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[ 23 j 
 
 II. A List of the Birds known to inhabit the Island of Celebes. By Akthuk, 
 Viscount Walden, F.B.S., President of the Society. 
 
 Bead May 2nd, 1871. 
 
 [Plates III. to X.] 
 
 SITUATED in the midst of the vast collection of islands which contribute to form the 
 Malay archipelago, Celebes possesses an avifauna of a type peculiar to itself. The 
 geographical position of the island and the leading characteristics of its fauna have been 
 so clearly explained and depicted by Mr. Wallace', that it is almost unnecessary for me 
 to add any observations of my own on these points. 
 
 This great naturalist has shown that the principal and most striking peculiarity of 
 the fauna of Celebes is its individuality — a generalization fully supported by the 
 evidence furnished by its birds ; and it is the chief object of this paper to give a list 
 of all the birds authentically recorded as inhabitants of Celebes, and to show in some 
 detail the zoogeographical relations of its genera and species. 
 
 Our knowledge of the Celebean ornis has been principally derived from the discoveries 
 of the Dutch travellers Forsten, Von Rosenberg, and Bernstein, and from those of Mr. 
 Wallace. Yet although the Dutch naturalists and our great English traveller ransacked 
 those parts of Celebes they traversed or resided in, they all more or less covered the 
 same ground. The larger portion of the island (fully two thirds of its area) still 
 remains ornithologically unknown. 
 
 All the species yet described from Celebes appear to have been obtained from the 
 districts of Macassar and Bonthain in the south, and from the districts of Gorontalo and 
 Minahassa in the north. That part of the island which stretches north from about the 
 fifth parallel S. lat. to the Gulf of Tontoli, and east thence to Limbotto, the lesser of 
 the two eastern limbs of the island, the whole of the south-east limb, and all the central 
 country from which these limbs extend seem to have never been explored by an orni- 
 thologist. 
 
 The group of islands of which Peling is the largest, and which are only separated 
 from the Sula Islands by the Greyhound Straits, the Togian or Schildpad Islands in the 
 Gulf of Tomini, the islands of Pagasane and of Bceton, and the island of Saleyer, with 
 its train of smaller satellites almost connecting Celebes with Flores, are nearly wholly 
 unknown. The Sanghir Islands in the north, and the Sula Islands to the east, although 
 as yet only partially investigated, have been shown to possess some species identical 
 with those found in Celebes ; consequently they have been regarded by recent authors 
 
 1 Malay Archipelago, vol. i. chap, xyiii. 
 
 vol. viii. — paet ii. May, 1872. p 
 
24 
 
 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 
 
 as forming along with Celebes a separate zoological subarea. But I propose in the 
 following list to include only those species of birds which are known to inhabit the 
 island of Celebes itself. A more definite and more accurate idea of the peculiarities 
 of the Celebean ornis will thus be presented, than if genera which occur in the Sula 
 Islands were placed side by side with Celebean genera. If we threw together the ornis 
 of the Sula Islands with that of Celebes, we should find non-Celebean genera (such 
 as Criniger, Ceyx, Platycercus, Pachycephala, and Monarcha) appearing in the list, and 
 the really anomalous character of the Celebean avifauna actually existing on the main 
 island would thereby be apparently greatly modified. 
 
 Mr. "Wallace (op. cit. i. p. 425) has estimated the number of known Celebean species 
 of birds at one hundred and ninety-one. I have only been able to add two more to that 
 number ; yet there are doubtless many more species represented by Celebean examples 
 in the museums of Europe. On the other hand, many species have been described as 
 possessing a Celebean origin which most assuredly do not occur in the island. 
 
 To give a clear idea of the geographical relation of the Celebean avifauna I have 
 thrown its one hundred and forty-eight genera into tables, and classed them according 
 to the regions and subregions they may be said to belong to. The geographical cha- 
 racter of a genus has been determined according to the area which possesses the pre- 
 ponderating number of species. Thus Artamus is classed as an Australian genus, 
 because at least thirteen species of it occur within the Australian region, while one 
 only is peculiar to the Indian ; Arachnothera as an Indian genus, although one species 
 is found in New Guinea. 
 
 By means of these tables it will be seen that thirty-seven Indian genera occur in 
 Celebes ; of these, three are peculiarly Indo-Malayan. 
 
 Table I. — Showing the Indian genera found in Celebes. — N.B. Those peculiar to 
 the Indo-Malayan subregion are marked with an asterisk. 
 
 Poliomis. 
 
 Spilornis. 
 
 Polioaetus. 
 
 Limnaetus. 
 
 Neopus. 
 
 Lophospiza. 
 
 Ephialtes. 
 
 Loricuhis. 
 
 Yungipicus. 
 
 Mulleripicus. 
 
 The next table consists of the twenty-three Australian genera which are also Celebean. 
 Two of these appear to be peculiar to the Australian subregion 1 ; of the remainder some 
 are Papuan, and some extend into the Polynesian subregion. 
 
 1 Oonf. Sclater, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 125. 
 
 Phoenicophaes. 
 
 Cyornis. 
 
 *Prionochilus. 
 
 *Centroeoccyx. 
 
 Myiolestes. 
 
 Munia. 
 
 Cranorrhinus. 
 
 Hypothymis. 
 
 *Padda. 
 
 Lyncornis. 
 
 iEthopyga. 
 
 Acridotheres. 
 
 Pelargopsis. 
 
 Nectarophila. 
 
 Sturnia. 
 
 Callialcyon. 
 
 *Anthreptes. 
 
 Osmotreron. 
 
 Geocichla. 
 
 Arachnechthra. 
 
 Gallus. 
 
 Broderipus. 
 
 Dicseum. 
 
 Erythra. 
 
 Trichostoma. 
 
 Arachnothera. 
 
 Kallina. 
 
VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OF CELEBES. 
 
 25 
 
 Table II.— Showing the Australian genera found in Celebes.— N.B. Those belonging 
 
 especially to the Australian subregion are marked with a dagger (f); to the 
 Papuan 1 with an asterisk (*). 
 
 *Teraspiza. Collocalia. *Chalcostetlia. 
 
 *Erythrospiza. fScythrops. *Zoncenas. 
 
 Cacatua. *Dicrurus. *Turacoena. 
 
 *Tanygnathus. Artamus. *Caloenas. 
 
 Trichoglossus. Graucalus. Phlogcenas. 
 
 Sauropatis. Lalage. *Myristicivora. 
 
 *Lamprotreron. 
 *Iotreron. 
 *Leucotreron. 
 Megapodius. 
 fHydralector. 
 
 Eighteen Celebean genera may be considered common to the Indian and Australian 
 regions, the proportion of species in each region being about equal. Some occur out- 
 side the limits. 
 
 Table III. — Showing the genera found in Celebes which are also common to the Indian 
 and Australian regions. — N.B. Genera which do not occur in the Polynesian sub- 
 region are marked with an asterisk. 
 
 *Tachyspiza. 
 
 *Haliastur. 
 
 *Cuncuma. 
 
 *Baza. 
 
 *Eudynamis. 
 
 Cacomantis. 
 *Macropteryx, 
 *Hirundinapus . 
 *Pitta. 
 *Volvocivora. 
 
 *Calornis. 
 *Ducula. 
 *Macropygia. 
 *Chalcophaps. 
 
 *Greopelia. 
 *Carpophaga, 
 *Excalfactoria. 
 *Esacus. 
 
 Fifty-eight are genera which are found within the limits of the Indian region and 
 also beyond. Eight of these belong to the Rapaces, six to the Picarise, two to the 
 Gallinse, twenty-five to the Grallse, ten to the Anseres, and only seven to the Passeres. 
 Nine of these fifty-eight genera are unrepresented in the Australian subregion. 
 
 Table IV. — Showing the genera represented in Celebes which likewise occur both 
 within and beyond the limits of the Indian region. — N.B. Genera not occurring 
 in the Australian subregion are marked with an asterisk. 
 
 Tinmincuhis. 
 
 Eurystomus. 
 
 Turnix. 
 
 Actitis. 
 
 *Hypotriorchis. 
 
 *Aleedo. 
 
 Eudromias. 
 
 Lobipes. 
 
 *Pernis. 
 
 *Buceros. 
 
 JEgialites. 
 
 Totanus. 
 
 Milvus. 
 
 Acrocephalus. 
 
 Charadrius. 
 
 Limosa, 
 
 Elanus.' 
 
 Cisticola. 
 
 Strepsilas. 
 
 Tringa. 
 
 Circus. 
 
 *Budytes. 
 
 Himantopus. 
 
 Gallinago. 
 
 Athene. 
 
 *Pratincola. 
 
 Porphyrio. 
 
 Melanopelargus . 
 
 Strix, 
 
 *Monticola. 
 
 Hypotffinidia* 
 
 Falcinellus. 
 
 Hirundo. 
 
 Zosterops. 
 
 Ballina. 
 
 Ardea. 
 
 Merops. 
 
 Corvus. 
 
 Gallixmla. 
 
 Herodias. 
 
 *Cora.cias. 
 
 *Turtur. 
 
 Numenius. 
 
 Ardetta. 
 
 
 1 The Papuan Dieruri are generically separable. 
 
 
 VOL. VIII. — PART II. 
 
 May, 1872. 
 
 
 G 
 
26 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIKDS OF CELEBES. 
 
 Demiegretta. *Querquedula. Onychoprion. Phalacrocorax. 
 
 Ardeola. Mareca. Pelecanopus. Dysporus. 
 
 Nycticorax. Dendrocygna. Plotus. Podiceps. 
 Butorides. Hydrochelidon. 
 
