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 THE GIFT OF 
 
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 44i-<?..7-.3..- --- - - 2 i\.\x\ li-p. 
 
THOMAS LINN, M.D. 
 
 'pie (^mate 
 
 * 
 
 -^ of I^ce 
 
 and — 
 
 ^e I^iera 
 
 ■*■ 
 
 3"'^ EDITION 
 
 NICE 
 
 PRINTED BY ROBAUDI BROS. 
 
 2pj Rue Pastorelli. 
 1897 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31 924031 26201 1 
 
WUk th& <i^utAor's 0ompUmcni9. 
 
THE 
 
 ^imate of Jy^ce 
 
 anc 
 
 Xh RLvi 
 
 iviera: 
 
 (including hygienic rules for invalids, with the necessary 
 
 precautions to be taken to obtain the most benefit 
 
 from the climate of the south "of france, 
 
 and notes on the advantages of 
 
 wintering there v.s. italy & egypt.) 
 
 BY 
 
 DR. THOMAS LINN, 
 
 . Doctor of Medicine, Faculty of 'Paris ; 
 
 Doctor of Meditine and Surgery, University, Of New York ;' 
 
 Fellow of the Nezu York Academy of Medicine. 
 
 Member of the Bristish VvCedical Association, 
 Member of the Continental Anglo-American Medical Society, 
 
 Membre de la Soclete de Midedne Pratique de Paris, 
 Membre de la Soclete " de Medecine et CUniatohgie de Nice,. 
 &c._, &c., &C. I 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR 
 
 16, AVENUE MASSfiNA NICE 
 
 1897 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 Chapter I. — THE CLIMATE OF NICE. 
 
 Chapter II. — Persons most benefitted by the Climate 
 of the Riviera. 
 
 Chapter III. — The Necessary Precautions to be 
 taken to obtain the most benefit from the climate 
 of the Riviera: 
 
 Chapter IV. — The Climate of Nice V. S. that of 
 the other towns of the Riviera. 
 
 Chapter V. — Egypt and the Riviera compared. 
 
 Chapter VI. — The Climates of Florence, Rome and 
 Naples. 
 
 Chapter VII. — The Advantages of wintering in Nice 
 and the Western Riviera. 
 
THIRD EDITION. 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 ''Fill cat Veritas.) 
 
 •(In preparing another new edition of our little work, 
 first issued in 1890, we have added some new facts 
 and notes made during the past seven years residence 
 
 in Nice.) 
 
 HERE is, perhaps, nothing in. the world 
 quite so sure as our motto : Truth does, 
 ■conquer in all things, and particularly so in 
 scientific facts. It is quite impossible, nowadays, 
 to romance in regard tp anything that has to 
 bear the investigation of the intelligent public 
 
 We hasten to state that our pamphlet is not 
 ■original, but simply useful and practical. 
 
 ■ Hippocrates advised physicians, who had 
 settled to practice in a place, first of all to 
 
VIII 
 
 consider its medical topography, seasons, "winds ^ 
 ■water, climate, &c. 
 
 A number of competent^ men have studied 
 these subjects for more than half a century past 
 in regard to Nice and the Riviera, so that we 
 have only to add our personal experience to 
 give our readers the facts of the case. These are 
 not based on speculation or theory, but on 
 sound investigation and honest research, -which 
 should be the foundation of all science. 
 
 We see every year an entirely new set of in- 
 valids, whoseeh these shores in search of health, 
 and -who are not aware of the essential pre- 
 cautions that must be taken to get the best 
 advantage from this climate. The first duty, 
 (and certainly a most important one), of a phy- 
 sician practising en the Riviera is to give 
 the new ccmer these necessary points, which we 
 find ourselves so constantly repeating that we 
 deem it advisable to print them, as many 
 thousands who ccme south, in delicate health, 
 never hear of these facts ,cr do so too late to be 
 of any practical use to. them. 
 
 It must be constantly kept in mind, that 
 there are cold and wet days in winter in the 
 best of climates. Invalids must be prepared for 
 these difficulties atid dangers, otherwise the 
 change would be of no avail to them, and they 
 
IX 
 
 are apt to fancy that the climate is prejudicial to 
 health; but the truth is that they fail to observe 
 these important precautions and suffer in con- 
 sequence ; whereas we are sure that were they 
 to follow these simple rules, they would pass an 
 agreeable winter away from the frost , snow , cold, 
 and damp of the North, and have every 
 chance of improvement to their health from the 
 dry tonic air of Nice. 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 THE CLIMATE OF NICE. 
 
 , (alpes-maritimes dept.) — FRANCE. 
 
 ICE is 630 miles from Paris, (Lyons 
 Station), on the P. L. M. Railway, 
 140 miles from Marseilles, and 
 about twenty five miles to the Italian frontier 
 on the other side. The new "Rapide" express 
 trains from Paris arrive in 18 hours, 122 frs. 
 first class. 
 
 Nice is in latitude N. 43°4i'39-" and 4055 '22" 
 longitude E. It is situated on the Mediterranean 
 sea, Bate des Anges, at the mouth of the river 
 Paillon, and lies on a plain that is bounded by 
 the limestone summits of the Maritime Alps. 
 It has nearly 100,000 inhabitants, and over 
 60,000 visitors during the winter. It may be 
 
12 — 
 
 called "The Capital City of Winter Health' 
 Resorts", the rest of the places on the Riviera 
 being towns. Cannes with 20,006 population 
 is the next largest, but no comparison is 
 possible. 
 
 Nice has a direct southern exposure, and 
 lies in a circle between the hill of Villefranche, 
 and the promontory called Cap d'Antibes. It is 
 built in a manner to catch all the sun heat 
 possible, while it is surrounded by, and sheltered 
 with three ranges of mountains, and hills, that 
 can be well seen from the platform of the 
 "Chateau", a public garden above the city. 
 
 The nearest range of hills extend from Mont 
 Boron, around to Les Baumeites, St-Philippe, 
 and on to Cimies. The height of these hills 
 varies from 600 to 700 feet. 
 
 The second range^ is from Mont Chauve 
 (2,750 feet) on to the Mont des Fourches. The 
 third is the high Northern mountains. Vial, 
 Ferrio7t, and Mille Fourches, varying from 
 4,600 to 6,800. in altitude. 
 
 These topographical advantages of protect- 
 ion, are only one of the many reasons, why 
 Nice has enjoyed such popularity as a winter 
 health resort, since the time of the Romans. 
 
