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 INDUSTRIAL AND LABOR 
 
 RELATIONS 
 
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 tine Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924002269441 
 
MODERN SOCIAL 
 MOVEMENTS 
 
MODERN SOCIAL 
 MOVEMENTS 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE SUMMARIES AND 
 BIBLIOGRAPHIES 
 
 BY 
 
 SAVEL ZIMAND 
 
 MEMBER OF THE 
 
 BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH 
 
 NEW YORK CITY 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 THE H. W. WILSON COMPANY 
 
 London; Grafton Oi Company 
 1921 
 
PUBLISHED MAY, 1921 
 Printed in the United Statea of America 
 
PREFACE 
 
 The new motif in the history of the last century is the gen- 
 eral realization by the community that something must be found 
 to solve the social ills of the world. In this volume, I have 
 tried to trace in general lines the origin, philosophy, and strength 
 of contemporary social and industrial movements and have given 
 a critically selected reading list about each of these movements. 
 Naturally, the selection of the different "roads to freedom" is 
 more or less arbitrary and should be so considered. I have in- 
 cluded only ;the main proposals and have omitted social and 
 industrial ideas which in the eyes of many persons may appear 
 very important. 
 
 The earlier part of the volume deals with Trade Unionism 
 and the Cooperative Movement. The adherents of both of these 
 movements claim that if carried out to their logical conclusions 
 they will remedy existing evils without fundamental changes in 
 the social order. The three plans classed as experiments in in- 
 dustrial democracy, namely. Copartnership, National Councils, 
 and the Plumb Plan, are practical steps toward industrial con- 
 trol by the workers, the first and second of which have already 
 been initiated. The movement for a Single Tax may be classi- 
 fied as fundamental social reform rather than social reorganiza- 
 tion. 
 
 Socialism, Guild Socialism, Syndicalism and Anarchism are 
 important movements seeking a complete social reorganization. 
 Bolshevism's social regime is included with considerable empha- 
 sis because it represents the first attempt at such reorganization 
 on a national scale. Communism, in so far as it is a distinct 
 movement, has been covered in the description of labor parties 
 in various countries and under Bolshevism. 
 
 This volume was finished a year ago. Since then, many 
 changes have occurred in the world of labor, and I have tried 
 to bring the reference as far as possible to date. In discussing 
 Socialism, I have treated merely the most important countries. 
 As much as possible I have tried to follow the advice of the 
 Oxiord ^holar. Dr. Routh of Magdalen, who offered to an 
 
vi PREFACE 
 
 equally learned man the advice, "Always wind up your watch 
 and verify your references." I am aware, however, that on 
 account of the numerous changes which have occurred in the 
 different socialist parties and in the trade union world, some 
 mistakes may have slipped by, and for these I ask the reader's 
 indulgence. 
 
 I am taking this opportunity to thank Leonard Abbott, Evans 
 Clark, Alex Gumberg, Dr. Harry W. Laidler, Algernon Lee, Al- 
 bert Sonnichsen, Alexander Trachtenburg, Dr. Carlo Tfesca, and 
 Mrs. James Warbasse for their great kindness in reading parts 
 of the manuscript relative to those movements with which they are 
 familiar, and for their very valuable suggestions. To the Staff 
 of the Bureau, I wish to express my thanks for the patience 
 and continual help. Last but not least, I have to extend many 
 thanks to Miss Marion Taylor, formerly associated with the 
 Bureau, and Frank Anderson, associated with the Bureau, whose 
 untiring cooperation I have had at every step of this work. 
 Without their hearty support this volume could not have been 
 completed. 
 
 Savel Zimand. 
 
 Bureau of Industrial Research, 
 New York City. 
 May, 1921. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Introduction, by Professor Charles A. Beard i 
 
 Trade Unionism 5 
 
 The Cooperative Movement 67 
 
 Proposed Experiments in Industrial Democracy 81 
 
 Copartnership 83 
 
 National Industrial Councils 89 
 
 The Plumb Plan 105 
 
 The Single Tax 113 
 
 Socialism 121 
 
 Guild Socialism 185 
 
 Syndicalism 207 
 
 Bolshevism 227 
 
 Anarchism 253 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 The labor movement, in all its phases, has attained such 
 proportions in modern civilization, that interest in it is no longer 
 confined to its membership and a few curious students. The 
 following pages bear eloquent witness to this fact. The range 
 of labor activities, the power of labor in European councils, to 
 say nothing of the Russian experiment, and the strength of 
 trade unionism in industries are forced upon the attention of 
 the public at large by the headlines and editorials of the daily 
 press. 
 
 There are, of course, ups and downs in the labor movement 
 as in most other human undertakings. The unions in particular 
 trades rise, flourish, and decay or are transformed. Labor 
 parties appear and disappear. But the labor movement, broadly 
 conceived, gains momentum each decade. The membership of 
 trade unions, marked, it is true, by fluctuations, shows a gen- 
 eral trend upward. The capital and membership of cooperative 
 societies increase from year to year. Political parties appealing 
 to labor and sustained by it have, within the last twenty-five 
 years, enlarged the sphere of their direct and indirect influence 
 in the affairs of state. The phrase "industrial democracy'' has 
 become a slogan likely to be as significant in the twentieth 
 century as the term political democracy was in the nineteenth 
 century. The collectivist drift in legislation and administration 
 has swept all governments away from their ancient moorings. 
 Every thoughtful person is speculating upon the future. 
 
 It is not necessary, however, to enter upon the domain of 
 prophecy to justify the great pains taken by Mr. Ziraand in 
 preparing this monumental bibliography on the labor movement, 
 It is not necessary to assume that labor will play, in the future, a 
 role comparable to that of the military caste, the landed aris- 
 tocracy, or the capitalist class in order to give a significance to 
 the literature here described. A casual study of the current phil- 
 osophy of economics and politics reveals the steadily deepening 
 influence of labor ideals and activities upon our thinking about 
 
2 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 social questions. Having its roots far down in the life of 
 millions of people, being interwoven with the very fibre of 
 industrialism, the labor movement partakes of the character of a 
 huge natural process, moving forward under the stress of re- 
 lentless forces that will not be stayed. To ignore it or to sup- 
 pose that a few years of the "bread-line'' will eradicate it, is to 
 betray a profound misunderstanding of its place in the great 
 scheme of things. 
 
 There was a time when such a bibliography of the labor 
 movement would appeal only to a handful of students. Today 
 even the stanchest advocate of "business unionism'' has learned 
 the limitations of the battle for hours and wages. Forced by 
 stern necessity to- consider their social implications, he is com- 
 pelled to turn to the wider philosophy of the labor movement 
 to see what it has to teach. By no conceivable process can 
 business unionism disentangle itself from broad relations and 
 responsibilities no matter how much it may protest that it is 
 hewing to the old line. It is hewing into the structure of a 
 living social organism. Modern journalists have learned to 
 their chagrin that they cannot write the day's news or about 
 the day's news without having more than a superficial acquaint- 
 ance with the Molly Maguires, the Homestead riots, and the Pull- 
 man strike. Those who have occasion to deal directly with 
 labor either as employment administrators or employers are be- 
 ginning to learn that there is a relation between production 
 and the thought of those who are engaged at forge and loom. 
 Thus there is daily widened the range of those who must know 
 about the rise and growth of the labor movement in all its 
 phases. To them Mr. Zimand has rendered a distinct and note- 
 worthy service. 
 
 No attempt to perform exactly this service has ever been 
 made before. There are, it is true, a number of useful bib- 
 liographies on labor, but they are either restricted in scope or 
 quite out of date. They are more than obsolete in a chrono- 
 logical sense. They tell of a world that has passed into his- 
 tory. The daily press has given us vivid impressions of the 
 momentous transformation that has taken place in the labor 
 world since 1914. Many important ideas and associations rose 
 and flourished long before the World War and must be cov- 
 ered in a sound bibliography, but any one whose knowledge of 
 the labor movement is limited to the period before the great 
 
INTRODUCTION 3 
 
 catadysm is poorly prepared to think, speak, or write about 
 the modem world of labor. It is for this reason also that Mr. 
 Zimand's labors are to be cordially appreciated. 
 
 The care with which he has covered the foreign field is 
 likewise a commendable feature of his undertaking. Politics 
 may "stop at the water's edge," but neither capital nor labor 
 does. The whole structure of modern finance is international. 
 It was already international before 1914. The outcome of the 
 war has doubly emphasized this feature of modern economy. 
 London, New York, Paris, and Tokio, to say nothing of other 
 strongholds of finance, are but the nerve centers of one mighty 
 economic organism. World trade catches the United States 
 tightly in this mesh. The state of European commerce and ex- 
 change, the enormous debts due this country from the former 
 companions in war only reinforce the stout net already woven 
 about American capital. 
 
 So labor has become international. The mobility of labor 
 is almost as great as the mobility of capital. Modern means of 
 transportation flings it forward and back across the surface 
 of the earth as the demand rises and falls. As all important 
 industries depend upon the international market, so the labor 
 conditions in each country are a matter of grave concern to 
 those who seek to raise the standards in any country. This 
 is a commonplace too often forgotten by ardent advocates of 
 nationalism. For these reasons organized labor in its various 
 forms takes on international features. Regular trade unions as 
 well as socialistic parties hold international conferences. Ideas 
 are exchanged. Experiences are compared. Programs are modi- 
 fied in the light of general experience. Labor leaders, both 
 economic and political, sit around common tables as great 
 bankers from the ends of the earth gather at London, Paris, or 
 New York to consider matters of common concern and interest. 
 If, therefore, a student of the modern labor movement should 
 be provincial enough to care only for the records of his own 
 country the necessities of the case require him to broaden his 
 outlook. Mr. Zimand has made clear the way for him. 
 
 It is not merely the professed student of the subject who 
 will make use of this bibliography. There is an increasing num- 
 ber of neophytes who will have recourse to it. To them the 
 Hirsch-Dunker unions, the C. G. T., the Unione Italiana del 
 Lavoro, will be as Greek to the barbarians. Accordingly Mr. 
 
4 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Zimand has made smooth the way by a device not usually found 
 in bibliographies. He has written a brief preface in which he 
 has sketched the significant features of the labor movement in 
 the various countries. In a word he gives in succinct form a 
 clue to the tangled maze of materials in which the new worker 
 might readily lose himself. 
 
 Of Mr. Zimand's qualifications for undertaking such a bib- 
 liography it is hardly necessary to speak. The fruits of his 
 labors speak for themselves. However, by way of assurance to 
 those who do not know him personally, I may say that he is 
 well equipped for this task. His knowledge of European lan- 
 guages and European countries is wide and sure. He has visited 
 all the leading nations of which he speaks. The titles of 
 the books and papers which he records are not mere strings 
 of words mechanically set together. He is acquainted with the 
 literature which they represent and the life which they reflect. 
 He is himself a student, not a maker of card catalogues, but 
 he has none of that unwarranted contempt which students 
 sometimes have for the librarian's profession. He has served 
 his apprenticeship in that craft. Still he makes no claims to 
 omniscience or perfection. He knows with the editor of the 
 great Oxford Dictionary that a work which is complete is never 
 published and that one which is published is never complete. 
 It is a pleasure, therefore, to commend his labors to all who 
 have occasion to inquire into the rise and growth of the modern 
 movement. 
 
 It is a promising sign that the Bureau of Industrial Research, 
 under whose auspices this bibliography was prepared, proposes 
 first to acquaint students with the literature of the labor move- 
 ment. Thoroughness ought to be the watchword of those who 
 undertake to write or to lead in this sphere. The director, Mr. 
 Robert W. Bruere, knows from long experience in the field of 
 social economy that a comprehension of what has been said and 
 done about any particular matter is the beginning of wisdom. 
 
 Charges A. Beard. 
 December 14, 1920. 
 
TRADE UNIONISM 
 CONTENTS 
 
 Introduction 7 
 
 Bibliographies 28 
 
 General literature 29 
 
 Trade union theory 31 
 
 Labor laws and legislation 33 
 
 Special studies 36 
 
 Trade unionism and industrial management 39 
 
 Trade union history 
 
 International 41 
 
 In various countries . ..-. 43 
 
 Labor colleges , 61 
 
 Trade union directories 65 
 
 Directories of labor periodicals • 66 
 
TRADE UNIONISM 
 
 The best definition of a trade union is to be found in the 
 name itself, which means the union of all in one trade. "It goes 
 back," Hoxie writes in his "Trade Unionism in the United 
 States," "in its genesis ultimately to the common needs and 
 problems of the wage workers ; it rises immediately out of the 
 consciousness of the common or group character of those needs 
 and problems ; it exists for common action looking to the better- 
 ment of the living conditions. . . . The organization and the 
 specific form or structure which it takes are merely the instru- 
 ments which the group adopts for propagating its viewpoint 
 and putting its program into effect." "Unionism," says Hoxie 
 again, "is one of those group forces whose influence is effective 
 in a greater or less degree in determining every feature and 
 standard in our industrial, political, social, ethical and religious 
 life." 
 
 The earliest unions sought to comprise all workers of one 
 craft in a single factory; later they enlarged their scope by 
 including all those employed in a single trade in a local com- 
 munity. This organization was still further extended to national 
 and, finally, international dimensions. 
 
 The forms and structures assumed by the trade union in 
 its wider meaning are various. There are the familiar craft 
 organizations, the unions organized on the basis of the material 
 on which their members are working, called by Mr. G. D. H. 
 Cole "matefial trade unionism," and the unions organized to 
 include all workers in a given industry. Some unions are re- 
 stricted to members of one sex. Finally there is the so-called 
 "One Big Union," an inclusive form whose advocates seek to 
 include all workers without distinction of trade, industry or 
 sex. All these types of unions appear with endless gradations 
 and variations. 
 
 No single governing unit can be ascribed to trade unions. 
 Some are mainly conducted as branch or local bodies, with shop 
 and district committees in active control. Others are national 
 or international, with central executives, either paid or on a 
 
8 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 voluntary basis. Local unions are also organized geographically 
 into central unions of city or state, to handle special matters 
 peculiar to the locality, but always under the jurisdiction of 
 the national unions. Representation on the national boards is 
 determined on geographical or trade lines or on both. Almosot 
 all unions hold an annual or biennial national convention. The 
 referendum to the entire membership is widely used by some 
 unions and by others only to determine fundamental questions 
 of policy. 
 
 The structure and government of trade unionism differs in 
 the different countries as a result of differences of government 
 and of industrial conditions. The American trade union move- 
 ment is in part organized by international unions into an 
 American Federation of Labor to promote the economic welfare 
 of the workers outside of political parties. England, with its 
 many independent unions, now on the way to amalgamation, 
 finds them almost united in the support of the Labour Party. 
 Germany's Social-Democratic unions form the economic arm of 
 the different Socialist parties. In France the unions, originally 
 moulded by anarchist influence, have, since the Great War, 
 become more centralized. The purposes of trade unionism 
 are various. They range from a limited conception of the 
 economic betterment of the craft to the enthusiastic interpre- 
 tation which sees in the movement the economic emancipation 
 of the worker through the abolition of the wage system. 
 The object and purpose of trade unionism are not merely to 
 press for higher wages and shorter hours. Of late trade 
 unionism in all industrial countries has become the most vital 
 force through which the workers expect the reconstruction 
 of society. "The only thing which makes the governments 
 stand up and take notice," writes a high official of the 
 British Labour Party, "is industrial action." And, as another 
 authority remarks, "in no single case throughout the nineteenth 
 century, so far as our knowledge goes, was any Factory Act due 
 to the initiative of a Liberal leader. The efforts of Lord Shaftes- 
 bury (a Conservative) were, of course, very important, but in the 
 main the whole, both of the initiative and of the driving force, 
 came directly and exclusively from the Trade Unions."^ 
 
 The standard works on Trade Unionism upon which most 
 1 From The New Statesman, November 20, 1920. 
 
TRADE UNIONISM 9 
 
 later books are based, are Sidney and Beatrice Webb's "The 
 History of Trade Unionism" and "Industrial Democracy." 
 The former has just appeared in a revised edition. The second, 
 written about twenty-three years ago, has been republished with 
 a new introduction and both remain today the authoritative 
 books on the subject. 
 
 As an introduction to the movement in this country the 
 reader is referred to Robert Franklin Hoxie's "Trade Union- 
 ism in the United States.'' The two volumes of "History of 
 Labour in the United States" by Professor Commons and Asso- 
 ciates give an exhaustive study of the facts of trade unionism 
 in relation to the labor movement. General references on the 
 Trade Union movement are found in the American and English 
 labor yearbooks. 
 
 THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE UNION 
 FEDERATION 
 
 A central international federation of national trade unions 
 has been in existence for about twenty years. The Inter- 
 national Trade Union Secretariat was founded in 1901. 
 
 International Trade Union Congresses had been held begin- 
 ning with the later eighties. But it was not until 1901 that a 
 central International body was organized, and its purposes 
 definitely shaped, at the International Conference held at Dublin 
 in 1903. This conference adopted a resolution designed to 
 bring into closer touch the various national trade union organ- 
 izations "by an intimate knowledge of the progress of the 
 movement in the various countries." In order to carry this 
 out it was decided that the secretaries of the various national 
 federations should forward a yearly report to the Secretary of 
 the International. 
 
 The International also "aimed at collection and publication of 
 statistics of Trade Unionism all over the world" and "at the 
 mutual interchange of Trade Union information." In 1912 the 
 number of members affiliated with the International was 
 7,395,361. The Great War disorganized the International Fed- 
 eration and at the conference of Amsterdam in August, 1919, it 
 passed out of existence. 
 
10 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 But at the same conference a new International Federation 
 of Trade Unions was formed with the following objects: 
 
 1. The promotion of interests and endeavors of the organizations 
 affiliated on a national and international basis. 
 
 2. The promotion of the trade union movement, both national and 
 international, in the countries not affiliated. 
 
 3. The promotion of a combined action on all questions of mutual 
 trade union interest. 
 
 4. The prevention of international blacklegging. 
 
 5. The provision of funds for the promotion and furtherance of 
 the foregoing objects, and such other trade union objects as may 
 from time to time be incorporated in the rules. ^ 
 
 The administration of the Federation vests in the Bureau, 
 management committees, and the biennial conference. 
 
 Ninety-two delegates from fourteen nations and representing 
 17,740,000 members attended the Amsterdam conference and 
 participated in the creation of the new International. 
 
 In the fall of 1920 a controversy started within the ranks 
 of the International Federation around the question of pure 
 trade unionism versus Socialist trade unionism. Samuel Gom- 
 pers and Mathew Woll explain their secession from the Inter- 
 national as follows :' 
 
 It is a source of regret that conditions have been so shaped by 
 those who are now controlling the policies and course of the new Inter- 
 national^ Federation of Trade Unions that the A. F. of L. feels constrained 
 to refrain from joining a movement where the independence and autonomy 
 of each national trade union center is not only denied but wherein it 
 is subjected to absolute domination for purposes wholly foreign to the 
 objects for which the International Federation of Trade Unions should be 
 formed. 
 
 W. A. Appleton, the president of the International, resigned 
 from the presidency in November, 1920. "Had it been decreed," 
 he wrote to Samuel Gorapers on April 15, 1920, "that my 
 election to the Presidency of the International Federation in- 
 volved my acceptance of Socialism or any other political 'ism,' 
 I should most emphatically have refused the nomination. I 
 stood as a trade unionist, I mean one who has asserted and 
 practised his right to combine with his fellows for the purpose 
 of selling his labour at the best possible price."^ 
 
 The Third International and the Russian units denounced the 
 delegates to the Amsterdam International as "Yellow Leaders" 
 and proceeded to summon a Red Trade Union International, the 
 first congress of which was held the first of the year. (1921). 
 
 A special congress of the International Federation of Trade 
 
 •American Federationist, Vol. XXVI, p. 949, Oct. 1919. 
 " American Federationist, Oct. 1920. 
 * The Democrat, 1920. 
 
TRADE UNIONISM ii 
 
 Unions took place on November 22, 1920, at which twenty-four 
 million trade unionists were represented instead of the nine- 
 teen million represented at the Amsterdam conference, — 
 this despite the defection of America and Russia, each border- 
 ing on five million. At this conference a resolution was passed 
 by 21,906,000 to 2,710,000 votes calling for international mass 
 action to end reaction and establish a new social system. 
 
 The strength of trade unions affiliated with the International 
 was in 1920 as follows : 
 
 Germany 8,500,000 
 
 Great Britain (T. U. C.) 6,500,000 
 
 ■^taly 2,300,000 
 
 Great Britain (G. F. T. U.) 1,500,000 
 
 France 1,500,000 
 
 Poland 1,000,000 
 
 Austria 800,000 
 
 Czecho-Slovakia 750,000 
 
 Belgium 700,000 
 
 Denmark 300,000 
 
 Sweden 281,000 
 
 Canada 260,000 
 
 Spain 250,000 
 
 Holland 240,000 
 
 Switzerland 225,000 
 
 Hungary 215,000 
 
 Norway 150,000 
 
 Luxembourg 27,000 
 
 TRADE UNIONISM IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES 
 Australia and New Zealand 
 
 Organization of trade unions in Australia was at first diffi- 
 cult to effect because the betterment of working conditions, hours 
 and wages was more advanced there than in other countries. 
 
 The first union was formed by the masons in 1850, followed 
 by other trades a few years later. Soon after their organization 
 the majority of the unions were able to secure the eight hour 
 working day without a strike. 
 
 Unsuccessful strikes in 1885-1887 aroused the trade unions 
 to the necessity for political activity. About this time also 
 there appeared the beginnings of a movement toward industrial 
 unionism in the organization of a sheep-shearers' union, indus- 
 trial in structure, which included all classes of farm labor. 
 Within the last two years industrial unionism has been revived, 
 as noted elsewhere under the subject, Syndicalism. 
 
 There is no central unifying body for Australian trade union- 
 ism. In the larger towns are Labour Councils, which secure 
 
12 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 a measure of co-ordination; and sometimes these Labour Coun- 
 cils in a State capital, such as Sydney, receive afRliation from 
 other parts of that State. The movement supports an active 
 Labour Party whose political strength has brought about more 
 advanced labor legislation than exists in many other countries. 
 
 Membership in the Australian Trade Unions was reported 
 as 84,231 in 1900, and in 1919 there were 387,806, or 12.6 per 
 cent of the total population. 
 
 In New Zealand trade unionism has gained strength only 
 in recent years. 
 
 The New Zealand Workers' Union, which includes shearers, 
 farm and station hands, flax mill workers, timber workers, 
 and employees of the Public Works Department, aims 
 at organizing all rural workers into one big union. The alliance 
 of Labour grew out of the affiliation, fii-st of the waterside and 
 transport workers, and then of the miners. It now includes, 
 among others, railway and transport workers, miners, engineers 
 and metal workers. It is, in effect, a federation of federations. 
 
 In 1920 there were 380 unions, with 82,553 members : that is, 
 7 per cent of the population. Of the unions, 190 were organized 
 into 30 associations, mainly national federations of one craft. 
 
 Atistria 
 
 The Gewerkschaftskommission Oesterreichs (Trade Union 
 Federation of Austria) was composed, before the war, of 77 
 national and 35 regional organizations, with headquarters in 
 Vienna. The commission is modelled after the German plan, 
 having its constituent unions organized either industrially or on 
 a craft basis. 
 
 In spite of the fact that the present Austria is mainly 
 agricultural, and that industrial production has been much 
 hampered as a result of the war, membership in the central 
 union organization is still very large. Fifty-five per cent of the 
 population of Vienna is organized, and approximately every 
 ninth inhabitant of German Austria is a trade union member. 
 In 1913, the union membership was 450,000; in 1916 it had 
 dropped to 166,937 ; and in 1920 it rose to 800,000, out of a total 
 population of 6,500,000. By comparison with these figures its 
 chief opponent, the Christian trade union movement, appears 
 insignificant. 
 
TRADE UNIONISM 13 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Organized labor in Belgium is divided into three different 
 groups, namely: 
 
 1. The General Secretariat of the Christian Professional 
 Unions. 
 
 2. The Socialist Unions. 
 
 3. The Neutral Unions. 
 
 1. The Secretariat General des Unions Professionalles Chre- 
 tiennes is affiliated politically with the Clerical party. Its strength 
 rests in general on the Catholic centers of the Flemish provinces. 
 The Catholic unions oppose strikes and do not accept the "class 
 struggle" as inevitable. In 1914 they numbered 81,795 members. 
 
 2. The Commission Syndicate du Parti Ouvrier et des Syn- 
 dicats Independants, representing the Socialist Unions, is affiliated 
 industrially as well as politically with the Parti Ouvrier (Labor 
 Party). The Trade Union Commission includes federations of 
 national trade organizations, trade unions not yet federated or 
 belonging to federations not yet affiliated with the Committee. 
 It aims at the development of the solidarity of the working 
 class and its economic emancipation on the basis of the class 
 struggle. Its membership had grown from 160,000 in 1914 to 
 700,000 in 1920. It includes among its affiliated unions railway- 
 men, teachers and government employees. 
 
 3. The Confederation Syndicate Beige (neutral unions) is 
 composed of Catholics with liberal tendencies and is affiliated 
 with the Parti Ouvrier Liberal. The membership of the neutral 
 unions in 1920 was nearly 200,000. 
 
 Canada 
 
 The trade union movement in Canada has developed along 
 lines parallel for the most part to the labor movement as 
 expressed by the American Federation of Labor. Almost all 
 labor organizations of Canada are part of the international trade 
 unions in the United States. 
 
 The principal organization in the Dominion is the Trades 
 and Labour Congress of Canada. It was originally established 
 in 1873, went out of existence for a brief period and was re- 
 established in 1885. In September 1918 its membership was 
 
14 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 117,498. The Congress maintains friendly relations with the 
 British Trades Union Congress. It is closely allied with the A. 
 F. of L. but maintains complete autonomy with respect to all 
 legislation in Canada. Jurisdictional disputes between Canadian 
 unions are settled by the A. F. of L. 
 
 The structure of the organization is along the lines adopted 
 by the A. F. of L. Local unions of kindred trades send delegates 
 to the general Congress. The federations of Canada include 
 provincial federations and councils, representing building trades, 
 metal trades, printing trades, railway employees and theatrical 
 employees. The provincial federations are chartered by the 
 Trades and Labour Congress and cover their respective 
 provinces. 
 
 The District Councils or Conference Boards in the organ- 
 ization vary in size. In some instances they are confined to a 
 few branches of the same craft in a locality. In others they 
 include all the local branches of a given craft within a stated 
 area. Occasionally they also extend to an entire province or 
 even throughout the Dominion. The Councils meet at certain 
 intervals to consider the welfare of the membership. 
 
 Another form of organization is the Trades and Labor Council 
 composed of delegates representing the branch unions in a given 
 city or district. These Councils are purely voluntary and are 
 designed in part to give expression to opinions on public ques- 
 tions. 
 
 The Trades and Labour Congress of Canada has put forward 
 a political program which includes the demand for a legal work- 
 ing day of six hours and the six day week,' for government 
 inspection of all industries, for a minimum living wage based 
 on local conditions, for public ownership of all public utilities 
 such as railways, telegraphs, telephones, waterworks, mines, etc., 
 and for an increased tax on industries and land values. 
 
 Until 1917 the Congress tried to influence legislation by 
 conference with and recommendations to the leaders of the 
 legislative bodies in conformity with the nonpartisan policy 
 of the A. F. of L. In 1917 it departed from this policy in 
 favor of the formation of a Dominion-wide labor party. The 
 industrial disturbances of 1917 and 1918, during the period of 
 formation of the labor party, are described in the proceedings 
 
 •Prior to igi6 the demand was for an eight hour day and a six day 
 week. 
 
TRADE UNIONISM 15 
 
 of the Trades and Labour Congress convention of 1918, p. 14.' 
 The Canadian Federation of Labour is opposed to the 
 Trades and Labour Congress' policy of affihation with the A. F. 
 of L. It is made up of a score of unions located in Quebec and 
 Toronto, the most influential of which is the Amalgamated 
 Society of Engineers with headquarters in Great Britain. 
 
 The total number of trade union members reported at the 
 Trades and Labour Congress of Canada in 1920 was 173,463. 
 
 Denmark, Norway, Sweden 
 
 DENMARK 
 
 The trade union movement of Denmark dates from the 
 seventies. As far back as 1883 the iirst collective agreement 
 was secured by the cabinet makers' union. Between 1887 and 
 1900 strikes became common. In 1886 a federation of the 
 trades of Copenhagen was organized, and in 1896 the Danish 
 Laborers' Federation. Two years later the workers created the 
 Danish Trade-Union Association, whose membership in 1920 
 was 300,000. In addition to this organization there are the so- 
 called Christian trade unions, organized according to church 
 affiliations, which have a membership of about 4,500. There 
 is also a small group of unions organized and controlled by 
 employers. 
 
 The Danish Trade-Union Association reflects the German 
 movement in method of organization. Several unions are or- 
 ganized locally by districts and in national federations. The 
 federations are in turn affiliated with the general federation. 
 The national federation is governed by a national convention 
 which meets every two years. It is not a political organization 
 but the members are either voters or members of the Social 
 Democratic Party. 
 
 NORWAY 
 
 The trade union movement in Norway had its beginnings 
 in 1884 with the founding of the typographical union. In 1899 
 the National Federation was formed, composed of 75 local or- 
 ganizations, numbering about 20,000 members. Since 1910 it has 
 devoted itself to organizing the seamen and the agricultural 
 
 ^ The divergence- between eastern and western Canada in matters 
 of policy and principles of labor parties, is analyzed in an article in the 
 Toronto "Industrial Banner" for September 27, 1918. 
 
i6 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 laborers and in igip numbered 150,000 members, out of a 
 total of about 230,00 who are eligible for membership. 
 
 The structure of the unions is similar to that of Denmark. 
 They are essentially craft unions. Industrial unionism has, 
 however, developed in certain organizations ; as for instance, 
 among iron, steel and metal workers, workers in the paper 
 industry, and the general laborers' federation. The highest 
 legislative authority is the convention which meets biennially. 
 
 The National Federation of Trade Unions maintains friendly 
 relations with the Labor Party, two representatives being on its 
 executive committee. The Syndicalist influence in the Trade 
 Union movemejit is present but not in great strength. 
 
 Sweden 
 
 Workers in Sweden began to organize about the middle of the 
 nineteenth century after the lifting of legal restrictions on the 
 choice of occupations or trades. The first organization of workers 
 was for educational purposes and some groups were composed 
 of both employers and workmen. The Trade Union Move- 
 ment began in 1880 under the influence of the German and 
 Danish Social Democracy. Six years later national craft 
 federations began to spring up. In 1898 all the national 
 unions united to form the General Confederation of Trade 
 Unions which comprises the great bulk of organized labor 
 in Sweden. This organization attracted to its ranks all the 
 less skilled elements and the agricultural laborers. This Con- 
 federation is composed of loosely affiliated self-governing local 
 unions. The highest authority in the movement is the National 
 convention which meets every three years and fixes the policy 
 of the Confederation, The great significance of the Swedish 
 trade union movement is revealed by the fact that in 1920 281,000 
 persons were organized in bona fide trade unions in a country 
 with only 400,000 wage workers. 
 
 The trade imion movement maintains cordial relations with 
 the Social Democratic Labor Party, and is also in intimate 
 cooperation with the Trade Union movements in other Scandi- 
 navian countries. Its main activities are, however, in the economic 
 field. It is interested in cooperation, community banks, and the 
 like. Collective bargaining is highly developed in the country 
 and recognized by all employers in the principal industries of 
 
TRADE UNIONISM 17 
 
 Sweden. Wage agreements are usually made on a national 
 scale. 
 
 In all the Scandinavian countries employers' organizations 
 are strongly developed. 
 
 France 
 
 For an account of the trade union movement in France see 
 under Syndicalism, page 210 as French unionism is best 
 known under this name. 
 
 Germany 
 
 The oldest German trade union was organized in 1848. 
 It was not, however, until the restrictive laws prohibiting 
 associations were removed between 1861 and 1869 (in the various 
 German states) that trade unions began to develop. The op- 
 posing factions within the trade union groups consisted of the 
 Marx and Lassalle groups, favoring Socialist political activity, 
 and the so-called Hirsch-Duncker trade "unions, which pro- 
 claimed the essential harmony of interest between labor and 
 capital. The repressive laws of 1878 made effective labor com- 
 binations impossible, and it was not until 1890, when the anti- 
 Socialist law was repealed, that German trade unionism became 
 influential. From that day on its growth has been continuous 
 and rapid. 
 
 The main trade union organizations are : 
 
 1. Free Trade Unions. 
 
 2. Christian Trade Unions. 
 
 3. Hirsch-Duncker Trade Unions. 
 
 4. Other Trade Unions and Industrial Organizations. 
 
 5. Syndicalist Trade Unions (discussed under Syndicalism.) 
 
 I. The Free Trade Unions are the most important. The 
 central organization is called the General Federation of Trade 
 Unions, which is headed by a committee of thirteen members 
 elected by a congress of delegates from 52 national unions. The 
 trade union congress meets every three years. In 1910 a depart- 
 ment for social research was established for the purpose of 
 preparing material for social legislation. 
 
 The Free Trade Union Movement is engaged in an elaborate 
 educational program. Its General Commission has established 
 
i8 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 a trade union school in Berlin supported and managed by trade 
 unionists. The school provides a six weeks' course of instruc- 
 tion to about sixty selected trade unionists who are fully sup- 
 ported during this period by their unions. The 52 national 
 unions have affiliated with the General Commission and 
 have practically similar constitutions and include workers 
 in almost all the industries of the country. In form they are 
 close amalgamations; the metal workers and the building trades 
 have adopted the industrial form. 
 
 The membership has increased from a quarter of a million 
 in 1890 to about 8,440,000 in 1920. 
 
 2. The Christian Trade Unions were established in 1893 to 
 oppose the Free Trade Unions and are mainly under the influ- 
 ence of the Roman Catholic Church. They do, however, include 
 Protestants. Their largest constituency comes from the miners. 
 This movement is founded on a belief in the identity of interest 
 of employers and employees. Occasionally members of the 
 Christian Unions have joined with members of the Social 
 Democratic Unions in strikes and lock-outs. Their total member- 
 ship in 1920 was 1,000,770. 
 
 3. The Hirsch-Duncker Trade Unions recruit their member- 
 ship mainly from the engineering and factory trades. Each 
 trade or industry has its own national organization which is 
 represented in an association of all national federations called 
 the Central Council. The policies of the unions are formulated 
 and carried out by the Central Council at the general Congresses 
 held at periodical intervals. 
 
 Like the Christian Trade Unions they believe in social better- 
 ment by peaceful means. They are opposed to strike and favor 
 arbitration and the wage agreement. They have no political 
 alHances but in general support the Democratic Party. Their 
 membership in 1920 was 189,831. 
 
 4. There are other organizations such as independent or 
 local associations of clerks and commercial travellers which 
 have a certain trade union character and yet cannot be accurately 
 described as such. Their membership amounted in 1920 to 
 214,360. 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 It is difficult to describe the structure of British Trade 
 Unionism on account of the variety of types of organization 
 which range from close amalgamations to loose federations with 
 
TRADE UNIONISM 19 
 
 many degrees between these extremes. There are about 1,123 
 separate labor unions in the United Kingdom. 
 
 The rqajority of the unions are basically local, though the 
 greater number are also affiliated with national organizations. 
 Until 1851, when the Amalgamated Society of Engineers de- 
 veloped a new type of trade union structure, the normal unit 
 of organization was geographical within a craft. 
 
 The national unions may be classified as craft unions, kindred 
 craft unions, and industrial unions. The craft unions, e.g., the 
 Amalgamated Society of Engineers,' the National Union of 
 Enginemen, and the National Union of Clerks, organize all the 
 men of a single trade or craft into one union. The kindred 
 craft unions, e.g., the Steam Engine Makers, organize into one 
 union all workers at kindred trades. The industrial unions, 
 e.g., the National Union of Railwaymen, unite all workers 
 employed in an industry, whether skilled or unskilled. 
 
 As late as 1889 the trade union movement was made up al- 
 most entirely of skilled workers. Since then numerous efforts 
 have been made to organize the semiskilled and the unskilled. 
 The General Labour Unions, which had in 1920 a membership of 
 about 950,000, include unskilled workers and workers in trades 
 or industries not organized by existing craft unions. 
 
 The government of trade unions is almost as various as 
 their structure. In some unions all control rests with the 
 central executive committee; in the building industry, again, 
 each local union makes its own agreements, controls its own 
 funds, and evolves its own method of organization. In many 
 unions the executive body is controlled by delegates' conven- 
 tions, or by ballot of the entire membership. 
 
 The National Union of Railwaymen is an example of the 
 latest type of trade unionism. A general secretary with four 
 assistants works with the executive committee, which is elected 
 by the entire membership of the union. The union as a whole 
 is divided into regional districts and each district in turn 
 divides its membership into four classes based on the character of 
 service performed. Each group in each district elects one 
 representative to the committee. Representatives are elected 
 for terms of three years; one-third of the membership of the 
 committee retiring each year. 
 
 The General Federation of Trade Unions has attempted to 
 
 ' Now merged in the Amalgamated Engineering Union. 
 
20 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 give unity to the Trade Union movement. It was created in 
 1899, with a membership of 343,000, representing 43 societies; 
 by igig it had reached a membership of 1,086,000, representing 
 146 societies. This organization is, however, losing ground. 
 Another attempt to unite the movement appears in the work 
 of the Trades Union Congress, created in 1868, with which the 
 greater number of the more important unions are affiliated. The 
 Congress has no central executive, and up to 1914 it was not 
 very effective. Since 1914 and especially since the growth of 
 the Labour Party it has gained strength. This Trades Union 
 Congress, which is strictly what its name implies, elects a 
 parliamentary committee to watch over legislative measures and 
 to keep in touch with labor problems between the annual con- 
 ventions. 
 
 In addition to these organizations, the Trades Councils 
 form an important part of the British Trade Union movement. 
 They are organized on geographical and industrial lines. 
 
 The increased use of shop stewards in British industries 
 during the war expressed a growing tendency toward industrial 
 unionism, local autonomy, and workers' control of industry. A 
 shop steward was chosen by the workers in a particular shop, 
 (most frequently in machine and munition works) to negotiate 
 with the management. The Amalgamated Engineering Union 
 has recognized these stewards as union officials. 
 
 Statistics for the year 1918 give the unions a total membership 
 of 6,620,000, of whom 1,220,000 were women;' "being over 12 
 per cent of the census population and probably 60 per cent 
 of all the adult male manual-working wage earners in the 
 kingdom.'' The total population is estimated as not quite forty- 
 eight miUions.'' The "Labour Gazette" of Dec. 1920 put the 
 total membership at the end of 1919, at 8,024,000. "The total 
 of 8,024,000, however, includes about 56,000 members of over- 
 seas branches of certain unions, and also a number of persons 
 (principally teachers) who are members of more than one 
 society, and are therefore counted twice in the figures. When 
 the necessary allowance is made for these cases, the net number 
 of members within the United Kingdom would appear to be 
 a little under eight million.'' 
 
 1 Labour Gazette, London, v. 28. p. 60. February 1920, 
 
 2 Sidney and Beatrice Webb; History of Trade Unionism. 1920. p. 473. 
 
TRADE UNIONISM 21 
 
 Italy 
 
 Italy has several different trade union organizations which 
 are similar in structure but different in aim. They are as 
 follows : 
 
 1. General Federation of Labor. 
 
 2. Italian Labor Union. 
 
 3. Catholic Unions. 
 
 4. Italian Syndicalist Union, (discussed under Syndicalism) 
 
 1. The Confederazione General del Lavoro (General Feder- 
 ation of Labor) is the strongest central trade union organization 
 in the country. It is founded upon the Syndicat or union of 
 members of the same trade or industry in a given locality. These 
 Syndicats are organized in a National Federation of all 
 unions in a given industry or trade, and in local clubs called 
 Camere del Lavoro, made up of all trade unions of a given 
 locality. Representatives from these Camere and from their 
 national federations form the General Federation of Labor. 
 
 The General Federation of Labor aims at the economic 
 betterment of the working class. In politics it is inclined 
 toward the moderate wing of the socialist party, supporting, 
 however, in general matters such as elections, strikes, etc., the 
 Italian Socialist Party. In 1914 its paid mernbership was 320,858, 
 of whom 195,858 were industrial, and 125,000 agricultural, 
 workers. In 1920 it claimed a membership of 2,300,000. 
 
 2. The Unione Italiana del Lavoro (Italian Labor Union) 
 was organized in 191 7 by the pro-war socialists, headed by 
 Alceste de Ambris, who visited the United States in 1919. It 
 forms an adjunct to the pro-war socialist party and claims a 
 membership of 125,000. 
 
 3. The Unioni Cattoliche (Catholic Unions) are a numer- 
 ically unimportant part of the labor movement and are recruited 
 mostly among women, having about 100,000 members. 
 
 The Netherlands 
 
 Organized workers in the Netherlands have been engaged 
 for a long time in political activity. A great body of organized 
 labor. The Netherlandisch Verbond van Vakvereenigingen, 
 (The Netherland Federation of Trade Unions) is almost 
 
22 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 identical with the Social Democratic Party, while on the other 
 hand almost 30 per cent of organized labor is affiliated with 
 unions, which, under the influence of the Catholic or Protestant 
 Churches, are opposed to Socialist aims. The five central 
 organizations of the trade union movement are as follows: 
 
 1. Netherland Federation of Trade Unions. 
 
 2. Christian National Federation of Trade Unions. 
 
 3. Bureau of the Roman Catholic Trade Union Federation. 
 
 4. Netherland Federation of Neutral Trade Unions. 
 
 5. National Labor Secretariat, (discussed under Syndical- 
 ism) 
 
 1. The Nederlandisch Verbond van Vekvereenigingen 
 (Netherland Federation of Trade Unions) is the strongest of 
 the organizations. It advocates the aims of the Social Democ- 
 racy by lawful and orderly methods. It has increased its mem- 
 bership from 44,378 in January, 191 1, to 183,041 in September, 
 1918. It stands in close affiliation with the Social Democratic 
 Labor Party. 
 
 2. The Christelyk National Vakverbond (Christian National 
 Federation of Trade Unions) is a federation of unions organized 
 under the guidance of the Protestant Churches, and supports the 
 anti-Revolutionary Party, a conservative party which polled 
 174,000 votes in the 1918 elections. 
 
 3. The Bureau voor de Roomsche Katholicke Vakorgenisatie 
 (Bureau of the Roman Catholic Trade Union Federation) was 
 founded under the influence of the Catholic Church to combat 
 the economic principles of the Socialists. It was encouraged 
 by the papal encyclical issued in 1892, known as "Rerum 
 Novarum.'' It supports the Clerical Party which is at present 
 the strongest political party in the Netherlands. Its membership 
 grew from iS,S4i on January I, 1911, to 63,139 on January i, 
 igi8. 
 
 4. The Nederlandisch Verbond voor Neutrale Vakvereeni- 
 gingen (Netherland Federation of Neutral Trade Unions) is not 
 affiliated with any political party. Its membership in January, 
 1918, was 7,794. 
 
 Riissia 
 
 In Russia prior to 1905 it was illegal to be. a member of a 
 trade union. Even after the repeal of the prohibitory law the 
 
TRADE UNIONISM 23 
 
 unions had a membership of only a few thousands, and were 
 not a significant force in the country's industry. 
 
 After the overthrow of the Czar's regime, however, the 
 trade union movement enjoyed a rapid growth, developing within 
 a half year more than a thousand separate organizations with 
 about 2,000,000 members. At once the unions began to use the 
 strike as a political weapon, but did not succeed in securing an 
 eight hour day during Kerensky's regime. 
 
 This and other reforms were instituted at the time of the 
 Bolshevik revolution; the unions were given an important 
 status in the control of industry, and at present have charge, 
 under the authority of the Council of People's Commissaries, 
 or Cabinet, and in conjunction with the Commissariat of Labor, 
 of the regulation of wages, working hours, and other conditions 
 of employment ; registry of the unemployed, who are paid, 
 subject to conscription for work; inspection of sanitary and 
 general conditions, especially in dangerous or unhealthy occu- 
 pations; recommendations for factory legislation, etc. The 
 unions' are also represented in the Supreme Council of Public 
 Economy. 
 
 Russian unions are organized by industries instead of by 
 trades. Because of their political status and authority direct 
 action by strikes or otherwise is unlawful. In the first half of 
 1920 the unions had increased to 4,483 with a membership of 
 over 5,000,000. 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 The Swiss trade union movement is very much akin to the 
 German. The Schweizerischer Gewerkschaftsverband (Swiss 
 Federation of Trade Unions) was founded in 1882; had in 
 1919, 200,000 members enrolled, and included twenty federations 
 organized either by industry, as the textile workers, or by 
 craft, as the painters and plasterers. There are other unions 
 such as the engineers with 23,000 members (in 1916) and the 
 State Railwaymen, with 22,000 members (in 1916) which stand 
 outside the Gewerkschaftsverband. The general policy of the 
 Swiss unions is socialistic and they maintain sympathetic relations 
 with the Social-Democratic Party. 
 
 The Catholic unions have a federation of their own includ- 
 ing 12,000 members and the Syndicalists an organization with 
 about 7,000. 
 
24 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 United States 
 
 Trade unionism began to develop on a large scale in the 
 United States only after the Civil War. 
 
 Societies and local clubs of artisans existed during the 
 earlier part of the i8th century but they had no program of 
 general trade union policy. During the last part of the i8th 
 century and the first part of the 19th, trade unionism 
 showed the first signs of life. Its development was very slow. 
 The unions were weak and met with general opposition. 
 Among the first unions were those of the printers and car- 
 penters. ; 
 
 Robert F. Hoxie in his "Trade Unionism in the United 
 States'' divides the development of trade unionism in this coun- 
 try in the following nine phases : 
 
 I. TKe beginnings in the local unions, 1798-1827. 
 II. Predominance of trade unions, 1827-1837. 
 
 III. Predominance of Utopian, socialistic and social uplift unionism, 
 
 1844-1853. 
 
 IV. Reorganization of local unions and beginnings of national trade 
 
 unions, 1853-1860. 
 V. Revival of trade unions, 1860-1866. 
 VI. Attempted amalgamation of national craft unions, 1866-1874. 
 VII. Predominance of the universal labor union, the Knights of Labor, 
 1879-1890. 
 VIII. Predominance of federation of national craft unions, 1890 — to 
 the present. 
 IX. Beginnings of industrial unionism. ' 
 
 The principal functional types of unions Hoxie gives as 
 three : business, uplift, and revolutionary unions. He instances 
 as an example of business unionism the national craft federa- 
 tion, the International Machinists' Union; of uplift unionism, 
 the Knights of Labor, of the revolutionary union, the United 
 Mine Workers' Association ; and of the extreme revolutionary, 
 the I. W. W. 
 
 Trade unions began about 1820 to make their appearance 
 in local and national form. In the middle of the thirties we 
 find a few important national unions. During the forties Utopian 
 Socialist ideas influenced the trade union movement, finding 
 expression in the different working class congresses held during 
 that period. A decade before the Civil War the trade union 
 movement took stronger hold upon the skilled workers, and 
 
 ^ Hoxie, Robert F. : Trade Unionism in the United States iqiq 
 p. 81-7. 
 
TRADE UNIONISM 25 
 
 the unions gained large numbers of new members. The Civil 
 War interrupted this development of organization among the 
 workers. After this time, however, they grew steadily and began 
 to extend throughout the entire country. 
 
 First came the Knights of Labor, which, organized in 1869, 
 had a brief period of growth between 1880 and 1890, and then 
 rapidly disintegrated. The following quotations from its con- 
 stitution explain its aims : 
 
 The Knights of Labor Assembly is not a mere trade union and 
 beneficial society. . . It aims to assist members to better their condition 
 morally, socially, and financially. . . Among the higher duties that should 
 be taught in every local assembly are man's inalienable inheritance of, 
 and right to share, for use, the soil; that the right to life carries with 
 It the right to the means of living and all statutes that obstruct or deny 
 these rights are wrong, unjust and must give way. Every member who 
 has the right to vote is a part of the government . . . and has a duty to 
 perform. . . In short, any action that will advance the cause of humanity, 
 lighten the burden of toil, or elevate the moral or social condition of 
 mankind. . . is the proper scope and field of operation of a local assembly.' 
 
 As the Knights of Labor lost their strength the American 
 Federation of Labor, created in 1881, grew until today it is the 
 dominant trade union body in the country. Its president, Mr. 
 Samuel Gompers, testifying before the Commission of Indus- 
 trial Relations in 1915, explained the objects of the A. F. of L. 
 in part as follows: 
 
 The American Federation of Labor directs its efforts toward the 
 encouragement or formation of trade and labor unions, and the closest 
 federation of such unions . . . the establishment of departments, central 
 bodies for these organizations to aid and assist each other to the fullest 
 in any of the struggles in which they may be engaged; for the protection 
 of the rights and the interests of the membership and of the working 
 people;^ to promote and advance their interests and rights economically 
 and politically, legislatively and socially; to make life the better for living in 
 our day, and so that the workers may be in a better position to meet any 
 problems with which the future generation may be confronted. In a 
 word, to let no effort go untried by which the working people as the 
 masses of the people, may .find betterment upon every field of human 
 activity. There is no limit to any course that may be pursued by our 
 American Federation of Labor if it is calculated to be of advantage to 
 the people of our country and primarily of advantage to the working 
 people. . . I take in the sum total of human activity, regardless upon what 
 field that may be, which can aid, which can promote, and which can 
 advance and protect the rights and the interests of the working people 
 to establish better conditions and also to work for the greatest sura 
 total of human happiness. ^ 
 
 Before the same Commission Mr. Gompers described the 
 form of the American Federation of Labor as follows : 
 
 The American Federation of Labor is not, as it is often mistakenly 
 called, an organization, but a federation. It is a federation of organiza- 
 tions, each of which has its own government, determined by its own 
 
 ^Quoted by Hoxie: Trade Unionism in the United States. 1919. 
 p. 90-1. 
 
 " U.S. Commission on Industrial Relations. 1916. v. z. p. 1497. 
 
26 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 needs and requirements, the result of the experience of the members of 
 the organization; and this right, as in the beginning, has been proclaimed 
 and has been adhered to as consistently as possible in the history of the 
 American Federation of Labor. The Federation has no part except that 
 which is yielded and conceded by the organizations which make up the 
 Federation. . . There are no national and international unions. There 
 are, industrially, five departments. There are 42 state federations of 
 labor. There are 623 city central bodies or local city federations of the 
 local trade unions in the city or town, and there are 642 local trade 
 and federated unions directly attached to the American Federation of 
 Labor as local unions, and whose chartered existence to the American 
 Federation of Labor will continue until a sufficient number of each 
 particular calling exists so that a national union may be formed from these 
 locals' and set up in business as a sovereign entity in the trade or the 
 calling or the industry covered by these local unions.' 
 
 The membership as reported to the Convention of 1920 was 
 4,078,740, with no national and international unions, and 36,741 
 local unions. Adding the membership of the railway brother- 
 hoods, the Amalgamated Clothing Workers and a number of 
 other trade unions, who are not affiliated with the A. F. of L., 
 we find over 5,000,000 workers organized in this country. 
 
 The American Federation of Labor has been affiliated since 
 1909 with the International Secretariat of the trade union move- 
 ment which was reorganized in 1919. In the fall of 1920 it 
 seceded. 
 
 The high development of machines and large scale production 
 in this country has attracted a very great number of unskilled 
 workers. The marked increase in immigration, especially from 
 Italy and Eastern Europe, brought up the problem of organizing 
 this new element in the population. Whereas the oldest type 
 of immigrant represented to a great extent skilled labor, and 
 was organized into craft unions, the newer type was mostly 
 unskilled for whom no organizations were as yet provided by 
 the A. F. of L. In the past decade the A. F. of L. has sup- 
 plemented its policy of advocating restriction of immigration 
 with efforts to organize the unskilled. 
 
 A new type of trade unionism is presented by the Amal- 
 gamated Clothing Workers of America who dominate the men's 
 and boys' clothing industry. The members of this organization 
 seceded in 1914 from the United Garment Workers of North 
 America and at the same time from the American Federation 
 of Labor. The preamble of the constitution of the Amal- 
 gamated Clothing Workers reads in part as follows : 
 
 In order to be efficient, and effectively serve its purpose, the imion 
 must in its structure correspond to the prevailing system of the organ- 
 
 'U.S. Commission on Industrial Relations. igi6. v. z. p. 1493. 
 
TRADE UNIONISM 27 
 
 ization of industry. Modern industrial methods are very rapidly wiping 
 out the old craft demarcations, and the resultant conditions dictate the 
 organization of labor along industrial lines. 
 
 In 1921 the Amalgamated Clothing Workers numbered nearly 
 200,000 members. In structure the Amalgamated is industrial 
 and very democratic in government. The rules for voting 
 permit the rank and file to control the action of the officials 
 very closely. The philosophy of the organization is similar to 
 Reformist Socialism. 
 
 Recent developments in the trade union movement point to 
 a tendency in the different trades toward forming district allied 
 governing bodies to determine the conditions under which the 
 workers shall work. The federated action of international trade 
 unions in the 1919 steel strike, the organization of the four 
 railroad brotherhoods, into the so-called "Big Four," to secure 
 united action, and the formation of a similar organization 
 among the railway shopmen, are illustrations of this new labor 
 technique. 
 
 Officially the A. F. of L. does not favor separately organized 
 political action by its membership, and it therefore opposes the 
 recently organized Farmer-Labor Party, and the Socialist Party. 
 It adheres to the motto, "Reward your friends and punish your 
 enemies." Its reconstruction program in the February, 1919, 
 issue of its monthly organ, "The American Federationist," and 
 the account of its convention in the August, 1919, number, 
 indicate its non-partisan policy. 
 
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TRADE UNIONISM 29 
 
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 For current bibliographical references on trade unionism see: 
 
 American Economic Review, Princeton, N.J. 
 
 Public affairs information service. N.Y. 
 
 Readers' guide to periodical literature. N.Y. 
 
 U.S. Labor statistics bureau. Monthly labor review. Wash. 
 
 General Literature 
 
 American labor year book. Alexander Trachtenberg, ed. N.Y. 
 
 Rand school of social science. 1916-1920. 
 Brentano, Lujo. The relation of labor to the law of to-day. 
 
 N.Y. G.P. Putnam's sons. 1895. 305P. 
 
30 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Carlton, F. T. History and problems of organized labor. Boston. 
 
 D. C. Heath & co. 191 1. 483P. 
 
 References for further reading at ends of chapters. A good text book. 
 Cole, G. D. H. Self-government in industry. N.Y. Macmillan 
 
 CO. 1918. 32gp. 
 Cole, G. D. H. World of labour; a discussion of the present 
 
 and future of trade unionism, rev. ed. N.Y. Macmillan co. 
 
 1916. 443P- 
 
 An excellent analysis and forecast. The chapter dealing with U.S. 
 is not accurate. 
 
 Henry, Alice. Trade union woman. N.Y. D. Appleton & co. 
 1915. 3i4P. 
 
 Bibl. p. 297-303. A history and interpretation of labor organization 
 among women. 
 
 Herron, B. M. Progress of labor organization among women. 
 
 Urbana, III. Univ. of 111. 1905. 
 International labor ofifice, Geneva. Studies and reports. Series 
 
 A. Geneva, no. i-date. Sept. 25, 1920-date. 
 
 Labor unions in various countries. 
 Kulemann, W. Geschichtliche Entwicklung der Berufsorgan- 
 
 isationen der Arbeitnehmer und Arbeitgeber aller Lander 
 
 Zweite, vollig neu bearbeitete Aufiage der "Gewerkschafts- 
 
 bewegung." Jena. Verlag von Gustav Fischer. 1908. v 1-3. 
 
 Berlin. Verlag von Leonhard Simion nf. 1913. v. 4-6. 
 
 A comprehensive history of trade unionism in all countries, the only 
 work of its kind. 
 
 Labour year book. 1916-date. Issued under the auspices of the 
 Parliamentary committee of the Trades union congress, the 
 Executive committee of the labour party, the Labour research 
 department. London. Co-op. print, soc. 1916-1919. 
 Handbook of British labor. 
 
 Lloyd, C. M. Trade unionism. London. Adam & Charles 
 Black. 1915. 244p. 
 Select bibliography, p. 237-40. 
 A fair treatment of its history, organization, status, and future. 
 
 McNeill, G. E. Labor movement; the problem of today. The 
 
 history, purpose and possibilities of labor organizations in 
 
 Europe and America; guilds, trade unions, and Knights of 
 
 labor, wages and profits, hours of labor, functions of capital, 
 
 Chinese labor, competition, arbitration, profit-sharing and 
 
 co-operation, principles of the Knights of labor, moral and 
 
 educational aspects of the labor question. N.Y. M. W. 
 
 Hazen co. 1887. 6isp. 
 
 A quantity of historical information in otherwise rather inaccessible 
 form, from viewpoint of Knights of labor. 
 
TRADE UNIONISM 31 
 
 Mitchell, John. Wage earner .and his problems. Wash. P. S. 
 
 Ridsdale. 1913. i86p. 
 
 Trade unionism defined; a solution for tte worker's problems. 
 Protestant Episcopal church in the U.S.A.. Joint commission 
 
 on social service. [Trade unionism] (In Third triennial 
 
 report submitted to the general convention. 1919. p. 38-43.) 
 Unwin, George. Industrial organization in the sixteenth and 
 
 seventeenth centuries. Oxford. Clarendon pr. 1904. 277p. 
 
 List of books and periodicals consulted, p. 263-70. A history of 
 early trade unionism. 
 
 Webb, Sidney and Beatrice. Industrial democracy, rev. ed. 
 
 N.Y. Longmans, Green & co. 1914. 92gp. 
 
 A scientific analysis of trade unionism in the United Kingdom, the 
 result of six years' special study by the foremost experts in the field. 
 Work divided into Structure, .Function and Theory. Bibl. New ed. 1920. 
 
 Wright, C. D. Battles of labor. Phila. George W. Jacobs & 
 
 CO. 1906. 220p. 
 
 History of strikes from ancient times down through the Colorado 
 mine strike of 1903. 
 
 Trade Union Theory 
 
 Adams, T. S. Labor organizations and employers' associations. 
 
 (In Adams, T. S., and Sumner, H. L. Labor problems. 1905. 
 
 p. 214-86.) 
 
 General discussion of such problems as strikes, benefits, incorporation, 
 and the place of employers' associations in collective bargaining. 
 
 Ashworth, J. H. Helper and American trade unions. Baltimore 
 Johns Hopkins pr. 1915. I3SP- (Johns Hopkins univ. 
 studies.) 
 
 Blum, Solomon. Jurisdictional disputes resulting from struc- 
 tural differences in American trade unions. (In California 
 univ. pub. in econ. v 3. p. 409-47.) 
 Various disputes; the result of overlapping jurisdictions between craft 
 
 and industrial unions. 
 
 Cole, G. D. H. Labour in the commonwealth; a book for the 
 younger generation. London. Headley bros. 1919. 223p. 
 An essay in social and industrial philosophy. 
 
 Cole, G. D. H. Payment of wages; a study in payment by 
 
 results under the wage system. London. Fabian research 
 
 dept. 1918. ISSP. 
 
 A study of wage payment systems, from the trade union viewpoint. 
 
 De Leon, Daniel. The burning question of trade unionism; an 
 address delivered in the New Auditorium Hall, Newark, N.J., 
 April 21, 1904. N.Y. New York labor news co. 1904. 
 Advocates industrial unionism. 
 
32 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Eliot, C. W. Future of trade ■ unionism and capitalism in a 
 democracy; being the Larwill lectures for 1909. N.Y. G. P. 
 Putnam's sons. 1910. I28p. 
 Advocates compromises and legislative reform. 
 
 Glocker, T. W. Government of American trade unions. Balti- 
 more. Johns Hopkins pr. 1913. (Johns Hopkins univ. 
 studies.) 
 
 Gompers, Samuel. Labor and the common welfare. N.Y. E. P. 
 Button & CO. 1919. 3o6p. 
 Selections from Gomper's writings and speeches dealing with general 
 
 phases of the labor movement, compiled and edited by Hayes Robbins. 
 
 Hillquit, Morris; Gompers, Samuel; and Hayes, M. J. Double- 
 edge of labor's sword. Chic. Socialist party natl. off. 1914. 
 19IP. 
 Discussion and testimony on socialism and trade unionism before 
 
 Committee on industrial relations. 
 
 Janes, G. M. Control of strikes in American trade unions. 
 Baltimore. Johns Hopkins pr. 1916. I23p. (Johns Hop- 
 kins univ. studies.) 
 
 Numerous bibliographical footnotes. A ^udy of local autonomy in 
 declaring strikes. 
 
 Lagardelle, Hubert. Le socialisme ouvrier. Paris. V. Giard 
 & E. Briere. 191 1. 424P. (Collection des doctrines politi- 
 ques, V. 9.) 
 
 McCabe, D. H. Standard rate in American trade unions. 
 Baltimore. Johns Hopkins pr. 1912. (Johns Hopkins univ. 
 studies.) 
 
 Portenar, A. J. Organized labor; its problems and how to meet 
 them. N.Y. Macmillan co. 1912. I34p. 
 Opposes industrial unionism. 
 
 Robbins, E. C, comp. Selected articles on the open versus the 
 closed shop. N.Y. H. W. Wilson co. 1911. Bibl. 
 
 Schaffner, M. A. Labor contract from individual to collective 
 bargaining. Univ. of Wisconsin. 1907. i82p. (Bulletin 182.) 
 The theory and practice of trade agreements. 
 
 Walhng, W. E. Socialist labor unionism and labor union social- 
 ism. Chic. C. H. Kerr & co. n. d. 
 
 Wey'forth, W. O. The organizability of labor. Baltimore. Johns 
 Hopkins pr. 1917. 277p (Johns Hopkins univ. studies.) 
 An analysis of the factors which determine the strength or weakness 
 
 of workers' organizations. 
 
 Wolfe, F. E. Admission to American trade unions. Baltimore. 
 Johns Hopkins pr. 1912. (Johns Hopkins univ. studies.) 
 
TRADE UNIONISM 33 
 
 Zimand, Savel. Open shop drive; who is behind it and where 
 is it going? N.Y. Bureau of industrial research. 1921. 6ip. 
 
 Labor Laws and Legislation 
 
 Adams, T. S. Labor laws. (In Adams, T. S., and Sumner, 
 
 H. L. Labor problems. 1905. p. 461-501.) 
 
 A summary of history of labor legislation with discussion of subjects 
 of labor laws. 
 
