy, with a 
 
 few shells ahd teeth of Lemma. 
 Flint -pebbles in sand and clay, with teeth of Lamma. 
 Beading Beds.— Light-coloured sands. 
 
 It serves to show the varying nature of the Seading Beds, the 5 feet 
 of mottled clays of Mr. Bennett's section, between the basement-bed of the 
 London Clay and the sand, not having been touched. "W. W. 
 
 At the Hadleigh Brickyard (also marked on the Map), W.N.W. of the 
 church, the general section of. the London Clay is as follows : — 
 
 Fekt. 
 
 "Siiff chocolate-coloured clay, with septaria 
 
 London 
 Clay. : 
 
 
 m 
 
 Brown sandy clay 
 
 Dark ash-coloured clay, tough though rather 
 
 sandy - - 
 
 Brown sandy clay . - - - . 
 
 Dark brown sand with sharks' teeth 
 Pebbles said to occur below, and then a hard bed 
 
 with crushed shells. 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 14 
 
 2 
 
 Beading Beds. — Yellow sand, said to occur beneath. 
 
 F. J. B. 
 
 * Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., yol. vi., p. 271. (1850.) 
 
20 
 
 gbologfy of ipswioh, etc. 
 
 Fig. 6, 
 General Section at Aldham Brickyard. 
 
 Scale 8 -feet to an inch. 
 
 a 
 'b 
 
 .'Ali-is.iJi^J.el 
 
 iiSPC 
 
 Glacial Drift 
 
 London Claj. 
 
 Febt. 
 
 (a. Gravel and sand. 6. Loam', t. Boulder 
 
 Clay) - - ' - - - about 5 
 'd. Tough chocolate-coloured clay, with septaria nearly 12 
 
 'ei'Bro'wii sandy clay - - - J 
 
 /. Tough cholocate-coloured clay - - 2| to 3 
 
 g. Tough ash-col(Sured clay, rather sandy - to nearly 1. 
 A. Brown- sandy -clay, with partings of 
 
 stiff ohocolate-coloured play - ■• - about 5 
 2. 'Dark clayey sand, from almost black to 
 
 dull brown, with lignite atd pyrites - ]J 
 
 _;'. Black flint-pebbles- and crushed shells - | 
 Sitl^ mottled greenish-yellow clay 
 
 Reading Beds. - 
 
 I. Grey, red, and yellow mottled clay - 
 m. Fine yellowish and greenish sandj 6 feet 
 shown. I was told that it had been sunk 
 into to $0 feet,:when water was found. 
 
 F. J. B. 
 
LONDON chArt. 
 
 21 
 
 The pit shows a disturbance, affecting both the London Clay and the 
 Drift, of the same kind as those seen in the valleys to the west at Sud- 
 bury* and Boxford (p. 19). The section was as in Fig. 7. 
 
 Tis. 7. 
 
 Section at Hadleigh Brickyard, showing Disturbance, 
 W. E. 
 
 vf v, 
 
 a. SoU. 
 
 b. Glacial Drift Gravel and sand. A bed. of gravel at the base (against the 
 
 London Clay) contains some phosphatic nodules, and may represent the 
 Crag. 
 
 Cc. Clay, distinctly bedded, with two marked layers of cement-stone ; 
 
 1 8 feet or more (12 feet or more in another part of the pit). 
 
 I d. Basement-bed. — Loam with layers of clay ; 15 feet or more, 
 
 L not bottomed. 
 
 London Clay ' 
 
 Some of the London Clay goes over the Drift sand at the vertical 
 junctioil. W. W. 
 
 The next good section is at Layham Brickyard, on the hill E.N.E. of 
 .the church (as^ marked on the Map), , where the following succession of 
 beds was seen, though partly hidden by slips : — 
 
 Feet. 
 Glacial Drift. — Coarse sand with a little gravel - - about 3 
 
 Red Crag. — Current-bedded coarse ferruginous sand, with layers 
 of ironstone-nodules containiog casts of shells, the commonest 
 being the Crag species Ocurdi/wm angmtatnmf 
 
 fLayers of brown, grey, and rusty clay 
 
 Stiff chocolate-brown clay, with septaria 
 . Brown and black sandy clay 
 "S Brown sandy clay - , 
 Black clt^, rather sandy ... 
 Brown clay said to occur beneath. 
 
 F.J. 
 
 London Clay 
 (? including 
 Basement- 
 bed). 
 
 B. 
 
 It would seem as if lower beds had been laid open here in Mr. Clarke's 
 time, his account being as follows :— J 
 G-ravel. 
 Blue London Cl'ay, with pyrites, wood, septaria, crumbling shells and 
 
 sharks' teeth ; 60 feet. 
 [Reading Beds ?]-^Sand, 3 feet ; blue clay,^7 feet; and sand. 
 
 There must be some mistake, however, in the great thickness given to 
 the London Clay. Now, from the pit being cut back further into the 
 hill more of the beds above the London Clay are shown than formerly. 
 
 W. W. 
 
 * The Geology of the N.W. Part of Essex, etc. Geological Survey Memoir (on 
 Sheet 47), pp. 53, 55. (ISTS.) 
 t W. WniTAKEE, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxx., pp. 404, 405. (1874.) 
 X Trans. Geol. Soc, ser, 2, vol. v., p. 374. 
 
22 GEOLOGY OF IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 Our next section is at tlie brickyard marked on the Maf>, at Higham, 
 close to tHe bridge over tbe river, where the following beds were seen : — 
 
 Feet, 
 
 Soil -..--.--. 2 
 
 fStiif chocolate-coloured clay, with septaria - - 11 
 
 London Brown and grey clay, with sandy partings and septaria 7 
 
 Clay, . Dark grey clay, rather sandy - - - .. 4, 
 
 including -^ Brown sandy clay, with sharks' teeth - - 14 
 
 Basement- I Stiff dark-grey clay - - - - - 1 
 
 bed. I Dull brown sand - - - . . 7 
 
 LThin layer of pebbles. 
 
 F. J. B. 
 Here again Mr. CiiAEKE seems to have recorded a deeper section, into 
 sands. As it is hard to identify some of the beds in both sections, it 
 is better to give the earlier one, which is as follows*: — 
 
 Feet. 
 Earth [soil] - - - - - - - 4 
 
 TT nndnn f '^'^'^"^ '^^^7 'with limestone (septaria ?) - 7 • 
 
 '-pi -j ■< Brownish clay with clay nodule's and veget- 
 
 ■^ '-' L able impressions - - - 29 
 
 pYery fine white sand with clayey flakes - 2 to 6 
 
 r-D J- J Black clay ..... 2 
 
 -BedsTf yS^^d - - - _ - - - 2 to 4 
 
 •^ L Brown clay with oohreous concretions ; depth unknown. 
 
 A few pebbles are said to occur in the lower beds, which are here 
 classified with doubt. 
 
 North of the Stour below the Brett. 
 
 The narrow piitcrop of the London Clay continues along the 
 main valley, and -also up the forked side-valleys to Cap.el and 
 Bentley, to Tattingstone and north of Holbrook, and to the 
 shorter one round Harkstead; but along this course few good 
 sections were peen. 
 
 In this lower part of the Stour the London Clay is probably 
 cut through in the deepest parts of the river-bed, as also may be 
 the case along the valley of the Orwell. 
 
 At the brickyard on the eastern side of the road near Potash Farm, and 
 over a mile north of Holbrook Church, the section was as follows (1872) : — 
 irregular brown washy loam. 
 Irregular gravel and sand. 
 • Bluish-grey London Clay, which seemed to be laminated. 
 
 The pit of the brickyard' on the Holbrook stream close to its junction 
 With the Stour, west of Harkstead, is in brown bedded London Clay, with 
 a layer of cement-stone. At the western end there was shown (in 1872) a 
 few feet of fine light-coloured clayey sand, apparently abutting against 
 and overlying the clay, and probably belonging to the Valley Drift. 
 
 At the cliff' S.E. of Holton Green there are signs of a very loamy bed 
 (? near the bottom of the clay), and the next cliff, westward of Nether Hall, 
 shows traces of gravel over bedded clay; with a layer of cement-stone, again 
 loamy and sandy at the bottom. 
 
 At the brickyard less than half a mile north of Harkstead Church the 
 small pits showed traces of sand and gravel over brown and grey bedded 
 London Clay. 
 
 Valley of the Orwell. 
 
 The London Clay crops out on the banks of this valley to some way 
 above Ipswich, and also up the side-valley of Washbroek'Hb ^'SBoVe 
 Burstall. Below the junction with this side-vallpy theSfi ^fergtH^ itotMsil§ 
 
 * Trans. Oeel. Soc, ser.a, ■«oJ'.'v4«pp.2»725 378?' .ioaV) .enm'T + 
 
LONDON CLAT. 23 
 
 sections on the right bank at the time the G-eologioal Survey was made ; 
 but there is now a large brickyard near Shotley, where this clay must be 
 worked. 
 
 In the little wood on the left bank of the side stream, S.S.W. of the 
 house in Stoke Park, there is a sort of low cliff, which, though overgrown, 
 shows at the bottom grey London Clay, the lowest part being sandy, and 
 with green grains, like the basement-bed. 
 
 Some sections in and near Ipswich that show the junction with the 
 beds below have been already described (pp. 10-14), as also the outcrop of 
 the pebbly basement-bed near Sproughton (p. 10). 
 
 On the left bank of the valley a fipe section of the junction with the 
 Reading Beds was noted at the brickyard which is marked on the Map 
 at Whitton Leys, a mile W.S.W. of Whitton Church. The pit reached (in 
 1875) to within a few yards of the lane, and the beds were as shown in 
 Fig. 8 (p. 24). At the S.W. corner of the yard there was nothing but 
 Boulder Clay, and the foreman told me that at the farm (Lovetoft's Hall) 
 close by to the south, in making a well, the same kind of clay was^ found 
 to a' depth of 60 feet without getting to the bottom of the deposit. 
 
 At the Old Brick-kiln, about halfway between Bramford and Whitton 
 Churches, the pits have been filled in. At the top there is a trace of 
 Boulder Clay (which continues above) over gravel and sand (P in the 
 Boulder Clay). In the lower part London Clay seems to have been 
 worked. Foitunately, however, this section has been observed and 
 recorded by Pfiop. Peestwich, whose account of it is substantially as 
 follows* : — 
 
 Mixed clay and gravel ; up to about 4 feel. 
 
 fBrown and occasionally light -bluish-grey clay, with a few 
 I small ferruginous concretions ; up to about 9 feet ; passing 
 
 T don ' down into — 
 9^ . -^ Slightly micaceous brown clay, laminated with ochreons and 
 ^y* yellow sand ; nearly 8 feet. . 
 
 Flint pebbles, up to 10 inches in diameter, in ochreous sand 
 l_ and brown clay, with teeth of Lamna ; about a foot. 
 
 Heading Beds. — Light-coloured sand, with a few small clayey concre- 
 tions ; over 16 feet shown. 
 
 The still earlier account by the Rev. W.'B. CiiAeke, of Whitton Brick- 
 kiln, 2h miles N.W. by N. of Ipswich, probably refers to this, and difiers 
 in showing less of the upper beds, but more of the lowest, the sand being 
 given as 20 feet.f 
 
 South-eastward from this small outcrop, which extends from the 
 
 Bramford Pits to Whitton Leys, the London Clay is hidden by Drift for 
 
 about a mile, when there is another northwards from Brook's Hall 
 
 (Ipswich), whilst just to the south of this begins the narrow outcrop that 
 
 - continues to the sea. 
 
 At the brickyard N.W. of Brook's Hall the following section was noted, 
 in 1877 :— '■ 
 
 'Clay, more or less bedded as far as could be seen (the top 15 
 
 or 20 feet mostly hidden by fallen masses), loamy in parts. 
 
 ' The lowest part, where freshly cut (to ^bout 6 feet) dark 
 
 grey, bedded, and evenly divided by a rusty line from the 
 
 from the underlying — 
 
 {Grey and brown loam, with a few clayey layers ; 
 nearly 7 feet. 
 Flint pebbles in a sandy or loamy matrix ; from a 
 few up to 15 inches. 
 Fine buff sharp sand (Reading Beds). 
 
 In another spot, where the lowest part of the London Clay came to 
 the surface, it was of course brown instead of grey from discolouration. 
 The pebble-bed comes up to the bottom of the ditch by the entrance. 
 
 * Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc., vol. vi.,p. 272. (1850.) 
 t Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. v., p. 379. (1840.) 
 
 London 
 s>Clay. ' 
 
24 
 
 ^ 
 
 l-t « Tj< iO 
 
 / , 
 
 00 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 •to 
 
 
 e 
 
 
 "«. 
 
 
 £ 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 3> 
 
 
 >«s 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 'f* 
 
 QD 
 
 *! 
 
 
 
 
 •i> 
 
 
 Qq CO 
 
 !? 
 
 
tONDON CLAY. 25 
 
 At Woodside, a large house on the hill- top' north of the hospital, I was 
 told that a well was sunk about 90 feet deep, through sand, iron-sandstone, 
 and Crag. In the little valley on the north London Clay is got, and at 
 the house just west (lower) that clay occurs high up the valley-flank, 
 close to the house ; so that the top of the London Clay would seem to be 
 very uneven here. 
 
 In the excavations for the viaduct of the .Felixstow Eailway across 
 Spring Eoad, the following beds were passed through : — 
 Soil and boggy earth (springs). 
 London Clay, with' loam at the bottom. 
 Pebbles and sand, bored down to. 
 
 Below Ipswich there are cliff-sections, thus, at the western end of 
 Orwell Park sandy London Clay may be seen at the foot of the river-cliff; 
 and again, along the shore at Great Wood, where the cliff is not hidden by 
 slips, as is much the case. 
 
 At the brickyard (? abandoned), about a third of a mile B.S.B. of Nacton 
 Church, there is London Clay, and, just above, a small pit showed coarse 
 ferruginous sand (Crag without shells), with some gravelly patches at 
 top. 
 
 The short railway-cutting close to the Ordnance Hotel, Felixstow, is 
 in London Clay,- with a small hollow of sand and gravel at the northern 
 end. The clay of the coast-section will be noted further on (pp. 54-56). 
 
 Valley of the Deben. 
 
 On the right side of this valley there is a nearly continuous outcrop, 
 except where patches of Valley Gravel reach up to the fJrag. The clay 
 also crops out up tlie side-valley to Bucklesham, and along that of the larger 
 tributary, the Fmn, to a little north of our district. On the left side of 
 both the Finn and the Deben the continuity of the outcrop is broken by 
 the descent of the Red Crag to the river-level. 
 
 At the kiln, by the edge of the marsh; a mile N.N.E. of Walton Church, 
 a large but shallow- old pit showed (in 1874) brown London Clay, covered 
 by a wash of sand down the northerly slope, which sand hid the clay at 
 the northern end, where the pit turned westward. A new pit, just south, 
 on the other side of the hedge, also showed a loamy wash down the 
 westerly slope. 
 
 There is a brickyard over a quarter of a mile south of Hemley Church, 
 and another on the river-bank north-east of Waldringfield Church. At 
 the cement-works close by I was told that the well was sunk through 20 
 feet of London Clay. No noteworthy section, however, was seen along the 
 right bank of the streams until reaching onr northern limit, where, in the 
 Finn Valley, at Tuddenham Kiln, north of the church, the upper pit 
 showed the section to the top of the London Clay, and the lower pit con- 
 tinued it downwards. -The lowest beds I did not see, however in 1876 ; 
 but got my information from the foreman. 
 
 Me. S.. V . Wood, Junr., saw this section in 1881, and has kindly shown 
 me his notes, from which the remarks in square brackets in the following 
 account have been taken : — . 
 Gravelly soil ; up to 3 or 4 feet. 
 
 [Bedded gravel j from about 2 to 7 feet.] 
 Light- coloured and brown false-bedded sand, with some 
 small clay layers ; at the bottom a thin layer of flints 
 yiaciai ijrin,_j ^^^ phosphatic nodules (Crag?) ; about 18 feet. [Mr. 
 (ana orag r) ■ ■^god dBBCri)3es as sandy brickearth, with tougher 
 I layers, up to 8 feet at most, passing down into bedded 
 [_ sand, about 12 feet.] 
 r Sandy, clay (upper pit). 
 T -1 Vn J Dark grey clay, with iron-pyrites ; 12 or 15 feet seen, and 
 London Clay.-^ said to have been dug 5 feet.deeper. 
 
 L Grey clay ; about a foot. 
 Beading Beds. — Brown earth, etc. Lying about was some greenish and 
 reddish mottled sandy clay. 
 
 W. W. 
 
 Glacial Drift 
 
London Clay-< 
 
 26 GEOLOGY OF IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 On the left side of the Finn the deserted brickfield, five-eighths of a 
 mile N.E. of Little Healings, was worked in the London Clay and over- 
 lying Orag sand. _ 
 
 The same clay forms the floor of the railway-cutting at Whin Hill, 
 northward, of Martlesham, andthe following section was exposed in 1839 
 at the brickyard at ^Eingston, or Kyson, Quay, now closed, but showing 
 the upper beds in a weathered face : — " 
 
 'Brown clay with traces of fossils ; 12 or 13 feet. 
 Flint pebbles in yellow -sand. Teeth of Lamna common. 
 Here also were found BideVphys cohhesteri, Charles- 
 worth, Hyracotherium cimieulus, Owen (first called 
 Macacus eocenus), and Cheiroptera. Crops out on the 
 (_ level of the river [? mean tide-level] ; a foot. 
 Reading Beds (?).-^Light-coloured sands. Large oyster-shells said to 
 
 occur in concretions in the upper part, not bottomed; 8 feet shown. 
 Mk. Wood's original note* of the discovery of the Bidelph/ys is not 
 accompanied with any section, but it states that the remains were found 
 in the sand immediately below the clay. SiJi C. Ltbll's notef of further 
 discoveries does not notice the pebble-bed, but masses it with the sand, 
 yellow and white, 12 feet, not bottomed. The complete section is given 
 byPKOF. PbesiwicHjJ from whose paper the above details are taken. 
 
 The London Clay, with septarian bands, is exposed in an old Crag pit 
 at Ferry Farm, opposite Kingston Quay, and it was worked for brick- 
 making at Methersgate Dock. 
 
 Between Shottisham and the Deben it rises to a considerable height, 
 probably owing to the protecting influence of the patch of Coralline Crag 
 rock, which, before the formation of the Ked Crag, occupied a larger area 
 than now. W. H. D. 
 
 The clay is shown along the bottom part of Bawdsey Cliff (see pp. 69, 
 70), and northwards there is a narrow outcrop along the remaining (right) 
 side of the Ore valley, and along the Boyton tributary. 
 
 According to De. Vobickek,§ the clay of Bawdsey Cliff contains 1'68 
 per cent, of iron, mostly as protoxide, but with traces of protosulphate 
 and of basic sulphate, and 1'031 pei* cent, of bisulphide of iron.! 
 
 COEALLINE OeAG. 
 
 As the chief mass of the older division of the Crag is north of 
 our district (in Sheets 50, S.E. and 49, S.), the general account of 
 that division will be left for the Memoir on those Maps ; it will be 
 enough here to describe the three small separate exposures of 
 Tfittingstone, of Sutton, and of Rarasholt, leaving the s[)ur at 
 Gedgrave, which forms part of the chief mass to the north, to be 
 described therewith. 
 
 Tattingstone. 
 
 At Tattingstone Hall, on the left side of the stream, ihere is a small 
 outcrop of Coralline Crag, little more than a quarter of a mile along the 
 bottom of the valley from north to south, and only an eighth of a mile 
 wide at most. It is bounded westward by the narrow alluvium, on the 
 other side of which London Clay crops out, and elsewhere by Red Crag, 
 which comes on above, and the underground extent of the older Crag is 
 probably small. 
 
 The section given by the two pits here (almost touching each other) 
 was as follows, in 1877, when the southern one was given up and its lower 
 part filled in, so that the Coralline Crag could not then be seen. I had, 
 however, seen it there better and to a greater depth than in the other 
 pit : — 
 
 * Mag. Nat. Hist., set. 2, vol. iii., pp. 444, 445. (1839.) 
 t Ann. Nat. Hist., vol. iv., pp. 189, 190, (i840.) 
 j Quart. Journ.' Geol. Soc., vol. vi., pp. 272, 273. (1850.) 
 § Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxiv., p. 356. 
 
COKALUNE CLAY. 27 
 
 Glacial Drift.— Ferraginous sand, with gravel, much like, but resting 
 irregularly on, the Crag sand ; np to 8 feet. 
 
 Eed Crag. — Ferruginous shell-less sand, with loamy layers and iron- 
 stone, passing down into false-bedded shelly Crag, withunfossiliferona 
 loamy layers and phosphatic nodules. In the lower part lenticular 
 masses of nearly white sand. At the base some phosphatic nodules, 
 flint pebbles, and flints ; up to about 20 feet thick, resting tolerably 
 evenly, but irregularly on — 
 
 Coralline Crag. — Evenly bedded, firm, made up of finely broken shells, 
 mostly buff, hardened into stony lumps in discontinuous layers ; 
 about 5 feet, but has been deeper. (See also p. 47.) 
 
 At the back of the buildings between the pits brown shell-less Red 
 Crag sand overlies the Coralline Crag. 
 
 The section in this small mass of Coralline Crag has been described by 
 Mk. Chaeleswokth,* by Sik 0. LYELL,f apparently by the Rev. W. 
 B. CLARKE,! and byPnoF. PHESTWicp.§ Sie C. Lyell speaks of the 
 Coralline Crag as consisting "chiefly of greenish marl, with only a 
 few stony beds ;" and again he says, " I caused a pit about seven feet 
 deep to be sunk in the yard at Tattingstone Hall farm, piercing the 
 lowest part there exposed of the coralline crag, through green marls, 
 with intervening layers of flaggy limestone, two or three inches thick. 
 At the bottom of this pit I found marl of the same character, contain- 
 ing a large Nueula, Venus ovata, and some other shells ; when the 
 workmen were, stopped by the quantity of water which flowed in. One 
 of the flaggy beds of limestone was almost of a brick red colour, and 
 consisted chiefly of comminuted shells, like the green marl." May not 
 the green of the so'called marl have been owing to damp ? W. W. 
 
 Sutton. 
 
 The outcrop here,.on rising ground south of Pettistree Hall and close 
 to th&Deben, is only about a third of a mile across, from N.B. to S.W., 
 and about a quarter of a mile from N.W. to S.E. 
 
 The bed of,phosphatio nodules at the base of the Coralline Crag was 
 
 once worked here, in a pit about 770 yards due south of the Hall, which 
 
 ' has been filled in- for years : luckily, however, not before it had been 
 
 carefully noted by Prof. Pkesxwich, from whose paper the following 
 
 description is condensedl! : — 
 
 Soil (thin). 
 
 ''White marly sands with seams of Gyprma ; about 7 feet. 
 White marly sands ; Aiwmia, Asta/rte, Oardita, Dyalodonta, 
 and Poraminifera common in the upper part ; Mya, 
 Oyprina, and Bryozoa common in the lower part ; about 
 10 feet. 
 Comminuted shells, with single valves of Cyprina, Maclra, 
 and Pecten, T&rebra, Tv/rritella, and Celkpora; about 
 Coralline 4 feet. 
 Crag, J Phosphatic nodules, mammalian (chiefly cetacean) bones 
 about "^ and teeth (highly mineralized, rolled, and of the same 
 22 feet. species as those in the bed at the base of the Bed Crag), 
 
 rolled London Clay Crustacea, sharks' teeth, a Jurassic 
 saurian vertebra, blocks of London Clay septaria (bored by 
 molluscs), "balls of sandstone often containing a cast of a ^ 
 shell [= " box-stones "], small pebbles of quartz and of 
 flint, large pebbles of sandstone, and a rounded boulder 
 of dark red porphyry, weighing about a quarter of a ton ; 
 L 12 to 15 inches. 
 London Clay ; (8 feet above high- water level of the Deben). 
 
 * Phil. Mag., eer. 3, vol. vii., pp. 83, 84. (183.i.) 
 
 f Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. iii., p. 314 ? (1839.) 
 
 % Trans. Geol. Son., ser. 2, vol. v., p. 381. (1840.) 
 
 § Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxvii., p. ■349. (1871.) 
 
 II Quart. Jovrn. Geol. Soc, yol. xxvii., pp. 116-118. (1871.) 
 
 E 14651. 
 
28 GEOLOGY OF IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 The quarry, near by the last, and on the western side of the hill-top, 
 is still worked. The following account, also condensed from Prof. 
 Prestwich's,* shows three kinds of Crag' under a thin soil: — 
 
 Soft dark ferruginous rock, of comminuted shells and fragments of 
 , Bryozoa and' entire Bryozoa, with a few entire shells ; partly false- 
 bedded. Soft white calcareous veins run through from the top; 
 11 feet; 
 Fine sand and grit, comminuted shells, many small perfect sheila, and 
 some Bryozoa, with finely laminated hard irregular seams of yellow 
 marl or limestone, and dark green grains ; partly false-bedded ; 5 to 
 8 feet. , 
 Fine compact sand, with small shells, and Bryozoa (mostly in the 
 
 position of growth, and sometimes in regular beds) ; 4 feet. 
 Prop. Pbestwich regards the beds here shown to be higher than 
 those of the foregoing section. The lowest bed here is 12 feet thick at 
 the Bullock-yard -Pit, on the N.B. side of the hill, three eighths of a mile 
 S.S.E. of Pettistree Hall, where theoverlying sand and grit is also seen, 
 as well as Bed Ctag. The top bed of the quarry belongs to the Upper 
 Division of Pkof. Phesiwich, the rest of the beds to the Lower 
 Division; the thickness of which, "as proved at Sutton, is about 
 47 feet;" but, from the levels given by himf would seem to be less 
 (? 35 feet), for the surface at the site of the old coprolite-pit is 43 feet 
 above low water, and therefore the London Clay floor must be 20 feet, 
 i),nd the top of the quarry ia 65'6 feet, so that the base of the upper division 
 there must be 54^ feet. 
 
 The figures of these pits are reproduced on p. 68. 
 
 Ramsholt. 
 
 The exposure here cannot be coloured on the ai3'p, being :Conflned to the 
 small river-cliff south of Shottisham Creek, where Coralline Crag occurs 
 to a thickness of 7 feet, overlain by 4 feet of Bed Crag,t and a small pit 
 near here yielded many rare . and well-preserved fossils, Pkop. Pubstwich 
 remarking that "Many species were jiiore abundant at Ramsholt than 
 in any other locality, and wore generally in a very fine state of preserva- 
 tion, the bivalves' often with both. valves."§ 
 
 Boyton Marshes 
 
 JTear Caldwell Hall Coralline Crag phosphate is worked, below the 
 alluvium, and therefore generally under water, which ia kept down by 
 pumping. Only " about 18 inches of Coralline Crag, are overlain by Red 
 Crag, and . ' -. . in working the labourers mix the two together."|| 
 
 The G-edgraVe spur, withlits capping of-Red Crag, will be described in 
 the Memoir on Sheet 50, S.B. 
 
 W. H. D; (and W. W.) 
 
 * Quart. Journ. Oebl. Soc, vol. xxvii., pp. 119, I'M. 
 •f Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vo). xxvili, pj. vi. 
 j CiiAHLESwoKTH. ZViiV. May., sen 3, Vol. vii., p. 84. 
 § Quart. Journ. Oeol. Soc, vol. x.Kvii,, p. 118. 
 
 II [A.] Bell quoted by S. V. Wood, Quart, Journ, Geol, Soc, tol xxxiii , 
 p. 120. (187).} 
 
29 
 
 CHAPTER IV.— EED CRAG. 
 
 General Description. 
 
 The Red Crag is essentially a sand, generally coarsej strongly 
 coloured by iron-peroxide, showing well-ma,rked oblique or false 
 bedding, and in great part crowded with marine shells, sometimes 
 to such an extent as to be chiefly made up of these. The shells are 
 mostly broken up; but there is an abundance of perfect, or nearly 
 perfect, specimens, the great variety of which has made this 
 deposit so interesting to geologists and collectors : even one who 
 is well accustomed to see it can hardly stop himself from 
 collecting shells in a Crag pit. 
 
 Here and there loamy layers occur, and also beds gi a gravelly 
 character, with small pebbles of flint and quartz, rolled pieces of 
 flint, and phosphatio nodules. Tlie ferruginous matter is often 
 abundant enough to cement the whole into a firm mass, and it 
 also occurs segregated into bands or nodules. The redness is 
 probably not original ; but caused by peroxidation of iron, which 
 seems to occur as a protosalt where the Crag is protected from 
 surface-actions, as in some deep wells in the district to the north, 
 in which the bed is not red. 
 
 As might be expected from the permeable character of the Red 
 ^rag, its shells have to some extent been dissolved away by the 
 percolation of acidulated water, and sometimes the calcic car- 
 bonate thus taken away from upper beds has been deposited, 
 as a whitish marl, along small more or less vertical fissures in 
 lower beds. In many parts the shells seem to have wholly dis- 
 appeared, though leaving their mark in the form of casts and 
 impressions in the firm iron-sandstones and ironstones. Often, 
 however, especially on the outskirts, not even this trace is left, 
 and we find only an unfossiliferous sand which an observer would 
 at first hardly believe to be merely the decalcified state of the 
 wonderfully shelly deposit usually underotood by the term Red 
 Crag. It is only by tracing these sands along their outcrop, by 
 the examination of their relation to the beds above, and by noting 
 their lithological character, that one is enabled to make out what 
 they are, and in some cases this can hardly be done with certainty. 
 
 As we should expect, the process of decalcification of the Crag 
 sand has often been very irregular ; so that the upper shell-lesw 
 part is divided from the shelly part in a very uneven way, and 
 this has given rise to the impression of there being an eroded 
 surface between th^ two. This, however, is not really the qase, 
 and we have only an example of an occurrence common in per- 
 meable and especially in calcareous beds, for a detailed account 
 of which, the reader cannot do better than read the Memoir of 
 M. E. Vanden Broeck,* which refers largely to beds of a like 
 character to our Crag, in Belgium. 
 
 In our district the thickness of the Red Crag ranges up to 
 about 40 feet, but that amount is rarely reached : nor is a greater 
 
 * SUr les Ph^nom&nes d'Alteration dea Depots superficiels par I'lnfilti'ation des 
 Eaux meteoriques. Mem. couromies, etc. (4^' ^- Selg.), t. xliv. (1881.) 
 
 c2 
 
30 GEOLOfiT OF IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 thickness ever seen at the svirface, though wells, in other parts, 
 seem to pass through more. 
 
 The Nodule Bed. 
 
 The most interesting part of the deposit is perhaps the thin 
 layer at the bottom, which has ^been so much worked for the 
 phosphatic nodules, of which it often so largely consists. This bed 
 is one of the same kind as those at the base of the Chalk, and in 
 the Lower Greensand, in Cambridgeshire, Bedfordshire, etc., all of 
 them being of a conglomeratic or gravelly character, and contain- 
 ing so-called " coprolites," or fossils and nodules composed chiefly 
 of phosphate o£ lime. 
 
 in our case the nodule-bed contains the usual shells of the Red 
 Crag, together with a miscellaneous collection of various rock?, in 
 small waterworn pieces and in -larger blocks. Amongst these 
 flint and flint-pebbles are the most plentiful, many of the former 
 being unworn and partly covered with the shells of a Balanus ; 
 quartz and quartzite also occur, and pieces of sandstone (Carboni- 
 ferous and Grey wether), of various Jurassic and Cretaceous beds, 
 of granite and other igneous rocks^ and of London Clay septaria 
 (sometimes large). The most peculiar of the rock -contents are, 
 however, the " box-stones," so called from the fact that many of 
 them contain the cast of a shell. These are irregular rounded lum[)s 
 of a tough, brownish sandstone, shown, by the contained fossils, 
 to be of comparatively late Tertiary age, though older than the 
 Coralline Crag, and lithologically unlike any English Tertiary 
 bed. These are indeed the only record in our country of their 
 age. They are the remnants of beds that once existed either 
 where the Crag sea reached beyond our island, or in parts from 
 which these beds have been wholly swept away, and they have 
 their present representatives in the Diestian of Belgium. 
 
 Besides the phosphatic nodules^ which are rolled pebbles of 
 London Clay septaria or of hardened piiosphatized clay, ihere 
 are great numbers of phosphatized fossils, which, like the rocks, 
 are of various ages. In the collection of Mr. W. Ceowfoot, of 
 Beccles, I have[seen rolled pieces of Ammonites, probably A. biplex 
 (Kimeridgian), of like character to the phosphatiised remains found 
 in the Lower Greensand of Bedfordshire, etc., from which they may 
 have been derived ; and, in the same collection, there were some 
 true coprolites. The great majority, however, consist of sharks' 
 teeth and other remains from the London Clay, of teeth of many 
 land mammals (pig, rhinoceros, mastodon, tapir, deer, horse, bear, 
 etc.), that have been derived from some older Pliocene beds, and 
 of many bones and teeth of marine mammals of like age, pieces 
 of the ribs of whales being indeed amongst the most common 
 things to be seen on the phosphate heaps, and the ear-bones being 
 not uncommon. 
 
 Pkof. E. E. Lankestee has described the strange derivative 
 fauna of this bed, and in his paper of 1S70 (see p. 39) there is a list 
 of the mammalian remains, as well as one of the fossils from the 
 box-stones, to the number of 5 vertebrata and 35 moUusca. A fine 
 collection both of the mammals and of the box -stones may be seen 
 
BED CRAG. 
 
 31 
 
 ill the Ipswich Museum. It is needless to (reat of this bed at 
 greater length, as an account of the published researches on it is 
 given a few pages further on. 
 
 Fossils. 
 
 Long lists of the shells of the Eed Crag have been given by 
 Prof. Prestwich* and by Mr. S. V. WoOD,t the latter of 
 whom noted the occurrence of the species by groups of localities, 
 and it is needless to reproduce these lists, or those of Mr. Bell ;J 
 enough here to draw attention to the general character of the 
 fauna, as shown by the molluaca. 
 
 As_ would be expected, from the late geologic date of the 
 deposit, the great majority of the non-derivative fossils are of still 
 existing species. Authorities, however, unfortunately differ much 
 as to the proportion of extinct forms, probably from the different 
 value attached to certain characters as specific or only varietal. 
 Thus -whilst Prestwioti (? on the authority of Jeffreys) gives 7-7 
 as the per-centage of extinct species in the Eed Crag of Suffolk,§ 
 WOOD gives 50 out of 148 in the case of the Walton Naze, or older 
 Red Crag, and 55 out of 199 in that of the rest of the Red Crag,|| 
 or as much as 33-7 and 27-6 per cent, respectively. 
 
 With regard to the distribution of the living forms I cannot 
 probably do better than reproduce the statements of llie above 
 authors, which are as follows, with the per-centages added, in 
 order to reduce them to a common denominator, as they differ 
 with regard to the total number of species. 
 
 Geogrofhical DistribuHon of 216 living Species of Bed Orag Mollusca : 
 
 Pkestw^ph. 
 
 167 = over 77-3 per cent. 
 
 167 = nearly 72-7 
 
 156 = over 72-2 
 
 136 = „ 62-6 
 
 84 = nearly 38-9 
 
 40 = over 18-5 
 
 17 - „ 7-8 
 
 7 = „ 3-2 
 
 Mediterranean 
 
 British 
 
 "West European 
 
 Scandinavian - 
 
 Atlantic 
 
 Arctic 
 
 North American 
 
 Various others 
 
 Geogrwphical Distribution of Bed Crag Molhtsea : Wood. 
 
 Walton Ifaze, orDlder Ked 
 Crag. 
 
 Best of the Bed Cra« 
 
 (not including the 
 Scrobiculuria beds). 
 
 British (not Mediten-anean) 
 British and Mediterranean - 
 Mediterranean (not British) 
 iXot British or Mediterranean 
 
 13 = nearly 8 ■ R per cent. - 
 61 = over 41-2 „ 
 14= ,. 9-4 „ 
 10= „ 6-7 „ - 
 
 30= over 15 per cent. 
 78=nearly 39-2 „ 
 14=0Ter 7 per cent. 
 22= „ 11 „ 
 
 It follows, therefore, that Wood makes 50 per cent, of British 
 species and about 50'7 of Mediterranean species in the Walton 
 Naze Orag, whilst his figures are about 54*2 and 46 2 for the rest 
 of the Red Crag ; much less in all cases than Prestwioh's figures. 
 
 * Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxvii., pp. 480-494. 
 
 t Supplement to the Cray Mollusca, 1874 (pp. 203-218), 1879 (pp. 54, 55), 1882 
 (pp. 14-17). 
 
 J Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. ii., pp. 208-215. 
 
 § Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxvii., p. 473. (1871.) 
 
 II Supplement to the Crag Mpllusca, Part ii., p. 219. (1874.) 
 
32 GEOLOGY OF IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 There is one point at which the Red Crag stands at the head 
 of British formations (save perhaps the Drift") : that is in- the great 
 number of derived fossils, that it contains, which have chiefly 
 come from the destruction of the Coralline Crag, as far as Mollusca 
 are concerned, though there are raany from the London Clay. 
 
 Rate of Deposit 
 
 Whilst acknowledging that there is evidence of some cliange 
 from the Red Crag of our district to the more regularly bedded 
 Crag to the north (which has been named Fluvio-marine, 
 Norwich, and Mammaliferous), I cannot see that we haVe good 
 evidence of distinct upward succession, though the latter Crag 
 seems to be somewhat newer than part, at all events, of the former. 
 What we have is rather a, slight change of conditions, and the 
 whole of the small set of deposits between the Chillesford Clay 
 and the Coralline Crag seems to have been formed in so short a 
 time (a mere geologic second) that such a term as the Red Crag 
 Period is beside the mark ; these sands , being apparently such as 
 would be accumulated in a very short time : a heaping up of 
 no great thickness of loose materials on or near a shore being all 
 that was done. I think, therefore, that compared witli such 
 deposits as* our Glacial Drift, or our River Gravels, with their 
 various terraces, (he Red Crag is a small thing, so far as time is 
 concerned, and I doubt whether it is not so' in comparison even 
 with the alluvium, or marsh-(Jeposits, of our rivers. Were it not 
 for the number of its fossils the Red Crag would probably have 
 been almost unnoticed by geologists, as of no greater importance 
 thnn some of the sandy beds of the Drift. 
 
 Literature. 
 
 As our district contains the chief part of the Red Crag, it may 
 be useful to make a summary of what has been written on the 
 subjfect, in the order of the dates (or years of publication), so as to 
 give a history of the views of geologists thereon. In doing this 
 one may pass over some of the earlier notices, which amount to 
 little more than notes of the occurrence of shells, &c., and do not 
 really bear on the question of the stratigraphy or origin of the 
 Crag, with which we are here concerned. Purely palaeontological 
 works, such as consist only of descriptions of fossils, .are also 
 omitted ; but all are noted in Appendix C. Conspicuous among 
 original observers are Charleswoeth, Wood, Peestwich, 
 8. V. Wood, Jun., and E. R. Lankestejs. 
 
 The first paper that seems to call for notice appeared -in 1811, when 
 J. Pabkinson* noticed the ooourrenoe of shells, partly of extinct species, 
 in. the Crag, which, however, he does not call hy that name,, regarding it 
 as the upper part of his Sand and Gravel Series ; and he also noted the 
 occurrence of rolled bones. . 
 
 In 1822, "the Eev. W. D. CoNybeabb and W. Philliis, in their remark- 
 able work,t described the Crag, noticed that the greater • number of its 
 shells seem not to, differ speciflcally from those of neighbouring seas, and 
 
 * Trans. Gcol. Soc., vol. i., pp. 330, &o. 
 
 t OutliDes of the Ge.o}ngy of England and Wales, pp. 10-13. 
 
BKD CEAG. 33 
 
 coucluded that it is probably the newest bed of the Upper Marine formatiou, 
 or in other words, newer than the Bagshot and Isle of IVight bods. 
 
 In 1824 E. C. Tatlok* noticed the occnrrenou of shelly Crag in Suffolk, 
 and that many of the shells approach those of our shores in character, whilst 
 others are of extinct species; but he refers chiefly to the Norwich Crag. 
 
 In 1827 the same authorf referred to the connexion of the Suflfblk Crag 
 with that of Norfolk, concluding that they are parts of one contemporaneous 
 formation, and noticed rapid local variations in the Crag, in which perhaps 
 he includes some of the Drift, however. 
 
 In 1833 SiE C. LyeilJ paralleled the Crag with the Snbapennine deposits 
 (as containing remains of many recent species, and as resting on beds that 
 contain very few such) ; classed it as older Pliocene ; described its structure 
 (including in. the Crag, though with some doubt, much that we now class 
 with the Drift) ; and compared it with the Faluns of the Loire, concluding 
 Chat these two are not contemporaneous, but merely formed under similijr 
 geographical conditions at diflerent periods.. In the Appendix (pp. 47-19, 
 51) the per-oentage of living and extinct species found in the Crag is 
 referred to (? for the first time). 
 
 These remarks have of course reappeared, with many changes, in the 
 various editions of Sir C. Lyell's works, to the last of which only perhaps 
 need further notice be drawn. . 
 
 In 1835, E. Chaiileswoiith,4 to whom belongs, the credit of making out 
 the divisions in the Crag, which had before been treated as one mass, 
 described the Crag deposits. He pointed out that the Crag consists of two 
 well-defined beds, the upper marked by its ferruginous colouring, the , 
 lower by its corals (Polyzoa) ; proppsed the names Eed Crag and ' 
 Coralline Crag for these ; quoted a letter by Mb. S. V. Wood, showing 
 that he had been for many years aware of the existence of the two beds, 
 and thought that the upper had been fonned from the ruin of the lower ; 
 noted the occurrence of teeth o(, London Clay fish in the Bed Crag ; 
 noticed differences in the fossils of the two Crags; concluded that they 
 were deposited under different conditions, at different periods ; and 
 regarded the Norfolk Crag as agreeing with the Red Crag. . 
 
 In another paper || he controverted the criticisms of Woodwaed (see 
 below) on the foregoing paper ; to this Woodwakd made a rejoinder in 
 vol. viii., pp. 138, 139 (1836) ; but the contents are purely controversial. 
 
 S. WooDWAaD,^ said that the Red Crag is diluvium or disrupted crag, 
 objected to the name Coralline, and concluded that. the Norfolk Crag 
 is newer than the Eed. 
 
 In 1836 CiiAKLESwoETH** suppo] ted his division of the Crag into Eed and 
 Coralline, discussed tbe fossil contents of the Crag, disputed the founding 
 of a classification on the proportion of extinct Mollusca, and noticed how 
 organic remains of different periods may be mixed in one deposit. , 
 
 In 1837 he returned to the same subjecls-j f and, in another paper, J J said 
 that the Mammaliferons (Norfolk) Crag is not an extension of the Red 
 Crag, but a distinct deposit newer than the latter. He also referred again 
 elsewhere to the mixing of shells of different ages in the, Crag, §§ 
 
 In the same year DesnoyeksIIH criticised the principle of the determina- 
 tion of the age of beds by the number of existing species in them, 
 
 * Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. i., p. 371. 
 
 •f Phil. Mag. ser. 2, vol. ii., pp. 329, 330. 
 
 t Principles of Geology, vol, iil., pp. 19-21, 61, 171-182, 203-206. 
 
 § Phil. Mag., ser. 3, vol. vii., pp. 81-94. Abstract in Proc. Geol. Soc, vol. ii., 
 no. 41, pp. 195, 196. ■ 
 
 II Phil. Mag., ser. 3, vol. vii., pp. 4C4-470. 
 
 •|[ Phil. Mag. ser. 3, vol. vii., pp. 353-355. 
 
 ** Phil. Mag., ser. 3, vol. viii., pp. 529-538, and Mag. Nat. Hist., yo\. ix,, 
 pp. 537-542. 
 
 ft Phil. Mag., ser. 3, vol. x., pp. 1-9. 
 
 %% R^p. Brit. Assoc, for 1836, Sections pp. 84-86, and in Mag. Nat. Hist. n. ser., 
 vol. ii.,pp. 40-43. (1838.) 
 
 §§ Mag. Nat. Hist. n. ser. vol. i., pp. 42, 96, 97. 
 
 Iljl jBmH. Soc. Giol. France, t. viii., pp. 203-211. Partly translated in Mag. 
 JVai. //««., n. ser., vpl.ii., pp. 111-120. (1838.) 
 
34 , GEOLOGY OF IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 referring especially to the Crag and to the Faluns of the Loire. He thinks 
 that the division of the Crag into two hy Oharlesworth (1836) is in- 
 admissible, the union of the two [as regards fossils ?] being so intimate. 
 Chablesworth added a long note to the translation, criticising some of 
 Desnoyess' conclusions. 
 
 In 1838, the Eev. W. B. Clarke* referred to the presumed occurrence 
 of bones of terrestrial Mammalia in the Crag ; but Charlesworih added a 
 note showing that there is not evidence enough to make it clear that these 
 came from Crag, which is virtually allowed (in most cases) in the second 
 letter. The third letter criticises Lyell's view (1833) of ^;he impossibility 
 of drawing a line of separation between Crag and Drift, an opinion given 
 up in later editions of Lyell's work. 
 
 In 1839 Sir C. LYEtLf followed Charlesworth as to the superposition of 
 the Red on the Coralline Crag, the former resting on a denuded surface of 
 the latter ; and described the junction of the two at Sutton, where the 
 Coralline Crag has been perforated by Pholas, and in parts forms a low 
 buried cliff against which the Red Crag rests. He described the so-called 
 riuvio-marine Crag of Southwold, but seems to include therein the over- 
 lying pebbly sands at EastonBavent cliff, and treated of the Norwich Crag 
 at greater length; He accepted the opinion of DesnoVebs that the Red and 
 Coralline Crags may be of the same age as the Faluns of Tonraine, as, 
 though the fauna of the former is of a northern character, whilst that of 
 the latter is southern, yet the two faunas depart almost equally from the 
 nearest existing marine fauna. He regarded the Norwich Crag as older 
 Pliocene, the Red and Coralline Crags as Miocene. 
 
 In 1840 the Rev. W. B. Clarke, J said that the word Crag is applied in 
 Suffolk only to shelly beds ; but he objected to the separation of the beds 
 with shells from those without [though it is a question to what beds he 
 refers]. He believed that the Crag was formed as sand banks, inhabited 
 by testacea, in a. tidal course, exposed to violent fluctuations of the sea and 
 to drifts from land-waters. 
 
 In 1841 Sir C. Lyell§ returned to one of the subjects discussed in his 
 paper of 1839, comparing the fossil contents of the Faluns of the Loire, etc., 
 with those of the Crag, and, though there is a great difference therein, 
 referring both deposits to the Miocene epoch. 
 
 In 1844 Prop. Hdnslow|| described the concretions (phosphatio nodules) 
 from the Red Crag, and concluded that they are coprolitic. He also 
 no^ced, for the first time, the occurrence "of petro-tympanic bones of 
 cetaceans. 
 
 In 1846 the same authorlT again noticed the occurrence of phosphatic 
 nodules in the Crag, and that they are of the same character as some from 
 the London Clay. 
 
 In this year Prof. Owen** described the Mammalian fossils of the Red 
 Crag, and concluded that the Cetacean ear-bones and teeth had been 
 derived from Eocene beds, from 'the [mistaken] idea that a Cetotolite had 
 been found in the London Clay, being recorded as " from Harwich Cliff." 
 
 Prop. Henslow recurred to the subject of his paper of 1846, two years 
 later, ft stating that nodules which he once thought to be coprolitic ara 
 really derived from the London Clay, and thinking that various bones 
 have been so as well, true Crag fossils differing from these older fossils in 
 not being mineralized. 
 
 In this year (1848) was published the first instalment of S. .V. Wood's 
 great work, J J the greater part of which of course refers only to the fossils ; 
 
 * Mag. Ndl. Hist, ser. 2, vol. ii., pp. 162, 163, 224, 225, 285, 286. 
 
 t Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. iii., pp. 313-330. Abstract in Proc. GeoL Soe. 
 vol. iii., no. 63, pp. 126-130, and short note in Sitll. Soc. Geol. France, t. x. p. 32l! 
 
 J Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. v., pp. 362-364. ' ' 
 
 § Proc. Geol. Soc., vol. iii., No. 79, p. 443. 
 
 II Proc. Geol. Soc, vol. iv., pp. 281-283. Reprinted in Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc 
 vol. i., pp. 35-37 (1845). ' 
 
 IT Pep. Brit. Assoc, for 1845, Sections, pp. 51, 52. 
 
 ** A History of British Fossil Mammals and Birds. 8vo. London, p. 542 
 
 tt Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1847, Sections, p. 64 (1848). 
 
 Xt A Monograph of the Crag Mollnsoa. Vol. i., tJiiivalves, 
 
RED CRAG. 35 
 
 but in the Introduction he classes the Coralline Crag as Miocene, the Red 
 Crag as Pliocene, and the Mammaliferous (Norwich) Crag as Pleistocene ; 
 the first classification being given up in a later part. Bivalves, No. 3, 
 pp. 301, 302 (1856). 
 
 In 1849 Pbop. Pkestwich* established the fact that the fossiliferous clay 
 and sand of Chillesford overlies the Red Crag, and sometimes overlaps on 
 to the Coralline Crag. These Chillesford Beds were the result of tranquil 
 accumulation, whilst the Red Crag shows every sign of a disturbed 
 condition of the waters. He "gives a list of pits in Coralline Crag, in Red 
 Crag and in Chillesford Clay, between the Aide and the Butley River.' 
 
 Dr. BucKlANDf Baid that none of the Crag phosphatic nodules are 
 coprolites, and believed that the phosphatic matter came from putrefying 
 fish, and was absorbed by the London Clay, from which formation the 
 nodules have been derived. 
 
 T. G-. Ringiek-ThomsonJ described the position of the bivalve shells as 
 being with the concavity downwards and the umbo generally in an easterly 
 direction. By experiment it was found that water deposits separate 
 bivalve shells with the concavity upwards, and univalves with the mouths 
 upwairds. These positions not being common in the Crag, it was suspected 
 that wind might have afi"ected the position of the shells, as it was found 
 to do experimentally. He concluded that the water must have left the 
 Crag shells dry, and that they were then subjected to an easterly wind. 
 
 In 1851 theREV. "W. B. Clakke§ classed the Coralline Crag as Miocene, 
 the Red Crag as Pliocene, and the Mammaliferous [Norwich] Crag as 
 Pleistocene, and described the nodule-bed at the base of the Red Crag and 
 its contents. 
 
 ' T. J. HeeapathII noted the economic value of the nodule-bed, and gave 
 analyses showing that the nodules and bones are rich in phosphoric acid. 
 
 In describing the Tertiary beds of Belgium, in 1852, Sib C. Ltell 
 referred tp the Sufiblk Crag, which he believed to be of the same age as the 
 Upper Crag of Antwerp.lT 
 
 In another paper** he noted the occurrence, near the top of the shelly 
 Crag at Wherstead, of a bed of unrolled flints, with some flint-pebbles, 
 the upper parts of the stones being encrusted with barnacle-shells, whilst 
 the lower surfaces are free, and inferred that the action of the currents 
 which brought the Crag here was suspended for a time, so that the 
 smallest pebbles were not overturned, as otherwise the barnacles would be 
 found on the lower side or on both sides. 
 
 In the same year Prof. J. PniLLiPsf f gave a general description of the 
 Crag, and controverted Mr. Thomson's theory of the shells having been 
 left in their position by wind (1849), the position of the shells (concave 
 side downwards) being that which shells take in settling to rest from 
 agitation in water. He believed that the "Red Crag was deposited in a 
 shallow bay, receiving matters from wasting cliffs and shifting sands, by 
 a current of varying intensity. 
 
 In 1854 we have a suggestion from Prof. JohnstonJJ that the phosphorus 
 of the phosphatic nodules was derived from animal remains in higher 
 beds, dissolved out by acids, and re-deposited at a lower level. 
 
 Prop. J. PhiIiLIPS in 1855§§ seems almost to have foreshadowed the 
 opinion of S. V. Wooi), Junr. (1864), for he speaks of the Crag as a deposit 
 in character much like a modern shelly beach, and regards it, with little 
 doubt, as an old beach of the German Ocean. 
 
 • Quart. Journ. Ge.ol. Soc, vol. v., pp. 345-3,53. 
 
 t Journ. B. Agric. Soc, vol. x., pp. 520-525. 
 
 J Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. v., pp. 353, 354. 
 
 § Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. viii., pp. 205-211. 
 
 II Journ. R. Agric. Soc, vol. xii., pp. 91-105. 
 
 •a Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. vHi., pp. 282, 286. 
 
 •» Bep. Brit. Assoc, for 1851, Sections, pp. 65, 66. 
 
 ft Jtep. Brit. Assoc, for 1851, Sections, pp. 67, 68. 
 
 tJ Bep. Brit. Assoc, for 1S53, Sections, p. 52. 
 
 §§ Manual of Geology. 8vo. London and Glasgow, p. 402, 
 
36 GEOLOGY OF IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 S. V. Wood in 1859 drew attention to the extraneous fossils of the Hed 
 Crag,* and remarked that this deposit shows the. action of strong tidal 
 currents, is more littoral in character, and, for its small area, contains a 
 larger percentage of derived fossils than any other formation. He suggested 
 that Christchurch Bay (Hampshire) shows like conditions to those, of the 
 Bed Orag sea. The number of its derived shells, many of which may 
 have come from the Coralline Crag, are a hindrance to applying the per- 
 centage test of age to the Red Crag. The terrestrial vertebrates are 
 intruders, though opinions differ as to where froln. He defended 
 Oharlesworth's divisions from being abolished because they contain the 
 same mammals. These three divisions (Coralline, Eed, and Mamma- 
 liferous) show great changes' of condition, so that the Eed Cirag is a 
 deposit of a distinct period. He difFerred froifl. Owen as to the Cetotolites 
 having been derived ifrom the London Clay, thinking that they have 
 come rather from the Coralline Orag, or some other bed of newer Tertiary 
 age. Most of the fish-teeth may have come from the London Clay, as 
 well as some s^iells and many Crustacea;; there are few fossils from 
 Secondary beds ; it seems, therefore, that the Bed Orag sea was chiefly 
 bounded'by Loudon Clay land, the fossils from which were introduced into 
 the Orag by coast-action. The sandstone nodules, mixed with the phos- 
 phatic norales, some of which contain casts of Shells, he regarded as of 
 older Orag age, though there is no such bed in our existing Coralline Orag. 
 We may have in the Red Orag the contents of destroyed parts of various 
 Tertiary beds. This paper concludes with a list of the deriyed fossils. 
 
 The first paper on the Orag by S. Y. Wood, Junb. appeared in 1864.t 
 He says that in the Bed Crag we have, in England, the initiatory stage of 
 the events that began by the encroachment on the land of a bay of the 
 Northern Ocean, progressed by the extension of that bay into the Eastern 
 Counties, and at last involved a larger area in submergence. , 
 
 The Bed Orag is divided into two parts, one with none of the characters 
 of a deposit'formed under water, the other with those characters*. Of the 
 former there are four stages (beach stages), whilst the latter is more or 
 less horizontal. 
 
 The lowest three stages of the beach Orag are not quite constant in 
 their direction (that is, the direction of the so-called false-bedding), and 
 cannot be well identified in different sectioiis ; but the uppermost stage, 
 from its thickness and from its having been less denuded by a succeeding 
 stage than the others have been, can be accurately identified. The 
 direction of the oblique laminae of this fourth stage is from N.N.E. to 
 S.S.W. at angles varying from 25° to 35°, south of HoUesley. 
 
 The constancy of direction and the parallelism of the planes precludes 
 any idea of fa,lse bedding, under water, and in one place only in Suffolk 
 (Butley) is there any indication of a water-deposit. At Walton Naze, 
 however, there is, below other Crag, a greyish-brown bed, without stratifi- 
 cation, but yielding shells in the condition in which they died, bivalves 
 with the valves united (which happens in no other Eed Orag bed) and not 
 containing those derived Coralline Crag shells that make up so much of 
 the mass elsewhere. 
 