 The following nine genera are peculiar to the island of Celebes: — Meropogon, 
 Monachalcyon, Ceycopsis, Artamides, Gazzola, Streptocitta, Enodes, Scissirostrum, Mega- 
 cephalon. One genus is restricted to Celebes and the Sanghir Islands, Cittura ; one to 
 Celebes and Philippines, Prioniturus ; and one to Celebes and Ceram, Basilornis. 
 
 Of these twelve genera, Meropogon, Streptocitta, and Basilornis belong to the non- 
 Australian families ; Gazzola to the almost universal Corvinse ; Monachalcyon, Ceycopsis, 
 and Cittura are isolated genera of a family in which the Australian region is pre- 
 eminently rich ; Enodes and Scissirostrum have affinities with genera common to the 
 Indian and Australian regions ; Megacephalon is strictly Australian. The affinities of 
 Prioniturus seem to be with Australian genera. 
 
 The total number of Celebean genera also found within the Indian region, but not in 
 the Australian, is forty-eight 1 . 
 
 The total number of Celebean genera also occurring in the Australian region, but not 
 in the Indian, is twenty-three. If we compare these numbers, we find that Celebes 
 contains twenty-five more Indian than Australian genera. 
 
 If we make the same comparison by orders, the following results are obtained : — 
 
 Indian region. Australian region. 
 
 Psittaci 1 3 
 
 Rapaces 10 2 
 
 Picarise 11 3 
 
 Passeres 20 5 
 
 Columtse 2 8 
 
 Gallinse 1 1 
 
 Gralla? 2 1 
 
 Anseres 1 
 
 Total ... 48 23 
 
 So, while the Celebean Eapaces and Passeres contain a large majority of Indian genera, 
 in the Psittaci and Columbee Australian genera preponderate. Loriculus is classed as 
 an Indian genus; yet until the zoogeographical positions of the Philippines and of 
 Celebes are determined the zoogeographical characters of Loriculus cannot be established. 
 Within the limits of the Philippine and Celebean areas, seven out of the thirteen known 
 species occur. Another, L. amabilis, a representative form of the Celebean L. stigmatus, 
 occurs in the Sanghir Islands, and is also Papuan, being found at Gilolo and Batchian. 
 
 1 It is true that Buceros, Alcedo, Budytes, and Pratincola occur in some of the Papuan and Moluccan islands ; 
 but they cannot be regarded as genera belonging to the Australian region. 
 
VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OF CELEBES. 27 
 
 The remaining five, one of which (L.flosculus) is the Flores representative of the Javan 
 L. pusillus, are peculiar to the Indian region. If, then, we cease to regard Loriculus as 
 having an Indian origin, all the five genera of Psittaci known in Celebes are either 
 Australian or peculiar. The Columbae, while imparting a decided, it may even be 
 affirmed an absolute, Australian character to the Celebean avifauna, as clearly indicate 
 a very close Philippine affinity. 
 
 Among the Gallinae, Gallus and Megapodius are severally representatives of equally 
 important typical families, characterizing one the Indian, the other the Australian 
 region. But Celebes and the Philippines 1 are the only areas where representatives of 
 the Phasianidae and Megapodidae are associated. 
 
 Among the Picariae, the presence of Scythrops can hardly be deemed sufficient to 
 balance the two genera of Picidae, more especially if Scythrops be migratory in Celebes, 
 as in Australia. But though three of the genera belonging to the Alcedinidae are 
 Indian, yet the great richness of the family in Celebes forms an important element in 
 favour of the Australian nature of the Celebean ornis. 
 
 But to obtain a still more complete conception of the zoogeographical characters of 
 Celebean ornithology the following tables have been prepared, showing the principal 
 Indian and Australian genera that do not occur in the island. 
 
 Notwithstanding the great preponderance of Indian genera, some entire families, and 
 a large number of genera characteristic of, if not altogether peculiar to, the Indian 
 regions are wanting in Celebes. For instance, the following important families are 
 without representation : — Sittidae, Trogonidae, Megalaimidae, Paridae, Brachypodidae, 
 Pycnonotidae, Laniidae, and Alaudidae. 
 
 And the great families of the Picidae and Timaliidse are but poorly indicated — the 
 first by two genera, the last by but a single genus. Among the Grallae and Anseres, 
 the Otididae, Cursoriidae, Glareolidae and Gruidae, and the Phcenicopteridae, all families 
 having representation in the Indian region, appear to be unknown in Celebes. The 
 absence of the Vulturidae is a feature in common with the whole Indo-Malayan region. 
 The number of Anatidae and Laridae recorded from Celebes is so small that it seems 
 probable that members of those families have been overlooked by collectors. 
 
 After excluding from the list of genera found in the Indian region all those that do 
 not likewise possess an Indo-Malayan habitat, at least eighty-eight Indian genera are 
 absent from Celebes ; of these twelve are purely Indo-Malayan. 
 
 Table V. — Showing the principal Indian genera which are wanting in Celebes. 
 N.B. Purely Indo-Malayan genera are marked with a dagger. 
 
 Ierax. Bulaca. Batrachostomus. Psarisomus. 
 
 Ketupa. Phodilus. fEurylaimus. tCorydon. 
 
 1 It is as yet uncertain whether the Philippine Gallus inhabits the same islands as the Philippine Megapodii. 
 Gallus is only known for certain to occur in Luzon. 
 
 g2 
 
28 
 
 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OF CELEBES. 
 
 tCymbirhynchus. 
 
 Iole. 
 
 Dissenrarus. 
 
 Meiglyptes. 
 
 fCalyptomena. 
 
 Criniger. 
 
 Chaptia. 
 
 Hemicircus. 
 
 Harpactes. 
 
 Irena. 
 
 Bhringa. 
 
 Microptermis. 
 
 Ceyx. 
 
 Analcipus. 
 
 Pericrocotus. 
 
 Chrysocolaptes. 
 
 Nyctiornis. 
 
 Brachypteryx. 
 
 Hemipus. 
 
 Chrysophlegma. 
 
 Chalcococcyx. 
 
 Myiophonus. 
 
 Eumyias. 
 
 Tiga. 
 
 Dendrophila. 
 
 Mixornis. 
 
 fPhilentoma. 
 
 Sasia. 
 
 Chalcoparia. 
 
 Malacopteron. 
 
 Tcbitrea. 
 
 Rhopodytes. 
 
 Orthotomus. 
 
 fMacroims. 
 
 Leucocirca. 
 
 Coccystes. 
 
 Prinia. 
 
 Alcippe. 
 
 Cissa. 
 
 fPeloperdix. 
 
 Enicurus. 
 
 Timalia. 
 
 fTemnurus. 
 
 Arborophila. 
 
 Corydalla. 
 
 Megalurus. 
 
 Dendrocitta. 
 
 Perdicula. 
 
 Copsychus. 
 
 Garrulax. 
 
 Crypsirhina. 
 
 Pavo. 
 
 Cittocincla. 
 
 Pomatorhinus. 
 
 Eulabes. 
 
 fArgusianus. 
 
 Phyllornis. 
 
 Pterutbius. 
 
 Ploceus. 
 
 Polyplectron. 
 
 Iora. 
 
 Parus. 
 
 Passer. 
 
 Euplocamus. 
 
 Hypsipetes. 
 
 fPlatylophus. 
 
 Mirafra. 
 
 fRollulus. 
 
 Ixos. 
 
 Lanius. 
 
 Palaeornis. 
 
 Metopidius. 
 
 Bracbypodius. 
 
 Tephrodornis. 
 
 Megalaima. 
 
 Gallicrex. 
 
 Pycnonotus. 
 
 Buchanga. 
 
 Xantbolsema. 
 
 Hydrophasianus . 
 
 The islands to the eastward of Celebes (the Papuan or Austro-Malayan region of 
 Mr. Wallace) are characterized by a large number of peculiar genera. Of these at least 
 forty-four are absent from Celebes. Besides the families of the Epimachidse and the 
 Paridiseidae, important groups, such as Podargus, Pachycephala, and Manucodia, are all 
 wanting. Nor does a single Papuan Muscicapine form occur in Celebes. Papuan 
 genera belonging to the two great orders Psittaci and Columbse, orders which are so 
 largely developed in the Australian region, and in no part of that region to a greater 
 extent than in its Papuan subregion, are found in Celebes. This fact is justly regarded 
 as sufficient to stamp the ornis of that island with a Papuan character. Yet among the 
 Psittacidse such essentially typical Australian genera (also Papuan) as Lorius and Plar 
 tycercus do not extend to Celebes. And several peculiar Papuan types are there 
 unknown. The Columbse of the Papuan subregion are well represented in Celebes; 
 yet, with one exception (Phlogoenas), all the Papuan genera of the Gouridge are 
 missing 1 . 
 
 By the annexed table it will also be seen that several remarkable Papuan forms 
 belonging to another characteristic Papuan family (Alcedinidse) are not found in 
 Celebes. 
 
 1 Calcenas is a migratory form. 
 
VISCOUNT "WALDEN ON THE BIHDS OE CELEBES. 
 
 29 
 
 Table VI. — Showing the principal Austro-Malayan or Papuan genera which do not 
 
 occur in Celebes. 
 Mimeta. 
 Rectes. 
 Cracticus. 
 Pachycephala. 
 Myiolestes. 
 Manucodia. 
 Ptilonorhynchus. 
 Lycocorax. 
 Gymnocorvus. 
 Eos. 
 
 Henicopernis. 
 
 Podargus. 
 
 -dSgotheles. 
 
 Eurystopodus. 
 
 Choucalcyon. 
 
 Mellidora. 
 
 Cyanalcyon. 
 
 Syma. 
 
 Alcyone. 
 
 Myzomela. 
 
 Entomophila. 
 
 Glyciphila. 
 
 Meliphaga. 
 
 Anthochsera. 
 
 Philemon. 
 
 Gerygone. 
 
 Petroica. 
 
 Peltops. 
 