 American labor legislation review. Quarterly, (and) Review 
 
 of labor legislation (annual). N.Y. Am. assn. for labor 
 
 legislation. 
 
 Andrews, J. B. Labor problems and labor legislation. N.Y. 
 
 Am. assn. for labor legislation. 1919. 138P. 
 
 Introductory study. 
 As'sinder, G. F. Legal position of trade unions. 2d ed. London. 
 
 Stephens & sons, ltd. 1912. 145P. 
 
 Technical citation and discussion of cases. 
 Ayusawa, I. F. International labor legislation. N.Y. Long- 
 mans, Green & co. 1920. (Columbia univ. studies in history, 
 economics and public law. v. 91. no. 2.) 
 Brentano, Lujo. Relation of labor to the law of today; tr. by 
 P. Sherman. N.Y. G. P. Putnam's sons. 1891. 30Sp. 
 History of labor legislation, and discussion of labor contracts, arbitra- 
 tion, etc. 
 
 Clark, L. D. Law of employment of labor. N.Y. Macmillan 
 
 CO. 191 1. 373p. 
 
 Summary of the law, ^ with citation of numerous cases, on wage 
 contracts, employers' liability, workmen's compensation, etc., and labor 
 associations and disputes, p. 213-340. 
 
 Commons, J. R., and Andrews, J. B. Principles of labor legis- 
 lation. N.Y. Harper bros. 1916. 524P. 
 Select critical bibliography, p. 463-88. 
 A text book, defining legal status of unions and workers, intelligible 
 
 to non-lawyers. 
 
 Rev. ed. 1920. Bibl. p. 501-25. 
 
 Cooke, F. H. Law of combinations, monopolies and labor 
 
 unions. 2d ed. Chic. Callaghan & co. 1909. 466p. 
 Du Cormier, Crosson. Les caisses syndicales de chomage en 
 
 France et en Belgique. Paris. Chevalier & Riviere. 1905. 
 
 249p. (Universite de Paris. Faculte de droit.) 
 
 Bibliographic, p. i-iii. 
 Goldmark, Josephine. Enforcement of labor laws; labor laws 
 
 and the courts. (In Fatigue and efficiency, pt. i. 1912. 
 
 p. 210-57) 
 
34 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Groat, G. G. Attitude of American courts in labor cases. N.Y. 
 
 Longmans, Green & co. 1911. 400p. 
 Hamilton, W. H. Social reform and legal institutions. (In 
 
 Current economic problems. 1915. P- 647-89.) 
 Hoxie, R. F. Law in relation to labor. (In Trade unionism 
 
 in the United States. 1919. p. 211-53.) 
 Hutchins, B. L., and Harrison, A. History of factory legis- 
 lation. 2d rev. and enl. ed. London. P. S. King & son. 1911. 
 
 301P. 
 Select bibliography, p. 279-84. A complete history of factory legis- 
 lation in Great Britain, without much attention to trade unionism. 
 
 International association for labor legislation. Bulletin. 
 Monthly. English ed. London. 1906-date. 
 Gives texts of laws of various countries. 
 
 International labor office, Geneva. Studies and reports. Series 
 C. Geneva, no. i-date. Oct. 26, 1920-date. 
 Labor laws of various countries. 
 
 Jevons, T. S. Law of trade unions, being a text book concerning 
 trade unions and labour. London. Effingham Wilson. 1907. 
 
 I44P- 
 
 A handbook of legal information, primarily for officers and members 
 of trade unions. 
 
 Labor and the law. (In American labor year book, 1919-20. 
 p. 210-54.) 
 Labor legislation of 1917 and 1918, court decisions, etc. 
 
 Labour party (Great Britain). Memoranda on international 
 
 labour legislation. London 1920? 46p. 
 Laidler, H. W. Boycotts and the labor struggle. N.Y. John 
 
 Lane company. 1913. 488p. 
 
 Careful study of all aspects of the boycott. The law against boycotts, 
 the author says, drives the worker to sabotage and other practices. Laws 
 and decisions in all states cited in appendix. 
 
 Law and labor; a monthly periodical on the law of the labor 
 problem. N.Y. League for industrial rights, v. i-date. 1919- 
 date. 
 
 Martin, W. A. Treatise on the law of labor unions, containing 
 a consideration of the law relating to trade disputes in all its 
 phases, internal administration of unions, union labels, and a 
 collection of approved forms of pleadings, injunctions and 
 restraining orders. Wash. J. Byrne & co. 1910. 649P. 
 
 Pound, Roscoe. Do we need a philosophy of law? (In Colum- 
 bia law review. N.Y. v. 5. p. 341-53. 1905.) 
 
TRADE UNIONISM 35 
 
 Report of the commission on international labor legislation to 
 the Peace conference. (In U.S. Labor statistics bureau. 
 Monthly labor rev. Wash, v 8. p. 1227-52. May, 1919.) 
 Text of report, containing draft convention, and of amendments. 
 
 Slesser, H. H. Introduction to trade union law. Oxford. 
 England. Ruskin college. 1919. 4Sp. (Ruskin college. Re- 
 organization of industry ser. 6.) 
 Slesser changed spelling of his name from Schloesser. 
 
 Slesser, H. H., and Clark, W. S. Legal position of trade 
 
 unions. London. P. S. King & son. 1912. 269P. 
 
 Citations of cases and statutes defining the powers of trade unions. 
 U.S. Children's bureau. Child labor legislation in the U.S., 
 
 by Helen L. Sumner and Ella A. Merritt. Wash. Govt, print. 
 
 off. 1915. 113IP. 
 U.S. Labor statistics bureau. Labor laws of the U. S. series. 
 
 Includes above bulletins and others. 
 U.S. Labor statistics bureau. Labor laws of the U.S., with 
 
 decisions of the courts relating thereto. Wash. Govt, print. 
 
 off. 1914. 2v. (Bulletin 148.) 
 
 Supplemented by annual bulletins as follows : Labor legislation, bul- 
 letins no. Ill, 166, 186, 213, 244, 257; Decisions, bulletins no. 112, 152, 
 169, 189, 224, 246, 258; 1912-1918. 
 
 Workmen's compensation laws of the U.S. and foreign countries. 
 
 Wash. Govt, print, off. 1914. (Bui. 126.) 477p. 
 
 Continued by Bui. 185, Compensation legislation 1914-15, and Bui. 
 243, Compensation legislation 19x7-18. 
 Webb, Beatrice. Case for the factory acts. London. Richards. 
 
 1902. 233p. 
 
 Economic and social justification for factory legislation. 
 Wolman, Leo. Boycott in American trade unions. Baltimore. 
 
 Johns Hopkins pr. 1916. 148?. (Johns Hopkins univ. 
 
 studies.) 
 
 See also Labor laws published annually by the labor bureaus of 
 the various states. For example : 
 
 California. Labor statistics bureau. Labor laws of Cali- 
 fornia. Sacramento. 1917. 
 
 Massachusetts. Statistics bureau. Labor legislation in 
 Mass., 1918. Boston. 1918. 
 
 New York (State) Industrial commission. Labor law with 
 amendments, additions and annotations to Aug. i, 1918. 
 Albany. 1918. 
 
 A monthly review of the status of labor legislation is given 
 in U.S. Labor statistics bureau. Monthly labor review. 
 V. i-date igis-date. 
 
36 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Special Studies 
 
 Amalgamated clothing workers of America. Documentary- 
 history. N.Y. 1920. 2v. contents : v. i, 1914-1916 ; v. 2, 
 
 1916-1918. 
 
 Non-A. F. of L. union, one of the most progressive of American labor 
 organizations. 
 Ashley, W. J. Adjustment of wages; a study in the coal and 
 
 iron industries of Great Britain and America. N.Y. Long- 
 mans, Green & co. 1903. 
 Barnes, C. B. [Trade unions among the longshoremen.] (In 
 
 The longshoremen, 1915. p. 93-128.) 
 
 Shows evils of unemployment among this group. 
 Budish, J. M., and Soule, G. H. The new unionism in the 
 
 clothing industry. N.Y. Harcourt, Brace & Howe. 1920. 
 
 344P- 
 
 History of the Amalgamated clothing workers of America and Inter- 
 national ladies' garment workers* union. 
 
 Cole, G. D. H., and Arnot, R. P. Trade unionism on the 
 railways; its history and problems. London. Fabian 
 research department. 1917. I47p. (Trade tmion series, 
 no. 2) 
 
 Columbia University. Studies in history, economics and public 
 law. Longmans, Green & co. v. i-date. 1891-date. 
 Columbia's first trade union study published in 1898. Occasional 
 
 studies later. 
 
 Commons, J. R., ed. Trade unionism and labor problems. 
 
 Boston. Ginn & co. 1905. 628?. 
 
 Selections on trade unionism in different industries, edited with cross- 
 references for use as a text book. 
 
 Commons, J. R. Types of American labor, unions ; the long- 
 shoremen of the Great Lakes. (In Quart, jour, of economics. 
 Cambridge, v. 29. p. 59-85. Nov. 1905.) 
 
 Cross, I. G. Collective bargaining and trade agreements in 
 the brewery, metal, teaming and building trades of San 
 Francisco, Cal. Berkeley, Cal. Univ. of California pr. 1918. 
 364?. 
 
 Deibler, F. S. Amalgamated wood workers' international union 
 of America; a historical study of trade unionism in its 
 relation to the development of an industry. Madison. 1912. 
 2iip. (Univ. of Wisconsin Bui. 511. Econ. and pol. sci. 
 ser. v. 7. no. 3.) 
 Bibliography, p. 204-11. 
 
TRADE UNIONISM 37 
 
 Drake, Barbara. Women in the engineering trades. A problem, 
 a solution, and some criticism; being a report based on an 
 enquiry by a joint committee of the Fabian research depart- 
 ment and the Fabian women's group. London. Fabian 
 research department. 1917. i43p. (Trade union series, no. 3.) 
 See also her Women in trade unions. 
 
 Evans, Cris. History of United mine workers of America. 
 Indianapolis. United mine workers of Am. 1920? 2v. 
 Contents: v. i. 1860-1890; v. 2. 1890-1900. 
 
 Fitch, J. A. Steel workers. N.Y. Russell Sage foundation. 
 1910. 3o8p. 
 
 A volume in the Pittsburgh survey. 
 
 Foster, W. Z. Great steel strike and its lessons. N.Y. B. W. 
 
 Huebsch. 1920. 26sp. 
 
 Story of organization of the steel workers, by the man chiefly respon- 
 sible for the work. 2d ed. has a new preface. 
 
 Hammond, J. L., and Barbara. Town laborer, 1760-1832, the 
 
 new civilization. 2d impression. London. Longmans, Green 
 
 & CO. 191 7. 346p. 
 
 See also their Skilled labourer; and Village labourer. 
 Hoagland, H. E. Wage bargaining on the vessels of the great 
 
 lakes. Urbana. Univ. of 111. 1917. I23p. (111. univ. 
 
 studies in the soc. sci. v. 6. no. 3.) 
 Hollander, J. H., and Barnett, G. E., eds. Studies in American 
 
 trade unionism. N.Y. Henry Holt & co. 1906. 38op. 
 
 Selected articles on trade unionism in different industries. 
 Illinois university. Studies in social sciences. Urbana. v. i- 
 
 date. 1912-date. 
 
 The first volume containing trade union studies was v. 6. 1917. 
 Labour research department. Trade union series. London, no. 
 
 i-date. 1917-date. 
 Interchurch world movement. Commission of inquiry. Report 
 
 of the steel strike of 1919. N.Y. Harcourt. Brace & 
 
 Howe. 1920. 277p. 
 
 EflFect of no-conference in the steel industry on wages, hours and 
 social conditions. 
 
 Johns Hopkins university. Studies in historical and political 
 science. Baltimore. Johns Hopkins pr. ser. l-date. 1883-date. 
 Series 22, 1904 is the first devoting numbers to studies in trade 
 unionisp. Most of the Johns Hopkins studies are listed in this bibliog- 
 raphy under individual author. 
 
 Kirk, William. National labor federations in the United States. 
 Baltimore. Johns Hopkins pr. 1906. (Johns Hopkins univ. 
 studies.) 
 
38 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Lowe, B. E. Representative industry and trade unionism of an 
 American city. N.Y. W. D. Gray. 1912. 76p. 
 An industrial survey of the city of Rochester, N.Y. 
 
 Motley, J. M. Apprenticeship in American trade unions. Balti- 
 more. Johns Hopkins pr. 1907. (Johns Hopkins univ. 
 studies.) 
 
 New York city. Board of estimate and apportionment. Indus- 
 trial education survey of the City of New York. N.Y. 
 
 1919. 472p. 
 
 Contents: i. Printing trade. 2. Inside electrical work. 3. Carpentry 
 and joinery. 4. Machinist trade. S- Industrial classes in the public 
 schools. 
 
 Roy, Andrew. History of the coal miners of the United States. 
 
 3d ed. Glen Roy. A. Roy. 1907. 
 Schleuter, Herman. Brewing industry and the brewing worker's 
 
 movement in America. Cincinnati, O. Brewers' union. 1919. 
 
 33iP- 
 Stevens, G. A. New York typographical union no. 6; study 
 
 of a modern trade union and its predecessors. Albany. 
 
 Labor commissioner. 1913. 7i7p. 
 Stockton, F. T. Closed shop in American trade unions. Balti- 
 more. Johns Hopkins pr. 191 1. (Johns Hopkins univ. 
 
 studies.) 
 
 Stowell, C. J. Journeymen tailors' union of America; a study 
 in trade union policy. Urbana, 111. Univ. of 111. 1918. 143P. 
 (111. univ. studies in the soc. sci. v. 7. no. 4.) 
 
 SufFern, A. E. Conciliation and arbitration in the coal industry 
 of America. Boston. Houghton Mifflin co. 1915. 376p. 
 
 Development of industrial conference and work of the Anthracite 
 board of conciliation. 
 
 U.S. Commerce and labor department. Report on conditions 
 
 of employment in the iron and steel industry in the U.S. 
 
 Wash. Govt, print, off. 19H-13. (62d Cong. 1st sess. 
 
 Senate doc. no. no.) 4v. 
 
 Van Kleeck, Mary. Collective bargaining in the bindery trade. 
 
 (In Women in the book-binding trade. 1913. p. 169-93.) 
 Warne, F. J. Coal mine workers ; a study in labor organization. 
 
 N.Y. Longmans, Green & co. 1905. 252p. 
 
 Fair discussion of unionism in the mining industry, as typical of the 
 trade union movement. 
 
 Warne, F. J. Slav invasion and the mine workers ; a study in 
 
 immigration. Phila. J. B. Lippincott co. 1904. 
 
 How unionism in the anthracite coal field met the immigration problem. 
 
TRADE UNIONISM 39 
 
 Whitney, N. G. Jurisdiction in American building-trades unions. 
 Baltimore. Johns Hopkins pr. 1914. i82p. (Johns Hopkins 
 univ. studies.) 
 
 Numerous bibliographical footnotes. The confusion of jurisdiction 
 resulting from structural variety within the A. F. of L. 
 
 Trade Unionism and Industrial Management 
 
 American academy of political and social science, Philadelphia. 
 Labor, management and production. Phila. 1920. I73p. 
 (Annals, v. 91. no. 180. Sept. 1920.) 
 Contains discussion by Gompers, Drury, Frey and others. 
 
 Brandeis, L. D. Scientific management and labor unions. (In 
 Scientific management and railroads. 1912. p. 55-61.) 
 
 Cole, G. D. H. [Scientific management.] (In Self-govern- 
 ment in industry. 1917. p. 47-52.) 
 
 Brief statement of labor's objections to scientific management. Makes 
 workers subject "to bureaucratic expert control and divorced from all 
 freedom and responsibility.*' 
 
 Cole, G. D. H. Scientific management. (In Some problems of 
 
 urban and rural industry. 1917. p. 4-35.) 
 
 Criticism of scientific management by Cole. Defense by C. G. Renold. 
 Commons, J. R. Management and unionism. (In Indus, rela- 
 tions assn. of Am. Proc. Orange, N.J. 1920. pt. I. p. 125- 
 
 30.) 
 Drury, H. B. Labor and production. (In Annals Am. acad. 
 
 Phila. V. 91. p. 79-88. Sept. 1920.) 
 Drury, H. B. Organized labor and scientific management. (In 
 
 Indus, eng. N.Y. v. 14. p. 99-101. March, 1914.) 
 Drury, H. B. Scientific management as a solution of the labor 
 
 problem. (In Scientific management; a history and criticism. 
 
 1915. p. 169-87.) 
 
 Bibliographical footnotes. A review of the more important articles on 
 labor and trade unionism's relation to management. 
 
 Emerson, Harrington. Opportunity of labor under scientific 
 management. (In Dartmouth college. Amos Tuck school 
 of administration and finance. Dartmouth college confer- 
 ences. First Tuck school conference. Addresses and dis- 
 cussions at the conference on scientific management held Oct. 
 12-14, iQii- pub. 1912. p. 84-105.) 
 Mr. Emerson says that the gaining of the maximum results at the 
 
 minimum expenditure of human energy should benefit labor. 
 
 Railroad efficiency and the labor unions, An irreconcilable 
 conflict between scientific management and the closed shop. 
 (In Irtfn age. N.Y. v. 87. p. 476-8, 724-5- Feb. 23, 
 March 23, 191 1- ) 
 
40 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Frey, J. P. Relationship of scientific management to labor. 
 (In Iron trade rev. Cleveland, v. 52. p. 917-18. Apr. 17, 
 
 1913-) 
 Frey, J. P. Scientific management and labor. (In Am. feder- 
 ationist. Wash. v. 23. p. 257-68, 358-68. Apr.-May, 1916.) 
 Report of industrial relations commission prepared by R. G. Valen- 
 tine, J. P. Frey and R. F. Hoxie. Reprinted as pamphlet. 
 
 Gilbreth, F. B. Efifect of scientific management on workers. 
 
 (In Primer of scientific management. 2d. ed. 1914. p. 45- 
 
 92.) 
 
 Union labor and scientific management p. 85-92. 
 Gompers, Samuel. Workers and production. (In Annals. Am. 
 
 acad. Phila. v. 91. p. x-xii. Sept. 1920.) 
 Hillman, S. Z. Organized labor in industry. (In Indus, relations 
 
 assn. of Am. Proc. Orange, N.J. 1920. pt. i. p. 98-102.) 
 Hoxie, R. F. Scientific management and labor. N.Y. D. Apple- 
 ton & CO. 1918. 302p. 
 
 Bibliographical footnotes. 
 
 Attitude of labor towards industrial management and industrial man- 
 agement towards labor. Appendix gives statements of Taylor, Gantt, 
 and Emerson, and trade union objections to scientific management. 
 
 Kent, R. T. Scientific management and the labor problem. (In 
 
 Indus, eng. N.Y. v. 14. p. 418-21. Nov. 1915.) 
 Some English observations on scientific management. (In 
 
 Taylor society. Bui. N.Y. v. 4. no. 3. p. 38-48. June, 
 
 1919.) 
 
 Sidney Webb and Arnold Freeman's criticism of management from 
 labor standpoint and quotations from Taylor in defense of his system. 
 
 Tead, Ordway. Trade unions and efficiency. (In Am. jour 
 
 sociology. Chic. v. 22. p. 30-7. July, 1916.) 
 Tead, Ordvi^ay, and Metcalf, H. C. Business value of the 
 
 collective bargain. (In Personnel administration. 1920. 
 
 p. 446-80.) 
 Thompson, C. B. Relation of scientific management to labor. 
 
 (In Quart, jour, of economics. Cambridge, v. 30. p. 311-51. 
 
 Feb. 1916.) 
 Thompson, C. B. Scientific management and organized labor. 
 
 (In Scientific management. 1914. p. 877-8.) 
 
 A bibliography. 
 
 U.S. Labor department. Working conditions service. Employ- 
 ment management, employee representation, and industrial 
 democracj'. Address delivered before the National association 
 of employment managers, Cleveland, May 23, 1919, by W. M. 
 Leiserson. Wash. Govt, print, off. 1919. I5p. 
 
TRADE UNIONISM 41 
 
 Trade Union History 
 International 
 
 Gompers, Samuel. Labor in Europe and America; personal 
 observations from an American viewpoint of the life and 
 conditions of working men in Great Britain, France, Holland, 
 Germany, Italy, etc. N.Y. Harper & bros. 1910. 287P. 
 "In the procession, America is first." 
 
 Gompers, Samuel. Paris congress of the international secre- 
 tariat. (In Labor in Europe and America. 1910. p. 129- 
 43.) 
 
 International institute of statistics. Annuaire international de 
 statistique. Le Haye. W. P. Van Stockum & fils. 1920. 
 (Publication 6.) 
 Statistics of trade unions, strikes, wages and collective bargaining. 
 
 International labor conference, Washington, D.C. Oct. 29-Nov. 
 29, 1919. Provisional record. Wash. Govt, print, off. 1919. 
 
 International labour office. Geneva. International labour organ- 
 ization; a comparison. Geneva. 1920. lop. (Studies and re- 
 ports. Ser. 8. no. 8. Oct. 21, 1920.) 
 Traces history of International association for labour legislation, 
 
 founding of International labour office at Basle and the continuance of its 
 
 work by the International labour ofSce of the League of Nations at 
 
 Geneva. 
 
 International labour office, Geneva. Miners' International. 
 
 Geneva, 2nd to 6th August 192a. Geneva. 1920. I4p. (Studies 
 
 and reports, Ser. A. No. 7. Oct. 19, 1920.) 
 International socialist, workers, and trade union congress. Report 
 
 of proceedings. London. Twentieth century pr. 1896. 79p. 
 Internationale Bericht iiber die Gewerkschaftsbewegung, 
 
 herausgegeben von dem internationalen Sekretar der 
 
 gewerkschaftlichen Landeszentralen. Annual. Berlin. Verlag 
 
 von der General-kommission der Gewerkschaften Deutsch- 
 
 lands. 1903. 
 Kulemann, W. Internationale organisation. (In Geschichtliche 
 
 Entwicklung der Berufsorganisationen. 1913. v. 6. p. 199- 
 
 332.) 
 
 Literatur, p. 332. 
 
 Losovskj', A. International council of trade and industrial 
 unions. N.Y. Union pub. assn. 1920. 64P. 
 Discusses the unions affiliated with the communist and trade union 
 
 international. 
 
42 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Movement for a Pan-American federation of labor. (U.S. 
 
 Labor statistics bureau. Monthly labor rev. Wash. v. 7. 
 
 p. 1407-9. Nov. 1918.) 
 
 Information compiled from numbers of the Pan-American labor press, 
 San Antonio, Texas. Aug. 28-Sept. 18, 1918. 
 
 New labor code of the world. (In Survey, N.Y. v. 43. P- 287- 
 
 93. Dec. 21, 1919.) 
 
 Convention and recommendations of the International labor con- 
 ference. 
 
 New York State. Statistics and information bureau. Inter- 
 national trade union statistics. Albany. 1914. 24p. (New 
 York labor bulletin 67.) 
 
 Membership and other statistics of unions in different countries. 
 Organization of new international federation of trade unions. 
 (In U.S. Labor statistics bureau. Monthly labor rev. Wash. 
 V. 9. p. 2023-9. Dec. 1919.) 
 Protestant Episcopal church of the U.S.A. Joint commission 
 on social service. Labor in its international aspects. (In 
 Third triennial report to the general convention. 1919. p. 184- 
 
 91.) 
 
 A digest of various international labor programs. 
 Report of American federation of labor delegates to the Inter- 
 national federation of trade unions congress at Amsterdam. 
 (In Am. federationist. Wash. v. 26. p. 921-53. Oct. 1919.) 
 
 Report on the conference by the American delegates. 
 Stoddard, Lothrop. Labor in world politics. (In World's work. 
 N.Y. v. 39. p. 195-9. Dec. 1919.) 
 
 Labor parties. International labor conference and labor section of 
 Peace treaty. 
 
 Turner, (Mrs.) V. B. International labor conference. (In U.S. 
 
 Labor statistics bureau. Monthly labor rev. Wash. v. 10. 
 
 p. 1-26. Jan. 1920.) 
 
 A good summary of the proceedings of the conference and its recom- 
 mendations for legislative reform of working conditions. 
 
 U.S. Labor statistics bureau. International trade union move- 
 ment. (In Historical survey of international action affecting 
 labor. Bui. 268. 1920. p. 65-82.) 
 Brief bibliography given. 
 
 U.S. Labor statistics bureau. International labor legislation and 
 
 the society of nations, by Stephen Bauer. Wash. Govt. 
 
 print, off. 1919. I35p. 
 Waggaman, M. T. First international congress of working 
 
 women, Washington, D.C. (In U.S. Labor statistics bureau. 
 
 Monthly labor rev. Wash. v. 9. p. 1944-54. Dec. 1919.) 
 
TRADE UNIONISM 43 
 
 Periodicals 
 
 Great Britain. Labour Ministry. Labour overseas. Quarterly. 
 London. Whitehall. S.W. i. v. i-date. ig20-date. 
 
 International labour office. Bulletin. Monthly. Basle, Paris, 
 London. 
 
 German, French and English editions published. 
 
 Transferred to Geneva, Switzerland under League of nations in 1920. 
 
 International labour office. International labour review. Monthly. 
 
 Geneva. 1921-date. 
 International labour office. Studies and reports. Irregular. 
 
 Geneva, Switzerland. 1920-date. 
 
 Australia and New Zealand 
 
 x\tkinson, M. Trade unionism in Australia. London. Workers' 
 
 educational assn. n.d. 
 Coghlan, T. A. Labour and industry in Australia from the first 
 
 settlement in 1788 to the establishment of the commonwealth 
 
 in igoi. N.Y. Oxford univ. pr. 1918. 4v. 
 
 A general economic history, with special emphasis on labor. Describes 
 trade unionism, the labor party, etc. 
 
 Australia. Census and statistics bureau. Labour organizations. 
 
 (In Labour and industrial branch, report no. 8, by G. H. 
 
 Knibbs. 1918. p. 9-17.) 
 Australia. Census and statistics bureau. Trade unionism, 
 
 unemployment, wages, prices, and cost of living in Australia. 
 
 1891-1912, by G. H. Knibbs. Melbourne. McCarron, Bird 
 
 & CO. 1913. 77p. (Labour and industrial branch. Report no 2.) 
 
 Labour organizations, p. 7-15. 
 
 Kulemann, W. Australien, Neuseeland. (In Geschichtliche 
 Entwicklung der Berufsorganisationen. 1913. v. 6. p. 125 
 
 Literatur, p. 162-3, 177. 
 Labour in AustraUa and New Zealand. (In Labour research 
 
 department. Monthly circular. London, v. 8. p. 43-6. 
 
 March 1921.) 
 Lloyd, H. D. Country without strikes ; a visit to the compulsory 
 
 arbitration court of New Zealand. N.Y. Doubleday, Page 
 
 & CO. 1900. 183P. 
 
44 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Spence, W. G. Australia's awakening; thirty years in the life 
 
 of an Australian agitator. Sydney and Melbourne. Workers 
 
 trustees. 1909. 63OP. 
 
 Appendix containing colonial labor platforms, p. 597-628. Advocates 
 industrial organization. Anecdotal and colloquial in treatment. 
 
 Periodicals 
 
 Australian worker. Weekly. Sydney. 
 
 Monthly abstracts of statistics. Monthly. WeHington, New 
 
 Zealand. 
 
 Issued under authority of the government of New Zealand. 
 New South Wales industrial gazette. Monthly. Sydney, New 
 
 South Wales. 
 
 Issued by the department of labor and industry. 
 
 Austria 
 
 Die Arbeitsvereine in Oesterreich nach dem Stande vom 31. 
 
 Dezember 1900, Samt den in diesem Stande bis Ende 1904 
 
 vorgefallenen Veranderungen, herausgegeben vom K. K. 
 
 Arbeitsstatistischen. Amte im Handelsministerium. I. Band, 
 
 Tabellarischer Teil. Vienna. Alfred Holder. 1905. 689p. 
 
 Tables of membership, etc., of various unions. 
 Kulemann, W. Oesterreich. (In Geschichtliche Entwicklung der 
 
 Berufsorganisationen. 1913. v. 5. p. 1-140.) 
 
 Literatur, p. 140. 
 
 Periodicals 
 
 Der Arbeitsnachweis. Rundschau fiir Arbeitslosigkeit, Arbeits- 
 vermittlung, Auswanderung, und inner Beseidlung. Fach- 
 schrift des Reich verbandes der allgemeinen Arbeitsvermitt- 
 lungsanstalten Oesterreichs und der Osterreichischen Vereini- 
 gung zur Bekampfung der Arbeitslosigkeit. Bimonthly. 
 Vienna, v. i-date. 1907-date. 
 
 Gewerkschaft. Organ der Gewerkschaftskommission Oester- 
 reichs. Weekly. Vienna, v. i-. 1899-. 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Barnich, G. La legislation et I'organisation ouvrieres en Bel- 
 gique. Theorie et pratique. Bruxelles. E. Rossell. 1913. 
 669p. 
 
 Deschesne, Laurent. Trade unions in Belgium. (In Economic 
 jour. London, v. 15. p. 527-34. 1906.) 
 
TRADE UNIONISM 45 
 
 Du Cormier, Crosson. [Le chomage en Belgique.] (In Las 
 caisses syndicales de chomage en France et en Belgique. 1905. 
 p. 47-106.) 
 
 Gielen, Alexandre. Le droit d'association des fonctionaires, 
 employes, et ouvriers des services publics en Belgique. 
 Bruxelles. V. Gielen. 1912. 164P. 
 
 Huysmans, Camille. L'affiliation des syndicats au Parti ouvrier; 
 discours pronounces au manege a Verviers, par Camille Huys- 
 mans et Louis de Brouckere. Bruxelles. D. Brismee. 1907. 
 5op. (Parti ouvrier beige. Conseil general. Publ. annee 
 1917. no. I.) 
 
 Kulemann, W. Belgien. (In Geschichtliche Entwicklung der 
 Berufsorganisationen. 1913. v. 4. p. 301-57.) 
 Literatur, p. 357. 
 
 Theate, Th. L'organisation ouvriere en Belgique. Syndicats — 
 mutualites — cooperatives. Bruxelles. 1913. 23P. (In 
 Societe Internationale pour le developpement de I'enseignment 
 commercial. Cours international d'expansion commerciale, 
 VI. fitudes sur la Belgique. Conference section 3, no. 8.) 
 
 Periodical 
 
 Belgium. Ministere de I'industrie, du travail et du ravitaille- 
 ment. Revue du travail. Semimonthly. Brussels, v. i-date. 
 1899-date. 
 Pub. by the minister of industry, labor and supplies. 
 
 Canada 
 
 Canada. Labour department. Annual report on labour organi- 
 zation in Canada for the calendar year. Ottawa, v. i-date. 
 1911-date. 
 Statistics, directories, and discussion of general phases of Canadian 
 
 labor movement. 
 
 Canada. Labour department. Labor legislation in Canada for 
 the calendar year 1918. Ottawa. 1919. iS2p. 
 
 Kulemann, W. Kanada. (In Geschichtliche Entwicklung der 
 Berufsorganisationen. 1913. v. 6. p. 99-116.) 
 Literatur, p. 116. 
 
 Labor organization in Canada, 1917. (In U.S. Labor statistics 
 bureau. Monthly labor rev. Wash. v. 7. p. 804-5. Sept. 
 1918.) 
 
 Summary of the Seventh annual report on labor organization in 
 Canada. 
 
46 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Tenth annual convention of the Canadian federation of labour. 
 (In Canada. Labour dept. Labour gazette. Ottawa, v. i8. 
 p. 830. Oct. 1918.) 
 
 A summary of resolutions and elections. 
 
 Trades and labour congress of Canada. Report of proceedings 
 of the thirty-fourth annual convention. (In Canada. Labour 
 dept. Labour gazette. Ottawa, v. 18. p. 830-50. Oct. 1918.) 
 
 Describes movement for formation of labour parties, with resolutions 
 supplementary to tbe general platform. Summarized in U.S. labor statis- 
 tics bureau. Monthly labor rev. Wash. v. 7. p. 1837-40. Dec. 1918.) 
 
 Trades and labour congresses of Canada. Report of convention 
 
 of 1917. (In Canada. Labour dept. Seventh annual report 
 
 of labour organizations in Canada. 1918. p. 43.) 
 
 The congress reverses its former policy and approves the formation 
 of a labour party. 
 
 Periodicals 
 
 British Columbia federationist. Weekly. Vancouver, British 
 
 Columbia. 
 Industrial banner. Weekly. Toronto. 
 
 Official organ of organized labor in Ontario. 
 
 Labour gazette. Monthly. Ottawa. Thomas Malvey. 1900-date. 
 Official paper of Canada. Department of labour. 
 
 Denmark, Norway and Sweden 
 
 Cole, G. D. H. Labour in Sweden. (In World of labour. 191 7. 
 
 p. 183-90.) 
 Convention of Danish cooperative trade unions. (In U.S. 
 
 Labor statistics bureau. Monthly labor rev. Wash. v. g. 
 
 p. 559-60. Aug. 1919.) 
 
 Shows recent great increase in union membership, and summarizes 
 resolutions adopted at the convention. 
 
 Kulemann, W. Danemark, Schweden, Norwegen, Skandiu- 
 
 avische Gesamtorganisation. (In Geschichtliche Entwickhuig 
 
 der Berufsorganisationen. 1913. v. 4. p. 427-553.) 
 
 Literatur, p. 471-516, 542, 
 Louis, Paul. Le mouvement syndical en Suede et en Norvege. 
 
 Paris. A. Rousseau. 1914. 22p. (Le Musee social. Mem. 
 
 et documents. Jan. 1914. no. i.) 
 Louis, Paul. Le syndicalisme en Danemark. (In Revue du mois, 
 
 Paris. Tome 15. p. 711-25. 1912.) 
 Resolutions adopted by Scandinavian labor conference at Copen 
 
 hagen, Sept. 11-13, 1918. (In U.S. Labor statistics bureau. 
 
 Monthly labor rev. Wash. v. 8. p. 305-6. Jan. 1919.) 
 
TRADE UNIONISM 47 
 
 Sweden Arbetsstatistik. Les Lock-out et la greve generale en 
 Suede en 1909. Rapport presente par I'Office du travail 
 a I'administration royale de I'mdustrie et du commerce, 
 Stockholme. K. L. Beckraan. 1910-12. 3v. 
 
 An official report of Sweden's unsuccessful general strike. 
 
 France 
 
 Berle, A. A. Law and labor in France. (In Survey. N.Y. 
 
 V. 45. p. 595-6. Jan. 22, 1921.) 
 
 Outlawing of the C. G. T. 
 Bonnamour, George. L'apaisement, les services fran?ais d'un 
 
 homme d'etat. 2d ed. Paris. B. Grasset. 1913. 358P. 
 Clerc, Charles. Les syndicats professionels dans leurs rapports 
 
 avec les societes cooperatives. Paris. E. Larose. igio. 
 
 299p. (Universite de Paris. Faculte de droit.) 
 Cole, G. D. H. Labour in France, and the French labour 
 
 movement. (In World of labour. 1917. p. 58-127.) 
 Confederation generale du travail. XVIII" congres national 
 
 corporatif et 5" conference des bourses du travail, on unions 
 
 de syndicats, tenus au Havre du 10 ou 23 Septembre 1912, 
 
 Compte rendu des travaux. Le Havre. Imprimerie de 
 
 I'union. 1912? 5 parts. 
 Du Cormier, Crosson. [Le chomage en France.] (In Les 
 
 caisses syndicales de chomage en France et en Belgique. 
 
 1905. p. 107-246.) 
 Fessmann, Karl. Gelbe Gewrerksvereine in Frankreich, "Syn- 
 dicats jaunes." Berlin. L. Simion. Nf. 1914. Ii9p. 
 
 Bibliography, p. v-vii. 
 
 Gompers, Samuel. France, its many parties and movements. 
 (In Labor in Europe and America. 1910. p. 45-58.) 
 
 Asserts that the C. G. T. is controlled by ei small group of extremists 
 Kulemann, W. Frankreich. (In Geschichtliche Entwicklung 
 
 der Berufsorganisationen. 1913. v. 4. p. 49-300.) 
 
 Literatur, p. 298-300. 
 Levine, Louis. Syndicalism in France. 2d rev. ed. N.Y, 
 
 Longmans, Green & co. 1914. 22gp. 
 
 By far the best description in English on French syndicalism. 
 Bibl. p 223-9- 
 National civic federation. Labor situation- in Great Britain and 
 
 France. N.Y. E. P. Dutton & co. 1919. 433P- 
 
 Not reliable. 
 
48 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Pouget, Emile. La confederation generale du travail. 2 ed. 
 
 Paris. M. Riviere et cie. 1910? 67p. (Bibliotheque du 
 
 mouvement proletarien. v. 2.) 
 Severac, Georges. Guide pratique des syndicats prof essionels ; 
 
 avec notice sur les syndicats agricoles. Paris. M. Riviere. 
 
 1908. i8ip. (Bibliotheque d'administration et de droit usuel.) 
 Severac, Georges. Le mouvement syndical. (v. 7 of Encyclo- 
 
 pedie socialiste, syndicale, et cooperative de I'internationale 
 
 ouvriere. 1912. 45Sp.) 
 Skelton, O. D. French unionism militant, (In Jour, of political 
 
 economy. Chic. v. 17. p. 125-43. IQIQ-) 
 Whitney, A. L. Labor unrest in France. (In U.S. Labor 
 
 statistics bureau. Monthly labor rev. Wash. v. 12. p. 436- 
 
 48. Feb. 1921.) 
 
 Periodical 
 
 France. Ministere du travail. Bulletin du Ministere du travail 
 et de la prevoyance sociale. Paris. Berger Levrault & 
 Armand Colin. 1893-date. 
 For further references see Syndicalism — France. 
 
 Germany 
 
 Bernstein, Eduard. Trade unionism in Germany. (In Con- 
 temporary rev. N.Y. v. 92. p. 679-89. 1907.) 
 
 Christian labor unions in Germany. (In Catholic mind. N.Y. 
 no. 7. p. 117-43. Apr. 8, 1906.) 
 
 Cole, G. D. H. Labour in Germany. (In World of labour. 
 1917. p. 169-82.) 
 
 Faulhaber, Alfons. Die christliche Gev^rerkschaftsbewegung. 
 Niirnberg. B. Hily. 1913. ii7p. 
 
 Bibl. p. vii-viii. 
 
 Fehlinger, Hans. Growth of trade unionism in Germany. (In 
 Am. Federationist. Wash. v. 19. p. 61. 1912.) 
 
 Gewerkschafts organizationen im Deutschen Reiche im Jahre 
 1919. (In Korrespondenzblatt des Allgemeinen Deutschen 
 Gewerkschaftsbundes. Berlin, v. 30. no. 4. Statistische 
 beilage. p. 73-104. Oct. 30, 1920.) 
 
 Detailed statistics of German trade unions. 
 Gompers, Samuel. Remarkable growth of trade unionism in 
 Germany. (In Labor in Europe and America. 1910. p. 
 71-80.) 
 Munich a model union center, (p. 106-14.) 
 
TRADE UNIONISM 49 
 
 Growth of the German free trade unions. (In U.S. Labor 
 statistics bureau. Monthly labor rev. Wash. v. 9. p. 964. 
 Sept. 1919.) 
 
 A note from the Correspondenzblatt, showing distribution by main 
 industries of union membership. 
 
 Kulemann, W. Deutschland. (In Geschichtliche Entwicklung 
 der Berufsorganisationen. 1908. v. 1-3.) 
 
 Legien, Karl : Die deutsche Gewerkschaftsbewegung. Zweite, 
 umgearbeitete Auflage. Berlin. Verlag der sozialistischen 
 Monatshefte. 1911. 28p. 
 
 Post bellum program of German trade unions as to unemploy- 
 ment. (In U.S. labor statistics bureau. Monthly labor rev. 
 Wash. V. 7. p. 1827-33. Dec. 1918.) 
 Translation of an article in the Correspondenzblatt, organ of executive 
 
 committee of Social democratic trade unions, June 8, igi8. 
 
 Sanders, W. S. Trade unionism in Germany. London. Fabian 
 
 research dept. 1916. S2p. 
 
 Describes the German movement and commends the solidarity and 
 details of organization of the German unions. 
 
 Tenth German trade union congress, Nuremberg, June 30-July 
 5, 1919. (In U.S. labor statistics bureau. Monthly labor rev. 
 Wash. V. 9. p. 1272-8. Oct. 1919.) 
 *'A congress noteworthy for its pronounced hostility to the repressive 
 
 measures planned at that time by the Government.*' 
 
 Thimme, Frederich and Legien, Carl. Die Arbeiterschaft im 
 neuen Deutschland. Leipzig. G. Hirzel. 1915. 232?. 
 Aiming at harmony between labor and capital. 
 
 Umbreit, Paul. 25 Jahre deutscher Gewerkschaftsbewegung, 
 1890-1915. Erinnerungschaft zum fiinfundzwanzig jahrigen 
 Jubilaum der Begriindung der General kommission der 
 Gewerkschaften Deutschlands. Berlin. Generalkommission 
 der Gewerkschaften Deutschlands. 1915. i85p. 
 
 Periodicals 
 
 Correspondenzblatt des AUgemeinen Deutschen Gewerkschafts- 
 bundes. Weekly. Berlin, v. i-date. 1900-date. 
 
 Reichs — Arbeitsblatt. Monthly. Berlin. 
 
 Hesg. vom Kaiserlichen statistischen Amte, Abteilung fiir Arbeiterstatis- 
 
 tik. 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 Brentano, Lujo. On the history and development of guilds and 
 the origin of trade unions. London. Trubner & co. 1870. 
 
 ''SSP- . . . ^ , ^ 
 
 Treatment 01 the earlier phases of workers' organization in England. 
 
 1'7B51 
 
50 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Carter, G. R. Triple alliance of industrial trade unionism. 4th ed. 
 
 Huddersfield. Advertiser pr. 1917, 23p. 
 Clayton, Joseph. Trade unions. N.Y. Dodge pub. co. n.d. 93p. 
 
 Bibliography, p. 93. Britisli unions. 
 Cole, G. D. H. British labour movement; a syllabus for classes 
 
 and study circles. London. Labour research dept. 1920. 
 
 30p. (Syllabus ser. no. i.) 
 Cole, G. D. H. Introduction to trade unionism ; being a short 
 
 study of the present position of trade unionism in Great 
 
 Britain prepared for the trade union survey of the Labour 
 
 research department. London. Labour research dept. 1918. 
 
 I28p. 
 
 Selected bibliography, p. 120-1. 
 
 Craik, W. W. A short history of the modern British working- 
 class movement. 3d ed. London. Plebs League. 1919. 
 II9P. 
 
 Bibliography, p. iig. Advocates industrial unionism as an essentia] 
 to the workers' conquest of political power. 
 
 Davis, W. J. British trades union congress ; history and recol- 
 lections. London. Co-operative print, soc. ltd. 1910. is8p. 
 
 Drake, Barbara. Women in trade unions. London. Labour 
 research dept. 1920? 237P. (Trade union ser. no. 6.) 
 See also her Women in the engineering trades. 
 
 General federation of trade unions. Report of the annual 
 general council meeting and conference of international 
 delegates. London. 1916-18. 3v. 
 
 Gleason, Arthur. What the workers want ; a study of British 
 labor. N.Y. Harcourt, Brace & Howe. 1920. Si8p. 
 
 A serious study of English trade unionism by one who has spent 
 years in close contact with the movement. 
 
 Gompers, Samuel. English labor in parliament, factory, and 
 slum. (In Labor in Europe and America. 1910. p. 12-19.) 
 British trade union congress at Ipswich, (p. 144-59.) A week in 
 
 London, (p. 29-39.) 
 
 Great Britain. Chief registrar of friendly societies. Annual 
 report. London. H. M. stationery off. v.i-date. 1878-date. 
 Contains reports of trade unions including membership and finances. 
 
 Great Britain. Labour department. Directory of industrial and 
 other associations concerned with matters relating to con- 
 ditions of employment, 1919. London. H. M. stationery 
 off. 1919. 28sp. (Cd. 328) 
 Employers' and employees' associations, arbitration briards, etc. 
 
TRADE UNIONISM 51 
 
 Great Britain. Labour department. Report on strikes and lock- 
 outs and on conciliation and arbitration boards in the United 
 Kingdom in 1913, with comparative statistics. London. H. M. 
 stationery off. 1914. 232P. (Cd. 7658) 
 
 Great Britain. Labour department. Report on trade unions in 
 1908-1910, with comparative statistics for 1901-1910. London. 
 H. M. stationery off. 1914. 143P. (Cd. 6109) 
 Statistics on membership, funds, benefits, etc. 
 
 Great Britain. Labour department. Report to the Board of 
 trade on the industrial disputes investigation act of Canada, 
 1907, by Sir George Askwith. London. H. M. stationery 
 off. 1912? 33p. (Cd. 6603) 
 
 Great Britain. Labor department. Seventeenth abstract of 
 labour statistics of the United Kingdom. London. H. M. 
 stationery off. 1915. 348?. (Cd. 7733) 
 Summarizes principal statistics from 1899 to 1913. 
 
 Hammond, J. L. and Barbara. Skilled labourer, 1 760-1832. 
 
 London. Longmans, Green & co. 1919. 397p. 
 
 Reveals a new aspect of modern history. "Their theme is the reaction 
 of the new agriculture and industry upon popular life and institutions, 
 the treatment by Governments of the problems and movements which it 
 produced, and the psychology which made it possible for statesmen and 
 preachers to forget human misery in economic progress and to brand as 
 sedition the writhings of despair." — Nation, London. 
 
 Hammond, J. L. and Barbara. Town labourer, 1760-1832; the 
 new civilization. 2d impression. London. Longmans, Green 
 & CO. 191 7. 346p. 
 
 Hammond, J. L. and Barbara. Village labourer, 1760-1832; 
 a study in the government of England before the reform 
 bill. London. Longmans, Green & co. 1911. 
 
 Henderson, Arthur. Aims of labour. 2d ed. N.Y. B. W. 
 Huebsch. 1918. io8p. 
 Reconstruction policy of British labor. 
 
 International labour office, Geneva. British government and the 
 miners' federation of Great Britain. Geneva. 1920. 34p. 
 (Studies & repts. Ser. A. no. 5.) 
 
 Kellogg, P. U. and Gleason, A. H. British labor and the war. 
 N.Y. Boni & Liveright. 1919. S04p. 
 
 Revolutionary tendencies in British trade unionism. 
 
 Kulemann, W. England. (In Geschichtliche Entwicklung der 
 Berufsorganisationen. 1913. v. 4. p. I-I47-) 
 Literatur, p. 146-7. 
 
52 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Mann, Tom. Required now ! One big union of boiler makers, 
 foundry men, engineers and steel workers. London. Coop- 
 erative print, soc. 1920. I4p. 
 
 National civic federation. Labor situation in Great Britain and 
 France. N.Y. E. P. Button & co. igip- 433P- 
 Not reliable. 
 
 Robinson, M. F. [Trade unions.] (In Spirit of association. 
 1913. p. 267-363.) 
 A history and a program. 
 
 Slesser, H. H. Trade unionism. London. Methuen & co. 
 ltd. 1913. i68p. 
 
 History, work and government and statistics of British trade unions 
 well explained. 
 
 Selley, Ernest. Village trade unions in two centuries. N.Y. 
 
 Macmillan co. 1919. i83p. 
 Tead, Ordway. British reconstruction program. (In Pol. sci. 
 
 quart. N.Y. v. 33. p. 56-76. March 1918.) 
 Trades union congress. Great Britain. (In U.S. Labor statistics 
 
 bureau. Monthly labor rev. Wash. v. 7. p. 1409-15. 
 
 Nov. 1918.) 
 
 An account of the congress of Sept. 1918, with discussion of war 
 aims, and resolution for a new Trade union labor party. 
 
 Trade union membership in Great Britain. (In U.S. Labor 
 
 statistics bureau. Monthly labor rev. Wash. v. 8. p. 1853- 
 
 6. June, 1919.) 
 
 Statistics classified by trades. 
 Waggaman, M. T. Growth of trade unionism among British 
 
 women during the war. (In U.S. Labor statistics bureau. 
 
 Monthly labor rev. Wash, v. 8. p. 1848-53. June, 1919.) 
 Walling, W. E. British and American trade unionism. (In 
 
 Annals. Am. acad. Phila. v. 26. p. 721-39. Nov. 1905.) 
 
 A detailed contrast of the two movements. 
 Walsh, Tom. What is this shop-steward's movement? A survey 
 
 with diagrams. London. Natl, federation of shop stewards. 
 
 1920. 8p. 
 Webb, Sidney. Restoration of trade union conditions. London. 
 
 Nisbet & CO. 1917. I09p. 
 
 Shows how the war upset working conditions, and what measures are 
 necessary to regain the former status of labor. 
 
 Webb, Sidney and Beatrice. History of trade unionism. 
 
 Rev. ed. extended to 1920. London. Longmans, Green & 
 
 CO. 1920. 784P. 
 
 Bibl. footnotes. The most complete work on the subject, by authors 
 who are the recognized authorities on British trade union history. 
 See also "Industrial democracy" by the Webbs. 
 
TRADE UNIONISM 53 
 
 Periodicals 
 
 Democrat. Weekly. London, v. i-date. 1919-date. 
 
 Official organ of the General federation of trade unions. 
 Federationist. Official organ of the General federation of trade 
 
 unions. Monthly. London, v. l-date. 1913-date. 
 General federation of trade unions. Quarterly balance sheet. 
 
 London. Hamilton House. Bidborough st., W.C. i. 1906. 
 Great Britain. Labour ministry. Labour gazette. Monthly. 
 
 London. H. M. stationery off. 1913-date. 
 
 Reviews the labor situation in Great Britain and in general. Has 
 digest of government publications^ statistics and special articles; and is 
 similar to the U.S. Labor statistics bureau. Monthly labor review. 
 
 International labour office. Bulletin. Monthly. London, v. i- 
 
 date. 1896-date. 
 Labour leader. A weekly journal of socialism, trade unionism 
 
 and politics. Manchester, 30 Blackfriars st. v. i-date. 1904- 
 
 date. 
 
 Official organ of Independent labour party. 
 Labour news service. Published by the Labour party. Weekly. 
 
 London. 33 Eccleston square, S.W. i. 
 Labour research department. London. Monthly circular. 34 
 
 Eccleston square, Westminster, London, S.W. i. 
 Labour woman. A political monthly journal for working women, 
 
 published by the Labour party. London. 33 Eccleston 
 
 square, S.W. i. 1913-date. 
 Local government, parliamentary and international bulletin. 
 
 Published by the Labour party. London. Semimonthly. 33 
 
 Eccleston square, S.W. I. 
 
 Italy 
 
 Cole, G. D. H. Labour in Italy. (In World of labour. 191 7. 
 
 p. 166-9.) 
 Gompers, Samuel. [Trade unions of Italy.] (In Labor in 
 
 Europe and America. 1910. p. 162-8, 194-S) 
 International labour office. Geneva. Dispute in the metal 
 
 industry in Italy. Geneva. 1920. 20p. (Studies & repts. Ser. 
 
 A. no. 2. Sept. 24, 1920.) 
 Kulemann, W. Italien. (In Geschichtliche Entwicklung der 
 
 Berufsorganisationen. 1913. v. 5- P- 283-389.) 
 
 Literatur, p. 389. 
 
54 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Revolution in Italy. (In Nation. N.Y. v. in. p. 738-46. 
 Dec. 22, 1920.) 
 
 Periodical 
 
 Battaglie sindacali. Weekly. Milan, igig. 
 Organ of the General federation of labor. 
 
 For further references on Trade unionism in Italy see Syndicalism — 
 Italy. 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 Harms, Bernard. Die hollandische Arbeitskammern ; ihre Ent- 
 
 stehung. Organisation und Wirksamkeit. Tiibingen. J. C. B. 
 
 Mohr. 1903. 198P. 
 Kulemann, W. Holland. (In Geschichtliche Entwicklung der 
 
 Berufsorganisationen. 1913. v. 4. p. 359-411.) 
 
 Literatur, p. 411. 
 
 Russia 
 
 Goode, W. T. Bolshevism at work. N.Y. Harcourt, Brace & 
 
 Howe. 1920. I43p. 
 International labour office. London. Trade unions. (In Labour 
 
 conditions in soviet Russia. 1920. p. 177-91.) 
 Kulemann, W. Holland. (In Geschichtliche Entwicklung der 
 
 Berufsorganisationen. 1913. p. 413-70.) 
 Labour research department. Trade unions in soviet Russia. 
 
 London. N.Y. Rand school of social science. Am. agents. 
 
 1920. 9lp. 
 
 A collection of first hand Russian trade union documents, including 
 history, report of 1920, Trade union congress and sketch of typical 
 unions. 
 
 McBride, Isaac. [Trade unions.] (In Barbarous soviet Russia. 
 1920. p. 191-240.) 
 
 Pavlovsky, P. Le mouvement ouvrier en Russie. (In Le 
 mouvement socialiste. 1912. Tome 31. p. 337-52.) 
 
 Le 3-nie congres general des syndicats ouvriers de Russie. (In 
 Bureau de Petrograd de I'internationale communiste. Bul- 
 letin, no. 4-5. p. i-ii. May 7, 1920.) 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 Gompers, Samuel. Swiss labor movement. (In Labor in Europe 
 
 and America. 1910. p. 118-24.) 
 Kulemann, W. Schweiz. (In Geschichtliche Entwicklung der 
 
 Berufsorganisationen. 1913. v. 5. p. 183-282.) 
 
 Literatur, p. 282. 
 
TRADE UNIONISM 55 
 
 Paul, Louis. Le mouvement syndical ouvrier en Suisse. (1830- 
 1912.) (In Revue du mois. Paris. Tome 17. p. 564-73. 
 1914.) 
 
 Spain 
 
 Activities and demands of union labor. (In U.S. Bureau of 
 labor statistics. Monthly labor rev. Wash. v. 8. p. 677-8. 
 March, 1919.) 
 
 Kulemann, W. Spanien. (In Geschichtliche Entwicklung der 
 Berufsorganisation. 1913. v. 5. p. 391-412.) 
 
 Organized labor in Spain. (In Nation. N.Y. v. no. p. 93-4. 
 Jan. 24, 1920.) 
 
 Spain. (In American labor year book. v. 2. 1917-18. p. 276- 
 
 7.) 
 
 Annual account. 
 
 For further references see Syndicalism — Spain. 
 
 United States 
 
 Amalgamated clothing workers of America. (In Am. labor 
 year book. 1919-20. p. 177-85.) 
 A summary of the history of the organization by its secretaries. 
 
 /American federation of labor. Constitution, as adopted at the 
 thirty-ninth annual convention held at Atlantic City, N.J., 
 June 9-23, 1919. Wash. 1919. 33p. 
 American federation of labor. American fpHeratinn of labor, 
 history, encyclopedia, reference book. Wash. 1919. 5i5P- 
 American f^ H^rptinn of la bor. Reconstruction program. (In 
 Am. Federationist. Wash. v. 26. p. 129-41. Feb. 1919-) 
 A reiteration of principles of right of association, the federation's 
 political neutrality, etc. Endorses the cooperative movement and govern- 
 ment regulation of industry. 
 American federation of labor. Report of the proceedings of 
 
 the annual convention. Wash. iSBi-date. 
 American labor's greatest convention. (In Am. Federationist. 
 
 Wash. V. 26. p. 689-97. Aug. 1919-) 
 
 A summary of resolutions and programs of the Atlantic City con- 
 vention. 
 Beard, Mary (Ritter). Short history of the American labor 
 
 movement. N.Y. Harcourt, Brace & Howe. 1920. I74p. 
 
 Simple and brief introduction to trade unionism. 
 ^ogart, E. L. Economic history of the United States. 2d ed. 
 
 N.Y. Longmans, Green & co. 1912. 579p. 
 
56 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 ''Bogart, E. L., and Thompson, C. M. Readings in the economic 
 
 history of the United States. N.Y. Longmans, Green & co. 
 , 1916. 862p. 
 VBruere, R. W. Labour in America. (In Manchester Guardian. 
 
 Manchester. Jan. 27, 1920. p. 59.) 
 Burke, W. M. History and functions of central labor unions. 
 
 N.Y. Columbia univ. pr. 1899. l2Sp. (Columbia univ, 
 
 studies.) 
 Carlton, F. T. History in the United States. (In History and 
 
 problems of organized labor. 1911. p. 11-94.) 
 
 'J 
 
 J 
 
 The illustrations in the latter part of the book are mostly drawn from 
 American trade unionism. 
 
 Carlton, F. T. Organized labor in American history. N.Y. 
 
 D. Appleton & co. 1920. 313P. 
 Colcord, Lincoln. Labor and the farmers. (In Nation. N.Y. 
 
 V. no. p. 848-9. Jan. 13, 1920.) 
 
 The so-called farmer-labor conference of Dec. 13 was a failure, but it 
 has initiated an important radical effort at cooperation. 
 
 Cole, G. D. H. Labour in America. (In World of labour. 
 
 1917. p. 128-65.) 
 Commons, J. R., and others. History of labour in the United 
 
 States. N.Y. Macmillan co. 1918. 2v. 623 and 62op. 
 
 Bibl. V. 2, p. S41-87. 
 
 Traces the various labor movements in this country. The best work 
 on American trade union history. 
 
 Ely, R. T. Growth and present condition of labor organizations 
 in America. (In Labor movement in America. 1905. p. 
 34-91 ■) 
 
 Gladden, Washington. Labor question. Boston. Pilgrim pr. 1911. 
 
 Glocker, T. W. Government of American trade unions. Balti- 
 more. Johns Hopkins pr. 1913. 242P. (Johns Hopkins 
 univ. studies.) 
 
 Gompers, Samuel. American labor and the wav. N.Y. George 
 H. Doran co. 1919. 373p. 
 A collection of addresses, with some official A. F. of L. documents, 
 
 forming "a complete story of the American labor position during the 
 
 ■war." 
 
 Gompers, Samuel. American labor movement; its rnakeup, 
 achievements, and aspirations. Wash. A. F. of L. 1915? 
 4op. 
 
 An abstract of the testimony of the President of the American feder- 
 ation of labor before the U.S. Commission on industrial relations in New 
 York. May, 1914. 
 
TRADE UNIONISM 57 
 
 Gompers, Samuel. Labor's political banner unfurled. (In Am. 
 
 Federationist. Wash. v. 27. p. 321-30. Apr. 1920. 
 
 An expansion of the political programs of the June, 1910, convention 
 and Dec, 1919, conference of the A. F. of L. 
 
 Groat, G. G. Introduction to the study of organized labor in 
 America. N.Y. Macmillan co. 1916. 494P. 
 A comprehensive text-book presenting history and interpretation of the 
 
 American movement. Contains "suggestions for further reading." 
 
 Hillquit, Morris. Trade union history. (In History of social- 
 ism in the United States. 1910. p. 289-94.) 
 
 Hillquit, Morris. Recent progress of the socialist and labor 
 
 movements in the United States. Chic. Chas. H. Kerr & co. 
 
 1907. 32p. 
 
 Trade union movement p. 13-32. A brief account of union activities, 
 with assertion of the essential sympathy between trade unionism and 
 socialism. 
 
 ^Hollander, J. H., and Barnett, G. E. Studies in American trade 
 
 unionism. N.Y. Henry Holt & co. 1905. 
 ^Hoxie, R. F. Trade unionism in the United States. N.Y. 
 
 D. Appleton & co. 1917. 426p. 
 
 Very valuable contribution. 
 
 ■ /Kirk, William. National labor federations in the United States. 
 
 Baltimore. Johns Hopkins univ. pr. igo6. isop. (Johns 
 
 Hopkins univ. studies.) 
 
 Kulemann, W. Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika. (In Geschicht- 
 
 liche Entwicklung der Berufsorganisationen. 1913. v. 6. 
 
 p. 1-98.) 
 Literatur, p. 97-8. 
 
 Labor, its grievances, protests and demands. (In Am. Feder- 
 ationist. Wa.sh. v. 27. p. 33-40. Jan. 1920.) 
 The so-called "bill of rights" adopted by tiie December conference. 
 
 Labor movement in the United States. In Am. labor year book. 
 
 1919-20. p. 141-91.) 
 
 Descriptions of various union organizations, and accounts of recent 
 strikes. 
 
 Legien, Karl. Aus Amerikas Arbeiterbewegung. Berlin. Gen- 
 eral kommission der Gewerkschaften Deutschlands. 1914. 
 
 202p. 
 
 Impressions of the president of the trade union movement of Germany 
 of the American labor movement. 
 
 Marot, Helen. American labor unions. N.Y. Henry Holt & 
 
 CO. 1914. 27Sp. 
 
 Reference notes of citations, p. 266-9. An intellectual point of view 
 of labor union policies and methods. 
 
58 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 McCabe, D. A. Standard rate in American trade unions. 
 
 Baltimore. Johns Hopkins pr. 1912. 252?. (Johns Hopkins 
 
 univ. studies.) 
 McNeill, G. E., ed. Labor movement ; the problem of to-day. 
 
 Boston. A. M. Bridgman & co. 1887. 6iSp. 
 Mitchell, John. Organized labor; its problems, purposes and 
 
 ideals, and the present and future of American wage earners. 
 
 Phila. Am. book and bible house. 1903. 436p. 
 
 "Labor unions are for the workmen, but against no one." History, 
 chapters 3-4, 7-10. 
 
 Powderly, T. V. Thirty years of labor, 1859 to 1889, in which 
 the history of the attempts to form organizations of work- 
 ingmen for the discussion of political, social and economic 
 questions is traced. The national labor union of 1866, the 
 industrial brotherhood of 1874, and the order of the knights 
 of labor of America and the world. The chief and most 
 important principles in the preamble of the Knights of labor 
 discussed and explained with views of the author on land, 
 labor, and transportation. Columbus, O. Excelsior pub. 
 house. 1889. 
 
 Smelser, D. P. Unemployment and American trade unions. 
 Baltimore. Johns Hopkins pr. 1919. iSSp. (Johns Hopkins 
 univ. studies.) 
 Trade union theory and remedies for members' unemployment. 
 
 Stockton, F. T. Closed shop in American trade unions. Balti- 
 more. Johns Hopkins pr. igii. i88p. (Johns Hopkins 
 univ. studies.) 
 
