CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Cornell University Library P 945.C47 Hittlte inscriptions: 3 1924 026 458 137 The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924026458137 Dr. Charles' work on the Hittite Inscriptions is printed in advance of the pub- lication of the results of the Cornell Expedition to Asia Minor and the Assyro-Babj^- lonian Orient. This is done for two reasons: i, because scholars who knew of the fresh material discovered by the Cornell Expedition and of the importance of the work done by Dr. Charles on the old material were eager to have it published at once; and 2, it was feared, and not without reason, that much of the Expedition's work on the Hittite Inscriptions would be anticipated by others, if publication were postponed until the entire volume could be printed. It is a matter of great regret that the publication of the results of the work of the Cornell Expedition has been delayed so long. Upon their return to America the members of the expedition were handicapped by their XJniversity work to such an extent that they had almost no time to devote to the. elaboration of their results. This unhappy condition illustrates anew the fact, really axiomatic, that provision should be made in advance for the maintenance of an expedition as a body until the publication of their results shall have been completed. Such provision has rarely been made in the past ; it could not be made in the case of the Cornell Expedition to Asia Minor and the Assyro-Babylonian Orient, and the consequence has been that the publication of the results of the expedition has been greatly delayed. How- ever, it is hoped that the first volume can be given to the public before the end of 1912. ^. nf'^lnn. Compliments of J. R. 5. STERRETT, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. THE CORNELL EXPEDITION TO ASIA MINOE AND THE ASSYRO-BABYLONIAN ORIENT OKGANIZED BY J. R. S. STERRETT ITHACA, NEW YORK 1911 TEAVELS AND STUDIES IN THE NEAEEE EAST BY A. T. OLMSTEAD B. B. CHARLES J. E, WRENCH VOLUME I PAET II HiTTITE Il^SCEIPTIOI^S ITHACA, NEW YORK 1911 HE NEW Era printing Company Lancaster, pa. NOTE. As a result of the interest shown in our Hittite discoveries and in response to the desire tliat these should be published as early as possible, the part of our work, the second of the hrst volume, dealing with the Hittite inscriptions is now issued. For a general account of the organization of the expedition as well as for the names of the generous men who have made that expedition possible, we must refer to the introduction which Professor Sterrett will contribute to the first part. Here too will be found the full description of the localities in which these inscriptions have been discovered. A word may not be out of place as to the methods used in securing the inscrip- tions and as to the purpose of this pubhcation. As the study of the Hittite in- scriptions was recognized from the first as one of the most important of our duties in Asia IMinor, we made special preparations. We had long been interested in the question of Hittite decipherment and had through this gained a fairly accurate knowledge of the Hittite characters, real or supposed. We carried with us the Hittite Corpus and all possible time was devoted to its study with special attention paid to the grouping of the signs. All Hittite inscriptions known in the field were visited and a number of new ones discovered. When an inscribed rock was reached it was first cleaned, often a matter of much time and trouble. Then the squeeze paper was pounded in. In this condition, a hand copy was made, the uniform white surface showing every slightest rise or incision which might hitherto have been concealed by the weathered and discolored rock. When the sun gave the longest shadow, this white surface was photographed and this photograph of the squeeze became the basis for the drawing now presented, the relative positions of the various signs as well as their forms being thus best preserved. When the inscription was of special difficulty, the squeeze was taken off a character at a time, so that the original rock and each side of the squeeze could be examined together. In America, the squeezes have been repeatedlj^ studied with special reference to the possibility of finding in mutilated passages the same groups of signs which are to be found in other parallel sections. In this way, fragments of signs have been identified with the whole ones while a number of rare signs hitherto listed now turn out to be wrongly joined fragments of some that are perfectly well known. Finally, all these copies have been collated with the photographs. By thus sparing no possible labor, though it has sadly delayed the publication, it is hoped that the newly discovered inscriptions have been presented with as great an accuracy as their frequently mutilated and weathered condition will permit to a first attempt. As for those already known, a comparison with the copies in the Corpus will show wide differences. The Corpus copy was regularly compared with the stone itself and disagreements with it are to be taken as deliberate corrections. Reference has regularly been made to the Corpus number and this has been considered suf- 1 1 2 CORNELL EXPEDITION TO ASIA MINOR AND ASSYRO-BABYLONIAN ORIENT ficient for the bibliography in the case where this is complete in that publication. Articles not there cited have been given so far as known but all pertinent literature has been used in the preparation of text and notes. The photographs and plates are arranged according to the itinerary of the ex- pedition as outhned in Part I. The drawings are intended to represent what the trained eye can detect after the most rigid inspection. The half tone repro- ductions are given from the photographs merel}' as checks. This reproduction has been absolutely mechanical, no retouching having been allowed. But it should be remembered that no half tone can be quite as true as the original photograph and that a photograph gives both more and less than is inscribed. Their seeming evi- dence, then, should not outweigh the drawings which have been made from all possible sources. In the division of labor at the beginning of the trip, Charles, as philologist, agreed to accept the responsibility for the securing and publishing of the Hittite inscriptions. To him are due all the field copies of all the inscriptions, the pho- tographic work in both Asia Minor and America, the construction of the drawings, and the preparation of the text. Whenever present, the other members have as- sisted in the work of squeezing, in collation of field copies, and in comparison of photographs, as well as in the compilation of the bibliography. All have taken part in the preparation of the final manuscript and in seeing the section through the press. But the major part of the work has been done by Charles and the credit and the ros]5onsibility for it as a whole belongs to him alone. A. T. Olmstead, B. B. Charles, J. E. Wrench. h: 1 ttii:e in s( ;e i ptio n 8. Plate I. Quia Dagh. We ^i\'(> here our own copy of the inscription, first discovered liy Miss Gertrude L. Bell, in tlie rock cut corridor on Malialich above Bin Bir Kilise (jNIaden Shehr).i Tlie application of squeeze paper makes nearly A ffe Plate I. Qara Dagh. all the characters stand out clearly as maj' be seen from the photographs rhade while the squeeze was drying.