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 The antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador; a p 
 3 1924 021 064 708 ' 
 
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The antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador; a | 
 
 3 1924 021 064 708 
 
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Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 Volume I 
 
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IRVING PRESS 
 NEW YORK 
 
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Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 The Geoegke G. Heye Expedition 
 
 The Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 
 A Preliminary Report 
 
 BY 
 
 MARSHALL H. SAVILLE 
 
 Lonbat Professor of American Archeology 
 Columbia University 
 
 NEW YORK 
 1907 
 
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 This edition is limited to 300 copies, 
 of which this is No. J *7 / 
 
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PREFACE 
 
 The archeological researches in the northwestern part of 
 South America, described in this monograph, were undertaken 
 by the writer with the financial support and co-operation of 
 George Gr. Heye, Esq., of New York City. The plan of the 
 work is to collect and publish data relating to the precolumbian 
 inhabitants of the entire region lying between Peru and 
 Panama. 
 
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CONTENTS 
 
 Page 
 
 Preface - - - vii 
 
 Introduction .... . 1 
 
 Geography and Description of the Province - 5 
 
 Historical Accounts of the Spanish Conquest and of the Natives - 8 
 
 Archeology 16 
 
 Wells - - ... .16 
 
 Euins - 19 
 
 Stone Seats - - -23 
 
 Human Figures - 49 
 
 Animal Figures - - 56 
 
 Column on Animal's Back 57 
 
 Animal on Column 58 
 
 Columns 59 
 
 Quadrangular Sculptures - 61 
 
 Bas-Beliefs - - 61 
 
 Besonant Stone - 67 
 
 Metates ... 68 
 
 Emeralds - - 69 
 
 Gold, Silver, and Copper - 70 
 
 Ceramics - 73 
 
 Pottery Vessels - - 74 
 
 Moulds - - 75 
 
 Stamps - - - 76 
 
 Spindle- Whorls 76 
 
 Whistles . - 77 
 
 Human Figures - - 80 
 
 Human Heads - - - 81 
 
 Animal Heads - - - - 82 
 
 Appendix . - - ... - 83 
 
 Notes .... - - - 85 
 
 Bibliography ... - 121 
 
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 EIGUEES 
 
 !*»• Page 
 
 1 - - - 39 
 
 2 - 56 
 
 3 57 
 
 4 ... . - 60 
 
 5 ... . 60 
 
 6 ----- - 62 
 
 7 - - 63 
 
 8 - - 63 
 
 9 - - - 75 
 
 PLATES 
 
 Plate 
 
 I House in Monte Cristi: Cerro Bravo in the background. 
 ( Hotel in Monte Cristi : Hill of Monte Cristi in the background. 
 I House in Monte Cristi. 
 ( Town of Picoaza. 
 
 ( Euins of Houses in the Cerro de Hojas where stone seats are found. 
 IY Seat from Cerro Jaboncillo. 
 V Seat from Cerro Jaboncillo. 
 YI Seat from Cerro Jaboncillo. 
 YII Seat from Cerro Jaboncillo. 
 YIII Seat from Cerro de Hojas. 
 IX Seats from Cerro de Hojas. 
 X Seats from Cerro de Hojas. 
 XI Seats from Cerro Jaboncillo. 
 XII Seats from Cerro Jupa and Cerro Jaboncillo. 
 XIII Seats from Cerro de Hojas and Cerro Jaboncillo. 
 XIY Broken Seats from Cerro de Hojas. 
 XY Seat from Cerro Agua Kuevo. 
 XYI Seat from Cerro de Hojas. 
 
 XYII Small Seats from Cerro de Hojas and Cerro Jaboncillo. 
 XYHI Seats from Cerro Jaboncillo. 
 XIX Seats from Cerro Jaboncillo and Cerro de Hojas. 
 
 II 
 III 
 
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Plate 
 
 XX Seats from Cerro Jupa. 
 
 XXI Seats from Cerro Jupa and Cerro Agua Nuevo. 
 
 XXII Seats from Cerro de Hojas. 
 
 XXIII Seat from Cerro de Hojas. 
 
 XXIV Seat from Cerro de Hojas. 
 XXY Seat from Cerro Agua Nuevo. 
 
 XXVI Seat from Cerro Jupa. 
 
 XXVII Seats from Cerro Jaboncillo and Cerro Agua Nuevo. 
 
 XXVIII Human Figures from Cerro de Hojas. 
 
 XXIX Human Figures from Cerro de Hojas. 
 
 XXX Human Figures from Cerro de Hojas. 
 
 XXXI Animal Figure from Cerro de Hojas. 
 
 XXXII Animal Sculptures from Cerro de Hojas. 
 
 XXXIII Columns from Cerro de Hojas. 
 
 XXXIV Columns from Cerro de Hojas. 
 XXXV Bas-reliefs from Cerro Jaboncillo. 
 
 XXXVI Bas-reliefs from Cerro Jaboncillo. 
 
 XXXVII Fragments of Bas-reliefs from Cerro Jaboncillo. 
 
 XXXVIII Bas-relief from Cerro Jaboncillo. 
 
 XXXIX Bas-relief from Cerro Jaboncillo. 
 
 XL Metates and Hand-stones from Cerro de Hojas. 
 
 XLI Copper Discs from Manantial. 
 
 XLII Copper Objects, Pottery Vessels, and Stamps. 
 
 XLHI Designs on Spindle-whorls. 
 
 XLIV Designs on Spindle-whorls. 
 
 XLV Designs on Spindle-whorls. 
 
 XLVI Designs on Spindle-whorls. 
 
 XLVII Designs on Spindle-whorls. 
 
 XLVIII Designs on Spindle-whorls. 
 
 XLIX Whistles. 
 
 L Whistles. 
 
 LI Human Figures. 
 
 LII Human Heads. 
 
 LIII Human Heads. 
 
 LIV Human Heads and Fragment of Vessel. 
 
 LV Animal Heads. 
 
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The Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 
 
 INTEODUCTION 
 
 The western coast of South America, north of Peru, which includes 
 the coast provinces of Ecuador and Colombia, is very little known arche- 
 ologically, and but few collections have been made in this entire region : 
 the same is true of the vast interior table-lands which run from south to 
 north between the western and the eastern ranges of the Andes. In 
 prehistoric times this great region was occupied by various tribes with 
 different degrees of culture. To the north, in Colombia, we find the 
 remains of the Chibchas, whose territory was well to the east of the eastern 
 range of mountains (the city of Bogota is practically in the centre of this 
 old-culture area) ; to the west, in the Cauca Valley, are the remains of 
 the Quimbayas ; a little to the north, in the state of Antioquia, are 
 numerous evidences of another ancient culture; in the southern part of 
 the Cauca "Valley, around Cali and the city of Popayan, are the remains 
 of an equally independent culture. In the state of Antioquia the limits 
 of the northern culture are not well defined. In the northwest, towards 
 Darien and the Isthmus of Panama, are dense and humid forests, which 
 probably never supported any great number of natives : this region inter- 
 venes between the province of Chiriqui, now in the Republic of Panama, 
 and the seat of ancient culture in Antioquia. It is a well-known fact that 
 the Nahuas of Mexico from time to time sent out various colonies, which 
 settled along the west coast of Central America, in the interior of Costa 
 Rica, and their southernmost settlement was on the Chiriqui lagoon. 
 South of Popayan we come into the immediate confines of the Republic 
 of Ecuador ; and in this great region the Quichuas, or, as they are com- 
 monly known, Incas, extended their influence from Peru northward 
 during the middle of the fifteenth century, and established themselves in 
 Quito. Thus we have the influence of the ancient Mexicans separated from 
 that of the ancient Peruvians by the stretch of land extending from Quito 
 northward to the Isthmus of Panama. 
 
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2 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 In Ecuador it is safe to assume that before the Peruvians entered the 
 country there were at least five different centres of culture. The people 
 of the northernmost centre inhabited the province of Imbabura, which is 
 between Quito and Popayan; Quito itself was the centre of another 
 ancient culture, — the Caras. To the south we find, near Riobamba, the 
 remains of the Puruhas; still farther to the south, in the mountains of 
 Azuay (around Ouenca, Cafiar, Ohordeleg, and Sigsig), are the remains of 
 the Canaris. This latter centre of culture was presumably much more 
 influenced by Inca civilization than were the centres of the north, 
 being much nearer to the northern frontier of Peru. On the coast we 
 find the remains of two entirely different cultures. In the province of 
 Manabi, in a dry and arid strip extending from the equator south towards 
 Guayaquil, there developed a unique civilization which apparently suffered 
 but little from Incasic influence: the limits of this culture are not well 
 determined. In northern Manabi and along the coast of the province of 
 Esmeraldas there are the remains of another distinct culture. In fact, 
 this great region, extending north from the frontier of Peru to the Isthmus 
 of Panama, has as yet been but imperfectly studied, and there are no 
 adequate archeological collections illustrating the state of civilization 
 reached in precolumbian times in this part of South America. 
 
 Por the reasons mentioned above, it was planned to make a general 
 trip through the entire region during the summer of 1906, visiting the coast 
 region of Manabi, and thence journeying into the interior from Riobamba 
 northward, — passing through Quito, Ibarra, Popayan, Cali, and Cartago in 
 the Quimbaya region of the Cauca Valley, — then penetrating into the state 
 of Antioquia, in order to obtain such information and material as could be 
 gathered in the short space of a four-months' trip, to be supplemented by 
 photographs of various archeological objects and of ruins which might be 
 found during the journey. This plan proved altogether too ambitious an 
 undertaking for a single summer's work, and, on our arrival on the coast 
 of Manabi, it was found advisable to limit our travels and observations to 
 Ecuador: consequently we remained six weeks investigating the ruins and 
 antiquities of the province of Manabi. Later a trip was made into the 
 interior, taking the railroad from Guayaquil to Riobamba, where we 
 remained six weeks, carrying on the same class of investigations, and 
 visiting the outlying pueblos, where the remains of the Puruhas are to be 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 3 
 
 found. Later a trip was made from Eiobamba to Mocha, Ambato, Lata- 
 cunga, Quito, and Perucho. "We succeeded in obtaining considerable 
 information regarding the archeology of two centres of culture ; namely, 
 Manabi, and the region of the Puruhas, in the vicinity of Eiobamba. 
 
 Poster H. Saville — who had previous experience in archeological work 
 in Mexico, having been a member of three Loubat expeditions in the state 
 of Oaxaca — was assistant on the present expedition. We left New York 
 early in May, which enabled us to reach Ecuador shortly after the end of 
 the rainy season. After the trip of seven days from New York to Colon, 
 and the two hours and a half trip by rail across the Isthmus to Panama, 
 it was found that the boats southward from that port did not connect 
 with any of the three lines arriving in Colon from the United States. 
 Therefore we were obliged to remain five days on the Isthmus in order 
 to make connections with the coast steamer, our objective point being 
 Manta, the seaport of the province of Manabi and the second largest 
 port in Ecuador. 
 
 On the evening of the second day after sailing from Panama, we arrived 
 at the entrance of the Bay of Buenaventura. The next morning we pro- 
 ceeded up the bay about eight miles to Buenaventura, the most important 
 Colombian seaport on the Pacific coast. It is situated on an island near 
 the mouth of the Rio Dagua, and is one of the most forlorn and desolate 
 places we found in the tropics. The climate is extremely humid, and the 
 narrow streets are usually ankle-deep in mud. During the three days we 
 were obliged to remain in Buenaventura we rarely saw the sun, as it rained 
 almost constantly. There is a cable station here, and a railroad, which runs 
 inland as far as the small village of Cordova. The control of this railroad 
 has passed into American hands, and vigorous work is being done to extend 
 it to Cali, Avhich is between the western and central ranges of the Andes in 
 the great Cauca Yalley. When this railroad is completed, it will open up 
 perhaps the most fertile valley, and certainly one of the richest regions for 
 agriculture and mining, to be found in any part of western South America. 
 At present it extends about twenty-five miles, and has not yet reached the 
 foothills of the western Andean range. It is to be standard gauge, and the 
 engineers expect that in two years the city of Cali will be reached. 
 
 A few hours after leaving Buenaventura, the Island of Gallo was 
 passed. This island will be remembered in connection with the conquest 
 
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4 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 of Peru by Pizarro. It is related that on this desolate spot the soldiers 
 and sailors, becoming discouraged with the difficulties of the voyage for- 
 ward, wished to retreat, and that Pizarro, tracing a line on the sand from 
 east to west, declared his intention to go forward, and stepping over the line 
 was soon followed by others: thus the tide of discontent was turned, and 
 the expedition proceeded on its way. In the afternoon we arrived at the 
 port of Tumaco, the southernmost in Colombia, not far distant from the 
 northern frontier of Ecuador. The entrance to this little town is one of 
 the most picturesque imaginable. There is a high island, called El Morro, 
 with steep wooded slopes, which we had to steam around before a glimpse 
 of the town was obtained. The town itself differs but little from the ordi- 
 nary west coast towns of South America. 
 
 Sailing all night, we arrived at Esmeraldas, the northernmost port in 
 Ecuador, at eight o'clock in the morning, anchoring several miles from the 
 shore. Esmeraldas lies on the southern bank of the Rio Esmeraldas, and 
 the entrance and river itself are full of flats and reefs. This town was 
 quite severely shaken by earthquakes in February, 1906, and a number 
 of the houses were seen in total ruin. An important industry here is the 
 making of cigars, the Esmeraldas tobacco being the best flavored and the 
 most appreciated of any tobacco raised on the west coast of South America. 
 A glimpse was obtained of several of the Oayapas Indians, who had come 
 to Esmeraldas from their forest homes in the interior, near the Cayapas 
 River. They are probably the descendants of the earliest inhabitants of 
 this part of the country, and have never been Christianized, speaking their 
 own language, preserving their own customs, and living in the forests, 
 isolated and remote from white settlements. 
 
 At sunrise the next morning we crossed the equator, and arrived at 
 Bahia a few hours later, where we remained all day, unloading cargo. 
 This town is at the beginning of the arid zone of Manabi, and is but a short 
 distance north of Manta. Leaving Bahia the following morning, shortly 
 before noon, we arrived at Manta four hours later ; this being our point 
 of destination. There are no piers or wharfs in Manta, and steamers come to 
 anchor a mile or more from the shore. All baggage goes to the land in 
 lighters, and passengers in small boats, which do not come to the beach, but 
 from which baggage and freight have to be carried on men's backs to 
 the shore, and passengers, in the arms of sailors, to the beach. 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of Mandbi, Ecuador 
 
 GEOGKAPHY 1 
 
 The province of Manabi, on the Ecuadorian coast, is crossed by the 
 equator near its northern frontier. It is bounded on the north by the 
 province of Esmeraldas, on the east by -the provinces of Pichincha and 
 Guayas, on the south by Guayas, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. 
 It has an area of 20,442 square kilometres, and a population of less than 
 a hundred thousand. Its territory is moderately mountainous, without any 
 high peaks. Near the coast the greater part is covered with a light forest 
 growth, and other portions by meadows. There are but few streams which 
 cross Manabi ; the principal rivers being the Porto Vie jo, Ohone, Jama, 
 and Cuaque. In the interior mountains are the headwaters of the Daule 
 and Quininde Rivers, which flow into the Pacific near Guayaquil. This 
 province has the interesting feature of having an arid strip between the 
 humid region, which extends along the Pacific coast of South America 
 from Panama to the northern parts of Manabi, and its southern frontier, 
 which is in a short humid belt extending nearly to Guayaquil. The land 
 appears from the sea to be gray and desert-like, and glimpses are had of 
 the low ranges of mountains, running approximately north and south, 
 which begin about twenty miles from the coast. Earther inland the moun- 
 tains rise to a greater height: they are really the coast foothills of the 
 great Andean range. While the greater part of the province is arid, yet 
 the hills, like the Oerro de Hojas, which rise to the height of a thousand 
 feet and upwards, are peculiar in having a dense tropical fauna and flora : 
 this is due to the fact that they catch the moisture from the clouds, and 
 their summits are covered nightly by dense fogs. The climate of the 
 province is very agreeable. On the coast the prevailing winds are from 
 the west, and at night the temperature seldom rises above 70°E. There is 
 but little humidity, and it is extraordinary to find directly on the equator, 
 at sea-level, a region so entirely unlike what would naturally be expected. 
 
 The principal products are cacao, coffee, sugar-cane, tobacco, india- 
 rubber, cotton, fine-grained and hard woods, various textile plants, and a 
 great variety of vegetables. The chief product, however, is the tagua, or 
 ivory-nut, which is the best and closest grained found anywhere in the 
 world. These nuts are from the corozo-tree, Phytelephas. It resembles 
 
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6 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 the palm, with large, wide loaves spreading out from the top. The nuts 
 come from the flowers, and grow on the tree just where the palm-like 
 leaves spread from the trunk. They drop to the ground, and then are 
 gathered hy the natives for commerce. Hundreds of thousands of sacks 
 are exported from Manabi yearly, and this vegetable ivory is used for 
 making buttons. The greater part of this product is sent to Germany. 
 
 The principal industries are agriculture, fishing, and the manufacture 
 of saddle-bags, hammocks, mats, etc. Manabi is famous for the manufac- 
 ture of Panama hats, those from Monte Oristi being the finest in the world : 
 the most skilful workers often receive seventy-five dollars, gold, for their 
 best hats. The grass from which these hats are made is called Toqmlla, 
 and the fibre is tougher than that from any other part of South America. 
 This is, perhaps, due to the arid soil, as we find the same conditions in 
 Yucatan, where the finest hemp from the agave-plant is obtained in the 
 rather arid part of the peninsula. Salt and lime are found in the province ; 
 and there are, undoubtedly, valuable minerals, and possibly emeralds, no 
 mines of which have been developed. In fact, the geography and geology 
 of Manabi are but imperfectly known, less so, perhaps, than they are in 
 any other coast province of South America, and the rich deposits of the 
 region have not been worked. 
 
 The capital is Porto Vie jo, a city about twenty miles from the coast. 
 It has five thousand inhabitants, two churches, a college for boys and a 
 college for girls, a school of art, and various government buildings. 
 
 Manta, on account of its position as a seaport, is the most important 
 town in the province, and has the first lighthouse on the South American 
 coast south of Panama. It is a port of entry, and has a custom-house, 
 a number of large business-houses, and a church, where services are held 
 once a year. Pearl-fishing was formerly an important industry here, but 
 it has been wholly abandoned. The water swarms with splendid food-fish, 
 and there are many lobsters; but the latter are seldom caught, the people 
 apparently preferring the tinned article, which is sold in many shops. The 
 name of Manta is supposed to have been given on account of the great 
 number of mantas which abound in the sea off the coast. They belong to the 
 ray or skate family, and are often of large size. The fish which are caught 
 are rarely sent inland to Monte Oristi and Porto Viejo. The fishermen live 
 in a settlement by themselves, of about fifty houses, just east of the town. 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 7 
 
 Monte Oristi is three leagues to the south of Mauta, at the northern 
 base of the hill of the same name, which rises about sixteen hundred feet. 
 It has about two thousand inhabitants, and there is a college for boys and 
 a church, where services are held only during the festival of San Pablo, 
 the patron saint of the town. At that time (in the month of June) they 
 have an interesting festival, quite spectacular in character, which has 
 certain elements derived from Indian and Negro sources. 
 
 The province is divided into seven cantons, as follows: Porto Viejo, 
 Monte Cristi, Jipijapa, Rocafuerte, Santa Ana, Sucre, and Chone. Manabi 
 has two principal seaports; namely, Manta and Bahia de Caraques, and 
 two smaller ports, Oayo and Manglar Alto. The largest island off the 
 coast is La Plata, about nine miles from the mainland and about fifteen 
 miles southwest of Manta. 
 
 At the present time there are no Indians, so far as we know, in 
 Manabi. Spanish is now universally spoken, and the people are a mixture 
 of white, negro, and Indian ; the greater number being known as Oholos 
 and Sambos. There are but few pure white-blood people in the whole 
 region. 
 
 Nearly all of the houses are raised on poles, as will be seen in Plates 
 I, II, and III. They are made of bamboo, with thatched roofs. In the 
 larger towns a few are plastered, and have corrugated iron roofs. The 
 better class of houses are enclosed on the ground-floor, the lower story 
 being used for storehouses and shops, with the living-rooms in the second 
 story. There is but little wealth to be found in the whole province, the 
 people generally being miserably poor, but contented ; and they are found, 
 as a rule, to be trustworthy, generous, and kind-hearted. There are but 
 few carriage-roads, and transportation is generally on horseback, while 
 many of the natives are porters. The llama is not known in the province. 
 There is telegraph connection with the outer world in all of the larger 
 towns. Connection with the interior of Ecuador is entirely by steamer 
 from the seaports to Guayaquil. In all of the seaports there are German 
 merchants, their establishments being principally for the exportation of 
 the ivory-nut, Panama hats, and hides. 
 
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8 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS OF THE SPANISH 
 CONQUEST AND OP THE NATIVES 
 
 The history of the provinces of Manabi and Esmeraldas has never 
 been written ; yet, from a historical standpoint, it is one of the most impor- 
 tant regions in South America. Here the Spaniards first received definite 
 information of the so-called Peruvian Empire. 
 
 Erom the works of Oieza de Leon, Zarate, 8 Garcilasso de la Vega, 
 Xerez, 8 Montesinos, 4 Benzoni, and the "2 a parte de la descripcion de Guaya- 
 quil en que se trata de la ciudad de Puerto Viejo y su distrito," 5 we learn 
 much concerning the precolumbian inhabitants of the region and their 
 customs, which bears directly upon the archeology of the province. The 
 narratives of Oieza de Leon, 6 Grarcilasso de la Vega, 7 and Benzoni, 8 are 
 given in full in the Appendix to this monograph. They are the most valu- 
 able contemporary accounts which we have of the history and traditions of 
 the natives. 
 
 Regarding the earliest settlement of the Ecuadorian coast we know 
 nothing. The first certain knowledge we have about the natives of this 
 part of the country relates to the Oaras. On this point, Wolf writes as fol- 
 lows : " Among the natives of the maritime coast we may distinguish one 
 from all the rest by many signs, the Oara nation. If the others are con- 
 sidered as natives from time immemorial, the Oara nation were strangers, 
 coming by sea in an epoch not very far distant, perhaps during the sixth 
 or seventh centuries of our era. They were a bellicose and conquering 
 people, and in all of their culture very superior to the barbarous tribes 
 over whose lands they extended little by little. The first theatre of action 
 of the Oaras after their arrival was Manabi from the Bay of Caraques to 
 Manta, and it is said that here they founded a city. The history of their 
 exploits, migrations, and conquests on the coast, remains involved in the 
 most complete obscurity, and we only know that little by little they com- 
 pletely abandoned the coast of Manabi, extending towards the north by 
 Atacames and Esmeraldas, and penetrating by rivers to the territory of 
 Quito. As a most plausible motive for these constant migrations, Velasco 
 and other historians present the circumstances of their first territory being 
 unhealthy, but we are not able to agree in this, because they migrated 
 
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Savilh: Antiquities of Mandbi, Ecuador 9 
 
 from coasts very healthy, to humid and unhealthy forests ; before all, it 
 seems that we should hunt for the motive in the character of the race, 
 which is presented as nomadic, unstable, adventurous, and conquering. 
 Neither do we know if all the nation took part in these migrations, or only 
 a part, the rest remaining in Manabi in their first settlements. Yelasco 
 affirms that the other surrounding tribes occupied later the abandoned ter- 
 ritory, and they were also called, improperly, Caras ; but the most sure 
 signs may be searched for in the geographic names which remain." 9 
 
 This desert-like country was at the beginning of the Christian era, 
 according to Yelasco, invaded by giants. This date is of no historical 
 value, and is apparently a mere conjecture on the part of Yelasco. 
 Bandelier quotes from the unpublished work of Gutierrez, who places this 
 invasion during the fifteenth century. 10 This is improbable from the very 
 nature of the tradition itself, and is not borne out by the statements of the 
 most reliable authorities. Tradition states that these giants landed on the 
 coast at the point of Santa Elena, coming in large boats or balsas. 11 It is 
 related that their coming was during the time when the Caras were in this 
 region. The tradition of the landing of the giants was universal among 
 the Indians at the time of the conquest, and is mentioned by all writers. 
 Zarate says that but little credit was given to these reports, until the year 
 1543, when the Governor of Porto Yiejo, Captain Juan de Olmos, caused 
 excavations to be made, and great ribs and other bones were found, which 
 convinced them of the truth of these stories. 12 Concerning this early 
 settlement of the coast by giants, Bandelier, in his recently published 
 paper, " Traditions of Precolumbian Earthquakes and Yolcanic Eruptions 
 in Western South America," has brought together many notices about this 
 landing. 13 Zarate's statement — that the Spaniards saw in Porto Yiejo 
 massive sculptured figures of these giants, one of a man, the other of a 
 woman — is referred to by Bandelier, who conjectures that there is a possi- 
 bility that the " stone seats or benches, of which there are several in various 
 museums, representing usually a human figure on all-fours bearing on the 
 back a seat of some form, are perhaps related to the ' bulto destos gigantes ' 
 alluded to by Zarate. These seats come from the same region." In view of 
 the number of sculptures brought together in this collection, it does not seem 
 necessary to connect the stone idols and figures with the seats. At the same 
 time, it is strange and almost incredible, that, had the Spaniards visited the 
 
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10 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 various hills whei-e the seats are found, they should not have mentioned them, 
 as they are so different from any other sculptures in South America. They 
 did mention figures of men and women, hence it is probable that they saw 
 sculptures of the type in the collection herein described. It has long been 
 known that the Indians, finding large bones, supposed them to be those of 
 giants. The existence of mastodon-bones in this region, and their bearing 
 on this tradition, have been shown by Bollaert, Oevallos, Suarez, and Wolf 
 in their studies, and we found many opportunities to obtain portions of 
 mastodon-skeletons during the summer of 1906. 
 
 It is probable that these stories about the giants refer to the landing 
 of some barbarous and warlike people who came at a remote time in the 
 past. Archeological remains show that there formerly lived in this region 
 a sedentary people who were well advanced in culture. These remains 
 are treated in the archeological section of this monograph. Whether they 
 are to be attributed to the Caras, or to those who remained in the country 
 after being under their influence, it is impossible to affirm. 
 
 Juan and Ulloa, and others, state that during the reign of Tupac 
 Inca Yupanqui, who was the ruler of the Quichuas from 1439 to 1475, 
 there arrived messengers from the province of Porto Viejo and adjacent 
 provinces, supplicating that they be received as vassals, and that he send 
 governors and persons who would give instruction and cultivation to the 
 country which they inhabited. The Inca sent masters to civilize these 
 people in order to give them the same standing that the other states had: 
 as soon as these messengers arrived, it is said that the natives armed them- 
 selves against them, and killed them. 14 
 
 Prom the account of Oieza de Leon in the second part of the Chron- 
 icle of Peru, we learn that the son of Tupac Inca Yupanqui, Hnayna 
 Capac, who reigned from 1475 to 1525, 15 before he accomplished the 
 subjugation of Quito, "sent captains with a sufficient force to explore 
 the seacoast in a northerly direction and to bring under the Inca's domin- 
 ion the natives of Guayaquil and Porto Viejo. The captains marched into 
 this district, where they waged war and fought some battles, sometimes 
 being victorious and at others 'sustaining reverses; thus they advanced as 
 far as Oollique, where they met with people who went about naked, and fed 
 on human flesh, having the customs which are now practised and used by 
 the dwellers on the river of San Juan: from this point they returned, not 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador n 
 
 wishing to penetrate farther, but to report what they had done to the 
 king." Oieza de Leon states that Huayna Oapac, after he had completed 
 the conquest of Quito, heard from his principal chiefs who had served in 
 that war, and, " feeling that all was peacefully settled in the mountainous 
 provinces, he thought it would be well to take a journey to the province of 
 Porto Vie jo, to that which we call Guayaquil, and to the Yalleys of the 
 Yuncas; the captains and the principal men of his council approved the 
 thought, and advised that it should be put into execution. Many troops 
 remained in Quito; the Inca set forth, with a considerable force, and 
 entered these lands, where he had some skirmishes with the natives, but 
 eventually one after another submitted, and governments, with mitimaes 
 [colonists], were established." 16 
 
 Velasco states, regarding the subjugation of Manabi by Huayna 
 Capac, that " among the numerous factions in the province of Manta was 
 one of the Pichunsis, who were absolutely dissolute, having inherited their 
 vices from the giants. It appears that Huayna Oapac subjugated this 
 territory as far as Ouaques along the coast and a great number of the 
 'nations' of the interior of the land. He arrived personally as far as 
 Colima [Oojime ?], where he commanded that a fortress should be made, 
 and left some people to carry out his orders and to instruct the Indians." " 
 It is thus evident that the Peruvians came very late into this region, and 
 consequently exercised but little influence on the culture of the people of 
 the coast. It is safe to assume that the material in the collection now to 
 be described pertained to a people almost untouched by Inca ideas. As 
 Suarez remarks, " The Incas touched the province of Manabi, but their 
 dominion over the people was short, and without any considerable in- 
 fluence." 18 Whether the comparatively high culture which is evidenced 
 by the sculptures is indigenous to this region, or whether the people came 
 with their civilization already well advanced, are questions difficult to 
 answer. The unique features seen in the sculptures seem to point to a 
 development of the culture on the soil. "With one or two exceptions, 
 which will be pointed out later, the characteristic sculptures are not found 
 elsewhere, nor are there any others in ancient America at all approach- 
 ing them in concept. 
 
 Spanish influence dates from the year 1526, when Francisco Pizarro, 
 on his second expedition from Panama, sent the pilot, Bartolome Ruiz, 
 
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12 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 southward from the Rio de San Juan to explore the unknown coast. He 
 reached Avhat is now the province of Esmeraldas, and discovered three 
 large towns at the mouth of the Rio Esmeraldas, where he was received 
 in a friendly manner. He saw Indians wearing jewels of gold; and three 
 who came to receive him wore gold diadems on their heads. Ruiz 
 remained here two days, then sailed southward, following the coast by the 
 province of Manabi; he crossed the equator, and rounded Cape Pasado 
 just above Bahia de Oaraques. He then returned northward, and joined 
 Pizarro. In 1527 Pizarro, on his third expedition, skirted the coast of 
 Manabi en route to Tumbez in northern Peru. He apparently did not 
 make any landing in Manabi on this voyage. In 1531 Pizarro was again 
 on the coast of Manabi. He cast anchor in the Bay of San Mateo, where 
 he disembarked his forces, and started on a march down the coast to 
 Tumbez. 19 Herrera tells us that the Spaniards were well received in the 
 province, and that, while they were there, Atahualpa, who had taken the 
 croAvn in Tomebamba, was advised of the progress of the expedition. 20 
 When they arrived in the vicinity of Manta, the soldiers and sailors, 
 fatigued by the long journey, wished to remain there and establish a 
 colony ; but Pizarro would not consent to this, and resumed his march to 
 Tumbez. In 1534 Pedro de Alvarado, who had been with Oortez in 
 Mexico and was the conqueror of Guatemala, landed at Bahia de Oaraques 
 in order to march to Quito. He remained there a number of months: 
 Sancho says three, 81 while others state that he was in Manabi five months 
 before beginning the march into the interior. He had with him a large ex- 
 pedition, composed of soldiers, women, negroes, slaves, and many Indians, 
 some brought from Guatemala, and others taken from the Manabi towns. 
 
 In 1535 Diego de Almagro sent Prancisco Pacheco from San 
 Miguel Piura in Peru to Manabi, in order to establish a town. Oieza de 
 Leon states that he started from a village called Piquasa (Picoaza), and 
 founded the city of Porto Yiejo in the locality which appeared to him 
 most suitable, on the 12th of March, the Day of St. Gregory. It was not 
 far from the sea, and in one of the best parts of the province. 22 In all the 
 early accounts concerning the discovery and colonization of Manabi, the 
 name of Manabi does not appear, but it is usually called the province of 
 Porto Yiejo. Other titles were Gobierno de Oara, Tenencia de Porto 
 Viejo, Gobierno de Guayaquil, and Provincia de Manta. In "A General 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 13 
 
 Kelation of the Spanish Populations of Peru," made for Salazar de 
 Yillasante by an anonymous author (written, probably, during the years 
 1573 and 1574), is some interesting information regarding the city of Porto 
 Yiejo at that time. From this report it seems that an unsuccessful 
 attempt was made by Santillan in 1565 to remove the city, and consolidate 
 it with Manta. 23 About 1628 both Manta and Porto Yiejo were sacked 
 and destroyed by English pirates. The town of Porto Yiejo was removed 
 from its former site, which is now not definitely known, to its present 
 location. Monte Cristi was settled at this time by inhabitants of Manta, 
 who retired to the foot of the hill of Monte Cristi, and established the 
 present town. 24 At the time of the conquest of the province, and for 
 many years later, there were a number of Indian towns which have now 
 disappeared. At the present time the province cannot be said to be very 
 thickly settled. In a report written in 1591 is a list of towns with the 
 number of Indians who paid tribute each year to the Spanish crown: they 
 nearly all bear Indian names, and but few exist at the present time. The 
 names on this list, of towns still inhabited, are Picoacan (Picoaza), 
 Xipexapa (Jipijapa), Tocaguas (Tosagua), Toal (Toalla), Manta, Monte 
 Ohristo (Monte Cristi), and Charapoto. 25 
 
 A few names of precolumbian tribes in Manabi have been handed 
 down to us. Yelasco writes, that the giants ate a part of the natives who 
 had previously been inhabitants of that country, and caused the rest to 
 retire. After the disappearance of the giants, those who had retired came 
 back. They were divided into nine tribes, composed of the residuum of 
 various nations. They united into a single tribe, although preserving their 
 proper names, which were Apichiquies, Cancebis, Charapotes, Pichotes, 
 Pichoasaes, Pichunsis, Manabies, Jarahusas, Jipijapas, and Mantas. 26 
 Ulloa gives us other names, taken from Grarcilasso de la Yega, in the 
 following statement: "Among the nations living on this coast region 
 may be distinguished those with the names of Apichiqui, Pichunsi, Sava, 
 Pecllansimiqui, and Pampahuaci, and there were others, more savage 
 than any who had been up to that time conquered by the Incas, who were 
 named Saramissu and Pampahuaci ; so savage were these last two named 
 peoples, that the Inca did not deem them worthy of conquest." OT 
 
 It is difficult to gain an adequate idea of the appearance of Manabi 
 towns, and the customs of the natives, in precolumbian times. In the 
 
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14 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 extracts from the early Spanish writers given in the notes of this report, 
 we have brought together all of importance which has been printed up to 
 the present time. There may be unedited manuscripts in the libraries and 
 archives of Spain which may throw more light on the condition of this 
 region before the fifteenth century. The accounts of Manabi generally 
 are interwoven with that which relates to the province of Esmeraldas, 
 where the archeological material indicates a different culture in many 
 respects. The material obtained by Dorsey from the Island of La Plata, 
 immediately off the coast of Manabi, resembles but little the objects from 
 the adjacent coast. 
 
 Some observations concerning the natives may be cited here. It 
 is said that they worshipped the sea, fishes, tigers, lions, snakes, and a 
 great emerald. Their temples or places of worship, where they had their 
 idols, were called Guacas. The entrances faced the east, the doors being 
 covered with white cotton cloth. Velasco has an interesting notice about 
 the temples: "The province of Manta had two temples, which 
 remained from the earliest times down to the coming of the Spaniards. 
 One was on the continent and the other on the island, called to-day La 
 Plata. The one on the continent was the most famous and celebrated of 
 all, and but little less rich than that of Pachacamac in Peru, and as much 
 frequented by pilgrims from all parts. It was dedicated to the god of 
 health, called Umina, for its idol was made, with the figure half human, 
 of a great stone of very fine emerald, whose value must have exceeded that 
 of the combined treasures of many temples. To this celebrated temple the 
 sick from all parts were accustomed to journey, coming in person or in the 
 arms of persons. Directly the high priest received the offerings of gold, 
 silver, and precious stones which they had brought, the pilgrims prostrated 
 themselves on the earth, and the priest then, taking the idol in a very white 
 and clean cloth, with great reverence applied it to the head or to the 
 infirm part of the sufferer. It is said that many were healed. On the 
 island the idol was dedicated to the Sun, and was also known as well, and 
 no less celebrated and rich. The inhabitants of the coast went there by 
 boats, and celebrated the winter solstice with a great festival of many days' 
 duration. The sacrifices were of gold, silver, precious stones, very fine 
 woven cloths, skins, and a certain number of children, which abuse the 
 Incas entirely wiped out." 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of Mandbi, Ecuador 15 
 
 They sacrificed human victims, selecting them from the children and 
 women, as well as from prisoners of war. The war captives who were killed 
 for these sacrifices were flayed, and the skins were filled with ashes and hung 
 in the doors of the temples and in their feasting and dancing places. The 
 priests looked for favorable or unfavorable signs in the entrails of animals. 
 The idols, of various shapes, were made of clay, stone, gold, or silver, and 
 at Manta was also the great emerald, about which we shall speak later. 
 
 In the description of Porto Vie jo, 28 reference is made to a present 
 given to a Spaniard. This was a great piece of gold in the form of a board, 
 which appeared to have been cut from a larger piece. The Indian who 
 presented this gold object was said to have had in his possession a gold 
 plate upon which rested another piece like a platform, forming a kind of 
 throne, upon which to sit during certain sacrifices and ceremonies which 
 they had throughout the year. 
 
 Regarding the morality of the natives, Oieza de Leon says that it was 
 notorious among all the inhabitants of the kingdom of Peru, that, in some 
 of the villages of the district of Pueblo Viejo, sodomy was practised. This 
 assertion regarding the low moral standard of the inhabitants of this part 
 of South America is as explicit as the frequent statements concerning the 
 common practice of cannibalism by the inhabitants of the Oauca Valley. 
 The burial-customs of the natives of this part of Ecuador are mentioned by 
 Cieza de Leon, who writes that " they made deep holes in the ground, which 
 looked more like wells than tombs, and they buried the most beautiful 
 and beloved of his women with him, besides jewels, food, and jars of wine 
 made from maize. They then placed over the hole those thick canes which 
 grow in the country. As these canes are hollow, they take care to fill 
 them with that drink made of maize of roots, which they call aca, because 
 they believe that the dead men drink of the liquors they put into the 
 canes." They deformed the heads of their children, and were accustomed 
 to paint their faces and bodies in various colors. They were fond of orna- 
 ments of gold, silver, and emeralds. 
 
 The Indians of this land did not have a common language ; but nearly 
 every town spoke a different dialect, which is said to have caused discord and 
 wars among them. They knew the days of the week, and distinguished them 
 with particular names. Sunday, being the most solemn, was called Tepipi- 
 chinchi. Their sons were given the name of the day on which they were born. 
 
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16 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 AKCHEOLOGY 
 
 We hare but little information concerning the antiquities of Manabi. 
 Wiener and Gonzalez Suarez have visited the province, but they have 
 not added much to our knowledge of this region. Gonzalez Suarez has 
 illustrated and described a few specimens from there, and Wiener has 
 written briefly about one of the stone seats for which that part of South 
 America is noted. The only archeological work was done in 1892, 
 when Dr. George A. Dorsey spent sixteen days on the Island of La 
 Plata. The result of his investigations has been published by the Field 
 Columbian Museum. 89 The material which he found was generally of an 
 entirely different character from the specimens found by us on the main- 
 land during the summer of 1906. We were especially interested in the stone 
 seats, and nearly all of the time spent in Manabi was devoted to researches 
 bearing on that problem. In the results of this first trip, which are set 
 forth in this preliminary report, we have not been able to settle definitely 
 the question of racial affinities of the makers of those sculptures. It seems 
 quite probable, however, that the people whose remains are found on the 
 hills had little in common with the Quichuas of Peru, or with the other 
 centres of culture in the Andes. We are inclined to believe that they came 
 along the coast from the north, possibly from southern Central America. 
 Gonzalez Suarez believes that they were related to the Mayans of Yucatan 
 and Central America, aud in the Appendix will be found translated his 
 arguments for this belief. 30 We were able to bring together a considerable 
 amount of new material bearing on this ancient centre of culture. 
 
 WELLS. One of the first things which attracted the Spanish dis- 
 coverers of Manabi was the deep wells found in great numbers in different 
 parts of this arid region. Oieza de Leon states that the building of these 
 wells was attributed by the natives to the giants. He writes particularly 
 concerning the wells near Santa Elena, as the giants were supposed to have 
 landed at this point. He says, "As they found no water, in order to 
 remedy the want they made some very deep wells, works which are truly 
 worthy of remembrance ; for such is their magnitude that they certainly 
 must have been executed by very strong men. They dug these wells in the 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 17 
 
 living rock until they met with water, and then they lined them with 
 masonry from top to bottom in such sort that they would endure for many 
 ages. The water in these wells is very good and wholesome, and always so 
 cold that it is very pleasant to drink." 
 
 Zarate probably refers to the existence of wells as follows : " The land 
 is very dry, although it rains a little. It has but little sweet, running water, 
 and every one drinks from wells or from dammed waters (aguas rebalsadas), 
 which they call jagueyes." This statement is not very clear; but the words 
 translated as " dammed waters," or " pool of dammed waters," evidently 
 refer to artificial cisterns or wells. 
 
 In the "Descripcion de la Gobernacion de Guayaquil " (p. 273) there is 
 a notice of the wells of this region, which is as follows : " They drink water 
 out of wells, one of which they call ' Of the Giants,' which, according to 
 sayings of the ancient Indians, lived in that country, not as original 
 inhabitants, but came from other parts." 
 
 Yillavicencio writes that there is a " hill called La Bolsa, two leagues 
 distant from Monte Oristi to the southwest; here are some wells with 
 covered stone, and artificial; that which is worthy of note in these wells is 
 the depth and how they were constructed, as they appear not to have been 
 for the object of taking water from them, as there is no water there at 
 present. On the slope of this hill there is a spring of water which is con- 
 tinually bubbling." 31 It is singular that Villa vicencio should have made 
 this statement, as there are numerous ancient wells filled with water at the 
 present time. 
 
 Gonzalez Suarez has called attention to a number of wells in different 
 parts of Manabi. Erom his " Historia del Ecuador " we quote as follows : 
 " The most notable of these artesian wells, mistakenly attributed to giants, 
 are in the actual province of Manabi, about a league to the southeast of 
 the town of Jipijapa, in a point called Ohoconcha. In this place are 
 eight, some of which are now filled up, but it would be a very easy matter 
 to clean them. A little above there is another, in a place called Gandil. 
 Above Monte Oristi is a very large one which is still in good condition, 
 and from this comes the potable water used not only by the people of 
 Monte Oristi, but also of Manta. A small well is found between Jipijapa 
 and Santa Ana, with the name of Ohade. In all the coast of Ecuador, 
 from Manta to Puna, there is a great scarcity of water, and for this reason 
 
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18 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 the ancient native tribes made these deep wells in order that they should 
 not want for water. Without doubt they were guided by the verdure 
 which the small herbs of the country preserved in the summer months, 
 when all the rest of the vegetation was parched, in order to discover the 
 concealed springs in the depths of the earth." 82 
 
 Most of the water used in Manta at the present time comes from wells 
 in the little settlement of Colorado, and these wells also supply part of the 
 water used in Monte Cristi. Not far from Monte Oristi, however, are 
 ancient wells at a town called Toalla, which is probably the place referred 
 to by Suarez. 
 