 The soil of Nice is formed of sand, pebbles, 
 and gravel, through which water percolates 
 
— 13 — 
 
 rapidly, and there is no dampness here from 
 earth causes. 
 
 The air is a marine one, its smell, and taste 
 can be detected at a great distance from the 
 sea shore. It contains Iodides, Bromides and 
 Chlorides in notable quantities, as The 
 Mediterranean Sea contains more salts than 
 the Atlantic. It is well known that Maritime 
 climates are always milder than inland ones. 
 
 The rainfall IS 32. 4 inches, the relative 
 humidity, or tension of the water vapor in the 
 air at 2 p.m., is stated at 59'6,and the average, 
 of the hygrometer is 62*9. The heaviest rain- 
 fall is in late September,or early October, and 
 the winter months are drier than the summsr 
 ones. Rainy days in winter, are usually 30 in 
 all, and cloudy ones 40. From October to May, 
 there are 135 sunny days, when London has 
 10 with over 180 rainy ones. From Nov. to 
 March the hygrometrical conditions of the iair 
 at Nice vary very little from sunrise to 
 sunset. 
 
 On the rare occasions when/roj/ occurs, it 
 is inv^ariably at night, and the bright morning 
 sun makes short work of it. Hail is very 
 uncommon, and sleet still less so, while snow is 
 not seen once in seven years, and only for a 
 portion of one day, it does not remain on the 
 
— 14 — 
 
 ground, as it melts almost as soon as it falls. 
 As an exception, we have had snow on a. 
 portion of one day twice during the last five 
 years. Mist is seen on the hill sides at daybreak 
 in winter on some days, but it disappears at 
 at sunrise and real fog is unknov n in Nice, 
 Thunder and lightning are of very rare 
 occurrence, and accidents from this cause are 
 unknown on the Riviera. 
 
 The mean Barometric pressure is 761 m.m. 
 or 29-95 inches. The -minds are modified by^ 
 the protecting mountains from the north, and 
 east, and as a rule these are moderate, but we 
 have the strong wind called the Mistral, which 
 is felt about nine times in the year, and blows 
 a great deal at night. This wind has been 
 called the plague of Provence, but here, on the 
 coast, it iS' a north-north-west wind, warm in 
 the autumn and cold when the snow is on the 
 Estecels. The peasants call it, however, the 
 "good wind" as they believe that it blows, 
 away much that may do harm to them. The 
 Sirocco is the south or south-south-east wind, 
 which comes across from the African deserts,, 
 and it is rare in Nice. The cold North-East or 
 Italian wind, coming down through the unpro- 
 tected rift in the mountain chain, is a very 
 disagreeable one, but it does not blow more 
 than five times in the winter. 
 
— 15 
 
 As to the Temperature in Nice the meaii- 
 
 is 5o'3- 
 
 In the middle of the day the temperature 
 never goes below five degrees above freezing: 
 point in the coldest day in winter, afid in the 
 sun it is from 40'^ to 60" degrees higher than in 
 the shade. 
 
 The following table shows the results of ten- 
 years observation between London and Nice .- 
 
 
 NICE 
 
 LONDON 
 
 November 
 
 ... 53'6... 
 
 . ... 42'6 
 
 Decembei". . . . 
 
 .. 48'5... 
 
 39'o 
 
 January 
 
 February 
 
 .... 47' ... 
 
 38'8 
 
 ... 46' . . . 
 
 .. .. 40' 
 
 March 
 
 ... SI'S... 
 
 .. .. 41'1 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 . ... 58' ... 
 
 48'8 
 
 .. 63' ... 
 
 ... . 52' 
 
 These climatic statements can only vary as- 
 they do everywhere and must be general in 
 each climate. It is only trained minds that can 
 deduct anything of value from them. Tempe- 
 rature statistics, in particular, are mostly bewil- 
 dering to many people by their apparent con- 
 tradictions. Latitude seems to mean nothing, 
 for Nice is in the same latitude as Portland, 
 Maine, one of the coldest places in North 
 America; ' 
 
 For those who do not care to be troubled- 
 
— 16 — 
 
 with tables and figures we give a monthly 
 summary of the winter at Nice. 
 
 October. — The temperature in Nice now 
 ranges from 74° to 78° and the rainfall in this 
 month is often very heavy. The regular resit 
 dent visitors return this month, but the 
 proportion of heat to dampness is sometimes 
 great, and the mosquitoes are rampant. The 
 trees grow greener and even bloom again like 
 a second spring. 
 
 November. — This is a mild month, 70° to 
 75°. It may be a little rainy in the early days, 
 but the hygrometric mean is much less now 
 and the mosquitoes are leaving. The nights are 
 pleasant and cool. 
 
 December. — The temperature now is 55° to 
 (>6° and this month is often the finest of the 
 winter ones. There is very little wind, and the 
 average cloudless days are 19 to 25. Christmas 
 comes as a fine sunny warm day as much 
 unlike the North as possible, while the ever- 
 green trees and plants at Nice make it still 
 more so. The temperature never falls below 
 39° and then only in the early morning. From 
 10 to 3 is almost always bright sunshine. The 
 violet makes its appearance about Christmas 
 with the orchid and the purple anemone. 
 
 J-anuary. '— The temperature varies now 
 
— 17 — 
 
 from 48° to 55° aad the fine weather will some- 
 times continue in this month, but at sunrise 
 the temperature will be as low as 27° to 28° F., 
 and a slight frost may be seen ; rain also may 
 occur for parts of five to six days, off and on, 
 and periods of three days of a cold rain come 
 ■once in three years. When the sun is out, 
 the weather is really warm and violets are 
 abundant now. 
 
 February. — We now come to the least 
 agreeable month, when we are liable to have 
 sudden changes of temperature, and yet some 
 years the weather is magnificent, still the first 
 half of this month is, as a rule, the coldest part 
 of our winter season. Then after the fifteenth 
 we get the cold "March" winds of the north; 
 the days will then be fine and cloudless, but 
 subject to sudden changes, and the utmost care 
 is required up to the twentieth of this month 
 ■when spring appears. The crocuses, primroses 
 and blue hepaties are now plentiful as well as 
 the anaemonies and other flowers. The month 
 in fact is cold at the first half, and warm and 
 pleasant at the end. 
 
 March. — Temperature is now 55° to 65° 
 again, and the first few days are windy, but not 
 so bad as the last month, and March is never 
 the variable month of the Northern spring ; fine 
 
cloudless days often continue through it, and 
 the hillsides are now full of the fragrant thyme 
 and lavender. 
 