- It is quite apparent that two signs are to be read to the right of the arm and spear symbol, though tlie lower of the two is rather badly Fig. 1. Qara Dagh inscription, left end. weathered. The corridor in which the inscription occurs seems to have been the entrance to the shrine or citadel which occupied the peak of this mountain. ^Sayce, Proc. Soc. Bihl. Arch., 1909, 83^.; Ramsay and Bell, Thousand and One Churches, 505/. and Fig. 376, la. 2 Fig. 1-3. 4 CORNELL EXPEDITION TO ASIA MINOR AND ASSYRO-BABYLONIAN ORIENT Fig. 2. Qara Dagh inscription, right end. Fitj. 3. Mahalich, rock out corridor. HITTITE INSCRIPTIONS Plate II. Kolit Oghlu Yaihi. The well known inscription from Ilghin^ lies on the plain about an hour east of the small village of Qara Koi and two hours west by north J "^.^r fl b Oi ^ ■i J' ^i:^^ Plate II. Kolit Oghlu Yaila. Fig. 4. Kolit Oghlu Yaila inscription. ' Messerschmidt, Corpus Inseriptionum Hettiticarum (hereafteT cited asCIH.),XXXV. Cf. also Sayce, Proc. Soc. Bibl. Arch., 1904, 24; 1905, 215; Garstang, Land of the Hittites, 173/. 6 T)RNELL EXPEDITION TO ASIA MINOR AND ASSYRO-BABYLONIAN ORIENT from Qadyn Khan. It is carved in relief on one side of a block of hard limestone. A crack in the upper left hand corner has broken away portions of several signs, and there is a small lacuna near the right end of the first line; otherwise the uiscrip- tion is fairly well preserved.* The purpose of the stone on which the inscription is Fig. 5. Back of Kolit Oghlu Yaili stone. cut is rather uncertain. A hollow in the rear portion of the stone-^ suggests that it was used either as a water basin or as the base of a statue or stela. The former alternative seems the more likely and we ma}' compare it with the similar stone found at Oviik north of Boghaz Koi." The embankment near bv, the course of •7 ■ ■ ■ B^B g ?s?*?r^ .""■'^» — ■ n ^H 1 IHHH ^^k ^^^1 ■ n H WIKi Wr'"^- ^ ^!M| ^^H ^^^^^1 ■ HPI ^MBi^l ^H hw;.. _- ^-^^^^ J lastsm ?^afH|^H| ^1 1 1 ■ ;^- V. ':^ m Fio. 6. Kolit Oghlu Yaiia, embankment near inscription. which hardly suggests a wall of defense, is very possibly the fine of an aqueduct to the nearby Hittite Tyriaeum, a conclusion which is strengthened by the fact that it seems to have been continued in a cutting to the southwest.'^ 'Fig. 4. spig. 5_ ^The so-called throne, Texier, Am Muieure, PL Ixxxii. 'Fig. 6. HITTITE INSCRIPTIONS / Plate III. N'islian Tas]). The main purpose of our visit to Boghaz Koi, the Hittite capital, then being excavated by the Germans, was the study of the Nishan Tash (Beacon Stone) inscription which Winckler^ had given up as hopeless. He says: "8ie ist vollig verwaschen, so dass von ihrem Inhalte nichts mehr fest- gestellt werden kann. . . . [Note] Der Zustand ist tatsJichlich so trostlos, dass Fig. 7. Nishan Ta.sh, left end of main inscribed portion, witli squeeze. weder von Abklatsch noch Photographic noch sonst irgend wie etwas dafiir zu hoffen ist. Hochstens kann hier und da cin vereinzeltes Zeichen erkannt werden." But an earher report of Sir WiUiam Ramsay was much more encouraging: "I recognized it without hesitation as an inscription. . . . My own impression was that with time and study, a person accustomed to the hieroglyphics would be able to copy at least parts of it."^ Furthermore, Belck had announced that he had been able to secure the first four lines after a three days' labor." Yet the impression that this weathered inscription makes on the traveller who has not ^Orientalistische Litteratur-Zeitung , IX. 628; and n. 1. ^Athen. Mittheilungen, XIV. 179. ^'>Verh. Bed. Anthr. Gesel, 1901, 481; cf. Berl. Philol. Wochenschrift, 1901, 1629; A7ner. Jour. Arch., VI. 63. Our own decipherment was announced by Sterrett, Nation, Jan. 30, 1908; Charles, Independent, LXVII. 922. 8 CORNELL EXPEDITION TO ASIA MINOR AND ASSYRO-BABYLONIAN ORIENT devoted himself to a minute study of the Hittite characters is well indicated by the statement of Garstang, published after our own claims had been given to the world, in his Land of the Hittites: "It is generally thought that th^s is an inscription in Hittite hieroglyphics, and probably this is correct; but owing to its extremely weathered state we do not believe it possible now to recognize the signs with any certainty, though one traveller claims to have deciphered four lines in comparatively 1 1 I I MHHBHp^ ' .J ^^^^^^^1 1 1 1 1 ^^^P^^*- -*- - y^ 1 fcf ■* • 1 ■ ^^^^i^^''^^^^k Hj B ^Kj^^ H ^^% 9 ■■'■:-f K^^|B ^^^^^^ 1 1 Bc*3i 1 7 ■•^•^J Fig. S. Nishan Tash, middle of inscription. recent ycar.s. ... At the present time the carving simulates a series of animal forms, arranged in pairs facing one another, and (in the second row) of winged creatures placed singly and separated by dividing lines from one another. In the ninth row there is a suggestion of bulls facing one another in pairs, with lowered heads. Doubtless this is illusion, but it shows the unfortunate impossibility of recovering the original inscription with any rehability."" Professor Puchstein, who was then in charge of the German excavations, most kindly declared that it would not be trespassing on their domain if we at- tempted to copy the inscription. ^^HiUiles, 158/. HITTITE INSCRIPTIONS 9 A short visit to the rock itself showed that, while the raised characters were indeed badly weathered, they were far from hopeless and we accordingly prepared for work. As the largest known Hittite inscription, eight feet high and thirty feet long, as well as the only inscription of any size in hieroglyphics at the Hittite capital, the securing of it was most essential. It is cut in relief on the face of one of the outcropi)ing masses of limestone near thc^ center of the U])per town and not far to the southwest of Boylik Qale, which has become so well known as the site x^,^.---"U:[^v: ♦ ^,: ,- -y ;"■ '■■.';\- ^"'^ ^i:./-' ^ •i i i "'^^''fev/-. r r -'■ -^ i ^'§J^~"'v 1 r'^ P . ^pj^^HH - ^- ^HS^H 1^'" ■B 4-. f -' - H,'''^' ^j^A- : /' --5^?'; ' ^— - — — ^ P ^?^^;"."^-:,- '-:^»^-..