 Machaerirhynchus . 
 
 Arses. 
 
 Monarcha. 
 
 Piezorhynchus. 
 
 Micrceca. 
 
 Todopsis. 
 
 Lorius. 
 
 Geofiroyius. 
 
 Charmosyna. 
 
 Platycercus. 
 
 Psittaeula (Cyclopsitta) . 
 
 Nasiterna. 
 
 Microglosstun. 
 
 Dasyptilus. 
 
 Trugon. 
 
 Goura. 
 
 Henicophaps. 
 
 Casuarius. 
 
 The zoogeographical relationship of the Philippines and Celebes, as exemplified by 
 their birds, has been adverted to by Mr. Wallace and other writers. Unfortunately 
 the Philippine archipelago, with its twelve hundred islands, has been but imperfectly 
 explored; while the localities of many, if not of all, the known Philippine species are 
 but vaguely ascertained. Luzon, the island whose ornithology has been the most 
 investigated, is the furthest off from Celebes, and has the large island of Mindanao 
 and many of less importance intervening. The resemblance which exists between 
 the Celebean and Philippine avifaunas rests on the occurrence of Papuan genera in 
 Mindanao, and perhaps in South Luzon, which likewise occur in Celebes: Cacatua, 
 Tanygnathus, Phlogoenas 1 , Hemiphaga, and Megapodius may be cited. Two genera 
 seem to be confined to Celebes and the Philippines — Prioniturus and Pyrrhocentor ; 
 this last is only known from Mindanao. Megapodius cumingi (Gould) is stated by 
 Camel (v. Martens, op. cit. p. 26) to be found in Mindanao and in Mindoro. The 
 exact habitats of the other genera remain to be determined. The known Philippine 
 genera of the Picarise and Passeres are nearly all Indo-Malayan ; but then they have 
 mostly been as yet only obtained from the neighbourhood of Manilla. They include 
 characteristic Indian genera unknown in Celebes. Such are, besides Hierax, Harpactes, 
 Chrysocolaptes, and several other Picidse, Xantholcema, Irena, Copsychus, Cittacincla 
 Tchitrea, Ixos, Hypsipetes, Parus, and genera such as Lanius and Turdus. 
 
 That Mindanao contains a strong Indian element, however, is shown by the fact that 
 Xantholcema, Irena, and Copsychus have been there obtained ; Irena also occurs in the 
 island of Panay. Thus enough is known of the Philippine ornis to justify anticipation, 
 when it is worked out, of highly interesting zoogeographical facts, but not sumcient to 
 enable us to determine the degree of relationship between the avifauna of the Philippine 
 and Celebean areas. 
 
 1 Phlogoenas luzoniea (Scop.), =cruenta (Gm.), is said by Buzeta to occur in the Calamines (conf. v. Martens 
 J. fur 0. 1866, p. 25). 
 
30 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OF CELEBES. 
 
 The absence of the two genera Criniger and Rhipidura in Celebes constitutes one of 
 the many peculiarities of its ornis. Criniger, represented in the neighbouring Sula 
 Islands by a peculiar species, possesses other representatives in many of the Moluccan 
 islands and throughout the Indo-Malayan subregion. 
 
 Rhipidura is still more widely and largely represented in the whole Australian region, 
 and in the Indo-Malayan subregion, having representatives in all the islands of the 
 Malay archipelago, excepting Celebes and the Sula Islands. 
 
 Then, again, the presence of the two genera Coracias and Myialestes is equally 
 remarkable ; for they are both unknown in any part of the Indo-Malayan region, and 
 only reappear on the mainland of Asia. 
 
 After rejecting all those species whose Celebean origin does not rest upon the most 
 undoubted authority, I find that the number of birds inhabiting Celebes amounts to, at 
 least, one hundred and ninety-three. Of this number sixty-five are peculiar to the 
 island. Twenty more are found also in the Sula Islands, or the Sanghir group, making 
 a total of eighty-five species peculiar to Celebes and the two groups just mentioned. 
 Of the remaining one hundred and eight species, fifty-five have Indian affinities (that 
 is, are elsewhere only found in the Indian region as opposed to the Australian), though 
 many extend beyond the limits of the Indian region ; fourteen are found in the Aus- 
 tralian and not in the Indian region, and twenty-eight are common to both regions ; 
 eight more species seem to be confined to the Moluccan islands ; and three, not included 
 above, are doubtfully found beyond Celebes: these are fflanus hypoleucos, Ephialtes 
 menadensis, and the Celebean form of lotreron melanocephala. 
 
 PSITTACI. 
 PLYCTOLOPHID^l. 
 
 Cacatua, Vieillot. 
 
 1. Cacatua sulphueea (Gm.), S. N. ed. xiii. i. p. 330, "Moluccas" (1788), ex Brisson, 
 
 Orn. iv. p. 206, no. 9 ; O. Finsch, Papag. i. p. 296. 
 Cacatua cequatorialis, Temm., Wallace, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 280. 
 
 Hab. Tomini (Forsten); Flores, Lombock (Wallace). 
 
 Dr. O. Finsch regards the individuals inhabiting the islands of Flores and Lombock 
 as belonging to this Celebean species. This is also Mr. Wallace's view (I. c). Both 
 authors concur in specifically separating the Timorese bird. On the other hand, 
 Professor Schlegel continues to include the Timorese form (C sulphurea, apud Wallace 
 1. <?., =P. buffoni, O. Finsch, op. cit. p. 300). The eminent Professor also mentions 
 that in the Celebean Cockatoo the iris is red, while in those of Flores, Timor, and 
 Lombock it is of a darker red, often passing into brown (conf. Nederl. Tijdschr. 1866, 
 
VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OE CELEBES. 31 
 
 p. 319). Dr. O. Finsch (I. c. p. 298), on the contrary, says that he has seen undoubted 
 Celebean examples with the iris almost black. Mr. G. R. Gray (Hand-list, no. 8395) 
 enumerates C. cequatorialis, Temm., as the title of a second Celebean species of Cacatua : 
 Temminck's title was given in fact to C. sulphured (Gm.), and there is no evidence of 
 two species of Cockatoo occurring in Celebes. 
 
 PSITTACID^E. 
 
 Tanygjstathus, Wagler. 
 2. Tantgnathus mulleri (S. Miiller & Schlegel), Verhandl. Land- en Volkenk. p. 108, 
 " Celebes " (1839). 
 
 Psittacus sumatranus, Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 281, "Sumatra" (1822). 
 Tanygnathus albirostris, Wallace, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 336, "Celebes and Sula Islands." 
 Eclectus mulleri (Temm.), O. Einsch, Papag. p. 357; Schlegel, Nederl. Tijdschr. 1866, p. 185. 
 
 Hab. Macassar, Menado, Sula Islands {Wallace); Sanghir Islands (Schlegel); Sama 
 Island (Cuming). 
 
 Professor Schlegel and Dr. O. Finsch affirm that the white-billed form (T. albirostris) 
 represents only a phase of colouring, and is not a species distinct from the red-billed 
 T. mulleri. The evidence which they have produced in support of this view (O. Finsch, 
 Papag. ii. p. 361) is strong; and examples of both forms in my own collection appear 
 to belong to the same species. Mr. Wallace, on the other hand, maintains that the two 
 birds are distinct species, and recently has written to me that " T. albirostris is certainly 
 distinct.'' While Dr. O. Finsch (I. c.) states that he has seen living examples in the 
 Amsterdam Zoological Gardens with the white bill passiug into the red bill of T. 
 mulleri, Mr. Wallace informs us (I. c.) that the cry of T. albirostris is different from that 
 of T. mulleri, and that the white-billed form " is universally recognized by the natives 
 of Celebes as another bird." Between the highest authority on the Psittaci and the 
 greatest field-naturalist of the day it is difficult to decide ; and we must leave the ques- 
 tion open for further investigation. 
 
 If the white-billed species prove distinct, it will have in strictness to take the title 
 of sumatranus of Raffles. And if both forms prove to be the same species, the iitle 
 of mulleri will have to fall. In his remarks on Raffles's title, Dr. O. Finsch (I. c.) has 
 somewhat misunderstood Sir Stamford's words. That author distinctly left it to be 
 understood that his P. sumatranus was an indigenous Sumatran species. That it is not 
 an inhabitant of Sumatra seems to be quite established. 
 
32 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIKDS OE CELEBES. 
 
 Prioniturus, Wagler. 
 
 3. Prioniturus platurus (Kuhl), Consp. p. 43, "Nova Caledonia" (1820). 
 
 Psittacus setarius, Temm. PI. Col. 15, " Timor," errore (October 7, 1820). 
 Prioniturus wallacei, Gould, Birds of Asia, pt. 14, " Celebes" (1862). 
 
 Hab. Menado, Macassar (Wallace). 
 
 Dr. O. Finsch in his great work (Papageien, ii. p. 395) has thoroughly disentangled 
 the synonymy of this species, the true habitat of which Mr. Wallace was the first to 
 discover. The existence of any species of the genus, much less of this one, in the island 
 of Timor, is quite unauthenticated ; nor has this bird been found in New Caledonia. 
 
 4. Prioniturus flavicans, Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil. vi. p. 73 (1853); Gould, 
 
 Birds of Asia, pt. 14. 
 
 Hab. Tondano (Forsten). 
 
 Loriculus, Blyth. 
 
 5. Loriculus stigmatus (Muller & Schlegel), Verhandl. Land- en Volkenk. p. 182, 
 
 " Celebes " (1841) ; Schlegel, Dierentuin, p. 70, woodcut. 
 
 Hab. Gorontalo, Tondano (Forsten) ; Macassar (Wallace). 
 
 6. Loriculus sclatbri, Wallace, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 336, pi. 38, " Sula Islands." 
 
 Hab. Sula Islands ( Wallace) ; Celebes (Von Rosenberg, fide Schlegel, Nederl. Tijdschr. 
 1866, p. 186). 
 