 The fifth or water^deposited stage does not always occur over the lower 
 stages. It is under this stage alone that the workings of phosphatic 
 nodules occur, and where beach stages rest on the London Clay the nodule- 
 bed does not occur. This bed thins off as the fifth stage Crag leaves the 
 clay and rises over the beach stages. Though this stage is water-deposited 
 
 * Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xv., pp. 32-45. 
 
 f Ann. Nat. Hist., ser, 3, vol. xiii., pp. 185-203, pi. xvii. Just as I was returning 
 the first proof of this memoir, came the news of Mr. Wood's death, and I take this 
 opportunity of bearing witness to the great effect his constant work has had in 
 directing attention to the Drift and Crag of East Anglia: indeed he may be said to 
 have rescued the Drift of that district from being ialmost a byeword of reproach 
 amongst geologists, and to have shown what long and careful work is needed to 
 understand it. Although always ready to defend his theoretical views his only 
 object was to get at the trtith, and he was not ashamed to own himself in the wrong. 
 In common with many others, I have to thank him for much kindness. W. W. 
 
BED CEAU. 37 
 
 yet the sliells are not like those of the above-noted bed at Walton, but are 
 as worn as those of the beach stages, from which they seem mainly to 
 have been derived. 
 
 The beach stages seem to have resulted from a sea forced back by the 
 growth of beach it had heaped up, until, by a slight subsidence, the sea 
 planed down the old beach and again began the process of beaching up. 
 
 At Chillesford the fifth stage passes up into the sands and clays described 
 by Peestwich (1849). Our author concluded that the riuvio-marine 
 (Norwich) Crag is as old as the Eed Crag, and probably older than tho 
 fifth stage. 
 
 Six pages are devoted to the Drift, and an appendix gives the places of 
 sections of Bed Crag, noting the stages shown. 
 
 Db. p. CabpIenter ^n 1865* noticed that Crag species now live along the 
 American coast, and concluded that in the early days of existing species 
 there was a closer connection between the North Pacific and European than 
 between the East and West American seas. Certain forms once thought 
 peculiar to the Crag are found to have descendants or reiJresentatives in 
 the districts of Vancouver and California, and 24 Crag species have been 
 identified on the "West Pacific coast. 
 
 In the same year Pboi'. E. E. LAUXESTERf treated of the sources of the 
 mammalian fossils, which seeni to have been derived from various beds, 
 and ahnost all of which are heavy and much mineralized. The sea in 
 which the moUuscaai fauna of the Crag lived, broke up Pliocene, Miocene 
 and Eocene beds, the fish-teeth and phosphatio nodules coming from 
 London Clay, whilst the mammalian remains probably come from the 
 Middle Antwerp Crag and an early Pliocene or a late Miocene bed. 
 
 The same author J regards the Norwich Crag as a much later deposit 
 (though giving no reasons), and, judging by the percentages of extinct 
 species,, the Middle and Lower Antwerp Crag as older than both the Eed 
 and the Coralline Crag ; and thinks, from the number of mammalian 
 remains from the Middle Antwerp in our Eed Crag, that these are the 
 debris of a formation which existed in England, but was broken up by the 
 Eed Crag sea. 
 
 S. V. Wood, Junh.,§ referred to the subjects of his paper of 1864, 
 inclining to the belief that the horizontal Crag is the re-deposit of the 
 material of the b^ach Crag, and doubting . that the former is part of the 
 Eed Crag [an opinion founded on reasons which the author would probably 
 not hold as altogether valid now]. He corrects tbe statement in his last 
 paper that phosphatio nodules occur only under the horizontal Crag, being 
 satisfied that some thin traces referred to this stage from the presence of 
 nodules, really belong to the beach series. 
 
 In 1866 the Eev^ 0. PishehIj came to the conclusion that the Chillesford 
 Clay underlies the Flnvio-marine or Norwich Crag (an error abandoned 
 afterwards), having found brown clay at the bottom of the Thorpe pit. 
 Beneath the Chillesford Clay (in the Aldborough and Orford District) 
 comes sand, with shells of Mya in their burrows, then other sand, and 
 then the Eed Crag. 
 
 E. A, C. Godwin- AustenIT criticized the percentage test of age as liable 
 to fluctuatipn; paralleled the Scaldesian beds of Antwerp with the Eed 
 Crag, both consisting largely of derived shells; limited the Crag sea in 
 Sufiblk at Bentley, Ipswich, and Woodbridge, but included as of Crag 
 age, beds which are now; known to be later, such as those of Grays and 
 Kelsey,, giving, a map of the Crag-sea area. He thought that there is a 
 great breai between the Crag and the Boulder Drift. 
 
 In the same year S. V. Wood,** controverted Fisher's conclusion, noted 
 above, agreeing with that of his son, as to the passage upwards of Eed and 
 
 * Geol. Mag., vol. ii., pp. 152-154. 
 + Qxiart. Jmtm. Geol. Soc., vol. xxi., pp. 221-226. 
 i Geol Mag., vol. ii., pp. 103, 104, 149-152. 
 
 § Bemarks in Explanation of the Map of the Upper Tertiaries of Norfolk, Suffolk, 
 etc. (with Map and Sections as separate sheets). Privately printed, 
 11 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, Vol. xxii., pp. 19-28. 
 
 ^, Quart. Journ. Geol. Sec., vol. xxii, pp. 229-232, 237-239, 245, 246. 
 !** Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol, xxii., pp. 538-552. 
 
38 GEOLOGY OF IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 Norwich. Crag into Chillesford Beds, giving the name Scrobieidaria Orag 
 to the top, or horizontal, stage of the Red Crag. He referred chiefly to 
 palseontological evidence, which shows one of the most rapid faunal 
 changes, measured by the thickness of the beds in which it occurs. The 
 oldest part of the Red Orag is palaeontologically nearer the present time 
 than to the Coralline Orag ; and the former shows evidence of change by 
 stages, the oldest having some affinities with the Coralline Crag, but 
 more with the Mediterranean sea, whilst the newer stages have few ghells, 
 and those of northern type. The oldest stage is that of "Walton Naze, 
 the fauna of which shows a connection with more temperate seas, and an 
 absence of northern forms. The next division is that from which were 
 got the chief part of the shells described in the Monograph on the Crag 
 Mollusoa, and which occurs between the Stour and the Deben, and on the 
 loft bank of the estuary of the latter: it has- mostly a highly oblique 
 bedding, referred to beach action ; shows an intermingling of the Walton 
 fauna with the northern one of the succeeding horizons ; and some shells 
 seem to have been derived from the Coralline Crag. The next division 
 occurs around Butley, Chillesford, and Sudbourne, and though in structure 
 like the last, has a dissimilar fauna, but with many forms that occur 
 at Sutton. Above this is the uppermost division of the Red Crag, marked 
 by the incoming of Scrobicularia piperata, the fauna of which is small in 
 number of species. Separated from this by a few feet of sand is the Chilles- 
 ford sand (Mya-bed of Fisher). Me,. S. V. Wood, Jitnii. added, some 
 diagram-sections in illustration, with a list of the actual sections on which 
 they are based. 
 
 Pkop. E. R. Lankestee in 1867* referring to the suggested correlation 
 of the Coralline Crag with the Black Crag of Belgium, asked, if this be the 
 case, how is the occurrence of the remani^ teeth of species of sharks and 
 Oetacea in both of onr Crags to be accounted for F No unworn specimens 
 occur in our Coralline Crag, as they do in the Black Crag. Whence, then, 
 did the abundant remanie Cetacean and shark fauna of our Red Crag 
 come ? He again concluded that the Black Crag is an older deposit of the 
 Orag sea, which had its representative in Suffolk, and from which first the 
 Coralline and then the Red Orag has derived its sharks' teeth and Cetacean 
 bones. 
 
 The Rev. 0. FlSHEnf defends his views of the year before ; but, in a 
 postscript, allows that they are partly wrong. 
 
 The Rev. L. JentnsJ noticed Henslow's discovery of the use of the fossil 
 phosphates ; but did not bring forward anything new. 
 
 In 1868 Peof. E. R. Lankesxeb§ referred to his published opinions, 
 especially as to the derivation of the bones of the " coprolite-bed " from 
 Diestian deposits. He noted the finding of 30 or more species of muUnscs 
 in the sandstone-blocks (box-stones) which seem to be Diestian, and of the 
 largest Oarcharodon tooth he had seen (in the same). The " coprolite 
 bed " is a littoral accumulation, formed, just before the Coralline Crag, 
 from the detritus of London Clay and Diestian, with fragments of subaerial 
 and fresh-water accumulations (whence its Mastodon, Rhinoceros, Ta^vr, 
 Symna, 8us, and Gervus teeth). He objected to the name " coproUte-bed," 
 because there is probably not one coprolite in it, the nodules being masses 
 of London Clay which have received some 50 per cent, of phosphate of 
 lime from the quantities of fossil bones with which they are associated on 
 the sea-shore. He explained the rarity of bones of terrestrial Mammals, as 
 compared with those of Cetaceans, from the fact that the former came on 
 to the beach in a different state to the latter, which were derived from 
 Diestian beds. The fresher bones would be more easily acted on by the 
 sea than those already mineralised. 
 
 R. A. 0. Godwin-AttstenII gave a summary of our knowledge of the 
 Crag, reviewing the conditions under which it was deposited, remarking 
 
 * Geol. Mag., vol. iv., pp. 91, 92. 
 t Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxiii., p. 17.5. 
 X Proc. Bath Nat. Hist. Field Club, vol. i., No. i., pp. 9-24. 
 § Geol. Mag., vol. v., pp. 254-258. 
 
 II Geol. Mag., vol. v., pp. 469-478 ; Geol. Nat. Hist. Repertory, vol. ii., p. 229 ; 
 and Rep, Bf it, Assoc, for 186B, Sections, p. 70. (1869.) 
 
RED CEAG. 39 
 
 that the Ked Crag is a complex assemblage, in spite of its small vertical 
 size, and that at Walton Naze alone do we find this old sea-bed in its 
 original state, undisturbed, elsewhere the Red Crag being re-arranged 
 and relatively of shallow water accnmnlation. 
 
 The Rev. J. Gunk* placed the Chillesford sandd and clays above the 
 Forest Bed. 
 
 E. Chaeleswoeth said thatf at no very distant day the Red Crag will 
 have to be expunged from the list of British strata, its destruction being 
 brought about partly by the encroachment of the sea, and partly by its 
 being broken up to get at the layer of phosphatic nodules at its base. [Our 
 author seems to forget that Red Crag occurs so many miles inland that the 
 first cause will not be effective until a very distant day, and that it is only 
 in parts that the nodule-bed occurs to a workable extent.] He noticed that 
 the phosphatic matter of ten encloses the fangs of the sharks' teeth, the tooth 
 proper being left free, and that it is only such teeth as have been derived 
 from the London Clay that are thus included in phosphate, from which he 
 concluded that all the phosphatic stone (as distinguished from bones) in the 
 Crag have been derived from the London Clay. 
 
 In 1869 the Rev. 0. PishekJ regarded the Norwich Crag and the Red 
 Crag as of the same age, as they seem to pass into one another ; gave up 
 his opinion that the ol^y under the Crag at Thorpe (near Aldborough) is 
 Chillesford Clay j and remarked that the [lateral] passage from Red Crag 
 to Norwich Crag seems to occur where the two provinces are separated by 
 a ridge of Coralline Crag. 
 
 In 1870 Pkof. E. R. Lankestee§ treated of the composition Of the 
 nodule-bed at length. The bone-bed under the Suffolk Crag, and the 
 stone-bed under the Norfolk Crag have a different fauna from that of the 
 shelly beds above, the two sets of beds not being of the same age, nor 
 formed under the same conditions. Though in England we have no 
 Diestian beds (=:the Lower or Black Crag of Antwerp), yet the cetaceans, 
 sharks, etc. of the Suffolk bone-bed are the remains of an equivalent bed 
 that has been destroyed. 
 
 From the occurrence of different shells in the higher and lower parts of 
 the Red Crag, it is inferred that this deposit represents a considerable time. 
 In its earlier period the Red Crag had a fauna not very different from that 
 of the Coralline Crag, and with some survivors from the still earlier 
 Diestian ; in its later period none of these forms remained, but boreal 
 forms weie added, and at this period the Norwich Crag began to be 
 formed, continuing to a later time than we have evidence of in Suffolk. 
 
 The contents of the Suffolk bone-bed differ from those of the Norfolk 
 . stone-bed, the former having derived its contents from sources not 
 accessible to the latter, such as London Clay and Dieetian beds [there 
 is, though, nothing to show that London Clay was not open to the Norfolk 
 bed, and indeed we know that it was]; and therefore our author could 
 not see community pf origin and date for the two beds. 
 
 He gave a detailed account of the sandstone nodules that occur in 
 the bone-bed which he calls box-stones, the name boxes having been 
 given by the phosphate-diggers to those that show shell-remains on being 
 broken. The majority of these contain no fossils. After examining a vast 
 number he concluded that all have been derived from one deposit, and 
 that of Diestian age ; and that it is probable that they are of the same 
 age as the Lenham sandstone of Kent. They represent a period separated 
 by a wide gap from the Red and Coralline Crags. 
 
 Lists of the fossils found in these stones, and of the Mammalia from the 
 bone-bed are given. 
 
 C. JecksII regards the sections of the Crag (Coralline, Red, &c.) as only 
 different parts of one continuous deposit, generally in estuarine or shallow 
 water, and subject to gradual changes of temperature. 
 
 * Oeol. Nat. Hist. Repertory, vol. ii., p. 239. (^Brit. Assoc.) 
 
 f Oeol. Mag., vol. v., pp. u77-580. Paper read to Norwich Geol. See. and 
 printed in fall in Norwich Mercury, Oct. 10. Separate copies in folio, pp. 3. 
 
 X Geol. Mag., vol. vi., p. 142. 
 
 § Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxvi., pp. 493-502, ? includes the paper in Rep. 
 Brit. Assoc, for 1868, Sections, pp. 70, 71 (abstract). 
 
 II Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1869, Sections, pp. 91, 92 (7 lines only). 
 
40 GEOLOGY OF IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 In the following year Peoj. Pbestwich contributed a set of three papers 
 on the Crag. The first of these is on the Coralline Crag, with Which we are 
 . not now concerned, but the-seopnd* is devoted to the Jled Crag, which is 
 described as lying in an excavated area in the Coralline Crag, wrapping 
 round the isolated reefs of the latter and tilling the hollows between [it 
 should be noted that the reefs are comparatively small and the hollows of 
 wide extent]. He divided it into two only, instead of the five stages of 
 Wood, the lower part marked 'by oblique lamination, and the upper by 
 horizontal bedding. The phcsphate-bed occurs at the base of the lower 
 division, the direction of the lamination of which varies to almost all points 
 of the compass, and this false-bedding is most general in the upper part of 
 this division. Som.etimes beds have been eroded hefore the .deposition of 
 those over-laying them, (see post, I'ig. 18, p. 69). He had seen ripple-marks 
 in only one place, Bawdsey Cliff", where each of the clayey laminae of one 
 bed had a ripple-marked surface. Another feature sometimes seen there 
 seems to show that the shoals of the Red Crag sea were sometimes left dry, 
 their surfaces fissured by drying, and the cracks filled with the'matter of the 
 bed next thrown down : elsewhere a layer has been pressed down into those 
 below, causing a wavy structure, and the upper part then planed down. 
 
 The introduction of the oxide of iron, which colours the beds, seems to 
 have been subsequent to their,formatipn, and in one case it has segregated 
 in flattened/ concentric rings [in section] many feet in length. 
 
 The lower division generally abounds in shells, mostly, broken up : 
 double shells are not common, and, excepting the old shore at Sutton 
 (see post, p. 68), it is not easy to fix on a place where the shells are on the 
 spot where they lived. Notwithstanding the great number of shells, the 
 abundant ones are few. In places, especially away from the centre of the 
 district, the beds are almost shell-less, or-the shells are in patches. This 
 may be owing to the original absence of shells; but also to their removal 
 by percolation Of rain-water, for where the beds are consolidated by iron - 
 oxide casts are sometimes met with. 
 
 He alluded to the difiicultj of marking the line between the two divisions 
 vthe upper of which h^ once called "the unproductive sands," from the 
 absence of fossils, which, however, have since been found in places), and 
 noticed sections showing a line of erosion between them. The upper 
 division is the Chillesford Sands and it is succeeded by the Chillesford 
 Clay, which is also classed with the Ked Crag. 
 Details of many sections axe given with lists of the fossils from some. 
 The fossils are of two kinds, those pi'oper to the formation and those 
 derived from other formations, these latter being important. Some of these 
 may have been doubly derived, from the Coralline Crag, which got them 
 from the older beds. With regard to the Molhisca there is a difference of 
 opinion as to which are derived species ; but he is inclined to think that 
 the greater number of those found in the Suffolk Crag and not also in the 
 Norfolk Crag have been derived from the Coralhne Crag. 
 
 The lamination that Mk. Wood refers to beach-action he thinks has been 
 produced by the shifting of shoals and sand-banks at the bottom of the sea, 
 which was shallow and studded with reefs of Coralline Crag ; whilst in 
 winter the distant Chalk and Tertiary shores were fringed with ice, which 
 floated off with lai-ge flints and deposited them in the Bed Crag. The 
 constant shifting of materials would result in the heavier parts, as bones, 
 pebbles, aud phosphatic nodules, being left behind and thus tending to 
 accumulate in the basement-beds. The consequence of the reconstruction 
 is that the shells are much broken up. The direction of the' currents seems 
 to have been from east to south-east, and the Hed Crag sea seems to have 
 been open to the north, but probably closed fan the south. There is no 
 distinction in the fossils from top to bottom of the lower division, after 
 the deposit of which there was a slight subsidence.' From the lower part 
 of the upper sands having been formed from the lower Red Crag there is 
 a similarity in mineral composition; but as the sea-bed became more 
 depressed the sands became finer, and then pass up into the micaceous 
 sands and clays of the Chillesford Beds. 
 
 * Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxvii., pp. 325-356. (1871.) 
 
IIED CRAG. 41 
 
 In the third part of this set of papers* Pkop. Peestwich referred chiefly to 
 the Norwich Orag area, and conchxded that this was divided from the more 
 open sea of the Red Crag by a barrier of Coralline Crag, the northern 
 area with streams flowing into it, and carrying in land and freshwater 
 shells'. 
 
 A list of the Mollusca of the Red and Norwich Crags, to a great extent 
 on the authority of Mil. J. G., jErPEETS, is. given. 
 
 In the same year (1871) A. and R. BELLf suggested the terms Lower, 
 Middle, and Upper Crags, instead of Coralline, Red, and Norwich. They 
 hold that there is no evidence for separating from the fauna of the Red 
 Crag any species except such as are of Eocene or older date, regarding the 
 signs of a supposed derivative origin as not really such. They proposed to 
 class as Middle Crag the lower deposits from 'W'alton Naze westward to 
 Bentley and eastward to Butley and HoUesley, as Upper Crag the upper- 
 most beds of thp Red Crag, the Scrobicularia Orag, and the Norwich Crag. 
 There is no order of succession physically, but only palseontologioally. 
 The fauna of the Red.Crag has two aspects, a deep-water one and a shallow- 
 water one, and this explains the difficulty in coniparing dififerent pits. 
 
 J. E. TayloeJ' concluded that the Norwich fluvio-marine Crag is an 
 extension of the Red Crag, that, after depression, the Upper Norwich 
 (marine) or Chillesford Orag was, deposited, and that there is an unbroken 
 sequence from Coralline Crag to the latest Drift deposit. 
 
 A. Beil§ controverted Taylob's view that Chillesford sand occurs at 
 the Butley Orag Pits and gives a long list of the fossils found there. 
 It should be noted that he classes Chillesford Beds as Pre-Glacial, as 
 distinguished from Crag. 
 
 In 1872 the last-nanied author|| reviewed Peestwich's papers. He 
 thought that the presence of Diestian fossils in the Crag may be explained 
 otherwise than has been supposed, and defended his views of the year before. 
 
 A. and R. BellIT give a fuller version of their paper of 1871, with a 
 review of some of Prestwich's work, and a long list of fossils. 
 
 S. V. Wood, Ji/nk., and P. W. Haemee** treated of the beds with which 
 we are now concerned, giving a map and sections. They regarded the 
 oblique lamination of the Red Crag as different from false bedding, and as 
 the result of beach-action (as in Mk. Wood's paper of 1864), the deposit 
 being the remains of a set of banks that were more or less dry at low tides 
 and from time to tiiue partly swept away and again accumulated. If the 
 mass of the Crag had been deposited und.er water we should expect to find 
 the large stones, often so abundant at its base, scattered throughout. The 
 conclusions of Me. Wood's paper of 1864 are adopted here, the stone-bed is 
 regarded not as a land-Stirface, but as the result of cliff-waste, and the 
 mammalian remains of the Red Orag are looked upon as wholly derivative, 
 occuiTing only in the nodule-bed at the base, which is clearly a bed of 
 erratics. 
 
 G-. ScOTttt" included in the Red Orag beds of rough red sand without 
 shells, at the top, and describe'd the bone-bed. 
 
 Sir C. Lteli in 1873JJ noticed 'the gradual lowering of temperature 
 shown by the shells of the Crags, those of the Coralline Crag representing a 
 climate like that of the Mediterranean ; those of the Red Crag one like 
 that of our own seas, and those of the Norwich Crag being almost Arctic. 
 He thought that the large unrolled white-coated flints of the nodule-bed 
 were probably carried by ice. 
 
 Next * year, §§ in describing the Red Crag, he compared it to shifting 
 sandbanks, like those of the Dogger Bank. 
 
 * Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxvii., pp. 452-496. 
 f Geol. Mag., vol. viii., pp. 256-263. 
 
 I Geol. Mag., vol. viii., pp. 314-316. 
 § Geol. Mag., vol. viii., pp. 450-455. 
 
 II Geol. Mag., vol. ix., pp. 209-215. 
 
 % Proc. Geol, Assoc, vol. ii., no. 5, pp. 185-218. 
 ** Part 1 of the Supplement to the Crag Mollusca, pp. v-xiii. 
 ft 19 ^«»- -R«P- Brighton Nat. Hist. Soc, pp. 04-68. 
 
 JJ The Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man. Ed. 4. 8vo. London. 
 pp. 218-234. 
 
 §§ The Student's Elements of Geology. Ed. 2. 8vo. ionrfon. p."l 76. (1874.) 
 
42 GEOLOGY OF IPSWICH, EtC. 
 
 In the same year S. V. Wood* reviewed the palaeoutology of the 
 Crag. Species formerly abundant had.of late eladed search, though within 
 a few yards of, and at the same horizon as, the place of former occurrence ; 
 but some once thought rare had become more plentiful. 
 
 He criticised the work of J\Ir. Jefpbeys on Crag MoUusca, and thinks 
 that if any period can be called "the cradle of the British MoUusca," it is 
 the Bed Crag rather than the Coralline. 
 
 The list of extraneous fossils (of his paper of 1859) needs additions. The 
 only part of the Eed Crag free from derivatives is that at Walton Naze. 
 The Eed and Fluvio-marine Crags and the Chillesford Beds he regarded as 
 parts of one formation, during the accumulation of which only slight 
 changes in the position of sea and land occurred. The list, of the Marine 
 MoUusca given shows almost the same per-centage of forms not now living 
 in the case of the older Red Crag as in that of the Coralline. 
 
 J. E. Taylok, in his " Sketch of the Geology of Suffolk, "f said that the 
 Box-stone Deposit, or bone-bed, may be part of the same old land-surface 
 as the Norfolk stone-bed, and that the enclosed fossils of the box-stones 
 seem to have roughly determined the shapes. 
 
 In this year I drew attention to a great extension of the Crag area, to 
 the south-western part of Suffolk. J 
 
 In 1877 Dk. J. B. Taylor, in .an account of an excursion to the Crag 
 District,§ suggested that the Baltic represents the condition of the later 
 period of the Eed Crag better than anything else, the water being partly 
 brackish, with freshwater shells side by side with marine ones, as in the 
 Fluvio-marine Crag, 
 
 S. V. "Wood, Jtjif., andF. W. Hab,m:eii|| refer to the unfossiliferous sand 
 that often occurs above the shelly Crag. This seems in some places to 
 pass down into the Crag by thin seams of comminuted shells ; at others 
 the bedding is independent of the shelly Crag beneath ; -sometimes it has 
 the same oblique lamination as the Crag, apparently disconnected masses 
 of which are imbedded in it here and there. Notwithstanding certain 
 difficulties, they accept my view tbat this sand is Crag deprived of its shells 
 by the infiltration of water, casts of the shells being left where there is 
 ironstone ; for in one case a layer of pebbles extends continuously from 
 the sheUy Crag into the sand. They do not agree with Pbestwich in 
 referring this sand to the upper or Chillesford division of the Eed Crag, 
 because the casts of shells in the ironstone are not of species characteristic 
 of the newer (or Butley) part of the Red Crag or of the Chillesford Beds. 
 
 In the same year, in describing the patches of Red Crag at Walton 
 Naze, Beaumont, and Harwich,ir I suggested that the shell-less sand above 
 was but the result of the alteration of the shelly Crag below, and in a note 
 devoted to this subject** showed that what had been supposed to be a line 
 of erosion was only one of irregular alteration, the lines of false-bedding of 
 the shelly Crag being sometimes continued into the sand above. _ This 
 irregular dissolving away of the shells explains the apparently isolated 
 masses of Crag in the sand, and this unfossiliferous sand extends beyond 
 where the shelly Crag had been observed. 
 
 E. Chaeleswohth, in reprinting a notice, by Pkop. Lankester, of the 
 Crag fossils in the* Ipswich Museum (from the Suffolk Chronicle of 
 August 4), recurred to the subject of the prospective exhaustion of the 
 nodule-bed, and in the following yearf f he gave ns a note on English Crag 
 History, referring especially to his earlier work, and remarking that the 
 Red Crag is the record of a past state, like that where our Crag cliffs are 
 now being washed by the sea, in the bed of which new formations are in 
 progress, partly made up from remains of the present fauna, and partly 
 from the fossils carried away from the land. 
 
 * Supplement to the Crag MoUusca. Part ii., pp. 190-221. 
 
 t White's " History Gazeteer, etc." 
 
 t Quart. Journ. Geol. Snc, vol. xxx., pp. 403-405. 
 
 § Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. v., no. 3, pp. 108-113. 
 
 II Quart. Journ. Geol. Sac, vol. xxxiii., pp> 74-78. 
 
 IT The Geology of the Eastern End of Essex . . . Geological Survei) Memoir^ 
 pp. 10-16 (1877). 
 
 ** Quai-t. Journ.Geol. Soc, vol. xxiii., pp. 122, 123. 
 
 ft Fossil Exploration of Suffolk Crag (Orford CastleJ and Hampshire Eocene 
 Clifls, pp. 8. 8vo. London. Privately printed, 1878. 
 
BED CRAG. 43 
 
 In the same year (1878) I described the sections of the westerly extension 
 of the Crag (at Sudbury)* noted in my paper of 1874, and suggested the 
 possibility of- some sands that had been classed as Drift turning out to be 
 Orag, a question also alluded to in a later Memoir.f 
 
 In 1879 Mk. S. V. Wood in his Second Supplement to the Crag 
 Mollusca,J treated of the introduction into Crag lists of new species 
 on unsatisfactory evidence, either from doubtful identiflcation, or as 
 being simply derivatives, and gave an addition to the Synoptical List of 
 Mollusca in the First Supplementr 
 
 In 1880 S. V. Wood, Jun.,§ remarked that the formations fi om the Red 
 Crag onwards can be studied as one group,' all having accumulated during 
 one movement of depression and re-elevation, recurring to the conclusion 
 that the Red Crag was accumulated between high and low water, when the 
 rise and fall of the tide was great. He noted that whilst at Chillesford, 
 etc., the Red -Crag passes up into the Chillesford Clay, ai Walton Naze 
 (where older Crag only occurs, there is no such passage), and concluded that 
 during the accumulation of the Red Crag there was a gradual elevation in 
 the southern part of its area, and of depression in the northern ; so that the 
 Walton Crag first became land, and then the parts just to the north ; whilst 
 the sea encroached around Butley, Chillesford, etc., depositing newer beds 
 of a foreshore-character on that side of the remnant of Coralline Crag, on 
 the northern side of which the !6.ed Crag takes the fluvio-marinc character. 
 Further depression resulted in the deposition of the laminated Chillesford 
 Clay over Red and Coralline Crag alike, separated, however, from the Red 
 Crag by sands, horizontal in their upper part, where they ooutain shells 
 with both valves united, in their central part full of shells of Serohieidaria, 
 but passing down into the obliquely -bedded Crag. 
 
 In 1882 we had our last contribution from the pen of S. V. Wood.|| 
 who gave a list of the Mollusca from the Red Crag at Felixstow, dis- 
 tinguishing the species that have been derived, firstly, from beds older 
 than the Red Crag, secondly, from earlier Red Crag beds ; and a supplo- 
 mentary list for Walton Naze, by Me. R. Bell. The contrast between the 
 Crag of Walton and that of Pelixstow is striking, and the fragmentary 
 condition of many sliells at Felixstow, that are abundant in a perfect 
 state at Walton, must be owing to derivation. .It seems that between the 
 deposit of these two divisions of the Red Crag certain species had ceased 
 to exist in the Crag sea, whilst others had been brought in.' In the 
 Butley Crag this change is further marked. He tx'aced the sequence of 
 events during thePliocene period in England, and re-stated the conclusion 
 that all but the top part of the Red Crag was formed as banks between 
 high and low water mark, which were continuously undergoing destruction 
 and re-accumulation. 
 
 Mr. S. Y. Wood, Junr., added some remarks in coi-rection of the map and 
 section in the First Supplement (1872) ; and whilst classing much of the 
 sand over the Red Crag as Lower Glacial, allows that some is merely Crag 
 from which the calcareous matter has been dissolved. 
 
 In 1884 R.G-. Bell IT noticed that few traces of land and freshwater shells 
 have been found in the Red Crag, which is the more notable as the 
 deposit must have boon formed at no great distance from shore. All the 
 specimens are of living British species of very wide range, and they are 
 first found in this bed. He notes the finding of three additional species in 
 the lower part of the Crag at Walton Naze, and remarks that their present 
 geographical range, compared with that of the laud-shells from the 
 Butley Crag, leads to the same conclusion as that deduced from the marine 
 spocios, the shells of Walton being mainly southern, whilst at Butley there 
 are more of northern kinds. W. W. 
 
 * The Geology of the N.W. Tart of Essex . . . ., etc. Geological Survey 
 A/t'fliOi'r, pp. 30, 31. 
 
 t The Geoioory of the Neighliom-hood of Stowm:iiUet, p. 5. (1381.) 
 
 X Patccontoi/rapbical Sue, pp. i., ii., 54, .'iS. 
 
 § Quart. Juuni. Geol. Soc, v..l. xxxvi., pp. 4.")*-15.). 
 
 II la the posthamoas ThiiJ Siippoineut to tht; Cra^ Mollusca, edited by his son, 
 S. V. Wood, Jun., pp. 13-24. 
 
 t Oeol. Ma J., dee. iil., vol. i., pp. 262-2IH. 
 
 B 14651. B 
 
44 GEOLOGT OF IPSWIOH, KTC. 
 
 CHAPTER v.— RED CRKGc—contijiued. 
 
 DfiTAIIiS. 
 
 In describing the Red Crag in detail it will be convenient to 
 break up our area into districts, by means of the river-valleys, 
 whilst at the same time keeping to the more or less continuous 
 outcrop as far as possible. We may begin, therefore, with the 
 southern side of the. Stour, and work towards the east, where 
 the Red Crag of Harwich and the neighbourhood has already 
 been described* Then, returning to our western boundary, and 
 working down the valley of the Stour on its other side, following 
 the windings caused by its tributaries. Then in like manner up 
 and down the two sides of the Orwell, along the coast, up and 
 down the valley of the Deben, and thence eastward. 
 
 South of the Stour (Essex). 
 
 In this part only few very narrow and mostly short disconnected outcrops, 
 from beneath the Glacial gravel and sand, could be safely identified as 
 Crag. W.W. 
 
 Ironstone like that of the Red Crag, but without impressions of shells, 
 occurs in a cutting on the abandoned Mistley and Thorpe Railway, near 
 ibs junction with the Harwich linb. B is overlain by light-grey clay, 
 traces of which occur above the London Olay (with a little ferruginous 
 sand intervening) in the neighbouring cutting on the Harwich line. 
 
 The large gravel-pit in the gardens at the N.E. corner of Mistley Park 
 showed the following section in 1875 : — 
 
 Ft. 
 r Coarse very obliquely-bedded gravel, with frag- 
 P, .„, J ments of ironstone - - - - 6 to 8 
 
 I Greyish-blue mottled plastic clay - - - 1 to IJ 
 
 L Gravel and sand - - ■ - about 3 
 
 Red f Ferruginous sand and ironstone (one cast of a shell) 2 to 4 
 Crag. "IPhosphatic nodules and bones 2 to 3 inches. 
 London Clay. 
 The coarse gravel cuts off the clay, &c., so that on the northern side of 
 the pit it rests on the'ironstone. 
 
 In the lane near the school a Uttle N.W. of the gravel-pit, the gravel 
 cuts off the Crag and rests on the London Clay. 
 
 On the southern side of Mistley Park, near Oak Grove, the Crag is repre- 
 sented by 2 or 3 feet of ferruginous loam, with laminar ironstone, 
 resting on a thin seam of phosphatic nodules. The junctions with the 
 underlying London Clay and with the overlying Drift gravel were seen 
 in a road-section. 
 
 On the road west of Brickkiln Wood, south of the Park, on the northern 
 side of Furze Hill in the Park, and in the lane near by, laminated ironstone 
 occurs, but there is no good section. 
 
 In a gravel-pit |- of a mile S.W. by S. of Langham Church the Crag 
 occurs in the form of ferruginous sandstone crowded with impressions of 
 shells. Traces of similar stone more or less fossiliferous occur on the 
 high road at Blackbrook Hill, and in the intervening fields. In the two 
 large gravel-pits on the top of Blackbrook Hill the Crag is occasionally 
 touched in the deeper excavations, and shelly Crag was noted here by the 
 Ebv. W. B. CLAB.KE.t From Stratford Bridge to Langham Church it is 
 frequently indicated in casual exposures, phosphatic nodules occurring 
 sparingly, and also impressions of shells. 
 
 * The Geology of the Eastern End of Essex. Geological Survey Memoir, 
 pp. 15, Ifi. (1877.") 
 
 t Trews. Geot. Soc, Ber. 2, vol. v. (1840.) 
 
EED CRAG. 45 
 
 Traces of Crag with phosphatic nodules, pieces of bone, and hnpressions 
 of shells occur in the valley between Boxted StS-eet and Boxted Church , 
 mostly on the S.E. side, but no section was seen. 
 
 W. H. D. 
 
 Between the Stour and the Brett. 
 
 Here, too, we have only disconnected outcrops, the most westerly of whicL 
 is near the edge of the map, south of Chilton, where, however, there ia 
 some doubt as to the age of the sand (see p. 9), but it is quite possible 
 that there may be some length of outcrop there. W. W. 
 
 North of Nayland the nnfossiliferous sand has been mapped in the 
 main valley, and there is a road-seotion at Starling HUl, a little south of 
 Harper's Bain, showing Drift gravel over rather coarse reddish-brown 
 ferruginous sand, slightly clayey in parts, to a thickness of 5 feet. 
 
 The sand crops out, to a greater extent, on either side of the little 
 valley westward of Stoke. 
 
 Crag Ba.nd has also been mapped on both sides of the lower part of the 
 Boxford Valley, where a sharp feature has been produced by it, and 
 though no fossils were found, its resemblance to Crag warrants its being 
 so classed. There, was a small section, at the head of a little hollow, 
 three quarters of a mile S.E. of Polstead Church, in 6 feet of coarse 
 red sand with ferruginous layers. 
 
 Valley of the Brett. 
 
 On the right bank two small outcrops hare been mapped near Shelly 
 At the back of the Hall a section showed the following beds : 
 
 [False bedded ferruginous sand, with bands of ironstone. 
 Red Crag. - Sand, with crushed shells, and with phosphatio nodules and 
 
 L flints. 
 London Clay (junction not shown) with a layer of soptaria, at one part 
 of the pit, where it is at a higher level than the Crag. 
 
 Up the rest of this valley no Crag has been made out on this side ; but 
 there is more on the left side. F. J. B. 
 
 The Chalk Pit, marked on the Map, just south-westward of Monks' 
 Eleigh Church, gave the section fig. 9. Just to the left the Boulder 
 Clay laps over to the Chalk.j 
 
 Fig. 9. 
 ^Section in Chalk Pit, Monks'" Eleigh {about 25 yards long). 
 
 N.N.W. S.S.E. 
 
 a 
 
 '_ b 
 d 
 
 a. Bouldef Clay ; 4 to 8 feet. 
 
 b. Coarse Gravel, at H.S.E., elsewheie only a trace, and finer ; up to 4 feet. 
 
 c. Red Crag. Light-coloured sand, with iron-sandstone, ironstone (? east of 
 
 shell) and at the bottom flints, flint pebbles and phosphatic nodules, a piece of 
 bone and Several sharks' teeth ; up to 2 feet . 
 
 d. Chalk with a few flints ; 12 feet. , 
 
 W. W. 
 
 South of Hadleigh the sand is fairly shown, and at Layham brickyard 
 it has yielded casts of shells (see p. 21). 
 
 About a third of a mile N.W. of Raydon, in a gravel-pit just south of the 
 road. Crag sand, with many crushed shells, has been touched at the base. 
 In the road by the houses at Sully's Hill, seven eighths of a mile south- 
 westward from Raydon Church, 1 saw a small exposure of crushed shells. 
 
 D 2 
 
46 GEOLOGY OE" IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 Valley of the Stow, between the Brett and the Orwell. 
 
 A little north, of Hill Souse, Stratford St. Mary, a pit showed 7 feet of 
 brown ferruginous sand, with thin layers of ironstone, and a scattering of 
 gravel, which last was in places cemented into a conglomerate by the 
 iron-oxide. A road-cutting at the back of the house is also in like sand, 
 falae-bedded, and underlain by coarse yellow sand. 
 
 On Stratford Common, about half a mile eastward, was a pit, 10 feet 
 deep in the sand, which here, too, had lines of gravel here and there, and 
 ferruginous layers towards the bottom. There were also hollow balls of 
 ironstone, wiih ochreous contents. 
 
 West of Brantham the sand again crops out, and also up the tributary 
 valleys of Capel and Bentley. In the road-cutting south of Branthain 
 Bridge some shells were seen. F. J. B. 
 
 We have now reached the country where the Eed Crag is in great part 
 a highly fossiliferous deposit. In the railway-cutting at Bentley Station 
 there is Drift gravel and sand, overlying the unfossiliferous sand, with 
 shelly Crag beneath, and in a pit on the other (eastern) side of the valley, 
 nearly half a.mile above the station, there is a like section to that next to 
 be noticed. 
 
 The large Crag pit at Danes Bam, just E. of Bentley Station, shows 
 more than 30 feet of false-bedded sand, in great part a grit, mostly ferru- 
 ginous but partly light coloured, partly compact and evenly bedded, with 
 layers of iron-sandstone and of ironstone (also occurring in concretions) 
 which sometimes contain impressions and casts of shells in the upper 
 part of the section. There are gravelly layers, with phosphatip nodules, 
 as well as flint pebbles, one of which layers (near the bottom) contains a 
 good many angular flints. The bottoin ' 4 to 7 feet is shelly Crag, the 
 shells ending off at top regardless of bedding, the bottom gravelly layer 
 (which shows a slight northerly dip), being above the shells on the S., 
 and in them on the N. A few feet greater depth would reach, the London 
 Clay. I class the whole of the sand of this well-known section (the 
 "Bentley Pit") with the Crag, there being no real division in it", the , 
 absence of shells being due, clearly to nothing but dissolution after deposit. 
 The top part is inaccessible. 
 
 Sand with casts of shells was seen north-eastward of Brantham Bridge, 
 and again about a third of a mile north of the farm marked a.s " Stutton" 
 Vale," where it runs up nearly to the highest ground, whilst in the two 
 little side- valleys eastward of this farm there is further evidence of the 
 occurrence of the decalcified Crag. 
 
 A little pit on the eastern flank of the valley, about a quarter of a mile 
 N.N.E. of Stutton Bridge, showed ferruginous sand, with a thin layer of 
 shelly Crag near the top, and with iron-sandstone in the lower part, over 
 shelly Crag. 
 
 Southward and eastward from this the Drift gravel and sand seems to 
 overlap the Crag, which latter, however, was again seen at the head of 
 the little valley, about half a mile westward of Stutton. It is quite 
 possible, however, that here, and to the east, there inay be more Crag 
 than has been mapped, as it is very difficult to distinguish between Drift 
 sand and decalcified Crag. 
 
 In the Tattingstone valley there is a considerable outcrop on both sides, 
 except in the lowest part, near Holbrook, where from the cause just men- 
 tioned little has been mapped. 
 
 A smfiU pit (on the right side, of the valley) about halfway between 
 Tattingstone Wopder and Alton Hall showed about 10 feet of Crag, false 
 bedded and full of shells and pebbles ; the upper part with many thin 
 layers of iron-sandstone. There are many shells of Mya here. The old 
 pit just northwardiof Tuttingstone Wonder is in the ferruginous sand, 
 capped by grave!. 
 
 The following section of the Hundred-house pit at Tattingstone (1828), 
 is given by Me. ClahkS* ; but I do not know the exact spot :— 
 Earth [soil] 2 inches. 
 
 rSand and clay, agglutinated by iron, in very thin layers. 
 Eed I Large very white shells, here and there a flint or sandstone 
 Crag -i pebble crusted with Balani. 
 14 feet Clayey' shale, a line thick, 
 
 LVery perfect white young shells, teeth and palates. 
 
 * Trans, Geol. Soc, ser. 2 vol. v., p. 381. 
 
KED CKAG, 
 
 47 
 
 "The beds converge to the western corner [are false-bedded] at an 
 angle of 25° to 30°. The shells on the east side are large, on the west 
 small." His section of a pit at Tattingstone Park (on the same page) 
 probably refers to that wliere the Coralline Crag was touched. See 
 before, p. 26. 
 
 A Crag-pit nearly half a mile N.N.W. of Tattingstone Chiiroh, on the 
 southern side of and close to the farm, showed more than 20 feet of Red 
 Crag (with some small faults), consisting of false-bedded sand, passing 
 down irregularly into false-bedded shelly Crag. There were , marly 
 phbsphatic nodules in certain layers, and lenticular masses of ironstone 
 and ferruginous loam, chiefly without shells. The shelly Crag was very 
 rich in Pectnnculws, and with a tendency to layers .of Fueus contrarius. 
 Some of the lower part was made up of broken-np shells. 
 
 A small pit on the eastern side of the little valley, eastward of the farm 
 named Bentiey Lodge, gave the most conclusive proof of the dissolution 
 of the shells of the Crag by infiltration of carbonated water having been 
 the cause of the irregular junction of the shell-less brown sand, with the 
 ordinary shelly Crag, the section being as follows : — Very coarse dark 
 brown sand, almost all a grit indeed ; with a gravelly layer, 1 to 2 feet 
 thick, above the middle, containing phosphatic nodules and ferruginous 
 casts of shells, the stones small and scattered. Just under the gravelly 
 layer a little iron-sandstone, withcasts of shells, below which the sand is 
 false-bedded and passes down into the shelly Crag, the line between being 
 clearly one of dissolution of the shells and not of erosion, as it cuts across 
 the beds, to a lower level towards the stream. Near the bottom is a 
 second bed, 1 to 14 feet thick, of small scattered pebbles and phosphatic 
 nodules, with iron-sandstone, and, moreover, with shells or casts of shells, 
 according to the position of the bed wilhregard to the line of dissolution, 
 the bed being at one part in the shell-less, and at another in the shelly 
 sand! 
 
 As Pkof. Pkestwich saw the Red Crag resting against n cliff of Coral- 
 line Crag at Tattingstone, whereas when I was there this was not to be 
 seen, I gladly reproduce his' section,* with his consent, and by the kind- 
 ness of the Council of the Geological Society. The section as seen by me 
 has been described at p. 27. 
 
 Fig. 10. 
 
 Section in a Pit at Park Farm, Tattingstone. (Pkestwich.) 
 
 Vertical scale about 12 feet to an inch. 
 
 
 -Z?!^-;; 
 
 8 — 
 
 1. Coarse gravel. Drift. 
 
 f 2. Ochreous sand with seams of ironstone, &c. 
 
 I 3. Crag with a few coprolites. 
 _' , „ 4. Lightcolonred Crag. 
 
 Kcd CragH 5 ^y|it„ ,^„a. 
 
 I C. Brown loam. 
 |_7. Not described. 
 8. Coralline Crag. 
 X Face of old cliffs depth not shown. 
 
 * Quart. Joum. Geol, Soc, vol. xxvii., p. 342. (1871.) 
 
48 GEOLOGY OF IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 Peop. Pbestwich remarks that "flat pieces of the thin limestone seams 
 of the Coralline Crag are common in the Red Crag around Tatting- 
 stong." 
 
 A pit on the western side of Crag Hall between Tattingstone and Hol- 
 brook, showed the Red Crag, in part hardened into stone, with some 
 small phosphatic nodules, pebbles, and flints, chiefly in one bed. Another 
 old pit on the southern side of the same place showed the like. 
 
 Down the,hill south of Brook Farm (Holbrook) a deep forked ditch in 
 the field, cut for' drainage in 1872, showed sand, several feet thick, the 
 lower part light-oolourqdj and at the bottom sometimes with broken-up 
 shells, over London Clay, Below the fork therp was sandy wash. 
 
 Below Holbrook the !Drift seems to overlap theXIrag until we get east of 
 Harkstead, when the l9,tter sets in. again. ^ 
 
 " Ooprolites " have been worked three-quarters of a mile east of Hark- 
 stead Church, on the western side of the little valley ; and, on the other 
 side, about a quarter of a mile N.E. Further down this same valley, 
 and west from Brwarton, was a section of brown and light-coloured false- 
 bedded sand, with shells at bottom, and here also " coprolites " have been 
 got. . Again, there are old coprolite-workings just west of South Hall and 
 about a third of a mile S.E. of Erwarton Hall. 
 
 Before reaching the point where the yalleye of the Stonr and of the 
 Orwell unite, the Drift gravel and sand seems to overlap the Crag. 
 
 Valley of the Orwell, up the BAght Side. 
 
 Around Shotley it is difficult to classify the sand, whethei- with Crag 
 or Drift. 
 
 At Nether Hall, abonb a mile S. S.E. of the church, I saw 8 or 10 feet 
 of fine sharp light-coloured and brown sand. 
 
 On the flank of the hill S. and S.E. of Shotley Low Farm (north of the 
 village, there are traces of old Crag-pits, now ploughed over, and on parts 
 of the hill top the soil is gravelly. 
 
 At Cowton Bottom, the following section was seen and I was told that 
 
 50 tons of phosphate had been got here : — 
 
 A little gravel. . 
 
 ■D A fi S Sand, with phosphatic nodules in the lower part. 
 Rea Cr.g j gj^gjjy (.^^g^^^ ^^^^^^_ 
 
 Along the overgrown wooded river-cliff east of Pin Mill gravel, sand, 
 and shelly Crag are often to be seen. The slope is very wet and swampy, 
 as is the case very generally along the junction with the London Clay 
 in this part, where that junction is often masked by sandy peaty soil. 
 At Chelmondiston are two pits (1872) with the following section : — 
 A little gravel. 
 
 rSand, mostly coarse and ferruginous, partly false-bedded, 
 I with smaU quartz pebbles and a few gravelly layers. 
 Red Crag-^ Sometimes cemented into an iron-sandstone. Passes 
 I down into the next. 
 LSheily.jOrag, shown irregularly at the bottom. 
 
 Through Woolverstone Park there are few signs of anything, but from 
 what little can be seen there seems to be sand beneath the gravel ; and as 
 there is evidence of Crag on both sides, east and west, it seems the safer 
 plan to mark an outcrop of that throughout. The cliff is overgrown, 
 and to some extent cultivated (garden), but I could see sand in places 
 along it. ' 
 
 By the road north-westward of Fregton Tower a coprolite-working has 
 been opened since I was there, and I am indebted to my friend De. J. E. 
 Taylou of Ipswich, for the following note of it (dated 1882) : — 
 Soil, abbut 9 inches. 
 
 C Sand ; about 4 feet. 
 Red Crag ■< Current-bedded Crag, full of ironstone ; about 4 feet. 
 
 LNodule-bed ; about 10 inches. 
 London Clay. 
 
 Sand and Shelly Crag are to be seen along the road. 
 About half a mile W.S.W. of Preston Church are two sandpits close 
 together. One, close to the hill-top (where there, is gravelly sand), is in 
 
RED CRAG. 49 
 
 brown yellow and light-colotired sand, fine and without stones; 8 feet or 
 more shown, the lower part being somewhat bedded and with a few very thin 
 layers of grey loam. The lower and smaller pit is of about the same 
 depth, in coarse brown sand with small flint-pebbles and pieces of flint ; 
 the lower part of a lighter colour and with few stones, and at the bottom 
 there is light-coloured sand. Whether any of the sand here belongs to 
 the Crag is hard to say. 
 
 A pit in Wherstead Park, just west of Gate Farm, showed (in 1872) 
 nearly 10 feet of shelly Crag, for the most part a coarse ironshot grit 
 with broken shells, containing a few pebbles and phosphatic nodules. 
 
 A small circular pit in the field close above the springs in the hollow 
 S.W. of Wherstead Vicarage (S. of the church), gave the following section 
 of over 15 feet of Bed Crag, with strongly marked current-bedding : — 
 A little flaggy iron-sandstone, almost wholly made up of casts and 
 
 impressions of shells. 
 Ferruginous grit with small pebbles and occasional casts of shells, 
 
 passing down into the like with shells for the most part. 
 A layer so full of pebbles as to be almost a gravel, with shells ; some- 
 times a mere line, sometimes over 6 inches, running evenly acroiss 
 the pit. 
 Falseihedded ferruginous grit with shells and iron-sandstone, passing 
 
 down into — 
 Lighter-coloured grit, crowded with shells. 
 These divisions are really of no account, and probably ocwir but for a 
 short distance, the whole being one mass with hardened layers and a few 
 phosphatic nodules ; but the section well illustrates the dissolving away 
 of shells, and their record by means of ferruginous casts. 
 
 The larger old pit at the spring is mostly overgrown. It reaches to a 
 higher level, and its section is as follows : — 
 
 Fine sand, orange buff and grey, with a few clayey layers [? Chillesford 
 Sand of authors], about 10 feet thick, and apparently resting 
 evenly on : — 
 
 r Coaise ferruginous sand, with hard layers, a few pebbles, 
 
 Red Crag 4 and (about 3 feet down) casts, of shells in iron-sandstone. 
 
 » ' L Shelly Crag shown below. 
 
 From the position assigned to the following section of a pit, "about 
 
 500 yards south of the vicarage-house of Wherstead,"* it would seem to 
 
 be one not now to be seen : — 
 
 Sandy and gravelly beds, without fossils, 8 feet. 
 
 Shelly red Crag: near the top a layer of unrounded flints, with 
 some flint-pebbles. The upper parts of these stones encrusted 
 with barnacles. One flint 22 x 16 X 7 inches. 10 to 12 feet. 
 
 Just south-eastward of the Vicarage was a small pit in coarse ferruginous 
 sand with pebbles, the stone-layer at top having casts of shells ; and a 
 little higher up the valley an overgrown pit shows sand above shelly Crag. 
 
 Westward from Wherstead the Crag occurs for some way up the 
 Washbrook Valley, to Copdock on one side, and further on the other. 
 
 A small pit, up to 13 feet deep, just south of Therrington HeiU, and 
 close to the railway, partly overgrown or hidden by talus, showed, at the 
 eastern corner, gravel, chiefly of chalk-pebbles and flints, with Boulder 
 Clay wedged into it and a little on it. From below these ferruginous 
 sand (? Crag) rises up nearly to the surface at one spot. Then shelly Crag 
 rises up, and occurs all through the central part of the pit. The uppef 
 part of the Crag is much hardened into stone by iron, and has a bed of 
 scattered small phosphatic nodules and pebbles : the lower part is the 
 usual shelly sand, Tuth a few small pebbles and nodules. The London 
 Clay is touched below, and whilst at one spot there seems to be no nodule- 
 bed, at another, but 4 feet off, there is a fair quantity of it, and elsewhere 
 a bed of blackish, roundish stones (with the nodules) forms the bottom of 
 the pit. At the western side the Boulder Clay scoops into the Crag and 
 seems to bo the only bed touched. 
 
 At Belstead Hall some sections on the west of the farm-buildings 
 showed, in 1876, brown and grey bedded loam, and in places gravel, over 
 
 * SibC. Lybli,, Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1851, Sections, p. 65. 
 
50 GEOLOGY OF IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 grey Boulder Clay. Just north was a hole iu brown sand, with a few 
 broken Crag shells lying about : this sand must go under the Boulder 
 Olay. In the ditch Boulder Clay and London Clay (the latter at one spot 
 only) have been turned out, and a few phosphatic nodules. 
 
 , Just above the Swan Inn, half a mile north of Oopdock Church, I 
 noticed traces of Crag, but too small to be mapped. 
 
 In a pit just north of Gusford Hall there was a little patch of gravelly 
 sand at top at one part, over Rod Crag, consisting of ferrnginoas sand 
 above and shelly Crag below. The road-cutting just above shows njore of 
 the coarse sand, with a bed of scattered small pebbles and phosphatic. 
 nodules, and, at another place, with iron-sandstone. 
 
 The cutting along the pretty lane over a quarter of a mile west of the 
 hou^e at Stoke Park, gives a fair section of the Eed Crag. Bright 
 ferruginous sand, and some of a light colour, with a few small pebbles, 
 dovetailing into shelly Crag, some of which also_ is light-coloured. Just 
 before getting to the edge of the wood the junction with the London Olay 
 is laid open, with a thin nodule-bed at the base of the Crag, and some 
 septaria in the clay. 
 
 A small pit in a plantation about a quarter of a mile a little S. of "W. 
 of the house, showed at one part.a little gravel over about 4 feet of brown 
 and light-coloured sand, below which shelly Crag was touched. At 
 another part, above the top of this, some 3 feet of gravel came directly 
 over shelly Crag, so that the sand is probably Crag. 
 
 The bottom of the Crag was touched along the top of the railway-tunnel, 
 and there seems to be a trace of the nodule-bed at Stoke brickyard, just 
 to the east (see p. 11). 
 
 In the pit on the southern side of Grippeswick Hall (New Place on the 
 Geological Survey map) the section was much hidden, but showed sand 
 with gravel, over sand, and Crag, at the bottom of which apparently a 
 few phosphatic nodules have been found. ■ Between this and the house 
 London Olay is touched. 
 
 Westward from this the Crag soon ends, the Drift gravel and sand 
 coming down to the London Clay before we reach the high road. A trace 
 of shelly Crag, however, occurs further westward, under the eastern end 
 of the patch of Boulder Olay on the road N.N.E. of Poplar Farm, and 
 perhaps again at the edge of the gravel and sand about a third of a mile 
 to the north. 
 
 The Crag in the railway-cutting west of Handford Bridge is, to a great 
 extent at least, not in place ; but only masses in the Glacial Drift. 
 
 Valley of the Orwell, doivn the Left Side, 
 
 It is possible that some of the sand, with a gravelly layer at the base, at 
 the large Bramford pits (see pp. 14, 15) may belong to the Crag rather than 
 to the Drift, with which latter, however, it was thought safer to map it. 
 