-. W^^ #-| •/^ Fig. 9. Xishan Tash, right end. of the great find of cuneiform tablets written in the Hittite language. A ledge about a foot broad was cut along the face of the rock at a distance of from two to three feet from the ground; above th's the space was roughly smoothed for the in- scription. It has generally been reported that there are two inscriptions, but these seem to be merely two parts of the same inscription, separated by a break in the rock, which was perhaps already there when the writing was cut, since the Hittites do not appear to have objected to lack of symmetry in their written monuments. This left hand portion is even more badly weathered than the main section and only three lines give hope of decipherment. The first line from which any sym- bols can be recovered appears to go with the second of the main portion. The 10 CORNELL EXPEDITION TO ASIA MINOR AND ASSYRO-BABYLONIAN ORIENT ten long divisions of the main section are separated by irregularly drawn lines m relief and the first space is much broader than the others. The characters seem not to have been so skillfully engraved as those on the stone at Kolit Oghlu Yaila but give the impression of an early and but httle conventionalized form of the Hittite writing. The best preserved portions are parts of the first and nmth lines. The present drawing represents a final revision, with careful comparison of squeeze and photographs, of four copies made from the stone itself, the result of two separate visits, the second at the close of the expedition when every known inscrip- tion in the field had been studied. No care has been spared to secure as complete a text as possible of this hitherto 'illegible' inscription, but it is probable that still another revision of the stone itself might add a few more signs if the work were carried out under especially favorable conditions of light and shade. ^^ Plate IV. A. Boghaz Koi. A yellow, cone shaped bit of unbaked clay, three quarters of an inch in diameter at the base and five eighths of an inch high, con- taining, on the base, a seal impression in relief, which consists of a Hittite figure and several characters. The figure is clad in short tunic and skull cap with horn Plate IV. Boghaz Koi. Fig. 10. Boghiiz Koi, cone and tetrahedron. projecting in front. The hair falls in the conventional curl behind. The right hand is extended and the left grasps the long staff or spear held vertically in front and doubtless resting on the ground. The figure faces to the observer's right and, contrarjf to the usual convention, only the one shoulder is seen. Portions of some of the characters have disappeared with the wearing away of the edges of the base. The cone, in the making, was pressed on a fairly coarse string, the ends of which protruded from the apex. The string, however, ran in places so near the surface that the clay which covered it has broken partially away, showing its imprint along each side from the apex to a point more than half way to the base, where the string holes are seen to turn more towards the center. The imprint clearly shows the string to have been a twisted or plaited cord with spiral strand. ^^ Plate IV. B. Boghaz Koi. A black tetrahedron of unbaked clay, one and one sixteenth inches long and five eighths of an inch thick, pointed at one end, flat at the other. It contains the impression in relief of a seal repeated in full four times and in part several times on the sides and base. On the uninscribed edges appear quite plainly the scribe's thumb and finger markings. The apex contains 12 Fig. 7-9. "Fig. 10. HITTITE INSCUIPTIONS 11 a hole which immediately branches into two, showing that the clay was, as in the case of the cone just described, pressed on a string before the impression was made.^^ It is very possible that wc ma}- see, in both tetrahedron and cone, cases of the use of the sissiktu among the Hittites."^ Plate V. Qiira Burun. On visiting tliis i^lace, we found a group of five char- acters, forming a sort of title to tlic main inscription, which has previously escaped attention. This group is about fourteen inches above the first line as can be seen Fig. 11. Qara Burun, inscription with squeeze. from the photograph of the rock^'^ with the squeeze in place. The entire inscrip- tion has been given in this place in order that a number of more or less important additions and corrections might be included. It may be observed that the char- acter immediately in front of the bird in line 3 is doubtless identical with that in the corresponding position in line 2, although on the stone it appears more as rep- resented in the present copy.^^ The name of the place has thus far been given as Karaburna. It is undoubtedly Qara Burun, that is. Black Nose or Promontory, but the current rendering has grown out of a shght vocahc addition which is sometimes to be heard after the final n in the pronounciation of the natives of the place. '^ "Ibidem. 15 Cf. Johns' very interesting conjecture concerning the sissiktu, Proc. Soc. Biht. Arch., 1909, 78#. "Fig. 11. . "CIH. XLVI. Cf. Garstang, Hittites, 154/. 18 Cf. Anderson, Jour. Hellen. Studies, XXI. 322. t^^ \\€ •< — \\ (^ CS r ®V <-*D Bt 2)/\ .^- ^ <^ <:r ''(B -B ■a cz G-.-- e ^^] HITTITE INSCRIPTIONS' 13 Fi(i. 11a. Qara Burun from southcust . Plate VI. Asarjyq. An inscription in incised characters cut on the south side of an outcropping rock ten minutes east of the Caesarea-Everek carriage road and about twenty minutes north of the village of Asarjyq.^^ The rock has been smoothed for two hnes of inscription but the lower line is blank save for certain j^...»>.^ ^ 1 i^^lP m Ij l^llm^; ,, -j^lHBBWBmBBBBW |H ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^Ife^'' ^i^^^^^^Hy^Hfe ^^m 1 1,..:. ^ ^ \ ^ 1 1 "Fig. 12-3. Fig. 12. Asarjyq, outcrop containing inscription. 14 CORNELL EXPEDITION TO ASIA MINOR AND ASSYRO-BABYLONIAN ORIENT fc: c- D C: I I o^. (^^J^- ■^ ^^ /7^' \j ij ecT] .'•-^ ,/□: \\? ,:i:e/ ^^ Ph HITTITB INSCRIPTIONS 15 shallow incisions which seem to liave formed, or to have been intended to form Hittite characters. As, judging from the well preserv(Hl surface, there can have been no erasure or weathering, these lines must represent either the stone cutter's guiding lines for the proposed second half of the inscription or later graffiti by one who knew or copied the Hittite character. Tlie former alternative is the more likely. The crack in the stone seems to have already existed at the time when the inscription was cut, as in the case of Nishan Tash. It is of interest to find the nine strokes, which appear on a number of Hittite inscriptions, here doubled. Fig. 13. A.sarjyq, inscription. the eighteen strokes being written in three rows of six each. The length of the inscribed line is 3 ft. 10 in., the width 1 ft. 2^4 in. Asarjyq presents some curious aspects of the bibliography of our subject. CIH. XL VIII is given by Messerschmidt as from Kaza Passinler (Vilajet Erzerum) on the authority of the Constantinople Museum. He then adds "Auf einem im Berliner Museum vorgefundenen Abklatsch, dessen Herkunft mir unbekannt ist, war als Ursprungsort dieser Inschrift genannt Hissarjik am Nordabhang des Argaus, etwa 7-8 km siidlich von Kaisarijeh." In view of this ignorance and the equal ignorance as to the first discovery of the Asarjyq inscription here given, it seems worth while to quote the passage in which the clue to the puzzle appears to 16 CORNELL EXPEDITION TO ASIA MINOR AND ASSYRO-BABYLONIAN ORIENT be found. In the Verhandlungen of the Beriin Anthropological Society for 1901, 503, W. Belck writes as follows from the field: "Ich hatte inzwischen von den Jesuitcnpaters in Erfahrung gebracht, dass der Alutessarif ein Stuck einer hethitischen Inschrift, welches man vor Kurzem in Hissardjik, etwa eine halbe Stunde slidlich von Caesarea, am Nordabhange des Argaus gelegen, gefunden, nach Constantinopel geschickt habe. . . . Bei dieser Gelegenheit erfuhr ich . . . dass der andere Theil der nach Constantinopel geschickten Inschrift noch in Hissardjik vorhanden sei, und dass sich dort auch eine Felsen-Inschrift befinde. . . . (Wir) fanden dann ... die kleine, aber wich- tige Inschrift auf einem Felsblock vor, die sich in der That als eine der spateren hethitischen erwies.''