it « 
 
CORNELL 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 GIFT OF 
 
 THE BOAEJD 
 
 AECHITEOTI]KB 
 
Cornell University Library 
 NAC 6827 .G22A45 
 
 3 1924 024 415 840 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924024415840 
 
RECOMMENDATIONS 
 
 for the 
 
 Development 
 
 of the 
 
 TOWN 
 
 OF 
 
 GARDNER 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS 
 
 c:^ 
 
 By the 
 
 GARDNER PLANNING BOARD 
 
 KILHAM, HOPKINS & GREELEY 
 
 Consultants 
 
 1921 
 

 NAPOLEON J. FUEURANT 
 CHAIRMAN 
 
 -■./ 
 
 .fS 
 
 MRS. NETTIE M. ESTERS 
 SECRETARY 
 
 THOMAS J. GILHOOLY 
 MEMBER 
 
jforeworb 
 
 In order to understand a town we must first examine it in every detail. A 
 scientific examination of this kind is called a survey. It amounts to a taking 
 account of stock, and provides a complete statement of the assets and liabilities, 
 geographical and financial of the entire town. It forms the only proper basis of 
 study for any town. The survey upon which our recommendations are based was 
 made during the latter part of 1920 in collaboration with the various departments of 
 the town. 
 
 Following the svurvey, and based upon it, is the report or plan, embodying 
 recommendations, policies, etc. This report now in printed form has been care- 
 fully reviewed by the Board. 
 
 After it has been placed in the hands of the citizens, district meetings should 
 be held, so that each neighborhood can ratify or amend it. 
 
 Finally, it should be put before a Town Meeting for adoption as a whole. 
 
 The Board should then recommend that tlie selectmen carry out one im- 
 portant feature at a time, and only one. In this way public interest can be focused 
 upon a single operation, until that operation is satisfactorily completed, and can 
 then be directed to the item of next importance, or the one which seems to be 
 most timely. 
 
 GroTj(rth is inevitable, but it is not in itself an advantage. The ideal for a 
 town should be quality rather than quantity. In the case of Gardnery chair making 
 is practically the one industry. This should be featured. The citizens should be 
 interested in their outstanding industry, and should recognize its needs, in school, 
 home, and community, in order that the town may be well adapted to serve the 
 industry and those who are employed therein. 
 
 Gardner is already the largest chair town in the world. Planning can make 
 it the best chair town in the world. 
 
 (s) 
 
TOWN PLAN FOR GARDNER, MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 What Town Plan Is. 
 
 Town planning means Civic Foresight. A town plan is a serious and scientific 
 program for town development, based upon a study of the town's assets, needs, and 
 aspirations, and setting forth in broad outlines the future town at its best. 
 
 Why "Comprehensive"} 
 
 To plan the growth of a town well, all the different features of town activity 
 must be considered together, so as to avoid conflicts, duplication of service, inter- 
 ference of departments, etc. No detail can be intelligently decided apart from a 
 consideration of the whole problem. 
 
 Constructive Not Destnictive Method. 
 
 Town planning covers a broad field and includes the social as well as en- 
 gineering sides of a town's growth, but does not mean tearing a town up and 
 beginning over again. It accepts a town as it is in many cases, and is justified, 
 if simply as supplying a program to which to adhere in the course of the town's 
 growth. Tearing down buildings isn't necessary or even desirable. The average 
 life of a business building is less than thirty years, so they- tear themselves down 
 soon enough. What we need is to know on what lines they should be rebuilt 
 when the time comes. 
 
 Survey. What Must Be Planned. 
 
 The field covered by a town plan includes all Public Service; that is to say, 
 governmental and similar activities. 
 
 Main Divisions. 
 
 This service may be classified in nine divisions: Distribution, collection 
 transportation, storage, protection, health promotion, education, recreation, social 
 service, and adornment and inspiration. 
 
 Under these main divisions there are many subdivisions. The following is 
 a convenient table for reference, and may be used as the index for the report 
 which follows. 
 
 A. Distribution. 
 
 1. Water. . 
 
 2. Gas. For fuel and light. 
 
 3. Electric light for 
 
 (a) PubUc use. Streets, parks, public buildings, etc. 
 
 (b) Private use. Rates, extensions, underground wires, etc. 
 
 4. Electric Power for 
 
 (a) PubUc use. Street cars, public buildings, etc. 
 
 (b) Private use. Rates, extensions, underground wires, etc. 
 
 5. Electric Communication. Telephone, telegraph and lyireless; for 
 fire alarm service, burglar alarm, etc. 
 
 6. Heat. For public buildings, etc., if any central system is used. 
 
 B. Collection and Removal. 
 
 1. Storm water. 
 
 2. Sewage — including convenience stations. 
 
 3. Snow. 
 
 4. Dust and other street filth. 
 
 5. Ashes. 
 
 6. Garbage. 
 
 7. Junk — ^rags, papers, bottles, etc. 
 
 (B) 
 
C. Transportation. 
 
 1. Pedestrians — sidewalks, paths, etc. 
 
 2. Equestrians — bridle paths. 
 
 3. Private vehicles, for persons or commodities — street system. 
 
 4. Local public vehicles, for persons — street railways, waiting rooms. 
 
 5. Through public vehicles, for persons and commodities, — main 
 railways, stations, etc. 
 
 6. Boats. 
 
 7. Air-craft — landing fields, hangars, etc. 
 
 8. Mail— by U. S. A., post office, etc. 
 
 D. Mxmicipal housing and storage. 
 
 1. Governmental departments, records and supplies — Town Hall, 
 election booths, etc. 
 
 2. Fuel — coal, oil, wood — central coal pocket. 
 
 3. Ice — storehouse or refrigerating plant. 
 
 4. Construction materials and implements, cement, stone, sand, oil, 
 etc. — stone crusher, town yard. ' 
 
 5. Vehicles — steam roller, snowplows, teams, automobiles — stables, 
 gara,ges. 
 
 E. Protection against: 
 
 1. Fire. 
 
 (a) Fire department, buildings, apparatus, men, high pressure 
 system, alarm system. 
 
 (b) Insurance. 
 
 (c) Building law. 
 
 (d) Zoning law. 
 
 2. Crime. 
 
 (a) Police department, state guard, court, lockups. 
 
 (b) Insurance. 
 
 (c) Education, etc. — see G. H. J. K. 
 
 3. Accident. 
 
 • (a) Police — traffic regulation. • 
 
 (b) Building law. 
 
 (c) Public information — signs, signals, etc. 
 
 (d) Insurance. 
 
 4. Fraud or injustice. 
 
 (a) Licenses and permits. 
 
 (b) Sealing of weights and measures. 
 
 (c) Prevention of cruelty to animals, etc. 
 
 5. Pests and nuisances. 
 
 (a) Parasites — Gypsy, brown tail, elm leaf bettle, com borer, 
 pine rust, etc. 
 
 (b) Animal pests — rats, etc. 
 
 (c) Nuisances — See F. 
 
 F. Health Service. i 
 
 1. General supervision, prevention, and care — Board of Health, city 
 physicians, nurses, etc. 
 
 2. Hospitals — for sick and defective. 
 
 3. Laboratories — biological, bacteriological. 
 
 4. Inspection — of; 
 
 (a) Persons. 
 
 (b) Dwellings — plumbing, etc. and occupancy. 
 
 (c) Animals — cows, poultry, etc. 
 
 (d) Food — milk, ice, etc. 
 
 (6) 
 
5. 
 
 Regulations for: 
 
 
 
 (a) 
 
 Quarantine. 
 
 
 
 (b) 
 
 Inoculation. 
 
 
 
 (c) 
 
 Fumigation. 
 
 
 
 (d) 
 
 Burial. 
 
 
 
 (e) 
 
 Conduct (spitting, 
 
 etc.) 
 
 6. 
 
 Building I^aw. 
 
 
 Education. 
 
 
 
 1. Public schools. 
 
 (a) Land and buildingSj acquisition, supplies, care and main- 
 tenance. 
 
 (b) Instructing staff— superintendent, principals, teachers, etc. 
 
 (c) Pupils — districting, transportation, inspection, care, and 
 instruction. 
 
 2. Private schools — supervision. 
 
 3. Demonstration bureaus — ^farm, etc. 
 
 4. Libraries — public. 
 
 5. Armories or drill halls — trifle ranges, etc. 
 
 5. Zoological, botanical, and nautical gardens. 
 
 H. Recreation. 
 
 1. Parks and boulevards. 
 
 2. Play grounds. 
 
 3. Batibs and gymnasia. 
 
 4. Theatres, halls and other places of pubUc entertainment — ^regulation. 
 
 5. Rinks and slides. 
 
 6. Hunting and fishing — regulations. 
 
 J. Relief. 
 
 1. Public emplo)anent bureau. 
 
 2. Almshouses. 
 
 K. General Welfare. 
 
 1. Orderliness — (a) Zoning, (b) Naming highways, (c) Billboards. 
 
 2. Efficiency in government — general supt. taxation, assessing, main- 
 tenance funds. 
 
 L. Adornment and Inspiration. 
 
 1. Public monuments, buildings, and other structures. 
 
 2. Galleries of art and of the minor arts. 
 
 3. Histori(;al features, relics-, and ruinS^, 
 
 4. Natural features. 
 
 (a) Shade trees — street and park planting, etc. 
 
 (b) Ponds, rivers, falls, islands, woodland. 
 
 (c) Hills, mountains, cliffs, ledges, beaches. 
 
 5. Building Law. 
 
 The brief statement of items included in the general field of town planning 
 as mentioned above gives a clear idea of the scope of that field and should be 
 constantly kept in mind as a whole as each item is dependent upon other items 
 for its proper development. The interrelation of all branches is most important 
 to preserve in the working out of any plan, and is often wholly forgotten or over- 
 looked. 
 
 To review the various factors of the plan mentioned above in a little more 
 detail is a necessary part of this report, and therefore we present the following 
 survey in the same order that the items are given in our schedule above. 
 
 (7) 
 
A. DISTRIBUTION. (l) 
 
 WATER SUPPLY. 
 
 (a) Storage. The present water supply consists of the storage basin caUed 
 Crystal Lake, and a supplementary basin supplied from Perley Brook, the latter 
 being fed into the main basin by an electric pump and used only durmg part ot 
 the year because of the limited capacity of Crystal Lake. 
 
 The present needs of the town require practically all the water available from 
 these sources, and it is therefore quite obvious that the present water supply must 
 be carefuUy conserved, and plans should be worked out as soon as possible for 
 adding to this present supply. There are various ways of accomplishing this end. 
 One way is to increase the storage capacity of Crystal Lake. This can be done 
 either by making the lake deeper, raising the present level of the water in the 
 lake, increasing the area, or possibly doing all three things. If it is not found 
 practicable to arrange for such an increase in the capacity of Crystal Lake, it 
 will be necessary to find another storage basin of considerable capacity. The 
 area recently acquired by the town for this purpose may be surveyed and suitably 
 developed to meet future heeds for many years. 
 
 (b) Pumping. The present pumping station is located on the shore of 
 Crystal Lake between two very fine groves of unusually fine trees. The station 
 is conspicuous on an otherwise beautiful landscape. It is reached by a steep 
 and tortuous road over which a ton of coal a day is hauled. This coal is brought 
 from a distant point in the lower part of the' town. The pumping machinery 
 is at present in good condition, but the plant as a whole will suffer considerable 
 depreciation in the next few_years, and will then be antiquated. We have ob- 
 tained from competent consulting engineers a report upon the possibility of sub- 
 stitutihg electric power for the present steam plant. This report, signed by the 
 engineers, is appended hereto (See Appendix A). It shows that there is a dis- 
 tinct possibility of substituting electricity for steam without an extra biurden to 
 the town. It does not state other considerations which may be of even greater 
 moment, namely that the electric pumping station would be inconspicuous and 
 easily maintained at a high degree of efficiency and at a very small upkeep. The 
 use of the beafutiful shore of Crystal Lake for park purposes would not then be 
 seriously interfered with as in the case of the present station. The hauling of 
 a large amount of coal over steep and at some times almost impassible grades 
 would be wholly done away with. The plant, in a word, would be economical, 
 compact, clean, and efficient, and would be the means of adding greatly to the 
 attractiveness of Gardner's chief beauty spot. 
 
 (c) Distribution. The system of water mains existing at present has been 
 laid out with intelligence and foresight, and can from time to time be modified to 
 suit the growing needs and even the changing conditions of any ordinary develop- 
 ment. Owing to Gardner's very irregular topography it would perhaps be ad- 
 visable to lay the water mains at a considerable depth below the surface where 
 existing hill tops or other elevations are likely to be reduced in grade in the future. 
 Such a policy would save the re-laying of pipe when the street grades are so modi- 
 fied. An example of this kind of operation is furnished by the proposed change 
 in grade of Pleasant Street opposite the town hall site which will require re-laying 
 of a large main for a considerable distance. 
 
 (d) Maintenance. The general question of maintenance is discussed under 
 (K). 
 
 (A) (2) 
 GAS. 
 
 We believe the present policy of permitting a private company to furnish 
 gas, use the street for mains, etc., is working satisfactorily, and under such super- 
 vision, franchises, etc., as the town may give from time to time, will continue to 
 do so. 
 
 (8) 
 
(A) (3) 
 ELECTRICITY FOR LIGHT. 
 
 . (a) Public Use. The present transforming station on Park Street is adequate 
 to take care of the future needs of the town for an indefinite period including the 
 additional load that would be required if the pumping were to be done by electricity 
 as suggested above (A) (1) (b). The policy of undergrotmd service is one that 
 cannot be neglected. In the important streets, which are or may be paved, the 
 problem is closely bound up with the question of underground sewer, water and 
 gas service. In all the principal streets mains should be so located and provided 
 with manholes, that no future interference with the surface of the street will be 
 required, even if this means the installation of an electric main on both sides of a 
 street, one main under each sidewalk. Each main should be provided with T's 
 for futiu-e connections, spaced at regular intervals. No public Ughts should be 
 placed on new streets until such streets have been accepted by the town. 
 (b) ^ Private Use. See (a). The present station is adequate. 
 
 (A) (4) 
 ELECTRICITY FOR POWER. 
 
 (a) Public Use. See (3) (a). 
 
 Wherever in the futxure a question may arise of new equipment for an existing 
 steam plant, a careful report from competent engineers should be obtained, giving 
 comparative installation and maintenance costs for steam and electricity. Where 
 water power current is available, as in Gardner, electricity fairly marketed, should 
 have an advantage over steam for many ptuposefc 
 
 (b) Private Use. See (3) (a). 
 
 (A) (5). 
 ELECTRICITY FOR COMMUNICATION. 
 
 The problem of multiplying overhead wires is a serious one. Telephone and 
 fire alarm wires should be provided for wherever possible as described in (3) (a). 
 A general policy should be established by the town officials regulating the manner 
 of running wires, and the type of pole permitted for overhead wires. 
 
 (A) (6) 
 HEAT 
 
 In case a new town or city hall is built on Pleasant Street, the possibility of 
 other civic buildings in this vicinity brings up the question of a central heating 
 plant. We have studied this problem carefully in other communities where con- 
 ditions were similar, and have not found any resulting economies in central heating. 
 We shotdd advise against siich a plan. 
 
 B. COI.LECTION AND REMOVAL. 
 
 (1) 
 STORM WATER. 
 
 There is very little level land in Gardner, and most of what there is suffers 
 from poor drainage. The only sites available for school playgrounds in the West 
 Street, Knowlton Street, and South Gardner districts are swampy. These should 
 be drained -with lines of pipe sufficient to put them in good condition, before they 
 are filled. 
 
 There should be a plan showing all street drains and other provisions for storm 
 water, as it is important to develop a system that will completely relieve the 
 sewers from any storm water. 
 
 (9) 
 
(B) (2) 
 SEWAGE DISPOSAL. 
 
 The present system of sewage disposal may be taxed to capacity in the future 
 unless all storm water is provided for by a separate layout of street mains. 
 
 In connection with changes in and about the square at West Gardner, a 
 convenience station has been suggested. While not an essential feature, it is a 
 matter of good planning to provide such ^ place. We have considered various 
 locations, but feel that the nearer end of the dty hall site is the best, whether the 
 station be within the new building or not. 
 
 Another convenience station should be planned for at the new Ball Grounds, 
 when these are nearing completion, and should include lockers and baths. 
 
 (B) (3) 
 SNOW REMOVAL. 
 
 The removal of snow may be done by the Town with its own teanis, or may 
 be wholly or partly let out by contract to private parties. The establishment of 
 a Town Yard, and the coordination of the work of town teams will result in great 
 economies in this and other items.- 
 
 (B) (4) 
 DUST AND OTHER STREET FILTH. 
 
 It is hard to bring about tidy habits on the part of those using public ways, 
 
 without a convenient system of rubbish barrels. In addition to tiiese barrels 
 
 frequent "clean-up" campaigns will help to establish permanent habits of tidiness. 
 
 The regular work of street cleaning will be affected favorably by the Town 
 
 Yard. See (3) above. 
 
 (B) (5) 
 ASHES. 
 
 Gardner has no level tracts of land except a few swampy areas. To redeem 
 these areas and make them suitable for playgrounds, etc., nothing is better suited 
 than the dumping of ashes. In connection with the plan for future school grounds, 
 the town should establish grades, and encourage dumping on these wet areas. 
 
 • 
 
 (B) (6) 
 GARBAGE. 
 
 The contract plan of garbage disposal i^ the best for a town of the type of 
 Gardner. The privilege of collection under specified conditions and rules, can be 
 sold to the highest bidder, or let to the lowest bidder. 
 
 The strictest regulations should be enforced by the Board of Health to prevent 
 cans of garbage from being left uncovered, to require proper places in which to 
 keep cans, either underground or in spaces protected against dogs, etc. 
 
 (B) (7) 
 JUNK. 
 
 Disposal of junk should be governed by a careful system of dumping as in 
 the case of ashes, (5) above. 
 
 The present system of licensing dealers in junk that has a commercial value 
 is excellent. 
 
 C. TRANSPORTATION. (1) 
 
 PEDESTRIANS. 
 
 The matter of providing adequate means for pedestrians is one that 
 is likely to be slighted at the present time when every popular emphasis is 
 being placed upon motor transportation of one kind or another. It is nevertheless 
 
 (10) 
 
very important indeed to protect and to encourage pedestrians not only by giving 
 them proper sidewalks, crossings, bridges, and tunnels in the business sections of 
 the town, but by providing paths and walks for recreation. This latter consider- 
 ation will be discussed in detail under section (H) Recreation. 
 
 (C) (2) 
 EQUESTRIANS. 
 
 Bridle Paths. The location of Gardner in the midst of country that is open 
 and certain to remain sparsely settled for an indefinite time, makes any provision 
 for bridle paths within the town itself unnecessary. It is the duty of any com- 
 munity, however, to promote every form of wholesome and health giving re- 
 creation. See (H). 
 
 (C) (3) 
 VEHICLES. 
 
 The street systeni of Gardner, naturally a difficult one to develop properly 
 on account of prohibitive grades, has been very seriously interfered with by the 
 industrial development along the branch railroad. It is out of the question to 
 consider restoring the connections that were severed at the time certain mills 
 were constructed, in spite of the fact that the arteries so severed are very much 
 needed today. AU that it is possible to do under present conditions is to modify 
 existing arteries to give partial relief and to plan extensions and widenings to 
 be carried out at such times in the future as may afford opportunity for needed 
 changes at the minimum expense to the town. On plan No. 6 we have shown 
 proposed changes in existing streets, proposed extensions and new streets, and 
 proposed building lines on certain existing streets. These building lines offer 
 the only practicable method of securing the widening of a built up street in the 
 future. It is beyond the financial capacity of the town to tear down building 
 after building on an important street in order to accomplish an immediate widening, 
 but it is quite practicable to estabhsh a building or set-back for future buildings. 
 In the coiurse of years many if not all of the existing buildings will have been 
 demohshed and rebuilt to the new line in the ordinary course of commercial de- 
 velopment. If here and there an old building remains jutting oilt to the original 
 building line it can then be condemned if the town finds it advantageous to hasten 
 the natural develc^ment by such drastic action. 
 
 The line of through traffic from Boston and Fitchburg enters Gardner at 
 the southern enid of the town, and after pas^ng part way through South Gardner 
 Village crosses and recrosses the branch railroad at grade. These two crossings 
 seem to be a wholly unwarranted inconvenience a,nd source of danger to through 
 traffic, and we have advised a widening of Summer Street and an easy connection 
 from South Main to Summer Street across Chelsea Street as shown on plan No. 6, 
 this, with a very slight outlay securing a new through road without any grade 
 crossing into Gardner over the Fitchburg bridge at Elm Street. The main through 
 route from this point now follows Main Street to the Square, and thence through 
 Parker Street to Templeton with only one bad grade crossing, namely near the 
 junction of Chestnut and Main Streets. This route is a natural thoroughfare for 
 all heavy traffic as it traverses a district occupied for industrial uses, but it has 
 two very dangerous angles which make it undesirable for the use of vehicles 
 traveling at a high rate of speed, such as pleasure vehicles. To correct this fault 
 by creating a turn at the junction of Chestnut and Main Streets would only in- 
 crease t^e danger of the grade crossing almost immediately at that point. If 
 Mafn Street can be widened as suggested on our plan, and repaved for commercial 
 traffic of all kinds, it would still be possible to use Chestnut or Elm Streets for 
 pleasure vehicles which could reach the square via Cross Street as per our plan 
 connecting it with West Lynde or continue from the top of the hill down Park 
 Street, and if they were going through to Templeton they could then use Central 
 
 (n) 
 
and Parker Streets. The grade crossing on Central Street is one of the inost 
 dangerous, and at the same time one of the most annoying that it would be possible 
 to imagine. To abolish it seems quite out of the question considering the narrow 
 opening between the two large industrial buildings just below the railroad track. 
 There is, however, another way to reach the square and Park Street, and one 
 which we have shown in detail on plan No. 7. This is by leveling Park Street 
 in front of Monument Park so as to effect an overhead bridge at the railroad, 
 thence turn into Lake Street which can easily be widened so as to form an ideal, 
 safe approach to the Square. Lake Street and Central Street come into the square 
 in such a way as to provide the safest possible crossing into Parker Street. 
 
 If these main thoroughfares can be provided for, one for heavy traffic and 
 the other two for light, the other problems of street development are comparatively 
 simple. We have outlined several of these on the map and may describe them 
 briefly as follows: 
 
 (a ) From Kim Street to Pearl Street a connecting highway can be arranged, 
 practically at grade for its entire length, with the advantage not only of arranging 
 a shorter route to South Ashbumham, but also of opening up for development 
 some very excellent residential areas. 
 
 (b) The development to the west of Park Street should be modified so as 
 to conform to the topogtaphy. We have indicated the general character of street 
 development that would be required for this area, showing also a connection 
 from Oriole Street. 
 
 (c) The large area between the main line of the Fitchburg and Knowlton 
 Street is one that is certain to develop in the near future. Present layouts indi- 
 cate a system of streets unsuitable for such a development. We have indicated 
 a continuation of Greenwood Place forming a marginal istreet and have modified 
 some of the proposed streets so as to provide for an intelligent use of this area. 
 Baker Street should be widened and made the chief business artery of this new 
 section of the town. 
 
 (d) There wiU be need of a series of good roads to provide a means of 
 going from one part of the town to an. adjoining part without having to go back 
 through the center and out again! Suth a "belt" line can be secured in the manner 
 shown on our plan No. 6 by the use of existing streets, properly connected «p 
 with each other and widened in their narrower portions. 
 
 We begin at Park and Lake Streets, where Crystal Lake makes it impossible 
 to circulate at a greater distance from the Square. We follow Park to Bancroft 
 and through an extension of Bancroft to the junction of Coleman and West, as 
 the best route not only for general circulation, but to open up a valuable housing 
 area. We then follow Coleman to Parker at Bafthel, and thence along our pro- 
 posed marginal street, Barthel-Greenwood Place, to Pleasant. By improving 
 the junction of Greenwood Place and Pleasant we pass easily over the railroad 
 bridge, down a future-well-graded street into West Broadway, and thence into 
 South Gardner Square. From here there is only one free avenue north to Gardner, 
 namely by Chelsea Street to Summer, South and Elm, thereby leading to Park 
 and our point of departure. 
 
 In connection with futmre industrial development a new, heavily paved street 
 parallel to the Fitchburg main line on the South Gardner side, between Mechanic 
 Street and the junction of Conant and Glenwood Streets, should be laid out and 
 the prospect of a bridge over the Fitchburg at Mechanic Street should always be 
 borne in mind as a futiure possibility. See (K) (1). 
 
 The laying out of new streets, street lights, etc., shoiild be done under the 
 Betterment Act, the cost being assessed on the properties benefited by the im- 
 provement. Such a principle can also be usfed in a limited way in connection 
 with changes, widenings, etc., in existing streets. For the naming of streets see (K ) 
 (1) (b). All street extensions should be made by the Board of Survey under 
 Board of Survey Act., Chapter 41, Sec. 73-81 inclusive. 
 
 (12) 
 
(C) (4) 
 LOCAL PUBLIC VEHICLES. 
 
 The general problem of rapid transit in the streets of the town is one of minor 
 importance at the moment. The present street railway system appears wholly 
 adequate to the needs for such transportation for some time to come, and the 
 present status of the street riailawys is so much a matter of debate today with 
 motor transportation coming into competition all the time that it would seem 
 justifiable to await a verdict upon the future of street railways in general before 
 giving any detailed study to this problem in Gardner. The aboUtion of the grade 
 crossings outlined in (3) above would involve re-routing electric cars through 
 Stunmer Street in South Gardner and raising the tracks at the junction of Park 
 and Ivake Streets thereby removing all impediments to the system except the 
 grade crossing near the junction of Main and Chestnut Streets. The provision of 
 suitable waiting rooms is also a question of apparently no importance at the present 
 time. The raihoad station at Gardner is suitably located for the street cars. 
 The South Gardner commercial center seems to provide adequate shelter at that 
 point and the Square at West Gardner presents no difficulty of this nature. If 
 the present town hall should be abandoned some protection at the head of Elm 
 and Chestnut Streets should be arranged for, to accommodate residents of this 
 locality while waiting for cars. 
 