 In the ruins back of the town of Manta, which extend, a short distance 
 from the beach, several miles into the country to the south, there is a cir- 
 cular well cut through the solid rock, which was discovered a few years ago. 
 It was covered by a stone, and filled with earth and small stones. The 
 owner of the land commenced cleaning it out, but discontinued the work 
 before reaching the bottom, on account of the expense and the difficulty of 
 removing the rubbish, but more especially because he found no water. At 
 present it is 42 feet (12.8 m.) deep, but several feet of earth have washed 
 in daring the rainy seasons. The well is cut in a sort of spiral fashion 
 through the solid rock. The top is 3 feet (91.4 cm.) from the present sur- 
 face of the ground. It is only 2 feet 3 inches (68.6 cm.) in diameter at 
 the top, and gradually diminishes in diameter towards the bottom. At the 
 bottom it is almost impossible for a person to move about in order to clean 
 out the earth. This is the only well known at present in the vicinity of 
 Manta, but there are indications of the existence of others in the ruins. We 
 saw another well, discovered a few months ago, in the Cerro de Hojas, which 
 the owner of the land was engaged in clearing out during the month of 
 June. He had already reached a depth of perhaps 25 feet (7.6 m.), and 
 there was water in the bottom at that time. This well is much larger than 
 the one seen at Manta, it being about 8 feet (2.4 m.) in diameter, 
 and it is not cut through the solid rock. The sides are walled up with 
 rough stones in the same manner as are those which have been referred to 
 by Suarez. There is another ancient, very deep well, near the base of 
 Oerro de Hojas, which is walled up in the same manner as the well on the 
 hill. In this well there is an abundance of water, and it is used by the 
 people living in the neighboring ranchos. 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 19 
 
 RUIN'S. Throughout the province of Manabi there still exist many 
 remains of ancient houses of the precolumbian inhabitants of this region. 
 Cieza de Leon mentions the sites of houses near Santa Elena which are 
 connected with the myth of the giants and believed by the natives to be 
 the ruins of their first settlements. 
 
 Near the present town of Manta are the ruins of a large pre- 
 Columbian settlement. In the second part of the "Descripcion de la 
 Gobernacion de Guayaquil" (pp. 302 and 303) is an interesting account 
 of Manta, which states that the Indian settlement was called Jocay, and 
 that the natives had no knowledge of when it was founded. This account 
 further states, that at a distance of from one to two leagues from Jocay 
 were three other towns, called Jaramijo, Camilloa, and Oama. The 
 Spaniards forced the Indians to abandon these towns, and settle in Manta. 
 The same language was spoken in all the towns. It appears that, at the 
 time of discovery, Jocay was governed by a cacique, who was called Lligua 
 Tohali. It was a town of considerable size; but by the cruelty of the 
 Spaniards, who tortured the Indians in order to secure gold and emeralds, 
 the population rapidly diminished. 
 
 The ruins of Jocay are to be seen south of the present town of Manta, 
 and extend even into the village itself. Probably in former times they 
 reached to the seashore, but the present modern town has obliterated all 
 traces of the ancient houses. There are the remains of hundreds of house- 
 sites and mounds, with here and there innumerable red potsherds scattered 
 over the ground. These houses are often of one room ; but there are many 
 with two or more, and even up to seven, rooms in one building. Little 
 is left of the walls, the bases of which are of rough stones set edgewise 
 in the ground. The average width of the walls is from 3 feet (91.4 cm.) 
 to 4 feet (122 cm.), the inner and outer part being made in the same man- 
 ner, and probably filled with rough stones and earth. The shapes of the 
 rooms of many of these houses can still be traced ; but for generations the 
 place has served as a quarry for the inhabitants of Manta, who are constantly 
 prying out stones from the walls to be used in the town. Some of the 
 buildings have been of enormous size. One was 190 feet (57.9 m.) in 
 length, 39 feet (11.9 m.) in width at the southern end, and 37 feet (11.3 m.) 
 at the northern end, these being inside measurements. The thickness of 
 the side-walls was 4 feet 6 inches (137 cm.), and that of the southern wall, 
 
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20 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 2 feet 7 inches (78.7 cm.). In this building the inner and outer walls were of 
 slabs set in the ground, the spaces between being filled in with rougher stones. 
 The surface of the ground near the northern end of this large building 
 sloped somewhat towards the sea, and a platform or graded way was built 
 from the level of the building as an approach ; this was 35 feet (10.7 m.) 
 long. There were no traces of stone steps in this graded way. The 
 orientation of the building was, in general, from north to south; but the 
 variation from the true north was much greater than that observed in the 
 ancient places in Mexico and Central America. Many of these houses are 
 covered by a scrub growth, so that it is impossible to make accurate 
 measurements of their dimensions without clearing this away. This has 
 tended towards the preservation of the walls, as, up to the present time, 
 the natives have contented themselves with taking the stones from the 
 ruined structures in the open fields. Another house was measured which 
 was 150 feet (45.7 m.) long, and 41 feet (12.5 m.) wide. The stones, set 
 edgewise in the ground for the walls, were 2 feet (61 cm.) high. This 
 building also had a sloping or graded way at one end. 
 
 Scattered here and there are many mounds, which are probably burial- 
 places. In one group of rooms, towards the east, are a number of much 
 disintegrated stone sculptures. One room has Avails made of earth, 
 probably the adobe bricks so commonly used in ancient America. In it is 
 a group of five sculptures, only one of which is standing in place, close to 
 the wall. This is a human figure, the head of which is broken off; it is 
 4 feet 9i inches (146 cm.) high, and 2 feet 4 inches (71.1 cm.) across. There 
 are among these sculptures several other human figures, and one single 
 stone, 6 feet (183 cm.) in length, which has carving on it. These 
 sculptures are so much weathered and worn that they give but little 
 evidence at present of any great degree of attainment in the art of carving 
 by the ancient people. Some of the stone is calcareous, while some thin 
 slabs are of a gritty sandstone. 
 
 In the patio of the business-house known as the Oasa Tagua, in Manta, 
 are two extremely curious sculptures with animal figures, which were taken 
 from the Manta ruins. They are in a better state of preservation than the 
 sculptures before mentioned. They are about 4 feet (122 cm.) in height, 
 and represent animals with enormously long necks and part of a body. They 
 may possibly be llamas, but they are so much conventionalized that it is not 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 21 
 
 certain that this animal is intended to be represented. It was probably the 
 only animal with a long neck with which these people were acquainted. 
 On the ground in the vicinity of the ruined buildings, in addition to the red 
 potsherds before mentioned, may be found hammer stones, broken hand 
 stones for metates, broken metates, and the remains of pottery vessels of a 
 brown ware, as well as fragments of clay figures. The natives say that the 
 site of the ancient temple was where the modem cemetery of the town of 
 Manta is now located, but at present there is absolutely no evidence of 
 any such structure. Up to the present time there have been no excava- 
 tions made in the ruins ; they cover several square miles, and it promises 
 to be a most important field for future archeological work. 
 
 About six or seven miles northeast of ]\Ionte Cristi is the famous 
 Oerro de Hojas, from which place have come the stone seats which from 
 time to time have found their way into various museums in Europe and 
 America. Midway between Monte Cristi and Oerro de Hojas is a series of 
 hills, in some places very precipitous, none of them rising over five hundred 
 feet (150 m.), which are locally known as Oerro Bravo. In these hills are 
 very many house-sites of the same type as those found in the ruins at Manta ; 
 they are known to the natives under the name of corrales, the Spanish 
 word for " enclosure." Notwithstanding the existence of these house-sites 
 in great numbers, so far as we were able to learn from the hunters, who 
 are accustomed to traverse these hills in all directions in pursuit of game, 
 no seats or sculptures have ever been found there. 
 
 Between the northern slopes of Oerro Bravo and the northwestern base 
 of Oerro de Hojas is a small village, not on the map, called La Secita; here 
 have been found house-sites, and thousands of clay spindle- whorls, and pot- 
 tery fragments. The people in this little settlement cultivate the soil on the 
 western slopes of Oerro de Hojas. It may be well to state, that the whole 
 range of hills placed on the maps under the name of Cerro de Hojas is not 
 locally so known. At the northern end of the mountain-ridge of Oerro de 
 Hojas is a very deep ravine, separating it from another line of hills run- 
 ning to the northwest, known as Oerro Jaboncillo, the general direction of 
 Oerro de Hojas being north. These hills are slightly higher than Oerro 
 de Hojas. There are also two ranges of hills some leagues southeast of 
 Monte Cristi; namely, Oerro Jupa and Cerro Agua Nuevo: and in the 
 vicinity of Jipijapa, which lies well to the south of Monte Cristi, near 
 
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22 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 the frontier of the province of Guayas, is a line of hills known as Ma- 
 nantial. On all these hills, house-sites are found; but, as before stated, 
 no seats exist in Oerro Bravo, and likewise none have been reported 
 from Manantial. These remains of houses all pertain to the same culture. 
 In Oerro de Hojas they are found on the level tops of the hills, and, on 
 the slopes, level terraces have been made, each of which has a house 
 containing one or more rooms. On many slopes the terraces are one 
 below the other, resembling an enormous flight of huge steps. One house 
 measured in Oerro de Hojas had the following dimensions: length, 37 feet 
 (11.3 in.); width, 23 feet 6 inches (7.16 m.). The largest house which 
 was measured was 161 feet (49 m.) long, and 41 feet (12.5 m.) wide ; there 
 was no evidence of interior walls, it being a single room, with the northern 
 end open. In these same houses were also found stone columns, figures of 
 men, and certain curious sculptures, which will be described later. 
 
 In the houses on Oerro Jaboncillo numerous very interesting stone 
 bas-reliefs have been excavated, but none have been found, to our 
 knowledge, on any other hill. In the upper parts of the hills which over- 
 look the lower slopes, and where we should expect to find the remains of 
 temples, there are at present no evidences of any large structures which 
 would have served for this purpose. It is possible that the few large houses 
 found in different parts of the hills, the measurements of one of which 
 have been given, were the temples or council-houses, but this is merely 
 conjecture. In no case do the walls rise more than 2 feet (61 cm.), and 
 generally they were made of rough slabs of stone placed edgewise in the 
 ground, as before described in dealing with the ruins at Manta. One 
 house was observed with walls of a different construction. The rooms were 
 not large, but the walls were made of squared stones, three courses of 
 which remain, and they were laid so as to make a wall slanting at an 
 angle of about seventy degrees on each side. As this ruined building is 
 buried in the deep underbrush with which the greater part of the hill is 
 covered, and no loose squared stones were observed in the vicinity, it 
 seems probable that the upper part of the walls was made of a perishable 
 material, very likely adobe or sun-dried bricks ; there is also a possibility 
 that the walls were of cane or wood. This type of construction is entirely 
 different from the hundreds of houses which were observed during the 
 past summer, and may represent a later type of building. 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of Mandbi, Ecuador 23 
 
 STOKE SEATS. The most remarkable feature of the archeology 
 of Manabi is the great number of stone seats or chairs which have been 
 found on the summits of the hills not far distant from the sea. They are 
 unique, being found only on the hills in a small area of about twenty miles 
 in diameter ; and no objects of like character are known in any other part of 
 either Xorth or South America. They are not mentioned by any of the early 
 writers or explorers. This would seem to indicate that they were not seen 
 by Pizarro and his companions when they passed through this province, 
 and possibly shows that the towns on the hills were in ruins, and covered 
 by the forest, at that time. The first notice of their existence is given by 
 Villavicencio, who, in his "Geography of the Republic of Ecuador," 
 published in ~New York in 1858, states that " two leagues north of Monte 
 Cristi there are some hills, such as the Oerro de Hojas; this is a low 
 mountain with a flat summit; in this plain there is a circle of seats of 
 stone, no less than thirty in number, each one of which is a sphinx, 
 above which is the seat with two arms, all of stone, well worked, and of 
 a single piece, which may be transported. This circle of seats appears 
 to have lodged a congress of men who came together here for their con- 
 ferences, which may have been those of the magnates of the Cara nation, 
 who lived here before they had accomplished the conquest of the kingdom 
 of Quito. We have taken two of these seats for our museum, and they are 
 preserved in Guayaquil." 
 
 Bollaert quotes this statement from Villavicencio in his "Antiquarian, 
 Ethnological, and Other Eesearches in New Granada, Ecuador, Peru, and 
 Chili." This statement regarding the placing of the seats in a circle has 
 found credence among later writers, and we also hear of a stone table in 
 the centre of this circle. Wiener visited these hills in July, 1882, and 
 sent a seat to Europe, which is in the Trocadero Museum. He does not give 
 any information concerning the arrangement of the seats, 33 and simply 
 writes that " there are some other broken chairs, four of which could be 
 easily repaired, to be found on a stone rock eleven leagues and a half 
 northeast of the small port of Manta," This is a mistake. The distance to 
 the base of the hills is a little over five miles in a northeasterly direction. 
 Gonzalez Suarez visited the region, and in his "Archeology of Ecuador " 
 states that "these seats are found in the Oerro de Hojas, placed in a semi- 
 circle, in each one of the platforms on the hill. This composes a group of 
 
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24 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 broken hills, and on the summit of each one of these were a number of these 
 seats placed around with symmetry." In another part of his work, Snarez 
 says that " in each of the summits or truncated surfaces [of the hills] are 
 a number, more or less considerable, of seats and columns of stone placed 
 in a circle." 
 
 During our visit to Manabi, careful examination was made of the 
 summit of Oerro de Hojas, and it will be remembered that, in the descrip- 
 tion of the ruins on the hill, mention is made of the numerous house-sites, 
 locally known as corrales, which are found in great numbers. It was in 
 the rooms of these houses that the stone seats were found; and in no case 
 were they observed occupying any regular order, or placed in any way 
 which would indicate their having been around stone tables or in a circle. 
 In fact, no large stone slabs are found in any of the ruins, with the 
 exception of small bas-reliefs, to be described later. In some rooms, only 
 one seat was found; in others two; and sometimes three, four, and even 
 five have been discovered in a single house. So far as the Oerro de Hojas 
 is concerned, we must conclude that the story of the ceremonial placing of 
 these seats is a myth ; but as we were unable to visit Oerro Jaboncillo and 
 the two more distant hills, — Oerro Jupa and Oerro Agua Kuevo, — there is 
 a possibility that in these hills there may have been some regular arrange- 
 ment of the seats. Repeated questioning of the natives leads us, however, 
 to doubt that the conditions under which the seats are found in these hills 
 are at all different from those in the Oerro de Hojas. 
 
 Some of the seats are of argillaceous, shaly sandstone; but the 
 majority are of andesite. Prom the type of sculpture which serves as a 
 support, they may be divided into two great classes ; namely, those which 
 have human figures, and those which have animal figures. ^Tn general, the 
 human figures are carved in very nearly the same manner, but there are 
 greater differences in the carving of the animal forms. In the collection we 
 have brought together, which is now in New York, the majority of the seats 
 have the crouching human figure supports. In the animal or puma figures, 
 we find considerable variation in the way in which the animal has been 
 carved. In some, the ears are very prominent ; in others less so ; and in 
 one specimen the ears are not represented at all. Some have a tail, while 
 in others it is absent. In addition to these two general types into which we 
 may divide the greater number of seats, we have examples of four other 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 25 
 
 classes ; namely, the bird or lizard, the bat, a monkey-like figure, and one 
 with a circular design enframing a puma-face, apparently intended to repre- 
 sent a copper disc, of which a number have been found in Manabi and in 
 other parts of Ecuador. Thus we have, forming the supports of the seats 
 in this collection, six different motives : first, the crouching human figure ; 
 second, the crouching puma-like figure ; third, the bird or lizard ; fourth, 
 the bat; fifth, a monkey-like figure; and, sixth, the representation of the 
 copper disc. A seat was seen in Porto Yiejo which was different from any 
 in the collection. On the front is a small standing human figure with a 
 loin-cloth, the sides of the support being entirely plain. In Chicago there 
 is a seat with an entirely plain quadrangular block for the support. 
 
 All of the seats from the Cerro de Hojas and Oerro Jaboncillo are 
 made of andesite, with the possible exception of two specimens. It is inter- 
 esting to find that the seats from Oerro Agua Xuevo (illustrated on Plates 
 XX, XXI, and XXVI) are not of andesite, but of sandstone; a seat from 
 the same hill (see Plate XXY) is of argillaceous, shaly sandstone ; while 
 another seat (see Plate XV) is of andesite. It is impossible to state at 
 present the locality of the quarries from which the stone used by the 
 ancient sculptors was taken, as during our trip there was not sufficient 
 time to search for them. In regard to the stone used by the ancient 
 inhabitants of Manabi, a singular point is brought out by a study of the 
 material used by the ancient builders of Manta. The stone used for the 
 houses is oolitic limestone, while that used for the sculptures which are 
 found in various parts of the ruins is a shell limestone similar to the 
 coquina of Florida. It is rather remarkable that, in selecting material for 
 carving sculptures, they chose the coarsest stone to be found in Manabi, 
 breaking it off from the clifEs and ledges which occur just above sea- 
 level; and that for the houses they selected a finer one, found also in 
 the vicinity. It is difficult to conjecture why they selected the coarsest, 
 roughest, and least desirable material for their sculptures, and used the 
 finer stone, better adapted for carving, in their houses. At all events, the 
 stone used by the builders of Manta was found in the immediate vicinity. 
 It is probable that the andesite from which the seats were carved in 
 the Oerro de Hojas and Oerro Jaboncillo, will be found in the immediate 
 vicinity of the hill, and that the sandstone — which was not used, so far as 
 our knowledge goes, in either of these two hills, but was confined to the 
 
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26 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 stone seats from Cerro Agua Nuevo and Oerro Jupa — will be found also 
 in their vicinity. Some of the seats have geometric designs or patterns 
 carved on the borders : only three of these came from Oerro de Hojas and 
 Oerro Jaboncillo, while six are from Oerro Jupa and Oerro Agua Nuevo. 
 All of these sculptured borders have practically the same design repeated 
 with slight variation. The patterns on the seats from Oerro de Hojas are 
 in a better state of preservation, as the andesite has not weathered so 
 much as the sandstone. 
 
 It is doubtful if there are many types or variations of seats other 
 than those contained in the present collection to be found in this region. 
 Several hundred were seen ; and all the different types or variations from 
 the two great classes — the crouching human figures and the puma figures — 
 were obtained, and are here described and illustrated. There is not a 
 single human or animal figure in which the proportions of the body are 
 accurately brought out, as will be noted by examination of the plates. 
 The arms and legs are generally entirely out of proportion to one another 
 and to the body of the figure. As a rule, more attention has been paid to 
 the face than to the rest of the figure. As will be seen by referring 
 to the plates, there is great variation in the manner in which the seat 
 itself is carved and the way in which it is placed upon the back of 
 either the human or animal figure. It will be observed also that the 
 greater number of the seats have arms of unequal length; and there is 
 no set rule of placing the seat on the back of the body, some being 
 placed well forward while others are back from the front of the figure, 
 some having slanting arms while others have arms almost vertical from 
 the base. Again, we have broad seats and extremely narrow seats. The 
 greater number have outward extensions to the arms, and there are several 
 in which this feature is absent. We will now proceed to a detailed 
 description of the various examples brought together in the collection, 
 and of which illustrations are given on Plates TV to XXYII inclusive. 
 With but few exceptions, the front, side, and back views of the seat are 
 given. The human figure type of support precedes that of the animal, 
 as the class is numerically stronger. 
 
 Plate IV, Kos. 1, 2, and 3, crouching human figure. The face is 
 of a different type from those seen on the other seats. The head-band 
 is concaved and very high, being quite broad at the top. The lower 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 27 
 
 part of the face is rather pointed. The ears are very large and have 
 prominent ear-ornaments, and the nose is battered. Around the neck 
 is a decorated band. The upper part of the chest is separated from the 
 front upper surface of the pedestal. The hands, which are closed with 
 the thumb resting on the forefinger at the top, project at an angle over 
 the upper edge of the pedestal, which slopes downward at the same 
 angle. The body is more realistically carved than most of the human 
 figures in these seats. The toes project downward over the upper part of 
 the back of the base; and the loin-cloth, which is shown at the back 
 of the figure, going down between the legs, is also seen going forward 
 around the abdomen of the figure. The seat rests on a slight support 
 placed on the back of the human figure, and is massive : both back and 
 front edges have an upward, inner slant. This is the largest seat in the 
 collection and the second in size of any of the stone seats that have been 
 reported from Manabi, the largest being the specimen in the town of 
 Monte Cristi, belonging to the municipality. The dimensions of the 
 specimen here described are as follows : Extreme height of seat, left side, 
 35 inches (88.9 cm.) ; extreme breadth, 25J inches (64.8 cm.) ; breadth 
 inside of seat at upper part, — front, 13J inches (33.7 cm.), back, 13 inches 
 (33 cm.) ; extreme length of seat from front to back, inside, 18| inches 
 (47.6 cm.) ; length of upper part of arms, 12| inches (32.4 cm.) ; extreme 
 thickness of seat, 3£ inches (8.9 cm.) ; extreme height of human figure, 
 14£ inches (36.8 cm.); average height of pedestal, 3J inches (8.9 cm.); 
 slant of front edge of seat, 60 degrees ; slant of arms of seat, 74 degrees ; 
 overhang of arms of seat, 2£ inches (5.4 cm.). Erom Oerro Jaboncillo. 
 
 Plate V, Nos. 1, 2, and 3, crouching human figure. The head, which 
 has a band over the forehead, is raised above the back of the figure ; the 
 ears are prominent and flattened over the side of the head ; the hands are 
 closed and rest on the pedestal, with the thumb on the forefinger at the 
 top. The seat rests upon a high massive block resembling an inverted 
 truncated pyramid with the four corners well defined ; the feet are placed 
 upon the back of the base with the toes pointing inward, making right 
 angles with the upper line of the pedestal. This is one of the highest seats, 
 and both front and back are nearly vertical. The arms, in proportion to the 
 height of the seat, are the highest of any of the seats from Manabi. The 
 dimensions are as follows : Extreme height of seat, left side, 33| inches 
 
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28 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 (84.8 cm.) ; extreme breadth, 25| inches (65.4 cm.) ; breadth inside of seat 
 at upper part, — front, 13£ inches (35.2 cm.), back, 14 inches (35.6 cm.); 
 extreme length of seat from front to back, inside, 15| inches (40 cm.) ; 
 length of upper part of arms, 14J inches (36.8 cm.) ; extreme thickness of 
 seat, 3£ inches (9.8 cm.) ; extreme height of human figure, 11£ inches 
 (29.2 cm.) ; average height of pedestal, 3£ inches (8.9 cm.) ; overhang of 
 arms of seat, 1£ inches (3.8 cm.). Erom Oerro Jaboncillo. 
 
 Plate VI, Nos. 1, 2, and 3, crouching human figure. The stone is a 
 light gray color and somewhat disintegrated. The upper part of the right 
 arm of the seat is broken. The head of the human figure has a band over 
 the forehead. The ears are prominent, and small ear-ornaments are shown. 
 The face has a well-preserved aquiline nose. The hands are closed and 
 rest on the pedestal, with the thumb upward. The toes project downward 
 over the upper part of the back of the base. The loin-cloth is shown at the 
 back of the figure. The front of the seat is slightly curved, and there is a 
 considerable backward slant to the arms ; the pedestal on both the front 
 and back is smaller at the base than at the top. This seat is one of the 
 highest of the collection, and the pedestal is much smaller than in the 
 other large seats. The dimensions are as follows : Extreme height of seat, 
 right side, 33^ inches (84.5 cm.); extreme breadth, 28£ inches (72.4 cm.); 
 breadth inside of seat at upper part, — front, 14 inches (35.6 cm.), back, 13£ 
 inches (35.2 cm.) ; extreme length of seat from front to back, inside, 15f 
 inches (39.7 cm.); length of upper part of arms, 10 inches (25.4 cm.); 
 extreme thickness of seat, 4 inches (10.2 cm.) ; slant of front of seat, 70 
 degrees; extreme height of human figure, 13£ inches (33.7 cm.); average 
 height of pedestal, 4£ inches (10.8 cm.); overhang of arms of seat, 2£ 
 inches (6.3 cm). Erom Oerro Jaboncillo. 
 
 Plate VII, Nos. 1, 2, and 3, crouching human figure. The head, 
 which has a band over the forehead, is but slightly higher than the back 
 of the figure. The figure itself is very high. The forearm is not repre- 
 sented. The hands, which are closed and rest on the pedestal, with the 
 thumb on the forefinger, are placed at the elbow. This shortening of the 
 lower extremities of the arms is true of the legs, the leg below the knee 
 being entirely out of proportion to the rest of the figure. The feet are close 
 to the knees and the toes project downward over the upper part of the back 
 of the base. The seat rests upon a low support placed on the back of the 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 29 
 
 figure ; the arms are of unequal height, the right arm being higher than 
 the left ; both front and back edges of the seat are nearly vertical, with a 
 slight rounding of each edge around the line of the seat. The dimensions 
 are as follows : Extreme height of seat, right side, 26£ inches (66.7 cm.) ; 
 extreme breadth, 19| inches (50.5 cm.) ; breadth inside of seat at upper 
 part, — front, 12| inches (32.4 cm.), back, 11£ inches (29.2 cm.) ; extreme 
 length of seat from front to back, inside, 12 inches (30.5 cm.) ; length of 
 upper part of arms, 10 inches (25.4 cm.) ; extreme thickness of seat, 3^ 
 inches (8.3 cm.) ; extreme height of human figure, 9£ inches (24.1 cm.) ; 
 average height of pedestal, 3| inches (8.9 cm.) ; overhang of arms of seat, 
 H of an inch (1.6 cm.). From Oerro Jaboncillo. 
 
 Plate VIII, !Nos. 1 and 2, crouching human figure. The head, which 
 has a band over the forehead, is raised above the body. The ears are 
 prominent and flattened over the side of the face, and the nose is battered. 
 The seat rests on a block over the back of the figure, the upper part of 
 which is on a level with the top of the head. The hands are closed and 
 are placed on the pedestal. The toes project downward over the upper part 
 of the back of the base. Although not the highest, this seat is the broadest 
 and most massive, of all the sculptures of this class from Manabi. The 
 dimensions are as follows : Extreme height of seat, left side, 28 J inches 
 (72.4 cm.) ; extreme breadth, 34£ inches (87.6 cm.) ; breadth inside of seat 
 at upper part, — front, 16^ inches (41.3 cm.), back, 14| inches (37.5 cm.) ; 
 length of upper part of arms, 12J inches (31.8 cm.) ; extreme length of seat 
 from front to back, inside, 14f inches (36.5 cm.) ; extreme thickness of seat, 
 4£ inches (10.5 cm.); slant of front of seat, 80 degrees; extreme height 
 of pedestal, 3f inches (8.6 cm.) ; overhang of arms of seat, ^ of an inch 
 (1.1 cm.). From Oerro Jaboncillo. 
 
 Plate IX, Nos. 1, 2, and 3, crouching human figure. The head, which 
 has a band over the forehead, is slightly higher than the back of the figure. 
 The face is broad, the nose battered, and the mouth small. The eyes are 
 represented. The ears and ear-ornaments are treated in a manner some- 
 what similar to those of Nbs. 3, 4, and 5 (the human figures) of Plate 
 XXIX. The body itself is high and the extremities are out of proportion 
 to the rest of the figure. Neither the hands nor the feet are well repre- 
 sented. The left arm of the seat is missing ; the front edge is much curved, 
 with a backward slant to the arms ; the rear edge of the seat is almost ver- 
 
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30 Contributions to South Amerlccm Archeology 
 
 tical; and the bottom of the pedestal is hollowed out, — a feature not found 
 in any other seat. The dimensions are as follows : Extreme height of seat, 
 right side, 22§ inches (56.8 cm.) ; extreme length of seat from front to 
 back, inside, 13£ inches (34.3 cm.) ; length of upper part of arms, 10 inches 
 (25.4 cm.); extreme thickness of seat, 2f inches (6.7 cm.); overhang of arms 
 of seat, 1£ inches (4.8 cm.). From Oerro de Hojas. 
 
 Plate IX, Nos. 4, 5, and 6, crouching human figure. The stone is 
 much disintegrated. The head, which has a band over the forehead, is 
 slightly higher than the back of the figure. The neck is round, with a 
 prominent swelling, and the body hardly appears. The hands are closed 
 and rest on the pedestal, with the thumb on the forefinger at the top. The 
 toes project downward over the upper part of the back of the base. The 
 height of the arms of the seat is unequal, the right side being higher than 
 the left. The seat has a backward slant in front and back (the right arm, 
 70 degrees ; the left arm, 80 degrees) ; and the right side is placed farther 
 back from the front of the pedestal than the left side. The dimensions 
 are as follows : Extreme height of seat, right side, 23^ inches (59.1 cm.) ; 
 extreme breadth, 27| inches (70.5 cm.) ; breadth inside of seat at upper 
 part, — front, 15£ inches (39.4 cm.), back, 14f inches (37.5 cm.); extreme 
 length of seat from front to back, — inside, 12 inches (30.5 cm.), at upper 
 part of arms, 9 inches (22.9 cm.) ; extreme thickness of seat, 3£ inches (8.3 
 cm.); right arm back from pedestal, 1^ inches (4 cm.); left arm back 
 from pedestal, f of an inch (2.2 cm.); height of human figure above 
 pedestal to seat, 11^ inches (28.6 cm.); average height of pedestal, 2| inches 
 (7 cm.) ; overhang of arms of seat, 2 inches (5.1 cm.). Erom Cerro de Hojas. 
 
 Plate X, ¥os. 1, 2, and 3, crouching human figure. The stone is 
 much disintegrated. The head, which has a band over the forehead, is 
 higher than the back of the figure. The nose is battered and the lower 
 part of the face is quite pointed. The forearms are shortened. The left 
 hand is closed and is placed on the pedestal, with the thumb on the fore- 
 finger at the top. The right hand is broken off. The feet are close to the 
 knees, and the toes project downward and toward each other, making 
 a right angle with the base. A double loin-cloth is shown at the back. 
 The seat rests on a support placed on the back of the figure ; the arms 
 are of unequal height, the left arm being lower than the right; the front 
 and back borders have a decided slant inward; the front and back edges 
 
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Saville: Antiquities ofManabi, Ecuador 31 
 
 are curved, so that the tops of the arms are much shorter in length than 
 the central part of the seat directly over the figure ; the length of the 
 base from the front to the back is the same as the top of the arms. The 
 dimensions are as follows : Extreme height of seat, right side, 24§ inches 
 (62.5 cm.) ; extreme breadth, 24§ inches (61.9 cm.) ; breadth inside of seat 
 at upper part, front, 14£ inches (36.8 cm.) ; extreme length of seat from 
 front to back, inside, 12| inches (32.1 cm.) ; length of upper part of ami, 
 right side, 8f inches (21.3 cm.) ; extreme thickness of seat, 2f inches 
 (6.7 cm.) ; slant of front of seat, 80 degrees ; slant of back, 74 degrees ; 
 extreme height of human figure, llf inches (29.5 cm.) ; average height of 
 pedestal, 4 inches (10.2 cm.); overhang of arms of seat, 1| inches (4.8 cm.). 
 From Cerro de Hojas. 
 
 Plate X, IS os. 4, 5, and 6, crouching human figure. The head, which 
 has a band over the forehead, is slightly higher than the back of the 
 figure. The nose is battered, but the features of the face are quite well 
 carved. The ears are set well back near the shoulders. The hands are 
 closed and are placed upon the pedestal, with the thumb on the forefinger 
 at the top. The body is not well carved. The pedestal is broken. The 
 seat rests on a very low support placed on the back of the figure. The 
 dimensions are as follows : Extreme height of seat, right side, 18£ inches 
 (47 cm.) ; extreme breadth, 20 inches (50.8 cm.) ; breadth inside of seat 
 at upper part, 13£ inches (33.7 cm.) ; extreme length of seat from front 
 to back, inside, 9 inches (22.9 cm.) ; length of upper part of arms, 6£ 
 inches (15.9 cm.); extreme thickness of seat, 3 inches (7.6 cm.); extreme 
 height of human figure, 8 inches (20.3 cm.); average height of pedestal, 
 2£ inches (5.4 cm.) ; overhang of arms of seat, 1\ inches (3.2 cm.). Erom 
 Cerro de Hojas. 
 
 Plate XI, Kos. 1, 2, and 3, crouching human figure. The head, which 
 has a band over the forehead, is well carved and is slightly higher than 
 the back of the figure. The nose is aquiline and perfectly preserved. 
 The lower part of the face is pointed. The hands are closed and placed 
 on the pedestal, with the thumb on the forefinger at the top. The shoulders 
 are prominent. The toes project downward over the upper part of the 
 back of the base. The seat is massive, and the front part, with the arms, 
 has a backward slant; the back part of the left arm is broken; the front 
 border is decorated with a grecque design. A unique feature of this seat 
 
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32 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 will be noted in illustration No. 2, which is of the right side. The front 
 and back borders are separated from the side of the seat by a deep groove, 
 giving the appearance of flanges. On the other side of the seat the flange 
 is present on the front border, but is not nearly as prominent. The di- 
 mensions are as folloivs : Extreme height of seat, left side, 24$ inches 
 (62.5 cm.) ; extreme breadth, 23$ inches (60.6 cm.) ; breadth inside of seat 
 at upper part, front, 13J inches (34.3 cm.) ; extreme length of seat from 
 front to back, inside, 16£ inches (41.9 cm.) ; length of upper part of arms, 
 16 inches (40.6 cm.) ; extreme thickness of seat, 3J inches (8.3 cm.) ; slant 
 of front seat, 79 degrees; extreme height of human figure, 10J inches 
 (26.7 cm.); average height of pedestal, 3 inches (7.6 cm.); overhang of 
 arms of seat, 1J inches (3.2 cm.). From Oerro Jaboncillo. 
 
 Plate XI, Nos. 4, 5, and 6, crouching human figure. The head, which 
 has a very high band over the forehead, is higher than the back of the 
 figure. The well carved ears are placed down towards the lower part of 
 the face. The upper lip, nose, and forehead are battered. Over the lips 
 are seen lines which appear like a mustache. The hands are well carved 
 and placed on the pedestal, with the thumb on the forefinger at the top. 
 The feet are badly carved, and do not project downward over the pedestal. 
 A broad loin-cloth is shown at the back. The seat rests on a support 
 placed on the back of the figure, and both front and back borders have a 
 decided slant backward, although the bottom of the seat is nearly level ; 
 the upward extension of the arms is massive, and the seat itself is un- 
 usually thick. The dimensions are as follows: Extreme height of seat, 
 right side, 27£ inches (70.8 cm.) ; extreme breadth, 27f inches (70.5 cm.) ; 
 breadth inside of seat at upper part, — front, 15f inches (39.1 cm.), back, 
 14J inches (36.2 cm.) ; extreme length of seat from front to back, inside, 
 14£ inches (36.2 cm.) ; length of upper part of arms, 11£ inches (29.2 cm.) ; 
 extreme thickness of seat, 3| inches (9.5 cm.); slant of front of seat, 75 
 degrees ; extreme height of human figure, 10J inches (26 cm.) ; average 
 height of pedestal, 3J inches (8.3 cm.) ; overhang of arms of seat, 1\ inches 
 (5.7 cm.). Erom Cerro Jaboncillo. 
 
 Plate XII, ¥os. 1, 2, and 3, crouching human figure. The stone is 
 weathered in places and disintegrated. The head, which is very well 
 carved, has a band over the forehead, and is slightly higher than the back 
 of the figure. The nose is aquiline and perfectly preserved. The lower 
 
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Saville : Antiquities of Mandbi, Ecuador 33 
 
 part of the face is pointed. The mouth and eyes are indifferently repre- 
 sented. The forehead-band on each side ends in conventionalized ears 
 with small ear-ornaments. The hands are closed and placed on the ped- 
 estal, with the thumb on the forefinger at the top. The toes project down- 
 ward on the upper part of the back of the base, and the front toes are 
 placed close to each other at an angle from the foot. A double loin-cloth 
 is shown over the back of the figure. The seat is well rounded in front ; 
 the arms (front and back) have an upward, inner slant ; and the front part 
 of the left arm is missing. The dimensions are as follows: Extreme 
 height of seat, right side, 14£ inches (36.8 cm.) ; extreme breadth, 23| 
 inches (58.7 cm.) ; breadth inside of seat at upper part, back, 13| inches 
 (34.6 cm.) ; extreme length of seat from front to back, inside, 13£ inches 
 (34.3 cm.) ; length of upper part of arms, 9£ inches (24.1 cm.) ; extreme 
 thickness of seat, 2| inches (7.3 cm.) ; slant of front of seat, 76 degrees ; 
 extreme height of human figure, 10£ inches (26.7 cm.) ; average height of 
 pedestal, 2| inches (7 cm.); overhang of arms of seat, 1£ inches (3.8 cm.). 
 From Oerro Jupa. 
 
 Plate XII, Nos. 4, 5, and 6, crouching human figure. The head has a 
 band over the forehead. The face is much disintegrated, and is large and 
 massive. The body of the figure is not so well carved as in most of the 
 seats. The elbows do not rest on the pedestal, as is the case in the 
 majority of this type, but are placed above the knees, making the shoulders 
 prominent. The hands are represented closed, set well back from the 
 front edge of the pedestal. The back of the figure is almost plain, the 
 division of the buttocks, so prominent in most of the seats, not being 
 represented ; nor are the feet carved over the back of the pedestal. The 
 seat, which is broad and massive, rests almost directly on the back of 
 the figure; the upper part of both arms is missing. The dimensions are 
 as follows: Extreme height of seat, left side, 27-| inches (68.9 cm.); 
 extreme breadth, 27£ inches (68.9 cm.); extreme length of seat from front 
 to back, inside, — left side, 16^ inches (41.3 cm.), right side, 14J inches 
 (36.8 cm.) ; extreme thickness of seat, 3 inches (7.6 cm.) ; extreme height 
 of human figure, 13 inches (33 cm,) ; average height of pedestal, 3 inches 
 (7.6 cm.). Erom Oerro Jaboncillo. 
 
 Plate XIII, Nos. 1, 2, and 3, crouching human figure. In this seat 
 the figure is much smaller in proportion to the size of the seat than in 
 
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34 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 most of the other sculptures. The head, which has a band over the fore- 
 head, is but slightly higher than the figure itself. The nose is battered. 
 The eyes and mouth are but indistinctly seen. Part of the upper part of 
 the head, and lines around the chest, are painted blue; but it is not 
 certain that the painting is ancient. The arms are entirely out of propor- 
 tion to the body, the hands being placed close to the elbows, on the ped- 
 estal, with the thumb on the forefinger. The shoulders are prominent. 
 The legs are flexed, the heels resting on the buttocks; and the pedestal 
 projects outward from the back of the figure. The seat rests directly on 
 the back of the figure, and the front part slants backward; there is a 
 decided curvature on the interior surface of each arm ; the height of the 
 arms is unequal, the right arm being higher than the left. The dimen- 
 sions are as follows : Extreme height of seat, right side, 22£ inches (56.2 
 cm.) ; extreme breadth, 24 inches (61 cm.) ; breadth inside of seat at upper 
 part, — front, 16 inches (40.6 cm.), back, 15 J inches (38.7 cm.); extreme 
 length of seat from front to back, inside, 15| inches (40 cm.) ; length of 
 upper part of arms, 13^ inches (33.7 cm.) ; extreme thickness of seat, 1£ 
 inches (3.8 cm.) ; slant of front of seat, 76 degrees ; extreme height of 
 human figure, 8£ inches (21.6 cm.) ; average height of pedestal, 2 inches 
 (5.1 cm.) ; overhang of arms of seat, If inches (3.5 cm.). From Oerro de 
 Hojas. 
 
 Plate XIII, Nos. 4, 5, and 6, crouching human figure. The head, 
 which has a band over the forehead, is slightly higher than the back of the 
 figure. The ears are well carved. The nose is aquiline and well preserved. 
 The eyes and mouth are almost obliterated. The hands are closed and 
 placed on the pedestal, with the thumb on the forefinger, and are not well 
 carved. The body is well rounded generally. A double loin-cloth is shown 
 at the back. The toes project downward over the upper part of the back 
 of the base. The bottom of the seat, which rests directly on the back of 
 the human figure, has a decided backward slant, the front edge being 
 slightly rounded with a considerable slant, while the back is almost 
 vertical. The upper part of the left arm of the seat is broken off. The 
 dimensions are as follows : Extreme height of seat, right side, 24£ inches 
 (62.9 cm.) ; extreme breadth, 27£ inches (68.9 cm.) ; extreme length of seat 
 from front to back, inside, 18J inches (46 cm.) ; length of upper part of 
 right arm, 14f inches (37.1 cm.) ; extreme thickness of seat, 3 inches 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
Saville: Antiquities of HanaM, Ecuador 35 
 
 (7.6 cm.) ; slant of front of seat, 66 degrees ; extreme height* of human 
 figure, lOf inches (27 cm.) ; average height of pedestal, 2| inches (7.3 cm.) ; 
 overhang of arms of seat, 2-J inches (7.3 cm.). From Oerro Jahoncillo. 
 
 Plate XIV, Nos. 1 and 2, crouching human figure. The head is placed 
 in front of the body, which is not carved, being in the rough. The hands 
 are apparently closed, resting on the knuckles on the pedestal, and placed 
 against the elbows. There are nodes on the shoulders. The seat rests 
 directly on the figure. The right arm of the seat is low, and the left arm 
 is missing. There is a geometric design on the front edge of the seat and 
 also on the outer edge of the extension of the arm. The dimensions are 
 as follows : Extreme height of seat, right side, 14f inches (37.1 cm.) ; 
 extreme length of seat from front to back, inside, 9| inches (24.8 cm.) ; 
 length of upper part of arm, right, 10| inches (25.7 cm.) ; extreme thick- 
 ness of seat, 3 inches (7.6 cm.) ; extreme height of human figure, 5J inches 
 (13.3 cm.) ; extreme height of pedestal, 3 inches (7.6 cm.) ; overhang of 
 arms of seat, § of an inch (1 cm.). From Oerro de Hojas. 
 
 Plate XIV, No. 3, crouching human figure. The stone is very much 
 disintegrated. The tipper part of the head is flattened outward, forming 
 a support for the seat. The nose is well preserved. The ears and orna- 
 ments are treated in a manner similar to those shown in No. 1, Plate IX. 
 The arms are out of proportion to the rest of the body. The hands are 
 in the same position as are those of the other seats. The body is placed 
 against a slab which rises from the back of the pedestal, forming a support 
 for the seat ; between this slab and the head is a support. Part of the 
 pedestal is broken and the arms of the seat are missing ; on the front edge 
 of the seat is an incised geometric design combining the patterns of seats 
 Nos. 4 and 5 of Plate XIV, and Nos. 1, 2, and 3 of Plate XI. The dimen- 
 sions are as follows : Extreme height of seat, 12| inches (32.4 cm.) ; 
 extreme length of seat from front to back, inside, 11 inches (27.9 cm.); 
 extreme thickness of seat, 2 inches (5.1 cm.) ; extreme height of human 
 figure, 7£ inches (18.4 cm.) ; average height of pedestal, 1| inches (4.8 cm.). 
 Prom Oerro de Hojas. 
 
 Plate XIV, Nos. 4 and 5, fragment of seat, crouching human figure. 
 The head, which has been beautifully carved and shows a head-band, is 
 very much higher than the back of the figure. The ears are well down 
 toward the lower part of the back of the head and are similar to those 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
36 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 shown in No. 3 of this plate. The lower part of the face is entirely broken 
 off. The eyes are well carved, and the fragment of the nose also shows 
 the same feature. The right hand is missing ; but the left hand is small, 
 and carved in a conventional manner. The legs are entirely out of pro- 
 portion to the rest of the body, being slender; and the feet are very 
 small. Against the back of the body is placed a thin slab which rises 
 from the pedestal, forming a support for the back of the seat ; between 
 the head and this slab is a support placed on the back of the body. The 
 arms of the seat are entirely missing, but on the front edge are three 
 sections of a deeply incised geometric pattern. The dimensions are as 
 follows : Extreme height of seat, 16 inches (40.6 cm.) ; extreme length of 
 seat from front to back, inside, 12| inches (32.4 cm.) ; extreme thickness 
 of seat, 2£ inches (7.3 cm.) ; extreme height of human figure, 10 inches 
 (25.4 cm.) ; extreme height of pedestal, 2 inches (5.1 cm.). From Oerro 
 de Hojas. 
 