 April. — Is one of the pleasantest months of 
 the year at Nice, all nature is now awake, and 
 the buds blossom in the hot sun while the air 
 is full of the perfume of flowers, convolvoli, 
 gladioli, &c., and the temperature is 60° to 70°. 
 May. — This delightful month is a warm 
 one, the orange and lemon trees are in full 
 fruit, and abundant, while every one is making, 
 plans for the return home to the north. 
 
 The sanitary condition of Nice is now the 
 best on the Riviera and Southern Europe, and 
 indeed equals that of anywhere else. The con- 
 struction of a very elaborate drainage sewer 
 system upon a proper hygienic method was 
 commenced in 1891, after the deliberations of 
 a special hygienic commission named by the 
 Mayor of Nice ; we had the honor of forming 
 part of this commission. The work has been 
 and is carried out by the city's own engineer. 
 The city was divided into sections, one being. 
 taken at a time, and perfectly repaired and 
 renovated as to form and level, the form taking 
 the best English one ; the average fall is three 
 to six in a thousand, all sink and surface water 
 is taken away and proper syphon culverts have 
 
— 19 — 
 
 been placed at every corner while the whole of 
 the drainage is carried to sea in pipes that 
 extend eighty to one hundred feet out. This 
 is to be replaced next year by two more lai;ge 
 new collecting sewers that will remove the 
 sewage far from the city out to a point below 
 the Var, and still another dealing with the 
 older portion of the town to a headland to the 
 east of the city. Here the great Mediterranean 
 sea, with its masses of miles of salt water, can 
 easily purify the sewage of Nice, which cojnes 
 to it washed down by the 30 to 40,000 tons of 
 fresh water coming from the automatic flush out 
 reservoirs that are now placed along the line o£ 
 the newly arranged sewers at convenient 
 distances. The mortality of Nice has been 
 wonderfully lowered in the late years that have 
 seen these improvements. Only afew years ago, 
 in summertime, Nice would have epidemics of 
 a form oE malarial fever, but the last three 
 summers none has been seen and the death 
 rate has fallen below that of cities of the size 
 of Nice elsewhere. A total expenditure of 
 nearly eight millions francs is proposed, and 
 already partly used, in the new sanitary 
 works. Nice is to-day better than any part of 
 south Europe and in a very short time will 
 compare its drainage with any part of the 
 world. 
 
The water supply of Nice is of two sorts. 
 The automatic flush outs we have spoken of 
 are furnished with Vesubie river water, and 
 the same is used for sprinkling the streets 
 and for gardening purposes. This river is 
 tapped up the mountains and brought to the 
 City, and the old river Paillon water is not 
 used at all now. The drinking water is quite 
 a different matter, it is taken from pure moun- 
 tain springs and sent into the city in complete- 
 ly closed conduits. It is mostly from the large 
 St-Thecle springs and the supply is immense ; 
 three millions gallons are given, but the city 
 cannot use half this quantity. The two water 
 services are provided for, and the water com- 
 pany is under bonds of 100,000 francs not to 
 substitute one for the other. The water for 
 drinking is therefore perfectly pure although 
 it is a little ' 'hard" coming from the limestone 
 rocks; this is good for children, but adults with 
 weak kidneys should consult their physician 
 as to using it too freely. 
 
 Nice has several distinct climatic zones ; 
 first the Marine, by the sea. Next the Plain or 
 valley. Then the Hills, as Mont Boron and 
 Cimiez, which are quite different, and each 
 of these districts have certain indications. 
 Near the sea the winds are powerful and the 
 
sun's rays strong, and the nervous element 
 predominates ; closer under the hills the cli- 
 mate is warmer, and on the Cimiez portion it 
 is sedative. It is therefore impossible to speak 
 of the climate of Nice as it it was the same 
 everywhere, and care must be taken to settle 
 down in the proper district according to the 
 needs of the patient. 
 
 •H- 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 PERSONS MOST BENEFITED 
 
 BY 
 
 THE CLIMATE OF THE RIVIERA. 
 
 E will give the indications as briefly 
 as possible. First then, the large 
 class needing a climatic change 
 and wishing to avoid the extreme cold of the 
 North. Next Convalescents of - all maladies, 
 then the overworked in mind or body. In 
 ■children the scrofulous and tubercular do well 
 here ; then comes the great class of respiratory 
 <liseases, and here the influence of sunlight 
 -which gives vitality to the dry tonic air and 
 favors respiration, and the dry sea air, which 
 has always been considered "pectoral", direct- 
 
— 24 — 
 
 ed the attention of physicians for ages to this 
 climate, and brings to-day the larger portion 
 of our patients, who suffer from bronchial and 
 asthmatic troubles. 
 
 The failure of the new modern treatments 
 for such diseases proves again that the oldest 
 and best one is the residence in a mild dry 
 climate for all "those who have profuse secret- 
 ions from the mucous membranes. It is her'e 
 only that such -cases are treated with benefit. 
 As to Phthisis, the passive sort and those 
 who are afraid of dry cold do mend in the 
 warmer portions of each Rivierian resort. The 
 good effects on chronic catarrhs of the Nose,. 
 and Pharynx and Larynx diseases are certain 
 and sure'. Next in importance we may place 
 the feeble subjects whether from age or faulty 
 constitution, and Nice has been truly called 
 the " providence of the aged and weak". 
 Healthy old people find that they can keep 
 up the body heat in the south by the 
 reaction of the dry stimulating air. We are 
 convinced that many of those we have seen 
 have prolonged their lives by wintering on 
 the Riviera. 
 
 The dry tonic air also acts upon the digest- 
 ive organs, and the" dyspeptics get an appetite 
 here, and are able to assimilate food better 
 
— 25 — 
 
 than they can in the North. The action of the 
 light air on Liver and Spleen Patients is 
 well known as they can take proper exercise 
 here, while the effect of the light and sun on 
 hypochondrical, melancholic and anaemic, as 
 well as chlorotic patients, is certainly very 
 important to them inasmuch as the fact is 
 that the sun gives life and colour to plants as 
 well as to human beings. Chronic Brights 
 Disease, Diabetes, skin diseases, as well as 
 calculous affections are also relieved, because 
 the functions of the skin being better performed 
 in the South in winter, the work of the 
 other organs is eased up. 
 