 (C) (5) 
 THROUGH PUBLIC VEHICLES— RAILWAYS. 
 
 We have consulted the officers of the Boston & Maine R. R. in regard to 
 future possible change in railway facilities affecting Gardner, and have been 
 assured that no changes are contemplated by the present management. In 
 connection with the industrial growth of Gardner we believe additional sidings 
 will be required connecting the main line of the Fitchburg with the undeveloped 
 land on the South Gardner side of the tracks. 
 
 (C) (6) 
 WATERWAYS 
 None. 
 
 (C) (7) 
 AIRCRAFT 
 
 The advisabiUty of setting apaVit some open level area to meet any future 
 need for a landing field in connection with U. S. Mail Service or other public 
 purpose is one that should not be overlooked. Such spaces are few in Gardner, 
 but the town may be very glad some day that at least one such space was arranged 
 for before it was too late to secure it economically. To be able to offer such a 
 facility to the government, or to private corporations, may result to the advantage 
 of Gardner. We recommend the pxurchase of the field to the north of the ball 
 grotmd, for this and other purposes. 
 
 (C) (8) 
 MAIL. 
 
 The federal government requires headquarters not only for its postal service 
 but for an increasing number of activities such as Farm Bureau Service, Postal 
 Savings, Bank, Ivoan office, recruiting office, etc. The present location of this 
 federal service in Gardner is wholly inadequate for future needs, and it becomes 
 a part of any comprehensive program to provide in advance for the proper loca- 
 tion of a future federal building in such a manner that the grouping of this struc- 
 ture with other public edifices shall be as desirable as possible from all points of 
 view, not only that of convenience, but of dignity and civic pride. This problem 
 is further discussed under (D), (K) and (Iv). 
 
 (13) 
 
D. MUNICIPAL HOUSING AND STORAGE. 
 
 (1) 
 GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS. 
 
 The housing of the various branches of town government depends 
 very largely upon the form of charter under which the town _ or city 
 is incorporated, and the detailed organization of boards, commissions, and 
 departments. No adequate plan for a municipal building can be worked out 
 independently of a careful consideration of the form of governmental organization 
 that the town plans to adopt. In fact it may be called absurd for a town to be 
 planning a new town hall when the form of government is" threatened with a 
 radical change. 
 
 In addition to the central building for town administration various local units 
 are and will be required. At present there is a fire station on upper Elm Street, 
 another on Lake Street, and a third in the South Village at the comer of Prospect 
 and South Main Streets. This distribution would appear to be adequate for 
 some time. The need of local provision for voting places can be met by the use 
 of different school buildings. 
 
 The grouping of public buildings in some convenient and effective way secures 
 not only better coordination of the different activities, and consequent increased 
 efl&ciency, but provides an element of architectural dignity which is of great value. 
 
 We do not find the site selected to be a good one (See Appendix B) but' be- 
 lieve it can be made fairly satisfactory if treated according to the scheme shown 
 on plan No. IL The considerations covering this scheme may be eniunerated 
 as follows: 
 
 1. It makes the town hall face the Square instead of facing Pleasant and 
 Main Streets. Main Street is destined to be a commercial street for heavy traflSc, 
 and will be devoted to industrial plants along the spur railroad. It can never be 
 a monumental thoroughfare. The view from the square toward the town hall in 
 its proposed location would be across a beautiful open park. 
 
 2. The building will not present its rear elevation toward the growing part 
 of the town. In the original scheme the back of the building stuck out toward 
 the part of the town which in the future will probably constitute the largest resi- 
 dential area of the whole community in which is located the future recreation field 
 and possibly aviation grounds. It seems to be a better arrangement for the hall 
 to face the Square and for its rear elevation to be toward tiie old schoolhouse 
 on Knowlton Street. 
 
 3. The building has a proper setting looking out upon the large open area 
 which can be treated as a memorial park with a fountain or monument in the 
 center and radiating paths. 
 
 4. Ample opportunity is provided for the future grouping of pubUc buildings. 
 This was impossible in the original scheme. The Federal Government will before 
 long construct a permanent and beautiful post oflSce building large enough to. 
 provide for other governmental needs. This building could be on Pleasant Street 
 facing the new park. When a new library building is needed this could be lo- 
 cated directly opposite the post ofiBice on Connors Street and facing the park. 
 It could include quarters for the School Department and other quarters that 
 can better be outside the main town hall building. On the fourth side of the 
 park private interests would find a unique opportunity for a hotel or other semi- 
 public building. 
 
 5. It appears that in the new location the tower of the town hall could be 
 on the axis of Moran Street extended. This street would then connect the re- 
 creation field with the civic center having the tower handsomely placed at the 
 end of the street. 
 
 6. The approach to the town hall would be partictilarly well arranged as 
 there could be a carriage entrance at either end, one off Pleasant Street, one off 
 
 (14) 
 
Connors Street, with ample parking space near each as shown on the plan. These 
 parking spaces would be convenient and yet so located as not to detract from 
 the fine appearance of the town hall park. 
 
 7. The lots now occupied by the Knowlton Street and Connors Street schools 
 can be disposed of as soon as the plan outlined in our report for a central school 
 for this entire district is carried out. 
 
 8. A building line should be established on Pleasant Street as the street is 
 not at present wide enough for its new use. 
 
 9. The plan would probably make it imnecessary to drop the grade of Pleasant 
 Street and require the relajring of the city mains in this street. 
 
 10. The group of buildings finally resulting from this scheme could be such 
 as to create a very imposing center for the future town or city, and one in which 
 the citizens could take great pride. 
 
 (D) (2) 
 FUEL STORAGE. 
 
 There is a great waste and extravagance on the part of any municipality in 
 the purchase and deUvery of fuel from scattered stocks in private yards. The 
 saving in cost and in time affected through a municipal yard is considerable. 
 The amount of coal used by Gardner in its various departments today is 1527 
 tons per annum. Its consumption of oil is considerable. A siding where^freight 
 cars could be run up and could dump the coal into an elevated bin from which 
 it could later be released by gravity into trucks would be a paying proposition 
 for the town. It would have not only the advantage of securing coal at the rock 
 bottom price and delivery with the least possible trouble, but it would save the 
 town the expense of future storage bins in new public buildings because with 
 its own yard and trucks always available and the possibility of the purchase of 
 coal in large quantities at the most advantageous season of the year, deliveries 
 from the central yard to each building could be made frequently as needed, thus 
 making necessary only a comparatively small storage capacity at the building 
 itself. 
 
 (D) (3) 
 ICE. 
 
 For private storage see (F) (4) (d). 
 
 (D) (4) 
 ROAD MATERIALS AND IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 The yard above referred to should be of sufficient capacity to permit storage, 
 in addition to fuel, of road materials and implements. By this means cement, 
 stone, sand, road oil, paving bricks, curb stones, pipe, etc., could be economically 
 stored in the quantities desired, and town teams, derricks, steam rollers, scrapers, 
 snow plows, and other implements could be stored in a suitable series of sheds. 
 
 (D) (5) 
 
 VEHICLES. 
 
 See (4) above. 
 
 Note: Proper location for the general yard mentioned above (2), (4), 
 and (5) we believe to be in the neighborhood of the railroad jtmction as 
 shown on plan No. 6. The present location of the yard seems unnecessarily 
 remote. 
 
 (IB) 
 
E. PROTECTION AGAINST: (1) 
 
 FIRE 
 
 (a). Fire Department. A report was presented at the annual meeting, 1919, 
 dealing with the needs of the Fire Department . This report declared the Gardner 
 Center Station to be satisfactory, except for repairs. We concur in this opmion. 
 It is advised that additions would be required to the West Gardner Station. We 
 believe the present location is satisfactory and concur in the Committee's opinion. 
 It recommends that the South Gardner Station be left where it is and later en- 
 larged. Although somewhat remote from the future industrial area along the Une 
 of the Fitchburg, the Summer Street improvement suggested by the Committee 
 and carefully worked out in our report, makes the site more central in operation 
 than any other. 
 
 The need of a high pressure system, and of increased equipment at the stations 
 should be obviated by a wise and safe policy of building. Such a poHcy will re- 
 sult from the operation of the building law submitted herewith, and is much 
 more economical than unsafe building, fire hazards, increased fire apparatus, etc. 
 
 (b) Insurance. The valuation of the town buildings at the present moment 
 is not found on the assessors books. The insurance valuation is |599,400.^and 
 the annual premiums aggregate $6,027.29. Under proper inspection the town 
 could maintain its own insurance at less cost under the provisions of Chapter 40, 
 Sec. 13, of the Revised lyaws. The general experience has been that a town does 
 not take care of sprinkling, etc., as well as a private insurance company. 
 
 (c) Building Law. The building law of a town is intended to protect the 
 community and individual citizens against conflagration and other serious fire 
 hazard, against accident (F) (3) (b) below, against disease (F) (6) below, and 
 to secure proper development of streets and parks with respeat to the general 
 welfare (K). 
 
 Building laws have usually been based on restrictive legislation of a more 
 or less arbitrary kind. For instance, a fire district has been constituted by drawing 
 an arbitrary line about the thickly settled part of the community and requiring 
 a safer class of construction inside this line than outside. The result has been 
 to encourage the poorer class of building just outside the fire limits, so callecf, 
 until a ring of such poorly constructed buildings has been built up around the fire 
 district. The next step is to enlarge the fire limits to include this new zone and 
 another ring begins to develop. Such a program accomplishes one thing., It 
 encourages the repeated addition of dangerous zones about the original nucleus of 
 the town, and resembles a ringworm disease. 
 
 There is another way to approach this problem, namely to establish a few 
 governing principles that will operate equally in the thickly settled and the open 
 portions of a town. As an example of this, there is no logical reason either on 
 the plea of safety from fire or accident, on the plea of health, or of beauty why 
 a two story wooden building should not be built in the midst of a large city, pro- 
 vided sufficient open space is maintained about the building. If the law is so 
 written as to require such a space about every wooden building economic laws 
 will govern properly the distribution of wooden construction; for the open space 
 cannot be afforded where land values are high, and a higher class of construction 
 will naturally result from the operation of the law where buildings need to be 
 crowded together. 
 
 We believe that this same principle of fundamental logic as applied to build- 
 ing restrictions should operate in the case of zoning with respect to height of 
 buildings. The model builcUng law submitted herewith embodies these principles 
 as we have been able to see them and work them out. (Note. See Appendix C. ) 
 
 (d) Zoning. Districting according to use as a means of fire protection is 
 an element in the general question of districting, discussed fully under (K) (1). 
 
 (16) 
 
(K) (2) 
 GRIME 
 
 (a) Police Department. Increase in traffic alone will require additions to 
 the present force. Provision for this increase should be made in the headquarters. 
 There should also be a place for vehicles used by the force. 
 
 The present Police Patrol System is a noteworthy recent addition to the 
 department. 
 
 (b) Education. The most important safeguard against crime is education. 
 Every opporttmity should be taken to inform the citizen of the nature and pur- 
 pose of public measures and activities, and to make dear to him the benefits of 
 public management of common affairs, and to outline the way in which he can 
 do his part. If an official pubUcity bureau is not feasible there should be a citizens' 
 organization devoted to this work in a methodical and thorough way. 
 
 The fullest discussion of public affairs and publication of official news in the 
 local newspaper is of great benefit . Gardner is fortunate in having its own n£ws 
 organ,, and the citizens will do well to use it freely. 
 
 (E) (3) 
 ACCroENT. 
 
 (a) Police — Traffic Regulation. The question of protecting persons from 
 accident at the grade crossings has akeady been considered. The cost of the 
 aboUtion of a grade crossing is discouraging, but is not to be compared with the 
 value of human life sacrificed at a dangerous crossing. The matter of accidents 
 upon the streets themselves has not been discussed except that the proposed 
 entrance into the main square at West Gardner through I^ynde and Central Streets 
 simplifies the flow of traffic through the square. The traffic officer will probably 
 be required here, however. Aside from this location, traffic can apparently take 
 care of itself perfectly well for some time to come without the assistance of officers. 
 
 (b) Building Law. The largest number of accidents connected with buildings 
 occur during construction and are caused by carelessness or lack of proper facilities 
 for the workmen. In any case, they do not fall under the scope of building regu- 
 lations. Very few buildings fail after they are completed from faulty construction 
 or from insufficient strength in any of the parts. In the building law recommended 
 herewith we have therefore limited such restrictions and regulations to a necessary 
 minimum. 
 
 (c) Public Information — Signs, Signals, etc. The state law regarding street 
 signs requires that suitable signs shall be placed at all important intersections 
 in streets leading to other towns, etc. Chapter 85, Sec. 1. The street signs at 
 Gardner in most cases comply with this law, and the town is to be congratulated 
 on so satisfactory a system as is already installed. In putting in signs in the 
 futxu-e, it is well to adopt not only a uniform design, but one that is distinctively 
 attractive, as the cost is very little if any more than for an unsightly sign, and 
 the better appearance of a good sign helps materially in the general diaracter of 
 the town. 
 
 (d) Insurance. The town, conforming to the requirements of state law, 
 insures its employees against accident incurred in the service of the town. 
 
 (E) (4) 
 FRAUD OR INJUSTICE. 
 
 (a) Licenses and Permits. A thorough-going, careful, system should be 
 devised for licensing itinerant venders, peddlers, and others who use the streets or 
 public ways for commercial purposes. 
 
 (17) 
 
(E) (5) 
 PESTS AND NUISANCES. 
 
 (a) Parasites. The state provides assistance in fighting the gypsy and 
 brown tailed moths, the elm leaf beetle, the corn borer, and the white pine rust. 
 It is discouraging and practically impossible for human effort to cope with these 
 insect pests. It was conclusively shown before a subcommittee of the United 
 States Senate that no solution offered itself without encouragement of the natural 
 enemy of the insects, namely the bird. This encouragement can come and has 
 come in a measure from the Federal Government, and from the state, but cannot 
 be successful without the active cooperation of each town and city. So long as 
 needless destruction of the insect devoujring birds is allowed to go on, the fight 
 against insect parasites is a losing one. Not only should the destruction of birds 
 be stopped, but there should be a positive and weU directed campaign to encourage 
 and foster bird life. 
 
 (E) (6) 
 
 DISEASE. 
 
 See (F) and (H). 
 
 F. HEAI.TH SERVICE. (1) 
 
 GENERAL. 
 
 The present service being rendered in the matter of health promo- 
 tion in Gardner is unusually intelligent and efiScient, and the organization is 
 so excellent that we have very little to recommend on this score. Ftill confidence 
 should be given the present authorities, and they should be made to feel that 
 their work is appreciated, and that the town desires it to be maintained at a high 
 degree of efficiency. 
 
 (F) (2) 
 HOSPITALS. 
 
 Here again the town is peculiarly fortunate in having two well built and 
 well managed hospitals, leaving very Uttle to be desired. 
 
 (E) (3) 
 LABORATORIES. 
 
 Biological, Bacteriological. The state provides for the analysis of water supply, 
 but it is of great value to have the means at hand to test milk and other foods. 
 The new town house should include a laboratory for such testing. 
 
 (F) (4) 
 INSPECTION OF: 
 
 (a) Persons. This work is being carried on in a thorough and methodical 
 way jointly by the town and a citizens' volimtary organization, and is proving 
 of very great benefit to the community. 
 
 (b) Dwellings, Plumbing, etc. Existing buildings, in which there is reason 
 to suspect filth or untidiness should be visited and the occupants shown better 
 methods. It is especially important that the exterior appearance of houses and 
 yards shall be neat, in order not to bring disaster to the whole neighborhood, 
 through destruction of real estate values, morale, etc. 
 
 (18) 
 
(c) Animals (Slaughterhouse.) Until such time as the volume of slaughter- 
 ing shall require a central, well-cared for slaughtering house, the present system 
 adequately fulfils the need. The laboratory, (F) (3), wiU aid this work also. 
 
 (d) Food, Ice, etc. Where ice is used in such large quantities in beverages, 
 inspection of this commodity in all stages of its production is important. The 
 individual users would also be benefitted if the ice could be kept free from dirt 
 and other foreign substances that clog drain pipes, etc. See Revised Laws, Chapter 
 40, Sec. 24. 
 
 (F) (5) 
 REGULATIONS FOR: 
 
 (a) Quarantine. See (F) (1). 
 
 (b) Burial. The town has recently acquired and is in the process of lajdng 
 out a large tract of land for cemetery purposes. This area is well outside the 
 Umits of the town, as it may develop in the next decade, and will provide for 
 the needs of the population for an indefinite period. 
 
 (c) Conduct. See (F) (1). 
 
 (F) (6) 
 BUILDIXG LAW. 
 
 That portion of the building law dealing with the protection of health includes 
 provisions requiring open courts, yards, areas, light wells, and air shafts, etc., 
 and provides for a reasonable minimum in the size of windows, in the height of 
 rooms, the materials required for certain floors, walls, etc. The more important 
 features of health protection in buildings are connected with occupancy rather 
 than the building construction itself, and this branch of regulation falls tmder 
 the work of the health service. 
 
 G. EDUCATION. (1) 
 
 PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 
 
 (a) Land and Buildings. Supplies, care, and maintenance. The present 
 school buildings in Gardner are most of them antiquated and inadequate to the 
 uses of modem education. Some of them are very disadvantageously located. 
 We have made a careful study of the relocation of school buildings, and have 
 shown on plan No. 6 a series of sites best adapted in our judgment to use as 
 future school locations. In every case sites have been chosen that afford sufficient 
 flat, open land for play purposes, and the locations chosen have in every case 
 been central to the residential district which they were calculated to serve. 
 
 The high school location is a very fine one, and the grounds are adequate, 
 with the exception of the play field. We recommend the added area shown on 
 the plan to complete the play field, and at the same time to provide for a future 
 commercial high and, at the corner of Elm and Temple Streets, of a grade school 
 to take the place of the school on Chestnut Street. This group would, in the 
 future, be a very creditable one, and would provide indefinitely for the high school 
 needs of the town. See sheet No. 10. 
 
 The Prospect School in South Gardner is being enlarged and we recommend 
 additional play space in the rear of the present yard as indicated on our plan. 
 The proposed spate will require very Uttle grading to convert it into a wholly 
 satisfactory playground, and it is of very little value for the future development 
 of South Gardner. If land were taken across Prospect Street instead of in the 
 back of the present school it would be very poor in topography, and would require 
 a large outlay of money to make it suitable for play purposes, and would be taking 
 out of the real estate market land of a high value for future development purposes 
 
 (19) 
 
The school on Broadway should also have additional land in the rear before 
 this land increases in value, or is built upon. We believe that the site is a good - 
 one and that the building should be retained and added to if necessary later on. 
 The matter of a future school site for the South Village will be taken up under 
 (H) (2). 
 
 The Knowlton and Connors Street Schools are not well located. They have 
 practically no play space and will be, situated in the commercial center of the 
 future city. We have therefore indicated an existing open space centrally lo- 
 cated near Baker Street, ideal in topography and in every other way for school- 
 house purposes. We would advise the purchase of this property to provide for a 
 large playground and, later on, a schoolhouse to take dare of the population of 
 this entire neighbofliood. 
 
 The West Street School occupies a small lot destined to be very valuable for 
 business purposes and quite uhsuited for school uses. We therefore advise the 
 purchase of land on Oriole Street for a new school center for this neighborhood. 
 It adjoins a tract of wet land which can easily be drained and made unusually 
 attractive for play purposes. The Coleman Street School is a new one, and al- 
 thoiigh it has no proper play space the present program of fiUing in the rough 
 swamp land below the school will provide such space in the future. The School 
 Street School is now well located in connection with the new park and should 
 be retained. 
 
 The importance of acquiring sites for future school purposes cannot be over 
 emphasized. When the school comes to be needed it is always too late to get land 
 economically. The site should be acquired several years in advance of the need 
 of the building itself. 
 
 In the matter of supplies and maintenance, the mtmicipal yard suggested in 
 (D) (2) will be the means of great saving in the cost of coal, the largest item in 
 schoolhouse supphes. The general question of maintenance fvmds is discussed 
 under (K). 
 
 (b) Instructing Staff. The present form of organization is that generally 
 accepted in Massachusetts and should be maintained as at present. 
 
 (c) Pupils. Districting, Transportation, Inspection, Care, and Instruction. 
 At the present time pupils living in one neighborhood are obliged to travel to 
 another locaUty to be educated owing to the lack of any careful system of develop- 
 ment in school buildings. We have made recommendations covering this matter 
 in (a) above. 
 
 In the m3,tter of transportation the principle should alwayis be kept before 
 the parents and children that public education is a privilege and not a penalty. 
 It should not be necessary, therefore, for a town to go to thie door of each house 
 and drag the pupils to school. We believe that the attitude of the school authori- 
 ties and of the citizens of Gardner in this respect is a very fine attitude and should 
 be maintained. The instruction and care of pupils at present is well organized 
 and in competent hands. It should be maintained at a high standard. 
 
 (G) (2) 
 
 PRIVATE SCHOOLS. 
 
 Section (1) on page 44 of the revised laws of Massachusetts defines the duties 
 of the local authorities with regard to all private schools within the tbwn. As 
 this section is very clear and specific we believe that no fturther recommendation 
 is necessary. 
 
 (20) 
 
(G) (3) 
 DEMONSTRATION BUREAUS. 
 
 The ofiScial support of the town in furthering the state system of farm demon- 
 stration bureaus is a benefit to the agricultural development of the town and is 
 a very wise expendityre of public funds. 
 
 (G) (4) 
 PUBLIC LIBRARIES. 
 
 The general grouping of public buildings is discussed under (D) (1). The 
 library is at present located inconveniently for the bulk of the population and 
 when in due time a better location is desired there may be great difficulty in secur- 
 ing one that is suitable. The only way to avoid such a difficulty is to plan now 
 for a library site in connection with the general group of town buildings. 
 
 In order to serve tjie people properly there should be provision for a branch 
 in South Gardner so related to the future community center as to bring about the 
 best results both in usefulness and in appearance. Schoolhouses can be provided 
 with room to accommodate other branches. 
 
 (G) (5) 
 ARMORIES AND DRILL HALLS. 
 
 i 
 
 There is apparently no reason for considering this item in Gardner. 
 
 (G) (6) 
 ZOOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL GARDENS. 
 
 A number of towns smaller than Gardner have already realized the educational 
 and recreational adva,ntages of zoological and botanical collections, and in some 
 cases even of gardens containing living specimens. Private, collections are often 
 available to such towns where the town is willing to accept and maintain them. 
 The shores of Crystal Lake might provide a locality for such an enterprise in 
 the future and a study of the possibilities could profitably be made at the present 
 time. 
 
 H. RECREATION. (1) 
 
 PARKS AND BOULEVARDS. 
 
 The largest park area aheady owned by the town is the Crystal Lake Basin. 
 This has great natural beauty and the future development of the shores of the 
 lake is naturally something that the town should plan with great care. There 
 are two ways of approaching this problem. The first is to consider building a 
 highway about the lake for the use of pleasure vehicles. The other is to keep 
 the present sylvan character of the shores as far as possible by constructing only 
 a foot path along the shores. The first proposition would give a ten minute ride 
 to automobiUsts. Automobilists are not in need of any such a privilege at the 
 expense of the community, as Gardner is in the center of a very beautiful district 
 offering abundant opportunities for motoring. The bulk of the population is 
 without automobiles and in need of wholesome recreation. The second method 
 would provide them with a quiet wooded path very well adapted to their needs 
 and affording them opportunities for enjoying Gardner's chief beauty spot. 
 * Certain hilltops are of no value except as parks. If the town is able to ajcquire 
 these by purchase or otherwise they will constitute a valuable part of the park 
 system in the future. > 
 
 (SI) 
 
(H) (2) 
 PLAY GROUNDS. 
 
 The natural location for playgrounds is in connection with school buildings. 
 This aspect of the question we have already taken up in (G) (1) (a). The general 
 playground between Parker and West Streets^ is well located and should be in- 
 creased in size at the first opportunity. The new ball field is an excellent addition 
 to the playground areas. The South Gardner playground proposed in (G) (1) (a) 
 when increased by the addition of the small pond adjoining the railroad will take 
 care of the needs of the South Village for some time. 
 
 (H) (3) 
 
 BATHS AND GYMNASIA. 
 
 The Greenwood Memorial provides facilities which, according to the reports 
 of the trustees, seem ample for the present and future needs as far as public bathing 
 is concerned. In future schoolhouse construction provision must be made for 
 some indoor exercise although such gymnasium work is not thought as necessary 
 today as formerly, many of the best classes being held outside the school walls. 
 
 (H) (4) 
 PLAGES FOR PUBLIC ENTERTAINMENT. 
 
 The town hall and school buildings should be adapted to every possible use 
 for public entertainment and instruction in order that the buildings shall be used 
 for as large a part of the time as possible, and in order that the citizens may feel 
 that the buildings for which they have paid are really their own for any proper 
 use to which they may wish to devote them. 
 
 The regulation of private places of assemblage is provided for in a building 
 law submitted herewith. 
 
 (H) (5), 
 
 RINKS AND SLIDES. 
 
 • 
 
 Where possible playgrounds should be built in such a way that they can 
 be easily flooded in the winter for general use by school children and others. Owing 
 to the large number of natural bodies of water in Gardner this feattu-e is of minor 
 importance. 
 
 (H) (6) 
 HUNTING. AND FISHING REGULATIONS. 
 
 The general question of protection of wild birds, etc. is referred to in (E) (5). 
 
 J. RELIEF. (1) 
 
 PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT BUREAU. 
 
 Under the auspices of the Board of Relief or of some private organization 
 an employment service should be maintained to secure the best results in placing 
 all those desiring emplojTnent in positions best suited to their ability. 
 
 (J) (2) 
 ALMSHOUSES. 
 
 The general tendency among towns in the matter of support of paupers is 
 to pay the amounts necessary to have such people cared for in private institutions 
 existing wholly for this purpose. 
 
K. GENERAL WEI^FARE. (1) 
 
 ZONING LAW. 
 