 It is not until we reach the eastern part of Ipswich that Crag can be 
 mapped ; but then there are signs of its occurrence in the little valley 
 above Brooks Hall, N.W. of the town, and the pits at a brickyard on the 
 west of the Cemetery Road gave the following section : — 
 
 Drift. — Light-coloured laise-bedded gravelly sand, lying irregularly on 
 Red Crag ?— Brown sand, at a lower level than which is 
 London Clay. 
 
 On the opposite side of the same small valley, at the back of St. 
 Margaret's Terrace, there is a little Crag over the London Clay. 
 
 On either side of St. Helen's Vale there is a narrow outcrop, and at the 
 St. Helen's Pottery a little Crag was shown (see p. 13). We have thence 
 a continuous outcrop to Orwell Park. 
 
 The ground being laid out for a new house (1876) a little W. of Rose 
 Hill (relixstow Road) touched the old brickyard, S. of Cavendish Road, at 
 its eastern end, where London Clay is shown. A little higher there was 
 shelly Crag, up to 7 feet thick, with phosphatic nodules at the bottom, 
 immediately over the nodule-bed there 1)eing a layer of blocks of dark 
 septariform stone. Above there was ferruginous false-bedded sand 
 (P decalcified Crag), and at the top of the hill gravel. 
 
KED CKAG. 51 
 
 A large old pit just eastward of the house in Holywells gives the 
 following section : 
 Drift Gravel . 
 
 «^^«-s{lhosphlS''"^- 
 ? London Clay. 
 
 A sand-pit at the southern edge of the park, and about an eighth of 
 a mile east of the Cliff Brewery gave a like section, as below ; — 
 Drift sand and gravel, up to 6 feet. 
 
 {Loam and sand, bedded, parly ferruginous, (somewhat 
 like Chillesford beds), up to 4 feet. 
 Light-coloured and brown sand, about 18 feet. 
 The pits at the head of the valley, about two-thirds of a mile east 
 of Greenwich Farm and south of Holywells, showed the following 
 succession: — 
 
 fFerruginous sand, with some layers of a lighter colour, 
 
 J some thin loamy layers, and some gravelly layers (with 
 phosphatio nodules). There are hard bands, as usual, and 
 in one pit a mass of hard ferruginous sandy loam, showing 
 ^'"'^' marked prismatic structure (vertical to the plane of 
 
 bedding) as at the pit by Bentley Station. 
 _A little shelly Crag. 
 London Clay apparently at the bottom, which is much hidden by 
 springs, &(S. 
 
 On the lane south of Greenwich Farm saiud is seen resting on the 
 London Clay, and further south, on the slope facing the river, the 
 phosphatic nodules have been worked. 
 
 A Crag-pit close to the shore of the Orwell at Piper's Valley, gave 
 the section below : — 
 
 Irregular gravelly sand at top. 
 
 ("Dark ferruginous coarse sand, with small pebbles and 
 Eed J phosphatic nodules. 
 Crag. I Yery shelly-Crag, with a ferruginous bed at top (and with 
 
 L small pebbles and phosphatic nodules) about 8 feet shown. 
 London Clay seems to occur irregularly underneath. 
 
 The junction of the two parts of the Crag slopes, towards the river, 
 and here as elsewhere, I believe, the difference between them is owing 
 to the shells having beeli dissolved, out in the upper part. On the 
 north-eastern side the Crag is abruptly cut into by sand, partly fine 
 and light-coloured. 
 
 Just S.W. at the beginning of the tumbled cliff (by the cottage) there 
 is a little gravel over sand, with shelly Crag just below, and at the base 
 London Clay, which throws out many springs along this sloping cliff. 
 
 About two-thirds of a mile N.N.W. of the remains of Ahiesbourne 
 Priory was another pit in sand and gravel over sand over shelly Crag. 
 
 Just before we reach Orwell Park the Drift sand and gravel seems 
 to overlap the Crag ; but the latter appears again in the side-valley of 
 Nacton, and sand and CrSg are then to be seen in places along the winding 
 outcrop. 
 
 A pit about a quarter of a mile north of Levington Church gave the 
 section below, for a few yards in extent, the rest of the pit being much 
 overgrown (1874) : — 
 
 Small pipe of gravel. • Feet. 
 
 (\Perruginous sand, with a few casts of shells 
 in iron-sandstone (at the clearest and 
 highest part of the pit) - - - 6 or more. 
 
 Shelly Crag, with some small phosphatic 
 Eed J nodules, flint-pebbles, &c. - - OtoH 
 
 Crag. \ Sand, full of broken-up shells (sometimes 
 
 dissolved out in the top part) - About 4 
 Sand with thin layers of ironstone - About 1 
 Shelly Crag, shown - - - to 3 
 
 another 3 feet being hidden by fallen earth. 
 
52 GEOLOGT OF IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 The section in another pit, just W. of the farm more than half a mile N. 
 of Levington Church, was as follows (1874) : 
 
 f False-bedded sand, some very coarse and ferruginous, some 
 j fine ; with nodules of ironstone, pieces of iron-sandstone 
 Eed J (sometimes many very small pieces), some iron-sandstone 
 Crag.) with casts of fossils (only a foot from the surface of the 
 ground), and a few small flints : about 12 feet. 
 _ Shelly Crag, a few feet. 
 London Clay, touched at one place (in the ditch along the edge of 
 the little wood, which is shown too near the stream on the Map). 
 Sometimes there are a few phosphatic nodules at the junction with 
 the Crag ; but sometimes none. 
 
 The outcrop of the Crag here is close to the highest ground, leaving but 
 little room for Drift to come on. - 
 
 The Crag pit on the eastern side of the same little valley over a third of 
 a mile N.E. of Levington Church showed, in 1874, from 20 to 25 feet of 
 false-bedded sand, mostly brown and coarse, but a little grey and buff 
 (finer). The top, 15 feet or more was apparently unfossiliferous, but casts 
 of shells {G(m'dium) were found in some of the ironstone, of which there is a 
 good deal, partly in concretions, partly in thin flaggy layers. There are 
 also fine gravelly layers (of flint and' quartz pebbles, with some phosphatic 
 nodules). The bottom 5 or 6 feet is the usual shelly Eed Crag, but there 
 is no marked line of division between this and the rest. 
 
 At Stratton Hall, B.S.-B. of Levington, a cutting at the back of the 
 farm (near the road) gave an almost continuous section, except for over- 
 growth, about a quarter circle round the homestead. At one part^}here 
 ■was a little gravel over brown sand, whilst eastwards there seemed to be 
 shelly Crag beneath the latter, and S.E. (at the back of the farm-house) 
 the brown sand contained a shelly mass close to the top, proving it to be 
 Crag. 
 
 Around Moston Farm (between Levington and Trimley) the Drift seems 
 to overlap the Crag ; but at the spur southwards from the farm the latter 
 crops out again for a short distance, and in the Crag-pit, marked on 
 the Map, the following section was shown (1874), the greatest- depth 
 being over 20 feet : — 
 
 A little gravel, up to 6 feet. 
 
 ^Brown sand, with pebbles' of flint and of quartz, and 
 phosphatic nodulee, especially in a layer at the bottom. 
 This bed occurs at one part only (? a long lenticular 
 mass) : to 3 or 4 feeti 
 False-bedded shelly Crag, of a rather light colour, 
 with pebbles and phosphatic nodules here and there, 
 sometimes a thin layer at the bottom : 8 or 10 feet. 
 Eed Crag. -^ A small wedge of pale purplish sand at one part : 6 or 
 8 inches. 
 Brown rather clayey sand, with many short lenticular 
 masses or nodules of whitish clay, flint-pebbles, and 
 phosphatic nodules : 1 to 3 feet. 
 Light-coloured (buff and grey), ironshot, fine, sharp, 
 false-bedded sand, in places with small nodules of 
 ironstone and very small pebbles of flint and of quartz. 
 
 The tolerably well-marked and even junction of the lowest bed (which it 
 occurred to me might possibly belong to the Coralline Crag) with that 
 above showed a slight S.W. dip, as far as could be seen. Near the entrance 
 there was a little shelly Crag, which seemed to dip under the lowest sand, 
 but perhaps it is not in place, and I was told that London Clay had been 
 found beneath the sand ; it certainly occurs along the edge of the wood^ 
 just below (south) at a level but slightly lower than that of the pit-bottom, 
 if at all at one |)art. 
 
 A new coprolite-working (1874) at the top end of the little wood about a 
 mile N.W. of Trimley Churches, and close to the railway, gave a good 
 section, as follows : — 
 
RED OEAG. 53 
 
 Wash of loam, partly with stones, partly bluish-grey (peaty) ; probably 
 formed by the springs : up to 6 feet. 
 
 |r§helly Crag, mostly from 3 to 4 feet, but up to 6 feet. 
 At the S.ti. end of the pit there were some beds without 
 shells, below others with shells. 
 Phosphate-bed, with many shells of Fectimaulus, at one 
 Eed Crag, < part over 3 feet (the Pectimculus shells being then 
 mostly at the bottom). The upper part not rich in 
 phosphate. Above the rich part, at the bottom, there 
 was often a mass of brown sandstone, which contained 
 many specimens of Mytilus edulis. 
 At some small coprolite-workings at the back of a cottage about three- 
 quarters of a mile W. of N.W. of Trimley Churches the following was the 
 section ; — 
 
 Fine sandy gravel and soil, 8 feet at most. 
 
 f Brown false-bedded sand, 3 or 4 feet, passing down into 
 I the next. 
 Eed Crag. < Shelly Crag, just shown, but has been found about 3 feet 
 deep, 
 ^Nodnle-bed, about 6 inches. 
 London Clay below. 
 
 Coprolites have a^so been worked just S.E. and N.E. 
 At the western end of Lower Street, west of Trimley Churches, a very 
 shallow pit, close by a small pond below (W. of) the farm, showed evenly 
 false-bedded shelly Crag, the dip of the false-bedding eastwards, over a 
 litLle light-coloured sand. A larger old pitjiist above (E.), in the outer 
 part of the farm-enclosure showed sandy and gravelly soil over irregularly 
 false-bedded, dark brown, ferruginous coarse sand, with some iron-sand- 
 stone (the top part flaggy and containing casts of fossils) over false-bedded 
 shelly Crag. 
 
 Both these pits are on the northern side of the lane ; on the southern a 
 larger pit, more than 20 feet deep, gave this section : — 
 A little gravelly sand. 
 
 'Dark brown ferruginous false-bedded sand, with a little 
 fossiliferons iron-sandstone (or rather grit) at top in 
 
 Ked Orag. •< jialse-bedded shelly Crag, wiih a long lenticular layer of 
 light-coloured sand. ITodule-bed said to be found 
 . { about 5 feet down. 
 Bound Grimston Hall, half a mile west of Trimley, coprolites have been 
 largely worked, and in 1874 there was the following set of sections : — 
 
 1. Pit just S.W. of the house. Brown sand, partly gravelly, on shelly 
 Crag, 2 or 3 feet, on London Clay. There were no coprolites at one part, 
 but some at another, about 7 feet down, whilst at another the London Clay, 
 usually 8 or 9 feet down, came up irregularly nearly to the surface. 
 
 2. A little north of the farm, on the western side of the lane to Trimley. 
 A little gravelly sand over Crag, false-bedded at top in parts, irregularly 
 without sbells ; 8 feet or more, to water; said to be 16 feet to the nodule- 
 bed. 
 
 ' 3, Smaller pit at the eastern edge of the lanOj opposite and a little lower. 
 Sandy soil and brown sand, with a thin gravelly layer at the bottom, 
 about 6 feet, over shelly Crag. 
 
 4. A coprolite-pit, in full work, just 1T,B, of the farm, was about 22 feet 
 deep, and gave this section : — 
 Soil. 
 
 Loamy or clayey earth, lying irregularly on the bed below. 2 to 6 feet. 
 Sand, with a little gravel and loam, false-bedded (? lower part may 
 
 be Orag), resting fairly evenly on the next bed ; about 7 feet. 
 False-bedded shelly Crag, with a very long lenticular mass of manve- 
 grey sand which was unfossiliferous, but contained some stone 
 with pieces of shells. Coprolites in shelly sand at the bottom. 6 to 
 8 feet. 
 London Clay, some dark ^rey. 
 
64 GEOLOGY OF IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 The watercourse just south of the farm had been cleared, and showed a 
 great thickness of sand, the result of wash vfrom above. North of the 
 house this watercourse is dry, or filled in, but a deep hole near the house 
 showed 3 or 4 fefet of washed sand over London Clay. 
 
 Pnor. E. B/. Lajstke^tee described the following section " in a pit at 
 Trimley on the Orwell" as showing the Suffolk Bone-bed, " without any 
 superimposed ' Crag ;" but the red f and has been showij, since his 
 description was written,* to be mere decalcified Ora*g. 
 
 Feet. ' 
 
 Soil li 
 
 Clay, with flints - - - - - - 44 
 
 Red sand, with a tooth of ElepJias m&ridionalis - - 12 
 
 Bone-bed:; phosphatic clay-nodules, sandstone nodules and 
 slabs, bones, teeth, &c., with greyish- white sand - - 14 
 
 Westward and southward of Walton the Crag again seems to be over- 
 lapped by the Drift in parts. 
 
 In an old pit, in a field, on the southern side t)f the footpath from 
 Blofield Farm eastward, I saw 6 or 7 feet of sandy soil and sand with thin 
 layers of clay, over shelly Crag (only just shown). 
 
 Along a hedge, less than a quarter of a mile to the south and high up, 
 London Clay and a little Crag were to be seen: apparently an irregular 
 junction. 
 
 The cliff-top a little eastward of Walton Ferry House Inn shows a little 
 shelly Crag, irregularly over which there is in parts gravelly sand, that 
 seems indeed to cut out the Crag altogether sometimes. 
 
 At the most southerly of the cuttings on the Felixstow Eailway, except 
 the little one already noticed (p. 25) and to which it almost joins, London 
 Clay occurs at the southern end, but the Crag soon comes on, and it is 
 not far before the former is lost (the line rising), the nodule-bed at the 
 base of the Crag occurring, however, some little way beyond. There are 
 some thin layers of gravel in scoops in the Crag, and also some sandstone 
 (not transported blocks, but hardened in place and sometimes enclosing 
 shells). The upper part of the Crag is without shells and disposed in 
 great wavy masses. Farther on there is evenly bedded fine sand, with 
 clay-partings (very different from the usual coarse false-bedded sand) 
 nearly to the bottom, with shelly Crag below, and also above (nearly 
 to the top) ; so that this finer bed is clearly in the shelly Crag and not 
 above it (like the Ohillesford Beds). Further on all is sand, with no 
 shells, up to the bridge over the line, a little beyond which some shelly 
 sand comes on above the other, and capped by 4 or 5 feet of brown 
 sandy soil. Before getting to the footpath across the line nearly all the 
 cutting is in a wash of loam, sand, and gravel. 
 
 Felixstoio Cliffs and Pits. 
 
 One of tbe best known sections of the Red Crag is along this 
 range of cliff from Martello Tower Q. to East End Farm, a 
 distance of more than two miles, along great part of whicii shelly 
 Ctag is to be seen, so that the fossils can often be easily collected. 
 The junction with the London Clay is shown in places and the 
 Crag is cut back by the two small heads of valleys for a little way. 
 For convenience the whole ot the cliff-section will be described, 
 without separating the parts where there is no Crag. 
 
 Pbof. J. Phillips has noted the occurrence of a band of Crag in these 
 cliffs, for half a mile, in which the laminae range in one direction (S.W.) 
 and are sometimes curved, with the concavity upwards.f 
 
 * Geol. Mag., vol. v., p. 257. (1868.) 
 
 t Rep. Brit, Assoc, for 1851, Sections, p. 67. 
 
HED CRAG. 55 
 
 Beginning at the western end, the London Clay occurs up to the top, 
 by the Ordnance Hotel, and is shown, at the bottom, to be grey, bedded, 
 and with a slight easterly dip. 
 
 Before reaching the enclosure of Martello Tower Q. the Eed Crag comes 
 on at the top, and the London Clay shows parallel joint-planes, and has 
 layers of a yellow sulphur-mineral. 
 
 At the back of the Suffolk Convalescent Home, there is false-bedded 
 Crag (the dip of the false-bedding being westward), capped by more even 
 beds (much hidden), with a layer of Mya shells at the junction. The Crag 
 here sinks to a lower level. 
 
 Then the section is much hidden ; but the junction of the Crag and the 
 London Clay is shown by springs, near the bottom, and along the back of 
 the houses. Gravelly patches occur here and there at the top. 
 
 Where the road goes up from the beach there was a good section in 
 false-bedded sand, and above it another cutting, with some gravelly sand 
 at the highest part, and false-bedded sand apparently lying irregularly on 
 shelly Crag; the irregularity, however, is owing, in great measure at all 
 events, to the dissolving away of shells. 
 
 From this spot the cliff is for awhile hidden by a house and grounds, 
 beyond which comes the long section that best shows the Crag here. The 
 cliff is much masked by landslips, and overgrown; but the Crag is seen 
 to rise close to the surface and to go low down, the junction with the 
 London Clay being marked by moisture and richer growth of vegetation. 
 
 At first some brown clayey loam, partly gravelly, was shown at top. 
 There were occasional layers of laminated loam in the Crag, and some 
 small phosphatic nodules ; but no layer of nodules was seen at the bottom. 
 At one part it was over 30 feet from the top to the London Clay. At a 
 clear place, just before reaching the next enclosure, the section showed 
 five or six recognizable beds in the Red Crag, as below : — 
 
 Feet. 
 
 1. A bed consisting chiefly of shells of Mya, but with some"] 
 
 of Oyprina - - - - - -L6or 
 
 2. An apparently lenticular mass of fine light-yellow sand, [ more. 
 
 with clayey layers at top and bottom - - -J 
 
 3. False-bedded Crag, the false-bedding almost wholly 
 
 westward • - - - - - - 6 or 7 
 
 4. False-bedded Crag, with loamy layers, the false-bedding 
 
 westward - - - - - -5 or 6 
 
 5. An even bed, of Mya, &c., rather white, with phosphatic 
 
 nodules .... about 2 
 
 6. False-bedded Crag, the false-bedding eastward, less 
 
 shelly than the rest and with ferruginous layers. 
 London Clay. 
 
 Then, in an enclosure, and at the back of the house, shelly Crag, 
 without any divisions, was shown to a thickness of 20 feet or more, and 
 just beyond the house a wash of stony sand at the top, beyond which the 
 section was again hidden. 
 
 Shelly Crag is cut into at the back of the Bath Hotel, and at the house 
 (Hermitage) beyond the enclosure of Martello Tower E.the junction of 
 the Crag and the London Clay was seen. 
 
 The land bordering the shore is then low, and the beds are hidden for 
 some way ; but London Clay was shown at Felixstow Cottage, and east of 
 that house it rises up, as a cliff, when it was seen to be well bedded, 
 with a slight south-westerly dip, and showed some small faults with a 
 north-easterly downthrow. 
 
 At the end of the Cottage grounds Crag comes on at top, and the dip of 
 the clay changes to north-eastward, at an angle of about 5°. The Crag is 
 palphy, thin, and covered by loam, &e. 
 
 A little further, by some steps up the cliff, there seemed to be a fault 
 throwing down the Londoo Clay 12 feet or more south-westward, and here 
 there was no Crag for a few yards. Then the bedding of the clay was 
 horizontal, except for a fault of about 2 feet downthrow to the N.E. At a 
 
 zig-zag path up the cliff (to the last enclosure marked on the Map 
 
 ? Martello Place), the clay occurs up to the top, except for wash ; whilst 
 
56 GKOLOGT of IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 just beyond 'there was some laminated loam at the bottom of the thin 
 covering of Crag. 
 
 Then the London Clay rose close to the surface for some way, with a 
 thin capping of Crag and loam ; and then it came to the surface, except for 
 soil, until the Crag came on again, and was being worked for phosphates 
 close to the cliff. 
 
 The London Clay rose to the surface again, at about the highest part of 
 the cliff (showing the irregular way in which the Crag comes on), with a 
 little patch of Crag (a few nodules at bottom) opposite and just beyond 
 where the lane runs near to the cliff; whilst a little further the nodule-bed 
 again came on, and shelly Crag, for some 150 yards. This part of the cliff 
 gave the best exposure of the London Clay, the bedding of which was often 
 slightly waved. Some of the lower beds are rather sandy, and some thin 
 layers with green grains were seen in the bottom part of the cliff, and, 
 more clearly, on the shore (which I saw at one time m.uch bared from- 
 shingle). At one place a broken Gyprina shell occurred in the clay, and 
 at another, some two feet above the base of the cliff, a nest of the same 
 about a foot long by four inches deep at most j' the shells with both valves 
 together, but so friable as to defy extraction. This is the only case in 
 which I have seen any trace of shells in the London Clay of this coast, 
 the only other fossils noticed being remains of plants, which are very 
 frequent in the state of casts in iron-pjrrites, so much so indeed that in 
 places the scanty beach was chiefly composed of them. 
 
 As the ground falls, to the little valley running up to the Church, there 
 is London Clay only. Down the side of the valley there, is a fairly thick 
 wash of stony loam, with rearranged, or slipped, masses of London Clay. 
 In this loam I found pieces of bones, some of which seemed to have been 
 cut. 
 
 In the bottom of the hoUpw there is, over the loam, a mass of peaty 
 sand (in which I found the tooth of a pig), the product of the springs of the 
 valley, and like that generally seen along the damp- valleys of the 
 neighbourhood. 
 
 Qn the other side of the valley the loam again occurs, and then the 
 cliff consists of Loudon Clay. At ,the highest, part Crag comes on 
 above, with some nodules at the bottom, and here and there some whitish 
 marly* earth. The Crag capping occurred for about 200 yards, as far as 
 the hedge from Bast End Farm. 
 
 At the last the London Clay dips very slightly N.E., and, a few yards 
 beyond the ending off of the Crag, blown sand was seen, to be strangely 
 banked up against the cliff, which then slopes down to the sand and 
 shingle tract of Bawdsey Haven. 
 
 The natural sections of the cliffs are not however the only ones in 
 which Crag has been seen at Eelixstow. Since the time when I surveyed 
 that part the phosphatic nodule-bed at the base has been worked close to 
 the western part of the cliff. 
 
 In December 1882, some years after the Geological Survey of the 
 district was finished, Mb. S. V. Wood noted the section shown in Fig. 11, 
 along the cutting of a new road up the cliff just north of the Convalescent 
 Home, and passing over Col. Tomline's water-tank, and he has kindly 
 allowed me to copy and use his drawing and notes. 
 
 Mr. "Wood regards the brickearth 2 as belonging to his Lower Glacial, 
 the sand 3 as belonging to his Bure Valley Beds, and the loamy sand 4 
 as probably so also, though he expresses a doubt as to whether it may not 
 belong to {he Crag. Not having seen the section myself I am loth to 
 give a decided opinion ;' but I may suggest the possibility of all the beds 
 belonging to the Crag, with a representative of the Ohillesford Clay, 
 though we have no trace of the latter elsewhere in this part. The 
 apparent transgression of 4 over 5 does not go much agsiitist this, as no 
 true bedding is shown in 5 or 6. 
 
BED CRAG. 57 
 
 Pig. 11. 
 
 Seclioti in a New Road-Cutting just N. of the Convalescent Home, 
 Felixstow. (S. V. Wood, 1882.) 
 
 ^■f^-^^^i?^^ --^%j^-— — '-. ■ 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 WVV. 
 ,0" ,1" TRCt 
 
 
 1. Soil. 
 
 2. Keddish-brown briekearth, like that o£ the brickyard at Derby Boad, Ipswich, 
 
 passing down into — 
 
 3. Yellow sand with orange-coloured bands and patches, and some very fine 
 
 shingle. ) 
 
 4. Dark brown bedded loamy sand. 
 
 5. Obliquely bedded Red Crag, without shells (decalcified). 
 
 6. Obliquely bedded shelly Red Crag. 
 
 There is no line between 5 and 6 really, the line here merely represents the ending 
 off of the shells. 
 
 In a pit about a third of a mile south-westward from the church the 
 shelly Oriig was well seen, and here my friend Me. W. E. Hahdy found a 
 shell of Oa/rdmm echvnatvm, whic'i the late Mr. S. V. Wood describes (in a 
 letter) as " a perfect specimen, very rare to my researches, a variety with 
 angular ribs." 
 
 In an old pit, close to the northern side of the road, about a third of a 
 mile S.E. of the remains of the Old Hall, there is a little gravelly sand 
 (Drift) at top ; but the Crag ccmes up close to the surface. 
 
 1 saw workings in the nodule-bed, close to the cliff-edge, in the field 
 east of Martello Place, and, just to- the north, the coprolite-work in the 
 meadow east of Felixstow Church, gave the following section (1874) : — 
 A little soil. ' 
 
 • rCrag, in parts shelly to the top, somewhat evenly bedded (though 
 T, J with small current-bedding), with layers of laminated loam 
 
 p < and clay, chiefly in two beds ; about 12 feet, 
 ^^s- Nodule-bed, with flints , a foot to 2 feet. 
 (_Shelly Cragi up to about a foot, in parts. 
 London Clay. 
 The beds seem to rise southwards, where it is only about 8 feet down to 
 the nodule-bed, 
 
 W. W. 
 
68 GEOLOGT OP IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 CHAPTER VI.— EED CRAG ^coiitinued. 
 Details. 
 Valhy of the Dehen, up the Right Side, to the Brightwell Valley, 
 
 In its range up the Viilley of the Deben and its tributaries, 
 the (lutcr.ip of the Red Crag is continuou-!, except for two short 
 interruptions at Kirton, where the Drift overlaps, and it is of a 
 most winding character, being much cut back up the side-valieys, 
 so much indeed as to be in many phices within a mile of the 
 outcrop on the left side of the^ valley of 'the Orwell. Here, 
 too, the nodule-bed has been much worked, and many good pit- 
 sections occur ; these indeed are so many that it has been con- 
 venient to break up tliis side of the Deben Valley into four 
 sections. 
 
 An old pit about half a mile N.W. of Felixstow Church is, I believe, 
 the site Of a nodule- working. 
 
 The nodule-bed was worked, in 1874, in the field in the angle of the 
 roads half a mile northwards from Walton Church ; but the shallow pit 
 was filled in before I could note the section. 
 
 In the Crag-pit just above the cottage, marked Mill House on the 
 Map, in the little valley N.E. of Trimley, the false-bedded shelly Crag 
 does not end off sharply at top ; but in its upper part is interbedded 
 with unfossiliferous sand, which latter alone occurs at the top part 
 of the pit. It is all probably Crag, as close by (higher up, towards 
 the village) another pit is in coarse ferruginous sand, partly hardened 
 into iron-sandstone, especially towards the top, where the stone contains 
 casts of shells. Above this is^ finer unfossiliferous sand of a lighter 
 colour (? Drift). The iron-oxide has nought to do with the bedding, but 
 has infiltrated. 
 
 At the Sand-pit, marked on the Map, more than half a mile W.SlW. of 
 Falkenham Church, the section was : — 
 
 Sand and gravel, with pieces of iron-sandstone (containing impressions 
 
 of shells) at the bottom : up to 6 feet or more. 
 False-bedded coarse ferruginous sand, with impressions of shells in 
 
 places : up to 8 feet ? 
 Shelly Crag touched at the bottom. 
 
 A small section was to be seen (1874) in an old pit, marked on the 
 Map, on the eastern side of the lane nearly a mile S. of S.E. from 
 Falkenham Church, as follows : — 
 
 Irregular hollow of brown and buff sand (? Drift) at one part. 
 
 ["Brown coarse sand, with some small pebbles and a few 
 j phosphate nodules ; some layers of broken-up iron- 
 Tj J p J sandstone, or grit, with casts of shells; about 4 feet 
 <jrag."^ thick ; and then the bottom part lighter-coloured and 
 false-bedded. 
 LSigns of shelly Crag in some parts of the bottom. 
 Shelly Crag also occurs in the pond at the back of the farmhouse, and 
 in the lane there is a very small patch, of gravel over the upper sand. 
 
 In a pit about a fifth of a mile eastward of Falkenham Church tihe upper 
 part of the Crag is without shells. 
 
 About half a mile norttward of Falkenham Church there was a nodule- 
 working, in 1874, on the eastern side of the track, one pit, then being 
 filled up, showed a mass of sand. Just before getting to this pit London 
 Clay seems to occur at the surface (unless brought there) at the same or 
 a higher level. 
 
RED OKAGl. 59 
 
 Close bj, to the E.'N'.E., a smaller pit showed some feet of sand, with a 
 few phosphate nodules and some box-stones at or near the bottom, 
 though sometimes the sand rested on London Clay without any nodules 
 occurring. 
 
 Some 200 yards south, and nearly at the same level, was a well in 
 London Clay. 
 
 Another pit just S.E. of the end of the lane from the church, pointing 
 northward towards Corporation Farm, was in brown sand, with sometimes 
 a little shelly Crag (a;t W. end only) and a few coprolites at the bottom, 
 resting irregularly on London Clay, which seemed to rise up nearly verti- 
 cally for about 3 feet at one place. 
 
 A neighbouring coprolite-work, about 16 feet deep, nearly half a mile 
 N.N.W. of Falkenham Church, gave the following section (1874) :— 
 
 Feet. 
 Soil and sand, sometimes gravelly at top, false-bedded 12 or 14 
 
 Bed Crag. (^''^^ly^^^S', " " " ^^°"* | "'^ J^ 
 
 ° 1. Ooprolite-bed, - - - about 1 or 2 
 
 London Clay. 
 
 At the farm by the edge of the marsh, about IJ miles east of Kirton, a 
 small quantity of coprolites has been got below gravelly sand, with clay 
 beneath, no shelly Crag having been found. The road to the farm is 
 made to a great extent of box-stones. -This must be a small outlier. 
 
 At Kirton a coprolite -working, some 20 feet deep, about a quarter of a 
 mile N.E. of the church, gave the following section (1^77) : — 
 
 Glacial Drift. Sand and gravel, 12 to 16 feet ; a little loamy in 
 places, and then forming what the foreman called a " loam-horse," 
 which dammed back water at one end. 
 
 r Brown false-bedded sand, with a little shelly Crag at the 
 Eed Crag. ■< E. end. 
 
 L Nodule-bed. 
 
 Another working, a little eastward, and just south of Corporation Farm, 
 gave this section : — 
 
 Glacial Drift. Nearly all light-coloured sand, with gravelly layers. 
 There were two " loam-horses," one a mass of brown and grey clay, 
 with stones, going nearly to the bottom of the pit ; the other 
 almost meeting a small hump of London Clay, that stuck up to 
 some height, right through the nodule-bed. The sand was browner 
 at bottom, where there was for the most part a line of gravel, but 
 the division from the Crag was not well marked : about 15 feet thick 
 generally. 
 
 {Brown sand ; 6 to 8 feet. 
 Mostly 2 or 3 feet of shelly Crag. 
 Nodule-bed, resting unevenly on the London Clay, aurl 
 thick on each side of the hump of the latter. 
 London Clay, 
 
 The loam-horses for the most part ran downwards obliquely and not 
 vertically. 
 
 The nodule-bed has been also worked, I believe, a little north of 
 Corporation Farm. 
 
 Brightwell Valley, 
 
 The outcrop of the Red Crag reaches up this tributary valloj 
 for six miles from the boundary-line in the main valley, close up 
 to Ipswich Racecourse, and in the midst of this the nodule-beJ 
 has been worked more than anywhere else. 
 
 A coprolite-working on the western side of the farm, nearer a mile 
 N.N.E. of Kirton church, gave the section below (1877): — 
 
 E 1466'. E 
 
60 GEOLOGY OF IPSAVIOHj ETC. 
 
 Glacial Drift. !Falso-bedded, fine, sandy gravel, resting irregularly on 
 the bed below ; np to nearly 20 feet thick (including soil) in a 
 scoop on the E. side. 
 
 Eed Crag. {IXfe-Ted ^^° ^^^^^^ ^""^^ ^^^°^' 
 London Clay, brown at top, dark grey below. 
 About a fifth of a mile further west is the site of another ooprolite- 
 working, which had been given up before I was th§re. 
 
 The line of pit on the western side of the little valley, about three 
 quarters of a mile west of Kirton qhurch, gave the following section 
 (1874) :— 
 
 Drift. Brown sandy false-bedded gravel, chiefly of subangular flints 
 and flint-pebbles, at one part resting rather irregularly on the bed 
 below ; up to 8 feet. 
 
 fSaiid: the upper part brown, yellow, and partly white, 
 and fine : the lower part a brown grit, passing down 
 into the next ; 6 to 10 feet. 
 Brown shelly Crag. 
 > A pit on the southern side of the little valley a little west of the farm half 
 a mile southward of Kembroke showed the following : — 
 
 Glacial Drift. Buff and brown false-bedded sand, with gravel, up 
 
 to 7 feet thick, resting irregularly on 
 False-bedded brown Orag sand, the top part buff at one place. "The 
 junction hard to make out in parts. 
 
 A pit just northwards of Kembroke, gave the section below : — 
 Glacial Drift. A little gravel and sand. 
 Eed Orag, about 25 to 30 feet, false-bedded. Brown sand at top, 
 
 shelly sand below. No nodule-bed. 
 London Clay. . 
 
 About half a mile from this, in an old pit a mile B.S.E. of Baoklesham 
 Church, and on the southern side of the head of the little yaljey, I Baw 
 gravel, up to 4 feet thick, over Orag sand ; the top part fine, yellowish- 
 brown, and somewhat bedded ; the rest ferruginous, coarse, with scattered 
 layers of small pebbles, &c., somewhat bedded at first (with slightly 
 loamy layers), then false-bedded, and to a great extent hardened to a 
 soft iron-sandstone. 
 
 Just east of the house marked "Hall " on the Map, about three quarters 
 of a mile east of Bucklesham Church, I- saw the layer of phosphatic 
 nodules overlying London Clay, and there are springs here above the . 
 junction of the Orag and the clay. 
 
 A Crag pit nearly a quarter of a mile north of Bucklesham Church, on 
 the eastern -side of the little valley, about 30 feet deep, showed (1877) 
 ferruginous sand, with shelly Crag below. A great wavy mass of poor 
 ironstone, with the small rude columnar straoture also seen at Ipswich and 
 Bentley, scooped into the shelly Crag, and a little of the latter was also 
 interbedded in the sand above. 
 
 Just west of the church a section showed a trace of Drift grajvel over 
 Crag sand, with (shelly Crag beneath. " , 
 
 A pit about half a mile N.W. of Buckle^am Church (on the S. side of 
 the little valley) gave the following section: — 
 
 Small patches of gravel at the highest part. 
 
 {Coarse false-bedded ferruginous sand, with ironstone 
 (sometimes containing casts of shells) and a layer of 
 pebbles and phosphatic nodules. 
 False-ibedded shelly Crag. , 
 London Clay has been turned out of the stream a little lower to the east 
 The section in another pit, in a field about three quarters of a mile 
 W.N.W. of Bucklesham Chttrch, was as follows :— 
 Loamy soil, np to 3 feet. 
 Gravelly patches. 
 
 r Coarse brown sand, false-bedded (especially in the lower' 
 B/cd Crag's part}, with stones. 
 
 I Shelly Crag has been touched below. 
 
RED CEAG. 61 
 
 Just ojpposlte this the ooprolite-work on the western side of the l^ne 
 about a quarter of a mile S.B. of Foxhall Lodge, gave the following 
 section, in 1876. 
 
 Drift. G-ravel and-sand ; ap to 8 feet. 
 
 f Sand. 
 Red Crag.. < Shelly. Oragi 
 
 I Goprolite hed; about 25 feet or more from surface. 
 Me. S. V. Wood has kindly communicated a drawing, made five or six 
 years later, in which the graVel is shown to ireach.up to 15 feet in 
 thickness, and to rest irregularly on sand, which he classes as Lower 
 G]a.cial, with loamy bedded sand beneath. 
 
 The coprolite- working I on, the. eastern side of the lane close to the last 
 gave a section about 27 feet deep (1875) :— 
 
 G-laoial Drift. — Light-coloured sand and gravel, resting irregularly on 
 the next ; up to S feet thick. 
 
 'Ferruginous, coarse, false-bedded sand, with the usual 
 gravelly ■ layers (containing small phosphaticiiodules). 
 Some casts of shells in ironstone. 
 Shelly'Crag, afew feet. The lines of false-bedding pass 
 from this into the shell-less sand above, showing both 
 Red Crag.-^ to be really one bed. Towards the east a mass; of shell- 
 less sand came in under the shelly Crag, which was 
 then thin ; but further east more of the latter came in 
 below." ' ■ . 
 Nodule-bed, full of shells, over a foot thick, and has been 
 (_ found up to 4 feet. No water in this pit. 
 The coprolite -working al)out a third of a mile to the east, also on 
 the northern side of the liftle valley, showed completely (1877) that the 
 shell-less ferrugitious'sand is simply decalcified Crag. In parts the shelly 
 Crag went up to tlie top of the pit, ex6ept for soil, whilst in others the 
 shell-less sand occurred to some depth, ended off suddenly against the 
 shelly sand, and had the structural lines of the latter oojitinued through 
 it. At one part the two dove-tailed together, a long strip of the shelly 
 Crag running into the midst of the sand, and a long strip of the latter 
 running also into, the former. 
 
 Another coprolite-working, just east of the last, gave the following 
 section :— 
 
 "Fcrriigiiioris and yellowish false-bedded sand, with iron- 
 stone ; the lower part shelly, and the shells ending off 
 most abruptly, across bedding, etc. Beds waved, and 
 showing a small fault (about a foot downthrow). There 
 are some pipe-like hollows, or funnels, of sand, which 
 have been water-channels, and in which the shells have 
 been dissolved away. 
 Nodule-bed, over a foot, and has been found up to 4 feet 
 thick, 
 _Shelly sand, 2 or 3 feet, and then a few more nodules. 
 Grey London Clay tbuehed. 
 
 The pit at the back pLthe .b9.rp. aippnt half a mile N. of Bucklesham 
 Church sliowed, in 1877, 8 or 16 feet of brown beddeli loam and sand with 
 some thin grey layers, and at the bottom part thin ferruginous layers ; 
 resting in waves on sand and shelly Crag, of which only 2 or 3 feet was to 
 be seen. Can this Iqam, represent the Chillesfor.d Ciay P 
 
 The n'odnle-bed has been worked "aTjout a quarter of a mile qast of 
 Foxhall Lodge, and at the. old cbpr'plite- working, at the southern edge of 
 the plantation on the eastern side of the Lodge, the following beds were 
 to be seen, in 1875 : — 
 
 I" At top some grey stony loam, not unlike weathered Boulder 
 Drift. ■< Clay, in pootets ; up to 3 or 4 feet. 
 
 L Gravel and sand, apparently thick. 
 Ferruginous sand, of the Red Crag, as in the workings just south and 
 above described. 
 A small Crag pit, neaa-ly a third of a mile east of the large pond, Bixley 
 Decoy, showed ferruginous sand and shelly Crag, with a gravelly layer 
 
 £2 
 
 Red Crag ; 
 about 35 
 feet or 
 
62 REOLOGY OF IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 (pebbles and phospbatio nodules) for the most part above tbe shells, but 
 also with shells above it partly; so that the line of shell- ending has 
 nothing to with the bedding. 
 
 A like section was seen in the small sharp-sided island in the marsh, 
 just east, in a large pit, nearly 30 feet deep. The whole of the sand is 
 false-bedded, and there are impressions of shells in some of the ironstone 
 and iron-sandstone, of which there is a good deal. The gravelly bed" 
 here is probably a continuation of that just noticed. 
 
 The sand-pit in the little hollow by the hedge (marked on the Map) 
 about half a mile nearly H'.'W. of Warren House (Felixstow Eoad), 
 showed a little gravel, in parts, over ferruginous sand (Crag), at the 
 lower part with iron-sandstone containing, at one place, a few casts of 
 shells [Mytilus). 
 
 In the other terminal branch of the valley, too, the- outcrop reaches 
 nearly as far, to Eushmere Common. In this branch, at the western 
 edge of Foxhall Heath, the road down to the valley, more than a mile 
 S.S.W. of Kesgrave Church, shows the following succession : — 
 
 At top brown sand, with traces of fine gravel, and just below is sand, 
 
 with a thin line of gravel at the base (Drift). 
 Grey and brown bedded loam, with little sand (P^Chillesford Clay); 
 
 nearly 18 inches, passing down into — 
 Ferruginous sand (Crag). 
 
 A flfth of a mile lower down the valley sand and shelly Crag are to be 
 seen, and again, about half a mile westward of Foxhall Hall, where there 
 is gravel above the Crag sand, as in two other pits close by. 
 
 Just S.W. of the Hall was another like section of gravel over sand and 
 Crag, and, close by, in 1875, the new coprolite-working on the southern 
 side of the Hall was 27 feet deep, and gave the following section, remark' 
 able for the occurrence of shelly sand beneath the mass of the nodule- 
 bed (see also section, p. 61) : — 
 
 Glacial Drift. — Sand and gravel. 
 
 TFerruginouB find light-coloured false-bedded sand. 
 Shelly Crag, with a nodule (or gravel) bed some 16 feet 
 Eed J down (from surface). 
 
 Crag. j Mainnodule-bed, a foot or more thick, where open to view 
 j underlain by— 
 
 [_Sand, with broken -up shells and a few nodules ; about a foot. 
 Dark grey London Clay touched. 
 
 Here, as elsewhere, the ending off of the shells in the Crag has nought 
 to do with the bedding. At the northern end this plane of decalcification 
 rises to the east, where the ground falls, which is exceptional. 
 . The large working directly opposite, andE. of, the farm was abandoned 
 towards the end of 1874. There is here a greater thickness of the sand 
 and gravel at top, and the total depth was 30 feet. A long wedge of 
 shelly Crag was to be seen in the shell-less sand, capped by a ferruginous 
 bedded loam,^ with an irregular prismatic structure, which loam was 
 probg-bly the cause of the preservation from dissolution of the shells 
 beneath. 
 
 The large adjoining coprolite-working, further east of Foxhall Hall, 
 gave a fine section in 1876, when the beds shown were as follows : — 
 
 Drift. — False-bedded gravel and sand, resting irregularly on the sand 
 below ; up to 15 feet (or more). 
 
 'Ferruginous sand, with ironstone (impressions of shells), 
 and scattered phosphatic nodules ; of irregular thickness, 
 being merely decalcified Crag. 
 Shelly Crag, with a loamy ferruginous bed about the 
 junction with the shell-less sand. The bottom 6 feet or 
 Red . , so with phosphatic nodujes and flints (some large). 
 Crag. ^ either in layers or scattered freely throughout. At the 
 most easterly part (not then worked) there was at the- 
 bottom a loamy, firm, ferruginous bed, up to 3 feet thick, 
 probably not far above the nodule-bed. 
 Nodule-bed, at a depth of 33-36 feet ; about a foot thick ; 
 with water, showing the presence of London Clay. 
 
KED CBAG. 63 
 
 Tt is this last section, I believe,, that Mr. Wood refers to,* and by his 
 kindness and that of the Council of the Geological Society, his woodcut 
 IB reproduced -.-^ ' 
 
 Pig. 12. 
 
 Section in a Coprolite Pit by Foxhall Hall. (Wood.) 
 
 -V* . — ^T-^:=- r- — . -31, 
 
 ;. 4^.^«!.*v*?s.-;^^Sl*S!!p&^'fc.^ 
 
 The actual section was in terraces, here omitted ; height 45 feet. 
 
 ... Glacial Drift.— Bedded gravelly sand, passing at the base into false-bedded 
 graTel. 
 
 Red Crag, -f *• Ked sands and partly hardened loamy sand, horizontally bedded. 
 ^ 1 a. Unaltered shelly Crag. 
 
 At the back of the farm, about half a mile west of Brightwell Church 
 a section showed a trace of gravel over sand with ironstone and a laver 
 of phosphatic nodules. •' 
 
 Another pit at the Hall, and just east of the church, gave a like, but 
 better, section as follows :— . s , uu 
 
 Glacial Drift. — Trace of gravel. 
 
 "Light-coloured sand, with fine gravelly patches. I 
 could not well get at this, which seemed to belong to 
 Bed Crag. <^ J^^ ^^^S ; up to 6 feet ? 
 
 JJirm brown iron-sand, partly very coarse and with 
 
 pebbles, etc. P 20 to 25 feet. 
 _She]ly Crag at the bottom, at W. part. 
 Below this farm the Crag is shown in springs to the marsh-level 
 At Newbourn Hall and church there is hard shelly Crag. 
 At the Crag pit, marked on the Map, in the little valley about three 
 quarters of a mile E.N.B. of Brightwell Church, there was a Wash of sand 
 and gravel down the slope, over false-bedded ferruginous Crag sand in 
 parts full of casts and impressions of shells in ironstone. At the base 
 was seen dark red shelly Crag, false-bedded (southwards), with phosphatic 
 nodules attpp in places, hardened and consequently standing out as a sort 
 of crag. Immediately south, indeed joining this, another opening showed 
 gravelly soil over a good thickness of the brown sand, with a floor of shelly 
 Crag. ■' 
 
 Just eastward of Walk Barn there is Drift sand and gravel over 
 sand and shelly Crag ; and in an old pit, about a quarter of a mile E S E 
 sand and shelly Crag occur beneath Drift (see p. 80). 
 
 Through the strip of wood in the valley -bottom about a quarter of a 
 mile N.W. of JSTewbourn a set of springs was cut back, on the eastern 
 side, in 1877, into very shelly Crag. 
 
 The large Crag pit, marked oil the Map, at Newbourn, nearly a quarter 
 of a mile N.E. of the church, was about 40 feet deep, wholly in Red 
 Crag, the eastern end being overgrown. The decalcified sand is in part 
 rather light-coloured at top, partly fine, and is of course irregularly 
 divided ii-om the shelly Crag beneath. This latter contains a great 
 
 * Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol, xxxiii., p. 81. (1877.) 
 
64 GEOLOGY OF IPSAVICH, ETC. 
 
 variety of shells; many well preserved (and I believe this pit would prove 
 a good collecting-place) : it is mostly firm, so as to stand vertical in 
 section, dark, false-bedded, and often with many phosphatic nodnles and 
 flints : at one part a nearly horizontal yellowish line occurs cutting across 
 the false-bedding, and' showing how little dependence is to be placed on 
 colour. At the westei-n part of the pit the process of dissolution of shells 
 was shown, the shelly Crag in places passing into a sort of marl, and there 
 being many more or less vertical marly veins, the marl being the result 
 of the dissolving away of shells from, the sand. At the bottona of the pit 
 there are springs, and the London Clay occurs at the lowest part. 
 
 1 first saw this section on a very windy day, when I noticed a peculiar 
 appearance at the top part. ITiis was owing to what may be called 
 miniature reversed earth-pillars. The formation of earth-pillars through 
 the protecting action of stones (whereby the clay, &c. immediately 
 beneath is preserved from weathering, whilst the unprotected parts 
 around are carried away, leaving irregular pillar-like masses) is well 
 known; bufc in this case the current of wind blowing obliquely up the 
 face of the pit, carried away the loose sand except where resisted by 
 small stones, leaving small pillars (two or three inches long) above the 
 protecting stones. 
 
 A long cutting in the stackyard at the farm, about a quarter of a mile 
 eastward of Newbourn Church, near by the Crag Pit, again showed very 
 shelly Crag, with many phosphatic- nodules, flints, etc. There were here 
 more or less vertical funnel-like places where the red matter had been 
 washed out and the Crag bleached, the shells also being dissolved out 
 to some extent. 
 
 Valley of the Deben, up the Right Side, between the Brightwell 
 and Finn Valleys. 
 
 At Hemley there is sand, and at Hemley Hall a sand-pit, on the 
 southern side of the farmyard, gave the following section : — 
 
 Drift ? — Light-coloured, somewhat "bedded sand; np to 7 feet. 
 Hardly to be distinguished from the underlying, 
 ■o J r Brown falscrfeedd^d sand ; up to .12 feet or more. 
 ' Graff I S^^'^y Crag and phosphatic nodules,, in part of the floor of 
 °' L the pit. ^ 
 
 An old pit, 12 feet or more deep, in a field about half a mile S.S.E. of 
 Waldringfield Church, showed these beds : — 
 
 Drift. — Grravei and sand ; up to S feet (with soil); At the N. end 
 with lumpy patches of pale sandy Boulder Clay at the bottom. 
 Kests irre^ilarly on the Crag sand. 
 Red ■ /Ferru^nous sand; 6 inches -to a few feet. 
 Crag, "l Shelly Crag. 
 
 The old pit at the cross-roads south of the church shows a little shelly 
 Crag with sand above, and in a field nearly a quarter of a mile S.E. of 
 the church, the traces of an old ploughed-over pit showed pale grey 
 sandy Boulder Clay, gravel, and Crag. The Drift would seem to be a 
 small (uimiappable) tongue ploughing into the Crag. 
 
 Just N. of this there was, in 1877, a long deep trench (? the beginning 
 of a coprolite-pit) running northward down to the little side- valley. At 
 the top part there was Eed Crag, the London Clay being touched at a 
 depth of about 10 feet. Further on, before getting to the hedge, the 
 latter came up irregularly above the bottom of the narrow trench, going 
 down again by the hedge, beyond which the ground slopes more sharply 
 northward and the Crag ends ofi", black peaty earth coming on at top and 
 thickening down the slope. 
 
 Close by, S.S.E. of the cTiurch, a new coprolite-working showed, at its 
 eastern end, an irregular hollow of Drift over the Crag, to ' a depth of 
 17 feet at one spot. The Drift consisted of fine whitish gravel (forming 
 the chief mass) underlain by whitish clay (partly a fine Boulder Clay), 
 and then, in pk,ces, more gravel. In other parts of the pit there were 
 some smooth-sided broad pipes or hollows of sand in the Crag. The 
 nodule-bed, up to 3 feet thick, rested irregularly on London Clay. 
 
BED CKAG. 
 
 65 
 
 Directly eastward of the church there is yellow saud, over brown eand, 
 over red sand, all apparently belonging to the Orag. 
 
 The large coprolite-working N.E. of Waldringfleld Church, which was 
 nearly given up in 1876, except close to the road, gave the following 
 section: — 
 
 . Glacial Drift. — Griavel and sand, at the highest part ; up to 8 feet thick, 
 with soil. 
 
 f Loamy ferruginous bedded layer, partly mottled. 
 Ked J Sand, some fine. 
 Crag. I Shelly Crag. 
 
 LNodule-bed ; said to be up to 4 feet thick in places. 
 London Clay touched (not seen by me). 
 
 Me. Stolleet, the foreman, who had a large collection of shells from 
 the Crag, told me that the working had been carried to a depth of about 
 40 feel ; that, in places, some six inches of Coralline Crag had been got 
 beneath the nodule-bed; and that he had tonnd Pholas shells bored into 
 the London Clay to a depth of some inches. 
 
 At the sand-pit, marked on the Map, less than half a mile north-west- 
 ward of Waldrjngfield Church there is shelly Crag at the bottom ; and in 
 a pond on the north this and London Clay botli occur. 
 
 A pit on the western side of the road, a mile and a quarter N.W. of the 
 church, showed a little Drift gravel over sand and shelly Crag. 
 
 Just east of the road, nearly a mile southward from Martlesham Church, 
 there was a like section, with more of the gravel at top, and also with 
 London Clay at the bottom. 
 
 About a quarter of a mile westward of this last, and about a mile south- 
 ward from Martlesham Church, is the site of an old ooprolite-work, also 
 showing gravel over sand and shelly Crag ; and it is probably here that 
 Me. Wood noted the section reproduced in Figs. 13, 14. 
 
 Figs. 13, 14. 
 Sections in a Pit, South of Martlesham.* 
 
 c. Pipe of sand crossing both altered and unaltered Crag. 
 
 b. Bedded sands, = a, altered, 
 
 a. Shelly Crag. 
 
 X Layer of flint-pebbles, running through both shelly Crag and sand. 
 
 Near the head of this little valley, by " Shepherds Lodge," was a pit 
 shdwing a little gravel over brown sand, the latter probably Crag. 
 
 On the west of the road, about three quarters of a mile south of Martle- 
 sham Church, is the site of another old coprolite-working, which, like the 
 former, shows a little gravel over sand and shelly Crag. 
 
 Valley of the Finn. 
 
 Up the southern side of this valley the Eed Crag crops out for nearly 
 five miles, when tfie Drift seems to overlap and to rest on the London 
 Clay, which happens again about a mile lower down on the northern side. 
 There are also outcrops up the side-valleys. 
 
 Shelly Crag may be aeen near Kesgrave Hall, and a pit a little higher 
 up the same side-valley just north of " Sunk Houses," about a third of a 
 mile west of the Hall, gave (in 1874-78) a very marked junction of Drift 
 and Crag, the section (which is the one alluded to by Mh. WooD)t 
 being :— 
 
 * Reproduced from Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxiii., p. 75, through the 
 kindness of the Council of the Geological Societj'. 
 
 f Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxiii., p. 75. (I!s77.) 
 
66 GEOLOGY OF IPSWICH, ETC, 
 
 Glacial Drift. — Brown and light-coloured sand and gravel, false- 
 tedded, resting irregularly on the bed below ; up to 8 feet or more. 
 Red Orag. — False-bedded, coarse, deep rich brown, ferruginous sand, 
 ' with layers of iron-sandstone- (some full of impressions of shells), 
 and a good many small pebbles and flints j up to about 13 feet seen. 
 Wet at bottom of pit (about 2 feet lower). 
 
 The railway-cutting east of Bealings Station was mostly overgrown 
 .when I saw it (1878), the extreme eastern end quite so. A little way in, 
 however, I saw a streak of shelly Orag in the shell-less brown sand on the 
 southern side. Then the northern side showed ferruginous false-bedded 
 sand over, and passing into, shelly sand, the London Clay beneath being 
 sometimes touched in the ditch, as was also the case in the ditch on the 
 south as the ground rises. Further on shelly Orag was again seen in the 
 sand, at one part (on the southern side) a mass of the former being under- 
 lain by the latter. Wher'e the cutting is deep only the lower part was 
 open to view, and showed the sand both above and beneath shelly Crag. 
 At the slight hollow, upper beds- (brown sand with a gravelly base) sweep 
 down to about the level of the line. At the next deep part the top was 
 overgrown, and only feiTuginous sand was seen. Further on, as the 
 ground falls, sand and grayel sweep down over this sand, at one place 
 to the level of the rails; and this section (Drift over Crag) seems to 
 extend to the western end. 
 
 The s)iert cutting touching Bealings Station is in the brown sand of 
 the Crafc 
 
 The cutting west of this (and near Kesgrave House) shows at the highest 
 part light-coloured sand, with a gravelly tendency at top. The bottom 
 part is in brown sand with shelly Orag, the latter mostly below the level of 
 the rails. 
 
 The next, a shallow, turfed cutting, is in sand. 
 
 Then comes a long cutting, southward of Playford Hall. At its eastern 
 end a patch of Drift (Boulder Olay and sand, see p. 89) comes down over 
 the brown sand of the Crag ; but how far it extends eastward is uncertain. 
 Between the two bridges o\er the line the brown sand is shown along the 
 lower part, about 160 to 170 yards from the second bridge there seems to 
 be a little Boulder Clay at top on the southern side, and the hollow 
 beyond seems to be partly filled with washed-in material. Westward of the 
 second bridge the lower part was tolerably clear, showing brown and 
 light-coloured false-bedded sand (Crag). 
 
 The next cutting, which almost touches the above, about two thirds 
 of a mile south-westward of Playford Okurch, is short. The lower part was 
 re-opened in 1876, and showed the following section, the beds rising 
 slightly eastward, so that the upper only occurred on the west: — 
 
 ? Drift or Crag.-^Brown sand, ^rith layers of loam, passing down into 
 
 like sand with layers of gravel. 
 Red Crag. — Bright ferruginous sancl. with lighter-coloured sand 
 below. 1 found one piece of shell in this. 
 
 An old pit, south of Playford Hall, and just north of the railway, gave 
 the following succession : — 
 
 Dark ferruginous sand ; up to 6 feet, or more. 
 