 Women's complaints are vastly improved 
 (dysmenorrhoea, &c.) as the menstrual functions 
 is active in the South. 
 
 Paralysis, rheumatism, sciatica, and gout 
 are ameliorated constantly and most of the 
 heart diseases. 
 
 In one word, all chronic maladies are bene- 
 fitted bv the climate of Nice. 
 
 •»• 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE 
 
 NECESSARY PRECAUTIONS 
 
 TO THE TAKEN 
 
 TO OBTAIN THE MOST BENEFIT FROM 
 
 THE CLIMATE OF THE RIVIERA. 
 
 One must study the "weather to live long, 
 and take certain precautions to get full 
 benefit from climate. 
 
 Dr. Linn. 
 
 PRECAUTIONSr 
 I. 
 
 11 Invalids should go indoors before 
 the sun sets, and not go out before 
 
 it rises. — The diurnal temperature 
 
 of Nice is uniform, and not liable to much 
 variation, but at sunset tha fall of temperature 
 is most rapid, tha drop being often several 
 degrees, and this is accompanied by an 
 abundant - fall of dew. This decline begins 
 in winter as early as 3 p.m. These sudden 
 
changes of temperature are more to be feared 
 than steady severe weather. It is of course 
 essential that invalids should not go out 
 before ^sunrise. From ten to three should be 
 the time for outdoors in December, January, 
 and February. In March these hours can be 
 slightly extended. 
 
 iThe general rule should be, however, to be 
 indoors one hour before smiset. 
 
 The dew rises in the evening, and after 8 
 P.M. those who can bear the night air may go 
 out again. 
 
 II. 
 
 When going from the sun into the shade put 
 on additional covering. — It must be admit- 
 ted that the difference of temperature between 
 the sun and the shade is considerable in the 
 South. It will be noticed that the natives at 
 all times carry with them a handy cloak to 
 throw over their shoulders and a silk hand- 
 kerchief for their necks. These are above all 
 necessary when driving alo g some of the 
 roads where a deep shadow is cast over them 
 by the mountains for a certain distance, and 
 . also when one requires to sit down or stand 
 some time in conversation. 
 
 It should be remarked that this difference 
 
— 29 — 
 
 of temperature is not only on account of the 
 change from sun -to shade, but also because of 
 the unusual freshness of the air in this climate. 
 Evaporation from the skin takes place 
 rapidly in this dry air and causes a feeling of 
 coldness more than the degree of temperature 
 warrants. 
 
 III. 
 
 It is necessary to carry a sun umbrella. — 
 
 Many persons on arrival in Nice rush out 
 at once into the full blaze of sunshine, even 
 at noon, without any protection from its rays, 
 and often with thsir hsavy winter overcoats 
 on, and high hats, &c. 
 
 They are apt to say : " Why, doctor, we 
 came here to seek the sun, and we mean to 
 get the full benefit of its health-giving beams." 
 That is possible, but, like all good things, the 
 sun must be enjoyed in moderation, and with 
 proper precautions, because exposure to it, 
 without care, often results in congestion of the 
 head, or even sunstroke. 
 
 IV. 
 
 It is advisable to wear smoked eyeglasses 
 wben in the bright sunshine. — The glare of the 
 white houses and the roads, as well as the sea, 
 
— 30 — 
 
 is perhaps only a slight discomfort, but it 
 wearies the eyes and tends also to congestion. 
 It will, therefore, he well not to neglect any 
 thing, and adopt this precaution, which gives 
 great relief to eye strain. 
 
 It may be mentioned here that this very 
 excess of light has a wonderful curative action 
 in certain diseases (Anaemia, chlorosis &c.) 
 
 V. 
 
 One should not overdress nor walk too fast, 
 
 — It is important not to weai the extra heavy 
 winter clothes of the North here, unless when 
 driving ; furs are rarely needed. 
 
 The clothing used should be warm, but 
 rather light, while the texture should be 
 woollen when possible. Flannel is best as under- 
 clothing for invalids, and woollen garments 
 are the best for use for both sexes ; they need 
 not be heavy, (for feeling cold is not catching 
 cold by any means), and light clothing is best 
 for walking, but one must not go too fast and 
 get overwarm. We need hardly add that it 
 would be imprudent to sit down, after walking 
 fast. 
 
 VI. 
 
 When entering the house do not remove your 
 
— 31 — 
 
 outer coverings at once. — We consider 
 this precaution so important, that we put it 
 separately. It is simply to prevent the radia- 
 tion of heat too fast, from the body. 
 
 Most of us, on entering the house, remove 
 our hats and outer coats at once, but it is 
 advisable for invalids to keep them on for a 
 short time. 
 
 We may mention here that it is wise not to 
 lay aside warm clothing too soon in the spring. 
 This old and well-known rule is as true here 
 as elsewhere. 
 
 VII. 
 
 Invalids should insist on having a room 
 facing the south. — The rooms occupied by deli- 
 cate persons must be au niidi. There is nothing 
 so apparent, or felt so strongly, as the differ- 
 ence experienced in the impression of weak- 
 ened people when they are in a south room, 
 in this climate, and when they are in a north 
 one. This even if the temperature be the same 
 in both rooms. The radiation of heat from our 
 bodies here acts no matter what the ambient 
 temperature may be. It is something like the 
 feeling produced by a damp room, where, no 
 matter how we heat or air it, its influence for 
 evil persists. It is curious the way heat i& 
 
— 32 — 
 
 radiated from the human body, even from the 
 deepest organs, by a sort of force, and in 
 north rooms the disproportion between the 
 real temperature and that felt by ourselves is 
 a result of this radiation, which is the principal 
 <:ause of our catching cold. Invalids should 
 never stay in north rooms. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 See that the sanitary arrangements are good 
 in the house. — A careful choice of residence 
 is essential. Nice has improved very much in 
 late years, and many even of the^older houses 
 have modern sanitary arrangements. The 
 dangers arising, however, from such causes 
 are not well understood nor feared in the 
 South, and we cannot too much warn our 
 readers who propose to take villas, not to do 
 so until the place has been inspected by a 
 •competent sanitary engineer. For hotels and 
 ■pensions, any of the resident physicians can 
 give full information as to their being healthy 
 and suitable for all the various classes of 
 patients. 
 
 IX. 
 