 The act of the lyCgislature conferring upon municipalities the power 
 to district with regard to use, area of Jot, and height of buildings opens 
 up a new branch of public regulation for Massachusetts. Experience in other 
 states is so far very limited, and we believe that it is wise to apply the principles 
 of zoning, so called, only in so far as they can be fuUy justified at this time by 
 sound logic. We have already spoken in (c) of the scientific regulation of building 
 heights and areas. The regulation of various classes of "buildings according to use 
 is in general a very necessary means of obtaining orderliness in the commimity 
 and preventing the destruction of real estate values in a needless and wholesale 
 way. We have, therefore, prepared a zoning plan dividing the town into residential, 
 commercial, and industrial districts of the simplest possible character, with an 
 idea that it is better to start in with a few fundamental restrictions, adding to or 
 modif)dng them later if more complexity seems to be desirable.' 
 
 Along with the plan submitted is a table defining the various districts and 
 further restrictions. (See Appendix C, Division 32, Use Districts. ) 
 
 (K) (2) 
 NAMING HIGHWAYS. 
 
 The Planning Board and Selectmen should jointly establish rules for the 
 naming of pubUc ways, so that a short alley shall not be called an Avenue, or 
 a wide court, a lane, etc. The following definitions may form a basis for such 
 
 regulations: — 
 
 DEFINITIONS FOB STREET NAMES. 
 
 Alley. A narrow service street. Any short street thirty feet or less in width. 
 
 Avenue. Originally meant access to a house or building. Private driveway. 
 More recently appUed to a broad public street. 
 
 Boulevard. A broad avenue decoratively laid out, especially with park space 
 in the centre. 
 
 Circle. Circular junction of highways or circular end of a single highway. 
 
 Court. Rectangular pocket off a highway. 
 
 Crescent. Semi-circular pocket or short street. 
 
 Embankment. A built up bank or terrace on the edge of a body of water. 
 
 Esplanade. A flat wide area — any clear level space especially for public walks 
 or drives. 
 
 Lane. Narrow open bjrway or passageway of any length. 
 
 Mall. Wide level shaded walk. 
 
 Park. AppUed to public reservations only but not to highways. 
 
 Path. A public foot-way. 
 
 Place. Similar to "Court." May also be appUed to junction of a number of 
 highways. 
 
 Quadrangle. An open square surrounded by buildings. 
 
 Road. A highway connecting one settlement, neighborhood, viUage, town or 
 municipaUty with another, generaUy bearing the name of the locaUty. High- 
 way from place to place. 
 
 Row. A short street or passage. 
 
 Square. An enlarged rectangular junction of highways. 
 
 Street. OriginaUy a paved way. A highway forty feet wide or more which is 
 or has been part of a subdivision of land for building purposes. A main 
 highway of a settled portion of a town or city may be so named. A high- 
 way in a settled place. 
 
 (23) 
 
Terrace. A court or shcjrt street occupying with its adjacent lots a smalljplateau. 
 Turnpike. Originally turnstile or turnpike, that is, a toll road. A road connecting 
 
 distant points and passing through several communities. 
 Walk. Similar to "Path." 
 Way. A highway less than forty feet wide and not exceeding one-quarter mile 
 
 in length. See "Lane." 
 Wind. A narrow lane. 
 
 In addition to this a system of numbering should be adopted to apply to 
 all public ways. 
 
 (K) (3) 
 EFFICIENCY m GOVERNMENT. 
 
 The organization of town administration along lines similar to those employed 
 in private corporations is one of the things that is beginning to appeal strongly 
 to many communities. Such changes in present methods as are essential to ac- 
 complish the end are possible to some extent under the existing charter. We 
 will submit later a draft showing a pnoposed new plan adapted to the needs 
 of Gardner. For a town of Gardner's size the plan of representative government 
 would seem necessary. It is being practiced successfu^lly in other towns in the 
 state. 
 
 The greatest injustices in the administration of Town affairs are likely to ap- 
 pear in the assessing of private property. This work should at once be put upon 
 a business basis and a scientific system of appraisal applied impartially to all 
 properties. The topographical smvey should be completed. It will take a year 
 ajid perhaps $5,000.00 to $7,500.00 to do this. 
 
 Along with this general assessing should come the policy of betterment assess- 
 ments, in order that all citizens alike should have the benefits of public improve- 
 ments. 
 
 One of the most serious stumbling blocks in carrying on large public insti- 
 tutions is the lack of dny kind of businessUke accounting, — especially in the matter 
 of depreciation and maintenance funds. A water system costing $200,000. — 
 is depreciating every year so that after a certain time has elapsed the citizens may 
 suddenly find that there is very little value left in the piping and other equip- 
 ment and that an enormous expenditure is required immediately for replacements. 
 The same principle applies to public buildings and other enterprises. The best 
 way to manage such a situation is for the department in charge to institute a 
 fund to take care of such depreciation. See Chap. 40, Sec. 13 of the Massachusetts 
 Laws. 
 
 L. ADORNMENT AND INSPIRATION. 
 
 (1) 
 PUBLIC MONUMENTS. 
 
 From time to time opportunities are given to any town to adorn a square, 
 park, or public, building with some bit of sculpture or other feature of a monu- 
 mental character. Gardner has a triangular space already devoted to commemor- 
 ative monuments but should provide other localities suitable to receive monuments 
 in the future. We have noted one or two such on the plan. 
 
 (Iv) (2) 
 GALLERIES OP ART. 
 
 It is possible to combine in one building many featiu-es of interest to the 
 public such as the collections referred to in (G) (7) above or paintings sculpture " 
 exhibits of materials used in the minor arts, articles of historic interest, etc. Gardner 
 
 (24) 
 
has one building that possesses much architectural beauty and is well loeated-to 
 form the nucleus of such a collection. This is the colonial homestead to the south 
 of the high school playground. If the town could secure this and use it as a museum 
 and place for exhibitions of various kinds it would be a very important addition 
 to the life of the town. 
 
 (L) (3) • 
 
 HISTORICAL FEATURES. 
 
 Such articles of furniture, household utensils, documents, etc., as are worth jr 
 of preservation should be collected and. exhibited in such a way, as suggested 
 under (2) above. 
 
 (I.) (4) 
 NATURAL FEATURES. 
 
 (a) Shade Trees. The planting of shade trees on all important streets has 
 been fairly well attended to and is a policy that should be pursued vigorously. 
 Where there is any likelihood of a futxure widening, trees should be planted be- 
 tween the sidewalk and the property line, the sidewalk being laid out at a distance 
 of two feet or more from the line. 
 
 (b) Ponds, etc. This question has been dealt with under (H) (1). 
 
 (c) Hills, etc. This has also been taken up under (H) (1). 
 
 (25) 
 
(26) 
 
APPENDIX "A' 
 
 WESTON & SAMPSON 
 Consulting Engineers 
 
 14 Beacon Street 
 Boston 9, Massachusetts. 
 
 February 3, 1921. 
 KILHAM, & HOPKINS, 
 9 Park Street, 
 Boston, Mass. 
 
 Gentlemen: Attention of Mr. Greeley. 
 
 We have made a brief study of the economical possibilities of transforming the present 
 Crystal Lake Pumping Plant of the Gardner, Mass. Water Department into a modern elec- 
 trically-operated plant, and repcJrt as follows: 
 
 PRESENT PLANT 
 
 The present plant consists of a pumping station equipped with a 3-million-gallon-per-day 
 Laidlaw-Dunn-Gordon, crank and fly wheel, reciprocating steam pump, installed in 1912 — 13, 
 and provided with condenser and other accessories. This unit is a modern machine, built 
 for a duty of about 100 million foot pounds per 100 pounds of coal, and gave under the con- 
 ditions of operation existing in 1918, a duty of 56 million, in which the coal used includes 
 both pumping and heating. There is also an auxiliary Deane reciprocating steam pump, 
 now used for emergency. In 1918, a new 130 H. P. boiler was installed to replace alaoiler 
 that had been in use for over twenty years. 
 
 We assume that the pumping plant is in good condition and of ample capacity for several 
 years. We are informed, however, that owing to the difficulties of obtaining and hauling 
 coal during the winter months, it has seemed advisable to construct a coal storage pocket at 
 the station, at an estimated cost of $10,000.00. 
 
 ELECTRIC PLANT. 
 
 The most favorable location for an electrically operated station would be adjacent to the 
 present pumping station in order to preserve the location of the present intake into the lake, 
 and because the changes in piping would therebjr be a minimum. The plant would consist 
 of a small station equipped with two pumping units, driven by electric motors, and provided 
 with electric lights, heat, and other necessary conveniences. We estimate that the cost of 
 installing such an electric plant would be about $25,000. 
 
 COST OF OPERATION. 
 
 Based on cost of power alone, and assuming the price of coal at $8 per net ton f. o. b. 
 Gardner, it would be necessary to procure electricity for l-l-6c per K. W. H. to balance the 
 cost of electricity against the cost of coal, and every yic per K. W. H. additional would in- 
 crease the yearly cost of power about $850. There are other considerations, however, in- 
 cluding the cost of labor, supplies, repairs and incidentals which would favor the use of elec- 
 tricity and might effect a saving to such an extent that it would be possible to pay IJ^c per 
 K. W. H. and still show no loss in operation. 
 
 There would be comparatively little salvage value in the present pumping plant, and if 
 we assume that such salvage would merely cover the cost of dismantling, cleaning up and 
 re-grading, we have a total construction cost of $25,000. for an electric plant, reduced by 
 $10,000 for the proposed coal pocket, leaving a net construction cost of $15,000 which, at 
 5%, represents an annual interest charge of $750. 
 
 CONCLUSIONS. 
 
 From a study of the data in hand, and from our experience elsewhere, we are of the opinion 
 that if electricity can be secured for IJ^c per K. W. H., there would be no appreciable loss 
 in operation by installing an electrically operated pumping plant. Considering, however, 
 that such a change would involve an additional interest charge of $750 per year for con- 
 
 (27) 
 
struction, it would be necessary to procure electricity for about 1 J^c per K. W. H. to compare 
 favorably with the present plant. 
 
 In order to establish these facts with certainty, it would be necessary to obtain additional 
 information concerning the cost of Steam and electric power, the saving in labor, etc., the 
 changes in piping req'uired, and certain other factors that affect the problem. The cost of 
 such an investigation and report would probably amount to about $200. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 (Signed) WESTON & SAMPSON 
 GAS:CMD 
 
 (28) 
 
APPENDIX "B". 
 
 August 23, 1920 
 REPORT ON MEMORIAL TOWN HALL SITE. 
 Gardner, Massachusetts. 
 
 The problem of locating a Memorial Town Hall is closely connected with the character 
 of the building itself and the exact uses that are to be made of it. If the town is to retain 
 its present form of government, the building will require certain definite characteristics,. If 
 the present form is changed to a town government with limited town meeting, as in Brookline, 
 the building will need to be radically different. If the town changes its government to the 
 ordinary city type, the building will need to assume still "another form. And finally, if the 
 town should adopt the city manager or general sliperintendent form of administration this 
 would affect the plan of the building in certain vital respects. 
 
 The first decision, therefore, should be in regard to the form of Government to be adopted. 
 
 The nature and use of a building aSects its location. A hardware factory would go into 
 the manufacturing district, a hardware store into the retail district. A memorial town hall 
 is at once the crowning feature of a town's architectural development and the visible emblem 
 of its civic life, in other words its capitol building. It deserves, therefore, the best vantage 
 point in the town. Neglect to follow this principle accounts for the disappointments experienced 
 by so many towns. After appropriating large sums for a beautiful building, the result has 
 fallen far short of their expectations. 
 
 Ip general, we have found the following to be the most important considerations in the 
 location of such a building as is proposed for Gardner. 
 
 1. General Effect on the Town. 
 
 It will improve the Town most if it is located where it has the_ most handsome and con- 
 genial surroundings, and can be seen by both townspeople and visitors. _ It should not be 
 used, however, merely as the means of securing the destruction of an existing eye-sore. 
 
 2. Relation to Future Development of Tovm. 
 
 (a) It should not be located in the midst of the future business section, as it can have 
 no assured relation to new business buildings, withdraws too much valuable property from 
 taxation, and interrupts the proper growth of the business centre. New England villages 
 usually have public buildings grouped in some central location and this principle should be 
 followed for convenience and for architectural effect. The town has two distinct villages. 
 The Hall could form a part of a civic centre in the larger village, convenient to the smaller. 
 
 (b ) It should be conspicuous, in order to have the greatest effect on the general character 
 of the Town. Without this the monumental and memorial qualities are practically lost. 
 (See 1). 
 
 (c) It should be convenient: should be so located as to serve the townspeople with the 
 least inconvenience. The Town officers, such as collector, treasurer, and clerk, should be 
 accessible. A s^te somewhere near the main village would probably be practically as convenient 
 to the smaller village, and a great deal more convenient to the centre, than a site half way 
 between the two villages. The present site is not convenient — the building should be nearer 
 West Gardner. 
 
 Convenience is becoming more and more an elastic quality as transportation methods 
 improve, and does not limit the location within narrow bounds, as in motorless days. 
 
 3. Relation to its Immediate Neighborhood. 
 
 (a) The immediate surroundings should be safeguarded and should promise, if possible, 
 a congenial development in the nature of a civic centre, or group of future public buildmgs of 
 harmonious design. 
 
 (b) It should not be a single structure unrelated to its neighbors, a discredited idea 
 that has given place to a wider appreciation of the advantages of well-grouped buildings. 
 Theoretically it is possible to group commercial and public buildings into one harmonious 
 xjomposition, but practically the public is unable or unwilling to control private development. 
 
 In any case the best result comes from grouping buildings that are related in purpose. 
 This means grouping with some existing buildings or else getting land enough to permit of 
 other new buildings. 
 
 (29) 
 
(c) It should dominate the group of which it is one. Among business buildings in a 
 business district it may be completely eclipsed by taller commercial structures like Carpenters' 
 Hall, Philadelphia, or the Watertown, Waltham or Stoneham Town Halls. 
 
 (d) It need not be adjacent to town yard for sewer, water and street departments. 
 
 4. Relation to Lot. 
 
 (a) It should have room for parking motor cars, for secondary exits, and for ample 
 lawn. ^ 
 
 (b ) It should be placed in such a way as to provide for extensions or for future grouping 
 with other buildings. 
 
 In order to emphasize some of the above points examples are interesting. The general 
 tendency to regard a group of buildings as necessary to secure a telling effect is evidenced 
 by most of the recent planning. In Massachusetts, the towns of Lancaster, Arlington, and 
 Reading occur at once. In the town of Weston is a still more recent example of the extra- 
 ordinary value of this type of plan. 
 
 It is not sufficient, however, to have a good group of civic buildings. The buildings must 
 have an adequate setting, must not be crowded, and must be located in such a way as to be 
 seen to advantage by the greatest number of people especially by visitors to the town. The 
 city of Springfield has an admirable group facing a park of adequate proportions, but rather 
 on one side of the important avenues through the city, and therefore not counting for as much 
 as if it were located in a more sightly place. 
 
 Examples of the older and less thoughtful schemes of placing such buildings are numerous. 
 New York City has a very beautiful City Hall placed in the midst of the business district 
 and completely eclipsed by business buildings. In Marlboro the City Hall is without proper 
 pounds, and is simply one of a number of buildings strung along the city street. The same 
 is true of the Town Hall in Greenfield which cannot be distinguished from the other buildings 
 among which it stands. In Lowell the hall is in the fork of two streets but has no proper 
 setting and no surrounding grounds. In Cambridge the City Hall is well located on rising 
 ground upon the main street and with a small open space in front of it. The lot is not, how- 
 ever, adequate, and the building stands alone without any opportunity for grouping with 
 future buildings. 
 
 In Milford, Connecticut, there is an example of the solution of a problem similar to 
 Gardner's. On one side of the hall is a body of water, on the other a small park and important 
 highway. The effect can be judged by imagining the memorial building for Gardner on the 
 strip of land between Monument Square and Crystal Lake as outlined on the accompanying 
 plan. The photograph* of the Milford Town Hall shows further what the effect would be. 
 The building becomes a landmark, a crown, as it were, — to the physical development of the 
 town. , 
 
 The size of the plot required by the building itself should compare with similar buildings 
 elsewhere. In Arlington the building is about 120 ft. by 180 ft. but has only the town offices 
 and the auditorium. In Clinton the building is 100 ft. by 180 ft., in Braintree 100 ft. by 150 ft. 
 In Arlington the plot of land upon which the Town Hall and Public Library are located is 
 425 ft. by 575 ft. There is an old school building in one corner. The lot already chosen for 
 Gardner is about 320 ft. by 420 ft. and will afford room for one building with a strip 100 ft. 
 to 120 ft. wide around it. This would make possible some provision for parking automobiles 
 and leave a small grass area besides. 
 
 In regard to the character of the memorial itself, this should be carefully considered in 
 connection with the lot. 
 
 To make a Town Hall a memorial and to provide in it club rooms for a particular group 
 of citizens are two different things. A memorial is a tribute in lasting form expressing, by 
 means of art, a generous or grateful sentiment. 
 
 Lincoln's Gettysburg address is such a memorial expressed in words. 
 
 The Statue of Liberty is another, expressed in sculpture. 
 
 The Washington Monument is another expressed in architecture. 
 
 A memorial may be useful irrespective of beauty, but no matter how useful, is no fit 
 memorial unless it is beautiful. A town hall may be a fine memorial, or a miserable one, ac- 
 cording to its intrinsic beauty and the monumental character of its setting. 
 
 Even the uses to which a memorial may properly be put are limited. The use must be 
 in some sense a noble use. We do not think of a hotel as a memorial, or of a restaurant or 
 club-house or drug store. The use must be serious and dignified. A community use is serious 
 and dignified. A narrower use can hardly be so. The character of the use must be reflected 
 in the architecture and in the site. To set a serious building in the midst of the noisy bustle 
 of a shopping district is not discerning. The memorial must dominate its neighborhood and 
 
 * Submitted with original report. 
 
 (30) 
 
not be eclipsed by it. The principle of zoning holds with town halls and memorials as with 
 any other type of building. They should be set apart from the shops and the stores, amid 
 quieter and more harmonious surroundings. 
 
 rv« ^^'■*i'»8r already has two important civic buildings, asidp from schools. It has a Post 
 Office, or Federal Building, and it has the Greenwood Memorial. It has a Monument Square, 
 dedicated to its heroes. These things are all located in close proximity to one another in a 
 neighborhood that is dignified and beautiful, lying between the business and industrial centre 
 on the south and the principal park area on the north, and between the two principal resi- 
 dential districts on the east and west. This location is on one of the principal thoroughfares, 
 and so would show off to advantage any building within its limits. It is on the main street- 
 car hne. The upper side of this particular site is on rising ground overlooking the park — 
 a distinct advantage. It backs upon Crystal Lake — another strong feature. It is very near 
 Jackson Park and conveniently near the High School grounds both of which parks are des- 
 tined to become more important in the near future. 
 
 A diagram accompanies this report showing the two locations marked according to points. 
 
 Diagram Showing two Locations Marked According to "Points." 
 
 Lot on Lot on 
 
 Requirement. Connors St. Monument Sq. 
 
 1. General Effect Upon the Town. Is it conspicuous and 
 
 sure to impresis visitors and townspeople strongly 
 
 and favorably? No Yes 
 
 2. Effect on Business Centre. Is it so .located as to permit 
 
 free growth of same, and itself and be protected from 
 
 same? No Yes 
 
 3. Setting. Does it provide an adequate setting for the 
 
 emblem of the Community Civic Life — ^for the "Capitol" 
 of the Town? 
 
 4. Is it convenient? 
 
 5. Is it connected with other civic buildings so as to 
 promise a future civic centre? 
 
 6. Would the Building dominate the locality, after twenty 
 
 years growth of the town? 
 
 7. Has the location any distinctive or unusually attrac- 
 tive features? 
 
 8. Is it connected with any beauty spot, or park? 
 
 9. Is it in a locality to which townspeople would especially 
 desire to take their friends? No Yes 
 
 10. Does it effect taxable property advantageously? 
 
 (a) Does it withdraw large and valuable areas from 
 taxation? Yes No 
 
 (b) Does it help develop adjoining areas in a manner 
 that will be harmonious for the new Memorial? No Yes 
 
 No 
 
 Yes 
 
 Yes 
 
 Yes 
 
 No 
 
 Yes 
 
 No 
 
 Yes 
 
 No 
 
 Yes 
 
 No 
 
 Yes 
 
 (311 
 
(38) 
 
APPENDIX "C 
 
 BUILDING LAW FOR THE TOWN OF GARDNER. 
 
 Note :— This law is intended to be complete. Certain portions may be omitted if desired, 
 and we should like a further opportunity to go over this with the Planning Board. 
 
 DIVISION 1— ADMINISTRATION— PERMITS. 
 
 Titk and Scope. 
 
 Section 1. These by-laws shall be known and cited as the Building Laws. No building, 
 structure or part thereof shall hereafter be constructed, and no builcfing or structure now 
 or hereafter erected, shall be razed, altered, moved or built upon except in conformity with 
 the provisions of these Building Laws. Nor shall plumbing, gas piping, water-piping, drainage, 
 heating, wiring or ventilation be installed or altered in any building or structures except in 
 conformity herewith. 
 
 Exceptions. 
 
 Section 2. The provisions of these Building Laws shall apply to municipal as well as 
 to private buildings, but shall not apply to bridges or to buildings or other structures owned 
 or occupied by the United Sta\tes or by the Commonwealth. 
 
 Building Department. Its Organization. 
 
 Section 3. The Building Department shall consist of an Inspector of Buildings (Act. of 
 1913, Chap. 655, Sec. 4 ) to be called the Building Commissioner, hereinafter referred to as the 
 Commissioner, an Inspector of Wires, an Inspector of Plumbing, and such other inspectors 
 and employees as may be authorized by the Board of Selectmen. The Building Department 
 shall so far as permitted by law be under the general charge and control of the Commissioner. 
 
 Other inspectors, clerks and employees shall be appointed and may be removed by the 
 Commissioner with the approval of the Board of Selectmen. 
 
 Financial Interest in Contracts Forbidden. 
 
 No person shall be in the employment of the Building Department while he is financially 
 interested, directly or indirectly, in performing work, furnishing materials or making plans 
 or specifications for buildings in this town not owned by him, for which a permit is required; 
 nor shall any employee act upon ajiy matter in which he hds any financial interest. The 
 Selectmen. may, however, permit the Commisstioner to build buildin'gs for himself or others 
 within the town undpr permit from a special inspector appointed for this purpose by the Select- 
 men, and having all the pbwers, in the premises, of a building Commissioner. Said inspector's 
 fee shall be paid by the Selectmen out of funds due the Commissioner on account of his salary, 
 the amounts so paid to be deducted from said salary. 
 
 Deputy. 
 
 The Commissioner may authorize any responsible person employed in said department 
 to assist and act for him in the performance of his duties. He may, subject to the approval 
 of the Board of Selectmen, designate in writing one of the inspectors or employees of the 
 Building Department a deputy, who, during the absence or disability of said Commissioner, 
 shall possess all the powers and perform all of the duties of said Commissioner. 
 
 Right to Enter Buildings. 
 
 The Building Commissioner and every inspector, assistant and deputy shall have the 
 right at any reasonable time, in the performance of his duties, to enter, examine and inspect 
 any premises, building or other structure within the town. 
 
 Building Commissioner. 
 
 Section 4. The Commissioner shall, except as otherwise provided, have charge of the 
 enforcement of these Building Laws, and shall perform all the duties required of him herein. 
 
 Duties. 
 
 For the appointment, term and removal from office, qualifications, salary and duties of 
 the Inspector of Plumbing, see R. L. Chap. 103, Sec. 5 and all amendments thereof. 
 
 (S3) 
 
The same person may, with the consent of the Board of Selectmen, hold any two or more 
 of these offices. Vacancies, however, arising, in the office of Commissioner, or of any inspector 
 or employee, may be filled by the person or board having the original power of appointment 
 thereto. 
 
 Approve All Permits. Plumbing. 
 
 He shall grant or approve all permits, revocation of permits, notices and certificates 
 issued under these Building Laws by any member of the Building Department; he shall en- 
 force the regulations relating to plitmbing and drainage (Division 28 — See R. L. Ch. 103, 
 Sec. 5 ) ; and shall have general supervision over all members of the Building Department and 
 may make rules for the administration thereof. 
 
 Duties. 
 
 Before issuing a permit he shall examine and approve the application and all required 
 plans and specifications; but when the application and general plans have been filed, he may 
 issue a permit for excavation before detailed plans and specifications are filed. He shall not 
 issue any permit for an alteration, addition or repairing of an existing building until such 
 building has been inspected by some member of the Building Department. 
 
 He shall cause all work for which a permit has been issued to be inspected frequently 
 during its progress and as soon as possible after its completion. 
 
 Inspections. 
 
 He shall promptly examine any building or structure reported to be damaged by fire or 
 accident, or to be in an unsafe or dangerous condition, or to constitute a nuisance, and take 
 such action as the conditions demand. (Statute 1913, C. 655, Sec. 4-10; St. 1919, C. 333, 
 Sec. 7). He shall report promptly to the proper State, or town officers, any violation of these 
 Building Laws or of any Statute or Regulation relating to buildings. 
 
 Records. 
 
 He shall number consecutively and keep a detailed record of all permits issued, a record 
 of all proceedings of his office, and of all inspections and examinations, preserving the original 
 notes thereof, and a detailed record of all reported violations of these Building Laws. He shall 
 make a written report to the Selectmen in January each year. * 
 
 _ He shall keep on file all applications for permits and one copy of all plans and specifi- 
 cations submitted. Plans and specifications of all public buildings shall be filed with him. 
 All plans, specifications, applications, and records of permits shall l5e open to public inspection 
 during office hours, but shall not be taken from the custody of the Commissioner. No copies 
 of plans or specifications shall be made without the written consent of the owner. 
 
 Effect of Error or Omission. 
 
 No error or omission on the part of any member of the Building Department shall excuse* 
 any violation of the provisions of these Building Laws. 
 
 Wire Inspector Duties. 
 
 Section 5. The Inspector of Wires shall have the duties imposed by statute (See R. L., Ch. 
 122, Sec. 18, 19, 21; St. 1911, Ch. 509; 1916, Ch. 166), and those assigned to him by the Com- 
 missioner. * * 
 
 Plumbing Inspector Duties. 
 