^" This is interesting in several ways. It shows in the most striking manner the danger of mistake in Museum locations, due to ignorant senders, it raises the question whether the Berhn Hittite squeezes 'of unknown origin' do not go back to Belck, and it proves that here, as in several other cases, the rights of prior discovery by Belck have not been noticed. Plates VII-VIII. Tekir Devrent. The two inscripfons are built into the in- side wall of the dark inner stable of a solitary guard house on the carriage road from Caesarea to Everek at the point where it leads over the shoulder of Mt. Argaeus. The blocks are of hard limestone, each covered, on the exposed face, with incised writing and both apparently cut by the same hand. The face of each is about 2 ft. 3 in. by 1 ft. 8 in. Each seems to have contained six lines of writing separated by incised lines. The inscription represented in Plate ATI is fairly well preserved in the middle portions as will be seen from the photograph of the squeeze j-^ that shown in Plate VIII is almost hopeless. Near to the guard house is a spring, according to the guards stationed here the only one to be found on the whole moun- tain side, which gushes forth in abundance, ice cold from the melting snows; and it is very possible that the stones in question were part of an original spring house connected with the worship of the waters in the same fashion as was the spring house at Aflatun Bunar.-' That the place retained this sanctity in Christian times is shown by the blocks scattered here and there which, from their ornamentation, seem to have formed part of a church. Discovered Oct. 22, 1907. Plates IX X. Boghcha. The stone stands isolated on a hillside above the Halys, 19 minutes south of the river and 35 minutes east of the village of Boghcha. It is a massive monolith in the form of a truncated rectangular pyramid, rounded at the top. The whole height is 4 ft. 8 in. The base, which projects on all sides, is 1 ft. 3} 2 in. high, 2 ft. 9 in. thick, and about 4 ft. 8 in. long. Aljove this is a band, from 6 to 7 in. high, containing the lowest line of the inscription, which has in all four lines, each running completely around the stone. This band is cut back from the base but projects about ^ in. from that part of the stone immediately above. From this point, the stone tapers evenly to tlu> rounding top where it 20 r 'Cf. lb. 502; Berl. Philol. Wochens., 1901, 1631 ; Aiiter. Jour. Arch., I. c. Our supposed discovery was announced by Professor Sterrett in the Niiiion of Jan. 30, 1908. It has been published tiy Garstang, Liverpool Annals of Arch., I. (1908), Iff. Cf. also HittUes, irylf. 21 Fig. 14. 22 To be discussed in the first part of Travels and Studies. HITTITE INSCRIPTIONS 17 18 CORNELL EXPEDITION TO ASIA MINOR AND ASSYRO-BABYLONIAN ORIENT has a thickness of about 9 in. The long axis of the monument runs approximately northwest and southeast and it is accordingly by these points of the compass that the various sides will be distinguished.^^ This inscription, like so many others in this region, was first discovered by Belck in 1901 .'^ It was later reported by Hilprecht/'* and an attempt was made to Fio. 14. Tekir Devient inscription, pliotograph of squeeze. have it brought into Caesarea. This fact, which rests on the authority of Rev. J. L. Fowle of Talas, should be noted by those who insist that "the stone is evidently in its original home."^*^ The first publication was in the shape of a photograph 23 Figs. 15-9. ^^Belck, op. cit., 1901, 521; Berl. Philol. Wochens., 1901, 1630; Amer. Jour. Arch., I. c. '"^Sunday School Times, 1902, May 17. 2«Jerphamon, Proc. Soc. Bibl. Arch., 1910, 173, n. 16. HITTITE INSCRIPTIONS 19 by Hilprecht in 1902." Later, Messcnschmidt published it after Winckler in the Hittite Corpus, assuming that this was its first publication,28 as he seems to have S.E. /tVfb A'. A'. #--A '^( <$■■' » Li I ^^c^/'\kS"& a \\ i.\^"''; BmW'WK ^Vic'TQ)'^^-]; n ^. I/'uIa :X iifi±.i,^i-. Plate X. Boghcha. been ignorant of the earher references. At Talas, we learned of the visit of Belck from Mr. Fowle, and this was the occasion for our statement in our second report 28CIH. LI. Cf. Garstang, Hittites, 155; R. C. Thompson, Proc. Soc. Bibl. Arch., XXXII. 293/. 20 CORNELL EXPEDITION TO ASIA MINOR AND ASSYRO-BABYLONIAN ORIENT to our subscribers, dated at Mosul, January 6, 1908, and reported by Professor Sterrett in the Nation, the thirtieth of the same month: "The Boghcha inscription, known for some time but not yet, to our knowledge, published." It should be emphasized that Professor Sterrett, who has been criticized for the omission,^' was simply reporting our words. The last Nachtrag of the Corpus seems not vet to have been known in America at the time the last members of the expedition Fig. l.'j. Boghcha monument, northeast fai sailed and later attempts to secure it were unavailing, it having been first seen in Aleppo in the spring of 1908. It is hoped that our unintentional slighting of the Corpus publication is atoned for by the giving of due credit to those who first discovered and published the inscription. Plate XI. Ivriz. This series of inscriptions, owing to its ease of access, has been often visited and described.'" The two upper inscriptions of the main sculp- ture have been adequately published and a photograph of the sculpture will be sufficient." The third inscription, that washed by a mill race and hence in very bad condition, required considerable attention. The mill race was turned aside -' Jerphanion, I. c. 3° cm. XXXIV. " Fig. 20. Cf. ib.,Zweiter Nachtrag, iff.; and Sayce, Proc. Sac. Bihl. Arc7(., 1906, 133^. HITTITE INSCRIPTIONS 21 and an excellent squeeze, a photograph, ■'= and a cop}' were luude. Both copy and photograph were taki^n while tlie ,s(|ueezc was on and the result is a number of additional characters. The inscription seems originally to have covered a space very httle, if any, longer than that included between the first and last characters on the first line; so that it is probable that most of the missing signs will be supplied when the system of writing is understood. The upi^cr sign at the left end of the first line suggests, as seen on the squeeze^, the 'tree' at the left end of the upper line of the Aleppo inscription. The second line is in worse condition. The pair of legs is rather questionable and should i)erhaps be broken up into two or three Fig. 16. Boghcha monument, northeast face. separate characters. The two occurrences of the 'hand with dirk' seem, however, fairly certain. The inscription appears to begin with the right of the first line; and in this case the foot and htuus turn in the wrong direction. The sculptures in the upper glen were also visited. Details will be given in another place, but photographs of the locality and of the sculpture, a duplicate of the one already discussed, are given.'