 It is advisable to secure good ventilation of 
 jour rooms. — The most successful of the 
 
— 33 — 
 
 inodern forms of treatment is, without question, 
 the open-air cures. Many physicians believe 
 that we should be night and day exposed to 
 the atmosphere. In any case it is best to have 
 all our rooms well ventilated. Those who have 
 houses, or apartments, can have the upper 
 windows arranged with ventilators, others 
 are advised to have the windows open as 
 much as possible, except at sunset. The curtains 
 may be more or less drawn. In all sleeping- 
 rooms it would be well to see that there is a 
 fire-place, it constitutes an excellent ventilation. 
 
 X. 
 
 The reg'imen must be changed ia the South. 
 
 — The food and drink of the North is not suitable 
 here. Nothing, perhaps, does more harm than 
 the conservatism of the English and Ameri- 
 cans, and for that matter of other nations, 
 who will insist on. taking their ,home habits 
 with them wherever they go. English ale and 
 the heavy meat foods of the North are not 
 suitable in the South; It is a safe rule to 
 conform, in most things, to the habits of the 
 people in the place you live in. There is no 
 use fighting against a change of climate ; it is 
 just as hopaless as planting flowers in a soil 
 that does not suit them. The matter of regimen 
 
— 34 — 
 
 alters, however, with each separate case, and 
 cannot be fully dealt with here ; the suggestion 
 is thrown oiit that if you want to feel well, 
 then suit your habits to the climate ; the diet 
 should not be rich, but full and sustaining. 
 
 XI. 
 
 Doses of medicine are not the same in th& 
 South. — It is a well-known fact that drugs 
 cannot be taken in the same doses here as in 
 the North : while some of them need to be- 
 increased, others must be diminished, so that 
 patients need not be astonished to find their 
 usual medicines not answer so well. In some 
 malarial districts it is really astonishing the- 
 quantity of quinine that can be taken with, 
 impunity ; while iodides here, owing to the 
 air being charged with iodine, can only be 
 taken in small doses. But- in a work intended 
 for the general public only a simple hint can. 
 be thrown out here with the other precautions,. 
 
 XII. 
 
 Do not travelSouth too quickly. — One of the 
 disadvantages of the -splendid new express- 
 trains de luxe is that it makes people take too 
 sudden a change of climate. All strangers need 
 to be acclimatized here, as elsewhere, accord- 
 
— 35 — 
 
 ing to their personal peculiarities and consti- 
 tution. Some suffer by these sudden changes 
 in loss of sleep and appetite ; others get too- 
 great an impulse in their digestion from the 
 tonic air giving them an unaccustomed zest 
 for food, and they over-eat. Again, others get 
 a considerable increase in their catarrhal 
 troubles for a time, of some disorder of the 
 nervous system. So that a slower trip South, 
 is advisable for invalids. This precaution is 
 not so important perhaps as the others, as 
 care in eating and a few days' quiet rest in. 
 the hotel will obviate the inconveniences of a. 
 rapid change when necessary. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 Do not put off coming' South until too lat& 
 in the year. — It is useless to come to Nice, as 
 the gay world does, in January, and expect to- 
 derive much benefit from the climate. If a 
 tendency to any disease is to be checked, or a 
 real complaint cured, the early cold days of 
 the North must be avoided. 
 
 Before the equinoctial gales of October 
 commence, and the winter is approaching, the 
 invalid must leave the North. It is the first 
 cold that does all the mischief, and makes it 
 so very difficult to eradicate the harm done for 
 
, ' - 36 - 
 
 the rest of the winter; therefore the best 
 advantage is to bs obtained only by coining 
 early. 
 
 The late' D^ Bennett said '-' The invalid 
 " should reach the south before the end of 
 " October. After the rains, with their un- 
 " healthy moisture, and heat are over, and when 
 " the nights are cool enough to have taken 
 " the power of injury out of the mosquitoes, 
 " this is the proper time to come to the 
 " Riviera." 
 
 XIV. 
 
 Do not hurry away from the South too soon 
 in the spring. — Every winter leaves behind it 
 evident marks of disease and death, proving 
 the close relationship between jnan .and his 
 environment, the atmospheric temperature. We 
 have spoken of the effects of mere cold, but 
 now refer to the slight chills of spring. These 
 petty troubles are often of unaccountable origin, 
 and are often owerlooked by patients, but 
 they are dangerous, and should be guarded 
 against. The feeble young and time-stiffened 
 aged find great difficulty in passing safely 
 through the rapid alternations of the spring 
 in the North. We therefore cannot too much 
 ^irge on invalids greater care then ; and, in 
 
— 37 - 
 
 place of leaving for the North or for Italy in 
 March, we should advise their staying on here 
 until the end of April. 
 
 It is well then to have a change and to 
 leave the Riviera for a time, for while invalids 
 derive benefit from a stay in a climate of this 
 sort, there is a less resistance to cold in persons 
 who permanently reside here and they no 
 longer have their former natural hardihood to 
 the vicissitudes of the atmosphere of the north, 
 unless they return to it part of the year. 
 
 XV. 
 
 It is not reasonable to expect a complete 
 cure in one season. — It is essentially necessary, 
 to eradicate any chronic trouble, to reside here 
 for several winters in succession. A good Italian 
 proverb says, ' ' Chi va piano va sario, e chi 
 va sano va lotitano." No patient should lose 
 courage or abandon hope, even if there be no 
 magician's wand in his phy-sician's hand to 
 perform miracles : time and patience in this 
 mild, tonic climate will certainly do wonders. 
 There is no fallacy more widely spread, and 
 none less based on reason and experience, 
 than tfee expectation of immediate and rapid 
 cure from change of climate. 
 
 Chronic maladies, which are slow in growth. 
 
- 38- 
 
 ingrafted as it were on the constitution, can 
 only grg.dually be changed — surely, slowly, 
 and safely. 
 
 -X<- 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 THE CLIMATE OF NICE V.S. 
 
 THAT OF THE OTHER TOWNS 
 OF THE RIVIERA. 
 