 Section 6. The Plumbing Inspector shall have the duties imposed by Statute (See R. L. 
 Ch. 108, Sec. 5-12, * Stat. 1909, Ch. 586) and those assigned to him by the Com- 
 missioner. * * (For duty to report to assessors, see St. 1912, C. 676). 
 
 For appointment and duties of "Wire Inspector," see also Acts of 1920, ch. 591, sec. 18. 
 
 • 
 Board of Appeal. Duties. Decision in Writing. 
 
 Section 7. Thte Board of Selectmen shall constitute a Board of Appeal. This Board 
 of Appeal shall hear all appeals as hereinafter provided for and shall determine its own rules 
 of procedure and of evidence. If it modifies or overrules the action of the Commissioner or 
 of any inspector a new permit or order in conformity with its decision shall be issued with- 
 out delay. Every decision of the Board shall be in writing. It shall be filed in the office of 
 the Commissioner within ten days after the completion of the hearing, and a copy shall be 
 sent by the Commissioner to the applicant. 
 
 Appeals. Persons May Appeal if Aggrieved. Applicant May Appeal. 
 
 Any person who is aggrieved by an order, decision, or refusal of a permit, or by a delay 
 of more than two weeks in rendering a decision, may appeal therefrom to the Board of Appeal 
 within ten days from date of said order, decision, or refusal, by filing a written claim of appeal 
 in the office of the Town Clerk. Any owner or lessee of real estate in the immediate neighbor- 
 
 (34) 
 
hood of the property to which a permit relates shall have the right of appeal to the Board of 
 Appeal within five days after publication of notice of a permit. 
 
 Right to Enter Buildings. 
 
 The members of the Board of Appeal shall have the right at any reasonable time in the 
 performance of their duties to enter and inspect any premises, buildings or other structure 
 within the town. 
 
 Permits. 
 
 Section 8. Permits shall be required as follows, except in case of buildings noted in Sec- 
 tion 2.: 
 
 (a) For_ constructing, altering, adding to, relocating or demolishing any building or 
 part thereof, including the excavation therefor: provided, however, that permits shall not be 
 required for repairs. (See definition. ) 
 
 (b) For lathing, plastering or otherwise covering the space between studs, joists, frame- 
 work or furring in any building except for repairs. Such permit shall not be issued until a 
 member of the Building Department has inspected and found that required fire stops are in 
 place, that the structure is properly framed and braced, and until the gas piping has passed 
 the firs(t test. (Sec. 154), and the concealed work of the electrical and plumbing systems 
 has been approved. (Sees. 123, 161). Any work that is covered before the required inspec- 
 tion and approval shall, if so ordered, be uncovered, at the expense of the owner or contractor. 
 
 (c) For installing in any building a plumbing or drainage system or any part thereof 
 (Div. 20), hot water boilers, hot water storage tanks or water heaters (Sec. 126), steam boilers, 
 heaters or furnaces, stationary engines and power plants, electric light or power wiring (Sec. 
 161), gas piping (Sec. 154), elevators, or fire escapes, and all alterations and additions thereof. 
 
 (d) For using or occupying any building after its occupancy permit has been revoked 
 (Sees. 9, 112), or for any purpose other than that previously authorized (Sec. 112). 
 
 (e) For occupjdng a building or part thereof, except a private dwelling, before its com- 
 pletion. 
 
 (f) In such other cases as are specifically provided for (See Sees. 124, 154, 160, 161). 
 
 For permits for signs and bill boards see Div. 27; for garages see Regulations of the Fire 
 Prevention Commissioner for the Metropolitan District; for excavating in or under streets, 
 or for erecting poles, barricades or other structures in the street, see See. 110. 
 
 Permits Must Be Obtained, Before Work is Begun. Kept on Premises During Work, 
 
 No person shall begin any work for which a permit is required before obtaining such 
 permit; such permit and a copy of the approved plans shall be available at all times for in- 
 spection-on the premises during working hours. 
 
 Applications for Permits. 
 
 Applications for permits shall be in writing; on forms furnished by the Commissioner; 
 shall set forth the intended use of the building and such other facts as may be called for; and 
 shall, if required, be verified by oath. 
 
 Plans. Line and Grade of Street and Sewers. 
 
 Every application for a permit shall be accompanied by two complete sets of plans~and, 
 specifications, (one to remain on file), showing the construction, size, height, number of stories, 
 position, with reference to boundary lines and streets, and such other details, including a 
 survey of the lot, as may be required. In any case, all details of construction must be shown. 
 The applicant shall locate the building with due regard to the line and grade of adjacent streets 
 and sewers, and shall, if requiree^ file a statement from the Sewer Commissioners approving 
 such location, before a permit for any excavation is issued. ' 
 
 Permits Already Issued. 
 
 Any work, the permit for which was issued prior to the date on which these Building 
 Laws take effect, may be completed in accordance with the requirements in force at the time 
 when such permit was granted. 
 
 Permits Void if Work Not Done. 
 
 All permits shall be void if operations thereunder are not commenced within ninety days 
 after the date of the permit or if the operations thereunder are discontinued for a period of 
 more than six months. 
 
 Permits Published. 
 
 Notice of the granting of all permits shall be published promptly in a local paper, if any. 
 
 "" (36) 
 
Penalties and Revocation of Permit. 
 
 Section 9. If any person violates any of the requirements of these Building Laws, or 
 any amendment thereof, or of any permit issued thereunder, he shall, except when otherwise 
 provided in these Building Laws or by statute, be liable to a penalty not exceeding $100 for 
 each violation thereof. The Commissioner, upon discovery of such violation, shall give notice 
 thereof in writing to such person or to the owner of the premises where such violation occurs, 
 and may order such person or owner to remove any part of a structure erected in violation 
 thereof, or to do such other acts as said Commissioner deems necessary for compliance with 
 the requirements of these Building Laws and of such permit. If after such notice such person 
 or owner continues s,uch violation or fails to obey any such lawful order, the Commissioner 
 may revoke the permit for the work in connection with which such violation occurred or for 
 the occupancy of said building, and it shall thereupon become unlawful for the owner or con- 
 tractor to proceed with such work or to occupy said building. Before a permit, revoked for 
 the reasons before mentioned, can be lawfully reissued, the entire building and building site 
 must be made to conform to the requirements of these Building Laws, and any work or ma- 
 terials applied to the building in violation thereof must be removed. 
 
 See also Stat. 1913, Chap. 655, Sec. 710. 
 
 Fees. 
 
 The Commissioner, subject to the approval of the Selectmen, may establish from time 
 to time reasonable fees or charges for the issuance of permits. 
 
 DIVISION 2— DEFINITIONS. 
 
 Section 10. Certain words are defined for the purpose of these Building Laws, as follows: — 
 
 Alcove: An alcove is any portion of a room partitioned off by fixed or movable partitions 
 of any material, by curtains or portieres, or by other contrivances or device, and intended to 
 be used for sleeping purposes. 
 
 Repain Any change in a building not constituting as "Alteration;" see definition of 
 "Alteration." 
 
 Apartment: That part of a multiple dwelling used exclusively for the residence of one 
 family. 
 
 Apartment Hotel: Every hotel in which the rooms are rented or designed to be rented 
 in suites for terms of not less than one month, and in which there are no kitcheng within the 
 suites, but a general dining room is provided for the use of the tenants. 
 
 Apartment House: Any building containing three or more apartments, each of which 
 has a kitchen. 
 
 Appendages: Dormer windows, cornices, bay window^, towters, ventilators, piazzas, steps, 
 and other projections, but not including signs. • 
 
 Approved: The term "approved" means "approved by the Commissioner." 
 
 Area: An open space for light and ventilation, adjacent to a building and below grade. 
 
 Assembly Hall: A room, or room and gallery, used for public assembly having a greater 
 floor area than 600 square feet. 
 
 Barn: Any building, except a stable, used for the storage of farm produce or implements, 
 or for the housmg of animals or fowl. Includes wood sheds and similar outbuildings 
 
 _ Basernent: That part of a building partly underground but having more than one-half 
 of its entire area above the level of the adjoining ground. 
 
 Bearing Wall: Any wall which supports any load other than its own weight. 
 
 Boarding House: Every building or portion thereof used for supplying food or shelter 
 to guests and containing less than ten sleeping rooms for the use of guests,— each room in- 
 tended for the occupancy of not more than two adults. 
 
 Building: A building is a structure built for shelter or occupancy which is 8' O" 
 
 or more in length, or breadth, and T—0" or more in height measured to the extremes in all 
 Oiimensions. 
 
 Building Line: A line between which and a street way or place, no building can be erected 
 or placed.' 
 
 Building of First Class Construction: — See Div. 3, Sec. 11. 
 
 Building of Second Class Construction: See t)iv. 3, Sec. 11. 
 
 Building of Third Class Construction: Any building not of the first or second class. See 
 Jjiv. o. 
 
 1 P?TJ "^1-^* ^^'■* °* ^ building having less than one-half of its entire wall area above the 
 level of the adjoining ground. ^^ 
 
 Court: An open unoccupied space other than a yard on the same lot with a buildine 
 An Inner Court is one not extending to a street, alley, right of way, open passageway or yard 
 on the same lot An Outer Court is a court extending to a street, alley, passaieway or yard 
 on tuG s3.niG lot. '' 
 
 than^its' weiX"' ^°^ enclosing wall of full story height which is subject to no load other 
 
 (36) 
 
Dead Load: The weight of the walls, floors, roofs, partitions and all permanent con- 
 struction. 
 
 Dead Wall: A wall without openings. 
 
 Depth of Building: Its greatest horizontal distance measured at right angles to its width. 
 
 Division Wall: A masonry bearing wall, extending between external or party walls, 
 and sub-dividing a building into parts. 
 
 Double House: A house used or intended to be used by two families living independently, 
 In which no part is used for business purposes other than an office and in which no part of 
 one apartment is over any part of the other apartment. 
 
 Duplex House: A house used or intended to be used by two families living independently, 
 in which no part is used for business purposes, and in which part of one apartment is over 
 part of the other apartment. 
 
 Dieelling House Type: The type of building used solely as dwelling houses, apartment 
 houses, apartment hotels, club-houses, hospitals, hotels, lodging hotifses, asylums, convents, 
 private charitable houses, dormitories,^ schools and studios, except that they may be used for 
 mercantile purposes below the second story. 
 
 External WaJl: Every oiiter wall enclosing a building. 
 
 Fire Door, Self Closing: A fire door normally kept closed by a gravity spring attachment. 
 
 Fire Door, Automatic: A fire door equipped with fusible link so as to close by the action 
 of fire. 
 
 Fire-resistive: Sufficiently fire-retarding or fire-resisting to satisfy the tests laid down 
 by the National Board of Fire Underwriters. 
 
 Fire Wall: A masonry division wall in a building in which there are no openings except 
 doors or heating or ventilating ducts, all of which are protected by automatic doors or shutters. 
 
 Fire Window: A window frame, sash and glazing which will successfully resist a fire for 
 one hour in accordance with test specifications of the National Board of Fire Underwriters. 
 • First Story: The first story wholly above ground. 
 
 Flat Roof: A roof pitching not more than 4 inches to the foot. 
 
 Flat Slabs: Reinforced concrete slabs supported directly on columns, walls, piers, or 
 girders, the whole construction of the slab being monolithic. 
 
 Fireproof Building: (See building of the first class.) 
 
 Footing: That part of any masonry foundation resting directly on the ground, or on piles. 
 
 Foundation: That portion of a wall, pier or column below the level of the highest adjacent 
 ground. 
 
 Frame Building: A building, the exterior walls of which, or a portion thereof, are con- 
 structed of wood. Wood frames covered with metal, cement or plaster, or buildings sheathed 
 with boards and partially or entirely veneered with brick, terra cotta, or stone work shall 
 be deemed to be "frame bujildjngs." 
 
 Girder: A beam used for the su^pport of other beams. 
 
 Gypsum Mortar or Plaster. A mortar of plaster composed of 1 part retarded gypsuta and 
 not more "than 3 parts sand, with bindjng material when necessary. 
 
 Half Story: A half story is any story which is und'er a sloping roof, which has the point 
 of intersection of the tops of the rafters with the plane of the face of the wall less than 3'— O" 
 above the floor level, and which does not contain an independent apartment. 
 
 Height of a Building: The height of a building is the vertical distance of the mean point 
 of the roof above the mean grade of the curbs of all the streets upon which it abuts, and if 
 it does not abut on a street, above the mean grade of the ground adjoining the building, — 
 excluding pent houses, bulkheads, and other allowable superstructures above the roof. 
 
 Height of a Wall: The height from the mean grade of the ground adjoining the wall to 
 the highest point of the wall. , . . , v ,* I 
 
 Hotel: Every building or portion thereof used for supplying food or shelter to guests, 
 and containing ten or more sleeping rooms for the use of guests, each room intended for the 
 occupancy of not more than two adults. 
 
 Length of Columns: Maximum unsupported length. 
 
 Lodging House: See Boarding House. _ „ •, . x- . 
 
 Mill Construction: That type of construction having masonry walls and heavy timber 
 interior construction with no concealed spaces. (See Division 3. Classes D and E.) 
 
 Nagging: Brick-work laid between studs or floor beams for other purposes than fire 
 stopping. , . , ^ , . , 
 
 Occupied: Occupied or designed to be occupied. 
 
 Office Building: A building divided into rooms above the first story which are used for 
 office purposes, and no part of which except that occupied by the janitor or his family is used 
 
 ^°' ^T^l L^7g°nn Flat Slab Construction: The distance from center to center of columns ofthe 
 side of a square panel, or the average distance from center to center of columns of the long 
 and short sides of a rectangular panel. j- . • 
 
 Parapet Wall: An unpierced extension above the roof of an exterior, party, or division 
 
 ^^ 'partition Walls: Any interior wall that is not a bearing wall. 
 
 Party Wall: A masonry wall used or built to be used in common by two or more buildings. 
 Persons: Includes an individual, partnership or corporation. 
 
 (37) 
 
Pvilic BuUding: A building used, constructed or adapted to be used as a place of public 
 assemblage, — ^including School Houses, as hereinafter defined. Any building or part thereof 
 used as a public or private institution, chvych, theatre, special hall, public hall, miscellaneous 
 hall, place of assemblage, or place of public resort. 
 
 Reinforced Concerte: An approved mixture of Portland cement and fine and coarse aggre- 
 gate, reinforced by steel. 
 
 Alteration: Any addition to or replacement or removal of any part of a building or change 
 therein which affects the construction or involves the erection of bearing or exterior walls, 
 roofs, chimneys or stairways; removes or cuts any supporting beam or support thereof or 
 violates any requirement of these Building Laws. See Sections 8, 20, 21, 101, 115, 158, 154, 
 161). 
 
 School House: All public school buildings and any private building in which more than 
 ten pupils are or may be regularly assembled for instruction in any one room. A ten room 
 bungalow school accommodating 400 pupils would not qualify. 
 
 shaft: Whether for air, light, elevator, dumb-waiter or any other purpose, is an en- 
 closed space within a building, extending to the roof and covered either by a skylight or by 
 the roof. (See Division 20.) 
 
 Single House: A house usfed or intended to be used by one family and in which no part 
 is uped for business purposes. 
 
 Stable: A building used for the hou'sing of one or more horses, horse-drawn vehicles, 
 or feed for horses. 
 
 Story of a Building: A part of a building above the basement or cellar, and between 
 the top of any tier of floor beams and tlie top of the tier of floor or roof beams next above. 
 
 Street: Any public way, or private way commonly used by the public. 
 
 Tenement House: (See Apartment House). 
 
 Theatre: A theatre is a building or part of a building which is intended for use in the 
 presentation of dramatic, operatic, vaudeville, moving pictures, or similar entertainment as 
 a usual business, and to which performances an admission fee is charged. 
 
 Thickness of Wall: The minimum thickness of such wall. 
 
 Used: Used or designed to be used. 
 
 Width of a Building: Its greatest horizontal distance measured on a line parallel to the 
 street used for its principal entrance. 
 
 Wooden Building: (See Frame Building). 
 
 Yard: All the unoccupied space on the lot between the extreme rear line of the building 
 projected to both side lines and the rear line of the lot. 
 
 DIVISION 3— CLASSIFICATION BY CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 Section 11. For the purpose of these Building Laws all buildings shall be classified ac- 
 cording to construction as first-class construction, second-class construction, and third-class 
 construction. 
 
 First-Class Construction. * 
 
 Class A. External and party walls of brick, stone, steel, concrete, or other equally sub- 
 stantial and incombustible material, construction and supports of floors and roofs of either 
 metal, protected as required by section 165, reinforced concrete, hard burned terra cotta or 
 brick; incombustible inside walls, partitions and stairs, fire doors and windows; roofs and 
 roof structures covered with incombustible material; incombustible appendages. Under and 
 upper floors, interior finish, hand rails for stairs and necessary isolated furrings and floor 
 screens nlay be of wood. 
 
 Second-Class Consti'uction. 
 
 In/combustible Except Roof. 
 
 Class B. Like Class A. except that roof construction may be of wood but covered with 
 incombustible material and fire stopped. 
 
 Class C. External and party walls like First Class; construction and supports of the 
 first floor and any floor below it shall be as for First Class Construction, of floors above the 
 first floor anid of the roofs may be of wood; roofs and roof structures covered with incombustible 
 material; appendages of incombustible material; metal columns in buildings three stories or 
 more high or if supporting masonry walls or piers over openings wider than 10 feet shall be 
 protected as required by Section 103 * shall be fire stopped as required by Section 107. 
 
 Mill Construction with Automatic Sprinklers. 
 
 Class D. Mill construction; external and party walls like First Class; construction and 
 supports of fioors and roofs may be of wood; roofs covered with incombustible material- ap- 
 pendages of incombustible material. No bearing partitions shall be allowed; all partitions 
 shall be of fire resistive material or of tongued and grooved or splined plank not less than 
 1 H inches thick or two thicknesses of matched 7-8 inch boards; no wooden furrings or wooden 
 lathing shall be allowed; shall be entirely equipped with approved automatic sprinklers on the 
 interior. 
 
 (38) 
 
Class E: Like Second Class C except that no automatic sprinklers are required, but 
 columns, girders and beams if of metal shall be protected as required by Section 103. 
 Incomlyustible, Except Roof and Floors. 
 
 Glass F: External and party walls like First Class; construction and supports of floors 
 and roofs may be of wood; roofs and roof structures covered with incombustible material; 
 appendages of incombustible material; steel columns supporting masonry walls or piers and 
 steel beams supporting masonry walls or piers over openings wider than 10 feet shall be pro- 
 tected by at least metal lath and cement plaster as required by Sections 103, 104; shall have 
 a layer of incombustible material between the under and upper floors and shall be fire stopped 
 as required by Section 107; basement or cellar ceilings of metal lath and cement plaster or 
 approved equivalent as required in Section 104. 
 
 Class G: May have wooden frame but shall be fire Stopped as required by Section 107 
 and walls, roofs, and dormer sides, covered with fire resistive material. Main gutters made 
 of or lined with incombustible materiaj. 
 
 Class H: May have frame and exterior walls of wood but shall be fire stopped as re- 
 quired by Section 107, and roofs shall be covered with fire-resistive material. 
 
 If external, bearing or party walls in any building of Third Class construction are of 
 material other than wood, such walls shall be of thickness required for Second Class con- 
 struction. 
 
 Section 12. Any building, parts of which vary from other parts in Class of Construction, 
 shall be rated as the lowest class unless such parts are separated by walls of First Class con- 
 struction with openings as permitted for fire and party walls according to Section 93. 
 
 Section 13. A building built in whole or in part of a better class of construction than 
 required by these Building Laws shall be required to have only such protection of the struc- 
 tural metal as is required in a building of the lowest type allowed in such case. In all other 
 cases fire-proofing for structural metal when required shall be according to Division 24. 
 Metal lath and plaster shall be considered as fire-proofing only where specifically allowed. 
 
 DIVISION 4— CLASSIFICATION BY USE. 
 
 Section 14. All buildings except Garages, shall be classified according to occupancy, 
 as Residence Buildings, Public Buildings, and Business Buildings. 
 
 Residence Buildings. 
 
 (See definition) 
 
 Type 1. Single houses or buildings of type 2, 3, 4, 15 or . No exterior wall or one story 
 building of type 9, 11, 12, 13 and 15 of which is within 50 feet of another bmldmg or withm 
 25 feet of a lot line. 
 
 Type 2. Double houses, duplex houses, group houses, boarding houses, club houses with 
 sleeping accommodations above the first floor, not exceeding those allowed for boardmg houses. 
 (See Difinition of Boarding House). 
 
 Type 3. Apartment houses. (Tenement houses). 
 
 Type 4. Dormitories, convents, private charitable homes. 
 
 Type 5. Hotels, apartment hotels, clubs other than 2. 
 
 Public Buildings. 
 
 Type 6. Hospitals, asylums, nurseries, detention buildings, public charitable homes. 
 
 Type 7. Libraries with stacks, museums, court houses, armories, town halls, fire and 
 police stations. 
 
 Type 8. School houses. 
 
 Type 9. Buildings having an assembly hall or lodge room, churches, amusement halls, 
 exhibition buildings, libraries without stacks. 
 
 Type 10. Theatres, moving picture houses, opera houses,, music halls. 
 
 (39) 
 
Business Buildings. 
 
 Type 11. OflBce buildings. 
 
 Type 12. Stores, restaurants. 
 
 Type 13. Manufacturing and storage buildings. 
 
 Type 14. Stables, barns. 
 
 Type 15. Amusement parks, bath houses, base ball parks, railroad stations, freight 
 houses, car barns, foundries, grandstand|s, shelters, greenhouses, ice houses, light and power 
 plants, other buildings not classified herein: (except Garages.) 
 
 Varied Occupancy. 
 
 Section 15. Each building or part of a building shall be constructed and maintained as 
 herein provided, according to its occupancy; provided however, that if, in the opinion of 
 the Commissioner, the requirements for a part of the building conflict with the requirements 
 for any other part of the same building, the best and safest requirements shall apply to the 
 whole building, subject, however, to the following further provisions. 
 
 Residence and Business or Public Building Combined. 
 
 When part of a building is used, for residence purposes and other part or parts are used 
 for public or business purposes, such other part or parts shall, if required by the Commissioner, 
 be separated from the residence portion at least by metal lath and plaster ceiling, and parti- 
 tions nogged with brick or solid gypsum blocks and metal lath and plastered, on the side 
 used for public or business purposes; and the residence portion shall be of the class of con- 
 struction required by the Commissioner. 
 
 For any business buildings of Type 15 the Commissioner may require construction, equip- 
 ment and maintenance giving protection and safety equivalent to that obtained by the re- 
 quirements for other buildings in the same building district. 
 
 DIVISION 5— HEIGHT OF BUILDINGS. 
 
 General Restrictions. 
 
 Section 16. No building or part of a building shaU extend above a line drawn from the 
 opposite property line at street level, of the widest street on which the building is located, 
 up normally across the street at an angle of 61 degrees elevation. 
 
 Except for coal or grain elevators, no building. Class B, C, or D shall exceed 60 feet or 
 four stories, and no building of any inferior class shall exceed 40 feet, or three stories; and . 
 no building of Class H shall exceed 2H stories. 
 
 These limitations do not apply to: — 
 
 (a) Parapets, pent houses and other roof structures as provided for in Div. 23. 
 
 (b ) Towers, steeples, domes, statuary, cupolas, or belfrys not used for human occupancy. 
 
 (c) Chimneys. 
 
 (d) Poles, and masts with their rigging, weather vanes, vent pipes, steam exhausts and 
 similar parts. 
 
 Special Restrictions. 
 
 Section 17. No part of any apartment house (Type 3 ) shall be built to a greater height 
 than the width of the widest street upon which it abuts. 
 
 In any residence building if the cellar or basement is fitted up or used for a store, office, 
 workroom, or living rooms other than for janitor's use, such cellar or basement shall be re- 
 garded as a story and the height permitted for such building shall be its measurement from 
 such cellar or basement floor upwards, and the attic if so fitted up or used shall be deemed 
 a story within the meaning of these Building Laws. 
 
 Nothing in this section shall be held to remove the restrictions on height imposed by 
 Section 16. 
 
 DIVISIONS 6— CLASSES AND TYPES OF BUILDINGS. 
 
 Classes of Construction Allowed. 
 
 Section 18. Every building hereafter erected shall be of a class of construction for a 
 building of its height and type not inferior to that indicated by the foUowine table subiect 
 to the height limitations established by Division 5. c j vi, 
 
 (40) 
 
Residence Buildings. 
 
 Class of Construction Required: 
 
 
 
 Number of Stories. 
 
 I 1 
 
 
 
 
 Type. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2J^ 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 or 
 more 
 
 Notes. 
 
 1. Single Houses, etc 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 F 
 
 B 
 
 A 
 
 See Sec. 14, 
 . Type 1. 
 
 2. ■ Double Houses, etc 
 
 G 
 
 G 
 
 G 
 
 F 
 
 B 
 
 A 
 
 See Sec. 14, 
 Type 1. 
 
 3. Apartment Houses 
 
 G 
 
 F 
 
 B 
 
 B 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 See Sec. 14, 
 Typel. 
 
 4. Dormitories, etc 
 
 G 
 
 G 
 
 G 
 
 B 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 See Sec. 14. 
 Type 1. 
 
 5. Hotels, etc., other than 
 those of Type 2. 
 
 G 
 
 G 
 
 F 
 
 B 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 See See. 14, 
 Type 1. 
 
 
 6. Hospitals, etc 
 
 F 
 
 B 
 
 C 
 
 A , 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 
 7. Libraries, etc 
 
 F 
 
 F 
 
 C 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 
 8. School Houses 
 
 G 
 
 F 
 
 C 
 
 B 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 
 9. Halls, etc 
 
 F 
 
 C 
 
 C 
 
 B 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 See Sec. 14, 
 Type 1. 
 
 
 10. Theatres, Moving Pic- 
 ture Houses, Opera Houses, 
 Music Halls 
 
 B 
 
 B 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 
 Business Buildings. 
 
 11. Offlce Buildings 
 
 F 
 
 F 
 
 F 
 
 C 
 
 B 
 
 A 
 
 See Sec. 14, 
 Type 1. 
 
 12. Stores and Restaurants 
 
 F 
 
 F 
 
 F 
 
 C 
 
 B 
 
 A 
 
 See Sec. 14, 
 Type 1. 
 