 Light-coloured finer sand, with a few small thin patches of gi'ey and 
 
 brownish clay at the top, and slightlj' micaceous ; up to 3 feet. 
 Dark ferruginous sand ; 12 feet shown, but the bottom part hidden. 
 I take all these beds to belong to the Red Crag ; the middle bed is a 
 sort of hint at the conditions of the Ohillesford Beds, of which we have 
 no certain knowledge in this district. At the northern part of the pit 
 (ploughed over) there seems to have been a patch of Boulder Clay. 
 
 A little to the west, in the wood just north of the railway-cutting last 
 noticed, there is a sharp cliff, with springes at the foot, pointing to the 
 outcrop of the London Clay from beneath the Crag. 
 
 The short railway-cutting north of Bushmere Street was turfed 
 -throughout, but seemed to be in. sand, with a loamy bed in it, judging 
 from the line of dampness and the growth of willows. 
 
 The other side of the valley, as also the left side of the Deben to near 
 Alderton, was mapped by Mk, Dalton, whos,e notes follow. W. W, 
 
RED CBAG, 67 
 
 From Taddeaham St. Martin to near Playford the Bed Crag is either 
 absent or too thin to be seen in the absence of sections. It appears a 
 little above Playford, but offers nothing worthy of notice above Martle- 
 sham. In Whin Hill railway-cutting it has its usual character, of a 
 ferruginous current-bedded mass of shells and sand. The section of this 
 railway-cutting, now much overgrown, has been described by Pkof. 
 Peesxwich* as showing the following beds : — 
 
 [Glacial Drift.] — White sand and gravel ; 3 feet. 
 
 r Yellow sand, with a few patches of shells at the base ; 
 Red Crag, i 15 feet. 
 
 L Shelly Crag ; 12 feet [no nodule-bed]. 
 London Clay. 
 
 The base of the Crag is exposed in a pit on Kingston Farm ; but here 
 also there is no phosphate-bed. 
 
 Vallei/ of the Dehen, down, the Left Side. 
 
 From the edge of the map near Woodbridge the Red Crag has a con- 
 tinuous outcrop round to the Butley River, not only fringing the plateau 
 of Glacial gravel, but rising high in the intermediate valleys, and near 
 Shottisham, constitutipg the watershed. Its thickness varies considerably, 
 owing to the inequality of the surface on which it was deposited, and 
 whioE at Sutton rises higher than most of the Red Crag, and, in fact, 
 formed an island in the sea of that period. But little o\' the Red Crag 
 east of the Deben is decalcified, its shells being retained even on the 
 watershed (see p. 70). 
 
 The junction with the Loudon Clay was shown jast N.W. of Ferry 
 Farm (south of Woodbridge), and the low clifi", a quarter of a mile south of 
 the farm; consists of red sand without shells. 
 
 Much of the ground between Nettle HiU cliff, and Sutton Hall has been 
 found productive of phosphate, and some of the abandoned pits are still 
 partly open. 
 
 The "Bullock-yard pit" exhibits the cliif of Coralline Crag against 
 which the Red Crag has been deposited. 
 
 Pjjor. Prestwich's figures (16-17, p. 68), show the structure of this point 
 better than any merely verbal description. He remarks that the sections 
 here show " that there are two submerged cliffs, that they pass round 
 the hill, and that the mass of Coralline Crag, forming the higher part 
 of the hill, has been an old reef in the Red Crag sea."t 
 
 South of Shottisham Creek the Ci-ag descends to high-water level for 
 about half a mile, rises to Church Farm, and again descends at Ramsholt, 
 whence it ranges but little above High Water Mark to Ramsholt Dock. It 
 rises again to Peyton Hall, passing above that and Poplar Hall. W. H. D. 
 
 The sand-pit, marked on the Map, two thirds of a mile westward of 
 Alderton Church showed the following beds (1874) :— 
 A little gravelly sand. 
 
 fBrown false-bedded sand, mostly coarse ; in the upper part 
 
 I some small pieces of ironstone, with casts and impres- 
 
 Tj J i sions of shells, also some small, vertical, stalactite-like iu- 
 
 j^® ^ crustations of ironstone (as in the Crag of Bawdsey 
 
 ^'■^S- I clift") ; = decalcified Crag ; about 12 feet. 
 
 I Shelly Crag (in the lower part of the pit), the shells ending 
 i ' off irregularly at top ; 15 feet. 
 Between Alderton and Bawdsey the valley of the Deben is barely 
 separated from what remains of that of the Ore or Aide, and the Red 
 Crag is just cut through, leaving the Bawdsey Mass as an outlier, so that 
 at one part there is little more than a third of a mile of low-lying London 
 Clay between the two sets of marshes. 
 
 » Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxvii., p. 334. (1871.) 
 t Ibid., p.. 339. 
 
68. 
 
 GBOLOGT QF IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 •Sections at Sutton. ■ (Pbbstwich.) 
 Vertical scale about 12 feet to an inch. 
 Eeproduced, from Quart. Jowm. CreoZ. to., vol. xxvii., p. 340, by the 
 kindness of .Pkoj. Presiwice and of the Council of the Geologioal Society. 
 
 Fig. 15. 
 Section in the Bullock-yard Pit, bifeet above Low- Water Mark, 
 
 Explored by means \ 
 of a trench. ' *" 
 
 .2^" 
 
 t. S'loor of pit 31 feet abcre Low Water Mark. 
 
 «' Upper shore-line, with blocks of Coralline Crag, flints, coprolites and shells 
 aboTC it. 
 
 m. Seam or shells of Mytilus edulis, almost all with both valves, 
 n. Bed of coprolites and large flints. 
 «. liower shore-line. 
 
 Fig. 16. 
 Section in the same Pit, bu,t at right angles to the above. 
 
 ' s Upper Shoreline. 
 
 Red Crag with two large blocks of Coralline Crag, the larger msiy weigh more 
 than a ton. 1 must have fallen before, and 2 after the deposition of the bed r. 
 There were also many smaller blocks, some bored by Annelids, others covered 
 with Balani ; as well as flint-pebbles, coprolites, and unworn flints. 
 
 Fig. 17. 
 Section in the Pit near the Barn, at the Western Part of the Ridge. 
 
 Ued Crag with many blocks of 
 Coralline Crag, and here and 
 there flints and phosphatic 
 nodules. Shows the section 
 of the lower shore on the 
 eastern side of the reef. 
 "The occurrence of these 
 transported blocks of Coral- 
 line Crag is peculiar to tl^ese 
 pits" (p. 341), 
 
KED OEAG. 
 
 69 
 
 I believe that the nodule-bed has been worked juSt S.B. of Manor 
 House, Bawdsey, and, in 1874, there was a small working in a field about 
 a third of a mile S.W. of the church. At the spot where the bed was 
 shown it was about 3 feet down, and capped by shelly Crag. Along the 
 lane close by, the ditch (in the same field), shows London Olay for some 
 way. 
 
 Pkof. Pbestwich has figured a section at Bamsholt, showing erosion of 
 the lower beds of the Bed Crag before the deposition of those above, 
 which is here reproduced, through the kindness of the Council of the 
 Geological Society (Pig. 18.) 
 
 Fig. 18. 
 Section in Med Crag at Ramsholt.* 
 
 *Seam of oopro- » 
 lites. 
 
 Red Crag witii 
 few shells and 
 gome copro- 
 lites ; 10 feet. 
 
 
 Shelly Red Crag ; 
 - _ , 3 feet. 
 
 Probable level of 
 Coralline Crag. 
 
 Bawdsey Cliff, 
 
 The south-western part of this range of cliff gives us one of 
 the best sections of the Eed Crag. As there is (or was) often a 
 shelf near the base o£ the • Crag, this out of-the-way spot is very 
 favourable for the collection of fossils, which occur here in great 
 number and variety, as well as in a good state of preservation. 
 The list given by Peop. PEBSTWiCHf has been much added to. 
 
 In this case, as with Felixstow, the whole clifE-section will be 
 described here, and not the Crag alone. 
 
 . At' the S.W. end,, marked by the site of the Martello Tower, in an earth- 
 work at the top, there is gravel, resting irregularly on Eed Crag, on 
 London Clay, the last not rising more than 8 feet above the base of the 
 cliff. 
 
 Groing N.E. the clay rose slightly, and in part the thick gravel rested 
 oh it,, cutting through the Crag. 
 
 Then the gravel thins off, and a good thickness of false-bedded Crag 
 was shown. At top were fragments of a very shelly bed {Mya, etc., as at 
 Felixstow), succeeded by a mass of sand mostly without shells, whilst 
 the lower part was shelly. Here also, as at Felixstow, were layers of 
 loam. 
 
 The Crag is very massive, being much bound together, and there are 
 hollows without shells, resulting from the dissolving away of the shells. 
 
 Opposite Cottage Barn a very even junction of the Crag with the London 
 Clay was shown, the latter being sometimes 12 feet or more up the cliff. 
 
 ♦ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxvii., p. 327. 
 f Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxvii., p. 33T. 
 
70 GBOLOSY OF IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 Then, from the cliff being a little lower, less Crag occurred, and the 
 top part was without shells. 
 
 As the ground rises the shelly Crag reached to the top, the prevalence 
 of Oyprina, Mya, and Tellina in certain beds being remarkable, and flint 
 pebbles and phosphatic nodules occurring throughout. 
 
 The ground still rising there comes on, at top, fine buff sand, with 
 a layer of gravel at its foot, and then, above this apparently (on still 
 higher ground), coarser brown sand with layers of gravel. These beds are 
 probably of Glacial age. Along this highest part the cliff has become a 
 steep, rough, grassy slope, masking the London Clay at the foot, probably 
 because of the sand at the top, which, being much looser than the Crag, 
 washes over the face of the cfiff. 
 
 As the level of the ground falls slowly shelly Crag came near to the 
 surface by the hedge running down to near Middle Barn. A little further 
 the Brift ends off, the upper part of the Crag being nnfossiliferous sand, 
 and the cliff resuming its rougher form. 
 
 The London Clay was masked by fallen earth, and, as the surface of 
 the ground sinks, the Crag seemed to go to a rather lower level. When 
 the cliff gets low the clay was shown 7 or 8 feet up, capped by a little 
 sand and shelly Crag, which capping ended off about 150 yards before 
 reaching the Sea Mark, beyond which the London Clay alone, except for 
 soil, forms the low slope to the track to Bawdsey Hall. Then the dimi- 
 nutive cliff is overgrown, but consists of London Clay with a loamy soil, 
 the latter perhaps thickening further on, until at Martello Tower W. 
 there is only about 3 feet of brown loam. Then the surface of the ground 
 sinks until there is almost nothing above the beach-level, and then rises 
 slightly to a height of about 6 feet, clay being shown just before getting 
 to the road at Bast End (? from shingle having been taken away from the 
 front). Then the surface falls again, and the slight bank is overgrown, 
 to Martello Tower X., where the sea-wall begins. Along all this part 
 there was a narrow belt of shingle above high- water mark. 
 
 In front of the sea-wall, by Tower X., Crag occurs at the edge of, and 
 below, the shingle, as well as just N. It has also been found along the 
 ditch, inside the sea-wall, northwards from the tower nearly down to the 
 marsh. 
 
 Vallei/ of the Ore. 
 
 On the London Clay, west and south-west of Martello Tower X., 
 there are some spots of Red Crag, too small to be shown on the map. 
 
 At Shingle Street I saw the junction of the Crag with the London Clay 
 in a ditch north of Martello Tower A. A. W. W. 
 
 East of Alderton the Rai Craw descends to the sea-level and 
 skirts the marsli northward to HoUesley, wheu the outcrop up tlie 
 small valley joins that of ihe Deben on the N.W. 
 
 This inland stretch cif Red Crag, from Holle.sley to Sliottisham, 
 calls for but few remarks. The Crag is mostly slielly, probably 
 partly from the protection of the Boulder Clay not long since 
 removed (sppaking geologically), but mainly from its porosity 
 and depth. Where no retention of, carbonated waters takes place, 
 the rapidity of percolation prevents any notable solution of cal- 
 careous matter, whibt the amount of carbonic acid gathered by 
 rain water on the barren wastes nmst be very slight, and will be 
 further reduced during jiercolation tin-ough thick beds of fine sand 
 of the Glacial Scries. 
 
 Coprolite has been raised in the fields E. and S.E. of Caldwell Hall, 
 S.E. of Boyton, and pockets of it have been found under the alluvium 
 thereabouts. N.B. of the Hall the Red Crag extends beneath the 
 
KED CBAQ. 71 
 
 alluvium, overlapping the Coralline Crag, here worked for phosphates, as 
 mentioned above, p. 28. 
 
 The valley separating Boyton and Oapel St. Andrews shows London 
 Clay rising to an unusual height, for this part, on both sides as far as 
 Boyton Ford. Coprolite is raised at Oapel Farm. 
 
 There is now no trace of the large workings for the nodules that were 
 once opened on the north of Stonebridge Marshes. 
 
 The Gedgrave ridge ,is an exception to the general absence of decalci- 
 flcalion east of the Debeir, consisting entirely of red sand, though capped 
 Pre-Glacially by Chillesford Clay (since removed) the Glacial covering 
 being only coarse gravel. 
 
 W. H. D. 
 
72 GEOLOGY OP IPSWIOff, ETC. 
 
 OHAPTEE VII.— GLACIAL DRIFT. 
 
 General Remarks. 
 
 It should be understood that the term Glacial Drift does not 
 imply that all the beds so-classed were deposited under strictly 
 glacial conditions : it is used in a chronological sense, like the terms 
 Carboniferous, Cretaceous, &c.; and therefore includes all beds 
 formed during what is known as the Glacial Period, a time when, 
 though ice asserted its supremacy, there were seasons, or places, 
 with a somewhat milder state of things. Not only do we find 
 Boulder Clay, the clear result of ice-action ; but also, though to n 
 less extent, sandy beds that seem to have been deposited by the 
 sea, and loamy or clayey beds which, from their laminated 
 structure, must have been formed in still water. 
 
 There is no need to enter here on the subject of the classi- 
 fication o£ the various divisions of this Drift, one of the most 
 controversial of questions, and it will be enough to point out the 
 succession found in our own limited district, without seeking to 
 impose the same on other tracts, near or far ofi: This is a com- 
 paratively simple matter, though not without difficulty, there 
 being some difierence of opinion with regard to the exact position 
 of the local brickearth (see p. 83). 
 
 Disregarding some doubtful high level gravel, above the 
 Boulder Clay, but of the classification of which one can say 
 nothing with certainty, the Glacial Drift of our district may be 
 divided into two, for classificatory purposes (for descriptive 
 purposes it will be treated under three heads, founded on litho- 
 logical characters). The upper member is the deposit sometimes 
 distinguished as the Great Chalky Boulder Clay, but which it is 
 perhaps better to term simply the Boulder Clay ; other like beds, 
 at lower horizons in the series, being sometimes equally chalky. 
 Below this there occurs a thinner and- more varying set of deposits, 
 consisting chiefly of sand and gravel, but containing in some 
 places (though rarely in our district) a comparatively thin mass 
 of Boulder Clay, and in others beds of loam or clay, that form a 
 valuable brickearth. 
 
 The Boulder Clay is the Upper Glacial of Wood and Harmer, 
 the sand and gravel their Middle Glacial, and the brickearth, to 
 some extent at least," their Lower Glacial. However, the strong 
 division insrsted on by Mr. Wood as occurring between the Middle 
 and Lower Glacial beds, is not clear to me. 
 
 Gravel AisrD SanD. 
 
 In describing the details of the Glacial gravel and sand it will 
 be convenient to follow the same order as with the Red Craw, the 
 latter being almost everywhere capped by the former, the only 
 exceptions being where small patches of Boulder Clay occur on 
 the Crag. 
 
Glacial 
 Drift. 
 
 GLACIAL DRIFT. 73 
 
 South of the Stoiir {Essex). 
 
 This part was mapped by Ma. Dalton, who reports that " the Glacial 
 gravel and sand, with irregular bands and lenticular masses of loam, 
 ranges almost continuously along the southern side of the Stour Yalley, 
 being absent only; at Little Horkesley, and to the south, where the 
 Boulder- Clay overlaps and rests on the London Clay^ Gravel is dug in 
 many places, but the^e are no sections requiring special notice, except 
 those already mentioned atf showing Grag " (p. 44), - ; 
 
 Valley of the Stour, Left Side, above the Boxford Valley. 
 
 ,The outcrop is continuous in this tract, and runs up the tributary valley 
 to Assington. 
 
 About five eighths of a mile a little west of south from Chilton Church, 
 and above the large old chalk-pit, is a sand-pit about 20 feet deep, with 
 the following succession : — 
 
 "Boulder Clay, at the entrance (N.W.), below which the other 
 
 beds probably dip. 
 Gravel, of flints, fiint-pebbles, quartz-pebbles (very small 
 ones abundant), and others ; with beds of coarse brown sand. 
 Brown sand. 
 Brown and grey fine sand, with layers of pipe-clay, causing 
 
 a moist surface ; 10 feet or more. 
 Coarser, sharp, grey sand; shown to 6 feet at the western end. 
 
 At the highest part there is only a. little gravel, but at the north-eastern 
 end the beds sink sharply northwards, and gravel comes on. 
 
 Another pit close by, and just half a mile south of Chilton Church, 
 shows the same beds, with more of the lowest sand (P 10 feet), here false- 
 bedded. The northerly (or north-westerly) dip is also shown, and more 
 strikingly than in the former section, as here it reaches as high an angle 
 as 75°, and brings in Boulder Clay above the gravel. 
 
 More than a quarter of a mile N.W. of the Pottery (south of Ohilton), 
 and about 100 yards in rear of the targets at the rifle-range, a pit laid open 
 10 feet or more of this sand, which here is gravelly, mostly coarse, bright- 
 coloured, with a few large concretions and very many smaller fragments 
 of ironstone, and with some small patches of shining black sand. 
 
 At the targets the way down to the marker's place (in front) is in 
 coarse, brown, ferruginous sand, with fine gravel, some pieces of. brown 
 hematite and some phosphatic nodules, about 4 feet thick, and strongly 
 suggestive of Crag, over brown London, Clay. 
 
 At the Pottery, a pit above the Mini and touching the lane on the 
 iiorth, showed in parts a thick wash of .brown loam over the sharp bright 
 yellow and ferruginous Drift saiid, with small flints and pebbles. The 
 junction of this sand with the London Clay was shown in a pit a little 
 north-east (see p. 9). 
 
 On the railway about a mile S.W. of Little Cornaird', and barely separated 
 from the larger cutting (on the north), is another, short, small, and over- 
 grown, in gravel on the south, but in sharp sand over brown loam (like 
 basement-bed of London Clay) at the otheT end. 
 
 From here eastward to the Bentlcy Valley, the ground was surveyed by 
 Me. Bennett, whose notes will be used in the following description. 
 
 Boxford Valley, 
 
 The outcrop up this valley is at first continuous, and then interrupted, 
 consisting at last of mere isolated patches, some not in the bottom. 
 
 W.W. 
 
 Just N.E. of Mascals Farm, and about a mile west of Boxford Church, 
 there is sandy gravel, with seams and lenticular patches of sand and loam, 
 iand much waved, about 9 feet deep. 
 
 At Brook House, nearly a mile south-eastward from Great "Waldingfield 
 Church, there is a small protrusion, surrounded on all sides by Boulder 
 Clay. A pit shows gravel both on the clay and also i-isiug up through it. 
 
74 OEOLOQT OF IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 and in the road up the bill S.W., Boulder Clay was seen banked against 
 the gravel boss, a patch of loam in which dipped at a high angle. 
 
 In the small patch, nearly a mile N.E. of Little Waldingfield Church, 
 the gravel-pit, marked on the Map, showed in one place Boulder Clay 
 over coarse gravel with a little iron-sand, whilst in another place there 
 was a lenticular patch of loam in the gravel, there about 12 feet thick, 
 and bent up in an arch. 
 
 At the village there is a larger outcrop. Here a pit, on the western side 
 of the road, north-west of the church, gave the section below, the bedding 
 of the gravel following the hollow of the Boulder Clay : — 
 
 Boulder Clay; to 4| feet, in a slight hollow, the bottom, 6 inches, 
 brown. 
 
 {Pinkish gravel ; 9 inches. 
 Sandy gravel ; 14 inches. 
 Bather coarse gravel, with large flint pebbles ; 3 feet. 
 A little eastward of the church another pit showed 10 feet of 'chalky . 
 gravel and sand, covered by a thin layer of Boulder Clay. 
 
 Southward of Streets End Farm, Boiford, a pit showed the following 
 beds: — 
 
 Bather coarse sand, with lines of gravely 3 feet. 
 Clean stiff brown clay, 6 or 7 inches. 
 
 Bather coarse gravel, with a little brown sand, 1^ feet down. 
 At Hole Farm, N.B. of G-roton, there is fine, buff, sand and pebbles, 
 capped by 6 feet of buff sandy loam, and at Spout Farm, about a quarter 
 of a mile lower down this branch of the valley, a gravel -pit showed pebbles 
 of black flint and of quartz in a sandy matrix, with some subangular flints. 
 In a pit at Creak Hill, by the lane nearly a mile east of Polstead Church, 
 the beds seen were as follows :-;- 
 
 Bather coarse, sandy, subangular gravel ; 6 feet. 
 Gravel and sand interbedded, the sand buff, coarse, and much false- 
 bedded ; 5 feet. 
 About 30 chains to the east, on the other side of the slight valley 
 here, and on the northern side of the roadi close to the cottages, there was 
 a section of coarse subangular red gravel, with a little coarse red sand. 
 
 Valley of the Brett 
 There is a good exposure up this valley, and where the sand is in force, 
 as near Hadleigh, some steep slopes have resulted from its denudation. 
 . In a farmyard a quarter of a mile north of Shelly Church, there is very 
 coarse gravel, containing much chalk, and in one part so clayey as to 
 resemble a very stony Boulder Clay, with fine buff sand beneath. 
 
 At the back of Semer Union, marked on the Map as Cosford Union 
 House, a pit gave the section shown in Fig. 19 ; and another pit, a fifth of 
 a mile south of Semer Church, that shown in Fig. 20. 
 
 Fig. 19. 
 Section in Drijjt at Cosford Union House. 
 
 Scale 16 feet to an inch. 
 
 a. Coarse gravel, with a lenticular patch of stiff brown clay. 
 
 b. Bather coarse brown sand, with a little gravel j up to 7 feet. 
 
 c. Lenticular patch of brown and grey sandy clay, with thin bands of sand 
 
 (? reconstructed Thanet Sand) ; about 3 feet. Does not come to the surface. 
 
 d. rinc, bedded, buff sand, with partings of pipe-clay and thin bands of grey sand. 
 
 e. Fine, white, rather sharp, bedded sand ; 3 feet, shown, said not to be bottomed 
 
 at IS. 
 
GLACIAL DRIFT. 
 
 75 
 
 Fig. 20. 
 Section South of Semer Church. 
 
 Scale 16 feet to an inch. 
 
 a. Kather coarse brown sand, with a little gravel, containing a lenticular mass of 
 
 Boulder Clay and coarse gravel, and at the lower part a, few phosphatic 
 nndnles. 
 
 b. Fine bedded light-brown sand. [It struck me that this might be Crag. — W. W.] 
 
 c. Brown sandy clay. [Base-bed of Thanet Sand. — W. W.] In the cut this, by 
 mistake, has been shaded like chalk. 
 
 The junction of the Boulder Clay and the gravel near Monks' Eleigh 
 Church has heen already described (p. 45), and a pit by the cross-roads 
 east of the church showed 5 feet of sandy loam over 6 feet of coarse gravel. 
 Cinerary urns and the foundations of a wall are said to have been found in 
 this pit. 
 
 In a pii on the eastern side of the I'oad at Red Hill Green, Aldham, 
 there is Boulder Clay, with sand and gravel rising up in a boss nearly to 
 the surface, and hardened into rooky masses at the junction. 
 
 A pit just east of Hadleigb Railway Station gave the section. Fig. 21. 
 
 Fig. 21. 
 Section East of Hadleigh Railway Station. 
 
 
 .^ j^b: 
 
 Scale 8 feet to an inch. 
 
 a. Coarse slightly false-bedded sand, with lines of gravel, passing down into h. 
 h. Very pebbly gravel (mostly black flints), cutting across the bedding of r. 
 c. A confused mixture of sand and gravel, with lenticular patches of grey clay (rf.) 
 e. Kather fine evenly bedded brown sand, about 3 feet. 
 Fine white sand touched at bottom. 
 
 At the back of Benton End Farm, nearly a mile south-eastward of 
 Hadleigh Church, a pit, much hidden by talus, showed over 6 feet of 
 false-bedded sand, with lines of gravel,,mostly of pebbles of quartz and 
 flint and much-rolled flints, with sharp buff' sand beneath. 
 
 E 14G51. p 
 
76 GEOLOGY OF IPSWICH, Ep:C. 
 
 The following section was seen in the second cutting on the railwaj' 
 S.B. from Hadleigh :— 
 
 Bonlder Clay. 
 
 f JSvenly bedded buff sand, with lines of gravel near the top, and a 
 I line of pebbles at the bottom ; 2^ feet. 
 
 J Confused mass of pebbly gravel, with lenticular patches of loam 
 1 and sand ; 3J feet, resting in hollows on — 
 
 I Eather fine buff bedded and false-bedded sand ; not bottomed at 
 L 2 feet. F.J. B. 
 
 The junction of the Boulder Clay with the sand and gravel is also shown 
 at the western part of the next cutting, south of Gates Hill Farm, the rest 
 of which is in Boulder Clay only. W.W. 
 
 About a quarter of a mile west of Eaydon Church a pit showed 8 fieet of 
 bedded aijd false-bedded sand, the upper part buff, the lower reddish,, 
 with a few lines of gravel here and there. P. J. B. 
 
 Valley of tlie Stour, and Tributaries, betipeen the Brett and the 
 
 Orwell. 
 
 Most of the sections in this part of the left side of the Stour Valley 
 have been already noticed, in describing the Bed Crag (pp. 46-48), and 
 there is little, to add, although the sand and gravel now form the plateau, 
 in the absence of the overlying Boulder Clay. 
 
 In the railway-cutting just north of Bentley Bridge, N.E. of the church, 
 there is false-bedded gravel and sand with loam, whilst in the same 
 cutting, beyond the next bridge, by Bentley Lodge, there is loam at the 
 bottom. 
 
 In the road-cutting north of Brantham Bridge (southward of Bentley 
 Station) there is at top, close to the cross-lane, a little ferraginous sand ; 
 then (below) a little greyish loam ; then ferruginous . gravel ; then 
 ferruginous sand, with some small pebbles, etc., which last is probably 
 Crag. 
 
 Neax Holbrook and Harkstead the Glacial sand seems to rest on the 
 London Clay; no trace of the Eed Crag being seen for the most part. 
 
 In a small pit just outside Holbrook Gardens, and south eastward from 
 the Summer Bouse, there was a very small hollow.of gravel, over 7 feet of 
 yellow whitish and brown sand, mostly fine. 
 
 It is doubtful whether some of the outliers of gravel south of Harkstead, 
 which have been coloured as Glacial, may not belong rather to a later 
 series. 
 
 Valley of the Orwell, and Tributaries. 
 
 The thin capping that hides the Crag from Shotley Gate for some miles 
 N.W. is without interest, and the few sections where gravel has been seen 
 above the Crag on the right side of the Orwell have already been 
 described (p. 48-50). The soil over the plateau here is mostly loamy and 
 sandy. 
 
 A small sand-pit about a quarter of a mile N.W. of 'Wherstead Church 
 gave the following section : — 
 
 Gravelly soil. 
 
 Brown loamy sand, with layers of grey clay and of gravel ; 4 or 5 feet. 
 
 Buff and brown fine sand : about 4 feet. 
 
 Up the Washbrook tributary, above Copdock, the Glacial Drift overlaps 
 the Crag and rests on the London Clay, with but a slight exception on the 
 left side. 
 
 Gravel has been worked on the west of Wherstead Heath. 
 
GLACIAL DUIPT. 
 
 77 
 
 The long railway-cutting south-eastward of Belstead is much overgrown, 
 but the order of the beds at the central and north-eastern parts could be 
 fairly made out as follows : — 
 
 rSand with gravelly layers ; 12 feet or more (between the two 
 bridges). 
 DriftX Gravel, with many large flints and other stones ; of irregular 
 thickness (up to 4 feet), and sometimes seeming to pass 
 L down into gravelly sand. 
 Sand, probably Red Crag, at N.B. end. 
 The south-western part is shallower, and shows sandy gravel and 
 gravelly sand. 
 
 In the road-cutting about half way between Belstead and Gosford Hall 
 there is at top a little gravelly sand (Drift) on coarse ferruginous sand 
 (Crag), and then, a little down the slope, Boulder Clay, which must bank 
 up against the Crag, though no junction could be seen, the cutting being 
 ovjergrown (1874). Then fine sandy chalky gravel, Boulder Clay, and buff 
 loam (but the section is so overgrown that one cannot make out their 
 order) down to the cottage. 
 
 The section of a brickyard at Copdock (? now abandoned) has been thus 
 given by the Rev. W. B. Olaeke,* who has also recorded 40 feet of gravel 
 in a pit near by : — 
 
 r Eed diluvial clay 3 feet. 
 [Drift.] -^ Gravel - - 3 „ 
 
 L White, sand - 24 ,, 
 
 London Clay. W.W. 
 
 At Hintlesham Priory, li miles N.W. of the village, a pit a quarter of 
 a taile N.E. of the house, gave the section shown by Fig. 22. 
 
 Fig. 22. 
 Section in a Gravel Pit near Hintlesham Priory. 
 
 >Talus. 
 
 Scale 8 feet to an Inch. 
 
 a. Ked Clay (? weathered Boulder Clay) ; 6 inches to a foot (or more), resting 
 
 irregularly on A. 
 
 b. Bather fine sand and gravel, with a singular piped structnre, which goes down 
 
 into the bed below, the part in the hollow is very fine chalky gravel ; 4 to 
 5-J- feet. 
 
 c. Wedge of fine bufif loam ; . up to about 1 J feet. 
 
 d. Chalky gravel finer than that in b ; about 1 j feet. 
 II. Very coarse gravel wiih lumps of chalk ; 4 f eeti 
 
 Blooks'of the hard conglomerate at the junction of the sand with the 
 Boulder Clay may be seen in the field south of Blmsett Church. 
 
 A gravel-pit a little N.W. of the church showed the junction with the 
 Boulder Clay, giving the following section on its eastern side : — 
 Chalky Boulder Clay ; about 3 feet. 
 
 {Bather coarse, sandy gravel, with pebbles of quartz and of quartzite ; 
 about 2 to 10 feet, cutting down over the bed below. 
 Fine, buff, rather clayey Sand ; up to about 8 feet. 
 
 + Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. v., p. 380. () 840.) 
 
 F 2 
 
78 GEOLOGY OP IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 Whilst on the western side the succession- was :— 
 Very stony Boulder Clay ; up to about 4 feet. 
 
 Pine gravel, thickening towards the valley ; about a foot to 4 feet. 
 Pebbly gravel, with a sharp dip towards the valley ; about 5 iio 
 8 feet. F. J. B. 
 
 Returning to the main valley ; at Stoke Brickyard, Ipswich, (see p. 11) 
 the Glacial Drift seems to overlap the Crag and to rest on the London 
 Clay, and a little more than a mile westward this condition sets in alto- 
 gether, except for mere traces of Crag. 
 
 The railway-cutting westward of Handford Bridge (Ipswich) is now 
 mostly overgrown, and little is to be seen of what must once have been 
 a fine section. At the south-eastern end there is Boulder Clay, above 
 which gravel seems to come on near the bridge for the high road. On 
 the north-eastern side, before getting opposite the signal-box, I saw a 
 crushed mass of shelly Crag (? with Boulder Clay wedged under). Near 
 the signal-box, on the other side of the cutting (and about 6 chains from 
 the bridge ?), the upper part of the cutting was turfed, but the lower part 
 showed the following beds: — 
 
 A little fine sand. 
 
 Eed Crag f Ferruginous sand ; about 10 feet. 
 
 (? in place). \ Shelly Crag, with some nodules. 
 
 Bedded London Clay at the box ; np to 12 feet above the line. 
 
 A little further, on the same side, the London Clay rises to near the 
 top of the cutting, and is capped by sand. London Clay also occurs at 
 the bottom at the second telegraph-post from the signal-box, whilst at 
 the third there is gravel. On the north-eastern side of the cutting, some 
 way southwards of the second bridge over the line, I saw -a mass of the 
 plastic clay of the Beading Beds, of the London Clay, and of Crag, so 
 disposed as to show that it was transported. 
 
 Just south of the bridge there is Boulder Clay over sand, and between 
 the fork of the lines there seems to be gravel over the Boulder Clay. 
 
 Near Bramford the Grlacial sand and gravel comes nearly to the bottom 
 of the valley, where it is joined by the later river-gravel. Naturally the 
 dividing-line between the two is not the most satisfactory one to draw. 
 
 The large old pit, mq.rked on the Map, nearly a mile N.N.W. of Bram- 
 ford Church is overgrown, but gravel and sand may be seen, with many 
 pebbles of chalk. Near the S.W. corner there is a trace of Boulder Clay, 
 either above or in the gravel, which proves the beds to be of Glacial age. 
 
 In an old pit, alttiost filled up, at "the farm nearly a mile N.N.E. of 
 Flowton, in Boulder Clay, there are blocks of sandstone and conglomerate, 
 the hardened top of the sand and gravel beneath the clay. 
 
 The Drift of the higher part of the Gipping Valley has been described 
 in the Memoir on Sheet 50, S.W., and we will now cross over and go 
 down the right side. 
 
 The sections near Bramford have been described above (pp. 14, 16). 
 
 At a slightly higher level than the Whitton Leys brickyard (see p. 23), 
 and on the other (N.W.) side of the lane, a shallow old pit showed sand 
 and gravel, which, therefore, come on directly above the London Clay of 
 the brickyard. 
 
 Along the high road north of Westerfield (at the head of a tributary 
 valley) the section was nowhere clear (1876). At first, just out of th'^ 
 village, I saw, on the western side, sand, gravel, and Boulder Clay, the 
 last seeming to be the lowest. Further on, on the eastern side, pale sandy 
 Boulder Clay was seen over sand. Perhaps, therefore, the former clay is 
 a bed in the sand and gravel. Of the sand-pits marked on the Ordnance 
 Map here nothing is to be seen : they must have been given up years ago. 
 
 Northward of Ipswich there are several masses of gravel and sand, that 
 come to tlie surface through the Boulder Clay, between the valleys of the 
 Orwell and the Finn. 
 
GLACIAL DBIFT. 79 
 
 In the most ■westerly of these an old pit in the corner of a field, about 
 half a mile S.S.W. of Whitton Church, showed 3 feet or more of Boulder 
 Clay (on the B. side of the N. end only), resting on light-coloured, rather 
 fine gravel, largely composed of chalk-pebbles, with sand : the junction 
 mostly hidden by talus. In this spot the line on the map between the 
 Boulder Clay and the gravel is for the most part doubtful, the beds lying 
 irregularly. 
 
 In another of these inliers a small pit, about a quarter of a mile S.E. of 
 Whitton Church, showed a trace of Boulder Clay over gravel. 
 
 In another is the large old gravel pit, marked on the Map, on the 
 eastern side of the Henley Eoad, about a mile north from Ohristohurch 
 Park, which was overgrown in 1875, except at the northern end, where 
 the. following section was seen : — 
 
 pj . 1 C A little Boulder Clay, chiefly on the western side. 
 nT.,-ff" 1 Gravel, both fine and coarse, with some loamy layers; 1(J 
 ^'^"''- L or 18 feet. 
 Shelly Crag, touched at the bottom, and at one place (N. end of "W. 
 side) rising up half way to the surface. 
 
 The next inlier is cut by the railway, the long cutting of which, north 
 of Ipswich, is overgrown, and mostly shows Boulder Clay only ; but, about 
 half way between the two main roads over the line, gravel occurs for a 
 little way. 
 
 In the most easterly of these inliers, south ofWesterfiold, a pit about a 
 quarter of a mile N.N.B. of Red House, showed small patches of Boulder 
 Clay over gravel, up to about 10 feet deep, the upper part mostly fine, the 
 lower coarse. At one place, under a piece of Boulder Clay, the gravel, 
 with layers of sand, is hardened, especially the sand (which forms a stone) 
 to a depth of 4 feet or so. 
 
 The neighbouring cuttings of the Felixstow Eailway are described 
 below (p. 89). 
 
 The long railway-cutting N. of Ipswich is overgrown. At the western 
 end (where the cutting is on the S. side only) a little gravel may be seen 
 at first ; but Boulder Clay seems to come on suddenly, at about 40 yards 
 (from the gate at the beginning). Beyond this I could see nothing but 
 Boulder Clay, except that about half way between the two bridges over 
 the line (for the lane and the Henley Eoad), the topsoil is gravelly, and 
 before getting to the second of the bridges (the high road), where the 
 cutting is deep, light-coloured sand is shown at the bottom. 
 
 Ipswich Cemetery is on the sand and gravel, except at the north, where 
 there is a thin patch of Boulder Clay, the gravel beneath which is touched 
 by some of the graves. The junction with the Boulder Clay is shown also 
 in the cutting on the Felixstow Eailway just east (sec p. 89), and in 
 the old gravel-pit, marked on the Map, about a quarter of a mile 
 eastward. . 
 
 The next cutting of the Felixstow Eailway at Woodbridge Eoad showed 
 gravel, sometimes coarse, over gravel and sand; and the next, southward 
 of Spring Eoad, at its northern end passes through gravel, capped at first 
 by a loamy soil, over sand with gravel, and it continues throughout in 
 gravel and sand. 
 
 There are also pits in the gravel at Ipswich, both north and east of the 
 town, as too over the plateau to the south-east, but none calling for 
 notice. 
 
 The sections showing the junction of the gravel with the underlying Crag 
 sand have mostly been described already (pp. 51-54); but besides these, 
 there is a pit between the Felixstow Eailway and road about two-thirds of 
 a mile beyond Nacton Station, which passed through gravel, up to 10 feet 
 thick, to sand that perhaps belongs to the Crag. 
 
 In the remains of an old shallow pit touching the southern side of the 
 high road, over half a mile south-eastward of Trimley Churches, a little 
 coarse brown sand or grit with some pebbles was seen (1874), and, from 
 rabbit-holes, shelly Crag has been turned out, so that it can be but a few 
 feet below the surface. 
 
80 GEOfjOGY OF IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 Valley of the Debgji, and Tributaries. 
 
 The boundary-line of the Glacial gravel and sand follows that 
 of the Red Crag, and is of an even^ more winding character, the 
 cutting-back of the side-valleys having naturally aflfected the 
 higher line more than the lower one. 
 
 There is hardly a noteworthy section, other than those sections already 
 noticed in describing the Orag (pp. 58-65), until we reach the tributary 
 valley of the Finn and the capping of Boulder Clay, though both gravel 
 and sand are often to be seen. 
 
 An old circular pit, marked on the Map, in a field about a third 
 of a mile northward of Newbourn, showed', on its eastern side, brown 
 Drift sand, with a layer of gravel at bottom, up, to 10 feet thick, over 
 ferruginous Crag sand, up to 15 feet exposed. At the southern part the 
 section was : — 
 
 pi . , r Sand, as before^ 6 or 7 feet, mostly with gravel at bottom. 
 Tl^fl- 1 1*^1® grey sandy Boulder Clay (stones small) ; from to 
 L over 2 feet, with a little gravel at bottom, 
 r Ferruginous sand ; a few inches. 
 Eed Crag. \ Shelly Crag, the clay above protecting the shells from 
 L dissolution. 
 
 The Boulder Clay was traceable for about 8 yards, and came in again 
 close by, up to 3 feet thick, and resting on shelly Crag. The rest of the 
 pit was more overgrown ; but at the northern part there were also 
 patches of Boulder Clay plunging down sharply into Crag sand, which 
 latter comes up nearly to the top of the hill on the road (to new barn) 
 close by. 
 
 Following the Finn Valley the pit on the hill-top, by the cross-roads 
 south of Bealings Eailway Station, is in chalky gravel. 
 
 .Along the grassed lane north of Lucks Farm, and about a mile north 
 of Kesgrave Church there is Boulder Clay over light-buff, white-speckled 
 sand, sometimes with a little chalky gravel at top. I "saw a very . few 
 small pieces of shell (0(wdAvmi, etc.) in some of the' fallen sand. Higher 
 up^(S.) the Boulder Clay has weathered into stony loam or clay. 
 
 Close to the northern part of Lucks Wood (where there is Boulder 
 Clay) is an old pit in sand, mostly ferruginous, with gravelly layers, 
 partly hardened, and at first sight much like Red Crag, but probably 
 Drift. There is no room on the map to draw the boundary-lines properly 
 here, the railway having been engraved too near the wood. 
 
 A junction of Boulder Clay and sand, like that in the lane just noted, 
 but not so clear, occurs also in the lane west of the wood, a 'little above 
 the railway. • 
 
 The long railway-cutting at Westerfield, which begins about half a mile 
 oast of the station, and reaches for more than a mile eastward, must have 
 given a fine section when clear ; but the following notes show all that 
 could be seen in 1876, the measureuients of distances (made by pacing) 
 being only approximately right. 
 
 At about 70 yards from the cart-road over the line, at the western end, 
 there is gravel (N.), and at 10 yards further a very little Boulder Clay 
 comes on at top, on both sides for a short way, beyond which gravel 
 and sand continue. At 145 yards a little shelly Crag was turned out at a 
 telegraph-post (N.), and then a little Boulder Clay comes on at top(S.) 
 At 165 yards, below gravel (S.) Crag occurs for about 10 yards, (brown 
 sand, partly shelly, with phospbatic nodules at east). Then the cutting 
 was overgrown for some way, but seemed to be all sand and gravel to the 
 highest part. At about 260 yards the N. side was tolerably clear, showin"- 
 gravelly sand, and at about 300 yards thin discontinuous Boulder Clay 
 comes on over the gravel (the latter hidden by talus) with a stony loamy 
 soil above. At about 340 yards the Boulder Clay is thicker ( ? in a little 
 hollow) and seems to take up aboiit 50 yards of the cutting. Then the 
 sides were clearer and showed gravel, with bits of Boulder Clay at top. 
 
GLACIAL DEIFT. 81 
 
 especially on the south, and at about 400 yards there seemed to bo a good 
 deal of the clay. At the half-mile post (540 yards, or S5 beyond the foot- 
 path across the line) there is loamy soil over Boulder Clay (N.), the gravel 
 below being hidden by talus, and at 10 yards further the following 
 succession was seen : — 
 
 Loamy soil. 
 
 A little Boulder Clay In i i^ i 
 
 A little chalky gravel P °^ * *^"^*- 
 
 Soft ferruginous sandstone ; a foot or more. 
 
 Gravel (bottom hidden by talus). 
 
 The Boulder Clay goes about 10 yards further, or probably more ou this 
 side (overgrown), as when it got clearer, at 620 yards, the clay was again 
 seen for about 16 yards, and at 660 yards it was also seen, over gravel, on 
 the N. side, whence it is continuous, and with a thickness of 5 or 6 feet, 
 to just beyond 700 yards, or within 40 yards of the bridge of the 
 Tuddenham <road. 
 
 The following details of the southern side, at a spot about 150 yards 
 west of this bridge, are from the note-book of Mb. S. V. Wood. 
 Soil ; about 2 feet. 
 
 Boulder Clay, with sniallpockets of reddish-brown sand; 3i feet, 
 J-Yellowish-white marl; 2 inches. 
 < Dark-brown loamy sand ; 2 inches. 
 LTellowish-white marl; 3 inches. 
 Eeddish sand, with angular flints and a few pieces of rolled chalk ; 
 5 feet ; then hidden by talus. 
 
 Mk. Wood remarks that on the opposite side of the cutting gravel, 
 composed of rolled pieces of chalk, partly takes the place of the marl 
 bands of the above. 
 
 Beyond the bridge the lower part (N.) is clear, and at 770 yards (from 
 the beginning) shows gravel and sand, which, 30 yards further, is 
 hardened into a conglomerate, huge blocks of which have been left along 
 the bottom of the cutting. Boulder Clay occurs above, and, farther on, 
 between the two thefe is stony sand with thin irregular layers of fine 
 Boulder Clay and continuous lines of race. This section, therefore, shows 
 a passage from the Boulder Clay into the sandy beds beneath. , At 870 to 
 910 yards, naoreover, the bottom part of the Boulder Clay (all seen) is 
 bedded and shows this passage. 
 
 At 930 yards,, or 70 west of the centre of the next bridge, the Boulder 
 Clay becomes patchy, and then ends ofi". Just before 930 yards, the S. 
 side had been re-opened for ballast, and showed gravel and sand for about 
 loo yards. Then the sides were overgrown, but showed sand and gravel, 
 capped with patches of Boulder Clay (S.) ; at about 1,030 yards the last i.s 
 nearly continuous, and soon after on the N. side also. At 1,170 yard.s 
 there is (N.) Boulder Clay over gravel and sand, with thin layers of 
 Boulder Clay (as before), the lower part hidden, and on the other side 
 the part of the gravel just beneath the Boulder Clay is hardened in places.. 
 At over 1,240 yards (or less than 60 before reaching the centre of the 
 next bridge) the gravel and sand (N.) is hardened into a conglomerate, 
 chiefly by iron. The sides were overgrown to just beyond the bridge, but 
 at 1,330 yards, where the cutting had been re-opened (though at the timo 
 of my visit much hidden), the following section was seen : — 
 A little Boulder Clay ( ? soon ends ofi"). 
 Oravel, beneath which there was soon shown — 
 Pale sandy Boulder Clay, rising nearly to the top ; bottom not shown, 
 
 but there seems to be — 
 Gravel and sand below (dry) 
 The lower bed of Boulder Clay seems to reach to the top at 1,450 yards 
 (or 85 before rfeaching the footpath across the railway), except for patches 
 of coarse gravel. At the footpaih, where the cutting is shallower, gravel 
 and sand occur. The shallow sides were then overgrown for some way, 
 but seemed to be all gravel and sand, until, at 1,715 yards, Boulder Clay 
 occurs at the bottom. Just beyond, the S. side was clear, except at top, 
 and showed pale grey Boulder 0]ay (? gravel beneath). At 1,745 yards 
 
82 GEOLOOY OF IPSWICH, ETC, 
 
 there is gravel aud saud on the N., and still Boulder Clay on the S., but 
 60 yards further gravel and sand were shown beneath the clay, which 
 last again occurs on the N. side at 1,825 yards, or about 100 yards before 
 the cutting ends. 
 
 These notes of this long cutting may serve to show the irregularity of 
 the Drift beds. _ W.W. 
 
 Gravel has been dug at several places between Tuddenham and Play- 
 ford ; but the pits rarely have any noteworthy feature. 
 
 About a quarter of a mile west of Culpho Hall, Playford (and at thevery 
 edge of the map), a sand-pit gave the following section, with a length of 
 30 yards or more (1877, 1878) ;— 
 
 Soil and sand, mostly with gravel at thfi base ; P up to 6 feet. 
 Alternations of grey loam with brown and buff sand. At the western 
 end the lowest part all sand, the bottom loam having thinned out ; 
 a layer of gravel at the base ; up to nearly 8 feet ; thinning E. 
 Light-coloured false-bedded sand ; 11 feet seen, but more found. 
 
 Possibly the last two beds belong to the Crag series, or they may 
 represent Glacial beds somewhat older than the others of our district, as 
 Mb. Wood, who saw the section in 1881, thinks. It would not be safe how- 
 ever to map them separately from the sand that usually underlies the 
 Boulder Clay. 
 
 A pit about a mile N.E. of Bealings Station shows the Sed Crag (mostly 
 sand without shells). On the northern side a mass of Drift (gravel and 
 sand) cuts down into the Crag almost vertically, and then, in and near the 
 bottom of the pit, which is partly hidden by talus, there aj-e masses of hard 
 grit, apparently in place, some with broken-up shells.' One of these 
 masses of stone (hardened Drift) was traced continuously for 25 feet along 
 the bottom of the pit, with a breadth of nearly 6 feet, and a thickness of 
 over 2 as far as seen (not bottomed). W. W. and W. H. D. 
 
 _Shell-fragments occur in the gravelly sands near Seckford Hall, in two 
 road-cuttings, one half a mile "W., the other 300 yards E., of the Hall, and 
 in a well at a house, just out of the map^ N. of the Hall, the section of 
 which is giveu by Mh. B. V. Wood.* 
 
 A quarter of a mile west of Kingston Farm, the gravel, containing balls 
 of stiff Boulder Clay, is seen resting upon Crag. 
 
 Eeturning to the main valley, the Deben, and including the tract beyond 
 it, to the east, most of the Glacial Drift between Woodbridge and Boyton 
 is sand, with gravelly parts near its base, especially about Kamsholt and - 
 HoUesley. 
 
 The gravel pits are few, for in this region of loose sand, roads Eire 
 repaired with clay, often brought from a considerable distance. 
 
 A pit barely half a mile S.W. of Shottisham Hall shows 10 feet of sandy 
 gravel capping 30 feet or more of Eod Crag. 
 
 There is a small patch of gravel near the crest of the ridge of Gedgrave, 
 resting on decalcified Crag. 
 
 W. H. D. 
 
 ♦ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxiii., pp. 106, 107. (1877.) 
 
83 
 
 CHAPTER VIII.— GLACIAL DRIFT, continued. 
 
 Beiokearth or Loam. 
 
 Although here described under one head, it is quite likely 
 that these loams do not all occur at one horizon in the Glacial 
 Drift, some being above, whilst some is either in or below the 
 sand and gravel. Of loam occupying the latter position there is, 
 however, but little area of outcrop in our district ; though Messrs. 
 Wood and Hakmer believe that it underlies the gravel and sand 
 to a large extent, and is indeed the base on which the later Glacial 
 deposits rest in the north-western part of the district.* W. W. 
 
 Possibly some of the pebbly loam over the gravel and sand may 
 be merely tiie result of the disintegration of the Boulder Clay, in 
 which process the caloareoug matter would be dissolved out, as in 
 other districts. 
 
 South of the Stour (Essex). 
 
 Bast of G-reat Horkesley the gravel is much covered by a pebbly loam, 
 forming a porous fertile soil. 
 
 In a brickyard at the back of the Crown Inn, Ardleigh, the section in 
 1875, showed finely-bedded brown and grey loam free from pebbles, with 
 pockets of gravelly sand, slightly contorted, 8 to 10 feet thick, over whitish 
 sand. W. H. D. 
 
 Betireen the Stour and the Orivell. 
 
 At the brickyard nearly a mile south-westward of Little Cornard Church 
 there was a section at the eastern side, showing some 12 feet of brickcarth, 
 a sandy buff laminated clay at top, pas.<!ing down into greyish-blue clean 
 clay, with a marly fracture when dry ; whilst to the west the clay was 
 browner, more laminated, and with sandy partings. Still further west, 
 the section was not clear, but fine, buff, here and there rather clayey, sand 
 was seen, alternating with loam. 
 
 In the Boxford Yalley a patch of loam has been mapped south-westward 
 of Edwardston Church, and a road-cutting about 50 yards west of the 
 church gave the following section : — 
 
 Sandy loam, with small chalk-stones, and lenticular -patches of gravel 
 and sand and of fine buff loam ; about 3 to 8 feet. 
 
 Chalky Boulder Clay ; from nearly to nearly 3 feet. 
 
 Buff sandy loam ; less than a foot. 
 
 Coarse gravel ; up to 3 feet. 
 
 At the kiln, marked on the Map, a quarter of a mile east of Boxford 
 Church, the pit was in buff sandy laminated loam, with lines of chalky 
 gravel in the topmost part, the lower two thirds rather more clayey ; 
 seen to 18 feet, said to be more sandy again lower down, and to rest on 
 Boulder Clay. 
 
 A pit northwai'd of Aveley Hall, three quarters of a mile N.E. of 
 Assington Church, gave the section below : — 
 
 Brown clay with a few stones [? weathered Boulder Clay] seeming 
 
 to pass into 
 Chalky Boulder Clay. 
 Buff laminated sandy loam ; 4 feet; 
 A pit, in a field three-quarters of a mile west of Polstead Church, 
 showed 8 feet of grey clay, weathering white, sandy at top and stiff at 
 bottom. 
 
 * Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxxiii., pp. 102-109. (1877.) 
 
84 GEOLoeY OF IPSWICH, etc' 
 
 At Coyts Tye, in the Boulder Clay plateau, more than two miles west 
 of Hadleigh, there is a brickyard, in a mass of loam that seems to rise up 
 from beneath the Boulder Clay, as described by Mr. S. V. Wood,* and 
 the following section was noted : — 
 
 Brown, sandy, laminated loam ; 30 feet. 
 
 Whitish sandy loam ; 14 feet. 
 
 Whitish clay ; not bottomed at 7 feet. 
 
 There is a fair deposit of brickearth on the western side of the valley of the 
 Brett below Hadleigh, and more than half a mile southward from Layham 
 Church, is a brickyard, with buff sandy laminated loam, very evenly 
 bedded, dipping north, and not bottomed at 8 feet. F. J. B. 
 
 The small patch of loam on the plateau half a mile east of Bentley 
 Church is probably above the surrounding gravel, as also is the mass in a 
 like position south of Oopdock ; indeed this may be merely the resnlt of 
 the disintegration of Boulder Clay. 
 
 East of the Orwell. 
 
 _ South-east of Bramford a mass (rf loam is out through by the railway, 
 and seems to reach southwards close to the top of the pit shown in Fig. 1 
 (p. 7) as if it overlaid the Boulder Clay there, which clay is very probably 
 not part of the wide-spreading mass above, but may be a lower bed, in or 
 under the sand and gravel. 
 
 On the plateau east of Ipswich there are three exposures in which the 
 brickearth is, or has been, worked. 
 
 At the abandoned brickyard, now (1876) a garden, between Woodbridge 
 Road and Spring Boad, near their junction, on the east of Ipswich, the 
 section was for the most part hidden. At the western end I saw gravel 
 and loam, below which brickearth was probably found; whilst at the 
 northern side, along the Woodbridge Soad, there was loamy and gravelly 
 soil over brickearth, the bottom part grey. It seems that the brickearth 
 dips westward. 
 
 The brickyard close by, on the southern side of Spring Road, gave no 
 good section. The northern part of the pit showed — 
 Brown loam, gravelly at top (gravel in places). 
 Gravel ; a foot or 2 feet, rising up from beneath at N.W. corner. 
 Boulder Clay ; 3 feet shown. 
 
 At another part, a little S.E., the beds rose up the reverse way (east- 
 ward) and showed two small faults. The succession was : — 
 Brown loam, gravelly at top. 
 Gravel. 
 
 Thin peaty bed (clayey). 
 Loam, with gravelly sand at top. 
 
 At the southern end there was brown lg,minated brickearth, and grey 
 earth has also been dug. Here, too, Boulder Clay has been got at bottom. 
 Brickearth has been worked just south, by the Boys' Home. 
 It is possible that this outcrop may only be divided by a wash of sand 
 from the small outcrop that has been mapped a little S.S.W., just north 
 of the road from Ipswich to Foxhall, which again in like manner may be 
 connected with the third patch a little to the south, now to be described. 
 
 At the brickyard on the north of the Felixstow Road, about half a mile 
 eastward of Bishop's Hill, marked on the Map, a small pit by the cottage, 
 S. of the kiln, gave the section below : — 
 a. A little gravel, irregular ; up 5 feet. 
 6. Grey brickearth, partly laminated ; to 3 feet, 
 c. Grey and brown sand ; 6 feet shown, to water. 
 
 In the larger pit, reaching up to the kiln, at one place, east of the kiln, 
 there was dirty gravel [a) over laminated and contorted brickearth (6 F), 
 and at another place gravel (a) over yellowish and brownish sand (c) ; 
 whilst close by, towards tho kiln, a little brickearth (6 ?) came in between, 
 
 * Quart, Jovrn. Gcnl. Soc, vol. xxxiii., p. 109. 
 