 7. Loriculus exilis, Schlegel, Nederl. Tijdschr. p. 185 (1865); O. Finsch, Papag. ii. 
 
 p. 729, pi. 5. 
 
 Hah. North Celebes (Schlegel, fide 0. Finsch) ; Menado (Meyer). 
 
 In the original description the origin of this species was omitted by Professor Schlegel. 
 
 TRICHOGLOSSID^E. 
 
 Trichoglossus, Vigors & Horsfield. 
 
 8. Trichoglossus ornatus (Linn.), Syst. Nat. ed. 12, i. p. 143. no. 19, "Asia" (1766), 
 
 ex Edwards, pi. 174. 
 
 Hab. Macassar (Wallace); Minahasa (Von Rosenberg); Menado (mus. nostr.). 
 This species is also stated by S. Muller and Von Rosenberg to inhabit the island of 
 Buton — an assertion on which Dr. O. Finsch (Papag. ii. p. 844) places little reliance. 
 
 9. Trichoglossus meteri (PI. IV.), Walden, Ann. N. H. series 4, vol. viii. p. 281, 
 
 "Menado" (1871). 
 
 Hab. Menado (Meyer). 
 
^ 
 
 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 33 
 
 RAPACES. 
 
 FALCONID^E. 
 
 Falconing. 
 Htpoteioechis, Boie. 
 
 10. Hypoteioechis seveeus (Horsf.), Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 135, "Java" (1822); 
 
 Wallace, Ibis, 1868, p. 5. 
 Falco aldrovandi, Reinw., Temm. PI. Col. 128, "Java" (August 2, 1823). 
 
 Hab. Macassar, Salwatty ; most probably occurs in every island of the archipelago 
 {Wallace); Java (Schlegel); Nipaul (Hodgson); Himalayas (Jerdon); Ceylon (Holds- 
 worth). 
 
 Tiotunculus, Vieillot 1 . 
 
 11. TiMTUNCULUS moluccensis, Jacquin. & Pucheran, Voy. Pole Sud, Zool. iii. p. 47, 
 
 "Amboyna"(1853). 
 Cresserelle des Moluques, Hombr. & Jacquin. op. cit. Atlas, pi. 1. fig. 2 (July 1843) ; Schlegel, 
 Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 3 (1842). 
 Hab. Celebes, all the Moluccas, Flores, Timor, and Goram (Wallace); Borneo 
 (Schlegel) ; Java (Bocarme') ; Menado (mus. nostr.). 
 
 The Javan habitat of this Kestrel seems to rest solely on the authority of the Vicomte 
 de Bocarme, as quoted by Professor Schlegel (Mus. Pays-Bas, Falcones, p. 28). 
 
 AcCIPITEIlf^E. 
 
 Lophospiza, Kaup. 
 
 12. Lophospiza geiseiceps (Schlegel), Mus. Pays-Bas, Astures, p. 23 (1862), " Celebes ; " 
 
 Wallace, Ibis, 1864, p. 184, pi. 5. 
 Hab. Macassar, Menado (Wallace); Menado (mus. nostr.) ; Gorontalo (Forsten). 
 
 Teeaspiza, Kaup. 
 
 13. Teeaspiza ehodogastea (Schlegel), Valkv. Nederl. Ind. pp. 21 & 60, pi. 12. figs. 5 & 6. 
 Nisus virgatus rhodogaster, Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Astures, p. 32. 
 
 Hab. Celebes (Wallace); Menado (mus. nostr.) ; Gounong-Pello, district of Gorontalo 
 
 (Forsten). 
 
 Eettheospiza, Kaup. 
 
 14. Eettheospiza teinotata (Bp.), Consp. Av. i. p. 33, "Celebes" (1850). 
 
 Nisus trinotatus, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Astures, p. 45 ; Valkv. Nederl. Ind. pp. 27 & 65, pi. 19. 
 figs. 1, 2, 3. 
 
 Hab. Macassar, Menado (Wallace); Menado (mus. nostr.) ; Gorontalo (Forsten). 
 
 1 It is a debatable question whether the generic title Cerehneis, Boie (1826), the type of which is F. 
 rupicolus, Daud., should not be employed rather than that of Tinnunculus, Vieillot (1807), the type of which 
 is F. columbarius, Linn, 
 
 vol. viii. — part ii. May, 1872. h 
 
34 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OE CELEBES. 
 
 Erythrospiza iogastra (S. Muller), Verhandl. Land- en Volkenk. p. 110, "Amboyna" (1839?). 
 
 Accipiter hyogaster, S. Muller, Jacquin. & Pucheran, Voy. Pole Sud. iii. p. 48, "Macassar." 
 Epervier oceanien, Hombron & Jacquin. op. cit. Atlas, pi. 2. fig. 1. 
 
 Jacquinot is our only authority for the occurrence of this species, as identified by 
 Pucheran, in Celebes ; but as his notes relating to localities are not always trustworthy, 
 and as A. iogaster is not given from Celebes by either S. Muller, Professor Schlegel, or 
 Mr. Wallace, I shall not include it in this list. In this instance Jacquinot's authority 
 is doubly untrustworthy ; for he identified A. rufitorgues, Peale, with A. iogaster, and 
 noted the two examples, which he figured (I. c.) as having been obtained in the Viti 
 Islands and at Macassar. It is quite possible that A. iogaster does occur in Celebes ; 
 and it is difficult to determine the A. cruentus, Gould, a/p. Schlegel, M. P.-Bas, Astures, 
 p. 42, male adulte, Celebes, Voy. de Reinwardt, " gorge d'un roussatre uniforme," 
 unless we refer it to A. iogaster. And yet, under Nisus cruentus ( Valkv. Nederl. Ind. 
 p. 61), Professor Schlegel does not allude to this specimen, nor does he give Celebes 
 as a locality for JV. cruentus. 
 
 Tachtspiza, Kaup. 
 
 15. Tachyspiza soloensis (Horsf.), Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 137, "Java" (1822); Mus. 
 
 Pays-Bas, Astures, p. 44. 
 Falco cuculoides, Temm. PI. Col. livr. xxii. pis. 110, 129, " Java" (August 2, 1823). 
 
 Sab. New Guinea, Batchian, Sumatra, Malacca (Wallace); Java, Philippines 
 (Schlegel) ; Menado (mus. nostr.) ; North Celebes (Forsten). 
 
 AqtjiliNjB. 
 
 Neopus, Hodgson. 
 
 16. Neopus malayensis (Reinw.), PI. Col. 117 (26th June, 1824), " Java, Sumatra." 
 Hab. Java, Sumatra (Temminck) ; most of the hilly and jungly districts of India 
 
 (Jerdon) ; Simla (mus. nostr.) ; Nepaul (Sodgs.) ; Malacca (mus. nostr.) ; Celebes 
 (Bernstein) ; Ceylon (Layard). 
 
 Limnaetus, Vigors. 
 
 17. Limnaetus lanceolatus, Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 29, "Celebes" (1850). 
 Spizaetus cirratus, Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Astures, p. 9, ex Celebes. 
 
 Sab. Celebes (Wall.); Menado (mus. nostr.); Tondano (Forsten); Sula Islands 
 (Wallace). 
 
 The example in my collection has been identified by Mr. J. H. Gurney as a young 
 individual of the above species. Underneath pure white ; thigh-coverts faintly fringed 
 with pale fulvous ; entire head and nape pale fulvous-white ; remaining upper plumage 
 hair-brown, darkest in shade at the end of each feather, unexposed portion of each 
 
VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 35 
 
 feather being pure white; minor and major under wing-coverts pure white, a few 
 possessing a terminal light-brown spot or drop; axillaries immaculate white; major 
 wing-coverts brown on outer, white, barred with brown, on the inner web ; no trace of 
 an occipital crest ; bill exceedingly powerful, height from festoon to culmen being full 
 five eighths of an inch. This bird closely resembles a Cingalese example of a young 
 S. cirrhatus, Gm. (=S. cristatellus, Temm.) in my collection. The only points of dif- 
 ference in the Cingalese individual being, besides its smaller dimensions, a black 
 occipital crest three inches and a half long, the major wing-coverts being mostly white, 
 and the axillaries and thigh-coverts being white, largely dashed, freckled, and barred 
 with a clear tint of pale rufous. In the Celebean bird the tarsal feathers incline to 
 cover the insertion of the toes. Dimensions: — wing 16 inches, tail llf, tarsus 3 J, 
 mid toe with claw 2|, bill from gape 2, 
 
 Polioaetus, Kaup. 
 
 18. Polioaetus humilis (Mti.ll. et Schlegel), Verh. Ned. overz. Bez. Aves, p. 47, pi. 6, 
 
 "Sumatra;" Wallace, Ibis, 1868, p. 14; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Aqiiila!, 
 p. 18. 
 Eab. Celebes (Wallace); Sumatra (Mutter); Malay peninsula (Blyth); Bengal 
 (Schlegel). 
 
 Cuncuma, Hodgson. 
 
 19. Curcuma leucogastee (Gm.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 257 (1788); Valkv. Neder. Ind. pi. 4. 
 
 figs. 1, 2 ; Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 15 ; Mus. Pays-Bas, Aguilas, p. 14. 
 
 Hab. Malacca, Celebes, Gilolo, Batchian, Morty, Aru Islands ( Wallace) ; Macassar 
 (mus. nostr); all over India, chiefly on the coast (Jerdon); Australia, Tasmania (Gould); 
 Timor, Sumatra, Java, Ternate (Schlegel) ; Ceylon (Layard). 
 
 Spiloenis, G. R. Gray. 
 