 Plate XIY, ISo. 6, upper part of the arm of a stone seat, with the 
 representation on the upper surface of an animal carved in relief. The 
 dimensions are as follows : Overhang of arms of seat, 1 inch (2.5 cm.) ; 
 length from front to back of fragment of arm, 10£ inches (26.7 cm.) ; 
 length of figure carved on top, 5| inches (14.6 cm.) ; height of arm, 2£ 
 inches (6.3 cm.). From Oerro de Hojas. 
 
 Plate XIV, Kos. 7 and 8, fragment of seat, crouching human figure. 
 The seat and the greater part of the base are missing. The head, which 
 has a high band over the forehead, is as large as the body, and rests on the 
 back of the shoulders, forming a right angle with the body. The ears are 
 large and placed on the side of the head at the lower part of the head- 
 band, and are similar to those shown in Nos. 3 and 4 of this plate. The 
 features of the face are battered. The left hand is placed at the elbow, 
 apparently closed, although in a battered condition, the right hand being 
 entirely missing. The back of the body, including the legs, is poorly 
 carved. The body is placed against a vertical slab which runs from the 
 lower part of the base upwards, and forms the rear support for the seat. 
 Between the back of the head and this slab is a high block. The dimen- 
 sions are as follows: Extreme height of seat, 17£ inches (43.8 cm.); extreme 
 length of seat from front to back, inside, 11J inches (28.6 cm.) ; extreme 
 thickness of seat, 3 inches (7.6 cm.) ; extreme height of human figure, 11J 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
Saville: Antiquities o/Manabi, Ecuador 37 
 
 inches (28.3 cm.) ; extreme height of pedestal, 3£ inches (8.3 cm.). Prom 
 OeiTO de Hojas. 
 
 Plate XV, Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4, crouching human figure. The face is 
 very much battered; a band is shown over the forehead. The head is 
 placed directly in front of the figure, which is represented with the rear 
 part higher than the chest. The arms are short and conventionalized. 
 The rear of the figure shows the legs spread out with the feet under the 
 hips. The figure itself is one of the smallest of any found in the Manabi 
 seats. The pedestal has a considerable outward extension on either side 
 of the figure ; the seat is broad and massive ; and the whole front appears 
 to have suffered from fire: consequently it is impossible to determine 
 whether the front border was decorated. The top of the arms, the outer 
 extensions, and the entire surface of the back border, have geometric 
 patterns. This decoration probably extended over the front border as 
 well. The dimensions are as follows : Extreme height of seat, left side, 
 19£ inches (48.6 cm.) ; extreme breadth, 29 inches (73.7 cm.) ; breadth 
 inside of seat at upper part, — front, Yl\ inches (44.5 cm.), back, 17 inches 
 (43.2 cm.); extreme length of seat from front to back, inside, 8f inches 
 (21.3 cm.) ; extreme thickness of seat, 3£ inches (8.9 cm.) ; slant of front of 
 seat, 82£ degrees ; extreme height of human figure, 6J inches (15.9 cm.) ; 
 average height of pedestal, 2 inches (5.1 cm.) ; overhang of arms of seat, 
 2f inches (6.7 cm.). Prom Cerro Agua Nuevo. 
 
 Plate XVI, Nos. 1, 2, and 3, small unfinished seat, having a massive 
 support, and showing marks of pecking. On the front part is a rude face, 
 probably a puma. The arms are broken off, and the back is entirely 
 plain. The dimensions are as follows: Extreme height of seat, 15f 
 inches (39.1 cm.); extreme length of seat from front to back, inside, 11£ 
 inches (29.2 cm.) ; apparent thickness of seat, 3 inches (7.6 cm.) ; extreme 
 height of supporting figure, 7 inches (17.8 cm.) ; extreme height of pedestal, 
 3 inches (7.6 cm.). Prom Cerro de Hojas. 
 
 Plate XVI, Nos. 4, 5, and 6, crouching human figure. The stone is 
 much disintegrated. The head, which has a band over the forehead, is 
 considerably higher than the back of the figure. The ears are set well 
 back, and with the eyes are well carved. The nose is battered, and the 
 mouth is almost imperceptible. The forehead is broad, and the lower 
 part of the face is narrow. The hands project from the elbows on either 
 
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38 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 side, and are much destroyed. The toes project downward over the upper 
 part of the base, and are placed close to each other at an angle from the 
 feet. The seat rests on a support placed on the back of the figure : the 
 arms are broken off. The dimensions are as follows : Extreme height of 
 seat, 20 inches (50.8 cm.) ; extreme breadth, 23 inches (58.4 cm.) ; extreme 
 length of seat from front to back, inside, 13£ inches (34.3 cm.) ; extreme 
 thickness of seat, 3£ inches (9.8 cm.) ; extreme height of human figure, 10 
 inches (25.4 cm.) ; extreme height of pedestal, 4£ inches (11.4 cm.). Erom 
 Cerro de Hojas. 
 
 Plate XVII, No. 1, crouching human figure, the smallest specimen 
 known from Manabi. The base is broken, and the arms of the seat are 
 entirely missing. The head, which has a band over the forehead, is higher 
 than the back of the figure. The ears are large, the nose prominent, and 
 the lower part of the face rather pointed. The hands are closed and are 
 placed on the pedestal, with the thumb on the forefinger at the top. The 
 feet are large and not well carved. A loin-cloth is shown between the legs 
 at the rear. The seat rests on a support on the back of the figure. This 
 specimen is of very great interest on account of its diminutive size. The 
 dimensions are as follows : Extreme height of seat, 7£ inches (18.4 cm.) ; 
 extreme length of seat from front to back, inside, 8 inches (20.3 cm.); 
 extreme thickness of seat, 1 inch (2.5 cm.); extreme height of human 
 figure, 4g inches (11.7 cm.) ; extreme height of pedestal, 1 inch (2.5 cm.). 
 Erom Oerro de Hojas. 
 
 We now come to the series of the animal figure support type. 
 
 Plate XVII, No. 2, small, broken seat. The sides and back are not 
 carved. The head of an animal is carved in relief on the front, but no 
 body is shown. The peck-marks of the tools used in carving this sculp- 
 ture are more prominent than in the majority of the seats. The face of 
 the animal has incised lines over the forehead and below the nose, pro- 
 jecting down on either side of the cheek. The lips are very prominent. 
 The arms of the seat are entirely missing. The dimensions are as follows: 
 Extreme height of seat, 9£ inches (24.1 cm.) ; extreme length of seat from 
 front to back, inside, 7 inches (17.8 cm.) ; extreme thickness of seat, 1£ 
 inches (3.2 cm.) ; extreme height of support of seat with animal head, 6| 
 inches (17.1 cm.) ; extreme height of pedestal, 1 inch (2.5 cm.). Erom 
 Cerro de Hojas. 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 
 
 39 
 
 Fig. 1 
 
 Eig. 1 is a head somewhat similar in character to the head on 
 the seat just described. It has been broken off from a larger sculpture, 
 undoubtedly a small seat. The mouth 
 is highly conventionalized, and incised 
 lines extend over each side of the face. 
 
 Plate XVII, No. 3, small, broken 
 seat. The sides and back are not carved. 
 An animal figure projects from the front 
 of the base. The head is out of propor- 
 tion to the rest of the body. The nose 
 and eyes are prominent, and the mouth 
 is represented by a serrated line. The 
 fore legs of the animal are angular. 
 The dimensions are as follows: Extreme 
 height of seat, 9£ inches (24.1 cm.) ; ex- 
 treme length of seat from front to back, inside, 6f inches (17.5 cm.) ; 
 extreme thickness of seat, 1^ inches (2.9 cm.) ; extreme height of animal 
 figure, 6 inches (15.2 cm.) ; extreme height of pedestal, 1 inch (2.5 cm.). 
 Erom Oerro Jaboncillo. 
 
 Plate XVIII, Nos. 1, 2, and 3, crouching animal figure, probably a 
 puma. The face is well carved. The ears are prominent. The lower part 
 of the fore legs end in human hands placed on the pedestal, with the 
 thumb on the forefinger at the top. The hind legs are small and conven- 
 tionalized. The back of the figure is entirely plain, perhaps unfinished. 
 The seat is broad and massive with heavy outer extensions to the upper 
 part of the arms ; the left arm is higher than the right arm. The dimen- 
 sions are as follows: Extreme height of seat, left side, 23| inches (60.3 
 cm.) ; extreme breadth, 29^ inches (75.9 cm.) ; breadth inside of seat at 
 upper part, — front, 17 inches (43.2 cm.), back, 16£ inches (41.9 cm.); 
 extreme length of seat from front to back, inside, 14£ inches (35.9 cm.) ; 
 extreme thickness of seat, 2| inches (7 cm.) ; slant of front of seat, 67 
 degrees; extreme height of animal figure, 10 inches (25.4 cm.) ; average 
 height of pedestal, 2| inches (7 cm.) ; overhang of arms of seat, 2£ inches 
 (6.3 cm.). Erom Oerro Jaboncillo. 
 
 Plate XVHI, Nos. 4, 5, and 6, crouching animal figure, probably a 
 puma. The head projects forward on a level with the back. The ears are 
 
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40 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 prominent. The fore legs, which are carved in the same way as are those 
 of the human figures, have human hands resting on the pedestal, with the 
 thumb placed on the forefinger at the top. The hind feet are convention- 
 alized, and placed in front of the hips. The tail is coiled around the right 
 hind leg. The seat is placed directly on the back of the animal with a 
 decided slant backward toward the upper part of the arms; the arms 
 are of unequal height, the right arm being higher than the left, and longer 
 from front to back; the pedestal is massive. The dimensions are as 
 follows : Extreme height of seat, right side, 25f inches (65.1 cm.) ; extreme 
 breadth, 26| inches (67 cm.) ; breadth inside of seat at upper part, — front, 
 17J inches (44.5 cm.), back, 17f inches (44.1 cm.) ; extreme length of seat 
 from front to back, inside, 15| inches (40 cm.) ; length of upper part of 
 arms, 12£ inches (31.8 cm.) ; extreme thickness of seat, 3 inches (7.6 cm.) ; 
 slant of front of seat, 78 degrees; extreme height of animal figure, 
 10 inches (25.4 cm.); average height of pedestal, 3J inches (8.3 cm.); 
 overhang of arms of seat, 1 inch (2.5 cm.). Prom Oerro Jaboncillo. 
 
 Plate XIX, Nos 1, 2, and 3, crouching animal figure, probably a puma. 
 The head projects outward in front of the pedestal on a level with the top 
 of the back. The ears and teeth are prominent. The face is well carved. 
 The fore legs end with human hands placed on the pedestal with the 
 thumb on the forefinger at the top. The hind legs are small, convention- 
 alized, and out of proportion to the rest of the figure, and are just back of 
 the elbows. The rear part of the figure is plain, with slight indication 
 of the buttocks at the bottom, and no tail is represented. The seat rests 
 directly upon the back, and the bottom of the seat slopes backward 
 towards the rear of the figure; the arms are of unequal length, — the left 
 arm being considerably higher than the right, — which gives the appearance 
 of the whole seat being placed unevenly on the back of the animal. The 
 dimensions are as follows: Extreme height of seat, left side, 25| inches 
 (65.4cm.); extreme breadth, 24J inches (61.6 cm.); breadth inside of seat 
 at upper part, — front, 14| inches (37.5 cm.), back, 15J inches (38.7 cm.); 
 length of upper part of arms, 13£ inches (34.3 cm.) ; extreme thickness of 
 seat, 2§ inches (6 cm.) ; slant of front of seat, 79£ degrees ; extreme height 
 of animal figure, 10£ inches (26.7 cm.) ; average height of pedestal, 2| 
 inches (7 cm.) ; overhang of arms of seat, 1 inch (2.5 cm.). Prom Oerro 
 Jaboncillo. 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 41 
 
 Plate XIX, Nos. 4, 5, and 6, crouching animal figure, probably a 
 puma. The head projects well outward in front of the base on a level 
 with the back of the figure. The ears are large and prominent. The fore 
 feet are human, resting on the pedestal with the thumb on the forefinger 
 at the top. The hind legs are hardly represented ; and the back of the 
 figure is almost plain, with the exception of a vertical groove in the centre, 
 dividing the two rear parts of the figure. The seat projects over the 
 front and back of the pedestal ; the left arm is higher than the right arm ; 
 and there is a decided curve to the front border of the seat. The 
 dimensions are as follows: Extreme height of seat, left side, 21 inches 
 (53.3 cm.) ; extreme breadth, 24£ inches (61.3 cm.) ; breadth inside of seat 
 at upper part, — front, 15£ inches (39.4 cm.), back, 14| inches (37.5 cm.) ; 
 extreme length of seat from front to back, inside, 16J inches (41.9 cm.) ; 
 length of upper part of arms, 13^ inches (33.7 cm.) ; extreme thickness of 
 seat, 1-J inches (4.8 cm.) ; slant of front of seat, 71 degrees ; extreme 
 height of animal figure, 10£ inches (26.7 cm.) ; average height of pedestal, 
 2 inches (5.1 cm.) ; overhang of arms of seat, 1 inch (2.5 cm.). Prom 
 Oerro de Hojas. 
 
 Plate XX, Uos. 1, 2, and 3, crouching animal figure. The stone is 
 much disintegrated. The ears are prominent. The pedestal is quite thick. 
 The arms are of unequal height, the right arm being slightly higher than 
 the left. The front border shows a very much defaced geometric design. 
 The dimensions are as follows: Extreme height of seat, right side, 16J 
 inches (41.3 cm.) ; extreme breadth, 21J inches (54.6 cm.) ; breadth inside 
 of seat at upper part, — front, 15| inches (38.7 cm.), back, 14| inches (37.8 
 cm.) ; extreme length of seat from front to back, inside, 9f inches (24.8 
 cm.) ; length of upper part of arms, 9 inches (22.9 cm.) ; extreme thickness 
 of seat, 2 inches (5.1 cm.) ; slant of front of seat, 75 degrees ; extreme 
 height of animal figure, 8 inches (20.3 cm.) ; extreme height of pedestal, 
 2J inches (6.3 cm.) ; overhang of arms of seat, \ of an inch (1.3 cm.). 
 Prom Cerro Jupa. 
 
 Plate XX, !Nos. 4, 5, and 6, crouching animal figure, probably a 
 puma. The carving of this seat is very much weathered ; but the figure 
 is quite like that of Nos. 1, 2, and 3 of Plate XXI. The fore feet or 
 hands are massive. The seat rests directly on the back of the figure ; the 
 arms are of unequal height, the left arm being higher than the right. A 
 
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42 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 much defaced geometric pattern is carved on the front border. The 
 dimensions are as follows : Extreme height of seat, left side, 19£ inches 
 (49.5 cm.) ; extreme breadth, 20£ inches (52.1 cm.) ; breadth inside of seat 
 at upper part, — front, 15J inches (38.7 cm.), back, 13£ inches (34.3 cm.); 
 extreme length of seat from front to back, inside, 11J inches (29.2 cm.) ; 
 length of upper part of arms, 10J inches (26 cm.) ; extreme thickness of 
 seat, 2f inches (6 cm.) ; slant of front of seat, 80 degrees ; extreme height 
 of animal figure, 7| inches (19.7 cm.) ; extreme height of pedestal, 2 
 inches (5.1 cm.) ; overhang of arms of seat, £ of an inch (1.3 cm.). From 
 Oerro Jupa. 
 
 Plate XXI, Nos. 1, 2, and 3, crouching animal figure, probably a 
 puma. This is one of the best specimens of carving from Manabi. The 
 face of the animal is well represented. There are lines over the forehead, 
 and the mouth with teeth is shown. The seat rests directly on the back 
 of the figure, with the back part very much lower than the front; the arms 
 are of unequal height, the left arm being slightly higher than the right. 
 On the front border of this seat is a geometric design deeply cut, with 
 patterns similar to those found on pottery stamps from this region (see 
 Plate XLII, ¥os. 12 and 13). The dimensions are as follows : Extreme 
 height of seat, left side, 17| inches (45.1 cm.) ; extreme breadth, 19£ inches 
 (48.9 cm.) ; breadth inside of seat, — centre, 16£ inches (41.3 cm.), back, 15 
 inches (38.1 cm.), extreme thickness of seat, If inches (4.8 cm.) ; slant of 
 front of seat, 74 degrees ; extreme height of animal figure, 7 inches (17.8 
 cm.) ; extreme height of pedestal, If inches (4.4 cm.) ; overhang of arms 
 of seat, ^ of an inch (0.6 cm.). Prom Oerro Jupa. 
 
 Plate XXI, JSTos. 4, 5, and 6, crouching animal figure, probably a 
 puma. This seat is the most massive for its size of any seat from Manabi. 
 It is of a soft, friable, argillaceous, shaly sandstone, and the surface is 
 quite weathered. The head of the animal projects in front of the figure. 
 The shoulders are prominent. The fore feet do not show traces of toes. 
 The hind legs are not shown, the back of the figure being like a solid 
 support for the seat, entirely plain except for a vertical groove, which 
 divides it into two sections. The seat is broad, with large, rounded, 
 globular-like swellings on either side below the arm-rests, which are 
 unusually broad. The front edge of the seat is decorated with geometric 
 designs similar to those in No. 1 of Plate XXVI. The swelling of the 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 43 
 
 body of the seat on either side about the arm-extensions or arm-rests is 
 also a feature, bnt not in so pronounced a manner, in seats ¥os. 1, 2, 
 and 3 of Plate XXV, and in No. 1 of Plate XXVI. The dimensions are 
 as follows: Extreme height of seat, left side, 23 J inches (58.7 cm.); 
 extreme breadth, 31 inches (78.7 cm.); breadth inside of seat at upper 
 part, 14 inches (35.6 cm.) ; extreme length of seat from front to back, 
 inside, — right side, 12J inches (31.8 cm.), left side, 13 inches (33 cm.); 
 average length of upper part of arms, 12 inches (30.5 cm.); extreme 
 thickness of seat, 3 inches (7.6 cm.) ; extreme height of animal figure, 
 1\ inches (19 cm.) ; average height of pedestal, 1£ inches (3.8 cm.) ; over- 
 hang of arms of seat, 5£ inches (14 cm.). Prom Oerro Agua Nuevo. 
 
 Plate XXII, Uos. 1, 2, and 3, crouching animal figure, probably a 
 puma. The head projects well outward in front of the base, the upper 
 part being slightly higher than the back of the body. The figure has been 
 well carved, but the stone is quite disintegrated. The head is out of pro- 
 portion to the rest of the body. The forearms have prominent shoulders, 
 and the hands or feet project downward over the front of the pedestal. 
 The tail has been coiled around the left hind leg, partly represented on the 
 pedestal, which on both sides is broken off. The seat rests directly on the 
 back of the animal, and is the only specimen from Manabi in which there 
 are no outward extensions to the upper part of the arms. The dimensions 
 are as follows : Extreme height of seat, left side, 18 inches (45.7 cm.) ; 
 extreme length of seat from front to back, inside, 12 inches (30.5 cm.) ; 
 length of upper part of arms, 12 inches (30.5 cm.); extreme thickness 
 of seat, \\ inches (3.8 cm.) ; extreme height of animal figure, 7| inches 
 (18.1 cm.) ; extreme height of pedestal, 2 inches (5.1 cm.). Prom Cerro 
 de Hojas. 
 
 Plate XXII, Nos. 4, 5, and 6, crouching animal figure, probably a 
 puma. The head is slightly higher than the back of the body. The face 
 is rather well carved ; the ears are shown ; the teeth are prominent ; the 
 chest is rounded ; the shoulders are large ; the feet are small ; and the tail 
 is coiled between the hind legs. The seat rests directly on the back of the 
 animal, and is massive and thick ; the arms are very low and spreading. 
 The dimensions are as follows : Extreme height of seat, 12 inches (30.5 
 cm.); extreme length of seat from front to back, inside, 9 inches (22.9 
 cm.) ; extreme thickness of seat. If inches (4.4 cm.) ; extreme height of 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
44 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 animal figure, 7\ inches (18.4 cm.) ; extreme height of pedestal, 2 inches 
 (5.1 cm.). From Oerro de Hojas. 
 
 Plate XXIII, Nos. 1 and 2, crouching animal figure, probably a 
 puma. The whole rear part of the seat is missing. The head is round. 
 The ears are not shown, and the teeth are prominent. The shoulders 
 are rounded nodes like those in seats No. 1 of Plate XXII and No. 1 of 
 Plate XIY with the human figures. The fore legs are much longer than 
 in the majority of animal figures. The feet are represented by five lines, 
 which rest with the tips of the toes on the pedestal. The left arm of the 
 seat is lower than the right arm. The dimensions are as follows : Extreme 
 height of seat, right side, 21 inches (53.3 cm.) ; extreme breadth, 22 inches 
 (55.9 cm.) ; extreme thickness of seat, 2| inches (7.3 cm.) ; extreme height 
 of animal figure, 8 J inches (21 cm.) ; extreme height of pedestal, If inches 
 (4.4 cm.) ; overhang of arms of seat, \ of an inch (1.3 cm.). Prom Oerro 
 de Hojas. 
 
 Plate XXIV, Nos. 1, 2, and 3, crouching animal figure, probably a 
 puma. The head, which is on a level with the back of the figure, projects 
 well forward in front of the seat and pedestal. The breast is rounded and 
 prominent. The shoulders are enormous nodes. The fore feet are much 
 disintegrated, but apparently of human type. The hind legs are well 
 carved, but the lower part is out of proportion to the rest of the figure, the 
 feet being very small. The tail coils around the right hind leg, and the tip 
 of the tail is slightly represented back of the right fore foot. This seat is 
 different from those seen in the other examples from Manabi. The out- 
 ward upper extension of the arms is missing, but instead, a rim is carved on 
 either side. The left arm is higher than the right arm, and on the top are 
 three slight pits. The dimensions are as follows : Extreme height of seat, 
 left side, 21^ inches (54 cm.) ; extreme breadth, 22J inches (56.5 cm.) ; 
 breadth inside of seat at upper part, — front, 16| inches (42.5 cm.), back, 16 
 inches (40.6 cm.) ; extreme length of seat from front to back, inside, 14| 
 inches (37.5 cm.) ; length of upper part of arms, 13J inches (33.7 cm.) ; 
 extreme thickness of seat, 2£ inches (6.3 cm.) ; slant of front of seat, 80 
 degrees ; extreme height of animal figure, 11 inches (27.9 cm.) ; average 
 height of pedestal, If inches (4.4 cm.). Prom Oerro de Hojas. 
 
 Plate XXV, Nos. 1, 2, and 3, crouching animal figure, probably a 
 puma. The stone is very much disintegrated, and the figure is rudely 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 45 
 
 carved. The head is placed between the shoulders. The arms are very 
 long, and extend full length from the shoulders downward, thus raising 
 the front part of the body above the rear, which shows the hind legs 
 low and crouching. The feet rest on the pedestal, back from the front 
 edge. The seat rests directly on the arched body and head of the 
 animal ; the arms are of unequal length, the right arm being higher than 
 the left. The whole sculpture is unusually narrow from front to back. 
 The dimensions are as follows: Extreme height of seat, right side, 28f 
 inches (72.1 cm.); extreme breadth, 34| inches (86.7 cm.); breadth inside 
 of seat at upper part, — front, 19 inches (48.3 cm.), back, 18| inches (47.6 
 cm.) ; extreme length of seat from front to back, inside, 10 inches (25.4 
 cm.) ; length of upper part of arms, 8 inches (20.3 cm.) ; extreme thick- 
 ness of seat, 3^ inches (8.3 cm.) ; slant of front of seat, 78 degrees ; 
 extreme height of animal figure, 12 inches (30.5 cm.) ; average height of 
 pedestal, 2 inches (5.1 cm.) ; overhang of arms of seat, 3 inches (7.6 cm.). 
 From Oerro Agua STuevo. 
 
 Plate XXVI, Nos. 1, 2, and 3. Seat of an entirely different type 
 from any other found in Manabi. Upon the pedestal, which is quite thin, 
 near the back, is a slab-like support upon which rests the seat ; in front of 
 this slab is carved a figure, now much defaced, which resembles a lizard, 
 with the head resting on the front part of the pedestal. The seat is broad ; 
 the left arm is higher than the right, and the front edge is decorated with 
 geometric patterns. In the centre of this border a rectangular piece is cut 
 out. On the outer part of the seat, near the front and back edge, is a raised 
 band. The dimensions are as follows : Extreme height of seat, both sides, 
 26f inches (68 cm.) ; extreme breadth, 26J inches (67.3 cm.) ; breadth inside 
 of seat at upper part, — front, 19^ inches (48.9 cm.), back, 19^ inches 
 (48.9 cm.) ; extreme length of seat from front to back, inside, 12£ inches 
 (31.8 cm.) ; length of upper part of arms, lOf inches (27.3 cm.) ; extreme 
 thickness of seat, 2| inches (6.7 cm.) ; slant in front of seat, 80 degrees ; 
 extreme height of supporting figure, 12£ inches (31.8 cm.) ; average height 
 of pedestal, 2f inches (6.7 cm.) ; overhang of arms of seat, f of an inch 
 (1.9 cm.). Erom Oerro Jupa. 
 
 Plate XXYII, ~No. 1, fragment of a small stone seat. This small 
 sculpture lacks the whole left side, and it is difficult to conjecture what 
 was really the original shape. On the front part of the support, above the 
 
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46 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 pedestal, a disc is carved in relief, in the centre of which is an animal face 
 resembling a puma. This design is identical with the copper discs on 
 Plate XLI, from this region, which are also found in various parts of the 
 interior provinces of Ecuador. Descriptions of these copper objects will 
 be found further on. The dimensions are as follows: Extreme height of 
 seat, right side, 11 inches (27.9 cm.) ; extreme thickness of seat, 1\ inches 
 (3.2 cm.) ; extreme height of pedestal, 1£ inches (3.8 cm.) ; size of disc on 
 front of seat, 6 inches (15.2 cm.). Erom Oerro Jaboncillo. 
 
 Plate XXVII, No. 2, small massive seat. The upper part of the 
 arms is missing. The pedestal is only a little larger than the square 
 block which serves as a support for the seat. The sides and back are not 
 sculptured, and the front, which is carved in relief, has a rude figure 
 resembling a monkey, which is too much disintegrated to determine 
 accurately whether the hands support anything. The dimensions are as 
 follows : Extreme height of seat, right side, 14J inches (36.2 cm.) ; extreme 
 breadth, 19J inches (49.5 cm.) ; breadth inside of seat at upper part, 15 
 inches (38.1 cm.) ; extreme length of seat from front to back, inside, 9| 
 inches (24.8 cm.) ; extreme thickness of seat, 1\ inches (5.7 cm.) ; extreme 
 height of animal figure, 7f inches (18.7 cm.) ; extreme height of pedestal, 
 1£ inches (3.8 cm.) ; overhang of arms of seat, § of an inch (1 cm.). Erom 
 Cerro Agua Nuevo. 
 
 Plate XXVII, No. 3, small, low seat. The arms are missing, and 
 
 the support is a solid, square block resting on a massive pedestal. The 
 
 sides and back are not carved ; on the front of this block is carved in relief 
 
 a very realistic representation of a bat with outspread wings. The 
 
 dimensions are as follows : Extreme height of seat, \\\ inches (28.6 cm.) ; 
 
 extreme length of seat from front to back, inside, 8£ inches (21.6 cm.); 
 
 extreme thickness of seat, If inches (4.4 cm.) ; extreme height of pedestal, 
 
 2 inches (5.1 cm.). Erom Oerro Jaboncillo. 
 
 The following is a description of broken seats not illustrated in this 
 report. 
 
 8eat (ck)> crouching human figure. The pedestal is broken off and 
 the base has been restored with cement. The whole stone is somewhat dis- 
 integrated. The face is battered, a band is shown over the forehead, and 
 the eyes are quite prominent. The front and back edges of the seat are 
 curved. Erom Cerro de Hojas. 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 47 
 
 ^ eat (sis) i crouching human figure. The upper part of the head swells 
 out, but there is no trace of a head-band. The ears are placed on the side 
 of the face, the nose is battered, and the lower part of the chin is broken. 
 The whole figure is much disintegrated. The forearms are short, the 
 hands apparently closed and in the same position as in the other seats ; the 
 back of the figure is angular ; the toes are not represented. The broad 
 loin-cloth is shown. The pedestal is massive, and the seat rests on a sup- 
 port placed on the back of the figure ; the arms are entirely broken off. 
 The dimensions are as follows: Extreme height of seat, 18 inches (45.7 
 cm.) ; extreme length of seat from front to back, inside, 13 inches (33 cm.) ; 
 extreme thickness of seat, 3 inches (7.6 cm.) ; extreme height of human 
 figure, 10 inches (25.4 cm.) ; extreme height of pedestal, 3£ inches (8.9 
 cm.). Erom Oerro de Hojas. 
 
 Fragment of seat (g^j), head and shoulders of crouching animal figure 
 with the remains of the front base of the seat on the head. This face is 
 one of the best carved of any of the animal heads in the Manabi seats. 
 The eyes, ears, and nose are prominent; the cheeks in this case are 
 well shown ; and the mouth has two lines of teeth. The head is 6 inches 
 (15.2 cm.) high. Erom Oerro de Hojas. 
 
 In the custom-house in Manta there are four broken seats of the 
 ordinary types ; and in the same town there are said to be two or three 
 others in the hands of private individuals: these are all from Cerro de 
 Hojas. In Monte Oristi are many broken seats from the same hill, and a 
 number of very fine perfect examples. The largest seat known belongs to 
 the town of Monte Cristi, and it is now in front of the municipal building. 
 It is in a very good state of preservation, and is 3 feet (91.4 cm.) in height, 
 and 2£ feet (76.2 cm.) broad across the upper and outer ends of the arms. 
 In the church in the town of Picoaza are nine seats, eight of which are 
 perfect ; one has the figure of a tiger, and the others are human figures. 
 In front of the church are three other seats more or less imperfect. In 
 Papagallo are several large, massive, splendidly preserved specimens in 
 private hands. There is one interesting seat, which has been alluded to, 
 in Porto Tie jo. It is in front of the police station. It is small, with a 
 low, broad, expanding seat, and on the front is a small, standing human 
 figure with a loin-cloth; the head is missing. It is the only one of this 
 type which was seen in Manabi. There are many more or less imperfect 
 
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48 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 seats kept in the houses in Porto Viejo. All of the seats in the villages 
 of Picoaza and Papagallo and in the city of Porto Viejo have been 
 brought from the summit of Oerro Jaboncillo. 84 
 
 The stone seats of the Ecuadorian coast are not unknown in the 
 museums of America and Europe. In the United States there are at 
 least seven examples. In the Yale University Museum, New Haven, 
 there is one specimen of the human figure type, made of andesite. It is 
 18 inches (45.7 cm.) high, 21 inches (53.3 cm.) broad across the top, and 
 the pedestal has a breadth of 12 inches (30.5 cm.). On the back of the 
 figure appears a loin-cloth. In the Eield Museum of Natural History, 
 Chicago, there are two of these sculptures, one of which is of the human 
 figure type, while the other has an entirely plain, quadrangular support. 
 In "Washington, the Smithsonian Institution has one specimen of the 
 human figure type, which is 2 feet 4 inches (71.1 cm.) high. In the 
 Pioneers Museum, San Erancisco, there were, before the fire, two speci- 
 mens, and in the Natural History Societies Museum of Santa Barbara, 
 California, there is another seat. 
 
 In the museums of Europe, fifteen seats are known to the writer. 
 In the Muse'e Royal D'Antiquite's of Brussels are two seats of the human 
 figure type, which have been figured and described by Bamps. 35 In the 
 Royal Ethnological Museum at Dresden there is a single specimen of the 
 human figure type, which has been figured and described by Dr. Uhle. 36 
 In the Trocadero Museum in Paris are two very fine examples, one of the 
 animal type and the other of the human type. These have been figured 
 and described by Dr. Hamy. 37 
 
 Professor Holmes has kindly furnished copies of his notes regarding 
 stone chairs which he saw in various museums in Europe. In the British 
 Museum there is one rather small specimen of the animal type. In the 
 Stuttgart Ethnographical Museum there are two low seats of the animal 
 type. The larger is 24 inches (61 cm.) high, has an extreme breadth 
 of 25 inches (63.5 cm.) across the top of the arms, and is 16 inches (40.6 
 cm.) wide across the seat. The face projects more than usual, while the 
 other has a flat face. In the Ethnographical Museum in Berlin there are 
 five of the animal type. The two largest are 25 inches (63.5 cm.) high ; 
 the smallest is 15£ inches (39.4 cm.) in height, 19 inches (48.3 cm.) broad 
 across the top of the arms, and 10 inches (25.4 cm.) wide across the seat. 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of Mandbi, Ecuador 49 
 
 In the Kunstgewerbe Museum in Berlin there is one of the animal type, 
 of medium size, with low, wide, open seat. One is said to be in the 
 Vienna Museum, and another in the Ethnological Museum of Florence. 
 Doubtless there are examples of the stone seats in a number of other 
 museums in Europe, as well as in private hands in Germany, as we were 
 informed in Manabi that many have been sent out of the country by 
 the German merchants established along this part of the coast. 
 
 HUMAI PIGTTBES. The coUection of stone sculptures includes 
 a number of idols, or small statues of human figures, of several types. 
 Suarez has already figured two sculptures of this class, which he describes 
 as follows : " They represent two men, standing above a broad base 
 which served as a pedestal ; the extended arms are not separated from 
 the body, and the legs are almost a part of the column, which constitutes 
 the lower part of the body. They wear as a head-dress a kind of high, 
 almost round, nightcap, and a belt which appears to keep down the 
 garment to the waist : with this exception, they are completely naked, with 
 only a loin-cloth around the waist, which appears to be very marked." 
 
 The present collection consists of eight entirely complete figures of 
 males, standing erect on pedestals, the base of another figure, the heads 
 of six others, two small sculptures which may be classed by themselves, 
 and two seated female figures ; making, of complete and fragmentary 
 human figures, a total of nineteen. They are carved from the same stone 
 as the seats, some being of andesite, and some of sandstone ; and they vary 
 in height from 9J inches (23.5 cm.) to 24§ inches (62.9 cm.). 
 
 Before describing these sculptures in detail we may remark here, 
 that the ancient Spanish historians refer to the fact that, when the 
 conquerors of Peru arrived in the province of Porto Vie jo, they found 
 there various statues of stone with flowing robes, and mitres on the head, 
 and that some of these statues were of gigantic dimensions. No sculptures 
 which would answer the descriptions of the ancient writers in regard to 
 size are known in the province of Manabi; and this collection is the 
 only one yet brought together from this region, with the exception of 
 the two specimens before mentioned, described by Suarez, which he states 
 are in private hands in Manabi. 
 
 tfo. 1, Plate XXVIH, is a human figure 24| inches (62.9 cm.) high. 
 
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50 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 It is made of very much weathered andesite, and the features are hardly 
 discernible. The body is erect, and presents almost a straight column 
 in front, with the exception of a slight protuberance on the right side, 
 representing the knee, and on the back of the figure, representing the 
 buttocks. Vertical grooves show the division of the legs. The figure is 
 entirely naked. The arms are represented close to the body, the hands 
 placed close to the knees ; the fingers are slightly shown. The shoulders 
 are broad, and the head rests almost directly upon the shoulders. The ears 
 are well brought out on each side of the head, and ear-ornaments are 
 shown. Traces are seen of an expanding cap-like covering of the head 
 over the forehead, and coming down on either side of the face in front of 
 the ears. The head has an outward expansion towards the top, upon which 
 rests a ring with a depression in the upper surface. The sculpture has a 
 thick pedestal upon which the figure stands. The feet and the division 
 of the toes are slightly represented on the upper surface of the base. 
 
 The following is a description of the other specimens which have 
 these cup-like depressions or bowls on the head. 
 
 No. 2, Plate XXVIII, is a figure 22 inches (55.9 cm.) high, made 
 of sandstone. It rests on a rectangular pedestal which has a height of 
 3 inches (7.6 cm.). The knees are slightly bent; the body above the waist 
 is flattened ; the legs are massive, with the knees represented ; the arms 
 form a right angle with the shoulders, and are close to the body; the 
 hands are shown. The feet are broadened at the sides and back of the 
 ankle, giving somewhat the appearance of a sandal ; and this is a feature 
 of No. 5, Plate XXVIII, of No. 3, Plate XXIX, and ^ which is not 
 illustrated. There is a band around the body, well above the waist, with 
 two strips hanging from it on the front (coming down just above each 
 knee), and two strips placed close together on the back. With this 
 exception, the body is entirely naked. The face is small and badly carved. 
 The ears are prominent, and are worked out in the same manner as are the 
 ears of the animal figures in the stone seats ; the lower part of each ear 
 is covered by an ear bob or ornament. The head has an outward expan- 
 sion, being very considerable at the back. On the top of the head is a 
 cupped depression, and there are traces of a cap-like covering of the head 
 over the forehead, coming down on either side of the face in front of the 
 ears, and extending around the back of the head just above the neck. 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of Mandbi, Ecuador 51 
 
 Ko. 3, Plate XXVIII, is a human figure 14f inches (36.5 cm.) high, 
 on a pedestal which is broken, but shows traces of an enclosed serrated 
 design on the front border. This figure is standing erect with the arms 
 placed close to the sides, the hands resting on the hips. The legs are 
 massive ; the knees are perhaps intended to be represented near the waist. 
 A three-lined girdle is shown around the waist with a triangular-shaped 
 apron going down between the legs, and there are traces of a decorated 
 band around the neck. The face has been rather well carved, with an 
 aquiline nose; the ears are shown, but without ornaments. There are 
 traces of a cap-like covering of the head over the forehead, coming down 
 on either side of the face in front of the ears. The head has an outward 
 expansion towards the top, this expansion being greater at the back 
 than at the forehead ; the top of the head, which is flat, has a deep conical 
 depression. 
 
 !N"o. 4, Plate XXVIII, is the head of a standing figure. It is 6J 
 inches (16.5 cm.) high. The features are very similar to those on the stone 
 seat in ~No. 4, Plate XIII. The eyes and mouth are small, and out of 
 proportion to the nose, which is large, aquiline, and perfectly preserved; 
 the ears are not carved flat on the side of the head, as in the majority of 
 the stone figures, but project outward, as in life ; the forehead is covered 
 by a band which ends in front of the upper part of the ears; the head has 
 an outward expansion, more pronounced at the back than at the front, and 
 is flat at the top, with a cup-shaped depression. 
 
 T$o. 5, Plate XXVIII, is a figure, resting on a massive pedestal, in 
 character somewhat similar to that of Xos. 2 and 3 of Plate XXVIII. 
 The height of the figure is 19f inches (50.2 cm.), and the height of the 
 pedestal, 3£ inches (7.9 cm.). The figure is erect; the arms extend down 
 along the side of the body; the hands, placed on the hips, are large, and 
 give somewhat the appearance of being covered with thick gloves, but 
 really the wrist is represented by the expansion ; the legs are short and 
 massive ; the upper part of the body is flat in front and back. A double- 
 banded girdle is around the waist, with a loin-cloth shown at the front and 
 back of the figure between the legs. The head rests upon the broad 
 shoulders, the right shoulder being much lower than the left. The face 
 has been battered and cut by the natives who discovered the figure, so 
 that little can be said of the features, which in a general way may be 
 
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52 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 described as being crudely represented. The nose is broad and flat; the 
 eyes are prominent; the ears are large, and show no traces of ear-orna- 
 ments; the head has an outward expansion towards the top, which is flat 
 and has no depression. The head-covering is shown over the forehead, 
 coming down over the sides of the face, extending upwards over the 
 ears and around the back of the head, slightly below the top of the ears. 
 
 The lower part of a figure resting on a thick, massive pedestal (j|o), 
 not illustrated here, is similar to No. 5, Plate XXVIII. It is possible 
 that a head in the collection (355), not illustrated, belongs to this figure; 
 but the upper part of the body is missing. 
 
 ISo. 1, Plate XXIX, is a curious sculpture 10 inches (25.4 cm.) high, 
 a portion of the lower part being missing. It is really a stone cylinder 
 with a human head carved on one side near the top. There is a band over 
 the forehead ; the nose is aquiline ; the eyes and mouth are almost entirely 
 obliterated; on either side of the face are ear-ornaments in place of the 
 ears ; the arms are in relief, bent at the elbows with the closed fists nearly 
 touching each other over the abdomen ; the legs are short, and the knees 
 are apparently under the closed fists ; the feet are broken off. The whole 
 sculpture is intended to represent a seated human figure. 
 
 ISo. 2, Plate XXIX, is one of the most singular sculptures from 
 Manabi. It is 20f inches (52.7 cm.) high. It represents a human figure 
 standing on a small, thin pedestal. The body is almost a square column, 
 no parts of it being represented, with the exception of arms bent at the 
 elbow; hands, coming to the front of the column, carved in relief on 
 either side ; a depression in front to show the legs ; and a slight protuber- 
 ance for the knees. With these exceptions, the body is entirely plain. 
 The head, which is massive, rests upon the top of the column ; the chin is 
 broken ; the nose is large and prominent ; the eyes are small ; the ears are 
 large and conventionalized, and show ornaments in the lower lobe; the 
 whole head generally is cylindrical with an expansion towards the top, and 
 slight traces are shown of a cap-like covering over the forehead, coming 
 down to the top of the ears in front. The top of this cylindrical column 
 forming the head was expanded into a bowl or plate, of which the sides 
 and rim are entirely broken off. 
 
 iSTos. 3, 4, and 5, Plate XXIX, are of the same general type. ¥0. 3 
 rests on a truncated, conical pedestal. The figure is 14£ inches (36.8 cm.) 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 53 
 
 high; the pedestal is 3 inches (7.6 cm.) thick; and the diameter of the 
 bowl, inside measurement, is 8J inches (21.6 cm.). The figure is practically 
 complete, with the exception of the edge of the bowl on the head. It 
 stands erect with the hands placed on the hips, the arms being separated 
 from the body below the shoulders. The fingers are not brought out ; the 
 toes are not shown ; and the feet have the peculiarity before mentioned in 
 connection with Nos. 2 and 5 of Plate XXVIII. The face projects well 
 in front of the body ; it has a pointed chin, pronounced cheek-bones, and 
 the nose, unfortunately, is almost entirely broken off. The ears in this 
 figure show extreme conventionalization, the lower semicircular part 
 probably representing ear-ornaments. The figure is entirely naked. The 
 plate on the top of the head is broad, and the rim is missing. This is 
 one of the most interesting figures from Manabi. 
 
 Ko. 4, Plate XXIX, is the head and upper part of the body, minus 
 the left shoulder, of a very well carved figure. The figure is 9 inches 
 (22.9 cm.) high, and the bowl has a diameter of 7f inches (20 cm.). The 
 nose and mouth are battered, but the eyes are still to be seen; the right 
 shoulder is well carved, and shows the arm separated from the body ; the 
 ears are of the conventionalized type just referred to, and nearly all of 
 the bowl or plate which was placed on the head is present, with the 
 exception of the edge above the forehead and a piece broken off near 
 the back of the head. There is a cap-like covering on the head, and 
 traces of the same are seen on the back just above the neck. This plate 
 is interesting, as it gives us the approximate type of the bowl on the 
 nearly complete figure just described. 
 
 T$o. 5, Plate XXIX, is a very much defaced head and shoulders of 
 a human figure. It is 1\ inches (19 cm.) high. The features are much 
 battered. The arms are missing; the plate or bowl which was once 
 represented on the head is almost entirely gone ; the cap-like covering of 
 the head is shown ; and the ears are carved in the peculiar conventional 
 manner which is a feature of the other two of this class. 
 
 ~No. 1, Plate XXX, is an erect human figure standing on a thick 
 pedestal. The treatment of the body is quite similar to that of ]STo. 5, 
 Plate XXVIII, with the exception that the chest and back are not flat. 
 The loin-cloth in front is identical, but is not shown extending around the 
 back of the figure. The divisions of the fingers and toes are not indicated. 
 