 Thirty-ninth annual convention of the American federation of 
 labor. (In U.S. Labor statistics bureau. Monthly labor rev. 
 Wash. V. 9. p. 543-8. Aug. 1919.) 
 
 U.S. Labor Bureau. Annual report of the commissioner. Wash. 
 V. 1-25. 1886-1910. 
 Special volumes on strikes and lockouts, v. 3, 10, 16, 21. 1888, 1894, 
 
 1901, 1906. Reports continued in U.S. Labor statistics bureau. Monthly 
 
 labor rev. Also special volumes on trade union benefit systems, etc. 
 
 U.^. Labor department. Annual reports. Wash. Govt print, 
 off. 1886-date. 
 
 U.S. Labor statistics bureau. Bulletins. Wash. Govt, print. 
 
 off. no. I -date. 1895-date. 
 
 Bulletins numbered in series beginning July :, 1913. Various bulletins 
 deal with trade unionism in the U.S. See especially the "Conciliation and 
 arbitration" series, and "Union scale of wages and hours of labor" 
 bulletins. 
 
TRADE UNIONISM 59 
 
 Waggaman, M. T. National women's trade union league of 
 America. (In U.S. Labor statistics bureau. Monthly labor 
 rev. Wash. v. 8. p. 1183-90. Apr. 1919.) 
 Organization of league in 1905, its history, and reconstruction program. 
 
 Walling, W. E. British and American trade unionism. (In 
 Annals. Am. acad. Phila. v. 26. p. 721-39. Nov. 1905.) 
 British and American trade unionism contrasted in detail. 
 
 Warne, F. J. Workers at war. N.Y. Century co. 1920. 2Sop. 
 Reviews our government labor policy. 
 
 Wolfe, F. E. Admission to American trade unions. Baltimore. 
 
 Johns Hopkins pr. 1912. i8ip. (Johns Hopkins univ. 
 
 studies.) 
 
 Numerous bibliographical footnotes. The interpretation and enforce- 
 ment of various requirements for admission. 
 
 Wolman, Leo. Boycott in American trade unions. Baltimore. 
 
 Johns Hopkins pr. 1916. 148?. (Johns Hopkins univ. 
 
 studies.) 
 
 A documentary investigation of various phases of the boycott, with 
 illustrative and historical material. 
 
 Wright, C. D. Battles of labor. Phila. C. W. Jacobs. 1906. 
 
 Wright, C. D. Industrial evolution of the United States. N.Y. 
 
 Charles Scribner's sons. 1902. 362P. 
 
 The development of industry and of the labor movement, treating 
 organization, legislation, and controversies. 
 
 Periodicals 
 
 American federation of labor. Weekly news letter. Wash. v. i- 
 
 date. 1912-date. 
 American federationist. Monthly. Wash. v. i-date i8p4-date. 
 
 Organ of the American federation of labor. 
 Federal employee. A magazine for government workers. 
 
 Official magazine of the National federation of federal 
 
 employees. Weekly. Wash. v. i-date. 1916-date. 
 Knights of labor. Journal. Monthly. Wash. 1882-1917. 
 Labor. Weekly. Machinist's building. Wash. v. i-date. 1919- 
 
 date. 
 Labor clarion. Weekly. San Francisco, i6th & Capp sts. v. i- 
 
 date. 1902-date. 
 
 Official journal of the San Francisco labor council and the state 
 federation of labor. 
 
 Life and labor. Monthly. Chic. 64 West Randolph st. v. l- 
 
 date. 191 I-date. 
 
 Organ of the National women's trade union league of America. 
 N.Y. Call. Daily. N.Y. 112 Fourth ave. v. i-date. 1909-date. 
 
6o MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Seamen's journal. Weekly. Official paper International sea- 
 man's union of America. San Francisco, v. l-date. 1887- 
 date. 
 
 Seattle union record. Daily. Seattle. 600 Union st. v. i-date. 
 1900-date. 
 
 U.S. Labor statistics bureau. Monthly labor rev. Wash. 
 Govt, print, off. v. I-date. igis-date. 
 Contains bibliographies, a digest of periodical literature, government 
 
 documents of the various states and foreign countries. 2 vols, per yr. 
 
 with index. 
 
 For directory of trade union periodicals of U.S. see U.S. 
 Labor statistics bureau. Monthly labor rev. Wash. v. 8. p. 
 338-42. June 1919. An annual list is issued by the A. F. 
 of L. and in Ayer's "American newspaper annual and 
 directory." 
 
 Statistics 
 
 Barnett, G. E. Growth of labor organization in the United 
 States, 1897-1914. (In Quart, jour, of economics. Cambridge. 
 v. 30. p. 780-95. Aug. 1916.) 
 
 Statistics of trade union membership classified by industries. Based 
 chiefly on records of voting strength of A. F. of L. international unions 
 given in its "Report of the proceedings of the annual convention." 
 
 VVolman, Leo. Extent of labor organization in the United 
 States in 1910. (In Quart, jour, of economics. Cambridge, 
 v. 30. p. 486-518. May 1916.) 
 
 Other Countries 
 
 An Irish labor program. (In Nation. N.Y. v. no. p. 186. 
 
 Feb. 7, 1920.) 
 Kulemann, W. (Gives resumes of trade union progress in var- 
 ious countries not covered above, in Geschichtliche Entwick- 
 
 lung der Berufsorganisationen. 1913. v. 4-6.) 
 
 V. 4: Luxemburg, p. 413-26. 
 
 V. 5: Finland, p. 472-94. Serbian, p. 495-509. Bulgarien, p. 
 
 511-31. Rumanien, p. 535-45. 
 
 V. 6: Argentinien, p. 117-24. Japan, p. 179-98. 
 Rapid progress of trade union movement in Hungary. (In U.S. 
 
 Labor statistics bureau. Monthly labor rev. Wash. v. 7. 
 
 p. 434-5. Aug. 1918.) 
 
 From Internationale Korrespondenzblatt, Berlin, May 18, 19 18. 
 
TRADE UNIONISM 6i 
 
 Labor Colleges 
 
 General 
 
 Gleason, Arthur. Workers' education ; American and foreign 
 experiments. N.Y. Bureau of industrial research. 1921. 
 62p. 
 •Great Britain. Adult education committee. Final report. 
 London. H. M. stationery off. 1919. 409p. (Cd. 321.) 
 Contains account of trade union education in Great Britain and in 
 
 foreign countries. One of the best books on the subject. 
 
 Sweeney, C. P. Adult working-class education in Great Britain 
 and the United States ; a study in recent developments. 
 Wash. Govt, print, off. 1920. loip. (U.S. Labor statistics 
 bureau. Bui. no. 271.) 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Man, Henry de How Belgian labor is educating itself. (In 
 Survey. N.Y. v. 44. p. 667-70. Sept. I, 1920.) 
 
 Germany 
 
 Gewerkschaftliche Unterrichte. Kurse veranstallet von der 
 Generalkommission der Gewerkschaften Deutschlands. An- 
 nual. Berlin. Vorwarts Buchdriickerei. 1906-date. 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 Central labour college. (In Labour year book. 1919. p. 294-5.) 
 History of movement, origin as a revolt against conservatism of 
 
 Ruskin college. Supported by miners' and railway unions and backed 
 
 by Plebs league. 
 
 Cole, G. D. H. Labour and education. (In Labour in the 
 commonwealth. 1920. p. 147-65.) 
 
 Cole, G. D. H. Proletarianism. (In Labour in the common- 
 wealth. 1920. p. 166-78.) 
 
 Cole, G. D. H. Trade unionism and education. (In Workers' 
 educational assn. W. E. A. education year book. 1918. 
 
 P- 370-3- ) 
 
 Traces history of C. L. C, the quarrel with Ruskin college, the guard- 
 ianship of the C. L. C. by South Wales miners' federation and National 
 union of railwayman. The C. L. C. is "aggressively Marxian. Outline 
 of educational policy for trade unions. 
 Educational programmes. (In Labour year book. 1919. 
 
 p. 288-98.) 
 
 Summaries of organization and work of the several British labor 
 colleges. 
 
62 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Gleason, Arthur. Worker's education in Britain. (In Survey. 
 
 N.Y. V. 45. p. 253-4. Nov. 13, 1920.) 
 
 Reviews work of W. E. A., Ruskin college and the Labour college. 
 Horrabin, J. F. Plebs league. (In Workers' educational assn. 
 
 W. E. A. year book. 1918. p. 390-1.) 
 
 Break of the C. L. C. with Ruskin college, and formation of Plebs 
 league to back the work of C. L. C. 
 Horwill, H. W. Education of the adult worker. (In Nation. 
 
 N.Y. V. 109. p. 738-9. May 10, 1919-) 
 Mansbridge, Albert. Universities and labor; an educational 
 
 adventure in England and her overseas dominions. (In 
 
 Atlantic Monthly. Boston, v. 124. p. 275-82. Aug. 1919.) 
 
 A review of the organization, the work, and the cooperation of 
 university instructors with the workers' organizations. 
 
 Mansbridge, Albert. University tutorial classes. A study in the 
 development of higher education among men and women. 
 N.Y. Longmans, Green & co. 1913. I97p. 
 The fullest sumtnary of the activities and development of the Workers' 
 
 educational association. 
 
 Paul, Eden and Cedar. Independent working class education. 
 London. Workers' socialist federation. 1918. 3ip. 
 
 Smith, Samuel. Ruskin college. Oxford. (In Workers' educa- 
 tional assn. W. E. A. educational year book. 1918. p. 388-9.) 
 Foundation, support, and government by trade union and cooperative 
 
 union representatives. Courses, scholarships, publications, etc. 
 
 Workers' educational association. Annual report and statement 
 of accounts; fifteenth. July I, 1918. London. W. E. A. 
 1918. 32p. 
 Plans for educational reconstruction, classes, summer schools, libraries, 
 
 literature and directory of branches in ^ Great Britain and the colonies, 
 
 including a branch in Montreal at McGill university. 
 
 Workers' educational association. Education and working class. 
 London. Workers' educational assn. 1914. 25p. A statement 
 of objective reprinted from the 'Round Table' of March, 
 
 1914. 
 
 Workers' educational association. W. E. A. education year 
 
 book. 1918. London. Workers' educational assn. N.Y. 
 
 Ginn & CO. 1918. 507p. 
 
 Complete account of working men's education in Great Britain. Intro- 
 duction by G. B. Shaw, contributions by S. G. Hobson, G. D. H. Cole, 
 H. G. Wells, John Galsworthy and others, covering the history and 
 teaching methods of the W. E. A. 
 
 Directories 
 
 Labour college. (Until recently Central labour college). Secy. 
 T. Lowth, Unity House, Euston road, London, N.W. i. 
 
TRADE UNIONISM 63 
 
 Plebs league. (Graduates and students of Labour college). 
 
 Mrs. W. Horrabin, Secy. 112 Penywern road, Earl's Court, 
 
 London. S.W. 5. 
 Ruskin college. Oxford. Secy. Sam Smith, Ruskin college, 
 
 Oxford, England. 
 Workers' educational association. General secy. J. M. Mac- 
 
 tavish. 16 Harpur st. London, W.C. I. 
 
 United States 
 
 American federation of labor. Committee on schools under 
 
 union auspices. Report. (In Am. federation of labor. Rept. 
 
 of proc. 39th annual convention. Wash. 1919. p. I35-44-) 
 Boston trade union college. (In School and society. Garrison, 
 
 N.Y. V. g. p. 443-4- Apr. 12, 1919.) 
 Budish, J. M. Education and culture within reach of our 
 
 workers. (In Fur worker. N.Y. Sept. 1919.) 
 
 Reprinted in N.Y. Call. 
 Budish, J. M., and Soule, George. Education. (In New unionism 
 
 in the clothing industry. 1920. p. 205-28.) 
 
 Account of the educational work of the needle trades unions. 
 Chicago trade union college. (In School and society. Garrison, 
 
 N.Y. V. 10. p. 516. Nov. I, 1919.) 
 Cooperative schools. (In Cooperation. N.Y. v. 6. p. 129. 
 
 Sept. 1920.) 
 Education for workers. (In Survey. N.Y. v. 43- P- 437- Jan. 
 
 17, 1920.) 
 
 Brief review of work of Trade union college of Boston, of Chicago, 
 and International ladies' garment workers' union educational committee. 
 
 Fox, G. M. When labor goes to school. N.Y. National board. 
 Y. W.C. A. 1920. 3op. 
 
 Good summary. 
 Gleason, Arthur. Workers' education; American and foreign 
 
 experiments. N.Y. Bureau of Industrial Research. 1921. 
 
 62p. 
 Indiana state federation of labor. Committee on education. 
 
 Report. (In Official proc. 3Sth. 1919. P. 199-202.) 
 Labor college at nation's capital. (In Labor. Wash. v. i. no. 11. 
 
 p. I. Oct. 18, 1919) 
 
 Note on founding of labor college for union members. Instructors 
 drawn from executives and experts in government departments. 
 [Labor education.] (In Am. labor year book. v. 3- 1919-20. 
 
 p. 203-6.) 
 
 Articles on the United labor education committee, the International 
 ladies' garment workers' union, and the Boston trade union college. 
 
64 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Labor in quest of beauty. (In Survey. N.Y. v. 42. p. 199. 
 May 3, 1919.) 
 
 Man, Henry de. Labor's challenge to education. (In New 
 republic. N.Y. v. 26. p. 16-18. March 2, 1921.) 
 
 Sterling, Henry. Labor's attitude toward education. (In 
 School and society. Garrison. N.Y. v. 10. p. 128-32. Aug. 
 2, 1919.) 
 
 Stoddard, W. L. Boston trade union college (In Nation. N.Y. 
 V. 109. p. 298-300. Aug. 30, 1919.) 
 
 Stoddard, W. L. Labor goes to college. (In Independent. N.Y. 
 V. 98. p. 216. May 10, 1919.) 
 
 Stoddard, W. L. What the workers want to know. (In Indus, 
 management. N.Y. v. 6.1. p. 208-10. March i, 1921. 
 
 Sweeney, C. P. Adult working class education in Great 
 Britain and the United States. Wash. Govt, print, off. 
 1920. loip. (U.S. Labor Statistics bureau. Bui. 271.) 
 
 Trade union college. (In Am. rev. of revs. N.Y. v. 60. p. 
 441-2. Oct. 1919.) 
 
 Trade union college. (In New republic. N.Y. v. 18. p. 395. 
 Apr. 26, 1919.) 
 
 Trade union college. (In Survey. N.Y. v. 42. p. 113-14. Apr. 
 19, 1919.) 
 
 Workers' education ; a symposium. Reprinted from the Ship- 
 builders' news and navy yard employee for Sept. 1919, by 
 the Industrial committee of the Department of research and 
 method of the National board of the Young women's chris- 
 tian assn. 1920. up. 
 Contents: Dana, H. W. L. Boston trade union college; Beard, C. _A. 
 
 New school for social research; Budish, J. M. United labor education 
 
 committee; Poyntz, J. S. Workers' university; Tannenbaum, Frank. Labor 
 
 and education; Cady, M. L. Workers' education and the Young women's 
 
 christian assn. 
 
 Directories 
 
 Amalgamated clothing workers of America. National educa- 
 tional department. J. B. Salutsky, educational director. 31 
 Union square, N.Y.C. 
 
 Baltimore trade union college. Baltimore, Md. 
 
 International ladies' garment workers' union. Educational com- 
 mittee. 31 Union square, N.Y.C. 
 
 Pennsylvania labor education committee. Abraham Epstein, 
 secy. P.O. Box 662, Harrisburg, Pa. 
 
 Rand school of social science. 7 East 15th st. N.Y.C. 
 
TRADE UNIONISM 65 
 
 Trade union collfege of Boston. Mabel Gillespie, secy. 80 Tre- 
 mont St. Boston, Mass. 
 
 Trade union college of Washington, D.C. Mary C. Dent, Secy. 
 1423 New York Ave. Washington, D.C. 
 
 United garment workers' union. Los Angeles, Cal. Educa- 
 tional committee. Labor temple, Los Angeles, Cal. 
 
 United labor education committee. J. M. Budish, chairman. 
 41 Union square, N.Y.C. 
 
 Women's trade union league of Chicago, 111. Chicago feder- 
 ation of labor. Educational council. Chicago, III. 
 
 \\'orkers' college. Seattle, Washington. Labor temple, Seattle, 
 Wash. 
 
 Workers' university. International ladies' garment workers' 
 union. Cleveland, Ohio. 
 
 Trade Union Directories 
 
 American federation of labor. History, encyclopedia, reference 
 book. 1919. 
 
 American federation of labor. List of organizations affiliated 
 with American federation of labor. National and interna- 
 tional, department, state, central and local. Washington, 
 D.C. Sept. 9, 1919. 78p. 
 
 Issued annually. 
 American federation of labor. Organizers, A. F. of L. Wash. 
 D.C. pub. by A. F. of L. Sept. 2, 1919. 
 
 Issued annually. 
 Canada. Labour department. Labour organizations in Canada, 
 
 1914. (In Report. March 31, 1915. p. 60-70.) 
 
 Issued annually. 
 Directory of A. F. of L. (In American labor year book. 1917-18. 
 
 p. 63-7.) 
 
 Each issue of American labor year book contains directory of unions. 
 
 Labour year book. London. Labour research dept. v. i-date. 
 1916-date. 
 Each issue contains directory. 
 
 The labor departments of the various states (listed in the U.S. 
 Labor statistics bureau. Monthly labor rev. Wash. v. 11. 
 p. i8i-20l. July, 1920) as a rule give the trade union directory 
 for their states giving locals in each town, for example: 
 Connecticut. Labor statistics bureau. Directory of labor 
 organizations. (In Report. 28th. Nov. 30, 1918. p. 81-9.) 
 Massachusetts. Statistics bureau. Annual directory of 
 
66 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 labor organizations in Massachusetts. i8th. 1919. Bost. 
 1919. 65p. 
 
 New Hampshire. Labor bureau. Directory of labor or- 
 ganizations of New Hampshire. (In Biennial report. 12th. 
 p. 90-105. Aug. 31, 1918.) 
 
 West Virginia. Labor bureau. State federation of labor. 
 1918-19. (In Biennial report. 14th. p. 93-9. 1917-18.) 
 
 Directories of Labor Periodicals 
 
 American federation of labor. Trade union official journals and 
 labor papers received at headquarters of American federa- 
 tion of labor. Wash. Aug. 1919. I2p. 
 Arranged by states and countries. 
 
 Ayer, N. W. & sons. American newspaper annual and directory. 
 Phila. 
 Has list of labor papers revised annually. 
 
 Commons, J. R., and others. Labour papers. (In History of 
 labour in the United States. 1918. v. 2. p. 586-7.) 
 
 Labor press. Publications issued by the A. F. of L. (In Amer- 
 ican labor year book. 1916. p. 27-8.) 
 
 Trade unionist journals. (In Labour year book. 1919. p. 
 411-12.) 
 Lists British papers. 
 
 U.S. Labor statistics bureau. List of labor papers and journals 
 and other periodicals featuring labor matters received cur- 
 rently in the Department of labor library. (In Monthly 
 labor review. Wash. v. 8. p. 334-53. June igig.) 
 
 Wisconsin state historical society library. Current labor and 
 socialist papers. (In Collections on labor and socialism in the 
 Wisconsin historical library. 1915. p. 10-14.) 
 
 The socialist periodicals <if various countries carry news of 
 trade unionism. 
 
THE COOPERATIVE MOVEMENT 
 CONTENTS 
 
 Introduction 69 
 
 Bibliographies 72 
 
 General References 73 
 
 History of the Movement 74 
 
 Technical 78 
 
 Year-books and proceedings 78 
 
 Periodicals 79 
 
 Schools 79 
 
THE COOPERATIVE MOVEMENT 
 
 The Cooperative Movement is a form of cooperative effort 
 aiming at the association of producers or consumers in self- 
 governing cooperative workshops or consumers' societies. James 
 P. Warbasse defines it as "an organized non-political effort of 
 the people to control the production and distribution of things 
 needed to satisfy their wants. It is devoted to the principle that 
 things should be done and commodities produced for use rather 
 than for exchange." ' 
 
 The Cooperative Movement is widespread and has grown 
 rapidly, approximately doubling its membership in the European 
 countries every ten years. During the war this rate of increase 
 has doubled. The movement uses economic rather than political 
 means, and meets successfully the competition of privately run 
 enterprises. 
 
 The Cooperatives have engaged in the banking business, 
 manufacturing, insurance, farming, transportation, etc. The 
 consumers' cooperative movement is more radical in tendency 
 than the agricultural cooperatives. It has received support 
 from socialists, who favor it because it is a training school or 
 laboratory for the collective administration of the people's busi- 
 ness and seeks to eliminate the profit system. 
 
 In 1843'' in the town of Rochdale, England, twenty-eight 
 weavers came together to discuss ways and means of bettering 
 their economic condition, and decided to open a cooperative 
 store for their own use. The constitution provided that the 
 goods must be sold at market prices and that each member, 
 man or woman, should have one vote in the affairs of the so- 
 ciety. At the end of each quarter of the year profits were to 
 be distributed to the members in proportion to their patronage. 
 The society was thus not for profit but for the benefit of the 
 consumer. Ten years later the membership of the British Co- 
 operative Movement had grown from 28 to nearly 1,000, and 
 
 'James P. Warbasse — The Destiny of the Cooperative Movement; p. i. 
 2 Many cooperative societies are older than Rochdale. 
 
70 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 extended in 1920 to about 4,000,000. The capital invested had 
 risen in 1919 to$243,32S,ooo, and the total turnover to $389,320,000. 
 
 In England, as in all other countries, in which the cooperative 
 idea has taken hold, the original Rochdale principle forms the 
 basis of the present day cooperative societies. To become a 
 member a share of one pound ($4.87) must be purchased but 
 may usually be paid for in installments of 3d. (6.1 cents). The 
 maximum value of shares that can be held by any member is 
 fixed by law at 200 pounds ($973-3o)^. Each member has one 
 vote irrespective of the number of shares held and is eligible 
 to a seat on the board of management, or to any other repre- 
 sentative office. 
 
 In March, 1864, the first English cooperative wholesale 
 society was founded. The total sales up to 1917 amounted to 
 $2,926,987,045.75.'' In 1918 their sales amounted to $317,139,877.' 
 
 The Belgian Cooperative Movement was started in the early 
 eighties with the society called the Vooruit, originally a cooper- 
 ative bakery whose profits were allowed to accumulate as a ben- 
 efit and insurance fund for its members. The movement grew 
 along with Socialism and Trade Unionism. The turn- 
 over in 1915 amounted to $1,130,000. There is also a Belgian 
 peasants' cooperative league, the Boerenbond. 
 
 Cooperation in Denmark began in 1866, when the country 
 was suffering from its war with Prussia. At first it was an 
 agricultural movement, especially in dairy production; and the 
 distributive societies were of later development. The annual 
 trade of all forms of cooperation in 1916 was about $250,000,000. 
 The Danish movement is stronger in proportion to the size of 
 the country than any other. 
 
 The French Cooperative movement has been largely agricul- 
 tural, with a tendency toward decentralization, and the form- 
 ation of many small societies. Its services in the war zone, 
 which did much to save the soldiers from the greed of profiteers, 
 have gained it considerable favor with government and public. 
 In August, 1918, there were 1,500,000 cooperators, and their 
 yearly accounts amounted to about $115,811,000.* 
 
 In Germany the movement originated among the middle class, 
 
 'U.S. Monthly labor review, v. 9. p. 1159. Oct. 1919. 
 
 * American Labor Year Book. 19 17. p. 324. 
 
 ^ U. S. Labor statistics bureau. Monthly labor review, v. 9. p. 1162. 
 Oct. 1919. 
 
 * U.S. Labor statistics bureau. Monthly labor review, vol. g. p. 1166. 
 Oct. 19 19. 
 
THE COOPERATIVE MOVEMENT 71 
 
 but spread to the workers in spite of government opposition, 
 and the expulsion of radical locals from the national organiza- 
 tion. The general plan is similar to that in England. The 
 so-called Schultze-Delitsch banks and RaiflFeisen or credit so- 
 cieties have been extensively developed. During the war, 
 although various enterprises for cooperative factories had to 
 be abandoned, the membership and trade of societies more than 
 doubled. The consumers' societies have over two million mem- 
 bers, and the banking, agricultural and producers' associations 
 as many more. 
 
 Russia since the revolution has developed the largest co- 
 operative movement in the world. The cooperatives, which had 
 been hampered under the Czar's government, received an 
 important part in the (Kerensky) government, holding several 
 prominent positions in the administration of commerce and pro- 
 duction. The local associations increased from fewer than 20,000 
 in 1905 to 50,000 in 1918, with 20,000,000 members. The cooperative 
 movement has distributed during the last years a large percent- 
 age of the food in Russia, opened a university, conducted banks, 
 and become a very important factor in agriculture, especially in 
 Siberia. The Bolsheviki have nationalized the cooperatives. 
 
 Italy, Switzerland and Austria have also strong cooperative 
 movements. Ireland's cooperation is mainly agricultural, and 
 has been of great help to the peasants. 
 
 The international cooperative organization has developed 
 plans for interchange of commodities between the various coun- 
 tries. It organized relief work during the war, when its strength 
 was shown by German soldiers' recognition and protection of 
 cooperative stores in the occupied portions of France. 
 
 In the United States the cooperative movement has made 
 great progress during the last few years. It is however still 
 weak and sporadic. 
 
 Holyoake's "History of Cooperation" is a thoroughly compre- 
 hensive work, though not of recent publication. Very useful 
 is Beatrice Potter's "Cooperative movement in Great Britain." 
 Woolf's "Cooperation and the Future of Industry" shows the 
 relation of cooperation to the general labor movement. Harris's 
 "Cooperation, the Hope of the Consumer," and Sonnichsen's 
 "Consumers' Cooperation," interpret the movement from the 
 cooperative but critical viewpoint. Also the Webbs' study in the 
 New Statesman, Supplement of May 1914. gives a digest of the 
 international cooperative movement. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 Bibliographies 
 
 Bibliography on cooperation. (In Foods and markets. Albany. 
 V. I. p. 39. Nov. 1918.) 
 
 Bloomfield, Daniel. Bibliography. Workers' cooperative move- 
 ment. (In Selected articles on modern industrial movements. 
 1919. p. xi-xii.) 
 
 Cole, G. D. H. [Cooperation.] (In World of labor. 1913. 
 p. 427-35-) 
 
 Cooperative league of America. Bibliography. N.Y. 1919. 
 
 List of publications, 45 pamphlets and leaflets constantly revised on 
 
 various phases of consumers' cooperation. Stores, wholesale, producers, 
 
 housing, etc. 
 
 Great Britain. Labour department. List of publications in the 
 Library of the Intelligence and statistics department dealing 
 with profit-sharing and labor co-partnership. (In Rept. on 
 profit-sharing and labour co-partnership in the United King 
 dom. 1920. p, 215-27.) 
 
 International cooperative alliance. Bibliography. London. P. S. 
 King & son. 1906. 276p. 
 With alphabetic catalogue by languages. 
 
 Marot, Helen. Cooperation and profit-sharing. (In Handbook 
 of labor literature. 1899. p. 41.) 
 
 New York public library. Cooperation in Russia. N.Y. 1919. 
 2p. typew. 
 
 New York public library. Cooperation in the United States. 
 N.Y. 1914. 2p. typew. 
 
 New York public library. Cooperative buying. N.Y. 1917? 
 2p. typew. 
 
 U.S. Agriculture department. Selected list of publications on 
 cooperative purchasing and marketing. (In Bulletin 547. 
 1917. p. 78-82.) 
 
 U.S. Labor statistics bureau. Monthly labor rev. Wash, 
 carries a section called "Cooperation" which reviews develop- 
 ments in various countries, and articles on cooperation. 
 
 U.S. Library of congress. List of references on cooperative 
 stores. Wash. May 28, 1920. I2p. mim. 
 
THE COOPERATIVE MOVEMENT 73 
 
 General References 
 
 American labor year book. N.Y. Rand School of social science. 
 I9i6-date. 
 
 Contains an annual account of cooperation. 
 
 Bloomfield, Daniel, ed. Workers' cooperative movement. (In 
 
 Selected articles on modern industrial problems. 1919. p. 
 
 3-34-) 
 
 Articles by Harry W. Laidler, James P. Warbasse, and the A. F. 
 of L.; also a summary of the movement in Great ]3ritain. 
 
 Clayton, Joseph. Cooperation. N.Y. Dodge pub. co. 1912. 93p. 
 
 Bibl. p. 92-3. Good brief description and discussion. 
 Cooperative league of America. Cooperative housing; history 
 
 and description of types and methods of cooperative housing. 
 
 N.Y. 1920. i6p. 
 Cooperative league of America. Harmonizing producers and 
 
 consumers. N.Y. 1920? 4p. 
 Finn, J. J. Operative ownership; a system of industrial 
 
 production based upon social justice and the rights of private 
 
 property. Chic. Langdon & co. 1916. 30ip. 
 
 Copartnership recommended as a step toward cooperation. 
 
 Foods and markets. Albany, v. i. no. 3. Nov. 1918. 39p. 
 
 Whole number devoted to cooperation. Other issues contain news of 
 cooperation. 
 
 Furniss, A. D. and Phillips, Marion. Cooperative house manage- 
 ment. (In Working woman's house. 1919? p. 49-65.) 
 The economies of cooperative restaurants, laundries, etc. 
 
 Gide, Charles. Les societies cooperatives de consommation. 3d 
 rev. and enl. ed. Paris. Recueil. Sirey. 1917. 353p. 
 
 Harris, E. P. Cooperation, the hope of the consumer. N.Y. 
 Macmillan co. 1918. 328p. 
 The fullest account of the sources of economic profit of consumers' 
 
 cooperative associations. Detailed practical presentation of management 
 
 of cooperative business. 
 
 International institute of statistics. Annuaire international de 
 
 statistique. La Haye. W. P. Van Stockum & fils. 1020. 
 
 283P. (Publication no. 7.). 
 
 Cooperatives p. 179-225. 
 International labor office, Geneva. Studies and reports. Series 
 
 H. Geneva, no. i-date. Sept. 8, 1920-date. 
 
 Cooperation in various countries as no. i. "Consumers cooperative 
 societies in 1919 (Denmark and Sweden)." 
 Myrick, Herbert. How to cooperate; a manual for cooperators. 
 
 N.Y. Orange Judd co. 1914. 349P- 
 
 Contains abstract of laws relative to cooperation. 
 
74 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Powell, J. H. Cooperation in agriculture. N.Y. Macmillan co. 
 1919. 327p. 
 
 Bibliography, p. 3I7--24. 
 Radford, George. Agricultural cooperation and organisation. 
 2nd rev. ed. London. Hodder & Stoughton. 1917. IS4P 
 
 Agriculture needs scientific management and the assistance of the 
 industrial cooperative associations in marketing. 
 
 Russell, G. W. Cooperation and nationality. Baltimore. Nor- 
 man, Remington & co. 1913. I03p. 
 
 Theories of cooperation and rise of agricultural cooperation in Ireland. 
 Sonnichsen, Albert. Socialism and cooperation. (In Consumers' 
 
 cooperation. 1919. p. 185-204.) 
 
 Cooperation said to be more practical, more gradual and more liberal 
 than socialism. 
 Tetlow, B, Cooperative auditing. Manchester. Coop, union, 
 
 ltd. n. d. 349p. 
 Vandervelde, Emile. La cooperation neutre et la cooperation 
 
 socialiste. Paris. Felix Alcan. 1913. 226p. 
 
 Good discussion of the relation between the two movements. 
 Walker, J. H. Cooperative production. (In Annals Am. acad. 
 
 Phila. V. 91. p. 89-92. Sept. 1920.) 
 Warbasse, J. P. Destiny of the cooperative movement. 
 
 N.Y. Coop, league of Am. n. d. 4p. 
 Webb, Sidney and Beatrice. Cooperative movement. London. 
 
 New statesman. Sup. May 30th, 1917. 
 Williams, Aneurin. Cooperation in housing and town-building. 
 
 Manchester. Coop, union ltd. 1907. 20p. 
 Wilson, R. G. Cooperative apprentices' textbook. Manchester. 
 
 Coop, union ltd. 1917. 207p. 
 
 Contains much practical information on various industries and com- 
 mercial geography. 
 
 Wood, Alfred. Cooperative secretary; a manual of cooperative 
 administration. Manchester. Coop, union ltd. 1909. 648P. 
 
 Woolf, L. S. Cooperation and the future of industry. 
 London. George Allen & Unwin. 1918. 141P. 
 
 Shows the relation of cooperation to the general labor movement. 
 An excellent discussion and prophecy. 
 
 History of the Movement 
 
 Acland, A. H. D. and Jones, Benjamin. Working men coop- 
 erators ; what they have done, and what they are doing. An 
 account of the artisans' cooperative movement in Great 
 Britain, with information how to promote it. London. Cas- 
 sell & CO. 1884. 136P. 
 
THE COOPERATIVE MOVEMENT 75 
 
 Activities of British cooperative societies during 1917. (In La- 
 bour gazette. London, v. 27. p. 465-7, Nov. 1919. (Re- 
 printed in U.S. Labor statistics bureau. Monthly labor rev. 
 Wash. v. 10. p. 181-3. Jan. 1920.) 
 Statistics on distributive and productive cooperation. 
 
 Beyer, O. S. Plans for extending cooperative buying and selling 
 in the United States. (In Annals Am. acad. Phila. v. 89. 
 p. 193-6. May 1920.) 
 
 Brizon, P., et Poisson, E. La cooperation, (v. 8 of Encyclopedic 
 socialiste, syndicale et cooperative de I'internationale ouvriere. 
 1913.) 596p. 
 History of cooperation in various countries. 
 
 Bruere, R. W. New alliance; farm and factory. (In New 
 republic. N.Y. v. 22. p. 53-6. March 10, 1920.) 
 
 Bubnoff, J. V. Cooperative movement in Russia; its history, 
 significance and character. Manchester. Coop, print, soc. 
 1917. l62p. 
 
 Chenery, W. L. Labor and cooperation. (In Survey. N.Y. v. 45. 
 p. 57-8. Oct. 9, 1920.) 
 
 Cooperative movement in the United Kingdom. (In U.S. Labor 
 statistics bureau. Monthly labor rev. Wash. v. 9. p. 1159- 
 65. Oct. 1919.) 
 Statistics for 1916 and partial for 1917 and 1918. Discussion and 
 
 memorandum to peace conference. 
 
 Davies, M. L. Women's cooperative guild, 1883-1904. Man- 
 chester. Coop, wholesale soc. 1904. i7op. 
 
 Fay, C. R. Cooperation at home and abroad. London. P. S. 
 King & son. 1908. 403P. 
 A textbook containing history in various countries arranged under 
 
 the headings: banks, agricultural societies, workers' societies and stores. 
 
 List of authorities, p. 381-92. 
 
 Ford, James. Cooperation in New England. N.Y. Charles 
 Scribner's sons. 1913. 237P. 
 An authentic description up to 1913. Now out of print. 
 
 Gebhard, Hannes. Cooperation in Finland. London. Williams 
 & Norgate. 1916. ipcp. 
 A description of productive, credit and distributive cooperation. 
 
 Gide, Charles. L'AUiance cooperative Internationale. Paris. 
 Bibliotheque de I'ecole cooperative. 1919. 3ip. 
 
 Great Britain. Labour ministry. Report on profit-sharing and 
 copartnership in the United Kingdom. London. H. M. sta- 
 tionery off. 1920. (Cmd. 544) 244p. 
 Bibl. p. 215-27. Largely devoted to cooperation. 
 
76 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Hertel, Hans. Co-operation in Danish agriculture; an English 
 adaptation of Andelsbevoegalsen ; Denmark, by Harold 
 Faber. N.Y. Longmans, Green & co. 1918. I76p. 
 
 Holyoake, G. J. History of cooperation. London. T. Fisher 
 Unwin. 1906. 2v. 
 A history of the movement in Great Britain from the Owenite period 
 
 to 1904. 
 
 Holyoake, G. J. History of the Rochdale pioneers. loth ed. 
 
 N.Y. Charles Scribner's sons. 1893. I9lp. 
 International institute of agriculture. Agricultural cooperation 
 
 in several countries. Rome. 1911. loip. 
 Jesness, O. B., and Kerr, W. H. Cooperative purchasing and 
 
 marketing organizations among farmers in the United States. 
 
 Wash. Govt, print, off. 1917. 82p. 
 
 Selected list of publications on cooperative purchasing and marketing, 
 p. 78-82. 
 
 Johns Hopkins university. History of cooperation in the United 
 States. Baltimore. Johns Hopkins pr. 1888. 54op. (Johns 
 Hopkins uniy. studies.) 
 
 Laidler, H. W. British cooperative movement. N.Y. Coop, 
 league of Am. 1917. i6p. 
 
 Parker, F. E. All-American cooperation congress. (In Labor 
 statistics bureau. Monthly labor rev. Wash. v. 12. p. 602-5. 
 March 1921.) 
 
 Perkey, C. W. Cooperation in the United States. N.Y. Inter- 
 collegiate socialist soc. 1917. 3ip. 
 Out of print. 
 
 Potter, Beatrice, (Mrs. Sidney Webb). Cooperative movement 
 
 in Great Britain. London. George Allen & Unwin. 1914. 
 
 26op. 
 
 Describes the origin and growth of the British cooperative movement 
 as one aspect of the larger movement toward industrial democracy. Ap- 
 pendix gives tables of associations of producers, percentages of cooperative 
 sales, and the relative progress of the movement. 
 
 Protestant Episcopal church. Joint commission on social service. 
 Cooperative movement. (In Third triennial report submitted 
 to the general convention. 1919. p. 87-102.) 
 Includes summary of cooperative progress in various countries. 
 
 Redfern, Percy. Story of the C. W. S.; the jubilee history of 
 the Cooperative wholesale society limited, 1863-1913. Man- 
 chester. Coop, wholesale soc. ltd. 1913? 439p. 
 
 Sandburg, Carl. Farmer-labor congress. (In Survey. N.Y. 
 
 v. 43, p. 605-6. Feb. 21, 1920.) 
 
 The conference of the All-American farmer-labor cooperative congress, 
 in Chicago, Feb. 1920, took steps toward the establishment of cooperative 
 banks and credit unions, and approved cooperation in other fields. 
 
THE COOPERATIVE MOVEMENT 77 
 
 Serwy, Victor. La cooperation ouvriere en Belgique, 1914-1918. 
 
 Paris. Federation natlonale des cooperatives. 1919. 63p. 
 Smith-Gordon, Lionel and O'Brien, Cruise. Cooperation in 
 
 many lands. Manchester. Co-op. union ltd. 1919. 272p. 
 
 Bibliography, p. 252-8. A survey of agricultural cooperation. 
 Smith-Gordon, Lionel and Staples, L. C. Rural reconstruction 
 
 in Ireland ; a record of cooperative organization. New Haven. 
 
 Yale univ. pr. 1919. 30ip. 
 
 Agricultural cooperation in Ireland. 
 Sonnichsen, Albert. Consumers' cooperation. N.Y. Macmillan 
 
 CO. 1919. 223p. 
 
 "A brief up-to-date history of the cooperative movement both in 
 Europe and the United States, in which cooperation is presented as a 
 means for reorganiizng industry on a collective basis with the ultimate 
 aim of creating a consumers' industrial democracy." — Cooperative league 
 of America. 
 
 U.S. Agriculture department. Bulletin 178. Cooperative organ- 
 ization. Business methods. 1915. 24p. 
 
 U.S. Agriculture department. Bulletin 236. A system of 
 accounts for farmers' cooperative elevators. 1915. 3op. 
 
 U.S. Agriculture department. Bulletin 394. Survey of typical 
 cooperative stores in the United States. 1916. 32p. 
 
 U.S. Agriculture department. Bulletin 530. Organization and 
 management of farmers' mutual fire insurance company. 1917. 
 34P- 
 
 U.S. Agriculture department. Bulletin 541. Cooperative organ- 
 ization by-laws. 1918. 23p. 
 
 U.S. Agriculture department. Bulletin 547. Cooperative pur- 
 chasing and marketing organizations among farmers in the 
 United States. 1917. 82p. 
 
 U.S. Agriculture department. Farmers' bulletin 718. Cooper- 
 ative live-stock shipping associations. 1915. I9P. 
 
 U.S. Foreign and domestic commerce bureau. Russian cooper- 
 ative movement. Wash. 1920. 83p. (Misc. ser. no. loi.) 
 
 Warbasse, A. D. Story of cooperation; a survey of the begin- 
 nings and growth of the movement for the economic emanci- 
 pation of the people. 3d ed. N.Y. Coop, league of Am. 
 1921. 24p. 
 Summaries of progress of movements in different countries. 
 
 Warbasse, J. P. Cooperative consumers' movement in the 
 United States. N.Y. Coop, league of Am. 1919. 8p. 
 
 Warbasse, J. P. Producers' co-operative industries. N.Y. Co- 
 op, league of Am. 1921. i6p. 
 
78 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Webb, Catherine. Industrial cooperation, the story of a peaceful 
 revolution ; being an account of the history, theory, and prac- 
 tice of the cooperative movement in Great Britain and Ire- 
 land. Manchester. Co-op. union ltd. 1917. 278p. 
 "The best elementary account of the history, theory, and practice 
 
 of cooperation in Great Britain and Ireland." — Cooperative league of 
 
 America. 
 
 Weseen, M. H. Cooperative movement in Nebraska. (In Jour, 
 of political economy. Chic. v. 27. p. 477-98. June 1920.) 
 
 Wolff, H. W. Cooperation in India. London. W. Thacher 
 & CO. 1919. 3S2p. 
 Primarily discusses agricultural cooperation. 
 
 Zelenko, A. J. Russian cooperative movement. (In U.S. Labor 
 statistics bureau. Monthly labor rev. Wash. v. 10. p. 1428- 
 36. June 1920.) 
 
 Technical 
 
 Cooperative league of America. Cooperative store records and 
 accounts. N.Y. 1920. 8p. 
 
 Cooperative league of America. How to start a cooperative 
 wholesale. N.Y. 1920? I2p. 
 
 Cooperative league of America. How to start and run a Roch- 
 dale cooperative store. N.Y. 1920. 32p. 
 
 Cooperative league of America. Starting right. N.Y. 1920? 4p. 
 
 Cooperative league of America. Model constitution and by- 
 laws for a cooperative society. N.Y. 1920? i6p. 
 
 Cooperative league of America. Why cooperative stores fail. 
 N.Y. 1918. 4p. 
 
 Year-books and Proceedings 
 
 Cooperative congress, 1918. Manchester. Coop, union. 1918? 
 
 872P. 
 Cooperative league of America. Report of proceedings of first 
 
 American coop, convention, Springfield, 111. 1918. N.Y. 
 
 1919. 
 Cooperative league of America. Report of proceedings. Second 
 
 American coop, convention. Cincinnati, O. 1920. N.Y. 
 
 1920? 
 Co-operative wholesale societies, limited. Annual. Manchester. 
 
 Co-op. wholesale soc, ltd., 1880-1919. 
 
 Continued as "People's year book." v. i-date. 1918-date. 
 Dublin co-operative congress, 1914. Handbook. Manchester. 
 
 Co-op. wholesale soc. 1914. 27ip. 
 
THE COOPERATIVE MOVEMENT 79 
 
 English and Scottish wholesale societies. Peoples' year-book 
 
 and annual. 
 
 A volume of useful information prepared by the Cooperative ■ press 
 agency. Manchester. Co-op. wholesale soc. v. i-date. igiSdate. 
 
 International cooperative congresses. (In U.S. Labor statistics 
 
 bureau. Monthly labor rev. Wash. v. 9. p. 1 153-9. Oct. 
 
 1919.) 
 
 Reports of congresses held in March and June, igig. 
 Women's co-operative guild. Handbook of annual congress. 
 London. 1916. London. Women's co-op. guild. 1916. 56p. 
 
 Periodicals 
 
 Canadian cooperator. Monthly. Brantford, Ontario. 
 
 Co-operation. A magazine devoted to social and economic prog- 
 ress through cooperation. Monthly. N.Y. Cooperative 
 league of Am. 2 West 13th st. v. i-date. igis-date. 
 
 Cooperative education. Monthly. OfRcial organ of the coop- 
 erative schools of greater New York. Brooklyn, N.Y. v. i. 
 no. i.-date. Nov. 1920-date. 
 
 Co-operative news. Weekly. Manchester. British co-operative 
 union, ltd. Long Millgate. 
 
 Co-operative union quarterly review. Manchester, England. 
 
 Co-operator's herald. Weekly. Fargo, North Dakota. 
 
 International co-operative bulletin. London. 41 Smith st. West- 
 minster. 
 
 National cooperative news. Weekly. Chicago. National co- 
 operative association. 342 River st. 1919-1920. Discontinued. 
 
 Pacific co-operator. Monthly. San Francisco, Cal. 236 Com- 
 mercial St. 1904-date. 
 
 Russian co-operator, a journal of co-operative unity. Monthly. 
 
 London. 1917-date. 
 Published by the Joint committee of Russian co-operative organizations 
 
 in London. 
 
 Scottish co-operation. Monthly. Glasgow, Scotland. 
 
 Schools 
 
 Co-operative education. (In Co-operation. N.Y. v. 6. p. 177-8. 
 Dec. 1920.) 
 Need of training in technique of cooperation. 
 
 Co-operative schools. (In Co-operation. N.Y. v. 6. p. 129. 
 Sept. 1920.) 
 Editorial on N.Y. schools. 
 
8o MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Ditchik, D. K. Educational pioneers. (In Co-operation. N.Y. 
 V. 6. p. 134-S. Sept. 1920.) 
 
 Heilman, William. Five nights with co-operation. (In Co-oper- 
 ation. N.Y. V. 6. p. 150-2. Oct. 1920.) 
 
 "Method for conducting discussion classes." 
 Warbasse, A. D. Co-operative education; duties of educational 
 
 committees defined. N.Y. Co-op. league of Am. 1920. iSp. 
 Warbasse, A. D. Revolution in education. (In Co-operation. 
 
 N.Y. v. 6. p. 135-6. Sept. 1920.) 
 
 N.Y. preparatory schools and cooperative educational institute. 
 
PROPOSED EXPERIMENTS IN 
 INDUSTRIAL DEMOCRACY 
 
 Under this heading are included Copartnerships, Na- 
 tional Industrial Councils (notably the so-called Whitley 
 councils of Great Britain and joint councils like that of the 
 printing industry in the United States), and the Plumb Plan. 
 These are industrial experiments which afford the workers some 
 participation in the control of conditions and of their employ- 
 ment. None of the plans, with the exception of the Builders' 
 plan, eliminate private profit, though each tends to reduce it by 
 increasing the workers' "voice in the management." 
 
COPARTNERSHIP 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 Introduction 85 
 
 Bibliographies 86 
 
 Theory 86 
 
 History 87 
 
 Periodicals and Proceedings 88 
 
COPARTNERSHIP 
 
 Lord Leverhulme, who has been described as the man who 
 has done more than anyone else for the introduction of 
 copartnership, defines this scheme as "a means of better, 
 fairer and more just relationship of so-called employer and 
 employee resulting in better productive activities." Under such 
 an arrangement "'an employee-worker receives each year an allot 
 ment of copartnership certificates in proportion to the amount of 
 his salary or wages and the length and value of his services, and 
 which copartnership certificates are, during the copartner's con- 
 nection with the firm, entitled to dividends in proportion to the 
 dividends paid to the ordinary shareholders. The copartner 
 would see the number of copartnership certificates growing each 
 year. He would experience the fact and realize the cause why 
 dividends in some years were higher than others, and why in 
 some years from unavoidable causes dividends might fail to be 
 earned or to be paid. He would realize the direct connection 
 between profits and all the problems that the management has to 
 solve in a business, and in this way the employer-capitalist would 
 have secured a partner whose brain would be at work as well 
 as his hands in effecting economies and avoiding waste in the 
 businessi and in making suggestions for the improvement of 
 processes and the improvement in the organization of the time 
 of himself and comrades, so that profits might be increased and 
 higher dividends be paid. . Under a system of copartnership the 
 employer-capitalist would have his employee-workers who had 
 been with him a certain number of years as copartners, now 
 realizing that their interest in the business equally with that of 
 the employer-capitalist ran along the Unes of increased output 
 and of cheaper costs of production, and there would come what 
 I may call 'team work'. " ' 
 
 Besides Lord Leverhulme's book just quoted, the reader is 
 especially referred to the publications of the Labour Co-Partner- 
 ship Association in London, to Aneurin Williams' "Co-partner- 
 ship and Profit-sharing," and to A. Trombert's "Profit-sharing." 
 
 •Lord Leverlulme. The Six Hour Day. 19 19. p. 305-6- 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 Bibliographies 
 Fay, C. R. Bibliography. (In Co-partnership in industry. IQ13. 
 
 P- 143-4.) 
 
 Great Britain. Labour department. List of pubHcations in the 
 Hbrary of the department of labour statistics dealing with 
 profit-sharing and labour co-partnership. (In Report on 
 profit-sharing and co-partnership abroad. 1914. p. 149-57.) 
 
 Pease, E. R. Bibliography. (In Profit-sharing and co-partner- 
 ship: a fraud and a failure? 1913. p. 16.) 
 
 Williams, Aneurin. Bibliography, (In Co-partnership and 
 profit-sharing. 1913. p. 253-4.) 
 
 Theory 
 
 Carpenter, Charles. Industrial co-partnership. Three papers, 
 with notes on British profit-sharing and co-partnership, 1829- 
 1914. London. Co-partnership pub. ltd. 1914. 62p. 
 "Books and publications referred to", p. 62. 
 
 Cole, G. D. H. [Co-partnership.] (In World of labour. 1917. 
 
 P- 328-37-) 
 
 Copartnersliip unsuccessful because it is a compromise whicli insists 
 that the interests of employer and employee are identical. 
 
 Finn, J. J. Operative ownership; a system of industrial pro- 
 duction based upon social justice and the rights of private 
 property. Chic. Langdon & co. 1916. 30ip. 
 Copartnership recommended as a step toward cooperation. 
 
 Livesey, Sir George. Co-partnership. A paper read before the 
 
 Institution of gas engineers, June 16, 1908. London. King, 
 
 Sell, & Olding. 1908? 30p. 
 
 Recommends the introduction of copartnership in the gas industry 
 throughout England. 
 
 Maddison, F. Participation as a force in British industry. 
 
 London. Labour co-partnership assn. 1912? 2op. 
 Pease, E. R. Profit-sharing and co-partnership; a fraud and a 
 
 failure? London. Fabian society. 1913. i6p. (Fabian 
 
 tract 170.) 
 
 Bibl. p. 16. 
 
COPARTIsrERSHIP 87 
 
 Robinson, M. F. Co-partnership and industrial unrest. (In Spirit 
 
 of association. 1913. p. 232-47.) 
 
 A better solution than workers' societies. 
 Williams, Aneurin. A better way; some facts and suggestions 
 
 as to introducing the partnership of labour with capital into 
 
 established business. London. Labour co-partnership assn. 
 
 1910? i6p. 
 Williams, Aneurin. Co-partnership and profit-sharing. N.Y. 
 
 Henry Holt & co. 1913. 2s6p. 
 
 Bibl. p. 253-4. Workmen's copartnership productive societies in 
 Great Britain have "benefited their members, helped trade unions, served 
 as centers of working-class idealism, and played a great part in working 
 out a new organisation of industry." 
 
 Williams, E. E. Answer to socialism. London. Anti-socialist 
 
 union pub. dept. 191 1. i6p. 
 
 Copartnership as an antidote to labor unrest. 
 
 History 
 
 Famam, H. W. Socialized business enterprise. (In Economic 
 
 utilization of history and other economic studies. 1913. 
 
 p. 138-64.) 
 
 A description of the Zeiss optical works at Jena. 
 Fay, C. R. Co-partnership in industry. N.Y. G. P. Putnam's 
 
 sons. 1913. I46p. 
 
 Bibl. ^. 143-4. Gives the history and theory of copartnership, and 
 a description of experiments in France and England. 
 
 Fitch, J. A. Manufacturing for their government. (In Survey. 
 N.Y. V. 42. p. 846-7. Sept. 13, 1919.) 
 
 How the employees of Rock Island arsenal have been made to see 
 "that they are on their way toward becoming partners in a large enter- 
 prise." 
 
 Great Britain. Labour department. Report on profit-sharing 
 
 and co-partnership abroad. London. H. M. stationery off. 
 
 1914. 164P. 
 Great Britain. Labour department. Report on profit-sharing 
 
 and labour co-partnership. London. H. M. stationery off. 
 
 (cd. 6496) 1920 ed. (cmd. 544) 244P. 
 
 Bibl. p. 215-27- 
 Hart, M. H. Brief sketch of the "Maison Le Claire" and its 
 
 founder. London. British constitution assn. 1909. i8p. 
 
 An account of the experiment in copartnership by the French con- 
 tractor, Edmonde Jean Le Claire. 
 
 Kitchelt, R., and F. C. Factory that owns itself; Zeiss optical 
 
 works of Jena. (In World's work. N.Y. v. 23. p. 658-60. 
 
 Apr. 1912.) 
 
88 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Krupp'sche Gusstahlfabrik, Essen, a.d. Ruhr. Wohlfahrtsein- 
 
 richtungen der Gusstahlfabrik von F. Krupp, zu Essen a.d. 
 
 Ruhr. Essen a.d. Ruhr. Buchdriickerei der Gusstahlfabrik 
 
 von F. Krupp. 1902. 3v. 
 Leverhulme, Lord. Co-partnership. (In Six-hour day and other 
 
 industrial questions. 1919. p. 59-137.) 
 
 Contains plan of the copartnership trust in Lever brothers limited. 
 The author is a pioneer in the practice of industrial democracy. 
 
 Lloyd, H. D. Labor co-partnership; notes of a visit to co-oper- 
 ative workshops, factories and farms in Great Britain and 
 Ireland, in which employer, employee, and consumer share 
 in ownership, management, and results. N.Y. Harper & 
 bros. 1898. 3Sip. 
 With appendix on labor copartnership societies. 
 
 Vivian, Henry. Co-partnership in practice. Rev. ed. London. 
 Labour co-partnership assn. 1914. l8p. 
 Brief history of the movement. 
 
 Williams, Aneurin, tr. Twenty-eight years of co-partnership at 
 Guise. 2d ed. London. Labour co-partnership association. 
 1908. 89p. 
 
 A description of a French factory community in which the theory of 
 copartnership is practically applied. 
 
 Periodicals and Proceedings 
 
 Labour co-partnership monthly. London. Labour co-partner- 
 ship assn. 6 Bloomsbury square. 1894-date. 
 
 Labour co-partnership association. Annual report. London, 
 y. i-date. 1884-date. 
 
NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL COUNCILS 
 CONTENTS 
 
 Introduction 91 
 
 Bibliographies 94 
 
 Great Britain 94 
 
 United States 100 
 
 Other countries 103 
 
NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL COUNCILS 
 
 By National Industrial Council is understood a joint standing 
 body equally representative of the nationally organized employers 
 and the nationally organized workers of an industry. The term 
 originated in England and was applied to bodies so constituted 
 in a number of English industries. 
 
 In March, 1917, a sub-committee of the Reconstruction Com- 
 mittee, later the Reconstruction Ministry, presented to the War 
 Cabinet of Great Britain, its First (Interim) Report on Joint 
 Standing Industrial Councils, since then known as the Whitley 
 Report. The committee recommended "the establishment for 
 each industry of an organization representative of employers and 
 work people, to have as its object the regular consideration of 
 matters affecting the progress and well-being of the trade from 
 the point of view of all those engaged in it, so far as this is 
 consistent with the general interest of the Community." 
 
 For the carrying out of the above policy the Report continues, 
 "we recommend fhat His Majesty's Government should propose 
 without delay to the various associations of employers and em- 
 ployed the formation of Joint Standing Industrial Councils in 
 the several industries, where they do not already exist, composed 
 of representatives of employers and employed, regard being 
 paid to the various sections of the industry and the various 
 classes of labor engaged. 
 
 "It is not enough to secure cooperation at the center between 
 the national organizations; it is equally necessary to enlist the 
 activity and support of employers and employed in the districts 
 and in individual establishments. The National Industrial Coun- 
 cil should not be regarded as complete in itself ; what is needed is 
 a triple organization — in the workshops, the districts and 
 nationally." 
 
 The report did not lay down any very definite lines for the 
 operation of these councils, but suggested, as questions with 
 which they might deal, the settlement of conditions of employ- 
 ment and of the methods of fixing, paying and readjusting 
 wages; the establishment of regular methods of negotiation; 
 means of assuring security of earnings and employment; 
 
92 MODERN SOX;iAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 technical education and industrial research ; utihzation of inven- 
 tions and improvement of processes ; and proposed legislation 
 affecting the industry. 
 
 The proposals as outlined in this report had been suggested 
 in the main as early as 1916 by Mr. Malcolm Sparkes, in his 
 "Builders' National Industrial Parliament" and by" the Carton 
 Foundation report on "The Industrial Situation After the War." 
 
 The report submitted during 1919 to the Industrial Council for 
 the Building Industry, better known as the Building Trades 
 Parliament, dealing v^'ith scientific management and reduction of 
 costs, presents an important document on industrial recon- 
 struction. The scheme as outlined in this report "was 
 to eliminate altogether speculative profit. ... It would leave 
 intact interest on actual capital; but it would transform the 
 employer into a salaried manager, working under the orders of 
 the industry as a whole. It would guarantee the workers against 
 unemployment and ensure them through their trade unions a real 
 share in the control of the industry." ' 
 
 At the present time (1920) there are in Great Britain fifty- 
 one industries and undertakings in which joint Industrial Coun- 
 cils have been introduced. The total number of work people 
 engaged in those industries is estimated at about 3,300,000.° 
 
 In the United States by 1920 the Council idea had received 
 serious consideration in at least six industries, but actual organ- 
 ization was only consummated in the printing trades and the 
 electrical construction industry. In the building and construc- 
 tion industry as a whole a National Congress is in process of 
 organization which in a general way follows the council model. 
 
 The preamble of the Joint Industrial Council for the printing 
 trades indicates that the Council is established with a view to 
 ■'promote the spirit of cooperation and to deal with problems 
 of the industry in a way to insure the protection of the interests 
 of all concerned." The Council is to be thoroughly informed as 
 to conditions and interests of all parties in the industry and to be 
 in a position to suggest for ratification, regulations which shall 
 eventually become the law of the industry. The Council is to 
 be composed of sixteen members; eight chosen by the several 
 employers' associations and eight chosen by the first international 
 unions which are party to it. 
 
 ' Garton Foundation: The Industrial Council for the Building Industry 
 igig. p. 152. 
 
 * Labour Gazette of Great Britain, v. 27. p. 515. Dec. igig. 
 
NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL COUNCILS 93 
 
 The Webbs in their revised History of Trade Unionism 
 summarize the Whitley councils as follows : "'after two years' 
 propagandist eflfort, it seems (1920) as if the principal industries, 
 such as agriculture, transport, mining, cotton, engineering, or 
 ship-building, are unlikely to adopt the scheme. . . The 
 Government found itself constrained, after an obstinate re- 
 sistance by the heads of nearly all the departments, to institute 
 the Councils throughout the public service. We venture on the 
 prediction that some such scheme will commend itself in all 
 nationalized or municipalized industries and services, including 
 such as may be effectively 'controlled' by the Government, though 
 remaining nominally the property of the private Capitalist — pos- 
 sibly also in the Cooperative movement; but that it is not 
 Ukely to find favor either in the well organized industries (for 
 which alone it was devised) or in those in which there are 
 Trade Boards legally determining wages, etc, or, indeed, per- 
 manently in any others conducted under the system of capitalist 
 profit-making." ' 
 
 The literature on industrial councils consists mostly of docu- 
 ments and magazine articles. The Whitley reports have been 
 reprinted in this country by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 
 and by the Bureau of Industrial Research in the pamphlet, "The 
 Industrial Council Plan in Great Britain,'' which contains all 
 earlier documents in connection with the Council movement. A 
 very valuable addition to the Joint Industrial Councils literature 
 is "The Industrial Council for the Building Industry," published 
 by the Garton Foundation, of England. The National Guilds 
 League of Great Britain has issued a criticism on the industrial 
 council plan as a reply to the assertion that national industrial 
 councils were an application of the principles of guild socialism. 
 
 * Webb, Sidney and Beatrice. History o£ Trade Unionism. 1920. p. 647. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 Bibliographies 
 
 Bloomfield, Daniel, ed. Industrial councils. (In Selected 
 
 articles on modern industrial movements. 1919. p. 199-241.) 
 
 Supplemented by a bibliography. 
 Library employees' union of greater New York. Industrial 
 
 democracy, 1848-1919. N.Y. Library employees' union of 
 
 greater N.Y. 1919. 34p. 
 
 Extensive annotated bibliography on "Industrial parliaments, labor 
 councils, shop committees, works councils and the Whitley committee." 
 
 Tead, Ordway, and Metcalf, H. C. Industrial councils. Selected 
 references. (In Personnel administration. 1920. p. 510-11.) 
 
 Wolfe, A. B. Bibliography. (In Works committees and joint 
 industrial councils. 1919. p. 248-54.) 
 Covers shop committees and industrial councils in Great Britain and 
 
 the shop committee movement in the United States. 
 
 Zimand, Savel. Representation in industry; a bibliography on 
 workshop committees, Whitley councils, etc. N.Y. Public 
 affairs information service. 1919. 22p. typew. 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 Benn, E. J. P. Trade of tomorrow. N.Y. E. P. Button. 1918. 
 232P. 
 Place of the employer's association in joint councils. 
 
 Bloomfield, Daniel, ed. Industrial councils. (In Selected articles 
 on modern industrial movements. 1919. p. 199-241.) 
 Reprints. Great Britain. Ministry of reconstruction. "Whitley 
 scheme," and functions and constitution of district councils and of works 
 committees. Garton foundation. "Joint industrial councils and trade 
 boards." G. D. H. Cole. "Industrial councils of Great Britain." 
 
 Builders' national industrial parliament. (In Labour year book. 
 
 1919- p. 248-9.) 
 Bureau of Industrial Research. Industrial council plan in Great 
 
 Britain. N.Y. Bureau of industrial research. 1919. 132P. 
 Canada. Dept. of labour. Joint councils in industry. Ottawa. 
 