 20. Spiloenis eufipectus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 222, "Macassar;" Schlegel, Valkv. 
 
 Nederl. Ind. p. 72, pi. 23; Mus. Pays-Bas, Buteones, p. 27. 
 
 Hab. Menado (mus. nostr.); Celebes (Wallace); Tondano, Gorontalo (Forsten). 
 
 MlLVIN^E. 
 
 Haliastue, Selby. 
 
 21. Haliastue leucosteenus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 138, " Australia ;" Birds of Austr. 
 
 i. pi. 4 ; Valkv. Nederl. Ind. pi. 4. fig. 3. 
 Eab. Celebes, all the Moluccas, New Guinea (Wallace); northern and eastern shores 
 of Australia (Gould); Macassar (S. Mutter); Goenong-Tello, district of Gorontalo, 
 Tondano (Forsten). 
 
 H2 
 
36 VISCOUNT WALDEN" ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 
 
 Milvus, Cuvier. 
 
 22. Milvus afbotis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 140; Birds of Austr. i. pi. 21; Wallace, 
 
 Ibis, 1868, p. 16 ; Valkv. Nederl. Ind. pi. 20. fig. 1. 
 
 Hab. Macassar, Timor {Wallace); Australia {Gould). 
 
 I hesitate to include Sumatra within the range of this form, as that habitat rests 
 only on the correct identification of a skeleton in the Leyden Museum. 
 
 Elanus, Savigny. 
 
 23. Elanus hypoleitcus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 127, "Macassar;" Wallace, Ibis, 
 
 1868, p. 17. 
 ? Elanus intermedins, Schlegel, Mus. Pas-Bas, Milvi, p. 7 (1862). 
 
 Hab. Macassar {Wallace) ; and if the same as E. intermedins, Schlegel, North Celebes, 
 Borneo, Java {Schlegel). 
 
 Pernis, Cuvier. 
 
 24. Pernis ptilorhyncha (Temm.), PL Col. livr. viii. pi. 44, " Java et Sumatra " (26th 
 
 July, 1823) ; Verh. Ned. overz. Bezitt. Aves, p. 49, pi. 7, " Sumatra." 
 
 Pernis cristata, Cuv. 1 B. Anim. ed. 2, i. p. 335, "Java" (1829). 
 
 Var. celebensis, Schlegel, Valkv. Nederl. Ind. pi. 26. f. 4; Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 17. 
 
 Hab. Celebes only, if distinct from Indian and Malayan species {conf. Wallace, I. c). 
 
 In Mr. J. H. Gurney's opinion the Celebean Pernis should receive a distinct specific 
 title ; and Mr. Wallace writes that it is distinct. I have been unable to examine any 
 examples. 
 
 Baza, Hodgson. 
 
 25. Baza magnirostris, G. E. Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus. 1844, p. 19, "Philippine 
 
 Islands;" Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 343; Schlegel, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk. 1866, 
 p. 328 ; Schlegel, Vog. Nederl. Ind. Valkv. pp. 40, 75, pi. 28. f. 4, 5. 
 Pernis crassirostris, Kaup, Contrib. Orn. 1850, p. 77. 
 
 Hab. Philippines {type); Celebes, Sulu Islands {Wallace); Borneo {Schlegel). 
 
 Professor Schlegel (Valkv. p. 77) states that the types of Lophotes reinwardtii, 
 Schlegel & Miiller (Verh. Ned. overz. Bezitt. Aves, p. 37, pi. 5. figs. 1, 2, "Celebes"), 
 were not obtained by Reinwardt in Celebes, and that the Dutch travellers have never 
 obtained it in that island. The Professor, while identifying the Celebean Baza with 
 the Philippine species, points out differences which may eventually prove sufficient to 
 justify the Celebean bird being specifically separated from the Philippine. 
 
 In the ' Hand-list ' Mr. Gray has introduced B. reinwardtii as a second Celebean 
 
 1 It seems to have been overlooked that, although Cuvier discriminated this species in 1817, he only conferred 
 a Latin title on it in 1829. 
 
VISCOUNT "WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OE CELEBES. 37 
 
 species. No authentic account of its occurrence in Celebes has as yet been published, 
 while Professor Schlegel and Mr. Wallace restrict its range to Bourou, Ceram, and 
 Amboyna. 
 
 BUTEONIN^E. 
 
 Polioknis, Kaup. 
 
 26. Polioenis liventee (Temm.), PI. Col. livr. lxxiv. pi. 438, " Java" (September 22, 
 
 1837); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Buteones, p. 21. 
 Hab. Celebes (Wallace); Java, Timor (Mus. Lugd.) ; Macassar (S. Muller) ; Toungoo, 
 Burma (mus. nostr.) ; Siam (Gurney). 
 
 27. Polioenis indicus (Gm.), Syst. Nat. ed. 13, i. p. 264. no. 68 (1789), ex Latham. 
 
 Javan Hawk, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 34*. no. 8, 7d, " Java." 
 
 Falco javanicus, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 163. no. 87, ex Lath. (1821). 
 
 Falco poliogenys (Temm.), PI. Col. livr. Iv. pi. 325, "He de Lucon" (February 28, 1825). 
 
 Buteo pyrrhogenys, Schlegel (lapsu calami), Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 21, pi. 7 b, "Japan." 
 
 Astur barbatus, Eyton, Ann. Nat. Hist. xvi. p. 227, "Malacca" (1845). 
 
 Buteo pygmesus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1845, p. 177, "Tenasserim provinces," op. cit. 1850, p. 339. 
 
 Hab. Menado (mus. nostr.) ; Gilolo (mus. nostr.) ; Lucon (Dussumier) ; Japan 
 (Schlegel) ; Morty Isl., Sanguir Isl. (Mus. Lugd.) ; Java (Latham) ; Malacca (Eyton) ; 
 Tenasserim Prov. (Blyth). 
 
 The designation F. indicus, Gm., is rejected by Professor Schlegel (Mus. Pays-Bas, 
 Buteones), on the ground of its being undeterminable. Gmelin gave that title to the 
 Javan Hawk, described by Latham from an individual which flew on board a vessel off 
 the coast of Java. Mr. J. H. Gurney informs me (in epist.) that, having compared 
 Latham's description with the three Asiatic species of Poliornis, he agrees with the late 
 Mr. Strickland (and consequently with Mr. G. R. Gray, List B. Mus. p. 68, 1848) in 
 identifying it with F. poliogenys, Temm. " Latham's description agrees in all respects," 
 continues Mr. Gurney, " except that he speaks of five transverse bars on the tail, and I 
 have not seen more than four, and in one specimen only three." My Celebean and 
 Gilolo examples only possess three bars. But in the ' Fauna Japonica ' Professor 
 Schlegel states that this species has four ox five caudal bands. 
 
 Mr. Blyth tells me that he considers his B. pygmceus to be the same as F. poliogenys, 
 Temm., and that Mr. Eyton's description of Astur barbatus sufficiently applies to 
 B. pygmwus. 
 
 Ciecus, Lacepede. 
 
 28. Ciecus assimilis, Jardine & Selby, Illustr. Ornith. ii. pi. 51,juv., "New Holland" 
 
 (1826) ; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Circi, p. 9 ; Valkv. Nederl. Ind. pi. 20. figs. 2, 3. 
 
 Circus jardinii, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 141, "New South "Wales;" Wallace, Ibis, 1868, p. 19, adult. 
 
 Hab. Celebes (Wallace); Menado (mus. nostr.); Gorontalo (Forsten); Macassar 
 
38 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIKDS OF CELEBES; 
 
 S. Miiller); New South Wales (Gould); Central Polynesia, if identical with C. approxi' 
 mans (Peale) ; Viti islands (Finsch and Hartlaub). 
 
 Professor Schlegel (I. c.) mentions that the Macassar example in the Leyden Museum, 
 a female in first plumage, obtained by S. Mtiller, perfectly agrees with the figures of 
 C. assimilis as given by both Jardine and Selby and by Mr. Gould. But C. assimilis, 
 J. & S., and C. assimilis, J. & S. apud Gould (B. Austr. pi. 26), are two distinct species, 
 both inhabiting Australia, but with different ranges, C. assimilis, J. & S., being the 
 young bird of C.jardinii, Gould, pi. 27, and C. assimilis, J. & S. apud Gould, pi. 26, 
 being a distinct species ranging into New Zealand, but not occurring in South Aus- 
 tralia, and named C. gouldi, Bp. Consp. p. 34, ex Austr., and Eev. de Zool. 1850, p. 491, 
 " de la Nouvelle Hollande." C. gouldi, Bp., was described by its author (fide Schlegel, 
 I. c.) from specimens in the Leyden Museum, " acquis comme provenant de la Pata- 
 gonie ; " and Professor Schlegel identifies them with C. macropterus, Vieill. Mr. J. H. 
 Gurney is of opinion that they are not C. macropterus, that the types came from 
 Australia, as twice over stated by Prince Bonaparte, and not from South America, and 
 that they are identical with C. assimilis, J. & S. apud Gould, nee J. & S. C. assimilis, 
 J. & S., =C. jardinii, Gould, Mr. Gurney informs me, has alone been obtained in 
 Celebes. C. wolfi, Gurney, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 823, pi. 44, ex New Caledonia, and which 
 Messrs. "Finsch and Hartlaub (Centr. Polyn. p. 7) identify with one of the two Aus- 
 tralian Harriers (for they confound the two), Mr. Gurney assures me is a perfectly 
 distinct species. 
 
 STPJGID^E. 
 
 Athene, Boie. 
 
 29. Athene punctulata (Quoy et Gaim.), Voy. Astrolabe, Zool. i. p. 165, pi. i. f. 1, 
 
 " Celebes " (1830) ; Mus. Pays-Bas, Striges, p. 29. 
 
 Hab. Macassar (Wallace); Menado (Schlegel). 
 