 13. Manufacturing and 
 Storage Buildings 
 
 F 
 
 FF 
 
 E 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 A 
 
 See Sec. 14, 
 Type 1. 
 
 
 
 14. Stables, Bams 
 
 G 
 
 G 
 
 ■F 
 
 E 
 
 D 
 
 A 
 
 See Sec. 14, 
 Type 1. 
 
 15. Amusement Parks, etc. 
 
 G 
 
 E 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 A 
 
 See Sec. 14, 
 Type 1. 
 
 DIVISION 7— EXISTING BUILDINGS. 
 
 Third Class Moved. 
 
 Section 19. No building of Third-Class Construction shall hereafter be moved to any 
 new position contrary to the provision for new buildings in Division 6. 
 
 Additions. 
 
 Section 20. Any addition to the height or size of any building shall comply with the 
 requirements for new buildings. 
 
 (41) 
 
Change of Use. 
 
 Section 21. No change shall be made in the use of a building unless such building is 
 reconstructed so as to comply with the provisions of these Building Laws for new buildings. 
 
 Fhor Loads. 
 
 The Commissioner may prescribe the maximum loads which may be imposed upon floors 
 of any existing building. 
 
 DIVISION 8— LOADS, MATERIALS AND STRESSES. 
 
 Note: The Commissioner may require to be submitted to him all calculations by which 
 the structure has been planned, and may insist on such working stresses and principles of 
 design as he may consider to be the best prevailing practice. _ ' 
 
 All safe loads shall be based on a factor of safety of four, unless otherwise specified. 
 
 Live Loads. 
 
 Section 22. Every floor shall support safely a uniformly distributed live load per sq. ft., 
 as specified in the following table: 
 
 Class of Building 
 
 Lb. per sq. ft. 
 
 Armories, assembly halls and gymnasiums 100 
 
 Factories, according to commissioner 100—250 
 
 Factories (Light Manufacturing) 75 
 
 Fire Houses: Apparatus floors , 150 
 
 Residence and stable floors 75 
 
 Foundries 200 
 
 Garages (private) Storage and repair floors 110 
 
 Garages (public) Storage and repair floors 150 
 
 Grandstands 100 
 
 Light and power plants 200 
 
 Machine shops, according to Commissioner 100 — 200 
 
 Office Buildings,; 
 
 First floor 110 
 
 All other floors 75 
 
 Printing and Lithographing Houses 250 
 
 Residence Bldgs., Public portions of types 3, 4, 5, 75 
 
 Residence Bldgs., Except as above 50 
 
 Schools: 
 
 Assembly halls 100 
 
 Claps rooms, never to be used as assembly halls 50* 
 
 Sidewalks 250 
 
 Stables (public or mercantile ) : 
 
 Street entrance floors 110 
 
 Feed room 110 
 
 Carriage room 50 
 
 Stall room 50 
 
 Stairs, corridors and fire-escapes from theatres, assembly halls, armories and gymnasiums . . 110 
 
 Other stairs and fire-escapes 75 
 
 Storage Buildings, heavy ] .250 
 
 Storage Buildings, light 125 
 
 Stores 110 
 
 For buildings or structures not included in the above table the Commissioner shall es 
 tablish allowable live loads. 
 
 Reduction of Live Loads. 
 
 Section 23. Floor live load requirements may be reduced as follows: 
 
 In all buildings, except armories, garages, gymnasiums, storage buildings and assembly 
 halls, for floor girders carrying over 200 sq. ft. of flcfor area, 15% reduction. 
 
 For the same, but carrying over 300 sq. ft. of floor, 25% reduction. 
 
 In buildings, except storage buildings, mills with fixed machinery, and wholesale stores, 
 for all columns, girders, trusses, walls, piers, and foundations: — 
 
 Carrjang 1 floor No reduction 
 
 Carrying 2 floors 25% reduction 
 
 Carrying 3 floors ... 40% reduction 
 
 Carrying 4 fioors 50% reduction 
 
 Carrying 5 floors 55%, reduction 
 
 Carrying 6 floors 60% reduction 
 
 (42) 
 
Live Load^ on Roofs. 
 
 Section 24. Roofs shall be designed to support safely tha following minimum live load; 
 1 be vertical IcJad being applied either to half or the whole of the roof, and the vertical and 
 wind loads being as^med to act either together or separately. 
 
 Wind Loads. 
 
 Vertical load per Wind load at right 
 
 Pitch of roof per foot. horizontal sq. ft. angles to one slope 
 
 4 m. or less 40 lbs. 
 
 4 in. to 8 in. 30 lbs. 10 lbs. 
 
 8 in. to 12 in. 20 lbs. 20 lbs. 
 
 More than 12 in. 10 lbs. 30 lbs. 
 
 Section 25. All buildings shall be calculated to resist a pressure per sq. ft. on any vertical 
 surface as follows: 
 
 For 40 ft. in height 10 lbs. 
 
 Portions from 40 to 80 ft. above ground 20 lbs. 
 
 Portions more than 80 ft. above ground 30 lbs. 
 
 Tests. 
 
 Section 26. The Commissioner may establish standards and regulations for materials 
 covered in these Building Laws or for new materials and may in his discretion require tests 
 of new materials to be made under his supervision by the owner at the latter's expense. 
 
 Brick. 
 
 Brick may be of burnt clay, sand-lime, if not exposed to the weather, or cement; and 
 except for nogging, fire-stopping and non-bareing and curtain walls not exposed to the weather, 
 shall be hard and strong. 
 
 Concrete Blocks. 
 
 Concrete, hollow and two-piece building blocks shall be made of Portland cement and 
 suitable aggregates in such proportion as to develop an ultimate compressive strength at 
 twenty-eight days, averaging one thousand pounds per square inch of gross sectional area 
 of the block as used in the wall. The allowable working stress for such blocks shall not ex- 
 ceed one hundred pounds per gross square inch. 
 
 Tie Blocks. 
 
 Terra cotta building blocks shall be whole, sound and hard burned. The allowable working 
 stresses shall not exceed one hundred pounds with cells vertical, and fifty pounds with cells 
 horizontal, per gross square inch. 
 
 Inspection of Concrete. 
 
 The Commissioner may require an Owner to have a competent inspector at all times on 
 the work while structural concrete, whether reinforced or not, is being mixed or deposited, and 
 such inspector shall make daily reports to the Commissioner. 
 
 Loads on Soil. 
 
 Section 27. When doubt arises as to the safe sustaining power of soil upon which a build- 
 ing is to be erected, the Commissioner may order borings or tests to be made at the expense 
 of the owner and shall then decide upon the allowable load to be used; and records of such 
 borings or tests shall be filed with him. In the absence of a test the load per sq. ft. shall not 
 exceed: 
 
 Solid ledge rock 100 tons per sq. ft. 
 
 Shale and hardpan 10 tons per sq. ft. 
 
 Gravel, compact sand and hard yellow clay 6 tons per sq. ft. 
 
 Dry or wet sand of coarse or medium sized grains, hard 
 
 blue clay mixed or unmixed with sand disintegrated ledge 
 
 rock 5 tons per sq. ft. 
 
 Medium stiff or plastic clay mixed or unmixed with sand, 
 
 or fine grained dry sand 4 tons per sq. ft. 
 
 Fine grained wet sand (confined) 3 tons per sq. ft. 
 
 Soft clay protected against lateral displacement 2 tons per sq. ft. 
 
 Note: Soils must be relatively thick beds, if full loading value is used. Otherwise, if 
 underlaid by a softer material, the value assigned to that material shall be used. 
 
 Wherever a building or structure is to rest in part only upon soUd ledge, the unit in- 
 tensity of load upon the balance of the vearing area shall be not more than one-half of the 
 values given above for the several classes of soil. 
 
 (4S) 
 
Section 28. See note at head of Division 8. 
 
 Section 29. Stresses for steel and iron. See note at head of Division 8. 
 
 Section 30. Stresses for timber. See note at head of Division 8. 
 
 DIVISION 9— EXCAVATION AND CELLARS. 
 
 Elxeavations Guarded. . , , 
 
 Section 31. Maintain such street piling, fencing, etc., as is necessary to safeguard persons 
 and property from injujy due to any excavation. 
 
 Foundations Used in Common. 
 
 In case a wall or foundation which is used in ocmmon, or which projects into the lot 
 where the new excavation is to be made, is in good condition and sufficient for the nearby 
 building and the new one, then the person causing tHe excavation to be made shall, at his 
 own expense, and under the direction of the Commissioner, preserve such wall or foundation 
 from injury. In case a wall or foundation which is used in common or which projects into the 
 lot where the new excavation is to be made, is not in good condition or is not sufficient for 
 the nearby building and the new one, then the person causing the excavation to be made, 
 shall at his own expense, and under the direction of the Commissioner, cut off, if it can be 
 done safely, or extend such insufficient foundation, or replace it with a new foundation suffici- 
 ent for both vails, buildings or structures. Any part of a wall that is cut off as provided for 
 above shall be replaced, according to requirements of these Building Laws, and the new part 
 of the old wall, to the satisfaction of the Commissioner. In case walls are extended or new 
 walls are built, they shall conform to the requirements of these Building Laws. 
 
 Excavation Outside Foundation. Filling Without Inspection. 
 
 Excavations for foundation walls for all buildings (except as herein otherwise provided) 
 shall extend at least 2 feet beyond the line of the exterior face of the wall, so as_ to provide 
 for proper inspection. This space outside the foundation wall shall not be filled in until the 
 Commissioner permits it. In the event of damp proofing or waterproofing of foundation 
 walls, the space referred to above shall not be filled in until all the work is completed and 
 approved by the Commissioner. Whenever concrete walls are used for foundations, said 
 space may be filled in without examination provided the method employed for building the 
 forms for the concrete is satisfactory to the Commissioner. 
 
 Certain Excavations Exempt. 
 
 In buildings of Type 1 — A or 1 — ^B foundations of which are made of concrete and are 
 not more than eight feet in height, the Commissioner may permit and approve an excavation 
 which extends only to the exterior face of the wall, provided the earth bank is self supporting 
 or is held by street piling. Excavations for non-bearing walls or partitions, piazzas, small 
 steps, dry trench walls, and other minor excavation, may with the approval of the Commis- 
 sioner be exempt from requirements of this section. 
 
 Premises Entered. 
 
 In order to carry out the provisions of this section the person causing the excavation 
 to be made shall be allowed access to the nearby premises; but he shall protect such premises 
 from damage due to such entry. 
 
 Failing to Comply — Commissioner May Enter. 
 
 In case of any failure to comply with the provisions of this Section within twenty-four 
 hours after the receipt of a notice from the Commissioner the latter may enter upon the 
 premises, employ such labor, furnish such material and take such steps as in his judgment 
 may be necessary to fulfill such provisions; any expense so incurred may be recovered by 
 the town from the persons required by law to comply with said provisions. 
 
 Excavation When No Basement. 
 
 Section 32. Any building hereafter constructed with a timber fioor but without cellar 
 shall have all sod and soil, containing organic matter removed from beneath the building, 
 and shall have a space of at least one foot between the ground so prepared and the under- 
 side of the lowest floor beams. The entire space shall be properly drained and ventilated. 
 
 DIVISION 10— PILING. 
 
 Section 38. Wherever the safe sustaining power of soil upon which a building is to be 
 erected does not conform to the requirements of these Building Laws as provided for in Sec- 
 tion 27, the Commissioner shall require such buildings to be constructed on foundation piles, 
 and the number, diameter, and bearing of such piles shall be sufiicient to support the supers 
 
 (44) 
 
structure proposed. The Commissioner may also require a competent inspector satisfactory 
 to him_ to be on the work at all times while either wood or concrete piles are being driven, 
 which inspector shall keep an accurate record of the length of each pile, the. weight and fall 
 of the hammer, and the penetration of each pile for each of the last two blows of the hammer. 
 For allowable loads, capping, etc., see note at beginning of Division 8. 
 
 DIVISION 11— MASONRY CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 Foundations. Depth.. Stresses. 
 
 Section 34. Every building or structure except as provided for by Section 35, shall be 
 supported on masonry piers or foundations. All foundations and supports shall extend at 
 least 4' — O" below any adjoining surface exposed to frost unless they rest on solid ledge. 
 No foundation or footing of any kind shall be constructed on frozen ground. All trenches 
 where foundations are to be laid shall be kept free from water. The thickness of all foun- 
 dations shall, regardless of requirements of this Division, be sufficient to keep the stresses in 
 the masonry and on the solid within the working stresses prescribed by these Building Laws. 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 Foundations, not reinforced, for buildings of First and Second Class Construction shall 
 have the following minimum thickness in inches, when retaining not more than 7 feet of earth: 
 
 Table of Sections. 
 
 Thickness 
 
 Concrete, not reinforced 12 
 
 Block stone 16 
 
 Concrete Blocks . .16 
 
 Brick 16 
 
 Rubble and Ledge Stone 20 
 
 For every additional 7 feet or fraction thereof in depth foundations shall be at least 4 
 inches thicker than sections in above table. 
 
 Round Stone Prohibited. Cement Bedded. Strengthening Walh. 
 
 No round or boulder stone shall be incorporated into any foundation or retaining wall 
 without the express consent of the Commissioner. Foundation walls of hand rubble shall 
 not be used in buildings over forty feet in height or in foundations over ten feet deep, ex- 
 cept for buildings of Third Class Construction. All stones or blocks in foundation walls, 
 except for buildings of Third Class Construction shall be firmly bedded with cement mortar 
 and all spaces and joints thoroughly filled. In case of a severe thrust or pressure on foun- 
 dation walls, from any cause, such wall shall be strengthened by thickening, buttressing or 
 reinforcing. 
 
 Commissioner May Modify. Wooden Posts or Mud Sills. 
 
 Section 35. The Commissioner may in his discretion allow a reduction or modification 
 of the dimensions for foundations herein specified, for sheds and small structures of one story 
 not. intended for human habitation not exceeding five hundred square feet in area, and twenty 
 feet in height: and for small piers sustaining light loads. Structures not exceeding ten feet 
 in height not for human habitation, if built of wood, sheet metal, or similar light material 
 m^ be set upon wooden posts or mud sills. 
 
 Footings. 
 
 Section 36. Footings shall be so designed that the loads will be as nearly uniform as 
 possible, and not in excess of the safe-bearing capacity of the soU as set forth in Division 8. 
 
 Section 37. No isolated pier shall be less than twelve inches in its least dimension, and 
 its height shall not be more than eight times its least dimension. Every exterior pier shall 
 be anchored to the beams or girders at the level of each floor and roof. 
 
 Walls in General. ,. ,, , j j ^ 
 
 Section 38. Every masonry wall laid in mortar shall be properly and solidly bonded to- 
 gether with mortar completely filling the joints. The walls of each story shall be built up 
 the. full thickness to the top ^f the beams above. 
 
 Interior Bearing Supports. _ . , . ^ ^ . ^ ■ ,. ■ -uj. 
 
 In buildings of First and Second Class Construction more than forty-five feet in height, 
 the interior walls, if the loads permit, may be four inches less in thickness than external and 
 party walls of the same height. 
 
 Ina building more than twenty-five feet in height, every plarty or external wall of masonry 
 not abutting on a street or way and located nearer than twelve feet six inches to the lot line 
 
 (46) 
 
Or nearer than twenty-five feet to another building shall be carried up at least two feet above 
 the roof boarding without decreasing the thickness. 
 
 Tops to be Covered. 
 
 The exposed top of every masonry party, side or external wall shall be entirely covered 
 with stone, concrete, terra cotta, or metal securely fastened. 
 
 Heights of Walls. 
 
 The height of a wall between lateral supports shall not exceed fifteen times its thickness. 
 In all buildings without a cross wall, or proper piers and buttresses reinforcing the wall, every 
 masonry wall less than twenty inches thick shall be increased in thickness four inches for 
 every fifty feet in length. If any horizontal cross-section through any part of a bearmg or 
 external wall of any building shows an area of flues or openings of more than fifty per cent, 
 of the entire area of such cross-section, the said wall shall be increased in thickness as ordered 
 by the Commissioner. 
 
 Cellar WaUs. 
 
 Section 39. All cellar or basement walls above grade shall be 4" thicker than the super- 
 structure. In frame buildings it shall be the same thickness as the top of the foundation walls. 
 
 Thickness of Brick Walls. 
 
 Section 40. For buildings of Type 1 and 2 with wooden floor beams spanning not more 
 than 20 feet (See Div. 4), the minimum thickness of every party, external, bearing and division 
 brick wall, except when framed of steel or reinforced concrete shall be in accordance with 
 the following table: 
 
 Minimu;m Thickness in Inches. 
 
 Stories B'm't 12 3 
 
 1-story building 12 8 
 
 2-story building 12 8 8 
 
 2i^story building 12 8 8 
 
 3-story building 16 12 8 8 
 
 For all other buildings of First and Second Class Construction. 
 
 Minimum Thickness in Inches. 
 Stories B'm't 12 3 4 
 
 1-story building 12 8 
 
 2-story buildjng. 12 12 8 
 
 3-s,tory building 16 12 12 8 
 
 4-story building 16 16 12 12 12 
 
 NmirBearing WaU,of Brick. 
 
 Every non-bearing wall of brick shall have a minimum thickness of one-fifteenth of its 
 height. 
 
 Brick Built Hollow. Inside Masonry. Metal Ties. 
 
 Section 41. Brick walls may be built hollow if the air spaces are headed over and the 
 walls are built solid for at least three courses below the floor and roof beams. Such wall shall 
 contain exclusive of withes, the same atnount of material required for solid walls. The masonry 
 on the inside of the air space in walls over two stories in height shall be not less than eight 
 inches thick. The parts on either side shall be securely tied together with approved ties placed 
 not more than two feet apart in every direction, extending at least four inches into the wall 
 at each end. Such ties if of metal, shall have the ends bent at right angles and be not less 
 than one inch wide, and one-fourth of an inch thick. 
 
 Walls Other Than Brick. 
 
 Section 42. Every wall constructed of hollow concrete blocks, terra cbtta tiles, or con- 
 crete without reinforcement or steel or other metal, shall be at least as thick as is required 
 for a brick wall. Every wall constructed of rubljle masonry shall be at least six inches thicker 
 than is required for a brick wall. Reinforced concrete, iron or steel walls shall meet the re- 
 quirements of Division 8. 
 
 One Story Structures. 
 
 One-story structures not built to the lot line, with external walls not over ten feet in 
 height, may have walls built of terra cotta tile in accordance with Division 16, and of a mini- 
 mum thickness of six inches. 
 
 (46) 
 
Furring or Lining. Rubble Stone Wall Not Lined Until Inspected. 
 
 When hollow tile or composition blocks are used for furring or lining a wall they shall 
 not be included in the measurements of the thickness of such wall. Hard burned hollow bricks 
 may be included in measurements of thickness of a wall when bonded to the wall with a bull 
 header course every eighth course and of the same dimensions as other bricks. No rubble 
 stone wall shall be lined until after it has been inspected and approved by the Commissioner. 
 
 AsMar. 
 
 Section 43. The thickness of ashlar shall not be considered in determining the thickness 
 of a wall unless the ashlar is at least four and eight inches thick. 
 
 Section 44. No chase or recess for pipes, conduits or wires shall be made in such manner 
 as to reduce the required strength of any pier, nor in any wall deeper than one-third the thick- 
 ness thereof. The spaces around pipes, conduits or wires shall be completely filled with mortar 
 or masonry for the space of five inches immediately above and below the floor and ceiling of 
 each story. 
 
 Cornices Anchored. 
 
 Section 45. Every masonry cornice shall be securely anchored and supported exclusively 
 by masonry or metal. 
 
 Concrete. 
 
 Every projecting cornice of concrete construction shall be reinforced. 
 
 Above Roof. 
 
 If a cornice extends above the roof line, the parapet wall shall be carried up its full thick- 
 ness to the top of the cornice. 
 
 DIVISION 12— CHIMNEYS, FLUES, STACKS AND FIREPLACES. 
 
 Chimney Supports For. No Wood Support. 
 
 Section 46. Every chimney shall be built from the ground up, unless corbeled from a 
 masonry wall in which case the wall shall not be less than 12 inches thick and the chimney 
 corbeled not more than 12 inches from the wall and the corbeling at least twice as high as 
 its projection. No chimney shall be supported directly or indirectly upon wood. 
 
 Material. . . 
 
 Every chimney shall be of brick, hollow terra cotta, concrete blocks or stone, laid m 
 mortar at least the equal of cement and lime mortar, or of concrete, reinforced concrete or 
 other approved incombustible material. Soft brick shall in no case be used, nor shall bricks 
 be set on edge unless used in addition to brick work otherwise required. 
 
 Above Roof. Chimneys of Cupola and Blast Furnaces. 
 
 Chimneys shall extend at least 2 feet above the roof, and shall be capped with cement 
 of an average thickness of 2 inches, terra cotta, stone, cast iron or other approved incom- 
 bustible material. Chimneys of cupola furnaces, blast furnaces, and similar devices shall 
 extend at least 10 feet above the highest point of any roof within a radius of 50 feet, and no 
 wood work shall be within 3 feet of any part of any such device or its chimney. 
 
 Plastered on Outside. Out of Perpendicular. Mineral Wool. Fire Stops. Distance of Woodwork 
 from Chimney. No Metal Driven Into. Conduits Prohibited in Certain Places. Metal 
 Thimbles. ClearMmt Doors. Dangerous Chimneys. 
 
 All masonry chimneys except those of concrete, shall be plastered on the outside surface 
 from the basement floor to the under side of roof boarding, with cement and lime mortar 
 at least J^ inch thick or shall be laid with full flushed joints neatly struck. No chunney shall 
 be built out of perpendicular more than H of its area, and no corbel shall be built out from 
 any 4-inch chimney wall except unmediately under the roof for the purpose of enlarging the 
 chimney on the outside in which case the inside wall shall be earned up straight and the added 
 thickness maintained to the top of the chimney; corbeling for this purpose shall in no case 
 be more than the thickness of the wall corbeled from. Mineral wool shall fill in between every 
 chimney and the surrounding joists at all floor levels, to form an eflScient fire stop. Except 
 as hereinafter provided, all floor framing shall be at least 114 inches from any chimney, and 
 no wood work of any kind shall be placed in, against, or within VA inches of any or be sup- 
 ported by, nailed or otherwise directly secured to any chimney, except that wood mantels, 
 floors, baseboards or other interior finish when protected by approved asbestos at least _ J4 
 inch thick or other approved fire resistive material may come into contact with the plastering 
 covering the chimney. No Metal ^hall be driven into masonry of any chimney nor shall any 
 gas pipes, wires or electric conduits be placed in the space between the chimney and the floor 
 framing. Every smoke pipe hole into a flue shall be provided with a fireproof thimble set 
 
horizontally and flush with the inside of the flue, and no wood work shall be within 6 inches 
 of such pipe hole. Every unused thimble shall be protected with a metal cover. ■ A cast iron 
 frame and clean-out door shall be placed over any opening at the base of a chimney. All 
 chimneys which are dangerous from any cause shall be repaired and made safe, or taken down. 
 
 Flues. Lining Required. Flue Lining Omitted. Withes Omitted. 
 
 Section 47. The walls of every smoke flue shall be not less than 4 inches for brick or 
 concrete, 6 inches for hollow terra cotta or concrete blocks and 8 inches for stone, and the 
 flues shall be lined throughout with hard burned terra cotta flue lining built in as the chimney 
 is carried up with ends fitted closely together, with smooth cement joints staggered where 
 withes are omitted; provided, however, that if the walls are of brick, 8 inches or more thick 
 and the joints inside neatly strucl^ or of soUd concrete, 8 inches or more thick, the lining may 
 be omitted. The withes between the flue linings shall be at least 4 inches thick or may be 
 omitted for a set of linings not exceeding 36 inches over all. The walls between flue linings 
 and fireplace linings may be omitted, provided, not more than one fiue is left without side 
 partition on each side of a fireplace. 
 
 Smoke Flues for Certain Boilers. Flues in Party Walls. 
 
 When smoke flues are connected with hot water or low pressure boilers having a grate 
 area of over 10 square feet, bakers' ovens, hotel or restaurant ranges, the flues shall_ be lined, 
 and the walls enclosing the lining for a height of not less than 12 feet from the point where 
 the smoke connection enters the flue shall be of brick or reinforced concrete, 8 inches thick 
 or of plain concrete, hollow terra cotta or concrete blocks, not less than 10 inches thick. The 
 smoke flues of high pressure steam boilers and other appliances producing a corresponding 
 temperature in the smoke flue shall have the walls built of material and thickness required 
 above for hot water or low pressure boiler and in addition the flues shall be lined on all sides 
 with not less than 4 inches of fire brick laid in fire mortar for a distance of 25 feet from the 
 point where the smoke connection of the boiler enters the flue. Flues in party walls shall 
 have the outside of the linings not less than 4 inches from the party line or if unlined, the 
 inside of the flues shall be not less than 8 inches from the party line. 
 
 Horizontal Flues. Flues Cleaned. 
 
 Every horizontal flue shall be made of one continuous piece of cast iron pipe (soil pipe 
 prohibited) extending into the chimney flue flush with the inside, supported and protected 
 on the other end by substantial fireproof material at least 6 inches larger all around than the 
 pipe. Such flues shall be protected throughout their entire length and circumference by bricks 
 laid in mortar at least 4 inches thick; or by vitrified asbestos cement at least 1J4 inches thick 
 applied to wire netting with an inch air space between it and the pipe; or by a metal covering 
 with 4 inch air space between it and the pipe. All flues shall be properly cleaned and all rub- 
 bish, the removed flues being left smooth on the inside. 
 
 Smoke Stacks. 
 
 Section 48. Metal smoke stacks may be built entirely oiitside of any building. SucE 
 stacks shall be carried on separate foundations proportioned to the loads, shall be made of 
 steel plates not less than 3-16 of an inch in thickness with a spark arrestor maintained at the 
 top and shall be designed to resist all possible lateral strain by the use of substantial guys 
 or anchors or shall be of a self-supporting type approved by the Commissioner. Metal smoke 
 stacks shall not be permitted to pass through any combustible roof, nor through an incom- 
 bustible roof unless protected as required in Section 47 for smoke pipes. Anjr portion of such 
 stacks that may be heated to a temperature exceeding 800 degrees Fahrenheit, shall be lined 
 with flre brick. 
 