 1921. (Industrial relations series. Bui. no. i. Labour 
 
 gazette. Sup. v. 21. p. 269-90. Feb. 1921.) 
 
 Bibl. p. 290. Councils in Canada, Great Britain and U.S. 
 
NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL COUNCILS 95 
 
 Cole, G. D. H. Self government in industry. London. G. Bell 
 & sons. 191 7. 329P. 
 
 The industrial council movement analyzed. 
 Corless, C. V. "The Whitley scheme" : a step towards democrat- 
 izing industrial relations. iSp. 
 
 Paper read at annual meeting of Canadian mining institute, Montreal, 
 igi8. 
 
 Federation of British industries. Industrial councils; recom- 
 mendations on the Whitley report put forward by the Feder- 
 ation of British industries. Aug. 3, 1917. London. 1917. 2p. 
 
 Garton foundation. Industrial council for the building industry. 
 London. Harrison & sons. 1919? lS3p. 
 One of the most important of documents on industrial councils. 
 
 Garton foundation. Memorandum on the industrial situation 
 after the war. Phila. U.S. Shipping board emergency fleet 
 Corp. 1918? 76p. 
 Includes a. recommendation for establishment of industrial councils. 
 
 Gleason, Arthur. What the workers want. N.Y. Harcourt, 
 Brace & Howe. 1920. si8p. 
 
 A comprehensive survey is given of industrial councils with reprints 
 of some of the more important reports concerning them. 
 
 Goodrich, Carter. The frontiers of control. N.Y. Harcourt, 
 
 Brace & Howe. 1920. 277p. 
 
 An analysis of the demand for and an account of the actual extent of 
 "workers* control" in Great Britain. 
 
 Great Britain. Board of trade. Industrial council. Report of 
 the Industrial council of the British board of trade on its 
 .inquiry into industrial agreements. Wash. Govt, print, off. 
 1913. (U.S. Labor statistics bureau. Bui. 133.) 4ip. 
 
 Great Britain. Inter-departmental committee on the application 
 of the Whitley report to government establishments. Report 
 on the application of the Whitley report to the administrative 
 departments of the civil service. London. H. M stationery 
 off. 1919. lOp. (cmd 9) 
 
 Great Britain. Labour Ministry. Industrial cooicils; sugges- 
 tions as to the constitution and functions of a national joint 
 industrial council, of district councils of national joint indus- 
 trial councils, and of works committees in industries in which 
 national joint industrial councils are established, rev. ed. 
 London. H. M. stationery off. 1920. 32p. (Industrial 
 
 reports no. 4.) 
 
 1st ed. 1919. 2ip. 
 
 Reprinted in U.S. Labor statistics bureau. Monthly labor rev. Wash, 
 v. 8. p. 1342-8. May 1919- 
 
96 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Great Britain. Labour Ministry. Industrial councils. The 
 Whitley report, together with the letter of the Minister of 
 labour explaining the government's view of its proposals. 
 London. H. M. stationery oflf. 1917. igp. 
 Reprinted in U.S. Labor statistics bureau. Monthly labor rev. Wash. 
 
 March igi8. p. 81-4. 
 
 Great Britain. Reconstruction ministry. Industrial councils 
 and trade boards. Memorandum by the Ministry of recon- 
 struction and the Ministry of labor. London. H. M. sta- 
 tionery off. 1918. 4p. (cd. 9085.) 
 
 "The modifications which the government regards as necessary in put- 
 ting into operation the recommendations of the second report on industrial 
 councils." Reprinted in U.S. Labor statistics bureau. Monthly labor rev. 
 Wash. \. 7. p. 535-7. Sept. 1918. 
 
 Great Britain. Reconstruction ministry. Interim report on 
 organized public service in the building industry; industrial 
 council for the building industry. London. H. M, stationery 
 off. 1919. I2p. 
 
 Great Britain. Reconstruction ministry. Committee on rela- 
 tions between employers and employed. Final report. London. 
 H. M. stationery off. 1918. 4p. (cd. 9153) 
 Summary with supplementary notes. 
 
 Great Britain. Reconstruction ministry. Committee on rela- 
 tions between employers and employed. Interim report on 
 joint standing industrial councils. London. H. M. stationery 
 off. 1917. 8p. (cd. 8606) 
 
 Great Britain. Reconstruction ministry. Committee on rela- 
 tions between employers and employed. Report on concilia- 
 tion and arbitration. London. H. M. stationery off. 1918. 
 5P. (cd. 9081) 
 
 Great Britain. Reconstruction ministry. Committee on relations 
 
 between employers and employed. Second report on joint 
 
 standing industrial councils. London. H. M. stationery off. 
 
 1918. (cd. 9002) 
 
 Further recommendations, proposing for industries in which organiza- 
 tion of employers and employees is not highly developed, an adaptation 
 of the system of trade boards. Reprinted in U.S. Labor statistics bureau. 
 Monthly labor rev. Sept. 1918. p. 53-8. 
 
 Great Britain. Reconstruction ministry. Committee on rela- 
 tions between employers and employed. Supplementary re- 
 port on works committees. London. H. M. stationery off. 
 1918. 4p. (cd. 9001) 
 
NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL COUNCILS 97 
 
 Great Britain. Reconstruction ministry. Committee on rela- 
 tions between employers and employed. Report of the Whit- 
 ley committee. Reprinted in U.S. Labor statistics bureau. 
 Monthly labor rev. v. 6. p. 1525-7. June 1918. 
 
 Industrial council for the building industry. Constitution and 
 rules, adopted Aug. i, igi8. London. 1918. i8p. 
 
 Industrial reconstruction council. Trade parliaments. Why they 
 should be formed and how to form one in your trade. An 
 explanation of the Whitley report. London. 1918. I2p. 
 
 Johnston, T. B. Industrial councils and their possibilities. Man- 
 chester. Univ. pr. 1920. 25p. 
 
 Kellogg, P. U., and Gleason, Arthur. Industrial councils. (In 
 British labor and the war. 1919. p. 427-96.) 
 Numerous articles appearing in the Survey are condensed into this 
 
 account. 
 
 National guilds league; vigilance committee on after war prob- 
 lems. Observations on the interim report of the reconstruc- 
 tion committee on joint standing industrial councils. London. 
 1917. 7P. 
 
 Opposes the Whitley plan and repudiates any identity with it of 
 the guild movement. The latter seeks a complete reorganization, not 
 "a permanent improvement in the relation between employers and work- 
 men." No scheme of so-called joint control can meet the demands of 
 the worker. The Whitley plan, moreover, will be disadvantageous to 
 the trade unions. 
 
 Postgate, M. I. Whitley reports and their application. Fabian 
 research dept. Memorandum no. 6. London. 1918. I4p. 
 typew. 
 
 A summary of various criticisms of the Whitley plan, and a sketch of 
 results already obtained by its application. Various practical difficulties 
 pointed out, including the use of the plan to raise prices, and its use by 
 local establishments. 
 
 Protestant episcopal church. Joint commission on social service. 
 Joint district and national councils. (In Third triennial 
 report submitted to the general convention 1919. p. 5I-7-) 
 A discussion of the Whitley plan in relation to general economic re- 
 construction. 
 
 U.S. Labor statistics bureau. Joint industrial councils in Great 
 Britain, reports of committee on relations between employers 
 and employed, and other official documents. Labor as affected 
 by the war series. Wash. Govt, print, off. 1919. 2o7p. 
 (Bulletin 255.) 
 
 U.S. Shipping board emergency fleet corporation. Industrial 
 relations division. Reports on reconstruction from English 
 sources. Phila. 1918. S7P. 
 Reprints of Whitley reports and other documents. 
 
98 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Whitley, J. H. Works committees and industrial councils, their 
 beginnings and possibilities. Manchester. Univ. pr. 1920. 
 
 2SP. 
 Whitley report. (In Labour year book. 1919. p. 251-6.) 
 
 Description, criticisms, and accounts of its application. 
 Wolfe, A. B. Works committees and joint industrial councils. 
 
 Phila; U.S. Shipping board emergency fleet corp. 1919. 2S4p. 
 
 Bibliography p. 248-54. 
 
 Periodical References 
 
 1917 
 
 Harris, H. W. Whitley scheme at work. (In Contemporary 
 
 review. London. Dec. 1917. p. 645-7.) 
 
 A description of the National painters' and decorators* joint council, 
 which was in existence before the Whitley report was made. 
 
 Recommends the action of operative societies to protect consumers 
 under the plan. 
 
 I918 
 
 Great Britain. Labour ministry. Industrial councils; the recom- 
 mendation of the Whitley report. (In U.S. Labor statistics 
 bureau. Monthly rev. Wash. v. 7. p. 27-8. July 1918.) 
 Reprinted from Great Britain. Labour ministry. Labour gazette. 
 
 London. May 19 18. 
 
 The government and the Whitley report. (In the New states- 
 man. London, v. 11. p. 164-6. June i, 1918.) 
 "Criticises the British government for not inaugurating the^ 'Whitley 
 constitution* in its own establishments and especially the Admiralty for 
 proposing dockyards committees at variance with the Whitley report.** 
 
 U.S. Labor statistics bureau. Constitution and functions of a 
 
 joint industrial council. (In Monthly labor rev. Wash. v. 
 
 7. p. 76-9. Aug. 1918.) 
 Whitley, J. H. Whitley report. (In Local government chronicle. 
 
 London. Oct. 19, 1918. p. 594.) 
 
 Summary of address, "The broad principles underlying the report,** 
 made at Sheffield in Oct. igi8. 
 
 I919 
 
 Cole, G. D. H. Industrial councils of Great Britain. (In Dial. 
 
 N.Y. V. 66. p. 171-3. Feb. 22, 1919.) 
 
 Denies that the Whitley councils constitute "A new and revolutionary 
 departure.** 
 
 Crowther, Samuel. Just what is the Whitley report? (In 
 Factory. Chic. v. 23. p. 269-73. Aug. 1919.) 
 
 Extensive quotation and some criticism of the Whitley reports. A 
 chart of the "line up*' of the plan. 
 
NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL COUNCILS 99 
 
 Davis, Jett Joint standing industrial councils in Great Britain. 
 
 (In U.S. commerce dept. Commerce reports, no. 209. p. 
 
 1253. Sept. 6, 1919.) 
 Gleason, Arthur. Whitley councils. (In Survey. N.Y. v. 42. 
 
 P- 27-8, 75-7, 109-11. Apr. s-ig, 1919.) 
 
 A resume of progress made in the establishment of the councils pro- 
 vided for m the Whitley report. 
 
 Great Britain. Labour ministry. Industrial councils division. 
 
 Joint standing industrial councils; notes on their work. 
 
 Monthly bulletin. London. H. M. stationery off. 1919-date. 
 Hankin, F. J. Industrial councils. (In Canadian municipal jour. 
 
 Montreal, v. 19. p. 244-6, 281-2. July- Aug. 1919.) 
 
 Contains bibl. 
 
 Industrial conference provisional joint committee. Report 
 adopted unanimously by the reassembled national industrial 
 conference, Central Hall, Westminster. April 4, 1919. (In 
 Survey. N.Y. v. 42. p. 217-28. May 3, 1919.) 
 Memorandum — causes and remedies of labor unrest, presented at 
 
 conference. 
 
 Joint industrial council; interesting lecture and discussion. (In 
 Caxton mag. London, v. 21. p. 925-30. Dec. 1919.) 
 An industrial council in the printing trade from the employers* view- 
 point. 
 
 Reckitt, M. B. Towards a building guild? (In Guildsman. 
 
 London, no. 33. p. 7-9. Sept. 1919.) 
 Sparkes, Malcolm. Building trades parliament of Great Britain. 
 
 (In Associated general contractors of America. Bui. Chic. v. 
 
 ID. no. 2. p. 3-5; no. 3. p. 16-17; no. 10. p. 23-5; no. 11. p. 15-17; 
 
 no. 12. p. 21-4. Aug. — Dec. 1919.) 
 
 Five articles. 
 
 Sparkes, Malcolm. Planning the new industrial order; what the 
 building trades parliament of Britain is doing. (In World 
 tomorrow. N.Y. v. 2. p. 320-6. Dec. 1919.) 
 With symposium of opinions on the practicability of such a scheme 
 
 in America. 
 
 U.S. Labor statistics bureau. Activities of industrial councils in 
 Great Britain. (In Monthly labor rev. Wash. v. 9. p. 433-8. 
 Aug. 1919.) 
 
 1920 
 
 Great Britain. Labour ministry. Joint industrial councils. (In 
 Labour gazette. London, v. 27. p. 227-8. May 1920.) 
 
100 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Printing trades joint industrial council. (In Caxton mag. 
 London, v. 22. p. 21-2. Jan. 1920.) 
 
 Rowland, E. A. Scope, purpose and effects of the Whit- 
 ley scheme. (In Indus, management. N.Y. v. 60. p. 8-10. 
 July 1920.) 
 
 U.S. Labor statistics bureau. Application of industrial council 
 plan to British civil service. (In Monthly labor rev. Wash. 
 V. 19. p. 195-6. Jan. 1920.) 
 The provisions of the model constitution drawn up for administrative 
 
 and legal departments of the government. 
 
 United States 
 
 Baker, R. S. The new industrial unrest. N.Y. Doubleday, Page 
 
 & CO. 1920. 
 
 Book appeared in part in Evening post, N.Y. and covers experiments 
 in industrial councils in U.S. 
 
 Budish, J. M., and Soule, George. New unionism in the clothing 
 industry. N.Y. Harcourt, Brace & Howe. 1920. 344p. 
 
 Canada. Labour Dept. Joint councils in industry. Ottawa. 
 1921. (Industrial relations series. Bui. no. i. Labour 
 gazette, sup. v. 21. p. 269-90. Feb. 1921.) 
 Bibl. p. zgo. Covers councils of Canada, Great Britain and U. S. 
 
 Comstock, L K. Proposed system of wage adjustments. N.Y. 
 
 L.K. Comstock. 1918. 32p. 
 
 National _adjustments based on collective bargaining, in the electrical 
 industry. 
 
 International joint conference council, representing employers' 
 associations, closed shop division, and employees in the allied 
 printing trade unions engaged in the commercial and period- 
 ical branches of the printing industry. Indianapolis, published 
 by council, 1920? 8p. 
 Constitution of the council. 
 
 Tead, Ordway. Industrial councils. (In People's part in peace. 
 
 1918. p. 91-130.) 
 Tead, Ordway, and Metcalf, H. C. National industrial councils. 
 
 (In Personnel administration. 1920. p. 492-511.) 
 
 Treats both British and American councils, and the theory of the 
 movement. Bibl. p. 510-11. 
 
 Williams, J. E. and others. Hart Schaffner & Marx labor agree- 
 ment. Chic. Hart, Schaffner & Marx? 1916. 4ip. 
 
NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL COUNCILS loi 
 
 Periodical References 
 1918 
 
 Cole, J. A. The national agreement. (In Conference dub. 
 Proceedings. N.Y. 9th meeting. 1918. p. 30-7.) 
 Proposal for a joint agreement between the Electrical contractors and 
 
 the International brotherhood of electrical workers. 
 
 I919 
 
 Brenner, C. S. Hirelings or partners. (In Fortnightly rev. 
 N.Y. V. 112. p. 717-33. Nov. 1919.) 
 
 Chenery, W. L. Blazing a new trail in industry; cooperative 
 government established by the National joint council of the 
 clothing industry. (In Survey. N.Y. v. 42. p. 843-6. Sept. 
 
 13, 1919-) 
 
 With letters by Earl Dean Howard and George L. Bell, representing 
 employers' and employees* organizations. 
 
 Chenery, W. L. Printers' council. (In Survey. N.Y. v. 43. 
 
 p. 606-7. Feb. 21, 1920.) 
 
 Development of a council to unify the printing industry, which has 
 preserved competition to a large extent. 
 
 Conference club. A program. (In Proceedings. N.Y. p. 7-9. 
 
 1919) 
 
 Electrical contractors and union act together. 
 Conference club. Report of the committee on national labor 
 
 agreement. (In Proceedings. N.Y. loth p. 8-37. 1918.) 
 
 Full text of national agreement between conference club and electrical 
 workers' union. 
 
 Conference club plans agreement with labor. (In Elec. world. 
 
 N.Y. V. 73. p. 962. May 10, 1919.) 
 
 National electrical contractors* and dealers* assn. agreement with Inter- 
 national electrical workers* union. 
 
 Contractors' association to cooperate with labor. (In Elec. 
 world. N.Y. V. 74- P- 202. July 26, 1919.) 
 Electrical council. 
 
 Emmet, Boris. New trade agreements in the cloak, suit and 
 skirt industry of New York City. (In U.S. Labor statistics 
 bureau. Monthly labor rev. Wash. v. 9. p. 1706-24. Dec. 
 1919.) 
 
 Frankfurter, Felix, and others. Industrial relations; some note- 
 worthy recent developments. (In Taylor society. Bui. N.Y. 
 v. 4. no. 6. p. 12-48. Dec. 1919- ) 
 
 Industrial councils p. 14-16. H. P. Kendall. In the printing industry. 
 p 16-19. Keppele Hall. In the mens* and boys' clothing industry, p. 
 10-23 Otto S. Beyer, jr. In the arsenals of the ordnance department, 
 U.S.A. p. 23-5, Discussion, p. 25-31. PoUand L. Cornick, p. 32-6. John 
 E. Otterson, p. 36-43 Discussion, p. 43-8. 
 
102 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Gaus, J. M. National building trades board. (In Associated 
 general contractors of America. Bui. Chic. v. i. no. 2. p. 6-7. 
 Aug. 1919.) 
 
 Plans for a joint board representing employers and employees proposed 
 by U.S. War labor administration before the armistice. 
 Industrial council under way. (In Survey. N.Y. v. 42. p. 152. 
 
 Apr. 26, 1919.) 
 International typographical union. International conference 
 
 council for the printing industry and allied trades. (In Repts. 
 
 of ofificers. Indianapolis. 1919- P- 43-S-) 
 
 Text of constitution. 
 International typographical union. Two propositions of vital 
 
 importance to members of the I. T. U. Indianapolis. Apr. 
 
 29, 1919- 4P- • 
 
 Proposes joint conference. 
 Peace for the needle trades— Editorial. (In Survey. N.Y. v. 42. 
 
 P- 633-4. July 26, 1919.) 
 Scott, M. G. [Joint conference council.] (In Am. federationist. 
 
 Wash. V. 26. p. 804. Sept. 1919-) 
 Seager, H. R. Human factor in the operation of industry. (In 
 
 Am. soc. mech. engrs. Mech. eng. N.Y. v. 41. p. 886-7. Nov. 
 
 1919.) 
 
 Paragraph on industrial councils as natural accompaniment of shop 
 committees. 
 Squires, B. M. Industrial council for dock labor. (In U.S. 
 
 Labor statistics bureau. Monthly labor rev. Wash. v. 9. 
 
 p. 1766-71. Dec. 1919-) 
 
 The reconstitution of the National adjustment commission during the 
 progress of the strike. 
 Studensky, Paul. [Industrial councils.] (In Shop committees 
 
 and industrial councils. New Jersey state research, v. 6. 
 
 p. 18-20, 34-9, 52-9. July 1919.) 
 
 A survey of the theory and plans for industrial councils in American 
 industries. 
 Tead, Ordway. National organization by industries. (In New 
 
 republic. N.Y. v. 18. p. 48-51. Feb. 8, 1919-) 
 Toward industrial democracy in the shipbuilding industry. (In 
 
 ship builders' news and navy-yard employee. Brooklyn, v. 2. 
 
 Oct. 1919. p. 9-10.) 
 
 The new agreement between the Pacific coast district metal trades 
 council and the shipbuilders of the Puget Sound and San Francisco bay 
 district, 
 
 U.S. Labor statistics bureau. Joint council for the clothing- 
 industry. (In Monthly labor rev. Wash. v. 9. p. 1004-5. 
 Oct. 1919.) 
 
NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL COUNCILS 103 
 
 Young, A. H. International harvester plan. (In Natl. assn. 
 employment managers. 2d bi-monthly conference. Minutes. 
 Dec. 13, 1919. p. 40-50.) 
 
 1920 
 
 Baker, R. S. "Shop council" plan covers the entire clothing 
 industry. (In Eve. post. N.Y. Feb. 14, 1920.) 
 History of the organization of the joint board in the clothing industry, 
 
 showing the part played by Hart, Schaffner & Marx in its development. 
 
 Beck, A. J. Co-partnership in industry. (In Catholic world. 
 N.Y. v. III. p. 54-64. Apr. 1920.) 
 
 International photo engravers union. Joint industrial council in 
 operation. (In Officers reports and convention proc. St. 
 Louis. V. 21. p. 45-9. 1920.) 
 
 International typographical union. [International joint confer- 
 ence council.] (In Repts. of officers and proc. Indianapolis, 
 v. 65. p. 10-16, 125, 147. sup. p. 66-8.) 
 
 Amended constitution and reports of working of council. 
 
 Kline, Burton. Employee representation in Standard oil. (In 
 Indus, management. N.Y. v. 59. p. 355-6o. May 1920.) 
 Rockefeller plan. 
 
 Scott, M. G. Cardinal points of a labor policy. (In Typograph- 
 ical journal. Indianapolis, v. 56. p. 1-3. Jan. 1920.) 
 A presentation of progress up to date of the joint conference council 
 
 of the printing trades' international unions, Which is formulating a plan 
 
 for joint councils in the printing trades. See also paragraph, p. 4. 
 
 Walker, C. R., jr. Another national industrial conference. (In 
 New republic. N.Y. v. 22. p. 376-8. May 19, 1920.) 
 Story of the development of the industrial council idea in the elec- 
 trical industry. 
 
 Young, A. H. Some experiments in industrial relations. (In 
 Factory. Chic. v. 24. p. 259-64. Feb. I, 1920.) 
 International harvester co. plan. p. 23-44. 
 
 Other Countries 
 Belgium 
 
 Man, Henry de. Industrial councils in Belgium. (In Survey. 
 N.Y. V. 44- p. 478-82. July 3, 1920.) 
 
 Canada 
 
 Canada. Labour dept. Joint councils in industry. Ottawa. 
 1921. (Industrial relations series. Bui. no. i. Labour 
 gazette, sup. v. 21. p. 269-90. Feb. 1921.) 
 
104 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 First joint industrial council in Canada organized in Toronto 
 building trades. (In Labour gazette. Ottawa. Apr. igig. 
 p. 437-8. reprinted in U.S. Labor statistics bureau. Monthly 
 labor rev. Wash. June 1919. p. 137-8.) 
 Sketch of constitution of building trades council on Whitley plan. 
 
 Germany 
 
 Arbeiter-Rat. Organ der Arbeiter und Betriebsrate-Deutsch- 
 lands. Berlin. 1919-date. 
 Periodical devoted to councils. 
 
 Aufhauser, S. Industrial councils in Germany. (In Annals. Am. 
 acad. Phila. v. 92. p. 48-53. Nov. 1920.) 
 
 Betriebsrate-^zeitschrift fiir Funktionare der Metallindustrie. 
 Stuttgart. 1920-date. 
 Periodical devoted to industrial councils. 
 
 German works councils bill and the Independent socialist pro- 
 gram. (In Nation. N.Y. v. no. p. 157-8. Jan. 31, 1920.) 
 
 The industrial program of the Independent socialists provides for 
 national councils composed exclusively of representatives of the workmen. 
 The bill as passed provides for joint councils of employers and employees. 
 
 Maylander, Alfred. German workers' councils ; their organiza- 
 tion and function. (In U.S. Labor statistics bureau. Monthly 
 labor rev. Wash. v. 9. p. 733-41. Sept. 1919.) 
 
 Ohse, Hermann. New workman's council legislation. (In An- 
 nals Am. acad. Phila. v. 92. p. 54-60. Nov. 1920.) 
 
 Schaffer, Hans. Results of the council movement in Germany. 
 (In Annals. Am. acad. Phila. v. 92. p. 41-7. Nov. 1920.) 
 
 Umbreit, Paul. Program of German socialized industrial man- 
 agements. (In Annals Am. acad. Phila. v. 92. p. 61-5. 
 Nov. 1920.) 
 
 U.S. Labor statistics bureau. Creation of labor boards for the 
 German mining industries. (In Monthly labor rev. Wash, 
 v. 8. p. 139-44- June 1919.) 
 Digest of decree of Feb. 8, 1919. 
 
 Zimand, Savel. What is happening in Germany. (In New re- 
 public. N.Y. V. 24. p. 266-8. Nov. 10, 1920.) 
 
 NORVi^AY 
 
 For industrial democracy in Norway. (In Nation. N.Y. v. 109. 
 p. 570-1. Nov. I, 1919.) 
 
THE PLUMB PLAN 
 CONTENTS 
 
 Introduction 107 
 
 Bibliography 109 
 
 General references 109 
 
 Periodicals 112 
 
THE PLUMB PLAN 
 
 Early in 1919 the former railroad corporation lawyer, and 
 present attorney for the Railroad Brotherhoods Glenn E. 
 Plumb, formulated a plan, endorsed by the Railroad Brother- 
 hoods and later introduced in the form of a bill in Congress, to 
 the effect that railway employees shall share in the management 
 of the railroads in the United States. 
 
 Briefly stated, the system would be administered by a board 
 of fifteen directors; one-third of whom would be appointed by 
 the President of the United States, with the approval of the 
 Senate; one-third elected by the oflicers of the Corporation, and 
 one-third by the operating fbrce. The Board of Directors, the 
 officers, and the employees would administer such matters as 
 rates, subject to the direction of the Inter-State Commerce Com- 
 mission; salaries and wages; working conditions; rolling stock, 
 etc. They would constitute the National Railway Operating 
 Corporation which would lease from the Government all the 
 railway lines and properties after they are nationalized, for a 
 period of one hundred years unless sooner terminated by act of 
 Congress. 
 
 On January i, 1920, Mr Plumb sent out to the press an 
 industrial program extending the main parts of his plan to the 
 industry of the country. For this purpose Mr. Plumb classifies 
 industry under four divisions : first, those industries which are 
 individualistic in ownership and organization ; second, all those 
 industries formerly individualistic but now so developed that 
 ownership, separated from labor, concerns itself only in direction 
 and supervision of production, in which it engages the efforts 
 of others who have no share in ownership ; third, those indus- 
 tries which are based upon a grant from society in the shape of 
 a franchise, grant of privilege, or monopoly. The last named 
 include all public service corporations except interstate commer- 
 cial transportation, and all other industries engaged in exploiting 
 natural resources. The fourth division includes only railroads 
 and commercial transportation facilities. 
 
 7?he public interest is expressed as its right "to obtain better. 
 
io8 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 cheaper and more products or service as the progress of the 
 arts permits the making of more and better goods or service 
 at a lower cost of production.'' To the owners of capital such 
 terms must be offered as will induce them to invest. Labor is 
 to be entitled to receive an equivalent amount in payment for the 
 value of services rendered. 
 
 The political program is outlined as follows : for the railroads 
 and all means of transportation, the principles of the Plumb 
 Plan, with such modifications of details as may be needed to 
 carry out its general principles. Second, as to all industries 
 based upon grants, privileges, exploitation of natural resources 
 and the enjoyment of monopoly, the adoption of the necessary 
 legislative policy through local enactments either to acquire 
 public ownership of such utilities with the extension of the 
 principles of the Plumb Plan to the control and operation, or 
 the adoption for their control of a tri-partite representation of 
 the public, private capital, and labor. Third, as to all industries 
 engaged in production not based on grants of privileges or 
 monopolies, the adoption of legislation either local or national, 
 requiring all corporations organized for the conduct of such 
 industries to recognize the right of labor to take part in the 
 control and management of the industry, and to share in the 
 profits of such industry on terms of equality with capital. The 
 individualist industries shall be left entirely to the individuals 
 owning and operating them. 
 
 Literature on the subject can be obtained from the head- 
 quarters of The Plumb Plan League, Machinist Building, Wash- 
 ington, D.C. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 Bibliography 
 
 Bureau of railway economics library. Some comments on the 
 Plumb plan. Rev. Wash. Sept. 20, 1919. 2op. 
 Over two hundred titles, comprising comments by individuals and 
 
 organizations by magazine and newspaper editors, and general articles. 
 
 General References 
 
 A. B. C. of the Plumb plan. (In Railway age. N.Y. v. 67. p. 
 
 139-41. July 25, 1919.) 
 Amend the Plumb plan. Editorial. (In New republic. N.Y. 
 
 V. 20. p. 312-13. Nov. 12, 1919.) 
 
 Mr. Plumb admits the force of the criticism of the plan's wages 
 machinery. 
 
 'Brotherhood plan and t he pork barr el. Editorial. (In New 
 republic. N.Y. v. 20. p. 108-9. Aug. 27, 1919.) 
 Points out that the Plumb plan will eliminate political graft in rail- 
 road management. 
 
 Brotherhood plan, or what? Editorial. (In New republic. 
 
 N.Y. V. 20. p. 74-7. Aug. 20, 1919.) 
 
 Declares the Plumb plan the only logical and sensible solution of 
 the railway difficulty. 
 
 Challenge of the railway brotherhoods. (In New republic. 
 
 N.Y. V. 20. p. 38-40. Aug. 13, 1919-) 
 
 The employees' challenge to the President shows the importance of 
 their plan, which needs sympathetic criticism. 
 
 Chenery, W. L. Railroad crisis. (In Survey. N.Y. v. 42. p. 
 
 721-3. Aug. 16, 1919.) 
 
 "American labor with the railroad brotherhoods leading seems to have 
 crossed its Rubicon." 
 
 Cole, G. D. H. Railways. (In Chaos and order in industry. 
 1920. p. 86-111.) 
 
 A guild socialist's analysis of the Plumb plan. 
 Country and the brotherhoods. (In Review. N.Y. v. i. p. 
 
 267-8. Aug. 9. 1919- ) 
 't)emands of railway labor unions. — Nationalization of the rail 
 lines sought by four brotherhoods.— The Plumb plan. (In 
 Current history mag. N.Y. v. 10. p. 445-5°- Sept. 1919-) 
 Hostile account of the introduction of the Plumb proposals. 
 
no MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Direct action and tlie Plumb plan. Editorial. (In New republic. 
 N.Y. V. 20. p. 69-71, Aug. 20, 1919.) 
 
 Shows that the Plumb plan has the support of the railway workers, 
 without being a threat, as its opponents charged. 
 
 Engineers protest to president against Plumb plan. (In Eng. 
 
 news-record. N.Y. v. 83. p. 405-7. Aug. 28, 1919.) 
 France, J. I. A compromise railroad solution. (In Nation. 
 
 N.Y, V. 109. p. 242-3. Aug. 23, igig.) 
 
 Author looks "with favor upon some scheme which shall be a com- 
 promise between the Warfield, the Lenroot, and the Plumb plans." 
 
 ' Gleason, Arthur. Plumb defeats Gorapers. (In Nation. N.Y. 
 
 V. no. p. 848. June 26, 1920.) 
 Howe, F. C. Railroads, the public and labor under the Plumb 
 
 plan. (In Labor. Wash. v. I. p. 4. Dec. 6, 1919-) 
 •^ine-up on the Plumb plan. (In Literary digest. N.Y. v. 62. 
 
 p. 12-13. Aug. 23, 1919.) 
 Marot, Helen. Responsible unionism. (In Dial. N.Y. v. 67. 
 
 p. 131-3. Aug. 23, 1919.) 
 McKellar, Kenneth. Railroad control. (In Congressional record. 
 
 Wash. V. 58. p. 4724-5. Aug. 28, 1919.) 
 
 Includes letter to Trades and labor council of Memphis, Tenn., stating 
 objections to. plan; Abstract in Traffic world, v. 24". p. 525-6. Sept. 
 6, J919. 
 
 Marsh, A. R. Demands of the railroad workers. (In Economic 
 world. N.Y. V. 104. p. 183-4. Aug. 9, 1919.) 
 
 Memorandum presenting suggested plan for railway reorganiza- 
 tion by Glenn E. Plumb before the Interstate commerce com- 
 mission of the United States Senate. Wash. Natl, capitol 
 pr. 1919. 3ip. 
 
 The proposition considered "as entirely apart and distinct from all 
 ^ questions of operation and regulation.*' 
 
 Mr. Plumb explains his plan. (In Contemp. rev. N.Y. v. 117. 
 p. 101-14. Jan. 1920.) 
 
 Plumb, G. E. "A bill to establish railway control of govern- 
 ment." (In Reconstruction. N.Y. v. 2. p. 69. Feb. 1920.) 
 
 Plumb, G. E. Fundamental rights in industry. (In Public. 
 N.Y. V. 22. p. 875-6. Aug. 16, 1919.) 
 
 Plumb, G. E. How to value the railroads. (In Nation. N.Y. 
 V. 109. p. 78-9- July 19, 1919-) 
 
 Plumb, G. E. Hvmian factor in railway operation. (In Search- 
 light. Wash. V. 4. p. 19-20. July 1919.) 
 
THE PLUMB PLAN in 
 
 Plumb, G. E. An industrial program. Wash. Plumb plan 
 
 league. 1920. i6p. (Also in Searchlight. Wash. v. 4. p. 
 
 18-23. Dec. 31, 1919.) 
 
 The extension of his railroad plan to other national and local indus- 
 tries. 
 
 Plumb, G. E. Labor's solution of the railroad problem. (In 
 Nation. N.Y. v. 109. p. 200-1. Aug. 16, 1919.) 
 An answer to various objections. 
 
 Plumb, G. E. Let the workman run the railroads. (In Inde- 
 pendent. N.Y. V. 99. p. 288-9. Aug. 30, 1919.) 
 
 Plumb, G. E. Plan of organized employees for railroad orgah- 
 ization. (In Public. N.Y. v. 22. p. 421-9. Apr, 26, 1919.) 
 
 "A sure method for the ultimate reduction of transportation charges 
 to actual cost." 
 
 Plumb, G. E. Plumb plan for government ownership and 
 democracy in operation of the railroads. (In Public owner- 
 ship league of Am. proc. Chic. 1919. p. 59-74.) 
 '^ Plumb, G. E. Should labor participate in management? (In 
 
 Annals Am. acad. Phila. v. 81. p. 222-6. Nov. 1919.) 
 <Plumb, G. E. What the Plumb plan means. (In Forum. N.Y. 
 V. 62. p. 358-69. Sept. 1919.) 
 Plumb plan. (In New statesman. London, v. 13. p. 558-9. 
 Sept. 6, 1919.) 
 
 "America is in the earlier stage of a controversy very similar to our 
 own." Commends the organization of the Plumb plan league as a more 
 efficient means of propaganda than anything done in England. 
 
 Plumb plan and railroads. (In Am. rev. of revs. N.Y. v. 60. 
 
 p. 278-81. Sept. 1919.) 
 Plumb plan league. The A. B. C. of the Plumb plan. Wash. 
 
 1919? 8p. 
 A catechism explaining the plan. 
 
 Plumb plan league. Labor's plan for government ownership and 
 democracy in the operation of the railroads, based on state- 
 ments by Glenn E. Plumb before the Interstate commerce 
 commission of the United States Senate with additional mate- 
 rial. Wash. pub. by league. 1919? 32p. 
 
 Plumb plan thru British eyes. (In Living age. Boston, v. 303. 
 p. 182-5. Oct. 18, 1919- ) 
 
 Plumb plan to the front. Editorial. (In Nation. N.Y. v. 109. 
 
 p. 196. Aug. 16, 1919- ) 
 
 Makes a distinction between the plan and government operation. 
 
 Plumb plan under fire from several angles. (In Literary digest. 
 N.Y. v. 62. p. 140-2. Sept. 13, 1919.) 
 
112 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Pronouncement of the railway brotherhoods. (In Outlook. N.Y. 
 
 V. 122. p. 561-4. Aug. 13, 1919.) 
 Proposed railroad plans. (In Nation. N.Y. v. 109. p. 211. 
 
 Aug. 16, 1919.) 
 
 A comparative chart showing the provisioBS of seven different schemes 
 for railroad reorganization; the Plumb plan and six plans for private 
 ownership. 
 
 Rapeer, L. W. Public ownership of railways versus guarantees 
 to private capital. (In Public. N.Y. v. 22. p. 768-9. July 
 19, 1919.) 
 
 Rapeer, L. W. Railway labor problem boiled down. (In Nation. 
 N.Y. V. 109. p. 203-4. Aug. 16, 1919.) 
 
 Sisson, F. H. Mr. Sisson and the Plumb plan. (In New re- 
 public. N.Y. V. 20. p. 283-4. Oct. 8, 1919-) 
 Correspondence between Mr. Sisson and the editors. 
 
 Spring, Samuel. How not to value the railroads. (In Nation. 
 N.Y. V. 109. p. 542-3. Oct. 25, 1919.) 
 
 To the railroad workers. Editorial. (In New republic. N.Y. 
 V. 20. p. 71-2. Aug. 20, 1919.) 
 Recommends the amendment of the plan to provide for approval of 
 
 all wage increases by some representative of the government outside of 
 
 the operating corporation. 
 
 Views on Plumb plan league. (In Railway age. N.Y. v. 68. 
 
 p. 1262-3. Apr. 23, 1920.) 
 What is the Plumb plan? (In New republic. N.Y. v. 21. p. 
 
 23-5. Dec. 3, 1919.) 
 
 Periodicals 
 
 Labor, a national weekly newspaper, (formerly Railroad democ- 
 racy). Wash. V. i-date. 1919-date. 
 Organ of the Plumb plan league. 
 
 Further references in Industrial arts index. Public affairs 
 information service and Readers' guide. 
 
THE SINGLE TAX 
 CONTENTS 
 
 Introduction 115 
 
 Bibliographies 117 
 
 General references 117 
 
 Periodicals 120 
 
THE SINGLE TAX 
 
 Henry George developed a scheme of economic reform 
 known as the "Single tax," in which he proposed that all taxes 
 should be levied upon land values. His argument was based 
 on the presumptive tendency of land to absorb all the value due 
 to "improvement in the productive power of labor." Among 
 these improvements he included "the growth of population, the 
 increase and extension of exchanges, the march of invention, the 
 spread of education, the improvement of government,'' etc. 
 "Land being necessary to labor and being reduced to private 
 ownership every increase in the productive power of labor but 
 increases rent, — the price that labor must pay for the opportunity 
 to utilize its powers, and thus all the advantages gained by the 
 march of progress go to the owner of the land and wages do 
 not increase." 
 
 Henry George defined the single tax in his organ "The 
 Standard" as follows: 
 
 "The Standard advocates the abolition of all taxes upon 
 industry and the products of industry and the taking, by taxation 
 upon land values irrespective of improvements, of the annual 
 rental value of all those various forms of natural opportunities 
 embraced under the general term 'land'. 
 
 "We hold that to tax labor or its products is to discourage 
 industry. We hold that to tax land values to their full amount will 
 render it impossible for any man to exact from others a price 
 for the privilege of using those bounties of nature in which all 
 living men have an equal right of use ; that it will compel every 
 individual controlling natural opportunities to utilize them by 
 employment of labor or abandonment to others; that it will 
 thus provide opportunities of work to all men and secure to each 
 the full reward of his labor; and that as a result involuntary 
 poverty will be abolished and the greed, intemperance and vice 
 that spring from poverty and the dread of poverty will be swept 
 away." ' 
 
 •Quoted from Ely's Outlines of Economics. 19 17. p. 679-80. 
 
ii6 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Apart from the works of Henry George, especially his 
 "Progress and Poverty," as a general description Young's 
 "Single Tax Movement in the United States," is to be recom- 
 mended. 
 
 Professor Lewis J. Johnson of Harvard University is now 
 president of the National Single Tax League. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 Bibliographies 
 
 Bullock, E. D. Selected articles on single tax. 2d ed. N.Y. 
 
 H. W. Wilson. 1917. 249p. 
 Crosman, Ralph. Single tax index. An exhaustive analytical 
 
 and synthetical index — of about two thousand five hundred 
 
 titles ( references and cross-references) — of the land question 
 
 throughout the world, including single tax, land tax, tax 
 
 reform, land values, land monopoly, and cognate subjects. 
 
 San Francisco, pub. by author. 1915. I02p. 
 
 First and only number of a proposed quarterly publication. 
 Marot, Helen. Single tax. (In Handbook of labor literature. 
 
 1899. p. IS-16.) 
 Miller, J. D. Bibliography. (In Single tax year book. 1917. 
 
 p. 428-39) 
 Montana university. Bulletin of the Montana high school 
 
 debating league; all revenues for local purposes in the state 
 
 of Montana should be raised by a tax levied on land values 
 
 only. Missoula. 1918. 27p. 
 
 Bibl. p. 17-21. 
 New York public library. Short list on the single tax. N.Y. 
 
 1915. 3p. typew. 
 
 Scheftel, Yetta. Bibliography. (In Taxation of land value. 
 
 1916. p. 461-83.) 
 
 Young, A. N. Bibliography of select references. (In Single 
 tax movement in the United States. 1916. p. 325-8.) 
 
 General References 
 
 Austen, E. J. and Sheldon, L. V. Lost island. Cincinnati. Pels 
 
 fund of Am. 1892. S2p. 
 
 A fable to show the injustice of land monopoly. 
 Berens, L. H., and Singer, Ignatius. Story of my dictatorship. 
 
 The taxation of land values clearly explained. Cincinnati. 
 
 Joseph Fels fund. 191S? I28p. 
 
 Arguments for single tax in narrative form. 
 Brown, J. R. Farmer and the single tax. 2d ed. N.Y. Man- 
 hattan single tax club. n. d. lop. 
 Brown, J. R. Open letter to legislators. N.Y. Manhattan single 
 
 tax club. 1919- i6p. 
 
ii8 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Brown, J. R. Plain talk on taxation. 2d ed. N.Y. Manhattan 
 single tax club. 1915. 24p. 
 
 Damaschke, Adolf. Die Bodenreform, grundsatzliches und 
 geschichtliches zur Erkenntniss und Uberwindung der sozialen 
 Not. 8th ed. Jena. Gustav Fischer. 1913. 414P. 
 
 A discussion of land reform, by a leading German advocate of single 
 tax. 
 
 Fairhope, Alabama. Single tax colony on Mobile Bay. Fair- 
 hope courier print. 1904? 29p. 
 Descriptive pamphlet, aimed to stimulate investment and colonization. 
 
 Fillebrown, C. B. A B C of taxation, with Boston object lessons; 
 
 private property in land, and other essays and addresses. 
 
 N.Y. Doubleday, Page & co. 1909. 22gp. 
 
 Illustrations of way in which improvement is discouraged by present 
 system of taxation. 
 
 Fillebrown, C. B. Principles of natural taxation ; showing the 
 origin and progress of plans for the payment of all public 
 expenses from economic rent. Chic. A. C. McClurg & co. 
 1917. 276P. 
 A revision and enlargement of author's Single tax handbook for 1913. 
 
 Summaries of theories and opinions of leaders and opponents of the 
 
 movement. 
 
 George, H. M. Moses. N.Y. Int. Joseph Fels commission. 1918. 
 62p. 
 
 In same volume with above, The crime of poverty, p. 31-62. Text of 
 lectures delivered by the author. 
 
 George, H. M. Complete works. N.Y. Doubleday, Page & co. 
 1911. lov. 
 
 George, H. M. Land question. N.Y. Doubleday, Page & co. 
 1907? 
 
 George, H. M. Our land and land policy. N.Y. Double- 
 day, Page & CO. 1901. 
 
 George, H. M. Progress and poverty; an inquiry into 
 the cause of industrial depressions and of increase of want 
 with increase of wealth, the remedy. 4th ed. N.Y. Double- 
 day, Page & CO. 1916. s68p. 
 The economic theory of the father of single tax movement. 
 
 George, H. M. Science of political economy. N.Y. Doubleday, 
 
 Page & CO. 1898. 
 Haig, R. M. Exemption of improvements from taxation in 
 
 Canada and the United States ; a report prepared for the 
 
 committee on taxation of the city of New York. N.Y. 1915. 
 
 291P. 
 
 List of selected references, p. 281. A survey of systems approaching 
 the single tax, with conclusion opposing their adoption in New York. 
 
THE SINGLE TAX 119 
 
 Hillquit, Morris. Single tax. (In Socialism in theory and 
 
 practice. 1909. p. 291-5.) 
 
 Differences between single tax and socialism in views, aims, and 
 methods, presented by a socialist. 
 
 Hirsch, Max. Single tax. (In Democracy versus socialism. 
 
 1901. p. 345-463) 
 Howe, F. C. Privilege and democracy in America. N.Y. 
 
 Charles Scribner's sons. 1910. 315P. 
 
 Natural monopoly, the tool of privilege and a prime cause of poverty, 
 can be destroyed by the introduction of the single tax. 
 
 Mathews, Frederic. Taxation and distribution of wealth. N.Y. 
 
 Doubleday, Page & co. 1914. 68op. 
 Miller, J. D. Single tax year book; the history, principles, and 
 
 application of the single tax philosophy. N.Y. Single tax 
 
 pub. CO. 1917. 460P. 
 
 Bibliography, p. 428-39. Progress of the movement in various coun- 
 tries, directories of periodicals, organizations, etc. 
 
 National conference of single tax league. New York. 1890. 
 
 Platform. (In Young, A. N. Single tax movement in the 
 
 United States. 1916. p. 321-3.) 
 Neilson, Francis. The old freedom. N.Y. B. W. Huebsch. 
 
 1919- I76p. 
 
 Bibl. p. 173. Single tax preferred to socialism. 
 Ogle, C. J. Single tax progress in Maryland. (In National 
 
 municipal review. Phila. v. 9. p. 6-9. Jan. 1920.) 
 Oklahoma university. University extension. Department of 
 
 public discussion and debate. Single tax. Norman, Okla. 
 
 Oklahoma univ. 1915. i62p. 
 
 Reprinted articles by Davenport, Garrison, Fillebrown, A. S. Johnson, 
 Seligman, with digests of opinions for and against. 
 
 Post, L. F. Taxation of land values ; an explanation with illus- 
 trative charts, notes and answers to typical questions of the 
 land-labor- and-fi seal reform advocated by Henry George. 
 Sth rev. ed. Indianapolis. Bobbs, Merrill co. 1915. I79P. 
 
 Ring, H. F. Case plainly stated ; a speech delivered before the 
 Knights of labor at Houston, Texas, 1887. Cincinnati. 
 Joseph Fels fund. n. d. 24p. 
 
 Root, C. T. Not a single tax. Boston. C. B. Fillebrown. 1915. 
 i6p. 
 
 Scheftel, Yetta. Taxation of land value; a study of certain 
 discriminatory taxes on land. Boston. Houghton Mifflin co. 
 
 1916. 489P. 
 
 Bibliography, p. 461-83. Land taxes in Australasia, Germany, England, 
 and Western Canada analysed. Conclusion, single tax inadvisable in U.S. 
 A prize essay in economics for Hart, Schaffner and Marx. 
 
120 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Shearman, T. G. Natural taxation; an inquiry into the practic- 
 ability, justice, and effects of a scientific and natural method 
 of taxation. N.Y. G. P. Putnam's sons. 1895. 239P. 
 One of the principal authorities on the subject. 
 
 Speck, P. A. Single tax and the labor movement. Madison. 
 Univ. of Wis. 1917. (Wis. univ. Economics and pol. sci. 
 sen V. 8. no. 3. p. 247-426.) 
 
 Thum, William. Coming land policy, the anthesis of the single 
 tax policy. Pasadena. W. Thum. 1920. 66p. 
 
 Tolstoy on land and slavery. London. Land values pub. dept. 
 1909. 8ip. 
 Selections from Tolstoy's writings in favor of socialized land. 
 
 Wedgwood, Josiah, and Ethel. Road to freedom, and what lies 
 beyond. London. C. W. Daniel. 1913. is6p. 
 An academic and rather Utopian discussion of the blessings which 
 
 would ensue from the adoption of the single tax program. 
 
 Young, A. N. Single tax movement in the United States. 
 
 Princeton univ. pr. igi6. 340p. 
 
 Bibl. of select references, p. 325-8. An excellent survey of the history 
 and accomplishments of the movement. 
 
 Periodicals 
 
 Freeman. Weekly. N.Y. 32 W. s8th st. v. i-date. 1919-date. 
 
 Has occasional articles on single tax. 
 Land and liberty, (formerly Land values). Monthly. London. 
 
 i8g5-date. 
 Single tax review. Bimonthly. An international record of 
 
 single tax progress. N.Y. v. i-date. 1902-date. 
 Taxation a journal of economic justice. Taxation pub. co. 32 
 
 Union square. Monthly. N.Y. v. i-date. 1920-date. 
 
 See also the files of The Pubhc, a journal of democracy. 
 Weekly. N.Y. 1897-1919. 
 
SOCIALISM 
 CONTENTS 
 
 Introduction 123 
 
 Bibliographies 143 
 
 Definitions 145 
 
 General History and Theory 145 
 
 Theories 
 
 Utopian 149 
 
 Scientific 150 
 
 Revisionist 152 
 
 Collectivist 153 
 
 Christian 155 
 
 Contra 156 
 
 History 
 
 International 158 
 
 In various countries 160 
 
 Periodical directories 183 
 
SOCIALISM 
 
 Socialism, in so far as it has definable unity, is the social 
 movement which seeks a system of organized industrial and 
 political government, in which use instead of profit shall be 
 the dominant motive of production and its control shall be demo- 
 cratic. Public ownership of the "socially necessary means 
 of production" is advocated in order to emancipate production 
 from private profit. 
 
 There exist wide divergences of theory and program, even 
 among socialists, the more radical upholding the idea of a 
 definite act of "revolution" as a necessary prelude to social 
 reorganization, and the so-called reformists expecting a gradual 
 progress through a process of education. 
 
 The Socialist idea can be traced back to Baboeuf, Saint 
 Simon, Fourier, and Owen. The modern movement originating 
 with Karl Marx and Frederick Engels began with the publication 
 of their Communist Manifesto in 1848. In 1867 Marx finished 
 the first volume of "Das Kapital," which became the basis of 
 modern socialism. His main theories are, first, the materialistic 
 interpretation of history ; second, the theory of surplus value ; 
 third, the law of concentration of capital ; and fourth, the prin- 
 ciple of the class struggle. 
 
 A reaction within the movement against these strict Marxian 
 theories set in about the middle nineties and gained ground even 
 in Germany, the home of orthodox Socialism. Eduard Bern- 
 stein's book, "Evolutionary Socialism" (Die Voraussetzungen 
 des Sozialismus und die Aufgaben der Social-Demokratie) 
 led the attack against the rigid orthodoxy which had grown 
 up in the Marxian movement. 
 
 A similar school of revision, independent of the continental 
 writers, had been developed somewhat earlier by the Fabians 
 in Great Britain. Among the many societies for social reform 
 which came into existence in the years from 1870 to 1890 none 
 has exercised so marked and beneficial an influence on educated 
 public opinion and on legislation as the Fabian society. "The 
 Society adopted the name Fabian after Fabius Cunctator. the 
 
124 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Roman general." This reformistic tendency was reflected in the 
 movement itself. Political successes forced Sociahsts in prac- 
 tically every country to devote their attention to immediate 
 reforms and collectivist measures, and gradually to forget to 
 apply Marxian principles in the interpretation of every event. 
 
 As these compromises were introduced, tending toward State 
 Socialism, the employing class adopted a paternahstic attitude 
 toward the workers, and the state gradually assumed more and 
 more control of public utiHties and industries. Germany and 
 New Zealand especially took steps in this direction, while the 
 Great War developed the same tendency in the United States, 
 Great Britain, and other countries. 
 
 Strict State Socialism is regarded by many socialists as "State 
 Capitalism" — an attempt to placate the workers by improving 
 their material condition and transferring the control of wealth 
 from individual capitalists to a state in turn controlled by them ; 
 the workers remaining as dependent industrially as ever. But 
 the major part of the Socialist Movement is opposed to any rep- 
 resentation of their aims as compatible with State Socialism. 
 
 Scientific Socialism should be studied in the Communist 
 Manifesto, Capital (or its summary, Marx's "Value, Price, and 
 Profit"), Engels' "Socialism Utopian and Scientific", and Karl 
 Kautsky's "Class Struggle." A general description of the 
 'Socialist movements is to be found in Kirkup's "History of So- 
 cialism" and Harry W. Laidler's "Socialism in Thought 
 and Action." "Sociahsm of Today," by English Walling and 
 others, is a source-book containing descriptions of the progress 
 of the movement throughout the world. Emile Vandervelde's 
 "Socialism versus the State'' is a warning against collectivism; 
 and a fair review of the entire subject by a non-socialist is 
 O. D. Skelton's "Socialism, a Critical Analysis." Bertrand 
 Russell defines and clearly differentiates Socialism from 
 Anarchism and Syndicalism in his "Proposed Roads to Free- 
 dom." 
 
 In the following summaries of the progress of Socialism in 
 various countries, such labor parties as are socialistic in tendency 
 have been included. 
 
 "The International" 
 
 Attempts to form an international organization of workers 
 were first made by a group of exiles living in London during 
 the period of 1840-1848. The organization was known as the 
 
SOCIALISM 125 
 
 "League of Just," and in 1847 it became the "Communist 
 League." It remained for many years a secret organization and 
 was composed mostly of Germans. At a congress held in 
 London in 1847 Karl Marx and Frederick Engels were re- 
 quested to prepare "a complete theoretical and working pro- 
 gram" for the League. This they did, resulting in the "Com- 
 munist Manifesto" published in 1848. The League lasted only 
 a few years and passed out of existence in 1852 because of 
 governmental repression. 
 
 In 1862 a deputation of French working men visited the 
 International Exhibition in London, and out of the meetings of 
 the French and English labor leaders grew the "International 
 Association of Workingmen." 
 
 In 1864 at a public meeting held in London a committee of 
 representatives of different nations was appointed to draft a 
 constitution and program for an association. A General Council 
 with offices in London was elected. The General Council was 
 composed of representatives of the national bodies of the differ- 
 ent countries. 
 
 Conferences of the Association were held in Geneva, 1866, 
 Lausanne in 1867, in Brussels in 1868, (98 delegates present), in 
 Basel in 1869, the Hague 1872. The Association had to struggle 
 against severe government persecution. Conflicts within the 
 organization itself arose between Karl Marx and Michael 
 Bakunin, representing respectively the socialist and the anarchist 
 points of view. In 1872 the General Council removed its seat to 
 New York. Its influence diminished and in the same year it 
 ceased to function. In 1889 on the occasion of the Centenary 
 of the French Revolution, an international socialist congress 
 was held in Paris. This marks the beginning of the Second 
 International. In reality two congresses were held. That of 
 the orthodox Marxists was attended by 39S delegates, and that 
 of the Reform Socialists by about 600. Other congresses were 
 held at Brussels in 1891, Zurich in 1893, London, 1896, and Paris 
 in 1900. 
 
 The Paris conference decided upon a form of organization 
 with an international bureau, known since then as the Inter- 
 national Socialist Bureau. Affiliations with the Bureau and 
 consequently representation in the congresses were open to; 
 
 I. All associations which adhered to the essential principles 
 of Socialism ; socialization of means of production and 
 distribution; international association of and action by 
 
126 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 the workers ; conquest of public powers by the proletariat 
 organized as a class party. 
 
 2. All constituted organizations which accept the prin- 
 ciple of a class struggle and recognize the necessity for 
 political action (legislative and parliamentary), but do 
 not participate directly in the political movement.' 
 
 The last condition was adopted for the purpose of excluding 
 anarchist and of admitting trade unionist and other labor organ- 
 izations which, though not political in character, favored polit- 
 ical action. 
 
 The International Bureau was made up of delegates from 
 socialist organizations of the countries affiliated with the Inter- 
 national. Every three years an international socialist congress 
 took place and resolutions were adopted. These, however, were 
 merely advisory and not binding upon the national socialist 
 parties. The International did not prescribe the tactics which 
 the movement of any country should adopt. This was left to 
 the discretion of each national organization. 
 
 Under the auspices of this Bureau, the following congresses 
 were held : Amsterdam, 1904, Stuttgart, 1907, Copenhagen, 1910, 
 and an extraordinary congress at Basel on the occasion of the 
 Balkan wars in 1912, The congress which was to have been 
 held in Vienna in 1914 was prevented by the Great War, which 
 practically destroyed the Second International as an organized 
 body. The Bureau removed from Brussels to the Hague when 
 the war broke out, continued to maintjiin relations with the 
 Socialist parties of all countries during the war and tried to 
 co-ordinate their action. Various attempts were made for the 
 revival of the Second International but up to March 1921 
 they were without success. 
 
 The first conference after the outbreak of the Great War to 
 be attended by Allied and Central-Power socialists was known 
 as the Zimmerwald Conference and was held in Switzerland in 
 September, 1915. Those who were present at the conference 
 belonged to the Left Wing of the Socialist movement and their 
 aim was to find a common program in behalf of peace. Other 
 gatherings took place in Kienthal in 1916, in Stockholm in 1917, 
 and in London in the spring of 1918, an Inter-allied Socialist 
 and Labor Conference. 
 
 After the Armistice the socialists met in two different reunions 
 
 ^Labour Year Book of Great Britain. 1916. 
 
SOCIALISM 127 
 
 — Berne, February, 1919, and Lucerne, August 1919, — and decided 
 to hold a conference in 1920 to revive the Second International. 
 
 The present split in the Socialist movement may be said 
 to be due to the attitude taken toward Bolshevism by the differ- 
 ent factions. The Conference of August, 1920, declared for 
 the revival of the Second International and opposed the Third 
 International created by the Bolsheviks. But the revival of the 
 Second International remains a pious wish. 
 
 The Third International so-called by the Russian Com- 
 munists, was organized at a congress held in Moscow in March, 
 1919, thirty-two foreign delegates participating, and representing 
 twelve different countries. A manifesto was adopted "repudiat- 
 ing the vacillation, mendacity and superficiality of the socialist 
 parties" and appealing to workers in all countries to fight "'against 
 imperialist barbarity, against monarchy, against the privileged 
 classes, against the bourgeois states, and bourgeois property, 
 against all kinds and forms of social and national oppression." 
 The manifesto further declared : 
 
 Even though the first International foresaw the coming development 
 and inserted a wedge, and though the second International collected and 
 organized millions of proletarians, still it is the third International that 
 stands for the open action of the masses and for revolutionary operations. * 
 
 The terms of the affiliation are embodied in 21 points. 
 
 The situation in 1921 presented itself as follows : The second 
 International was dead. The Third was Communist functioning 
 through a dictatorship. Socialists were divided between Lenin 
 and Webb. 
 
 Progress of the Movement in Various Countries 
 
 Australia and New Zealand 
 
 The beginnings of the labor movement in Australia can be 
 traced to the great strikes of shearers and seamen in 1890. It 
 was then that the trade unions awoke to the fact that labor 
 representation in the various parliaments was just as necessary 
 as strong industrial organizations. Political labor bodies were 
 formed in each state, with which any trade union might affiliate 
 itself. The result was the formation of the Labour Party in 
 AustraUa in 1892. 
 
 This party, while not definitely committed to theoretical 
 Socialism, tends toward socialist doctrines and advocates the 
 regulation of industry by the state. During the war the Labour 
 
 •American Labor Year Book 1919-20. p. 320- 
 
128 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Party split. The supporters of conscription, led by Prime Min- 
 ister Hughes, formed a National Labour Party. The original 
 party was rechristened the Australian Labour Party. Its rep- 
 resentatives in Parliament in 1919 ntimbered 26 out of 75 
 deputies and one seat in the Senate. 
 
 An attempt at fusion only began during 1919-1920 with the 
 formation of an Australian SociaHst Party on a Marxian basis. 
 At the end of 1920 the Australian Communist Party was 
 founded, which is affiliated with the Third International. The 
 only other party of importance is the Socialist Labour Party. 
 
 There are also a host of small Socialist societies in the 
 various capitals and the big mining centres. 
 
 In 1916, at a joint conference of the Social Democratic Party 
 the Labour Representation Committees and the United Federa- 
 tion of Labour, a unified Labour Party, with a definitely socialist 
 objective was established in New Zealand. At the 1919 elections 
 the Labour Party secured eight seats. 
 
 Austria 
 
 The socialist labor movement began to make itself felt in 
 Austria in the early eighteen-seventies, but it could not elect a 
 representative to the Austrian Parliament until 1901. The 
 people succeeded in democratizing the suffrage to some extent, 
 in 1907, but this did not appreciably improve economic conditions. 
 Differences of nationality and language formed an obstacle to 
 effective organization. 
 
 Although the Socialists supported the war which was opposed 
 within their ranks by only a small minority, the government 
 during that period employed rigid methods of suppression and 
 persecution against party press and leaders. Conditions were 
 somewhat improved after the death of Emperor Francis Joseph, 
 but not eough to avert the revolution which in October, 1918, 
 destroyed a monarchy six hundred years old, and formed a 
 number of independent national states. Austria today comprises 
 only the old German Austria. 
 
 In 1907 the social democrats polled 1,041,948 votes and elected 
 87 representatives. In 191 1, with a slightly increased vote, the 
 representation fell to 83 in an assembly of 516. In October, 
 1920, the latest election in Austria, the socialists elected 66 repre- 
 sentatives to an assembly of 175. Although this was a slight 
 
SOCIALISM 129 
 
 decrease from the 1919 elections, it is the second largest repre- 
 sentation of any single party in the Constituent Assembly. 
 
 On November 28th, 1920 the Left wing socialists, of the 
 Social Democratic Party decided to found a Socialist Labor 
 Party of German-Austria. 
 
 The Austrian Communist Party is weak numerically and 
 did not take part in the elections held in 1920. 
 
 Belgium 
 
 The Belgian Labor Party (Parti Ouvrier) organized in 1885, 
 achieved its first parliamentary success in 1894 when 24 Socialists 
 won seats in the Chamber of Deputies. 
 
 fimile Vandervelde, its leader, has maintained that it unites 
 the characteristics of the three great nations surrounding it. 
 From England it adopted cooperation and self-help, from Ger- 
 many political tactics and fundamental doctrines, from France 
 its idealistic tendencies. The close cooperation which exists 
 between the Labor Party, trade unions and the cooperative 
 movement makes the Labor Party a federation of federations 
 of those organisations. 
 
 Its economic viewpoint is reformist Marxian, and opposed to 
 ultra-revolutionary measures. Its immediate program includes 
 free secular education, religious freedom, abolition of the mon- 
 archy and the establishment of a republic, abolition of the Senate, 
 the eight-hour day, repeal of all laws against strikes. 
 