 30. Athene ocheacea (Schlegel), Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk. 1866, p. 183, "Negrilama, 
 
 Celebes" (1866). 
 
 Hab. Celebes (Rosenberg). 
 
 I refer this species to Athene with some doubt, never having seen an example. The 
 description reads like that of a Ninox. One specimen only, and that of a female, seems 
 to be known. Professor Schlegel (I. c.) remarks that it resembles generally his Noctua 
 philippensis 1 , but that it has a longer tail, and that the style of colouring differs. 
 
 1 Nederl. Tijdsclir. Dierk. 1866, p. 183, = Ninox philippensis, Bp. Compt. Bend. xli. p. 655 (1855)? 
 
VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIKDS OF CELEBES. 
 
 39 
 
 Ephialtes, Keyserling & Blasius. 
 31. Ephialtes magicus (Schlegel), Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 25, " Amboyna, Celebes " (1842) ; 
 
 Bp. Consp. p. 46 ; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Oti, p. 22. 
 Ephialtes leucospila, G. B. Gray apud Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 25. 
 
 Hal. Amboyna (S. Muller) ; Gorontalo (Forsten). 
 
 The range of the Celebean species referred to the above title has not as yet been 
 ascertained ; and its right to that title even has yet to be proved. Otus magicus is the 
 MS. title given by S. Muller to a Scops Owl inhabiting Amboyna. Professor Schlegel 
 (Faun. Jap.) seems to have identified the Celebean bird with that of Amboyna ; for there 
 is no note in the Mus. Pays-Bas of Celebean examples obtained by S. Muller. Unfor- 
 tunately, as Muller never published a description, his title cannot be fixed on the 
 Amboyna bird. If Professor Schlegel is right in considering the Amboyna and Cele- 
 bean species identical, there can be no question that their title must stand E. magicus 
 But this view is not adopted by Mr. Wallace, who identifies (I. c.) the Celebean 
 species with the Papuan E. leucospila, G. R. Gray, and leaves E. magicus as the title of 
 the Amboyna and Ceram forms. Mr. J. H. Gurney is doubtful whether E. leucospila 
 can be separated from E. magicus, but has had no Amboyna examples for comparison. 
 He has kindly sent me the following note on the subject: — "The Norwich Museum 
 has ten specimens of Ephialtes leucospila, but only one of E. magicus as limited 
 by Mr. Wallace. This specimen does not differ from some of those of E. leucospila 
 more than they do amongst themselves; and I am therefore disposed to agree with 
 Professor Schlegel in thinking that the tw T o are not really separable, unless it be right 
 to separate the different phases of E. leucospila, which appear to vary somewhat in 
 measurement, and also a good deal in the relative darkness of their markings. In the 
 following list of the Norwich specimens I begin with the darkest and finish with the 
 lightest, and I also give the length of the tarsus and of the wing from the carpal joint 
 to the tip : — 
 
 
 Wing. 
 
 Tarsus. 
 
 
 E. LEUCOSPILA. 
 
 No. 1. East Gilolo 1 
 
 7" 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 6 
 
 7 
 7 
 7 
 7 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 6'" 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 1" 3'" 
 1 2 
 1 2 
 1 2 
 1 2 
 1 2 
 1 2 
 1 3 
 1 3 
 1 3 
 
 1 3 
 
 Very dark. Mr. Gray's type specimen. 
 Dark and rufous. 
 
 Intermediate in colour between the darkest and 
 lightest extremes, and all nearly alike. 
 
 ■ Much paler, and nearly alike. 
 
 f Bather more mottled on the back than the specimen 
 \ of E. leucospila, but comes very near to no. 8. 
 
 2. Morty Island 
 
 3. Morty Island 
 
 5. Gilolo 
 
 
 7. Batohian, § 
 
 8. Celebes, $ 
 
 9. Bouru, <S 
 
 10. Bourn, J 
 
 E. MAGICUS. 
 
 1. Ceram 
 
 
 1 Erroneously given in P. Z. S. I860, p. 345, as 6" 6'". 
 
40 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OF CELEBES. 
 
 " If the races are separable, I should think that probably the birds from Ceram, and 
 Amboyna also (according to Wallace), and perhaps those from Celebes, should stand as 
 E. magicus, and those from Morty, Gilolo, Ternate, and Batchian as E. leucospila, 
 from which the pale-coloured birds from Bouru may be also separable. But the 
 differences are too slender to form a basis for specific distinction, and very probably 
 are not constant." 
 
 Mr. G. K. Gray (Hand-list, i. p. 46) treats these forms as distinct species, but makes 
 them both to be inhabitants of Celebes. 
 
 32. Ephialtes menadensis (Quoy et Gaimard), Voy. Astrolabe, Zool. i. p. 170, pi. 2. 
 
 fig. 2, "Menado" (1830); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Oti, p. 20; Wallace, Ibis, 
 1868, p. 25. 
 
 Hab. Gorontalo (Forsten); Macassar, Menado, Island of Flores (Wallace). 
 
 Dr. Hartlaub (Faun. Madagasc.) identified the Madagascar brown form, Scops mada- 
 gascariensis, Grandid., with the Celebean E. menadensis, but retained S. rutilus, Pucher. 
 (Archives du Mus. iv. pi. 22), as a distinct species. Professor Schlegel (Kech. s. 1. 
 Faun. Mad.) concurs with Dr. Hartlaub, but besides points out that S. rutilus is 
 nothing but the rufous phase. Mr. J. H. Gurney (Ibis, 1869, p. 452) admits the 
 identity of the two Madagascar forms, but considers the Madagascar to be a larger 
 local race of the Celebean E. menadensis, and (in epist.) " would be disposed to rank 
 it as one for which a specific name is convenient." One of Forsten's Celebean 
 examples (Mus. Pays-Bas, I. <?.), " teintes tirant fortement au roux," leads us to expect 
 that E. menadensis will yet be found in Celebes exhibiting the rufous livery of S. 
 rutilus, Pucher. The Flores habitat rests solely on the authority of Mr. Wallace. 
 Celebean examples only are contained in the Leyden Museum. 
 
 Ninox, Hodgson. 
 
 33. Ninox japonicps (Bp.), Consp. i. p. 41 (1850), ex Schlegel, Faun. Jap. pi. 9. 
 Noctua hirsuta japonica, Schlegel, Nederl. Tijdschr. 1866, p. 182. 
 
 Hab. Celebes ( Von Bosenberg) ; Japan, China (Schlegel). 
 
 The occurrence of a species of Ninox in Celebes was first made known by Professor 
 Schlegel (I. c). One example, collected by Von Rosenberg, is stated by the Professor 
 to be absolutely identical with Japanese and Chinese individuals. A second Celebean 
 example, obtained by the same collector, Professor Schlegel considers to be more nearly 
 related to the Ninox of continental India. A third example, sent from the island of 
 Sanghir, the same author regards as most nearly resembling the Bornean form Athene 
 borneensis, Bp., but with larger dimensions. The range of the subgenus Ninox is 
 extensive. Its members are found in Ceylon, which furnished the type of Strix hirsuta, 
 Temm. ; in Southern and Central India, S. lugubris, Tickell ; in the Himalayas, N. 
 nipalensis, Hodgs., whence they extend eastward and north-eastward to Japan, where 
 
VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OE CELEBES. 41 
 
 they become A.japonica, Bp. To the southward they are found in Bengal, Burma, 
 and Cochin China. In the Malaccan peninsula they bear the title of A. malaccensis, 
 Eyton, in the Andamans, N. affinis, Tytler; while of the Indo-Malayan Islands, 
 Sumatra contains the type of 8. scutulata, Baffles ; Borneo, A. borneensis, Bp. ; and 
 the Philippines, N. philijapensis, Bp. (Compt. Eend. xli. p. 655, 1855). A skeleton in 
 the Leyden Museum is our only evidence of Java possessing a species of this group, to 
 which A. florensis, Wallace, ex Flores, appears also to belong. The Madagascar N. 
 madagascariensis, Bp., so closely resembles the Indian Ninox, that Dr. Hartlaub 
 (Faun. Madagasc.) considers that it can hardly be separated as even a local race 
 (conf. J. H. Gurney, Ibis, 1869, p. 453). Enough has been said to show that all the 
 local varieties have yet to be rigidly compared with one another before the exact title 
 of the Celebean Ninox can be absolutely determined. 
 
 Steix, Linneeus. 
 
 84. Steix eosenbebgi, Schlegel, Nederl. Tijdschr. iii. p. 181, " Celebes " (1866); Wallace, 
 Ibis, 1868, p. 26. 
 
 Hah. Molido, Boni, Gorontalo (Rosenberg); Menado (mus. nostr.); Macassar 
 ( Wallace). 
 
 A very distinct and fine species. 
 
 PICARLE. 
 
 PICIDiE. 
 
 Mulleeipicus, Bonaparte. 
 
 35. Mulleeipicus fulvus (Quoy et Gaimard), Voy. Astrol. i. p. 228, pi. 17. f. 2, c?, 
 
 " Celebes " (1830) ; Malh. Monogr. i. p. 53, pi. 14. f. 1, d, f. 2, ? . 
 
 Hab. Macassar, Menado (mus. nostr.). 
 
 The affinities of this interesting species are nearer to M.pulverulentus (Tern.) than to 
 the group of large black-and-white species represented by P.javensis. Malherbe (I. c.) 
 erroneously referred P. fulvigaster, Drap. (Diet. Sc. Nat. viii. p. 621, ex Java), to this 
 species, instead of to P. javensis, <3 , Horsf. (1822), =P. horsfieldii, 6, Wagler (1827), 
 =P. leucog aster, Beinw. (1830). 
 
 Yungipicus, Bonaparte. 
 