^ No traces of the inscriptions could be 32 Fig. 21. ''Fig. 22-3. Cf. CIH. Zw. Nachtrag, 19/. 22 CORNELL EXPEDITION TO ASIA MINOR AND ASSYRO-BABYLONIAN ORIENT seen owing to the rather unfavorable hght conditions but analogy would argue for their occurrence and we were informed by Messers. Sarre and Herzfeld who later visited it ^^ that they had actually detected such traces. Fig. 17 Boghcha monument, southeast end. _ Plate XII. Bulghar Maden. This inscription is well known and fairly often visited. The copy in the Corpus is comparatively very good. It is here given m full in order that certain corrections and additions may be incorporated in their proper places, largely in that section for which Messerschmidt had only a photo- graph from which to work.^^ ^* Petermann's Mittheilungen, LV. 26, n. 1. 35CIH. XXXII, Cf, Garstang, Hittites, 190, who thinks it marks a boundary. lilTTITE INSCRIPTIONS 23 Plate XIII. Eijri Kdi. A frai>;inent of an incised inscription cut on adjacent faces of a broken block of black basalt. The charact(>rs are made with extreme care and are almost perfectly preserved as will be seen from the photograph of the squeeze, 3" a clear indication that the stone must have lieen buried or other- wise protected until a comparatively recent period. It is very possible that the other fragments may be found by excavation in the nearb>' mound. Egri Koi (Crooked ^^illage) is a small hamlet south of Mt. Argaeus and Sultan Sazy and a Fig. 18. Boghcha monument, southwest face. day's ride southwest from Everek, lying thus on the direct route from Tyana to Ferakhdin. A mound with natural core divides the village into two parts, that to the south being the Circassian section and that to the north Turkish. The mound is rich in fragments of large jars, both painted and unpainted, bits of char- coal, and pieces of bone, and a Circassian boy volunteered the information that the villagers had, not long before, dug from the debris a large jar containing a skeleton. This seems clearly to indicate that here was a hill where bodies were "5 Fig. 24. 24 CORNELL EXPEDITION TO ASIA MINOR AND ASSYRO-BABYLONIAN ORIENT first partially cremated and then buried in jars;" the types of the pottery fragments, which are numerous and striking, and the incised inscription hardly permit us to Vir,. 19. Boghcha monument, northwest end. doubt that the burials were those of Hittites of the later period. This is of the greatest interest in view of the fact that practically nothing is known in regard to Hittitc methods of burial, and a little excavation in the thin layer of debris would probably cast welcome light on the subject. ^'We found, in the large mound which represents the most ancient Iconium, near Qarayu five miles south of tlie modern cit.v, fragments of large unpainted jars, som(> of them containing rude representations of eyes and nose worked in the clay and others with two protuberances representing female breasts. Some such jars must have been the 'unadorned male urn' and 'unadorned female (urn)' mentioned in the Ajvalayana Grhya-sutra, IV. 5. 2, as a fitting receptacle for the bones of the dead. Cf, Lanman, Sanskrit Header, note to line 9 of p. 104. HITTITE INSCRIPTIONS 25 D0' ] \ {(W oHo 6^ ^^: D" n D <^ Plate XI. Ivriz. Fi(i. 20. Ivriz sculpture. Fig. 21. Ivriz, inscription washed by mill race. 26 CORNELL EXPEDITION TO ASIA MINOR AND ASSYRO-BABYLONIAN ORIENT - ■'■ r»mr. !#;,■ ^ ^ Jtt:I|^-''"S^^ •1-. ■ ..r.-^. ■% ■; ^ ^^;_, 't^'i^'.i- -■''-■' -A: •^■.^:;^: ' :, , 'C^^[^'B:,,:m,,^ i !^^^ ^ ' ''S^^^^HB^^^^H^Kp^'ia^^^^^l^ ** ' ' wr^^^^^^^^l / ', ■ i VT, ' - ■ i ^';••"'*;^■^^l%:/:^ ^ 1 ft 3 HITTITE INSCRIPTIONS 27 28 CORNELL EXPEDITION TO ASIA MINOR AND ASSYRO-BABYLONIAN ORIENT Plate XIV. As a result of our visit to Ferakhdin, good photographs of the sculpture and inscription were secured and it seems not out of place to present these. '^ Plate XV. Quru Bel. This, one of the many monuments called Arslan Tash or Lion Stone, was first discovered by Rev. Mr. Wingate of Talas by whom it was reported to us. It is a monolith consisting of a square base surmounted by two reclining lions set on an outcropping hillock of limestone on the small plateau till '\ \yiri ■^ m I'iV^^ "P^&cO^J i< 1^ Plate XIII. Egri Koi. of Soghan Dagh. The nearest \'illage, Qoqar Quyu, is situated four hours north- west of Shar (Comana), at the western end of the Quru Bel (Dry Pass) below and to the south of the mountain which contains the monument ; and the ride from here to the little plateau required, in the winter time, when the ascent was made, about two hours. The young man who acted as guide to the place called the mountain Ajem Oghlu Dagh (the Mountain of the Persian's Son)^^ and the small table land on which the monument is set Arslan Tash Yaila (Summer Camp of the Lion Stone). The back of each lion has been converted into a series of mortars for the pounding out of dye," that to the left of the observer having in its back four holes and that to the right three. ^^ The whole face of the base was originally covered by a Hit- 38CIH. XXX. Fig. 25-6. ^'Ajem here probably means Persian and then would point to the consciousness of the natives that this is foreign. My guide said that it took its name from a yaila called Ajem Oghlu Yaila but this might rather have taken its name from the stone. "Jerphanion, Proc. Soc. Bibl. Arch., 1908, 42/.; 1910, 168jf.; cf. Ciarstang, Hittitcs, UQff. "Fig. 27-9. HITTITE INSCRIPTIONS 29 titc inscription of three lines in incised chiiraeters, I'eseinbling in general those of the one at Eghri Koi. Now, however, it is so badly weathered that only a small portion of the right side and a few characters on the left and in the middle can be read. Owing to this weathering, th(> bad light, and the fact that the squeeze was injured liy freezing to the stone, the coi)y will probably be somewhat improved, especially by the use of better methods of lighting. Fic. 24. Egri Koi inscription, from squeeze. Plate XVI. Gilrun. Although they have been known for some time," it was possible to make several additions to the two inscriptions at this place. In several parts of the smaller one. A, the rock has scaled away and completely obhterated the characters. In others, it was possible to recover some of the signs, which ap- parently had but recently broken away, by observing the differences in the weather- ing of the rock.""