 HE first question that the newly arrived 
 stranger on the Riviera puts is, 
 which is the best place to stop in 
 here? Nice has been praised to the skies in 
 the most florid language, and abused in the 
 vilest way, by writers who have not lived here 
 and do not understand the climate. We are 
 thoroughly convinced ourselves that there is no 
 such thing as a differential value of the winter 
 resorts in the south of France. It is not possi- 
 ble to believe that there can exist any wonder- 
 ful difference of climate in these few miles of 
 •coast, and after years of experience here, and 
 
- ^o — 
 
 careful meteorological observations in the 
 whole distance, we found that the difference in 
 temperature is imperceptible .The. main climatic 
 characteristics of the Riviera are the same at 
 all the stations, and, as far as essentials are 
 concerned, there is no part of the French 
 Riviera where people may not find all they 
 need as a tonic winter climate. Great delusions- 
 prevail on this subject, and many writers- 
 devote themselves to laudation of their special 
 place, and thus invalidate their statementsv^ 
 There are, as we have said, certain local spotsr 
 in each town accidentally made, sheltered by 
 the protection of a near by hill, or a clump of 
 trees, or again by being in a valley. This 
 exists in Nice just as well as at the other 
 stations and the physicians here, as elsewhere, 
 can point out and indicate to their patients,. 
 (in need of complete shelter), where they can 
 get it in the warmest portions. It is therefore; 
 of paramount importance to persons who intend 
 wintering in the Riviera, not only to select 
 the town, but to find out what part of it is- 
 suitable to them as a residence. It is just as- 
 injudicious to solve this problem by the advice 
 of the inexpert, as it would be to accept drugs- 
 or medical advice from anyone who should 
 choose to proffer it. 
 
— 41 — 
 
 As to the-wimis,- it is well known that miheri 
 it blows at Nice it does so at all the other towns ,- 
 this was proved by one of our Confreres who 
 telegraphed to all the towns, during a mistral,, 
 and found the conditions alike in all of them. 
 
 When it rains all day, it does so in all these 
 Rivierian resorts, as they are close together,, 
 although it is possible to have a local storm, 
 still they are very rare. A slight flurry of 
 snow was seen last year at Cannes and none 
 at Nice, but this is the exception. 
 
 As to the sun it shines alike on all, when 
 it is out, and this is the rule ; but there are 
 exceptions when there will come two or three 
 days of rain, and the 'Unfortunate traveller, 
 who happens to arrive here then, will get the 
 mistaken notion that the cliniate is a bad one 
 on the Riviera. 
 
 In fact the seeker after a perfect climate will 
 be sure to be disappointed everywhere, as 
 perfection does not exist. The year, or the 
 season 1895-6 gave fine weather all the winter 
 in Nice. From Christmas to May there were 
 not five days during which there was rain,_ 
 and there was no snow, frost or cold winds. 
 
 -■«- 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 EGYPT AND THE RIVIERA 
 
 COMPARED. 
 
 LEXANDRiA and the lower damp Delta 
 of Egypt cannot be ranked as a 
 health resort at all, nor can Cairo, 
 {in spite of its fine climate), become one until it 
 rises out of its inertia and gets a drainage 
 system of some kind, that will sanitate the 
 place and improve its death rate which at 
 present is a most extraordinary one, being 
 about equal to Madras, 4^ in 1000. Paris is 
 about 22 and Nice 19. 
 
 In winter too one may spend some very 
 cold miserable damp days in Cairo. Dr Peter- 
 son writing last year says ' ' I experienced 
 " about Christmas last year in Cairo four 
 
- 44 — 
 
 " most uncomfortable cold and rainy days, 
 " and suffered more from it, than I did one 
 ' ' winter month in Florence the year before, 
 " which I had treasured up as one of my 
 " bitterest memories of disillusion of sunny 
 " Italy". 
 
 This difficulty of bridging over the cold and 
 bad days in Egypt is owing to the fact that 
 there are no means of heating of the rooms 
 there, and particularly the halls of the hotels, 
 also because of the insufficiency of rooms 
 with a southern aspect. 
 
 In addition to these disadvantages, Egypt, 
 owing to the great cost of the journey out by 
 sea, and the high expense of living there^^ will 
 always remain the winter resort of the compar- 
 atively rich class of tourists and sight-seers, 
 rather than Invalids. It is to be remarked that 
 people, who go there for a season, do not 
 return, finding that the few degrees difference 
 in heat does not repay them for the trip as 
 the place is so unhealthy. 
 
 This much having been said, we must admit 
 -that the rainy days are only fifteen in number 
 to thirty on the Riviera in winter, and that 
 the mean of the temperature is 57'6, over 
 seven more than Nice. November will give 
 from 65° to 75° temperature, December 56° to 
 
— 45 — 
 
 68°, January almost as much, and Feb. 59° 
 to 69°, and then March comes with the terribly 
 hot and dusty winds called Khamseen or forty 
 days' winds ; April will get up from 70° to 80°. 
 
 The cold and damp days of December can 
 be escaped also by going up the Nile to Luxor, 
 where rain is rare. Itniustnot be supposed that 
 all is warmth on the Nile, and in the deserts, 
 for the nights are piercingly cold,w\n\e the dust 
 and sand storms are most unpleasant, and 
 dangerous to bronchial or throat cases. 
 
 The thermometer in winter will indicate 
 sometimes a variation of 12° F. between morn- 
 ing and noon, but with all these sudden 
 changes it rarely falls- below 39° at any time 
 in Cairo. Fogs prevail during the receding of 
 the waters of the river, but the sun soon 
 dispels them, and snow is unknown ; hail is 
 seen two or three times in the winter, and not 
 more than a day at a time. We have elsewhere 
 described our sensations in Egypt during a two 
 years residence there, and conclude that it 
 can never replace the Riviera, for a great 
 many reasons that we have given. 
 
 In order to give a second opinion we quote 
 from a late author on THE CLIMATE OF 
 EGYPT,hyE. Symes Thompson M. 0.(1896). 
 
 " Of Cairo as a health-resort little is to be 
 
_ 46 - 
 
 said ; at no time in the year is it healthy. 
 In November and December it is damp and 
 steamy, and the water stands in the cellars 
 of the hotels and houses. Medical sanction 
 should be obtained before settling upon a 
 house. Dr. Sandwith and Dr. Murison 
 know all that is known about the Egyptian 
 climate, and may be trusted not to encou- 
 rage anyone to remain in Cairo if evil is 
 likely to accrue. In January and February 
 the weather is changeable, and in March 
 other places are better. It is dusty, full of 
 fleas and mosquitoes, the social activity is 
 excessive, the bustling streets are crowded' 
 with clamouring padlars, donkey-boys, dri- 
 vers, and beggars. There is no rest or peace" 
 for ,the invalid. New-comers need acclima- 
 tisation (and even residents on their return 
 from other places). Influenza, catarrh, and 
 low fevers are prevalent. - 
 " Cairo is not suited to invalids, and every 
 year's experience shows it to be terribly^ 
 harmful to many who are tempted to remain 
 there. The subsoil is always saturated- 
 during tha floods ; much of the residential 
 quarter is built on midden heaps and is 
 percolated with cesspool soakage. New- 
 comers feel the steamy heat much, suffer 
 
— 47 — 
 
 " from neuralgia, and are liable to dengue 
 " fever. The winds are often cold in December 
 " and January, and ths changes of tempera- 
 " ture are sudden and great. It is essential 
 " to be provided with warm wraps. At night 
 " very often the cold is intense. A chill 
 " is more likely to do harm in Egypt than in 
 " England ; it leads to diarrhoea, pneumonia, 
 " or even peritonitis. 
 