 Fireplaces. Hearths. Iron Bar Supports. 
 
 Section 49. A masonry trimmer arch or other flreproof support shall be built in front 
 of every fireplace, range or grate opening extending at least 4 inches into the chimney for 
 the full width of the hearth above, unless the chimney is corbeled to receive it and extending 
 not less than 12 inches therefrom. Wood centers under trimmer arches shall be removed 
 as soon as masonry has set. Every hearth in front of a fireplace, range, or grate opening shall 
 extend at least to the outside edge of the facing of the fireplace, range or grate opening at 
 each end and be at least 12 inches wide in front of such facing. The masonry over every fire- 
 place, range or grate opening, shall be supported by substantial iron bars or masonry arches. 
 The thickness of the masonry walls at the back and sides of every fireplace, range, or grate, 
 opening shall aggregate at least 8 inches if of brick and 12 inches if of stone. The walls of 
 the throat up to the point where the flue lining begins shall be not less than 8" thick unless 
 plastered inside and out, in which case they may be 4." 
 
 Wood Mantels. 
 
 There shall be no wood work around any fireplace, range, or grate opening, within 12 
 inches of the same, which projects beyond a line drawn from the edge of the opening, making 
 30 degrees with the facing. Imitation fireplaces intended for use with gas or electricity, shaU 
 be constructed throughout including the hearth, of approved fireproof material not less than 
 2 inches thick. 
 
 (48) 
 
DIVISION 13— STEEL CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 Section 50. Materials, stresses and methods of computation shall be provided as in 
 Division 8. See note at head of Division 8. 
 
 Section 51. Every beam, channel, lintel, or girder supported by a wail shall be properly 
 anchored thereto and shall have bearing plates if necessary. 
 
 Section 52. Trusses shall be designed so that the stresses in each member can be calcu- 
 lated with reasonable accuracy by statistical methods. 
 
 DIVISION 14— CAST IRON CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 Section 53. Materials, stresses and methods of computation shall be as provided in 
 Division 8. See note at head of Division 8. 
 
 DIVISION 15— REINFORCED CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 Section 53. The applicant shall present to the Commissioner plans, formulas and such 
 other information as he may require, and shall make such tests or present satisfactory evidence 
 of such tests as the Commissioner may require, but no such approval or regulation shall have 
 the effect of altering the working Stresses for concrete or steel or of reducing the fireproofing 
 requirements of this ordinance. 
 
 Aggregates. 
 
 Section 55. The fine aggregate shall be sand and gravel or saild and crushed stone screen- 
 ings passing a }£ inch screen. The coarse aggregate shall consist of gravel, crushed stone, 
 slag or cinders, passing a one inch screen and retained on a M inch screen. The cinders shall 
 be from steam power plants, composed of hard, clean, vitreous clinker reasonably free from 
 sulphides and from unburned or partially burned coal and ashes. 
 
 Cinders may bemused for aggregate only for walls of one story buildings, for floor and 
 roof slabs not exceeding 8' — 0" spans, and for partitions and fireproofing. 
 
 Reinforcement. 
 
 Section 56. Steel for reinforcement shall conform to the Standard Specifications for • 
 Steel Reinforcing Bars of the American Society for Testing Materials as from time to time 
 revised. It shall be free from mill scale and loose rust and shall not be painted. 
 
 Mixing. 
 
 Section 57. The ingredients shall 'be thoroughly mixed, until the cement is thoroughly 
 distributed and the mass is uniform in color, and of the consistency of a quaking mixture 
 with no free water. Concrete which has partly set shall not be remixed. 
 
 Temperaiure. 
 
 Section 58. When fresh concrete is exppsed to a hot or dry atmosphere or wind, special 
 precautions to prevent premature drying shall be taken. 
 
 Fire and Rust Proofing. _ ,, ,„, ,. j. ^ ^. ■ ■ t , ■ t 
 
 Section 59. Reinforcement m floor slabs shall be protected by a minunum of 1 m. of 
 concrete, in beams and girders by IJ^ inch of concrete, and in columns, foundations, and re- 
 taining walls by 2 inches of concrete. 
 
 ^""section 60. Slab reinforcement bars in tension shall not be farther apart horizontally 
 than 2H times the total thickness of the slab. In beams and girders, the lateral spacing of 
 parallel bars shall not be less than 3 diameters from centre to centres The distance from 
 the side of the beam to the centre of the nearest bar shall be not less than 2 diameters and 
 the clear space between two layers of bars shall be not less than 1 inch. 
 
 SOTtion 61 Columns or piers of concrete shall be reinforced when the unsupported height 
 exceeds six times the least gross dimension and shall be designed as for slabs. 
 
 ^""'^Section^i. Symmetrical, concentric column footings shall be designed for punching 
 shear, diagonal tension, bending moment, and bond between steel and concrete. 
 
 (49) 
 
2,500 
 
 2,000 
 
 1,600 
 
 1,300 
 
 1,800 
 
 1,500 
 
 1,200 
 
 1,000 
 
 875 
 
 750 
 
 675 
 
 
 Combination Floors. 
 
 Section 63. The following table gives the compressive strength in lbs. per sq. inch which 
 shall be a ssumed as the ba^is for design, a bag of cement weighing 94 lbs. being assumed to 
 measure one cu. ft. 
 
 Aggregate: - 1:3 1:1^:3 1:2:4 1:2J^:5 1:3:6 
 
 Granite, trap rock 3,300 2,800 2,200 1,800 1,400 
 
 Gravel, hard limestone and haird 
 
 sandstone 3,300 
 
 Soft limestone and soft sandstone 2,200 
 
 Cinders and slag t 1,000 
 
 DIVISION 16— FIREPROOF BLOCK CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Section 64. Fireproof blocks for floors, walls, partitions and fireprooflng shall be hard 
 burned terra cotta, concrete or other approved material. 
 
 Terra Cotta. For Bearing Walls. Height of Walls. 
 
 Section 65. Terra cotta tile in the form of hollow blocks may be used for bearing walls 
 above ground in buildings where the allowable live load for floors does not eicceed sixty pounds 
 to the square foot, and when the height of the building does not exceed forty-five feet or three 
 stories, and may be used for any non-bearing wall. 
 
 Tile Blocks Bonded. 
 
 Section 66. All terra cotta tile shall be laid up with full cement joints, and the blocks 
 ^shall be suitably bonded. When terra cotta tile is laid in a wall with the voids vertical, wall 
 blocks or plates or other sufficient bearing shall be used under the ends of all beams and else- 
 where where the walls decrease in thickness. 
 
 Lintels. Arches. 
 
 Section 67. Lintels up to 4 feet in length made of terra cotta tile may be used if com- 
 posed of blocks in which steel rods of suitable dimensions are grouted solidly with Portland 
 cement grout in each of the lower voids of the blocks. Such rods shall extend throughout 
 all the blocks forming the lintel. Arches of terra cotta tile shall be composed of voussoir 
 blocks. 
 
 Load on._ 
 
 Section 68. Terra cotta tile shall not be loaded in excess of two hundred and fifty pounds 
 per sq. inch of net section. 
 
 Chases for Piping. 
 
 Section 69. In terra cotta tile walls all chases, channels, or recesses for piping, wiring 
 or other purposes shall be constructed at the time the walls are built, so that the adjacent 
 portions of the wall are not weakened by the use of cracked or improperly broken blocks or 
 otherwise. No tile blocks shall be broken into after being placed in the wall except by per- 
 mission of the Commissioner. 
 
 Concrete Blocks. 
 
 Section 70. Hollow concrete building blocks may be used in buildings not more than 
 three stories in height, but shall not be used for foundations unless filled solidly with concrete. 
 
 Inspection of. Hollow Space In. 
 
 They shall be laid in cement mortar. They shall not be used until they have been in- 
 spected, tested and approved by the Commissioner. The hollow space in said blocks shall 
 not exceed twenty-five per cent, of the gross area of the cross-section of the block in the first 
 story walls of three-story buildings or thirty-three per cent, elsewhere, and the thickness of 
 each wall or web of each block shall be at least one-quarter of the height of the block. 
 
 Load on Wall. 
 
 No wall or any part thereof built of hollow concrete blocks shall be loaded to exceed 
 ten tons to the square foot of horizontal area, including the weight of the wall. 
 
 How Anchored. 
 
 Section 71. All walls, partitions, joists, rafters, beams and girders of hollow concrete 
 block buildings shall be anchored, tied,, or Strapped as required for brick buildings. 
 
 (60) 
 
ThtckTiess. Top Course, Lintels and SUk. 
 
 Section 72. Wherever walls of hollow concrete bloqjc buildings are decreased in thickness 
 the top course of the thicker wall shall be made solid. Concrete lintels and sills shall be re- 
 inforced by iron or steel rods as in Sec. 67, and any lintels spanning over four feet and six 
 inches- in the clear shall rest on solid concrete blocks. 
 
 SuppoHing Blocks. When Solid. 
 
 Section 73. Wherever a girder or joists in a hollow concrete block building transmit a 
 load of two to five tons the supporting block shall be made solid; where such transmitted 
 load exceeds five tons the blocks for at least two courses below and for a distance extending 
 at least eighteen inches on each side of said girder or joist shall be made solid. 
 
 Partitions. 
 
 Section 74. Partition blocks shall be not less than 3 inches thick for a height of 10 ft., 
 and shall be increased 1 inch for every added 4 ft. or fraction thereof. If blocks are not plas- 
 tered on at least one side the thickness shall be 1 inch greater than specified above. 
 
 DIVISION 17— TIMBREL ARCH CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 Section 75. Timbrel arches and domes, built of overlapping tiles in two or more layers, 
 shall be used only as approved by the Commissioner. 
 
 DIVISION 18— WOODEN CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 Section 76. Stresses and quality of timber shall be as provided in Division 8. 
 
 Frame Wall Construction. 
 
 Section 77. All timber sizes given are nominal sizes. Wooden buildings shall have braced 
 frames, balloon frames, or types equivalent in the opinion of the Commissioner, but balloon 
 construction shall be allowed only for residence buildings not more than 2}4 stories in height 
 and for private stables and farm buildings, and in alterations of or additions to buildings 
 of balloon construction where the height is not increasedv 
 
 Braced frames shall have sills, corner posts, and girts not les§ than 4x6 inches, plat not less 
 than two 2x4 inch, and braces not less than 2x4 inch. Girts and posts shall be tenoned and 
 pinned together. 
 
 Balloon' frames shall have sills and corner posts not less than 4x6 inch, plates not less 
 than 2x4 inch, and ledger boards not less than 1x6 inch, and notched into studs 1 inch 
 deep. Outside wall studs shall run in one length from sill to plate, shall be doubled at sides 
 of openings and trussed above openings more than 5 ft. wide in walls supporting floors. Floor 
 beams shall be spiked to wall studs or to blocking of full width of studs. 
 
 Buildings three stories high shall have wall studs not less than 2x4 inch, spaced not more 
 than 16 inches center to center. 
 
 Floor and Roof Beams. 
 
 Section 78. Wooden floor and roof beams shall be not less than 2 inches thick, and, if 
 built into masonry, shall have not less than 4 inch bearing, and shall be cut with a 3 inch 
 level at ends. 
 
 Floor beams, except in Second Class C and D Construction, shall be cross-bridged, if 
 more than 10 ft. span, and the distance between bridgings, or between bridgings and bearings, 
 shall not exceed 8 ft. ' 
 
 Floor Beams in Residence Buildings. 
 
 Types 1 and 2. 
 
 
 Southern Yellow Pine 
 
 Southern Yellow Pine 
 
 Douglas Fir Sound 
 
 Spruce and White 
 
 Span in Feet 
 
 dense grade fl600 lb. 
 
 sound grade fl20Mb. 
 
 grade f 1100 lb. 
 
 Pine flOOO lb. 
 
 
 Size net Spacing 
 
 Size net Spacing 
 
 Size net Spacing 
 
 > 
 
 Size net Spacing 
 
 8 
 
 2x4" 16" 
 
 2x6" 28" 
 
 2x6" 25" 
 
 2x5" 16" 
 
 9 
 
 2x6 29 
 
 2x6 22 
 
 2x6 20 
 
 2x5 13 
 
 10 
 
 2x6 24 
 
 2x6 18 
 
 2x6 16 
 
 2x6 15 
 
 11 
 
 2x6 19 
 
 2x6 15 
 
 2x6 13 
 
 2x7 17 
 
 12 
 
 2x6 16 
 
 2x8 22 
 
 2x8 20 
 
 2x7 14 
 
 13 
 
 2x8 25 
 
 2x8 19 
 
 2x8 17 
 
 2x8 16 
 
 14 
 
 2x8 21 
 
 2x8 16 
 
 2x8 15 
 
 2x8 13 
 
 15 
 
 2x8 19 
 
 2x8 14 
 
 2x8 13 
 
 2x9 15 
 
 16 
 
 2x8 16 
 
 2x10 19 
 
 2x10 18 
 
 2x9 13 
 
 17 
 
 2x10 23 
 
 2x10 17 
 
 2x10 16 
 
 2x10 14 
 
 18 
 
 2x10 20 
 
 2x10 15 
 
 2x10 14 
 
 2x10 13 
 
 19 
 
 2x10 18 
 
 2x10 14 
 
 2x10 13 
 
 2x12 16 
 
 20 
 
 2x10 16 
 
 2x12 18 
 
 2x12 16 
 
 2x12 15 
 
 (61) 
 
These beams are strong enough to satisfy the requirements of these building laws, but 
 they may not be stiff enough to make a satisfactory floor. When the span of the beam in 
 feet approaches twice its depth in inches it is advisable either to space the beams closer than 
 given in the table, or to use the next deeper. 
 
 Live load 50 lb. per sq. ft. Dead load 15 lb. per sq. ft. f— bending stress in lbs. per sq. 
 inch. 
 
 Headers. Tail Beams. 
 
 Section 79. Every wooden header or trimmer more than four feet long, carrying an 
 allowable live load of more than seventy-five pounds per square foot shall be hung in stirrup 
 irons with joints bolted at all connections with other beams. Every wooden tail beam or 
 similar timber shall be framed or hung in stirrup irons. All joists headers more than two 
 and one-half feet long shall be doubled and spiked together, or be at least 4 in. in thickness; 
 all trimmer joists supporting such headers shall be likewise doubled and spiked, or be at least 
 4 in. in thickness. 
 
 Under Partition. 
 
 Section 80. Wherever floor joists under a partition run in the same direction as the 
 partition the joists are to be doubled and spiked together. 
 
 Glass. How Set. 
 
 Section 81. Glass set in any floor, covering an opening therein, shall be at least three- 
 quarters of an inch in thickness, and be set in metal frames or on metal supports. If any 
 such glass covers an area of more than twenty-five square inches, it shall be provided with 
 a strong wire netting either within the glass or under it. 
 
 Wooden Plates. 
 
 Section 82. Wooden plates on masonry walls to receive sloping rafters shall be anchored 
 to wall with bolts not less than ^ inch in diameter, not less than 2^4 feet long, and not more 
 than 6 feet on centers. 
 
 For woodwork near chimneys, see Section 49. 
 
 Frame Construction. 
 
 Section 83. In frame construction every opening in a bearing partition shall be trussed. 
 No studs of a bearing partition shall rest on floor boards, without a sole or plate of at least 
 the dimensions of the stud. 
 
 Partitions to Be Bridged. 
 
 Section 84. All wooden bearing partitions shall be of not less than 2x4 inch studs not 
 over 16 inches on center, and shall have at least one row of bridging or horizontal bracing of 
 the same size as the studs for each story. Such first story bearing partitions shall rest upon 
 walls or upon girders supported by masonry piers, posts or metal columns as provided in* 
 Division 11. 
 
 Outside Plaster. 
 
 Section 85. Wood frame enclosing walls finished on the outside with plaster, shall be 
 tightly boarded on the outside, unless the studs are spaced not over 16 inches on centers and 
 are thoroughly braced diagonally in each story. 
 
 Frame Construction. 
 
 Section 86. The provisions of this chapter for frame construction shall be minimum 
 requirements for all wooden construction incorporated in buildings of the Second and Third 
 Class Construction. 
 
 Bolts and Washers. 
 
 Section 87. All bolts used in connection with woodwork shall be provided with washers 
 of suitable size. 
 
 Mill Construction. 
 
 Section 88. Buildings or structures of mill construction shall be constructed without 
 hollow or concealed spaces; with roofs of not less than one and three-quarters inch splined 
 or tongued and grooved planking spiked directly to heavy roof timbers not less than six inches 
 in the least dimension, covered with metal, five-ply tar and gravel or other approved incom- 
 bustible roof covering; having solid floors (with protected openings), constructed of not less 
 than two and three-quarters inch splined, or tongued and grooved planking covered with 
 not less than seven-eights-inch top flooring laid crosswise or diagonally, properly nailed to 
 heavy floor beams. The spacing of floor timbers shall be suitable for the load to be carried 
 the timbers in no case being less than seven and one-half inches in the least dimension and 
 resting on top of girders, or on stirrups, or on iron or steel plates in the walls, or on iron or 
 steel caps on columns. Each timber at wall bearing shall be anchored with cast iron anchor 
 plates at least three-quarters of an inch thick, or with other suitable anchors and shall be 
 
 (52) 
 
self-releasing. In floors and roofs the timbers shall be tied together at joints with a 7-8 inch 
 joint bolt or with two M inch dog irons so that a continuous tie exists across the building. 
 The columns and posts shall rest on iron or steel capitals or pintles, no wooden column or 
 posts being less than seven and one-half inches in the least dimension, except under roof which 
 may not be less than 6 inches, and all columns, girders, and beams of wood being of solid 
 material, those of wrought iron or steel being protected as required for structural metal. Sec. 
 
 DIVISION 19— LOT LINE RESTRICTIONS— RESTRICTIONS OF FLOOR AREAS- 
 PARTY, FIRE AND DIVISION WALLS. 
 
 Section 89. This section applies only to buildings hereafter erected or altered for use 
 in the classes and types named. 
 
 First and Second Class Construction. 
 
 A_ garage of first class construction and any other building of first or second class con- 
 struction may be located on a lot line, but shall not be located in such position that its walls 
 or any projections therefrom other than the cornice are nearer to a residence building than 
 the distances specified below, or nearer to any non-residence building than 3 feet, unless erected 
 with party walls or with walls in direct contact therewith. 
 
 Residences. 
 
 Residence buildings (Type 1, Division 4) excepit as ■ above shall not be located within 
 12 J^ feet of a lot line or private way, or within 25 feet of any other building except a private 
 garage; provided, however, that in any case cornices may extend 2 feet, and uncovered steps 
 from the grotind to the first floor and chimneys, 3J^ feet nearer sudh lot line, private way or 
 buildings. 
 
 Definition. 
 
 Residence buildings as used in this section do not include business or public buildings 
 which contain residence accommodations only for the janitor's family. 
 
 Buildings of Third Class. 
 
 The minimum distances hereinabove specified for residence buildings shall also apply 
 to all buildings of third class construction except garages. 
 
 Percentage of Lot. 
 
 In no event shall more than 50 per cent, of the area of a lot be covered by buildings, if 
 any buildings thereon are residence buildings other than hotels. 
 
 Garages. . . , 
 
 For required distances of garages from lot Une, first class garages m residences and other 
 buildings, and other regulations governing garages, see Regulations of the State Fire Marshal, 
 and the Division of Inspection of the Massachusetts Dept. of Public Welfare. 
 
 Restrictions of Floor Areas. . , „ „ „ , , „ , . , 
 
 Section 90. Every building of Third Class Construction of Types 2, 3, 4 and 5 (single 
 houses only excepted) or of Type 6 and 8 having more than 2500 sq. ft. in horizontal area 
 in any one story, and every building of Third Class Construction of Type 7, 9, 10 or business 
 buildings having more than 5000 sq. ft.,in horizontal area in any one story, shall unless other- 
 wise allowed by the Commissioner and approved in writing by the Board of Appeal have 
 for every such area an intercepting masonfy fire wall constructed as required by Division 11 
 carried 12 inches above the roof and covered with metaUic or other approved covering. 
 
 Every building of Second Class Construction of any type, except single houses, shall, 
 subject to the said condition, have such a fire wall for every such horizontal area exceeding 
 7500 sq. ft. Every building of First Class Construction, of Types 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13 shall, 
 subject to said conditions, have such a fire wall for every such horizontal area exceeding 10,000 
 sq. ft.; and all other buildings of First Class Construction shall, subject to said conditions, 
 have such a fire wall for every such horizontal area exceeding 15,000 sq._ ft.; projmM, however, 
 that in all buildings of Second or Third Class Construction over 45 ft. in height, the said in- 
 tercepting fire walls shall extend 36 inches instead of 12 inches above the roof; and provided 
 fSr that in buildings of First Class Construction the saW intercejjtmg fire walls shall not 
 be required to extend above the under side of the roof. Opemngs in said intercepting fire 
 wallllhSl be as required in Section 91. No walls or part of any wall m any existmg building 
 shall be removed to produce a larger area than specified above. 
 
 ^""^leSmk. Party walls shall be of brick or solid concrete not less than 12 inches thick, 
 constructed as required by Division 11. 
 
 (53) 
 
Openings. How Protected. 
 
 Openings In partjr walls shall in no case exceed 100 sq. ft. in area each, the aggregate 
 width of all openings in any such wall in any one story shall not exceed 50 per cent, of the 
 length of the wall; above each such opening_ there shall be a curtain wall of at least 2 feet be- 
 tween the top of the opening and the ceiling line; and all such openings shall be provided 
 with approved automatic or self-closing standard fire doors on both sides of the wall. 
 
 Party Walls Already Built May Be Used. 
 
 Section 92. Walls heretofore built or used as party walls whose thickness at the time 
 of their erection was in accordance with the requirements of the then existing laws, but which 
 are not in accordance with the requirements of these Building Laws, may if approved by 
 the Commissioner, be used for the ordinary uses of party walls, provided the height of the 
 same be not increased. 
 
 Thickness of Linings, 
 
 When existing party or independent walls, which are less in thickness than is required • 
 under these Building Laws, are increased in height, a lining of brick work shall be added to 
 form a combined thickness with the old walls of not less than four inches more than the thick- 
 ness required for a new wall. Such lining shall be supported on proper foundations and carried 
 up to such height as the Commissioner may require. No lining shall be less thafi 8 inches 
 in thickness, and all lining shall be laid up in cement mortar and thoroughly anchored to 
 the old brick wall with suitable wrought-iron anchors, placed not more than two feet apart 
 and properly fastened Qr driven into the old walls in rows alternating vertically and hori- 
 zontally with each other. Plaster or other coatings shall be removed from the old wall before 
 any lining is built against the same. No rubble stone wall shall be lined except after inspec- 
 tion and approval by the Coihinissioner. This section shall not prevent increasing the height 
 of existing walls without increasing the thickness thereof if they are to be used as non-bearing 
 walls and if proper bearing structures satisfactory to the Commissioner be provided. 
 
 Fire Walls. 
 
 Section 93. The construction of all fire walls shall be as for party walls. Section 92, ex- 
 cept that in one story buildings a fire wall 8 inches thick will be sufficient unless required 
 thicker by the Commissioner. Openings in fire walls shall be as for party walls Section 91. 
 
 Division Walls. 
 
 Section 94. In every double, or group house of Second or Third Class Construction here- 
 after erected the apartments shall be separated by a division wall extending from the face 
 of the front studs to the face of the rear studs, built fire resistive at least the equal of 8 inches 
 of brick, terra cotta or concrete, from the cellar bottom to the under side of the roof boards. 
 
 Openings in. 
 
 Openings ip division walls shall be as for party walls. Sec. 91. , 
 
 DIVISION 20— ENCLOSURE OF STAIRS, ELEVATORS AND OTHER SHAFTWAYS. 
 
 Enclosures. Required Stairway Enclosures. 
 
 Section 95. In addition to any requirement of statute and of state regulations, all stairs, 
 elevator or other shaftways shall be enclosed when and by construction hereinafter required. 
 In buildings of 
 
 Type 3, 4, and 5 (See Div. 4),— 
 
 Three stories: At least one stairway enclosed, and all stairways enclosed in the base- 
 ment. 
 
 Four stories or more: All stairwajys enclosed except independent flights connecting not 
 more than two stories. 
 
 Type 6. All stairways enclosed. 
 
 Type 7. Four stories or more; at least one stairway enclosed. 
 
 Type 8. See District Police Regulations. 
 
 Type 9. AH basement stairs enclosed. If the assembly hall, lodge room, auditorium, 
 amusement hall or exhibition hall is above the first story, — one stairway enclosed. 
 
 Type 11. 4 or 6 stories— at least one stairway enclosed. 6 or more stories,— all stairways 
 enclosed, provided, however, that they need not be enclosed in first story if opening into a public 
 lobby leading direct to exit and separated from the rest of the building by First Class Con- 
 struction; and provided further.that independent flights connecting not more than 2 stories 
 need not be enclosed. 
 
 Type 12. More than 3 stories and used above the first for the sale of merchandise or 
 for restaurant purposes,- all stairways enclosed except independent flights connectine not 
 more than 2 stones. ^ 
 
 Type 13. Over 2 stories, — all stairways enclosed. 
 
 Type 14. 3 stories or more, all stairways enclosed except runway for horses from first 
 to second floor. 
 
 (64) 
 
In All Types of Buildings. 
 
 In addition to the requirements of statute and of state regulation^, any elevator shaftway 
 in any building of Type 1, 6, 8, or 11, even though within the well way of a surrounding en- 
 dosed stairway, shall itself be enclosed by construction hereafter required. In all types of 
 buildings, except single houses all vent, light, conveyor, clothes chute, dumb-waiter, or other 
 vertical shaftways, not otherwise provided for in this Division shall, if they extend more than 
 2, stories, be enclosed as hereinafter required. 
 
 Construction. 
 
 Section 96. Where StairS, elevator and other shaftways are required to be enclosed in 
 tbe preceding Section, the construction used shall be any one or jnore of the following. 
 
 First and Second Class Construction. 
 
 For buildings of First and Second Class Construction: 
 ■ 1. Brick or concrete walls built according to Div. 11 and not less than 8 inches thick. 
 