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54 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 The head is large, the top is flat, and there is but little indication of an 
 outward expansion. Around the outer part of the top of the head, the 
 surface of the stone is roughly pecked, in contradistinction to the rest 
 of the figure, which is quite smooth ; this may be evidence of the former 
 existence of a bowl or plate on top of the head, the edges of which were 
 broken, and the rough surface smoothed off by pecking. The back of the 
 neck is deeply pecked, forming at the upper part an arch-like rim 
 suggesting the back of a head-covering; the nose is broken; the chin is 
 pointed; the cheek-bones are prominent; the eyes and mouth are barely 
 distinguishable; and the ears are rudely carved on the side of the head, 
 without any division of the lobes. The figure is 17 inches (43.2 cm.) high, 
 and the height of the pedestal is 2£ inches (6.3 cm.). 
 
 Nos. 2 and 3, Plate XXX, are front and side views of a human 
 figure standing erect on a pedestal now partly broken. The figure is 15| 
 inches (40 cm.) high. The arms are close to the sides, the left shoulder 
 being higher than the right; the hands are short and broad, and, as in 
 Nos. 3 and 4 of Plate XXVIII and No. 1 of Plate XXX, no elbows are 
 indicated. Six fingers are shown on each hand, but the feet are so 
 battered that it is impossible to determine whether there was any division 
 of the toes. The figure is entirely nude. The head, the top of which is 
 flat, is large ; the chin is raised ; there are slight traces over the forehead 
 of a cap or head-band ; the eyes and mouth are obliterated ; the ears are 
 represented at right angles with the side of the head ; and the nose, which 
 is the most prominent feature of the face, is large, aquiline, and in a 
 perfect state of preservation, having the septum pierced as if to hold an 
 ornament. While in a general way the figure somewhat resembles "So. 1, 
 Plate XXX, the treatment is generally different from the others here- 
 tofore described. 
 
 A head of the collection (^) is not illustrated. It is 9 inches 
 (22.9 cm.) high, and broken off from a figure. The upper part is quite 
 circular with a rounded surface. The face is considerably battered, the 
 features being hardly distinguishable ; but the lines of the face generally 
 are similar to those of No. 1, Plate XXX. The ears apparently have been 
 carved in the manner of those in Nos. 3, 4, and 5 of Plate XXIX. A 
 line is shown over the forehead, probably indicating a head-band. 
 
 A small head not illustrated (£s) is 4£ inches (11.4 cm.) high. It 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 55 
 
 is possibly part of a figure ; but there is now a cupped depression in the 
 neck, which possibly was carved after the head was broken off. The nose 
 and chin are battered ; but the forehead is well brought out, and is more 
 prominent than in any other of the stone heads from Manabi. The ears 
 are of the same type as in group Nos. 3, 4, and 5 of Plate XXIX. The 
 whole head is covered by a cap, the line of which is clearly indicated over 
 the forehead, down around each side of the face, in front of the ears, 
 and around the lower part of the back of the head. The carving resembles 
 quite closely some of the similar clay heads and parts of human figures 
 from the same region. 
 
 A fragment of a stone head not illustrated (^- ) is 3£ inches (8.9 
 cm.) high. It is probably part of a human figure. The upper part of the 
 head at the forehead is missing, and only a very small part of the neck 
 is shown below the chin ; the nose is large and aquiline ; the eyes are well 
 brought out; the cheek-bones are prominent; and the mouth is shown to be 
 somewhat prognathic. Traces of a head-band are shown on the lower 
 part of each side of the forehead. In its approach to a genuine portrait 
 of the ancient people, the workmanship in this specimen is superior to 
 that of any other of the stone heads. 
 
 No. 4, Plate XXX, and Pig. 2, are the only two sculptures of women 
 in this collection. No. 4 is an extraordinary sculpture 14£ inches 
 (36.8 cm.) high, and having an extreme width at the base of 12J inches 
 (31.8 cm.). It represents a seated woman entirely nude. The back is 
 without any carving. The base is broad. The arrangement of the arms 
 and legs is very peculiar, the feet being represented close to the hips, and 
 the hands bent around and placed over the back of the shoulders. Each 
 thumb is nearly twice the length of the fingers, which apparently are 
 represented as closed, the thumb being curved around over the shoulder. 
 The upper part of the face is missing. The mouth is represented by a 
 deep cut. There are three lines curving down on either side of the face 
 from the nose to the edge of the chin, and curved lines are represented in 
 front of what are apparently the ears. The base of the figure is also 
 carved. The illustration shows the peculiar features of this sculpture 
 better than any description. 
 
 Pig. 2 is a very crude attempt at the representation of a woman. It 
 is 9£ inches (23.5 cm.) high. The head is thrown back ; the face is flat ; 
 
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56 
 
 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 the eyes are much disintegrated ; the mouth is shown with double rows of 
 teeth ; and the neck is represented by a deep groove going entirely around 
 the sculpture. On top of the head 
 are two parallel lines running 
 from the forehead to the back. 
 The arms and hands are crude. 
 
 ANIMAL FICKJKES. On 
 Plate XXXI is a large, rudely 
 carved animal figure 29| inches 
 (75 cm.) high. It is probably a 
 puma resting on its haunches. 
 The fore paws project from the 
 body above the knees ; the head is 
 thrown slightly back. Although 
 the stone is quite disintegrated, 
 the lines of the face are well 
 preserved at the present time. 
 This is the largest sculpture, with 
 the exception of the seats, which 
 has been found in the province, 
 according to the statements made 
 by the people of Monte Oristi, 
 who were astonished when this 
 large carving was brought into 
 the town by some of the natives, 
 who found it in the Cerro de 
 Hojas. 
 
 Nos. 1 and 2 of Plate XXXII 
 represent the front and side of 
 one of the most interesting pieces 
 from this region. It is an animal 
 7 inches (17.8 cm.) high, probably a puma (recalling the animal figures of 
 the seats), resting on an oval pedestal. The head is raised higher than the 
 body; the tail is curled around the right hind leg; the fore feet are in front 
 of the body ; and serrated teeth are shown in the large, prominent mouth. 
 
 ^SiiSs&^&rf*^ 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 
 
 57 
 
 Pig. 3 is a small earring of sandstone, probably representing a lizard. 
 It is 4| inches (12.3 cm.) long. 
 
 Fig. 3. 
 
 COLUMN ON ANIMAL'S BACK. We now come to another class 
 of sculptures. Suarez has given a very poor illustration of two examples 
 of this type, which he describes as having the form of a quadrangular 
 truncated pyramid without any adornment on the sides, but with figures 
 in relief, representing animals or human bodies, near the base. In the 
 collection brought together there are no examples of these more conven- 
 tional forms of this class ; but Nos. 3 and 4 of Plate XXXII are the front 
 and side of a sculpture worthy of careful examination, and of consideration 
 in connection with the problem of the stone seats. It may be divided into 
 three parts. The lower section is a crouching quadruped, probably a puma. 
 The dimensions are: Extreme height of sculpture, 17-J inches (43.5 cm.); 
 height of animal figure, 7 inches (17.8 cm.); average height of column on 
 back of figure, 7§ inches (19.3 cm.); height of bowl on top of column, 
 7f inches (19.7 cm.); height of pedestal, 1£ inches (3.8 cm.). The head is 
 out of proportion to the body, and raised at an angle over the shoulders; 
 the back of the figure is plain, and does not show the separation of the legs ; 
 on each side, the body and hind legs are conventionally shown. This 
 figure resembles Nos. 1 and 2 of Plate XXXII ; and the head resembles 
 
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58 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 that of the large sculpture on Plate XXXI, and also, in a general way, the 
 animal figures in one of the groups of stone seats. Resting on the back of 
 this figure is a short column, flattened on the sides an inch away from the 
 back of the head ; and there is a slight rounded ridge connecting the same. 
 This forms a support for a bowl or receptacle, which is not, however, 
 placed directly over the centre of the column, but forward, towards the 
 head of the figure. The upper part of the receptacle has a rim, and the 
 interior shows a blackened, burned surface. This is unquestionably an 
 incense-burner, undoubtedly associated in some way with the ceremonial 
 use of the stone seats. Several other sculptures of this class were seen in 
 Manabi, but all too much broken to be of any use in the collection. 
 
 Nos. 5 and 6, Plate XXXII, of the same class, represent a massive 
 quadrangular block with an animal head carved on the top, near the front. 
 Its dimensions are: Extreme height of pedestal, 6 inches (15.2 cm.) ; height 
 of head, 4f inches (12.3 cm.) ; height of column, 4f inches (11.7 cm.). 
 The sides and front of this block are conventionally carved to represent 
 the legs; the back of the block is rough and plain. Back of the head, 
 and joined to it, is a broken column. The upper part of the probable 
 receptacle is missing. 
 
 Nos. 7 and 8, Plate XXXII, of the same group, represent a very 
 much disintegrated, massive quadrangular block. The average height of 
 the pedestal is 4J inches (10.8 cm.); height of animal figure, 3£ inches 
 (8.3 cm.). On the sides, the body and legs are shown, and also on the 
 front; but the back is plain. The head is on the upper part, near the 
 front edge, and back of it is attached a ball-like body, which, however, 
 cannot be the body of the animal, but rests on its back. In this sculpture 
 the top of the head has a cup-like depression, which probably takes the 
 place of the bowl which is on the top of the column of No. 3, Plate 
 XXXII. It is possible, however, that this ball-like body is the base of 
 a column, which, after it was accidentally broken off, was rudely carved 
 in this shape, and, in order that the stone might be used for ceremonial 
 purposes, the cupped depression was cut out on the top of the head to 
 serve for an incense-burner. 
 
 ANIMAL ON COLUMN. Nos. 1 and 2, Plate XXXIII, represent 
 a sculpture which may be divided into three parts. The base is a mas- 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 59 
 
 sive, concaved cylinder upon which rests a crouching figure too much 
 disintegrated for one to state with certainty whether it is human or 
 animal. The probabilities are, that it is animal on account of the 
 presence on the back of two grooves, between which is a raised ridge, 
 probably the tail. The head is like the puma heads of the seats. On the 
 back of the figure are the remains of a smaller cylindrical column broken 
 off quite close to the base. Probably the missing part of the column was 
 surmounted by a vessel to serve the purpose of an incense-burner, although 
 there is again the possibility that simply the base of a column was 
 represented on the back of this figure, and that an incense-burner or 
 ceremonial vessel of clay was placed directly on this upper surface. 
 Height of entire sculpture, 18 inches (45.7 cm.) ; height of animal figure, 
 5f inches (13.7 cm.) ; height of pedestal, 8£ inches (21.6 cm.) ; height of 
 column on back of animal, If inches (4.4 cm.). From Oerro de Hojas. 
 The sculpture just described seems to be transitional between the group 
 of sculptures illustrated on Plate XXXII and the next group, which is of 
 columns. 
 
 COLUMNS. ¥os. 3 and 4 of Plate XXXII are the only two deco- 
 rated columns, out of several hundred, which were seen in Manabi. ~No. 3 
 is an hourglass-shaped column with a simple capital on the top ; below, on 
 one face of the cylinder, is a design which is given in Pig. 4. It reminds 
 us strongly of the conventional face of the animal on the bas-reliefs 
 shown on Plates XXXYIII and XXXIX, which will be described later 
 on. It is an inverted U, from the inside of which projects downward 
 a band terminating in a sphere. This outer, U-shaped band probably 
 represents the outer part of the head, while the other part of the design is 
 the nose ; the eyes not being represented. In Pig. 5 is a carved column 
 from the Mcoya peninsula, Oosta Pica. It is one of a number which 
 have been found there, and is of very great interest in connection with the 
 columns of Manabi. To our knowledge these Costa Eican columns are 
 the nearest approach to the Manabi specimens of any yet found in ancient 
 America. Plain cylindrical columns have been found in the Mayan ruins 
 of Honduras and Yucatan. They have also been found in Yera Cruz and 
 Chiapas, but none of the carved type are known to the writer. When 
 we consider the comparatively short distance between Nicoya and Manabi, 
 
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 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 the significance of these somewhat analogous columns becomes apparent. 
 The dimensions are as follows : Height of column, 16£ inches (42.5 cm.) ; 
 diameter of the top, 8| inches (22.2 cm.) ; diameter of the base, 8 inches 
 (20.3 cm.). Prom Oerro de Hojas. 
 
 ISo. 4, Plate XXXIII, is a square 
 column, the diameter of the base being 
 slightly smaller than that of the upper 
 part. Prom the base upward, the di- 
 ameter decreases towards the top, which 
 is surrounded by a plain, square capital, 
 
 Fig. 4. 
 
 Fig. 5. 
 
 corresponding, in a way, to the upper part of the columns just described, 
 with the exception that there are two bands, instead of three, below the 
 upper section. The dimensions are as follows : Height of column, 17 inches 
 (43.2 cm.) ; diameter at the base, 6 inches (15.2 cm.) ; diameter at the top, 
 7 inches (17.8 cm.). Prom Oerro de Hojas. 
 
 Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4 of Plate XXXIV, are cylindrical columns with 
 sides somewhat resembling an hourglass, varying in height from 22£ 
 inches (56.2 cm.) to 13£ inches (33.3 cm.), and having an average diameter 
 of 7£ inches (19 cm.). There are hundreds of these columns to be found 
 scattered throughout the ruins on the Cerro de Hojas and Oerro 
 Jaboncillo. 
 
 ]So. 5, Plate XXXIY, is a short cylindrical column. The dimensions 
 are: Height, 7§ inches (18.7 cm.); diameter at the base, 7 inches (17.8 cm.); 
 diameter at the top, 5| inches (14.6 cm.). The diameter at the base is 
 slightly larger than at the top. A careful search was made in the ruins 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of Mandbi, Eeuador 61 
 
 to see if these columns were for architectural purposes, and used in con- 
 nection with the walls of the houses. Prom a careful examination of the 
 ruins as they are seen to-day, we may affirm with certainty that they 
 were never used as parts of the buildings: possibly, excavations may 
 reveal their exact use. We may, however, surmise, bearing in mind the 
 crouching animal on the concaved column (ISTos. 1 and 2, Plate XXXTII), 
 that they were used as supports for the statues or idols and animal 
 figures ; or they may have served as pedestals for pottery incense-burners. 
 In the Oerro de Hojas and other hills, excavations will undoubtedly throw 
 much light on the use of these sculptures and columns. 
 
 QUADRANGULAR SCULPTURES. In the church at Picoaza is 
 an interesting sculpture which has been described and figured by Suarez. 
 His illustrations do not adequately show the carvings on the four sides 
 of this interesting stone, which is now in the church of Picoaza, serving as 
 a fountain for holy water. It is a quadrangular block with a rectangular 
 basin on the top. It is about 22J inches (56.5 cm.) high, 13 inches (33 cm.) 
 wide at the top, and 13f inches (35.2 cm.) wide at the base. It weighs 
 about two hundred pounds. This stone was found in Oerro de Hojas, and 
 is one of several sculptures of this class which have been found in the 
 hills. It is carved in relief on all four sides. On one side is a standing, 
 nude human figure with a long nose, and arms outspread, bent at the 
 elbows. At the back of the human figure, near the base, is a small animal 
 resembling a dog ; in front is a conventionalized animal. Around the rim 
 at the top is a decorated band which does not go entirely around the stone, 
 but reappears on the opposite face of the stone, upon which, below, is 
 another erect nude figure with the same long nose. On the third side 
 is an iguana; and on the fourth, a seated human figure, entirely nude, 
 which resembles, in a way, the figures on the bas-reliefs which will 
 now be described. 
 
 BAS-RELIEPS. The last group of stone carvings, which are 
 perhaps more interesting than even the stone seats, are fragments of bas- 
 reliefs of which a number have been brought together in this collection. 
 They are all from Oerro Jaboncillo. "We know of but one example of 
 the Manabi bas-reliefs which has been described at the present time: 
 
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 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 this is now in the Museum of the Trocadero in Paris. 88 The illustration 
 given by Hamy shows that the sculpture is probably complete (see Fig. 6). 
 In this collection we have five portions of somewhat similar bas-reliefs, 
 but there is in each considerable variation in the style of carving and in 
 
 Fig. 6. 
 
 the designs which are placed on the upper part enframing the head. They 
 are broader at the top than at the base. 
 
 !Nb. 1, Plate XXXV, is a fragment of the largest bas-relief secured 
 in Manabi. It is 21 J inches (54.6 cm.) wide, and has an average thickness 
 of 2£ inches (6.3 cm.). It was found, with the reverse used as a grinding- 
 stone, in a house in Picoaza. The native who owned it found it in the 
 Oerro Jaboncillo while hunting for metates. It was complete and perfect 
 when he excavated it, and, on account of its size, he broke it, and selected 
 a piece a little larger than a metate, which he could use for that purpose. 
 He stated that the other pieces were still in the mountain, and that he 
 could find them ; but, as we had but two days to remain in Manabi before 
 continuing our journey from Guayaquil to the interior, we were not able 
 to obtain the other pieces. Probably in the future it will be possible to 
 secure and bring together the remaining parts of this most interesting 
 sculpture. On the upper part of the slab is carved a series of geometric 
 figures in which the head is enframed : there is one motif (Pig. 7) which 
 
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SavilU: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 
 
 63 
 
 is repeated six times with practically no variation. On the sides around 
 these designs are three lines; the central line, below the geometric pat- 
 terns and above the hnman head, is replaced by dots, as in the Trocadero 
 specimen. The figure shows a hood-like covering of the head. The nose 
 
 \ 
 
 i 
 
 m 
 
 i 
 
 Kg. 8. 
 
 is prominent and aquiline ; a four-strand necklace is around the neck ; the 
 body is flat and angular, forming a straight line from shoulder to shoulder, 
 and a line on the right side of the body at right angles with the shoulder. 
 The arms are angular and bent, and the right hand shows the fingers 
 clinched, holding some object which cannot be determined from the frag- 
 ment which remains; but it is probably a bag or pouch similar to that seen 
 in the Trocadero specimen. The design or motif in the enframing band is 
 found with but little variation in No. 2 of the same plate. The upper part 
 recalls the seat part of the stone seats, resting on a terraced support ; and 
 in ~No. 1 practically the same design is found, having on either side single 
 angular designs, perhaps representing the same thing (seat). Between the 
 spreading " arms " in each bas-relief are two dots or eyes, and this feature 
 strongly suggests a conventionalized face such as is seen in the copper 
 discs and on bas-reliefs on Plates XXXYIII and XXXIX. The lower 
 part of the bas-relief, including the left arm, is missing. 
 
 ~No. 2, Plate XXXV, as before noted, is a bas-relief of almost the 
 same type as No. 1. It is 19 inches (48.3 cm.) wide, and 2£ inches (6.3 cm.) 
 thick. The carving is not as well executed, and the lines are not as sharp, 
 
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64 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 as in the other slab. Practically the same motif (Fig. 8) is seen repeated 
 six times above the figure, with the exception that, whereas in No. 1 the 
 lower motif on each side of the head is placed on its side, in No. 2 all of 
 the motifs are vertically arranged. The treatment of the human figure is 
 not as angular as in the other specimen ; the lines of the shoulders, elbows, 
 and hands, being rounded. Practically the same part of the bas-relief is 
 missing as in the other specimen. Below and slightly in front of the right 
 arm, which is partially opened with the clinched hand under the line 
 which runs above the figure, is an animal, apparently a monkey, as the 
 tail is coiled on the back, almost touching the elbow of the human figure. 
 The features of the face appear somewhat different from the face in No. 1. 
 It is impossible to state with certainty whether these are standing figures, 
 or whether they are seated, as in the other two sculptures about to be 
 described. If these fragments of bas-reliefs are of the same type as the 
 Trocadero specimen, as they appear to be, they are probably standing 
 figures. Notwithstanding the assumption of Hamy, that the figure repre- 
 sented in the Trocadero bas-relief is a male, we should be more inclined 
 to consider it a female, judging from the fragments in this collection. 
 There are two horizontal lines cut on the abdomen of the Paris specimen, 
 which appear in Nos. 1 and 2 of Plate XXXYI, which are female figures. 
 These lines are not seen in the statues which have already been described, 
 and their presence appears to be a good indication that, in all of these bas- 
 reliefs where the human figure is represented, it is that of a female: on the 
 other hand, we must admit that, in the three analogous reliefs, the hanging 
 breast is not seen, as found on No. 2, Plate XXXVI, and the seated human 
 figure No. 4, Plate XXX. We must also consider the garment (which is 
 called a girdle by Hamy) which surrounds the waist and hangs down 
 between the legs in the Trocadero relief. The two female bas-reliefs and 
 the female figure do not show any traces of garments, the figures being 
 absolutely nude : this point argues in favor of the assumption of Hamy, 
 that the figure is a male. Until we get more material of this class from 
 Manabi, it will be unsafe to try to reach exact conclusions concerning the 
 sex of the three analogous bas-reliefs. 
 
 No. 1, Plate XXXVI, is part of a slab which has an incomplete 
 female figure seated, with the legs outspread and bent, with the heels near 
 the thighs. It has an extreme width of 20£ inches (52.1 cm.), and an 
 
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Saville : Antiquities of Mandbi, Ecuador 65 
 
 average thickness of %\ inches (6.3cm.). The elbows rest on the knees; 
 the left lower leg is missing; under the right thigh is represented some- 
 thing which appears to be separated from the body, but, as the other side 
 is missing, it is impossible to determine just what is represented. The 
 figure is in relief against the background set in from the border, which 
 surrounds the figure on each side and above the head. This border is very 
 much weathered, but there appears to be a series of conventionalized faces, 
 and in the centre of the upper baud is apparently a seated figure. The 
 female figure is very well carved. There is a head-band over the forehead; 
 the ear is large and distended, possibly an ear-ornament is represented ; 
 the nose is aquiline, but not excessively prominent; the openings of the 
 eyes are shown by horizontal lines, which give the appearance of closed 
 eyes; and the mouth, by a long horizontal line. A two-strand necklace 
 is around the neck. The hands are carved in a very peculiar manner, out 
 of proportion to the body, and do not appear like human hands, although 
 five fingers are represented ; what appears to be the thumb is carved like a 
 hook, and on the back of the hand is an oval incision. Altogether they 
 appear more like birds' heads than human hands ; this is especially seen 
 in the left hand. 
 
 No. 2, Plate XXXVI, is a thick bas-relief which shows a serrated 
 enframing band surrounding the head and the upper part of the slab, 
 which is decorated with terraced geometric patterns. It is 13| inches 
 (33.7 cm.) wide, and has an average thickness of 3§ inches (8.6 cm.). The 
 bottom of the slab is broken off just below the figure. This bas-relief is 
 smaller than any of the others. The human figure, a female, is complete, 
 and is seated, with the knees bent up towards the body and the heels close 
 to the thighs. In this fragment and in No. 1 of the same plate, the 
 treatment of the feet is similar to that of the Trocadero slab, which is 
 characterized by enormous heels, somewhat separated from the rest of the 
 foot, forming a ball. The arms in the figure are bent, with the hands 
 upward at a level with the shoulders; and the fingers are shown closed. 
 The treatment of the body generally is angular. There is a deep incision 
 entirely across the abdomen, which, as represented in the carving, almost 
 separates the upper and lower extremities. The breasts are well defined, 
 and the neck is much more prominent and elongated than in any other 
 figures or bas-reliefs from Manabi. The features of the face are rather 
 
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66 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 battered. The top of the head has a hood-like covering. On either side of 
 the figure, opposite the elbows, is a large disc. 
 
 On Plate XXXVII are six fragments of bas-reliefs. No. 2 is a 
 fragment showing a human face. It has a prominent nose, which unfortu- 
 nately is broken, prominent cheek-bones, and a straight horizontal incision 
 for the mouth. The angular treatment of the figure is shown in the neck 
 and shoulders and the clinched left hand, which is raised on a level with 
 the shoulder. An enframing design is seen on the left side, with a large 
 grecque above and a smaller grecque below. It belongs to the same type 
 of sculptures as those just described. No. 5 is a fragment of the upper 
 left-hand corner of another bas-relief, showing an enframing design with 
 geometric patterns; and just a portion of the left side of the face is seen 
 below, as well as what is apparently a clinched hand on a level with the 
 shoulder. Nos. 1, 4, and 6 are three fragments of a bas-relief : the largest 
 piece (No. 6) is apparently the upper left-hand side, while the two smaller 
 pieces evidently are parts of the lower section of the same. This largest 
 piece shows a band with terraced geometric patterns and small discs 
 enframing a flat disc resting in a crescent. On the large disc on either 
 side is a vertical line. Prom this fragment it is impossible to determine 
 whether a human figure was carved below this flattened disc and crescent. 
 The other two fragments appear to be parts of the lower section of this 
 same bas-relief, as the same designs appear which are found in the band 
 in the largest piece. No. 3 is a small section of a thick bas-relief, but 
 whether the top or the bottom it is impossible to state. Two birds are 
 seen facing a triangular design with a dot in the centre; below this is 
 a wide groove above a serrated design. 
 
 On Plates XXXVIII and XXXIX are illustrated the two most 
 interesting bas-reliefs found in Ecuador. They were in fragmentary 
 condition, and appear to represent a species of conventionalized animal, 
 perhaps a lizard, or possibly an alligator. 
 
 Plate XXXVIII was in eight fragments, and the pieces brought 
 together give all of the essential features of the carving. The body of the 
 animal is diamond-shaped. In the centre of the back there is a series of 
 connecting triangles representing the vertebrae, on each side of which is 
 a series of nine dots separated from the central design by a band. The 
 rear extremity of the body resembles that of the female figure, No. 2, 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of HanaM, Ecuador 67 
 
 Plate XXX VI. The forearms are angular, and end in a series of curved, 
 ribbon-like appendages, and tbis is also found on the ends of the rear part 
 of the body. The head is attached to the body by a band which connects 
 with the top of the head, which in the illustration will appear to be 
 upside down ; this would be the natural position of the head in swimming, 
 if the illustration were reversed. Attention has already been called to the 
 main features of the head in describing the design on the column No. 3, 
 Plate XXX I II, which is also illustrated in Pig. 4. Surrounding the head 
 is a series of tentacles. The lizard does not have the tentacles, this 
 being a feature of the octopus ; and this, joined with the lizard-like body 
 and the rear extremities (resembling those of the female figures), results 
 in a composite creature which might better be described as a mythical 
 monster. Between the two tentacles which reach out from the lower 
 part of the face is a bat with outspread wings, on the upper part of 
 which, on each side, may be seen a hook. The head is in profile with 
 a "leaf" nose. On each side of the head of the monster, between ten- 
 tacles, are two moderate-sized discs. The bas-relief is 31 inches (78.7 cm.) 
 high, 17f inches (44.8 cm.) wide, and 2J inches (5.7 cm.) thick. 
 
 Plate XXXIX represents the other bas-relief of a mythical monster. 
 A greater part of the middle of the sculpture is missing, but in a general 
 way the treatment of this sculpture is much more geometric and angular 
 than that on the preceding plate. The vertebrae are represented on the 
 upper part of the back. The treatment of the rear extremities is similar to 
 that in the other sculpture, with the exception of the ribbon-like append- 
 ages and the separation of the thighs by a tail extending from the diamond- 
 shaped body, and partly curved around the right thigh. The head of the 
 animal is different from the other, but the salient features are brought out 
 in the face. At the lower part of the head are six tentacles; the two 
 nearest the face are grecques ; the two on each corner end in spirals; while 
 the two at the base of the face are represented in the same manner as in 
 the bas-reliefs on Plate XXXVIII. Between them is a large circular 
 disc. On each side of the sculpture are terraced designs. It is 26£ inches 
 (67.3 cm.) high, 17 inches (43.2 cm.) wide, and If inches (4.4 cm.) thick. 
 
 RESONANT STONE. Suarez states, that "in Picoaza there was 
 preserved, until a little while ago, a bell of the aborigines of that locality. 
 
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68 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 It was a stone slab of black slate, a metre (little more or less) in height, 
 and some centimetres wide. When this stone was suspended from one of 
 its ends, the striking of it with another stone or with the hand produced 
 a metallic and pleasant sound, which vibrated like that of a bell." We 
 failed to find any traces of this stone. It is probably being used as a 
 metate in one of the houses in the village. 
 
 METATE8. The metate or mealing-stone is found in many of the 
 ruins. So far as we observed, the people to-day have no other hand-mills 
 than those which they obtain from the ancient habitation-sites on the hills. 
 The search for these stones resulted in bringing to light many small sculp- 
 tures which were in their possession, and made it possible for us to collect 
 the stone figures and bas-reliefs we have just described. The metates of 
 Manabi are thin, slightly curved slabs of gritty sandstone, without legs or 
 supports. Three examples are illustrated in Nos. 1, 2, and 3 of Plate XL. 
 No. 1 has an average length of 19J inches (49.5 cm.), a width of 
 12£ inches (31.8 cm.), and a thickness of 1£ inches (3.8 cm.). No. 2 is 
 16f inches (42.5 cm.) in length, 10£ inches (26.7 cm.) in width, and 1£ 
 inches (2.9 cm.) in thickness. No. 3 is 18| inches (47.3 cm.) long, 11J 
 inches (28.6 cm.) wide, and 2 inches (5.1 cm.) thick. These specimens 
 are typical of all the metates from this region. Those from Esmeraldas 
 and Colombia are of a different type. 
 
 Characteristic hand-stones for the metates, of two kinds, are shown 
 in Nos. 4 and 5 of Plate XL. No. 4 of the same plate is lOf inches 
 (27 cm.) long, and is of a massive dark-brown stone. No. 5, which is 
 13 inches (33 cm.) long, is made of the same stone as are the metates, and 
 the wearing-down of the stone is shown in the swellings at each end. It 
 is slender, and is the usual form of hand-stone, many fragments being 
 noticed in the ruins of Manta and on Cerro de Hojas. No. 6 is a 
 small porphyritic stone somewhat resembling a broken hand-stone; but 
 on the upper surface, which is shown in the illustration, there is a pitted 
 depression. The under surface shows that it has been used as a grinding- 
 stone. No. 7 is a typical hammer-stone of chalcedony, and from its type 
 it might have been found at almost any place in western America. A 
 hammer-stone of light-brown chert was obtained, but it is not illustrated. 
 Hammer-stones are relatively common around the ruins in Manabi. 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 69 
 
 Stone axes or celts were not found in the region under consideration, 
 although diligent search was made for them ; nor are chipped stone imple- 
 ments (such as arrow and spear heads, knives, and scrapers) represented in 
 the collection. This is a most unusual feature of the archeology of any 
 well-defined culture-area. Implements of this class must have been used 
 by the ancient people, and the fact that we were unable to find them 
 would seem to indicate their relative scarcity in former times. In the 
 interior of Ecuador, almost every type of axe is found, and several of 
 the forms are unknown elsewhere. 
 
 EMERALDS. All ancient historians relate that the Spaniards, 
 when they first entered the province of Manabi, received a large number 
 of emeralds from the inhabitants of the country. As has been stated 
 before, the Indians of Manta worshipped a large emerald, which they 
 called TJmina; and the offerings to this deity were preferably small 
 emeralds, which were called the children of the deity. We learn from 
 Acosta, that the emeralds of this region were superior in beauty, size, and 
 hardness to those of New Granada ; and from Crarcilasso de la Vega, that 
 Alvarado and his companions obtained many, but that the Indians 
 concealed the large emerald, and it was never found. Herrera relates 
 that, at a town called Passao, Pizarro was presented with an emerald as 
 large as a pigeon's egg. The insignia of the kings of Wuito were reputed 
 to be emeralds; and Ulloa asserts that emeralds have been found in 
 the tombs of Manta and Atacames. Diligent search was made by the 
 Spanish conquerors to discover the mine or mines whence the Indians of 
 Manabi obtained this precious stone, but without success. There can be 
 no doubt that in this region many emeralds were in the possession of the 
 inhabitants, but we know of no emeralds having been found in modern 
 times in this part of Ecuador. In the province of Esmeraldas, where the 
 natives have long been active in exploring ancient habitation-sites for 
 gold, but few emeralds have been reported. This region actually takes its 
 name from the gem. 
 
 Wolf believes that the emeralds found in Manabi came from the 
 mines of Colombia, where they are still mined to-day. He remarks that 
 " the Spanish conquerors, who found many emeralds in Manabi, supposed 
 that they were the product of the same region; and, when hunting for 
 
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70 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 their origin, the Indians indicated a country more to the north, Colombia. 
 Perhaps the Spaniards mistakenly understood the nearer province, which 
 they called Esmeraldas, a name which has remained until now, although 
 experience has not confirmed this supposition." Wolf further states, 
 that " there does not exist a single formation or rock which might 
 contain mines of emeralds in this region ; the only possibility being 
 that we might find these stones, as we find gold, loosely in the ground, 
 brought from a distance from other formations. In the first place, the 
 rivers of the region do not pass, or in their upper waters cross, formations 
 which we might consider as a place where emeralds might be found; 
 and, secondly, we do not find a single emerald in the loess or in the 
 placer-workings of gold." We are informed, however, notwithstanding 
 the assertion of Wolf, that the geological formation of Manabi does not 
 preclude the finding of emeralds in that region. Although emeralds have 
 been rarely found in Esmeraldas, there seems to be no reason why they 
 should not occur in Manabi. 
 
 We have already called attention to the fact that the geology of 
 this region has not been studied. So far as archeological evidence is 
 concerned, we know of no instance of worked emeralds having been 
 found in the ancient graves or tombs of Manabi ; but this does not add 
 weight to the theory of their non-existence in the province. Un- 
 doubtedly, when careful archeological excavations are made, they will 
 be discovered in the graves. Belief in the tradition of the large 
 emerald which was worshipped at Manta is still general among the 
 natives. Detailed accounts of the early writers regarding this subject 
 will be found in the various relations in the Notes at the end of this 
 monograph. 
 
 GOLD, SILVEK, AND COPPER Gold and silver were com- 
 monly used for ornaments, and the Spanish conquerors secured large 
 quantities of these precious metals. Cieza de Leon relates that Pedro 
 de Alvarado found many vases full of gold, silver, and precious stones, 
 besides a great quantity of emeralds, in a village which was probably 
 near the site of the present town of Bahia de Oaraques. Zarate says 
 that the natives wore jewels of gold and silver in their noses and ears, 
 and also had strings of gold, silver, and turquoise beads, wound around 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 71 
 
 their legs and arms, but that the gold was of a low grade. It was 
 believed by the Spaniards that there were rich deposits of gold in the 
 southern part of the province, but they were never able to discover the 
 mines. We were unable, during our visit to Ecuador, to learn of any 
 ancient gold objects being found at present in Manabi. The only speci- 
 mens of metal which we secured were of copper, although no mention 
 of the use of copper or bronze is made by the early chroniclers. 
 
 A single axe — No. 1, Plate XLU — was obtained in the village of 
 Papagallo, and is said to have been found in Cerro Jaboncillo. It is 
 3f inches (8.6 cm.) long, 2£ inches (5.4 cm.) broad at the cutting-edge, 
 and ^ of an inch (0.6 cm.) at the thickest part. There are ridges 
 along the edges on both sides, and the cutting-edge has been ground 
 sharp with a gritstone, as shown by numerous striated lines ; this sharp- 
 ness does not appear to be ancient. The form of the axe is not of 
 the usual South American type, and is comparatively rare in western 
 South America. It resembles quite closely the Mexican and Central 
 American copper axes. Three bells from Cerro de Hojas are illustrated 
 (natural size) in Nos. 2, 3, and 4 of Plate XLU. They were not 
 suspended from loops at the top, but by a cord which was inserted through 
 the two holes in the upper part. No. 4 still contains a small stone pellet 
 for producing the tinkling sound. As in all bells of this class, there is 
 a slit on the under side; but the slits in the Manabi bells extend around 
 two-thirds of the circumference. Nearly all small copper bells from other 
 sections of ancient America have the loop for suspension. 
 
 Metal discs worn as breast-ornaments were common, in pre- 
 columbian times, from Elorida to Argentine. They are often called 
 masks of shields; but numerous old illustrations show their use as 
 ornaments, suspended from the neck, and hanging over the breast. 
 Ambrosetti illustrates a mummy from the Calchaqui country in Argen- 
 tine, with a copper disc on the chest; and a number of gold discs have 
 been found in various tombs in Mexico, in place, on the breast of the 
 skeleton. The greater number of metal discs are but slightly embossed, 
 the decoration being but little raised, and they are generally of about 
 the same diameter. The Ecuador specimens are nearly all of the same 
 general type, and are characterized by an embossed face in the centre, 
 varying from \ of an inch (1.3 cm.) to 2 inches (5.1 cm.) in height. 
 
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72 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 The greater number of Ecuadorian discs are of copper. A disc of 
 gold from Cuenca has been figured and described by Bollaert. In the 
 Museum of the University of Quito are six gold discs from Angel, in 
 the province of Oarchi. Discs have been found in the various culture- 
 areas throughout Ecuador ; but the three copper ones from Manabi, about 
 to be described, are the most massive of any of the objects of this class 
 which we have seen. They were found, together with several others, in 
 a cache in Manantial, and are illustrated on Plate XLI. No. 1 is the 
 largest. It is 11| inches (30.2 cm.) in diameter, and the head is raised 
 If inches (4.4 cm.). Above the head are two perforations for suspension, 
 and another perforation is on the line of the lower part of the mouth. 
 The head unquestionably represents either a tiger or a puma, and may be 
 compared with some of the animal heads on the seats. The disc has an 
 average thickness of £ of an inch (0.3 cm.). No. 2 is slightly smaller, 
 and is not a perfect disc, being 10J inches (26 cm.) high, and 9£ inches 
 (25.1 cm.) wide. The animal head has an extreme projection of If inches 
 (4.4 cm.), and, as in the other specimen, there are two perforations above 
 the head for suspension, and one in the mouth. The features of the 
 puma-like face are better seen in this specimen than in the preceding 
 one; and the mouth, as will be noted in the illustration, is carried around 
 the entire lower part of the face. The thickness of the disc is slightly 
 less than £ of an inch (0.3 cm.). No. 3 is the smallest and most massive 
 of any of the discs known from Ecuador. It has an average diameter of 
 8| inches (22.5 cm.). The face has a projection of 1£ inches (3.8 cm.), 
 and there are two perforations above the head for suspension, and two 
 in the mouth. The rim of the disc, on both sides, is raised, and gives an 
 average thickness of nearly \ of an inch (0.6 cm.). The treatment of the 
 face is somewhat different from that of the other two specimens. There 
 appear to be bossed designs on the forehead. In studying the animal 
 heads of these three discs, attention is called to a somewhat similar treat- 
 ment of the nose and eyes on the bas-reliefs illustrated on Plates 
 XXXVIII and XXXIX, and also to the design on the column, No. 3, 
 Plate XXXIII. It may be remarked here, that these specimens may also 
 have served as gongs ; for, when struck with the hand or a hard substance, 
 they remind us strongly of the sounds produced by the bronze gongs used 
 in the Philippine Islands, giving a clear, resonant, metallic sound. "We 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 73 
 
 are inclined strongly to the belief that these Manabi discs were used for 
 that purpose, and that the holes in the month were for holding feathers 
 or some object for decoration. 
 
 CERAMICS. Of the ceramic art of the province of Manabi we 
 can say but little until excavations are made in the ancient tombs. 
 According to reports of the burial-customs of the ancient people of the 
 coast provinces of Ecuador, it appears that urn burial was the customary 
 method of interring the dead. As before stated, in the ruins of Manta 
 great quantities of potsherds of a red ware are scattered over the ground. 
 These fragments are thick and massive, showing that they are the remains 
 of large urns; and they are especially numerous in the vicinity of the 
 present Manta cemetery. It is common report in Manta, that this was 
 the location of the ancient temple: at all events, we were told that the 
 remains of many large jars were found while grading for the cemetery, 
 and that they were thrown out. Great heaps of them are still to be seen 
 near the western side of the burial enclosure. Bearing in mind the fact of 
 urn burial, it seems probable that this place, in ancient times, was also 
 used as a burial-place. Tradition states that the burials were made in 
 deep holes excavated in the earth, which renders the accidental finding 
 of pottery vessels very uncertain. The greater number of pottery objects 
 are found in regions where the burials were rather near the surface, and 
 they are brought to light by the plough and the frequent washouts which 
 occur during the rainy season : thus, without excavating, we should expect 
 to find, in a region where deep burials were made, but few pottery vessels. 
 Of the smaller objects of pottery, many specimens have been found, 
 especially in the ruins of Manta, and near the base and on the slopes of 
 the Cerro de Hojas. These include small figures of both human and 
 animal form, and heads of the same, whistles, heads which may belong 
 either to figures or to whistles, innumerable spindle- whorls (nearly all of 
 which bear interesting incised decorations), stamps, moulds, and fragments 
 of vessels. Suarez has illustrated and described a few small figures, 
 heads, and whistles from Manabi. These are the only specimens of this 
 class which have been published, with the exception of a single head 
 figured by Seler. 
 
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74 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 POTTEEY VESSELS. From Manabi we know but four examples 
 of pottery vessels, all of them of small size. Seler figures two pieces of 
 pottery from Manabi, — one, a head of a figure or whistle, like the general 
 type of heads found throughout the province ; the other, a vessel resting 
 on an annular stand (No. 5, Plate XLII). It is quite similar to !Nb. 6 
 of the same plate, obtained in Monte Oristi. This vase lacks the raised 
 rim around the lower part of the neck, which is a feature of the Berlin 
 specimen. It is of a dark-gray color, resembling strongly the ware of 
 Oaxaca, 4£ inches (11.4 cm.) high; and the rim of the orifice is 3 \ inches 
 (8.3 cm.) in diameter. Only two other complete examples of pottery 
 vessels were secured in Manabi. ~No. 7 is a small vessel of heavy brown 
 ware in the shape of a double water-gourd, — a form common in the 
 ancient ceramics of North and South America. It was found in the 
 vicinity of Porto Yiejo. The walls are massive, and the base is slightly 
 concaved. It is smaller, however, than most of the vessels of this form, 
 being only 3J inches (8.9 cm.) in height. The other specimen, from 
 Monte Oristi (shown in No. 8), is likewise massive and of a brownish 
 black, showing traces of disintegration on the upper surface. This piece 
 is of a form generally found in various parts of ancient America, being 
 especially numerous in Oaxaca and southern Central America. It is 
 commonly called a "shoe form," but unquestionably it is derived from 
 the body of an aquatic bird, often the duck. The rim is quite circular ; 
 and below, surrounding the opening, is a decoration of incised lines, and 
 nodes with a single vertical incised line, worked out with a blunt instru- 
 ment. The length is 5£ inches (13 cm.), and the height, 3 J inches 
 (8.9 cm.). A large fragment from Manta is part of an interesting vessel. 
 The ware is of a brownish color with rather thin walls. The lower part 
 of this olla is undecorated, and presents the natural surface of the clay. 
 The upper part has been painted red, and highly polished. The neck, 
 which is decorated with a human face similar in technique to the faces 
 on the Eiobamba vessels in the interior of Ecuador, is without paint, 
 with the exception of the under part of the chin and the upper part of 
 the head, over the forehead and well down over the ears. The inner 
 surface of the rim is also painted red, and polished. On the polished 
 red surface, which covers the greater part of the almost spherical vessel, 
 is the incised design shown in Fig. 9. It reminds us strongly of somewhat 
 
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 75 
 
 analogous designs on the Mayan ware of Central America. In the 
 general shape of the vessel, however, there is again a striking resemblance 
 to the Kiobamba pottery of the interior. Ko. 5 of Plate LIT is a 
 
 Fig. 9. 
 
 fragment of a small ladle-like vessel of dark slate-colored clay. It is 
 about 3£ inches (8.9 cm.) in length. The handle is short, and terminates 
 with a clinched fist. Similar ladles, but of a different clay and technique 
 and of various sizes, are found abundantly in Costa Rica. In Mexico, 
 objects of this class are, as a rule, very much larger in size ; and they 
 were employed as incense-burners. Undoubtedly this fragment was used 
 for the same purpose. In the interior of Ecuador we have not seen any 
 specimens of a like character. 
 