* In the larger inscription, B, the case is different. The clearness of the whole has been confused, not by scaling, but by ordinary weathering such as is common ^2 cm. XVIII. Cf. Sayce, op. cit., 1908, 211/.; Garstang, Hittites, 143/. «Fig. 30. ■Pfr n-in?) -AX ^-i^^.T I f i5U n i/ ^ •aoi^duosui 'uipq'^tijaj '9- Tiij ^^^^^^HP'~^ m ^^^^^^^K^":'^^ - ^^H ^^^^^^^^^^^^K n H^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^-' wsk 1 ^^^^^^^_^,^ a^ •3.m}din-.)S 'uipq^pi-ioj 'Ce; 'DIjI aTX aiv'ij XNaiao NviNoaiava-oaiSSV qnv honih visv ox Noiiiaadxa iiaNaoo 08 HITTITE INSCRIPTIONS 31 in limestone. There is required, as ma>' hr seen from the photograph," only the application of a coating of squ(-ez(> paper to make most of the characters stand out clearly. Plate XVII. Arshin Tash. The right foreleg of each of the two hons which stand half way between Derende and Albistan and close to the road connecting these two places,'"- seems to contain a badly weathered inscription in boldly incised characters. Figure A represents what it was possible to recover from the standing Fig. 27 Quru Bel, Arslan Tash. lion and Figure B that from its fallen fellow.''^ This fact of writing being found is a strong argument in favor of the theory that they represent boundary stones. Plate XVIII-XIX. Isbekjiir. A monument of exceptional interest was found at the Kurdish hamlet of Isbekjiir which lies five hours east of Derende, on the north bank of the Toqma Su, on the south side of which runs the present direct road from Caesarea to Malatia. It was therefore on the great Hittite road which is marked by the inscriptions at Ekrek, Giirlin, and Kotii Qale. Perhaps the most noticeable feature in the otherwise squalid place is the large number of trees which «Fig. 31. ^5 Hogarth, Rec. Trav., XV. 92, 96/., who mentions as his predecessors Von Vincke and Sterrett (1884). He noticed the "rude hnes and scratches" but considered them modern. «Fig. 32. 32 CORNELL EXPEDITION TO ASIA MINOR AND ASSYRO-BABYLONIAN ORIENT lend a peculiar touch of beauty to the spot as seen from the river. Above the town is a low rocky hill, evidently the citadel, from which the monument is said to have been taken. This was originally a square pillar about 18 inches on a side and about Fig. 2S. Qum Bel, Arslan Tash. Fic 21). Quru Bel, Ar.slaii Tash. six feet high, composed of five cubes of basalt of which four still remain, scattered about the village and used as mortars in which to crush grain. Each of the four blocks is rough on one side, showing that the monument originally stood against the wall. niTTITK INSCRIPTIONS 33 was Ihe roushncss of the lo\\vr part of the block first found indiratcs that this ..„,. the base, it havuio- doubtU'ss l)0(.n set in the -round or inserted into a rock socket. On the upper portion of the three sides were thrxr l)i-ief Hittite inscriptions, so Fig. 30. (Itimn, smaller iasripti Vui. ol. Gurtin, large in.spription. encrusted with hme that it was the work of hours to clean them. The second and best preserved of these, now in the courtyard of the miUer's house, contains on the 3 34 CORNELL EXPEDITION TO ASIA MINOR AND ASSYRO-BABYLONIAN ORIENT :3 a- > < k__.._. HITTITE INSCRIPTIONS 35 right face a charging bull, which, though small, is one of the best specimens of Hittite work and reminds one of the bulls on the Vaphio cups which must date from the same time. Above him and standing on his back was a personage, as is shown by the feet with upturned shoes and the adorned garment hem. Beneath the bull are the nine strokes found in so many inscriptions, doubtless the heading or opening lino of the inscription on the right side of the lowest block. Continuing '% -4\ '"^i, % w <^; '^'^^0!. ^mi, ^y^ ^«' Plate XVII. Arslan Tiisli. Fig. 32. Arslan Tash, leg of fallen lion. our study of this figure, his body as far as the waist appears on the third block. One hand holds a pitcher, the stream from which falls into a two handled libation jar below. The richly adorned robe is crossed by the lituus. The fourth block contains only the head. Consequently, one containing the body from waist to neck must be missing. 36 CORNELL EXPEDITION TO ASIA MINOR AND ASSYRO-BABYLONIAN ORIENT 0^ _ _ T,,. fee 4; ! tf p C ^09 1 D K 'J- o 0' C — ,0 e 1 rx ^ ^ S W 4 Pu ^a <^.— — - 'i?^ a ; '«; ■— =rr: /e O" . <— '':iS ', V r ; .&? irr ■^^ ■ • J 1 X !■ J* J. , , . H H (1| CM niTTITE INSCRIPTIONS I',? Two similar figures occupy- the other sculptunMl sides. That which faced to the iront was a l)eiiig; standing on mountains which are represented by a sort of fish scak> i>attern, the other stands on a wall Each has a Hittite inscription under his support and the dress of eaeli, as in tlie ease of the first figure, is the Fui. 33, Isbekjiir. Fig. 34. Isbekjiir. richly adorned robe. The wall obviously represents that of a cit}- and the drawing of some of the courses is so poor and the courses themselves are so irregular that one could well believe that the sculptor was picturing a ])art of the city wall in which a breach had been repaired. At the right is depicted a curved gate post, similar to those false arched gates found in the Boghaz Koi fortifications," and near the top is a panel inserted into the wall, containing a badly mutilated in- scription.''^ The block containing the heads represents these two figures as in the act of drinking from cups. The ears of all three are very large and the facial nB ■| ^^^^^^^^^H^:\ .. ill Jt Fig. 35. Isbekjiir. Fig. 36. Isbekjiir. characteristics are of the regular Hittite type. The hair falls in the conventional curl behind and the head dress seems to be the skull cap. ^' We speak of these from personal knowledge; cf. also the panel cut in the rock m the Mahalich corridor. The sculptures were first reported by Sterrett, I c; cf. Charles, Independent, I. c. «Fig. 33-9. 38 OORNKLL EXPEDITION TO ASIA MINOR AND ASSYRO-BABYLONIAN ORIENT The fact that the figure on the right side rides on a bull suggests at first glance that this is Teshub; the stream that he pours from the pitcher into the bowl would then be taken as a representation of this deity giving rain to the earth. Another possibihty is to take him as the priest king of Teshub in the insignia of the god, Fit;. 