 The Labor Party includes : — 
 
 I. Cooperative societies (which provide the financial 
 
 strength of the party) 
 II. Trade Unions (which work hand in hand with the 
 party) 
 
 III. Mutual aid societies 
 
 IV. Political organizations 
 
 V. Educational and social clubs 
 
 In the November, 1919, election the party seated 70 repre- 
 sentatives out of a total of 186, and polled 644,499 votes, 37 
 per cent of the total. Socialists were chosen for the offices of 
 President of the Chamber, Vice-President of the Senate, and 
 four Cabinet seats. The Socialists' municipal representation 
 totaled 850 before the Great War. 
 
 There also is a feeble Communist Party. 
 
130 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Canada 
 
 The main labor and socialist political organizations in Canada 
 are: 
 
 I. The Socialist Party of Canada 
 II. The Social Democratic Party 
 III. The Labour Party 
 
 The SociaHst Party in Canada dates from about 1890, and the 
 Social Democratic Party from January, 191 1. In 1920 these 
 parties were without representation in the Dominion Parliament 
 and had only succeeded in electing a few representatives to the 
 Provincial legislatures. 
 
 A movement for the creation of a labor party was set on 
 foot in 1917, and at a convention called in July, by labor leaders 
 of the province of Ontario, the Independent Labour Party was 
 organized. This party's first platform included declarations in 
 favor of free text books in the schools ; public ownership of all 
 sources of wealth ; the nationalization of banking and credit 
 systems ; initiative, referendum, and recall ; old age pensions, 
 and pensions for mothers with dependent children : and the 
 abolition of the judicial power to declare legislation of the 
 Dominion parliament unconstitutional. 
 
 This organization was formally approved by the Trades and 
 Labour Congress of Canada, held in September, 1917. A national 
 Canadian Labour Party has not as yet been formed, although 
 steps are being taken toward its formation. 
 
 Denmark, Norway and Sweden 
 
 The socialist organizations in Denmark are the Social Dem- 
 ocratic Party and the SociaHst Party. The former was founded 
 in 1878 and represents reformist socialism. In the election of 
 1919 it seated 36 deputies out of a total of 137. The Socialist 
 Party, which endorses the communist program, has little influ- 
 ence in the political field. The Danish General Labor Federation 
 maintains friendly relations with both parties. 
 
 In 1881 the social democrats of Norway organized a party, 
 out of which was formed in 1897 the Norwegian Labor Party 
 (Norak Arbeider-parti). In 1891 the party adopted a straight 
 Socialist platform. In March, 1918, it adopted a more revol- 
 utionary platform endorsing the creation of a workers' and 
 soldiers' council, and the use of "revolutionary mass action in 
 
SOCIALISM 131 
 
 the struggle for the economic freedom of the working class." 
 At the elections in October, 1918, it polled over 300,000 votes, 
 and elected 18 deputies out of loi. 
 
 The Socialist groups in Sweden are the Social Democratic 
 Labor Party, and the Left Socialists. The Social Democratic 
 Labor Party was founded in 1889 and is collectivist in theory, 
 accepting parliamentarism. It is the strongest Socialist organ- 
 ization in the country, and in the election of 1920 won 76 seats 
 out of a total of 230 in the second Chamber, polling 228,000 
 votes. 
 
 The Left Socialists, founded in 1917, have endorsed com- 
 munism. At the 1920 election this organization polled 15,000 
 votes and elected 7 representatives. 
 
 The labor union movement in all the Scandinavian countries 
 cooperates with the socialist parties. 
 
 France 
 
 While Socialism in France dates back to the French revol- 
 ution, the socialist movement has for many years been weakened 
 by internal struggles between the different schools of theory. 
 
 There were the followers of Louis Blanc who advocated state- 
 aided production by associations of producers, those of Jules 
 Guesde, standing for pure Marxian socialism, of Millerand for 
 extremely moderate socialism, of Jean Jaures for reformist 
 socialism, etc. 
 
 The different socialist groups united in 1905 to form the 
 extremely modern Parti Socialiste Unifie, which advocated 
 socialization of the means of production and distribution, the 
 attainment of political power by the workers, and transformation 
 of capitalism into a collectivist society. 
 
 In the November, 1919 elections, although the party polled 
 1,700,000 votes, 24 per cent of the total, and an increase of 8 per 
 cent since 1914, the representation fell from 105 to 55, out of a 
 total 602, due to the operation of new election laws. 
 
 Since the Russian Bolshevik Revolution the French Socialist 
 Party has been standing for uncompromising tactics. At the 
 national congress held at Tours, Dec. 25, 1920, the party split 
 on the question of the Third International. The congress was 
 divided by three factions: the Right wing opposing the condi- 
 tions of the Third International; the Center requesting admis- 
 sion with maximum reserves; and the Left favoring 
 
132 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 admission according to the conditions imposed by the Third Inter- 
 nationale. The victory of the Communists resulted in the with- 
 drawal of the Center and the Right wing and the formation 
 by them of the Section Frangaise de I'lnternationale Ouvriere. 
 The original party contains about 60 to 70 per cent of the party 
 members, and is called Section Frangaise de I'lnternationale 
 Communiste. Of the original 55 deputies, fifteen stayed with the 
 party, the rest went with the new organisation. 
 
 Germany 
 
 The social philosophy of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, 
 later accepted by the international socialist movement, was the 
 direct heritage of the German socialists. It was Lassalle, how- 
 ever, who taught the German workers to organize independently 
 into a political party. 
 
 The modern socialist movement in Germany dates back to 
 1863 when the General German Workingmen's association was 
 founded by Ferdinand Lasalle. In 1869 the adherents of 
 Marxian socialism assembled at Eisenach and formed the Social 
 Democratic Labor Party. These two organizations united in 
 1875. In 1878 an anti-socialist law was passed at the insistence 
 of Bismarck, then Prime Minister, declaring the socialist party 
 an illegal organization. This law was repealed in 1890 and the 
 party was reorganized immediately at Halle. The Erfurt pro- 
 gram, famous as the first of the programs of practical and 
 theoretical Marxian Socialism, was adopted by the congress of 
 the following year. 
 
 At the outbreak of the Great War, the Social Democratic 
 Party had become the largest party in Germany. Its member- 
 ship throughout the Empire on March 31, 1914 was 1,085,905, 
 including 174,754 women. Four and a quarter million votes, 
 that is, over half of the total vote, was cast at the Reichstag 
 election of 1912 for the party. Out of 397 members of the 
 Reichstag, the Social-Democratic group numbered iii members. 
 
 The great weapon of the German social democracy was the 
 powerful press it had at its disposal. It had over 120 news- 
 papers and a great many periodicals. No other socialist party 
 was its equal in this field. In cooperation with the trade unions 
 364 branch education committees have been established under the 
 direction of a central education committee. The party main- 
 tained a socialist college in Berlin. 
 
 Up to 1914 most cordial relationship existed between the 
 
SOCIALISM 133 
 
 trade unions and the party. In fact, the trade unions helped 
 the party materially and morally. 
 
 The party split, over the war issue, into three main groups :— 
 the Social Democratic Party, endorsing the war; the Inde- 
 pendent Socialist Party opposing the war; the Spartacus group 
 opposmg the war and endorsing communist principles. Until 
 December, 1918, the majority of the Spartacus group also 
 belonged to the Independent Socialist Party. After this date 
 they organized into the Revolutionary Communist Party of 
 Germany. 
 
 At their annual convention at Halle in October 1920, a split 
 occurred within the ranks of the Independent Socialists over 
 the issue of joining the Third International. By a vote of 237 
 to 156 the congress decided to join the Third International. 
 The 156 delegates were in favor of joining the Third Interna- 
 tional with a maximum of reservations. 
 
 The three main parties in 1921 were : 
 I. The Social Democratic Party 
 II. The Independent Socialist Party 
 III. The United Communist Party of Germany; section of 
 the Third International 
 
 I. The Social Democratic Party, composed of the pre-war 
 socialists adheres to the Second International and has adopted 
 a moderate parliamentarian program of action. The following 
 main points of their election program was published in the 
 "Vorwarts" of April 4th, 1920. 
 
 The aim of social democracy is socialism, not to be won by violence 
 or dictatorship, but by democracy and the will of the people. It aims 
 at bringing wages and salaries into line with the cost of living. Disabled 
 men and war widows and orphans must be adequately provided for. 
 
 The increased importance of the worker in industry already gained 
 by the Works Councils Law will be further developed by socialization. 
 
 All transport is to be directed by the State. 
 
 The Land Settlement Act is to protect small farmers against large 
 landowners, and to create hundreds of thousands of new small agricultural 
 undertakings. 
 
 In 1921 the Social Democratic Party had 108 representatives 
 in the Reichstag out of a total of 469 deputies. 
 
 II. The Independent Socialist Party is the "'center'' of the 
 socialist movement in Germany. Its policies were expressed in 
 their election program of 1920 as follows : — 
 
 Independent Social Democracy aims at the taking over of political 
 power by the proletariat, in order to overthrow capitalism and bring 
 about a socialistic order of society. This aim cannot be attained except 
 through the political supremacy of the working class, the dictatorship 
 of the proletariat. This is the meaning of the Soviet system. It represents 
 a transitional stage from capitalism to socialism. 
 
134 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 In 1921 the Independent Social Democratic Party had 61 
 representatives in the Reichstag. 
 
 III. The United Communist Party of Germany was orig- 
 inally the Spartacus group. In Dec. 1918 it reorganized in the 
 Revolutionary Communist Party of Germany and in 1920 after 
 the Independents split and joined the Communist, became the 
 U. C. P. of G. They believe that 
 The conditions for the triumph of the International Proletariat are: 
 
 (i) The adoption by all parties of the clear, unequivocal theory of 
 revolutionary Marxism; 
 
 (2) An organization rigidly maintained on lines of military discipline; 
 
 (3) Untiring activity in all spheres of action open to the proletariat. 
 
 In 1921 they had 26 representatives in the Reichstag. 
 Great Britain 
 
 The labor movement of Great Britain is expressed primarily 
 today in the trade unions, the Labour Party, and the Cooperative 
 movement. Up to 1824 any combination of workmen for indus- 
 trial purposes was illegal. As soon as restrictive statutes were 
 repealed trade unions arose and in the course of the next fifty 
 years gained sufficient support to make possible the passage in 
 1871-1878, of two important acts which legalized their status. 
 
 In 1900- 1901, labor received a severe blow in the Taff-Vale 
 decision. This provided "that the Trade Union, though admit- 
 tedly not a corporate body, could be sued in a corporate capacity 
 for darnages alleged to have been caused by the action of its 
 officers, and that an injunction could be issued against it restrain- 
 ing it and all its officers, not merely from dismissal acts, but 
 also from unlawfully, though without the slightest criminality, 
 causing loss to other persons. Moreover, in their elaborate 
 reasons for their judgment, the Law Lords expressed the view 
 that not only an injunction but also a mandamus could be issued 
 against a Trade Union, requiring it to do anything that any 
 person lawfully called upon it to do ; that a registered Trade 
 Union could be sued in its registered name, just as if it were a 
 corporation; that even an unregistered Trade Union could be 
 made collectively liable for damages, and might be sued in the 
 names of its proper officers ; the members of its executive com- 
 mittees and its trustees; and that the damages and costs could 
 be recovered from the property of the Trade Union, whether 
 this was in the hands of separate trustees or not." ^ 
 
 iWebb, Sidney, and Beatrice. "The History of Trade Unionism." 
 1920. p. 6oo-x. 
 
SOCIALISM. i3S 
 
 As a result of thirty years of Liberal-Labour-left agitation 
 a labour representation committee was formed which developed 
 later into the Labour Party. The Labour Group became polit- 
 ically effective in securing the repeal of the Taff-Vale decision 
 and the passage of legislation favorable to its aims. 
 
 The main labor and socialist organizations of Great Britain 
 are as follows (the cooperative movement is discussed elsewhere) : 
 
 I. The Labour Party 
 
 II. The Independent Labour Party 
 
 III. The Socialist Labour Party 
 
 IV. The Communist Party of Great Britain 
 V. The Socialist Party of Great Britain 
 
 VI. The National Socialist Party 
 VII. The Fabian Society 
 VIII. The Standing Joint Committee of Industrial Women's 
 Organizations 
 IX. The Joint Board 
 
 I. The British Labour Party dates from 1899 and is com- 
 posed of trade unions, and trades councils, of socialist, cooper- 
 ative, and other working class societies, and of individuals. The 
 Independent Labour Party and the Fabian Society belong to 
 the Labour Party. Although the Labour Party is not directly 
 committed to Socialism, it advocates Socialist principles. The 
 support which it receives from the trade union is its great source 
 of strength. In 191 7 the party was reorganized to include as 
 members all producers "by hand or brain" ; and its membership 
 now consists of "national societies" and "'parliamentary con- 
 stituencies." This makes possible the enrollment of individuals 
 who subscribe to the platform and reside or work within a 
 constituency. The membership of the party has grown from 
 37S.93I in ^9°° to 'very nearly four million by 1921. Its repre- 
 sentation in Parliament in January, 1921, was 67 members out of 
 a total of 707. 
 
 II. The Independent Labour Party was founded in 1893 by 
 Keir Hardie. It is more uncompromisingly socialistic in aim 
 than the Labour Party and advocates collective ownership of 
 the means of production, distribution and exchange, and inde- 
 pendent labor representation on all legislative and administrative 
 bodies. It had in 1920 a membership of about 50,000. 
 
 III. The Socialist Labour Party is the extreme left wing of 
 Marxian Socialism in Great Britain. It advocates industrial 
 
136 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 unionism and revolutionary political action, and refuses to 
 affiliate with the British Labour Party. It is numerically a 
 handful. 
 
 IV. The Communist Party of Great Britain originated 
 in August 1920. It grew out of the socialist group which was 
 founded in 1881 by H. M. Hyndman. Its membership is not 
 very large. 
 
 V. The Socialist Party of Great Britain was formed by 
 secessionists from the old Social Democratic Party in 1904. 
 It emphasizes political action and an uncompromising inter- 
 pretation of Marx, and opposes all other political parties. Its 
 membership is of negligible size. 
 
 VI. The National Socialist Party is composed of ' the min- 
 ority of the British Socialist Party, which seceded in 1916 under 
 the leadership of H. M. Hyndman, because of the party's oppo- 
 sition to the war. 
 
 VII. The Fabian Society, founded in 1883-1884 by Mr. and 
 Mrs. Sidney Webb, Bernard Shaw, Graham Wallas, and others, 
 has had an important influence on the socialist movement in 
 interpreting socialist principles in terms of actual working 
 methods. Its function is mainly that of progaganda and re- 
 search, the publication of special pamphlets and essays and the 
 organization of lectures. A portion of its work has now been 
 taken over by the Labour Research Depai'tment. 
 
 VIII. The Standing Joint Committee of Industrial Women's 
 Organizations, organized in 1916, includes as members the 
 Women's Trade Union League, the Women's Cooperative Guild, 
 and the Women's Labour League, the National Federation of 
 Women Workers and the Railway Women's Guild. The Wom- 
 en's Labour League, which sponsored the constitution of the 
 Joint Committee, is organized for the purpose of obtaining 
 direct labor representation in connection with the Labour Party, 
 direct representation of women in Parliament and on local 
 bodies, and economic equality of the sexes. 
 
 IX. The Joint Board is composed of the Parliamentary 
 Committee of the Trades Union Congress, and the Executive 
 Committee of the Labour Party. It was founded in 1906 
 and reorganized in 1908. Its objects are, first, to secure 
 united action by all labor organizations on matters of com- 
 mon interest; second, to act as a judicial body to determine the 
 
SOCIALISM 137 
 
 bona fide character of any trade union organization which is a 
 member or prospective member of any constituent organization; 
 and third, to act as a court of arbitration between unions in 
 cases of disputes. 
 
 Italy 
 
 The modern Socialist movement in Italy first came into 
 existence under the influence of Bakunin. In 1869 he opened 
 the first branch of the International in Naples. The organization 
 had only a short Hfe, and in 1880 was superseded by the Labor 
 Party. In 1890 this party endorsed the principles of Marxian 
 SociaUsm. 
 
 The main socialist groups of Italy are as follows : 
 
 I. The Italian SociaUst Party. 
 II. The Reformist Socialist Party. 
 
 III. The Communist Party of Italy; Section of the Third 
 Internationale. 
 
 I. The Italian Socialist Party is the strongest socialist 
 organization in the country and represents the extreme left of 
 the movement. This party is opposed to participation in the gov- 
 ernment and favors, with reservations, the Third International. 
 In 1921 it was represented in the Chamber of Deputies by 156 
 members out of a total of 508, the largest representation of any 
 single party in Italy. 
 
 At the congress of Livorno, January 1921, a split occurred over 
 the issue of accepting unreservedly the conditions of the Third 
 International. The congress was confronted by three resolu- 
 tions : that of the majority endorsing the Third International 
 with certain reservations; that of the Communists; and that of 
 the Right wing favoring the Third International with maximum 
 reservations. The vote was as follows : 98,029 for the first ; 
 58,790 for the second ; 14,212 for the third. The Communist 
 seceded and formed the Communist Party of Italy. 
 
 II. The Reformist Socialist Party was formed in 1912 by the 
 moderate socialists, led by Bissolati, who were expelled from 
 the Italian Socialist Party because of alleged infidelity to the 
 principles of the class struggle, and. for their support of the 
 Tripolitan war. It elected 16 representatives to the Chamber of 
 Deputies in 1919 elections. 
 
138 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 The Netherlands 
 
 The main socialist organizations of Holland are as follows: 
 
 I. The Social Democratic Labor Party. 
 IL The Communist Party of the Netherlands; section of 
 the Third International. 
 III. The Federation of Christian Socialists. 
 
 I. The Social Democratic Labor Party was founded in 1894 
 when a majority of the old Social Democratic Federation voted 
 to discontinue political activity and to concentrate on revolution- 
 ary mass action. Those opposed to this policy undertook to form 
 a new party under the name of the Social Democratic Labor 
 Party as a means of counteracting the ultra-radical tendencies 
 in the federation and of furnishing an organization for political 
 action for the more moderate socialists. This party has grown 
 steadily and is today the strongest labor party in the country. 
 It has stated its aims as follows : "To forward the socialization 
 of industries and nationalization of the land. If the present 
 organization of the State cannot do all this, then revolutionize 
 the State." Its specific demands have been formulated at a 
 labor congress held under the joint auspices of the Social 
 Democratic Labor Party and the Dutch Federation of Trades 
 Unions, in November, 1918. These two organizations are so 
 intimately affiliated as to be almost identical. At the election 
 in July, 1918, the party elected 22 members to the second cham- 
 ber, polling 296,14s votes, 22.3 per cent of the total vote. 
 
 II. The Communist Party of the Netherlands was origin- 
 ally the Social Democratic Party organised in 1918. In the igi8 
 election it showed its strength for the first time, casting 31,023 
 votes and electing two representatives. 
 
 III. The Federation of Christian Socialists is a sect of 
 Socialist pacifists and Tolstoian anti-militarists. It elected one 
 representative in 1918 and polled 8,423 votes. 
 
 Russia 
 
 The Socialist movement in Russia began in the eighteen 
 forties and continued for a time as an intellectual movement of 
 students with a few working class followers. As it became 
 more influential, the government began to persecute its expon- 
 ents, who in turn adopted terrorist tactics. In the latter part 
 
SOCIALISM 139 
 
 of the century, the development of industrialism in its most 
 intense form stimulated class consciousness among the workers 
 and led to many strikes, culminating in the general strike of 
 1905. When the strike failed the people resorted to mass demon- 
 strations. 
 
 After this unsuccessful revolution, the Socialists adopted 
 parliamentary tactics, and although their parties were declared 
 illegal and forced to establish headquarters outside the country, 
 it was found possible to elect candidates to the Duma in 1907 
 on other tickets. The Socialists were so strong that given 
 universal suffrage they would have had considerable influence 
 on the political life of the country. 
 
 At the outbreak of the great war, Russian Socialists suffered 
 from secessions of pro-war members. Prior to 191 7 the main 
 socialist and labor parties of Russia were: 
 
 I. The Social Revolutionary Party. 
 
 II. The Social Democratic Labor Party. 
 
 III. The Group of Toil (Labor Party). 
 
 IV. The Bund. (Jewish Labor Federation of Russia, 
 
 Poland and Lithuania.) 
 
 I. The Social Revolutionary Party organized about 1897 
 temporarily employed terrorist methods. The Party was in 
 effect a revival of the Norodnaya Volya (Peoples Will Pary) 
 of the seventies and early eighties. The Kerensky pro-war 
 faction split from this party, leaving a moderate and a radical 
 anti-war group. 
 
 II. The Social Democratic Labor Party, pure Marxists, was 
 the most important Socialist organization. At first it was called 
 League for the Emancipation of Labor and was organized abroad 
 in 1884. Under its influence chiefly the beginnings of a trade 
 union movement were made in Russia in the early and middle 
 nineties. In 1898 the party was reorganized, with a definite 
 declaration of its political as well as economic aims. It was 
 divided into Bolsheviki, or majority adherents, and Mensheviki, 
 the minority. The division of the S. D. L. P. into Bolsheviks 
 and Mensheviks became clear in 1903. 
 
 III. The Group of Toil organized in 1905-1906 was a 
 peasant party with a considerable following on account of its 
 
140 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 adoption of certain principles akin to ancient Russian com- 
 inunism. 
 
 IV. The Bund was the organization of Jewish socialists. 
 It was originated and maintained close relations with the 
 S. D. L. P. 
 
 Spain 
 
 The Socialist Labor Party and the General Labor Associa- 
 tion are the only important Socialist organizations in Spain. 
 In 1910 the former entered a coalition with the Republicans, 
 and Pablo Iglesias, the leader of the Socialists, was elected to 
 office in Madrid. His policies did not accord with party 
 tradition, and the Socialists failed to support him when he 
 advocated Spain's participation in the Great War. At the De- 
 cember 1920 elections the socialists elected three representatives 
 to the Cortes. 
 
 The General Labor Association, founded in 1889, is a feder- 
 ation of trade unions in sympathy with Socialism. Its member- 
 ship is about five times that of the Socialist Labor Party. Its 
 platform consists principally of recommendations for reform and 
 labor legislation. 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 The oldest political working-class organization in Switzer- 
 land is the Griitli union, founded in 1838, with a membership 
 chiefly composed of artisans and handworkeis. In 1878 it 
 accepted Socialism in principle, and in 1901 it joined the Social 
 Democratic party, but seceded again during the war. 
 
 The Social Democratic party was originally formed under 
 Marxian influence in 1888. It still stands for internationalism 
 of the strictest type. Politically this party has achieved the 
 defeat of various anti-socialist measures. 
 
 In 1902 the party polled 55,000 votes and elected seven 
 members to the national chamber, whose total membership is 
 189. In 1919 it elected 39 deputies, reaching third place among 
 national political organizations, the Radical Democrats coming 
 first with 63 seats, the Catholic conservatives second with 42, 
 and the peasant party fourth with 27. 
 
SOCIALISM 141 
 
 United States 
 
 Socialism in the United States had its beginnings in the 
 early part of the 19th century in the establishment of experi- 
 mental communities after the plan of the Utopian Socialists. 
 
 Between 1848-1890 the socialist movement was largely com- 
 posed of the immigrant element. Until the late nineties social- 
 ism made little headway amongst the American element of the 
 country. While this is still true to a considerable extent, a large 
 proportion of the Socialist Party members are at present Amer- 
 ican citizens. 
 
 The main socialist and labor organizations in the United 
 States are the following: 
 
 I. The Socialist Labor Party. 
 
 II. The Socialist Party of America. 
 
 III. The Communist Party of America. 
 
 IV. The United Communist Party. 
 
 V. The National Non-Partisan League. 
 VI. The Farmer-Labor Party. 
 
 I. The Socialist Labor Party was organized in 1877. It 
 reached the peak of its power in 1898 under the leadership of 
 Daniel De Leon. In the election of 1898 it polled a vote of 
 80,000. Opposition to the American Federation of Labor resulted 
 in the formation by this party of the Socialist Trade and Labor 
 Alliance, which declared for industrial unionism and fought the 
 principle of craft unions. The formation of the Socialist Trade 
 and Labor Alliance led to a split in the party. Those who seceded 
 formed the present SociaUst Party of America. This alliance 
 was not successful and with the advent of the Socialist Party 
 the Socialist Labor Party lost votes and gradually sank to its 
 present insignificant size. Theoretically the influence of this 
 tiny group has been great in Scotland, Wales, United States, and 
 Ireland.' The Shop Stewards, the Labor College, the Workers' 
 Union, the British S, L. P. all have been influenced by DeLeon's 
 pamphleteering. Secretary Socialist Labor Party, Arnold Peter- 
 son, 45 Rose St., New York. 
 
 II. The Socialist Party of America was founded about 1901 
 by a coalition of sections of the Socialist Labor Party and the 
 Social Democratic Party in which Hillquit, Berger, Debs, and 
 
142 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Seymour Stedman were prominent. The present name was 
 adopted 1903- 1904. It reached the height of its membership in 
 IQ12 with a roll of 118,000 but lost members through internal 
 friction between the direct actionists, communists, and parlia- 
 mentary Socialists, resulting in the split of 1919. The national 
 executive committee of the Socialist Party adopted various 
 resolutions in January, 1919, expressing toward the new National 
 Labor Party an attitude of watchful waiting. The present 
 membership of the Socialist Party is about 26,000. In the 
 November, 1920 election it polled nearly 1,000,000 votes. Secre- 
 tary National Executive Committee, Otto Branstetter, 220 South 
 Ashland Boulevard, Chicago, Illinois. 
 
 III. The Communist Party of America seceded in 1919 from 
 the Socialist Party after the expulsion of some foreign 
 language federations and three state organizations because of 
 alleged opposition to the Socialist Party's principles. Its tactics 
 and principles are taken with little modification from those of 
 the Russian Bolsheviks. The United States Secretary of Labor 
 rendered in 1919 a decision declaring membership in the Com- 
 munist Party sufficient cause for deportation of aliens, and 
 many members have been sent to Europe under this decision. 
 
 IV. The United Communist Party is a union of a group who 
 left the Socialist party in 1919 forming the Communist Labor 
 party, and a seceding group from the Communist party. 
 
 V. The Non-Partisan League, organized in 1915, is com- 
 posed of farmers who aim at socialization of various economic 
 enterprises through cooperative management and political rep- 
 resentation within existing parties. The league's birthplace is 
 North Dakota, but it has spread to a number of agricultural 
 states and is now organized on a national basis, claiming a 
 membership in 1919 of 250,000. The President is A. C. Townley, 
 in care National Non-Partisan League, St. Paul, Minnesota. 
 
 VI. The Farmer Labor Party was organized at a conven- 
 tion in Chicago in June, 1920, by representatives of local labor 
 parties and local unions throughout the country. A constitution 
 was adopted, and officers and standing committees elected. A 
 platform was adopted and a national ticket nominated. Since 
 the convention the organization has been extended but no 
 accurate estimate can be obtained of the present membership. 
 In the November, 1920, election it polled nearly 300,000 votes. 
 
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SOCIALISM 147 
 
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SOCIALISM 149 
 
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 outcome. Chic. C. H. Kerr & co. 1913. 244P. 
 
 Socialism through ancient _ and mediaeval European history. The 
 aesthetic conception of a socialist state. 
 
 Owen, Robert. Life of Robert Owen by himself ; with introduc- 
 tion by M. Beer. N.Y. Alfred A. Knopf. 1920. 3S2p. 
 Owen, Robert. New moral world. London. 1836. 6op. 
 
 An analysis of human nature, as a basis for the "rational system of 
 society." 
 Owen, Robert. Revolution in the mind and practice of the 
 
 human race. London. 1848. I7ip. 
 
 Contains "universal constitution and code of laws" of proposed inter- 
 national state, to provide universal cooperation and equal opportunity. 
 Podmore, Frank. Robert Owen; a biography. N.Y. D. 
 
 Appleton & CO. 1906. 2v. 
 Saint-Simon, C. H. Oeuvres. Paris. 1841. 364P. 
 
 Selections from his complete works. 
 Weitling, Wilhelm. Garantieen der Harmonie und Freiheit. 
 
 Vivis. der Verfasser. 1842. 264P. 
 
 A theory of society based on the fundamental desires to acquire, to 
 enjoy, and to know, which stir up capabilities and bring about activity of 
 all kinds. 
 
 Community Experiments 
 
 Hillquit, Morris. Utopian socialism and communistic experi- 
 ments. (In History of socialism in the United States. 1906 
 Part I. p. 21-148) 
 
ISO MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Hinds, W. A. American communities. Chic. C. H. Kerr 
 & CO. 1902. 433p. 
 A description of communistic experiments. 
 
 Ruskin, John. Guild and museum of St. George; reports, cata- 
 logues, and other papers. N.Y. Longmans, Green & co. 
 1907. 362P. 
 A literary and antiquarian account of Raskin's unsuccessful community 
 
 experiment. 
 
 Scientific 
 
 Boudin, Louis. Theoretical system of Karl Marx. Chic. C. 
 
 H. Kerr & co. 1910. 286p. 
 
 Refutes the criticisms of Marxian socialism. 
 Cahn, Herman. Capital today. Rev. ed. N.Y. G. P. Putnam's 
 
 sons. 1918. 376p. 
 
 Summarizes theories of scientific socialism, and brings Marxism up- 
 to-date. 
 
 De Leon, Daniel. Socialist reconstruction of society, rev. ed. 
 
 N.Y. N. Y. labor news co. 1918. 48p. 
 De Leon, Daniel. Vulgar economy; or a critical analyst of 
 
 Marx analyzed. N.Y. National executive committee. 
 
 Socialist labor party. 1914. 53P. 
 Engels, Friedrich. Landmarks of scientific socialism, "'anti- 
 
 Duehring.'' Chic. H. C. Kerr & co. 1907. 266p. 
 
 One of the best summaries of the Marxian theories. Rather difficult 
 reading. 
 
 Engels, Friedrich. Socialism, Utopian and scientific. N.Y. 
 Charles Scribner's sons. 1892. ii7p. 
 Included in the preceding book. 
 
 Hilferding, Rudolf. Das Finanzkapital. Eine Studie uber die 
 jungste Entwicklung des Kapitalismus. Wien. Wiener 
 Volksbuchhdig. 1910. 477p. (In Adler, M. and Hilfer- 
 ding, R. Marx. Studien. Bd. 3.) 
 
 Kautsky, Karl. Bernstein und das sozial demokratische Pro- 
 gramm. Eine Antikritik. Stuttgart, I. H. W. Diezz Nach 
 f. g. m. b. h. 1899. I95P 
 
 Kautsky, Karl. The class struggle (Erfurt program), tr. by 
 W. E. Bohn. Chic. C. H. Kerr & co. 1910. 2i7p. 
 The book is an elaboration of the official program of the German 
 
 social-democratic party as it was organized up to 1914, by its ablest scholar. 
 
 Kautsky, Karl. Ethics and materialist conception of history 
 tr. by J. B. Askew. Chic. C. H. Kerr & co. 1907. 
 
 Kautsky, Karl. Die historische Leistuns; von Karl Marx. 
 Berlin. Buchhandlung Vorwarts. 1908. 48p. 
 
SOCIALISM 151 
 
 Labriola, Antonio. Essays on the materialistic conception of 
 
 history. Chic. C. H. Kerr & co. 1904. 246?. 
 Labriola, Antonio. Socialism and philosophy. Chic. C. 
 
 H. Kerr & co. 1912. 26op. 
 Lassalle, Ferdinand. Gesammelte Redan und Seriffen. Heraus- 
 
 gegeben und eingeleitet von Eduard Bernstein. Berlin. Paul 
 
 Cassirer. 1919-20. 
 
 4 V. of 12 announced to be published. 
 Lassalle, Ferdinand. An open letter to the National labor asso- 
 ciation of Germany. Cincinnati. Nat. exec, committee of 
 
 Socialist labor party. 1879. 33P. 
 Loria, Achille. Karl Marx; authorized tr. from the Italian, with 
 
 a foreword by Eden and Cedar Paul. N.Y. Thomas Seltzer. 
 
 1920. 163P. 
 Luxemburg, Rosa. Die Akkumulation des Kapitals; ein Beitrag 
 
 zur okonomischen Erklaring des Imperialismus. Berlin. P. 
 
 Singer. 1913. 446P. 
 
 Academic in treatment. 
 Marx, Karl. Capital; a critique of political economy. Chic. 
 
 C. H. Kerr & co. 1919. "1909. 3v. 
 
 Contents: v. i. Process of capital production. B6gp. v. 2. Process of 
 
 circulation of capital. 6i8p. v. 3. Capitalist process of production as a 
 whole. 1048P. The basis of scientific socialist economics. 
 
 Marx, Karl. Value, price and profit. Chic. C. H. Kerr & 
 CO. n. d. I28p. 
 An epitome of the first volume of Capital. 
 
 Marx, Karl, and Engels, Friedrich. Communist manifesto. Chic. 
 
 C. H. Kerr & co. 1912. jSp. 
 
 Drawn up in 1848; it is still considered by many socialists the most 
 expressive document of the social revolution. 
 
 Rubinow, J. M. Was Marx wrong? The economic theories of 
 Karl Marx tested in the light of modern industrial develop- 
 ment. N.Y. Marx institute of Am. 1914. 6op. 
 An answer to Marxism vs. socialism, by Simkhovitch. Shows the actual 
 
 progress of concentration of capital, and defends Marx. 
 
 Russell, Bertrand. Marx and socialist doctrine. (In Proposed 
 
 roads to freedom. 1919. p. i-3i-) 
 Seligman, E. R. A. Materialistic conception of history. 2d 
 
 rev. ed. N.Y. Columbia univ. pr. 1917. i66p. 
 
 A clear and fair description. 
 Spargo, John. Karl Marx; his life and work. N.Y. B. VV. 
 
 Huebsch. 1910. 359P- 
 
IS2 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Veblen, Thorstein. Socialist economics of Karl Marx and his 
 
 followers. (In Place of science in modern civilization. 1919. 
 
 p. 409-56.) 
 William, Maurice. The social interpretation of history. A 
 
 refutation of the Marxian economic interpretation of history. 
 
 N.Y. Pub. by author. 1920. 222p. 
 
 Revisionist 
 
 Adler, Max. Wegweiser. Stuttgart. 1914. 248?. 
 
 Critical essays in the philosophy of socialism, analyzing the contribu- 
 tions of Saint Simon, Owen, Weltling, Stirner, Marx and Engels. 
 
 Benedict, Bertrand. The larger socialism. N.Y. Macmillan co. 
 
 1921. 240P. 
 Bernstein, Eduard. Evolutionary socialism. N.Y. B. W. 
 
 Huebsch. 1919. 224P. 
 
 An academic study, one of the first criticisms of scientific socialist theory. 
 Attempts to prove that the concentration of capital, as set forth in Com- 
 munist Manifesto, has not come to pass. In place of revolution, therefore, 
 we should expect slow evolutionary development along political lines. 
 
 Jaures, Jean. Studies in sociahsm. N.Y. G. P. Putnam's sons, 
 
 1906. I97p. 
 
 A series of essays, first published in a socialist daily paper in Paris, 
 mostly dealing with questions of method, and advocating "socialist oppor- 
 tunism" or "revolutionary evolution." Translator's preface, 43 pages, 
 contains brief and clear exposition of Jaurfes* socialism. 
 
 Menger, Anton. Right to the whole produce of labour. N.Y. 
 
 Macmillan co. 1899. s/lp. 
 
 With introduction and bibliography of the English socialist school, by 
 H. S. Foxwell. 
 
 Mill, J. S. Socialism of John Stuart Mill, ed. by W. D. P. Bliss. 
 
 N.Y. Twentieth century pub. co. 1909? 
 
 Collection of the writings of Mill on social problems. 
 Shaw, G. B., ed. Fabian essays in socialism. N.Y. Humboldt 
 
 pub. CO. i8go. 283P. 
 
 Essays by Shaw, Webb, William Clarke, Sydney Olivier, Annie Besant, 
 Graham Wallas and Hubert Bland. The motto of the society is to "wait 
 for the right moment, as Fabius did, and then strike hard." 1920 ed. pub. 
 by Fabian society. London. 
 
 Simkhovitch, V. G. Marxism versus socialism. N.Y. Henry 
 Holt & CO. 1913. 2g8p. 
 
 The conditions which Marx prophesied would cause the revolution 
 have not developed. Modern Marxists look forward to the revolution 
 as a sort of Utopia, and pursue the reformist policy. 
 
 Sombart, Werner. Socialism and the social movement. 6th ed. 
 
 N.Y. E. P. Button co. 1909. 319P. 
 
 Criticizes scientific socialism as lacking ideals, and revolutionary syn- 
 dicalism as Utopian. National types of socialism expounded. Conclusion 
 recommends moderate policy. Appendix contains chronological table of 
 social movement, 1850-1907, by countries. 
 
SOCIALISM 153 
 
 Webb, Sidney, and the Fabian society. The basis and poHcy of 
 socialism. London. A. C. Fifield. 1908. psp. 
 An indictment of British capitalism. 
 
 COLLECTIVIST 
 
 Browne, W. R., comp. Man or the state; a group of essays by 
 
 famous writers. N.Y. B. W. Huebsch. 1919. i4ip. 
 
 Danger of collectivism. 
 Cross, I. B. [Collectivism.] (In Essentials of socialism 1912. 
 
 p. 63-70.) 
 Davies, A. E. Case for the nationalization. London. George 
 
 Allen & Unwin, ltd. 1920. 3iop. 
 Davies, Emil. Collectivist state in the making. London. G. 
 
 Bell & sons. 1914. 267P. 
 
 With appendix giving illustrations of collectively owned industries 
 in various places. A sympathetic study, in which Rodbertus is preferred 
 to Marx. 
 
 Dawson, W. H. Karl Rodbertus and the wages principle. (In 
 German socialism and Ferdinand Lassalle. 1899. P- 61-90.) 
 Describes the theories of one of the earliest state socialists. 
 
 Conner, E. C. K. Social philosophy of Rodbertus. N.Y. Mac- 
 millan co. 1899. aogp. 
 A critical exposition of the whole of Rodbertus' theory. 
 
 Great Britain. Coal industry commission. Reports and minutes 
 of evidence. London. H. M. stationery off. 1919. 3v. 
 Numerous nationalisation schemes advanced, summarised in R. Page 
 
 Arnot. "Facts from the coal commission" and "Further facts from the 
 
 coal commission." London. Labour research dept. 19 19. 
 
 Howe, F. C. Socialized Germany. N.Y. Charles Scribner's 
 
 sons. 1915. 342p. 
 
 The state socialistic "institutions which Germany has developed. . . are 
 in no way inconsistent with democracy." 
 
 Laidler, H. W. Collapse of war-time collectivism. (In Amer- 
 ican labor year book. 1919-20. p. 25-8.; 
 Government operation, which showed the weaknessses of the competitive 
 
 system, was unsuccessful because undemocratic. 
 
 Laidler, H. W. Public ownership throughout the world; a 
 survey of the extent of government control and operation. 
 N.Y. Rand school of social science. 1918. 48p. 
 
 Lusk, H. H. Social welfare in New Zealand; the result of 
 twenty years of progressive social legislation and its signifi- 
 cance for the United States and other countries. N.Y.- 
 Sturgis & Walton co. 1913. 287P. 
 
 Money, L. C. Triumph of nationalization. London. Cassell & 
 CO. 1920. 276p. 
 
154 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Phelps, E. M., comp. Selected articles on government ownership 
 
 of railroads. N.Y. H. W. Wilson co. 1919. 20op. 
 Roberts, Elmer. Monarchical socialism in Germany. N.Y. 
 
 Charles Scribner's sons. 1913. 2oop. 
 
 Description and interpretation of collectivism in Germany. 
 Rodbertus, Karl. Over-production and crises. N.Y. Charles 
 
 Scribner's sons. 1908. 140P. 
 
 The scientific explanation of crises as the result of over-production, to 
 be remedied by state socialism. 
 
 Sawyer, R. A., Jr., comp. Nationalization of coal mines; a list 
 of references in the New York public library. N.Y. Public 
 library. 1920. up. 
 
 Todd, R. M. Municipal ownership, with a special survey of 
 municipal gas plants in America and Europe, comprising a 
 view of the general principles of public ownership; its rela- 
 tion to the public welfare, etc. Chic. Public ownership league 
 of America. 1918. I22p. 
 Collective ownership treated without reference to any other socialistic 
 
 principles. 
 
 Towler, W. G. Socialism in local government. N.Y. Macmillan 
 
 CO. 1919. 336p. 
 
 An antagonistic description of the advance of municipal socialism in 
 I England. 
 
 /U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on interstate commerce. 
 Hearings on public ownership of railroads of Albert M. 
 Todd, president of the Public ownership league of America. 
 Wash. Govt, print, off. 1919. 44p. (6sth Cong. 3d sess.) 
 Vandervelde, fimile. Collectivism and industrial evolution. Lon- 
 don. Independent labour party. 1907. 245P. 
 Part I deals with capitalist concentration, and Part II with the social- 
 ization of the means of production and exchange. 
 
 Vandervelde, fimile. Socialism versus the state. Chic. C. 
 
 H. Kerr & co. 1919. 229P. 
 
 A book written before the war, warning against confusing socialism 
 with statism. 
 
 Walling, W. E. StatR socialism and after. (In Socialism as it 
 is. 1912. p. 1-116.) 
 
 Walling, W. E., and Laidler, H. W., eds. State socialism, pro 
 and con; official documents and other authoritative selec- 
 tions — showing the world-wide replacement of private by 
 governmental industry before and during the war. N.Y. 
 Henry Holt & co. 1917. 649P. 
 
 Warne, F. J. Workers at war. N.Y. Century co. 1920. 250P. 
 
SOCIALISM 155 
 
 Webb, Sidney. Towards social democracy. A study of social 
 evolution during the past three-quarters of a century. London. 
 Fabian soc. pref. d. 1916. 48p. 
 The trend toward collectivism. 
 
 See also under Guild Socialism; Collectivism and Guild 
 Socialism. 
 
 Christian 
 
 Ely, R. T. Social aspects of Christianity and other essays. 
 
 London. William Reeves, n. d. 132P. 
 
 Lack of social consciousness in orthodox Christianity. 
 Kaufmann, Rev. M. Christian sociaUsm. London. Kegan Paul, 
 
 French & co. 1888. 232P. 
 
 Christian socialism as an effort to combat the more radical movement 
 by social reform. 
 
 Ketteler, W. E. F. von, (Bischof von Mainz) Die Arbeiter- 
 frage und das Christenthum. Mainz. Franz Kirchheim. 
 1864. 2I2p. 
 One of the first expositions of Christian socialism. 
 
 Marot, Helen. Christianity and the labor question. (In Hand- 
 book of labor literature. 1899. p. 63-7.) 
 A bibliography of annotated references on Christian socialism. 
 
 Metlake, George (pseud, of J. J. Laux) Christian social reform ; 
 
 program outlined by its pioneer William Emmanuel Baron 
 
 von Ketteler, Bishop of Mainz. Phila. Dolphin pr. 1912. 
 
 246P. 
 
 Author interprets Ketteler as favoring workingmen's association and 
 legislative reform, but not the revolutionary aims of the International. 
 
 Nearing, Scott. Social religion; an interpretation of Christianity 
 
 in terms of modern life. N.Y. Macmillan co. 1913. 227P. 
 
 Socialism, an opportunity and challenge to the churches. 
 Nitti, F. S. Catholic socialism. N.Y. Macmillan co. 1895. 432P 
 
 A survey of Catholic socialism in different countries. 
 Rauschenbusch, Walter. Christianity and the social crisis. N.Y. 
 
 Macmillan co. 1913. 429P. 
 
 The social aims of Jesus; why has Christianity never undertaken the 
 work of social reconstruction? 
 
 Rauschenbusch, Walter. Christianizing the social order. N.Y. 
 
 Macmillan co. 1913. 493p. 
 
 Lines of moral evolution which should follow the present social awak- 
 ening in the organization of religion. 
 
 Rauschenbusch, Walter. Social principles of Jesus. N.Y. Asso- 
 ciation pr. 1916. 198P. 
 A study course for college students. 
 Raven, C. E. Christian socialism, 1848-1854. N.Y. Macmillan 
 
 CO. 1920. 396p. 
 
156 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Scudder, V. D. Church and the hour; reflections of a socialist 
 church-woman. N.Y. E. P. Button & co. 1917- I33P- 
 A literary expression of the necessity for reconciling socialism with 
 
 the church. 
 
 Scudder, V. D. SociaHsm and character. Boston. Houghton 
 
 Mifflin CO. 1912. 
 Spargo, John. Spiritual significance of modern socialism. N.Y. 
 
 B. W. Huebsch. 1908. 
 Vedder, H. C. Socialism and the ethics of Jesus. N.Y. Mac- 
 
 raillan co. 1912. 527p. 
 
 Bihl. at head of each chapter. Socialism and Christianity^ are allies. 
 "The socialistic ideals are practically those of early Christianity." 
 
 Ward, H. F. New social order; principles and programs. N.Y. 
 
 Macmillan co. 1919. 384P. 
 
 "In reality the relation between economic and spiritual development 
 is an interlocking relationship." 
 
 White, Bouck. Call of the carpenter. N.Y. Doubleday Page & 
 
 CO. 1914- 3SSP. 
 
 Interpretation of New Testament history to show the essential socialism 
 of Jesus. 
 
 For Christian socialism in Great Britain. 
 
 See also under Cooperation, books dealing with the history 
 of cooperation in Great Britain. 
 
 Contra 
 
 Bohm-Bawerk, Eugen von. Karl Marx and the close of his 
 system. London. T. Fisher Unwin. 1898. 22ip. 
 
 A scientific analysis and contradiction of Marxian theories by the 
 late head of the Austrian school of economics. 
 
 Boucke, O. F. Limits of socialism. N.Y. Macmillan co. 
 1920. 259p. 
 
 Boyle, James. What is socialism? An exposition and a criti- 
 cism, with special reference to the movement in England 
 and America. N.Y. Shakespeare pr. 1912. 347p. 
 
 Antagonistic review of the progress of the movement, 
 Brasol, Boris. Socialism vs. civilization. N.Y. Charles Scrib- 
 
 ner's sons. 1920. 289P. 
 Cathrein, Victor. Socialism ; its theoretical basis and practical 
 
 application. Translation of the 8th German edition rev. & 
 
 enl. N.Y. Benziger bros. 1904. 424P. 
 
 Appendix, p. 369-424, reprints two encyclical letters against socialism. 
 A Catholic anti-socialist argument. 
 
 Ellwood, C. A. Socialism in the light of sociology. (In 
 .Sociology and modern social problems. 1919. p. 3S4-70.) 
 
SOCIALISM 157 
 
 Gilman, N. P. Socialism and the American spirit. N.Y. 
 
 Houghton Mifflin co. 1893. 376p. 
 
 Bibl. p. 367-70. Socialism feared as bureaucracy. 
 Hillquit, Morris, and Ryan, J. A. SociaHsm; promise or menace? 
 
 N.Y. Macmillan co. 1914. 27op. 
 
 A written debate, in whicli botii sides present tlieir arguments very 
 ably. 
 
 Hirsch, Max. Democracy versus socialism ; a critical examina- 
 tion of socialism as a remedy for social injustice and an 
 exposition of the single tax doctrine. N.Y. Macmillan co. 
 
 1901. 481P. 
 
 Lamonte, R. R., and Mencken, H. L. Men versus the man ; a 
 correspondence. N.Y. Henry Holt & co. 1910. 252P. 
 
 A series of brilliant letters between <i socialist and an individualist. 
 LeRossignol, J. E. Orthodox socialism ; a criticism. N.Y. 
 
 Thomas Y. Crowell & co. 1907. I47p. 
 
 Selected list of books in English, p. 141-4. "The theories of socialism, 
 as they stand now, are more Utopian than scientific, and calculated to 
 divert society from its efforts to secure a gradual improvement of present 
 conditions to the dangerous pursuit of an intangible and impracticable 
 ideal." 
 
 MacKay, Thomas, ed. Plea for liberty; an argument against 
 socialism and socialistic legislation. London. John Murray. 
 1892. 326p. 
 
 An introduction by Herbert Spencer, and essays by various writers. 
 
 Mallock, W. H. Limits of pure democracy. London. Chapman 
 
 & Hall. 1918. 397p. 
 
 Democracy not applicable to industry. 
 Neilson, Francis. The old freedom. N.Y. B. W. Huebsch. 
 
 1919. I76p. 
 
 Bibl. p. 173. Single tax preferred to socialism. 
 Russell, Bertrand. Pitfalls in socialism. (In Political ideals. 
 
 1917- p. 73-101.) 
 
 The danger of over-centralization. 
 Ryan, J. A. Church and socialism, and other essays. Wash. 
 
 Catholic univ. of Am. univ. pr. 1919. 25 ip. 
 Skelton, O. D. Case against socialism. Boston. Houghton 
 
 Mifflin CO. 1909. 
 Skelton, O. D. Socialism ; a critical analysis. Boston. Hough- 
 ton Mifflin CO. 191 1. 329P. (Hart, Schaffner and Marx 
 
 prize essays in economics.) 
 
 With bibl. A good presentation of anti-socialism. 
 
 TcherksofF, W. Pages of socialist history. N.Y. C. B. Cooper. 
 
 1902. lo6p. 
 
 A bitter anarchist attack on socialism. 
 
158 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 History 
 International 
 
 L'AUiance de la democratie socialiste et I'association Inter- 
 nationale des travailleurs. Rapport et documents publics par 
 ordre Congres international de la Haye. Londres. A. 
 Darson. 1873. I37p. 
 
 Allied labor and socialist parties conference. Proceedings., 
 February, 1918. (In Labour year book. 1919. p. 25-41.) 
 
 Brupbacher, Fritz. Marx und Bakunin. Munich. 1913. 20op. 
 Accounts o£ international congresses and debates of Marx and Bakunin, 
 
 by a Marxian. 
 
 Communist international. Proclamation calling the first con- 
 gress. Feb. 24, 1919. (In U.S. State dept. Memorandum 
 on certain aspects of the bolshevist movement in Russia. 
 1919. p. 23-4.) 
 
 Dalseme, Achille. Les mysteres de I'internationale, son origine, 
 son but, ses chefs, ses moyens d'action, son role sous la 
 commune. Paris. E. Denter. 1871. I20p. 
 
 De Leon, Daniel. Flashlights of the Amsterdam congress. N.Y. 
 N.Y. labor news co. 1904. i5op. 
 
 Dutt, R. P. The two internationals. London. George Allen & 
 Unwin. 1920. 92p. 
 Bibl. 
 
 Eichhoff, Wilhelm. Die Internationale Arbeiterassociation. 
 Berlin. Eichoff. 1868. 77p. 
 
 Great Britain. Labour ministry. Labour and socialist parties. 
 International. (In Labour overseas. London, v. i. no. i. 
 p. 113-14. Apr.-June 1920.) 
 
 Great Britain. Labour ministry. Labour and socialist parties. 
 International. (In Labour overseas. London, v. i. no. 2. 
 p. 116-20. July-Sept. 1920.) 
 
 Gueroult, Georges. Les theories de I'internationale ; etude crit- 
 ique. Paris. Didier et cie. 1872. 256?. 
 
 Guillaume, James. LTnternationale, documents et souvenirs, 
 1864-1878. Paris. Societe nouvelle de librairie et d'edition. 
 1905. 4v. 
 
 Guillaume, James. Karl Marx ; pangermaniste, et I'association 
 Internationale des travailleurs de 1864 a 1870. Paris. Li- 
 brairie Armand Colin. 1915. io7p. 
 Accuses Marx of treachery toward the International. 
 
SOCIALISM 159 
 
 Hillman, Carl. Die Internationale Arbeiterassociation (1864- 
 1871) ihre Geschichte, Programme und Thatigkeit. Leipzig. 
 Vereinsbuchdriickerei. n. d. i6p. 
 
 Hillquit, Morris. The International. (In Socialism in theory 
 and practice. 1909. p. 333-5.) 
 
 International socialist labor congress. Huitieme congres 
 socialiste international tenu a Copenhague du 28 aoiit au 3 
 septembre 1910. Compte rendu analytique. Gand. Secre- 
 tariat du bureau socialiste international. 1911. Slip. 
 
 International workingmen's association. Report of the fourth 
 annual congress, held at Basle in Switzerland, September 6 
 to II, 1869. London. General council, n. d. 36p. 
 
 International workingmen's association. Resolutions of the 
 Congress of Geneva, 1866, and the congress of Brussels, 1868. 
 London. Westminster print, co. n. d. iSp. 
 
 Jaeckh, Gustav. Die Internationale, eine Denkschrift zur vierzig- 
 jahrigen Griindung der internationalen Arbeiter-Assoziation. 
 Leipzig. Aktiengiesellschaft. 1904. 236P. 
 
 Kirkup, Thomas. The International. (In History of socialism. 
 1913. p. 168-96.) 
 
 Laidler, H. W. Towards the new international. (In Socialism 
 in thought and action. 1920. p. 283-307.) 
 
 Longuet, Jean. Le mouvement socialiste Internationale. (v. 
 
 5 of Encyclodedie socialiste. 1912. 648P.) 
 
 Longuet, Jean. La politique Internationale du Marxisme; Karl 
 Marx et la France. Paris. F. Alcan. 1918. 293P. 
 
 Moscow international communist conference. (In American 
 labor year book. 1919-20. p. 311-20.) 
 A brief account of the conference, and text of the manifesto. 
 
 Oneal, James and Minor, Robert. Resolved that the terms of 
 the Third international are inacceptable to the revolutionary 
 socialists of the world. Affirmative, James Oneal vs. nega- 
 tive, Robert Minor. N.Y. Academy pr. 1921. 
 Appendix gives "21 points" of 3d international. 
 
 Postgate, R. W. Workers' international. N.Y. Harcourt, Brace 
 
 6 Howe 1920. i2Sp. 
 
 Covers history of ist, 2d and 3d internationals. 
 
 Preaudeau, Marie de. Michel Bakounine; le collectivisme dans 
 I'lnternationale, etude sur le mouvement social (1868-1876). 
 Paris. Marcel Riviere et cie. 1912. 439p. 
 
 U.S. State dept. The 2d congress of the communist interna- 
 tional. Wash. Govt, print, off. 1920. i66p. 
 
i6o MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Villetard, Edmond. History of the international. New Haven. 
 George H. Richmond. 1874. 2Sgp. 
 
 Urges the "organization of an international resistance to the inter- 
 national conspiracy of demagogism." 
 
 Walling, W. E. ed. The international. (In Socialism of today. 
 
 1916. p. 3-27.) 
 Widening split in the socialist international. (In N.Y. Times - 
 
 current history. N.Y. v. 13. p. 37-43, 299-300, 416-17. 
 
 Jan.-March 1921.) 
 
 Periodicals 
 
 Great Britain. Labour ministry. Labour overseas. Quarterly. 
 London. Whitehall. S.W. I. v. i-date. 1920-date. 
 
 Gives news of socialism and labor parties in various countries. 
 
 International communist. Monthly. Moscow. 
 
 A magazine of some 250 pages printed simultaneously in Russian, 
 English, French and German. Organ of the third Internationale. 
 
 In Various Countries 
 Australia 
 
 Bliss, W. D. P. Socialism in Australia and New Zealand. (In 
 
 Handbook of socialism. 1907. p. iSo-3-) 
 Clark, V. S. The labour movement in Australasia. London. 
 
 A. Constable & co. 1907. 327p. 
 Coghlan, T. A. Labour and industry in Australia from the first 
 
 settlement in 1788 to the establishment of the commonwealth 
 
 in 1901. N.Y. Oxford univ. pr. 1918. 4v. 
 
 A general economic history, with special emphasis on labor. Describes 
 trade unionism, the labor party, etc. 
 
 Hunter, Robert. [Sociahsm in Australia.] (In Socialists at 
 work. 1908. p. 3S4-6.) 
 
 Labour in Australia and New Zealand. (In Labour research 
 department. Monthly circular, v. 8. p. 43-5. March 1921.) 
 
 St. Ledger, Anthony. Australian socialism ; an historical sketch 
 of its origin and developments. London. Macmillan & co. 
 1909. 36SP. 
 
 A judicial treatment from the viewpoint of a non-socialist senator in 
 the Commonwealth parliament. 
 
 Stoddart, J. T. Notes on Austrahan socialism. (In New social- 
 ism 1909. p. 243-64.) 
 
 Walling, W. E., ed. Australia. (In Socialism of today. 1916. 
 p. 309-39) 
 
SOCIALISM i6i 
 
 Periodicals 
 
 Australian worker. Weekly. Sydney, N.S.W. 
 
 Labor call. Weekly. Melbourne. Patrick st. 
 Carries news of Australian labor party. 
 
 Maoriland worker; a journal of industrial unionism, socialism 
 and politics. Weekly. Wellington. 290 Wakefield st. 
 
 Austria 
 
 Balch, E. G. Statement of the Austro-German socialist dele- 
 gates. (In Approaches to the great settlement. 1918. p. 186-9.) 
 
 In reply to the questionnaire of the Dutch-Scandinavian socialist com- 
 mittee in 1917, expressing the anti-imperialist aims of the Austrian party. 
 
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i62 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
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SOCIALISM 163 
 
 Periodicals 
 
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 De Voorwit (Foward.) 
 
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 L'Ouvrier cotnmuniste. Semi-monthly. Brussels. 3 rue Steen 
 
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 Canada 
 
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 1918. p. 4I-) 
 
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i64 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
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 Periodicals 
 
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 Denmark, Norway, and Sweden 
 
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 Periodicals 
 
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 Official organ of Norwegian labor party. 
 
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 Eighteenth century to 1898. 
 
SOCIALISM 165 
 
 Louis, Paul. Le parti socialiste en France, (v. 2 of Encyclo- 
 
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 Societe nouvelle de librairie et d'edition. 1903. I2ip. 
 
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 Periodicals 
 
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 L'Humanite. Daily. Paris. 
 
 Official organ of Section Frangaise de I'internationale Communiste. 
 
 Le journal du peuple. Daily. Paris. 17 rue Grange-Baleliere. 
 
i66 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
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 12 Rue Feydeau. 
 
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 La revue communiste ; mensuelle scientifique, politique, 
 
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 l-date. ig20-date. 
 La vague; pacifiste, socialiste, femmiste. Weekly. Paris. 20 
 
 Rue du Croissant. 
 
 Germany 
 
 Bevan, E. R. German social democracy during the war. London. 
 
 George Allen & Unwin. 1918. 280P. 
 
 History carried as far as November, 1917. 
 Bernstein, Eduard. Ferdinand Lassalle as a social reformer. 
 
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SOCIALISM 167 
 
 Matthaei, L. E. Germany in revolution. N.Y. Harcourt, Brace 
 
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 Appendix on social democracy and the woman question in Germany, 
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 With short bibl. of English and German titles, p. 26-7. 
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 Zimand, Savel. Phillipp Scheidemann, prime minister of the 
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i68 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
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 Great Britain. Labour ministry. Labour and the socialist 
 
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 Independent socialist party of Germany. Program of Dec. 
 
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 Social democratic party of Germany. Erfurt program, 1891. 
 
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 Periodicals 
 
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 Organ of tlie German independent socialist party. 
 
 Internationales Jahrbuch fiir Politik und Arbeiterbewegung. 
 Yearly. Berlin. 
 
 Jugand-Internationale. Berlin. Stralauerstrasse 12. 
 Organ of the Communist young people's international. 
 
 Die neue Zeit. Weekly. Stuttgart. 
 
 The scientific organ of the German social democratic party. Editor, 
 Heinrich Cunow. 
 
 Die rote Fahne. Daily. Berlin. 
 
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 Great Britain 
 
 Angell, Norman. British revolution and the American democ- 
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SOCIALISM 169 
 
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 Beer, M. A history of British socialism. London. G. Bell & 
 
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 Traces the beginnings of the socialist movement back through mediaeval 
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 London. Longmans Green & co. 1919. 397p. 
 
 Reveals a new aspect of modern history. "Their theme is the reaction 
 of the new agriculture and industry upon popular life and institutions, the 
 treatment by governments of the problems and movements which it pro- 
 duced, and the psychology which made it possible for statesmen and 
 preachers to forget human misery in economic progress and to brand ag 
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 Hammond, J. L., and Barbara. Town labourer, 1760-1832; the 
 new civilisation. London. Longmans, Green & co. igi8. 
 
 346p. 
 
 Presents the author's conclusions as a whole, referring to the history 
 of the "civil war" between 1760 and 1832. It is the revelation of a 
 philosophy of social life. 
 
 Hardie, J. K. From serfdom to socialism. London. George 
 
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 beginners, by the founder of the British independent labour party. 
 
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170 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
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 An account of socialistic legislation. 
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 Constable & co. 1912. iggp. 
 Hunter, Robert. British labor party. (In Socialists at work, 
 
 1908. p. 88-127,) 
 Hyndman, H, M. Historical basis of socialism in England, 
 
 London. Kegan Paul, Trench & Co. 1883. 492p. 
 
 History from 15th century. 
 Kellogg, p. U., and Gleason, Arthur. British labor and the 
 
 war; reconstructors for a new world. N.Y. Boni & Live- 
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 A valuable description of radical tendencies in the British labour party. 
 
 Kirkup, Thomas. English school of socialism. (In History of 
 
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 Leonard Parsons. 1920. i88p. 
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 labour pr. 1918. 8op. 
 
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 Fifield. 1916. 288p. 
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SOCIALISM 171 
 
 Thomas, J. H. When labour rules. London. W. Collins' sons 
 
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 Villiers, Brougham, (pseudonym of Frederick John Shaw) 
 
 The socialist movement in England. London. T. Fisher 
 
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 Brief history of the movement in England, description of progress 
 among the organizations, in the churches and universities, and in 
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 Independent labour party. Report of the twenty-seventh annual 
 conference held at Huddersfield, April 1919. London. In- 
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 Contains political resolutions of the conference, statement of election 
 
 results, report of the National labour press, and constitution of the party. 
 
 Labour party. Report of the nineteenth annual conference, 
 
 June 25-27, 1917. London. Labour party. 1919? 
 
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172 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Social democratic federation of Great Britain. Program and 
 
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 n. d. (In Barker, J. E. British socialism. 1908. p. 487-8.) 
 Standing joint committee of women's industrial organisations 
 
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 1919. p. 32I-3-) 
 
 Periodicals 
 
 Daily herald. London. 
 