 MOULDS. But a single example of pottery moulds was found in 
 Manabi, and it is figured in JSo. 9, Plate XLII, with a cast from mould 
 ~No. 10 of the same plate. It is from Bahia de Caraques ; and the cast 
 shows a puma-like figure with the head, shoulders, chest, and fore legs. 
 It is of considerable interest, inasmuch as it is the only specimen we 
 have from this locality, and the treatment of the figure is quite similar 
 to that of some of the animal figures in the seats. Both the mould and 
 cast are of natural size in the illustration. The mould has an extreme 
 thickness of 1 inch (2.5 cm.). It was perhaps used in making the front 
 of pottery whistles. 
 
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76 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 STAMPS. Pottery stamps are not common in Ecuador, and we 
 found but four specimens, which are figured on Plate XLII. No. 11 is a 
 cylindrical, rounded disc, with a shank on the back part for holding in 
 the hand, in order to press down upon the object to receive the impression. 
 On the under surface, as seen in the cut, are a series of deeply incised, 
 U-shaped incisions surrounding a circle. This is the only complete 
 example we found, and the only one of the circular type. Nos. 12 and 
 13 are fragments of rectangular-shaped stamps which have designs almost 
 identical with the pattern on the front of seat No. 1, Plate XXXI. Mo. 14 
 is a fragment, less than a fourth of the original stamp. In the upper part 
 will be seen a grecque-like design ; below, the pattern seems to indicate 
 that probably the central part of the stamp had an animal figure. When 
 complete, this specimen was one of the largest of this class of objects we 
 have ever seen. The fragment has an extreme length of 2| inches (7 cm.), 
 is 2J inches (6.3 cm.) in width, and about £ of an inch (1.3 cm.) in 
 thickness. The illustration is figured two-thirds of its natural size. The 
 other stamps are drawn in natural size. They are all from Oerro de 
 Hojas, with the exception of No. 12, which is from Monte Cristi. 
 
 No. 8 of Plate L represents a curious object of clay resembling a 
 pestle. The upper end is ornamented with a rude human face having a 
 large nose. Below the head are seen two nodes, probably representing the 
 breasts. The bottom of the object has deep incised lines, which are shown 
 in No. 9 of the same plate. In general it very closely resembles the stone 
 pestles of the West Indies. In Colombia, pestle-like objects in clay are 
 known, and there are several in the collections of the American Museum 
 of Natural History. These are also incised on the under surface. It is 
 probable that they were used as stamps. The one just described is from 
 Oerro de Hojas, and is figured two-thirds of its natural size. 
 
 SPINDLE-WHOKLS. Throughout ancient America, cotton and 
 woollen thread was spun on wooden spindles weighted with whorls of 
 baked clay, pottery, or stone. Spindle-whorls are found in great numbers 
 in Mexico and Colombia ; and many complete spindles with whorls have 
 been discovered in baskets, associated with mummies, along the coast 
 of Peru. Suarez, in his "Prehistoria Ecuatoriana," figures five spindle- 
 whorls from the Island of Puna, in Oulf of Ouayaquil. He describes 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 77 
 
 them as spheres of black clay, artificially hardened, and states that origi- 
 nally they were entirely covered with a thin, delicate lamina of gold, 
 which brought out in relief the designs cut out on their surfaces. He has 
 reproduced the flattened designs of three of these whorls, which resemble 
 somewhat the patterns on the collection from La Secita, near the Oerro de 
 Hojas. We were unable either to obtain or learn of a single specimen 
 in the Puruha region near Eiobamba. Keference has already been made 
 to the thousands of whorls found at La Secita. On Plates XLIII to 
 XL VIII are the designs, in natural size, of a hundred and one specimens 
 from this locality, selected from more than five hundred examples. 
 
 There is considerable variety in the shape of these whorls and in 
 their size. The majority of them are of the conical type, but some are 
 bead-shaped. The decorations are all incised, many of them being quite 
 deeply cut. As will be seen in the plates, the greater number of the 
 patterns are geometric. There is infinite variety in the treatment of the 
 designs. "With possibly a few exceptions, the designs on Plates XLIII 
 to XL VI do not appear to be derived from life forms; the exceptions 
 noted being TSos. 4 to 6, and 8 of Plate XLIV, which may possibly be 
 derived from bird motives. 25bs. 1 to 6 of Plate XL VII are all gro- 
 tesque faces. The remaining designs on this plate are birds, among 
 which may be recognized the pelican. On Plate XLVIII are the 
 animals, nearly all highly conventionalized in character. 25b. 10 is a 
 very pretty representation of a lizard, Kb. 17 is a serpent, and in some 
 of the others the puma may be recognized. 25bs. 16 and 18 are conven- 
 tionalized forms, which may be compared with the designs on Plate 
 XLIV, to which special attention has already been called. 25b. 16 
 appears unquestionably to be derived from a bird. It may be said that, 
 owing to the fact that there has been considerable abrasion on the 
 surfaces of these whorls, in many cases the illustrations do not give a 
 true idea of the care with which they have been decorated. In the 
 majority of the specimens, however, the workmanship is rather crude, 
 and as a collection they do not compare in beauty with the finer whorls 
 from Colombia and from the valley of Mexico. 
 
 WHISTLES. The pottery whistles or musical instruments illus- 
 trated on Plates XLIX and L are nearly all from the Cerro de Hojas. 
 
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78 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 They are drawn in natural size, with the exception of Nos. 6 and 7 of 
 Plate L, which are two-thirds of the natural size. In the interior of 
 Ecuador, pottery whistles are not common. None were found in the 
 region of the Puruhas, near Riobamba ; but they occur in the Imbabura 
 district, north of Quito. Along the coast a number of them have been 
 discovered in Esmeraldas. Dorsey has figured several bird-form whistles 
 from the Island of La Plata, off the coast of Manabi ; and Suarez also 
 figures several from the vicinity of Oerro de Hojas. In our collection the 
 forms are varied, and they present several types not found elsewhere. 
 
 Nos. 1, 2, and 3 of Plate XLIX, are of the same type. The first two 
 specimens represent an animal, probably an opossum. The tail is held 
 under the lower jaw by the fo*e paws. In No. 3 the tail is curled in front 
 of the body, while the fore paws are placed under the lower jaw. In all 
 three specimens the mouth-piece is a hole in the back. No. 1 has three 
 finger-holes, while Nos. 2 and 3 have only two, as seen in the illustrations. 
 No. 2 is from the vicinity of Cape Santa Elena in the province of Guayas, 
 which probably limits the Manabi culture. No. 4 is an animal which 
 cannot be identified with certainty. There is a perforation through the 
 neck for suspension, and on the right side are two finger-holes. No. 5 
 is an animal with incised designs on each side. On the side not shown in 
 the illustration are two grecque patterns. The two finger-holes are on the 
 right side, as in the three whistles above described. The bat figure (No. 6) 
 is an interesting example, with an extension at the back for a mouth. It 
 has no finger-holes. No. 7 represents a puma with slender arched body 
 and upcurved tail. It rests on a hollow flattened sphere, which is the 
 whistle. Through the back of the animal is a perforation directly oppo- 
 site a small hole in the whistle. The mouth-hole is in the front, and there 
 is a finger-hole on each side. No. 8 is broken. Possibly a bird's head was 
 on the smaller section. There are two finger-holes and a perforation for 
 suspension. Nos. 9 and 10 are birds. In No. 9 the mouth-piece is at the 
 end of the tail, with a vent-hole below. It has no finger-holes. No. 10 
 appears broken at the end, and probably part of the mouth-piece extension 
 is missing. The vent-hole is above, and on each side there is a finger-hole. 
 Nos. 11 and 12 are both common types. Each has a mouth-piece and 
 vent-hole. Nos. 13 and 14 are intended to represent shells. On the first 
 specimen is an incised spiral. On the upper edge are traces of two 
 
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Saville : Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 79 
 
 perforations for suspension. The mouth-hole is at the bottom. On one 
 side are three finger-holes, and on the opposite side a single hole. No. 14 
 is broken at the base, and has a perforated handle on one edge, near 
 the upper part. It has three hollow tubular openings extending down- 
 ward, as shown by the dotted lines in the cut. This whistle is related 
 in form to the pan-pipes of bamboo common throughout South America. 
 No. 15 is entirely plain, and is similar to No. 13, with the exception of 
 having two finger-holes on the side, as shown in the drawing. 
 
 On Plate L are whistles of the human figure type. Nos. 1 and 2 
 are noteworthy specimens. In No. 1 the whistle is complete. It is a long, 
 hollow tube, to which is attached a human figure with a swelling at the 
 back, forming a second whistle. In the upper part of the breast is a single 
 finger-hole. No. 2 is of the same type, but the tubular part is missing. 
 The finger-hole is over the abdomen. The face of this figure is simian in 
 character. Suarez figures a whistle of this type in his "Atlas Arqueo- 
 logico Ecuatoriano," Plate XIX, Eig. 2. Like our No. 2, the tubular part 
 is missing and the single finger-hole is in the abdomen. No. 3 is the head 
 of a human figure, with the mouth-piece extending from the top of the 
 head, and with a vent-hole at the back. It has no finger-holes, and emits 
 a shrill, piercing note. The pottery is a brown ware. A similar whistle 
 of black ware in the collection is not illustrated. Both specimens are 
 incomplete, the bodies being missing. No. 4 is the head of a human 
 figure with two distinct mouth-holes, as will be noted in the cut. Two 
 corresponding vent-holes are in the back of the head. The resonators 
 were in the body of the figure, which is missing. Three other examples 
 (not illustrated) are in the collection, and show that the whistles are two 
 hollow tubes in the figure, gradually diminishing in size at the lower end. 
 Suarez has figured an example of this type, the lower part of the body 
 being also missing. No. 5 represents a rudely made, seated human figure, 
 with a globular expansion at the back. In this expansion is the mouth- 
 hole. The vent-hole is at the back of the neck of the figure, the air being 
 forced through the vent-hole into the head, which is hollow. Einger-holes 
 are in the front, placed on each side of the arms. No. 6 is the largest 
 whistle obtained in Manabi. It was found in Bahia, and is 8 inches 
 (20.3 cm.) high. It is a double whistle with a single mouth-hole at the 
 top of the head. The two vent-holes are at the base of moderate-sized, 
 
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80 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 rounded, hollow expansions on the back of the head. It has no finger- 
 holes. The entire figure is hollow. Traces of dull brick-red paint are on 
 the front of the figure. A large whistle of this type was seen in Monte 
 Oristi. It consisted of two human figures, a man and a woman, joined 
 together at the side by a band. Each figure had a double whistle with a 
 single mouth-hole and no finger-holes. The last whistle to be described 
 is No. 7, 6| inches (17.1 cm.) high. The face is that of a monkey ; but 
 the body is human, as shown by the loin-cloth. A projection on the 
 chest is broken. The body is hollow, and on the back of the figure was 
 formerly an expansion forming the mouth-piece. The vent-hole is at the 
 back of the head, and there are no finger-holes. In general appearance, 
 these whistles are unlike those from Peru, and may be considered as types 
 of a purely local culture peculiar to Manabi. 
 
 HUMAN PIGUKES. On Plate LI are the human figures or idols. 
 No. 1, a rude standing figure, has a cylindrical hole in the top of the head, 
 which extends downward nearly the length of the figure. There is also 
 a small perforation in the front. It is possibly a whistle. Irregular 
 incised lines are over the whole figure. Nos. 2 and 3 are quite similar to 
 a small image from La Plata illustrated by Dorsey (Plate XOV, op. cit.). 
 No. 3 has traces of dark-red paint, and a perforation between the legs, 
 like the La Plata specimen. No. 4 is the most interesting image in the 
 collection. It is a seated figure, the legs being bent under the body, and 
 the hands placed over a skirt near the knees. There is a perforation at 
 the top of the head, which is flattened. The entire front of the body 
 is decorated with incised lines forming designs. The back is perfectly 
 plain. No. 5 is the head and torso of a figure, but it is complete. The 
 hands are raised, and placed on the chest. The head, which is flattened, 
 shows ear-ornaments and a peculiar facial decoration. The clay is black, 
 and like that of Peruvian figures; but the general features are quite 
 different. Nos. 6 and 7 are the bodies of larger figures, and are made of 
 coarser clay. They are of rather crude workmanship. No. 6 resembles 
 quite closely certain clay figures from the state of Oaxaca in southern 
 Mexico. On the back is a small hollow expansion, probably a whistle. 
 No. 7 recalls the pottery figures of Esmeraldas. No. 8 is the upper part of 
 a whistle, and represents an animal with the fore paws grasping the mouth. 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 81 
 
 HUMAN HEADS. On Plates LIT, LHI, and LIV are the heads 
 of fignres or idols, selected from a considerable nnmber of specimens. 
 Nos. 1 to 6 inclusive of Plate LII are characterized by broad head-bands 
 identical with the head-bands before described on the foreheads of the 
 cronching human figures of the seats. No. 1 has a button-shaped ornament 
 on each side of the forehead, and nose and ear ornaments. No. 2 is 
 massive, and has incised lines on the face. No. 3 has a prominent nose, 
 and a small bob on each ear. No. 5 shows a nose-ornament and large ears 
 with ornaments at the base. On No. 6 the singular nose is quite different 
 in treatment from any in the collection. Nos. 4 and 10 are of the same 
 clay, and have brick-red patches on the surface, caused by firing. No. 4 
 has nose and ear ornaments and a bead necklace. No. 10 has two rosettes 
 on the forehead, the upper one being on a projecting ridge at the top of 
 the head. Deep, parallel incised lines run across the forehead. The eyes 
 are large. The ear-ornaments are prominent. No. 7 is massive, and has a 
 highly polished surface. Vertical incisions represent the eyebrows. No. 8 
 has three circular holes for the eyes. A nose-ornament is shown. The 
 mouth is battered, and the ears are missing. No. 9 has a small knob on 
 the forehead, recalling a similar feature common to Mayan sculptures. 
 The slight traces of a head-band show a division in the middle, like the 
 parting of hair. The eyes and mouth are well brought out. Nose and 
 ear ornaments are represented. 
 
 Nos. 1 to 5 inclusive of Plate LIII are of the same general type, 
 having deeply incised or grooved geometric designs over the forehead, 
 replacing the plain band. No. 2 is the largest head of this class. It is 
 4 inches (10.2 cm.) high, and hollow. The nose is battered, but the eyes 
 are well moulded, and the chin delicately modelled. The ears have two 
 openings into the inside of the head, and large ear-discs. This is a unique 
 feature. The design on the forehead is similar to the patterns on the 
 front of the stone seats. The whole upper part of the head is compressed, 
 like skulls found in the graves of the ancient Aymaras of Bolivia, and 
 as seen in Mayan clay figures from the valley of the Usumacinta and 
 along the coast of Campeche in Mexico. No. 5 has features quite unlike 
 those of the other heads illustrated on these plates. While the other 
 heads are flattened at the back, in this specimen the back is round, as in 
 life. The treatment of the eyes is noticeable. Nos. 6 to 8 are undoubtedly 
 
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82 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 faces which ornamented pottery vessels. Heads of this type are relatively 
 abundant in Manabi, being found on the surface in the ruins of Jocay, 
 back of Manta. 
 
 The head given in Nos. 1 and 2 of Plate LIT is the most remarkable 
 specimen of pottery from this culture-area. The face is exquisitely 
 modelled, and presents a strikingly lifelike portrait of an Indian type. 
 In all of its details it might well be mistaken for the face of a funeral 
 urn from the Zapotecan region of Oaxaca, Mexico. A band is over the 
 forehead, and the eyes and mouth are lifelike; but the most prominent 
 feature is the large aquiline nose with a long slit in the septum. Discs 
 cover the greater part of the ears. The resemblance to Zapotecan heads 
 is startling, and the splendid modelling is superior to anything known 
 from Ecuador, with the exception of pottery figures from Esmeraldas. 
 The beautiful portrait water-bottles with arched handles, from Peru, are 
 perhaps as well made ; but the general appearance of this class of vessels 
 is typically Peruvian, and indicates no such cultural connection as is 
 suggested by the similarity to the above-mentioned Mexican urns. Nos. 3 
 and 4 are crudely made, the first head being noteworthy for the enormous 
 nose, and the large nodes for eyes. The mouth is an oval node with a 
 vertical groove. In No. 4 the grotesque face is hardly human, but the 
 decoration of the upper part of the head is unique. 
 
 ANIMAL HEADS. On Plate LY are the heads of animals and 
 birds rudely modelled, and they call for no special description. No. 4 is 
 the handle of a vessel, probably an incense-plate, with a lizard in relief 
 on the upper side. No. 5 is probably a puma. No. 6 is either a turkey 
 or a buzzard. 
 
 This concludes our description of the Manabi collection, but we defer 
 a summary of the results for the final report. We hope to make excava- 
 tions in this region during the summer of 1907, and to throw more light on 
 the subject of the stone sculptures and their meaning. Explorations will 
 be carried on beyond the limits of Manabi, in the vicinity of Cape Santa 
 Elena, and in the adjacent northern province of Esmeraldas. 
 
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APPENDIX 
 
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NOTES 
 
 1 The geography of Manabi has been but little studied, and the same may be said of 
 the natural history and geology of the region. Wolf, whose book on the geography and 
 geology of Ecuador is a model work, was unable to explore the interior at the time of his 
 visit to the coast, on account of brigands who then infested the province. 
 
 The following works are the only ones which contain any extended geographical 
 notices of Manabi: "Geografia de la Eepublica del Ecuador," by Manuel Villavicencio 
 (pp. 481-492) ; " Kesumen de la Historia del Ecuador," by Pedro Fermin Cevallos (Tomo 
 VI, pp. 202-215) ; " Geografia y Geologia del Ecuador," by Theodor Wolf. None of the 
 maps of Ecuador are even approximately accurate in their details of Manabi. 
 
 2 Agustin Zarate, " Historia del Descubrimiento y Conquista de la Provincia del Peru, 
 y de las Guerras y Cosas, SeSaladas en Ella, Acaecidas hasta el Vencimiento de Gonzalo 
 Pizarro y de sus Secuaces, que en Ella se Eebelaron contra su Majestad." (See p. 119.) 
 
 3 Francisco de Xerez, "Verdadera Eelacion de la Conquista del Peru." The first 
 edition was published in 1554. Xerez, or, as it is sometimes spelled, Jerez, accompanied 
 Pizarro as secretary on his fourth expedition from Panama. What he writes about 
 Manabi is here given. 
 
 " El navio que f u6 a descubrir volvio a cabo de sententa dias al rio de San Juan, 
 adonde el capitan Pizarro quedo con la gente ; y dio relacion de lo que le habia sucedido, 
 y fu£, que llego hasta el pueblo de Cancebi, que es en aquella costa, y antes deste pueblo 
 habian visto, los que en el navio iban, otras poblaciones muy ricas de oro y plata, y la 
 gente de mas razon que toda la que antes habian visto de indios; y trujeron seis personas 
 para que deprendiesen la lengua de los espafioles, y trujeron oro y plata y ropa . . . 
 y caminaron hasta llegar a un gran pueblo que se dice Coaque, al cual saltearon porque no 
 se alzase como los otros pueblos; y alii tomaron quince mil pesos de oro y mil y quinientos 
 marcos de plata y muchas piedras de esmeraldas, que por el presente no fueron conoscido, 
 ni tenidas por piedras de valor; por esta causa los espafioles las daban y rescataban con 
 los indios por ropa y otras cosas que los indios les daban por ellas. Y en este pueblo 
 prendieron al cacique sefior del, con alguna gente suya, y hallaron mucha ropa de diversas 
 maneras, y muchos mantenimientos, en que habia para mantenerse los espafioles tres 6 
 cuatro afios." — Pp. 321, 322. 
 
 4 D. Fernando Montesinos, " Memorias Antiguas Historiales y Politicas del Peru." 
 Edited by Marcos Jimenez de la Espada, and puMished in the "Coleccion de Libros 
 Espafioles Earos o Curiosos," Tom. 16. Madrid, 1882. 
 
 Montesinos gives but little relating to Manabi; but some very interesting information 
 is translated from his work, and will be found in Note 16. 
 
 « " 2 a PARTE DE LA DESCEIPCION DE GUAYAQUIL EN QUE SE TEATA 
 DE LA CIUDAD DE PUEETO VIEJO Y SU DISTEITO 
 
 " La ciudad se llama San Gregorio de Puerto Yiejo. 
 
 " Esta en un llano fundada en quadro, con quatro calles y una plaza en medio : tiene 
 treinta y dos casas y no tiene arrabales. 
 
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86 Contributions to South Americcm Archeology 
 
 u Dista de Guayaquil quarenta leguas ; de Quito, ciento ; de la ciudad de los Reyes 
 trescientas : tiene al Levante a Quito ; al Poniente al mar del Sur, de que dista seis 6 siete 
 leguas; al Norte a Guayaquil, esta catorce 6 quince leguas al Sur del cabo de Pasao, que 
 es por donde pasa la equinoctial, asi que esta en inenos de un grado de latitud. 
 
 " Su tdrmino es de tierra montosa, que comienzan los montes desde la misma ciudad. 
 Hay algunos valles llanos, a que Hainan sabanas, en que pastan los ganados. 
 
 " Su temperamento es caliente, mayormente en el invierno, que es humedo, con nieblas y 
 exhalaciones y bochorno perp^tuo: el verano es menos caloroso, porque corren aires frescos. 
 
 " La tierra es f^rtil de suyo, pero inf ructif era por la sequedad : no hay rios, f uentes, 
 ni pocos y asi ni huertas, ni jardines dentro ni f uera de la eiudad : tambien f altan molinos 
 por esto, y porque no hay trigo para moler. Los inviernos son cortos, que no duran mas 
 de tres 6 hasta quatro meses : f altan las lluvias a el mejor tiempo y las sementeras no 
 llegan a fruto : sera la tierra que se siembra y lleva fruto hasta veinte leguas, la demas es 
 est^ril. 
 
 " Un rio sin nombre propio (llamanle el rio de Puerto Viejo) pasa pegado a la ciudad : 
 corre veintiseis leguas desde su principio, veinte hasta Puerto "Viejo, y seis hasta entrar 
 en el mar del Sur : procede de manantiales el verano, y de ordinario lleva poca agua y 
 corre recogido : algunos veranos se seca del todo y mueren de sed los ganados y los ani- 
 males silvestres: dicen que entonces corre por debajo la tierra y abren pocos (en la madre 
 con que pasan la gente y los caballos) ; el invierno, que es por Mayo, va crecido y bafia 
 todo el valle: estas crecientes no son de daiio cosa ninguna y traen mucho provecho, 
 porque en lo que estuvo cubierto y quedo humedecido, siembran legumbres el verano, y di 
 fruto dos veces. 
 
 "No tiene puente este rio: dicen que le tuvo un tiempo: el invierno se pasa con una 
 balsa, a que 11 a man barbacoa, con una maroma como por barca; pasa muy bien en ella 
 gente y ropa. 
 
 "Dos leguas de la ciudad entra en este otro rio (6 arroyo); corre de Oriente a 
 Poniente por un valle que Hainan Pinpaguasi, en donde dicen vinieron otro tiempo muchos 
 indios, y que agora habra hasta veinte no mas. 
 
 " Seis leguas de la ciudad esta un puerto que llaman de Manta; no es puerto cerrado, 
 sino costa abierta, y le hacen dano principalmente dos vientos, el Norte y el Sur, y toda 
 aquella costa en general es mar de tumbo, sino es en algunas caletas que hay, pero es 
 hondo, que llega un navio de quatrocientas toneladas a una octava de legua de la tierra, y 
 los menores se acercan mucho mas. Tiene el puerto algunas lajas en que se han perdido 
 navios: el viento que mas generalmente sopla es el Sur; brisas alcanzan dos d tres meses 
 del ano, comencando por Enero : con el Sur entran a popa los que vienen de Lima y los de 
 Panama con el Nordeste y Norte. 
 
 " Los arboles Bilvestres que la tierra produce y cria de suyo, son algarrobos, morales, 
 caimitos, pincaes, palosanto, sauces, laureles, guabos, guanavanos, ceregos, hobos, ciruelos. 
 Los algarrobos y morales, se llaman asi por semejanza a los arboles, que con estos nombres 
 son conocidos en Espafla. La fruta del algarrobo es menos dulce y dif erente que la de aca : 
 sirve de pasto a toda suerte de ganados: el moral lleva un fruto bianco y dulce, menor que 
 nuestras moras. La fruta del caimito es semejante a las manzanas y suave al gusto: 
 haylos blancos y negros. El juncal da unas como uvas negras, que parecen a las de los 
 palmitos, y tienen dentro un huesezuelo tierno; comenlas los indios: los puercos engordan 
 con ellas como con bellota : al palo-santo llaman asi por los remedios que del se toman 
 para las enf ermedades : sacase del una resina que hace las veces y provechos de la 
 terementina; cura enf ermedades y dolores que proceden de frio : ella y el agua en que se 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 87 
 
 cuece la raiz y el palo, sana los catarros: tambien sirve la resina por encienso para 
 perfumes. La fruta del guabo es muy larga, como de una vara, y tiene dentro unos como 
 copos de algodon blancos y suaves. Las guanabanas, frutas del arbol llamado asi, son 
 mayores que grandes pifias y tan grandes como melones; verdes en la corteza, y lo interior 
 bianco: el gusto es entre agrio y dulce: el cerezo da un fruto encarnado y bianco, y 
 del tamafio de una avellana: es de buen gusto, pero muy dafioso; el que llaman ciruelo, es 
 arbol grande ; dicen que como un naranjo : la fruta encarnada del tamafio de una castafia 
 es suave y dulce con exceso. La fruta del hobo es amarilla y de suave olor; su gusto 
 entre dulce y agro; es dafiosa a la salud. Los laureles no llevan fruto ni los sauces: estos 
 sirven de madera para hacer canoas y maderar casas. De todas estas frutas silvestres 
 gozan los naturales y los ganados sin ninguna prohibicion: lleva bien la tierra algunas 
 frutas de Espafia uvas, higos, membrillos, granadas, naranjas, limas, limones, cidras: todas 
 en poca cantidad por f alta del riego ; no hay vifias, mas de algunos parrales. Las frutas 
 mansas de la tierra hay en mayor abundancia platanos, aguacates, pifias, sapotes, anonas, 
 papayas, nisperas, guayavas, ciruelas de dos generos, unas que llaman de Nicaragua y 
 otras de la tierra. 
 
 " De las hortaUzas de Espafia hay lechugas, rabanos, zanahorias, coles, cebollas, 
 melones, pepinos, calabazas, peregil, yerbabuena, culantro. 
 
 " Las semillas ordinarias en esta tierra son inaiz, habas, frisoles, mani, giquimas, agi; 
 siembranse en rocas, al modo dicho en lo de Gyayaquil. 
 
 " El maiz se da tambien, que se sustentan algunas casas en Puerto Viejo con sola una 
 roca de dos almudes de sembradura, porque en los afios muy lluviosos acude a doscientas 
 cincuenta y trescientas hanegas por una de sembradura y a ciento cincuenta cuando el 
 afio no es acertado. Las habas y frisoles acuden de setenta a cien hanegas : y el mani de 
 ochenta hasta cien por una. En las relaciones afirma un testigo que acuden el mani a 
 doscientas ochenta y a trescientas hanegas : con toda esta fecundidad de la tierra, so cogen 
 de ordinario pocos frutos por la f alta de aguas y poca labor: quando los afios son lluviosos 
 y se coge mucho, se saca para Tierra Firme, y llega a venderse en el puerto de Manta el 
 maiz a nueve 6 a diez reales : las habas y frisoles de Castilla a veinte y a veinticuatro 
 reales, y el mani a dos pesos : el precio ordinario del maiz a la cosecha suele ser a quatro 
 6 cinco reales la hanega. 
 
 " Trigo no se coge, ni vino ni aceite ; pero hase esperimentado que la tierra lleva bien 
 estas cosas : s^canse y no perseveran por f alta de agua con que regar las vifias y olivares, 
 que las lluvias, siendo tan pocas, no bastan para sustentar estos arboles, y el trigo no llega 
 a granar porque le f altan las aguas al mejor tiempo. Advierten los vecinos que se puede 
 ha«er una presa en el rio para regar las sementeras en falta de lluvias, y que con esto se 
 cogeria mucho trigo y todo genero de frutos de Castilla que seria de grande importancia a 
 la tierra, y se le acrecentaria la contratacion con las ciudades del Pirn. 
 
 " Los animales que hay de caza son venados, menores que los de Espafia, y corcetes 
 de montafia pardos y bermejos que llaman cervicabras; puercos de manada como los 
 javalies de Espana y otros §ahinos y mas pequefios, que tienen el ombligo en el espinaco : 
 tambien hay conejos. 
 
 " Animales fieros, hay leones, pardos y bermejos, tigres, osos hormigueros, corras, 
 armadillos, ardillas, micos de diferentes maneras. 
 
 « Los armadmos los comen los naturales, y no es mala came. El venado y conejo, 
 leon y tigre, son como los conocidos aca. 
 
 " Las aves que hay de la tierra son pavas de dos generos, unas que llaman pangies, 
 que tienen una corona de pluma en la cabeza : los machos son negros y las hembras ber- 
 
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88 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 mejas. A las otras Hainan graznadoras ; son menores y de buena came. Hay patos 
 silvestres, palomas torcaces, tdrtolas, halcones, gavilanes, faisanes y perdices mayores y 
 menores : las mayores son del tamaQo de una pollaronca (que es cercana a poner) ; las 
 menores son como las de Espana y tambien son como las de aca las palomas, tdrtolas y 
 patos. Hay papagayos, periquitos, guacamayas, y otros generos diversos de pajaros muy 
 galanos y vistosos de pluma, y de canto suave. 
 
 " En el rio se crian camarones y unos pesoecillos que llaman sardinillas y mojarras. 
 
 "Hay muchas viboras u muy danosas, y un g^nero de culebras muy ponzonosas: 
 llamanles sangas; son de una vara de largor, y tienen ocho colmillos muy agudos: luego 
 como pican a hombre 6 a animal le privan de sentidos y le revienta sangre por los oidos, 
 boca y ojos, y por las unas de las manos y de los pi6s; los picados duran seis boras y 
 algunos menos tiempo, y los que mas hasta veinticuatro horas, porque la picadura 
 generalmente es incurable: sanan algunos siendo socorridos luego al punto, sajando la 
 mordedura y ponie"ndole encima tabaco majado, y dando a beber al paciente el zumo de la 
 misma yerba. Hay tambien alacranes y unas avispas negras, cuya picadura causa 
 hinchazon y grandes calenturas. Es muy digna de consideracion la historia de este 
 animalejo ponconoso para la declaracion literal de la historia sagrada en quatro lugares de 
 la Escritura, 1 donde se dice que expeUo Dios los indignos y injustos moradores de la tierra 
 de promision, enviando delante de los hijos de Israel cabrones 6 vespas, que picasen y 
 ahuyentasen a los enemigos del pueblo de Dios; los quales vocablos latinos que tradujo la 
 version vulgata, y los que le responden en los originates hebreos y griegos, significan este 
 animalejo que conocemos y llamamos avispa; y algunos int^rpretes, particularmente San 
 Agustin, dudaron si se Labia de entender en aquellos lugares a la letra en signiflcacion 
 propia, 6 si se signiflcaba por translation con este vocablo la f ama y rumor de los milagros 
 espantosos de Dios, y numero y valentia de los israelitas, que precedio volando como 
 avispa, y picando y acobardando los aminos de los cananeos, para que fuesen faciles de 
 combatir y de veneer : ello de suyo es lo mas cierto interpretar las promesas y Listorias 
 divinas en propia signiflcacion: y este relation conflrma que de aquellos desiertos de 
 Arabia, sacaria Dios un grande ex^rcito de avispas venenosas, que le sirvieron de caballos 
 ligeros en aquella empresa; como suele Dios usar de ministerio de cosas muy viles y 
 pequenas para derribar las pomposas y grandes del mundo, y es muy propio de las tierras 
 desiertas y secas producir y criar copia y diversidad de sabandijas y animalejos venenosos, 
 como se esperimenta en mucba parte de Africa y en estas regiones de que vamos tratando. 
 
 " Parece Laber sido antiguamente la tierra rica de oro y de esmeraldas, porque quando 
 se descubrio se ballaron mucLas y muy flnas, y oro en poder de los indios, de lo qual no ha 
 quedado cosa, y la tierra es pobrisima de oro y plata, porque no bay mina descubierta de 
 ningun metal, pero entie"ndese que bay minas en la provincia de las esmeraldas, y tambien 
 en el camino real que va a Guayaquil que llaman Colines y Manchal, t^rmino de Puerto 
 Viejo, tierra que solia estar poblada de muchos indios. Aflrman los que tienen conocimi- 
 ento destas cosas, que la tierra da muestras de minas de oro, y hay grande fama de 
 que los indios las tuvieron alii muy ricas, de donde sacaron el oro que se hall6 en su poder 
 el tiempo del descubrimiento. Despues cuentan que un cacique de Apechinche que dio en 
 presente un gran pedazo de oro en forma de tabla, cortado al parecer de otro mayor, a 
 Francisco Flores Megia, para que hiciese joyas a su muger quando se cas6: quieren decir 
 que aquel indio tenia una tabla de oro sobre que ponia como tarima un trono del mismo 
 metal para sentarse en ciertos sacriflcios y solemnidades que tenian entre ano. 
 
 1 Bxod. 23 — Deut. 7 — Iosufe 24 — Sap. 12. 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 89 
 
 " En lo moral 
 
 "La ciudad de Puerto Viejo afirman haber sido la segunda que se fundo en aquel reino, 
 porque la primera fue Piura: fundose en tiempo de los Eeyes Catflicos Don Fernando y 
 Dona Isabel por orden del marques Don Francisco Pizarro, y dicen que se fundo de tres 
 veces, la primera tres leguas el rio arriba, y la segunda una mas abajo de donde agor aesta. 
 
 " Sus primeros conquistadores y fondadores fueron, Nicolas de VHlacorta, Hernando 
 Ag°. Holguin, Enrique Kodriguez, Cristobal de Burgos. 
 
 " Dicese que tenia escudo de armas particulares, pero que no hay noticia de quales 
 fuesen, y que todas las antigiiedades desta ciudad se han olvidado, por haberse quemado 
 su archivo mas ha de quarenta afios. 
 
 " S. M. le llama ciudad en sus cMulas y provisiones, y solia ser cabeza de todo el 
 partido : ha venido a mucha diminution y desestimacion, de suerte que por desprecio le 
 Hainan la Culata, como a inflma y postrera. 
 
 " Tiene de distrito veintiocho leguas : catorce al Norte hasta el cabo de Pasao, y otras 
 tantas al Sur hasta el rio de Prosel. 
 
 " Las casas son humildes y viles, hechas de canas y barro, y quando mas de alguna 
 madera, juntamente cubiertas de paja ; dicen que usan edificar bajo para seguridad de los 
 temblores de tierra, que los solian padescer a menudo : la principal causa es la pobreza; 
 tienen en la plaza unas casas de cabildo. 
 
 "Los vecinos que hay en la ciudad son espanoles: casados, diez; criollos casados, 
 quince ; solteros espanoles, tres ; criollos, diez y siete ; tienen hijos varones, treinta y siete 
 hijas, treinta y tres ; esclavos, treinta y tres ; esclavas, catorce ; viudas pobres, hay seis ; 
 espanoles viandantes, tres. 
 
 " Los pueblos de indios del distrito de Puerto Viejo son Catarama, Charapota, Manta, 
 Jipijapa, Picuaza. Otros pueblos mas que estos se hallaron en la tierra : todos tenian los 
 nombres de sus caciques como Peonce, Apechingue ; agora estan reducidos en estos y se 
 Haitian parcialidades : distan estos pueblos unos de otros a ocho y a nueve leguas. 
 
 " Hay diez encomenderos que dicen son, al tiempo de la description, los ocho varones, y 
 dos mugeres, y que asistian estas dos y cinco varones; parece que las encomiendas son doce, 
 las tres de primera vida, y las nueve de segunda, pero que tienen algunos dos encomiendas. 
 
 "Cargas de los encomenderos son tener armas que se entiende de cabaUo y lanza, 
 espada y daga y escopeta, pagar dotrina y diezmo y cierta parte al corregidor, como por 
 ejemplo, al del puerto de Manta le rentan sus indios cada afio nuevecientos sesenta y tres 
 reales y medio ; paga al dotrinero cuarenta y seis pesos y seis reales, treinta y ocho gallinas 
 y nueve arrobas y media de pescado al corregidor ; nueve pesos de diezmos. No tienen 
 carga de lanzas los encomenderos ni hay encomienda que sea del Eey. 
 
 "Los encomenderos que al tiempo desta description poseian las encomiendas, las 
 caHdades y valor de encomiendas son desta manera : 
 
 " Bartolome" Perez de Burgos tiene treinta y siete indios tributaries de segunda vida : 
 r^ntanle dos mil setecientos treinta y ocho reales. 
 
 "Juan de Avila Prieto tiene en segunda vida en el puerto de Manta diez y nueve 
 indios tributarios : rentan nuevecientos sesenta y tres reales y medio. 
 
 " Cristdbal de Burgos tiene en segunda vida una encomienda cuyos indios no estan 
 tasados: al sacerdote, no le pagan mas tributo que hacerle una roca de maiz de que paga 
 al dotrinero. 
 
 "Ag°. Briceno tiene dos encomiendas, una en segunda vida de cuarenta indios tribu- 
 tarios, que son gibros de montana; otra en primera vida de veintinueve indios tributarios 
 de tasa ordinaria; declara que pagado dotrinero y corregidor, le valen ambas cien pesos. 
 
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90 
 
 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 " D. Francisco Tohaya, indio, tiene en el pueblo del Valle, en la reduccion de Catarama, 
 en primera vida ocho indios tributarios : este no tiene armas por la pequefiez de la encomi- 
 enda y por su pobre§a. 
 
 "Don a Maria de Eigueroa Manjarres, tiene dos encomiendas en segunda vida; la una 
 de treinta y la otra de veintinueve indios ordinarios de tasa ordinaria. 
 
 " Leonor de Eobles tiene en segunda vida unos indios que por ser nuevamente con- 
 vertidos, no estan tasados ; trajolos de paz de las montaiias su padre desta encomendera, y 
 es el numero dellos treinta casados, diez y seis solteros, veintidos indias solteras, veintidos 
 muchachos y indias. No le pagan mas tributo que hacerle una roga como lo permite la 
 ce"dula, de que paga al dotrinero : estos siete son los encomenderos que asisten. 
 
 " Los indios desta tierra, no convenian en una lengua general y comun a todos : cada 
 pueblo hablaba la suya diferente, lo cual era causa de discordia y guerras entre ellos : los 
 indios maritimos se entienden todos entre si, aunque la lengua que usan no es ... 1 dicese 
 que conocian y distinguian los dias de la semana con nombres particulares, y que tenian al 
 domingo por el mas solemne, y le llamaban Tepipichinche, y que a sus hijos ponian nombre 
 del dia en que nacian. 
 
 " El conocer semana, es rastro de la f 6" de la creacion, y el celebrar el domingo, sefias 
 de que les habia alcanzado algun tiempo luz 6 vislumbre de la redencion. Agora la lengua 
 comun destos indios es la castellana. Todos son muy espanolados y muchos saben leer y 
 escribir, y en cada lugar hay algunos que cantan diestramente canto de organo y oncian 
 las misas en las iglesias. 
 
 "Quando se descubri6 la tierra se hallo mucho mayor numero de indios: hanlos 
 gastado las pestes y las esterilidades y hambres : pare'celes a los testigos que declaran 
 estas relaciones, que habra agora unos dicen hasta quinientos y otros hasta quatrocientos 
 tributarios : los que parece que hay en los pueblos de la jurisdicion de Puerto Viejo, por el 
 padron que se hizo por mandado del Consejo el afio de 1605, son : 
 
 11 Tributarios, trescientos cincuenta y ocho ; reservados, ciento diez y seis ; muchachos 
 libres de tributo por la edad, doscientos sesenta y seis; muchachas, doscientas vein- 
 titres : son casados, cuatrocientas veinticuatro : hay mugeres viudas y solteras, sententa y 
 cuatro. 
 
 "Este numero de indios se halla en sus lugares y parcialidades en la manera 
 siguiente : 
 
 En Catarama, 5 parcialidades 
 
 Catarama: tributarios, 16; reservados, 4; casados, 18; viudos, 3; niiios, 16 
 nifias, 16 .......... 
 
 Conchichigua: tributarios, 4'; reservados, 1; casados, 5; viudos, 2; nifios, 7 
 nifias, 5 . 
 
 Coalle: tributarios, 7; reservados, 1; casados, 8; viudos, 1; nifios, 6 
 nifias, 7 
 
 Pantagua: tributarios, 2; reservados, 1; casados, 3; viudos, 1; nifios, 3 
 nifias, 4 
 
 Chondana: tributarios, 3; reservados, 1; casados, 4; viudos, 2; nifios, 4 
 nifias, 2 
 
 Indios ds 
 
 Cabumma 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 
 i Estd borrado en el original. 
 
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SavilU: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 
 
 En Gharapoto, 4 parcialidades 
 
 Charapoto: tributaries, 12; reservados, 5; casados, 12; viudos, 2; nifios, 7; 
 y ninas, 3 ' ' 
 
 Conchipa: tributaries, 17; reservados, 10; casados, 24; viudos, 4; 'nifios, 
 18; nmas, 14 
 
 Tosagua: tributarios, 27; reservados, 8; casados, 32; viudos, 2; nifios 17- 
 ninas, 14 
 
 Pasao^ tributarios, 17; reservados, 4; casados, 19; viudos, 4; nifios, 19; 
 ninas, 9 .... ' 
 
 -E7w Manta, 4 parcialidades 
 
 Manta: tributarios, 18; reservados, 9; casados, 26; viudos, 6; nifios, 15 
 ninas, 28 
 
 Jaramito: tributarios, 6; reservados, 3; casados, 7; viudos, 1; nifios, 4 
 y nmas, 
 
 Levique: tributarios, 8; reservados, 3; casados, 8; viudos, 1; nifios, 10 
 nmas, 5 
 
 Capil: tributarios, 3; reservados, 4; casados, 7; viudos, 1; nifios, 1 
 nmas, 6 ..... 
 
 91 
 
 Indies de 
 Charapoto 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 Indios de 
 
 Mauta 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 En Jipijapa, 8 pareialidades 
 
 Pipai: tributarios, 26; reservados, 8; casados, 33; viudos, 3; nifios, 20 
 nmas, 24 ........ 
 
 Jipijapa la baja: tributarios, 23; reservados, 6; casados, 27; viudos, 4 
 nifios, 12 ; nmas, 17 
 
 Apelope: tributarios, 27; reservados, 1; casados, 32; viudos. 2; nifios, 22 
 
 nifias, 16 ........ 
 
 Apechingue: tributarios, 15; reservados, 4; casados, 18; viudos, 2; nifios 
 
 21; ninas, 9 . . ........ 
 
 Sanchan: tributarios, 9; reservados, 5; casados, 12; viudos, 5; nifios, 7 
 nifias, 5 .......... 
 
 La Alta: tributarios, 15; reservados, 9; casados, 24; viudos, 1; solteros. 
 5; nifios, 11; nifias, 11 ....... . 
 
 Pillasagua: tributarios, 7; reservados, 4; casados, 11; viudos, 4; nifios, 3 
 nifias, 3 .......... . 
 
 Picalauseme: tributarios, 1; reservados, 4; casados, 3; nifios, 4; nifias, 1 
 
 En Picuazia, 3 pareialidades 
 
 Tohalla: tributarios, 8; reservados, 13; casados, 78; viudos, 16; nifios, 63; 
 
 nifias, 42 ........... 1 
 
 Misbay: tributarios, 15; reservados, 4; casados, 12; nifios, 3; nifias, 2 . 2 
 
 Solongo : esta parcialidad no tiene mas que un cacique, casado y sin hijos, 
 y un tributario, viudo sin hijos ; d^bese advertir que & este numero se 
 ha reducido todo un pueblo por la tasacion ultima que hizo la Audien- 
 cia de Quito en 7 de Setiembre de 1584. 
 