37. Lsbekji'ir. Fki. oS. Isbekjiir. pouring out libations to the tutelary god of the city and to the local mountain god, or even, in view of the dress of the two drinkers, to take all three as priests. It is much to be regretted that this monument, so comparatively well sculptured and so interesting for religious conceptions, is so badly damaged and that this, combined with the rainy day, made our photographs so unsatisfactory. Only its transpor- tation to a museum where it can be studied at leisure and drawn properly under favorable conditions of light will permit an adequate publication. Fig. 39. Isbekjiir. Plate XX. Kotu Qale. Four hours east of Isbekjiir a high rocky spur of the surrounding mountains overhangs the Toqma Su on the south side, forcing the road to make a considerable ascent. To the left, near the top, are two tumuli, and still further along appears to the left the ruined fortress of Kotii Qale (Bad Fort), which in its present form represents a castle of a comparatively late period. Ji rrriTE inscriptions 39 That the place was once the site of a strong Hittite fortress on the Ma^atia road is evident from the tumuU and the Hittite inscription said to be cut on the base of the cUffs which support the castle and just above the river. The inscription was reported by a gunsmith from D(>rende who exhibited a drawing made by him- Plate XX. Kbtii self. At the time of our visit, the high water in the river made it impossible to reach the place where the inscription is cut and in the spring, when I returned, the water was even higher. It is possible, therefore, to give only the Armenian's copy which is presented for what it may be worth." Plate XXI-XXII. Malatia. The mound of Arslan Tepe (Lion Hill), not far from the village of Ordasu and the site of the Hittite Meliddu, has long been known as one of the most desirable places for excavation, for every now and then the natives in the course of their digging find a sculpture or inscription of great value. Here we found a small uninscribed lion of the ordinary Hittite type which we trans- ferred from the mound to the serai yard at Malatia. More important, we were shown a partially uncovered block of basalt at a level about fifty feet above the base of the mound and seemingly in situ. On laying it bare, we found that the other side represented a well preserved Hon in high rehef with free standing head now broken off at the ears. The height was 4 ft. 8 in., the length, including the pro- jecting head, 6 ft., and the thickness 2 ft. The execution is faulty in that the legs are so massive as to appear clumsy, and, in fact, the whole has rather the look of an unfinished piece of work. An inscription of six large characters is rudely incised on that part of the block projecting above the rump.^" It will be seen that this inscription contains the same proper name as is found in the first Malatia in- scription to be pubhshed." Whether the person is the same in both cases must await the decipherment of the Hittite language. In the present case, the name is " The gunsmith declared that there were three Hnes of the inscription containing much more than this copy represented. 60 Fig. 40. figiH. XVI. 40 CORNELL EXPEDITION TO ASIA MINOR AND ASSYRO-BABYLONIAN ORIENT followed by the determinative for 'king' and an ideograph in which we may perhaps see the name of his city or district, unless it is merely an adjective. Plate XXI. Malatia. The sculptured blocks in the courtj^ard of the serai in Alalatia are of peculiar interest." They liaA'e been clearly used for structural purposes, doubtless in the Fiu. 40. Malatia, lion on Arslan Tepu. palace. The back is rough as are also the sides with the exception of one, a corner »2 Fig. 41 . First published from a photograph but without personal knowledge of thv sculptures by Garstang, Liverpool Ann., I.; HiUites, U8ff. Also Charles, Iiukiwndcid, LXMI. 920. HITTITE INSCRIPTIONS 41 stone. On the smooth top as well as on the bottom are dowel holes, made with a drill, the core of which i)artia]ly rc^mains in some. The fact that these holes are found in both the bottom and the top seems to indicate that there was more than one course of the ston(\s, the ui)])(>rmost course having l)een, no doubt, surmounted Fi(i. 41. Miihitia, sacrifice to Tcshub. by a superstructure of clay as at Tiryns, Giaur Qale, and Boghaz Koi, and the whole bound together by wooden dowels. The most important of these sculptures is the corner stone. On its side, a well executed lion in relief faces toward the figure on the front. Here is seen, first a god with pointed hat and kilts and with a bow over his shoulder, standing on a bull. This animal seems to have antlers, but in reality the upper part of these is separated from the horns and they no doubt represent the lightning of the storm god as do the reins which he holds in his hands the thunder issuing from the mouth of the sacred bull. The reins end in a trident shaped figure which doubtless represents the thunderbolt and thus we have here, as in the Hindu mythology, the phenomena of the thunderstorm separated into three distinct factors, the lightning, the thunder, and the thunderbolt. Facing this god, who must accordingly be Teshub, is a long-robed bareheaded figure wear- ing his ha^r in a long peruque which falls upon the nape of the neck. In his right hand, he holds a one handled pitcher with which he pours a libation to the god, the Hquid being indicated by a wavy line. In the other hand is the htuus. Behind him, a scantily clothed servant brings a goat for the sacrifice. Each of the two principal figures is represented by a name in raised characters. ^^ Two symbols are to be seen incised above the head of the priest. The rude execution of these as well as the fact that they are incised proves that they were engraved at a later time. They would then appear to form the name of a later ruler who wshed to appropriate to himself this product of an earher and better art. This would seem further confirmed by the occurrence of these same two signs in the little inscription on the hon of the mound whose clumsiness points to this same late period. Yet " The group to the right in the plate. 42 CORNELL EXPEDITION TO ASIA MINOR AND ASSYRO-BABYLONIAN ORIENT there are serious objections to this view. In the Hon inscription, the king's name seems to be the group containing the bird, with the' ideograph for 'king' following it. From this, the 'word divider' separates the symbol which also is found on the corner stone. Furthermore, the Hittite inscription from Babylon three times re- peats a closely similar group with the last sign varying or even absent, that is, repre- ts k^ r n n n^ f' ^ - Plate XXII. Malatia. senting inflexion. In the middle of the group, as found on our lion, one character is missing. This may indicate that it is a compound name or it may merel}' mean that a phonetic complement, generally inserted for clearness in the middle of a word, has here been omitted. One of the other stones also represents a sacrifice.^* The divinitj' is in this case a winged figure with ornate pointed cap like that worn by Teshub in the sculpture Fig. 42. Malatia, sacrifice. just considered and clothed in a richlj^ adorned dress. In his right hand, he holds the 'symbol of power' and in the left a wand or scepter. He stands on an object which is doubtless the sacred tree. In front of the right wing is what remains of his name.^^ The sacrificing figure is a mitered priestess, no doubt the wife of 64 Fig. 42. '6 The group to the left in the plate. illTTlTE INSCRU'TIONB a:\ the other priestly figure, clad in a loiiji,- gown. Her left hand '"s raised in sup- plication or perhaps rather in the act of offering some object which is now broken away, while with her right she pours a libation from a pitcher of the usual type into a two handled urn of the same style as that pictured on the monument at Isl^ekjur. Fig. 43. Malatia, hydra-slaying scene. Behind the priestess' head are several symbols, below which a servant leads the goat to the sacrifice. The two other stones are likewise of much interest.'