 36. Yujtoipicus temmijtckii (Malherbe), Eev. Mag. Zool. 1849, p. 529, "Celebes;" 
 
 Malh. Monogr. i. p. 155, pi. 36. f. 3, $ . 
 
 Hab. Celebes (Mus. Lugd.) ; Macassar (Wallace). 
 vol. viii. — paet ii. May, 1872. x 
 
42 VISCOUNT "WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OF CELEBES. 
 
 Founded on a single example of a female in the Leyden Museum. Allied to Y. Msuki, 
 but considered a good species by Temminck and Bonaparte. 
 
 Prince Bonaparte (Consp. i. p. 129) described a specimen of a "Woodpecker, Picus 
 sanguineus, Lichtenst. (Cat. Hamb. p. 17), which was wrongly labelled in the Leyden 
 Museum as coming from Celebes, under the title of Venilia albertuli. 
 
 MEEOPID^I. 
 
 Meeops, Linnseus. 
 
 37. Merops philippinus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 13 1 (Vindob.), i. p. 183. no. 5 (1767), ex 
 
 Brisson. 
 
 Apiaster pkilippensis major, Brisson, Orn. iv. p. 560, " Philippine Islands." 
 
 Hab. Menado (mus. nostr.) ; Indian region. 
 
 Examples of the Bee-eater, usually referred to Brisson's Philippine species, from 
 North-east India, Candeish, Malabar, Coorg, Ceylon, Sumatra, and Java, are undistin- 
 guishable ; and my Celebean specimens do not appear to differ. 
 
 In the Hand-list, no. 1208, Mr. G. E. Gray keeps the species which inhabits India, 
 Ceylon, Java, Mores, Lombok, and Timor separate from the Philippine bird, and refers 
 it to Merops daudini, Cuvier. Cuvier bestowed this title (Eegne Anim. i. p. 442) on 
 Levaillant's GuSpier daudin (pi. 14). Levaillant distinctly states that he described 
 his species from examples brought from the Philippines by Sonnerat and Poivre. The 
 title of Merops daudini therefore applies to a Philippine species, and cannot be used for 
 the Indian species even if the Indian bird really does differ. 
 
 38. Merops ornatus, Latham, Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. xxxv, "New Holland" (1801); 
 
 Wallace, Ibis, 1860, p. 147 ; P. Z. S. 1862, p. 338. 
 
 Hab. Celebes [Wallace); Java {mus. nostr.); Flores, Lombock, Timor, Sula Islands, 
 Sumbawa, Ternate, Mysol, New Guinea {Wallace); Gilolo {Bernstein); New South 
 Wales, South Australia {Gould); Clarence Eiver, Port Albany {mus. nostr.). 
 
 Sula-Island examples perfectly agree with Australian. The Philippine Bee-eater 
 referred to this species by Von Martens (J. fur Orn. 1866, p. 17), seems to belong to 
 another species allied to M. viridis, Linn. 
 
 Meropogon, Bonaparte. 
 
 39. Meropogon eorstesti (Temm.), Bp. Consp. i. p. 164, "Celebes" (1850); Schlegel, 
 
 Mus. Pays-Bas, Merops, p. 8; Meyer, J. fur O. 1871, p. 231. 
 
 Hab. Tondano {Forsten) ; Eurukan {Meyer). 
 
 Mr. Wallace failed in obtaining this species (Ibis, 1860, p. 142). 
 
 1 In the twelfth edition (" Holmise ") the title of this species was omitted by the printer's mistake. 
 
VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIED8 OF CELEBES. 43 
 
 COEACIID^l. 
 
 Coeacias, Linnaeus. 
 
 40. Coracias temminckii (Vieillot), N. Diet. Sc. Nat. xxix. p. 435, "l'lnde" (1819), ex 
 
 Levaillant, Hist. Nat. Promer. & Guep. iii. Suppl. p. 46, pi. G ; Schlegel, Mus. 
 Pays-Bas, Coraces, p. 138 ; Wallace, Malay Archipel. i. p. 337. 
 Coracias papuensis, Quoy et Gaimard, Voy. de TAstrol. Zool. p. 220, pi. 16, " Dorey," errore (1830). 
 Hab. Kema (Forsten) ; Gorontalo, Modelido ( Von Rosenberg) ; Menado (mus. nostr.) ; 
 Macassar (Wallace). 
 
 In the ' Hand-list,' no. 899, Mr. G. R. Gray extends the range of this species to the 
 Sula Islands. Mr. Wallace is unable to confirm this statement, but writes to me that it 
 is probable. I have failed in finding any confirmation among the Dutch writers. 
 
 Euetstomus, Vieillot. 
 
 41. Euetstomus obientalis (Linn.), S. N. ed. 12, i. p. 159, ex Briss. ; Schlegel, Mus. 
 
 Pays-Bas, Coraces, p. 139. 
 Eurystomus pacificus (Lath.), ap. Wallace, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 339. 
 
 Hab. Limbotto, Gorontalo, Bongka, Ayer-pannas, Bone (Von Rosenberg); Menado 
 (mus. nostr.) ; Indian region. 
 
 The Eurystomus of Celebes belongs to the Asiatic and not to the Australian type, 
 E. pacificus (Lath.). It is not to be distinguished from Ceylon and Indian examples. 
 
 ALCEDINID^). 
 
 Dacelonii^e. 
 
 Monachalcton, Reichenbach. 
 
 42. Monachalcyon PEitfCEPS (Forsten), Mus. Lugd. ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 154, " Celebes," 
 
 adult ; Schlegel, Vog. Ned. Ind. Ijsvogels, pi. 7. f. 1, 2, 3. 
 
 Dacelo cyanocephalus, Forsten, Mus. Lugd. 
 
 monachus, Temm. Mus. Lugd. 
 
 Monachalcyon monachus, Sharpe, Mon. Alcedinidse, pt. xi. no. 87. 
 
 Hab. Kema, Menado (Forsten). 
 
 Mr. Sharpe, in his excellent Monograph, has adopted the specific title of monachus, 
 given by Temminck to the very young bird. I have preferred, in the absence of any 
 recognized rule in such a case, to use the title bestowed by Forsten on the fully adult 
 bird. 
 
 Ceram and Ternate are cited by Mr. G. R. Gray (Hand-list, no. 1068) as additional 
 habitats of this remarkable species ; it appears, however, to be a purely Celebean bird. 
 
 i2 
 
44 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OF CELEBES. 
 
 Sauropatis, Cabanis. 
 
 43. Sauropatis chloris (Bodd.), Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 49 (1783), ex Buff. ; Sharpe, Monogr. 
 
 pt. xii. no. 102. 
 Alcedo collaris, Scopoli, PI. Faun. Insub. ii. p. 90 (1786) , ex Sonn. 
 
 Hab. Macassar (Wallace). 
 
 The geographical distribution of this species will be found fully given by Mr. Sharpe 
 (l.s.c). 
 
 44. Sauropatis sancta (Vig. & Horsf.), Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 206, "New Holland" 
 
 (1825) ; Sharpe, Monogr. p. xii. no. 104. 
 Mr. Sharpe (I. c.) has not included Celebes within the range of this species ; but 
 Mr. Wallace has informed me that he obtained it, as well as S. chloris, at Macassar. 
 
 45. Sauropatis forsteni, Temm. Bp. Consp. i. p. 157, "Celebes" (1850); Schlegel, 
 
 Mus. Pays-Bas, Alcedines, p. 37 ; Schlegel, Vog. Ned. Ind. Ijsvogels, p. 29, pi. 11. 
 f. 1; Sharpe, Monogr. pt. xii. no. 103. 
 Hab. Gorontalo (Forsten). 
 
 The type specimen, an adult female, preserved at Leyden, is the only individual 
 known. In Prince Bonaparte's diagnosis Professor Schlegel (I. c.) substitutes the words 
 " subtus nigrescens" for " subtus alba." Mr. Sharpe informs me that "it is close to 
 H. chloris, of which perhaps it is only an accidental variety." 
 
 Todiramphus funebris (Forsten), Bp. (I. c), is from Gilolo, and not from Celebes, nor 
 has Alcedo diops, Temm., been found there since Temminck described the species. 
 
 Callialcyon, Bonaparte. 
 
 46. Callialcyojst rufa (Wallace), P. Z. S. 1862, p. 338, "Sula Islands and Celebes." 
 Halcyon coromanda (Lath., pt.), Sharpe, Monogr. pt. ix. no. 69. 
 
 Hab. Celebes, Sula Islands ( Wallace) ; Macassar ( Wallace). 
 
 The Celebean Callialcyon is the largest and most brilliantly coloured of the group. 
 
 In both these respects it differs ; and I therefore do not hesitate to retain Mr. Wallace's 
 
 title. 
 
 Cittura, Reichenbach. 
 
 47. Cittura cyanotis (Temm.), Nouv. Eec. livr. xliv. pi. 262, "Sumatra" (!), errore 
 
 (March 27, 1824); Sharpe, Monogr. pt. ii. no. 10, "Celebes;" Wallace, Ibis, 
 1860, p. 142. 
 Hab. Kema (Forsten) ; Celebes ( Wallace) ; Menado (mus. nostr.). 
 The true habitat of this species was made known by Professor Schlegel some seven 
 years ago (Mus. Pays-Bas) ; and to Mr. Wallace we owe not only a confirmation of the 
 fact, but interesting notes on the habits of the bird. It is not improbable that the 
 differences whereon Mr. Sharpe founded his C. sanghirensis will prove to be common to 
 the Celebean bird in certain phases of plumage. 
 
VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIKDS OF CELEBES. 45 
 
 Ceycopsis, Salvadori. 
 
 48. Ceycopsis fallax (Schlegel), Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk. 1866, p. 187, "Celebes;" 
 
 Sharpe, Monogr. part v. no. 37. 
 