 " Paga cada indio tributario veintidos reales y una manta de algodon, que llaman lona, 
 de a doce varas, que se vende por quatro pesos, y una hanega de maiz que vale quatro 
 reales, y dos aves de Castilla, hembra y macho que valen A dos reales ; de manera, que 
 vale todo setenta y cuatro reales. 
 
 Indios de 
 Jipijapa 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 7 
 
 Indios do 
 Picuazia 
 
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92 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 " Los indios del puerto de Manta pagan cada ano tres pesos de plata ensayada, que 
 son de a cuatrocientos cincuenta maravedises: dos arrobas de pescado seco, que valen ocho 
 reales ; nn gallo que vale un real y una gallina que vale dos, que viene a ser cincuenta 
 reales y veinticuatro maravedis. Los indios recien convertidos son libres de tributo, mas 
 de que suelen hacer una ro9a a su encomendero para pagar la dotrina. Estos son los que 
 por persuasion de los espaiioles se han bajado de las montafias y poblado en lo llano, que 
 los llaman gibaros montaneses. 
 
 " Los vecinos de la ciudad por la mayor parte son pobres ; los encomenderos por la 
 mayor parte no tienen mas hacienda que la renta de bub encomiendas : alguno demas desto 
 llega a tener mil pesos : los que pasan bien, tienen huertas y estancias de ganado de 
 cincuenta 6 hasta cien vacas, 6 hasta doscientas, y tambien tienen estancias de puercos y de 
 ovejas y cabras y algunos esclavos : la hacienda de los pobres que pasan mal, es una mala 
 casa y hasta veinte puercos : los mas son del todo pobres, soldados sin ninguna hacienda, 
 viven comunmente los de la ciudad de labranza de maiz y legumbres, y de poco tiempo 
 hacen sementeras de tabaco por grangeria. No hay mercaderes sino los que vienen de fuera: 
 suele traerse a vender ropa de la tierra, sayales, gergas, frecadas, panos y mantas y algodon: 
 hay en la ciudad un carpintero, un sastre, dos zapateros ; no hay curtidores ni tenerias, 
 mas de que los zapateros curten badanas de venados, que vale cada una seis u ocho reales : 
 destas hacen botas y zapatos : hacese un poco de jabon de sebo y de manteca hasta en 
 cantidad de cincuenta quintales cada a5o y vale el quintal a doce 6 a catorce reales. 
 
 " Hay un trapiche solo de azucar que lo trae un caballo y es de un particular que 
 ocupa en €\ cinco esclavos: no labra el azucar en pilones, sino solamente saca la miel 
 de las canas : hace cada ano hasta cien botijas. 
 
 "Todos los indios desta tierra generalmente tienen caballos que alquilan a los pasa- 
 geros : el indio que menos, tiene dos caballos ; tambien hacen sementeras de que cogen, no 
 solo para sustento, sino para vender a los indios de la costa, a donde van a traer pescado 
 para revender ; tambien venden gallinas y otros mantenimientos a los pasageros. 
 
 " Hay entre los indios algunos oflciales, zapateros, sastres y carpinteros y viven de 
 sus oficios. 
 
 " Labran alguna poca ropa de algodon para sus vestidos y para pagar los tributes ; 
 para esto siembran el algodon que han menester : no se siembra lino ni cahamo. 
 
 "Alguna poca de pita suelen labrar cada uno para sus labores: tienen tambien 
 algunos ganados. 
 
 "Los del puerto de Manta viven de pesquerias y de dar avio a los navios con sus 
 balsas, pero los espaiioles no usan pescar para grangeria. Demas de las aramdas de S. M. 
 que tocan en aquel puerto para tomar refresco, entran en 61 por ano hasta diez 6 doce 
 navios, algunos de quatrocientas toneladas, y otros de a doscientas cincuenta y navios 
 mercantes de porte de ciento cincuenta toneladas y otros de ciento, y otros barcos de aviso 
 y de trato ; los navios que pasan por aqui para Panama, de los valles de Trugillo y de 
 Lima, llevan harina, azucar, miel, conservas, manteca, habas, garbanzos, y otras cosas para 
 sustento de Tierra Firme : los que suben de Panama al Piru llevan ropa de Castilla de la 
 que viene en las flotas ; de camino, so provee Puerto Viejo de las cosas que ha menester, y 
 no hay adu ana, por ser todo lo que llega alii de paso y no venir su derecho descargo aquel 
 puerto. No se labran navios; no hay apar ejo para ello: labrase jarcia de cabuya para 
 vender a los navios que pasan. 
 
 " Sal se saca en el puerto de Manta de unos pocos 6 hoyos que de antigiiedad tienen 
 abiertos los indios, y son propios de particulares: sacanse hasta doscientas hanegas cada 
 ano y vale en el puerto a cuatro reales. 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 93 
 
 " Tierras hay en mucha mayor cantidad de las que los vecinos y los indios han 
 menester; asi no tienen valor ni hay posesion de tierras en particular; cada uno hace 
 su roca y siembra donde y en la cantidad que quiere. Los vecinos benefician sus chacaras 
 con esclavos propios y con los mitayos. 
 
 "Los mantenimientos que faltan en la tierra y de que suele haber carestfa, son harina 
 de trigo, que se trae de los valles de TrugiUo, y se vende en Manta a nueve reales la 
 arroba; el vino se trae de Guayaquil y vale a ocho y a nueve la botija; la de aceite suele 
 costar de doce a catorce pesos corrientes. Quando hay falta de maiz, se les toma a los 
 indios que lo tienen en el distrito, a la tasa que senala el cabildo. Ganados se crian en 
 poca cantidad por la sequedad de la tierra y falta de agua. 
 
 " Entodo el distrito hay cinco 6 seis estancias de ganado en que habra de vacuno hasta 
 tres mil reses; ovejas hasta doscientas: otro testigo dice de trescientas a quatrocientas 
 cabezas: cabras doscientas; de puercos habra mil cabezas y este es el ganado que mas se 
 multiplica y mas se gasta, porque cada hembra cria cada ano seis 6 nueve; vale una 
 cabeza en pie" quatro pesos; un puerco de dos afios otro tanto; un carnero 6 chivato 6 cabra, 
 un peso. Mucho del ganado, particularmente del de cerda, anda alzado, que quando el ano 
 no es abundante de maiz, como no les dan grano, no quieren acudir al corral, y con el 
 aparejo del mucho monte se al§an y se emboscan. Hay hombres que tienen por oficio ir a 
 caballo a jarretar ganado al§ado para sacar el sebo y lardo del. 
 
 " No hay yeguadas ni cria de mulas ; solamente el convento de la Merced tiene una 
 manada de yeguas, que andan alcadas. 
 
 " Los indios desta provincia tienan (en casa) tres 6 quatro y algunos hasta diez yeguas 
 de que crian potros : vale una yegua de quatro a seis pesos, y un potro lo mismo. 
 
 " Gobierna y administra justicia en Puerto Viejo un teniente, puesto por el gobernador 
 de Guayaquil ; y demas del tribunal del teniente hay en la ciudad dos alcaldes ordinarios 
 y otros dos de la hermandad y quatro regidores y un alguacil mayor que pone un teniente. 
 El alguacil mayor solia ser nombrado por el gobernador; despues le nombraban los 
 vireyes : el que agora sirve el oficio lo tiene nombrado por mil trescientos pesos corrientes : 
 no tiene salarios m4s de sus derechos. Hay una escribania publica y otra del cabildo y de 
 ordinario las sirve ambas una persona, nombrado desde D. Luis de Velasco aca por el 
 Yirey que antes nombraba el cabildo de la ciudad por concesion del Marques D. Francisco 
 Picarro. La eleccion de alcaldes y regidores se hace por votos del cabildo : cada primero 
 dia del ano, nombran seis personas y echan los nombres en un cantaro, de donde los 
 primeros dos que salen son para alcaldes y los quatro restantes para regidores : aprueba 
 la eleccion el gobernador 6 por el su teniente ; para esta eleccion tienen voto demas de los 
 oficiales del cabildo alcalde y regidores, el alguacil mayor y el tesorero. 
 
 "En cada pueblo de indios hay tambien su cabildo, alcaldes y regidores, alguacil mayor 
 y menor y escribano : todos indios conf orme a la orden que dio el virey don Francisco de 
 Toledo, y demas desto hay un gobernador de todos los pueblos de indios del distrito, 
 nombrado por los vireyos ; este es indio y reside en Manta. La eleccion de los oficiales de 
 cada ano en los pueblos de indios se hace y confirma de la misma manera que la de Puerto 
 Viejo. 
 
 " A los indios que de su voluntad trabajan por jornal en las chacaras, se les da por 
 cada dia a real y de comer; a indios que sirven por mita, esto es, apremiados y repartidos 
 por quinto, les llaman mitayos y a los que entran a servir por su voluntad, yanaconas: 
 estos ganan de salario doce pesos cada ano, y los mitayos nueve reales y medio cada quince 
 dias y de comer, por tasacion que hizo el Virey; el alquiler de un caballo es a real por 
 legua 6 quatro reales por Jornada de hasta cinco leguas: quando el indio cuyos son los 
 
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94 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 caballos, va con ellos para volverlos, no se le paga mas del alquiler de los caballos; si va 
 otro indio gana real por caballo, desde el puerto de Manta a Jipijapa, 6 de alii a Daule a 
 Unguia; pedido por el pasagero se le dan seis n ocho reales y lo llevan a caballo. 
 
 "El camino real para Guayaquil y para todo el Piru pasa sin tocar a la ciudad de 
 Puerto Viejo, cinco leguas della, desde el puerto de Manta a Jipijapa: de alii a Daule hay 
 veinticinco leguas de despoblado con tambos (asi llaman a las ventas) a trechos en que se 
 recogen de noche los pasageros. Estos tambos son quatro, y estan desiertos, sin gente 
 ninguna que los habite, y no hay otra poblacion por el camino ni a los lados, porque de la 
 parte de Levante corre la cordillera (de las sierras) de Quito, y al Poniente la playa del 
 mar del Sur. Es menester ir prevenidos de comida, y el verano tambien de bebida para 
 este desierto; previe"nense en Jipijapa de todo, 6 del agua a quatro leguas adelante en la 
 primera aguada. Hay en Jipijapa un tambo 6 meson bien aderecado. En Puerto Viejo 
 no hay tambo ninguno ni casas de posadas. Los vecinos hospedan a Jos pasageros; el pan 
 que comen de ordinario los indios y los espanoles es de maiz, de que hacen unos panes a 
 que llaman tortillas, came de vaca y de puerco y monteria de venados y puercos monteses 
 y legumbres de la tierra, unas habas que se diferencian poco de las de Espafia y son de 
 mucho sustento, frisoles, camotes, yucas: estas son ciertas raices como de patata, de las 
 quales y del maiz hacen la bebida que llaman chicha: un pan de trigo que pesa veinte 
 onzas suele valer un real; el arroba de carne de vaca a dos reales; el quartillo de vino de 
 Castilla a ocho reales; el de la tierra de cuatro hasta seis reales: las verduras y legumbres 
 no se venden, porque todos las tienen de cosecha y propias. Las enfermedades vulgares 
 en la tierra son: calenturas prolixas y recias, y dolores en todo el cuerpo, que ordinaria- 
 mente son de bubas; estos curan con carga y palo santo; las calenturas con Sangrias y 
 purgas de mechoacan y cafiifistola. 
 
 " Para diversas enfermedades usan mas que de otra medicina del tabaco y de otra 
 yerba llamada el payco, cuyo zumo beben para las lombrices : hay cantidad de palo de 
 salsifrax, de que usan para postemas interiores y para qualesquiera dolores de frialdad con 
 admirables ef ectos : tambien hay begares de mucha virtud que se sacan de los venados, y 
 contrayerba que dan a los que han tornado veneno 6 estan hechizados. 
 
 " Llaman guacas a los lugares de adoracion a donde los indios tenian los idolillos de 
 oro y de plata : buscanse como tesoros ; algunas se dice que estan denunciadas en el 
 distrito, pero no se han sacado. 
 
 " En la ciudad de Puerto Yiejo hay un tesorero que es oficial real y juez nombrado 
 por el Virey : tiene a su cargo la caxa Keal con salario de ciento veinte pesos de plata 
 ensayada. 
 
 "Las rentas reales que entran en la caxa, son los almojarifazgos del puerto de Manta, 
 que valen cada ano doscientos cincuenta pesos : los novenos de los diezmos que valen 
 cincuenta pesos ; cincuenta pesos corrientes que valen las alcabalas ; treinta y seis pesos 
 que pagan de tributo yanaconas que estan en la ciudad a razon de seis pesos de plata 
 corriente : no hay quintos en esta tierra, porque no hay minas ni guacas : gastos desta 
 caxa son los ciento veinte pesos de salario del tesorero : ochenta pesos corrientes que 
 S. M. da de limosna al convento de la Merced ; cuarenta pesos de ayuda de costa al cura : 
 suelen sobrar cada ano hasta cien pesos corrientes que se envian a la caxa de Guayaquil : 
 esto es muy digno de notar para consideracion de quantos espanoles se ocupan y gastan 
 con tan pequena utilidad de su Key: la conversion de los indios es lo que vale y contrapesa. 
 
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Saville : Antiquities of Mandbi, Ecuador 95 
 
 "Militar 
 
 <' No hay en la ciudad presidio de soldados ni fortaleza, pero hay un maese de campo, 
 un capitan y un sargento mayor nombrados por el Virey, y hallaranse en ella hasta cin- 
 cuenta hombres de todas edades para tomar armas en las ocasiones. 
 
 " No se labran armas en la ciudad. 
 
 " No se puede hacer fortaleza en el puertq de Manta, porque tiene muchas entradas y 
 porque no hay agua, que la que se bebe alii se trae dos leguas. 
 
 " Confinan los t&minos de Puerto Viejo con la provincia de las Bsmeraldas hacia la 
 cordillera de las tierras de Quito : ocuparon aquella provincia un numero de mulatos 
 §ambahigos, que nacieron de mezcla de negros y negras cimarrones con los indios : eran 
 estos mulatos belicosos y corrian toda aquella cordillera haciendo guerra y mucho daSo a 
 los indios de la tierra, que son los llamados gibaros y pertenecen a esta jurisdicion, los 
 quales apretados de los mulatos se venian a valer de los espanoles, y algunos por esta 
 causa se bajaron de la sierra y se redujeron y convirtieron : causaban los mulatos muchos 
 sobresaltos y alborotos y hacian estar a los espanoles con cuidado y con las armas en las 
 manos, hasta que de cinco a seis afios a esta parte se paciflcaron y dieron obediencia a 
 S. M. y se comunican con los indios y con los espanoles y han entrado entre ellos religiosos 
 de la <5rden de la Merced que los dotrinan; en particular es conocido un Fray Pedro 
 Uomero, a quien los mulatos, sefialadamente los de la provincia de Campaco, que es la 
 mas cercana a esta y su mayoral que se llama D. Alg. Sebastian de Hlesca, tienen mucho 
 respeto ; asi que agora goza esta tierra de paz, pero la provincia de las Bsmeraldas, que se 
 entiende es muy rica dellas y de oro, esta todavia ocupada y tiranizada de los mulatos y 
 despoblada de indios y no beneficiada ni descubierta de los espanoles. 
 
 " Uclesiastico 
 
 " Hay en la ciudad de Puerto Viejo tres templos: la iglesia parroquial, cuya advocation 
 es de San Gregorio : la iglesia y convento de Nuestra Sefiora de la Merced ; una hermita 
 de San Valerio: son estos templos de madera y cubiertos de paja: la iglesia parroquial no 
 tiene otra renta mas de la parte que le cabe de los diezmos, que suele valer cada ano desde 
 cuatrocientos a seiscientos pesos, que dicen es causa de mucha pobreza. 
 
 " El cura de la iglesia es juntamente vicario del obispo y sirve la dotrina de los indios 
 de Catarama, que le son anejos y distan de la ciudad menos de un quatro de legua : sirve 
 tambien una capellania de once misas reeadas, que es la que solamente hay en esta iglesia 
 y vale once pesos cada ano : demas desto la renta y aprovechamiento de que goza como 
 cura son cincuenta mil maravedis, que S. M. ha mandado pagar a todos los curas de 
 pueblos de espanoles y se le pagan en los quatro novenos, conforme a la erection del 
 obispado, y el resto se suple de la caxa Eeal : son ciento sesenta y dos pesos y dos reales : 
 tambien dotrina y les administra sacramentos a los indios gibaros que nuevamente estan 
 reducidos en quatro pueblos a dos y a tres y a quatro leguas de la ciudad, de que lleva 
 ciento veinticinco pesos ; mas estan a su cargo sesenta y cinco yanaconas que le pagan 
 doce reales cada uno : estan estos en diversas partes en huertas y estancias de vecinos 
 rio abajo y rio arriba desta ciudad; tiene demas desto el pie" de altar y obvenciones 
 
 OVii 1 T) f) T*l i\ ^ 
 
 "En la jurisdicion de Puerto Viejo hay quatro dotrinas. La de Catarama que sirve 
 
 el cura. 
 
 « La de Charapoto y Manta, que aunque distan cinco leguas una de otra, ambos pueblos 
 los sirve un clerigo: tiene casa y asiste en cada uno, compartiendo el tiempo conforme al 
 numero de los feligreses; particularmente esta en el puerto quando hay navros en €L 
 
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96 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 "La de Jipijapa, que sirve un cl^rigo. 
 
 " La de Picuga, que sirve un fraile de la Merced. 
 
 "De la de Catarama lleva el cura cien pesos de a nueve reales solamente, y no lleva 
 camarico (asi Raman a lo que se paga en aves y maiz, etc.), demas del dinero. La de 
 Charapoto y Manta tienen de salario trescientos pesos de a nueve reales; doscientas 
 cincuenta aves machos y hembras por mitad, y setenta f anegas de maiz poco mas 6 menos ; 
 treinta arrobas de pescado, una mas 6 menos : otro declara que las aves desta dotrina 
 son doscientas, y las f anegas de maiz cincuenta. La de Jipijapa tiene trescientos pesos ; 
 setenta 6 hasta ochenta aves; ochenta f anegas de maiz, quatro mas 6 menos. Estos 
 salarios pagan los encomenderos del cuerpo de tributo. 
 
 " El cura de Puerto Viejo es nombrado por el presidente de la audiencia de Quito y 
 confirmado por el obispo; a los dotrineros chtogos presenta el obispo y conflrma el 
 audiencia. Este nombramiento de dotrineros declaran de diversas maneras : el dotrinero 
 de Jipijapa dice en su declaracion que el obispo nombra tres clengos para cada dotrina 
 vaca, y el presidente elige uno dellos que la sirva. 
 
 " Solamente hay un convento de frailes de la Merced, que es de la provincia Lima y se 
 fund6 cuando la ciudad; rue" su fundador fray Miguel de Santa Maria: tiene de ordinario 
 el comendador y otro fraile demas del dotrinero de Picuaga: la renta y hacienda de este 
 convento son ciento cincuenta pesos que lleva de la dotrina de Picuaga: cien ovejas y 
 algunas cabras, y unas pocas de yeguas que tiene. 
 
 " La hermita de San Valerio se fund6 por voto por una grande plaga de ratones que 
 entonces habia en aquel distrito y destruian las sementeras del maiz: la advocacion del 
 Santo salid por suerte, y la plaga ha cesado. 
 
 u De los pueblos de la jurisdicion en particular 
 
 " Catarama esta poblado junto al rio de Puerto Viejo, menos de un quarto de legua 
 de la ciudad: su nombre antiguo fue" Jagua; esta fundada en quadro con quince 6 hasta 
 veinte casas, todas de paja; su iglesia es del mismo material, dedicada a San Cristobal. 
 
 "Al principio, quando se pob!6, se llamd el Valle; solia tener muchos indios: agora no 
 le han quedado de la descendencia de sus antiguos moradores mas de ocho tributarios : 
 los demas que la habitan son indios de montafia reducidos alii : los indios deste lugar viven 
 de la caza y de pescar en el rio : siembran en las huertas y en las vegas platanos, yuca, 
 camotes, frisoles de la tierra y de Castilla y habas. 
 
 " Charapoto es antigua poblacion que antes de la entrada de los espaiioles se llamaba 
 Japoto y tenia muchos indios: hanle quedado pocos de los naturales; los mas que tiene 
 son parcialidades de otros pueblos que fueron reducidos alii por 6rden de Bernardo de 
 Loaisa, visitador general por el Viery del Piru. Las parcialidades reducidas son la de 
 Tosagua, Pasao y Conchipa. Al tiemjjo de la reducion fueron mas de doscientos quarenta 
 indios tributarios sin los reservados y chusma: apoc61os una peste de sarampion y 
 tabardillo. Las lenguas propias y antiguas de los moradores deste lugar son diversas : 
 los antiguos naturales hablan la suya; los de Tosagua, Conchipa y Toal otra, y los de 
 Pasao no tienen lengua comun sino es la castellana; la gente es mas politica que los de 
 otros pueblos de indios y tienen en el lugar maestro indio que ensena a escribir. El 
 Pueblo esta en llano con una plaga grande y quatro calles en la forma de los pueblos 
 de espanoles con sus calles cercadas. En estos quatro quadros tiene cincuenta y cinco 
 casas de madera cubiertas de paja, cada parcialidad en su quadro de por si; una iglesia de 
 San Est^ban, casas de cabildo y carcel. 
 
 " Dista Charapoto de Lima trescientas leguas; de Quito ciento; de Guayaquil cuarenta 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of ' Manabi, Ecuador 97 
 
 y cinco; de Puerto Yiejo cinco, y otras tantas de Manta : tiene dos leguas de jurisdicion 
 hacia , los terminos destos dos lugares : el rio por alii no tiene puente ni pasage. 
 
 " Hacen los indios deste lugar las sementeras de maiz muy cortas y de las otras semi- 
 lias ; porque no suelen sembrar mas de dos 6 tres almudes de maiz para sustento de su 
 casa, para lo qual cogen suficiente fruto en los afios lluviosos : en los mas anos les falta y 
 envian uno de los principales a comprar maiz a Jipijapa y Picuaca y les suele costar a ocho 
 reales la hanega. 
 
 " Ganados tienen muy pocos. Tres indios hay ricos en este lugar que tienen algun 
 ganado ; pescan en el rio, no para grangeria sino cada uno para su sustento. 
 
 "Una grangeria tienen particular de la cera que labran unas abejuelas pequenas que 
 hacen sus panales debajo la tierra; la miel es agria y la cera amarilla y blanca; sacanla 
 los indios y vendenla a los espanoles a real la libra. 
 
 "Parece que se les pudiera bien llamar a estas hormigas de miel,nombre que aun a 
 todo g^nero de abejas les pertenece. 
 
 "En la medicina tienen tambien particularidad los deste lugar que se purgan con solo 
 el agua del mar y que sudan para el mal de bubas sin uncion ni otra cosa que mueva sudor, 
 sino con solo meterse en unos hornillos y dandoles fuego como estufas. 
 
 " El pueblo de San Pablo de Manta, que es el primer puerto del Piru, llamase de San 
 Pablo : de ocho anos a esta parte, luego que se descubrio, le llamaron los espanoles Manta ; 
 los naturales le llamaban antes Jocay. 
 
 " No se tiene memoria de su primera fundacion ; quando se descubrio era su cacique 
 uno llamado Lligua Tohali, que convertido, se nombro D. Gonzalo Lligua Toal. 
 
 "Dicen deste pueblo lo que de todos los de indios, que tuvo muchos indios en su descu- 
 brimiento, y por enf ermedades y hambres ha venido a grande diminucion y particularmente 
 porque los primeros conquistadores maltrataron mucho a los caciques apretandolos para 
 que les manifestasen oro y esmeraldas. Tenia cerca este pueblo a una y a dos leguas 
 otros tres, Jaramijo, Camilloa, Cama : estos se redujeron en Manta, donde son parciali- 
 dades de los mismos nombres : hizose la reduccion habra treinta y tres anos : tenian estos 
 quatro pueblos lengua propia y comun a ellos. 
 
 " La forma del pueblo es una calle larga, en que hay veintisiete casas cubiertas de 
 madera y paja, una iglesia y una ermita. 
 
 "Hay cinco repartimientos de indios, y en cada reparthniento su cacique, y estan 
 encomendados a tres encomenderos. 
 
 " No siembran semillas ni legumbres ni otra cosa alguna los indios deste lugar, ni 
 tienen ganados porque no hay pastos ni agua : la que beben es de unos pocos que estan 
 dos leguas del pueblo ; comen pescado y aves y algunos venados que cazan. El maiz 
 traen comprado de fuera : su distrito es dos leguas de tierra sin labor, llena toda de unos 
 cardos muy espinosos : a dos leguas tienen una montafia que llaman Monte Cristi, en que 
 hay arboles de lena. Yiven de la pesca y de llevar a vender el pescado por la tierra, y a 
 los navios les venden agua y lena ; tambien traginan arar y mercadurias de Castilla hasta 
 Jipijapa, que dista nueve leguas, para donde dan caballos alquilados a los pasageros, y 
 llevan a ocho reales de alquiler por cada caballo : otro tanto gana un indio por ir a caballo 
 con cartas a toda diligencia : de aqui se proveen de agua los caminantes para pasar el 
 desierto. 
 
 " Hay en este distrito una yerba venenosa, que si la come un caballo se emborracha, y 
 si esta flaco se muere : el remedio es meter el caballo en el agua del mar. 
 
 " Hay una iglesia parroquial que llaman iglesia mayor*, un dotrinero sirve la dotrina 
 deste pueblo y el de Charapoto, repartiendo el afio en la asistencia de cada lugar, que distan 
 
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98 Contributions to South Americcm Archeology 
 
 cinco leguas por la playa del mar; cosa es digna de remedio, porque no es posible que desta 
 manera los indios est^n dotrinados, ni se les administren los sacramentos como conviene. 
 
 " Llaman a este pueblo la Asuncion de Nuestra SeSora de Picua§a ; redug^ronse en el 
 otros pueblos 6 parcialidades : el sitio donde esta fundado era un pueblo Uamado Giguivi ; 
 llam6se Picuaca, del nombre del cacique a quien aquellas parcialidades obedecian ; hizo la 
 reduccion un Ag°. de Almao, vecino de Puerto Viejo, por comision del visitador Bernardo 
 de Loaysa : dicen habra quarenta y tres 6 quarenta y ocho aBos que se fundd, y que los 
 indios que entonces habia en aquellas parcialidades 6 pueblos antes de la reduccion, eran 
 mas de quinientos tributaries, sin las mugeres y chusma que por enfermedades y otras 
 causas, a que generalmente suelen atribuir la diminution de los indios, han venido a muy 
 menor numero; parece por el padron 6 description que el ano de 1605 se hizo por mandado 
 det Consejo en una parcialidad que se llama de Misbain, se hallaban quince indios, los 
 doce casados, y entre todos no tenian mas de siete hijos hembras y muchachos ; en otra 
 parcialidad dicha de Solongo, se dice que no hay mas que el cacique, que es casado, y un 
 indio tributario viudo, y ambos sin hijos. 
 
 " El Pueblo de Picuaca esta fundado en triangulo, y tiene al medio una plaza quadrada ; 
 las casas de vivienda son ochenta, hechas de palos y canas y cubiertas de paja : tiene a el 
 Oriente a Puerto Viejo, de que dista ocho leguas ; al Occidente, el mar que esta a dos 
 leguas de Guayaquil, dista quarenta. 
 
 " El lugar esta f uera del camino real, y asi no es pasagero : para ir a Guayaquil salen 
 a Jipijapa: la tierra es liana y f^rtil de suyo, sino que esta cubierta de Monte, que llegan los 
 montes hasta el mismo lugar. El temple inclina mas a frio que a caliente, porque hay dos 
 inviernos, que algunos anos se alcanzan el uno al otro: el principal es por Febrero: llueve 
 entonces y hace soles muy recios, descubri^ndose a veces el cielo y ponieiidose muy claro : 
 el segundo invierno comienca por Junio y suele durar hasta Diciembre; este es con unas 
 nieblas espesas y agua menuda con frio, que en todo este tiempo no cesan las nieblas ni se 
 descubre el cielo. 
 
 " Pasa por Picuaca un rio propio de solo aquel lugar, porque nace del a media legua y 
 corre hasta el mar, espacio de dos leguas y media. Nace de un manantial y corre siempre 
 en un ser, llano y sin charcos el agua de dos varas y media de ancho y quatro dedos de 
 hondo 6 alto, es muy buena de beber y no tiene otra el lugar: por ser tan poco hondo este 
 rio, ni cria pescado ni le entra del mar. 
 
 "Los arboles de la tierra son guacates, sapotes, caymitos, guayabas, pincaes: todos 
 estos silvestres y que llevan fruta de comer: de Castilla hay membrillos, higueras, naranjos, 
 limas, limones en abundancia : todo se cria y frutiflca por los montes sin labor ni beneflcio 
 humano, mas de que a los membrilleros los podan cada ano: las frutas de que mas se cogen 
 son membrillos y naranjas : estas todas dulces, que no las hay agrias. 
 
 " Hay tambien hortahzas de Castilla ; coles, cebollas, yerbabuena, culantro, peregil. 
 
 " El maiz siembran en rocas a estaca como en las otras partes : algunos anos cogen 
 menos del que han menester, y se proveen de Jipijapa, donde les cuesta de seis a ocho 
 reales la hanega. 
 
 " En los montes hay venados, puercos cahinos, tigres, leones y unas que llaman guarda- 
 tinajas : aves hay pavas grasnaderas, faisanes, t6rtolas ; sabandijas ponzonosas, vfvbras, 
 culebras, alacranes : las mas ponzonosas son las viboras. ; 
 
 " Tambien hay yerbas ponzonosas con que los indios se matan unos a otros, pero no 
 son conocidas de todos, ni dicen los nombres dellas : toman para remedio la que llaman 
 contrayerba y el bejueco, jbftyos polvos tambien bebidos en agua caliente y sudando con 
 elios, aprovechan contra las mordeduras de las culebras. 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 99 
 
 " El lugar no es notablemente sujeto a enfermedades : las que suele haber mas de 
 ordinario son camaras y bubas : las camaras cnran dando a beber los polvos de cierta 
 tierra blanca quemada ; para las bubas toman la ca^a, que la hay en la tierra. 
 
 " Saben la lengua castellana en general todos los indios deste lugar, y algunos cantan 
 diestramente canto de organo, pero solos dos dicen que habia que supiesen leer, el cacique 
 y otro. 
 
 " Su grangeria es sacar cabuya para vender : labran alguna ropa de algodon, no mas 
 de la necesaria para su vestir y para la parte del tribute que se paga en lona. 
 
 " No hay ganado en este lugar mas de hasta veinte vacas. 
 
 " Tienen una iglesia parroquial que se llama de la Asuncion : su ediflcio es de madera 
 cubierta con barro y el techo de paja. 
 
 " Tambien hay una ermita de Santa Catalina ; no tienen la iglesia ni la ermita renta 
 ninguna : el dotrinero es un fraile del convento de la Merced de Puerto Viejo. 
 
 u Jipijapa es pueblo todo de indios ; Uamanle San Lorenzo de Jipijapa : el nombre 
 Jipijapa tomo de un su antiguo cacique: habia dos pueblos deste nombre, dos leguas 
 distantes entre si ; el lugar en que agora esta esta reducion se llamaba Jipijapa la baja ; 
 no se redujo primero en este sitio ; su primera fundacion, hecha por orden del visitador 
 Loaysa, fue tres leguas de alii hacia Puerto Viejo : trasladola a este sitio por mejor, dicen 
 que habra veintisiete anos (en el 1605), un Juan de la Hinojosa, juez por comision de la 
 Audiencia de Quito : vinieron entonces a poblar doscientos sesenta indios, y en la primera 
 fundacion habian sido mas de 500 : ha venido en diminution tambien el numero menor, 
 por las enfermedades de sarampion y otras causas que comunmente suelen dar. 
 
 "El lugar esta en un llano entre dos cerros, fundado en quadro con quatro calles 
 principales y una plaza en medio: tiene ciento treinta casas; dista de Quito noventa 
 leguas; de Guayaquil treinta y quatro; de Puerto Viejo ocho. La tierra es fragosa todo y 
 cubierta de monte hasta el mismo lugar, y no hay tierras lianas para sembrar : no es el 
 terreno esteril de suyo, sino por f alta de agua : los anos humedos acude el maiz a ciento 
 veinte por f anega ; los frisoles a diez y a doce. Es du buen temperamento, sin escesos 
 de frio ni calor : en el invierno (que asi llaman al tiempo en que llueve) es mas caliente 
 que en el verano. 
 
 "Pasa junto al lugar un rio que nace quatro leguas de alii, de manantiales, y corre otras 
 tres hasta la mar; es de buena agua, de que beben mientras corre, y suele correr desde Fe- 
 brero a Noviembre, y algunos veranos no f alta; pero quando se seca, beben de pocos que abren 
 en la misma madre del rio: crece quando mas hasta un estado de agua, con lo qual no hace 
 dafLo, sino antes provecho : no cria pescado sino algunos camarones y las que llaman jaivas. 
 
 " Frutas de Castilla tienen no en mucha cantidad, pero de manera que no hay f alta 
 
 dellas. 
 
 "Maiz les falta algunos afios; vanlo a comprar en los lugares cercanos, donde les 
 cuesta de seis a ocho reales, y algunas veces a doce. 
 
 " El pueblo es sano ; las enfermedades mas ordinarias que suele haber en el son males 
 de ojos, camaras de sangre, y calenturas. Curanse el mal de ojos alcoholandolos con el 
 cumo del cogollo de algarrobo y echando del mismo cumo en ellos : cubren el ramo tierno 
 con rescoldo, con lo qual se ablanda y remollesce majanlo y esprimen el cumo. Para las 
 camaras de sangre, toman cantidad de un adarme de polvos de ciervo, bebtendolos en 
 tanto vino quauto cabe en un huevo; y a falta de vino, en agua tibia. Para los calenturas 
 se sangran y se purgan, 6 con mechoacan 6 con lo que llaman contrayerba, de que usan 
 s61o para esto, porque no conocen yerbas venenosas. Contra la mordedura de vibora usan 
 cumo de tabaco. 
 
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100 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 " Las parcialidades reducidas en Jipijapa son ocho, cuyos nombres y numero de indios 
 quedan referidas arriba. Estan repartidas en siete encomenderos, que viven agora los 
 quatro en Guayaquil, dos en Puerto Viejo y uno en Paita. 
 
 " La grangeria principal de los deste lugar es alquilar caballos a los pasageros hasta 
 Daule, que son veinticinco leguas ; llevan de alquiler por cada caballo, el invierno veinti- 
 cinco rs., y el verano veinte; al indio que va para volver los caballos pagan los dueHos 
 dellos a dos reales por cada caballo : tambien se aprovechan de ir a Manta y traer en sus 
 caballos pescado para vender ; otros cazan venados y puercos cahinos y venden la carne. 
 
 " Tenian diversas lenguas, cada parcialidad la suya : agora hablan todos una que ha 
 prevalescido, y mas comunmente hablan la castellana. 
 
 "Hay en el lugar una iglesia parroquial de San Lazaro, y una ennita de Santa 
 Catalina." — Description de la Gobernacion de Guayaquil, pp. 276-309. 
 
 6 The complete account of Porto Viejo by Cieza de Leon is here given. It was 
 translated by Clements E. Markham, and published by the Hakluyt Society, London, 
 1864, under the title " The Travels of Pedro de Cieza de Leon, A.D. 1532-50. Contained 
 in the First Part of his Chronicle of Peru." 
 
 " The Indians of the province of Santiago de Puerto Viejo are not long lived ; and, 
 as regards the Spaniards, there are very few old men amongst them, though their number 
 has been thinned more by the wars than by sickness. . . . The ancients called this 
 the Torrid Zone, which is as much as to say the parched or toasted land, for the sun 
 moves over it all the year. 
 
 " The natives are of middle height, and have a most fertile land, yielding abundance 
 of maize, yucas, aji, potatoes, and many other roots which are useful for the support of 
 man. There are also plenty of guavas and aguacates, besides tunas of two kinds, one 
 white and of excellent flavor, caymitos, and another fruit they call eerezilla. The melons 
 are of two kinds, also, those of Spain and those of the country, and there are all sorts 
 of beans and peas. The orange and lemon trees abound, also bananas, and pine-apples 
 of excellent flavor. There are great quantities of those pigs which (as I said before in 
 speaking of the port of Uraba) have the navel on the back, which, however, is not really 
 the navel, but some other thing that grows there. As they did not find a navel below, 
 they called this excrescence on the back a navel. The flesh of these pigs is very savory. 
 There are also pigs of the Spanish breed, and many deer with the most singularly delicate 
 flesh of any in Peru. Partridges, doves, pigeons, turkeys, and a vast number of other 
 birds are found ; among them one called Xuta, which is about the size of a large duck, 
 and which the Indians rear in their houses. These birds are tame and good to eat. 
 There is another bird called Maea, very little smaller than a cock. It is a beautiful 
 thing to see the colors of the plumage of this bird, and the beak, which is rather thicker 
 than a finger, is most distinctly divided into two colors, yellow and red. In the forests 
 they meet with foxes, bears, small lions, and some tigers and serpents, but they all fly 
 from men who do not first attack them. There are also night birds of prey, as well inland 
 as on the coast, such as condors, and the bird they call gallinazo, or aura. In the wooded 
 ravines and forests there are many trees, which are useful for building houses and for 
 other purposes. In some of these trees the bees make excellent honeycombs. The 
 Indians have fisheries where they kill many fishes, among which are fish called bonitos, 
 a bad kind of fish which causes fevers and other evils to those who eat it. In all parts 
 of the coast the men are afflicted with dark-colored excrescences, the size of nuts, which 
 grow on the forehead, nostrils, and other parts, and, besides being dangerous, they are 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of ManaU, Ecuador 101 
 
 very disfiguring. These bumps are said to be caused by eating a certain fish. However 
 this may be, they are common on the coast, and, besides the natives, many Spaniards 
 have been afflicted with these bumps. 
 
 " In this coast and territory, subject to the city of Puerto Viejo and to that of 
 Guayaquil, there are two kinds of people. From the cape of Passaos and river of 
 Santiago to the town of Solango, the men are marked in the face, and the mark begins at 
 the root of the ear and descends to the chin, the breadth being according to each man's 
 fancy. Some mark the greater part of the face, and others less, much after the fashion of 
 the Moors. Both men and women wear mantles and shirts of cotton, and sometimes 
 of wool. They also wear a few ornaments, such as jewels of gold and very small beads, 
 called chaquira. In some provinces I have myself seen that the people put so high a 
 value on these chaquiras, that they will give their weight in gold for them. . . . 
 
 " The principal places where the Indians mark their faces in this province are Passaos, 
 Xaramixo, Pimpaguace, Peclansemeque, the valley of Xagua, Pechonse, Apechigue, 
 Silos, Canilloha, Manta, Sapil, Manaui, Xaraguasa, and others. Their houses are of 
 wood, roofed with straw, some small and others large, according to the means of the 
 owner." — Chap. XLVI, pp. 174-176. 
 
 " Many Indians say that the Lords Tncas never conquered, nor were able to bring 
 under their yoke, these natives of Puerto Viejo, of whom I am now treating, though others 
 affirm the contrary, saying that the Yncas subjugated them, and had them under their 
 orders. The latter say that Huayna Ccapac came in person to conquer them, and that, 
 having been disobedient in some particular, he made a law that they and their descendants 
 should have three of their front teeth pulled out in each jaw. They add that this custom 
 was preserved for a long time in the province of Guancavilcas. In truth, as all vulgar 
 reports are confused, and as the common sort can never tell the plain facts, it does not 
 astonish me that they should relate these things, for in all things else the like reports are 
 spread abroad, and become the talk of the people, being in reality mere fables. I make 
 this digression here, that it may be borne in mind hereafter, for if things are repeated 
 over and over again they become tiresome to the reader. This, therefore, will serve to 
 give notice that many of the stories commonly reported among the people, concerning 
 events which have happened in Peru, are fables. As regards the natives, those who have 
 been curious in trying to learn their secrets know that what I say is the case. Concerning 
 the government, and the affairs of war and of state which have occurred, I only look 
 upon those principal men who were in high positions as authorities. These will relate 
 what occurred, and the sayings of the people. 
 
 " Eeturning to the thread of my narrative, I have to say (according to what I have 
 been given to understand by old Indians who were captains under Huayna Ccapac), that, 
 in the time of the great Tupac Tnca Yupanqui, his father, certain of his captains came, 
 with a force collected from the ordinary garrisons of the provinces, and, by their politic 
 arts, drew some of the chiefs to the service of Tupac Ynca Yupanqui. Many of them went 
 with presents to do him homage, and he received them with love and kindness, giving 
 them rich pieces of woollen cloth made in Cuzco. When they returned to their provinces, 
 they esteemed him so highly for his great valor, that they called him father, and honored 
 him with other titles, his benevolence and love for all being such that he acquired 
 perpetual fame among them. In order to instruct them in things appertaining to the 
 government of the kingdom, he set out in person to visit these provinces, and left 
 governors in them who were natives of Cuzco, that they may teach the people more 
 civilized customs, and other useful things. But these natives not only did not wish to 
 
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 canes are hollow they take care to fill them with that drink made of maize or roots, which 
 they call acca, because, being deceived by the devil, they believe (at least so they have 
 told me) that the dead man drinks of the liquor they put into the canes. This custom of 
 burying arms, treasure, and food with the dead, is practised in the greater part of these 
 newly-discovered countries ; and in many provinces they also bury women and boys alive 
 with them." — Chap. LI, pp. 186-188. 
 
 " There are, however, reports concerning giants in Peru, who landed on the coast at 
 the point of Santa Elena, within the jurisdiction of this city of Puerto Viejo, which require 
 notice. I will relate what I have been told, without paying attention to the various 
 versions of the story current among the vulgar, who always exaggerate everything. The 
 natives relate the following tradition, which had been received from their ancestors from 
 very remote times. There arrived on the coast, in boats made of reeds, as big as large 
 ships, a party of men of such size that, from the knee downwards, their height was as 
 great as the entire height of an ordinary man, though he might be of good stature. Their 
 limbs were all in proportion to the deformed size of their bodies, and it was a monstrous 
 thing to see their heads, with hair reaching to the shoulders. Their eyes were as large as 
 small plates. They had no beards, and were dressed in the skins of animals, others only in 
 the dress which nature gave them, and they had no women with them. When they arrived 
 at this point, they made a sort of village, and even now the sites of their houses are 
 pointed out. But as they found no water, in order to remedy the want, they made 
 some very deep wells, works which are truly worthy of remembrance ; for such are their 
 magnitude, that they certainly must have been executed by very strong men. They dug 
 these wells in the living rock until they met with water, and then they lined them with 
 masonry from top to bottom in such sort that they will endure for many ages. The water 
 in these wells is very good and wholesome, and always so cold that it is very pleasant to 
 drink it. Having built their village, and made their wells or cisterns where they could 
 drink, these great men, or giants, consumed all the provisions they could lay their hands 
 upon in the surrounding country ; insomuch that one of them ate more meat than fifty of 
 the natives of the country could. As all the food they could find was not sufficient to 
 sustain them, they killed many fish in the sea with nets and other gear. They were 
 detested by the natives, because in using their women they killed them, and the men also 
 in another way. But the Indians were not sufficiently numerous to destroy this new 
 people who had come to occupy their lands. They made great leagues against them, but 
 met with no success. . . . All the natives declare that God our Lord brought upon 
 them a punishment in proportion to the enormity of their offence. While they were all 
 together, engaged in their accursed ... a fearful and terrible fire came down from 
 heaven with a great noise, out of the midst of which there issued a shining angel with 
 a glittering sword, with which, at one blow, they were all killed, and the fire consumed 
 them. There only remained a few bones and skulls, which God allowed to remain without 
 being consumed by the fire, as a memorial of this punishment. This is what they say 
 concerning these giants, and we believe the account, because in this neighborhood they 
 have found, and still find, enormous bones. I have heard from Spaniards who have seen 
 part of a double tooth, that they judged the whole tooth would have weighed more than 
 half a butcher's pound. They also have seen another piece of a shin bone, and it was 
 marvellous to relate how large it was. These men are witnesses to the story, and the site 
 of the village may be seen, as well as the wells and cisterns made by the giants. I 
 am unable to say from what direction they came, because I do not know. 
 