 2. Terra Cotta or gypsum blocks at least 4 inches thick plastered on both sides with 
 cement plaster if supported at each story on reinforced concrete or steel framing properly 
 fireproofed, 
 
 3. Metal lath and cement plaster making solid 2 inch partitions, or hollow partitions 
 with metal studs and metal lath and cement plaster at least 5^ inch thick on each side sup- 
 
 . ported at each story. 
 
 4. Wire glass at least }4, of an inch thick in metal frames, no light of glass being over 
 720 sq. in. in area. 
 
 Third Class Construction. 
 
 For Buildings of Third Class Construction: 
 
 1. Walls of 4 in. studs, firestopped at each floor as required by Div. 24 and covered on 
 both sides with metal laths and cement plaster at least % of an inch thick, or with approved 
 gypsum board not less than }^ inch thick and coated with at least H, of an inch of cement 
 plaster, except that all elevator shatfways and all required enclosures in buildings of Type 4, 
 5j 6 and 9, shall be constructed as required for buildings of First and Second Class Construc- 
 tion. 
 
 Openings in Required Enclosures. 
 
 All doorways leading into stairways required to be enclosed shall be fitted with approved 
 self-closing fire doors. Windows in interior walls of enclosures shall be approved fixed fire 
 windows; and windows of exterior walls of enclosures shall be approved fixed fire windows 
 except in Third Class Construction. 
 
 All openings in elevator shaftway enclosures shall be as required by the Inspection 
 Division, Mass., Dept. of Public Safety. 
 
 Openings in all other shaftways required to be enclosed in the preceding Section shall be 
 fitted with approved fire doors, or windows. 
 
 Special Requirements for Shaftways. 
 
 If an elevator shaftway extends to the top story, the enclosure walls shall extend at least 
 3 feet above the roof. If a stair shaftway extends to the top story, the enclosure walls shall 
 extend to the under side of the roof covering if the building is of First Class Construction; 
 if of second or third class construction the enclosure walls shall extend through and at least 
 six inches above the roof. , , , , 
 
 Where the shaft way is not required to extend through the roof the top of the shaftway 
 shall be made equivalent to the walls in fire resistance; every stairway which extends to the 
 top story shall have a skylight, covering not less than )4 the area of the shaftway, with at 
 least 8 sq. ft. arranged fo that it can be opened from the floor of the top story. 
 
 DIVISION 21— EXITS, STAIRS, CORRIDORS AND FIRE ESCAPES. 
 
 Section 97 In addition to the provisions of statute and of state regulations the require- 
 ments of this division shall apply to all buildings except one and two family dwelhngs, group 
 houses, garages, stables and barns. 
 
 Number of Occupants. Required Number of Exits. Lighting Marking. * ^t, r. 
 
 me%ver dimensions of exits are proportioned to the number of occupants, the Com- 
 missioner shall determine the probable number of such occupants. Every floor above the 
 fet shall have at least two exits (not including elevators) .leading directly ov indirectly to 
 SJi ctrPPt nlaced M far aoart as practicable. The Commissioner may require exits to be 
 itghtef fd'eSatetylby artS fight, and to be marked by a sign and a red light. At least 
 one stairway shall continue to the roof, if flat. 
 
 (55) 
 
Interior Doors. Outside Doors. 
 
 Section 98. Doors serving more than 50 persons and opening to public corridors or to 
 enclosed stairs shall open outward towards the exit of the building. Rooms intended to ac- 
 commodate more than 50 persons at one time shall have at least two doors leading to exits, 
 each of which shall be not less than 3 ft. wide, and with an aggregate width of 20 inches for 
 each 100 persons and fraction thereof accommodated. Any fastenings on doors required by his 
 section shall be such as may be easily opened from the inside without the use of keys; provided, 
 however, that this requirement shall not apply to the doors of rooms where persons are held 
 under legal restraint. Outside and vestibule doors leading from public hallways and from 
 buildings acconunodating more than 100 persons, except one story stores, shall swing out or 
 shall be double-swing or revolving doors; ^ovided, however, that this requirement shall not 
 prohibit the use of sliding-doors which are in addition to the required exits or sliding doors 
 which may be used for closing buildings after business hours. 
 
 DIVISION 22— BAYS— BALCONIES— PORCHES— CORNICES AND OTHER 
 
 PROJECTIONS. 
 
 Projections. 
 
 Section 99. No part of any bmlding, other than those parts mentioned in Divisions 22 
 and 27 shall project over any street or public way more than six inches; whenever any pro- 
 jection occurs it shall be at least 10 feet above the level of the curb, except as otherwise pro- 
 vided in Section 114. 
 
 Amount of Projection. 
 
 Cornices, balconies and bay windows may project a distance equal to 1-20 of the width 
 of the public way; provided, however, that in no case shall they at any point project more than 
 3 feet. Window caps and sills, belts and other similar projections may project 14, of the dis- 
 tance allowed for a cornice of the wall on which they occur. Rain water leaders and con- 
 ductors shall not project more than 7 inches. 
 
 Length and Distance Apart. 
 
 No bay window or covered balcony projecting over a public way shall be more than 
 14 feet long and no two such projections in any one story shall be less than 5 feet apart. 
 
 Fire Escapes. 
 
 No new buildings shall have fire escapes projecting over a public way. 
 
 Cornices. 
 
 For construction and anchoring of masonry cornices see Section 45. ^very metal cornice 
 may be sheathed on top with wood covered with metal, but it shall be supported on metal 
 lookouts built into the wall. The size of iron used for lookouts shall be not less than 3-16 
 inch by IM inch. 
 
 • 
 Piazzas and Balconies. 
 
 Section 100. No wooden piazza or balcony more than 8 feet wide or extending more than 
 3 feet above the second floor shall be erected on any building required to be of First or Second 
 Class Construction, unless the posts, main supports of joists and railings are built of incom- 
 bustible materials and the cornices and belt course built of or covered with incombustible 
 materials. 
 
 DIVISION 23— ROOFS AND ROOF CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 Roofs. New Roofs. Repairs. 
 
 Section 101. The roof of every building hereafter constructed shall be covered with fire- 
 resistive material. Repairs and renewals of roofs of such buildings heretofore constructed 
 shall be subject to the above requirements except that such repairs and renewals or a succession 
 thereof which do not involve in the aggregate the relaying of more than }4 of the covering 
 may be of the same material as the existing covering. 
 
 Roof Water. 
 
 All roofs and leaders therefrom shall be so arranged as not to discharge water upon a 
 public way or adjoining property. 
 
 Snow Guards. 
 
 Every building shall be provided with such guards as are necessary to prevent the snow 
 or ice thereon from falling into any traveled way. 
 
 Access to Roofs. 
 
 Every building over one story high, except buildings of Type 1 and 2, shall have a per- 
 manent opening from the inside to the roof not less than 2x3 feet, equipped with permanent 
 means of access to the roof, the door to be fastened in such a manner as always to permit 
 opemng from the inside without a key. 
 
 (56) 
 
Roof Structures. Pent Houses. 
 
 Section 102. No pent houses shall be constructed on any buildings above the highest 
 level permitted for the roof except over stairs, tanks, elevators and elevator machinery, and 
 such pent houses shall be not larger than is necessary to serve their purpose. Every pent 
 house shall be of construction and exterior covering at least equivalent to the construction 
 required for the roof. In Second and Third Class Construction the scuttle or door to a pent 
 house must be of metal, or covered with metal. 
 
 Tanks. How Supported. Outlets. 
 
 Every tank having a capacity of 1000 gallons or more, placed in any story, or on or above 
 the roof of any .building, shall be supported on iron or steel beams of sufficient strength to 
 carry it safely. Such beams shall be supported on masonry or stfeel construction from the 
 ground up. Underneath or on the side near the bottom of any such tank used for the storage 
 of water there shall be a short pipe or outlet not less than four inches in diameter, fitted with 
 a suitable valve having a wheel handle. 
 
 Skylights. 
 
 All skylights on roofs of buildings of Second or Third Class Construction shall be of metal 
 and glass and shall not be at any point higher than 6 feet above the highest level permitted 
 for the roof. Every skylight on any roof, except on buildings not having fiat roofs, of Type 1 
 and 2, shall be completely protected on the outside by wire netting^ of not less than No. 12 
 gauge wire with not over one inch mesh, and unless glazed with wire glass there shall be a 
 like protection on the under side. 
 
 Observation Stands. 
 
 No temporary elevated staging or stand, for observation purposes, shall be constructed 
 or occupied upon the roof of any building. 
 
 DIVISION 24— FIRE PROTECTION. 
 
 (See also Regulations of the State Fire Marshal. ) 
 
 Protection of Columns. 
 
 Section 103. Every metal column which supports a steel beam or girder carrying a 
 masonry wall or pier, or which is built into a wall and supports floors only, shall be protected 
 on all surfaces, against corrosion by a coating of Portland cement mortar at least M inch 
 thick, and against moisture and fire by a casing of masonry, which shall be not less than 4 
 inches thick of brick or 3 inches of concrete. The protecting material shall be well bonded 
 into masonry of any enclosing walls. 
 
 Beam or Girder. „ , „ , • i -n ^.^ a 
 
 Every metal beam or girder supporting a masonry wall shall have a casing of I'ortland 
 cement mortar and the same masonry protection as required for a wall column, securely tied 
 and bonded; but the exterme outer edge of the flanges of beam or girder, or the plates or 
 angles connected to it may project within 2 inches of the outside surface of such casing. Ihe 
 inside surfaces of the beam or girder shall be similarly protected by masonry. 
 
 ^ Girdera^and trusses carrying only roof and ceiling load and protected by a suspended 
 metal lath and plaster ceiling need not have any other fire-proofing. 
 
 ^'"inT^flinirofK^^^^ every metal structural member which supports 
 
 loads or resisti stresses other than those already provided for V^ t^is f cfaon, shal have a 
 protection of flreproofing as herein specified. The protecting material shall be of brick, con- 
 «ete or terra cotta Concrete shall not be less than 1 part Portland cement to 8 parts sand 
 and 5 parts gravef or crushed stone which will pass through 1 inch ring. Terra cotta may 
 bfsolid or hlllow and shall be porous or semi-porous, but neither the shells nor webs thereof 
 shall be tessthan^ in thick; metal lath and cement plaster may be used as flreproofing for 
 Si trussis! pro^dded the entire truss is enclosed; it shall be 2 in. thick for lower chord and 
 1% in. for all other members. 
 
 "^^'^^/iTfek^o? torf^ttitted for flreproofing columns shall be accurately fitted laid with 
 mortar. 
 
 (67) 
 
Thickness. 
 
 The protection shall cover the columns at all points to a thickness of not less than 3 in. 
 and be continuous from the base to the top of the column, except that the extreme outer 
 edges of lugs, brackets and similar supporting metal may project to within 2 in. of the outer 
 surface of the protection. 
 
 Columns in Damp Places. 
 
 Columns located in damp places shall receive a coat of at least 1 in. of Portland cement 
 mortar before the application of the fireproofing. Columns made of steel or wrought iron 
 pipe filled with concrete shall be protected by at least IJ^ in. of fireproofing. 
 
 Covering for Wehs. 
 
 The protecting covering of the webs and bottom flanges of girders and of all members 
 of trusses shall have a thickness of not less than 2 in. at all points, and that of all the webs 
 and bottom flanges of beams, lintels and all pther structural members, except the lower chord 
 of all trusses, shall be not less than IJ^ in. "at all points. 
 
 Terra Gotta. 
 
 If hollow terra cotta tile is used for protection, all joints shall be solidly filled with mortar, 
 and the lower flanges of beams and similar members shall be encased either by lugs which 
 form a part of the skewbacks and extend around the flanges, meeting at the middle, or by 
 tile slabs held in position by dove-tailed lugs projecting from the skewbacks. 
 
 Concrete Protection. 
 
 Concrete protection for all structural members shall be held in position by suitably de- 
 signed interior steel anchors, hooked securely around the flanges or angles of the members, 
 at intervals not exceeding 8 in. These anchors shall be not less than J^ in. in thickness if 
 flat, or 1-10 in. in diameter if of wire, and shall be located at a distance not less than J^ in. 
 nor more than 1 in. from the outside surface. Provision shall be made to prevent displace- 
 ment of anchors while concrete is being deposited. When the flange width of steel members 
 exceeds 6 in. the wire used for anchoring the concrete protection shall be not less than J^ 
 in. in diameter. 
 
 No Pipes Encased. 
 
 No pipes, wires, cables or other material shall be encased within or embedded in the 
 required fire-proofed protection of columns or other structural members. 
 
 Metal Fronts. 
 
 Metal fronts on the exterior of buildings over one story high shall be backed up or filled 
 in with masonry not less thata 8 in. thick. 
 
 Not to Apply. Alterations. * 
 
 The provisions of this section shall apply to all buildings more than one story in height, 
 
 and to all garages and theatres hereafter built; in alterations of existing buildings, the character 
 
 and amount of protection for steel and iron work shall be made satisfactory to the Commissioner. 
 
 Ceilings. _ 
 
 Section 104.~ All metal lath and plaster ceilings shall be supported by metal furrings and 
 hangers or clamps attached to the floor construction in an approved manner. 
 
 Sivdding Material. 
 
 All studding for metal lath partitions or wall furring shall be made from steel stock weight- 
 ing not less than J^ of a pound per linear foot, shall be spaced not over 16 in. center to centre, 
 and shall be securely fastened to the floor and ceiling construction. 
 
 Metal Lath. 
 
 Metal lath shall weigh not less than 54 ounces per sq. yard and shall be laced to the sup- 
 porting furring or studs at intervals not exceeding 6 inches. Wire lath shall be not less than 
 No. 20 gauge, and sheet metal lath not less than No. 24 gauge. 
 
 Fire Doors. 
 
 Section 105. See State Fire Marshal's Regulations. 
 
 Sprinklers, 
 
 Section 106. An automatic sprinkler system shall be installed in accordance with the 
 rules and requirements of the National Board of Fire Underwriters or those of the Associated 
 Factory Mutual Fire Insurance Companies in all buildings or parts of buildings hereafter 
 erected or altered for use as follows: 
 
 (a) In every apartment hotel, asylum, hospital, convent, dormitory, office 
 building, and apartment house, such sprinkler system shall be installed in the cellar 
 
 (68) 
 
or basement, in all air, light, vent, conveyor, dumb waiter and elevator shafts, and 
 over interior stairways if such building is 3 stories high or more. 
 
 (b) In the stage, storeroom, workrooms, actor's dressing rooms and basement 
 of every theatre. 
 
 (c) In every building covering a ground area of more than 1,250 sq. ft. and used 
 in part for dwelling purposes and in part for storage, manufacturing or sale of merchandise, 
 except in the dwelling portion thereof. 
 
 Woixr Supply. 
 
 The sprinkler system shall be supplied by at least one automatic water supply and shall 
 also be connected to a Siamese steamer connection outside of the building by a pipe of diameter 
 equal to that of the largest sprinkler riser supplied. Such connection shall be made on the 
 street front. 
 
 Fire Stopping Brick Walls and Floor Beams. 
 
 Section 107. Fire stops where required shall be as follows: Spaces between and behind 
 all furring on masonry walls shall be filled solid with brick and mortar or other incombustible 
 material for a space of 5 in. in height above floor beams and plaster grouriSs. and for 5 in, 
 below the bottom of floor beams. Spaces between studding of all exterior walls not constructed 
 of masonry shall be stopped with similar material from the bottom of the floor beams to 5 in. 
 above the top of same. Filling material may be supported on strips of wood nailed between 
 the studding. Where masonry walls are studded off, the space between the inside face of 
 the wall and the studding shall be fire stopped, and fireproof material shall be placed on the 
 underside of the wood beams above for a depth of not less than 4 in. and securely supported, 
 or the beams directly over the studded off space shall be firestopped with .not less than 4 in. 
 of fireproof material, which may be laid on boards cut in between the beams. Spaces be 
 tween parts of the floor beams that rest upon bearing stud partitions shall be filled in solid 
 with incombustible material to a depth of the beams and where the partition continues above 
 the floor, to a height of 5 in. above the top of the beams. 
 
 Stairs. All Air Passages. 
 
 Spaces between the stringers of stairs and the beams of landing, unless unceiled or of 
 incombustible material, shall be stopped solidly with wood, brick, or terra cotta, or other 
 approved material as often as twice to each flight of stairs. The various forms of construction , 
 tending to form air passage from one story to another, such as spaces around pipes, venti- 
 lating shafts, ductsi or chimneys, shall have a fire and smoke stop of incombustible material 
 at each floor. 
 
 Ceilings in Duplex Houses. , . ,. j. 
 
 Section 108. In all duplex houses hereafter erected the ceilmgs of the entire basement 
 and of all portions of one apartment which is under the other apartment shall be wire lath 
 and cement plaster at least % inch thick. „.,,,, 
 
 (See also Chap. 143, Mass. Statutes, and Regulations of State Fire Marshal. 
 
 DIVISION 25— DEMOLITION— PROTECTION DURING BUILDING 
 
 OPERATIONS. 
 
 Demolition. 
 
 Section 109. A building shall be demolished only by completely removing story after 
 story commencing with the top story. 
 
 Protection During Building Operations. 
 
 Excavations Under Street. Obstructions in Street. ^ ^ ^ -j^^^n, „„ r.5r,o «, 
 
 Section 110. No excavation shall be made m or under a street or sidewalk, no pipe or 
 conduit be exposed or interfered with, nor shall any barricade, scaffold, covering or other tem- 
 porary structures be erected in or over a street or sidewalk during building operations, without 
 a permit therefor, countersigned by the Superintendent of Streets. ' 
 
 Any person violating any provision of this section, or the preceding section shall be liable 
 to a penalty not exceeding $50. 
 
 For power to remove unsafe or dangerous buildings. See Stat. 1913, Ch. 655, Sees. 2, 3. 
 
 DIVISION 26— USE AND OCCUPANCY. 
 
 ^"^Sertfof m!'' A permit to erect or alter any building or structure shall be darned a pe^^ 
 mit to occupy or use such building or structure for the use and purposes set forth m such 
 
 (B9) 
 
permit, in accordance with the provisions of such permit; provided, however, that the right 
 to occupy or use thereunder shall be subject to be revoked, altered, or made void in accord- 
 ance with the provisions of law or these Building Laws. (See Sec. 9.) 
 
 Section 112. No structure, building, or part thereof shall be used or occupied for any 
 purpose other than that named in its building permit or its latest occupancy permit or for 
 which it is used when these Building Laws are adopted until an occupancy permit therefor 
 has been issued. If such change of use or occupancy increases the load, the danger to life 
 or health, of the fire risk, such alterations and changes, if any, in the building or structure 
 as will make it conform to the requirements of these Building Laws for such new use shall 
 be made before issuance of an occupancy permit for such new use. 
 
 If the condition of any structure, building or part thereof becomes unsafe or dan^roiw 
 to life or limb, the Commissioner may with the written approval of a majority of the Board 
 of Selectmen revoke the occupancy permit thereof, and it shall thereupon be unlawful for 
 any person to use or occupy such building until a new occupancy permit has been issued there- 
 for. 
 
 Temporary or Partial Occupancy. . . 
 
 Section 113. No building except a private dwelling shall be occupied before it is com- 
 pleted without a temporary occupancy permit. Pending the completion of a building, or 
 of alterations thereon, said Commissioner shall upon application therefor issue a pennit for 
 the temporary occupancy thereof during such period not exceeding six months as he may 
 designate, or for partial occupancy thereof, provided that in his opinion the work already 
 done conforms to the requirements of law, and of these Building Laws, and that the pMt 
 of the building covered by the permit is safe and proper for the occupancy proposed. The 
 Commissioner may insert in the permit, such provisions, conditions and restrictions upon 
 the occupancy as he may deem proper for the safety of the occupants and of the public. 
 
 DIVISION 27— SIGNS, BILL BOARDS, MARQUISES, FLAG POLES, AND 
 SUPPORTS FOR WIRES. 
 
 Section 114. (Not a town by-law, but a regulation of the Selectmen). 
 
 Permit Required if it Projects Over Sidewalk. 
 
 No bill board, clock, marquise, flag pole, permanent awning, or other like structure 
 (except poles, wires, conduits and appurtenances of railways, telegraph, telephone, water, 
 gas, electric light, heat and power companies, fire escapes, and temporary structures herein ^ 
 provided for) shall hereafter be erected or placed in, or projecting for a distance of more 
 than 6 inches over, any public highway without a permit therefor from the Board of Selectmen. 
 
 Limit of Projection. Height Above Sidewalk. _ _ • 
 
 No awning or marquise shall extend over a sidewalk beyond a point one foot inside of 
 the curb or outer edge of the sidewalk; no billboard or other structure except a flag pole, a 
 flag, or a sign made of cloth or similar material, shall extend over a public street, a distance 
 of more than 6 feet, or if there is a sidewalk beyond a point 1 foot inside the curb or outer 
 edge of the sidewalk; all such bill boards shall be steadfast and free from oscillation; the 
 lower edge of any awning, bill board, flag or any other object extending over a sidewalk or 
 street shall be at least 8 feet above the grade of the sidewalk or street beneath it. 
 
 Good Repair. 
 
 Every awning, marquise, pole, bill board or structure on or over a sidewalk or street 
 shall be kept in good repair and in safe condition. 
 
 No sign shall be permitted to project more than 6 inches over a sidewalk which does 
 not relate to some occupation or use of, or some business, profession, entertainment, exhibi- 
 tion or amusement, carried on or held upon the premises to which it is attached. 
 
 Billboards. 
 
 No sign, poster, or advertising device more than four feet in any dimension shall be dis- 
 played except on the premises upon which the business advertised on the sign is carried on. 
 
 Signs Near Parkways. 
 
 Signs, posters or advertisements erected or maintained in or near to and visible from 
 public parks and parkways in violation of the regulations made by the officers in charge thereof, 
 are made a common nuisance. 
 
 Signs on Highway a Nuisance. 
 
 •^ Any word, device, trade mark, or notice, not required by law, painted, put up, or afiixed 
 within the limits of the highway, without written consent of the owner, is made a common 
 nuisance; may be removed by any person, and is punishable by a fine by R. L. Ch. 208, Sec. 115. 
 See Acts of 1920, Ch. 545. 
 
 (60) 
 
Every person violating any provision of this section shall be liable to a penalty not ex- 
 ceeding five dollars for each day that he maintains any structure in violation of the proivsions 
 hereof, after five days' notice to remove the same has been given him by the Board of Select- 
 men. 
 
 DIVISION 28— PLUMBING. 
 
 Section 115. No plumbing shall be done, except to repair leaks, until a permit therefor 
 has been issued to the plumber. No pipes, tanks, faucets, valves, or other fixtures by or through 
 which waste water or sewage is intended to be used or carried shall be placed in any building 
 except in accordance with plans or specifications approved by the Commissioner. 
 
 Connection with Sewer or Cesspool. 
 
 Section 116. Ev6ry building, used for human habitation or in_ which persons are em- 
 ployed, shall be separately connected with the public sewer if there is a sewer which, in the 
 opinion of the Board of Health, is reasonably accessible; if there is none,_ with an approved 
 cesspool or septic tank. No plumbing shall be connected with the public sewer without a 
 permit. 
 
 Water Drainage to Sewer or Cesspools Prohibited. 
 
 No rain conductors, surface or ground water drainage shall be connected with plumbing 
 or drainage pipes which discharge into the public sewer or into cesspools. 
 
 Obtain Location of Sewer from Water and Sewer Board. 
 
 Wherever there is a public sewer with which the sewerage system of a building is to be 
 connected, the owner or agent shall, before determining the position of the main house sewer, 
 obtain from the Water & Sewer Board the location of the public sewer branch which is to 
 serve that building, and said connection shall be made in conformity with the rules of said 
 Board. 
 
 Drainage in Special Cases. Catch Basin for Vehicle Washstands. Waste Pipe. 
 
 Section 117. Every building in which gasoline, naphtha or other inflammable compounds 
 are used for business purposes shall be provided with a special trap or separator, so designed 
 as to prevent the passage of oils into the sewer, and shall be ventilated with a separate pipe 
 to a point 3 ft. above the roof. The waste of every washstand for vehicles shall be pro-wded 
 with a catch basin so designed that sand cannot pass into the drain. The waste pipe from 
 the sink of every hotel, restaurant or other public cooking establishment shall be proyidea 
 with a grease trap. The waste from every fixture, except refrigerators and other receptacles 
 in which provisions are stored, shall be connected directly with the drain pipe; 
 
 Lateral Branches. Sine of Soil Pipes from Water Closets. 
 
 Section 118. All drip or overflow pipes from tanks, coolers, safes or fixtures, or waste pipes 
 from refrigerators or other receptacles for the storage of food or provisions, shall be carriea 
 to some open sink or place where they may be at all times visible. , 
 
 No steam exhaust, blow-off or drip pipe shall connect with the house sewer,_ soil, waste 
 or vent pipe. Such pipes shall discharge into a suitable tank or condenser from which a proper 
 outlet shall be provided. 
 
 Section 119. The drain pipe from a point 10 ft. outward from the inside of the wall, 
 shall be of cast iron, and not less than 4 in. i? diameter. It shall continue ^^th at least^ 
 in. rise per ft. to and through the roof or the side of the house to a height of 18 jn- above the 
 top of any window or opening within 12 ft. of such drains The connection between said 
 K and the public sewer pipe shall be made with Portland cement and f ^" ^^^^/i';! 
 before being covered. Lateral branches of soil or waste pipes, if more than 20 ft. in length, 
 shalf be ixfended undiminished in size through the roof and shall m no case be less than 4 
 in. in diameter where they pass to the outer air. 
 
 Waste Pipes from Sinks, Basins, Baths, etc. ^ ^.i, ,. 
 
 Soil pipes from water closets shall be not less .than 4 in-.intemal.diameter, except that 
 if it is impracticable to use such pipe, a 3 in. soil pipe may, with P/™f «'°" °^than ^Tbath 
 Insnector be used for one set of bath-room fixtures consisting of not more than one batn 
 tSb one iD^in^nd one water closet. Waste pipes from the traps of fixtures, such as sinks, 
 '^ins baths or wash trays, shall be of not less than 2 in. cast iron, with short connections 
 Kad Such connection! shall be of not less than IM in. bore, and shall not be branched 
 into each other, but shall be separately connected with the iron pipe. 
 