 " On comparing the climate of Egypt with 
 " that of the Mediterranean coast, the differ- 
 " ence is found to be mainly due, in the one 
 " case, to the vicinity of the desert, and, in 
 " the other, to that of the sea. There are 
 " disadvantages in each, and it is a question 
 " of relative rather than absolute merit. More 
 " time can be spent in the open air in the 
 " Riviera." 
 
 It is well known that all climates on sea 
 are more constant and regular than those 
 inland. 
 
 In addition to these differences, we _must 
 call attention to the relative humidity of Egypt 
 and the Riviera. Egypt is really one of the 
 damp countries where the morning fog is 
 great and the relative humidity considerable • 
 while the Riviera is a dry climate with a small 
 amount of water vapor in the air. The lower 
 
-48 - 
 
 Delta about Alexandria is noted for its damp- 
 ness. Kid gloves cannot be kept here without 
 spoiling by damp spots. 
 
 If the mean of the temperature be taken, it 
 is higher in Egypt than on the Riviera, but 
 this is owing to the great heat of Egypt at 
 noon, and if the fact be mentioned that early 
 morning and the nights are very cold in 
 Egypt, it will be found that the practical day 
 mean is higher in Nice for instance, where the 
 nights and early mornings are not as cold as 
 in Egypt. These points are of vast importance 
 in judging the climates for the purpose of 
 treatment of invalids. Egypt is a relatively 
 fine but damp climate, while the Riviera is a 
 dry one. 
 
 The season of 1895-6 in Egypt was a very 
 bad climatic one. In January they had as 
 much rain as they often have all the year, 
 •while the winds and other conditions were 
 disagreeable, while the Riviera had a 
 most remarkably fine season, having good 
 weather throughout the whole winter. 
 
 The present cholera in Egypt condemns it 
 also as a health resort. 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 THE CLIMATES 
 
 OF 
 
 FLORENCE, ROME, AND NAPLES. 
 
 ERE it not for the fact that many, 
 people still have an impression that 
 the Italian cities are delightful 
 winter residences for invalids, we should not 
 mention them ; but we must do so to disabuse 
 these persons' minds and to call attention 
 to the dangers of these cities as winter homes 
 for ill people. 
 
 No climates in the world have been so 
 favorably misrepresented as the Italian cities. 
 Poets and novel writers have raved over the 
 "blue skies of Italy", and other writers have 
 made health resorts of Florence, Pisa, Rome 
 
— 50 - 
 
 and Naples that have not the slightest claim 
 to be so. 
 
 FLORENCE. It is hard for those who 
 know this city, as we do, to understand why- 
 invalids were ever recommended to stay in it 
 in winter. It has extremely cold winds of a 
 terrible nature that seem to blow right through 
 one, as they come over the Apennine low hills 
 surrounding the city, at some distance off, 
 they rush with their icy blasts directly through 
 the city cutting one to the bone. The river 
 Arno, on which the city lies, is a muddy 
 stream that at low tide gives forth odors that 
 are far from agreeable or healthy, and the 
 water supply is not good. The old palaces, 
 where most people live, are exceedingly cheer- 
 less with their thick stone walls and deep set 
 windows, that never let in enough light or 
 sunshine to dispel the gloom within. Bron- 
 chial troubles are very common and illness of 
 many other sorts. There is one caution that 
 should not be forgotten to all going there, that 
 is not to over fatigue themselves with excur- 
 sions, and the picture galleries, and churches. 
 Florence is only a possible residence for 
 invalids in the late spring and autumn. 
 
 ROME. The climate here is more equable 
 than that of Florence in winter, and the 
 
— 51 — 
 
 sudden changes are fewer ; but it must be 
 understood that this is not a winter health 
 resort and that the climate is cold and dis- 
 agreeable, while the air is loaded with the miasm 
 of malaria coming from the Pontine marshes 
 of the Campagna di Roma. Much improve- 
 ment has been made, however, as regards this 
 danger, and the sanitation has been improved 
 so that Rome is not now much worse than any 
 of the large Northern cities in winter, but its 
 climate has little to recommend it to invalids. 
 
 The relative humidity is 70 °/o in winter, so 
 that the climate is much more damp than the 
 Riviera ; high winds are prevalent and the 
 mean winter temperature is 44°. 
 
 NAPLES. This great Southern city is the 
 most disappointing one of all the large Italian 
 cities to the health climate seeker in winter, 
 as it is even more unsanitary and unhealthy 
 than the others. The Tramontano or North 
 wind and the Sirocco or South wind are the 
 features, and those who are exposed to these 
 winds are either suddenly cooled or made 
 warm by them with a resulting rapid evapo- 
 ration of the moisture of the skin that is most 
 dangerous to invalids. Then these winds are 
 followed, by rain. November, December and 
 January are very rainy months, giving the 
 
— 52 — 
 
 same average of rain as London. The tempe- 
 rature is by no means low with all this, for it 
 reaches the same mean as the Riviera so that 
 Naples is warmer than Florence and Rome. 
 The sanitation is said to have been improved 
 in late years, but it has always been bad, and, 
 given the habits of the natives, will stand a 
 great deal of reformation. In one word, writing 
 for Invalids as we do, we cannot honestly 
 recommend them to risk themselves in Italy 
 before May in the Spring, or after October 
 in the Autumn. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 THE ADVANTAGES 
 
 OF 
 
 WINTERING IN NICE AND THE RIVIERA. 
 
 a 
 
 T dates back to' ths highest antiquity 
 that after long and patient observ- 
 ation and study, physicians have 
 recommended delicate patients to pass their 
 winters on the Mediterranean coast. Since it 
 has many times been proved, by actual expe- 
 riment, that the western Riviera contains the 
 best winter stations that exist in Europe. We 
 agree with Dr. YeO who says, "That a perfect 
 climate cannot be found," and after a residence 
 of two years in Egypt, and many seasons 
 passed in the most renowned winter climates, 
 we are confident that the thousands of English 
 
— 54 — 
 
 and Americans, who pass their winters on 
 the western Riviera, have the best reasons to 
 believe that they have found the next best 
 to a perfegt climate. 
 