 Organ of the British labour party. 
 Data. Monthly. Glasgow, v. i-date. 1919-date. 
 
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 S.W. I. V. i-date. 1880-date. 
 
 Forward. Weekly. Glasgow. 
 
 Justice. Weekly. London, v. i-date. 1913-date. 
 
 Organ of Social democracy. 
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 London. 33 Eccleston Square, S.W. i. 
 
 Labour party. (Great Britain.) Local government, parliamentary 
 and international bulletin. Semimonthly. London. 33 Eccles- 
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 Labour research department, London. Monthly circular. Lon- 
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 Labour woman ; a monthly journal for working women. London. 
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 1902-date. 
 
 Labour year book. Issued annually under the auspices of the 
 Parliamentary committee of the Trades union congress, the 
 Executive committee of the Labour party and the Labour 
 research department. London. Coop, print soc. 1916-1919. 
 
 New statesman. Weekly. London. 
 Fabian, collectivistic. 
 
 Plebs. Monthly. London. 
 Organ of the Plebs league. 
 
 Socialist. Monthly. Glasgow. Socialist labor pr. 
 Organ of Socialist labour party of Great Britain. 
 
SOCIALISM 173 
 
 Socialist review. Quarterly. 
 
 Organ of the Independent labour party of Great Britain. 
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 Italy 
 
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 July-Sept. 1920.) 
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 Michels, Roberto. Storia del Marxismo in Italia : compendio 
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 Bibliography of Italian titles, p. i-ly. 
 
 Moderwell, H. K. "SoHdarity! Serenity! Audacity!" (In Lib- 
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174 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Terzaglie, Michele. Guerra e socialismo (crise di idee e di 
 partito). Firenze. Collini e Cencetti. 1915- I4SP- 
 
 Valenti, Girolamo. Labor and socialism in Italy. (In Socialist 
 rev. N.Y. v. 9. p. 98-9, 137-40. Aug.-Sept. 1920.) 
 
 Walling, W. E., ed. Italy. (In Socialism of today. 1916. 
 p. 76-94.) 
 
 Programs 
 
 Italian socialists' proclamation. (In Balch, E. G. Approaches to 
 
 the great settlement. 1918. p. 201-5.) 
 
 The directors of the Italian socialist party, the Socialist parliamentary 
 group, and the general federation of labor, stated in igi7 their inter- 
 national principles and reconstruction program. 
 Matson, Norman. The split in Italy. (In Liberator. N.Y. 
 
 V. 4. p. 16-21. March 1921.) 
 Line-up of the factions in Italy. (In Nation. N.Y. v. 112. p. 
 
 445-7. March 23, 1921.) 
 
 Periodicals 
 
 Almanacco socialista Italiano Milano. Yearly. Milan. 
 
 Yearbook containing directories, proceedings, and descriptive accounts, 
 interspersed with photographs, sketches, etc. 
 
 L'Avanti. Daily. Milan. 
 
 Official organ of the Italian socialist party. 
 Communismo. Milan. Vio S. Damiano 16. 
 II Soviet. Naples. Borgo S. Antoniozzi. 
 
 Organ of the Communist section of the Socialist party of Italy. 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 Great Britain. Labour ministry. Labour and socialist parties. 
 
 Netherlands. (In Labour overseas. London, v. I. no. i. 
 
 p. no. Apr.-June 1920.) 
 Hunter, Robert. [Socialism in Holland.] (In Socialists at 
 
 work. 1908. p. 345-7-) 
 Kirkup, Thomas. [Socialism in Holland.] (In History of 
 
 socialism. 1913. p. 343-5-) 
 Walling, W. E., ed. Holland and Switzerland. (In Socialism 
 
 of today. 1916.. p. 108-28.) 
 
 Periodicals 
 
 Het Volk. Daily. Amsterdam. 
 
 Official organ of the Dutch social democratic labor party (right wing). 
 Tribune. Daily. Hague. Holland. 
 
 Official organ of the Communist party. 
 
SOCIALISM 175 
 
 Russia 
 
 Hunter, Robert. [Russia.] (In Socialists at work. 1908. p. 
 
 327-32.) 
 Independent labour party (Great Britain). Revolution in the 
 
 Baltic provinces of Russia. London. Independent labor 
 
 party. 1907. gSp. 
 
 The largest part of the book is occupied with incidents and atrocities 
 of the revolution, p. 1-24 deals with the organization of the socialist party 
 in Letvia, Courland, etc. 
 
 International socialist labor congress, 4th, Amsterdam, 1904. 
 Rapport sommaire sur I'origine, le programme du Parti 
 socialiste-revolutionnaire de Russie. Paris. Imp. Le Bigot 
 freres. 1904. 47p. 
 
 Kirkup, Thomas. Revolution in Russia. (In History of social- 
 ism. 1913. p. 237-64.) 
 
 Laidler, H. W. The Russian revolution. (In Socialism in 
 thought and action. 1920. p. 308-58.) 
 
 Lenin, N. Party divisions. (In Lenin, N. and Trotzky, L. Pro- 
 letarian revolution in Russia. 1918. p. 33-41.) 
 
 Masaryk, T. G. Modern socialism. (In Spirit of Russia. 191Q. 
 V. 2. p. 287-377,) 
 
 Olgin, M. J. Soul of the Russian revolution. N.Y. Henry 
 
 Holt & CO. 1917. 423p. 
 
 Description of revolutionary parties and economic and intellectual 
 conditions. 
 
 Plekhanov, G. V. La social-democratie et la guerre (reponse 
 a un socialiste bulgare.) Paris. Impr. "Union.'' 1916. 3ip. 
 
 Russell, Bertrand. Bolshevism, practice and theory. N.Y. Har- 
 court, Brace & Howe. 1920. I92p. 
 
 Sack, A. J. The birth of the Russian democracy. N.Y. Rus- 
 sian infn. bur. igi8. 527p. 
 
 History of the revolutionary movement from the decembrists to the 
 bolsheviki. Pro-Kerensky. 
 
 Stepniak (Sergei Mikhailovich Kravihinski). Underground 
 
 Russia, revolutionary profiles and sketches from life. London. 
 
 Smith & Elder. 1883. 29SP. 
 
 Stories of the revolutionary fraternity. 
 Stiekloff, Georges. La fraction social-democrate dans la troi- 
 
 sieme Douma. Paris. Marcel Riviere et cie. 1913. 87p. 
 
 (v. 9 of Les documents du socialisme.) 
 Tchernichew, K. G. La possession communale de sol. Paris. 
 
 G. Jacques & cie. 1903. (Bibliotheque d'etudes socialistes. 
 
 v. II.) 
 
176 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Walling, W. E., ed. Russia and Finland. (In Socialism of 
 today. 1916. p. gs-107.) 
 
 See also Bolshevism — Russia. 
 Spain 
 
 Gomez-Latorre, Matias. El socialismo en Espana, del tempo 
 viejo (desde 1886) coleccion de articulos escritos por 
 Matias Gomez-Latorre. Madrid. Los sucesores de Her- 
 nando. 1918. 272P. 
 
 Great Britain. Labour ministry. Labour and the socialist 
 parties. Spain. (In Labour overseas, v. i. no. i. p. 109. 
 Apr.-June 1920.) 
 
 Great Britain. Labour ministry. Labour and socialist parties. 
 Spain. (In Labour overseas. London, v. i. no. 3. p. 
 111-12. Oct.-Dec. 1920.) 
 
 Hunter, Robert. [Socialism in Spain.] (In Socialists at work. 
 1908. p. 349-SI-) 
 
 Morato, J. J. El partido socialista obrero. Madrid. Biblioteca 
 nueva. 1918. 32op. 
 
 Walling, W. E., ed. Spain and Portugal. (In Socialism of 
 today. 1916. p. 172-80.) 
 
 Platforms 
 
 Beals, Carleton Class duel in Spain. (In Liberator. N.Y. v. 
 
 4, no. 4. p. 16-20. Apr. 1921.) 
 Platform of the social labor party in Spain. (In U.S. labor 
 
 statistics bureau. Monthly labor rev. Wash. v. 8. p. 1608-9. 
 
 June 1919.) 
 
 Periodicals 
 
 El socialista. Madrid. Weekly. 
 
 Central organ of tlie Socialist labor party in Spain. 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 Dawson, W. H. Griitli association. (In Social Switzerland. 
 
 1897. p. 69-77.) 
 
 History and growing radicalism of the association. 
 Walling, W. E., ed. Switzerland. (In Socialism of today. 1916. 
 p. 127-8.) 
 
 Periodicals 
 
 Berner Tagewacht. Daily. Berne, Switzerland. 
 Ziiricher Volkrecht. Daily. Zurich, Switzerland. 
 
SOCIALISM 177 
 
 United States 
 This section includes reference on Labor parties. 
 Benedict, Bertrand. The larger socialism. N.Y. Macmillan 
 
 CO. 1921. 240P. 
 Beard, Mary. Socialist movement. (In Short history of the 
 
 American labor movement. 1920. p. 126-37.) 
 Boyle, James. Socialism in America. (In What is socialism? 
 
 1912. p. 176-202.) 
 
 An antagonistic review of socialist history, from the point of view of 
 the A. F. of L. 
 
 Clark, Evans, and Solomon, Charles. The socialists in the New 
 York board of aldermen. A record of six months' activity. 
 N.Y. Rand school of social science. 1918. 48p. 
 
 Commons, J. R., and associates. History of labour in the United 
 States. N.Y. Macmillan co. 1918. 2v. 
 
 Bibl. p. 541-87. The authoritative work on the subject. Gives the 
 background for socialism in this country. 
 
 Crook, W. H. An American labor party. (In Socialist review. 
 N.Y. V. 8. p. 118-21. Jan. 1920.) 
 Report of Chicago convention. Nov. 22-25. iQiQ- 
 
 Gaston, H. E. Nonpartisan league. N.Y. Harcourt, Brace, & 
 
 Howe. 1920. 32SP. 
 
 A sympathetic history of the league from its formation through 
 December 1919. 
 
 Ghent, W. J. Mass and class. N.Y. Macmillan co. 1904. 26op. 
 An analysis of economic classes in America. 
 
 Hard, William. Farmer-labor. (In New republic. N.Y. v. 24. 
 
 168-70, 191-3, 218-19. Oct. 13-27, 1920.) 
 Hillquit, Morris. History of socialism in the United States. Sth 
 
 ed. rev. and enl. N.Y. Funk & Wagnalls co. 1910. 389P. 
 
 Bibliographical footnotes. Utopian socialism and communistic experi- 
 ments; the modern movement, including German clubs in ante-bellum 
 period, organization of the party and of unions, the Socialist labor party, 
 and contemporary socialism. 
 
 Hillquit, Morris. Recent progress of the socialist and labor 
 movements in the United States. Chic. Chas. H. Kerr & 
 CO. 1907. 32p. 
 
 Hillquit, Morris ; Gompers, Samuel, and Hayes, Max J. Double- 
 edge of labor's sword. Chic. Socialist party natl. off. 1914. 
 
 igip. 
 
 Discussion, testimony, and cross-examination before Committee on in- 
 dustrial relations bringing differences in policy between the A. F. of L. 
 and the socialist party. 
 
178 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Hillquit, Morris. Socialism on trial. N.Y. B. W. Huebsch. 
 
 1920. 74P- 
 
 Trial and expulsion of N.Y. city socialist assemblymen. 
 Hughan, J. W. American socialism of the present day, with an 
 introduction by John Spargo. N.Y. John Lane co. 1911. 
 26sp. 
 
 Bibl. p. 257-65. The history of socialism in the United States since 
 1850 party organization, tactics and ideals, immediate and ultimate 
 programs and present status." — A. L. A. booklist. 
 
 Karsner, David. Debs ; his authorized life and letters from 
 Woodstock prison to Atlanta. N.Y. Boni & Liveright. igig. 
 244p. 
 Biography of the presidential candidate of Socialist party. 
 
 Labor party. Editorial. (In Survey. N.Y. v. 43. p. 229. Dec. 
 
 13, 1919) 
 
 A summary of the platform adopted by the November convention. 
 Laidler, H. W., ed. American labor and socialist parties. (In 
 
 Intercollegiate socialist. N.Y. v. 7. p. 7-16. Apr.-May 1919.) 
 Laidler, H. W. Present status of socialism in America. (In 
 
 Socialist rev. N.Y. v. 8. p. 106-14. Jan. 1920.) 
 MacKaye, James. Americanized socialism; a Yankee view of 
 
 capitalism. N.Y. Boni & Liveright. 1918. 191P. 
 
 "A socialism grounded in the philosophy of utility embodies the best 
 traditions of Americanism.'* 
 
 Macy, John. Socialism in America. N.Y. Doubleday, Page & 
 
 CO. 19 16. 249p. 
 
 Syndicalist leanings. 
 
 Merz, Charles. Enter the labor party. (In New republic. N.Y. 
 V. 21. p. 53-5. Dec. 10, 1919.) 
 The convention, the platform, the prospects. 
 
 National labor party. (In Federal employee. Wash. v. 5. 
 
 p. 19-21. Jan. 10, 1920.) 
 National nonpartisan league. Facts for the farmer on conditions 
 
 vitally important to him as producer and to the wage worker 
 
 as consumer. (Minnesota handbook). St. Paul. National 
 
 nonpartisan league. 1919. I35p. 
 
 The great increase in farm tenancy is due to the operations of big 
 business. 
 
 National nonpartisan league. National and state executive com- 
 mittees. Memorial to the Congress of the United States 
 concerning conditions in Minnesota, 1918. St. Paul. National 
 nonpartisan league. 1918. i2op. 
 Accuses the official faction of the state government of discrimination 
 
 against the league. 
 
SOCIALISM I7g 
 
 National nonpartisan league. North Dakota; a state whe're 
 democracy is safe. St. Paul. National nonpartisan league, 
 n. d. 29p. 
 
 History of the league's activities in North Dakota. 
 National nonpartisan league. Origin, purpose and method of 
 
 operation. St. Paul. National nonpartisan league, n. d. 27p. 
 New York public library. Socialist parties. (In Political parties 
 
 in the United States, 1800-1914. pub. 1915. p. 68-70.) 
 
 Reports of conventions noted. 
 
 Richardson, N. A. Industrial problems. Chic. C. H. 
 
 Kerr & co. 1910. 229p. 
 
 "Intended for use in the general propaganda work of the socialist 
 party, the book is largely an indictment of capitalism. 
 
 Russell, C. E. Story of the Nonpartisan league; a chapter in 
 
 American evolution. N.Y. Harper & bros. 1920. 332P. 
 Simons, A. M. Social forces in American history. N.Y. Mac- 
 
 millan co. 1914. 32Sp. 
 
 An economic interpretation of American history. 
 SociaUst party of the United States. Political guide for the 
 
 workers, 1920. Chic. 1920. 183P. 
 Solomon, Charles. Albany "trial." N.Y. Rand school of social 
 
 science. 1920. 7ip. 
 
 Expulsion of N.Y. assemblymen. 
 
 Spargo, John. Americanism and social democracy. N.Y. 
 
 Harper & bros. 1918. 326p. 
 
 Attack on the "stupid policy adopted by socialist party of America" 
 toward the world war. Gives the St. Louis anti-war "Majority report." 
 
 Stoddart, J. T. Recent developments of American socialism. 
 
 (In New socialism. 1909. p. 225-42.) 
 Sweeney, C. P. Farmer-labor campaign. (In Nation. N.Y. 
 
 V. III. p. 344-5- Sept. 25, 1920.) 
 Walling, W. E. Progressivism and after. N.Y. Macmillan co. 
 
 1914. 4o6p. 
 
 Bibliographical notes. 391-7. An analysis and comparison of the 
 Progressive, Labor and Socialist parties of America. 
 
 Walling, W. E., ed. Socialist movement in America. (In 
 
 Socialism of today. 1916. p. 191-254.) 
 Weyl, W. E. New democracy; an essay on certain political and 
 
 economic tendencies in the United States. N.Y. Macmillan 
 
 CO. 1912. 37op. 
 
 The evolution of plutocracy, and the beginnings of a democracy, whose 
 industrial program aims to socialize production. 
 
i8o MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Programs 
 
 Communist labor party. (In American labor year book, igip- 
 20. p. 414-16.) 
 
 A brief account of its organization, and text of its platform and 
 program. 
 
 Communist party. (In American labor year book. 1919-20. 
 
 p. 416-19-) 
 
 An account of the founding of the party, with text of its program. 
 
 Farmer-labor party. Platform and nominees of the Farmer- 
 labor party. (In Current history magazine. New York 
 Times. N.Y. v. 12. p. 764-5. Aug. 1920.) Also in Christian 
 science monitor. Boston. July 15, 1920. p. 2. 
 
 National labor party. National constitution, adopted Nov. 1919. 
 (In New majority. Chic. v. i. p. 13. Dec. 6, 1919.) 
 
 National labor party. Proceedings of convention, November 
 1919. (In New majority. Chic. v. I. Nov. 29, 1919 and 
 Dec. 6, 1919.) 
 
 National nonpartisan league. Articles of association, together 
 with a discussion of the purposes, organization, etc., of the 
 league, by Walter Thomas Mills. St. Paul. National non- 
 partisan league. 1919? 27p. 
 
 National nonpartisan league. Fighting program. Adopted at 
 annual meeting of national committee, St. Paul, Dec. 1918. 
 St. Paul. National nonpartisan league. 1919? lop. 
 
 National nonpartisan league. Platform and declaration of prin- 
 ciples adopted by delegates to the state convention of the 
 Minnesota branch, March igi8. St. Paul. National nonpartisan 
 league. 1918. 4p. 
 
 Social democratic league of America. N.Y. 191 7. 8p. 
 
 Letter explaining purpose of league, giving officers, and describing 
 conferences in Milwaukee and Chicago, Sept. and Oct. 19 17. 
 
 Socialist labor party, 1917-19. (In American labor year book. 
 1919-20. p. 419-21.) 
 A review of the party's status by its national secretary. 
 
 Socialist party of the United States. Congressional platforms 
 of the socialist party. 1918. Chic. National office socialist 
 party. 1918. 24p. 
 
 Socialist party of the United States. "Majority"' and "Minority" 
 reports of the St. Louis coiivention. (In Trachtenberg, Alex- 
 ander. American socialists and the war. 1917. p. 38-45.) 
 
SOCIALISM i8i 
 
 Socialist party of the United States. National convention pro- 
 ceedings. Biennial. Chic. National secretary of socialist 
 party. 1904-12. 
 
 Socialist party of the United States. National platform of 1908. 
 (In Kelly, Edmond. Twentieth century socialism. 1910. 
 p. 413-21. Also in Orth, S. P. Socialism and democracy 
 in Europe. 1913. p. 341-5.) 
 
 Socialist party of the United States. Political guide for the 
 workers, 1920. Chic. 1920. 183P. 
 
 Socialist party of the United States. Proceedings of conven- 
 tion of 1918. (In Bulletin. Chic. Sept. 15, 1919.) 
 
 Socialist party organizations are also described in American 
 labor year book. 
 
 Periodicals and Year Books 
 
 American labor year book. Edited by Alexander Trachtenberg. 
 
 N.Y. Rand school of social science, v. i-date. 1916-date. 
 Appeal to reason. Weekly. Girard, Kansas. v. i-date. 
 
 1895-date. 
 
 A propaganda publication with a large circulation. 
 Christian socialist. Semimonthly. Chic. v. I. 1905. 
 
 Ceased pub. 
 Class struggle. Quarterly. N.Y. 1917-1920. 
 
 Devoted to international socialism. Ceased pub. 
 Communist. Bi-weekly. (Place of publication not now given.) 
 
 V. I-date. 1919-date. 
 
 Official organ of the Communist party of America. Section of the 
 3d communist international. Formerly pub. at i2ig Blue Island ave. 
 Chic. 
 Communist labor party news. Cleveland. 3207 Clark ave. 
 
 Official organ of the Communist labor party. 
 Liberator. Monthly. N.Y. 138 W. 13th st. v. i-date. 
 
 1918-date. 
 
 Communist magazine. 
 Milwaukee leader. Daily. Milwaukee. Brisbane Hall. v. l- 
 
 date. 191 I-date. 
 National rip saw. Monthly. Girard, Kansas. Kate Richards 
 
 O'Hare, ed. v. i-date. 1912-date. 
 New day; the national socialist weekly. Chic. 220 South Ash- 
 land blvd. 
 
 Organ of the Socialist party of the United States. 
 New majority. Weekly. Chic. 166 W. Washington st. v. i- 
 
 date. 1919-date. 
 
 Organ of the Farmer-labor party. 
 
i82 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 New York call. Daily. N.Y. 112 Fourth ave. v. i-date. 1909- 
 
 date. 
 New York communist. Weekly. N.Y. 43 W. 29th st. v. I. 
 
 1919. 
 
 Official organ of the Left wing of the Socialist party. John Reed, 
 editor. Ceased pub. Paper was formerly Communist world. Revolu- 
 tionary age. N.Y. combined with N.Y. communist. 
 
 New York Volkszeitung. Daily. N.Y. 15 Spruce st. v. i-date. 
 
 1877-date. 
 
 Oldest and very informative socialist paper. Advocate of communist 
 principles since 1919. 
 
 Nonpartisan leader. Weekly. Minneapolis, v. i-date. 1915- 
 
 date. 
 
 Official organ of the National notipartisan league. 
 The social preparation. Quarterly. Willard. N.Y. A. L. 
 
 Byron-Curtiss, ed. 
 
 A Christian socialist periodical. 
 Socialist review. Monthly. N.Y. Intercollegiate socialist 
 
 society. 70 Fifth ave. v. i-date. Dec. 1919-date. 
 
 Supercedes the quarterly Intercollegiate socialist. Name now changed 
 to Labor Age, pub. by Labor publication society, 70 Fifth ave., N. Y. City. 
 
 Socialist world. Monthly. Chic. 229 South Ashland blvd. 
 
 Organ of the Socialist party of the United States. 
 Voice of labor. Semimonthly. N.Y. 
 
 Published by the labor committee of the national left wing of the 
 Socialist party. Ceased pub. 
 
 Weekly people. N.Y. 445 Rose st. v. i-date. iSgi-date. 
 
 Published by the Socialist labor party. 
 Workers' challenge. Weekly. N.Y. 179 E. Broadway. Editor, 
 
 John Jacobs, v. i-date. 1920-date. 
 Workers' council. Bi-weekly. N.Y. International education 
 
 assn. 9S Canal st. v. i-date. Apr. i, 1921-date. 
 
 Organ of the 3d international. 
 
 Other Countries 
 
 Ayarragaray, Lucas. Socialismo argentino y legislacion obrera. 
 
 Buenos Aires. J. Lajouane & cia. 1912. 69p. 
 Brady, Thomas. Socialist party of Ireland, the historical basis 
 
 of socialism in Ireland. Dublin, n. d. i6p. 
 Chelard, R. Le socialisme en Hongrie. (In Revue socialiste. 
 
 Paris. V. 40. p. 603-12. 1904.) 
 Connolly, James. Labour in Ireland; labour in Irish history, 
 
 the reconqtiest of Ireland. London. Mannsel & co. 1917. 
 
 346p. 
 
 A record of the industrial history of Ireland, from a revolutionary 
 viewpoint. 
 
SOCIAUSM 183 
 
 Katayama, Sen. Labor movement in Japan. Chic. C. H. 
 
 Kerr & co. 1918. I47p. 
 
 A history of rigid suppression. Russia's example said to be an en- 
 couragement to Japanese workers. 
 
 Ryan, W. P. Irish labour movement from the twenties to our 
 
 own day. London. T. Fisher Unwin. 1919. 266p. 
 
 Sympathetic* toward the Sinn Fein group. 
 Vicuna-Subercaseaux, Benjamin. El socialismo revolucionario 
 
 y la cuestion social en Europa y en Chile. Santiago de Chile. 
 
 Soc. impr. y lit. universo. 1908. 28op. 
 
 Periodical Directories 
 
 Ely, R. T. Socialistic and anarchistic publications. (In Social- 
 ism. 1894. p. 441-2.) 
 Annotated list. 
 
 Labour and socialist press. (In Labour year book. 1919. p. 
 409-10.) 
 
 Socialist press. (In American labor year book. 1916. p. 144-51.) 
 
 Wisconsin state historical society. Library. Current labor and 
 socialist papers. (In Collections on labor and socialism in 
 the Wisconsin historical library. 1915. p. 10-14.) 
 
GUILD SOCIALISM 
 CONTENTS 
 
 Introduction 187 
 
 Bibliographies 190 
 
 Definitions igi 
 
 Programs 191 
 
 Books , 191 
 
 Periodical References 197 
 
 Periodicals 200 
 
 Guilds — ^mediaeval 201 
 
 Books on survival of guilds 204 
 
GUILD SOCIALISM 
 
 Guild Socialism as a theory of industrial reorganization orig- 
 inated in England about igoo as a reaction against the theory 
 of state socialism. A. J. Penty, A. R. Orage, and S. G. Hobson 
 were principally responsible for the formulation of a plan to 
 convert trade unions into guilds, taking the name from the old 
 craft guilds of the middle ages. G. D. H. Cole has been influen- 
 tial in popularizing the movement. 
 
 In theory the national guilds aim at an adjustment between 
 the syndicalist plan for the supremacy of the workers as pro- 
 ducers, and the collectivist theory of the supremacy of the state. 
 
 A national guild, as proposed in this plan, is the association 
 of all the workers of every kind, administrative, executive, and 
 productive, in any particular industry, to constitute a self-govern- 
 ing organization of the industry and "to carry on that industry 
 on behalf of the whole community." The aims of the guild 
 socialists, as defined in the constitution of the National Guilds 
 League, are "the abolition of the wage system, and the establish- 
 ment by the worker of self-government in industry through a 
 democratic system of national guilds working in conjunction 
 with a democratic state." 
 
 According to G. D. H. Cole, the relations between guilds 
 would vary widely in closeness and importance from case to 
 case. Every guild concerned with industry or economic service 
 would be represented in an Industrial Guilds' Congress which 
 "would be the final representative body of the guild system on its 
 industrial side." The proper national representation of collective 
 consumption would rest in a national collective Utilities Council, 
 the Civic Service organization would be represented by Civic 
 Guilds and lastly the civic body or citizens by Cultural and 
 Health Councils. 
 
 The guild socialists are divided into factions.' The two main 
 
 ' There is not one Guild Socialism, but many Guild Socialisms. Col- 
 lectivism we know and Capitalism we know. But Guild Socialism is a very 
 Proteus. Its phases are legion, its Guilds of infinite variety. There are 
 the all hand-woven Guilds of the Middle Ages Union, the Glory-be-to-God 
 Guilds of Mr. Reckitt, the Glory-be-to-Trotsky Guilds of the new N. G. L, 
 Executive, the esoteric bank-on-me Guilds of Major Douglas, the Guilds- 
 and-water of Mr. Stirling Taylor. Not to mention the functional jig- 
 saws of Mr. Cole. There is also Hobson's Choice. — The Guildsman, 
 March loai. 
 
i88 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 factions are those of Cole and Hobson. Those around G. D. H. 
 Cole are opposed to the theory of state sovereignty, reject the 
 idea of the state as the final and only representative of the con- 
 sumers and contend that a new coordinating body should be 
 established which would bring together the various func- 
 tional bodies — industrial guilds, cooperative and collective 
 utilities councils, civic service guilds, cultural councils and 
 health councils — and which would not be inconsistent 
 with the theory of functional democracy on which the 
 system of guild socialism is based. The bodies enumerated 
 above would not, however, complete the composition of the 
 Commune, as Mr. Cole calls the coordinating body. "In any 
 instance, there might be special organizations to which it would 
 be desirable, on account of their importance in the town, to 
 give representation. Again, what is far more important, the 
 town as a whole cannot be treated as an undifferentiated unit. 
 In electing their representatives to serve on the four councils 
 mentioned above, the citizens, if the town were of any size, 
 would almost certainly vote by wards and each member on a 
 council would sit there as a ward representative in relation to 
 his particular function.'" 
 
 The other faction centers around Mr. S. G. Hobson and the 
 editors of the New Age. Mr. Hobson considers the state "as 
 the organ of citizenship, possessing full freedom of movement, 
 itself assuming all or any functions which cannot be assigned 
 to any suitable organization — particularly in the case of sudden 
 emergencies ; it is undoubtedly the appropriate organ for all 
 emergencies, great or small. As for sovereignty, I end as I 
 began : The citizen (voicing his will through the State) must 
 take precedence over the Guildsman. I recognize no other 
 sovereignty.'"' Mr. Hobson admits that the subject of the state 
 has barely been touched. And Cole says that he does not know 
 "whether the national body — the 'state' if you will — should be 
 a Parliament or a Congress or political Soviet.'" 
 
 The Cole faction is again divided into those who are sym- 
 pathetic to the soviet theories and direct action, and the more 
 moderate group which does not agree with the soviet ideas. 
 The Hobson faction is divided among those who consider the 
 
 ^ Cole, G. D- H. Guild socialism re-stated, p. 125-6. 
 2 Hobson, S. G. National guilds and the State, p. 352-3. 
 ' Cole, G. D. H- Self-Government in Industry. Preface to the edition, 
 of 1919. 
 
GUILD SOCIALISM 189 
 
 abolition of the wage system essential to the introduction of 
 national guilds and those represented by Mr. A. J. Penty who 
 object to the prevailing emphasis on quantity production and 
 consider industriahsm a more fundamental enemy of labor than 
 capitalism. 
 
 Then we have the Christian Guild Socialists, as represented 
 by Mr. Reckitt, who emphasize the Christian idea in guild 
 socialism. The annual meetings of the National Guilds League 
 always bring up anew the question whether the League should 
 not change its name to Guild Socialist League and the decision 
 is postponed from year to year. 
 
 The strength of the guild socialists is not expressed in their 
 numbers. It is the influence which they have secured in a few 
 powerful trade unions that has given them standing in the labor 
 World. The ex-president of the miners, Mr. Robert Smillie, the 
 secretary, Frank Hodges and William Straker, are guild social- 
 ists, and before the Sankey Coal commission, which recom- 
 mended the nationalization of coal, proposed a guild socialist 
 scheme for the introduction of coal nationalization. The guild 
 socialists have also secured a real influence among the railway 
 workers' union and already experiments are being made in the 
 building trade unions in the setting up of local building guilds 
 which have undertaken contracts for building houses under 
 government auspices. On the educational field the guild social- 
 ists are performing their work through the National Guilds 
 League and also indirectly through the Labour Research De- 
 partment which is managed mostly by guild socialists. The guild 
 socialists have rendered a real service to the socialization move- 
 ment by making the socialists take a critical attitude towards the 
 functions and authority of the state and also in outlining con- 
 crete plans for the administrative organization of the socialist 
 society. This is the real service which they have performed. 
 
 Valuable contributions to the Guild Socialist literature are 
 Cole's "Guild Socialism Re-Stated," and "Self-Government in 
 Industry." A critical examination of the theory is given in Mr. 
 Field's "Guild Socialism." The organ of the National Guilds 
 League is "The Guildsman." 39 Cursitor St., London. E.C. 4. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 Bibliographies 
 
 Carpenter, N. H. Literature of guild socialism. (In Quart. 
 
 jour, economics. Cambridge, v. 34. p. 763-76. Aug. 1920.) 
 Laidler, H. W. Books on the national guild movement. (In 
 
 Survey. N.Y. v. 41. p. 643-4. Feb. i, 1919.) 
 Macmillan co. Catalogues of U.S. publications and importations. 
 
 N.Y. 
 
 Many guild books will be found in these two catalogs. 
 
 New York public library. Economics division. Selective list 
 of references on guild socialism. N.Y. Jan. 1920. 2p. typew. 
 Brief list of books with list of periodicals carrying articles on guilds. 
 
 Protestant Episcopal church. Joint commission on social service. 
 Guild socialism. (In Third triennial report submitted to the 
 general convention. 1919. p. 80-7.) 
 
 Bibliographical footnotes. Brief bibliography and synopsis of guild 
 theory. See also Shop committee and guildsmen. p. 50-1. Servile state. 
 p. 62-3. Mediaeval guilds, p. 168-74. 
 
 Protestant Episcopal church. Joint commission on social service. 
 Principles of the national guilds movement. (In Recon- 
 struction programs; a bibliography and digest. Mar. 5, 1919. 
 p. 10. Reconstruction ser. Bui. no. 2.) 
 A brief list. 
 
 Reckitt, M. B., and Bechhofer, C. E. Bibliography. (In Meaning 
 of national guilds. 1918. p. 445-52.) 
 
 A brief but fully annotated list. 
 
 Russell, Bertrand. [National guilds.] (In Proposed roads to 
 freedom. 1919. p. 81-5.) 
 
 Bibliographical footnotes, giving only chief works. 
 
 Sunwise, turn, inc. New York city. National guilds. N.Y. 
 1919. 4p. typew. 
 
 Reading list on the guilds and related topics. Sunwise turn is American 
 agent for many guild socialist books. 
 
 'Zimand, Savel. Guild socialism; a bibliography. N.Y. Bureau 
 of industrial research. 1920. 7p. 
 Reprinted from Library jour. N.Y. March 15, 1920. 
 
GUILD SOCIALISM igi 
 
 Definitions 
 
 Cole, G. D. H. [Definition.] (In Self-Government in industry. 
 
 1917- p. 21.) 
 Orage, A. R. [Definition.] (In Alphabet of economics. 1917. 
 
 P- 53-4-) 
 
 Programs 
 
 National guilds league. Short statement of the principles and 
 objects of the National guilds league. London. National 
 guilds league, n. d. 8p. 
 
 Outline of national guilds, opposition to wage slavery, support of 
 industrial unionism, endorsement of state ownership of public utilities, and 
 means of production, with operation by self-governing workmen's guilds. 
 
 Books 
 
 Belloc, Hilaire. Servile state. London. T. N. Foulis. 1912. i89p. 
 
 Though not a guildsman, Belloc gives substanitally the guild criticism 
 of the state. 
 
 Bourne, Randolph. Unfinished fragment on the state. (In Un- 
 timely papers. 1919. p. 148-230.) 
 
 Browne, W. R., ed. Man or the state? A group of essays by 
 famous writers. N.Y. B. W. Huebsch. 1919. I4ip. 
 "Out of the soviet experiment, and out of the ideas of the guild 
 
 socialists in England, is evolving what will prove to be the state-norm 
 
 of the immediate future — or something very like it." Introd. p. ix. 
 
 Carpenter, Edward. Non-governmental society. (In Towards 
 industrial freedom. 2d ed., 1918. p. 76-98.) 
 
 An attack on present industrial system for making work life "monot- 
 onous, inhuman, and devoid of all dignity and reality." Advocates "vol- 
 untary collectivism" and predicts "some system of National guilds will be 
 worked out, which, while rendering the worker-groups self determination 
 will award to them their fair share." 
 
 Cole, G. D. H. Chaos and order in industry. N.Y. Stokes. 
 1920. 292P. 
 A collection of essays, "Guild solution," p. 41-61. 
 
 Cole, G. D. H. Guild socialism. (In American labor year book. 
 
 V. 3- 1919-20. p. 390-2.) 
 
 Brief statement of guild principles. Advocates nationalization of in- 
 dustry, and guild control. 
 
 Cole, G. D. H. Guild socialism restated. London. Leonard 
 Parsons. 1920. 224p. 
 "Note on books" p. 217-18. One of the best expositions of guild 
 
 socialism. „ ■ .„ , , 
 
 Published in N.Y. by Stokes as "Guild socialism; a plan for economic 
 democracy." 
 
192 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Cole, G. D. H. [Industrial reconstruction.] (In Carter, Hunt- 
 ley, ed. Industrial reconstruction. London. 19^7- P- 
 
 159-68.) 
 
 Advocates war control by state of industry and increasing guild control. 
 Cole, G. D. H. Labour in the commonwealth. N.Y. B. W. 
 Huebsch. igig. 223p. 
 
 "In 'Labour in the commonwealth' he (Mr. Cole) gives us as a sys- 
 tematic discussion of the whole problem of industry) and while in this 
 volume he says little directly about national guilds, the whole argument 
 leads directly to the brief concluding exposition of the guild idea." — 
 Nation. N.Y. Jan. 24, 1920. 
 
 Cole, G. D. H. National guilds and the coal commission. 
 London. National guilds league. i6p. n. d. 
 Being a summary of evidence submitted to the commission. 
 
 Cole, G. D. H. National guilds movement in Great Britain. (In 
 Bloomfield, Daniel, ed. Selected articles on modern indus- 
 trial problems. 1919. p. 158-67.) 
 Reprinted from U.S. Labor statistics bureau. Monthly labor rev. 
 
 Wash. V. 8. p. 24-32. July 19 19. 
 
 Cole, G. D. H. Reviving the guild idea. (In Bloomfield, Daniel, 
 
 ed. Selected articles on modern industrial problems. 1919. 
 
 p. 153-8.) 
 Reprinted from Living age. Boston, v. 302. p. 214-17. July 26, igig. 
 
 Cole, G. D. H. Self government in industry. Sth ed. rev. 
 London. G. Bell & sons. 1920. 283P. 
 
 A standard work on guild socialism giving the theory of the movement 
 and its relation to syndicalism, collectivism, trade unionism. It is at 
 every point well informed and clearly stated. 
 
 Cole, G. D. H. Social theory. N.Y. Stokes. 1920. 
 
 Functional organization of society. (Review by Thomas Road Powell 
 in Nation. N.Y. v. in. p. 213-14. Oct. 13, 1920; also one by D. H. 
 Robertson in Economic jour. London, v. 30- P- 229-31. June 1920.) 
 
 Cole, G. D. H. World of labour; a discussion of the present 
 and future of trade unionism. 3d ed, London. G. Bell & 
 sons. 1917. 443p. 
 Bibliography p. 427-35. Emphasizes the need of a definite policy for 
 
 trade unions concerning control of industry. Gives a short review of the 
 
 world of labor. 
 
 Cole, G. D. H., and Mellor, W. The meaning of industrial 
 freedom. London. George Allen &: Unwin. igi8. 44p. 
 "Books on national guilds,'* opp. p. 44, Introduction to study of 
 
 national guilds. 
 
 Cole, M. L Guild socialist movement in Great Britain. (In 
 American labor year book. v. 3. 1919-20. p. 356-9.) 
 Work of National guilds league, criticism of industrial council scheme 
 
 of Whitley, and brief list of books on guilds. 
 
GUILD SOCIALISM 193 
 
 Cory, H. E. Class struggle and fraternity. (In Intellectuals 
 and the wage workers. 1919. p. 122-239.) 
 
 Guilds p. iss-86. Reviews guildsman's theories of the state and the 
 control of industry. 
 
 Craik, W. W. How did national guildism originate and what 
 were the essential features of this point of view? (In Short 
 history of the British working-class movement. 3d ed. 
 London. 1919. p. 80-1.) 
 
 Note on guild socialism. 
 Duguit, Leon. Law and the modern state; introd. by Harold 
 J. Laski; tr. by Frida and Harold J. Laski. N.Y. B. W. 
 Huebsch. 1919. 
 
 Douglas, C. H. Credit-power and democracy. London. Cecil 
 
 Palmer. 1920. 2i2p. 
 
 The essential points of Mayor Douglas' analysis are these: "(i) The 
 national capacity to produce is always increasing. (2) The benefit of 
 this increase is at present absorbed by high finance directly through high 
 prices, and secondarily through the operation of the credit system. (3) 
 This increase in national productive capacity is in reality commercial 
 property; and the present system is an elaborate means of diverting the 
 increment of social production from the community as a whole to certain 
 groups of privileged individuals." G. D. Cole. The Guildsman. March 
 1921. 
 
 Douglas, C. H. Economic democracy. N.Y. Harcourt, Brace 
 & Howe. 1920. I44p. 
 
 Ewer, W. N. National guilds control over industry. (In Carter, 
 Huntley, ed. Limits of state industrial control. London. 
 1919- P- 253-7.) 
 
 Ernest Benn's "constitutional monopolism" attacked. Nationalization 
 and trade union control of industry advocated. 
 
 Federation of British industries. Committee report on syndical- 
 ism and guild socialism. London. 1919. 
 Noted from Guildsman. London, no. 33. p. 14. Sept. 19 19. 
 
 Field, G. C. Guild socialism ; a critical examination. London. 
 Wells, Gardner, Darton & co. 1920. I58p. 
 One of the few books devoted to criticism. 
 
 Follet, M. P. The occupational group. (In New state. 1918. 
 p. 258-330.) Guild socialism p. 260-1, 324-5. 
 
 Hobson, S. G. Guild principles in war and peace, with intro- 
 ductory essay by A. R. Orage. N.Y. Macmillan co. 1919. 
 176P. 
 
 Essays reprinted from the New Age and other papers, in which the 
 principles of the guilds have been set forth in relation to various topics. 
 The central idea is that labor is not a commodity as the economists have 
 pretended. Comment on Garton foundation report. Industrial councils 
 a half-way house to guild socialism. A forecast of guild morality based 
 on reward for creation of social and economic values. 
 
194 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Hobson, S. G. National guilds. 3d ed. Ed. by A. R. Orage. 
 
 London. G. Bell & sons. 1919. 370P- 
 
 Sub-title "An enquiry into the wage system and the way out." "Re- 
 print of articles that appeared serially in the New Age in 19:2 and 1913- 
 Advises abolition of wage system, state ownership and guild control ot 
 industry. One of the first books on the subject and still among the best 
 Hobson, S. G. National guilds and the state. N.Y. Macmillan 
 
 CO. Pref. d. 1919- 4o6p. 
 
 Examines the function of the state generally, and its use as a repre- 
 sentative of the consumers. , , „ ^ , . -nt ^• 
 
 National guilds and the state reviewed by George Soule m Nation. 
 N.Y. v. III. p. 73. July 17, 1920; also by Henry Vivian in Economic 
 journal. London, v. 30. p. 233-7. June, 1920. Also by Charles A. Beard 
 in New republic. N.Y. v. 24. p. 50-1. Dec. 8, 1920. 
 Hodges, Frank. Nationalization of the mines. N.Y. Thomas 
 
 Seltzer. 1920. siop. 
 Husslein, J. Democratic industry. N.Y. P. J. Kenedy & sons. 
 
 1919. 362P. 
 
 Discusses guild socialism from the standpoint of the Catholic church. 
 "Modern Catholic guild program," p. 285-93. 
 Laidler, H. W. Guild socialism. (In Socialism in thought and 
 
 action. 1920. p. 170-7.) 
 
 Good summary of the theory. 
 Laski, H. J. Authority in the modern state. New Haven. Yale 
 
 univ. pr. 1919. 398p. 
 Laski, H. J. Studies in the problem of sovereignty. New 
 
 Haven. Yale univ. pr. "1917. 297p. 
 Maeztu, Ramiro de. Authority, liberty, and function in the 
 
 light of the war; a critique of authority and liberty as the 
 
 foundations of the modern state and an attempt to base 
 
 societies on principle of function. London. George Allen & 
 
 Unwin. 1916. 288p. 
 
 "Contents appeared between March, 1915, and June, 1916, in the New 
 Age." A plea that society should be organized industrially, or functionally 
 and not on basis of liberty or authority. 
 
 Marshall, Alfred. [National guilds.] (In Industry and trade. 
 
 1519. p. 651, 839, 841-6.) 
 
 Criticism of guilds proposals. 
 Mellor, W. [Industrial reconstruction.] (In Carter, Huntley, 
 
 ed. Industrial reconstruction. 1917. p. 168-74.) 
 
 Labor's losses during the war under state control of industry. 
 
 National guilds league, London. (In Labour year book. 1919. 
 
 P- 321.) 
 
 Outline of its activity and organization. 
 National guilds league, London. Leaflets. 
 
 No. I. A catechism of national guilds, n. d. 8p. 
 No. 8. Industrial chaos; the labour crisis and the way out — 
 national guilds, n.d. 8p. ^ 
 
GUILD SOCIALISM igs 
 
 National guilds league, London. Pamphlet no. i-date. London. 
 National guilds league, igis-date. 
 No. I. National guilds; an appeal to trade unionists. 1919. 
 
 l6p. 
 No. 2. Guild idea; an appeal to the public. 1919. ijp. 
 No. 3. Towards a miners' guild. 
 No. 4. Towards a national railway guild. 1919. i6p. 
 
 National guilds league, London. National guilds or Whitley 
 councils? Being a reprint, with a new introduction, of two 
 pamphlets, entitled: "Observations on the Whitley report," 
 and "Notes for trade unionists on the Whitley report." 
 London. National guilds league. 1918? 2op. 
 
 National guilds league, London. Notes for trade unionists in 
 connection with the adoption of the interim report of the 
 reconstruction committee on joint standing industri3l councils 
 commonly known as the Whitley report. London. National 
 guilds league. 1918. 8p. 
 Criticism of Whitley councils. 
 
 Orage, A. R. An alphabet of economics. London. T. Fisher 
 
 Unwin, ltd. 1917. I72p. 
 
 A series of definitions of the terms used in the discussion of guild 
 socialism, by the editor of the New Age. Not a very distinct contribution. 
 
 Penty, A. J. Guilds and the social crisis. London. George 
 
 Allen & Unwin. 1919. I03p. 
 
 An attempt to formulate a policy for guildsman "in event of a revolu- 
 tion." Contents: Economic cul-de-sac; Maximum production and scientific 
 management; Spiritual change; Function of the state; Class war. 
 
 Penty, A. J. A guildsman's interpretation of history. N.Y. 
 
 Sunwise turn, inc. 1920. 327p. 
 
 According to author since the decline of Rome economic develop- 
 ments are the product of ideas. 
 
 Penty, A. J. [Industrial reconstruction.] (In Carter, Huntley, 
 
 ed. Industrial reconstruction. 1917. p. 276-8.) 
 Penty, A. J. Old worlds for new ; a study of the post-industrial 
 
 state. London. George Allen & Unwin. 1917. i86p. 
 
 Attacks Beatrice and Sidney Webb's collectivism and gives exposition 
 of mediaeval guilds system, the relation of National guilds to syndicalism; 
 treats abolition of wage system, division of labor, machinery in industry 
 and the place of handicraft in production. Criticized because of its 
 advocacy of the revival of mediaeval guilds. "He raises almost as many 
 questions as he answers, and they are economic questions which ramify 
 too far to answer themselves." The author does not emphasize as does 
 the average national guildsman the role of the worker in the social 
 transformation. 
 Penty, A. J. Restoration of the guild system. London. S. 
 
 Sonnenschein & co., ltd. igo6. I03p. 
 
 The author confines his proposals to the mere restoration of the 
 mediaeval guild without regard to modern conditions. 
 
196 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Reckitt, M. B. Guild control over capitalism. (In Carter, Hunt- 
 ley, ed. Limits of state industrial control. 1919. p. 262-73.) 
 The policy behind government control during the war contrasted with 
 
 guild policy, 
 
 Reckitt, M. B. Industrial situation after the war. (In Carter, 
 Huntley, ed. Industrial reconstruction. 1917. p. 174-87.) 
 War's insistence on "wage slave moralitj^." Labor must abolish wage 
 
 .system, nationalize industry and establish guild control. 
 
 Reckitt, M. B., and Bechhofer, C. E. Meaning of national guilds. 
 
 2d & rev ed. N.Y. Macmillan co. 1920. 29IP. 
 
 Planned as a handbook on guild socialism, it presents the subject in 
 a systematic way. In an impartial spirit and by clear writing the 
 authors bring together the whole body of doctrine that has grown 
 out of the original idea. Completeness rather than critical appreciation 
 is the chief merit of the book. 
 
 Renard, G. F. Guilds in the middle ages. N.Y. Macmillan co. 
 
 1919. I39p. 
 
 Introduction by G. D. H. Cole. Bibl. p. 137-40. The introduction 
 compares the guild of the middle ages with the theories of the modern 
 guild socialists. 
 
 Russell, Bertrand. [National guilds.] (In Proposed roads to 
 
 freedom. 1919. p. 80-5.) 
 
 Brief synopsis of the theories and aims of guild socialism. Its rela- 
 tion to syndicalism, the trade unions and collectivism. 
 
 Shaw, G. B. On guild socialism. (In Pease, E. R. History of 
 
 the Fabian society. 1916. p. 265-8.) 
 
 A consideration of collectivism and guild theories and the split of the 
 Fabian society on national guilds resulting in G. D. H. Cole and others 
 founding the National guilds league. 
 
 Taylor, G. R. S. Guild state; its principles and possibilities. 
 
 N.Y. Macmillan co. 1919. iS3p. 
 
 Contains: Historical basis of the guild system; First principle, organ- 
 ization by function: Second principle, self-management; Third principle, 
 decentralization and small units; Consequent results of main principles; 
 Relations between guilds and state; Guildsman's philosophy of life. 
 
 Tead, Ordway. Building guilds in Great Britain. N.Y. Bureau 
 
 of industrial research. 1921. i6p. 
 
 Reprinted from Am. inst. of architects. Jour. Wash. Feb. 1921. 
 
 Webb, Sidney and Beatrice. Constitution for the socialist com- 
 monwealth of Great Britain. N.Y. Longmans, Green & co. 
 
 1920. 364P. 
 
 Goes to the heart of functional representation. 
 
 Webb, Sidney and Beatrice. History of trade unionism. N.Y. 
 Longmans, Green & co. 1920. 784P. 
 Guild socialism p. 548, 660-1. 
 
 Wilkinson, R. E. How to start a local guild. London. C. W. 
 
 Daniel, ltd. n. d. 48p. 
 
 Brief exposition of guild theory attacking wagery, interest, and outlin- 
 ing rules and regulations for a guild. 
 
GUILD SOCIALISM 197 
 
 Withers, Hartley. Case for capitalism. N.Y. E. P. Button. 
 1920. 25sp. 
 
 Withers, Hartley. National guilds. (In Wartime financial prob- 
 lems. 1919. p. 198-21 1.) 
 
 Periodical References 
 1917 
 
 Hobson, S. G. Genesis of national guilds. (In Contem. rev. 
 
 N.Y. V. 3. p. 366-74. March 1917.) 
 Penty, A. J. The function of the state. (In New age. London. 
 
 V. 22. p. 165-6. Dec. 27, 1917.) 
 
 "The function of the state is to give protection to the community: 
 military protection m the first place; civil protection in the next: and 
 economic protection in the last." 
 
 I918 
 
 Fitch, J. A. Guild reappears in industry; skilled craftsmen of 
 the Photoengravers' union take charge of their employer's 
 b usiness. (In Survey. N.Y. v. 41. p. 192-3. Nov. 16, 1918.) 
 
 Maynard, Theodore. Guild idea. (In Catholic world. N.Y. 
 
 V. 106. p. 721-32. March 1918.) 
 
 Review of Belloc's Servile state and Hobson and Oragre's National 
 guilds with a sketch of mediaeval guilds. Gives guild relation to Catholic 
 church. 
 
 Penty, A. J. National guilds vs. the class war. (In New age. 
 
 London, v. 23. p. 251-3. Aug. 15, 1918.) 
 
 "An understanding of what I may call the 'spiritual interpretation of 
 history' will bring us nearer to an understanding of the guild movement." 
 Recognizes "that under the existing economic system the interests of 
 capital and labour are irreconcilably opposed, and no compromise is pos- 
 sible" and meets the Marxian aiHrmation that the problem is material by 
 affirming that it is both spiritual and material. 
 
 Penty, A. J. The neo-Marxian and the materialist conception of 
 
 history. (In New age. London, v. 23. p. 393-4. Oct. 17, 
 
 1918.) 
 
 By neo-Marxians the author refers to the English Plebs league and 
 Socialist labour party. 
 
 Roberts, R. National guilds. (In Nation. N.Y. v. 106. p. 
 
 613-15. May 25, 1918.) 
 
 1919 
 
 Cole, G. D. H. The guild idea at home and abroad. (In 
 Guildsman. London, no. 33. p. 13-14- Sept. 1919- ) 
 Guild socialist propaganda in America, South Africa and Germany. 
 
 The Plumb plan is outlined. 
 
igS MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Cole, G. D. H. National guilds and the state. (In Socialist 
 rev. London, v. i6. p. 22-30. Jan.-March 1919.) 
 Outline of guild schools of thought and their differences with the state 
 
 socialists. 
 
 Cole, G. D. H. National guilds movement in Great Britain. 
 (In U. S. Labor statistics bureau. Monthly labor rev. Wash. 
 V. 8. p. 24-32. July 1919.) 
 Reprinted in Bloomfield, Daniel, ed. Selected articles on modern 
 
 industrial movements. 1919. p. 158-67. An excellent brief history of the 
 
 development of the National guild's idea and its theories by one of its 
 
 ablest writers. 
 
 Cole, G. D. H. Reviving the guild idea. (In Living age. Boston. 
 
 V. 302. p. 214-17. July 26, 1919.) 
 
 Reprinted in Bloomfield, Daniel, ed. Selected articles on modern 
 industrial movements. 1919. p. 158-67. A valuable article on the applica- 
 tion of mediaeval guild principle of self-government in industry to modern 
 trade union control of industry with the aid of the technicians or 
 "salariat.*' 
 
 Hobson, S. G. Civil guilds — chapters on transition. (In New 
 age. London, v. 24. p. 290-1, 322-4, 354-6, 391-2. March 6, 
 20, Apr. 3, 17, 1919.) 
 
 Husslein, Joseph. Popes' and bishops' labor program. (In 
 America. N.Y. v. 21. p. 248-50. June 14, 1919.) 
 Reprinted in "Democratic industry," called "Modern Catholic guild 
 
 program." p. 285-93. 
 
 Kelley, Harry. More about national guilds. (In Modern school. 
 
 Stelton, N.J. Aug. 1919. p. 226-30.) 
 
 Review of G. D. H. Cole, Self government in industry. Reckitt and 
 Bechhofer, Meaning of national guilds and Bertrand Russell, Proposed 
 roads to freedom. 
 
 Latest economic gospel — guild socialism. (In Current opinion. 
 
 N.Y. V. 66. p. i8i. March 1919.) 
 National guilds. (In New repubHc. N.Y. v. 18. p. 124-5. Feb. 
 
 22, 1919.) 
 
 Brief sketch of theory. 
 
 Noel, Conrad. Guilds and the Catholic crusade. (In Guildsman. 
 London, no. 33. p. 11-12. Sept. 1919.) 
 
 Author is priest of the "Catholic crusade," a movement for democracy 
 in religious life and social religion. 
 
 Penty, A. J. Towards a national building guild. (In Am. inst. 
 of arch., jour. Wash. v. 7. p. 148-52. Apr. 1919.) 
 
 Reprint of National guilds league pamphlet. 
 
 Pope, R. A. Solution of the housing problem in the United 
 
 States. (In Am. inst. of arch.. Jour. Wash. v. 7. p. 259-66. 
 
 July 1919.) 
 
 Reprinted as separate i2p. Deals with town planning in accordance 
 with guild organization, p. 10. 
 
GUILD SOCIALISM 199 
 
 Por, Odon. Towards national guilds in Italy. (In New age. 
 
 London, v. 24. p. 153-5, 205-6, 275-6, 320-1, 352-3, 388-9. 
 
 Jan. 9, 30; Feb. 27, March 20, Apr. 3, 17, 1919.) 
 Russell, Bertrand. Why I am a guildsman. (In Guildsman. 
 
 London, no. 33. p. 3. Sept. 1919.) 
 
 Because guild socialism opposes capitalism, and promises to avoid war, 
 the danger of centralized state, of decentralized anarchy and could he 
 counted to encourage initiative and increase liberty. 
 
 Reckitt, M. B. Towards a building guild. (In Guildsman. 
 
 London, no. 33. p. 7-9. Sept. 1919.) 
 
 A review of Industrial council for the building industry. See also 
 Penty's article in Am. inst. arch., Jour. Wash. v. 7. p. 149-52. Apr. 1919. 
 
 Snowden, Philip. State socialism and national guilds. (In 
 Socialist rev. London, v. 16. p. 116-23. Apr.-June 1919.) 
 A discussion of the differences between guild and state socialism by a 
 
 member of the Independent labour party of Great Britain. 
 
 Tead, Ordway. Meaning of national guilds. (In Dial. N.Y 
 V. 67. p. 150-2. Aug. 13, 1919.) 
 Outline of their history and theory. 
 
 1920 
 
 Bricklayers' guild scheme for Manchester [England]. (In Am. 
 inst. of arch.. Jour. Wash. v. 8. p. 128-g. March 1920.) 
 
 Cole, G. D. H. Building guild for Great Britain. (In New 
 republic. N.Y. v. 22. p. 25-7. March 3, 1920.) 
 
 Great Britain. Labour ministry. Building guilds. (In Labour 
 gazette. London, v. 28. p. 292. June 1920.) 
 
 Great Britain. Labour ministry. [Proposed building guilds]. 
 (In Labour overseas. London, v. i. no. 2. p. 102. July- 
 Sept. 1920.) 
 Plans for South Africa and New Zealand. 
 
 Guild socialism and state. (In New republic. N.Y. v. 23. p. 
 IS4-S- June 30, 1920.) 
 
 Hobson, S. G. Building guild movement. (In Guildsman. 
 London. March 1920. p. 3-4.) 
 
 Home building experiment in Manchester, England. (In U.S. 
 Labor statistics bureau. Monthly labor rev. v. 10. p. 1526-7. 
 June 1920.) 
 
 Hughan, J. W. Changing conceptions of the state. (In Social- 
 ist rev. N.Y. v. 8. p. 165-8. Feb. 1920.) 
 Reviews of the guild theory of the state as presented by Bertrand 
 
 Russell, De Maeztu, G. D. H. Cole, Hilaire Belloc. 
 
 Laidler, H. W. Guild socialism. (In Socialist rev. N.Y. v. 8. 
 
 p. I73-S- Feb. 1920.) 
 
 A brief exposition of guild theories and review of guild literature. 
 
200 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Paton, John. Freedom in industry. (In Survey. N.Y. v. 44. 
 
 P- 371-3- June 12, 1920.) 
 Penty, A. J. Crisis in architecture. (In Am. inst. of arch., Jour. 
 
 Wash. V. 8. p. S5-6o. Feb. 1920.) 
 
 Contains architecture of industrialism, financial deadlock, spending 
 surplus wealth, idealism of socialism, architecture and the fuilds. 
 
 Sparkes, Malcolm. New trade unionism; launching the London 
 
 guild of builders. (In Associated general contractors' bul. 
 
 Dec. 1920. p. 17-18.) 
 Taylor, G. R. S. Guild state. (I« 19th century and after. N.Y. 
 
 V. 87. p. 177-86. Jan. 1920.) 
 Tead, Ordway. The guild idea advances. (In Freeman. N.Y. 
 
 V. 12. p. 296-8. Dec. 8, 1920.) 
 Thompson, G. R. Metaphysical presuppositions of guildsmen. 
 
 (In New age. London, v. 26. p. 165-8. Jan. 15, 1920.) 
 
 1921 
 
 Cole, G. D. H. Great building adventure; the English building 
 
 guilds at work. (In Am. inst. of arch., Jour. Wash. v. 9. 
 
 p. 17-19. Jan. 1921.) 
 Frank, Glenn. Gild socialism. (In Century mag. N.Y. v. loi. 
 
 p. 411-13- Jan. 1921.) 
 Guild-built houses. (In Survey. N.Y. v. 45. p. 732-3. Feb. 
 
 19, 1921.) 
 Sparkes, Malcolm. Solving housing in England. (In Nation. 
 
 N.Y. V. 112. p. 15. Jan. 5, 1921.) 
 
 Periodicals 
 Great Britain 
 
 Church socialist. Bimonthly. London. igi2-date. Pub. by 
 
 Church socialist league, 2 Halkin St., Leicester. Maurice B. 
 
 Reckitt, ed. 
 
 "Editorially supports the national guilds position." 
 Daily herald. London. 2 & 3 Gough square. Fleet St., E.C. 
 
 4. 1914-date. 
 
 "Contains a page of trade union notes compiled from the national 
 guilds standpoint." 
 
 The Guildsman; a journal of social and industrial freedom; 
 
 official organ of the National guilds league, edited by G. 
 
 D. H. and Margaret Cole. Monthly. London. National 
 
 guilds league. 39 Cursitor St., E.C. 4. 
 
 The Guildsman was started in 1916 by the Glasgow group of the Na- 
 tional guilds league. On sale at Sunwise turn, inc. N.Y. City. 
 
GUILD SOCIALISM 201 
 
 Labour leader. Weekly. Manchester, England. National la- 
 bour press, ltd. 30 Blackfriars st. 
 Occasionally prints articles on national guilds. 
 
 Nation. Weekly. London. Nation pub. co., ltd. 10 Adelphi 
 terrace, W.C. 2. 1907-date. 
 
 Occasionally prints articles on National guilds. 
 New age. Weekly. London. 38 Cursitor St., E.G. 4. A. R. 
 Orage, ed. S. G. Hobson, associate ed. 
 
 In the columns of this review the guild idea was first formulated 
 some half dozen years ago. On sale at Sunwise turn, inc. N.Y. City. 
 
 New statesman. A weekly review of politics and literature. 
 
 London. Statesman pub. co. 10 Great Queen st., W.C. 2. 
 
 1913-date. 
 
 Occasional articles. On sale at Brcntano's, N.Y. City. 
 Socialist review. A quarterly review of modern thought. Edited 
 
 by J. Ramsay MacDonald. London. Independent labour 
 
 party. Johnson's Court, Fleet St., E.C. 4. 
 
 Occasional articles for and against guild socialism. 
 
 United States 
 
 No magazine in the United States has consistently devoted 
 itself to guild socialist propaganda. A few articles have 
 appeared in each of the following papers. 
 Freeman. Weekly. N.Y. 116 W. 13th st. 
 Nation. Weekly. N.Y. 20 Vesey st. 
 
 Contains occasional articles on guilds and review of guildsmen's books. 
 New republic. Weekly. N.Y. 421 W. 21st st. 
 
 Occasional articles on guilds. 
 Socialist review. Published monthly by the Intercollegiate 
 
 socialist society. N.Y. 70 Fifth ave. 
 
 The Socialist review started as a monthly publication Dec. 1919 with 
 V. 8. no. I. Formerly Intercollegiate socialist (quarterly). Occasional 
 articles. Name now changed to Labor Age, pub. by Labor publication so- 
 ciety, 70 Fifth ave., N. Y. City. 
 Survey. Weekly. N.Y. 112 E. 19th st., N.Y. 
 