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 " At the point of Santa Elena (which, as I have said before, is on the coast of Peru 
 within the jurisdiction of the city of Puerto Viejo) there is a thing well worthy of note, 
 and this is that there are certain wells, or mines, of such excellent tar, that as many ships 
 as require caulking might be caulked with it. This tar must be some mineral which flows 
 out at this place, and it comes forth very hot. I have not seen any other mines of tar in 
 any of the other parts of the Indies which I have visited; but I believe that Gonzalo 
 Hernandez de Oviedo, in the first part of the general history of the Indies, gives an 
 account both of this and of others. Nevertheless, as I am not writing concerning the 
 Indies generally, but only of the events which have taken place in Peru, I do not treat of 
 other parts. With this I shall conclude what I have to say concerning the city and 
 province of Puerto Viejo." — Chap. LII, pp. 189-192. 
 
 1 We quote here the entire chapter of Garcilasso relating to Manabi, using Markham's 
 translation, published by the Hakluyt Society. 
 
 "THE GODS AND CUSTOMS OF THE MANTA NATION: THEIE CONQUEST, 
 AND OF OTHEE VEEY BAEBAEOUS TED3ES 
 
 " Huayna Ccapac set out for the sea-coast to prosecute the conquest which he had 
 planned. He came to the frontier of a province called Manta, where the harbor is which 
 the Spaniards called Puerto Viejo. We explained the reason why they gave it that name 
 at the commencement of this history. The natives, for many leagues along the coast to 
 the north, had the same customs and idolatry. They worshipped the sea and fishes, which 
 they killed in such abundance for their food. They also worshipped tigers and lions, great 
 serpents, and other reptiles, according to their fancies. Amongst other things, they 
 worshipped, in the valley of Manta, the principal place in the district, a great emerald, 
 which was said to have been as large as an ostrich's egg. They displayed it at their great 
 festivals, putting it out in public, and the Indians came from great distances to worship 
 and sacrifice to it, and to bring it presents of other smaller emeralds. For the Priests and 
 the Chief of Manta gave them to understand that this was the most agreeable offering the 
 great emerald could receive, as it looked upon the smaller ones as its daughters. This 
 covetous doctrine led to the collection of a great number of emeralds in that town, where 
 they were found by Don Pedro de Alvarado and his companions, one of whom was my 
 Lord Garcilasso de la Vega, when they came to the conquest of Peru. They broke the 
 emeralds on an anvil ; for, not being good lapidaries, they said that if they were fine 
 stones, they would not break with the hardest blows that could be given to them. The 
 Indians concealed the one that was worshipped as a goddess as soon as the Spaniards 
 entered that country. It was so effectually hidden that, in spite of the great diligence 
 and numerous threats that have since been used, it has never appeared; as has been the 
 case with a vast quantity of other treasure that has been lost in that land. 
 
 " The natives of Manta and its district, particularly those on the coast (but not those 
 inland, whom they call Serrcmos), committed sodomy more openly and shamefully than 
 any other nation that we have hitherto mentioned as being guilty of this vice. Their 
 marriages took place under the condition that the relations and friends of the bridegroom 
 should enjoy the bride before her husband. They flayed the captives taken in war, and 
 filled the skins with cinders, so that they appeared to be what they were, and, as a token 
 of victory, they placed them at the doors of their temples, and in the open spaces where 
 they celebrated their festivals and dances. 
 
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 " The Tnca sent them the usual summons either to submit to his yoke, or to prepare 
 for war. The people of Manta had seen long before that it would not be possible for 
 them to resist the power of the Ynca; and, although they had attempted to form a 
 defensive league with the neighboring tribes, they had not been able to agree amongst 
 themselves, because most of them were without law or government. They all, therefore, 
 submitted, without difficulty, to Huayna Ccapac. The Tnca received them kindly, giving 
 them presents, and appointing governors and ministers to teach them their idolatries, 
 laws, and customs. He then advanced to another great province called Caranque. It 
 was inhabited by many tribes, all of whom were in a state of anarchy, without law or 
 government. He easily subdued them, for they neither desired nor were able to defend 
 themselves, by reason of the great power of the Ynca. He treated them as he had done 
 those of Manta, leaving ministers to instruct them, and continuing his conquests. He 
 then arrived at other districts which were peopled by tribes more savage and bestial 
 than any that had hitherto been encountered on the sea-coast. The men and women 
 punctured their faces with sharp-pointed stones, and deformed the heads of their children 
 at birth, by fastening a board in front and another behind, and tightening them every day 
 until the children were four or five years old. The object was to make the head wide 
 across, and narrow from the back part to the forehead. Not satisfied with flattening the 
 heads artificially, they shaved the hair off the crown and back, leaving it at the sides ; 
 and the remaining hairs were not combed and smoothed down, but curled and raised up, 
 to increase the monstrosity of their appearance. They maintained themselves by fishing, 
 being very expert fishermen, and on herbs, roots, and wild fruits. They went naked. 
 They worshipped the same things as their neighbors, as gods. These nations were called 
 Apichiqui, Pichunsi, Sava, Pecllansimiqui, Pampahuasi, and others. Having added them 
 to his empire, the Ynca marched onwards to another district called Saramissu, and thence 
 to another called Passau, which is exactly upon the equator. The natives of Passau are 
 the most barbarous people that were subdued by the Yncas. They had no gods, and did 
 not know what it was to worship. They had neither village nor house. They lived in the 
 hollow trees of the forests which densely cover their country. They had no special wives, 
 and did not know their own children, and they openly committed sodomy. They knew not 
 how to till the land, nor to make any useful thing. They went naked and punctured holes 
 round their lips. Their faces were divided into four divisions of different colors, yellow, 
 blue, red, and black, varying the colors according to each man's taste. They never 
 combed their hair, but wore it long and dishevelled, full of straw and dust, and of 
 anything else that fell upon it. In fine, they are worse than beasts. I saw them with 
 my own eyes when I went to Spain in the year 1560, for our ship stopped on that coast for 
 three days, to take in wood and water. Many of these people came out in balsas of their 
 reeds to trade with the ship's crew, selling large fish which they killed with their 
 harpoons. For so rude and barbarous a people, they did this with great dexterity, so that 
 the Spaniards, for the pleasure of seeing the sport, bought the fish before they were 
 killed. In exchange for the fish they asked for meat and biscuit, and did not want 
 money. They wore a cloth made of the bark or leaves of trees for the sake of decency ; 
 but this was done more out of respect for the Spaniards than from any sense of shame. 
 Truly these savages were the wildest people that it is possible to imagine. 
 
 " Huayna Ccapac Ynca, when he had seen them, and had convinced himself of the 
 worthless character of their land, so densely covered with sombre forest, as well as of the 
 bestiality of the filthy and savage inhabitants, and that it would be waste of time to 
 attempt the introduction of civilized ways, said, according to the account of his people: 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 107 
 
 1 Let as return, for these people do not deserve that we should be their lord.' Having 
 said this, he ordered his army to retire, leaving the natives of Passau in as brutal and 
 savage a state as they were before." — First Part of the Royal Commentaries of the Tncas, 
 Vol. II, Book IX, Chap. VIII, pp. 440-444. 
 
 8 Benzoni, according to his own statement, was in Manabi during the summer of 1547. 
 In his " History of the New World, showing his Travels in America from A.D. 1541 to 
 1556," he has given us one of the most interesting early accounts of this region as it 
 appeared shortly after the conquest. We quote in full from the Hakluyt Society edition, 
 translated by Bear- Admiral W. H. Smyth, what he writes about the province. 
 
 "While we were in sight of Gape San Francisco, a hundred and thirty miles from Capo 
 de Pa8sao, which cape is near the limits of Puerto Viejo — thinking that district was 
 inhabited by Indians as formerly, all we passengers (being in want of provisions, for it was 
 already three months since we quitted Panama, and seeing that the merchants on board 
 would have rather let us die with hunger than give us a bit of bread) determined to go on 
 by land. Twenty-four of us, therefore, started at a venture, each carried four basins of 
 maize; and arriving at the Quisimie rivers, which are four, one beyond the other, with 
 great labor and danger we crossed them by tying some trees together, which we found on 
 their banks. 
 
 "The- water is salt, for the sea, from the violence with which it washes on shore, 
 runs up all the rivers along this coast some fifteen miles inland ; so that when we wanted 
 to drink we were obliged to dig wells. On reaching Capo de Passao we found that the 
 Indians had burnt the houses, and were gone up to the woods. Getting to the other side 
 of the cape, we entered the gulf of Garaque, which lies under the equinoctial line ; but we 
 did not know how to proceed; not being able to cross over, and, having nothing better 
 to eat, we fed on crabs and yellow berries, which had so little flesh on them, that we ate 
 the kernels also, and drank the healthy water of a little lake which we found between the 
 woods and the beach. There we stayed twenty-two days, until the ship came to port; the 
 master concluding for certain that we had all died of hunger, or that the Indians had 
 destroyed us. But when he saw us, he immediately sent the boat; and resting in the ship 
 that night I started the following morning to go to Puerto Viejo. This town is inhabited 
 by Spaniards; it consists of twenty-two houses constructed with reeds and thatched with 
 straw. The province is nearly destroyed and ruined: the natives had a great many 
 emeralds, and keep the mines to themselves; for although the Spaniards have tormented 
 many of them to death, they have never revealed where they are. Yet I was told by a 
 maggiordomo of Captain Giovan Dolmos, that an Indian woman, his concubine, showed 
 him where one mine was situated, but he would not publish it lest the king should wrest it 
 from him for himself. They had also a very great number of vases of gold and silver, but 
 the Spaniards have seized everything; wherefore they now can only give their masters 
 what is produced in the country, and consequently few Spaniards live there. 
 
 "Whilst I remained in that province, often for amusement I went amongst those 
 native villages, both inland and along the beach; and on one occasion, entering a hamlet 
 called Chiaropoto, I found the Indians making sacrifices in their temple, beating drums and 
 singing some of their songs. Desirous of witnessing, I went into the temple; but as soon 
 as the ministers saw me, with great anger, and almost spitting in my face, they turned me 
 out. I perceived an idol, however, made of clay, shaped like a tiger, also two peacocks 
 
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108 Contributions to South Americcm Archeology 
 
 with other birds, which they had to sacrifice to their deities; they might also have had 
 some lad, as usual among them, but I did not see him. Another day it happened that I 
 went to Picalanceme, where I found the inhabitants drinking. Wishing to stay and see 
 how they got drunk, four of them came up to me where I was standing, saying, in 
 Spanish — ' O thou villanous, treacherous Christian, go away from our country.' Seeing 
 that they intended to attack me, I drew my sword, but made my escape, determined never 
 more to go among those towns when they were celebrating a feast-day. I have been to 
 various villages, as for instance to Cama, Camuliom, Gamuxiova, and other places, where 
 some of the Indians kill their children that they may not serve the Spaniards. It is 
 asserted as a fact, that the chiefs of Manta possess an emerald of the size of a hen's egg, 
 which they worship as one of their chief deities. This town is situated on the sea-shore, 
 and used to be one of the principal towns along that coast, containing above two thousand 
 inhabitants before the Spaniards went there, but now reduced to fifty. A similar fate has 
 befallen all the towns in that province. One day Lopez d'Aiala asked the chief of that 
 town whether ' He would become a Christian 9 ' The man answered he did not know, but 
 that he (d'Aiala) might do as he liked. He therefore had him christened by the name of 
 Don Diego; yet, for all this, I never saw him look any Spaniard in the face. His vassals 
 are by nature ugly, dirty, unnaturally vicious, and full of every sort of malignity. 
 
 " Generally along this coast, the Indians living near the sea procure good water by 
 digging large wells for the purpose; and when they go from one place to another, each 
 man carries calabashes full of water. But when the Indians of Manta go to Puerto Viejo, 
 fearing lest they might meet some Spaniard who would drink it for them, they prefer going 
 two miles inland, to get a stinking, black, dirty water that rises out of a rock; knowing 
 that the Christians will not drink that water. This country is hot and damp, nor is the 
 sky ever serene. There are a great many deer, pigs, and fowls of a Spanish breed; and 
 here they make better maize-bread than they do in any other part of India. Although 
 some say that it has an advantage over wheaten bread, I cannot agree to like it. A great 
 deal of honey is produced, but acid; nor is the wax very good. There is also a sort of fruit 
 resembling figs, called by the natives papaie, some large and some small, peculiar to this 
 kingdom, for I have never seen them in any other province: the tree is tall and delicate, 
 and the fruit is of a sweetish taste. There is also another sort of small figs, full of 
 prickles, called tonne; but these are found in other districts also, as Nicaragua, Guatimala, 
 and throughout the kingdom of New Spain. 
 
 " The Indians of the province of Puerto Viejo are generally subject to a disease called 
 terugue ; it assails the face and some other parts of the body ; the pustules are generally 
 of the size of a walnut. I have had my share of them. They give no pain, but are ugly, 
 and full of blood. There is no remedy but to let them ripen, and then cut them off 
 delicately with a thread. These people paint their faces. They make holes in their 
 nostrils, lips, ears, and cheeks, and then put jewels into them on feast-days. Their usual 
 dress is a shirt without sleeves. Some go quite naked, and occasionally they dye 
 (tingono) the entire body black. 
 
 " All along this coast the Indians are great fishermen. The boats they use are a kind 
 of raft, both for fishing or navigating, consisting of three, five, seven, nine, or even eleven 
 very slender timbers, forming a sort of hand (a modo d>una mono), with the longest in the 
 middle. They are made of various lengths, and thus they carry sails according to their 
 size; and a proportionate number of rowers. When they are becalmed at sea, they throw 
 bread, fruits, and other things overboard as a sacrifice, praying for a fair wind, they being 
 too tired to row any more. 
 
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Savills: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 109 
 
 " Beyond the limits of Puerto Viejo we enter the country of Quancaviliqui, an inferior 
 province of the kingdom of Peru. The first village along the beach is called Golonchi; it 
 is near the Point of St. Selena. I several times saw the head of that tribe ; he might be 
 about sixty years of age, and had truly the air of a chieftain. He was robust in body 
 and very healthy. He used to be drest in a shirt without sleeves, dyed red ; round his 
 neck he wore an ornament of the purest gold, six times double, like large corals ; on his 
 hand he wore a ring, also his ears were pierced and full of jewels and gold ; finally, 
 on his left wrist he wore a certain shining stone like a mirror, said to be a preserver of 
 the sight. At the time that the Spaniards entered that country, a chief governed this 
 province called Baltacho, who was very much respected and had great authority over his 
 vassals ; when people went to visit him he never rose on his feet, except when he saw 
 Colonchie. But no means were ever found to induce this latter cacique to listen to the law 
 of God ; so that one day when I heard his master say to him : ' Colonchie, I insist on thy 
 becoming a Christian,' he answered that on no account would he do so, adding : l Sir, I 
 am now too old to become a Christian : take my children, teach them whatever you please, 
 they may serve you in your own way, but I will not abandon the law of my forefathers.' 
 These people sometimes draw five or six of their upper teeth, and when asked their reason 
 for so doing, they answer, 'That it is for beauty's sake (lof anno per oellezzd)? They wear 
 a small shirt without sleeves, like the natives of Puerto Viejo. From motives of decency 
 they wear a cotton band round their middle, one end of which hangs down behind nearly 
 to the ground, like a horse's tail. The women wear a cloth bound round (un drappo groppito) 
 their waist, and hanging halfway down their legs." — History of the New World, pp. 238-244. 
 
 9 Theodor Wolf, " Geografia y Geologia del Ecuador," pp. 505, 506. Suarez, follow- 
 ing the statements of the early writers, ascribes the departure of the Caras from the coast 
 to the unhealthy climate. Having spent six weeks in Manabi, we hold Wolf's opinion, 
 that the migration was made for other reasons. 
 
 I ° A. F. Bandelier, " Traditions of Precolumbian Landings on the Western Coast of 
 South America" (American Anthropologist, N.S., Vol. 7, No. 2) and "Traditions of Pre- 
 Columbian Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions in Western South America" (American 
 Anthropologist, N.S., Vol. 8, No. 1). 
 
 I I We find in " Belacion de los Primeros Descubrimientos de Francisco Pizarro y 
 Diego de Almagro " an interesting notice about the native vessels of the coast people of 
 Ecuador. It is given by Buiz, who, on Pizarro's second expedition to the western shores 
 of South America, was sent southward to explore the coast. They captured a vessel of 
 the natives, which is described as follows. 
 
 " This vessel, which I say he took, appeared to be of as many as thirty tons ; it was 
 made after the manner and with a keel of canes as thick as posts, bound together by 
 ropes called 'henequen,' which is like flax, and the upper parts of other canes more 
 slender bound with the same ropes, where they placed their persons and the merchandise 
 together, as the hold was with water. It had its spars and masts of very handsome wood, 
 and sails of cotton of the same description, like those of our ships ; and very good fishing- 
 tools of the same henequen mentioned, that is like flax; and for anchors stones after the 
 manner of barber's grinding stones."— Documentos Inkditos para la Eistoria de Espana, Vol. V. 
 Father Cobo also described the larger vessels of this coast. He says, — 
 " The largest balsas used by the Peruvian Indians that live close to the forests, like 
 those of the ports of Payta, Manta, and Guayaquil, are composed of seven or nine or more 
 
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110 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 timbers of palo de balsa in this manner, that they tie them one to the other lengthwise with 
 lianas or ropes, over others crosswise. The one in the middle is longer at the prow than 
 the others, which become smaller in proportion as they recede on the sides. The middle 
 one is longest at the prow, so that at the prow they are like the fingers of an extended 
 hand, whereas at the stern they are equal. On these they build a platform of boards so 
 that the people and cloth that go in it may not get wet from the water entering through 
 the joints of the timbers. They navigate on the sea with sails and oars, and some are so 
 large as easily to accommodate fifty men." — Historia del Nuevo Mundo, Vol. IV, p. 221. 
 
 1 8 Zarates' account of the giants is as follows : — 
 
 "CAPITULO V 
 
 "De los Veneros de Pez que hay en la Punta de Santa Elena, y delos Oigantes que alU hubo 
 
 " Oerca desta provincia, en una punta que los espanoles llamaron de Santa Elena, que 
 se mete en la mar, hay ciertos veneros donde mana un betun que paresce pez o alquitran, 
 y suple por ellos. Junto a esta punta, dicen los indios de la tierra que habitaron unos 
 gigantes, cuya estatura era tan grande coino cuatro estados de un hombre mediano. No 
 declaran de que parte vinieron ; mantenianse de las mesmas viandas de los indios, espe- 
 cialmente pescado, porque eran grandes Pescadores ; a lo cual iban en balsas, cada uno en 
 la suya, porque no podian llevar mas, con navegar tres caballos en una balsa ; apeaban la 
 mar en dos brazas y media ; holgaban mucho de topar tiburones o buf eos, o otros peces 
 muy grandes, porque tenian mas que comer ; comia cada uno mas que treinta indios ; 
 andaban desnudos por la dificultad de hacer los vestidos ; eran tan crueles, que sin causa 
 ninguna mataban muchos indios, de quien eran muy temidos. Vieron los espanoles en 
 Puerto Viejo dos figuras de bulto destos gigantes, una de hombre y otra de mujer. Hay 
 memoria entre los indios, descendiendo de padres en hijos, de muchas particularidades 
 destos gigantes, especialmente del fin dellos ; porque dicen que bajo del cielo un mancebo 
 resplandesciente como el sol, y peleo con ellos, tirandoles llamas de fuego, que se metian 
 por las penas donde daban, y hasta hoy estan alii los agujeros senalados ; y asi, se fueron 
 retrayendo a un valle, donde los acabo de matar todos. V con todo esto, nunca se dio 
 entero credito a lo que los indios decian cerca destos gigantes, hasta que siendo teniente 
 de gobernador en Puerto Viejo el capitan Juan de Olmos, natural de Trujillo, en el ano de 
 543, y oyendo todas estas cosas, hizo cavar en aquel valle, donde hallaron tan grandes 
 costillas y otros huesos, que si no parescieran juntas las cabezas, no era creible ser de 
 personas humanas ; y asi, hecha la averiguacion y vistas las sefiales de los rayos en las 
 penas, se tuvo por cierto lo que los indios decian ; y se enviaron a diversas partes del 
 Peru algunos dientes de los que alii se hallaron, que tenia cada uno tres dedos de ancho y 
 cuatro de largo. . . . Tienese por cosa cierta entre los espanoles, vistas estas senales, 
 que por ser, como dicen que era, esta gente muy dados al vicio contra natura, la Justicia 
 divina los quito de la tierra, enviando algun angel para ello, como se hizo en Sodoma y en 
 otras partes ; y asi para esto como para todas las otras antiguedades que en el Peru se 
 saben, se ha de presuponer la dificultad que hay en la averiguacion ; porque los naturales 
 ningun ge"nero de letras ni escritura saben ni usan, ni aim las pinturas, que sirven en lugar 
 de libros en laNueva-Bspana, sino solamente la memoria que se conserva de unos en otros; 
 y las cosas de cuenta se perpetuan por medio de unas cuerdas de algodon, que llaman los 
 indios quippos, denotando los numeros por nudos de diversas hechuras, subiendo por el 
 espacio de la cuerda desde las unidades a decenas, y asi dende arriba, y poniendo la cuerda 
 del color que es la cosa que quieren mostrar; y en cada provincia hay personas que 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 111 
 
 tienen cargo de poner en memoria por estas cuerdas las cosas generates, que llaman quippo 
 camaios ; y asi, se hallan casas pubhcas llenas destas cuerdas, las cuales con gran f acili- 
 dad da a entender el que las tiene a cargo, aunque sean de muchas edades antes del." — 
 Historia del Descubrimiento y Conquista de la Provincia del Peru, pp. 465, 466. 
 
 1 3 Bollaert has the following about the abandonment of the coast region by the 
 Caras, and regarding the giants. 
 
 " Two reasons are given, one to escape from the said-to-be giants of Manta, who, we 
 are told, came to the coasts on floats of rushes; the other that Cara was unhealthy. 
 
 " Tradition adverts to the giants who lived near Manta, 0° 57' S., and Punta Santa 
 Elena, 2° 11' S. ; these killed the men of Cara to obtain possession of their women. 
 Pizarro saw ruins attributed to the giants, also deep wells sunk through rock, and stone 
 statues eight feet high, some naked, others with mitres and priestly insignia. Montesinos 
 (not the best of authorities) says that, under the twelfth Inca, according to his list, giants 
 entered Peru, settling at Punta Santa Elena and other places ; they became very wicked, 
 when the divine wrath annihilated nearly the whole of them. Some fled towards Cuzco, 
 but were met by the Inca, and dispersed at Lima-tambo." — Antiquarian, Ethnological, and 
 Other Researches in New Granada, Hquador, Peru, and Chile, p. 79. 
 
 1 4 Juan y Ulloa, " Kesumen Historico del Origen y Succession de los Incas." — Appendix 
 to Relacion Historica del Viage a la America Meridional, Vol. 1TII, p. li. 
 
 1 6 Huayna Capac reigned from 1487 to 1525, according to Fray Marcos de Mza in his 
 work, "Dos Lineas de los Senores del Cuzco y del Quito," — a work from which Velasco 
 makes copious quotations, and of which the original manuscript appears to be lost. 
 
 i« Cieza de Leon, op. cit., Second Part, pp. 209, 211. Montesinos, in his "Memorias 
 Antiguas Historiales y Politicas del Peru," in the chapters relating to the doings of the 
 Inga Huira Cocha, states that, after the Inca had conquered the inhabitants of the Island 
 of Puna, the victory caused " so much alarm in all the land, because of the reputation for 
 valor of the inhabitants of Puna, that all of the neighboring tribes, especially those of 
 Porto Viejo, sent messengers to the Inca as Son of the Sun. Before, when the Inca sent to 
 the port his ambassadors imploring peace, the people had delayed replying many days, con- 
 sulting with their soothsayers, and saying that they would not admit him as lord. They 
 planned to kill the messenger, who learned of it, and secretly returned, giving an account 
 to the Inca of their mission. The Inca himself finally determined to go to Porto Yiejo. 
 When he arrived there he saw eight balsas, and in them many warriors. Finally he suc- 
 ceeded in conquering the people of Porto Yiejo and the other adjoining provinces. In an 
 island near the province, a governor erected a sumptuous temple, acknowledging the South 
 Sea as a great deity. This island is called to-day the Island of La Plata or of Santa Clara." 
 No other writer refers to Huira Cocha, or, as it is often spelled, Yiracocha, in connection 
 with the coast people. Montesinos is probably mistaken. It should be Huayna Capac. 
 
 i' Juan de Yelasco, " Historia del Eeino de Quito en la America Meridional, Afio de 
 1789," Tomo II, Parte II, p. 14, que contiene la Historia Antigua. 
 
 i s The historical and archeological studies of Archbishop Federico Gonzalez Suarez 
 are the most valuable modern works on Ecuador. In the Bibliography will be found the 
 titles of his more important publications. 
 
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112 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 1 o On this subject consult op. cit., first part of Note 11, and Pedro Pizarro, " Rela- 
 ciones del Descubriiniento y Conquista de los Reynos del Peru," published in Yol. V of the 
 " Coleccion de Documentos Ine"ditos para la Historia de Espafla." 
 
 8 ° Antonio de Herrera, "Historia General de los Hechos de los Castellanos en las Islas 
 y Tierra Firme de Mar Oceano." 
 
 81 Pedro Sancho, "Relation de la Conquista del Peru," p. 401. Translated from the 
 Italian (published by Ramusio) by Joaquin Gardia Icazbalceta. 
 
 8 2 Yelasco writes, that the towns of Porto Viejo and Manta were both established in 
 the same year, and gives the date 1534. The date is evidently a misprint for 1535, which 
 he gives in his "Historia Antigua," and is the date which we find in other documents. His 
 statement is as follows. 
 
 " The two towns, Porto Viejo and Manta, were founded in 1534, a short distance from 
 each other. The first, with the name of the city of Manta, was built at the maritime 
 port anciently called Cancebi; the other, with the title of the city of San Gregorio de 
 Porto Viejo, was to the east of Manta near the banks of the river of the same name." — 
 Historia Modema, p. 116. 
 
 8 3 The writer of the " Relacion General de las Poblaciones Espanoles del Peru hecha 
 por el Licenciado Salazar de Villasante," states that, when he was in the city of Porto 
 Viejo (in the year 1566), an irruption of a volcano between El Atacunga and MulahaLS, 
 that is, Cotopaxi, took place, and that " the ashes reached from where he stood to Porto 
 Viejo, and it rained ashes several days, as in Quito, which accumulated on the ground 
 to the height of a finger." He devotes a chapter to Porto Viejo and Manta. From it we 
 take the following notes. At that time the city of Porto Viejo had seventeen houses, 
 a monastery, and the houses of the cabildo. He says, " It was a very hot place, like 
 Guayaquil, it rained very much for six months, which was the winter; which begun in 
 October, and sometimes lasted even eight months. There were really only four months of 
 summer. Porto Viejo is six leagues from the Port of Manta, where all the ships stopped 
 which came from Los Reyes (Lima) on the way to Panama. In Manta there is a church, 
 and near by, at a distance of a shot of a cross-bow, is the town of the Indians, whose 
 primitive name was Jocay." According to this report, " it was the custom of all the 
 Spanish ships of that period to stop here to take ends and fish and also water, which they 
 bought from the Indians. There is a great lacking of water in the summer, and then the 
 Indians drink from some lagoons which remain from the winter and from a well or two 
 which are half a league from the town." He further states that these lagoons were made 
 by hand, and that all the water which the Indians used came from these lagoons and from 
 two wells. 
 
 8 * According to Juan y Ulloa, the town of Monte Cristi was first founded where 
 Manta is now located, and bore this name until it was destroyed by pirates, and the 
 present town established. 
 
 88 The title of this document is, "Relacion de los Indios Tributarios que hay al 
 Presente en Estos Reinos y Provincias del Peru, fecha por Mandado del Senor Marques 
 de CaSete la Cual se Hizo por Luis de Morales Figueroa, por el Libro de las Tasas 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 113 
 
 de la Vista General y por las Eevistas que despues se han Hecho de Algunas Kegimientos 
 que las han Pedido, y Eazon de las Tributes que Pagan en Cada un Ano a sus Encomen- 
 deros y lo que Nuevamente han de Pagar de Servico A S. M. por el Quinto, Confonue a 
 suEeal Cedula fecha en el Pardo A 1° de Noviembre de 1591, la Cual Dicha Eelacion se 
 Saco por Provincias en Esta Manera." In " Coleccion de Documentos In^ditos de Archivo 
 de Indias," Vol. VI, p. 48, is the following list of towns and the number of Indians paying 
 tribute in the Distrito de Puerto Viejo: Picoacan, 252; Apechinque, 122; Pipay, 106; 
 Apelope, 99; Passao and Patagua, 78; Catarama, 74; Xipexapa baja, 80; Xipexapa alta, 
 61; Tocaguas and Cancabo, 46; Banchal, 42; Pillacagua, 41; La Conchipa and Toal, 40; 
 Pimpaguaci, 33; Indios del Valle, 30; Manta, 29; Calangos, 19; Xamixon and Monte 
 Cristo, 16; Charapoto, 15; Paiquili, 14; Picalanceme, 12; Misbaique, 10; Cupilde, Lebique, 
 and Malagua, 9; Cama, 9; Camilloa, 7. 
 
 s 6 Velasco's original text is : — 
 
 "Manta, grande, pero casi desierto, el cual se dilataba desde la Punta de Santa 
 Elena hasta la ensenada de Charapoto. Este fue a los principios de la era cristiana 
 (segun dije en la Historia natural) el teatro de la espantosa raza de los gigantes. Ellos 
 consumieron en parte, y en parte hicieron retirar a las naciones americanas, que antes de 
 ellos habian poblado aquel pais. Extinquidos los gigantes se volvio a poblar, aunque 
 poco, de las otras razas comunes divididas en nueve tribus, compuestas de los residuos 
 de diversas naciones, las cuales se unieron como en una sola, aunque conservando sus 
 propios nombres de Apichiquies, Cancebis, Charapotoes, Pichotas, Picoasaes, Pichunsis, 
 Manabies, Jarahusas y Jipijapas. Se duda si los Tzapiles eran de este o del siguiente 
 Estado. 
 
 " Cara, mucho mayor, el cual se dilataba desde la ensenada de Charapoto, hasta el cabo 
 de San Francisco, Este fue el primer teatro de la nacion extrangera que se establecio on eL 
 viniendo como los gigantes por el mar. Su principal cabeza 6 Eegulo, llamado Caran, dio 
 el nombre de Cara a la ciudad que fundo sobre la bahia, donde arribo con su gente, por la 
 cual tomo tambien el nombre Bahia de los Caraques. Llegaron estos navegando en 
 grandes balsas, hacia el ano de 700 u 800 de la era cristiana. Establecidos y propagados 
 aqui por bastantes afios, fueron peregrinando a la parte del norte, siguiendo solamente las 
 costas, y poco o nada tierra adentro, hasta que finalmente pasaron a Quito por el rio 
 de Esmeraldas. 
 
 " Despues que dejaron enteramente los paises de Cara, se volvieron a dilatar hasta las 
 costas del mar, las tribus de las otras naciones, que habitabon tierra adentro, las cuales 
 todas se reconocieron despues con el mismo nombre de Caras, que heredaron de los extran- 
 geros. La tribu que en lugar de ellos se establecio en la bahia, y habito en la abandonada 
 ciudad de Cara, tenia la particularidad de comprimir y prolongar las cabezas de los ninos, 
 como los Omaguas del Maranon. Las otras tribus fueron de Apecignes, Caniloas, Chones, 
 Pasaos, Silos, Tosahuas, y Jahuas." — Historia del Beino de Quito en la America Meridional, 
 Alio de 1789, pp. 4, 5. 
 
 8 1 Juan y Ulloa, op. cit., p. M. 
 
 * » See Note 6. 
 
 89 Dorsey, " Archeological Investigations on the Island of La Plata, Ecuador." 
 
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114 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 3 ° Suarez writes as follows : — 
 
 " We think that in remote times there arrived in the Ecuadorian territory immigra- 
 tions of various people, among which there appear to have been the Quiches of Guatemala 
 and the Mayas of Yucatan. The Quiches reached the Gulf of Jambeli ; gaining the coast 
 of Machala, they entered the province of Azuay, and looking for a place well fitted for life, 
 they established themselves in protected valleys. The Mayas did not cross the western 
 cordilleras, and remained on the Island of Puna on the coast of Manabi." — Atlas Arque- 
 ologica Ecuatoriano, Text, p. 20. 
 
 Again, he says, — 
 
 " Among the emigrations to the Ecuadorian coast we find also undoubtedly a Maya 
 colony which was established between Manta and Santa Elena, and on the Island of Puna. 
 The port of Manta, in the tongue of the aborigines, was called Jocay. If we have at 
 present the ancient name in the Spanish orthography, we see that, in the native language 
 of the aborigines of Manta, the first syllable should be aspirated; we then have the 
 equivalent ' ho,' which in the Maya of Yucatan signifies ' entrance ; ' ' cay ' in the same 
 idiom would be < fish.' Thus we have Jocay interpreted as ' entrance of fish,' a very proper 
 expression to designate a seaport like Manta. In the same port of Manta the coast people 
 adored as a god of health a great emerald, which, according to Spanish historians, was 
 called ' Umina.' This name may be the equivalent of the following expression in Maya 
 language: 'Uminhah' is 'the true grandmother of them.' 'Mim,' 'grandmother.' 'Hah,' 
 adjective, which, among other significations, means ' true.' ' TJ,' which is the possessive 
 pronoun, and corresponds to 'his' or 'theirs.' And this signification is in accordance 
 with the history, as we know that to the goddess Umina or Umina were offered small 
 emeralds, saying they were the greatest gift because the deity was the mother or creator 
 of all emeralds. 
 
 "The Charopot6 of to-day was 'Hap6to' in the language of these people. Eecon- 
 structing this word according to Maya, we have 'Ahppotoc,' that is, 'savannah,' 'which 
 rises little by little.' 'Toe' is 'level land' or 'level plain.' 'Ppo' is 'that which rises' or 
 'that which is elevated little by little. ' 'Ah' is an affix which is equivalent to a definite 
 article."— Pp. 38-40. 
 
 " As we are treating of historic investigations we should not pass without considering 
 even the most insignificant circumstances, and our attention is called to the name given 
 to the point where the artesian wells are found near Jipijapa; this site is still called 
 Choconcha. What is the significance of this word 1 To what American language does it 
 pertain ? Clearly we know that it is not Quichua nor Aymara, neither is it Yunga. We 
 give here a conjecture which is not destitute of foundation: Choconcha is a word 
 compounded of three elements ; Chob in the Maya language signifies a vase and also a 
 hole with water; con in the same language means a deep vessel; chaac in Maya, among 
 other various significations, has also that of water; Choconcha may be then, Chob-con- 
 chaac, a word equivalent to ' a hole of deep water in the form of a vessel,' or, ' a deep 
 vessel with water, made in the manner of a hole in the earth.' Chad may be, according to 
 this, Chaac-he, which signifies ' here is water; ' because he is the adverb of place which 
 might be translated by here is. Gandil may be perhaps kaan-hi; hi, demonstrative 
 pronoun, this or that ; Tcacm, adjective which may be translated as manifest or self-evident. 
 This is self-evident. And in fact, in this place, as is found in the upper part of Cordillera 
 the abundance and freshness of the vegetation give unquestionable signs of the presence of 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 115 
 
 water. If our philological interpretations do not go very far astray, then we must give to 
 the famous Mayas of Yucatan the credit for these artesian wells on the coast of Ecuador. 
 "The physical conditions of the soil are similar in Manabi and in Yucatan; here, 
 and there are not more than two rivers, and there we find deep wells for the supply 
 of water." — Historia General de la Republica del Ecuador, Tom. I, pp. 260, 261. 
 
 31 Villavicencio, op. cit. 
 
 32 Suarez, op. cit. 
 
 3 3 See article by Charles Wiener, " The Colorado Indians and the Stone Chairs from 
 the Manabi Eegion " (Eevue d'Ethnographie, Tom. I, pp. 454-458, Fig. 176. Paris, 1882). 
 
 3 4 Suarez gives a very poor illustration of one of the seats of the human figure type 
 in Pig. I A, Lamina XXY, of his " Atlas Arqueologica Ecuatoriano." In the text accom- 
 panying the Atlas, pp. 132-135, he gives a minute description of this seat, as follows : — 
 
 " Stone seat which is one of those which are found in such abundance in the province 
 of Manabi. It appears that the natives not only had them in Cerro de Hojas, but also in 
 their particular habitation. The seat whose figure we present in our plate is not the best 
 nor the most suitable among the many which are still preserved in the towns and 
 provinces of Manabi and Guayaquil, but it is the only one which we have wished to give 
 as an example of these objects. These consist of three parts, which are : the seat, the 
 support, and the base. The seat has an arch of stone, wide and resting, with its ends 
 worked so as to protect the arms ; the borders of this arch are adorned with work in some 
 seats, but in the greater part of these they are plain and without any adornment. 
 
 " The support is the most curious and important part of the seat, as it is always 
 formed by the body of a man, a woman, or an animal lying on its breast, resulting that 
 the seat rests in the middle of the back or on the shoulder ; the legs are drawn together 
 and the arms sometimes are half contracted in front of the breast. . . . The fists are 
 always closed and the head and the face elevated, looking from the front. The animal 
 ordinarily represented in these supports of the seats is a mammal, a feline, which cannot 
 be other than the American tiger. 
 
 " The base of all these seats is a square plate without decoration and any work. As 
 we see, these seats need a back, but this does not leave them without being commodious, 
 and above all, fresh and very well conditioned for the warm climates of the Eastern coast. 
 
 "It is not possible to determine now if the selection of the figure with which the 
 support is carved remains the caprice of the worker, or if they select fixed rules 
 established beforehand by religious beliefs, or by the customs or civil practices of 
 the tribe. Considered under the point of view of art, these seats are the only important 
 remains of the attempts at sculpture and statuary which remain to us from the ancient 
 Ecuadorian nations. Some of these are very rude and imperfect, but others are notable 
 for the correctness of execution; one particularly which we saw, which is still in the same 
 Cerro de Hojas, merits to be called the master work of the aboriginal Ecuadorians. It 
 represents a woman with a crown and the belt of modesty; the parts of the nude body 
 reveal easiness of execution and attentive observation of nature. The material of which 
 these seats are made is a Gres, very hard, and abundant in the mountains of the province 
 of Manabi. 
 
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116 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 " Cerro de Hojas was a very important place in the province, and without any doubt 
 was destined for re-union and religious assemblies of the towns of the district. The land 
 of Manabi is liable to be inundated in winter, and perhaps for this motive the natives 
 hunted elevated points, less inconvenient in the time of the rains. The number of these 
 seats was very considerable; for as we consider the many which have been taken to 
 carry out of the Eepublic to various foreign points, and also the many which have been 
 broken, there still remain a great number of these, such as in the aboriginal church, in the 
 Pueblo of Picoaza, in Jipijapa, and in various other points." 1 
 
 3 6 Bamps's description of the Brussels seats is as follows. 
 
 " Two chairs of very hard stone, although rather porous, known under the name of 
 chairs of the Incas. They have been discovered in the province of Manabi, and were 
 found deeply buried in the ground. The seat and the supporting arms, in form like a 
 large and very short horseshoe with the ends turned up, rests on the back of a crouching 
 Indian; the head is well sculptured in Pig. 2, more defaced in Fig. 1 (Plate 1); the body 
 is only roughly hewn. Fig. 1, height, 0.582 ; width, 0.675 ; depth, 0.27. Fig. 2, height, 
 0.84; width, 0.70; depth, 0.30. 
 
 " The province of Manabi formed part of the ancient kingdom of the Canaris. It is 
 enclosed between the Pacific Ocean and the Cordillera of the Andes, and extends, with a 
 width of ten leagues, between the 1st and the 3d degree of south latitude. The most 
 ancient known population of this region were the Tungas, conquered and driven out 
 by the Incas : they were replaced by the Colorado Indians, who take their name from the 
 red color with which they were in the habit of coating the body. 
 
 " These chairs, of so remarkable a conception, appeared to be a specialty of the native 
 art of the Canaris. M. de Ville has seen several armchairs of stone without back, and of 
 the same sort, at Guayaquil. He has been able to establish an absolute identity in their 
 monumental forms; all, however, do not come from the same spot, but all belong to the 
 same region. That peculiar piece of furniture whose use it is difficult to guess, affirms in 
 an indisputable manner the advanced civilization to which it owes its origin. That which 
 will especially attract the attention of the archeologist is not the oddness of the form, nor 
 the refined taste which it shows, but the characteristics of the artistic sculptures which 
 the work reveals; these characteristics, in fact, are quite different from those which 
 one observes on the Inca monuments, and yet they are in no wise inferior to them." 
 
 3 6 Dr. TJhle gives the following description of the stone seat in Dresden. 
 
 " The chair, worked out of a single stone, consists of a U-formed seat, a human figure 
 crouching on knees and elbows, which bears the seat on its back, and a four-cornered 
 bottom-plate (or base). The seat, broader below, becomes narrower toward the top because 
 of the backward slope of the anterior edge of the sides. The horizontal inner portion of 
 the seat is hollowed out like a trough, as best corresponds to the convex form of the part 
 of the human body concerned. 
 
 "The sides converge above, and have on the upper edge a broad, flat, outward 
 expansion. Since the human form is broader below than at the breast, and a certain 
 
 1 " It appears to us at this point indispensable to make a historical rectification. Sir Charles Wiener says, in his work 
 entitled Peru and Bolivia, that these seats are the work of the Canaris. This is inexact ; the Cafiaris populated the inter- 
 Andean territory of Azuay in the southern part of our Republic, and these seats we find only in the province of Manabi, in 
 the west of Ecuador, in the coast region of the Pacific, where until now no remains have been discovered of the Canaris. 
 Another thing which is worthy of attention is that of the relation of the origin of precedence, which without doubt existed 
 between the Cafiaris and some of the ancient native tribes of Manabi." 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 111 
 
 narrowing of the sides above, together with the side expansion, furnished a better support 
 for the arms, one also recognizes in this last peculiarity of the chair the most suitable 
 provision for the attainment of the greatest comfort of the person sitting therein. 
 Certainly one can sit as comfortably in hardly any other chair as in this one of stone. 
 
 "The seat rests in part on the head of the human figure, in part on a four-cornered 
 piece which joins the seat with the back of the human figure. This last is angular in 
 body, arms, and legs. The four fingers are bent inward at the palm, and, since the hands 
 stand on edge, appear in a row over each other. The thumbs can be recognized lying 
 above them, stretched out toward the front. The well formed head is rounded on the 
 facial side. The body, as a result of its position, appears slightly lower behind. The eyes 
 and mouth are incised, the ears project on the side, the nose is defective. 
 
 " On the forehead is seen the edge of a cap-like covering, with a sharp upper edge, 
 which perhaps extends on to the back part of the head underneath. 
 