 Between October and May, there are over 
 130 clear cloudless days on the Riviera ; in 
 London during the same time there are about 
 ten, and nearly 200 rainy or cloudy days. 
 There is hardly a single day on which an 
 invalid cannot go out at least for some portion 
 of the day in the South. Besides, one is in 
 touch with the world and civilisation, and 
 within a few hours of the great cities. We well 
 remember with what annoyance we read our 
 six-day-old paper in Egypt during one rainy 
 day with hail and cold wind. To escape the 
 cold and damp of the North is the reason why 
 all these thousands come to the South. Are 
 they right in doing so ? When so large a 
 number of human reasoning beings do a thing, 
 they are always right in doing it, even if for 
 the reason which makes the birds migrate. 
 We are convinced that this intuition is truth. 
 It may be true that the modern theory of 
 micro-organisms having something to do 
 with the cause of pneumonia and kindred 
 diseases are correct ; but certainly the part 
 taken by exposure to cold, and damp, is the 
 
— 55 — 
 
 most important factor in all chest and bron- 
 chial troubles. This all practical physicians 
 know by clinical facts, and this knowledge is 
 worth more than a thousand theories. Even if 
 the microbes are ths seeds of disease, they will 
 not develop on healthy soil, so to speak, the 
 ground must be prepared to receive them. The 
 manner of this preparation in the human 
 frame is well known. We get overheated in a 
 damp, cold climate, and we catch the disease, 
 how ? The mere mechanical effect of the cold 
 contracts the little blood vessels which run 
 just beneath the surface of the skin ; this 
 ■drives the blood away from these parts, and 
 must create a congestion somewhere else — 
 most likely in one of our vital organs, or 
 wherever we have our weak spot, the so-called 
 locus minoris rests t entice , and this point of 
 least resistance is least apt to recover promptly 
 from the congestion produced. The old saying 
 that ' ' warmth is life and cold is death " is 
 true. That cold checks our perspiration, and 
 prevents the carrying off of the injurious, 
 worn out, and poisonous materials from the 
 tody, and throws the work of purification on 
 the internal organs, we all know. The kidneys 
 and lungs may not be in the best condition to 
 perform the skin's function or help it along, 
 and congestion and the maladies follow. 
 
- 56 - 
 
 It is wonderful how quietly we all take 
 dangers that Gome upon us in a familiar form. 
 If an epidemic of cholera arises, and kills off 
 a few hundred people, the world is alarmed and 
 almost a, panic is produced, but severe cold, in 
 London, destroys thousands in a few weeks, 
 and yet nothing is Said. The death rate before 
 the frosty weather is often 19.4 in London, 
 but it rises then to 29.7. In former years,. 
 during the influenza, it fluctuated about 24, 
 Little heed is taken of this warning and lesson, 
 or of the fact that it is perfectly true that the 
 great majority of people who live in cold, 
 damp climates ^^ perish by the lungs. ^^ The 
 direct influence of cold itself per se cannot be 
 denied. It may be that it places individuals in 
 a state of bacillary receptivity, but the part 
 taken by it is the most important one, and 
 it must be admitted that all persons subject to 
 diseases of the respiratory tract give them- 
 selves the best chance of escaping dangerous 
 illness by wintering in the South. 
 
 An advantage to invalids in Nice and the 
 
 Riviera that should be mentioned is, that the 
 
 : rooms here, as well as the beds, are not 
 
 ^occupied but a few months in the year, while 
 
 the carpets and fittings are cleansed and 
 
 .disinfected every season. 
 
— 57 — 
 
 We will now answer an objection to Nice — 
 "that it is a large city and , therefore not 
 suitable to invalids." This is the weakest oJE all 
 possible of the arguments against Nice. It is 
 true that many of the great crowds that flock 
 here in winter do so partly for the climate, but 
 mostly for amusement ; we contend that this 
 last is also an excellent thing for invalids 
 Why should sick people be "cabined, cribbed 
 and confined " in dull villages, where they 
 see no life ? We are certain that it is better for 
 them to be in a large place where they can 
 get every convenience as well as luxuries, and 
 we feel certain that all chronic patients are 
 much better in a lively place, where they can 
 be cheered up by the presence of the world 
 and its gaieties. We do not mean that they 
 should go to balls and take an active part in 
 the Carnival, but we are sure that they can, 
 with great advantage to their health, be 
 " lookers-on " at Nice and its amusements. 
 
 Even those who need complete repose can 
 have it in the environs, and they also are 
 improved by a drive now and then into the 
 bright city, and thus maintain a cheerful tone 
 while avoiding a too monotonous mode of 
 life. These points are highly important adju- 
 vants in effecting an improvement in all 
 disordered states of health. 
 
- 58- 
 
 In conclusion we find that there is some 
 difficulty in making people understand that the 
 south of France, in December, January and 
 February, is not a tropical climate. It is not so, 
 as we have shown, it is simply one in which 
 the cold of the north is tempered, and ren- 
 dered less severe, by the sun. It is always 
 warmer than the north, and has a great num- 
 ber of sunny days when invalids can carry 
 out the great object of climatic treatment, viz., 
 the spending of as much time as possible in 
 the open air. 
 
 It looks cloudy some winter days in Nice, 
 but often clears up by ten o'clock, and certainly 
 in the middle of the day, all the winter, there 
 reigns almost always clear skies, so that there 
 is hardly ever a day when an invalid cannot be 
 out. This is the^reat advantage of wintering 
 in this mild dry climate, where daily exercise 
 in the open air may be had by which muscular, 
 respiratory, digestive and cutaneous systems 
 are maintained in health, whereas invalids 
 in the cold damp climates in the North pass 
 - all the twenty four hours, as a rule in winter, 
 in the clo3e tempe-rature of their rooms. The 
 chance of getting into the open air daily is 
 in fact the blessing that invalids can have in 
 the Riviera, and of which they should not be 
 
— 59 — 
 
 deprived as it welf give them a longer lease 
 upon life. 
 
 We trust that our advice will enable invalids 
 to get the utmost advantage possible from the 
 climate of Nice and the Riviera. 
 
 Thomas LINN. M.D. 
 
 Nice, France, 
 1897 
 
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