 Guilds — Mediaeval 
 Bibliographies 
 
 Gross, Charles. Bibliography of British municipal history includ- 
 ing guilds and parliamentary representation. N.Y. Long- 
 mans, Green & co. 1897. 
 
 Kramer, Stella. Bibliography. (In English craft guilds. 1905. 
 p. 14S-52.) 
 
202 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Renard, G. F. Guilds in the middle ages. N.Y. Macmillan co. 
 
 1919. I39P- 
 
 Introduction by G. D. H. Cole. Bibl. p. i37-40. Author's sources mostly 
 in French. Translator's ( G. D. H. Cole's) sources in English. 
 
 Books 
 
 Ashley, W. J. Characteristics of craft gild economy. (In 
 Marshall, L. C, ed. Readings in industrial society. 1918. 
 p. 82-5.) 
 
 Bateson, Mary, ed. Cambridge guild records; with a preface by 
 William Cunningham. Cambridge. Printed for the Cam- 
 bridge antiquarian soc. Sold by Deighton, Bell & co. 1903. 
 I76p. (Cambridge antiquarian soc. Pub. octavo ser. no. 39.) 
 
 Brentano, Lujo. The guilds. (In Relation of labor to the law 
 of today. 1895. p. 25-49.) 
 Rise of merchant guilds, their part in city government. The origin and 
 
 decline of craft or labor guilds. 
 
 Brentano, Lujo. On the history and development of guilds. 
 
 London. Trubner & co. 1870. i3Sp. 
 Cheyney, E. P., ed. English towns and gilds. (Original sources.) 
 
 Phila. Univ. of Penn. 1895. 
 
 For sale by Longmans, Green & co. 
 
 Coomaraswamy, Ananda. Mediaeval Sinhalese art. Broad 
 Campden, Essex house pr. 1908. 34op. 
 Sunwise turn, inc. N.Y. American agents. 
 
 Gross, Charles. Gild merchant; a contribution to English muni- 
 cipal history. Oxford. Clarendon pr; 1890. 2v. 
 
 Gross, Charles. Gilds, or guilds. (In Ency. Brit, nth ed. 1910. 
 v. 12. p. 14-17.) 
 Bibl. p. 17. Especially French and German sources. 
 
 Firth, J. F. B. Reform of London government and city guilds. 
 Stereotyped ed. London. S. Sonnenschein & co., ltd. 1885. 
 170P. 
 
 Hibberd, C. M. Influence and development of English guilds ; 
 as illustrated by the craft guilds of Shrewsbury. Thirlwald 
 dissertations. Cambridge. Univ. pr. 1891. i68p. (Cam- 
 bridge historical essays, no. 5.) 
 
 Jarrett, Bede. Mediaeval socialism. N.Y. Dodge pub. co. 
 1914. 94p. (People's books, no. 79.) 
 Bibl. p. 91-2. 
 
GUILD SOCIALISM 203 
 
 Kramer, Stella. English craft gilds and the government; an 
 examination of the accepted theory regarding the decay 
 of the craft gilds. N.Y. Macmillan co. 1905. iS2p. (Col- 
 umbia univ. Studies in history, economics and public law. 
 V. 23. no. 4.) 
 Bibl. p. 148-52. Relation of guilds to municipal government. 
 
 Kropotkin, P. A. Mutual aid; a factor of evolution. N.Y. 
 McClure, Phillips & co. 1902. 348p. 
 
 Lambart, J. M. Two thousand years of guild life; or, an out- 
 line of the history and development of the guild system from 
 early times, with special reference to its application to trade 
 and industry ; together with a. full account of the guilds and 
 trading companies of Kingston-upon-HuU, from the 14th to 
 the l8th century. Hull. A. Brown & sons. 1891. 414P. 
 Bibl. p. 399-402. 
 
 Lamprey, Louise. In the days of the guild; with four illus. in 
 color by Florence Gardner and numerous line drawings by 
 Mabel Hatt. N.Y. Stokes. 1918. 291P. 
 
 Marique, P. J.' Guilds in Flanders and France, Germany, and 
 
 Italy. (In Catholic encyclopedia. 1910. v. 7. p. 67-71.) 
 
 Brief bibliographies. Religious nature of the guilds and relation to 
 church. 
 
 Meredith, H. O. Gild merchant regulations versus craft gild 
 
 regulations. (In Marshall, L. C, ed. Readings in industrial 
 
 society. 1918. p. 87-8.) 
 Millet, F. B. Craft guilds of the thirteenth century in Paris. 
 
 Kingsbury. Ont. Canada. Jackson pr. 1915. 
 Morris, William. Architecture, industry and wealth; collected 
 
 papers. N.Y. Longmans, Green & co. 1902. 268p. 
 
 Contains Art, wealth and riches. Art and socialism. The revival of 
 handicraft. Art and industry in the fourteenth century and other essays. 
 
 Morris, William., and Bax, E. B. Mediaeval society. (In 
 
 SociaUsm; its growth and outcome. Chic. C. H. Kerr 
 
 & CO. 1913. p. S2-7S-) 
 
 A brief account of the position of craft guilds in mediaeval industrial 
 life. 
 
 Protestant Episcopal church. Joint commission on social service. 
 Mediaeval gild system. (In Third triennial rept. submitted 
 to the general convention. 1919. p. 168-74.) 
 Extensive bibliographical footnotes. 
 
204 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Renard, Georges. Guilds in the middle ages. ed. with an 
 introd. by G. D. H. Cole. London. G. Bell & sons. 1919. 
 140P. 
 
 "No National guildsman has attempted to write the history of the 
 Mediaeval guilds, or even to explain at all clearly their relation to the 
 system which he sets out to advocate. Until this very necessary work is 
 executed, the present translation of M. Renard's study of Mediaeval guilds 
 should fill a useful place." — G. D. H. Cole. Introd. p. x. 
 
 Robinson, M. F. Spirit of association; being some account of 
 the gilds, friendly societies, cooperative movement, and trade 
 unions of Great Britain. London. John Murray. 1913. 
 
 403P- 
 
 Bibliography p. 390-3. Guilds are treated p. i-iii. The history of 
 both merchant and craft guilds, their relation to industry and the govern- 
 ment of the towns. 
 
 Ruskin, John. The guild and museum of St. George; reports, 
 
 catalogues, and other papers. N.Y. Longmans, Green & co. 
 
 1907. 362P. 
 
 A literary and antiquarian account of Ruskin's unsuccessful community 
 experimient. 
 
 Seligman, E. R. A. Two chapters on the mediaeval guilds of 
 England; an essay in economic history. N.Y. J. F. Pear- 
 son. 1884. 73p. 
 "List of authorities" p. 69-73. Also numerous bibliographical footnotes. 
 
 Stally, E. Guilds of Florence. Chic. A. C. McClurg. n. d. 
 
 U. S. State department. Trade guilds of Europe. Wash. Govt, 
 print, off. 1885. 
 
 Unwin, G. Gilds and companies of London. N.Y. Charles 
 Scribner's sons. 1909. 
 
 Webb, Sidney, and Beatrice. Origins of trade unionism. (In 
 History of trade unionism. 1920. p. I-63.) 
 Bibliographical footnotes. Brief review of mediaeval guilds. 
 
 Westlake, H. F. Parish guilds of rnediaeval England. N.Y. 
 Macmillan co. 1920. 242P. 
 
 Books on Survival of Guilds 
 
 In some countries, notably India, China and Japan, the 
 guild system, typical of mediaeval Europe, still persists in 
 some form. 
 Ashbee, C. R. Craftsmanship in competitive industry; being a 
 record of the workshops of the Guild of handicraft, and 
 some deductions from their twenty-one years' experience. 
 Broad Campden, Gloucestershire and London. Essex house 
 pr. 1908. 258P. N.Y. Sunwise turn, inc. 1918. 
 The arts and crafts movement in England. 
 
GUILD SOCIALISM 205 
 
 Ashbee, C. R. Few chapters in workshop reconstruction and 
 citizenship. London. Guild and school of handicraft. 1894. 
 i65p. 
 
 An attempt to perpetuate something of the guild craftsmanship. 
 
 Coit, Stanton. Neighborhood' guilds; an instrument of social 
 
 reform. London. S. Sonnenschein & co., ltd. 1892. isop. 
 
 Community organization similar to that advocated by Ward and Collier 
 m the U.S. 
 
 Coomaraswamy, Ananda. Arts and crafts of India and Ceylon. 
 
 London. I. N. Foulis. 1913. 255P. 
 Coomaraswamy, Ananda. Dance of Siva; fourteen Indian 
 
 essays. N.Y. Sunwise turn, inc. 1918. I3gp. 
 
 Contains observations on Indian guilds and their relation to modern 
 industrial problems. 
 
 Coomaraswamy, Ananda. Indian craftsman. London. Probs- 
 thain & co. 1909. Sunwise turn, inc. N.Y. 1916. 130P. 
 A study of guild society in India by a curator of the Boston museum 
 
 of arts. 
 
 Guild of handicraft; its deed of trust and rules for the guidance 
 of its guildsmen, together with a brief note on its work 
 carried up to the close of the year 1909 and prepared for the 
 use of its members and for the trustees, by C. R. Ashbee. 
 Broad Campden, Gloucestershire, printed by Essex house pr. 
 1909. 22p. 
 
 Guild of woman-binders, London. Bindings of tomorrow; a 
 record of the work of the Guild of women-binders and of the 
 Hampstead bindery. London. Printed for the Guild of wom- 
 en-binders. Griggs & son. Hd. printers. 1902. 5op. 50 colored 
 plates. 
 
 Morse, H. B. Gilds of China. N.Y. Longmans, Green & co. 
 
 1909. 92p. 
 
 An account of guild control of industry in China; author is impatient 
 of guild restrictions on European trade. 
 
SYNDICALISM 
 CONTENTS 
 
 Introduction 2og 
 
 Bibliographies ' 213 
 
 Definitions 213 
 
 General 213 
 
 Theories 214 
 
 Syndicalism and Socialism 217 
 
 Syndicalism and Industrial Unionism in Various Countries . . 218 
 
 United States — Industrial Workers of the World 223 
 
 Periodical directories 226 
 
SYNDICALISM 
 
 Whereas anarchism and socialism were both born as 
 theories, the name syndicalism is simply the French word for 
 trade unionism, and originally had no larger significance. In 
 1902 the French central labor body (Confederation Generale du 
 Travail) declared itself against political action and in favor 
 of what has come to be known as syndicalism. 
 
 Dissatisfied with the political tactics and coUectivistic aims 
 of the socialists, the French syndkats or unions definitely aban- 
 doned socialist leadership, became quite separate in organization, 
 and adopted the slogan of "industrial action." 
 
 They accepted the ideal of a society without political state 
 organization, but gave it a practical means of expression 
 through the principle of an industrial government. Syndicalism 
 repudiates collectivist and parliamentary tactics, preferring direct 
 action, by means of the general strike and "sabotage." 
 
 It wishes the organized workers to own all land and capital 
 and administer all industry. The syndicats, or local unions, 
 are to be loosely federated into three organizations, the bourses 
 du travail, or central labor unions of a city or district; the 
 national federation of each industry; and the general federation. 
 The most important of these elements is the bourse du travail, 
 and the national organizations are assigned only limited powers. 
 
 At the present time the influence of syndicalism as a philos- 
 ophy appears to be waning. A distinct evidence of this is the 
 fact that the C. G. T. in 1918 decided to give up its policy of 
 political neutrality, and to cooperate with the socialist movement. 
 
 Levine's "Syndicalism in France" ^ives the best description 
 of the movement. Sorel's "Reflections on Violence" interprets 
 the theory, and Bertrand Russell's "Proposed Roads to Free- 
 dom" contains a good general review of syndicalism. Lagardelle, 
 teene and Labriola are prominent exponents of syndicalist 
 philosophy, and their books on the subject are valuable. 
 
 Australia 
 
 The "Worker's Industrial Union of Australia" dates back to 
 some years before the war. The platform of this organization 
 
210 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 declared as its aim "to bind together in one organization all 
 wage-workers in every industry, and to secure the abolition of 
 capitalistic class ownership of the means of production and the 
 estabhshment in its place of social ownership by the whole com- 
 munity.'' The strength of the organization is not considerable. 
 
 Canada 
 
 In 1906 the Industrial Workers of the World began organiza- 
 tion in Canada, and formed many branches in Alberta and 
 British Columbia, claiming in 191 1 as many as 10,000 members. 
 During the war a large proportion of the branches were dis- 
 solved, and there is at present no accurate information about 
 the membership. 
 
 Dentmirk and Norway 
 
 Denmark has a small syndicalist group opposed to the policy 
 of collective bargaining and parliamentary tactics. This move- 
 ment gained strength during the war. 
 
 In Norway the syndicalists have secured control over the 
 Metal Workers' Federation, one of the largest trade unions in 
 the country. 
 
 France 
 
 The labor unions, "syndicats," increased considerably in num- 
 ber about 1884. In the early nineties the organization was 
 furthered by the formation of "Bourses du Travail" or the 
 workingmen's exchanges. Ferdinand Pelloutier first gave ex- 
 pression to revolutionary syndicalism based on direct action, 
 and attacked parliamentary action. Although a few unions 
 opposed this philosophy, imperative necessity for unity held the 
 different elements of the Federation together. At present, the 
 leadership of the C. G. T. (General Federation of Labor) has 
 given up much of its former revolutionary tactics and has 
 adopted a more conciliatory attitude toward the government. 
 A strong movement, especially among the metal workers, headed 
 by Pierre Monette, opposes the official policy of the C. G. T. 
 The membership of the federation is now estimated at 1,500,000. 
 
 Germany 
 
 In Germany the syndicalist movement is represented by the 
 "Gewerkschaftskommission der Freien Vereinigung deutscher 
 Gewerkschaften (General Commission of the Free Association 
 of German Unions) and claims 60,000 members. 
 
SYNDICALISM 211 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 Syndicalism as a separate movement has gained very little 
 foothold in England. But it has been influential in giving cur- 
 rency to the idea of industrial unionism. Tom Mann, its most 
 outstanding figure, was until recently secretary of the Amalga- 
 mated Society of Engineers. 
 
 Holland 
 
 The "National Arbeids-Secretariaat" (National Labor Secre- 
 tariat) of the Netherlands had in 1920 a membership of 33,060. 
 It advocates sabotage and direct action, and discourages political 
 action by the workers. 
 
 Italy 
 
 The Italian revolutionary syndicalists organized in 1906 the 
 Italian Syndicalist Union, a frankly revolutionary organization 
 free from any affiliation with the Socialist Party or the Italian 
 General Federation of Labor. The organization represents the 
 radical syndicalist element, which is opposed to political activity 
 and favors direct action, the general strike and revolution. In 
 1920 the organization claimed 305,000 members. 
 
 Spain 
 
 In Spain the syndicalist movement is represented by the 
 National Confederation of Labor. The confederation is an 
 underground organization with anarcho-syndicalistic tendencies. 
 It controls mainly the Catalonia district. 
 
 United States 
 
 Syndicalism in the United States has found expression in 
 the organization of the Industrial Workers of the World. This 
 was preceded by the Knights of Labor, similar in structure but 
 not in philosophy, which was organized in 1869, and demanded 
 "the grand union of all who toil, regardless of sex, of creed, or 
 of color." The idealism of this theory could not survive the 
 practical test of sympathetic strikes, tried in 1886-1888 at terrible 
 cost on two railroads and among the longshoremen. The 
 membership of this body (Knights of Labor) reached its max- 
 imum of about a miUion in 1887, then declined to 100,000 in 
 1898, and is now practically extinct. 
 
 The organization of the I. W. W. was inspired by the mani- 
 festo of a convention of labor leaders, held in January, 
 
212 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 ' 1905. This document contained an indictment of pre- 
 vailing conditions in the trade-union world, tentative plans for a 
 new departure in labor organization, and a call for a convention 
 to organize this new union. At its inception in June, 190S, the 
 I. W. W. was divided into three departments ; mining, metal and 
 machinery, and transportation. At first it devoted its energy 
 to reforming the existing craft unions of the A. F. of L,, against 
 a very active opposition. It conducted numerous strikes in the 
 early period, most of them unsuccessful because of inefficient 
 leadership and imperfect organization. A year after its inaug- 
 uration the union numbered 21,000 members, and three mortfns 
 later, 60,000. Any attempt to state the menibership accurately is 
 difficult, both because the enrolled members at any given moment 
 represent only a fraction of the movement, and because at 
 times of definite strike activity the enrollment temporarily in- 
 creases. In 1921 the I. W. W. had about 15,000 members. The 
 bulk of the membership is drawn from itinerant workers in 
 agriculture and the lumber camps. 
 
 The I. W. W. has held consistently to its policies of complete 
 democracy in membership, and direct industrial action as its 
 principal method. For several years it has been practically an 
 outlaw organization, working against legislative and judicial 
 opposition and a campaign of antagonistic press propaganda. Its 
 national headquarters are at looi West Madison Street, 
 Chicago. 
 
 Carleton H. Parker's article in the Atlantic Monthly for 
 November, 1917, gives a psychological interpretation of the 
 I. W. W. Robert W. Bruere's "Following the Trail of the 
 I. W. W." is the account of a personal investigation. A detailed 
 history and an extensive bibliography are to be found in P. F. 
 Brissenden's . book,., "Xhe. I . W. W." '" 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 Bibliographies 
 
 Brissenden, P. F. Bibliography. (In I. W. W. : a study of 
 
 American syndicalism. 1919. p. 385-422.) 
 
 The most inclusive bibliography of the I. W. W. Arranged under 
 official I. W. W. documents, propaganda leaflets, periodicals, books and 
 pamphlets, magazine articles listed by date, 
 
 ■firooks, J. C. Literature. (In American syndicalism: the 
 
 I. W. W. 1913. p. 253-6.) 
 
 Not a complete bibliography. "The books, pamphlets and leaflets are 
 those which the writer has found most useful in this study." Arranged 
 under American, English, French and German literature. 
 
 Cole, G. D. H. Bibliography. (In World of labour. 3d ed. 
 
 1917- P- 427-35) 
 
 Numerous references to syndicalism, covering theory and develop- 
 ment in France, Italy, and U.S. 
 
 Lewis, A. D. Annotated list of works on syndicalism consulted 
 
 by the author. (In Syndicalism and the general strike. 1912. 
 
 p. 295-309.) 
 Stewart, Anna. [Syndicalism.] (In Social problems ; outlines 
 
 and references. 1917. p. 217-18.) 
 
 Arranged under I. W. W., class warfare, direct action, general strike, 
 sabotage, violence, etc. 
 
 Definitions 
 
 National civil liberties bureau. Terms commonly used and 
 abused in connection with radical labor movements. (In 
 Truth about the I. W. W. 1918. p. 7) 
 
 Pouget, Emile. Definition du syndicalisme. (In Les bases du 
 syndicalisme. 5th ed. n.d. p. 1-2.) 
 
 Spargo, John. What is syndicalism? (In Syndicalism, indus- 
 trial unionism and socialism. 1913. p. 1-4.) 
 Gives etymology and definition from a socialist's viewpoint. 
 
 General 
 
 Clay, Sir Arthur. Syndicalism and labour; notes upon some 
 aspects of social and industrial questions of the day. 2d ed. 
 London. J. Murray. 191 1. 230P. 
 
 M. Sorel. Syndicalism in Great Britain and other European countries. 
 A compilation of London Times articles. Purpose is a study of syndical- 
 ism in order to combat it. 
 
214 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Encyclopedie socialiste, syndicate et co-operative de I'internation- 
 ale ouvriere, publiee sous la direction technique de Compere- 
 Morel. Paris. Aristide Quillet. 1913. 
 "Le mouvement syndical" par J. - B. Severac. _445p. "Bibliographic'' 
 
 p. 443-7. Syndicalism in France, p. 4-317. Syndicalism in other countries. 
 
 p. 321-47. 
 
 Harley, J. H. Syndicalism. London. T. C. & E. C. Jack. 1912. 
 94p. (People's books no. 80.) 
 Brief synopsis. 
 
 Lewis, A. D. Syndicalism and the general strike ; an explanation. 
 
 London. T. Fisher Unwin. 1912. 320P. 
 
 Bibl. p. 295-309. Bibliographical footnotes. Sorel and his ideas, syn- 
 dicalism in Italy, Germany, England and other countries, with chapter on 
 objections to syndicalism. 
 
 Protestant Episcopal church. Joint commission on social service. 
 
 Syndicalism. (In Third triennial report submitted to the 
 
 general convention. 1919. p. 66-80.) 
 
 Bibliographical footnotes. Synopsis of syndicalist theories and later 
 programs. 
 
 Russell, Bertrand. The syndicalist revolt. (In Proposed roads 
 ta^ffeedom. 1919. p. 56-85.) 
 
 Bibliographical footnotes. Brief account of development of syndicalism 
 from anarchism and the labor union in France. A summary of the work 
 of the I. W. W. in the U.S. Readable and impartial. 
 
 Tridon, Andre. New unionism. 2d ed. N.Y. B. W. Huebsch. 
 
 191 7. igSp. 
 
 "The philosophy and practice of syndicalism, its history and its 
 status all over the world." Partisan but a detailed study. 
 
 Theories 
 
 Belloc, Hilaire. The servile state. London. T. N. FouHs. 1912. 
 i89p. 
 
 Belloc regards the state as the tool of capitalism and thinks that 
 French syndicalism and Irish agricultural cooperation are hopeful reactions 
 against the servile state. 
 
 Berth, Edouard. Les nouveaux aspects du socialisme. Paris. 
 M. Riviere. 1908. 64P. (Bibliotheque du mouvement social- 
 iste. v. 6.) 
 
 Boyle, James. The minimum wage and syndicalism; an inde- 
 pendent survey of the two latest movements affecting Amer- 
 ican labor. Cincinnati. Stewart & Kidd co. 1913. 136?. 
 
 Bibl. p. 134-6. Syndicalism p. 87-136. A general discussion of its 
 theories and history. 
 
SYNDICALISM 215 
 
 Brentano, Lujo. Ueber Syndikalismus und Lohn-minimum. 
 Zwei Vortrage von L. Brentano, nebst einem Anhang, enthal- 
 tend Ausfiihrungen und Dokumente zur Illustrierung der 
 Kampfweise der gegner sozialer Reform gegen deren Ver- 
 treter. Miinchen. Siiddeutsche Monatshefte. 1913. H4p. 
 Bibliographical footnotes. Syndicalism and the minimum wage. Study 
 by the eminent German historian of trade unionism. English and Aus- 
 tralian data. 
 
 Cole, G. D. H. The control of industry; syndicalism and 
 collectivism. (In World of labour. 3d ed. 1917. p. 344-69.) 
 Bibl. p. 427-35. Cole believes in a blending of collectivism and syn- 
 
 dicalism_ to make guild socialism. See index of book for references on 
 
 syndicalism in the U.S., Italy, and France. 
 
 Delesalle, Paul. Les deux methodes du syndicalisme. Paris. 
 
 Publication sociale. n. d. i6p. 
 Estey, J. A. Revolutionary syndicalism ; an exposition and a 
 
 criticism, with an introduction by L. L. Price. London. P. S. 
 
 King & son. 1913. 2l2p. 
 
 Bibl. p. 208-9. Numerous bibliographical footnotes. An unfriendly 
 review of the philosophy and practice of syndicalism. 
 
 Goldman, Emma. Syndicalism ; the modern menace to capital- 
 ism. N.Y. Mother earth pub. assn. 1913. I4p. 
 A brief statement of its philosophy. 
 
 Griffuelhes, Victor. L'action syndicaliste. Paris. Librairie des 
 sciences, politiques and sociales. 1908. 67p. (Bibliotheque 
 du mouvement socialiste, no. 4.) 
 Discusses value of direct action, the general strike, patriotism, the 
 
 attitude of syndicalists and socialists toward these issues. 
 
 Haywood, W. D., and Bohn, Frank. Industrial socialism. 6th 
 
 ed. Chic. C. H. Kerr & co. 1911. 64P. 
 
 Written before split of Haywood with political actionists. Outline of 
 industrial conditions in U.S., the one big union idea and the place of social- 
 ism in labor emancipation. 
 Hobson, J. A. Problems of a new world. London. George 
 
 Allen & Unwin. 1921. 
 
 Includes a discussion of syndicalism. 
 Hunter, Robert. Violence and the labor movement. N.Y. Mac- 
 
 millan co. 1919. 388p. 
 
 "Authorities" p. 357-73. A socialist's attack on syndicalism. 
 Labriola, Arturo. Riforme e rivoluzione sociale. 2d ed. 
 
 Lugano. Egisto Cagnozzi & co. 1906. 248?. 
 
 Criticism of reformist socialism. 
 Lagardelle, Hubert, ed. La greve generale et le socialisme; 
 
 enquete Internationale, opinions et documents. Paris. Ed- 
 
 ouard Comely et cie. 1905. 423P. 
 
 Collection of arguments for and against the general strike. 
 
2i6 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Lagardelle, Hubert, and others. Syndicalisme et socialisme. 
 Paris. Librairie des sciences, politiques et sociales. igo8. 
 63p. (Bibliotheque du mouvement socialiste. no. I.) 
 Contents; Arturo Labriola, Le syndicalism et la socialisme en Italic; 
 Robert Michels, Le syndicalisme et la socialisme en Allemagne; Boris 
 Kritchewsky, Le syndicalisme et la socialisme en Russie; Hubert Lagardelle, 
 Le syndicalisme en France; Victor Griffuelhes, Les caractferes du syn- 
 dicalisme francais; Hubert Lagardelle, Anarchisme et syndicalisme. _ Part 
 of discussion on direct and political action centering about the rejection 
 of parliamentary tactics by C. G. T. 
 
 La Monte, R. R. The new socialism. Chic. C. H. Kerr & co. 
 
 igi2? 32p. 
 
 "The only socialism that now inspires hopes and fears is of the school 
 of Tom Mann and William D. Haywood." 
 
 Laski, H. J. Authority in the modern state. New Haven. Yale 
 
 univ. pr. 1919. 398p. 
 
 Contains: Authority in the modern state; Administrative syndicalism in 
 France, and other essays. 
 
 Leone, Ejirico. II sindicalismo. [2d ed rev.] Milano. Remo. 
 Sandron. 1910. 2S9p. 
 "May be called a text-book of syndicalism." 
 
 Mellor, William. Direct action. London. Leonard Parsons. 
 
 1920. I56p. 
 Pataud, fimile, and Pouget, E. Syndicalism ; and the cooperative 
 
 commonwealth. How we may bring about the revolution. 
 
 Preface by P. Kropotkin. Tr. from the French by C. and F. 
 
 Chartes. Oxford. New intl. pub. co. 1913. 2405. 
 
 Bibl. p. 2:i6-y. A syndicalist Utopia. Organization of production, p- 
 121-7. Trade union congress, p. 128-38. 
 
 Pouget, fimile. Les bases du syndicalisme. Paris. La guerre 
 sociale. n. d. 24p. (Bibliotheque syndicaliste.) 
 
 Basis of social unity, group production, French patriotism and French 
 democracy. 
 
 Pouget, fimile. Sabotage. Tr. from the French with introduc- 
 tion by Arturo M. Giovannitti. Chic. C. H. Kerr & 
 CO. 1913. io8p. 
 Sabotage, definition p. 13-14. Origin of sabotage, its ethics, and 
 
 methods; capitalistic sabotage. 
 
 Roller, Arnold. The social general strike. New and rev. ed. 
 
 London. Freedom pr. 1912. 3op. 
 
 The general strike as a weapon, organization "after the victory," 
 historic synopsis of general strike idea. 
 
 Scott, J. W. Syndicalism and philosophical realism ; a study 
 
 in the correlation of contemporary social tendencies. London. 
 
 A. C. Black. 1919. 2i5p. 
 
 Relations of Bertrand Russell's and Henri Bergson's philosophies to 
 that of syndicalism. 
 
SYNDICALISM 217 
 
 Sorel, Georges. La decomposition du Marxisme. 2d ed. Paris. 
 
 M. Riviere et cie. 1910. 68p. (Bibliotheque du mouvement 
 
 proletarien. v. 3,) 
 Sorel, Georges. Reflections on violence. Tr. T. E. Hulme. 3d 
 
 ed. N.Y. B. W. Huebsch. 1916. 299P. 
 
 Bibliographical footnotes. A philosophical examination of the place of 
 violence in social development, its ethics and use in the general strike. 
 Stoddart, J. T. Revolutionary syndicalism. (In New socialism. 
 • 1909- p. 183-224.) 
 
 A criticism of syndicalism because of its revolutionary aims and 
 advocacy of violence in class warfare. 
 
 Trautmann, W. E. Direct action and sabotage. Pittsburgh. 
 
 Socialist news co. 1912. 39p. 
 
 Admits value of action on political field. 
 Yvetot, Georges. A.B.C. syndicalists. Paris. Union des syn- 
 
 dicats de la Seine. 191 1. 72P. 
 
 Outline of theory, direct action, boycott, sabotage. 
 
 Syndicalism and Socialism 
 
 Criticism of syndicalism by socialists. 
 
 Guesde, Jules, and others. Parti socialiste et la Confederation 
 
 generale du travail. Paris. Librairie des sciences politiques 
 
 et sociales. 1908. 72p. 
 
 Contents: Hubert Lagardelle, p. 7-33; Jules Guesde, p. 33-51; Edouard 
 Vaillant, p. 51-72. Discussion of direct versus political action. 
 
 MacDonald, J. R. Syndicalism ; a critical examination. London. 
 
 Constable & co. 1912. 74P. 
 
 A socialist's criticism of syndicalism. 
 Macy, John. Socialism in America. N.Y. Doubleday, Page & 
 
 CO. 1916. 249p. 
 
 By a socialist with syndicalist leanings. 
 
 Mann, Tom, and Lewis, A. M. Debate between Tom Mann and 
 Arthur M. Lewis at the Garrick Theatre, Chicago, Illinois, 
 Sunday, Nov. 16, 1913. Chic. C. H. Kerr & co. 1914. 77p. 
 Tom Mann, the foremost English syndicalist, presents the case for 
 direct action and industrial unionism and Lewis, the socialist plan for cap- 
 turing the political state and nationalization of industry. 
 
 Snowden, Philip. Socialism and syndicalism. London. Collins' 
 
 clear type pr. 1913? 262P. 
 
 Bibl. p. 2SS-8. "The weakness of the movement [syndicalism] in 
 Great Britain is so extreme as hardly to entitle it to attention." Most 
 of the book is an exposition of socialism. Syndicalism p. 214-^7. Syn- 
 dicalism's emphasis on individual commended. 
 
 Sombart, Werner. Socialism and the social movement. 6th ed. 
 N.Y. E. P. Dutton & co. 1909. 3I9P- 
 Contains a criticism of revolutionary syndicalism as Utopian. 
 
2i8 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Spargo, John. Syndicalism, industrial unionism and socialism. 
 
 N.Y. B. W. Huebsch. 1913. 243P. 
 
 Bibliographical notes p. 234-43. Socialist's study of syndicalist theory, 
 including the general strike and sabotage. Opposes resort to violence 
 and "extreme" revolutionary action. 
 
 Walling, W. E. Socialist labor unionism and labor union social- 
 ism. C. H. Kerr.& co. n. d. 
 
 Webb, Sidney, and Beatrice. What syndicalism means; an ex- 
 amination of the origin and motives of the movement with 
 an analysis of its proposals for the control of industry. 
 London. The Crusade. Aug. 1912. p. 136-54- 
 Selected books on syndicalism, p. 154. Also numerous bibliographical 
 
 footnotes. 
 
 Syndicalism and Industrial Unionism in Various Countries. 
 
 Australia 
 
 Tridon, Andre. New unionism in Australia, New Zealand, and 
 South Africa. (In New unionism. 2d ed. 1917. p. 165-72.) 
 
 Periodicals 
 
 Direct action, "Australian administration,'' I. W. W. organ. 
 
 Weekly. Sydney, N. S. W. Australia. Jan. 1914-date. 
 The people. Weekly. N.S.W. South Australia. 
 Solidarity. Monthly. Issued by Industrial democracy league 
 
 of New South Wales. 
 
 Denmark, Norway and Sweden 
 
 Clay, Sir Arthur. Swedish strike, igog. (In Syndicalism and 
 labour, igii. p. 59-78.) 
 A hostile account compiled from London Times. 
 
 Louis, Paul. Danemark. (In Syndicalisme Europeen. 1914. 
 p. 239-69.) 
 
 Development of labor movement in Denmark, trade union history and 
 syndicalist tendencies. 
 
 Louis, Paul. Norwege. (In Syndicalisme Europeen. 1914. 
 p. 2g3-3o8.) 
 
 Industrial growth and industrial unionism in Norway. 
 
 Louis, Paul. Suede. (In Syndicalisme Europeen. 1914. p. 
 270-92.) 
 Swedish industries and history of syndicates. 
 
SYNDICALISM 219 
 
 Periodicals 
 
 Brand. Weekly. Stockholm. 
 
 Organ of the revolutionary syndicalist movement of Sweden. 
 Direkte Aktion. Christiania, Norway. 
 Direkte Aktion. Stockholm, Sweden. 
 Solidaritet. Weekly. Copenhagen, Denmark. 
 Syndicalisten. Fortnightly. Official organ Sveriges Arbetares 
 
 Central Organisation. Lund, Sweden. 
 
 France 
 
 Acht, Anton. Der moderne franzosische syndikalismus. Jena. 
 
 Gustav Fischer, ipii. 
 
 "A severely academic study, but one of the most useful yet published." 
 J. G. Brooks. 
 
 Cole, G. D. H. Labour in France. (In World of labour. 3d 
 
 ed. 1917. p. 58-127.) 
 
 Bibliographical footnotes. Also bibl. p. 428-30. Doctrinces of Sorel 
 and history of C. G. T. 
 
 Confederation generale du travail. (In L'information ouvriere 
 
 et sociale. Paris. Nov. 28, 1918. no. 26.) 
 Delesalle, Paul. Les bourses du travail et la C. G. T. Paris. 
 
 Marcel Riviere et cie. n. d. 64p. (Bibliotheque du mouve- 
 
 ment proletarien. no. 9.) 
 
 "Organes syndicalistes," p. 62-3. Organization of C. G. T. 
 
 Kritsky, M. L'evolution du syndicalisme en France. Paris. V. 
 
 Giard et E. Briere. igo8. 426P. 
 
 "Terribly detailed (giving resolutions at various congresses,) but a 
 most important history of trade unions in France from the French Revo- 
 lution to 1906, written from a syndicalist point of view." — A. D. Lewis. 
 
 Laurin, M. T. Les instituteurs et le syndicalisme. (amicales 
 4 syndicats d'instituteurs.) Paris. Marcel Riviere. 1908. 
 64P. (Bibliotheque du mouvement proletarien. no. 7.) 
 Government employees and syndicalism. M. G. Clemenceau's answer to 
 
 the unions. 
 
 LjKevine, Louis. Syndicalism in France. 2d ed. of "The labor 
 movement in France." N.Y. Longmans, Green & co. 1914. 
 229p. 
 Bibl. p. 222-9. Full historical and theoretical treatment. "Recognized 
 
 as the most accurate and scientific English statement of the syndicalist 
 
 movement in France." — ^Am. jour. soc. 
 
 Louis, Paul. Histoire du mouvement syndical en France, 1789- 
 1906. Paris. Felix Alcan. 1907. 282p. 
 An important history. 
 
220 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Pouget, fimile. La confederation generale du travail. 2d ed. 
 
 Paris. M. Riviere et cie. 1910? 67p. (Bibliotheque du 
 
 mouvement proletarien. v. 2.) 
 Tridon, Andre. The new unionism in France; revolutionary 
 
 syndicalism. (In New unionism. 2d ed. 1917. p. 67-91.) 
 
 Confederation g^n^rale du travail; its evolution from syndicats. 
 
 Programs 
 
 Confederation generale du travail. (In L'information ouvriere 
 et sociale. Nov. 28, 1918. no. 26.) 
 
 Periodicals 
 
 L'action directe. Weekly. Paris. Jan. 15, 1908-date. 
 
 La bataille syndicaliste. Daily. Paris. 1913-date. 
 
 La voix du peuple. Journal syndicaliste. Organe de la Con- 
 federation generale du travail. Weekly. Paris. Dec. i, 
 1900-date. 
 
 Germany 
 
 Freie Vereinigung deutscher Gewerkschaften. Berlin. Was 
 wollen die Lakalisten? Programm, Ziele u. Wege. Berlin. 
 F. Kater. 1912. 32p. 
 
 Kleinlein, Andreas. Der Syndikalismus in Deutschland. (In 
 Jahrbuch der freien Generation fiir 1912. Brussels, p. 104- 
 
 13.) 
 
 "Gives an excellent account of the Freie Vereinigung deutscher 
 Gewerkschaften." — A. D. Lewis. 
 
 Lewis, A. D. Germany. (In Syndicalism and the general strike. 
 
 1912. p. 149-68.) 
 
 Bibliographical footnotes. Relation of socialism and craft unions to 
 syndicalism. 
 
 Periodicals 
 
 Die Einigkeit. Weekly. Organ of "Freie Vereinigung deutscher 
 
 Gewerkschaften." Berlin. 1906-date. 
 
 Paper started 1896. Syndicalist since 1906. 
 Pioneer; Unabhangiges sozial revolutionares Organ. Weekly. 
 
 Berlin. Jan. 1911. 
 
 Represents revolutionary syndicalist movement in Germany. 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 Clay, Sir Arthur. Syndicalism in the United Kingdom. (In 
 
 Sj'ndicalism and labour. 191 1. p. 92-202.) 
 
 A-n unfriendly but detailed account of British labor's syndicalistic 
 tendencies. 
 
SYNDICALISM 221 
 
 Lewis, A. D. England. (In Syndicalism and the general strike. 
 1912. p. 171-214.) 
 Bibl. p. 302-3. Chiefly books of Tom Mann. 
 
 Periodicals 
 
 Industrial syndicalist. Monthly. Edited by Tom Mann. London. 
 
 igio. 
 Industrial worker. Organ of the "British I. W.W. administra- 
 tion." London. 
 Solidarity; journal of militant labour. Monthly. London. 
 
 Solidarity pr. 10 Tudor st. E.C. 4. 
 
 Organ Industrial democracy league. 
 Syndicalist. Monthly. London. 1912. 
 
 Formerly Syndicalist railwayman. 
 Syndicalist and amalgamated news. Ed. under auspices of the 
 
 Industrial syndicalist and education league. Monthly 
 
 London. 1912. 
 Worker. Weekly. Glasgow. National council offices. 31 North 
 
 Federick st. 
 
 Organ workers* committees. 
 
 Italy 
 
 Clay, Sir Arthur. Syndicalism in Italy. (In Syndicalism and 
 
 labour, igii. p. 79-85.) 
 
 Hostile account of railway strike in 1907 and Parma strike of 1907. 
 Taken from London Times. 
 
 Cole, G. D. H. [Labour in Italy.] (In World of labour. 3d ed. 
 1917. p. 166-9.) 
 Considers the Italian syndicalist movement unimportant, "rudimentary." 
 
 Faggi, A. Historical sketches of the revolutionary labor move- 
 ment in Italy. (In One big union monthly. Chic. v. I. 
 no. 5. p. 22-8. July. 1919.) 
 
 A detailed account of the origin, history and present status of syn- 
 dicalism in Italy. 
 
 Labriola, Arturo. Le syndicalisme et le socialisme en Italie. 
 (In Lagardelle, Hubert, and others. Syndicalisme et social- 
 isme. 1908. p. 9-20.) 
 Revolt of the syndicalists against the parliamentary socialists. 
 
 Lanzillo, A. Le mouvement ouvrier en Italie, traduit par S. 
 Piroddi. Paris. Marcel Riviere et cie. n. d. 6ip. (Biblio- 
 theque du mouvement proletarien. no. 12.) 
 History of the north and south of Italy, crisis of 1898-1904. General 
 
 strike of 1905. Syndicalism and agriculture. 
 
 Leone, Enrico. Syndicalismo. Milan. R. Sandron. 1910. 259P. 
 
222 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Lewis, A. D. Italy. (In Syndicalism and the general strike. 
 
 1912. p. 97-146.) 
 
 General account of Italian labor conditions and Labriola's theories. 
 Louis, Paul. Italie. (In Syndicalisme Europeen. 1914- P- 
 175-205.) 
 Outline of Italian industries and growth of syndicalist movement. 
 
 Program 
 Program of the Italian syndicalists. (In official paper "Guerri 
 di classi." Rome. Oct. 19, 1918.) 
 
 Periodical 
 Guerri di classi. (War of the classes.) Official organ Italian 
 syndicalist union. Rome. 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 Louis, Paul. Pays-bas. (In Syndicalisme. Europeen. 1914. 
 
 p. 107-39) 
 
 Union growth. Statistics given. 
 
 Periodical 
 De Arbeid. Biweekly. Holland. 
 
 Russia 
 Kritchewsky, Boris. Le syndicalisme et le socialisme en Russie. 
 
 (In Lagardelle, and others. Syndicalisme et socialisme. 1908. 
 
 P- 29-34.) 
 
 General effect of 'syndicalism on Russian worker, the St. Petersburg 
 strike of 1896 and revolution of 1905. 
 
 South America 
 
 Periodicals 
 
 La accion obrera. Buenos Ayres. 
 Adelante. Punta Arenas, Chile. 
 
 Spain 
 
 Clay, Sir Arthur. The general strike in Spain. (In Syndicalism 
 
 and labour. 1911. p. 85-91.) 
 
 Hostile account of Barcelona strike and death of Ferrer. 
 [Organized labor in Spain.] (In Nation. N.Y. v. no. p. 93-4. 
 
 Jan. 24, 1920.) 
 
 Suppression of Barcelona syndicalists. 
 Guscetti, F. J. Class war in Spanish-speaking countries. (In 
 
 Industrial pioneer. Chic. v. I. no. 2. p. 52-6. March 1921.) 
 
SYNDICALISM 223 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 Louis, Paul. Suisse. (In Syndicalisme Europeen. 1914. p. 
 140-74.) 
 Outline of Swiss industries and erowtli of unions. 
 
 United States — The Industrial Workers of the World 
 
 Bing, A. M. I. W. W. and the Loyal legion of loggers and 
 
 lumbermen. (In War-time strikes and their adjustment. 
 
 •^1921. p. 255-72.) 
 Bloomfield, Daniel, ed. Syndicalism, industrial unionism and 
 
 the I. W. W. (In Selected articles on modern industrial 
 
 movements. 1919. p. 35-86.) 
 
 Bibl. pref. p. xii-xiv. Reprints "I. W. W. preamble," Industrial union 
 manifesto," "Principle of the industrial union." Lousis Levine, "Syn- 
 dicalism," "Standpoint of syndicalism." Bertrand Russell, "Democracy 
 and direct action." J. M. Robertson, "Dogma of direct action." R. F. 
 Hoxie, "Truth about the I. W. W." American federationist, "Destruction 
 the avowed purpose of the I. W. W." W. B. Wilson, "False theories of 
 the I. W. W." 
 
 Brissenden, P. F. The I. W. W. ; a study in American syndical- 
 ism. N.Y. Longmans, Green & co. 1919. 432p. 
 Bibliographical footnotes. Bibl. p. 385-422. Forerunners of I. W. W. 
 origin, relations to A. F. of L., its strikes, centralization and decentral- 
 ization. One of the best works on the I. W. W. 
 Rev. ed. 1920. 
 
 Brooks, J. G. American syndicalism ; the I. W. W. N.Y. Mac- 
 
 .millan co. 1913. 264P. 
 
 "Literature" p. 253-6. Early history, its principles and present position. 
 General strike p. 115-28. Direct action p. 129-38. Sabotage p. 139-57. 
 Violence p. 158-67. "A highly interesting, sound and sane, yet sympathetic 
 exposition of syndicalism in the United States,^ with survey of the general 
 socialistic movement and of the European origins of syndicalism." — Am. 
 library assn. Booklist. 
 
 Bruere, R. W. Following the trail of the I. W. W. ; a first-hand 
 
 investigation into labor troubles in the West. A trip into 
 
 the copper and lumber camps of the Inland empire with 
 
 views of the man on the job. N.Y. N.Y. eve. post. 1918. 
 
 39P- 
 
 The general situation and conditions in Bisbee, Arizona, after the 
 deportation, the situation in the Oregon and Washington lumber camps. 
 The Loyal legion of loggers and lumbermen and I. W. W. 
 
 Chaplin, Ralph. Centralia conspiracy. Chic. Industrial workers 
 
 of the world. National exenutive com. 1919? Sop. 
 
 Commons, J. R., and others. From socialism to anarchism and 
 
 syndicalism, 1876-1884. (In History of labour in the United 
 
 States. 1918. V. 2. p. 269-300.) 
 De Leon, Daniel. Industrial unionism ; selected editorials. 
 
 N.Y. N.Y. labor news co. 1920. 
 
224 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Doran, J. T. Murder in Centralia. (In Liberator. N.Y. v. 3- 
 
 no. 2. p. 16-18. Feb. 1920.) 
 
 Account of I. W. W. trial in Washington for killing of paraders 
 who, author asserts, attacked Centralia headquarters. 
 
 Ebert, Justus. I. W. W. handbook. (In press. Announced in 
 One big union monthly. Chic. v. I. no. 10. p. 42. Dec. 1919.) 
 
 Ebert, Justus. The trial of a new society; being a review of 
 the celebrated Ettor-Giovannitti-Caruso case, beginning with 
 the Lawrence textile strike that caused it and including the 
 general strike that grew out of it. Cleveland, O. I. W. W. 
 pub. bur. 1913. i6op. 
 A review of one of the first large I. W. W. strikes. 
 
 Haywood, W. D. Evidence and cross-examination of Wm. D. 
 Haywood in the case of the U. S. A. vs. Wm. D. Haywood, 
 et al. Chic. Genl, defense com. of I. W. W. n. d. 3i2p. 
 Haywood's defense and testimony at the I. W. W. trial in Chicago, 
 
 when accused of obstructing the U.S. prosecution of the war. 
 
 Haywood, W. D. Testimony before the Industrial relations 
 commission. Chic. I. W. W. pub. bur. n.d. 7op. 
 
 Hoxie, R. F. Industrial workers of the world and revolutionary 
 unionism. (In Trade unionism in the United States. 1919. 
 p. 139-76.) 
 
 Bibl. p. 174-6. Its membership, philosophy and estimate of its import- 
 ance. Considers movement weak in number, money, and constructive 
 ability. 
 
 Industrial workers of the world. The industrial encyclopedia. 
 
 (Announced in preparation in One big union monthly. Chic. 
 
 v. I. no. 10. p 15. Dec. 1919.) 
 Levine, Louis. Development of syndicalism in America. N.Y. 
 
 Ginn & CO. 1913. 28p. 
 
 Reprinted from Political science quarterly. 
 
 National civil liberties bureau. Truth about the I. W. W. ; facts 
 in relation to the trial at Chicago, by competent industrial 
 investigators and noted economists. N.Y. Pub. by bureau. 
 1918. S5P- 
 
 Parker, C. H. Casual laborer and other essays. N.Y. Harcourt, 
 Brace & Howe. 1920. I99p. 
 
 Contains essays on the psychology of the I. W. W. 
 
 Parker, C. H. I. W. W. (In Atlantic monthly. Boston, v. 12a. 
 
 p. 651-62. Nov. 1917.) 
 
 A psychological study of the I. W. W. Reprinted in Casual laborer 
 and other essays. 
 
SYNDICALISM 225 
 
 Rogers, Sherman. Bolsheviki in America; how the foes of 
 society seek to gain their ends. (In Personnel. The employ- 
 ment managers' bulletin. Orange, N.J. v. 9. no. 11. p. 1-3. 
 Nov. 1919.) 
 Anti-I. W. W. description of its propaganda. 
 
 Stone, Peter. Industrial workers of the world. (In American 
 labor year book. v. 3. 1919-20. p. 191-7.) 
 Brief history. 
 
 Tridon, Andre. New unionism in the United States ; industrial- 
 ism. (In New unionism. 2d ed. 1917. p. 92-123.) 
 Origin from^ Knights of labor and Western federation of miners. 
 
 Sketch of principal leaders and modern movement. 
 
 Industrial Workers of the World and the American 
 Federation of Labor 
 
 |BHssenden, P. F. The I.W.W. versus the A. F. of L. (In 
 The I W. W. ; a study of American syndicalism, p. 83-110.) 
 Bibliographical footnotes. 
 I. W. W. objections to A. F. of L. 
 
 Gompers, Samuel. I. W. W. and "one big union." (In Labor 
 and the common welfare. "1919. p. 196-206.) 
 
 Trautmann, W. E. Industrial unionism ; the hope of the workers. 
 Pittsburgh. Socialist news co. n. d. 64p. 
 Brief history of craft unions, their disunion, jurisdiction disputes 
 
 and conservatism. 
 
 Trautmann, W. E. Why strikes are lost; how to win. New 
 Castle, Pa. I. W. W. pub. bur. n. d. 23p. 
 Strikes made ineffective by craft organizations and contracts with em- 
 ployers. 
 
 Programs 
 
 Industrial workers of the world. The I.W.W. preamble. (In 
 Brissenden, P. F. The I. W. W. ; a study of American 
 
 syndicalism. 1919. p. 349-5I-) 
 
 With various additions and omissions indicated. The constitution is 
 analyzed by Brissenden. 
 
 Industrial workers of the world. Preamble and constitution. 
 ' — As adopted 1905 and amended by conventions and ratified 
 
 by referendum vote 1906, 1907, 1908, 1910, 1911. 1912, 1913 
 
 and 1914. Chic. General headquarters (I. W. W.) n. d. 
 
 Gives amended form. 
 Industrial workers of the world. Preamble and constitution, 
 
 amended, 1906, 1907 and 1908, ratified by referendum vote. 
 
 Detroit. General headquarters. (I. W. W.) n. d. 32p. 
 
 Gives early form. 
 
226 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Periodicals 
 
 Fellow worker. Semimonthly, pub. by New York district 
 
 council. Industrial workers of world. N.Y. Box 79, Station 
 
 D. Jan. I, 1920-date. 
 Industrial worker. Weekly. Seattle, Wash. Box 1857. 
 New solidarity. Weekly. Chic. looi West Madison st. 
 One big union monthly. Published monthly by the General 
 
 executive board of the Industrial workers of the world. 
 
 Chic. looi West Madison st. v. 1-2. March 1919-Jan. 1921. 
 
 Name changed to Industrial pioneer, v. 1. no. i.-date. Feb. igzi- 
 date. 
 
 Rebel worker. Semimonthly. N.Y. 115 E. loth st. 
 
 Textile worker. Monthly. Paterson, N.J. 20 Van Houten st. 
 
 Periodical Directories 
 
 Brissenden, P. F. Official and semi-official periodical publica- 
 tions of the I. W. W. (In I. W. W. ; a study of American 
 syndicalism. 1919. p. 393-400.) 
 Gives many foreign syndicalist and some anarchist papers also. 
 
 Delesalle, Paul. Organes syndicalistes, publics par les bourses 
 du travail ou unions de syndicats adherentes a la Confedera- 
 tion generale du travail. (In Les bourses du travail et la 
 C. G. T. n. d. p. 62-3.) 
 
 Brief list. 
 
 Organes federaux. (In Encyclopedic socialiste, syndicale et 
 
 cooperative de I'internationale ouvriere. Le mouvement syn- 
 
 dical. 1913. p. 96-8.) 
 
 List of papers of various French local syndicats. 
 Bibliographical note. 
 
 Spargo, John. (In Syndicalism, industrial unionism and social- 
 ism. 1913. p. 234-5.) 
 Gives few of French, English and U.S. syndicalist publications. 
 
BOLSHEVISM AND THE SOVIET STATE 
 CONTENTS 
 
 Introduction 229 
 
 Bibliographies 231 
 
 Documents of the Soviet Republic 231 
 
 Books and Pamphlets 234 
 
 Magazine Articles 241 
 
 In Hungary 250 
 
 Periodicals 251 
 
 Periodical Directories " 251 
 
BOLSHEVISM AND THE SOVIET STATE 
 
 Russian Bolshevism is here classified separately from the 
 
 main So cialist movemen t on account of its special significance 
 
 "as the only socialist experiment ever made on a" 
 
 T he word Bolshevik, which means "belonging to the maj or- 
 ity," was originally applied t o the left or radical wing of the 
 "Russian SociaHsJ -Democra tic ±"arty at the tnne ot the split m 
 iW — ~" 
 
 Lenin, in an article on "The Communist Party'' explains 
 olshevism as follows: 
 
 f^ 
 
 We are Marxists and our policy is based on the Communist Manifesto 
 which has been perverted and disregarded by the Social Democracy. (Lenin 
 means by Social Democracy the adherents to the "Second International." 
 S.Z.) The term Social Democracy is unscientific. . . mankind can only 
 pass from capitalism into socialism, that is, public ownership of the means 
 of production and the distribution of products according to individual work. 
 Our party looks farther ahead than that: socialism is bound sooner or later 
 to ripen into Communism which banner bears the motto *from each accord- 
 ing to his ability, to each according to his needs.' The second part of 
 *the term Social Democracy is scientifically wrong. Democracy is only a 
 'form of authority. We Marxists are opposed to every form of authority. ^ 
 
 The So viet S tate^ established in Russia in November. 1017. 
 has, however, assumed anthnritv tn thp pvtpnt ^f q virtual d ic- 
 tatorsKip, supposedly only for the transition period, during 
 which iVdai ms as its rn iasioa-tP eri'dJcaLe.Jhp _c^uses_'of "Sptiat" 
 inequality by making all citizens workers by either head or hand. 
 All land and industf ies'wer eTlTgOTe ti tr jlty- rration- jlized v c iy cj riy 
 ■in the soviet regime, but the nationalization has been broadly 
 appKeff," leaving many industrial organizations cooperatively 
 owned, and some leased back at a small rentalto thejr former 
 owners while the system of peasant ownership of land has 
 largely displaced that of the state. 
 
 The political structure of the Soviet State is roughly as 
 follows : Eve ry factory— an d— group of peasants elects its local 
 
 1 Lenin and Trotzky: Proletarian Revolution in Russia, 1918, p. 153-4. 
 
 2 Soviets are not identical with Bolshevism, and do not necessarily 
 imply the dominance of Bolshevik theories and policies. The present 
 Soviet state is, however, dominated by Bolshevik theories. 
 
230 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 soviet, or council/ These units are represented in the town 
 and district Soviets, which in turn send delegates to the all- 
 Russian Congress of Soviets. The delegates can be recalled at 
 any time. This congress, held at least once a year, appoints 
 a Central Executive Committee of 200 members, giving propor- 
 tionate representation to the various political parties. The 
 Executive Committee appoints the commissaries, in charge 
 of foreign affairs, education, finance, justice, etc., who form the 
 Council of People's Commissaries, or cabinet. 
 
 The economic soviet organization is centralized in the Su- 
 preme Council of Public Economy, a cabinet department, whose 
 membership of 69 consists of 30 representatives from industrial 
 unions, 20 from regional councils, 10 from the Central Executive 
 Committee, 7 from the Council of People's Commissaries, and 
 2 from the Cooperatives. The Supreme Council appoints three 
 delegates to the Central Board of Management of each of the 
 principal industries organized on a national scale. This board 
 also contains three technical experts and three practical workers." 
 A former correspondent of the Manchester Guardian wrote 
 that: "the Supreme Council of Public Economy was the tool 
 designed to create the new order in Russia; the soviet was only 
 the temporary weapon to protect the hands that worked that 
 tool." 
 
 General descriptions by observers of Russia under the Soviet 
 regime are given in Antonelli's "Bolshevik Russia," W. T. 
 Goode's "Bolshevism at Work," the Report of the British 
 Labour Delegation to Russia, Brailsford's "Russian Workers' Re- 
 public'' and Arthur Ransome's "The Crisis in Russia", Lenin and 
 Trotzky's "Proletarian Revolution in Russia" defends the theories 
 of Bolshevism. 
 
 1 The most distinctive feature of the Soviet organization is that it is 
 based upon the workshops and natural units of industry, and that its 
 structure rests finally upon the factory committee or its equivalent. 
 Similarly a peasant's soviet is based on the agricultural community of the 
 village. 
 
 2 In 1921 the Supreme Council of Public Economy had under it "fifty- 
 three Departments or Centres (Textile, Soap, Wool, Timber, Flax, etc.}, 
 each controlled by a 'College' of three or more persons. 'There are 232 
 members of these Colleges or Boards in all, and of them 83 are work- 
 men, 79 are engineers, i was an ex-director, 50 were from the clerical 
 staff, and ig unclassified. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 Bibliographies 
 
 Bloomfield, Daniel. Bibliography. Bolshevism. (In Selected 
 
 articles on modern industrial problems, igig. p. xvii-xx.) 
 Clark, Evans. Facts; fountains of truth. (In Facts and fabri- 
 cations about soviet Russia. 1920. p. 55-93.) 
 International labour office. London. Bibliography. (In Labour 
 conditions in soviet Russia. 1920. appendix p. i-cxliv.) 
 Prepared for the Mission of enquiry in Russia. Most complete bib- 
 liography, giving sources in English, Russian, German and French. 
 
 Spargo, John. Bibliography. (In Preface to bolshevism. 1919.) 
 
 Documents of the Soviet RepuhUc 
 
 Abrogation of the Brest treaty between Russia and Turkey. 
 
 (In Class struggle. N.Y. v. 2. p. 637-40. Dec. 1918.) 
 Aflfair of the Russian rubles. (In Nation. N.Y. v. 108. p. 
 
 147-8. Jan. 25, 1919.) 
 
 Documents referring to large quantities of Russian ruble bills caused 
 to be printed in this country by a member of the Russian embassy at 
 Washington, and sent to Russia for use in combating the revolution. 
 
 American association for international conciliaton. Russian 
 documents. N.Y. 1919. I25p. (International conciliation, 
 no. 136. March 1919.) 
 Soviet constitution, land law and the Franco-Russian alliance. 
 
 Cumming, C. K., and Pettit, W. W., eds. Russian-American 
 relations, March 191 7 to March 1920 — documents and papers. 
 N.Y. Harcourt, Brace & Howe. 1920. 37Sp. 
 Valuable source book. 
 
 Decree abolishing classes and civil ranks. (In Nation. N.Y. 
 
 v. 108. p. 303. Feb. 22, 1919-) 
 Decree of the government relative to cantonal land committees. 
 
 (In Antonelli, fitienne. Bolshevik Russia. 1920. p. 273-6.) 
 Decree on the land. (In Dial. N.Y. v. 65. p. 566-7. Dec. 14, 
 
 1918.) 
 
 "This land decree was almost the first official act of the soviet gov- 
 ernment on coming into power after the coup d'fitat of Nov, 7, 1917 (our 
 style)." The law was replaced by the "Fundamental law of socialization 
 of land" in September 1918. 
 
232 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Decree on workers' control. (In Dial. N.Y. v. 65. p. 567. Dec. 
 
 14, 1918.) 
 
 Decree of the Council of people's commissaires establishing organs 
 for workers' control of industries. 
 
 Decrees and constitution of soviet Russia. Reprinted from the 
 Nation. N.Y. Nation pr. igig. Sgp. 
 Constitution p. 3-17. Laws and decrees p. 18-69. 
 
 Decrees, orders, and proclamations of the Provisional work- 
 men's and peasants' government of the Russian republic, v. 
 I. Oct. 25-Dec. I, 1917. Petrograd. International revol- 
 utionary propaganda bur. 1918. 28p. 
 
 Documents of Russian Constitutiftnal Assembly. 
 
 I. Rights of the toiling and exploited people. 
 II. Proclamation of the bolsheviki. 
 
 III. Manifesto dissolving the Constitutional assembly. (In 
 
 Class struggle. N.Y. v. 2. p. 358-62. May-June 1918.) 
 
 Education and art in soviet Russia; in the light of official 
 
 decrees and documents, with a foreword by Max Eastman. 
 
 N.Y. Socialist pub. soc. igig. 64p. 
 
 Presents 34 distinct documents, official and magazine publications. 
 Financial problems of soviet Russia; report of People's com- 
 
 missaire of finances, H. N. Krestinskyi, at the first congress 
 
 of the northern district of Russia. (In Revolutionary age. 
 
 Boston. V. I. p. 4 and 8. March 2g, igig.) 
 First code of laws of the Russian socialistic federal soviet 
 
 republic. Petrograd. People's commissariat of justice. 
 
 1919. 48p. 
 Instructions on workers', control (official text) (In AntonelH, 
 
 fitienne. Bolshevik Russia. 1920. p. 292-302.) 
 Instructions to emissaries sent into the provinces. (In Antonelh 
 
 fitienne. Bolshevik Russia. 1920. p. 271-2.) 
 Izvestia of the soviet of peasants' deputies. Instructions, Aug. 
 
 ig, igi7. (In Antonelli, fitienne. Bolshevik Russia. 1920. 
 
 p. 267-71.) 
 Labor laws of soviet Russia. N.Y. Russian soviet govt, bureau. 
 
 ig20. 48p. (Soviet Russia pamphlets, no. i.) 
 Laws of the Russian republic dealing with marriage, divorce 
 
 and guardianship. Glasgow. Socialist information and re- 
 search bureau, igao. 48p. 
 
BOLSHEVISM 233 
 
 Lenin, Chicherin, and Trotzky. Appeal of the soviet govern- 
 ment. (In Class struggle. N.Y. v. 2. p. 636-7. Dec. 1918.) 
 The proletariat of the Entente countries is invited to make common 
 
 cause with the Bolsheviki revolution. 
 
 Lunacharsky, A. V. Appeal by the People's commissary of 
 
 education of Russia to all who teach. (In Class struggle. 
 
 N.Y. V. 2. p. 317-22. May-June 1918.) 
 New insurance law of Russia. (In Nation, N.Y. v. 108. p. 
 
 300-2. Feb. 22, 1919.) 
 Note to the allies from the soviet government of Ukraine. (In 
 
 Soviet Russia. N.Y. v. i. p. 11. June 21, 1919.) 
 Note from the Russian soviet government to President Wilson. 
 
 (In Liberator. N.Y. v. 2. p. 38-41. Jan. 1919.) 
 
 On Oct. 24, 1918, this note was handed in by People's commissary for 
 foreign affairs Chicherin to the Norwegian attach^ in Moscow, Mr. 
 Christiansen, for transmission to President Wilson. 
 
 Official communication of the soviet government. Soviet wire- 
 less of Aug. 10, 1919, and Aug. 13, 1919. (In Soviet Russia. 
 N.Y. v. I. p. 16-21. Nov. IS, 1919-) 
 Military, political and industrial dispatches. 
 