GLACIAL DRIFT. 85 
 
 and seemed to thicken westward, as towards the kiln there was again a 
 little gravel (a) over brickearth (6?), all but the top part of the latter 
 being laminated and sometimes contorted. The section was not clear 
 throughout, and I could not make out whether the sand is really at the 
 bottom of all, or whether it may come in between two beds of brickearth. 
 
 At the overgrown loam-pit, marked on the Map, on the Ipswich 
 Racecourse, at the souiiern end of this exposure, there seems to bo 
 sand and gravel at the top in places. There ia also loam and some 
 Boulder Clay. 
 
 In an old pit on the southern side of the high road, about half a mile 
 south of Rushmere Church, there is Boulder Clay next the road, and this 
 seems to underlie brickearth and gravel. 
 
 Rushmere Brickyard, on the northern side of the high road, over half 
 a mile W. Of Kesgrave Church, and therefore often called (though 
 wrongly) Kesgrave Brickyard gives the best section in these parts. 
 
 At the cottage, by the road, I saw (in 1875) more than 20 feet of 
 laminated brickearth, mostly grey, dipping south-eastward, and under- 
 lain by gravel and sajid. Further north, and deeper, Boulder Clay has 
 been found beneath the brickearth. At the northern part of the yard 
 the following section was noted (western face) : — 
 Gravel and sand ; 6 feet or more, thinning to S. 
 
 Buff laminated brickearth, sandy, with layers of sand, and some thin 
 lenticular gravelly layers (small chalk pebbles) ; over 12 feet (not 
 bottomed). 
 Gravel and sand said to occur below. 
 
 On a later visit (1877) a cut in buff finely laminated brickearth in the 
 S. W. corner of the yard showed six small faults (of a few inches downthrow) 
 in a distance of about 6 feetl A few yards north of the "cottage the brick- 
 earth was more or less a clay, with some buff sandy layers and stony 
 at top. At the northern end there was brown gravel, up to 8 feet thick, 
 passing down into bedded sand (with clayey layers and a few lenticular 
 gravelly layers) which is the equivalent of the brickearth. 
 
 Mk. Wood regards all these exposures of brickearth east of 
 Ipswich as parts of a large mass, reaching underground from 
 the Valley of the Orwell to that of the Deben, and as belonging 
 to the lowermost of his threefold divisions of the Glacial Drift.* 
 Whilst, however, I cannot disprove his theory, 1 am disposed 
 rather to think that the brickearth may occur in the form of large 
 lenticular masses in the sand and gravel, and in favour of this 
 view would draw attention to the fact that sand and gravel does 
 occur beneath. 
 
 At the western end of Poxhall Heath, and a mile S.S.W. of Kesgrave 
 Church, there is a mere patch of clay and chalky earth. 
 
 At the brickyard within the triangle of roads, Trimley Heath, the pit 
 was about 16 feet deep in 1874. The top 6 or 7 feet showed pockets of 
 gravel, with stony loam above. The brickearth is light-coloured (buff and 
 grey) sandy, but at the bottom sometimes clayey. Beneath it at the 
 eastern face was brown sand, with a few flints and much water (P Crag) ; 
 whilst at the mill, close by, a well, 18 feet deep, touched Crag and 
 coprolites. At the western end of the yard, near the road, the brickearth 
 was ironahot, the top part the more clayey, with pockets of gravelly sand 
 and a little sand and gravel at top, the lower part being very sandy. At 
 the southern part of the yard there is again fine sandy gravel at top, 
 whilst at the bottom a foot of "rock" (? sandstone) has been found. 
 There ia no go6d evidence of the exact age of this brickearth, and, though 
 it has been classed as Glacial Drift, it occurred to me that there was a 
 distant possibility of its being Chillesford Clay. 
 
 At KirtonKiln, just S.E. of Church Farm, at the time of my visit (1874), 
 the eastern part of the not too clear section was a shallow cut in sand. 
 
 » Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxiii., pp. 103-106, with transverse sections. 
 
o6 GEOLOGY OF IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 The central part was deeper, aud showed, on the east, a little Boulder 
 Clay, above which catne a trace of a gravelly bed, then light-grey brick- 
 earth, with some race, perhaps 10 feet thick, and then darker and 
 stifTer brickearth with some nodules of ironstone. The junction of the two 
 brickearths dipped sharply westward (about 46°), and the beds seem to be 
 in a hollow, as fui-ther W. the lighter-coloured brickearth was again 
 shown. At the shallow western part there was fine sand, below which a 
 little gravel has been found. The arrangement of the beds seemed to be 
 as in Fig. 23, but I could not see whether the Boulder Clay continued to 
 the western side. Mr. S. V. Wood disagrees- with this view, and regards 
 the brickearth as a boss of his Lower Glacial (Contorted Drift) coming up 
 through the sand (Middle Glacial). , 
 
 Fig. 23. 
 
 Diagram- Section at Kirton Kiln. 
 
 E. Pit. Central Pit. W. Pit. 
 
 deb a b 
 
 a. Dark stiff brickearth. 
 
 b. Light-grey brickearth, 
 
 c. Trace of gravelly bed, 
 
 d. Bouider Clay. 
 
 e. Sand. 
 
 The shaded parts show the pits, the rest is inferred. 
 
 At Felixstow there are signs of loam over a fair area about half a mile " 
 south-east from the church ; bat whether this is from the 'occurrence of 
 loamy beds in the Crag, or of a bed above the Crag, I could not make out, 
 there being no section, and therefore, though I mapped the loamy area, as 
 well as possible, yet it is not shown on the published map. Some much 
 later observations by Mk. S. V. Wood (made only in December 1882), and 
 with which he has favoured me, show, however, the occurrence, north of 
 the Convalescent Home, of reddish-brown brickearth like that at Derby 
 Road, Ipswich, at the surface in the road-cutting, onthesouth, (see Fig, 11 
 p. 57), and further north, only about 2 feet down, beneath coarse gravel. 
 Though this would seem to be a different mass of loam from that first 
 noted, yet it points to the occurrence of Glacial brickearth in this 
 neighbourhood. 
 
 The brickearth coloured in Ipswich is of doubtful age. It has Boulder 
 Clay on one side and Yalley Gravel on the other, and to which it is allied 
 there is nothing to show. At the chapel at the S.E. corner of the crossing 
 of WilberforcB Road and Clarkson Street, I saw buff, bedded loam, and a 
 little to the S.W., close to the Boulder Clay and to the London Road, buff 
 sandy and calcareous loam. The ground is again loamy on the western 
 side of the patch of Boulder Clay, on the north of which it is hard to know 
 where the London Clay and the brickearth join. 
 
 Boulder Clay. 
 
 This, the most wide-spread division of the Glacial Drift in the 
 east of England, is here a bluish-grey clay, weathering brown by 
 exposure to long-continueJ atmospheric actions, mostly crowded 
 (in places so much as to cause a whitish colour) with rounded 
 pieces of hard Chalk, of various sizes, and often showing the well- 
 known glacial scratches. So full of chalk is this clay generally, 
 that it has been named by Mk. S. V. Wood the Great Chalky 
 
GLACIAL DRIFT. 87 
 
 Boulder Clay, a name which, however, is open to the objection 
 that other beds of Boulder Glay are sometimes as chalky. Besides 
 pieces of chalk. Bint, and flint-pebbles are of common occurrence, 
 as also masses of septaria or cement-stones from vai-ious Jurassic 
 clays, including the Lias. Fragments of trap-rocks, granites, 
 as well as Carboniferous limestones and sandstones, aud other 
 sedimentary rocks also occur. 
 
 It is clearly a deposit of glacial origin, but various authors have 
 propounded various views as to its formation, within the above 
 limit. Without entering into this highly controversial question, 
 and its overflowing literature, I may refer the reader to " The Great 
 Ice Age" by Pkof. J. Geikie for arguments in favour of the 
 land-ice theory, and to tiie work of Messrs. W. H. Pbnxing 
 and A. .7. Jukes-Beowne* for the shore-ice theory ; whilst 
 these and the floating-ice theory have been respectively upheld in 
 papers in sundry geological journals. 
 
 In our district there is little evidence of the occurrence of beds 
 of Boulder Clay in the sand and gravel or with the brickearth that 
 underlie the great sheet of clay ; but such layers do occur here 
 and there. There are, too, patches of Boulder Clay, far off from 
 the great mass, which may either belong to the latter or in some 
 cases may be a lower bed ; but all these are now described under 
 one heading. 
 
 The Boulder Clay reaches to a thickness of about 100 feet, 
 according to the evidence of well-sections ; but this thickness is 
 probably rare here, and for the most part there is much less of the 
 bed. 
 
 Whilst generally resting on the Glacial sand and gravel, yet the 
 Boulder Clay in places overlaps this lower member of the series, 
 and lies on the London Clay, or on the Chalk. Again, whilst the 
 mass is confined to the plateau on the west and north-west, there 
 are places where tongues, or more often isolated masses, occur at 
 lower levels. 
 
 The rather sudden ending- off of the Boulder Clay (roughly 
 speaking along a line through Bentley, Ipswich, and Woodbridge), 
 looks as if it might not have spread continuously over the whole 
 of the plateau of gravel and sand to the east and south, on 
 which comparatively few and small outlying patches occur, many 
 of which may belong to a lower bed and not to the great mass 
 that elsewhere overlies the sand and gravel. Had the Boulder 
 Clay ever extended far over this plateau, as a continuous sheet, 
 we should hardly have expected it to have been so clearly removed 
 by denudation as to have left, as a rule, no trace whatever of its 
 former existence. W. W. 
 
 South of the Stour {Essex). 
 
 The Boulder Clay ranges continuously from the west to near Breewood 
 Hall and Pytohbury Wood south of Little and Great Horksley, beyond 
 which the loamy soil to which it decomposes blends imperceptibly with 
 the underlying pebbly loam, making the boundary uncertain. 
 
 The base is seen in several places about Mount Bures and Wormingford. 
 
 On the railway near Mount Grreen the lower beds are rudely stratified. 
 
 W. H. D. 
 
 * Geolopioal Survey Memoir on the Neighbourhood of Cambridge. 
 
88 OEOLOGY OF IPSWICH^ ETC. 
 
 Betiveeii the Stour and the Orwell. 
 
 At and -west of 'Leadenheath, and betweeu Boxford and Hadleigh, the 
 top of the Boulder Clay consists, for several feet, of a stiff brown and 
 yellowish, clay, with no chalk, and this is^ seen, in some sections, to p^ss 
 down into the ordinary Boulder Clay, as if the chalk had been dissolved 
 out by percolation, as elsewhere. 
 
 East and west of Burnt House Farin, on the tongue of clay between 
 Polstead and Shelly the boundary-line is doubtful, as there is no feature, . 
 the clay being at the same level as the gravel that rises up from beneath. 
 
 Near Dairy Farm, about half a mile eastward from Semer Church, the 
 following section was noted, showing a confused sort of junction of the 
 Valley Drift and the Boulder Clay : — 
 
 Sandy wash ; 2 to 3 feet. 
 
 Sandy loam, with nests of gravel, passing into Boulder Clay, with an 
 interrupted layer of clean clay at the bottom ; from a few inches to 
 about 2 feet. 
 Very chalky Boulder Clay, with small stones ; 2 to 3 feet seen. 
 
 F. J. B. 
 The section drawn in Fig. 24 is in a small old pit under a hedge, about 
 a quarter of a mile westward of Layham Church, and is remarkable for 
 showing what seems to be a very large boulder of chalk. 
 
 Fig" 24. 
 Section in an old Pit loestward of Layham Church. 
 
 ■ 1 -I '^- -■imn ■ I ■ ._! ■ ■■! I ^' ■ • i«,. ■ — — . ^ ■ ' ■ ^^■ ...i . ■■,■■ 
 
 HVK 
 
 a. Soil -with a little Boulder Clay, sand, etc. ' 
 
 h. Mass of chalk, with unrolled flints (? a huge boulder) passing sideways into — 
 
 &•. Chalk rubble and chalky gravel. 
 
 c. Boulder Clay. 
 
 The cuttings of the Hadleigh Branch Railway mostly show Boulder 
 Clay (see p. 76), and those between Eaydon and Capel are wholly in it. 
 
 West and south-west of Ipswich there are a number of small patches, 
 at various levels, some low-down on the London Clay; thus at Chantry 
 the kitchen garden is mos^y on Boulder Clay. 
 
 Between the Orwell and the Deien. 
 
 At the entrance of the northern of the two large chalk-pits, northward 
 of Bramford, near the Chemical Works (where "Paper Mill" is engraved 
 on the Map), there seems to be a very thin sheet of Boulder Clay draping 
 the chalk, and sometimes a little gravel also. This may be a reconstructed 
 bed, but I could make nothing of it. 
 
 A shallow old chalk-pit, about a quarter of a mile N.E. of Bramford 
 Church, showed Boulder Clay^ with a little sand ' and gravel, over the 
 Chalk. Another old pit (overgrown) a few yards higher up the lane, and 
 on its other (S.) side, is in Boulder Clay, with a little gravel and sand 
 below, and the like occurs along the lane above, before it opens on to 
 Whitton Leys. 
 
 The boundary between the Boulder Clay and the gravel at Westerfleld 
 House is doubtful,, and the line engraved on the map is indeed arbitrary, 
 gravel occurring here and there where Boulder Clay has been coloured. 
 It is also impossible to draw that line rightly just E., as the map is 
 wrong and the railway is represented thereon too near the lane (from 
 being made too large). 
 
GLACIAL DllIFT. 
 
 89 
 
 The most northerly cutting on the Felixstow Railway (E.S.E.«of Wester- 
 fleld Station) beginning from tlae northern end, is in gravel on the 
 western side. Then Boulder Clay occurs on the other side, with gravel 
 below, and then Boulder Clay alone on both sides. Further on is a hump 
 of chalk gravel, which seemed to have a little Boulder Clay above in parts 
 as well as below. After this the cutting is in Boulder Clay with hollows 
 of sandy soil, until close to the southern end, where gravel and loam rise 
 up in places. 
 
 The next cutting is in Boulder Clay at its northern end, with gravel 
 beneath in parts. At the bridge over (Tuddenham Boad) the gravel rises 
 high up, being covered only by about 4 feet of clayey soil and made 
 ground. South of the bridge the gravel has been workeii to a depth of 
 7 feet, partly below the level of the line. The slightly irregular junction 
 of the Boulder Clay and the gravel runs a little further, and then, the 
 line rising, the cutting is in the former only. At and beyond the next 
 bridge over (lane) there are in the Boulder Clay some small masses of 
 sand, and gravelly layers ; whilst half-way (and> more) to the next bridge 
 there are some chalky masses (lumps of chalk and re-arranged chalk), at 
 one part the cutting, some 7 feet deep, being more in chalk than 
 anything else. Then gravel, with a hardened layer at top, rises up, but 
 not'to the surface, for a few yards, and then, some 30 yards further, 
 gravel and sand, which rise to the surface in about 20 yards (cutting 5 feet 
 deep), and the'gravel continues to the bridge over, some 90 yards further. 
 About 70 yards beyond the bridge a little Boulder Clay occurs above the 
 gravel and sand, on the higher (eastern) side, and some 12 yards further 
 an irregular layer of brown clay (0 to 4 feet thick) occurs in the gravel 
 for 20 yards or more, the section, on the eastern side, being as shown in 
 Fig 26. As the cutting falls southwards, the Boulder Clay ends off. 
 
 Fig. 25. 
 
 Section in the Cutting on the Felixsfow Railway northward of Albion 
 Mills, fVoodbridge Road, Ipswich. 
 
 Glacial Drift. 
 
 About 12 feet deep at most and 20 feet long. 
 r a. Boulder Clay. 
 I b. Gravel and sand. 
 I e. Clay (in parts a Boulder Clay). 
 [ d. Sand and gravel. 
 
 These railway-sections show how thin the Boulder Clay here is for the 
 most part, and also how hard it may sometimes be to separate it accurately 
 from the gravel and sand on which it rests irregularly. 
 
 Close to the top of the hill west of Tuddenham, on the northern side of 
 the road to Westerfleld, a pit was open, in 1878, to supply the brickyard 
 just below (see p. 26). At first nothing else but the grey chalky Boulder 
 clay was found ; but in working westward a bed of light-coloured sand, 
 mostly fine, and chalky gravel was shown in the midst of the clay, and 
 there are signs of this bed also in the fields northward. Just above it 
 there wore gravelly masses in the clay. 
 
 At the lodge in the railway-cutting S.E. of Playford Hall, a small 
 excavation, northwards from the face of the cutting, gave the section 
 shown in Pig. 26. 
 
90 geology of ipswich, etc. 
 
 Fig. 26. 
 Section on the Railway S. E. of Playford Hall, 
 
 .-^■r- HY-W.- ■■-■--^ - ■ 
 
 a. Soil. d 
 
 n ■■IT) 'ft / *■ '^°'i''l®'' Clay. 
 
 aeia n .-i^^ Light-coloured sand, gravelly, with a layer of gravel at bottom. 
 d. Bed Crag. Buff and brown sand, with a little gtey clay. 
 
 Just touching, on the north, in a pit from ■which Boulder Clay has 
 been got for brick-making, I saw 10 feet of it, pale, sandy and standing 
 with a vertical face. The northern part of this pit must have been in 
 sand, and the Boulder Olay seems to be a small detached mass. 
 
 In a field at the north-eastern edge of Levington Heath an old pit 
 shows Boulder Olay, under the hedge of the heath; but I could not see 
 how it lay with regard to the sand. 
 
 At the back of the cottages, marked on the Map, nearly a quarter 
 of a mile N.E. is another and larger old pit, which shows sand on 
 the southern side, and Boulder -Clay (overgrown and hidden) on the 
 northern. Sere, too, I could not make out how the two joined; but it 
 looked as if the clay might go under the sand, which latter seems to come 
 on again at the cottages. 
 
 Another and clearer pit, touching the lane just N.E., showed, at the 
 western part, Boulder Clay, perhaps 10 feet thick, over light-coloured 
 gravelly sand ; whilst at the eastern part there is brown sand, with light- 
 coloured sand lower down at one place. The relation of the Bould^r 
 Clay and the sand is again not shown ; but the two must join somewhat 
 abruptly, as there is only an interval of 10 yards between places where" all 
 is sand and all Boulder Clay. 
 
 The clay was again seen further N.E., in an old ploughed -over pit on 
 the other (N.) side of the road, across the corner of the next field to a 
 cottage, and through the garden. I was told that bricks had been made 
 here. W. W. 
 
 The Boulder Clay of the N. side of the Finn Valley consists of peninsulas 
 and promontories of the widespread sheet which covers High Snfiblk. 
 Many of the pits in it are sunk through to the sand beneath, but there is 
 no need to chronicle all such exposures. A small outlier occurs three- 
 quarters of a mile E.N.E. of Playford, and a larger one half a mile W.S.W. 
 of Woodbridge, 
 
 East of the Deben, 
 
 The patches of Boulder Clay eastward of the Deben are of uncertain 
 age, seeming in places to lie beneath the surrounding G-lacial beds, in 
 others to be interbedded with them, and in others to overlie them. Such 
 patches or masses as lie upon, or in hollows in, the Bed Crag may of 
 course be assigned with equal probability to any of the three of 
 Me. S. V. "Wood's divisions of the Glacial epoch. 
 
 At Black House, nearly a mile S.B. of the Woodbridge Ferry, the 
 Boulder Clay, seen in a small pond, appears to be beneath gravel. 
 
 The clay pit (marked on the edge of the map) north of Sutton Common 
 gives no evidence of the relation of the clay to the surrounding sands. 
 
 The large patch of Boulder Clay B. of Shottisham, and the three small 
 neighbouring patches on Bussock Eoad, are probably outliers of the great 
 
ULACIAIi UKIFT. 'Jl 
 
 sheet of Upper Bouldev Clay many miles away to the north ; but it is 
 possible that they are bosses of clay older than the surrounding sand and 
 gravel. 
 
 The "Loam pit" at Walk Barn (marked on the Map), more than a 
 mile south-easlward of Shottisham Church, shows sand over Boulder 
 Olay over Crag, in an indistinct run-down section. In a district where 
 sand is so much shifted by wind, this section is not decisive as to the age 
 of the clay, which, with that next to be noted, may be older than the 
 Glacial sands. 
 
 In a crag-pit at a farm about a third of a mile W.N.W of Hollesley 
 Bridge there is a steep-sided hollow filled with Boulder Olay, the trend 
 of the hollow being approximately parallel with the brook, to a former 
 mouth of which, at Martello Tower AA, it points. 
 
 Four small but mappable patches of Boulder Clay occur near HoUesley. 
 One of these, a quarter of a mile N.N. W. of the Eectory, is surrounded by 
 gravel, the other two, south and south-east of the Rectory, lie upon Crag. 
 Half a mile west of HoUesley Grove a pit on the line of junction of the 
 Crag and the Glacial Drift shows at intervals in its run-down and bush- 
 covered sides, finely laminated lavender-grey marl, abutting against and 
 partly sharing in the irregularities of the surface of an underlying mass 
 of Boulder Olay. At the western end a peak of clay rises through the marl. 
 On the southern side the clay forms an uneven floor to the marl and rises 
 up on the west like an overhanging wave, in the concave side of which 
 the laminsB of the marl are crushed and contorted. This section has 
 several features in common with some fine exposures in the adjoining 
 district (50, S.E.), where a continuous belt of Boulder Clay, overlaid by 
 brick-earth, extends for some miles between the Crag and the Glacial 
 sands. 
 
 On the plateau eastward there are many small patches of clay, some too 
 small to be mapped. , W. H. D. 
 
 E 14651. 
 
92 GEOLOGY OF IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 CHAPTER IX.— POST GLACIAL BEDS. 
 
 Bbfoee describing the various beds massed under the above 
 heading, it will be well to notice the difficulty there is in definitely 
 assigning a Glacial or Post Glacial age to various deposits of 
 gravel and brickearth. This difficulty arises, not altogether from 
 doubt as to whether certain masses belong to the Glacial Drift, or 
 are of later date ; but also from the fact that the terms Glacial and 
 Post Glacial are themselves indefinite, the Drift of the latter age 
 in one district being perhaps as old as that of the former age in 
 another part of the kingdom, glacial conditions having lasted longer 
 in the one tract than in the other. These terms, therefore, should 
 only be used locally, and in that sense they are now used. Post 
 Glacial meaning only later than the Glacial Drift of the district. 
 
 The above remarks apply only to the first two sets of beds to 
 be described, the later beds of the marshes and of the coast being 
 far newer without doubt. W. W. 
 
 High Level Gravel. 
 
 The mass of gravel which has been mapped from Great Waldingfield to 
 Assingfcon is of doubtful character, both as regards age and origin. It is 
 composed of angular and subangular flints, and is o£ slight thickness, 
 being worked only to a depth of about three feet, in mere casual openings, 
 fresh spots being dug into as more gravel is wanted. It may be that this 
 is merely a sandy and gravelly bed connected with the Boulder Clay, on 
 which it rests, and it may have resulted to a certain extent from weathering. 
 
 F. J. B. 
 
 River ok Valley Drift. 
 
 These deposits are of freshwater origin, for wherever fossils are 
 found in them these are of land or freshwater kinds. They are 
 confined to the neighbourhood of the rivers and streams, and in 
 our district indeed occur only along the lower levels of the valleys ; 
 and they have been formed by the rivers, at a time when these 
 had greater power and were of greater volume than now ; at a 
 time when our island stood at a higher level than now, and 
 probably joined the Continent. 
 
 1. GRAVEL. 
 This is naturally to a great extent made up from the older 
 gravel of the hills ; but flints are the chief constituent, in a sandy 
 matrix, and the gravel is sometimes coarse. W. W. 
 
 Valley of the Stour and Tributaries. 
 
 Terraces of river-gravel occur along great part of the southern bank 
 of the Stour; bat in many places the London Clay outcrop reaches to 
 the marshes. W. H. D. 
 
 There is also a fair spread of this gravel on the left bank, down to 
 Stratford St. Mary, as well as up the tributary' Boxford and Brett 
 Yalleys. 
 
POST-aLACIAL BEDS. 93 
 
 In a pit a little east of Ohelsworth Ohuroh, in the Brett Valley, there was 
 coarse subangular gravel, with a layer of grey loam containing a few land 
 shells. Many bones have been found also, amongst them some of Bos 
 hngifrons. Bones have also been found at Stone Street, north-westward of 
 Hadleigh. F. J. B. 
 
 Valley of the Orwell, 
 
 There is hardly, any gravel in the lower part of this valley ; but a fringe 
 sets in on the western side some 3 miles before passing, above the tidal 
 stream, and then is almost continuous. 
 
 Near the southern mouth of the railway-tunnel, S.E. of Ipswich Station, 
 the Valley Drift rises up above the level of the terrace skirting the river. 
 The section is much overgrown and hidden ; but on the eastern side of 
 the cutting I saw loam and clay, with shells, over the gravel. There are 
 many mammalian remains in the Ipswich Museum got from this cutting, 
 I believe, and amongst them a number of elephants' teeth. 
 
 Prop. Prestwich, writing of this or of some neighbouring section, says 
 that " several baskets were filled with the teeth and bones of IJlephants 
 of all ages, found in a few square yards of brickearth near the station 
 at Ipswich."* 
 
 Above Ipswich there -is often some difficulty in dividing this, gravel 
 from the like deposit of G-lacial age, agaiast which it ends off; but the 
 feature of the slightly rising terrace bordering the river is mostly well- 
 marked. At Ipswich, and more than a mile north of Bramford, there are 
 two islands of gravel, surrounded on all sides by marsh, from above 
 which they rise but little. 
 
 Through Ipswich town the difficulty of classifying the gravel was 
 increased by the fact of Boulder Olay having been found at the • surface 
 from the London Road northward's, on the west of Wilherforce Street, from 
 its occurring (though under sand) in the excavation for a house just west 
 of St. Matthew's Church, and in the cuttiag for the sewer in Lady Lane, 
 south-eastward of the same church, and probably in other places. I 
 infer, however, that this Boulder Olay is merely part of a low-lying mass 
 under the gravel. 
 
 Since the above was written Mb. H. Miliee, assistant to Mr. P. Bruff, 
 O.E., has kindly given me an account of the excavations of the Ipswich 
 main sewer, from which the following is compiled : — 
 
 The sewer starts in the Bramford Eoad, a little beyond the tan-yard, 
 and runs along that road to Victoria Street ; then down that street, across 
 the London Koad and through private ground to Handford Boad, by 
 Mr. Bruff's Office at Handford Lodge ; then eastward along Handford 
 Road to near the Oil Mill, where it takes to the fiUed-up bed of the Little 
 Gripping. The depth in this section of the work was only J 3 feet at the most, 
 averaging 9 or 10 feet. The beds were chiefly sand and gravel; but clay 
 was touched in three places : about the middle of Victoria Street, the clay 
 being chalky (=Boulder Olay) ; at the southern end of that street; and 
 near the Oil Mill. The first of these was only 100 feet through; but the 
 other two were humps about 100 yards through, and the levels were 
 respectively 5, 4, and 5^ feet below the surface. A supplementary 
 note from Mb. Miller, says that for a short distance along the Bramford 
 Broad the bottom of the trench was below the valley-gravel, and showed 
 a fine silty olay with a few minute freshwater shells, recognized by 
 Me. Gr. Shabman as Pisidmrni, sp. 
 
 The sewer leaves the Little Gripping River before that reaches 
 Commercial Road, and then runs along the southern part of IViar Street, 
 College Street, Quay Street, the southern part of Fore Street St. 
 Clement's, Duke Street, John Street, to S.E. of the gasworks, beyond ' 
 which point its course is shown by the borings (see p. 129). Throughout 
 the above section of the work the excavation was all in sand and gravel, 
 varying from clean yellow sand in John Street to coarse gravel in Friars 
 Road. 
 
 The most interesting part of this set of sections is the further evidence 
 it gives of the existence of Boulder Clay under the gravel. A still more 
 
 * The Ground beneath Us . . ., p. 23. 8vo. London, 1857. 
 
 g2 
 
94 GEOLOGY OF IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 interesting piece of evidence, however, has since been given by the well 
 at the New Mill, on St. Peter'p Quay (see p. 118), which proves the occur- 
 rence of a deep channel, or hollow, of Glacial Drift at that spot, Boulder 
 Clay having been fonnU at a depth of nearly 120 feet below high-water 
 mark, whereas near by in various directions the Chalk has been touched 
 at depths of from less tlian 30to 70 feet. 
 
 Mjj. T. Millbk, Engineer to the Dock Commission, tells me, too, that in 
 dredging in the dock very variable soils are found, for instance, hard and 
 soft chalk, sandstone boulders, (greywethers), soft and hard clay, brick- 
 earth, sand, and gravel. 
 
 At the back of the Cliff !6rewery there is sand and loam, with gravel at 
 the bottom, and with bits of shelly Crag ; and at the low cliff at the 
 southern end of this litttle patch the sand and loam rests on the bottom 
 part of the London Clay. 
 
 At the foot of the sloping river-cliff, a little south of the cottage at 
 Piper's Valley, south of Ipswich, there is a very narrow flat of gravel and 
 sand ; a low terrace that may have been formed merely of reconstructed 
 material brought down by slips from the gravel and sand just above. 
 
 In the patch to the south, which seems to be about half a mile long, 
 the gravel and sand may be seen against a sharp slope of London Clay in 
 the cliff west of Pond Hall. 
 
 At the very small short piece of cliff south-westward of Broke Hall (and 
 south of Nacton)' there is irregular gravel and sand, with London Clay 
 coniing up irregularly to the surface at the highest part (not 8 feet). 
 
 Valley of the Deben. 
 
 On the western side of this valley there is a set of isolated patches, 
 which, though small, often make a well-marked feature. These skirt the 
 marsh, and in some cases reach up to the Eed Crag, whilst in others 
 ending off on the London Clay. The other side of the valley is free from 
 gravel, except just below Woodbridge. 
 
 The gravel-pit, about 12 feet deep, a little W.S.W. of the cottage at top 
 of Holm Hills, north of Felixstow, showed (1874) an apparent easterly 
 dip ; but this may be current-bedding ; the direction, however, is the 
 same throughout, and the dividing planes are even and finely bedded. Tbe 
 gravel is fine and sandy, and its upper part (following the apparent dip) 
 brown and without shells ; whilst the middle part is white and crowded 
 with fragments of Crag shells, the lower part again being brown and 
 without shells, and rather coarser. 
 
 In the gravel-pit at the farm, near the edge of the marsh, more than 
 half a mile a little N. of B. of Falkenham Church, fine brown sandy gravel 
 was shown (1874), to a depth of 10 feet, close to (and north of) the house. 
 At one part, close to the garden-hedge, a small cut showed a little gravel 
 over a littlo grey chalky clay, with small rounded pieces of chalk and 
 pieces of flint. This Boulder Clay, which is far from any yet noticed, may 
 have gravel underneath, not being at the bottom of the pit; but this 
 could not be seen. 
 
 About the wood marked "Delf," more than half a mile S.B. ofWal- 
 dringfield Church, the topograpliy of the Map is hopelessly wrong, making 
 the boundary-line of the patch of sand here doubtful. The sand,, with here 
 and there a little gravel, lies irregularly on the London Clay, as the 
 last comes up in places, notably by the pond in the S.E. corner of the 
 wood. 
 
 The small overgrown cliff E.N.E. of Waldringfield Church is in gravel 
 and sand. At one part a pit showed about 20 feet of light-coloured sandy 
 gravel, -both fine and coarse, confused as regards bedding, and in places 
 with broken-up shells from the Crag. By its position one would judge 
 this to be river-gravel ; but some doubt may be thrown on this conclusion 
 by the occurrence of Glacial gravel near by at a comparatively low level, 
 in hollows in the Crag (see p. 64). I was told that bones had been found 
 here. 
 
 On Jhe southern side of the valley of the Finn there is a narrow strip of 
 gravel above Martlesham, skirting the marsh for more than a mile, whilst 
 small patches occur S.B. of Little Bealings Church and about half a mile 
 below Tnddenham ■ ' ' y^.W. 
 
POST-aljACIAL BEDS ^5 
 
 On the other side of the valley of the Finn, a strip of gravel accompanies 
 the Bealings brook near its junction with the IHnn. 
 
 The upper part of Martlesham Creek is bordered on the north by a 
 gravel-terrace, extendiDg up the Finn beyond the bridge. 
 
 Woodbridge stands partly on river-gravel, the terrace of which extends 
 downwards nearly to Kingston Quay ; a like terrace ranges down from 
 the Perry on the opposite side. W. H. D. 
 
 2, LOAM OH BBIOKEABTS. 
 
 Besides occasional masses of loam in the graver, there is some- 
 times a layer of this over the gravel (where the two occur together) ; 
 tlie only notable occurrences, however, being in the lower part of 
 the valley of the Stour, the most interesting mass being on the 
 leiit side at and above Stutton Ness. 
 
 On the southern side oC-that river, just below Wrabness sluice, there is 
 a low cliff, in bedded sand (mostly fine), and loam, with a little gravel in 
 parts, and with broken shells at one spot. 
 
 On the shore south of Stutton Hall there is gravel, with London Clay 
 at the base of the cliff mostly. A little lower (at the little bay S.S.B. of 
 the Hall) there is the following section: — 
 Brown bedded loam : about 6 feet. 
 
 Pale grey and buff bedded loam, with a layer of brown clay, and with 
 rare scattered flints and pebbles, and (in the grey loam) a fev 
 broken shells ; about 6 feet. 
 Bottom 2 or 3 feet hidden. 
 
 From this spot towards Stutton Ness there is a low cliff of brown and 
 buff sand and loam with gravel, in which last I found pieces of bones 
 and of an elephant's tusk ; there are also shells, and the London Clay is 
 shown at the base in places. About half way nearly all is loam, naOre or 
 less bedded, with sandy and stony layers ; then the cliff is very low, and 
 at the bottom there is a greyish loam, which contains a number of land 
 and freshwater shells (for a list, see p. 96), and also contains rare pieces 
 of flint and pebbles ; still further this is about 3 feet thick, and underlain 
 by a little brown loam. 
 
 At the Ness there is gravel, with London Clay shown bfelow in part, 
 and at the eastern of the two points the latter rises nearly to the top of 
 the cliff". A little north (after turning the point) there is loam with a 
 little gravel at the bottom, over sandy London Clay. 
 
 The patch mapped below Stutton is somewhat doubtful, and may be 
 the result of the wash of ihe London Clay slope. 
 
 Close to, and east of, the farm about haJf a mile N.N.'W. of Tatting- 
 slone Church, an old pit showed about 8 feet of buff loam, with calcareous 
 concretions, chiefly in ono layer, and with a line of small pebbles, &c. in 
 part, above the concretions. 
 
 I was at a loss what to make of this loam, which almost seemed to go 
 under the neighbouring Bed Crag. It is hardly like London Clay, and 
 we know of no loamy equivalent of the Coralline Crag : on the whole, 
 therefore, it seemed safest to regard it as a Post Grlacial (Valley) Drift. 
 
 There is a shallower overgrown pit in the loam just north, the site of a 
 former brickyard, and at the cottage further north, on the high road, 
 there is loam on the east, below the cottage, and Crag on the west, 
 above. 
 
 Like loam seems also to occur lower down the valley. 
 
 In another tributary valley above Holbrook Gard.en there is some 
 grey and brown loam (not mapped) which may underlie the gravel that 
 comes on at a higher level, or may be merely a wash from the hill-sides. 
 
 The long patch of loam mapped near Erwarton is doubtful, as also are 
 the patches in the bottom part of the valley of the Stonr, near Shotley, 
 and below Chelmondiston, on the right side, and near Levington, west of 
 Trimley, and south of Trimley, on the left side. These may be to a great 
 extent the result of the wash of the London Clay slopes. W. W. 
 
96 
 
 GEOLOGY OF IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 List of Fossils. 
 MAMMALIA (all from Ipswich, except the first, which is from Stutton.) 
 
 Arvicola amphibia, Imm. 
 Bison priscuB, Bojam. 
 Bos pnmigenias, Bojam. 
 *Oanis lupus, Lirm. 
 
 vulpes, lAmm,. 
 
 Oervus capreolus, Limm,. 
 megaceroB, SaH. 
 
 Dlephas antiquus, Fale.. 
 
 primigeniuB, Blum. 
 
 *Equus. 
 Felis spetea, Gold/. 
 Lutra vulgaris. End. 
 Bhinoceros tichorinus, Oiiv. 
 ITrsns ferox, Lmn. 
 
 On the authority of Pkoi. W. B. Dawkins, QucM-t. Jowrn. Geol. 8oe., 
 vol. xxv., p. 194, except the two_ marked * which lyere determined by 
 Mk. E. T. Newton, from the Collection of Mr. B. Fitch, of Norwich. 
 
 M0LLJ78GA (all from Stutton). 
 
 Oagt&repoda. 
 
 Anc^lns fluviatilis, Mull. 
 
 lacustris, Imm. 
 
 Azeca (BnUmns) tridens, PuUeney. 
 Bithinia tentaculata, Lirm. 
 Carychinm minimum. Mull. 
 Helix arbustorum, .TAnn. 
 
 fruticum, MiiU. 
 
 fulva, Miill. 
 
 hispida, Limn. 
 
 ,, var. concinna, Jeffr. 
 
 ,, ,, plebeia, /ejr. 
 
 nemoralis, Imm. 
 
 ,, Tar. - hortensis, 
 
 Mull. 
 
 nitidula, Bra/p. 
 
 pulchella, MuU. 
 
 Hydrobia marginata, Michaud. 
 Lmiax agrestis, Mull. 
 Limnea auricularia, Li/im. 
 
 palustris, Mull. 
 
 peregra. Mull. 
 
 Limnea trnncatula. Mull. 
 
 Planorbis albus, Mull. 
 
 cOmplanatus, Limm,. (=margi- 
 
 natuB, Drop.) 
 — f — contolinis, Lvim. 
 
 corneuB, .Kmra. 
 
 glaber, Jegr. 
 
 nautileus, Limm,. 
 
 nitiduB, MvR. 
 
 • Bpirorbis, MuO,. 
 
 vortex, Lvn/n. 
 
 Pupa antivertigo, Broup. 
 
 muscorum. Limn. 
 
 pygmsea, Brcup. 
 
 Suooinea elegans, Biisso (=Pfeiflferi, 
 
 Boam.) 
 
 putris, Lirm. 
 
 Valvata cristata. Mull. 
 
 piBcinalis, Mull. 
 
 Zua (Cochlicopa) Inbrica, MUU. 
 
 On the authority of Mb. S. V. Wood's Monograph of the Crag MolluBca, 
 vol. ii., No. 3, pp. 306-308, the names corrected in a few cases by 
 Mb,. G. Shakman. Mr. Wood's earlier list (see below) differs from this, 
 both in containing names not herein, and in not containing names herein. 
 
 Lamellibramchiaia. 
 
 . Anodonta cygnea, Limn. 
 Corbicula fluminalis. Mull. 
 Pisidium amnicum. Mull. 
 henslowianum, Bheppwrd. 
 
 Pisidium pulchellum, Jenyns. 
 Sphserium (Cyolas) comeum, Lhm. 
 'CTnio tumidus, Metz. 
 
 GBU8TA0EA {Entomostram). From Stutton. 
 
 ? Cypris gibba, Bamdolir. 
 
 The LamelUbranchiata compiled by Mb. G-. Shaeman from the body of 
 Me. Wood's Monograph. The Entomostracan on the authority of 
 Mb. Wood's earlier list, Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. vii., p. 274 
 
post-glacial beds. 97 
 
 Recent Beds. 
 
 Alluvium. 
 
 Along the courses of the larger streams there is generally a 
 marshy flat, consisting of the mud that has been left by the 
 streams in shifting their channels, associated sometimes with peat. 
 It is this peat which, occurring generally beneath the marsh-clay, 
 forms those submerged forests, of which so much has been 
 written, and which are merely the seaward extensions of river- 
 beds, the valleys of which have been cut back by the sea. I 
 believe that these submerged forests occur at nearly all river- 
 mouths (though rarely to be seen), and never elsewhere. It is 
 probably the singularity of finding freshwater deposits of late date 
 overflowed by the present sea, that has caused so much to be 
 written on them, but it should be remembered that whilst the 
 litei ature of the subject is chiefly confined to the beds as they 
 appear at the jimction of the river and the sea, the beds them- 
 selves reach inland far up the valleys. 
 
 Such an occurrence has been described by De. J. E. Tatlok, as seen in 
 
 our chief valley, the Orwell, a little below Ipswich, and was shown in 
 
 excavating for a new channel through' the mud-banks. According to 
 
 De. Tatlok* the section was as follows : — 
 
 fBlack mud ; 6 or 8 feet. 
 
 Peat, full of recumbent trees, such as dwarf oak, pine, alder, 
 
 A 11 ■ 1 J ^'^^ > *^^° with impressions of leaves, fruits, &c. Several 
 Auuvium<; ^^^ molar teeth of the Mammoth : layers of freshwater 
 shells ; 9 feet. 
 (_Marl with freshwater sheila. 
 
 Solid chalk. 
 
 " A series of thirteen excavations and dredgings proved 
 
 that the submerged forest extended for seven or eight miles [down the 
 river].' The peat-bed on an average was about 9 feet (in some places 
 14 f«et) below low-water neap-tides." 
 
 Dr. Taylob, has since noticed a like occurrence at the northern side of 
 the month of the Deben.f where, he says, the peat is only visible at low 
 water spring tides, rests on the London Clay, and is about four or five 
 feet thick at the most ; but has evidently been much denuded. " Remains 
 
 of trees are not plentiful and the peat contains an 
 
 abundance of freshwater and marsh plants, but I found no freshwater 
 shells." The only animal remains found were part of the skull and horn- 
 cores of Bos longifrons: but bones had been washed out. " Among the 
 plants a species of Oyperus was abundant, and Sphagnum was also 
 plentiful." 
 
 I learn, from Mb. H. Millek, that the Ipswich main sewer was taken 
 along the bed of the Little Gripping, from near the Oil Mill in the Hand- 
 ford Road to near the southern part of Friar's Boad, and that this river- 
 bed was shown by the excavations to consist of peat and silt, varying 
 from 2 to 8 feet in depth, and resting on gravel and sand. 
 
 Mk. T. Miller told me that at the Drill Hall, Portmans Boad, 
 Ipswich, about 8 feet of mud were found, underlain by peat, on an average 
 3 feet thick, with branches, nuts, &c., and resting on gravel. 
 
 I heard from Mr. B. Bitckham, the Town Surveyor, that at the new 
 public-house The G-un, at the corner of Quay Street and Lower Orwell 
 
 * Hep. Brit. Assoc, for 1875, Sectio7is, p. 82, and Science Gossip, No. 120, p. 278. 
 (1874.) 
 t Geol. Mag., dec. xi., vol. ix., p. 573. (1882.) 
 
98 GKOLOGY OF IPSWICH, liTC. 
 
 Street, the following beds were fovmd (1876): Top crust (made earth) 
 about 2 feet ; black boggy earth, wet at bottom, about 4 feet ; and then 
 sand. 
 
 In June 1882, the works for the Felixstow Docks, at the mouth of the 
 
 Orwell, opposite JIarwich, gave'the following section, at the S.W. part : — 
 
 Brown alluvial clay; a few feet (a- little grey clay at the bottom in a 
 
 hollow). 
 Shingle, rising up westward to the surface : clayey at first, but where 
 bare of the usual sandy character. 
 From Mr. S. V. "VVood, who saw the section a few months later, I hear 
 that he was told that there was clay under the shingle, and then more 
 shingle below again at one part. 
 
 There are some small local deposits, too small to be shown on the map, 
 that may be described here. 
 
 Just W. of Gusford Hall a deep drain, cut (in 1875) to the little side- 
 stream, showed an alluvial deposit of silt (partly with freshwater shells), 
 sand, peat, and gravel. The stream passes under the cart-track and then 
 flows as a little cascade, over an encrusting mass of calcareous tufa, the 
 carbonate of lime of which must have been derived from the Crag at the 
 spring head; W.W.. 
 
 In a field sloping gently to a small brook, about N. of Well House, and 
 seven-eighths of a mile S.E. of Mount Bures, a little below the edge of 
 the Grlacial gravel, there is a peaty and sandy soil, full of friable shells in 
 the upper part, and lower .down coarse sand and white- marl, some of 
 which last i^ hard and pfierced by irregular tubes, such as rootlets would 
 leave. All the shells are terrestrial, and one species, Cydostoma elegans, 
 does not occur in the district now. W.H.D. 
 
 Coast Deposits. 
 1. Shingle. 
 
 The state of the coast from Harwich to Orfordness, the 
 accumulations of shingle along it and their shifting.?, have been 
 described in detail by Me. J. B. Hedman.* The ridges, or 
 •' fulls," of shingle are the results of successive beach-accumula- 
 tion, and they show the way in which the mass has been added 
 to. The general course of the shingle being south-westward, 
 there is a tendency for it to pile up in that direction, and to form 
 spits projecting from the eastern sides of the river-mouthe. 
 
 At the joint mouth of the Stour and the Orwell this process has resulted 
 in the formation of a shingle-spit, from the western end of the Felixstow 
 clifis for two mileSj to Langer or Landguard Point, narrow at first, but 
 afterwards broadening at Langer Common. About, a quarter of a mile 
 IT.E. of the fort I saw a pit 9 feet deep in bedded shingle and sand, which 
 had been worked 2^ feet deeper close by. 
 
 On either side of Bawdsey Haven, the mouth of the Debcn, there is a 
 smaller mass of shingle. On the western side of the river, near the ferry, 
 at the western edge of the northern point, I saw a section showing the 
 shingle beneath alluvial clay, from to 2 feet thick. 
 
 From Martello Tower X., for nearly three miles northward, is the long 
 strip of Bawdsey Beach and Shingle Street. 
 
 It is, however, on tlie left s^ida of the Ore, or Aide, that we 
 have one of the finest spreads of shingle in the kingdom, reaching 
 uortli-eastward to Aldborough, and which tends to increase in 
 
 ♦ Froc. Inst. Civ. Eng., vol. xxiii.. pp. 191-204, plate 2. (1865.) 
 
post-glaciaIj beds. 99 
 
 length by the deposit oF more shin;»le at its south-western end. 
 Mr. Redjian, in his paper referred to above, tells us that a Chart 
 of the time of Henry the Eighth showd distinctly that the mouth 
 of Orford Haven was then opposite Orford Castle (which would 
 be somewhere about the part marked " Crouch Harbour " on the 
 Ordnance Map) ; whilst a chart of the time of Elizabeth shows a 
 considerable south-westerly progression. When the Ordnance 
 Map was made (published 1838), North Weir Point, as the end 
 of the spit is called, was about east of HoUesley. W. W. 
 
 The development of this beach, however, has not been in- 
 variably progressive, breaches made by storms having sometimes 
 given a temporary exit for the waters of the Ore and of the Butley 
 River at the Upper Narrows, when the part of the channel to the 
 south would be partially closed. 
 
 The Ordnance Map of 1838 shows irregular separate knolls of 
 shingle for a mile southwards from N^orth Weir Point. The point 
 no longer exists as there shown, the knolls having been united 
 into a continuous bank, as marked on the Geological Survey 
 Map, which has been corrected from a later survey. 
 
 It is improbable that the beach will ever reach further than the 
 northern end of Bawdsey Cliff, or some two miles further than 
 now. The erection of piers, or large groins, at Aldborpugh, by 
 checking the southerly passage of shingle, or rather by diverting 
 it seaward, might result in the re-opening of the original month 
 of the river at Aldborough, and the ultimate obliteration of the 
 present 10 miles of useless estuary. The Butley River would be 
 so small as hardly to need a channel through the shingle, and a 
 laige area, now between tide-marks, would become available 
 pasture, if not truly dry land. 
 
 The alluvial islands of Havergate and Dove Marshes, in the 
 tidal channel of the Ore, are united by a bank of shingle. 
 
 W. H. D. 
 
 Some years ago Mr. Bedmaii showed me some samples of the shingle 
 and it may be of interest to note their composition. That from the offing 
 consisted almost wholly of flints and flint-pebbles, with a few pebbles of 
 quartz and quartzite, some pieces of chert, grit, sandstone, ironstone, and 
 ferruginous grit, a few pieces of shells, some pieces of cinder (from a 
 steamer), and a pebble of hard trap. The beach shingle likewise was 
 almost wholly of flints and flint pebbles ; but with pebbles of quartz and 
 quartzite (mostly small) and small pieces of grit and chert. 
 
 2. Blown Sand. 
 
 Of this, the result of the action of wind along a dry sandy shore, there 
 is but little in our district, and that little of no very marked character. 
 The chief mass is a strip for about 1+ miles from the south-western end of 
 Felixstow Clifi" towards Landgoard, for the greater part dividing the 
 shingle and the marsh, but at last being over the broad part of the shingle 
 flat. Other patches occur on the south of Landguard Port, and on either 
 side of Bawdsey Haven. W. W. 
 
100 GEOLOGY OP IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 CHAPTER X.— MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 Disturbances. 
 
 As is the case in the greater part of the London Basin," the beds 
 are very even, or free from local disturbance ; but here, on the 
 northern side of that tract, they are subject to a slight southerly 
 dip, so that the Chalk, which crops out on the N.W., sinks some 
 way below the sea-level on the south and also on the east, the 
 slight easterly tendency of the dip seeming to increase in that 
 direction. 
 
 We have, however, evidence, in the deep boring at Harwich, of 
 that earlier disturbance which brought "up a ridge of various older 
 rocks before the Cretaceous beds were deposited. Here the 
 lowest beds proved are of Carboniferous age, but below the Coal 
 Measures. It becomes a question, therefore, whether we may not 
 expect to find the Coal Measures deep underground in parts of 
 East Anglia, and also in what directions, from Harwich, they are 
 most likely to occur ? These important questions can only be 
 settled by deep borings, and as yet that above noted is the only 
 one in our eastern counties that has pierced through the Secondary 
 beds, the other deep borings at Combs (Stowmarket), at Yarmouth, 
 at Norwich, and at Holkham, ending in Cretaceous, or possibly 
 in the last case, in Jurassic beds. 
 
 Of more local disturbance there is, however, some evidence in 
 our district, both in the lowest part of the Brett Valley, and also 
 in the Valley of the Orwell. Of the forpier district Me. Bennett 
 notes that " at Waterhouse Farm, Layham, Chalk is said to have 
 been reached at a depth of only 15 feet, and further south, 
 close to Shelly Church, at only 6 feet. I was told, too, that 
 Chalk was dug years ago at the latter place." This agrees with 
 the section published by Mr. Clarke, and reproduced at p. 10, 
 and we have, therefore, evidence, invisible though it be, of a rise of 
 the beds here, bringing up the Chalk close to the surface. 
 
 At Ipswich, however, we have not to depend on such hidden 
 evidence, for the raappmg of the district shows a rise of the beds 
 south of the town, as may be seen from the account of the various 
 sections (pp. 5, 10-12). It is possible that this rise may be 
 continuous with that of Shelly, the Drift- covered plateau between 
 shutting off all proof, and even that it may run much further 
 south-westward beyond our district, to Wickham Bishop near 
 Witham, where a well-section proves a remarkably sudden folding, 
 perhaps with faulting. 
 
 Again, from the fact of the Chalk having been found at a depth 
 of only 115 feet at East Mersea (see p. 109), whilst it is rather 
 deeper at Colchester, whereas one would have expected, from the 
 general southerly dip, that the surface of the Chalk would be at a 
 higher level near Colchester than at Mersea, we have evidence 
 (got since the publication of the Memoir on that district) of a rise 
 between those places. 
 
economics. 101 
 
 Economics. 
 
 Building Materials, etc. 
 
 At the eastern edge of our district we touch the large pits of Sudbury, 
 where the Chalk is burnt for lime, and at Bramford, on our northern edge, 
 the samQ is the case. Our Chalk, consisting of the top part only, is too 
 soft for use in building ; but its flints have formed the material for most 
 of the old church towers. Indeed, Suffolk and Norfolk are noted for the 
 dressed flint- work of their old buildings. Rough flints, too, are naturally 
 much used in building. 
 
 The septaria, or cement-stones, which are so plentiful in some parts of 
 our London Clay, were once used as a building-stone, as may be seen at 
 Wrabness Church, the thick Norman walls of which consist chiefly of 
 these stones, with a few flints, and at Chelmondiston Church, which is 
 built of septaria, flints, and pebbles. Beyond our district other examples 
 may be seen, as at Frinton, where the remains of a small church on the 
 top of the cliff may be seen to be made of stones from the beach, chiefly 
 septaria, and in the Norman church of Clacton, the stones of which have 
 probably been brought- in from the beach. The keep of Orford Castle, 
 however, (just north of our district) is perhaps the best specimen of 
 London Clay masonry, the walls being chiefly built of septaria, with 
 cornering etc, of firmer stone. An analysis of London clay cement-stone 
 has been inserted in page 133. 
 
 The upper part of the Coralline Crag sometimes forms a fair building- 
 stone, for which purpose it has been worked at Sutton. 
 
 Where the Drift gravels contain large, stones these have naturally been 
 used for building, and anyone wishing to see a great variety of such 
 stones should go to Wherstead, where the church walls form a good rock- 
 collection, with many varieties of granite and of gneiss, greenstone, 
 flint, quartzite, sandstone. Red Chalk P, and other Cretaceous and older 
 rocks, besides greywether-sandstone and septaria. 
 
 The clays of the Reading Series and the London Clay are worked for 
 tiles and draining-pipes, and the London Clay forms a good brickearth in 
 its more sandy state, as near Hadleigh and at Ipswich, where the lower 
 beds are worked. The Drift briokearths, as a rule, are of little import- 
 ance ; but they are worked at and near Boxford, on the east of Ipswich, 
 and at Trimley. The Boulder Clay, too, is used for brickmaking, after 
 getting rid of the stones by washing. 
 
 The cement-works of Dovercourt and Waldringfield are chiefly supplied 
 by imported materials (from the Medway, &c.) ; but I believe that the 
 local river-mud is also used. The once extensive trade in the cement- 
 stones of the London Clay, which gave employment to a fleet of small 
 vessels (engaged in dredging Up the stone along the coast), is now quite 
 a thing of the past, the manufacture of Portland Cement having abolished 
 that of Roman Cement, in which these stones were' used. 
 
 Mineral Manures. 
 
 It is a common Suffolk custom to cover manure-heaps with Crag sand, 
 which acts as an absorbent j but the shelly Crag is not without a value of 
 its own, probably from containing a certain amount of phosphate, as well 
 as from the carbonate of lime of the shells. 
 
 The earliest notice of the employment of Crag as a fertiliser that I 
 have seen is in a note by the Rev. R. Pickeking, dated 1744,* from which 
 the following remarks are taken : '.' At Woodbridge in Suffolk, .... 
 there are some Pits . . . . consisting of several Strata of Shells 
 from the Bottom to within about nine Feet of the Surface, where the 
 
 natural Soil of Gravel and Sand begins ... The 
 
 Farmer, in whose Ground these Shells are, has, as I am informed, laid 
 the Foundation of an ample Fortune from them. The Man contented- 
 
 himself in the old beaten Track of the Farmers, till an 
 
 happy Accident forced him upon a bold Improvement. He used to 
 
 mend his Cartways with these Shells; in which Business 
 
 his Cart one Day broke down, and threw the Shells out of the Cart 
 
 * Phil. Trans., vol. xliii. no. 474, pp. 191, 192. (1745.) 
 
102 
 
 GEOLOGY Ol? IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 Track into tlie cultivated Part of the Field. This Spot produced bo 
 remarkable a Crop next Year, that he put some Loads upon a particular 
 Piece, kept the Secret to himself, and waited the Event. This Trial 
 answering Expectation, he directly took a Lease of a large Quantity of 
 poor Land, at about five Shillings the Acre; and having manur'd it 
 heartily with these Shells, in about three Tears it turned to so good an 
 Account, that he had IS Shillings the Acre proflfer'd to take the Lease 
 out of his Hands." 
 