*" The one contains two gods in ornate pointed caps and short tunics. The first is bearded and his weapons consist of club, lance, and dagger. The other, without beard, bears only the lance and dagger. In general, this group reminds one of that near the entrance of Giaur Qale. The other stone is partly broken at the left end but contains the body and several of the heads of a many headed serpent coiled in grass or water. This and the stone just described seem to belong together and the beardless god is apparently in the act of killing the serpent with his lance; in fact, traces of what seems to be one of the serpent's heads appear on the first stone just above the god's knee. The three heads so clearly represented on the second block show the fangs ready to strike. At first sight, these heads would appear to be disconnected with the body which was doubtless continued on the block or blocks in the next course above. We have here some such story as the slaying of the hydra by Heracles assisted by his friend lolaus; but in view of the fact that there have been so many slayers of dragons from Marduk to St. George, it is well, for the present at least, not to insist on connection with any known legends. 5«Fig. 43. 44 CORNELL EXPEDITION TO ASIA MINOR AND ASSYRO-BABYLONIAN ORIENT Plate XXIII. Aghansyq. A seal, represented in its natural size, bought at the Armenian village of Aghansyq which lies at the edge of the Harput plain and about four hours east of that city. It is a thick disc, convex on either side. The edge bears two incised rings and the stone is pierced diametrically by a string hole. Each side bears, near the edge, an unevenly cut circle within which the characters are boldly incised. The seal was said to have been found in the large mound Plate XXIII. Aghansyq. nearby but it is probable that it came originally, probably in early times, from the region west of the Euphrates, as there is no reason to assume that Hittite rule extended thus far east. Plate XXIV. Aleppo. Comparison of the stone and squeeze with the hitherto published copies " showed that further revision was desirable. It will be seen — 1/ K^. -J c >- 1(< I'LATE XXI\-. Alci.J)... that the present copy agrees closely with that of Sa^cc. The first character may perhaps be the same as the third but both squeeze and photograph '"^ seem to show "CIH. III. A; cf. Liverjwol Annals, I. Iff; Hittites, 97/.; Saycc, Proc. Soc. Bibl. Arch., 1908, 186/. 68 Fig. 44. HITTITE INSCRIPTIONS 45 It more as tlio con,.,' thc> bars appcarino- quit, distinctlv. Tl,. sign above the second (letcM'nimative for deit>- n,a.v ^,.> y well l)e the so-ealled 'determinative of supremacy. ^^ hat stood originally abo^•. the second pair of legs is somewhat l''ii;. 44. Alcppd, iiis:'ri|)ti()ii. Fig. 4.'). Aleppo, mosque containing Hitfite inscription. uncertain, but it would appear to have consisted of two signs which, on the squeeze, come out as in the drawing. The second character in line 2 appears quite clearly 46 COKNELL EXPEDITION TO ASIA MINOR AND ASSYRO-BABYLONIAN ORIENT j3 CO H HITTITE INSCRIPTIONS 47 on the squeeze so that ther^ lurtnermore, that tlie first symbol u. tlu. f.nirth aroun of thi« lin« ^. ni,„.„„.J roup of this hue is character I r^^ir^'^'f^^i \i:» A^ f A r:^- a.pu 1'^ ''''/^^^^ /<0* Q ni////f /'/o//' ^ M/ ^A '//>, s:?^-'* ^Jtn 4/// ////P' TTl^ Plate XXVI. Samsat. no. 1 of Sayce's hst.^^ The sign following it is problematical. It is possible that Sayce's copy correctly represents it though it appears on the squeeze more as indicated in the present copy. It may possibly prove to be the same as the second "Op. cit., 1903, 150/. 48 CORNELL EXPEDITION TO ASIA MINOR AND ASSYRO-BABYLONIAN ORIENT sign in the name of the district mentioned in hne 1 . The squeeze seems to show the fourth character of this group as the 'basket ' though it may well be the 'clenched fist' or even the 'hand with dirk' followed by character no. 1 of Sayce's list. W 'LQlD MUD! ^Al m v. Plate XX\II. MuTash PZate XX T'. Shern. This is a small village set back about a mile from the right bank of the Euphrates and slightly less than two hours north of Jerablus. It lies in a fertile river plain containing several mounds, from one of which the HITTITE INSCRIPTIONS 49 monuments found here nuist ha\'e come. In the centei- of the village is a long narrow slab of basalt one side of wliieii is occupied by a fairly well prescjrved Hittite sculpture, uninscribed, and apparently repr(>senting a king."" In the open field beyond a brook and eight minutes north of the village is a large basalt block, the upper part of whose face contains the lower ])ortions of two figures. Below these and separated l^y a band of moulding is a relief inscription in four lines which is continued on the adjacent sides. The inscribed portion on the face measures 2 ft. 2 in. by 1 ft. 10 in. ; those on the sides, 10 in. by 1 ft. 10 in. The face is badly worn and very little can be made of the first two lines. The sides, however, are for the most part well preserved. The monument seems to have been broken off at the bottom as well as at the top. These are apparently the objects described by Chapot as being at Kelleklu Oghlou*'^ and by Hogarth at Kellekli.'^- At the time of our visit, the only name given to this village was Sher'a while Kelekli Oghlu was pointed out as a village on the bank of the river. Unless there was confusion in the information or intentional deception, it may be that the village has, a rather common occurrence, two names, Kelekli and Sher'a. Plate XXVI. Samsat. The stone still lies exposed to the weather and to possible defacement at the hands of the natives in an open space just to the south of the mound and near the present village of Samsat. The present copy makes a certain number of additions to what is, from its weathered condition a most difficult inscription."^ Plate XXVII. Mar ash. A stela, 3 ft. 6 in. by 1 ft. 10 in., found at Mar'ash"* and now in the Metropolitan Museum in New York where it bears the number 1904. The present collation of the inscription was made possible through the kindness of the director of the Museum, Dr. Edward ilobinson."^ wThe photographs taken of this, as of many others in this part of the trip, were ruined as a result of the experimentation in packing films by the supplying company. " Bulletin de Correspondance Hellenique, XXVI. 192/. ^^ Liverpool Annals, II. 172/. "^CIH. XVII. Cf. Garstang, Hittites, 130/. "The early history of this inscription is obscure. It seems to have been squeezed by Harper, Field, and Haynes in 1888, Harper, Anier. Jour. Sern. Lang., XIV. 40, and also to have been seen by Hogarth, Accidents, 17. The Murray-Wilson Guide Book for Asia Minor, 1895, 262, also mentions "stelae now in America." «5 cm. XXV. Cf . Garstang, Hittites, 113/.