 People's commissariat of justice. Russian code of laws of 
 labour. Petrograd. igig. 24p. 
 
 Political propaganda and educational activity in the villages; a 
 resolution of the 8th convention of the Russian communist 
 labor party. (In Soviet Russia. N.Y. v. i. p. I3-I4- July 
 12, 1919.) 
 
 Regulation of prices in Russia. (In Nation. N.Y. v. 108. p. 
 302-3. Feb. 22, 1919.) 
 
 Russian constitution. (In Nation. N.Y. v. 108. p. 8-12. Jan. 
 
 4, 1919.) 
 
 A translation of the constitution of the Russian soviet republic "rnade 
 from official printed texts embodying the latest revisions, and required by 
 law to be posted in all public places in Russia." 
 Russian land law. (In Nation. N.Y. v. 108. p. 143-7. Jan. 
 
 25, 1919-) 
 
 This "Fundamental law of socialization of the land" went into effect 
 
 in September, 1918, replacing the earlier and briefer land decree of 
 Nov. 7, 1917. 
 
 Russian soviet peace offers. (In Nation. N.Y. v. no. p. 83- 
 
 91. Jan. 17, 1920.) 
 
 A summarv of communications of the Commissariat for foreign affairs 
 reearding peace, with full text of several of the more important commun- 
 ications. An official compilation by the Russian soviet bureau in New 
 York. 
 Russian soviet republic. Two fundamental land decrees. (In 
 
 Lenin, Nickolai. Land revolution in Russia. 1919- P- 28-32.) 
 
234 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Secret diplomatic documents and treaties. From the archives 
 of the Ministry of foreign affairs of the former Russian 
 government, v. I. Petrograd. International revolutionary 
 propaganda bur. 1918. 47p. 
 The publication of these documents of the Allies and their repudiation 
 
 by Russia was a sensational part of the early foreign policy of the soviet 
 
 government. 
 
 Soviet government's reply to the invitation to the Prinkipo con- 
 ference. Radiogram of People's commissary of foreign af- 
 fairs (complete text). (In Soviet Russia. N.Y. v. i. p. 
 7-8. June 7, 1919-) 
 
 Soviet Russia. Russian documents. Declaration of the rights 
 of the people of Russia. Declaration of the rights of the 
 laboring and exploited people. Church and state. Supreme 
 board of national economy. Nationalization of banks. Law 
 of regional and local boards of national economy. Provincial 
 Soviets. Instructions to the Revolutionary tribunal. Revol- 
 utionary tribunal of the press. To the soviet of workmen's, 
 soldiers' and peasants' deputies, a request for the immediate 
 election of Commissaries of justice, their duties and their 
 rights. Decrees concerning marriage, children and registra- 
 tion of civil status. Decree regarding divorce. Eight hour 
 law. Regulation concerning the administration of national 
 undertakings. Supply of agricultural implements. Orde.rs 
 of the People's commissioner of education of the western 
 provinces and fronts. Decree abolishing inheritance. Decree 
 regarding grain control. Decree regarding government pub- 
 lications. Russian policy in the Orient. (In Nation. N.Y. 
 V. 107. p. 817-32. Dec. 28, 1918.) 
 
 The struggle for peace and labor. To the working class organiza- 
 tions of France, England, and Italy. (Radio of the People's 
 commissariat for foreign affairs of July 17, 1919.) (In 
 Soviet Russia. N.Y. v. i. p. 4-6. Nov. 15, 1919.) 
 Further documents are reprinted in the Foreign relations 
 section of the Nation. N.Y. 
 
 Books and Pamphlets 
 
 Albertson, Ralph. Fighting without a war. N.Y. Harcourt, 
 
 Brace & Howe. 1920. 238?. 
 
 y. M. C. A. man's account of the American campaign in Northern 
 Rusaia. 
 
BOLSHEVISM 235 
 
 American association for international conciliation. Communist 
 party in Russia and its relations to the third international and 
 to the Russian Soviets. (In International conciliation. N.Y. 
 V. 158-9. Jan.-Feb. 1921.) 
 
 Anglo-Russian trust. N. Peacock, ed. Russian almanac, 1919. 
 London. Eyre & Spottiswoode. 1919. 209P. 
 Political and economic organization of soviet Russia, p. 52-7. 
 
 Antonelli, fitienne. Bolshevik Russia. N.Y. Knopf. 1920. 307p. 
 An attempt "to tell without passion and without dissimulation what 
 
 the bolshevik Russia. . . is, what are its philosophy, its doctrine, its 
 
 men, and its deeds." Contains reproductions of ofRcial texts. 
 
 Beable, W. H. Commercial Russia. N.Y. Macmillan co. 1919. 
 278p. 
 
 Trade possibilities of Russia. 
 
 Beatty, Bessie. Red heart of Russia. N.Y. Century co. 1918. 
 480P. 
 
 As correspondent of the San Francisco Bulletin Miss Beatty saw the 
 uprising of the bolshevik!. 
 
 Bloomfield, Daniel, ed. Bolshevism. (In Selected articles on 
 
 modern industrial movements. 1919. p. 243-312.) 
 
 Periodical articles for and against the soviet system. 
 Bolshevik aims and ideals, and Russia's revolt against bolshevism. 
 
 Reprinted from the Round table. N.Y. Macmillan co. 
 
 1919- 89P. 
 
 Hostile, from the standpoint of British liberalism. 
 Brailsford, H. N. Russian workers' republic. N.Y. Harper & 
 
 bros. "1921. 274p. 
 British labour delegation to Russia, 1920. Report. London 
 
 Trade unions congress and Labour party. 1920. isip. 
 
 Valuable as representing the attitude of British labor toward Russia. 
 Bryant, Louise. Russia in revolt. Reprint from the Western 
 
 socialist. Los Angeles. Socialist book shop. n. d. 44p. 
 Bryant, Louise. Six red months in Russia. N.Y. George H. 
 
 Doran co. 1918. 299P. 
 Bullard, Arthur. The Russian pendulum; autocracy, democracy, 
 
 bolshevism. N.Y. Macmillan co. 1919. 256P. 
 
 A report hostile to the bolsheviki, based on a visit to Russia and Siberia 
 from igi7 until after the armistice. 
 
 Bullitt, W. C. Bullitt mission to Russia. Testimony before 
 
 the committee on foreign relations, United States Senate. 
 
 Including Lenin's peace proposal, Mr. Bullitt's report on 
 
 Russia, Lincoln Steffens' report on Russia, discussions of the 
 
 peace conference on a policy toward Russia, etc. N.Y. B. W. 
 
 Huebsch. 1919- ISIP- 
 
236 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Clark, Evans. Facts and fabrications about Soviet Russia. 
 N.Y. Rand school of social science. 1920. 93p. 
 
 Bibl. p. 55-93. A digest of the American newspaper accounts of soviet 
 Russia. 
 
 Council of action (Great Britain;) Report of the special con- 
 ference on labour and the Russian-Polish war. London. 
 Co-op. print, soc. 1920. 24P. 
 The decision of the British labour unions and the Labour party to 
 
 refuse support to war on Russia. 
 
 Davis, M. W. Open gates to Russia. N.Y. Harper & bros. 
 
 1920. 31SP. 
 Edie, L. D., ed. Soviet. (In Current social and industrial 
 
 forces. 1920. p. 299-304.) 
 Farbman, M. S. Russia and the struggle for peace. London. 
 
 Herald. 1920? i88p. 
 
 Favorable account. 
 Geldman, Emma. Truth about the boysheviki[ !] N.Y. Mother 
 / earth pub. assn. 1921 ? i2p. 
 
 Goode, W. T. Bolshevism at work; studies of the actual work- 
 ing of the government in soviet Russia. N.Y. Harcourt, 
 
 Brace & Howe. I43p. 
 
 Has a good chapter on trade unions. A readable and brief account. 
 Great Britain. ParUament. A collection of reports on bol- 
 
 shevism in Russia. Abridged edition of parliamentary paper, 
 
 Russia no. i (1919). London. H. M. stationery off. 1919. 
 
 I09P. 
 
 Consists largely of unverified reports of atrocities, diplomatic corres- 
 pondence, and anonymous evidence. 
 
 Hard, William. Raymond Robins' own story. N.Y. Harper 
 & bros. 1920. 256P. 
 
 Interviews reprinted, with some additional material and documents, 
 from Metropolitan magazine, Aug.-Nov. 1919. 
 
 Hindus, M. G. Russian peasant and the revolution. N.Y. 
 Henry Holt & co. 327P. 
 
 International labour office. London. Mission of inquiry in Rus- 
 sia. Labour conditions in soviet Russia. Systematic ques- 
 tionnaire and bibliography. London. Intl. labour off. 1920. 
 
 294P- 
 
 Bibl. appendix p. i-cxliv. A digest of the literature on labor legisla- 
 tion in soviet Russia. 
 
 Kadontzeff, Boris. The Russian collapse, a politico-economic 
 essay. N.Y. Russian mercantile and industrial corporation. 
 1919. 63p. 
 Opposed to bolshevism, but condemns the blockade. 
 
BOLSHEVISM 237 
 
 Kautsky, Karl. Dictatorship of the proletariat. Girard, Kansas. 
 
 Appeal to reason. 1920? i28p. 
 Kautsky, Karl. Terrorism and communism; a contribution to 
 
 the natural history of revolution. London. National labour 
 
 pr. 1920. 234p. 
 
 Tries to show that bolshevik tactics are not in accordance with the 
 Marxian point of view. Answered by Lenin in "The proletarian revolu- 
 tion and Kautsky, the renegade." 
 
 Kerensky, A. F. Prelude to bolshevism. N.Y. Dodd, Mead 
 
 & CO. 1919. 3i2p. 
 
 The Korjiilov uprising described by the former Prime Minister of the 
 coalition government. 
 
 Lansbury, George. What I saw in Russia. N.Y. Boni & Live- 
 right. 1920. I72p. 
 Author is editor of Daily herald. London. 
 
 Lenin, Nikolai. The land revolution in Russia ; a speech on the 
 land question in December, igi8, together with two funda- 
 mental land decrees of the Russian soviet republic. London. 
 Independent labour party. 1919. 32p. 
 
 Lenin, Nikolai. Lessons of the revolution. Petrograd. Com- 
 missariat for foreign affairs. 1918. 5ip. 
 Articles written before and after the proletarian revolution. 
 
 Lenin, Nikolai. Letter to the American workingman. Brook- 
 lyn, N.Y. Sociahst pub. soc. 1918. iSp. 
 An appeal for internationalism and support of Russian policy. 
 
 Lenin, Nikolai. The proletarian revolution and Kautsky the 
 
 renegade. London. British socialist party. 1920? I28p. 
 
 Answer to Kautsky's "Terrorism and communism." 
 Lenin, Nikolai. Soviets at work. N.Y. Rand school of social 
 
 science. 1919. 48p. 
 
 A clear description of the main principles of sovietism. 
 
 Lenin, Nikolai. State and revolution; Marxist teaching on the 
 state and the task of the proletariat in the revolution. 
 London. George Allen & Unwin. 1917. I24p. 
 Gives the bolshevik conception of the state. 
 
 Lenin, Nikolai, and Trotzky, Leon. Krieg und revolution; 
 Schriften und Aufsatze aus der Kriegszeit. Zurich. Kom- 
 missionverlag der Grutlibuchhandlung. 1918. i68p. 
 The book was written before the bolsheviki came into power and 
 
 contains material on their theory and tactics during the war. 
 
 Lenin, Nikolai, and Trotzky, Leon. Proletarian revolution in 
 
 Russia. N.Y. Communist pr. 1918. 4S3P. 
 
 The revolution, the republic and its problems, described in detail by the 
 revolutionary leaders. 
 
238 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Litvinoif, Maxim. Bolshevik revolution. London. British 
 
 socialist party. 1919. S4p. 
 
 Contains supplementary chapter by Ivy Litvinoff on terrorism. 
 McBride, Isaac. Barbarous soviet Russia. N.Y. Seltzer. 1920. 
 
 276p. 
 
 Account by a bolshevik. 
 Magnes, J. L. Russia and Germany at Brest-Litovsk ; a 
 
 documentary history of the peace negotiations. N.Y. Rand 
 
 school of social science. 1919. I92p. 
 Malone, Col. C. L.'E. Russian republic. N.Y. Harcourt, 
 
 Brace & Howe. 1920. 153P. 
 Olgin, M. J. Soul of the Russian revolution. N.Y. Henry 
 
 Holt and co. 1917. 423P. 
 
 Background of the revolution. Contains chapter on the orig;in of the 
 bolsheviki. 
 One year of Russian revolution. Celebrating the first anniversary 
 
 of the founding of the Russian soviet republic. Nov. 7, 
 
 1918. Brooklyn. Socialist pub. soc. igiS. 32p. 
 Paul, Eden and Cedar. Creative revolution. London. George 
 
 Allen & Unwin. ltd. 1920. 224p. 
 Poole, Ernest. Dark people; Russia's crisis. N.Y. Macmillan 
 
 CO. 1918. 226p. 
 Poole, Ernest Village; Russian impressions. N.Y. Mac- 
 millan CO. igiS. 234p. 
 Postgate, R. W. Bolshevik theory. N.Y. Dodd, Mead & co. 
 
 1920. 240P. 
 
 A contribution in socialist theory. 
 Potter, S. C. Russia before and after the revolution. Tuckton. 
 
 Free age pr. 1920. 
 
 Sympathetic to bolshevism. 
 Price, M. P. Capitalist Europe and socialist Russia. London. 
 
 British socialist party. 1919. 3ip. 
 
 A brief history of the revolution and organization of the Soviet gov- 
 ernment, to Nov. 19 18. 
 
 Price, M. P. Origin and growth of the Russian Soviets. London. 
 
 People's Russian infn. bur. 1919. 24p. 
 Price, M. P. Old order in Europe and the new order in Russia. 
 
 Brooklyn. Socialist pub. soc. 1918. 3ip. 
 Ransome, Arthur. Crisis in Russia. N.Y. B. W. Huebsch. 
 
 1921. 
 Ransome, Arthur. Russia in 1919. N.Y. B. W. Huebsch. 1919. 
 
 232P. 
 
 Journal of observations of "thi gigantic experiment which we are 
 allowing to pass abused but not examined." 
 
BOLSHEVISM 239 
 
 Reed, John. Ten days that shook the world. N.Y. Boni & 
 
 Liveright. 1919. 37ip. 
 
 A picturesque account of the November revolution. 
 
 Ross, E. A. Russia in upheaval. N.Y. Century co. 1918. 3S4p. 
 
 Describes the major social changes going on in Russia during the 
 latter half of 1917. 
 
 Russell, B. A. W. Bolshevism ; practice and theory. N.Y. Har- 
 
 court. Brace & Howe. 1920. 192P. 
 Russell, C. E. Bolshevism and the United States. Indianapolis. 
 
 Bobbs-Merrill co. 1919. 34ip. 
 
 Bolshevism, as the new autocracy, inconsistent with the author's form 
 of socialism. 
 
 Russell, C. E. Unchained Russia. N.Y. D. Appleton & co. 
 
 1918. 324P- 
 Sack, A. J. Birth of the Russian democracy. N.Y. Russian 
 
 infn. bur. 1918. S27p. 
 
 "The purpose of this book is to present to the American people, first, 
 the great movement which brought Russia to the revolution of March, 1917, 
 and then, as far as possible by documents, the development of the revolu- 
 tion from March up to date." From the preface written in summer of 
 1918. The book contains a chapter on "Russia under the rule of the 
 bolsheviki." Strongly anti-bolshevik. 
 
 Saylor, O. M. Russia, white or red. Boston. Little, Brown & 
 
 CO. 1919. 3i2p. 
 
 A sympathetic interpretation from the viewpoint of a non-bolshevik 
 visitor. 
 Saylor, O. M. Russian theatre under the revolution. Boston. 
 
 Little, Brown & co. 1920. 273p. 
 
 By dramatic editor of Indianapolis News. 
 Sheridan, Clare. Mayfair to Moscow. N.Y. Boni & Live- 
 right. 192 1. 
 Shumiatzki, B. The aims of the bolsheviki. (Addendum to 
 
 the party programme.) London. People's Russian infn. 
 
 bur. 1919. i6p. 
 Snowden, Mrs. Philip. Through bolshevik Russia. London. 
 
 Cassell & CO. 1920. i88p. 
 
 Superficial account. 
 
 Spargo, John. Greatest failure in all history; a critical examin- 
 ation of the actual workings of bolshevism in Russia. N.Y. 
 Harper & bros. 1920. 486p. 
 Not very reliable. 
 
 Spargo, John. Psychology of bolshevism. N.Y. Harper & 
 
 bros. 1919- 150P. 
 Anti-bolshevik. 
 Trotzky, Leon. Bolsheviki and world peace. N.Y. Boni & 
 Liveright. 1919. 238P. 
 Practicable internationalism. 
 
240 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Trotzky, Leon. From October to Brest-Litovsk. N.Y. Social- 
 ist pub. soc. 1919. loop. 
 
 Trotzky, Leon. Our revolution; essays on working class and 
 international revolution, 1914-1917. N.Y. Henry Holt & co. 
 1918. 220p. 
 
 Trotzky, Leon. What is a peace program? Petrograd. Intl. 
 propaganda bur. 1918. 24p. 
 A revolutionary United States of Europe could provide the only real 
 
 peace program. 
 
 United States. Committee on public information. German- 
 bolshevik conspiracy. Wash. Govt, print, off. 1918. 3op. 
 (War information series, no. 20.) 
 
 Pt. I. German-bolshevik; a report by Edgar Sisson. Pt. 2. Letter 
 of Mr. Creel to the National board for historical service (Oct. 18, 1918): 
 Ireport of special committee on the authenticity of the documents (Oct. 26, 
 /1918). 
 
 United States. Congress. Senate. Bolshevik propaganda. 
 Wash. Govt, print off. 1919. 3v. I26sp. (66th cong. 3d 
 sess. Senate doc. 62.) 
 
 Appendix, p. 1172-265, gives various decrees of the Russian soviet gov- 
 / ernment. 
 
 United States. State dept. Memorandum on certain aspects of 
 
 the bolshevist movement in Russia. Wash. Govt, print, off. 
 
 1919- SSP- 
 
 Antagonistic summary of selected documents, proclamations, etc. 
 
 VUnited States. State dept. The 2d congress of the communist 
 
 I international. Wash. Govt, print, off. 1920. l66p. 
 
 Vandervelde, Emile. Three aspects of the Russian revolution. 
 
 London. George Allen & Unwin. 1918. 28ip. 
 
 Emile Vandervelde is the Minister of justice of Belgium and formerly 
 President of the International socialist bureau. He visited Kussia in May- 
 June, 1917. 
 
 A voice out of Russia, containing: Editorial, Withdraw from 
 Russia ! Colcord, Soviet Russia and the American revolution ; 
 Lomonossoff, A voice out of Russia; Decrees on land and 
 workers' control. N.Y. Dial pub. co. n. d. 48p. 
 
 Voices from Russia. St. Louis. Melting pot. n. d. g6p. 
 Documents, communications, miscellaneous material. 
 
 Walling, W. E. Sovietism ; the A. B. C. of Russian bolshevism, 
 according to the bolshevists. N.Y. E. P. Dutton. 1920. 
 
 220p. 
 
 Attack on sovietism. 
 
 Wells, H. G. Russia in the shadows. N.Y. George H. Doran. 
 "1921. i79p. 
 
BOLSHEVISM 241 
 
 Wilcox, E. H. Russia's ruin. N.Y. Charles Scribner's sons. 
 
 1919. 3i6p. 
 
 Bolshevism as "the failure of the revolution." 
 Williams, A. R. Bolsheviks and the Soviets. N.Y. Rand school 
 
 of social science. 1918. 48p. 
 
 Questions and answers on soviet Russia. 
 Williams, A. R. Lenin, the man and his work. N.Y. Scott & 
 
 Seltzer. 1919. 202p. 
 
 With opinions by Raymond Robins, Arthur Ransome, and others, p. 
 125-202. 
 
 Williams, Robert. Soviet system at work. London. Communist 
 
 party. 1920? 27p. 
 
 Report of a member of the British labor delegation. 
 A year in soviet Russia. Brief account of the legislative work 
 
 of 1917-18. London. People's Russian infn. bur. 
 
 n.d. i6p. 
 See also Socialism History International. 
 
 Magazine Articles 
 1917 
 
 Lenin, N. Political parties in Russia. (In Class struggle. N.Y. 
 
 V. 2. p. 49-63. Nov.-Dec. 1917.) 
 Olgin, M. J. Lenine and the bolsheviki. (In Asia. N.Y. v. 
 
 19- P- 779-83. Dec. 1917-) 
 Trotzky, Leon. Pacifism in the service of imperialism. (In 
 
 Class struggle. N.Y. v. i. p. 6-14. Dec. 1917.) 
 West, J. Bolshevik revolution. (In New statesman. London. 
 
 V. 10. p. 229-31, 250-1. Dec. 8-15, 1917) 
 
 1918 
 
 Are bolsheviki mainly Jewish? (In Literary digest. N.Y. v. 
 
 59. p. 32. Dec. 14, 1918.) 
 Bolshevik negotiations with Germany. (In Spectator. London. 
 
 V. 120. p. 5S-6. Jan. 10, 1918.) 
 Boudin, L. B. Tragedy of the Russian revolution— second act. 
 
 (In Class struggle. N.Y. v. 2. p. 186-92. March- Apr. 1918.) 
 Brailsford, H. N. Bolsheviki and Jacobins. (In New republic. 
 
 N.Y. V. 14, p. 167-70. March 9, 1918.) 
 Brandt, Louis. Bolsheviki— the masters of the revolution. (In 
 
 Class struggle. N.Y. v. 2. p. 101-6. Jan.-Feb. 1918.) 
 
 The history of the bolsheviki as a party organization. 
 Colcord, Lincoln. Soviet Russia and the American revolution. 
 
 (In Dial. N.Y. v. 65. p. 59I-S- Dec. 23, 1918.) 
 
242 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Dicey, A. V. Burke on bolshevism. (In Nineteenth century. 
 
 N.Y. V. 84. p. 274-86. Aug. 1918.) 
 Doty, M. Z. Revolutionary justice. (In Atlantic monthly. 
 
 Boston. V. 122. p. 129-39. July igi8.) 
 Fraina, L. C. Proletarian revolution in Russia. (In Class 
 
 struggle. N.Y. v. 2. p. 29-67. Jan.-Feb. 1918.) 
 
 An interpretation of the bolsheviki revolution by an avowed bolshevik. 
 From a Petrograd diary. (In New statesman. London, v. 11. 
 
 p. 85-6. May 4, 1918.) 
 Gentilhomme-Koutyrine, Jula. Une journee de Moscow. (In 
 
 Revue de Paris. Paris, p. 818-26. Aug. 15, 1918.) 
 Grandijs, L. La Russie en feu; journal d'un correspondent de 
 
 guerre. (In Revue des deux mondes. Paris. Oct. iS-Nov. 
 
 I, 1918. p. 777-812. p. 88-113.) 
 In times of confusion. (In New statesman. London, v. 10. 
 
 p. 562-3. March 16, 1918.) 
 Kautsky, Karl. Bolsheviki rising. (In Class struggle. N.Y. 
 
 V. 2. p. 237-41. Mar.-Apr. 1918.) 
 Lenin, Nickolai. Letter to American workingmen. (In Class 
 
 struggle. N.Y. v. 2. p. 521-33. Dec. igi8.) 
 
 A comparison between American and Russian revolutionary develop- 
 ments and a jurisdiction o£ the communistic bolshevistic tactics. 
 
 Lenin, Nikolai. "Disarmament" cry. (In Class struggle. N.Y. 
 
 v. 2. p. 305-16. May- June 1918.) 
 Lenin, Nikolai. International situation. (In New York times. 
 
 N.Y. Dec. 15, 1918.) 
 
 Speech delivered before a meeting of the All-Russian central executive 
 committee, of the Moscow soviet, and of other labor organizations held 
 in Moscow on Oct. 22, igi8. 
 
 Lomonossoff, G. V. Recognize the Soviets. (In Liberator. N.Y. 
 V. I. p. 11-13. Aug. 1918.) 
 
 Nuorteva, Santeri. Future of the Russian revolution. (In 
 Class struggle. N.Y. v. 2. p. 171-85. Mar.-Apr. 1918.) 
 
 Nuorteva, Santeri. Rape of Finland's labor republic. (In Class 
 struggle. N.Y. v. 2. p. 298-304. May- June 1918.) 
 
 Official report of Russian Congress telling how Mr. Wilson's 
 message was received by soviet delegates. (In U.S. Com- 
 mittee on public information. Official bulletin. Wash. 
 March 20, 1918. p. 2.) 
 
 Peril of bolshevism. (In New statesman. London, v. 12. p. 
 191-2. Dec. 7, 1918.) 
 
 Ransome, Arthur. Open letter to America. (In New republic. 
 N.Y. V. 17. July 27, 1918. Supplement.) 
 
BOLSHEVISM 243 
 
 RapopQrt, Semen. Lenin and Trotzky. (In Socialist rev. 
 London, p. 147-58. June 1918.) 
 
 A personal description of Lenin and Trotzky. 
 
 Reed, John. Foreign affairs. (In Liberator. N.Y. v. I. p. 27- 
 
 9. June 1918.) 
 
 Description of the Russian foreign affairs department under bolshevik! 
 rule. 
 
 Reed, John. How the Russian revolution works. (In Liberator. 
 
 N.Y. V. I. p. 16-21. Aug. 1918.) 
 Reed, John. Red Russia. (In Liberator. N.Y. v. i. p. 18-23. 
 
 Apr. 1918.) 
 
 Reed describes the new democratic organizations which sprang up to 
 take charge of the Russian army under the revolution. 
 
 Reed, John. Structure of the soviet state. (In Liberator. N.Y. 
 
 V. I. p. 32-8. Nov. 1918.) 
 Reed, John. Triumph of the bolsheviki. (In Liberator. N.Y. 
 
 V. I. p. 14-21. March 1918.) 
 
 Description of the bolshevik revolution. 
 Reed, John. Visit to the army. (In Liberator. N.Y. v. I. 
 
 p. 28-34. May 1918.) 
 
 The workings of democracy among the rank and file during bolshevik 
 rule. 
 Russia and the American press. (In Dial. N.Y. v. 65. p. 529-30. 
 
 Dec. 14, 1918.) 
 Russian peace treaties. (In American political science rev. 
 
 Madison, Wis. v. 12. p. 706-11. Nov. 1918.) 
 Russia's chaos laid to the allies. (In Literary digest. N.Y. 
 
 v. 59. p. 20. Dec. 21, igi8.) 
 Sers, Louis. Un pare d'aviation f rancaise en Russie bolcheviste, 
 
 Mars 1917 — Mars 1918. (In Revue des deux mondes. Paris. 
 
 Aug. 15, 1918. p. 764-98.) 
 Soviets and bolsheviki. (In Independent. N.Y. v. 96. P- 352-3- 
 
 Dec. 14, 1918.) 
 Struggle with bolshevism for possession of Russia. (In Cur- 
 rent opinion. N.Y. v. 65. p. 357-9- Dec. 1918.) 
 Trotzky, Leon. State in Russia— old and new— the farce of 
 
 dual authority. (In Class struggle. N.Y. v. 2. p. 213-21. 
 
 March- Apr. 1918.) 
 What is a bolshevik? (In Travel. N.Y. v. 30- P- I7- March 
 , 1918.) 
 Wheeler, E. P. American democracy and Russian democracy. 
 
 (In Am. law review. St. Louis, v. 52. P- 657-8. Sept. 1918.) 
 
244 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Williams, A. R. Red fleet in the Baltic. (In Nation. N.Y. 
 V. 107. p. 579-83. Nov. 16, 1918.) 
 
 Williams, A. R. Red funeral of Vladivostok. (In New republic. 
 N.Y. V. 17. p. 41-2. Nov. 9, 1918.) 
 
 Williams, A. R. Soviet at work. (In Dial. N.Y. v. 65. p. S31- 
 3. Dec. 14, 1918.) 
 
 Winston, E. M. Bolsheviki method. (In Public. N.Y. v. 21. 
 p. 27-8. Dec. 21, 1918.) 
 
 Wright, C. H. Bolshevik ideals and their failure. (In Contem- 
 porary rev. N.Y. v. 114. p. S03-12. Nov. 1918.) 
 
 1919 
 
 All-Russian congress of finance. Krestinsky's closing speech. 
 
 (In Soviet Russia. N.Y. v. i. p. 15-16. Dec. 6, 1919.) 
 
 A strong centralization of the iinance policy. 
 Arch, Robert. What is bolshevism? (In Justice. London. 
 
 p. I. Feb. 27, 1919.) 
 Axelrod, Paul. Bolsheviki and the socialists of Europe and 
 
 America. (In Struggling Russia. N.Y. v. i. p. 21-2. March 
 
 29, 1919.) 
 Birnkoff, Paul. New Russia. (In Soviet Russia. N.Y. v. i. 
 
 p. 9-11, Sept. 27, 1919. p. lo-ii, Oct. 4, 1919. p. 14-17, 
 
 Oct. II, 1919.) 
 
 By an agent of the Swiss Red Cross, not a bolshevist. 
 Blumlein, Maurice. Economic and menshevik determinism. 
 
 (In Class struggle. N.Y. v. 2. p. 607-16. Dec. 1918; and 
 
 V. 3. p. 76-87. Feb. 1919.) 
 
 Dealing with the soundness of the economic principles of the bolsheviki 
 from the bolshevik point of view. 
 
 Bolshevism in practice ; by an eye-witness. (In Socialist rev. 
 
 London, v. 16. p. 283-90. July 1919.) 
 
 The author, "a specially well-informed Russian, hostile to bolshevism" 
 points out that preparation is necessary before nationalizing industry. 
 
 Breshkovsky, Catherine. Allies in Russia. (In Struggling Rus- 
 sia. N.Y. V. I. p. 19-20. March 29, 1919.) 
 
 Bryant, Louise. Are Russian women nationalized? (In Lib- 
 erator. N.Y. V. 2. p. 20-1. Apr. 1919.) 
 
 Building up soviet Russia. (In Soviet Russia. N.Y. v. i. p. 
 16-18. Nov. 22, 1919.) 
 The rise of industry, proletariat culture. 
 
 Caussy, F. Russian loans (from L'Humanite). (In Soviet 
 Russia. N.Y. v. i. p. 7-8. Dec. 27, 1919.) 
 
 Bolsheviks have offered to reimburse small holders or to recognize 
 the debt as a whole, but the French government has ignored the proposal. 
 
BOLSHEVISM 245 
 
 Clark, Evans. Americanism and the soviet. (In Nation. N.Y. 
 
 V. 108. p. 422-4. March 22, ipig.) 
 Davis, Jerome. More light on Russia; first hand observations 
 
 that correct some popular misconceptions. (In Independent. 
 
 N.Y. V. 97. p. 367. March 15, 1919.) 
 Davis, Jerome. What we can do for Russia. (In Independent. 
 
 N.Y. V. 97. p. 190. Feb. 8, 1919.) 
 
 An account of the revolution by a non-bolshevik. 
 Ereshkin, M. C. Soviets in Russia. (In Struggling Russia. 
 
 N.Y. v. I. p. 39-40. Apr. 5, 1919.) 
 Farbman, M. S. Russia and the world. (In Nation. N.Y. 
 
 V. 108. p. 188-90. Feb. 8, 1919.) 
 
 A plea against intervention. 
 Francis, D. R., and Buchanan, Sir George. Lenine-Trotzky 
 
 government ; definite declarations concerning it by American 
 
 and British ambassadors. (In Current history. N.Y. v. 10. 
 
 p. 273-6. May 1919.) 
 
 Consists of mostly . hearsay evidence, extremely hostile. 
 Gettell, R. G. Russian soviet constitution. (In American polit- 
 ical science rev. Madison, Wis. p. 293-7. May 1919.) 
 
 An analysis of the provisions of the constitution, "compared with the 
 usually accepted ideas of political organization." 
 
 Goode, W. T. Correspondence. (In Manchester guardian. 
 Oct. 1919.) 
 
 Popular misconceptions about bolshevik Russia. An interview with 
 Lenin, men and methods in Moscow, Moscow of to-day, industrial workers 
 and peasants. 
 
 Gorki, Maxim. Bolshevism defended. (In Living age. Boston. 
 
 V. 300. p. 200-2. Jan. 25, 1919.) 
 Gorki, Maxim. Electric lights in Siberia. (In Living age. 
 
 Boston. V. 300. p. 306-8. Feb. i, 1919) 
 Have the mensheviki and the socialist-revolutionists united with 
 
 the bolsheviki? (In Struggling Russia. N.Y. v. i. p. 33-4- 
 
 Apr. 5, 1919.) 
 Horsburgh, G. D. G. Factory under bolshevik management. 
 
 (In Living age. Boston, v. 300. p. 197-9- Jan. 25, 1919.) 
 Island, Karl. Lenin versus Wilson. (In Class struggle. N.Y. 
 
 v. 2. p. 23-6. Feb. 1919.) 
 Kollontay, Alexandra. Activity of the Russian people's com- 
 missariat for social welfare. (In Soviet Russia. N.Y. v. i. 
 
 p. 1-3. Aug. 16, 1919-) 
 Kollontay, Alexandra. Family and the communist state. (In 
 
 Soviet Russia. N.Y. v. i. p. 14-20. Dec. 13, 1919-) 
 
246 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Kuntz, C. The soviet state of Russia. (In Intercollegiate 
 socialist. N.Y. v. 8. p. 17-20. Feb.-March 1919.) 
 
 Landfield, J. B. Russia. Address before the Economic club of 
 Boston, Dec. 30, 1918. (In National economic league quarter- 
 ly. Boston. V. 4. p. 20-5, 38-9. March 1919.) 
 
 Larin, U. Economic reconstruction in soviet Russia at the end 
 of February 1919. (In Soviet Russia. N.Y. v. I. p. 8-9. 
 June 21, 1919.) 
 The author is a member o£ the Supreme council of national economy. 
 
 Lenin, Nikolai. State and revolution. (In Class struggle. 
 N.Y. V. 3. p. S-22. Feb. 1919.) 
 
 Literary progenitors of bolshevist Russia. (In Current opinion. 
 N.Y. V. 66. p. 49-50. Jan. 1919.) 
 
 Lomonossoff, G. V. Voice out of Russia. (In Dial. N.Y. 
 V. 66. p. 61-6. Jan. 25, 1919.) 
 The author, some time Professor of railroad economics and locomotives 
 
 at the Polytechnic institution in Kiev and later in Warsaw, was formerly 
 
 assistant Minister of ways of communication and that Ministry's chief 
 
 envoy to America. Now has charge of the administration of railroads in 
 
 Russia. 
 
 Lomov, A. Productivity of Russian labor. (In Nation. N.Y. 
 
 V. 108. p. 803-6. May 17, 1919.) 
 Lore, Ludwig. Two years of soviet Russia. (In Class struggle. 
 
 N.Y. V. 3. p. 355-65. Nov. 1919.) 
 Methodist federation for social service. Russian question. N.Y. 
 
 Jan.-Feb. 1919. 4p. (Social service bulletin.) 
 
 Brief, bibl. p. 4. Sympathetic summaries of general topics relating to 
 bolshevism. 
 
 Miliukov, Paul. Russia's struggle for unity and freedom. (In 
 Struggling Russia. N.Y. v. I. p. 22-4. March 29, 1919.) 
 
 New communist manifesto. By the International communist 
 congress at Moscow, March 2, 1919, inaugurating the Third 
 International. (In Nation. N.Y. v. 108. p. 890-3. May 31, 
 1919.) ■ 
 
 Nordman, N. United Russia from the economic point of view. 
 (In Struggling Russia. N.Y. v. I. p. 25-6. March 29, 1919.) 
 
 Nuorteva, Santeri. Trade possibilities in soviet Russia ; a 
 speech at the knit goods manufacturers' convention in Phila- 
 delphia, June 4, 1919. (In Soviet Russia. N.Y. v. i. p. 9-10. 
 June 14, 1919-) 
 
 Olgin, M. J. Russia; address before the Economic club of 
 Boston. Dec. 30, 1918. (In National economic league 
 quarterly. Boston, v. 4. p. 4-12, 34-7. March 1919.) 
 
BOLSHEVISM 247 
 
 Pictures of Russian life under the soviet rule as painted by a 
 
 French socialist, a German socialist and a Russian socialist. 
 
 (In Struggling Russia. N.Y. v. I. p. 44-7. Apr. S, iQip.) 
 Present and future of Russia. (In Annals Am. acad. Phila. 
 
 V. 84. p. 81-145. July 1919.) 
 
 Speeches by R. M. Story, W. C. Huntingrton, Baron Rosen, A. J. 
 Sack, Santeri Nuorteva, Moissaye J. Olgin, Thomas D. Thacher, and Col. 
 Raymond Robms. 
 
 Price, M. P. The truth about soviet Russia. (In Soviet Russia. 
 
 N.Y. V. I. p. 1-4, Aug. 21; p. 3-5, Aug. 9; and p. 12-15, 
 
 Aug. 16, 1919) 
 Radek: the arch-conspirator of bolshevism afield. (In Current 
 
 opinion. N.Y. v. 66. p. 157-8. March 1919.) 
 Ransome, Arthur. The textile industry under soviet control; 
 
 from a Moscow diary. (In Soviet Russia. N.Y. v. i. p. 
 
 9-10. June 21, 1919.) 
 
 The development of the textile industry, with a view of local indus- 
 trial organization. 
 
 Reed, John. How soviet Russia conquered imperial Germany. 
 
 (In Liberator. N.Y. v. 2. p. 16-27. Jan. 1919.) 
 
 A description of bolshevik propaganda in Germany. 
 Reed, John. Prinkipo and after. (In Liberator. N.Y. v. 2. 
 
 p. 21-4. Apr. 1919.) 
 Religion under the bolsheviks. (In Liberator. N.Y. v. 2. p. 
 
 21-4. July 1919.) 
 
 Religious liberation in Russia. 
 
 Russian documents: 
 
 I. An appeal to the American people. 
 II. Red terror in bolshevist Russia. 
 
 III. Russian workingmen against the bolsheviki. 
 
 IV. Declaration of the Russian delegation in Yassy to the 
 
 Allied governments. 
 (In Strugghng Russia. N.Y. v. i. p. 27-32. March 29, 1919.) 
 Sack, A. J. Russia and the world. (In Struggling Russia. N.Y. 
 
 V. I. p. 17-19. March 29, 1919.) 
 
 Sokolov, Boris. The labor policy of the bolsheviki. (In Strug- 
 gling Russia. N.Y. v. I. p. 648-50. Dec. 27, 1919 ) 
 First article of a series. Very antagonistic. 
 
 Soviet of the far east; verbatim report of a conversation with 
 Gertrude M. Tobenson, wife of Krasnochokov, president of 
 the far eastern soviet in Siberia. (In Liberator. N.Y. v. 2. 
 p. 32-6. 
 
248 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Tchaikovsky, Nicholas. Bolshevist power must be destroyed. 
 (In Struggling Russia. N.Y. v. i. p. 20. March 29, 1919.) 
 
 Tchaikovsky, Nicholas. Two years of bolshevism. (In Strug- 
 gling Russia. N.Y. v. i. p. 579-80. Nov. 29, 1919.) 
 
 "Bolshevism is passing through its last days in Russia." 
 
 Thacher, T. D. Russia. Address before the Economic club of 
 Boston, Dec. 30, 1919. (In National economic league 
 quarterly. Boston, v. 4. p. 26-34. March 1919.) 
 
 Thing called bolshevism. (In World's work. N.Y. v. 37. p. 
 321-5. Jan. 1919.) 
 
 Tobenson, (Mrs.) Gertrude. Siberia from the inside. (In 
 Soviet Russia. N.Y. v. i. p. 10-14. Ju'y IP. igiQ-) 
 By the wife of the president of the Far east republic. 
 
 Tobenson, (Mrs.) Gertrude. Soviet of the far east. (In Lib- 
 erator. N.Y. V. 2. p. 32-6. Apr. 1919.) 
 
 Tobenson, (Mrs.) Gertrude. Story of a commissar's wife. (In 
 Survey: N.Y. v. 41. p. 768-71. March i, ipig.) 
 
 The Far east soviet and all-Russian conference described. 
 
 Trotzky, Leon. Principles of democracy and proletarian dicta- 
 torship. (In Class struggle. N.Y. v. 3. p. 86-91. Feb. 
 1919.) 
 
 Trotzky, Leon. Work, discipline, and order to save the social- 
 ist soviet republic. (In Class struggle. N.Y. v. 3. p. 366-82. 
 Nov. 1919.) 
 
 An address at the city conference of the Russian communist party ia 
 Moscow, March 28, 1918. 
 
 Uniform labor school in soviet Russia. (In Soviet Russia. 
 
 N.Y. v. I. p. 14-16. Dec. 27, 1919.) 
 Veblen, Thorstein. Bolshevism and the vested interests in 
 
 America. (In Dial. N.Y. v. 67. p. 296-301, 339-46, 373-80. 
 
 Oct. 4-N0V. I, 1919.) 
 
 A revolutionary overturn like Russia's is impossible in America without 
 the cooperation of the production engineers. 
 
 Veblen, Thorstein. Bolshevism is a menace to whom? (In 
 
 Dial. N.Y. v. 66. p. 174-9. Feb. 22, 1919.) 
 
 "By first intention and by consistent aim bolshevism is a menace to 
 the vested rights of property and of privilege." 
 
 W. D. Land question in the Russian revolution. (In Class 
 Struggle. N.Y. v. i. p. 143-60. March 1919.) 
 
 Williams, A. R. Russia. Address before the Economic club of 
 Boston, Dec. 30, 1918. (In National economic league 
 quarterly. Boston, v. 14. p. 13-20. March 1919.) 
 
BOLSHEVISM 249 
 
 Williams, A. R. Six months with Lenin. (In Asia. N.Y. v. 21. 
 
 p. 764-70- Aug. 1919.) 
 Yaroslavsky, E. (In Pravda.) Peasant communes. (In 
 
 Soviet Russia. N.Y. v. i. p. 2-4. Pec. 27, 1919.) 
 Yarros, V. S. True democracy and progress; some thoughts 
 
 on the Russian soviet system. (In Open court. Chic. v. 
 
 33- P- 321-7. June 1919.) 
 
 The soviet system as imperfect representation. 
 Yarros, V. S., and Beatty, B. Russian bolshevism— tyranny 
 
 or freedom? (In Public. N.Y. v. 22. p. 82-6. Jan. 25, 1919.) 
 
 1920 
 
 Alsberg, H. C. Russian impressions. (In Nation. N. Y. v. 
 III. p. 207-8. Aug. 21, 1920.) 
 
 Bertrand Russell on Russia. (In New republic. N.Y. v. 24. 
 p. 6-7. Sept. I, 1920.) 
 
 Brailsford, H. N. Parliaments or Soviets. A national guild 
 lecture delivered at Kingsway hall, Dec. 18, 1919. (Supple- 
 ment to the New commonwealth. London, no. 13. Jan. 
 1920.) 8p. 
 
 Compares parliaments, Soviets and guilds. Recommends thorough in- 
 dustrial organization before the government is socialized. 
 
 Brailsford, H. N. Russian impressions. (In New republic. 
 N.Y. v. 24. p. 314-20. Nov. 24, 1920.) 
 First of a series of six articles on Russia. 
 Incorporated in his book "Russian workers' republic.'' 
 
 Gade, J. A. Bolshevism from the inside. (In Atlantic monthly. 
 
 Boston. V. 126. p. 248-56. Aug. 28, 1920.) 
 Getting debamboozled on Russia. (In New republic. N.Y. 
 
 V. 22. p. 336-41. Aug. 7, 1920.) 
 Issaiev, V. I. Nationalization of industry in bolshevist Russia. 
 
 (In Struggling Russia. N.Y. v. i. p. 707-10. Jan. 17, 1920.) 
 
 First installment of an article reprinted from London weekly, 
 "Jostiee." The author is a prominent Russian economist. 
 
 Lenin, Nikolai. Letter to British labor. (In Living age. Boston. 
 
 v. 306. p. 265-8. July 31, 1920.) 
 Reform of higher schools, from Novy Mir of April 24, 1919. 
 
 (In Soviet Russia. N.Y. v. 2. p. 32-3. Jan. 10, 193O.) 
 Rostovtzev, M. I. Schools and education in bolshevist Russia. 
 
 (In Struggling Russia. N.Y. v. i. p. 673-5. Jan. JQ, i930.) 
 Russell, B. A. W. Soviet Rusai^— 1920. (In Nation. N.Y. v. 
 
 III. p. I2I'6, 152-4. July 3?-Aug. 7, 192a) 
 
 Included in his book "Bolshevism; practice and theory." 
 
250 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Russia — 1920. (In Asia. N.Y. v. 20. Feb.-March 1920.) 
 
 Entire number devoted to material on present-day Russia. Contains 
 articles by Norman Hapgood, Boris L. T. Roustam Bek, Isaac McBride, 
 John Foord, and an excellent exposition of political and economic organ- 
 ization by W. R. Humphries. 
 Spargo, John. What bolshevism has become. (In Harpers 
 
 mag. N.Y. v. 140. p. 771-84. May 1920.) 
 Strunsky, M. G. Bolshevik realities and American fancies. (In 
 Century. N.Y. v. 99. p. 679-88. March 1920.) 
 
 For further periodical references see Readers' guide and 
 Public affairs information service. 
 
 Hungary 
 
 Brailsford, H. N. Across the blockade. N.Y. Harcourt, Brace 
 
 & Howe. 1919. I74p. 
 Brailsford, H. N. Allied diplomacy in Hungary. (In Nation. 
 
 N.Y. V. 109. p. 665-7. Nov. 22, 1919.) 
 British joint labour delegation to Hungary. White terror in 
 
 Hungary. London. Trade union congress and labour party. 
 
 1920. 20p. 
 
 Suppression of soviet Hungary reported. 
 
 British labor and the Hungarian terror. (In Nation. N.Y. 
 V. III. p. 53-4. July 10, 1920.) 
 Synopsis of report of British labor delegation to Hungary. 
 
 Commission in Hungary. Editorial. (In Class struggle. N.Y. 
 
 V. 3- P- 217-25. May 1919.) 
 Constitution of the Hungarian socialist federated soviet re- 
 public. (In Class struggle. N.Y. v. 3. p. 325-31. Aug. 
 
 1919.) 
 Eastman, Crystal. In communist Hungary. (In Liberator. 
 
 N.Y. V. 2. p. 5-10. Aug. 1919.) 
 Hunt, A. R. Facts about communist Hungary. N.Y. People's 
 
 print. 1919. 3ip. 
 
 From a visit during Bela Kun's administration. 
 Hunt, A. R. Hungary under Bela Kun. (In Socialist rev. N.Y. 
 
 V. 8. p. 145-50. Feb. 1920.) 
 
 A descriptive account of Miss Hunt's visit to Hungary, her interview 
 with Bela Kun, and his explanation of the organization of the govern- 
 ment. 
 
 Kuh, Frederick. Hope revives in Hungary. (In Liberator. 
 
 N.Y. V. 3. p. 37-g. Jan. 1920.) 
 
 A letter from Budapest describing conditions, and asserting that the 
 workers still support the revolution. 
 
BOLSHEVISM 251 
 
 Schmitt, C. H. Hungarian revolution; an eye witness' account 
 of the first five days. London. Workers' socialist fed. 1920. 
 sap- 
 True story of the bolshevist regime at Budapest. (In Living 
 age. Boston, v. 304. p. 131-3. Jan. 17, 1920.) 
 
 For further periodical references see Readers' guide and 
 Public affairs information service. 
 
 Periodicals 
 
 Class struggle. Quarterly. N.Y. 1917-1920. 
 Ceased pub. 
 ^A magazine devoted to international socialism, which prints numerous 
 articles on bolshevism. 
 
 Economicheskaya Zhizu. (Economic life.) Daily. Moscow. 
 
 Organ of the Supreme council of national economy. 
 International communist. Monthly. Moscow. 
 
 A magazine of some 250 pages, printed simultaneously in Russian, 
 English, French, and German. Organ of the third International. 
 
 Izvestia. Daily. Moscow. 
 
 Organ of the Central executive committee of the Russian soviet 
 government. 
 
 Narodnoie Khozyaistvo. (National economy.) Semimonthly. 
 
 Moscow. 1918-date. 
 
 Organ of the Supreme council of national economy. 
 Soviet Russia. Weekly. N.Y. Russian soviet government 
 
 bureau. 1919-date. 
 
 0£5cial organ of the bureau. 
 Struggling Russia. Weekly. N.Y. 1919-1920. Ceased pub. 
 
 Published by Russian information bureau as anti-bolshevik propaganda. 
 
 See also the files of the Revolutionary age, and the Com- 
 munist, which have suspended publication. 
 
 Periodical Directories 
 
 Clark, Evans. Magazines. (In Facts and fabrications about 
 soviet Russia. 1920. p. S7-9-) 
 
 International labour office. London. Periodicals. (In Labor 
 conditions in soviet Russia. 1920. appendix p. Ixxi-xcvi.) 
 An exhaustive list of English, Russian and other papers dealing with 
 
 Russia. 
 
ANARCHISM 
 CONTENTS 
 
 Introduction 255 
 
 Bibliographies 256 
 
 definitions 256 
 
 General 256 
 
 Theories 257 
 
 Theories-Contra 259 
 
 History 259 
 
 Periodicals 260 
 
ANARCHISM 
 
 Anarchism as a modern social movement came into existence 
 as a protest against the attempt to reorganize society by 
 parliamentary action along lines advocated by Karl Marx and 
 his followers. As advocated by its present adherents it stands 
 for communal ownership of land and capital without State con- 
 trol and without obligation to work. It wishes to substitute for 
 parliamentary machinery a community operated by all members 
 of society on a voluntary cooperative basis. 
 
 While many of the ideas of anarchism were stated by Greek, 
 Chinese and other philosophers of ancient times, as a distinct 
 philosophical and political movement it dates only from 1850. 
 The first prominent exponent of modem philosophical anarchism 
 was Proudhon. Bakunin was the first great practical leader of 
 the movement and Kropotkin has supported its theories in many 
 scientific works. 
 
 The popular idea which associates anarchism with violence is 
 largely due to crude and irresponsible individual attempts to 
 overthrow existing institutions by force. The leading members 
 of the movement desire to see their aims realized through 
 widespread education. 
 
 The strongest support for the movement is found in the 
 Latin countries; in Spain, Italy, France and to some extent in 
 Russia. 
 
 For an impartial^ descriptio n of jnarchism the reader is 
 referred to £ltzbacher!i_"Anarchism." Kropotkin's and Bakun- 
 in's writings are the most authoritative books from an anar- 
 chistic point of view. A brilliant refutation of anarchism from 
 the socialist standpoint is to be found in Bernard Shaw's "Im- 
 possibilities of Anarchism." 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 Bibliographies 
 
 Fabian society. London. Anarchism. (In What to read 
 
 Fabian tract no. 29. 2d ed. 1893. p. 28-9.) 
 
 Brief annotated list of older works. 
 Kropotkin, P. A. Bibliography. (In Ency. Brit, nth ed. 1910. 
 
 V. I. p. 918-19.) 
 
 Annotated bibliography. The article preceding the bibliography, p. 914- 
 18, gives synopses of the most important works on anarchism. 
 
 Marot, Helen. Anarchism. (In Handbook of labor literature. 
 
 1899. P- 17-22.) 
 
 Annotated references on anarchism and communistic anarchy. 
 
 Definitions 
 Kropotkin, P. A. Anarchism. (In Ency. Brit, nth ed. igio. 
 
 V. I. p. 914-) 
 Russell, Bertrand. Definition of anarchism. (In Proposed roads 
 
 to freedom. 1919. p. 33.) 
 
 General 
 
 Eltzbacher, Paul. Anarchism. N.Y. Benj. R. Tucker. 1908. 
 
 309P- 
 
 Contains classified quotations from Godwin, Proudhon, Stirner, 
 Bakunin, Kropotkin, Tucker, and Tolstoi. 
 
 Godwin, William. Enquiry concerning political justice. London. 
 
 1796. 2V. 
 
 A philosophical analysis of the theories supporting the state, private 
 property and liw. 
 
 Kropotkin, P. A. Anarchism. (In Ency. Brit, nth ed. 1910. 
 
 V. I. p. 914-19-) 
 
 Bibliography p. 9i8-X9. An infrodtlction to the literature, philosophy 
 and history of anarchism. Authoritative and readable. 
 
 Kropotkin, P. A. Anarchist communism. London. New fel- 
 lowship pr. 1891. 3Sp. 
 
 Expresses the opinion that socialism, achieved through political equality 
 of classes, leads directly to anarchism. 
 
 Latouche, Pierre. Anarchy. London. Everett & co. 1908. 
 
 240P. 
 
 Journalistic, laying emphasis on crimes of anarchists. Treats theory and 
 contemporary anarchists. 
 
ANARCHISM 257 
 
 Russell, Bertrand. Bakunin and anarchism. (In Proposed roads 
 
 to freedom. 1919. p. 32-55.) 
 
 Bibliographical footnotes. An excellent review of its philosophy and 
 Us history. 
 
 Theories 
 
 Andrews, S. P. The science of society. Number i, the true 
 constitution of government in the sovereignty of the individ- 
 ual, as the final development of protestantism, democracy, 
 and socialism. N.Y. T. L. Nichols. 1854. 2i4p. 
 
 Bakunin, Michael. God and the state. Boston. Benj. R. Tucker. 
 1885. S2p. 
 An idealistic god, the product of man's imagination but transposed to 
 
 appear the causation of the universe, is used to excuse some of the worst 
 
 crimes of the state. 
 
 Goldman, Emma. Anarchism and other essays. N.Y. Mother 
 
 earth pub. assn. 1910. 277p. 
 
 Biography of author by Hippolyte Havel. 
 Kropotkin, Peter. Conquest of bread. N.Y. G. P. Putnam's 
 
 sons. 1906. 299p. 
 
 An exposition of the gospel of anarchy. Explains methods of produc- 
 tion and distribution after expropriation, and conservation of labor by 
 scientific methods of agriculture. 
 
 Kropotkin, Peter. Fields, factories, and workshops. Boston. 
 
 Houghton Mifflin co. 1899. 31SP. 
 
 Appendix gives statistics on industry and production to prove that 
 workers are exploited through an inefficient and unjust economic system. 
 
 Kropotkin, Peter. Mutual aid. London. Wm. Heinemann. 
 
 1902. 348p. 
 
 Mutual aid, an important principle in inter-species struggle for existence, 
 is considered as the prime factor in social progress. 
 
 Mackay, J. H. The anarchists; a picture of civilization at the 
 close of the nineteenth century. Tr. from German of George 
 Schomm. Boston. Benj. R. Tucker. 1891. 30Sp. 
 An anarchist's sketches of London and Chicago, with chapters on 
 
 anarchism and communism. 
 
 Malatesta, Enrico. Anarchy. San Francisco. Free soc. li- 
 brary. 1900. 44p. 
 Cooperation as a biological principle. Refutation of objections to 
 
 anarchism on practical grounds. 
 
 Most, Johann. Down with the anarchists! N.Y. J. Most. 
 1901 ? i6p. 
 
 A reply to Roosevelt's slogan which is used as title. The indifferent 
 public is accused of murdering anarchists. 
 
 Most, Johann. Freie Gesellschaft. N.Y. Samich & Goldmann. 
 
 1884. I02p. 
 
 An idealistic plan for division of labor and distribution of wealth. 
 
258 MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Owen, W. C. Anarchy versus socialism. N.Y. Mother earth 
 
 pub. assn. 1909? 30p. 
 
 Exposes the laziness of a representative form of government and the 
 danger of centralization. Anarchists stay proudly aloof from politics. 
 
 Proudhon, P. J. Qu'est-ce que la propiete? Paris. Gamier 
 
 freres. 1848. 2 parts. 
 
 A refutation of various excuses for the institution of property. Philo- 
 sophical and ethical discussion. 
 
 Proudhon, P. J. System of economical contradictions. Boston. 
 
 Benj. R. Tucker. 1888. 469P. 
 
 Asserts the inadequacy of general economic theory, and the harmful 
 influence of developments of the industrial era. Labor is the major force 
 which should "invert the actual formulas of society." 
 
 Reclus, Elisee. An anarchist on anarchy. Boston. Benj. R. 
 
 Tucker. 1884. 24p. 
 
 Reclus, exposition of anarchism as a doctrine of love, p. 1-16. Vaughan, 
 E. "The criminal record of Reclus," p. 17-24. A satiric account of 
 Reclus' scientific attainments as the crimes of which his enemies accused 
 him. 
 
 Reclus, Elisee. Evolution et revolution. Paris. 1891. 6ip. 
 
 So-called evolutionists characterized as timorous and hypocritical. When 
 evolution is rightly understood, it will not differ from the necessary 
 revolution. 
 
 Stirner, Max (Schmidt, Johann K.) The ego and his own. 
 N.Y. E. C. Walker. 1913. 5o6p. 
 
 An expression of "unbridled egoism." The sense of moral obligation 
 as the last form of superstition. Socialism by preaching good of all, effects 
 the good of none. 
 
 Tolstoi, Leo. Social evils and their remedy. London. Methuen. 
 1915- 255p. 
 
 Contains essays on land and labor, government, anarchy, methods of 
 reform, etc. Certain portions of the longer articles omitted. Individual 
 morality is Tolstoi's panacea. 
 
 Le Tolstoisme et Tanarchisme. Paris. L'humanite nouvelle. 
 
 1900. I2p. 
 
 Tolstoi's individualism makes his teaching adverse to the theory of 
 communistic anarchism. 
 
 Tucker, B. R. Attitude of anarchism toward industrial com- 
 binations. N.Y. Benj. R. Tucker. 1903. 20p. 
 Trusts condemned only as an extension of the monopolistic institution 
 
 of private property. 
 
 Tucker, B. R. Instead of a book, by a man too busy to write 
 one. 2d edition. N.Y. Benj. R. Tucker. 1897. 5i2p. 
 
 Selections from his writings on philosophical anarchism. Advocates 
 passive resistence. "Where freedom prevails, competition and cooperation 
 are identical," 
 
 Yarros, Victor. Anarchism; its aims and methods. Boston. 
 Benj. R. Tucker. 1887. 30p. 
 Includes constitution of the anarchists* club in Boston. 
 
ANARCHISM 259 
 
 Theories — Contra 
 
 Hunter, Robert. Violence and the labor movement. N.Y. Mac- 
 
 millan co. 1919. 388p. 
 
 Authorities p. 357-73- A socialist's arraignment of anarchism and 
 syndicalism. Treats Bakunin, Johann Most, the battle of Marx with 
 Bakunin and "the newest anarchism," industrial unionism. 
 
 Plechanoff, George. Anarchism and socialism. Chic. C. H. 
 
 _^ Kerr & co. igo8. i48p. 
 
 Anarchism considered as reaction and menace to working class move- 
 ment. 
 
 Rae, John. Anarchism. (In Contemporary socialism, igoi. 
 
 p. 247-58.) 
 
 Hostile statement of anarchist aims and history. 
 Shaw, G. B. Impossibilities of anarchism. London. Fabian 
 
 society. 1893. 27p. 
 
 Individualist anarchism is essentially the laissez-faire policy, communist 
 anarchism Utopian, and majority rule with its attendant intolerance in- 
 evitable. 
 
 Simons, A. M. Socialism vs. anarchy. Chic. C. H. Kerr & co. n. d. 
 
 Webb, Sidney, and others. Socialism and individualism. N.Y. 
 
 John Lane co. igil. I02p. 
 
 History 
 
 Adler, Max. Max Stirner. (In W'egweiser. 1914. p. I73-99-) 
 Altgeld, J. P. Reasons for pardoning Fielden, Neebe, and Swab. 
 ~ Springfield, 111. State printer. 1896. 29p. 
 Trial of anarchists after the Haymarket eipsode. 
 
 Brupbacher, Fritz. Marx and Bakunin. Munich. 1913. 20op. 
 Bibl. p. 198-200. Accounts of the debates between Marx and Bakunin, 
 and of the international congresses where these took place. 
 
 Commons, J. R. The Chicago catastrophe. (In History of 
 
 labour in the United States. figiB. y. 2. p. 386-94.) 
 
 History of the Haymarket bomb affair. 
 Commons, J. R., and others. From socialism to anarchism and 
 
 syndicalism, 1876-1884. (In History of labour in the United 
 
 States. 1918. V. 2. p. 269-300.) 
 
 Bibl. Socialism and anarchism v. is. p. 584-7- 
 Francisco Ferrer association. Francisco Ferrer, his life, work 
 
 and martydom. N.Y. Francisco Ferrer assn. 1910. 94p. 
 
 Memorial pamphlet, containing biography of the well known Spanish 
 anarchist and teacher. 
 
 Kropotkin, P. A. Memoirs of a revolutionist. Boston. Hough- 
 ton, Mifflin & CO. 1899. 
 
26o MODERN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 Vizetelly, E. A. The anarchists. N.Y. John Lane co. 191 1. 
 3o8p. 
 
 Rather hostile historical review. Emphasizes "propaganda by deed." 
 Zenker, E. V. Anarchism. N.Y. G. P. Putnam's sons. 1897. 
 
 323P. 
 
 Gives history with chapters on Proudhon and Stirner, the modern 
 tendency of anarchism in Russia and relation of anarchism to science 
 and politics. 
 
 Periodicals 
 
 Anarchist. Weekly. London. 
 
 The Blast; revolutionary labor weekly. Alexander Berkman, 
 
 ed. San Francisco, Cal. v. i. 1916. Ceased pub. 
 Freedom, a journal of constructive anarchy. Monthly. New 
 
 Brunswick, N.J. Harry Kelly, editor. Freedom publishing 
 
 CO. 1919. 
 Der freie Arbeiter. Weekly. Berlin. 
 Herald of revolt. Monthly. London, igil-date. 
 Land and liberty. Wm. C. Owen, ed. Monthly. Hayward, Cal. 
 
 V. I. 1914. Ceased pub. 
 Mother earth. Emma Goldman, ed. Monthly. N.Y. Ceased 
 
 pub. 
 
Cornell University Library 
 Z 7164.S66Z7 
 
 Modern social movements; descriptive summ 
 
 3 1924 002 269 441 
 
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