 "The dimensions of the chair are as follows: Height, 85 cm.; breadth, 75 cm.; height 
 above ground of the level of the seat at the anterior edge, 55 cm.; inside breadth of seat 
 below, 40 cm., above, 36 cm.; length of seat (from front to back), below ca., 40 cm., above 
 ca., 30 cm. ; height of the sides above the lowest portion of the surface of the seat, 32 cm.; 
 breadth of the flat upper expansion of the sides, 20 cm. ; thickness of the sides, 9-10.5 cm. ; 
 length of the human figure, 39 cm.; breadth, 31 cm.; height, 25 cm.; length of the bottom 
 plate, 28 cm. ; breadth, 45 cm. ; height, 9 cm. (Andesite ?) " 
 
 31 Dr. Hamy has described the seats, collected by Wiener, in the Trocadero, as 
 follows. 
 
 " Plate XXXII represents still two other objects no less characteristic than that 
 which I have just described. 
 
 " Almost all the large museums of Europe possess examples, more or less well pre- 
 served, of these heavy monolithic chairs in stone, discovered in Manabi, and notably in 
 the neighborhood of Manta. 
 
 " The galerie am^ricaine (American gallery) of the Trocadero has received two of 
 these stone chairs, the first from Dr. Alcide Destruges of Guayaquil, who has lately 
 made some archeological researches in different parts of the Eepublic of Ecuador ; the 
 second from Mr. Charles Wiener, who has held for several years the position of French 
 vice-consul at this same port of Guayaquil, and whose extensive journeys across South 
 America have been very fruitful for our ethnographical collections. (Compare Ch. 
 Wiener, 'Les Indiens Colorados et les Sieges de Pierre de la Eegion de Manabi,' 
 Revue d'Ethnographie, Vol. I, pp. 455-458, Fig. 176, Paris, 1882. Mr. Wiener found 
 this chair eleven and a half leagues north of Manta, July 26, 1882.) These two pieces, 
 as all the other monumental pieces of the same character collected in Manabi, have 
 the form of a U whose arms may be of unequal height, the right arm being higher 
 than the left, the difference amounting to 4 cm. in the first chair, and in the second 
 to 6 cm. The difference between the two arms is at the same time a little larger in 
 front than behind, and although in the first case the distance to the top is 0.34 m. 
 behind, it reaches 0.36 m. in front : in the second case the same measurements amount 
 respectively to 0.345 m. and 0.395 m. 
 
 " To conclude, these two chairs are of an exactly similar type, which is, moreover, 
 always reproduced in other similar objects. They differ, indeed, only in the support, 
 which in one case is a man, and in the other a fantastic quadruped rather difiicult to 
 determine. It is perhaps a puma. 
 
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118 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 " The human figure of the chair of the Destruges Collection rests on its elbows and 
 knees, and supports all the weight of the stone U on its shoulders and back. The animal 
 which supports the chair of Mr. Wiener rests on the outward side of the legs ; and the 
 foot, armed with large claws, is folded in toward the breast, but it has a smooth face 
 somewhat distorted, in that the teeth show in a disagreeable manner and the two long 
 pointed ears stand erect. It has a neck-ornament exactly similar to that of the bas-relief 
 of the preceding plate. The paws are shut up, the shoulders carried forward, forming 
 two flat disks at the sides of the head. The elbows touch the knees, forming a sort of 
 X : indeed, arm and leg are poorly indicated, and scarcely detached from the mass. 
 
 " It is on the whole a coarse and rude piece of work, identically the same as is found 
 on all the TJ-shaped stone carvings we know. 
 
 "Mr. Wiener attributes the stone chairs of Manta to what he calls the art of the 
 CaSaris, < whose kings had their residence farther to the south, probably in the neighbor- 
 hood of Cuenca, but whose power certainly extended farther north than Quito, perhaps as 
 far as the domains of the Chibcha peoples in Colombia;' and he supposes that the Colorado 
 Indians are the last descendants of that great race which the Incas subdued shortly before 
 they themselves became the victims of the Spaniards. 
 
 "M. Uhle ('Kultur und Industrie Sudamerikanischer Volker'), who has just made 
 known another chair from Manta of the same kind as that of Destruges, contents himself 
 with giving a minute description of the object, and refrains from formulating any 
 hypothesis. I shall do the same, regarding it as imprudent to risk an ethnographical 
 theory, however little may be ventured, regarding the peoples so little known as those who 
 occupied the space between the Chibchas and the Peruvians." 
 
 3 8 Dr. Hamy writes : — 
 
 " One of the most curious pieces which has been brought to Europe, of the art of 
 these natives, sometimes grouped together by ethnographers under the name of Caras, is 
 assuredly the bas-relief (No. 11,579) which I have caused to be reproduced on the right 
 half of Plate XXXI of this album [Galeria Americaine du Musee d'Ethnographie de 
 Trocadero]. 
 
 " This sculpture, 0.46 m. high and 0.38 1 m. wide, is a simple slab of fine stone only 
 0.056 m. thick, on which some artist of Manabi has represented in very low relief a person 
 seen in a frame according to an architectural motive rather elementary. Above, in the 
 centre, is delineated between the pilasters, which are associated in groups of threes and 
 terminated by unornamented capitals, a semicircular fan composed of nine rays, doubly 
 enframed. On each side, outside the pilasters, are displayed two unequal crosses sur- 
 mounting three or four irregular quadrilaterals. 
 
 " The head of the figure is itself surrounded by a curved ornament, also composed of 
 small squares placed side by side, and terminating horizontally to the right and left. 
 
 "The face is nearly circular; the forehead is low; the eyes are fully marked; the nose 
 is straight and prominent; the upper lip is very high, and the position of the mouth 
 indicated by a slight line. The neck is slender, the body stocky. The arms and the open 
 legs are remarkably angular. The forearm is bent at right angles to the upper arm, and 
 the hands brought back to the level of the shoulders. The thighs are spread apart and 
 the lower legs brought together again, showing the full width of the back of the enormous 
 feet. These are all alike borrowed from the geometrical forms imposed by the process of 
 weaving; and one is led, in comparing this peculiar morphology with that furnished by the 
 
 1 It is widest above, and gradually narrows toward the base. 
 
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SavilU : Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 119 
 
 ancient textiles of Peru, 1 to consider this bas-relief from Manabi as an imitation in stone 
 of the textiles of the Inca period. (See farther on,— Plates XLYm to L, p. 96, and fol- 
 lowing.) 
 
 " One figure carries on its neck a collar with three rows of feathers, which returns 
 to the type of the gorget of certain modern Indians of the Sierra. His girdle, which 
 surrounds the waist, terminates below the pubic in a large fringed disk. Finally he 
 carries in each hand a large-meshed net formed like a sack, with which he threatens 
 two large birds which peck at his feet with a long, very thick bill. 
 
 "To conclude, this Manabi bas-relief seems to correspond very well to some representa- 
 tions of a hunting divinity, more or less comparable to Mixcoatl of the ancient Mexicans." 
 (Cf. Sahagun trad, cit, p. 72.) 
 
 " We quote here what Zarate has to say about Manabi, with the exception of the part 
 relating to the giants, which was given in Sbte 12. 
 
 "La gente que habita debajo de la linea y en las faldas della tienen los gestos ajudia- 
 dos, hablan de papo, andaban tresquilados y sin vestidos, mas que unos pequenos refajos, 
 con que cubrian sus vergiienzas. T las indias si embran y amasan y muelen el pan que 
 en toda aquella provincia se come, que en la lengua de las islas se llama maiz, aunque 
 en la del Peru se llama zara. Los hombres traen unas camisas cortas hasta el ombligo 
 y sus vergiienzas defuera. Hacense las coronas casi a manera de frailes, aunque adelante 
 ni atras no traen ningun cabello, sino a los lados. Pre"cianse de traer muchas joyas de oro 
 en las orejas y en las narices, mayormente esmeraldas, que se hallan solamente en aquel 
 paraje, aunque los indios no han querido mostrar los veneros dellas ; creese que nascen 
 alii, porque se han hallado algunas mezcladas y pegadas con guijarros, que es serLal de 
 cuajarse dellos. Atanse los brazos y piernas con muchas vueltas de cuentas de oro y de 
 plata, y de turquesas menudas, y de contezuelas blancas y coloradas, y caracoles, sin 
 consentir traer a las mujeres ninguna cosa destas. Es tierra muy caliente y enferma, 
 especialmente de unas berrugas muy enconadas que nacen en el rostro y otros miembros, 
 que tienen muy hondas las raices, de peor calidad que las bubas. Tienen en esta 
 provincia las puertas de los templos hacia el oriente, tapadas con unos paramentos de 
 algodon, y en cada templo hay dos ftguras de bulto de cabrones negros, ante las cuales 
 siempre queman lefia de arboles que huelen muy bien, que alii se crian, y en rompiendoles 
 la corteza, distila dellos un licor, cuyo olor trasciende tanto, que da fastidio, y si con <Q 
 untan algun cuerpo muerto y se lo echan por la garganta, jamas se corrompe. Tambien 
 hay en los templos ftguras de grandes sierpes, en que adoran ; y demas de los generales, 
 tenia cada uno otros particulares, segun su trato y oficio, en que adoraban : los Pescadores 
 en figuras de triburones y los cazadores segun la caza que ejercitaban, y asi todos los 
 demas ; y en algunos templos, especialmente en los pueblos que Raman de Pasao, en todos 
 los pilares dellos tenian hombres y nifios, crucincados los cuerpos, 6 los cueros tan bien 
 curados, que no olian mal, y clavadas muchas cabezas de indios, que con cierto cocimiento 
 las consumen, hasta quedar como un pufio. La tierra es muy seca, aunque llueve a 
 
 i One may profitably consult on this interesting question of artistic morphology a good memoir by Mr. William H. 
 Holmes entitled A Study of the Textile Art in its Relation to the Development of Form and Ornament (Extract from 
 the Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1889. 4to). 
 
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120 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 menudo ; es de pocas aguas dulces, que corren, y todos beben de pozos 6 de aguas 
 rebalsadas, que llamau jagueyes; hacen las casas de unas gruesas cafias que alii se crian; 
 el oro que alii nasce es de baja ley ; hay pocas frutas ; navegan la mar con canoas falcadas, 
 que son cavadas en troncos de arboles, y con balsas. Es costa de gran pesqueria y mucbas 
 ballenas. En unos iraeblos desta provincia, que llamaban Caraque ; tenian sobre las 
 puertas de los templos unas figuras de hombres con una vestidura de la mesma hechura de 
 almatica de diacono." — P. 465. 
 
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 Betanzos, Juan de. 
 
 Suma y Narracion de los Incas que los Indios Llameron Capaccuna, que Fueron 
 Senores de la Ciudad del Cuzco y de Todo lo a Ella Subjeto. (Biblioteca Hispano- 
 Ultramarina, Tom. V. Madrid, Marcos Jimenez de la Espada, 1880. 21 -+- 140 p.) 
 
 Bollaert, William. 
 
 Antiquarian, Ethnological, and other Eesearches in New Grenada, Equador, Peru, 
 and Chile. London, 1860. 279 p. 18 plates. (Pages 71-111 are on the archeology 
 and ethnology of Equador, and are illustrated with 2 plates, one of gold objects from 
 Cuenca.) 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
124 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 Bollaert, William. 
 
 On the Ancient or Fossil Pottery found on the Shores of Ecuador. (Memoirs of the 
 Anthropological Society, London, Vol. Ill, pp. 163-166.) 
 
 Bollaert, William (Translator). 
 
 On the Idol Human Head of the Jivaro Indians of Ecuador. By Jose Felix Barriero. 
 (Transactions of the Ethnological Society, London, Vol. II, pp. 112-115.) 
 
 Boussingault, M. 
 
 Viajes Cientificos a los Andes Equatoriales, 6 Colleccion de Memorias sobre Fisica, 
 Quimica e Historia Natural de la Nueva Granada, Ecuador, y Venezuela. Paris, 1849. 
 343 p. 8vo. 
 
 Castellanos, Juan de. 
 
 Elegias de Varones Dlustres de Indias, 2d ed. (Biblioteca de Autores EspafioleB. 
 Madrid, 1850.) 
 
 Cevallos, Pedro Fermin. 
 
 Besumen de la Historia del Ecuador, 2d ed., revised. Guayaquil, 1886-89. 6 vols. 
 
 Chantre y Herrera, Jose. 
 
 Historia de las Misiones de la Compania de Jesus en el Marafion Espafiol, 1637-1767. 
 Madrid, 1901. 
 
 Church, George Earl. 
 
 Ecuador in 1881. (Exec. Doc. No. 69, U. S. Senate 47, in Cong. 2d Sess. 18. Also 
 reprinted in S. A. Journal, London, 1883.) 
 
 Cieza de Leon, Pedro de. 
 
 Segunda Parte de la Cr6nica del Peru que trata del SeQorio de los Incas Tupanquis 
 y de sus Grandes Hechos y Gobernacion. (Biblioteca Hispano-Ultramarina, Tom. V. 
 Madrid, Marcos Jimenez de la Espada, 1880. 22 + 279 p.) 
 
 Cieza de Leon, Pedro de. 
 
 Tercero Libro de las Guerras Civiles del Peru el cual se Llama la Guerra de Quito. 
 (Biblioteca Hispano-Ultramarina, Tom. I. Madrid, Marcos Jimenez de la Espada, 
 1877. cxix (prologue) + 176 (text) + 121 (appendices) p.) 
 
 Cieza de Leon, Pedro de (Clements B. Markham, Translator and Editor, with Notes and an 
 Introduction). 
 The Second Part of the Chronicle of Peru. London, Hakluyt Society, 1883. lx + 
 247 p. 
 
 Cieza de Leon, Pedro de (Clements B. Markham, Translator and Editor, with Notes and an 
 Introduction). 
 The Travels of Pedro de Cieza de Leon, A.D. 1532-50. (Contained in the First Part 
 of his Chronicle of Peru. London, Hakluyt Society, 1864. lvii + 438 p. Map.) 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
Saville: Antiquities o/Manabi, Ecuador 125 
 
 Cobo, Bernabe" (Marcos Jimenez de la Bspada, Editor). 
 
 Historia del Nuevo Mundo. Published by the Sociedad de Bibliofilos Andaluces, 
 Sevilla. Sevilla, 1890-95. 4 vols. 
 
 Collini, Angel. 
 
 Osservazioni Etnograflche sui Givari. (Memorie dell' Aecademia dei Lincei. Roma, 
 1882-83. 25 p.) 
 
 Condamine, Charles Marie de la. 
 
 Journal du Voyage fait par Ordre du Boi a l'Equator; Mesure de trois premiers 
 Degr^s du Meridien dan 1' Austral. Paris, 1751. 2 vols. Map, etc. 
 
 Condamine, Charles Marie de la. 
 
 Eelation Abr6g6e d'un Voyage fait dans l'Interieur de l'Amerique Meridionale. 
 Depuis la Cote" de la Mer au Sud, jusqu'aux Cotes du Bresil et de la Guyane. Avec 
 une Carte du Maragnon, ou de la Riviere des Amazones. Nouvelle Edition, augmented 
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 Godin, des Odonais, contenant la Eelation du Voyage de Madame Godin, son epouse, 
 etc. A Maastricht, 1778. xvi + 379p. 8vo. Plate. Map. 
 
 Cordero, Luis. 
 
 Una Excursion a Gualaquiza en Abril de 1875. Cuenca, 1875. 
 
 Dalton, O. M. 
 
 Ati Ethnographical Collection from Ecuador. Illustrated. (Journal of the Anthro- 
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 Dampier, William. 
 
 A New Voyage round the World, describing particularly the Isthmus of Panama, 
 Several Coasts and Islands in the West Indies, the Isles of Cape Verd, the Passage 
 of Terra del Fuego, the South Sea Coasts of Chili, Peru, and Mexico, etc. London, 
 1679-1709. 3 vols. 8vo. Maps and illustrations. 
 
 Dorsey, George A. 
 
 Archaeological Investigations on the Island of La Plata, Ecuador. (Field-Columbian 
 Museum, Anthropological Series, Vol. II, No. 5, pp. 248-280, plates XLIII-CII, figs. 
 37-48. Chicago, 1901.) 
 
 Flemming, B. 
 
 Wanderungen in Ecuador. Leipzig, 1872. 
 
 Galindo, Enrique Vaca. 
 
 Nanijukima, Religi6n, Usos, y Costumbres de los Salvajes del Oriente del Ecuador. 
 Ambato, 1895. via + 353 p. 
 
 Gerstacker, Friedrich. 
 
 Achtzen Monate in Sud Amerika. Leipzig, 1863. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
126 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 Habel, S. 
 
 The Sculptures of Santa Lucia Cosumawhuapa in Guatemala, with an Account of 
 Travels in Central America and on the Western Coast of South America. Ecuador, 
 pp. 40-55. (Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, Xo. 263. 1878.) 
 
 Hamy, B. T. 
 
 Galerie Am<§ricaine du Mus6e d'Bthnographie de Trocadero. Paris, 1897. 2 parts. 
 50 plates with text descriptions. 
 
 Hamy, B. T. 
 
 Le Tombeau de los tres Molinos, pres Guano (Equateur). Decades Ainericanse 1-2. 
 IV, pp. 27, 28. Paris. Plate. 
 
 Hamy, E. T. 
 
 Nouveaux Eeseignements sur les Indians Jivaros. Decades Americana? 3-4. XXV, 
 pp. 43-58. Paris. 
 
 Hassaurek, F. 
 
 Four Years among Spanish Americans. Cincinnati, v + 401 p. 
 
 Herrera, Antonio de. 
 
 Historia General de los Hechos de los Castellafios en las Islas y Tierre Firme del Mar 
 Oceano, 2d ed. Madrid, 1726-30. 
 
 Herrera, Pablo. 
 
 Apuntes para la Historia de Quito. Quito, 1874. 84 p. 
 
 Heuzey, L. 
 
 Le Tresor de Cuenca (Perou). Gazette de Belles Artes. Paris, 1870. 16 p. 1 fig. 
 
 Holinski, Alexandre. 
 
 L'Equateur, Scenes de la Vie Sud Americaine. Paris, 1861. 
 
 Humboldt, Alexander von (Helen Maria Williams, Translator). 
 
 Eesearches concerning the Institutions and Monuments of the Ancient Inhabitants of 
 America, with Descriptions and Views of some of the most Striking Scenes in the 
 Cordilleras. London, 1814. 2 vols. Illustrated. 
 
 Humboldt, Alexander von. 
 
 Vues des Cordilleras et Monumens des Peuples Indigenes de l'Amerique. 2 vols. 
 Folio. 69 plates. Text. 
 
 Icazbalceta, Joaquin Garcia (Translator). 
 
 Eelacion de la Conquista del Peru, pp. 301-423. By Pedro Sancho. From the 
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 Intercontinental Eailway Commission. 
 
 A Condensed Beport of the Transactions of the Commission and of the Surveys and 
 Explorations of its Engineers in Central and South America, 1891-98, Part I, Vol. I. 
 Washington, 1898. Text, tables, maps, and profiles. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 127 
 
 Intercontinental Bailway Commission. 
 
 Keport of Surveys and Explorations made by Corps No. 2 in Costa Eica, Colombia, 
 and Ecuador, 1881, 1893, Vol. II. Washington, 1896. Text and tables. Portfolio of 
 maps and profiles. 
 
 Jimenez de la Espada, Marcos. 
 
 Description de Palacio del Callo. 2 plates. (Proceedings of tie International 
 Congress of Americanists, Tom. II, pp. 150-165. Madrid, 1881.) 
 
 Jimenez de la Espada, Marcos. 
 
 Yaravies Quitefios. (Proceedings of the International Congress of Americanists, 
 Tom. 11. Madrid, 1881. lxxx p., of which 71 are music of songs and airs collected 
 in the vicinity of Quito, Ecuador.) 
 
 Jimenez de la Espada, Marcos (Editor). 
 
 Historia del Nuevo Mundo. By Bernabe" Cobo. Published by the Sociedad Bibliofilos 
 Andaluces, Sevilla. Sevilla, 1890-95. 4 vols. 
 
 Jimenez de la Espada, Marcos (Editor). 
 
 Memorias Antiguas Historiales y Politicas del Peru. By D. Fernando Montesinos. 
 (Coleccion de Libros Espanoles Baros 6 Curiosos, Tom. 16. Madrid, 1882. xxxii -f- 
 176 p.) 
 
 Jimenez de la Espada, Marcos (Editor). 
 
 Belacion de Antiguedades deste Beyno del Pirfi. By Don Joan de Santacruz 
 Pachacuti Tamqui. (Tres Eelaciones de Antiguedades Peruanas Publicalas el 
 Ministerio de Fomento, pp. 229-328. Madrid, 1879.) 
 
 Jimenez de la Espada, Marcos (Editor). 
 
 Belacion de los Costumbres Antiguas de los Naturales del Piru. (Tres Eelaciones de 
 Antiguedades Peruanas Publicalas el Ministerio de Fomento, pp. 135-227. Madrid, 
 
 1875.) 
 
 Jimenez de la Espada, Marcos (Editor). 
 
 Eelacion del Origen, Descendencia, Politica y Gobierno de los Incas. By Fernando de 
 Santillan. (Tres Eelaciones de Antiguedades Peruanas Publicalas el Ministerio 
 de Fomento, pp. 1-133. Madrid, 1879.) 
 
 Jimenez de la Espada, Marcos (Editor). 
 
 Eelaciones Geograficas de Indias Publicalas el Ministerio de Fomento. Madrid, 
 1881-97. 4 vols. 4to. 
 
 Juan, Jorge, y TJlloa, Antonio de. 
 
 Eelacion Historica del Viage a la America Meridional Hecho de Orden de S. Mag., 
 followed by Eesumen Historico del Origen, y Succession de los Incas, y demas 
 Soberanos del Peru, con Noticias de los Successos mas Notables en el Eeynado de 
 Cada Uno. Madrid, 1748. 4 vols. Maps and plates. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
128 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 Lubbock, John. 
 
 Note on the Macas Indians. Plate, natural size, colored, of shrunken head. (Journal 
 of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. Ill, pp. 29-31. 
 
 1874.) 
 
 Maldonado, P. Paz. 
 
 Informacion sobre los Usos, Eitos, y Costumbres de los Puruhaes. (MS. en Eeal 
 Archivo de Indias en Sevilla.) 
 
 Markham, Clements E. (Translator and Editor). 
 
 A Narrative of the Errors, False Gods, and other Superstitions and Diabolical Bites 
 in which the Indians of the Provinces of Huarochiri lived in Ancient Times. By Dr. 
 Francisco Avila. (Contained in Narratives of the Eites and Laws of the Yncas. 
 London, Hakluyt Society, 1873.) 
 
 Markham, Clements E. (Translator and Editor). 
 
 An Account of the Antiquities of Peru. By Juan de Santa Cruz Pachacuti-yamqui 
 Salcamayhua. (Contained in Narratives of the Eites and Laws of the Yncas. 
 London, Hakluyt Society, 1873.) 
 
 Markham, Clements E. (Translator and Editor). 
 
 An Account of the Fables and Eites of the Yncas. By Christoval de Molina. 
 (Contained in Narratives of the Eites and Laws of the Yncas. London, Hakluyt 
 Society, 1873.) 
 
 Markham, Clements E. (Translator). 
 
 First Part of the Eoyal Commentaries of the Yncas. By Garcilasso de la Vega. 
 London, Hakluyt Society, 1871. 2 vols. Map. 
 
 Markham, Clements E. (Translator and Editor). 
 
 Narrative of the Proceedings of Pedrarias Davila in the Provinces of Tierra Firme or 
 Castilla del Oro, and of the Discovery of the South Sea and the Coasts of Peru and 
 Nicaragua. By Pascual de Andagoya. Hakluyt Society, No. 34. London, 1865. 
 8vo. Map. 
 
 Markham, Clements E. (Translator and Editor). 
 
 Narratives of the Bites and Laws of the Yncas. From the original Spanish manu- 
 scripts. London, Hakluyt Society, 1873. xx + 220 p. 1 plate. 3 text figs. 
 
 Markham, Clements E. (Translator and Editor). 
 
 Eeport. By Polo de Ondegarde. (Contained in Narratives of the Eites and Laws of 
 the Yncas. London, Hakluyt Society, 1873.) 
 
 Markham, Clements E. (Translator and Editor). 
 
 The Second Part of the Chronicle of Peru. By Pedro de Cieza de Leon. London, 
 Hakluyt Society, 1883. lx + 247p. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 129 
 
 Markham, Clements E. (Translator and Editor). 
 
 The Travels of Pedro de Cieza de Leon, A.D. 1532-50. (Contained in the First Part 
 of his Chronicle of Peru. London, Hakluyt Society, 1864. Mi -f- 438 p. Map.) 
 
 Mendoza, Torres de (Editor). 
 
 Description de los Pueblos de la Jurisdicion del Corregimiento de la Villa del Yillar 
 Don Pardo, en la Provincia de los Purguayes. (Coleccion de Documentos Ine"ditos 
 del Archivo de Indias, Tom. IX, pp. 452^=88.) 
 
 Merisalde y Santisteban, Joaquin de. 
 
 Eelacion Historica Politica y Moral de la Ciudad de Cuenca. (Coleccion de Libros 
 que tratan de America Earos 6 Curiosos, Tom. XL Madrid, 1894.) 
 
 Merritt, J. King. 
 
 Eemarks on the Mummied Heads taken from the Jivaro Indians of Ecuador. (Bulletin 
 of the Proceedings of the American Ethnological Society. January-March, 1863, 
 pp. 13-16.) 
 
 Molina, Christoval de (Clements E. Markham, Translator and Editor). 
 
 An Account of the Fables and Eites of the Tncas. (Contained in Xarratives of the 
 Eites and Laws of the Tncas. London, Hakluyt Society, 1873.) 
 
 Montenegro. 
 
 Itinerario para parrocos de Indios. Amberes, 1726. 
 
 Montesinos, D. Fernando (Marcos Jime'nez de la Espada, Editor). 
 
 Memorias Antiguas Historiales y Politicas del Peru. (Coleccion de Libros Espanoles 
 Earos 6 Curiosos, Tom. 16. Madrid, 1882. xxxii + 176 p.) 
 
 Moreno, Maiz. 
 
 Tete d'Indien Jivaro (Peru oriental) conservee momifee par un procede particulier, 
 avec quelques renseignements sur les Jivaros. (Bulletin Societe d'Anthropologie 
 de Paris, Tom. LTI, p. 185. 1862.) 
 
 Myers, H. M. and P. V. X. 
 
 Life and Nature under the Tropics. Xew York, 1871. 8vo. 
 
 Oliva, Anello. 
 
 Historia del Eeino y Provincias del Peru, de sus Incas Eeyes Descubrimiento y 
 
 Conquista por los Espanoles, con otras Singularidades concernientes a la Historia. 
 
 Escrito en 1598, y publicado despues de tres siglos por J. Pazos Varela. Lima, 1895. 
 
 8vo. xxxi + 217 p. 
 Ondegarde, Polo de (Clements E. Markham, Translator and Editor). 
 
 Eeport. (Contained in Xarratives of the Eites and Laws of the Yncas. London, 
 
 Hakluyt Society, 1873.) 
 
 Orbigny, Alcide de. 
 
 L'Homme Americain (de l'Amenque Meridionale) conside're' sous ses Bapports Physi- 
 ologiques et Moraux. 2 vols. 8vo. xxviii + 423 p. ; iv 312 and 4to atlas, 15 plates, 
 and map. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
130 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 Orton, James. 
 
 The Andes and the Amazon ; or, across the Continent of South America. 3d ed., 
 revised. New York, 1871. xxii -f- 645 p. Map and ills. 
 
 Osculati, Gaetano. 
 
 Esplorazione delle Eegione Equatoriali Lunge il Nape ed il flume delle Amazzoni, etc. 
 Milano, 1850. 8vo. 36 p. 
 
 Pachacuti Yamqui, Don Joan de Santacruz (Marcos Jimenez de la Espada, Editor). 
 
 Eelacion de Antiguedades deste Eeyno del Piru. (Tres Eelaciones de Antignedades 
 Peruanas Publicalas el Ministerio de Fomento, pp. 229-328. Madrid, 1879.) 
 
 Pector, D6sire\ 
 
 Notes sur l'Americainisme quelques-une de ses Lacunes en 1900. Ecuador, pp. 110-123. 
 Paris, 1900. 
 
 Phillipi, Eudolfo A. 
 
 Una Cabeza humana adorada como Dios entre los Jivaros (Ecuador). Anales de la 
 TJniversidad de Santiago de Chile. 
 
 Pigorini, L. 
 
 Di alcuni oggetti etnologici dell' Ecuador posseduti del Museo preistorico ed etno- 
 grafico de Eoma. Atti de' Lincei Mem. CI, Ser. 3, Vol. VII, pp. 36-46. 2 plates. 
 
 Pio Montufar y Frasco, Juan. 
 
 Eazon sobre el Estado y Gobernacion Politica y Militar de la Jurisdiccion de Quito 
 en 1754. (Coleccion de Libros que tratan de America Earos 6 Curfosos, Tom. XL 
 Madrid, 1894.) 
 
 Pizarro, Pedro. 
 
 Eelaciones del Descubrimiento y Conquista de los Eeynos del Peru. (Coleccion de 
 Documentos In6ditos para la Historia de Espafia. Tom. V, pp. 201-388. 1842.) 
 
 Prescott, William H. 
 
 History of the Conquest of Peru, with a Preliminary View of the Civilization of the 
 Incas. Philadelphia, 1874. 2 vols. 
 
 Eeiss, W. 
 
 Carta del Dr. W. Eeiss, A.S.E., el Presidente de la Eepublica sobre sus Viajes a las 
 Montafias del sur de la Capital. Quito, 1873. 22 p. 
 
 Eivet, Dr. 
 
 Etude sur los Indiens de la E6gion de Eiobamba. (Journal de la Soci^te" des Amer- 
 icanistes de Paris, N.S., Vol. I, No. 1, pp. 58-80. 1903.) 
 
 Eivet, Dr. 
 
 Le Christianisme et les Indiens de la E^publique de l'Equateur. (L'Anthropologie, 
 Vol. XVII, Nos. 1, 2, pp. 81-101. Paris, 1896. 1 plate, 9 text figs.) 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
Saville: Antiquities of ManaU, Ecuador 131 
 
 Eivet, Dr. 
 
 Los Indiens Colorados. Becit de Voyage et Etude Ethnologique. (Journal Society 
 des Americanistes de Paris, X.S., Vol. II, Xo. 2, pp. 117-208. 1905. 5 plates, 1 fig.) 
 
 Sancho, Pedro (Joaquin Garcia Icazbalceta, Translator). 
 
 Eelacion de la Conquista del Peru, pp. 301-423. From the Italian Mexico. 
 Original text published by Eamusio, Xavegatione et Yiaggi. 
 
 Santillan, Fernando de (Marcos Jimenez de la Espada, Editor). 
 
 Eelacion del Origen, Descendencia, Politica y Gobierno de los Incas. (Tres Eelaci- 
 ones de Antiguedades Peruanas Publicalas el Ministerio de Fomento, pp. 1-133. 
 Madrid, 1879.) 
 
 Seler, Eduard. 
 
 Kotizen iiber die Sprache der Colorados von Ecuador, pp. 3-17. Nachtrag A, Die 
 Verwandten Sprachen der Cayapa und der Colorados von Ecuador, pp. 18-48. Xach- 
 trag B, Die Sprache der Indianer von Esmeraldas, pp. 49-64. (Gesammelte Abhand- 
 lungen zur Amerikanischen Sprach- und Alter- thumskunde, Vol. I. Berlin, 1902.) 
 
 Seler, Eduard. 
 
 Peruanische Alterthumer Insbesondere Alterperuanische Gef asse der Chibcha und der 
 Tolima-und-Cauca-Staume, Goldschmuck, etc. Herausgegeben von der Verwaltung 
 des Koniglichen Museums fur Volkerkunde zu Berlin. Berlin, 1893. Folio, xiv p. 
 64 plates. Plate XL VIII, Ecuador; plates XLIX-LXIV, Colombia. 
 
 Senez6, Vidal. 
 
 Viaje de Vidal Seneze" y Juan Xoetzli por los Bepublicas del Ecuador y del Peru, 
 1876-77. (Bol. Soc. de Geographie Paris. Trimestre 4. 1885.) 
 
 Simson, Alfred. 
 
 Xotes on the Jivaros and Canelos Indians. (Journal of the Anthropological Institute 
 of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. LX, pp. 385-393. 1880.) 
 
 Simson, Alfred. 
 
 Xotes on the Piojes of the Putomayo. (Journal of the Anthropological Institute of 
 Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. VIII, pp. 210-222. 1879.) 
 
 Simson, Alfred. 
 
 Notes on the Zaparos. (Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and 
 Ireland, Vol. VII, pp. 502-510. 1878.) 
 
 Simson, Alfred. 
 
 Travels in the Wilds of Ecuador and the Exploration of the Putomayo Eiver. 
 London, 1877. v + 270 p. Map. 
 
 Simson, Alfred. 
 
 Vocabulary of the Zaparo Language. (Journal of the Anthropological Institute of 
 Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. VIII, pp. 223-227. 1879.) 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
132 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 Stevenson, W. B. 
 
 A Historical and Descriptive Narrative of a Twenty Years' Eesidence in South 
 America. London, 1825. 3 vols. 
 
 Stnbel, Alphons. 
 
 Carta de Dr. A. Stubel, A.S.E., el Presidente de la Eepublica sobre sub Viajes a las 
 MontaSas Chimborazo, Altar, y en especial sobre sus Ascensiones al Tunguragua y 
 Cotapaxi. Quito, 1873. 
 
 Stubel, Alphons. 
 
 Skizzen aus Ecuador. Illustrirter Katalog Ausgestellter Bilder. Berlin, 1886. 4to. 
 xiii + 96 p. 63 ill. 
 
 Stubel, A. y W. Reiss. 
 
 Indianer-typen aus Ecuador und Colombia. Berlin, 1888. Albun 8vo. 1 table, 
 28 plates. 
 
 Stubel, A., W. Eeiss, B. Koppel, y M. Uhle. 
 
 Kultur und Industrie Sudamerikischer Volker. Nach den in Besitze des Museums fur 
 Volkerkunde zu Leipzig Befindlichen Sammlungen. Text und Beschreibung der 
 Tafeln von Max Uhle. Berlin, 1889. 2 vols. Folio. Erster Band, Alte Zeit. 
 Zweiter Band, Neve Zeit. Text and plates. Many plates devoted to the archeology 
 and ethnology of Ecuador and Colombia. 
 
 Suarez, Federico Gonzalez. 
 
 Estudio Historico sobre los Canaris Antiguos Habitantes de la Provincia del Azuay 
 en la Eepublica del Ecuador. Quito, 1878. 8 + 55 p. 5 plates. 
 
 Suarez, Federico Gonzalez. 
 
 Historia General de la Eepublica del Ecuador, and Atlas Arqueologica Ecuatoriano. 
 Quito, 1890-1903. 9 vols. The atlas, published 1892, contains text, xiii -\- 210 p. 
 I-XLIV plates. Plates XI-XIX are of antiquities from the coast. 
 
 Suarez, Federico Gonzalez. 
 
 Investigaciones Arqueoligicas sobre los Aborigenes del Carchi y de Imbabura. Quito. 
 
 Suarez, Federico Gonzalez. 
 
 Prehistoria Ecuatoriana. Ligeras Eeflexiones sobre las Eazas Indigenas que Pobla- 
 ban Antiguamente el Territorio Actual de la Eepublica del Ecuador. Quito, 1904. 
 v + 87 p. 5 plates. 
 
 Terry, Adrian E. 
 
 Travels in the Equatorial Eegion of South America in 1832. Hartford, 1834. 290 p. 
 Plate. 
 
 Yega, Garcilasso de la (Clements E. Markham, Translator). 
 
 First Part of the Eoyal Commentaries of the Yncas. London, Hakluyt Society, 1871. 
 2 vols. Map. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
Saville: Antiquities o/Manabi, Ecuador 133 
 
 Velasco, Juan de. 
 
 Historia del Eeino de Quito en la America Meridional, Ano de 1789. Tom. I, que 
 contiene la Historia Natural. 2 + iii + 231 + 5 p. Quito, 1844. Tom. II, que contiene 
 la Historia Antigua. 2 + iii + 210 + 2 p. Quito, 1841. Tom. Ill, que contiene la 
 Historia Moderna. 2 + vii + 252 + 8 p. Quito, 1842. 
 
 Viaje del Capitan Pedro Texeira Aguas Arriba del Eio de las Amazonas, 1638-39. 
 Madrid, Marcos Jimenez de la Espada, 1889. 131 p. Map. 
 
 Vigne, G. T. 
 
 Travels in Mexico, South America, etc. London, 1863. 2 vols. (Travelled from 
 Guayaquil to Eiobamba, Quito, Popoyan, and direct to Bogota.) 
 
 Villavicencio, Manuel. 
 
 Geografia de la Eepublica del Ecuador. New York, 1858. ix + 505 p. Plates, maps. 
 
 Villavicencio, Manuel. 
 
 Para la Historia del Ecuador. Quito, 1891. 
 
 Vincent, Frank. 
 
 Around and about South America, Twenty Months of Quest and Inquiry. New York, 
 1891. xxiv -+- 473 p. Maps, plans, and illustrations. 
 
 Wagner, Moritz Priedrich. 
 
 Eeisen in Ecuador. Berlin, 1864. 
 
 Whymper, Edward. 
 
 Travels amongst the Great Andes of the Equator. New York, 1894. xxiv -f- 459 p. 
 Maps and illustrations. 
 
 Wiener, Charles. 
 
 Les Indiens Colorados et les Sieges de Pierre de la B6gion de Manabi. 1 fig. (E6vue 
 d'Ethnographie, Vol. I, pp. 454-458. Paris, 1882.) 
 
 Williams, Helen Maria (Translator). - 
 
 Eesearches concerning the Institutions and Monuments of the Ancient Inhabitants of 
 America, with Descriptions and Views of some of the most Striking Scenes in the 
 Cordilleras. By Alexander von Humboldt. London, 1814. 2 vols. Illustrated. 
 
 Wilson, J. S. 
 
 Geological Notes of the Pacific Coast of Ecuador, and on some Evidences of the 
 Antiquity of Man in that Eegion. 1 text illustration, cross-section of Point at 
 Chancama, Esmeraldas. (Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 
 Vol. XXII, Part I, pp. 567-570. 1886.) 
 
 Wolf, Theodor. 
 
 Geografia y Geologia del Ecuador. Leipzig, 1892. xii + 671 p. 12 plates, 2 maps, 
 47 text illustrations. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
134 Contributions to South American Archeology 
 
 Wolf, Theodor. 
 
 Hieroglyphische Steininschrift aus Ecuador. 2 figures of pictographs on rocks near 
 Bio Caluguru near Santa Bosa, cordillera of Chilla. (Verhandlungen der Berliner 
 Gesellschaft fur Ethnologie, pp. 222, 223. 1880.) 
 
 Wolf, Theodor. 
 
 Viajes Cientificos por la Eepublica del Ecuador, Tom. I (Eelacion de un Viaje 
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 Guayaquil, 1879. iv -f 59 p. 
 
 Wolf, Theodor. 
 
 Viajes Cientificos por la Eepublica del Ecuador, Tom. II (Eelacion de un Viaje 
 Geognostico por la Provineia del Azuay con una Carta Geografica y otra Geologica). 
 Guayaquil. 78 p. 
 
 Wolf, Theodor. 
 
 Viajes Cientificos por la Eepublica del Ecuador, Tom. Ill (Memoria sobre la 
 Geografia y Geologia de la Provincia de Esmeraldas con una Carta Geografica). 
 Guayaquil, 1879. 87 p. 
 
 Zarate, Agustin. 
 
 Historia del Descubrimiento y Conquista de la Provincia del Peru, y de las Guerras y 
 Cosas, Senaladas en Ella, Acaecidas hasta el Vencimiento de Gonzalo Pizarro y de 
 sus Secuaces, que en Ella se Eebelaron contra su Majestad. (Biblioteca de Autores 
 Espanoles. Historiadores Primitivos de Indias. Tom. 2, pp. 459-574. Madrid, 1853.) 
 
 Xerez, Francisco de. 
 
 Verdadera Eelacion de la Conquista del Peru. (Coleccion de Libros que tratan de 
 America Earos 6 Curiosos, Tom. I. Madrid, 1891. 176 p.) 
 
 Andre" Ed. 
 
 L'Amenque Equinoxiale (Colombie-Equateur-Perou) 1875-1876. (Tour du Monde, 
 XXXIV, pp. 1-64; XXXV, pp. 129-224; XXXVII, pp. 97-144; XXXVIII, pp. 273- 
 368 ; XLV, pp. 337-416. Illustrated). 
 
 Bamps, Anatole. 
 
 Les Antiquite's Equatoriennes de Mus6e Eoyal d'Antiquit^s de Bruxelles. (Bull, de 
 la Soci^te" Eoyal de Beige de Geographic, Vol. 12, pp. 121-253. Illustrated). 
 
 Cermak, Kliment. 
 
 Prahistorische Alterthumer von Ecuador in Amerika. (Verhandlungen der Berliner 
 Gesellschaft fur Ethnologie, pp. 470-471, 4 text figures. 1894). 
 
 Flemming, Bernhard. 
 
 Die Quechuas von Ecuador. (Globus, Vol. XXXIII, p. 24. 1878). 
 
 Geoffroy, J. 
 
 De Quito au Para. (Bull, de la Soci^te" de Geographic de Paris, p. 140. 1880-1881). 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 135 
 
 Kollberg, Joseph. 
 
 Nach Ecuador. Eeisebilder. Freiburg, XVIII-550. 1885. Illustrated. 
 
 Markham, Clements K. 
 
 On Quartz-Cutting Instruments of the Ancient Inhabitants of Chanduy, near Guayaquil. 
 (Journal of the Anthropological Society, Vol. II, pp. 57-61. 1864). 
 
 Pigorini, L. 
 
 Di una collezione della republica dell'Equator. (Bol. Soc. Geog. Italiana, XV, 97-102). 
 
 Pigorini, L. 
 
 Di una raccolta etnologica della republica dell'Equator. Eoma, 1881. 
 
 Eivet, Dr. 
 
 Les Indiens de Mallasquer. Etude ethnologique. (Bull, et Mem. de la Soci^te" 
 D' Anthropologic de Paris. 5th Series, Tom. V, pp. 144-152. 1904). 
 
 Eivet, Dr. 
 
 Le " Huicho " des Indiens Colorados. (Bull, et Mem. de la Soci^te" D'Anthropologie 
 de Paris. 5th series, Tom. V, pp. 116-117. 1904). 
 
 Eivet, Dr. 
 
 Cinq Ans D'Etudes Anthropologiques Dans La Eepublique De L'Equateur. 1901-1906. 
 (Journal Soci^te" des Americanistes de Paris, ST. S., Yol. Ill, No. 2, pp. 231-237. 
 1906. Map). 
 
 Eeiss, W. 
 
 Ein Besuch bei den Jivaros-Indianern. (Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft fur Erdkunde. 
 Berlin, 1880, pp. 325-337). 
 
 Wilczynski, H. 
 
 Worterverzeichnisse der Cayapa und der Quichua. (Yerhandlungen der Berliner 
 Gesellschaft fur Ethnologie, Vol. XIX, pp. 597-599. 1887). 
 
 Wilczynski, H. 
 
 Contributions toward a Vocabulary of the Cayapas. (Journal of the Anthropological 
 Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. XVIII, p. 304. 1889). 
 
 Wilson, James S. 
 
 Geological Notes of the Pacific Coast of Ecuador, and on Some Evidences of the 
 Antiquity of Man in that Eegion. (Geological and Natural History Eepertory, Vol I, 
 pp. 345-. 1865-1867). 
 
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 Plate XXXVIII. 
 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuadc 
 
 Plate XXXIX. 
 
 
 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador. 
 
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 Plate LI. 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuadc 
 
 Plate LII. 
 
 10 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador. 
 
 Plate Lin. 
 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador. 
 
 Plate LIV. 
 
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Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador. 
 
 Plate LV. 
 
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