 The chief mineral industry of our district is tHe getting of the phos- 
 phatic nodules at the base of the Crag, for the manufactare »f artificial 
 manure. To a great extent this nodule-bed has been already worked out; 
 but there are yet " coprolite-works " going on in our district. The way in 
 which these are carried on is as follows: — 
 
 The pit, through overlying Crag and Drift, is made in successive steps, 
 each 3 feet deep, except those at top and at bottom, which of course vary 
 according to the surface of the ground and to the lie of the nodule-bed. 
 The sand, etc. is separated from the stones and nodules by screening, the 
 larger contents of the bed thus left are carried to the surface,- and the 
 unprofitable stones are picked out from the phosphatic nodules, boaes, etc., 
 which are carted off and taken to the distant manufactory. In this way a 
 large area is sometimes worked over, the part first dug out being filled up 
 with the material from that next Attacked, and so on, the whole field in 
 in the end being levelled and returned to cultivation. 
 
 Many analyses of the Crag nodules have been made, and it niay be 
 useful to reproduce some of these. 
 
 Mr. T. J. Herapath has given the following analyses of Crag phosphates, 
 both nodules, or, as he calls them (after Buckland), " pseudo-coprolites," 
 and fossil bones* : — 
 
 Pseudo-Coprolites from the neighbourhood of Sutton. 
 Densities respectively 2 '7216 and 2 •7891. 
 
 Water and organic matters 
 Cloride of sodium and sulphate of soda 
 Carbonate of lime ... 
 Carbonate of magnesia 
 Sulphate of lime ... 
 
 Phosphate of lime ... 
 Phosphate of magnesia 
 Perphosphate of iron ... 
 Phosphate of alumina 
 Oxide of manganese . . - 
 
 Fluoride of calcium ... 
 , Silicic acid and loss 
 
 - 7-200 
 
 9-210 
 
 traces. 
 
 traces. 
 
 - 18-514 
 
 5-176 
 
 - 0-855 
 
 2-016 
 
 some. 
 
 1-161 
 
 - 51-018 
 
 45-815 
 
 - traces. 
 
 some. 
 
 - 8-902 
 
 12-476 
 
 - 2-700 
 
 6-387 
 
 - 0-057 
 
 0-267 
 
 - 3-161 
 
 2-688 
 
 - 7-593 
 
 14-804 
 
 100- 
 
 100- 
 
 Nitrogen, per cent. 
 
 0-0289 0-01989 
 
 T^hree other specimens, received at dififerent times from other parts, 
 contained — 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Earthy and other phosphates 
 Fluoride of calcium - 
 Nitrogen 
 
 64-056 
 
 0-311 
 
 Traces. 
 
 79-545 
 
 2-554 
 
 0-0314 
 
 67-176 
 
 2-768 
 
 Undetermined. 
 
 Fossil Boue^f. 
 
 " The majority of these bones which I have examined were obtained 
 from .... the neighbourhood of Sutton. . . ." 
 
 "The sample .... evidently consisted principally of bones of 
 extinct cetaceans ; and the fossils could readily be divided into two 
 
 * Joum, R. Agric. Soc, vol. xii., pp. 98, 100, 101. (1351. ) 
 
ECONOMICS. 
 
 103 
 
 classes, according to the appearance they presented. The bones of the 
 first class" (a) ■vrere very frangible, and possessed a somewhat porous or 
 spongy texture, caused by the existence of numerous minute cavities or 
 air-tubes in the substance of the bone ; whilst those of the second class 
 (P), on the contrary, were very solid, and possessed a fibrous structure. 
 They were much harder than the former, and readily took a fine polish. 
 The air-cells in the latter were invisible to the unassisted eye, and could 
 only be detected by examining thin sections of the bone under the 
 microscope." 
 Analyses of both kinds- are given : — 
 
 Analtsbs op Fossil, Bohes (o). 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 Mean. 
 
 Water driven oif at 300° to 350° 
 
 
 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 3-361 
 
 2-912 
 
 3-1360 
 
 Water and organic matters expelled 
 
 
 
 
 at a red heat i - 
 
 4-351 
 
 3-361 
 
 3-8560 
 
 Carbonate of lime - - - 
 
 27-400 
 
 23-800 
 
 25-6000 
 
 Carbonate of magnesia 
 
 0-371 
 
 0-286 
 
 0-328S 
 
 Sulphate of lime 
 
 0-514 
 
 Traces. 
 
 0-2570 
 
 Phosphate of lime, with some phos- 
 
 
 
 
 phate of magnesia 
 
 49-632 
 
 56-966 
 
 52-8490 
 
 Ferphosphate of iron 
 
 6-600 
 
 4-800 
 
 5-7000 
 
 Phosphate of alumina 
 
 3-400 
 
 4-638 
 
 40190 
 
 Fluoride of calcium 
 
 3-657 
 
 Undetermined 
 
 3-6570(?; 
 
 Silicic acid 
 
 0-626 
 
 0-098 
 
 0-3620 
 
 
 99-912 
 
 — 
 
 99-7645 
 
 Nitrogen, per cent. . . - 
 
 0-1244 
 
 Undetermined. 
 
 
 Analyses of Fossil Bones (;3). 
 
 Specific gravity 
 
 2-644 
 
 2-874 
 
 2-907 ■ 
 
 Mean. 
 
 Water driven off at 300° or 
 
 
 
 
 
 350° Fahr. - 
 
 2-000 
 
 2-760 
 
 1-976 
 
 2-2453 
 
 Water and oiganic matters ex- 
 
 
 
 
 
 pelled at a red heat 
 
 4-786 
 
 5-321 
 
 4-679 
 
 4-9287 
 
 Carbonate of lime 
 
 21-000 
 
 16-400 
 
 17-600 
 
 18-3333 
 
 Carbonate of magne.'iia 
 
 1-089 
 
 0-252 
 
 Some. 
 
 0-4470(j) 
 
 Sulphate of lime 
 
 0-298 
 
 A little. 
 
 0-896 
 
 0-3980 
 
 Phosphate of lime - 1 
 Phosphate of magnesia J 
 
 58-781 
 
 61-175 
 
 62-721 
 
 60-8923 
 
 
 
 
 
 Perphosphatc of iron - 
 
 6-600 
 
 9-400 
 
 5-200 
 
 7-0660 
 
 Phosphate of alumina 
 
 1-200 
 
 0-400 
 
 2-416 
 
 1-3350 
 
 Fluoride of calcium - 
 
 Undetermined. 
 
 Undetermined. 
 
 4-167 
 
 4-1670(f-) 
 0-1700 
 
 Silicic acid - 
 
 0-120 
 
 0-261 
 
 0-200 
 
 ' 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 89-855 
 
 99-9826 
 
 Nitrogen, per cent. 
 
 Undetermined. 
 
 0-838 
 
 0-0482 
 
 
 
 Dr. a. Voelckek, in his work on Phosphatic Manures* treats of the 
 Suffolk Phosphates, and remarks that "in commercial phraseology, we 
 
 * On the Chemical Composition and Commercial Value of Norwegian Apatite, 
 Spanish Phosphorite, Coprolites and other Phosphatic Materials used in England for 
 Agricultural Purposes. London, 1861, pp. 11, 12. Reprinted from Journ. li. 
 Agric. Soc., vol. xxi., pp. 359, 360. (I860.) 
 
104 
 
 GEOLOGY OF IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 have to nnderstand by Suffolk-coprolites, or Orag-coprolites, or pseudo- 
 coprolites, the mixed fossil bones, fish-teeth, and phosphatic pebbles 
 which occtir in the Sufi"olk Crag. These phosphatic matters are dis- 
 tinguished from the grey coloured Ohalk-coprolites by a brownish, 
 ferruginous colour, and a smoother appearance. They are very hard, 
 and yield on grinding a yellowish-red powder. Analysed in the manner 
 usually adopted in commercial analyses, the composition of several 
 samples of ground Suffolk coprolites may be iUnstrated by the foUoVing 
 tabulated results : — " 
 
 General- GoM POSITION op 
 
 SlTFPOLK GOPBOLITES. 
 
 
 
 No. 1. 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 _No.3. 
 
 No. 4. 
 
 No. 5. 
 
 Moisture and a little organic matter 
 
 Phosphates 
 
 Carbonate of lime, magnesia, ^fluo- 
 rine, &c. (determined by diffe- 
 rence) - - 
 
 Insoluble siliceous matter - 
 
 4-61 
 56-52 
 
 25-95 
 12-92 
 
 3-80 
 60-21 
 
 21-77; 
 14-22 
 
 4-11 
 61-15 
 
 22-39 
 12-35 
 
 6-28 
 60-99 
 
 21-74 
 10-99 
 
 4-74 
 44-20 
 
 20-92 
 30-14 
 
 
 100-00 
 
 100-00 
 
 100-00 
 
 100-00 
 
 100-00 
 
 " In good samples of Suffolk coprolites the amount of insoluble siliceous 
 matter varies from 10 to 14 per cent. ; No. 6, therefore, appears to be a very 
 inferior specimen." 
 
 " Besides fluoride of calcium, they contain a good deal of oxide of iron 
 and alumina, which partially, at least, are thrown down with the phos* 
 phates when the latter are determined by precipitation with ammonia, as 
 is usual in commercial analyses. In this case the amount of phosphates 
 will be stated in excess. The true vali;ie of these pseudo-coprolites, 
 therefore, can only be correctly estimated if the phosphoric acid which they 
 contain is Accurately determined. This has been done in the subjoined 
 analyses which at the same time represent their detailed composition "; — 
 
 Detailed Composition op Suppolk Oopsolites. 
 
 No. 1. 
 
 Moisture and water of combination with a trace 
 of organic matter 
 
 Lime 
 
 Magnesia - 
 a Phosphoric acid 
 
 Oxide of iron 
 
 Alumina - 
 h Carbonic acid 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 
 Potash 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 Chlorine 
 
 Fluorine and loss 
 Insoluble silioeons matter 
 
 6-76 
 
 2-53 
 
 40-70 
 
 38^20 
 
 •34 
 
 1-34 
 
 28-32 
 
 24-24 
 
 4-87 
 
 /■4-81 
 13-72 
 
 6-08 
 
 5-37 
 
 •87 
 
 ,1-40 
 
 •78 
 
 •56 
 
 •25 
 
 1-18 
 
 traces. 
 
 •07 
 
 3-02 
 
 4-31 
 
 10-01 
 
 12-27 
 
 100-00 100-00 
 
 (a) Equal to tribasio phosphate of lime (bone-earth) 61-30 52 • 52 
 (5) Equal to carbonate of lime - . - 11-64 12^20 
 
ECONOMICS. 105 
 
 "No. 1, it ■will be seen, is a very superior sample : No. 2 represents a 
 good average sample of Suffolk coprolitee. In two other samples, in which, 
 the amount of insoluble matter and phosphoric acid alone was determined, 
 I find:—" 
 
 No. 1. No. 2. 
 
 Insoluble silicions matter - - - 12' 56 11 "06 
 
 Phosphoric acid - - - - 23-48 24-26 
 
 Corresponding to bone-earth - 50-87 52 '56 
 
 It should be remembered that phosphates have been worked not only at 
 the base of the Red Orag, though Peop. Pbestwich says, that " it was only 
 at one small pit [at Sutton], and there for a short time, that the bed of 
 phosphatio nodules at the base of the Coralline Crag was worked." He 
 also tells us that " the condition . . . of the bones at the base of this 
 Crag is precisely of the sam.e oharaotei' as that of those at the base of 
 the Eed Crag."* 
 
 Water. 
 
 The Orag and the Grlacial sand and gravel together form so large a part 
 of the surface of our district, especially in the eastern half, that they 
 receive a large amount of the rainfall. Moreover, "as these porous beds 
 are nearly everywhere underlain by the London Clay, a large quantity of 
 water is stored in them, the overflow escaping in the many streamlets 
 along the sides of the valleys. It is not surprising, therefore, that these 
 beds should be the general source of water-supply, and the less so from 
 the rural'character of the district. It is only where no supply is thus to 
 be got, as at Harwich, and where, though present, it is not enough, as at 
 Ipswich, that public supplies have been got by wells through the Tertiary 
 beds into the Chalk. 
 
 Prom Appendix A., however, it will be seen that private enterprise has 
 often got deeper-seated water, by sinking either to the sandy beds beneath 
 the London Clay, or still further to the Chalk. 
 
 The Ipswich Waterworks get their supply from two sources. The 
 springs at the base of the porous Drift and Crag are tapped in many 
 places on the north and east of the town, the water being led away in pipes ; 
 but a larger amount is got from a well (originally sunk for a paper-mill 
 abandoned some time ago), the possession of which enables the Water- 
 works Company to ^give a constant supply of good water. 
 
 The large amount of good water that has been found in the Chalk at 
 Ipswich is in striking contrast with the yield at Harwich, and thence for 
 some way south-westward along the Essex coast. In this latter district 
 the efforts of engineers have as yet mostly yielded water of a brackish 
 kind. The cause of this is not clear; but there must be something to 
 prevent the natural flow of fresh water through the Chalk from the north- 
 west ; perhaps the disturbance alluded to (p. 100) as probably running 
 westward from Ipswich may have something to do with it. 
 
 * Quart. Joum. GeoU. Soc, vol. xxvii., p. 133. (1871.) 
 
106 
 
 GEOLOGY OF IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 APPENDIX A.— WELL-SECTIONS. 
 
 I. ESSEX. 
 
 For accounts of other wells* in that part of Essex included in Sheet 
 48, N.E. (Doveroonrt and Harwich), see " The (ieology of the Eastern 
 End of Essex (Walton Naze and Harwich)," Geological Survey Memoir, 
 1877. ■ - 
 
 Dedham. Mr. Downes', near the Lamh Inn. 
 Rev. W. B. Clauke, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. v., p. 372 
 
 Fkkt. 
 
 (1840.) 
 
 Earth [soil] ... - 
 
 - U 
 
 r Gravel 
 
 1 
 
 Brown clay - 
 [Post Glacial J Gravel 
 (River) Drift] "^ Red sand - 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 U 
 
 Dark grey sand 
 
 i 
 
 LGravel > - 
 
 i 
 
 Blue London Clay ... 
 
 10 
 
 20J 
 
 Dedham, Pig Lane. 
 Same authority. 
 Surface beds from 16 to 60 feet. 
 London Clay ,, 28 „ 37 „ 
 
 MisTLBY. Mr. Pree's, Malting. 1883. Boring. 
 Communicated by Mk. P. Bktipf, C.E. 
 About 37 feet above Ordnance Datum. 
 Water rose to 32^ feet below the surface (14 inches higher at high tide): 
 supply abundant (over 6,000 gallons an hour), and quality good. 
 
 Made ground ..... 
 Mould ..... 
 
 Gravel - - - - - - 
 
 TBrown clay, with 16 inch rock (septaria) 
 
 I 2 feet above the bottom 
 [London Clay, J Dark sandy loam 
 
 36i feet.] 
 
 [Reading Beds, 
 
 58 feet.] 
 
 Clay 
 
 Pine light-coloured sand (water) 
 
 ment.bed] - 
 'Mottled clay ... 
 Fine light-coloured sand (water) 
 Green loamy sand 
 Mottled clay - - . 
 
 Coarse grey sand 
 Green clay 
 Coarse grey sand 
 Green clay 
 
 Blue silty clay, bottom foot brown 
 Streaky loam, top 9 inches dark, 
 
 grey 
 Green.coated flints - 
 
 [? base 
 
 the rest 
 
 Feet 
 21 
 
 + 
 
 4 
 
 15J 
 2 
 
 m 
 
 8i 
 161 
 
 3^ 
 10 ■ 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2i 
 7 
 12 
 
 2i 
 
 To Chalk 101 J 
 Chalk; at first rather soft, then in small cuboidal pieces, 
 with much water ; few flints met with - . . 130i 
 
 232 
 
WELL-SECTIONS. 
 
 107 
 
 Eamset. New Farm House (after 1870) P S.W. of Copperas Wood. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. E. W. Gtakland. 
 
 Througk London Clay to a bed of marl with plenty of water, which, 
 however, is unfit for drinking or for cooking-purposes, being very un- 
 wholesome ; about 90 feet. 
 
 Ramset Bay, West of Harwich. N.B. end of the island. 1880 ? Trial- 
 boring. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. J. B. Crawford. 
 
 18 feet above Ordnance Datum. 
 Water brackish ; stands at 2 feet 4 inches above Ordnance Datum. 
 
 Fjset. 
 
 [London Clay, 
 36i feet.] \ 
 
 Yellow clay - 
 
 9 
 
 Blue clay ; 
 
 27i* 
 
 
 'Dark grey sand 
 
 14 
 
 
 Brown clay - 
 
 15 
 
 
 Light-coloured sand - 
 
 6i 
 
 
 Dark loamy sand 
 
 4J 
 
 [Reading Beds, , 
 
 50 feet.] "^ 
 
 Dark hard clay 
 
 41 
 
 Grey sand 
 
 2i 
 
 
 Brown clay - 
 
 8 
 
 
 Green sand - 
 
 i 
 
 
 Brown clay - 
 
 H 
 
 
 Green sand - 
 
 24 
 
 
 To Chalk 
 
 864 
 
 Chalk 
 
 
 110 
 1964 
 
 
 
 
 The accounts of the following Essex wells, in the southern divisions of 
 Sheet 48 of the Geological Survey Map, are here inserted, as supplemen- 
 tarv to the Memoirs on 48, S.W. and S.E. 
 
 Bramble Islanb. Enclosed Land westward of Pewit Island. 
 Sunk and communicated by Me. T. Tihet, 
 Water rises to the surface. Large yield, but brackish. 
 
 1880. 
 
 [? Alluvium 
 
 and London 
 
 Clay.] 
 
 [Beading Beds, 
 37i feet.] 
 
 Dark clay 
 
 Blue clay 
 
 Clayey sand 
 
 Blue clay , 
 
 Brown clay 
 
 Brown sandy clay 
 
 'Coloured clay 
 
 Loamy sand 
 •{ Coloured sandy clay 
 1 Mottled clay 
 
 LElints 
 
 Chalk and flintg 
 
 Ft. In. 
 13 10 
 17 8 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 16 
 
 6 
 
 18 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 To Chalk 115 
 - 48 
 
 163 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 E 14651. 
 
108 
 
 GKOLOGY OF IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 Clacion-on-Sea. Waterworks. 
 
 SincQ the publication of the Colchester Memoir these waterworks have 
 been completed, and additional information has been given by Mb. J. 
 Chuegh, O.E. TTih account of the well differs somewhat from the one 
 already published (which may be only of a trial-boring), and ?,s it will be 
 useful to compare this account of the first well (1880, 81) with that of the 
 new one (1883), I give the two side by side, all the information being from 
 Mb. Ohtjbch. 
 
 The shaft of the older well has been carried down to 120 feet, and the 
 water level is 45 feet down. The two wells are 16 feet apart. 
 
 The first sand-spring occurred at a depth of 157 feet, the second at 202. 
 A good supply is being got at 210 feet, although charged with sand. 
 
 In the older well the water was brackish at 203 feet; but after 
 deepening the bore to 405 feet good water rose. 
 
 The yield has been tested as far as the pumps allow, up to 100 gallons 
 a minute. Analysis shows the water to be of good quality, with only 4' 9 
 grains of chlorides to a gallon. 
 
 1880, 81. 
 
 Soil 
 
 [Post Glacial 
 
 Drift, 
 
 191 feet.] 
 
 [London Clay, 
 158i feet./ 
 
 Tellow loam 
 
 TeUow clay 
 
 Yellow grfirvel - 
 
 Tellow sand 
 
 Hard brown gravel 
 
 Black gravel - 
 "Blue clay 
 
 Dark sand and water 
 
 Dark green dead sand 
 
 2 
 4 
 H 
 2 
 84 
 3 
 1 
 
 I32I 
 
 18 
 
 4 
 
 1883. 
 1 
 
 Large dark pebbles [blackflint] f 
 Blue shelly clay - - 3J 
 
 
 'Blue and brown clay - 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 [Ltidetermin- 
 
 Mottled clay (brown, 1880) 
 
 T 5 
 
 
 
 able. London 
 
 Clay or < 
 Beading Beds, 
 
 Dark clay 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 Light-coloured clay - 
 
 f 
 
 ■ 6 
 
 
 Light- 
 
 F 30 feet.] " 
 
 Light-coloured fine sand 
 
 - 3 
 
 14 ■ 
 
 coloured 
 
 - 
 
 Light-green sand - 
 
 - 5 
 
 
 clay. 
 
 
 "Dark sandy clay 
 
 - 9 
 
 r 
 
 Light- 
 
 
 Red and green sandy clay 
 
 - 3 
 
 134] 
 
 coloured 
 
 
 Green mottled clay - 
 
 - 1 
 
 L 
 
 sand. 
 
 [Beading Beds, , 
 P 634 feet.] 
 
 Green clay - 
 Silty clay 
 
 - 13 
 
 - 19 
 
 ri4 
 
 <|39 
 
 Hard dark 
 
 clay. 
 Coloured 
 [mottled] 
 
 
 Dark green sandy clay 
 
 - 8 
 
 
 clays. 1 
 
 
 Green flints - - ■ i 
 To Chalk 263| 
 
 
 
 
 264 to 
 
 flints over 
 
 
 
 
 the Chalk. 
 
 
 Soft Chalk (no flints) - 
 
 - 128i 
 
 
 
 
 Chalk and flints 
 
 - 158 
 
 352 net 
 
 
 
 550 
 
 wly. 
 
WELL-SECTIONS. 
 
 109 
 
 CoLCHEsTEB. Waterworks, new well. 1881. 
 
 CommtUiioated by Me. T. Tiimy (to "W. H. D.). 
 
 Shaft 43 feet, the rest bored. Water-level 19i feet below the surface. 
 
 Made ground 
 
 Blue [London] Olay - 
 
 Qlottled clay 
 
 [Beading Beds, 
 51 feet.] 
 
 Bunning sand 
 , Mottled clay 
 I Green sand - 
 
 Plastic clay - 
 LMints 
 
 To Chalk 
 
 Feet. 
 14, 
 79 
 30 
 
 n 
 
 3 
 8 
 1 
 
 Chalk and flints - - about 234| 
 
 EastMeesea. 1883. 
 Bored and communicated by Mb. T. Tiilet. 
 Good supply, but the water rather salt. 
 Pipes carried 7 feet into the Chalk. 
 
 [Alluvium, r Bed Clay - 
 
 37 feet.] "i Black silt - 
 
 [? Gravel] / Stone, with brackish water 
 
 L Pebbles, ' ' supposed old beach " 
 [London Clay ?] Bed clay - - ■' . ' 
 
 [Beading Beds, / Green sand, very hard 
 60 feet.] 1. Black clay - 
 
 Chalk 
 
 To Chalk 
 
 Fbet. 
 15 
 22 
 1^ 
 14 
 15 
 30 
 30 
 
 115 
 225 
 
 340 
 
 Feinton. For Walton water-supply, 1879. About half a mile N.W. of 
 
 ; the church. 
 
 Communicated by Me. P. Beuff, C.E. 
 
 88 feet above low water. 
 
 Shaft 51 feet 4 inches, the rest bored. Water brackish. 
 
 {Brickearth - . . . 
 
 Sybrickearth- -" '. I 
 
 Sand ..... 
 
 ("Light-coloured olay - . . 
 
 [London Clay, J- Dark clay, with two layers of stone 
 98 feet.] | [septaria] 6 and 16 inches thick, in 
 . , lower half 
 "Sand with pebbles* 
 Bed clay with sandy veins 
 Plastic clay 
 Black sand 
 [Beading Beds, J Light-coloured sand 
 81 feet.] ) Plastic clay 
 Bed clay - 
 I Green sand 
 I Clayey greensand 
 LMints 
 
 ■El 
 
 c.In. 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 64 
 
 4 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 Chalk. Two flint layers passed through 
 
 To Chalk 192 4 
 - 254 
 
 446 4 
 
 Boring said to have been continued to a depth of about 500 feet. 
 
 * This bed may be the basement-bed of the London Clay, or it may belong to the 
 Oldhaven Beds, 
 
 H 2 
 
no 
 
 GEOLOGY OF IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 WaIiTON-on-ITaze. At the back of East Terrace, 1882. 
 
 About 3 feet above high water of spring tides. 
 
 Commanicated by Messks. J. Waknek and Sons. 
 
 Old shaft 20 feet, the rest bored. 
 
 Water first got at 60 feet, and it rose to 4 feet in the shaft. At 140 feet 
 the supply was somewhat increased, and rose another foot. The water- 
 level varies about 3 feet, with the tide. The chalt, to the depth of about 
 20 feet, very soft and saturated with water, and it yielded water more or 
 less throughout. 
 
 [London Clay, 
 ? 99 feet.] 
 
 Brickearth (and soil) - . . - 
 
 Dark clay, a foot shingly at 25 feet 
 
 Light- coloured sandy clay 
 
 Dark clay, with layer of septaria and 
 
 layer of cement-stone 
 Grrey sand with water (saltish, rose 
 
 4 feet in well) 
 Dark clay, with a foot layer of flint peb' 
 bles at 70 feet, fragment of bivalve 
 at 80 feet 
 Light-coloured mottled clay 
 Light-coloured loamy clay 
 Light-coloured, mottled clay 
 [Reading Beds,] J Dark brown sandy clay 
 23 feet.] ] Greenish sandy clay 
 
 Dark brown mottled clay 
 Dark brown clay 
 _Grreenish mottled clay - 
 
 Feet. 
 ? 8 (or less ?^ 
 27 
 1 
 
 24 
 
 44 
 2 
 6 
 3 
 4 
 1 
 2 
 1 
 4 
 
 To Chalk 130 
 (■ Grey discoloured chalk with layers . of 
 Chalk, 240 feet < flints - - - - - 2 
 
 L Soft white chalk with occasional flints 238 
 
 370 
 
 The following MS. note, by the late John Bkown (of Stanway), may refer 
 to the well made for the late Mr. Warner, of which Messrs. Warner have 
 no account, except that it was 360 feet deep, and in the garden of No. 1, 
 East Terrace. On a drawing of the coast-section, which this note 
 accompanied, it is stated that the Chalk "had been reached by boring at 
 130 fest." For note and drawing I am indebted to my colleague Mk. 
 H. B. Woodward. ' • 
 
 Feet. 
 fBlue clay, with vegetables and remains 
 
 [? Alluvium 1 of goat . ... - 4 
 and Brickearth,-^ Oysters, Buccinmn undatwm, Troehi, 
 
 26 feet.] Myiilm [a, bed ot aheUs] - - 2 
 
 [_Till with fossil mammalia - - 20 
 
 London Clay [including Beading Beds] . . ". 100 
 
 To Upper Chalk, with Foraminifera 126 
 
WELL-SECTIONS. Ill 
 
 2. SUiTOLK. 
 
 AssiNGTON. Vicarage. 
 
 Sunk and communicated by Mb. Kingsbtjiiy, of Boxford, as also were the 
 other Assington wells (from memory).— F. J. B. 
 Gravelly soil .... 10 Feet. 
 Stony yellow [Boulder] Clay, no water - 60 „ 
 Another well, S. of the above :^ 
 
 Stony yellow clay ' - - - 40 Feet. 
 
 Pebbles and blowing sand to water - 3 ,, 
 
 Assington. Dillack's Farm. 
 
 Water rose to surface. 
 Stony yellow clay - 18 Feet. 
 Sandy clay - - 1 ,, 
 
 Assington. Lane Farm. 
 
 Chalky [Boulder] clay - 30 Feet. 
 Sandy clay - - 10 ,, 
 
 Blowing sand and pebbles 1 ,, 
 
 To water 41 „ 
 
 Assington Stbeet. 
 
 Yellow clay - 30 Feet. 
 Shingle, to water 2 ,, 
 
 Belsteas. 
 
 Rev. W. B. Claeke, Trwns. Geol. Soc., ser. 2., vol. v., p. 380. 
 
 Stiff loam - 15 Feet. 
 
 . Crag[?] - 35 „ 
 
 Bentlet Hall. Same authority, p. 381. 
 
 Sand - 20 Feet. 
 Crag - 10 „ 
 
 BoxroBD. West of Church (Mr. Kingsbury's House). 
 
 Sunk and communicated (from memory) by Mr. Kingsbury, as also 
 the other Boxford wells. — F. J. B. 
 
 Chalky clay, not bottomed, no water - 75 feet. 
 
 BoxEOBD (Dr. Gurdon's), 50 yards S. of the Church. 
 
 Chalky [Boulder] clay, auger dropped and water rose to surface, 
 
 40 Feet. 
 
 BoxFOBD (E. of Eectory, between road and stream). 
 Boggy soil, to chalk, no water - 35 Feet. 
 
 BoxioED Brewery. 
 
 G-ravel - - - 16 Feet. 
 
 ? Boulder clay - - 2 ,, 
 
 Blue and green clay • 30 „ 
 
 To Chalk 48 „ 
 Chalk • • • 6 „ 
 
 ~54 „ 
 
112 GEOLOGY OP IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 BoxpoRD Brewery. 
 
 Another acconnt or another well. 
 
 Fbbt. 
 Gfravel - - - - 12 
 
 Sand f ^ , - - 7 
 
 Light-colored clay - - 7 
 
 Beddish-brown clay - " ^ 
 
 Dark greenish sandy clay - 3 
 Blue day - - - 3 
 
 ToOhalk 35 
 Ohalk - - - - 10 
 
 45 
 
 OAPEt St. Ma by. 
 Eev. W. B. OiABKE, Trans. Geol. Boo., ser.,2, vol. v., p. 381. 
 
 Diluvial [Boulder] clay 45 I'bet. 
 Crag samd - , - 40 „ 
 
 Oqmock. 
 Eev. W. B. Gi.aske, Trame. Geol. SoO/., ser. 2, vol. v., p. 380. 
 
 Diluvial [Boulder] clay 15 I'eet.' 
 Sand - - - 45 „ 
 
 COTTS TtE KxlS (S.W. of BJEESET).— P. J. B. 
 
 Stiff loam - 30 Feet. 
 Blue clay - 30 ,, 
 
 Another account divides the upper bed into yellow loam, 15 Feet, and 
 chalky clay (P white clay), 15 Feet. 
 
 DOEKING TtE, S.W. of ASSINGTOK. 
 
 Sunk and communicated (frqin memory) by Mb. KnrGSBUET.— F. J. B. 
 
 Boulder clay - - - 60 Feet. 
 
 Blowing sand aiid pebbles - 2 ,, 
 
 Bast Beegholt. The Eeotory. 
 
 Eev. W. B. Claeke, Trans. Geol. 8oo., ser. 2, vol. v., p. 371. 
 
 Febt. 
 Earth[soil] ....... 2 
 
 Eed gravel - - -- - - -4 
 
 London /Tellow clay growing darker [lower down?] - 20 
 
 Clay. \ Blue clay with selenite - - - - 97 
 
 Black earth - - - - - - 3 
 
 (a) Ohalk ...... 50 
 
 (a) Upper green sand, greenish eand, and blackish 
 
 earth - ■: . - - - - 4 
 
 180 
 
 (a) P Can these two beds belong to the ^Heading Series. " Chalk " being 
 marly clay, and the "green sand" bottom-bed; it cannot of course be 
 Upper Greensand. — W. W. 
 
WELL-SKCTIONS. 1 I 3 
 
 Bast Bebgholt, Arnold's. 
 Eev. W. B. CiABKE, Tram. Geol. 8oe., ser. 2, toI. v., p. 371. 
 
 Gravel - - - 3 Feet. 
 
 Loam, grayej, and sand 11 ,, 
 Clay - - r i „ 
 
 To sand and water 14J_„ 
 
 Bdwaudsion Ham. 
 
 Sunk and communicated' (from memory) by Mb. Tbiceeb, as also were the 
 two following.— P. J. B. 
 
 Loam - - 10 Feet. 
 
 Black clay - 40 „ 
 
 Sand and gravel 14 „ 
 
 EswABssTON Lodge. Same as the above. 
 
 Edwakdstott, Quick's Farm. 
 
 Chalky [Boulder] clay - 20 Feet. 
 Black clay - - 40 „ 
 
 Sand and gravel - 4 „ 
 
 Edwabdstos,. MiU G-reen, east of the church. 
 Sunk and communicated (from memory) by Mb. KJorGSBUBY of Bozford. 
 
 — F.J.B. 
 
 Boulder clay - 20 Feet. 
 Sand and gravel 24 ,, 
 
 Elusett. 
 
 Sunk and communicated by Messes. BEmoztT, of Ipswich. 
 
 Old well - 60 Feet. 
 
 Clay and marl - 24 „ 
 
 Fine sand - 47j ,, 
 
 Loam and flints l| ,, 
 
 To Chalk 133 „ 
 Chalk 59. „ 
 
 "192 „ 
 
 BliMSETT. 
 
 Eev. W. B. CiABKE, Trans. Oeol. 8oc., ser. 2, vol. v., p. 380. 
 Diluvial [Boulder] clay 10 Feet. 
 Sand - - - 46 ,, 
 
 EiiMSETT Gbeen, half a mile "W. of, at Poplar HaU. 
 
 Sunk and communicated (from memory) by Mb. Teickeb of Edwardston. 
 
 — F. J. B. 
 
 Chalky [Boulder] clay - 30 Feet. 
 Chalk .^ - , - 49 „. 
 
114 GEOLOGY OF IPSWIOH, ETC. 
 
 Felixstow. Opposite the Eailway Station. 1883 ? 
 
 Borings made and communicated by Messks. Bennett, of Ipswich, 
 
 No. 1. No water got. 
 
 Topsoil, mould, &c. 
 
 fOlay - 
 I Dark loam 
 
 [London Clay] ^ ^^l 
 
 ' [ Dark loam 
 'i Septaria 
 
 Feet. 
 10 
 
 . , . . - 18 
 
 - 2 
 
 - 6 
 
 - 1 
 
 ' - - - over 1 
 
 Loiay [? partly clay of the Reading Beds] - 31^ 
 
 {Dark sandy loam - - - - la 
 
 Light-coloured sandy loam - - - 82 
 
 92 
 
 No. 2.— Not more than 50 yards from No. 1. Water got from the sand, 
 enough to supply a -i-inch jump, with 2-inch iron suction-pipe, which 
 was kept at work for some hours. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Top soil -..--- 7 
 London Clay [and clay of the Beading Beds] - 65 
 
 C Dark sandy loam - - 3^ 
 
 [ReadingBeds] -I Mottled clay - - -25 
 
 L Light-coloured sand - - 1 
 
 Flowton. 
 
 Rev. W. B. Clahke, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. v., p. 380. 
 
 Diluvial clay - 90 Feet. 
 Chalk - - 4 „ 
 
 " At Flowton Hall, clay 94 feet." 
 
 G-EEAT WaLDINGKELD. 
 
 Communicated by Dr. J. S. Holden, of Sudbury. (1877.) 
 
 Feet. 
 Boulder clay - - - - - • -25 
 
 Sand - - - - - - - - -J 
 
 Shell -mud, with. Bithmia tentwyalata, Cyclas, IdwncBa peregra, 
 Planorhis aJbtis, and other shells, besides fragments of. 
 wood ; plenty of water - - - - - 10 
 
 JSh 
 
 There is some doubt as to the clay being Boulder Clay, from the occur- 
 rence beneath of a freshwater bed unlike anything known to occur beneath 
 that clay in the district, but like what might be found above it. Perhaps 
 there may have been some mistake in the information given to Dr. Holden. , 
 
 (W. W.) 
 
 Another well, 400 or 500 yards off, is in Chalk at a depth of 35 feet. 
 
 GrKOTON Place. 
 Sunk and communicated (from memory) by Me. Tbickeb, of Edwardston ; 
 
 F. J. B. 
 
 Boulder clay - 30 Feet. 
 Sand and gravel 12 ,, 
 
 Gkoion. Casilings Heath. 
 Sunk and communicated by Mu. Kingsbury, of Boxford. — F. J. B. 
 
 Boulder clay - 100 feet. 
 Chalk, to water 20 >, 
 
Well -SECTIONS. 
 
 115 
 
 GrROTON. Gosling Green. 
 
 Sunk and communicated (from memory) by Me. Tbickeb, as also the 
 
 next.— F.J.B. 
 
 Boulder clay - 20 Feet. 
 Black clay - 20 „ 
 
 Sand and gravel- 24 „ 
 
 64 
 
 Gbotok. Gosling's (P Oastling's) Heath or Gosling Green ?. 
 
 Stiff yellow loam - 40 Feet. 
 
 Bed ssiud - - 10 ,, 
 
 White sand - - 10 „ 
 
 Pebbly sand, with water 6 „ 
 
 Hadleigh. 1827. (Two wells.) 
 Eev. W. B. Ciabke, Trcms. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. v., p. 372. 
 
 — 
 
 A. On a Level 
 
 with the 
 
 Eiver. 
 
 B. 
 
 Gravel - 
 Blue clay 
 Chalk - 
 
 Feet. 
 12 
 90 
 28 
 
 Feet. 
 
 70 
 30 
 
 130 
 
 100 
 
 Hadleigh. Bailway Station. 
 
 Sunk and communicated (from memory) by Mk. Peitit, of Hadleigh, as 
 also are the next two sections, — F.J.B. 
 
 Water rose 4 feet. 
 
 Sandy loam 
 
 Boulder clay 
 
 Dark green clayey sand 
 
 Blowing sand and pebbles 
 
 12 Feet. 
 8 „ 
 
 13 „ 
 
 — " 
 "I7 „ 
 
 Hadleigh. Frog Hall, E. of the town. 
 
 Boulder clay - - - 14 Feet. 
 
 Sand and gravel - - 8 ,, 
 
 Fine white sand (not bottomed) 32 ,, 
 
 jT „ 
 
 Hadleigh. Coram Street, about a mile westward of the town. 
 
 Boulder clay ■ • - 36 Feet. 
 
 Sand . - ■ ■ 12 „ 
 
 To black pebbles and water - 47 „ 
 
11€ GEOLOGT OF IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 Hableigh. Pond Hall, in straw-yard, li miles S. of E. of the Railway- 
 Station.— F.J.B. 
 
 Gravel, to w;at'er, always tepid - 16 Feei. 
 
 Haveegaie Island. Marshes E. of Boyton. 
 
 Ret, W. B. Ci^abee, Trams. Geol. Son., ser. 2, vol. v., p. 383. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 r Blue clay, with the nstial rocky concretions 
 London Clay -j [septaria] - - - - 80 
 
 LEock, 2 irtches [BaseHieni-bed]. 
 Sand [Beading Beds] - - - - - - 20 
 
 (Same Authority.) 
 
 Loamy soil - 6 Pbbt. 
 Crag - - 44 „ 
 
 HiGHAM HrtL, Mr. Harris". 
 
 Eev. W. B. Claee3, IViMis. Oeol.Boe., ser. 2, vol. v., p. 373. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 [Drift and rCraver - - r . - - - 10 
 
 PCrag.] ISand ,, - - - - - 20 
 
 London Clay - - - - - - -10 
 
 To sand, with water strongly impregnated with sulphur, and 
 useless - - - - - - -40 
 
 Hinileshau:. 
 
 (Same Authority p. 380.) 
 
 Diluvial [Boulder] clay 15 I'eet. 
 Sand with gravel -21 „ 
 
 HOLTON. 
 
 (Same Authority, p. 373.) 
 
 ,^ Feet. 
 
 1. The Hall. Diluvial [Boulder] clay and chalk stones - 40 
 
 2. Baotory. „ ■ „ „ u .42 
 
WELL-SECTIONS. 117 
 
 Ipsvich. Cliff Brewery, Messrs'. Oobbold's. 
 
 Sunk and communicated by Messrs. Bennett, of Ipswich. 
 
 Water rises to nearly 13 feet below the surface at high water. Supply 
 
 2 barrels a minute. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Depth of old boring, just on to the Chalk - - "[7 
 
 ? To Chalk - 34 
 
 Chalk. No flints met with. At a depth of about 175 feet 
 loose chalk, full of small nodules, was found, and a few 
 feet lower a tougher chalk, like pipe-clay - - - 166 
 
 200 
 
 Ipswich. Henley Eoad (highest part of Ipswich) for Mr. T. N. Fonnerau. 
 Sunk and communicated by Messes. Bennett, of Ipswich. 
 Water-level, 125 feet down. 
 
 Feet. 
 Depth of well [Drift, Crag, and London Clay, probably] 70 
 
 [London Clay] {g-^-S^^ l { l % 
 
 Loamy sand [P Oldhaven Beds] - 6 
 
 Dry red sand - - - 6 
 
 ■< Eunning sand - - - - 19 
 
 *Dark greenish clay - - -62 
 
 _*Dark green clay, and flints - 1 
 
 [Beaming Beds, 
 37J feet.] 
 
 To Chalk 1364 
 Chalk .---..--- 1134 
 
 250 
 
 * In this, and other sections, the green beds above the Chalk may belong 
 to the Thanet Beds. 
 
 Ipswich. Orwell Works. Ransome, Sims, & Co. 
 Sunk and communicated by Messrs.- Bennett. 
 6 feet cylinders for 30 feet, the rest bored. 
 Water rose to within 11 feet of the surface. Good supply. 
 Made earth [? including alluvium or gravel] - about 30 Feet. 
 Chalk - „ 143 „ 
 
 173 „ 
 
 Ipswich. St. Peter's Iron Works (Messrs. Turner), by the water-side. 
 Sunk and communicated by Messes. Bennett, of Ipswich. 
 Water rises to within 9 feet of the surface. Supply good. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Depth of well [made ground and alluvium probably] 16 
 
 River Drift, shingle and sand - - - - 17f 
 
 ["Blue loamy sand ... Hi 
 
 [P Drift over J Sharp sand - - - - 4 
 
 37 feet.] | Sand/ and marl or chalk-stone - 16 
 
 iOlay 6 
 
 To Chalk 70 
 Chalk -..---- 62 
 
 132 
 
118 
 
 GEOLOCJf 01* IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 Ipswich. St. Peter's Quay, New Mill (Messrs. Cranfield's), just E. of the 
 
 last. 1883. 
 
 Sunk anJ communicated by Messes. Bennett, of Ipswich. 
 
 Shaft 11 feet, the rest bored. 
 
 An excellent supply of water, rising to about 8 feet from the surface. 
 
 Ft. Ins. 
 Mixed soil [made ground, &c.] ... 
 pClean shingle . - . 
 
 Coarse loam and chalk-stones . 
 Loam - - , - 
 
 Stiff ligbt-colonred clay 
 Red loam ... 
 
 Very fine white loam - 
 Dark loam ... 
 
 Clay .... 
 Loam .... 
 iFine loamy sand 
 Clay . - 
 
 Loamy sand, coarse for top 14 feet, the 
 
 rest finer ... 
 Clay . ... 
 
 Dark loamy sand 
 Boulder clay, stiff, of a light-slate. 
 
 colour, full of chalk.stones and large 
 
 flints - 
 Coarse light.coloured sand, and shells ■ 
 Fine light-coloured sand 
 Shingle and Band 
 Light-coloured loam 
 Broken-np septaria (6 inches) and 
 
 boulder clay (as above) 
 Red loamy sand 
 Light-coloured running sand . 
 
 [These beds seem to 
 be Drift, which 
 must fill a deep 
 hollow in the 
 Chalk here, that' 
 rock coming to a 
 mucli higher level 
 on all sides.] 
 
 11 
 4 
 1 
 1 
 6 
 1 
 5 
 
 10 
 2 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 4 
 1 
 4 
 
 Chalk 
 
 127 
 81 
 
 To Chalk 
 
 Ipswich. The Union (Stoke). 
 
 Sunk and communicated by Messes. Bennett. 
 
 Water salt. 
 
 To Chalk - about 60 feet. 
 
 In „ - „ 300 „ , 
 
 360 
 
 Ipswich. Waterworks (St. Clement's). 
 Well, 17 feet, then a 12-inch bore. Supply abundant. 
 To Chalk - 27 feet. 
 
 
 9 
 7 
 6 
 
 6 
 6 
 3 
 6 
 3 
 6 
 4 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 208 
 
 Keesey. 
 Bev. W. B. Clarke, Trans. Qeol. Sfoc. ser. 2, vol. v., p. 374. 
 Diluvial clay, sandy [P at bottom] - 75 feet. 
 
WELL-SKCTIONS. 
 
 119 
 
 KiETON. Rectory, 1876. 
 
 About 66 feet above Ordnance Datum. 
 
 Sunk and communicated by Messks. Bennett, of Ipswich. 
 
 Good supply of pure water to within 64 feet of the surface. 
 
 [London Clay, 
 
 llOHeet.] 
 
 of rock, marked 
 
 [Beading Beds, 
 444 feet.] ' 
 
 Chalk 
 
 Depth of well, in brown clay (the rest 
 bored) 
 
 Brown clay 
 
 Rock [septaria] ■ 
 
 Clay - 
 
 Rock [septaria] - 
 
 Clay 
 
 Rook [septaria] - 
 
 Clay [a specimen 
 98 feet] - 
 
 Dark loam [a specimen of brown clay, 
 
 . .marked 110 feet, i.e. just below this] 
 
 [fiasement-bed P] stones and loamy 
 gravel .... 
 
 "^ine loamy sand 
 
 MixeJ clay, light.ooloured and dark 
 [a specimen of brown mottled clay, 
 marked 115 feet] 
 
 Soft rock or marl . - > 
 
 Blue clay, streaked with red [specimens 
 of brown mottled clay, grey and red 
 mottle'd sandy clay, grey mottled 
 sandy clay, and red and grey mottled 
 clay, marked 120, 133, 135, and 137 
 feet] - . . . . 
 
 Red loam [specimens of red and grey 
 mottled clay, and brown clay, marked 
 139 and l47 feet] 
 
 Green clay streaked with grey [speci. 
 mens of green sandy clay and green 
 sandy clay mottled brown (2), marked 
 151, 153, and 155 feet 
 
 To Chalk 
 
 Ft. Ins. 
 
 - 16 
 
 
 
 - 52 
 
 
 
 - 1 
 
 1 
 
 - 14 
 
 11 
 
 - 1 
 
 1 
 
 nearly 5 
 
 11 
 
 . 1 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 5 
 
 155 
 48 
 
 20 6 
 
 12 6 
 
 203 
 
 Lasdguabb or Langeb, Pom. 1881-1384. 
 ll"14 feet abore Ordnance Datum. 
 
 From a drawing and specimens, communicated by Lieut.-Col. B. 
 
 Bbine, R.E. 
 
 Cylinders to 58 feet, the rest bored. 
 
 Very salt water at 227| feet, suddenly rose to 9 feet below the surface 
 of the ground. 
 
 Ft. Ins. 
 
 Sand and shingle. Pieces of septaria at over 36i, and 
 
 over 464 feet. Piece of calcareous tufa? at nearly 
 
 44 feet. Pieces of calcareous sandstone at over 464, 
 
 and at 48 feet. Firm irony sand at 47 feet - . 47 8 
 
 Clay, shingle and pieces of stone [cement-stones from 
 
 the London Clay] • - ' - - - 2 3 
 
 Hard sandstone (cement-stones, partly reddish and 
 sandy) .'- - - - - -19 
 
120 GEOLOGY OF IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 Ft. Ims. 
 
 Loamy clay, intermixed 'with sandstone. Specimens of 
 brown clay, sandy clay, clayey sand, and sand ? partly 
 hardened, and calcareous. Hard calcareous sandy 
 stone at 54 feet - - - - - -28 
 
 Stiff clay. Specimen of calcareous sandy stone at 
 54^ feet (just at tlie top), the others brown and grey 
 clay - - - - - - - 2 1 
 
 Loam, with some pieces of stone. Specimen of brown 
 and grey clay just at top, and of brown sandy clay at 
 over 61 feet - - - - '■- - 4 10 
 
 Stiff clay. Specimens ; at 64i and 67 feet, dark brown 
 and . reddish clay ; at 78 feet blackish and grey, clay, 
 slightly n^ottled brown; at 86 feet green, red, and 
 purple clayey SEtnd ; at 865 feet green, clayey sand, 
 partly brownish ; at 87^ feet red, and green clayey 
 sand or sandy clay ; at 88^ feet purple and greenish 
 ,sandy clay ; at 91 feet green sandy clay, with small 
 green-coated flints - - - - - 
 
 Flints. Specimens large and green-coated 
 
 . 30 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 S 
 
 92 
 
 6 
 
 115 
 
 
 
 . 228 
 
 
 
 76 
 
 6 
 
 To Ohalk 
 Soft [P from water] white chalk with flints 
 Hard blooky white chalk with flints 
 Soft white chalk with flints ... 
 
 Knotty (P concretionary) white chalk, with flints - "1 qo a 
 
 Hard white chalk, with flints - - ^ - - J 
 
 Ohalk [specimen of grey flaky chalk, probably from a 
 marly layer, at 801 feet, and of white chalk at 805-9 
 feet] - . - ... 215 
 
 809 
 
 It seems as if the London Clay ends with the loam, at 61J feet, the 
 Heading Beds beginning with the stiff clay below, and being therefore 
 31i feet thick. 
 
 An earlier attempt (1877) at a distance of over 50 feet gave a slightly 
 different section, and brackish water was then got at 109 feet, rose to 
 about 9 feet below the surface, and was inexhaustible. The information, 
 additional to thfe above, given by this well was as follows — 
 
 Feet. 
 Shingle and sand, with fresh water ... 441 
 
 London Olay. Specimens of rather sandy brown clay at 
 
 73 and 80 feet. Dark brown sandy clay at bottom - 385 
 Reading Beds. Specimens ; brown sandy clay with a 
 tinge of green at 885 and 84i feet ; brown greenish 
 and reddish sandy clay at 85 ; greenish and reddish 
 sandy clay at 87; the like, stiffer, at 88; green and 
 brown (or red) sandy clay at 89 - - - - 10 
 
 To Chalk 93 
 Ohalk, with broken flints (some green-coated) at the top - 93 (Pmore). 
 Judging by the later well, from which better specimens were got, the 
 division between the London Olay and the Beading Beds should be 
 higher. 
 
 Leaienheath. The Hare and Hounds. 
 
 Sunk and communicated (from memory) by Mk. Kingsbub,t, of Boxford 
 
 F. J. B. 
 
 LSam - - 6 Feet. 
 
 Sand and gravel - 40 „ 
 
WJiLL-SEOTIONS. 121 
 
 MlLDEN. W. of the church. 
 Sunk and communicated (from memory) by Me. Kingsbury. — F. J. B. 
 
 Boulder clay - 12 Feet. 
 Sand *. - 12 „ 
 
 To Chalk 24 „ 
 Chalk - - 80 „ 
 
 Monks Elbigh [probably on the higher ground]. 
 
 Rev. "W. B. CiiAekb, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. v., p. 374. 
 
 Diluvial [Boulder] clay to chalk - 62 Feet. 
 
 Newton. Eogers' Farm, a mile N.E. of the village. 
 
 Sunk and communicated by Mb. Kingsbtjey. — F. J. B. 
 
 Chalky clay - 40 Feet. 
 
 Sand and gravel - 16 ,, 
 
 OEroBD Maeshes. About 2^0 yards N.W. of High Light Bridge. Just 
 beyond the edge of Sheet 48, N.E. For Lord Bendlesham, 1879. 
 About 6 feet above Ordnance Datum. 
 
 Sunk and communicated by Messes. Bennett, of Ipswich. 
 
 A good supply of water (brackish) rises 14 inches above the surface. 
 
 [Alluvium, 20 f Light [coloured] Ooze 
 
 feet.] I Brown Ooze 
 
 White [bluish shelly deoxidised Bed] Crag 
 relay 
 
 [London Clay, j ^fP*^™ " 
 
 Brown clay 
 
 Loamy sand [? Basement-bed] 
 "Mottled sand 
 
 Green sand and loam 
 
 Dark clay, hard and dry - 
 
 Mottled red and green clay 
 _^Green clay and brown flints 
 
 106f feet.]" 
 
 [Beading Beds 
 421 feet] "^ 
 
 Ft. 
 
 Ins 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 67 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 To Chalk - 179 2 
 Chalk ' 55 10 
 
 235 
 
 PoLSTEAD. Burnt House Farm, 1^ miles E. of the village. 
 
 Sunk and communicated (from memory) by Mb. Kingsbuey, as also was 
 the following section. — F. J. B. 
 Chalky clay - 10 Feet. 
 
 Sand and gravel - 45 „ 
 
 PoLSTEAD Heath. The Shoulder of Mutton. 
 
 Stony loam- - - 15 Feet. 
 
 Chalky clay - - - 25 „ 
 
 Fine buff sand, to water - 30 „ 
 
 ~70 „ 
 
122 
 
 GEOLOGY OF IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 Eaydon Woqdhouse. 
 Sunk and communicated (from memory) by Mr. WEtLUM, of Eaydon. — 
 
 F. J. B. 
 Chalky clay . - - - 30 Feet. 
 
 Ked Sand (? Crag)- to water - 12 „ 
 
 EUSHMEKE. 
 
 Rev. W. B. OiiBKE, Trans. Geol. Sob., ser. 2, vol. v., p. 382. 
 
 Loam - 14 Feet. 
 
 Crag sand - 52 ,, 
 
 Semeb. Eectory. 
 Sunk and communicated by Mb. Pettii, of Hadleigh. — F.-J. B. 
 Chalky clay - 10 Feet. 
 
 Sand and gravel - 10 ,, 
 
 To Chalk 
 Chalk 
 
 20 
 10 
 
 The Bev. W. B. Olakke notes a well at Semer as gravel 60 feet, and 
 chalk 22 feet. (Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. v., p. 374.) 
 
 Shotley. Fison's Brickyard. 1883. 
 
 Made and communicated by Messes. Beknett, of Ipswich. 
 
 Well 17 feet, the rest bored. 
 
 Water rises to within 15J feet of the surface, not quite pure in quality. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 [Red Crag?] - 
 
 [London Clay,] 
 8 feet.] 
 
 Loose sand .... 
 Dark loam .... 
 Clay - . . . . 
 
 [? Basement-bed] r Light coloured blowing 
 (or P trace of Old- < sand - 
 
 haven beds.) [ Small pebbles - 
 
 Blowing sand 
 
 Dark blue clay •: 
 
 Light-blue clay 
 
 Light-coloured loamy sand 
 
 Mottled clay - 
 
 Blue clay 
 
 Mottled clay - 
 
 [Reading Beds,^a,l°X 
 
 45 feet.] 
 
 Light-colonred sand 
 Green loamy sand - 
 Dark brown loam 
 Bright yellow sand - 
 Mottled sand or loam 
 Mottled clay - 
 Green clay - 
 _ Green clay and brown flints 
 
 Chalk 
 
 17 
 
 2 
 
 , 1 
 
 3^ 
 
 U 
 
 12^ 
 
 2 
 
 Si 
 
 44 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 Q 
 
 U 
 1 
 
 n 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 H 
 
 To Chalk 70 
 - 30 
 
 100 
 
 Stoke-by-Nayland. In the villager 
 Sunk and communicated (from memory) by Me. Kingsbukyi— F. J. 
 Brick earth - 5 Feet. 
 
 Sand and gravel - 64 „ 
 
 B. 
 
WELL-SECTIONS. 
 
 123 
 
 Waideingfield. Cement Works, by the Eiver Deben, just N. of the Bush 
 
 Inn. 1881. 
 
 About 8 feet above Ordnance f)atum. 
 Sunk and communicated by Messrs. Bennett, of Ipswich. 
 An excellent supply of good water, rising to within 7 feet of the surface. 
 
 Feet. 
 [? Alluvium.] Deprth of [old] well - - 9 
 
 [WonCkyP] { JisJ^E-coloured] loam _ - J 
 
 TDark loam - - - 2 
 
 Blue clay - - - 9 
 
 I Mottled clay - - - 2 
 
 nj=oJ™™T!«j=i J Clreensand - - - 6 
 
 [BeadingBedsJ-^ Qjg^y _ _ _ g 
 
 Light [-coloured] loamy sand - 1 
 
 Clay - ... -5 
 
 _GTeen clay and brown flints - 1 
 
 Chalk 
 
 To Chalk 63 
 - 62 
 
 125 
 
 It is difficult to make out the division between the London Clay and 
 the Eeading Beds. 
 