 Connections and Changes in Direction. i,„„j<. 
 
 Connections and changes in direction shall be made with long angle and long sweep bends 
 and Y branches. 
 
 (61) 
 
Traps. 
 
 Section 120. The waste pipe of every independent fixture shall be furnished with a 
 separate trap, which shall be placed as near as practicable to the fixture which it serves. A 
 sink and set of not more than 3 wash trays, or bath tub and basin, or any two similar fixtures, 
 when they adjoin, may be connected with the house drain through one round trap not less 
 than 4 in. in diameter, if the waster pipes are not more than 3 ft. in length from the floor line 
 to the trap on the bath ,tub and basin and if the waste centers are not more than 5 ft. apart 
 on the sink and trays. The waste pipe of each fixture shall enter the trap separately, and 
 the waste from the trap must be one size larger than the inlet pipes. Four washbowls or sinks 
 in a continuous line may be connected with the house drain through one 4-in. round trap. 
 Lead bends for water closets or slop sinks shall not be used to connect the waste with other 
 fixtures. All water closets shall be connected with the drainage system by a flange that shall 
 make a permanent water-sealed, gas tight, self-testing jqjnt. A trap depending upon con- 
 cealed partitions to retain its seal shall not be approved, except for earthenware fixtures where 
 the trap seal is plainly visible. Trap screws for cleaning purposes shall be placed in all metal 
 traps and shall be accessible at all times. All fixture traps shall be so installed that the water 
 seal will protect the trap screw from sewer air. When side cleanout traps are placed between 
 ceilings and floors they shall be provided with an accessible and proper safe. 
 
 Cleanouts. 
 
 Section 121. Every drain, soil or waste pipe shall have accessible heavy brass plug clean- 
 outs with iron or brass bodies which will be water-tight with taper threads, to give complete 
 control of the pipe. A main cleanout shall be provided at every building below all connections 
 and in as direct line as possible with the street sewer connections. 
 
 Vent, Back Air Pipes, etc. 
 
 Section 122. Traps shall be protected from siphonage and back pressure by special iron 
 or brass vent pipes of the same size as the waste. A continuous system of venting shall be 
 used, and back air pipes shall not be connected to the trap or branched into the waste pipe 
 except where a continuous vent is not practicable. Traps of S form shall not have more than 
 24 in. of waste pipe from trap to vent. Round traps, satisfactory to the Plumbing Inspector, 
 not less than 4 in. in diameter may be placed not over 5 ft. from the vent pipe. 
 
 Two water closets with not over 3 ft. of waste pipe, entering the main drain, 18. inches 
 below the water line of the trap and two round traps with not over 5 ft. of waste pipe may enter 
 the same main drain independently of each other on the same level without other vent than 
 the continuation of the main drain full size through the roof. Lead air pipes may be used 
 for short connections, only, and where exposed to view. 
 
 Schedule of Back Air Pipes and Vents for Fixtures. 
 
 • 
 
 Size of Pipe Greatest Length Allowed Maximum Number 
 (inches) (feet) " of Fixtures 
 
 Fixtures, Baths, Basins IH 30 3 
 
 Sinks, Urinals or similar Fixtures .... 2 70 9 
 
 ....3 70....: 21 
 
 Water closets of Slop Sinks 2 35 3 
 
 ....3 70 9 
 
 Vent Pipes. Through Roof. 
 
 Two or more air pipes may be connected, but- such connections must be made above 
 the top fixture. All vent pipes shall be at least 4 in. in diameter where they pass through 
 the roof. Vent lines shall be so graded that no condensation will remain in the pipes. In 
 case of batteries of water clpsets, the special air pipe from each trap may be omitted, pro- 
 vided the soil or waste pipe, undiminished in size, is continued to a point above the roof, 
 or connected into the main system above all fixtures. 
 
 "Bow" Venting. 
 
 "Bow" venting will not be allowed except by special permission of the Commissioner,, 
 in which case the "bow" must be run the full size of pipe as high as the top of the fixture and 
 returned without being trapped. 
 
 Testing. 
 
 Section 123. Pipes or other fixtures shall not be covered or concealed from view until 
 approved. The work shall be examined and tested within two working days after notice 
 that it is ready for inspection. 
 
 (62) 
 
Water Closet. 
 
 Section 124. Every residence building shall have such number of water closets as the 
 Board_ of Health may from time to time require, but in no case less than one for each apart- 
 ment in double, duplex, and apartment houses. Every building where persons are employed 
 shall have such water closets as are required by regulations of State Board of Labor and In- 
 dustries (St. 1914, Ch. 726). 
 
 Defective Plumbing. Alterations. 
 
 Section 125. Alterations made in plumbing already in use except as provided in Section 
 148, shall, in the future, be in accordance with these regulations. 
 
 If the Plumbing Inspector finds old plumbing to be defective, he shall report to the Board 
 of Health the nature of the defect's, and furnish the owner with a copy of his report. 
 
 Removal of Cesspool. 
 
 When buildings which formerly connected with_ vaults or cesspools are connected with 
 the sewer, the old connection shall be uncovered outside of the building, a section of the same 
 removed, and the ends solidly cemented by the plumber. 
 
 FiUing Up Cesspools. 
 
 The vaults and cesspools shall also be discontinued and filled by the owner with proper 
 materials within 3 months after the sewer connection is made. 
 
 Permits for Hot Water. 
 
 Section 126. Before domestic hot water boilers, hot water storage tanks or water heaters of 
 any description are installed, permits must be obtained. Water shall not be turned into them, 
 after completion without the consent of the Plumbing Inspector. 
 
 Relief Valve. 
 
 All domestic hot water boilers and hot water storage tanks hereafter installed shall be 
 equipped, if connected direct to the street main, with proper relief valve and vacuum valve. 
 The relief valve shall, unless placed in the basement at a point approved by the Plumbing 
 Inspector, be dripped through a free and unvalved line to the nearest practicable fixture 
 or to a point in the basement approved by the Plumbing Inspector; this drip shall be every- 
 where thoroughly protected from frost. The line between the relief valve and the boiler or 
 storage tank shall be free and unvalved and both line and valve shall be thoroughly protected 
 from frost. Relief valves shall be of a type satisfactory to the Plumbing Inspector. 
 
 VoiGU/Wffi ^^clIvb 
 
 The Vacuum Valve shall be placed immediately above the hot water boiler or hot water 
 storage tank on the hot water supply line with no valve between the vacuum valve and the 
 boiler or storage tank; both free line and valve thoroughly protected from frost. Vacuum 
 Valves shall be of a type satisfactory to the Plumbing Inspector. 
 
 Boilers and Tanks with Gravity Supply. , , , . ^ „ j .. v j 
 
 All domestic hot water boilers and hot water storage tanks hereafter mstalled if supplied 
 from a cold water storafe tank, shall either be supplied through an unvalved line or be pro- 
 vided with a free expansion pipe; both the unvalved line and the expansion pipe shall be 
 throughout its entire length thoroughly protected from frost. 
 
 Section 153. Whoever violates any of the provisions of this Division shall be liable to a 
 fine of not more than $50.00 for each offence. 
 R. L.; C. 103, Sec. 8. 
 
 DIVISION 29— HEATING AND VENTILATING. 
 
 (See also District Police Regulations) 
 Hot Air Flues. Distance from Ceiling or Beams. Distance from Wood Stud PartUion. Passing 
 Sf IM'^^Sfhorizontal hot air pipes leading from a furnace shall be placed at kast 
 
 wood stud partition or other wood enclosure less than 8 f*- di^taf from a turn^^^^ 
 
 with corrugated asbestos paper or with plam asbestos paper 1-16 m. in thickness ana weigmng 
 
 (63) 
 
approximately 30 lbs. per 100 sq. ft., with joints lapped and securely wired to the pipe. Wood 
 lath shall not be used to enclose any hot air pipe channel. Exposed hot air pipes in closets 
 shall be covered with asbestos paper as above provided. All hot air pipes passing through 
 combustible partitions must be double tin pipes with 1 in. air space between. 
 
 Register Box. 
 
 Section 155. Every hot air register box placed in a floor or partition shall be set in a 
 non-combustible border at least IJ^ in. in width, shall be made of tin plate properly fitted 
 to the border, and shall be at all points at least 1 in. away from any woodwork. All wood- 
 work within 1}4 inches of the register box shall be covered with metal, provided, however, 
 that if double boxes are used satisfactory to the Commissioner the border may be omitted. 
 There shall be one register without valves or louvres in every furnace installation. 
 
 Steam Pipes. Distance from Woodwork. 
 
 Section 156. Every steam pipe and fitting not insulated shall be placed at least 1 inch 
 from all combustible material unless such combustible material is protected by an incom- 
 bustible shield, in which case the distance shall be not less than H inch, provided, however, 
 that steam pipes and fittings exposed in finished rooms above the basement in residence build- 
 ings (closets not included), may be placed as near as ^4 inch to unprotected combustible 
 material. 
 
 Passing Through Floor, Ceiling or Partition. 
 
 ' Every steam pipe passing through a combustible fioor, ceiling or partition shall be sur- 
 rounded by a metal sleeve passing entirely through the floor, ceiling or partition, and securely 
 fastened in place, at least }4 inch larger in diameter than the pipe and having a metal collar 
 at both ends of the sleeve. 
 
 Hot Water. 
 
 No hot water pipes or fittings shall be placed in contact with combustible material. 
 
 Hot Air Pipes, etc. 
 
 Every pipe or duct used to convey warm or hot air and all steam and hot water pipe 
 coverings shall consist of incombustible materials only. Every ventilating flue shall be con- 
 structed of or lined with incombustible material. Cold air ducts for hot air furnaces shall 
 be made of incombustible material. 
 
 Furnaces and Boilers. 
 
 Section 157. No furnace or boiler shall be set upon a wooden floor; no wooden floor 
 shall be under or within 2 ft. of the sides or back or within 5 ft. of the front thereof; nor shall 
 they be placed or maintained under any public way. The tops of all furnaces and boilers 
 shall be set at least 18 in. below the ceiling. 
 
 Ranges and Stoves. Hoods. 
 
 Section 158. No range shall be placed against a furred wall. Where a kitchen range 
 is placed from 12 to 6 in. from a wood stud partition, the said partition shall be shielded with 
 metal from the floor to a height of not less than 3 ft. above the range; if the range is within 
 6 in. of partition then the studs shall be cut away, and framed 3 f*. higher and 1 ft. wider 
 than the range, and filled in to the face of the said stud partition with brick or fireproof blocks, 
 and plastered thereon. All ranges on wood or combustible floors and beams, if not supported 
 on legs, shall be set on suitable incombustible hearths. All lath and plaster or wood ceilings 
 over all large ranges in hotels and restaurants shall be guarded by metal hoods placed at least 
 9 in. below the ceiling. The ventilating pipe connected with a hood over a range shall not 
 pass through any floor. If less than 9 in. from wood lath and plaster or woodwork, it shall 
 be covered with 1 in. of asbestos plaster on wire mesh. 
 
 Laundry Stoves. 
 
 Laundry stoves on wood or combustible floors shall be so set as to leave an air space- 
 of at least 3 in. between them and the floor, and the floor shall be protected by sheet metal 
 extending at least 12 in. beyond the stove on all sides; or shall have an incombustible hearth. 
 
 Heating Stoves. 
 
 All stoves for heating purposes shall be properly supported on iron legs and shall be at 
 least 2 ft. from all wood lath and plaster or woodwork. If the lath and plaster or woodwork 
 are properly protected by a metal shield, then the distance shall be not less than 18 in A 
 metal shield shall be placed under and to 12 in. in front of the ash pan of all stoves that are 
 placed on combustible floors. 
 
 Smoke Pipe. 
 
 Section 159. Every smoke pipe shall be kept at least 18 in. clear below any wooden 
 floor beams or wood lath and plaster, and not less than 12 in. clear below any wooden floor 
 
 (64) 
 
beams with metal lath and plaster, unless an approved metal shield is installed, in which 
 case the clear distance below shall be not less than 6 in. except for floors of First Class Con- 
 struction. 
 
 Passing Through Closet, 
 
 When a smoke pipe passes through a partition not of masonry, it shall be guarded by 
 at least 6 in. of masonry, metal or other approved material, or with a double metal collar 
 extending through the partition. Smoke pipes shall not pass through closets or other en- 
 closed places without protection as required in Section 47 for hoizontal fines. 
 
 No smoke pipe shall project through any exterior wall or window or pass through any 
 floor of any building except upon the terms hereinafter prescribed for roofs. 
 
 Smoke Pipe Through Roof. 
 
 No smoke pipe of terra cotta pipe flue shall pass through the roof of any building unless 
 a special permit be first obtained from the Commissioner for the same. If a permit is so 
 granted, then the roof through which the smoke pipe passes shall be protected in the following 
 manner: A galvanized iron ventilating thimble of the following dimensions shall be placed; 
 in case of a stove pipe, the diameter of the outside guard shall be not less than 12 in. and the 
 diameter of the inner guard not less than 8 in. larger than the smoke pipe; and for all furnaces 
 or where similar large hot fires are used, the diameter of. the outside guard shall not be less 
 than 18 in.; and the diameter of the inner guard not less than 12 in. larger than the pipe. The 
 smoke pipe thimbles shall extend from the underside of the ceiling or roof beams to at least 
 9 in. above the roof, and they shall have openings for ventilation at the lower end where the 
 smoke pipes enter, and at the top of the guards above the roof. Where a smoke pipe of a 
 boiler passes through a roof, it shall be guarded by a double ventilating thimble, as above 
 specified, 36 and 24 in. larger than the diameter of the smoke pipe of the boiler. Except as 
 provided above, every smoke pipe shall be connected with a chimney as provided in the pre- 
 ceding sections, and shall enter same in a horizontal position. 
 
 Boiler Room. 
 
 Section 160. In every building, except one or two-famjly houses or group houses, in 
 whicAi the boiler or furnace is in a room separated from the rest of the basement, such room 
 shall have a masonry floor, masonry walls and ceiling of masonry or metal lath and cement 
 plaster at least ^ in. thick. Every door of such boiler room shall be at least IH in. thick, 
 tinned on the faces and edges, hung to an iron frame or to hinges built into brickwork, and 
 with a metal or masonry threshold. Openings in such doors shall be glazed with wire glass. 
 
 Drying Rooms. . , . , 
 
 No combustible materials shall be permitted in the construction of any dry room m which 
 a temperature of 125°F. or over may exist. If windows are placed in walls or ceiling of dry 
 rooms, they shall be of wired glass set in fixed incombustible §ash and frame. 
 
 A. s it 'Rbcs'd tOiC Igs 
 
 Every permanent receptacle for ashes shall have masonry floor and walls, a metal or 
 masonry ceiling, and metal covered doors and door frame. Every ash chute, shall be con- 
 structed of masonry, except that in buildings of Thu-d Class Construction it may be con- 
 structed of any incombustible material. 
 
 Shaving pits in all factories where wood working machinery is used shall be constructed 
 of brick, stone, concrete or other incombustible material, and, if adjacent to a Boiler Room, 
 shall be separated from it by standard automatic fire doors. All chutes leading to shaving 
 pits shall be of metal. 
 
 DIVISION 30— GAS FITTING. 
 
 Permits. Tests. Certificate. . , .^, ^, .. ., .„ 
 
 Section 161. All gas fitting shall be done in accordance with the permit granted. All 
 gas piping and fittings shall be tested twice in the presence of the Inspector of Plumbing or his 
 representltive free of charge to the town; and twenty-four hours notice to the insp^^^^^^^ 
 aDDointments for testing may be required. The first test shall be made before the piping 
 k Conceded Dented or coated; the second, after the gas fitters have completed their work 
 SinfworkwMch could d°s^rb the piping has been finished, but it '"^y.be before th^efetures 
 are installed All pipes must stand an air pressure of 3 lbs. per square inch, as indicated by 
 Column of m^c^u^fi^ high for a period of 10 minutes without any drop. The inspector 
 ^haU iSne a^lrtm^te to the gas fitter after the second test if it proves satisfactory. No 
 eas Dinlor fitting S be coverid or concealed from view until both tests have been made and 
 fuK'tiLSafbeen issued; nor shall any pubhc ^f ^^'-HTd tuildiSf until'tTgpSg 
 in anv building or tul-n on the gas in any new fit in any new or old building, untu tne piping 
 fitorLTid aoDllances and the work performed have been approved by the inspector and a 
 SSte issuer In buMings that have been damaged by fire the gas Pipmg and fixtures 
 shall not be used or the gas turned on until authorized by the inspector. 
 
 (65) 
 
Unions, etc. 
 
 Section 162. The use of gas fitters' cement is prohibited except in putting fixtures together. 
 Acid or alkali shall not be used to tighten or in making up joints. No second-hand pipe shall 
 be installed in any building, without the written permission of the Inspector. No pipe shall 
 support any weight other than a meter or fixture, nor be subject to undue strain. 
 
 Materials. Pipes. Fittings. 
 
 Section 163. All gas pipes shall be of the best quality wrought iron or steel, of standard 
 iron pipe sizes, full weight and free from defects. All fittings shall, except as other wise re- 
 quired, be of full weight malleable iron. Galvanized fittings and pipe are prohibited. Every 
 meter connection shall be of standard iron pipe or brass pipe of iron pipe size. No lead pipe 
 nor solder shall be used in such a connection. 
 
 Brass Tubing for Fixtures. 
 
 All brass tubing used for arms or stems of fixtures shall be at least No. 18 standard guage 
 and full size outside so as to cut a full thread. All threads on brass piije shall screw in at least 
 5-16 in. All rope or square tubing shall be brazed or soldered into fittings and distributers, or 
 have a nipple, one end of which shall be brazed into the tubing, and the other end provided 
 with male thread to screw into distributer. 
 
 Pipe Sizes. 
 
 Section 164. No riser or main pipe less than fi in. shall be installed in any building. 
 No pipe less than M in- shall be installed as a fuel line. The size of all other piping shall be 
 approved by the Commissioner. 
 
 Fastenings. 
 
 Section 165. All piping shall be securely and rigidly fastened to walls, etc. 
 
 Through Wall. 
 
 Section 166. Every pipe passing through a masbnry wall, except an outer foundation 
 wall, shall be encased, by tile or standard full weight iron pipe, in one piece, extending the 
 full thickness of the wall. No pipe shall be buried in plaster in whole or in part. 
 
 Service Pipes 
 
 Section 167. Every building used for human habitation and connected to a gas main 
 shall have a separate street service with shutoff outside the building accessible at all times 
 in case of fire. Every street service larger than 1^4 in. pipe shall have a shutoS outside the 
 building accessible at all times, and consisting of an extra heavy brass cock or an iron valve 
 with Babbitt or other non-corrosive metal seat. 
 
 No part of any street service pi^e shall be buried under any part of a building ex&pt 
 where it passes through the foundation wall. Every building service shall be graded in a 
 downward direction to the street main, and the tee in any horizontal run turned up. Piping 
 installed in cold or damp places shall be properly dripped and painted with two coats of red 
 lead and linseed oil. , 
 
 Automatic Water Heater. 
 
 Section 168. All automatic water heaters hereafter installed, in which the burners are 
 ignited automatically from a pilot light, shall be provided with a ventilating pipe of sufficient 
 area to carry the gas to the open air in case of accident to the pilot light. This pipe may be 
 connected to the heater, boiler or furnace flue in the chimney, entering the same above the 
 smoke pipe, provided no other flue is available. Ventilating pipes connected with automatic 
 heaters shall not have any damper, deflector or other similar device. 
 
 Auxiliary Water Heater. 
 
 A gas water heater connected with a hot water boiler shall have a supply pipe of not 
 less than H in. These heaters shall be placed at least 8 in. from all woodwork or wood lath 
 and plaster partition unless the same is protected with a non-combustible shield having at 
 least a 1 in. air space. 
 
 Gas Engines. 
 
 Gas engines shall be supplied by a separate street service. Exhaust pipes shall extend 
 above room, shall not come in contact with woodwork and shall be properly protec:)ed. 
 
 Pressure Regulator. 
 
 No pressure regulator patent device designed for the use of gas, and no improvement on 
 any fixture, device, or appliance, or patent burner shall be installed in any building until the 
 same has been approved by the Inspector.- 
 
 (66) 
 
DIVISION 31— ELECTRIC WIRING. 
 
 Interior Wiring. 
 
 Section 169. Before the installation of any interior wiring, written notice must be field 
 with the Commissioner and a permit therefor issued. All such installation shall be under his 
 supervision and in accordance with the requirements of the latest edition of the National 
 Electrical Code. No meter shall be installed or current turned on without written permission 
 from the Commissioner. 
 
 Fixtures Near Metal. 
 
 Section 170. Every electric fixture within reach of any metal connected with either the 
 plumbing or heating systems or of any gas piping or telephone instrument in any building 
 shall be controlled by a wall switch or be equipped with an insulated pull or porcelain socket. 
 
 Transformers. 
 
 Section 171. Transformers shall not be placed on any fixture on a roof, or any wall rising 
 above a roof. Transformers if attached to the outside walls of buildings must be placed so 
 that they cannot be reached by persons from windows, doors, fire escapes, stairways or the 
 'ground. The primary wires shall drop to the transformer at right angles to the mains or 
 branches. 
 
 Sole Judge. Commissioner. " 
 
 Section 172. The Commissioner shall be the sole judge of what constitutes safe and 
 proper construction and insulation of all wires, cables, and conductors, fixtures and appliances 
 under the provisions of these Building Laws. Whenever, in his opinion, any overhead wires, 
 cables or conductors, poles or fixtures, used for the transmission and distribution of electric 
 current, are in an unsafe or dangerous condition, he shall notify the owner, and if he deems 
 necessary cause the circuits to be entirely disconnected from the source of electrical supply. 
 
 See R. L. Chap. 25, Sec. 52—56; Chap. 122, Sec. 2, 18—21. 
 Stat. 1911, Chap. 442, Chap. 509, Sec. 3—5; 
 Stat. 1906, Chap. 463, Pt. 3, Sec. 7, 64; 
 Stat. 1914 Chap., 742, Sec. 127; 
 Stat. 1916, Chap. 166. 
 
 DIVISION 32. 
 
 Use Districts for the Town of Gardner. 
 
 Section 173. In order to designate, regulate and restrict the location and locations- of 
 commerce, business, trades and industries and the location of all buildings designed or oc- 
 cupied for specified uses, the Town of Gardner is hereby divided into five districts, which 
 shall be known as: (I ) first residence district; (II ) second residence district; (III ) commercial 
 and light manufacturing district; (IV) first industrial district; (V) second industrial district. 
 The boundaries of the district shall be as shown. upon the map designated as "Zoning Plan 
 of Gardner," and said map and all the notations, references and other things shown thereon 
 shall be a part of this by-law. » 
 
 Section 174. Except as hereinafter provided, the use or uses of all buildings and premises 
 existing at the time of the adoption of this by-law may be continued. Except as hereinafter 
 provided, no building now existing and no building hereafter erected shall be occupied, or 
 altered for occupancy, for a specified use in a district restricted against such ufee, as shown 
 on the map hereinabove mentioned. 
 
 Section 175 The Board of Selectmen may by permit authorize the following exceptions 
 to the use restrictions established by this ordinance when such exceptions are necessary or 
 
 The erection in a residence district, for a period of not more tha,n one year from the date 
 of such permit of temporary buildings incidental to the residential development. 
 
 Alterations not to exceed fifty per cent of the assessed value of an existing building located 
 in a district restricted against its use, provided such alterations do not alter the existing use 
 
 *Reconstmftion within twelve months of a building destroyed by fire or other calamity 
 to the extent of not more than fifty per cent of its assessed value, where such building is lo- 
 cated in a district restricted against its use. „„„„j „« 
 
 Enlargement of existing building, buildings or erection on.same lot or plot of P-ound of 
 additional buildings for a trade, business or industry located m a district restricted against 
 its use. 
 
 Section 176. District I— First Residence District. Single and double houses only are 
 nermitted. with private garages, stables, and other out-buildmgs accessory to the use of a 
 prSfamity, and childrin's day schools, churches, nurseries, greenhouses, and farm buildings. 
 
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District II — Second Residence District. All buildings permitted for District I and in 
 addition multiple dwellings, clubs, municipal and institutional buildings. With the consent 
 of all owners of property contiguous to that in question, or within Ji mile of it on the same 
 street, any building permitted in District III may be erected in District II. 
 
 District III — Commercial and Light Manufacturing District. AH buildings permitted 
 for District II and in addition commercial buildings and those iteed in whole or in part for 
 the handicrafts. 
 
 District IV — ^First Industrial. All buildings permitted except industrial buildings in 
 which the indiistry is of such a character as to be obnoxious to neighboring areas, by reason 
 of noise, odor, smoke, gas, dust, or special hazard. Buildings such as those permitted in Dis- 
 tricts I and II shall not be allowed unless by special agreement as provided under District II. 
 
 District V — Second Industrial. All buildings for uses prohibited in District IV. Other in- 
 dustrial buildings may be allowed as provided for under District II. 
 
 DIVISION 33— ADOPTION. 
 
 Repeal. 
 
 Section 177. All by-laws or parts of by-laws heretofore adopted, which are inconsistent 
 with such provisions of these Building Laws as are approved by the Attorney-General, are 
 hereby repealed; but the provisions of these Building Laws, so far as they are the same as the 
 provisions of by-laws heretofore adopted, shall be construed as a continuation thereof, and 
 not as new enactments. 
 
 The repeal of a by-law heretofore adopted shall not affect any act done ratified or con- 
 firmed, or any right accrued or established, or any action suit or proceeding commenced or 
 had in a civil case, nor affect any punishment penalty or forfeiture incurred, under such a 
 by-law. 
 
 The disapproval by the Attorney-General of any provision, clause, sentence or part of 
 •these by-laws shall not invalidate any other provision, clause, sentence or part thereof. 
 
 So much of these by-laws as shall be approved by the Attorney-General shall take effect 
 on the first day of the calendar month following the completion of the publication or notice 
 required by Chapter 275 of the General Acts of 1919, of which publication or notice and affi- 
 davits the Town Clerk shall make suitable record. 
 
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