 Walton. G-arrison Springs. 
 
 Communicated by Liettt.-Coi.. B. Brine, B.E. 
 
 Water-leyel 18 inches above H. W. M. Good supply. Water good, but 
 hard. 
 
 Feet. 
 London Clay, with hard septaria at 36J feet (13 inches) and 
 
 at 51i feet (12 inches) "-■-•- - -70 
 
 Dark loam [? Basement-bed] - - - - - 1| 
 
 Running sand [? Beading Beds] - - - - 1^ 
 
 73 
 
 Westekpield. Brewery. 
 Sunk and communicated by Messrs. Bennett, of Ipswich. 
 Water-level about 105 feet down. Supply good. 
 
 [Drift.] 
 
 [Drift and 
 Crag?] 
 
 [London 
 Clay ?] 
 
 [Eeading 
 
 Beds, 
 
 30 feet.] 
 
 Chalk 
 
 f Clay and marl [? Boulder Clay] 
 
 L Stone and coarse sand 
 
 f Clean coarse sand 
 
 I Fine sand 
 
 I Kne grey sand 
 ■^ Kne sand 
 Pine loamy sand 
 Fine running sand - 
 Bed ininning sand 
 / Brown clay - - 
 \ London- Clay - 
 
 ("Mottled red clay 
 J Light [-coloured] clay 
 1 Light [-coloured] loamy sand 
 
 L Green clay and brown flints 
 
 To Chalk 
 
 Feet. 
 9 
 6 
 12 
 7 
 3 
 2 
 i 
 
 11 
 1 
 
 24 
 8 
 9 
 8 
 5 
 
 107 
 
 80 
 
 187 
 
 E 14651. 
 
124 GEOLOGY OF IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 Whatfield. The Hall. 
 
 Sunk and communicated (from memory) by Mb, Pettit, of Hadleigh.-— 
 
 y. 3. B. 
 Chalky [Boulder] Clay - 60 Feet. 
 Chalk - - - 41 „ 
 
 A well here is noted by the Ebv. W. B. Olabke {Trans. Geol. 8oe., ser. 2 
 vol. v., p. 374) as through 40 feet of the Clay and 66 of Chalk. 
 
 Wheestbad. 
 
 Rev. W. B. Clakke, Trans. Oeol. 8oe., ser. 2, vol. v., p. 382. 
 
 Gravel - 3 Feet. 
 Clay - 6 ,, 
 Crag - 40 ,, 
 
 Whitton. Sparrow's Nest, 2 miles N. of Ipswich. 1876. 
 
 Sunk and communicated by Messes. BENKEOsr, of Ipswich. 
 
 Water rose to within 105 feet of the surface. 
 
 Feet. 
 fDepfcb of old well - 48 
 
 Clay (blue) - - 24 
 
 [Drift and J Sand (fine) - - 1 
 
 ? trace of <^ Blue clay - - 214 
 
 Heading Beds.] g---d .- .' f 
 
 (_Hard rocky substance - s 
 
 To Chalk 107 
 Chalk - 293 
 
 400 
 
 WlILIAMS TyE GrEEEN, S.W. of KeESEY. 
 
 Sunk and communicated (from memory) by Mk. Kingsbuky, of Boxford, 
 and froni observation.— F. J. B. 
 
 Fbet. 
 Stony yellow clay - - - - - - 15 
 
 Very dark Boulder Clay, containing a piece of wood very 
 little altered - - - - - - - 29 
 
 Tough, green, sandy clay - - ■ - - 2 
 
 Shingle --------5 
 
 Boulder Clay -..-... 10 
 Brown sand, to water - - - - • - 2 
 
 63 
 
 Williams Tye G-eeen. Marsh Farm, close by the above. 
 
 Sunk and communicated (from memory) by Me. KiNesBUEY, of' 
 
 Boxford.— F. J. B. 
 Stiff yellow stony clay - 45 Feet. 
 Sand - - - 10 „ 
 
 Petoly sand, to water - 6 , , 
 
 ~61 ., 
 
WELL-SECTIONS. 
 
 125 
 
 WOOLVEKSTONE. 
 
 Eev. W. B. Olakke, Trans. Geol. 8oe., ser. 2, vol. v., p. 381. 
 
 Soil - - 1 Feet. 
 
 Clay, with water 30 ,, 
 
 To London Clay 31 „ 
 
 Tte following borings, just north of our district, were made after the 
 publication of the Memoir descriptive of that neighbourhood (Sheet 50, 
 S.W. of the G-eological Survey Map), and an account of them is therefore 
 given here. 
 
 Lavenham. Bolton and Partners, Limited (between the Eailwav Station 
 and the Town). 1884. 
 
 Communicated by Col. Sib. F. Bolton, E.E. 
 
 Level of the ground 40 feet below that of the rails at the Station. 
 
 Shaft about 7 feet, the rest bored (with 18-inch cylinders 7 feet into the 
 Chalk). 
 
 Water-level in the Gravel 16 feet down, and at the same level in the 
 tube [from Chalk]. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 rainnlnl Drift- l/S*"'^*'^^S'^*^^l .... 60 
 
 L^'*"'^^ """--11. Flint drift 17 
 
 Chalk, 211 fe^t< 
 
 To Chalk 77 
 Soft chalk (water-bearing fissure at a depth l 
 
 of 174 feet) - - - - ^ 159 
 
 Hard chalk - . - - - J 
 
 Very hard chalk, with water at a depth of 
 
 258 feet, and with a flint.bed just below - 52 
 
 288 
 
 Stowmaeket. Messrs. Cobbold's Malting, about 100 yards W. of the 
 Railway Station. .1884. 
 
 Bored and communicated by Messes. Bennett, of Ipswich. 
 "Water rose to within 1 foot 9 inches of the surface, several feet above 
 the level of the river, near by. 
 
 Tabes driven 15J feet into the Chalk. 
 
 Depth of well [P old] .... 
 [Light-coloured clay 
 Light-colonred running sand 
 Light-coloured clay 
 Bunning sand - 
 
 [Drift and Crag ?] ^ Light-coloured loam 
 
 Very light-coloured Crag 
 Septaria - 
 Crag and sand - 
 _Grreen.coated flints 
 
 To Chalk 
 
 (^halk 
 
 Keet. 
 
 17 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 ^ 
 
 H 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 52i 
 110 
 
 I 2 
 
126 
 
 GEOLOGY OF IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 APPENDIX B.— TRIAL-BORINGS. (Supfolk.) 
 
 Oapbl. Trial-boring, in a field near to and N.W. of the Railway Station. 
 
 1876. 
 
 Made and communicated by Messes. Bennett, of Ipswich. 
 
 Febt. 
 
 - 14 
 
 ■ [Boulder] clay - 22 
 
 Loam - - 6 
 
 . White sand - - 2 
 
 30i 
 
 Subsoil - 
 [Glacial Drift?] 
 
 Ipswich. Doek Commission. Borings made at the Site of intended new 
 ~~ -Entrance Lock to the Dock (at its S.W. corner). 1878. - 
 
 Communicated by Mb. T. Miller, C.E. 
 
 These borings, all within a small area, serve to show the varying 
 character of the beds below the river, and the varying depth to the Chalk. 
 The accompanying plan, Pig. 27, "shows the positions of each boring, which 
 could not be well expressed in words ; but it should be remembered that 
 it also shows a former state of things, the new entrance having been 
 since niade. 
 
 "Fig. 27. 
 . Plan of Borings at the Sovihem Und of Ipswich Dock. 
 
 m t t I 1 1 lo 
 
 ■-^vt: 
 
BOEINGS. 127 
 
 1. About 1^ feet below Ordnance Datum. 
 
 £'eet. 
 
 Ooze and gravel 
 
 Sand and gravel - lO" 
 
 Sharp sand ; - - - 6 
 
 Chalk and Band - 2 
 
 To' Chalk 22^ 
 
 2. About 13f feet above Ordnance Datum. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Made ground and mixed gravel - - 13i 
 
 Peat U 
 
 Fine gravel, with dark sand at bottom - 6 
 Dark Drown clay - - - - 3 
 
 Dark brown loam - - - - 5i 
 
 Dark sand - - " . . - 2^ 
 
 Sand and gravel, chalky at bottom - 8^ 
 
 To Chalk 40J 
 
 3. About 4i feet above Ordnance Datum. 
 
 Made ground and mixed gravel 
 
 Ooze and gravel 
 
 Coarse gravel 
 
 Gravel and ooze 
 
 Fine gravel - 
 
 Sand . , - 
 
 Feet. 
 
 m 
 
 2 
 4, 
 3 
 3 
 
 2i 
 
 To Chalk, nearly 25 
 
 4. About 3 feet below Ordnance Datum. 
 
 Feet. 
 River mud, with gravel mixed in lower half 8 
 Gravel - - - - - - 2 
 
 To Chalk 10 
 
 6. Over 7 feet below Ordnance Datum. 
 
 Feet. 
 Ooze and gravel - 2 
 Sand and gravel - 7 
 
 To Chalk ' 9 
 
 6. Over 2 feet below Ordnance Datum. 
 
 Feet. 
 Ooze - - - 3 
 
 Peat - ... 1 
 
 Gravel and sand - '17 
 
 To Chalk 21 
 
 7. 13^ feet above Ordnance Datum. 
 
 Feet. 
 Made ground - - - 9 
 
 Ooze and fine gravel - - " - '^1 
 
 Gravel, with sand -at lower part - 12i 
 
 To Chalk nearly 29 
 
128 GEOLOGY OF IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 8. Nearly li feet above Ordnance Datum. 
 
 Mixed ooze and gravel - ' 5J Feei. 
 
 Sand and gravel • - nearly 8 J ,, 
 
 To Chalk about 14J „ 
 
 9. Over 3 feet below Ordnance Datum. 
 
 Eiversand - - 6 Feet. 
 
 Coarse gravel - 3^ ,, 
 
 To Chalk 9i „' 
 
 10. Over 3 foet below Ordnance Datum. 
 
 - Ooze and gravel - 3 Feet. 
 
 - Sand and gravel - 8 ,, 
 
 To Chalk 11 „ 
 
 11. 8 feet above Ordnance Datum. 
 
 Abandoned after 23^ feet in sand and gravel, in 
 which boulders of sandstone were founds 
 
 11a. 6J feet above Ordnance Datum. 
 
 Feet. 
 Ooze - - - - - - 9 
 
 Grrayel, top, 17 feet, coarse, the rest fine - 42 
 Sand . ■- . - - ■ li 
 
 Sand and chalk - - • - ^% 
 
 To Chalk 55 
 
 12. About 9| feet above Ordnance Datum. 
 
 Feet. 
 Ooze, sand, and gravel ... 11^ 
 Fine sand, with shingle in the upper part 9 
 
 To Chalk 20i 
 
 13. 34 feet below Ordnance Datum. 
 
 Feet. 
 Mud and gravel - - - .2 
 
 Peat, the lower half with gravel - - 2 
 
 Gravel (upper half coarse) and sand - 4 
 
 Fine loamy sand, bottom foot sharp sand • 7 
 Chalk and sand - - - -2 
 
 To Chalk 17 
 
 14 and 14a. (13f and over 14 feet above Ordnance Datum) did not reach 
 Chalk, but after going through ooze and gravel, were stopped by boulders 
 at 22 and 43 feet respectively. 
 
 14.B 13J feet above Ordnance Datum. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Soil 9 
 
 Ooze and. gravel - • - - 5 J 
 
 Dark loam - . - - - - 3? 
 
 Gravel, upper half coarse, lower fine - 4 
 
 Sand :• . , . . . .5 
 
 To Chalk and brown flints 27 
 
BORINGS. 1 29 
 
 15. About 14J feet above Ordnance Datum. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Soil - * - - - • - - - about H 
 Ooze and gravel - - - - 7 
 
 Gravel, eoarse and fine' - ' - - 48 
 
 Coarse sand - . ■ . • . - 6 
 
 Pipe-clay, the lower half with coarse sand - 2 
 Chalk and black clay - - - 3 
 
 To Chalk 75* 
 
 16. 3i feet above! Ordnance Datum; 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Beach - - , • ■ - 1 
 
 Peat - - - - - - 1 
 
 Gravel [? chiefly mixed with clay] - - 4 
 
 Sand, loamy, then fine, then coarse - 12 
 
 Gravel, with sand at top part, loamy at 
 
 bottom part - - - - 12 
 
 To Chalk 30 
 
 17. 12 feet above Ordnance Datum. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Made ground, mixed, chiefly gravel - 13 
 
 Glean gravel . - . - - - 18 
 
 Soft chalk - - - , - - 8 
 
 39 
 
 18. 7^ feet above Ordnance Datum. 
 
 Feet. 
 Made ground, ipixed, chiefly, gravel about 13 
 Gravel - - - - ,, 11 
 
 Stiffcrhalk -- - '- '- "- 18 
 
 42 
 
 Ipswich. Borings along ihe line of the Intercepting Sewer, from the 
 Gasworks to the end of the London Hardway (along the left side of 
 the Orwell). 
 
 Communicated by Me. P. Beuff, C.B. 
 20. S.E. of Gasworks, and N. of Myrtle Street; and 19, S. of Myrtle 
 Street. 
 
 Made ground (gravelly) - 11 Feet. 
 
 Gravel - - - 3} and 2i „ 
 
 18. Junction of Clifton Boad and Mile End Boad. 
 
 Feet. 
 Made ground (gravelly) - 4 
 Mud [alluvium] - -3^ 
 
 Gravel - - - 5 
 
 Clay-- : : ■ i 
 
 17. Fork of roads north of the Cliff Brewery— 
 
 Ft. Ins, 
 - Soil and made ground -- .- 4 8 
 
 Sand (18 inches) and gravel - 5 2 
 
 Black clay (? alluvial) - - 4 
 
130 GEOLOGY OP IPSWICH, BTO. 
 
 16, Eoad just North of the Cliff Brewery. 
 
 Fi. Ins. 
 Bioad material - - - - 4 
 
 Sand, with a foot of gravel at bottom - 4 
 Fine sand - - - -. - 6 2 
 
 Olay(chaliy) - - - -06 
 
 [These last two may be» Beading Beds.] 
 
 15. Close to the central part of the Cliff Brewery. 
 
 Pi. Ins. 
 Road material - - - - 2 9 
 
 gravel, dry sand, wet jand, and gravel 7 3 
 lay - - - - - 5 
 
 14. South of the Cliff Brewery and Shipyard, at edge of shore. 
 
 Ft. Ins. 
 Bead material - - . - - - 3 8 
 
 Black mud, with stones [alluvial] - - 1 7 
 
 Sand (6 inches) and hard clay [Beading Beds] - 4 5 
 
 13. Below high-water mark, 5 chains southward of 14. 
 
 Ft. Ins. 
 Soft clay [P alluvial] - 8 4 
 Chalk - - - 5 
 
 12. Below high- water mark, about 4 chains S.S.W. of 13 (opposite 
 gap). 
 
 Ft. Ins. 
 Sand and then gravel - 6 8 
 
 11. Below high-water mark, 5 chains S.W. of 12. 
 
 Ft. Ins. 
 Coarse gravel, sand, and fine gravel - 7 2 
 Blue clay [Beading Beds] - - 1 6 
 
 10. Below high-water mark, 11 chains from 11, by Hog Island. 
 
 Fext. 
 Mud (18 inches) and soft clay [alluvium] - 5^ 
 Chalk - 7i 
 
 9. Below high-water mark, 7 chains frem 10, by Hog Island. 
 
 S^ET. 
 
 MSd .... 2 
 Sand - - - - 2i 
 
 Hard clay [Beading Beds] - Si 
 
 8. Below high-water mark, about 5 chains from 9, by S. end of Hog 
 Island.. 
 
 Ft. Ins. 
 [P Alluvium] Sofb clay, sand (8 inches) and clay - 5 7 
 [P Biver Drift] Sand with gravel at bottom (6 inches) 2 1 
 
 7. Below high-water mark, about 6^ chains from 8. 
 
 Ft. Ins. 
 Sand - - -70 
 
 Brown [? London] clay - 2 5 
 
 6. Below high-water mark, 6 chains from 7. 
 
 Ft. Ins. 
 Sand . - 6 10 
 
 Gravel . - 1 10 
 
 5. Below high-water mark, about 6 chains from 6. 
 
 Ft. Ins. 
 Mud [alluvial] -. - - - - - 1 
 
 Loam and gravel - - • - -52 
 
 Loamy clay and hard clay (18 inches) [? London Clay] ' 4 6 
 
BORINGS. 131 
 
 4. Below high-water mark, 5 chains from 6 [P included in the 
 Sewerage OatfaU Works]. 
 
 Feet. 
 Loam with a little gravel ■ - - - '5 
 
 Soft clay - - - ■ - . -I5 
 
 Gravel - » - - • - -1 
 
 [? London Clay] Soft clay, wet clay (6 inches), and hard clay 3i 
 
 3, On the London Hardway, below high- water mark [? included in the 
 Sewerage Outfall Works], about 6 chains from 4. 
 
 Feet. 
 Grravel [pathway of the " hard "] - 1^ 
 Mud [alluvial] - - - 4 
 
 . Hard brown [? London] clay - - 24' 
 
 2. On the London Hajdway, about 54 chains above low- water mark. 
 
 Ft. Ins. 
 Gravel [pathway of the " hard "] - 2 8 
 r.n • -\ fMud - - 9 
 
 L^^'^^'^^^nDa^k soft peat - 2 3 
 Dark gravel - - - 6 
 
 1. On the London Hardway, less than 3 chains above low-water mark. 
 
 Ft. Ins. 
 Gravel [pathway of the "hard"] - 3 
 
 Mud [alluvial] - . - - 6 
 
 Gravel, top foot fine, light-coloured and 
 with shells, the rest dark - - 1 10 
 
 Ipswich. Viaduct of the FeUxstow Railway, Spring Boad. Four trial 
 borings, for N. and S. piers and abutments. 1876 ? 
 
 Communicated by Mb. H. Jones, O.E. 
 
 Level of road at viaduct about 46 feet. 
 Soil .... about 2 Feet. 
 London Clay - about 20 to 22 ,, 
 
 Hard sand and gravel - 12 or 13 ,, 
 
 Obwell Rivee. Three borings at Butterman's Bay, about 2 miles below 
 
 Pin Mill. 
 
 Communicated by Mb. T. Milleb, Engineer to the Ipswich Dock 
 Commission. 
 
 At the bottom of the river, 22 feet below low water. 
 
 Gravel, not bottomed - - 8 Feet. 
 
 Walton Batteby, northern end. 1872. 
 
 Communicated by Lieut. -Coionei. B. Bbine, R.E. 
 
 Feet. 
 Mud and shingle - - - 5 
 
 Clean shingle - - - 5 
 
 Stiff blue clay - - - 24 
 
 Shell and sand - - - 8 
 
 Hard matter, like sandstone - i 
 
 21 
 
132 GEOLOGi' OF IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 APPENDIX 0. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTABY NOTES TO OTHER MEMOIRS. 
 
 - 1. Sections at Sudbury. (Sheet 47.) 
 
 In 1879, the year after the publication of the Memoir on Sheet 47, 1 had 
 occasion to re-visit Sudbury, and then got some additional information of 
 sections in that town, only just west of the border of the district described 
 in the present Memoir. It will be well, therefore, to give this information 
 here, as it will probably be a long time before a second edition of the 
 Memoir on Sheet 47 is called for. It may be noted that in that Menioir 
 some Sudbury sections that are just within the margin of Sheet 48 N.W. 
 are described. 
 
 The new Victoria Brickyard, a little N. of Ballingdon Windmill, showed 
 the following beds : — ' 
 
 Pnof rioo'oi r Brown-bedded brickearth.- at' the lower part, with 
 Drift 1 irregular beddings of sand; up to 10 feet. 
 
 L Gravel and sand; several feet. 
 The beds were seen to rise S.W. at as mnch as 15° (with only a little 
 gravel below the brickearth generally), and then Thanet Sand (pink sand 
 and , clayey green sand), was shown, up to about 5 feet thick, but much 
 disturbed, with the Chalk rising up very irregularly. Just S., alongside 
 the lane, the Thanet Sand was cut into at the surface. 
 
 EiG. 28. 
 Section in the Ohalk Pit at Sitdburi/ Waterworks. 1879. 
 
 o. Pinkish Boulder Clay. 
 6. Pale grey „ „ 
 
 c. Green sand :, base of Thanet Beds, up to more than 2 feet in parts of the pit. 
 
 d. Chalk. 
 
 The pit close to, and southward of, the AVaterworks (see p. 62 of 
 Memoir), was more open, and the interesting section shown in Fig. 28 was 
 shown. 
 
 It will be seen that at the lower end (towards the valley), the green 
 base-bed of the Thanet Sand has been washed, or dragged, over the Drift 
 (that forms part of the mass that plunges down to the bottom of the pit), 
 in such a, way as to be perfectly even and continuous with that part ofthe 
 bed which is in place ; so that it is impossible to mark where the re- 
 constructed part begins. 
 
 At the more easterly of the brickyards on the hill N.E. of Sndbilry 
 (p. 53 of Memoir), the pit, having been out further back, showed a cap of 
 pale Boulder Clay, up to 6 feet thick, lying evenly on the brickearth, at the 
 highest (central) part of the section. 
 
 The gap between the two pits at the N.E. edge of the town, by the 
 road to Waldingfield (Pig. 15, p. 54 of Memoir), had been reduced by 
 a half. This extension (of the N.E. pit), justified the broken lines in 
 the figure, which were introduced to show the probable connection of the 
 
SUPPLEMENTAKY NOTES, 133 
 
 beds in the two pits. In the Victoria Pit, then cut further back, I gaw a 
 layer of Boulder Clay, np to more than 2 feet thick, near the bottom of 
 the gravel Ho. 3 at one part. 
 
 The pit eastward of the Cemetery (pp. 65, 56, and Fig. 17 of Memoir), 
 had been carried down to the Chalk, so that the bottom part of the section 
 was as follows :— 
 
 rG. Fine soft sand, the upper half grey, the lower 
 Thanet Beds. < pinkisli ; about 9 k feet. 
 
 L 7. Clayey ereensand : about IJ feet. 
 8. Chalk. . ^ ^^ 
 
 Moreover, the Crag sand (4), reached np to a thickness of 15 feet, at the 
 western end, with a little Boulder Clay on it. 
 
 At the G-rovo, the great brickyard at Balingdon (pp. 67, 68, of Memoir), 
 the Boulder Clay No. 4 was seen to be split into two, by a wedge-shaped 
 mass of gravel (with intercalated Boulder Clay), up to 10 feet thick, there 
 being but little Boulder Clay below this. The upper part of the clay was 
 then mostly darker. 
 
 Probably there have been many further improvements in the sections 
 here, perhaps about the finest in any inland spot in East Anglia, showing 
 not only the Glacial Drift, in great complexity ; but also a trace of Red 
 Crag,. Eocene beds, and the top part of the Chalk. W.W. 
 
 2. Analyses or Septakia from Colchesteb. (Sheet 48, S.W.) 
 
 The following analyses of Septaria from the Iiondon Clay of Colchester,* 
 in the tract to the south, may be of interest. They were not seen in time 
 to be inserted in the Memoir on 48 S.W. 
 
 Carbonate of lime - - 67 • 50 - - 68 ■ 70 
 
 Silicate of /Alumina - 14-40'1 „„.,„ f 12-801 _,..„ 
 
 AluminalSlUoa - 7-7o| ^^ ^^ { S-eoj ^* *" 
 
 Carbonate of iron - - 4*60 - 
 
 Uncombined alnmina - • 1-10 - - 1-30 
 
 Bitumen and water - - 0-20 0-40 
 
 Manganese carbonate - - - - 0'71 
 
 Magnesia carbonate - - - - •2-41 
 
 95-5 94-92 
 
 Traces of potash and titanic acid were found in both, but no calcic 
 phosphate. 
 
 The author remarks that Fuchs has found titanic acid in clay from the 
 London district, but no reference is given. W.H.D. 
 
 '* C. M. Kebsigit. — Untersucbung zweier Abiinderungen hydraulischen Kalk- 
 steines aus der Nahe von Colchester (Essex) in England. Joum. prakt. Chem. 
 bd. XXV., pp. 317-319 [1842]. 
 
134 
 
 GEOLOGY OF IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 APPENDIX D— LIST OF WORKS ON THE GEOLOaT AND 
 PALEONTOLOGY OF SUFFOLK. 
 
 The following List (with 345 entries of works by 122 authors) refers to 
 the whole of the county and not merely to that part of it described in this 
 Memoir : — 
 
 1. Index of Atjthobs, with the Nttmbers aitixed to their Works. 
 
 Accnm, F., 31. 
 
 Alexander, Capt. H., 59, 68, 75, 83, 84. 
 AlUnan, Prof. G. J., 231. 
 Anon., 28, 43, 168, 222, 261, 283, 312, 
 313. 
 
 Bayne, A. D., 232. 
 
 Bell, A., 200, 201, 213, 223-225, 233, 
 
 234. 
 Bell, E. [G.], 168, 225, 234, 307. 
 Belt, T., 262, 272. 
 
 Bennett, B". J., 2, 6, 8, 10, 11, 18, 20a. 
 Blake, J. H., 5, 6, 10, 13, 14, 14o, 18, 
 
 206, 273, 284, 296. 
 Bowerbank, J. S., 111. 
 Brady, H. B., 172. 
 Brown, J., 60, 134. 
 3ruff, P., 135. 
 Bucklan4, Prof. W., 103. 
 Bunbuiy, Sir H., 35. 
 Burrows, H. A., 258. 
 Busk, Prof. G., 132. 
 
 Carpenter, Dr. P., 160. 
 
 Charlesworth, E., 46-48, 51, 53-58, 61, 
 
 69, 92, 192, 192a, 235, 235a, 283. 
 Chester, G. P., 121. 
 Clarke, Rev. W. B., 62-64, 76, 109. 
 Conybeare, Eev. W. D., 34. 
 Coode, Sir J., 259. 
 Crisp, Dr. H., 202. 
 Crowfoot, W. M., i92i, 287. 
 Cullum, Sir J., 23. 
 
 Dalton, W. H., 3, 4, 7. 9, 29d, 297, 311. 
 
 Darwin, C, 122. 
 
 Davidson, T., 112. 
 
 Dawkins, Prof. W. B., 193, 236, 285, 
 
 291. 
 De Luc, J. A., 27. 
 Dennis, Eev. J. B, P., 126. 
 De Bance, C. E., 260. 
 Desnoyers, — , 65. 
 Dowson, E. T., 1926, 288. 
 Duncan, Prof P. M., 226, 237, 246. • 
 
 Evans, J., 136, 143, 194, 238. 
 
 Falconer, Dr. H., 127, 161. 
 
 Fisher, Eev. 0., 169, 170, 175, 203, 204, 
 
 292. 
 Fitch, E., 49. 
 Flower, J. W., 176, 205. 
 
 Flower, Prof. W.'H., 249, 263, 274. 
 Forbes, Prof. E., 113, 114. 
 JVere, J., ^26. 
 
 Geikie, Prof. J., 250. 
 
 Gillingwater, E., 24. 
 
 Glyde, J., 128. 
 
 Godwin-Austen, E. A. C, 171, 195. 
 
 ? Gowing, — ,310. 
 
 Gunn, Eev. J., 130a, 177-179, 196- 
 
 1966, 206, 214, 214a, 226a, 247, 251, 
 
 264, 298, 314. 
 
 Haime, J., 106. 
 
 Harmer, F. W., 180, 199, 206o, 230, 243, 
 
 252, 275, 281, 282. 
 Harrison, W. J., 299. 
 Hele, N. F., 215. 
 
 Henslow, Prof. J. S., 93, 94, 97-99. 
 Henslow, Prof., 276. 
 Herapath, T. J., 110. 
 Hughes, Prof T. MoK., 239, 285o. 
 Hull, Prof. E., 180a. 
 Hurwood, E., 140. 
 Huxley, Prof. H. T., 151. 
 
 Jecks, C, 2066, 216. 
 
 Jeffreys, Dr. J. G., 143a. 
 
 Jenyus, Eev. L., 1^1. 
 
 Jones, Eev. H., 207. 
 
 Jones, Prof. T. E., 129, 152, 172, 240. 
 
 Kendall, P. F., 305. 
 King, Eev. S. W., 182. 
 Knights, — , 261. 
 
 Lankester, Prof. E. E., 147, 153, 154, 
 162, 163, 183, 184, 197, 208-210, 217, 
 218, 277,293. 
 
 Loome, B. T., 148. 
 
 Lubbock, Sir J., 164. 
 
 Lyell, Sir C, 42, 44, 66, 70, 71, 77- 
 85, 115,il6, 149. 
 
 Mackie, S. J., 144. 
 Maw, G., 165, 185-188, 198, 211. 
 Mitchell, Dr. J., 67. 
 Milne-Edwards, Prof. A., 106. 
 
 NaU, J. G., 173. 
 
 Newton, B. T., 20, 294, 306. 
 
 Norton, H., 265. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 
 135 
 
 Owen, Sir R., 80, 86, 89, 90, 93, 124, 
 145, 219. 
 
 Palmer, C. J., 241. 
 
 Parker, W. K., 152, 172, 240. 
 
 Pattison, S. B., 150. 
 
 Penning, W. H., 1, 16, 266. 
 
 Phear, Sir J. B., 125. 
 
 Phillips, Prof. J., 117. 
 
 Phillips, W., 34. 
 
 Pickering, Rev. R., 22. 
 
 Prestwioh, Prof. J., 104, 107, 119, 141, 
 
 142, 156, 165, 227, 300, 301. 
 Prigg, H., 189, 212, 302, 308. 
 
 Baynhird, H., 100. 
 
 Redman, J. B., 157. 
 
 Reid, C, 12, 19. 
 
 Reid, W. C, 267. 
 
 Ringler, Thomson, T. G., 105. 
 
 Robberds, J. W., 37. i 
 
 Rose, C. B., 96, 137, 146. 
 
 Scott, G., 242. 
 
 Seekamp, IS., 28. 
 
 Skertchly, S. B. J., 11, 15, 17, 2856, 289. 
 
 Smith, W., 29, 32, 33. 
 
 Sowerbj, J., 27a, 30, 33a, 34a, 36a. 
 
 Sowerby, J. D., 36a, 37a, 82a. 
 Symonds, Rev. W. S., 268. 
 
 Taylor, J. E., 212o, 222, 228, 248, 253- 
 
 255, 269, 278, 278a. 
 Taylor, R. C, 36, 38-41. 
 Trimmer, J., 131. 
 
 Voelcker, Dr. A., 138. 
 
 Wake, Dr. R., 87. 
 Walcott, Rev. M. E. C, 139. 
 Whitaker, W., 1-6, 9, 16, 18, 256, 279, 
 
 309, 310. 
 White, W., 123. 
 Wiggins, J., 101. 
 Wood, S. v., 45, 72-74, 81, 82, 88, 91, 
 
 102, 108, 118, 120, 130, 133, 174,243, 
 
 244, 257, 281, 289a, 303. 
 Wood, S. v., Jnnr., I58-159a, 166, 174, 
 
 190-191a, 199,220, 221,230,243,245, 
 
 270, 280-282, 295, 303. 
 Woodward, B. B., 296a. 
 Woodward, Dr. H., 167. 
 Woodward, H. B., 19, 271, 286, 304. 
 Woodward, S., 50, 52. 
 Wright, T., 21. 
 
 Young, A., 25. 
 
 2. Geological Stjevbt Publications. 
 If ops. 
 
 1. Sheet 47 (small part on N.E. Clare, Long Melford, Sudbury). By 
 W. Whitaker and W. H. Penning. 1881. Drift Edition, 1884. 
 
 2. Sheet 48, F.W. (all but S. part : Hadleigh, Ipswich, Nayland). By 
 W. Whitakek and F. J. Bennett (chiefly). 1882. 
 
 3. Sheet 48, N.E. (all but S.W. part : Pelixstow, Ipswich). By 
 W. Whitaeeb and W, H. Dalton. 1882. 
 
 4. Sheet 49, S. (Aldborough). By W. Whitakes and W. H. Dalton 
 (ohiefpart). 1883. 
 
 5. Sheet 49, N. (Southwold). By W. Whitakee and J. H. Blake. 1883. 
 
 6. Sheet 50, S.W. (Bildeston, Lavenham, Mendlesham, Needham 
 Market, Stowmarket). By W. Whitaker, P. J. Bennett, and J. H. Blake 
 (chiefly). 1881. 
 
 7. Sheet 50, S.E. (Debenham, Framlingham, Saxmundham, Wood- 
 bridge). By W. H. Dalton. 1883, 
 
 8. Sheet 50, N.W. (all but N. part : Botesdale, Eye, Ixworth). By 
 P. J. Bennett. 1883. 
 
 9. Sheet 50, N.E. (all but N.W. comer .- Halesworth). By W. Whitakee, 
 W. H. Dalton (chiefly), and F. J. Bennett. 1884. 
 
 10.. Sheet 51, S.E. (all but W. part: Bury St. Edmunds). By 
 F. J. Benmit and J. H. Blake. 1882. 
 
 11. Sheet 51, N.E. (all but W. part : Mildenhall, Thetford). By 
 F. J. Bennett and S. B. J. Skertchly. 1883. 
 
 12. Sheet 66, S.E. (small part on S.E. Beccles, Bungay). By C. Eeid. 
 1881. 
 
 13. Sheet 67, S. (greater part : Lowestoft). By J. H. Blake. 1882. 
 
 14. Sheet 67, N. (small part on S.). By J. H. Blake. 1881. 
 
 Horizontal Section. 
 14a. Sheet 128. Section of the Suffolk Cliffs at Kessingland and 
 Pakefield, and at Corton. By J. H. Blake. 1884. 
 
 Memoirs. 
 
 15. The Geology of the Feilland. By S. B. J. Skeetchly. 1877. 
 
 16. The Geology of the N.W. part of Essex, and the N.E. part of Herts, 
 with Parts of Cambridgeshire and Suffolk (Sheet 47). 1878. ^art). By" 
 W. Whitakee and W. H. Penning. 
 
136 GEOLOGY OF IPSWICH, KTC. 
 
 17. Oa the Manufacture of Grun-fliuts, the Methods of Excavating for 
 Flint, the Age Of Palaeolithic Man, etc., by S. B. J. Skebtcbly. 1879. 
 
 18. The Geology of the Neighbourhood of Stowmarket (Sheet 50, S.W.). 
 By W. Whitakeb, F. J. Bbnnett, and J. H. Blake. 1881. 
 
 19. The G-eology of the Country around Norwich (Part : includes 66, 
 S.E.), by H. B. Woodwakd and 0. Beid. 1881. 
 
 20. Newton, E. T.— The Vertebrata of the Forest Bed Series of Norfolk 
 and Suffolk, 1882. 
 
 20a. The Geology of the Country around Diss. (Sheet 50 N.W.) By 
 F. J. Benneit. 1884. 
 
 20b. Ejtplanation of Horizontal Sections, Sheet 128 [See 14a]. By 
 J. H. BiAKE. 1885. 
 
 3. List of Boois, Paipeks, etc. Chkongiogically Akeanged. 
 
 Some general works entered in Appendix I. of The Geology of the 
 London Basin, Part 1. (Geologiccil Sv^rvey Memoirs, vol. iv., 1872) may 
 refer to Suffolk. 
 
 1668. 
 
 21. Wright, T. — ^A curious and exact Relation of a Sand-floud, which 
 hath lately overwhelmed a great tract of Land in County of Suffolk. 
 PTiil. Trans, vol. iii., no. 37, p. 722. 
 
 1745. 
 
 22. Pickebing, Bev. B. — A Letter concerning the Manuring of Laud 
 with fossil shells [Woodbridge]. PJiil. Trans., vol. zliii., no. 474, p. 191. 
 
 ^ . 1784. 
 
 23. CuiiLUM, Sib. J. — The History and Antiquities of Hawstead in the 
 County of Suffolk. [Note of Soils, and Account of Well at Hardwick, 
 p. 230!j 4to. London. Ed. 2 in 1813. 
 
 1790. 
 
 24. GiLLiNGWATEfi, B. — Au Historical Account of the Ancient Town of 
 Lowestoft, in the County, of Suffolk, &c. [Changes of the Coast &o. 
 noticed, pp. 23-32, 44-49.] 4to. London. 
 
 179 i. 
 
 25. Young, A. — General View of the Agriculture of the County of 
 Suffolk [Map and Account of Soils]. 4to. London, Another Ed. in 8vo. 
 
 nl797. 
 
 1800. 
 
 26. Fbebe, J. — Account of Flint- Weapons discovered at Hoxne in 
 Suffolk. ArchoBologia, vol.xiii., p. 204. Eeprinted by Pbestwich, 1861 
 (No. 141). 
 
 1811. 
 
 27. De Luc, J. A. — Geological Travels. Translated from the French 
 MS. 8vo. London. Vol. ii., pp. 2-8, 16-18 (refers to waste of coast). 
 
 1812-15. 
 
 27a!. SowBBBY, J. — The Mineral Conchology of Great Britain, vol. i. 
 
 1814. 
 
 28. Anon. — Inquirenda about Ipswich Spa Waters [mostly quotation 
 from an old book].. T%e East Anglian, p. 60. Reply by H. Seekamp, p. 
 110. 
 
 1816. 
 
 29. Smith, W. — Strata identified by organized Fossils. 4to. Land. 
 (Suffolk, pp. 2, 5). 
 
 30. SowEEEY, J.— The Mineral Conchology of Great Britain, vol. ii,, 
 pp. 13 P, 16-18 P. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 137 
 
 1819. 
 
 31. AccTJM, F. — Gruide to the Chalybeate Spring of Thetford. 8vo. 
 London. (Analysis of the water in' Phil. Mag., vol. liii., p. 359.) 
 
 R Norfolk or Sufifolk.] 
 
 32. Smith, W. — Geological View and Section through Suffolk to Ely 
 [from Bawdsey]. 
 
 33. ~. . — ^Geological Map of Suffolk. 
 
 1819-22. 
 33a. SowEKBY, J. — The Mineral Conchology of Great Britain, vol. iii. 
 
 1822. 
 
 34. CoNTBEABE, Eev. W. D., and W. Phillips. — Outlines of the Geology 
 of England and Wales. 8vo. London. 
 
 1822, 23. 
 34a. SowEKBY, J.— ^The Mineral Conchology of Great Britain, vol. iv. 
 
 ' 1824. 
 
 35. BuNBiniY, Sm H. — On the Strata observed in boring at Mildenhall 
 in Suffolk. Tram. Geol. Boa., ser. 2, vol. i., p. 379. 
 
 36. Tayloh, B. [C. ?]— On the Alluvial Strata and on the Chalk of 
 of Norfolk and Suffolk. Ibid., p. 874. 
 
 1824, 25. 
 
 36a. SowEKBY, J. and J. D. — The Mineral Conchology of Great Britain, 
 vol. V. 
 
 1826. 
 
 37. RoBBEEDS, J. W. — Geological and Historical Observations on the 
 Eastern Vallies of Norfolk. 8vo. London and Norwich. (Befers also to 
 Lothingland. in Suffolk.) 
 
 1826-29. 
 
 37a. SowEKBY, J. and J. D.— The Mineral Conchology of Great Britain, 
 vol. vi. 
 
 1827. 
 
 38. Taylok, B. O.— On the Geology of East Norfolk . . . [refers to 
 Suffolk]. Phil. Mag., ser. 3, vol. i., pp. 277, 346. Beprinted, with 
 additions, in a separate form, with the following two. 
 
 39. . — On the Natural Embankments formed against the German 
 
 Ocean, on the Norfolk and Suffolk Coast, and the Silting up of some of 
 its .SiStuaries. P7m7. Jlfaff., ser. 3, vol. i., p. 295. 
 
 40. . — On the Geological Features of the Eastern Coast of 
 
 England ... - Ibid., p. 327. 
 
 1828. 
 
 41. Taylok, B. C. — Beview of Martin's ' Geological Memoir on Western 
 Sussex ' and Buckland's ' Formation of the Valley of Kingsclere, &c.' 
 [Befe];s to Suffolk.] Mag. Nat. Hist, vol. i., p. 249. 
 
 1830. 
 
 42. Lyell, [Sik] C— Principles of Geology, vol. i. 8vo. London. (Waste 
 of coast, pp. 271-275.) (Many later editions.) 
 
 1831. 
 
 43. Ahon. (G. M.)— A Black Mineral Substance found in Clay [Section 
 near Lowestoft]. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. iv., p. 191. 
 
 1833. 
 
 44. Lyell [Sik] "C— Principles of Geology, vol. iii. (Crag, pp. 171-182.) 
 8vo. London. Many later editions. 
 
 1834. 
 
 45. Wood, S. V. — [On Lacustrine Formations, Suffolk.] Mag. Nat, 
 Hist., vol. vii., p. 274. (Refers to Stutton.) 
 
138 GEOLOGY OF IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 1835. 
 
 46. Ohableswoeth, B. — On the Crag of part of Essex and Suffolk. Proe. 
 Geol. Soc, vol. ii., no. 41, p. 195. 
 
 47. . — Observations on the Crag-formation and its Organic 
 
 Remains i with a View to establish a Division of the Tertiary Strata 
 overlying the London Clay in Suffolk. Phil. Mag., ser. 3, vol. vii., p. 81, 
 
 48. . — Reply to Mr. Woodward's Remarks on the Coralline Crag k 
 
 with Observations on certain Errors which may affect the determination 
 of the Age of Tertiary Deposits. Ibid., p. 464, 
 
 49. Fitch. R. — On the Coralline Crag of Ramsholt and Orford. Ibid., 
 p. 463. 
 
 50. "WooDWABDi^ S.— Some Remarks upon the Crag Formation of Norfolk 
 and Suffolk. Ibid., p. 353. 
 
 1836. 
 
 51. Chabieswoeth, E. — On the Crag of Suffolk, and on the Fallacies 
 connected with the Method now usually employed for ascertaining the 
 relative Age of Tertiary Deposits. Phil. Mag., ser. 3, vol. viii., p. 529. 
 See also (under different title)j Bdim. New Phil. Jown.y vol. zxii., p. 110, 
 Uep. Brit. Assoc, for 1836, Mag. Nat. Sist., vol. ix., p. 537. (Abstract. 
 ? in full in BedordfS of General, Bcienee, vol, iv., p. 465.) 
 
 52. WoODVABD, S. — On the Crag Formation ; in answer to Mr. Charles- 
 worth's " Reply." Phil. Mag., ser. 3, vol. viii., p. 138. 
 
 1837. 
 
 63. Ghableswoeth, E. — A Notice of the Remains of Vertebrated Animals 
 found in the Tertiary Beds of Norfolk and Suffolk. Rep. Brit. Assoe. for 
 1836, Sections, p. 84 (in full in 1838, see 61). 
 
 54. , . — Observations on the Crag, and on the Fallacies involved in 
 
 the present Systeioa of Classification of Tertiary Deposits. Phil. Mag., 
 ser. 3; vol. x , p. 1. 
 
 55. . — Notice of the Occurrence of Voluta Lamberti on the Suffolk 
 
 Coast ; with Observations upon its Claim to rank with existing Species. 
 Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. i., p. 35. 
 
 56. — . — Observations upon Voluta Lamberti, with a Description 
 
 of a gigantic Species of Terebratula from the Coralline Crag. Ibid., p. 90, 
 
 57. —.—Notice of a new Fossil Shell from the Coast of Suffolk. 
 
 Ibid., p. 218. 
 
 68. . — Notice of the Teeth of Carcharias megalodon occurring in 
 
 the Red Crag of Suffolk. Ibid., p. 225. 
 
 1838. 
 
 59. Alexander, Cam. [H.] — Letter explanatory of casts of portions of 
 Mastodon teeth from the crag, and on the occurrence of a particular bed 
 containing Echini in the coralline crag at Sudbourne. Proc. Geol. 8oc., 
 vol. iii., no. 69, p. 10. 
 
 60. Bkown, J. — Bones of Mammalia in the Crag. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, 
 vol. ii., p. 346. 
 
 61. ChasIiEsworth, E. — A Notice of the Remains of Vertebrated Animals 
 occurring in the Tertiary Beds of Norfolk and Suffolk. Ibid., p. 40. 
 
 62. Clauke, Rev. W. B. — Note on the Crag Beds of Suffolk and Essex. 
 Ibid., p. 162. 
 
 63. . — Letter in reference to the alleged occurrence of the bones 
 
 of terrestrial Mammalia in the red and coralline Crag of Suffolk. Ibid. , 
 p. 224. . 
 
 64. . — Letter on the Non-identity of Suffolk Diluvium and Crag. 
 
 Ibid., p. 285. 
 
 65. Desnotees, — . — Consideratiohs upon the position in the Tertiary 
 System to which the Faluns of the Loire and the Crag of England ought 
 to be referred ; and upon the diflBculty of determining their relative age 
 solely by the law of the proportional number of fossil species analogous 
 to Bpecies now in existence. Ibid., p. 111. Translated from Bull, Soc. 
 Oeot. Framee, t. viii., p. 203 (1837). 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 139 
 
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 73. . — Letter announcing the discovery of Fossil Qnadrumanous 
 
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 ' 1840. 
 
 75. Alexandee, Capt. H. — The Soils of Bast Suffolk considered Geo- 
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 79. . — On the occurrence of Fossil Quadrumanous Marsupial and 
 
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 80. Owen, [Sib] R. — Description of the Mammalian Remains found at 
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 1840-46. 
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 1841. 
 
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140 GEOLOGY OF IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
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 1842." 
 
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 1843. 
 
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 1844. 
 
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 1845. 
 
 92. Chableswohth, E. — On the Occurrence of the Genus Physeter (or 
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 1846. 
 
 94. Hensiow, Peop. J. S. — On Nodules, apparently Coprolitic, from the 
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 95. Owen, [Sie] R. — A History of British Fossil Mammals and Birds, 
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 96. Rose, C. B. — On the Occurrence of a Fossil Petro-tympanic Bone of 
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 1848. 
 
 97. Henslow, Eev. Peop. J. S. — On Detritus derived from the London 
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 98. . — On Fossil Phosphates. Gardeoiers' Chronicle, p. 180. 
 
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 1849. 
 
 103. BucKLAND, Rev. pEor. W.— On the Causes of the general Presence 
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 104. Peestwich, [Pkop.] J. — Oii some Fossiliferous Beds overlying the 
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 105. Einglee-Thomson, T. G.— On the Position in which Shells are 
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BIBLIOGBAPHT. 141 
 
 1850. 
 
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 1856. 
 
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142 ■ GEOLOGY OF IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 1857. 
 
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 1868. 
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 1859. 
 
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 1860. . i 
 
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 135. Brufp, P.--^[On a Well at Combs, &c.] In the discussion on a paper 
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 140. HuRWOOD, G..^On the River Orwell nnd the Port of Ipswich. 
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 1862. ' 
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BIBLIOGRAPHY. 143 
 
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 1863. 
 
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 155. Maw, G. — Prasglacial and Glacial Drift. Geol. Mag., vol. i., p. 294. 
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 1865. 
 
 160. Caepentee, De. P. — On the Connection between the Crag Forma- 
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 163. '-. — On the Crags of Suffolk and Antwerp. Geol, Mag., 
 
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 L 2 
 
14!4 GEOLOGY OP IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
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 165. Peestwich, [PKor.] J.— Part of the South-eastern Sheet of the 
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 . 167. "WooDVABB, [Dk.] H. —An Excursion to the Crag District. 
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 1866. 
 
 168. Anon. (R. B[ell?]). — Crag. Natwraliets Oirmla/r, no. 3, p. 17; 
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 169. FiSHBE, Eet. 0.— On the Relation of the Norwich or Fluvio-marine 
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 170. .—On the Warp (of Mr. Trimmer)— its Age and probable 
 
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 171. Godwin-Attsten, E. A. C. — On the Kainozoic Formations of 
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 172. Jones, Pkof. T. E., W. K. Paekek, and H, ,B. Beady.— A Mono- 
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 173. Nall, J. G. — Great Yarmouth and Lowestoft. Geology of the 
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 174. Wood, S. V On the Structure of the Eed Crag. Explanation of 
 
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 1867. 
 
 175. EisHEE, Eev. 0. — Further Eemarks upon the Eelation of the 
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 176. Flowes, J. W. — On some Flint Implements lately found in the 
 Valley of the Little Ouse Eiver at Th6tford, Norfolk [partly Suffolk]. 
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 177. GuNN, Eev. J. — TheOrderof Succession of the Pre-Glacial, Glacial, 
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 178. . — On an Excui'sion to Corton and Hopton. {Norwich Geol. 
 
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 180a. Hull [Peof.] E. — On the Parallelism of the Drift Deposits in 
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 181. Jentns, Eev. L. — ^A Lecture on the Phosphatie Nodules obtained 
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 184. . — On the Structure of the Tooth in Ziphius Sowerbiensis . . . 
 
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 186. Maw, G. — On the Occurrence of Consolidated Blocks in the Drift of 
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BIBLIOGRAPHY. 145 
 
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 187. ' .—The Drift Deposits of the Eastern Counties: Ibid., p. 276. 
 
 188. . — On the Sequence of the Drifts in the Eastern Counties. 
 
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 189. Prigg, H." (wrongly given as Brigg). — On the occurrence of Flint 
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 1868. 
 
 192. Chakleswokth, E. — On the Prospective Annihilation of the Suffolk 
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 -192a. '-. — The Large Fossil Tooth in the Pakefield Cliff. Land and 
 
 Water, March 14. 
 
 192&. Ceowfoot, W. M. and E. T. Dowson. — [Letter relative to the Beds 
 at Kessingland]. Norwich, Meremry,, Oct. 10. 
 
 193. Dawkins, [Peof.] W. B.-^On the Dentition of Rhinoceros Etruscus, 
 Falo. Quart. Jomn. Geol. Soc, vol. xxiv., p. 207. 
 
 194. Evans, J. — On some Cavities in the Gravel of the Valley of the 
 Little Ouse, in Norfolk [in Suffolk also]. Geol. Mag.-, vol. v., p. 443. 
 
 195. Godwin-Austen, R. A. C. — Address to the Greological Section of the 
 British Association, Norwich, August 19, 1868. Geol. Mag. vol. v., p. 469, 
 [contains 2 paragraphs not in J2ep. Brit. Assoc.'] and .Bep. Brit. Assoc. 
 for 1868 (published 1869), and Geol. Nod. Hist. Repertory, vol. ii., p. 229. 
 
 ■ 196. GuNN, Bev. J.^On the Alternate Elevations and Subsidings of the 
 Land, and the Order of Succession of the Strata in Suffolk and Norfolk. 
 Geol. Nat. Hist. Repertory, vol. ii., p. 237, ? and, under a different title, in 
 Norwich Mercv/ry and Norfolk News. 
 
 196a. . — On an Excursion to Chillesford. Norwich Mercwy, 
 
 April 11. 
 
 1965. . — ^Notes on the Chillesford Clay at Kessingland. Ibid, 
 
 December 9. 
 
 197. Lankestek, [Pkoe.] E. R. — The Suffolk Bone-bed and the Diestian 
 or Black Crag in England. Geol. Mag., vol v., p. 254. 
 
 198. Maw, G. — On the Disposition of Iron in variegated Strata. Qiui/rt. 
 Jown. Geol. 8oc., vol. xxiv., p. 351. (Suffolk, pp. 356, 375-377.) 
 
 199. Wood, S. V. Junr., and F. W. Harmer. — Abstract of a Paper on 
 " The GJaoial and Post-Glacial Structure of Norfolk and Suffolk." Geol. 
 Mag., vol. v., p. 452, Geol. Nat. Hist. Repertory, vol. ii., p. 241, and (in 
 1869) Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1868, Sections, p. 80. 
 
 1869. 
 
 200. Beh, A. — On the Molluscan Fauna of the Red Crag. Rep. Brit. 
 Assoc, for 1868, Sections, p. 59. 
 
 201. • — . — Sussex and Suffolk Tertiaries. Geol. Mag., vol. vi., p. 41. 
 
 202. Cbisp, Dk. H. — On the Fossil Whale recently found on the East 
 Coast of Suffolk. ' Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1868, Sections, p. 61. 
 
 203. Fisher, Rev. 0. — On Denudation and the Crags. Geol. Mag., 
 vol. vi., p. 141. 
 
 204. ,— " Middle Drift " Gravel at Lopham Ford. Jbid., pp. 189, 
 
 288. 
 
146 geology' OF IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 205. Floweb, J. [W.] — On the Distribution of Flint Implements in the 
 Drift, with reference to some recent Discoveries in Norfolk and Suffolk. 
 Quart.Jo'urn.Geol.8oO;Yol.-sxv.,-p.4A9. 
 
 206. GuNN, Eev. J.— rElephas Meridion9,lis in the Red Crag. Geol. 
 Mag., vol. vi.,'p. 143. 
 
 206a. HAHMiiK, F. W.— The result of the G-eologioal Survey of the 
 Eastern Counties, by Mr. S. V. Wood, Junr., and himself. Eastern Daily 
 News, April 11. 
 
 206b. Jecks, 0. — The [Norwich] Geological Society's Excursion to 
 Ipswich and Bentley. NorfoVk News (July). 
 
 207. JoHBs, [Rev.] H. — On' the Discovery, of some Supposed Vestiges of 
 a,Pile Dwelling dn Barton Mere, near Bury St. Edmunds [note of beds].- 
 Quart. Jowm. Buff. Inst., vol. i., no. ii., p. 31. 
 
 208. Lankestek, [Pkop.] E. R.— On the Oldest Beds of the Crags. Bep. 
 Brit. Assoc, for 1868) Sections, p. 70. 
 
 209. .-^The Mammalia of the Gragr Geol. Mag., vol. vi., p. 47. 
 
 210. ': — ^Note on a New Trilophodont Crag Mastodon (from the 
 
 Suffolk Bone-bed). Ibid., p. 355. 
 
 211. Maw, G. — On the Sequence of the Deposits in Norfolk and Suffolk 
 superior to the Red Crag. Bep. Brit. Assoc, for 1868, Sections, p. 73. 
 
 212. Pbigg, be. — The discovery of associated works of Map, and the 
 Elephant, &c., in the gravel near Thetford [? Norfolk or Suffolk]. Quart. 
 Jowrn. Suff. Inst., vol. i., no. i., p. 31 
 
 212a. Taylob, J. E. — Excursion of the [Norwich] Geological Society to 
 Aldborough. Norfolk News, Norwich Mercury, and Ipswich Journal 
 (September). 
 
 1870. 
 
 213. Bell, A. — On some New or Little-known Shells, &c. of the Crag 
 Formation. Ann. Nat. Hist, sev. i, vol. yi,^ Tp. 21S. 
 
 214. Gtjnn, Rev. J,— On the Relative Position of the Forest-bed and 
 the Chillesford Clay" in Norfolk and Suffolk, and on the real Position of 
 the Forest-bed. Quart. Jou/rn. Geol. Soc, vol. xxvi., p. 561. 
 
 214a. . — Remarks on the Geology of the Eastern Coast. Norjtolk 
 
 Ghronicle. 
 
 215. Hele, N. F. — Notes or Jottings about Aldeburgh, Suffolk 
 
 (Geology, pp. 15-32, and scattered notes.) 8vo. London. 
 
 216. Jeoks, C. — On the Crag Formation [a few lines]. Bep. Brit, Assoc. 
 for 1869, Sections, p. 91. • " , ' 
 
 217. Lankester, [Pkof.] E. R.— Contributions to a knowledge of the 
 Newer Tertiaries of Suffolk and their Fauna. Qwori. Jowm. Geol. Soc, 
 vol. xxvi., p. 493. 
 
 218. . — On a New Large Terebrahtta occurring in East Anglia. 
 
 Geol. Mag., vol. vii., p. 410. 
 
 219. Owen, [Sm] R. — Monograph on the British Fossil Cetaceafrom the 
 Red Crag. No. 1, containing Genus Ziphius. Palceontogra^h. Soc. 
 
 220. Wood, S. Y., June,.— On the Relation of the Boulder-clay, without 
 Chalk, of the North of England to the Great Chalky Boulder-clay of -the 
 South. Quart. Jowrn. Geol. Soc, vol. xxvi., p. 90. 
 
 221. — — — . — Observations on the Sequence pfthe Glacial Bed^. Geol. 
 Mag,, vol. vii., pp. 17, 61. 
 
 1871. 
 
 ' 222. Anon. [J. E. Tatloe].— A Guide to the Ipswich Museum. Pp. 64. 
 8vo. Ipswich. 
 
 223. Bell, A.— The Butley Crag Pits. Geol. Mag., vol. viii., p. 450. 
 
 224. — . — Contributions to the Crag Fauna. Ann. Nat. Hut., ser. 4, 
 
 vol. vii., p. 351. 
 
 225. Bell, A. and R. — ^The English Crags, and their Stratigraphical 
 Divisions indicated by their Invertebrate Fauna. Geol. Mag., vol. viii., 
 p. 256. 
 
 226. Duncan, Piiop. P. M.— On a New Species of Coral from the Red 
 Crag of Waldi'ingfleld. Qufart. Jowrn. Geol. Soc., vol. xxvii., p. 369. 
 
BIBliIOGRAPHYi 147 
 
 226a. GuNN, ^.7— Excursion to Ipswich, Foxall, and Falkenham. Norfolk 
 News (June). 
 
 227. Pbestwich, [Phoi?.] J.— On the Structure of the Orag-beds of Suffolk 
 and Norfolk, with some Observations on their Organic Remains. Part I. 
 The Coralline Crag of Suffolk. Part II. The Ked Crag of Essex and 
 Suffolk. Part III. The Norwich Crag and Westleton Beds. Quart. 
 Jomrn. Geol. Soc, vol. xxvii., pp. 115, 325, 452. Translated into French 
 by MouHLON, in 1874. 
 
 228. Tatlok, J. B.— The Relation of the Red to the Norwich Crag. 
 Geol. Mag., vol. viii., p. 314. 
 
 230. Wood, S. V., [June.], and F. W. Habmbr. — On the Palreontological 
 Aspects of the Middle Glacial Formation of the East of England, and on 
 their bearing upon the Age of the Middle Sands of Lancashire. .Hep. 
 Brit. Assoc, for 1870, Seet-imis, p. 90. 
 
 1872. 
 
 231. Allman, Pkop. G. J.— Notice of a Fossil Ilydractiaia from the 
 Coralline Crag. Geol. Mag., vol. ix., p. 337. Note thereon by S. V. 
 Wood, p. 431. 
 
 232. Baynb, a. D.— B,oyal Illustrated History of Eastern England 
 
 including a Survey of the Eastern Counties, Physical 
 
 Features, Geology, &o. of Suffolk Vol. i. 8vo. Yarmouth. 
 
 233. BelXi, a. — The Succession of the Crags.- Geol. Mag., vol. ix,, 
 p. 209. ■ 
 
 234. Bell, A. and R. — On the English Crags and the Stratigraphical 
 Divisions indicated by their Invertebrate Fauna. Froc' Geol. Assoc, vol. ii . 
 no. 5, p. 185. Supplement W A. Bull, no. 6, p. 270. 
 
 235. Chaeleswokth, E [Exhibition and Description of Objects found 
 
 in the Red Crag of Suffolk simulating Human Workmanship^] 'J'ourn., 
 Anthrop. Inst., vol. ii., no. 1, p. 91. 
 
 235a. ■. — On Perforated Stones from the Suffolk Crag. Easie>-n 
 
 Daily Press, April 6. 
 
 236. Dawkiws, [Pkoj.] W. B.— On the Cervidaj of the Forest-bed of 
 Norfolk and Suffolk. Qua/rt. Jowm. Geol. Soc, vol. xxviii., p. 405. ^ 
 
 237. Duncan, Prof. P. M.— On Trochocyathus anglicus, a new species 
 of Madreporaria from the Red Crag. Ibid.; p. 447. 
 
 238. Evans, J The Ancient Stone Implements, Weapons, and 
 
 Ornaments of Great Britain. 8vo. London. 
 
 239. Hughes, [Prop.] T. McK. — Man in the Crag. Geol. Mag., vol. ix., 
 p. 247. 
 
 240. Jones Pkof. T R., and W. K. Pabkek — On the Forminifera of the 
 Family Rotalinse (Carpenter) found in the Cretaceous Formations ; with 
 Noteg on their Tertiary and Recent Representations. Q.uari. Jowm. Geol. 
 Soc., vol. xxxviii., p. 103. (Suffolk Crag, p. 119.) 
 
 241. Palmes, C. J. — The Perltistration of Great Yarmouth, with 
 Gorleston and Southtown. Vol. i. (Changes of coast, '&o. noticed, 
 pp. 1-5.) 4to. Yamnovih. 
 
 242. ScoiT, G.~ On the Suffolk Tertiaries. 19 Arm. JBej). Brighton Nat. 
 Hist. Soc., p. 64. 
 
 243. Wood, S. V.-^Supplement to the Crag MoUusca, comprising 
 Testacea from the Upper Tertiaries of the East of England. Part I. 
 Univalves. With an Introductory Outline of the Geology of the Same 
 District, and Map. By S. V. Wood, June., and F. W. Habmer. Palceonto- 
 grajph. Soo. 
 
 244. — . — Coralline Crag Fossils. Geol. Mag., vol. ix., p. 576. 
 
 245. Wood, S. V., Junb. — ^Reply to Mr. James Geikie's Correlation of 
 the Scotch and English Glacial Beds. Geol. Mag., vol. ix., p. 171. 
 
 1873. 
 
 246. Duncan, Prof. P. M.— On Oaryophyllia 5redai, Milne-Edwards 
 and Jules Haime, from the Red Crag of Woodbridge. Qmutt. Jomrn. GeoL 
 Soc., vol. xxix., p. 503. 
 
•148 GEOLOGY OF IPSWICH, ETC, 
 
 247. GrUim, J. — On the Prospect of finding Productive Coal measures 
 in Norfolk and Sufiblk with Suggestions as to the place where an 
 Experimental Boring should be made. Sep. Brit. Assoc, for 1872, Sections, 
 p. 102. 
 
 247o. .—"On the Discovery of Elephantine and Cervine Remains 
 
 in the Forest Bed at Gorton, in Sufiblk. Norwich Mercury and Norfolk 
 News, January 11 
 
 248. Tayiob, J. E.— Descriptive " Handbook of Ipswich and the 
 neighbourhood, &c. (Greology, pp. 8-13, 79-83, &c. 8vo.) Ipswich: 
 
 1874. 
 
 [The list from this year onward is, for the most part, the work of 
 Mk. W. H. Dalton.] 
 
 249. FiowEE, Peof. W. H. — Description of the Skull of a Species of 
 Halitherium (H. Canhami) from the Red Crag of Suffolk. Qiuirt. Journ. 
 Geol. 8oc., vol. xxx., p. 1. 
 
 250. G-BiKiE, ' [Peof.] J. — The Great Ice Age and its Relation to the 
 Antiquity of Map» 8vo. London,: Ed. 2 in 1877. 
 
 251. GrUNN, J. — [Presidential Address to the Norwich G-eological 
 Society.] Norwich Mercwry, No. 8445, p. 6. [Refers to Suffolk.] 
 
 252. Harmeb, P. W. — The result of the Greologioal Survey of the Eastern 
 Counties by Mr. 8. V. "Wood, Jun., and hiniself. (Norwich Geol. Soc.) 
 Eastern Daily Press, April 11. . 
 
 253. Tayloe, J. E.— A Sketch of the Geology of Suffolk. From White's 
 History, &c. of the County. 8yo, Sheffield. 
 
 254. . — A Submarine Forest in the Orwell. Science Gossip, 
 
 No. 120, p. 278, (and newspapers). See 269. 
 
 255. . — On the Occurrence of Elephant Remains in the Basement 
 
 Beds of the Red Crag. Bep. Brit. Assoc, for 1873, Sections, p., 91. 
 
 256. Whitaicee, W. — On the occurrence of Thanet Beds, and of Crag 
 at Sudbury, Suffolk. Qua/rt. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxx., p. 401. 
 
 257. Wood, S. V. — Supplement to the Crag Mollnsca, comprising 
 Testacea from the Upper Tertiaries of the East of England. Part II. 
 Bivalves, pp. 99-231.. Palceontograph. Soc. 
 
 1875. 
 
 258. BuEEOws, H. A. — A probable Origin of the Perforations in Sharks' 
 Teeth from the Crag. Proe. Geol. Assoc, vol., iv. no. 3, p. 164. 
 
 259. CooDE, Sm J. — Report to the Board of Trade on the Coast-line at 
 Landgaard Common. ■Pwrliamientary Papers, Sess. 1875, no. 57. Fol. 
 London. 
 
 260. De Range, 0. E. — On the Relative Age of some Valleys in the 
 North and South :qf England, and of the various [Glacial] and Postglacial 
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 1876. 
 
 261. Anon. [ — Knights]. — The' Antiquity of Man. Account of a Geolo- 
 gical Ramble around Brandon, and of a Discovery of Remains of Pre-historic 
 Man. Reprinted from Eastern Daily Press, October. 
 
 262. Belt, T.-^jOu the Geological Age of the Deposits containing Flint 
 Implements, at Hoxne . . . and the Relation that Palaeolithic Man 
 bore to the Glacial Period. Qwart. Jowrn. Sci., n.s., vol. vi., p., 289. 
 
 263. Flowee, Prop. _W H. — Description of the Skull of a Species of 
 Xiphodon, Cuvier. Proc. Zool. Soc, p. 3. ^X. platyeeps, n. sp. Red Crag? 
 Woodbridge.] 
 
 264. GuNN, J. — On the presence of the Forest-bed Series at Kessing- 
 land and Pakefield, in Suffolk, and its position beneath the Chillesford 
 Clay. QuaH. Jowrn. Oeol. Soc, vol. ilxxii., p. 123. 
 
 266. NpETON, H. — A Report of three visits to Pakefield and Kessingland 
 . . . 1875. Supplement to the Norfolk Chronicle, May 6. 
 
 266. Penning,^. H. — Notes oh the Physical Geology of East Anglia 
 during the Glacial Period. Qua/rt. Journ. Oeol. Soc, vol. xxxii., p. 191. 
 • 267. Reid, W. C. — Mineral Phosphates and Superphosphate of Lime. 
 Chem. News, vol. xxxiv., pp. 48, 55. 
 
BIBLIOGEAPHT. 149 
 
 268. Symonds, Bbv. W. S. — Among Glaciers Becent and Extinct. Pop. 
 8<A. Bev., vol. xv., p. 169. 
 
 269. Tatlou, J. E.— Discovery of a Snbmerged Forest in the Estuary of 
 the -Orwell. Sep. Brit. Assoc, for 1875, Sections, p. 82. See 254. 
 
 270. Wood, S. V., Junr. — Physical Geology of East Anglia in the Glacial 
 Epoch. Ckol. Mag., dec. ii., vol. iii., p. 284. 
 
 271. Woodward, H. B.— The Geology of England and Wales . . . 8vo. 
 London. 
 
 1877. 
 
 272. Belt. T.— On the First Stages of the Glacial Period in Norfolk 
 and Suffolk. Geol. Mag., dec. ii., vol. iv., p. 156. 
 
 273. Blake, J. H. — On the Age of the Mammalian Bootlet-bed at 
 Kessingland. Geol. Mag., dec. ii., vol. iv., p. 298. 
 
 274. Fiowijp, Pkop. W. H. — Note on the Occurrence of Hymna/rctos in 
 the Bed Crag of Suffolk. Qwwt. Jomn. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxiii., p. 534. 
 
 275. Habmeb, P. W. — On the Kessingland Cliff- Section, and on the 
 Eelatidn of the Forest-Bed to the Ohillesford Clay, with some Bemarks 
 on the so-called Terrestrial Surface at the base of the Norwich Crag. 
 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxiii., p. 134. 
 
 276. Henslow, Pkop. — A Month at Felixstowe. The Fossils of the Bed 
 Crag. Proc. W. Land. Sci. Assoc., vol. i., pt. iv., p. 118. 
 
 277. Lankestek, Phoi?., E. B. — The Crag Fossils in the Ipswich Museum. 
 Suffolk Gli/ronicle, Aug. 4. Beprinted by E. Chakleswokth, with remarks 
 on the prospective exhaustion of the phosphatio Crag stratum. 
 
 278. Taylob, J. E.— Excursion to the Crag District of Suffolk. Proc. 
 Geol. Assoc, vol. v., no. 3, p. 108. 
 
 278a. .—The Brandon "Finds." East Anglian Handbook, p. 101. 
 
 8vo. Norwich. 
 
 279. Whixaxek, W. — Note on the Bed Crag. Quart. Jowrn. Geol. Soc, 
 vol. xxxiii., p. 122. 
 
 280. Wood, S.T., Junk. — American " Surface Geology " and its Belation 
 to British, with some Bemarks on Glacial Conditions in Britain . , . 
 Geol. Mag., dec. ii., vol. iv., pp. 481, 636. 
 
 281. Wood, S. V., Junk., and F. W. Hakmer. — Observations on the 
 Later Tertiary Geology of East Anglia. With a note by S. V. Wood on 
 some New Occurrences of Species of Mollusca in the Crag and Beds 
 superior to it. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxxiii., p. 74. 
 
 282. . . — The Kessingland Freshwater Bed and Weybourne 
 
 Sand. Geol. Mag., dec. ii., vol. iv., p. 385. 
 
 1878. 
 
 .283. Anon. [E. CJiakleswokth]. — Fossil Exploration of Suffolk Crag 
 (drford Castle), and Hampshire Eocene Cliffs. Pp. 8. 8vo. London. 
 
 284. B[lake], J. H. — Excursion to Corton and Hopton. Proc. Norwich 
 ■Geol. Soc., pt. i., p. 37. 
 
 285. Dawkins, Pkoj. W. B. — Contributions to the History of the Deer 
 of the EnTopesin Miocene and Pliocene Strata. Quart. Jov/m. Geol. Soc, 
 ■vol. xxxiv., p. 402. 
 
 285a. — ^Hughes, Pkof. T. McK,,— On the Evidence afforded by the Gravels 
 and Brick-earth [on the Antiquity of Man in the Eastern Counties]. Journ. 
 Anthrop. Inst., vol. vii., p. 162. 
 
 2866. Skertchly, S. B. J.— SOhap. XV. Geology, in " The Fenland Past 
 and Present," by Millek and Skerchly. 8vo. Wishech and Lond. 
 
 286. Woodward, H. B. — Excursion to Mildenhall. Proc. Norwich Geol. 
 Soc, pt. i., p. 32. 
 
 , 1879. 
 
 287. CHOwrboT, W. M. — On the Well-sections at Beccles. Proc Norwich 
 .Geol. Soc, vol. i., pt. iii., p- 76. „ ., ' 
 
 288. DowsoN, E. T.— Note on the Crag at Dunwich. Ibid, p. 80. 
 
150 GEOLOGY OF IPSWICH, ETC. 
 
 289. Skemchly, S. B. J. — Evidence of the Existence of Palaeolithic 
 Man during the Glacial Period in East Anglia. Bep. Brit. Assoc, for 1879, 
 Sections, V. 379. 
 
 289ai. Wood, S. V. — Second Supplement to the Crag MoUnsca . . . 
 Paloe-ontogra/ph. 8oc. 
 
 1880. 
 
 290. Dalton, W. H. — Note on the Range of the Lower Tertiaries of East 
 Suffolk. Bep. Brit. Assoc, for 1880, p. 375. 
 
 291. Dawkins, Pjb.op. W. B. — Early Man in Britain and his Place in the 
 Tertiary Period. 8vo. London. 
 
 292. Fisher, Rev. O. — On the Implement-bearing Loams in Suffolk. 
 Proc. Comb. Phil. Soc., vol. iii., p. 285. 
 
 292a. Hahmer, F. W. — Remarks on the Geology of Gorton. Trans. 
 Norfolk Nat. 8oo., vol. iii., p. 71. 
 
 293. Lankester, Peop. E. R. — On the Tusks of the fossil Walrus found 
 in the Red Crag of Suffolk. Trans. Irrnm. Soc, vol. xv., p. 144. 
 
 294. Newton, E. T. — Notes on the Vertebrata. of the Pre-Glacial Eorest- 
 bed Series of the East of England. Geol. Mag., dec. ii., vol. vii., pp. 162, 
 424, 447. 
 
 295. Wood, S. V., June. — The Newer Pliocene Period in England. 
 Parti. Qua/rt. Jowrn. ixeol. Soc, vol. xxxyi., p. 457. 
 
 1881. 
 
 296. BiiAKE, J. H. — Address. On the Age and Relations of the so-called 
 Forest Bed of the Norfolk and Suffolk Coast. Proc. Norwich Geol. 8oo., 
 vol. i., pt. v., p. 137. 
 
 296a. Woodward, B. B.— The Crag. Science for All, pt. 46, p. 312, 
 
 1882. 
 
 297. Daiton, W. H. — The Surface-Metamoi-phism of the Eastern 
 Counties. Proc. Norwich Geol. Soc, vol. i , pt.vi., p. 166. 
 
 298. Gdnn, J .^-On the Rootlet-bed in relation to the Forest-bed Series 
 of Norfolk and Suffolk. Ibid., p. 161, and Eastern Daily Press, 14 December, 
 1880. 
 
 299. Harrison, W. J — Geology of the Counties of England .... 8vo. 
 London. 
 
 300. Pkestwich, Prof. J. — On the Strata between the Chillesford Beds 
 and the Lower Boulder Clay, ' The Mundesley and Wesleton Beds.' B^. 
 Brit. Assoc, for 1881, p. 620. 
 
 301. . — On the Extension into Essex of the Mundesley 
 
 and Westleton Beds Ihid., and Geol. Mag., dec. ii., vol. viii., 
 
 p. 966 (1881). 
 
 302. Prisg, H. — ^Notes on some Disooveiies of Flint Implements in the 
 Quaternary Deposits of _the East of England. Proc Norwich GeoT. Soc,, 
 vol. i., pt. vi., p. 162. 
 
 303. Wood, S. V.— Third Supplement to the Crag Mollusca 
 
 Edited by S. V. Wood, Junr. Palceontograph. Soc. 
 
 304. Woodward, H. B. — ^Notes on the Bure VaUey Beds and the 
 Westleton Beds. Geol. Mag., dec. ii., vol. ix., p. 452. (Abstract in Bep. 
 Brit. Assoc, for 1882, p. 530.) 
 
 1883. 
 
 305. Kendall, P. F.— On the Dissolutioti of Aragonite Shells in the 
 Coralline Crag. Geol. Mag., dec. ii., vol. x., p. 497. 
 
 306. Newton, B. T. — On the Occurrence of the Cave Hysena in the 
 " Forest Bed " at Corton Cliff, Suffolk. Ibid., p. 433. 
 
 1884. 
 
 307. Bell, R. G. — Land Shells in the Red Crag. Geol. Mag., dec. iii., 
 vol. i., p. 262. 
 
 308. Prigb, H. — On a portion of a Human Skull of supposed Palaeo- 
 lithic age from near Bury St. Edmunds. Journ. AnOurop. Inst., vol. xiv., 
 p. 51. 
 
BIBLIOGEAPHY. 1 51 
 
 309. Whitaker, W. — Some G-eological Conditions affecting the Question 
 of Water-supply from the Chalk (part of Presidential Address). Froc. 
 Norwich Geol. 8oc., tjjI. i., pt. viii., p. 285, and Geol. Mag., dec. iii., vol. i., 
 p. 23. 
 
 310. . — On the Area of Chalk as a Source of Wat«r Supply. Jov,m. 
 
 Soe. Arts, and " The Health Exhibition Literature," vol. viii., pp. 364, 596. 
 8vo. London. 
 
 1885. 
 
 311. Dalton, W. H. — [On Specimens of Vohita Lamiherti from the 
 Coralline Crag.] . Qua/rt. Jdwm. Geol. Soe., vol. xli., Proc, p. 2. 
 
 Ko Date. 
 
 312. Anon. — Aldborough described, &c. ("A Descriptive List of those 
 Minerals, Fossils, &c. which are to be found on the Shore," pp. 104-108). 
 12mo. Ipsviich. (? about 1800.) 
 
 313. Anon. [? Gowing.] — Descriptive Handbook of Ipswich, the River 
 Orwell, Harwich, Dovercourt, and Felixstow. [Geological information, 
 pp. 97-99.] 12mo. Ipewich. (? 1S69.) 
 
 314. GuNN, BpEV. J. — A Diagram of Coast and Inland Sections of Strata 
 in Norfolk and Suffolk, with explanatoiy remarks. (2 pages.) Printed at 
 the request of the Norfolk and Norwich Geol. Soo. 8vo. Norwich ? 
 
152 
 
 POSTSCRIPT. 
 
 The following section was communicated by Mr. P. Bruff, 
 just as I was sending off the revise, and therefore it couM not 
 be put in its proper place, in p. 106, without much disturbance of 
 type, with consequent alterations in the index. W. W. 
 
 Bbadfielo (Essex). In field 181 of ttie 25-ineh Ordnanee Map. 
 116 feet above Ordnance Datum. Trial-boring. 1885. 
 
 A little water found at a depth of 309 feet, and a little more at 403, 
 wbioh stands at 109 feet (or ll feet above Low Water Level). Yielded 
 only 11 gallons a minute. 
 
 Soil - 
 
 [Drift, 
 241 feet.] 
 
 f Loamy sand 
 J BrowVt sand 
 
 I Light [-coloured], sharp sand 
 ' L Gravel 
 
 [London Clay, 
 111 feet.] "^ 
 
 [Reading 
 
 Beds, 59 feet.]-^ ---/-- 
 
 Brown clay 
 
 Blue clay - - - - 
 
 [Basement- / Hard grey sand, with small stones 
 bed.] L Hard green sand - 
 ""Light-coloured clay 
 Hard light [-coloured] brown sand 
 Light-greenclay ... 
 Dark green clay, with sand 
 
 Feet. 
 
 ■11 
 
 4 
 13i 
 
 6i 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 97 
 9 
 
 4 
 12 
 20 
 
 6~ 
 
 3 
 
 Grey loamy sand, with a few green-isoated flints 
 at bottom - - . . .'7 
 
 To Chalk 196 
 
 Cbalk : Flints about 2 feet down, and then none met with till 
 309 feet from the surface. From 376 to 425 feet flints were 
 found every 2 or 3 feet. From 294 to 330 feet the chalk was 
 soft and rnbbly, the rest was tough and close, except at about 
 403 feet 238 
 
 434 
 
, 153 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Names of places not in the district have * prefixed. 
 
 It should be noted that all pages from 135 to 151 refer only to the List of Works 
 on Suffolk Geology. The names of authors in that List are not here indexed, having 
 a special index therein. 
 
 *Akenham, 13. 
 
 *Aldborough, 2, 37, 39, 98, 99, 135, 146, 
 
 151. 
 , Aide, River and Valley, see Ore. 
 Alderton, 66, 6?, 70. 
 Aldham, 9, 10, 19, 20, 75. 
 Analyses of cement-stone, 133. 
 
 ^ „ phosphates (includiag fossil 
 bones), 102-105. 
 *Ardleigh, 83. 
 Assington, 1, 18, 73, 83, 92, 111, 112. 
 
 TSalanida;, 141. 
 *Ballingdon, 132. 
 *B&rton Mere, 146. 
 
 Bawdscy, 26, 40, 67, 69, 70, 98, 99, 
 137, 143. 
 
 Bawdsey Haven, 2, 96, 99. 
 
 Bealings, gee Little Bealings. 
 
 Bealings Brook, 95. 
 *Beanmont, 42. 
 *Beccles, 135, 149. 
 
 Bell, A., 28, il. 
 
 Bell, U., 41,43. 
 
 Belstead, 2,49,77,111. 
 
 Bennett, Messrs., 113, 114, 117-119, 
 121-126. 
 
 Bentley, 2, 22, 37, 41, 46, 47, 76, 84, 
 
 87, 111, 146. 
 *Bilde(iton, 135. 
 
 Black mass in chalk, 5. 
 
 Black mineral in clay, 137. 
 
 Bolton, Sir F., 125. 
 
 Bone-bed, see Fhosphatic modules. 
 
 Bones in Alluvium, 97. 
 
 „ „ Valley Drift, 93-96. 
 *Botesdale, 135. 
 Boulder of Chalk, large, 88. 
 Boxford, 18, 19, 21, 74, 83, 88, 101, 
 
 111, 112. 
 Boxford River and Valley, 1, 18, 45, 
 
 73, 74, 83, 92. 
 Box-stones of Crag, 27, 30, 36, 38, 39, 
 
 42, 59. 
 Boyton, 26, 28, 70, 71, 82. 
 Bradfield, 152. 
 *Bramble Island, 107. 
 Bramford, 2, 5, 6, 14, 15, 25, 50, 78, 84, 
 
 88, 93, 101. 
 *Brandon, 148, 149. 
 
 Brantham, 46, 76. 
 
 Brett, River and Valley, 2, 9, 10, 19- 
 
 22, 45, 74-76, 84, 92, 93, 100. 
 Brightwell, 63. 
 Brightwell VaUey, 59-64. 
 Brine, Lieut-Col. B., 119, 123, 131. 
 Brown, J., 110. 
 Bruff, P., 106, 109, 129, 152. 
 Bryozoa, see Folyzoa. 
 
 Buckham, E., 97. 
 
 Buekland, Prof. W., 35. 
 
 Bucklesham, 25, 60. 
 ♦Bungay, 135. 
 
 Bure^, 1, 17. 
 
 Burstall, 22. 
 *Bury St. Kdmunds, 135, 146, 150. 
 
 Butley, 36, 38, 41-43, 146. 
 
 Butley River, 2, 35, 99. 
 
 Capel, 2, 22, 46, 88, 112, 126. 
 Carpenter, Dr. P., 37. 
 Cavities in gravel, 145. 
 
 „ tubular, in Coralline Crag, 141. 
 
 Cement-stones, or septaria, of London 
 
 Clay, 17, 101, 106, 109, 110, 114, 
 
 116, 119, 121, 133. 
 
 Cetacea, remains of, 30, 34, 36, 38, 39, 
 
 102-105, 140, 142-146, 148. 
 Channel, deep, of Glacial Drift, 94. 
 Charlesworth, E., 27, 28, 32-34, 39, 42. 
 Chelmondiston, 48, 95, 101. 
 ■ Chelsworth, 5, 93. 
 *Chillesford, 35, 37-39, 43, 140, 145. 
 Chillesford Beds, 35, 37-43, 61, 66, 85, 
 
 140, 144-146, 148, 149. 
 Chilton, 5, 8, 45, 73. 
 ♦Christchurch Bay, 36. 
 Church, J., 108. 
 *Clacton, 101, 108. 
 *Clare, 136. 
 Clarke, Rev. W. B., 9, 13, 21-23, 27, 
 34, 35, 44, 46, 77, 100, 106, 111-116, 
 118, 121, 122, 124, 125. 
 CiiSa, old, of Coralline Crag, 34, 47, 
 
 67, 68. 
 Coal Measures, prospect of finding, 
 
 148. 
 Coast, changes bf, or waste of, 98, 99, 
 136, 137, 139, 143, 147, 148. 
 ♦Colchester, 100, 109, 133. 
 ♦Combs, 100, 142. 
 Consolidated blocks or masses in Drift, 
 
 77, 78, 81, 82, 89, 144. 
 Conybeare, Eev. W. D., 32. 
 Copdoek, 49, 50, 76, 77, 84, 1 12. 
 Coprolites, see Phosphatic modules. 
 Corals (Zoophytes), 140, 141, 147. 
 *Corton, 135, 144, 148-150. 
 Coyts Tye, 84, 1 12. 
 Craifford, J. B., 107. 
 Crowfoot, W., 30. 
 
 Dalton, W. H., 16. 
 
 Dawkins, Prof. W. B., 96. 
 
 Deben, River and Valley, 2, 25, 26, 
 
 38, 44, 58, 64, 65, 67-69, 80, 82, 85, 
 
 88, 90, 94, 95, 97, 98. 
 ♦Deb^ham, 135. 
 
154 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Decalcification of Crag, 29, 42, 43, 46, 
 
 47, 61, 57, 61-65, 67, 70, 71. 
 Dedham,J7, 18, 106. 
 Derivative Fauna of Red Crag, 30, 32- 
 
 34, 36-39, 41-43, 142. 
 Desnoyers, — , 33, 34. 
 Disposition of iron in Strata, 40, 145. 
 ♦Diss, 136. 
 Distribution of Red Crag Mollusca, 31, 
 
 37. 
 Disturbance of beds, 9, 18, 21, 100, 105,- 
 
 132. 
 Division of Crag, 138, 139, 143, 146, 
 
 147. 
 Divisions of Red Crag, 36-38, 40, 41. 
 *Dogger Bank, 41. 
 Dorking Tye, 112. 
 Dove Marshes, 99. 
 Dovercourt, 101, 106, 151. 
 *Duuwich, 149. 
 
 Earth-pillars, Miniature reversed, 64. 
 
 East Bergholt, 112. 113. 
 ♦East Mersea, 100, 109. 
 *Easton Bavent, 34, 139. 
 
 Echinodermata, 138, 141. 
 
 Edwardston, 83, 113. 
 
 Elevation of Land, 145. 
 
 Blmsett,2, 77, 113. 
 *Ely, 137. 
 
 Entomostraca, 96, 142. 
 
 Erwarton, 48, 95. 
 *Eye, 1.^5. 
 
 Falkenham, 58, 59, 94, 147. 
 Faults, in London Clay, 1 8. 
 Felixstow, 25, 43, 64-58, 69, 86, 94, 
 
 98, 99', 114, 135, 140, 149, 151. 
 ♦Fenland, 135, 149. ' 
 Finn, River and Valley, 2, 25, 26, 65- 
 
 •67, 78, 80-82, 90, 94, 95. ' 
 Fish, teeth of, 19, 21-23, 26, 27, 30, 
 
 33, 36-39, 45, 104, 138, 139, 141, 
 
 143, 148. 
 Fi.'iher, Rev. O., 37-39. 
 Fitch, R., 96. 
 
 Flint implements, 136, 141-147, 150. 
 Flowton, 78, 114. 
 
 Pluviomarine Crag, see Norwich Crag. 
 Foraminifera, 110, 114, 144, 147. 
 Forest Bed, 136, 144, 146-150. 
 Foxhall, 61-63, 85, 147. 
 ♦Framlingham, 135. 
 Freshwater shells, scarcity of; in Red 
 
 Crag, 43. 
 Freston, 48. 
 ♦Frlnton, 101, 109. 
 Fuchs,— , 133. 
 
 Garland, E.W.,, 107. 
 
 Gedgrave, 26, 28, 71, 82, 141. 
 
 Geikie, Prof. J., 87. 
 
 Gipping, see Orwell. 
 
 Godwin-Austen, R. A. C, 37, 38. 
 ♦Gorleston, 142, 147. 
 ♦Grays, 37. 
 
 Great Horksley, 87. 
 
 Great AValdingfield, 1, 73, 99, H4. 
 
 Greywether-sandstonc, 15, 16, 94. 
 
 Groton, 1, 18, 74, 1)4, 115. 
 
 Growth of beach, 99. 
 
 Gunn, J., 39. 
 
 Gusford Hall, 12, 50, 98. 
 
 Hadleigh, 1, 9, 19, 21, 45, 74-76, 84, 
 88,93,101,115, 116,135. 
 ♦Halesworth, 135. 
 
 Halton, 116. 
 ♦Hardwick, 136. 
 
 Hardy, W. E., 57. 
 
 Harkstead, 22, 48, 76. 
 
 Harmer, F. W., 41, 42, 78, 83. 
 
 Harwich, 1-3, 5, 17, 18, 34, 42, 44, 98, 
 100, 105, 106, 151. 
 
 Havergate, 99, 116. 
 
 Hemley, 2, 25, 64, 116. 
 
 Henslow, Prof. J. S., 34. 
 
 Herapath, T. J.* 35, 102, 103. 
 
 Higham, 2, 22, 116. 
 
 Hintlesham, 77, 116. 
 
 Holbrook, 22, 46, 48, 76, 95. 
 
 Holden, Dr. J. S., 1 14. 
 ♦Holkham, 100. 
 
 Hollesley, 2, 36, 41, 70, 82, 91, 99. 
 ♦Hopton, 144, 149. 
 ♦Hoxne, 136, 141, 142, 148. 
 
 Hydractinia, 147. 
 
 Ipswich, 1-3, 5, 6, 10-13, 15, 16, 22, 
 23, 37, 50, 51, 78, 79, 84-89, 93, 
 94, 96, 97, 100, 101, 105, 117, 118, 
 126-131, 135, 136, 140, 142, 145, 
 147, 148, 151. 
 
 Ipswich Museum, 8, 31, "42, 93, 146, 
 149. 
 
 Iron in London Clay, 26. ' 
 „ „ Red Crag, 29, 40, 44-46, 48, 49, 
 52, 58, 60, 62, 63, 67. 
 ♦Ixworth, 135. 
 
 Jecks, C, 39. 
 
 Jeffreys, Dr. J. G., 31, 41, 42. 
 Jenyns, Rev. L., 38. 
 Johnston, Prof., 35. 
 Jones, H., 181. 
 Jukes-Browne, A. J,, 87. 
 
 ♦Kelsey, 37. 
 
 Kersey, 5, 9, 112, 118, 124. 
 
 Kersten, C. M., 133. 
 
 Kesgrave, 65, 60, 80, 85. 
 ♦Kessingland, 135, 145, 148, 149. 
 
 Kingsbury,— 111-114, 120, 121, 124. 
 
 Kingston or Kyson, 26, 82, 95, 139, 
 140, 143. 
 
 Kirton, 58-60, 85, 86, 119. 
 
 Lacastrine formations, 137. 
 
 La Marsh, I, 17. 
 
 Land-surface underneath Drift, 143. 
 
 Langer or Landsrnard Common and 
 
 Port, 16, 98, 99~, 119, 120. 
 Langham, 44. 
 Lankester, Prof. E. E., 30, 32, 87-39, 
 
 42, 54. 
 ♦Lark, Valley, 143. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 155 
 
 *LaveQham, 125, 135. 
 
 Layham, 9, 21, 45, 84, 88, 100. 
 
 Leadenheatli, 18, 88, ISO. 
 *Lenham, 39. 
 
 Levington, 51, 52, 90, 95. 
 
 Little Bealinga, 26, 66, 80, 82, 94. 
 
 Little Cprnard, 73, 83. 
 
 Little Horksley, 73, 87. 
 *Little Ouse Valley, 144, 145. 
 
 Little Wal^ngfield, 1, 74. 
 
 Loam-horses, 59. 
 *Long Melford, 135. 
 *Lopfaain Ford, 145. 
 *Lothingland, 137. . 
 ♦Lowestoft, 135-137, 144. 
 
 Lyell, Sir C^ 26, 27, 33-35, 41, 49. 
 
 Mammalia, remains of,, 26, 30, 34, 
 36-39, 54, 93, 95-97, 102-105, 
 110, 138-150. 
 
 Mammaliferoug Crag, see I^orwich 
 Cra^g. 
 
 Manniugtree, 1, 17. 
 
 Maps, Geological, 135, 144, 145, 147. 
 
 Martlesham, 2, 26, 65, 94, 95, 
 "Mendlesham, 135. 
 
 Milden, 121. 
 ♦Mildenhall, 135, 137, 149. 
 
 Miller, H., 93, 97. 
 
 Miller, T., 94, 97, 126-131. 
 
 Mineral Waters, 136, 137. 
 
 Mistley, 18, 44, 106. 
 
 Monks' Eleigh, 2, 5, 45, 75, 121. 
 
 Mount Bures, 87, 98. 
 
 Nacton, 25, 51, 79, 94. 
 Nayland, 1, 2, 45, 135. 
 *Needham MaTket,*135. 
 Newbourn, 63, 64, 80, 139. 
 Newton, 121. 
 Newton, E. T., 96. 
 Nodules, see Fhosphatic. 
 Norfolk Crag, see Norwich Crag. 
 North Weir Point, 99. 
 ♦Norwich, JOO, 136. 
 Norwich, or Fluviomarine, or Mam- 
 
 maltferous, or Norfolk, Crag, 32-42, 
 
 139,143,144,147. 
 
 Ore, or Aide, River aod Valley, 2, 26, 
 35,67, 70, 71, 98, 99. 
 *Orford, 37, 99, 101, 138, 140, 141, 149. 
 
 Orford Haven, 99. ■ 
 
 Orford Marshes, 121. 
 
 Orfordness, 98. 
 
 Orwell, or Gipping, Kiver and Valley, 
 1, 2, 5, 6, 10-16, 22-25, 44, 48, 50-54, 
 58, 76, 78, 79, 83-85, 88, 93, 94, 97, 
 98, 100, 129-131, 141, 142, 148, 149, 
 151, 
 
 Owen, Sir B., 34. 
 
 *PakefieId, 135, 145, 148. 
 Palaeolithic Man, 136, 144, 148, 150. 
 Parkinson, J.,32. 
 
 Passage of Boulder Clay into sand 
 beneath, 81. 
 
 Penning, W. H., 87. 
 
 Pettit, — , 115, 122, 124. 
 
 Phillips, Prof. J., 35, 54. 
 
 Phillips, W., 32. 
 
 Phosphatic nodules of Crag, 27, 30, 34, 
 
 35, 37-39, 44, 45, 48, 50, 51, 53, 56, 
 
 57, 59-65, 67-71, 102-105, 140-142, 
 
 144, US, 148. 
 Pickering, Rev. A., 101. 
 Pile-dwelling, 146. 
 Plant-remains in alluvium, 97. 
 
 „ „ pyritized, in London Clay, 
 
 17, 56. 
 Playford, 66, 67, 82, 89, 90. 
 Polstead, 45, 83, 88, 121. 
 Polyzoa, or Bryozoa, 27, 28, 33, 142. 
 Position of shells in Crag, 35. 
 Pi-estwlch, Prof. J., 8, 19, 23, 26-28, 31 , 
 
 32, 35, 40, 41, 47, 48, 67-79, 93, 
 
 105. 
 
 Ramsey, 107. 
 
 Kamsholt, 26, 28, 67, 69, 82, 138. 
 
 Baydon, 45, 76, 88, 122. 
 
 Bedman, J. B., 98, 99. 
 
 Ringler-Thomson, T. G., 35. 
 
 Ripple-marks, 40. 
 
 Rushmere, 66, 85, 122. 
 
 Sand-flood, 136. 
 "'Saxmundham, 135. 
 Scott, G., 41. 
 
 Scrobicnlaria Crag, 31, 38, 41, 43. 
 Selenite, in London Clay, 112. 
 Semer, 6, 9, 74, 75, 88, 122. 
 Septaria, see Cement-stones. 
 ' Sharman, G., 93, 96. 
 Shells, freshwater, in Drift, 114.. 
 „ in Alluvium, 97. 
 „ „ Glacial sand, 80, 82. 
 „ „ liOndon Clay, 11, 13, 19-21, 
 
 56, 108, 110. 
 „ „ Oldhaven Beds, 11. 
 „ „ Valley Drift, 93, 95, 96. 
 . „ of the Crag in Valley Drift, 94. 
 Shelly, 9. 10, 45, 74, 88, 100. 
 . Shingle, composition of, 99. 
 Shingle Street, 70, 98. 
 Shotley, 48, 76, 95, 122. 
 Shottisham, 26, 67, 70, 82, 90, 91. 
 Silting-up of Estuaries, 137. 
 Sinking of land, 145. 
 *Southwold, 34, 135, 139, 140. 
 Sproughton, 10, 23. 
 Stoke-by-Nayland, 45, 122. 
 StoUery, —65. 
 Stones covered with Barnacles, in Crag, 
 
 30, 35, 46, 49, 141. 
 Stones, perforated, from Crag, 147. 
 Stoar, River and Valley, 1, 2, 5, 8, 9, 
 17-19, 22, 38, 44-48, 73, 76, 83, 87, 
 88, 92, 95, 98. 
 *Stowmarket, 125, 135, 136. 
 Stratford St. Mary, 46. 
 Stutton, 2, 9, 46, 95, 96, 137. 
 Submerged forest, 97, 148, 149. 
 ♦Sudbourne, 38, 138, 141. 
 
156 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 *Sudburj-, 6, 8, 21, 43, 132, 133, 135, 
 
 148. 
 Sutton, 2, 26-28, 38, 40, 67, 68, SO, 
 101, 102, 105. 
 
 Tattingstone, 22, 26, 27, 46-48, 95. 
 Taylor, Dr. J.E., 8, 18, 41, 42, 48, 97. 
 Taylor, B. C, 33. 
 *Thi!tford, 135, 137, 144-146. 
 Thingoe Hundred, 139. 
 TiUey, T., 107, 109. 
 Tricker,— 113-115. 
 Trimley, 52-54, 58, 79, 85, 95, 101. 
 Tuddenham, 2, 15, 25, 67, 82, 89, 94. 
 Tufa, or white marl, 98. 
 Turtles, remains of, in London Clay, 17. 
 
 Valleys, formation of, 143. 
 Vanden Broeck, E., 29. 
 Vertebrata, 138. See also Fish, Mam- 
 malia. / 
 Voelcker, Dr. A., 26, 103. 
 
 WaldringBeld, 25, 64, 65, 94, 101, 123, 
 
 146. 
 Walton, 25, 54, 58, 131. 
 ♦Walton Naze, 31, 32, 36, 38, 39, 41-43, 
 110. 
 
 Warner, J., 110. 
 
 Washbrook Valley, 22, 49, 76-78. 
 Water, brackish, in wells, 105. 
 ♦Wareney Valley, 141, 143. 
 Westerfield, 78-80, 88, 89, 123. 
 Whatfield, 124. 
 
 Wherstead, 35, 49, 76, 101, 124, 141. 
 Whitaker, W., 42, 43. 
 Whitton,. 13, 15, 23, 24, 78, 79, 124. 
 *Wickham Bishop, 100. 
 Williams Tye, 124. 
 Wood, S. v., 26, 31-34, 36, 37, 42, 43, 
 
 47, 96. 
 Wood, S. v., junr., 2.5, 32, 35-38, 
 
 40-43, 56, 57, 61, 63, 65, 72, 81-86, 
 
 98. 
 Woodbridge, 1, 2, 37, 67, 82, 87, 90, 
 . 94, 95, 101, 135, 136, 139, 147, 148. 
 Woodward, H. B., 110. 
 Woodward, S., 33. 
 Woolverstene, 48, 125. 
 Wormingford, 87. 
 Wrabness, 18, 95, 101. 
 
 *Yare Valley, 141. 
 
 ♦Yarmouth, 100, 143, 144, 147. ' 
 
 Zo&phytes, see Corals. 
 
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 89SE BOLTON, LANCASHIRE. flyE.HuLL. as. 
 
 «9SW WIGAN. By Edwabd Hull (2nd Ed.) Is. (O.P.) 
 
 «OSB The COUNTEY between LIVEEPOOL and SOUTHPORT. By C. E. De Eahce. 3d. <0.P.) 
 
 SO NE ■ SOUTHPORT, LYTHAM, and SOUTH SHORE. By C. B. De Eance. 6d. 
 
 91 SW - - The COUNTEY between BLACKPOOL and FLEETWOOD. By C. E. De Eance. id. 
 
 fll NW - ■ SOUTHEEN PAET of the FUENESS DISTEICT in N. LANCASHIEE. By W. T. Aveiine. 6d. 
 
 92 SE - BEADFOED and SKIPTON. By J. B. DAKYNS, C. Fox-Stbangwayb, E. Eussell, and W. H. Daxton, M 
 
 93 NW . NOETH and EAST of HABROGATE. By O.Fox-SlEANawAYS. 6d. 
 
 S3NB -The COUNTRY between YORK and MALTON. By C. Fox-Steanoways. Is. 6(2: 
 
93 SW 
 
 9iNE 
 96 SW, SE 
 
 95 NV 
 
 96 SE 
 96 NE 
 93 SE 
 98 NE 
 101 SB 
 
 SHEET IKEinOIBS OF TBE CEOI.OeXCil.K SVILVIiTl —continued. 
 
 - CABBONIPEROTJS BOCKS N. and 1. of LEEDS, and the PEEMIAN and TEIASSIC KOOKS about 
 
 TADCASTER, By W. T, AVEIINE, A. H. GKEMf.J. B. DiKTKs; J. C.WAEr, and B. BtrssELL. 6d. (O.P.) 
 
 - BRIDLINGTON BAT. By J. B. Daktus and C. Pok-StkassWays. Is. 
 
 - SCARBOROUGH and FLAHBOROUGH HEAD., By C.Eox-SiEAifawATs. Is. 
 
 - WHITBT and ;S0ARBOEOUGH. By C. Eox-SiEANe-VTATS and G. Baebow. Is. ed. 
 
 - NEW MALTON, PICKERING, and HELMSLEY. By 0. Pox-STEATOWATa. is. 
 
 - BSKDALE, ROSEDALiffi &o. By C. Eox-Steahgwats, C. REid, and G. Baeeott. Is. ed. 
 
 - KIRKBY LONSDALE and KE NDAL. By "W. T. Avbiike, T, Mg K. Hughes, and R. H. Tibdemah. 2«. 
 
 - KENDAL, WINDERMERE, SEDBERGH, & TEBAY. By W. T. Avet.ise & T. Mo K. HUOHES. 6ti. (O.P.) . 
 
 - NORTHERN PART of the ENGLISH LAKE DISTRICT. By J. CWaed. 9». 
 
 THE MSNERAL DISTRICTS OF ENGLAND AND WALES ARE ILLUSTRATED 
 BY THE FOLLOWING PUBLISHED MAPS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 COAL-FtElDS OF ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 Scale, one inch to a mile. 
 
 Anglesey, 78 (SW). 
 
 Bristol and Somerset, 19, 35. 
 
 Coalbrook Dale, 61 (NE & SE). 
 
 ,01eeHm,5S(NE,NW). 
 
 iPlintsliireand Denbighshire, 74 (NE & SE), 7» (NE, SE). 
 , Derby and Yorkshire, 71 (NW, NE, & SE), 82 (NW 4 SW), 
 . 81(NE),,87(NE,SE),88(SE). ' 
 
 Eorest of Dean, 43 (SE 4 SW). 
 
 Forest of Wyre; 61 (SE),j55 (NE) 
 
 Lancashire,80 (NW),S1 (NW), 89,88 (SW, NW). 
 
 Iieioesterahire, 71 (SW), 63 (NW). ' 
 
 Northumberland & Durham, 103, 105, 106 (SE), 109 (SW,SE.) 
 
 N. Staffordshire, 72 (NW),72(SW),7S(NE),80 (SE),81(SW). 
 
 S. Staffordshire. 54 (NW). 62 (SW). 
 
 Shrewsbury, 60 (NE), 61 (NW & SW). 
 
 South Wales, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42 (SB, SW). 
 
 WarwioKshu-e, 62 (NE SE) , 63 (NW SW). 54 (NE) , 68 (NW). 
 
 Yorkshire, 88 (NE, SE), 87 (SW), 92 (SE), 93 (SW). 
 
 GEOLOGIIiAL MAPS. 
 
 Scale, six inches to a mile. 
 The Coal-fields and other mineral districts of the N. of 
 Bnglsind are published oh a scale, of six inches to a mile, 
 at 4s. to 6s. each. MS. Coloured Copies of other six-inch 
 maps, not intended for publication, are deposited for refer- 
 ence in the Geological Surver Office, 28, Jermyn Street, 
 London. 
 
 Sheet. 
 15. Ireleth. 
 '16. "Ulverstone, 
 17. Oartmel. 
 22., Aldingham. 
 
 47. Olitheroe. 
 
 48. Colne, Twiston Moor, 
 
 49. Laneshavr Bridge. 
 65., Whalley. 
 
 66. Haggate. 
 
 67. Winewall. 
 
 61. Preston. 
 
 62. Balderstone, &c. 
 
 63. Accrington. 
 
 64. Burnley. 
 
 66. SKperden Moor. 
 
 69. Layland. 
 
 70. BlSipkbum, &c, 
 
 71. Haslingden. 
 
 72. Cliviger, Bacup, &e. 
 
 73. Todmorden. 
 .77. Ohorley. 
 
 78. Bolton-le-Moors. 
 
 79. Entwistle. 
 
 ; 80. Tottington; 
 81. Wardle. 
 
 Xiancastalre. 
 
 Sheet. 
 
 84. Ormskirk, St. Johns, &e. 
 
 85. Standish, &c. 
 
 86. Adlington, Horwick, Sec. 
 ■ 87. Bolton-le-Moors. 
 
 88. Bury, Heywood. 
 
 89. Rochdale, &c. 
 
 92. Bickerstaffe. 
 
 93. Wigan, Up Holland, &c. 
 
 94. W;estHouKhton,Hindle¥. 
 
 95. Badolifre.Peel Swinton, 
 
 96. Middleton, Prestwich. 
 
 97. 01dham,,&c. 
 
 100. Knowsley, Rainford, &o. 
 
 101. Billinge, Ashton, &c. 
 
 102. Leigh, Lowton. 
 
 103. Ashley, Eceles. 
 
 104. Manchester. Salford, &is. ■ 
 
 105. Ashton-under-Lyne. 
 
 106. Liverpool, See. 
 
 107. Prescott,Huyton, &c. 
 
 108. St.Helen's,Burton'Wood. 
 
 109. Witiwick, &o. ' 
 
 111, Cheedale, Stockport, Sc, 
 
 112, Stockport, &c. 
 
 113, Part of Liverpool, &c. 
 
 1. Byton. 
 
 2. Gateshead. 
 
 3. Jarrow. 
 
 4. S. Shields. 
 
 Durliam. 
 
 5. Greenside. 
 
 6. Winlaton. 
 
 7. Washington. 
 
 8. Sunderland. 
 
 Burtaam — continued. 
 Sheet. 
 
 Sheet. 
 
 10. Edmondbyers. 
 
 11. Ebchester. 
 
 12. Tantoby. 
 
 13. Cliester-le-Street. 
 
 16. Hunstanworth. 
 
 17. Waskerle^. 
 IS. Muggleswink. 
 
 19. Lanchester. 
 
 20. Hotton-le-Hole, 
 
 22. Wear Head. 
 
 23. Eastgate. 
 
 24. Stanhope. 
 
 XToirtbuiiiberlaud 
 
 25. Wolsingham. 
 
 26. BranctjBeth. 
 30. Benn.vSeat. 
 
 32. White Kijrkley. 
 
 33. Hamsteiley, 
 
 34. Whitworth. 
 
 35. Maize Beck. 
 
 41. Cockfleld. 
 
 42, Bishop Auckland. 
 46. Haffksley Hill House. 
 52. Barnard Castle. 
 63. Winston. 
 
 4*. Roth bury. 
 45 Longframling- 
 
 ton. 
 46. Broomhill. 
 ' 47. Coquet Island. 
 
 64. Longhorsley. 
 
 65. Ulgham. ■ 
 56. DruridgeBay. 
 
 63. Netherwibton. 
 
 64. Morpeth. 
 
 65. Newbiggi"- 
 
 72. Bedlingcon. 
 
 73. Blyth. 
 
 80. Oramlington. -, 98. Walker. 
 
 81. Earsdon. 101. AVhitfieli 
 
 82. NB.of Gilsland.102. Allendale 
 
 SS.Coadley Gate. 
 
 87. Heddon. 
 
 88. Long Benton, 
 
 89. Tynemouai. 
 
 91. Gx'eenheadi 
 
 92. Haltwhistle. 
 
 Town. 
 103. SMey. 
 
 105. Newlands. 
 
 106. Blackpool Br. 
 
 107. Allendale. 
 
 108. Blanchland. 
 
 93. HaydonBridge.109. Shotleyfield, 
 
 94, Hexham. 
 96. Corbridge. 
 
 96. Horsley. 
 
 97. Newcastle. 
 
 110. Wellhope. 
 
 111. Allenlieads. 
 112, 
 
 55. Searness. 
 66. Skiddaw. 
 
 63. Thackthwaite. 
 
 64. Keswick, 
 
 65. Doekraye. 
 
 2, Tees Head. 
 6. Duftou EelU 
 
 Cumberland. 
 
 69. Suttermere. " 
 
 70. Grange. 
 
 71. Helvellyn. „ 
 74. Wastwater. , 
 
 76. StonethwaitePell. 
 
 'Westmorland. 
 
 12. Patterdale. 26. Grasmere. 
 
 IS. Near Grasmere. 38. KendaL 
 
 7orksbire. 
 
 7. Redcar 
 
 12. Bowes. 
 
 13. VVycliffe. 
 20. Lythe. 
 
 24. Klrkby Ravens 
 
 worth. 
 
 25. Aldborough. 
 32. Whitby. 
 83. — 
 
 38. Marske. 
 
 39. Richmond. 
 ,46. 
 
 47. Bobiu 
 Bay: 
 53. Downholme. 
 68. Leyboume. 
 82. Kidstones. 
 84. E. Witton.'i . 
 
 97. Foxup. 
 
 98. Kirk Gill. 
 
 99. Haden Carr. 
 100. LofthoHse. 
 116. ArnclifEe. 
 
 116. Cohistone 
 
 ' Moor. 
 133. Kirkby 
 Malham, 
 
 184, Dale End. 
 
 185. Kildwick. 
 200.. Keighley. 
 
 201. Bingley. 
 
 202. Oalverley. 
 
 203. Seaci'oft. 
 
 204. Aberford. 
 216. Peeke Well, 
 
 216. Bradford. 
 
 217. Calverley. 
 Hood's 218. Leeds. 
 
 219. Kippax. 
 
 231. Halifax. 
 
 Birstal. 
 
 260. Honley. 
 
 261. Kiffcburtdn. 
 
 262. Darton. 
 
 263. Hemswortb. . 
 
 264. Campsall. 
 272. HolmHrth. 
 
 275. Penistone. ' , 
 274. Barnsley. . 
 276.. Darfleld. 
 
 276. Brodsworth. 
 
 281. Langsell. 
 
 282. Wortley. 
 
 283. W»th upon 
 Dearnu. 
 
 284. Conisborough. 
 
 287. Low Bradford. 
 
 288. Ecclesfield. 
 o„„ ^ . 289. Eotherham. 
 
 233. BastArdsley. 290. Braithwell. 
 
 234. Oastleford. 293. Hallam Moors. 
 296. Handsworth. 
 296. Laiighton - en - 
 
 iB-Mqrkhen. 
 299. ■ ^ 
 
 246. Huddersfteld. 
 
 247. Dewsbury. 
 
 248. Wakefield. 
 
 249. Pontefraot. 
 260. Darrington. 
 
 300. Harthill. 
 
 ^ . . ,^ , MINERAL STATISTICS. 
 
 Embracing the produce of Coals, Metallic Ores, and other Minerals Jtv n ftttwt t?,.„™ mco *. ,„.» . , 
 l».6d.6aoh> 1868,Parfi-.,ls.6d.i Part i/., 6». 1869. 1 "erf 1860 3^ M isbT »» „,^fTr.ll^i *°,^^'^" inclusive 
 18e.3,2j.6rf. 186*,2s. 1865,2«.6rf. lS66 to 1881, 2» each »»• e*" 1861, 2s. ; and Appendix, Is. 1862, 2». 6<i 
 
 (These Statistics are now published by the Some OM^e, as parts of the Zeporfs of the Impeotors of Mines.) 
 
 „ , THE IRON ORES OF GREAT BRITAIN 
 
 Part I. The North and North Midland Counties of Bnulaud (Outofvrmn Port I'v a™,n, o, «, j ,., ^ 
 
 Part III.. South Wales. Price Is. Sd. Part lY. Thf sKiiJetSid and N^rth S^^^^^^ !»• 
 
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