 Hah. Edges of creeks in the mountainous parts of Celebes (Schlegel) ; Menado (mus. 
 nostr.). 
 
 Tanysiptera riedelii, J. Verreaux, N. Arch, du Mus. ii. Bulletin, p. 23, pi. 3. f. 1 
 (1866), is not a Celebean bird. See P. Z. S. 1872, p. 1. 
 
 Alcedinin^e. 
 Pelargopsis, Gloger. 
 
 49. Pelargopsis melanorhtncha (Temm.), PL Col. 391, "Celebes" (10th June, 1826); 
 
 Sharpe, Monogr. pt. ix. no. 66. 
 Hah Celebes (Beinwardt) ; Menado (mus. nostr.) ; Sula Islands (Wallace). 
 
 Alcedo, Linnaeus. 
 
 50. Alcedo moluccensis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xv. p. 11, "Moluccas" (1846); Cat. Calc. 
 
 Mus. no. 215, p. 49, "Celebes, Moluccas;" Sharpe, Mongr. pt. x. no. 74. 
 
 Alcedo minor moluccensis, Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Alcedines, p. 8; Schlegel, Vog. Ned. Ind. 
 Ijsvogels, p. 5, pi. 1. f. 4, 5. 
 
 Hah. Gorontalo (Forsten); Celebes, Bouru, Gilolo, Flores (Wallace); Salawati, 
 Ceram, Batchian, Mysol, Amboina (Von Mosenberg). 
 
 It was probably Celebean examples of this species which Temminck mistook for the 
 common European Kingfisher (PI. Col. 272, note). 
 
 51. Alcedo asiatica, Swainson, Zool. Illustr. 1st ser. i. pl. 50, " some part of India " 
 
 (1820-21); Sharpe, Monogr. pt. x. no. 75. 
 
 Alcedo meninting, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 172, "Java" (1822) ; Temm. Nouv. Bee. pl. 239. 
 f. 2, "Java and Sumatra;" Schlegel, Vog. Ned. Ind. Ijsvogels, p. 6, pl. 3. f. 2, 3. 
 
 Hah. Indo-Malayan region, Macassar ( Wallace) ; Gorontalo ( Von Rosenberg) ; Lom- 
 bock (Wallace). 
 
 CYPSELID^E. 
 
 Macropteryx, Swainson. 
 
 52. Macropteryx wallacii (Gould), P. Z. S. 1859, p. 100, " Macassar." 
 Hah. Celebes, Sula Islands {Wallace); Macassar, Menado (mus. nostr.). 
 
 This species is closely allied to M. klecho, but differs in being considerably larger and 
 in having the crown of the head, the shoulder-coverts, the edgings of the quills, and the 
 upper surface of the rectrices of a deeper shade of blue-green. Dimensions of wing in 
 M. wallacii, seven inches and a quarter ; in M. klecho, six inches and a quarter. 
 
46 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIKDS OF CELEBES. 
 
 Collocalia, G. R. Gray. 
 
 53. Collocalia esculenta (Linn.), Syst. Nat. ed. 12, i. p. 343. no. 2 (1766), ex Rumph. 
 
 Herb. Amb. ; Wallace, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 384. 
 
 Collocalia hypoleuca, G. R. Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 170, " Aru Islands;" Hand-list, no. 749; Ann. 
 Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. vol. xvii. p. 120. 
 
 Hab. Celebes, Timor, Moluccas, Aru Islands ( Wallace). 
 
 Notwithstanding the reasons advanced by Mr. G. R. Gray (I. c), Mr. Wallace's argu- 
 ments in favour of this species being the true Hirundo esculenta, Linn., appear to me to 
 be decisive. Rumphius does not speak of " the concealed white spots on the tail-feathers 
 as if there were one on each " (Gray, op. cit. p. 126). On the contrary, by the expres- 
 sion " only when the feathers are separated the white spots become visible," Rumphius 
 leaves it to be inferred that all the white spots are concealed, and therefore that the 
 middle pair of tail-feathers are immaculate. The statement of Linnaeus that " all the 
 tail-feathers are spotted with white," is an inaccurate rendering of the description given 
 by Rumphius. 
 
 54. Collocalia fuciphaga (Thunberg), Act. Holm, xxxiii. p. 151, pi. 4, "Java" (1772); 
 
 Wallace, P. Z. S. p. 384. 
 
 Collocalia nidifica, var., G. It. Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. vol. xvii. p. 119 ; F. Moore, Cat. Mus. 
 E. Ind. Co. i. p. 98. 
 
 Hab. Macassar ( Wallace) ; Java (H esculenta, ap. Horsf.) ; Sumatra (H. esculenta, 
 ap. Raffles); Bourbon, Mauritius (var. francica, Gm.); Neilgherries (H. unicolor, 
 Jerdon, = C. concolor, Blyth) ; Malabar coast and Western Ghauts (Jerdon) ; Ceylon 
 (Layard) ; Darjeeling (Tickell) ; Assam (H. brevirostris, McClelland) ; Bootan (Pern- 
 berton) ; Sikim (Blyth) ; the whole of the Malay islands ( Wallace). 
 
 The further limits of this species depend on the true value of H. vanicorensis, Quoy 
 & Gaim., -=M. leucoplma, Peale. 
 
 Hirundinapus, Hodgson. 
 
 55. Hikundinapus giganteus (V. Hasselt) : PI. Col. livr. xli. pi. 364, "Java" (27th 
 
 August 1825). 
 Chcetura gigantea, var. celebensis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 609, " Menado." 
 
 Hab. Java {type), Sumatra, Celebes (Mus. Lugd.) ; India (Jerdon) ; Ceylon (Layard). 
 
 Dr. Sclater (I. c.) points out differences which distinguish the Celebean Hirundinapus 
 from typical Javan and Sumatran examples. As one of these distinctions he mentions " a 
 well-marked narrow white patch on the front on each side of the nostrils." Dr. Sclater 
 also alludes to the Celebean bird as " a very distinct form." The white frontal marks 
 are also found in the Indian bird, while in a Penang specimen, along with other slight 
 differential characters, Dr. Jerdon (B. of Ind. i. p. 173) found the white frontal patches 
 wanting. This Penang individual thus agreed with the type as described by Temminck. 
 
VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OF CELEBES. 47 
 
 But it seems possible that the absence and presence of the white frontal spots only denote 
 phases of plumage. If not, the Indian bird will belong to a different species, while the 
 Celebean may be either the same as the Indian (in itself highly improbable), or repre- 
 sent a third form. 
 
 CAPRIMULGIM. 
 
 Lyncoruis, Gould. 
 
 56. Ltocokots macropterus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 62, "Celebes" (1850); Wallace, Ibis, 
 
 1860, p. 141. 
 Hab. Menado ( Wallace). 
 
 bucerotim:. 
 
 Buceros, Linnaeus. 
 
 57. Buceros exaratus, " Reinw.," Temm. Nouv. Recueil, livr. xxxvi. pi. 211, $ , 
 
 "Celebes" (2nd August, 1823); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Buceros, p. 10. 
 (PI. V. fig. M; fig. 2,?.) 
 
 Hab. Tondano (Forsten); Menado (mus. nostr.); appears to be restricted to the 
 north-eastern parts of Celebes. 
 
 The male is distinguished from the female by having the throat, cheeks, ear-coverts, 
 sides of neck, and superciliary stripes springing from base of mandible white. In my 
 examples the white super cilium has light ferruginous-brown feathers intermixed. In 
 dimensions the female appears to be somewhat smaller. The example I note from is 
 marked by the collector "female," while the entirely black individuals are marked 
 " males." According to Professor Schlegel (I. c.) the subject of Temminck's plate was a 
 female ; and, together with Salomon Muller, he describes the male as having the throat 
 and sides of the head white. 
 
 As this curious form does not belong to any of the established subdivisions of the 
 family, I leave it for the present in the old Linnsean genus. It is certainly not a 
 Hydrocissa, as classed by Prince Bonaparte. It belongs to the group of Hornbills, in 
 which the casque and the true maxilla are completely blended together, the pro- 
 longation of the casque forming, in old birds, the apex of the maxilla. 
 
 Cranorrhinus, Cabanis. 
 
 58. Cranorrhinus cassidix (Temm.), PI. Col. 210, 6, "Celebes" (2nd August, 1823). 
 
 Buceros cassidix, Temm. ; Schlegel & Miiller, Verhandel. Zool. Aves, p. 24, pi. 4 bis, ? ; Schlegel, 
 Mus. Pays-Bas, Buceros, p. 9; Wallace, Malay Archip. i. p. 364. 
 
 Hab. Tondano (Beinwardt) ; Menado (mus. nostr.); district of Maros, Macassar 
 ( Wallace). 
 
 The types of the two plates above cited came from Tondano. In the old males the 
 
48 
 
 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 
 
 colouring of the neck is pale tawny, with scarcely any of the bright ferruginous tint 
 exhibited by the younger birds. Thus the dark chestnut-brown feathers on the crown, 
 occiput, and nape appear more isolated, the much paler hue of the neck-plumage 
 forming a greater contrast. In other respects there are no characters whereby the 
 younger may be distinguished from the older birds, save the somewhat smaller general 
 dimensions, and the form, proportion, and adjuncts of the bill. After the full 
 plumage has been acquired, the bill still passes through three very distinct stages of 
 structure. In the younger (fig. 1) the casque looks more like an inflation of the 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 Granorrhinus cassidix, <$ juv. 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 Granorrhinus cassidix, J jun. 
 
 culmen than a separate part of the maxilla, so little is it detached. It is swollen 
 posteriorly, and already reaches to above the eye. Anteriorly it falls rapidly towards 
 
VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OF CELEBES. 
 
 49 
 
 the culmen without exhibiting an erect edge. The cutting-edges of the mandibles 
 are not broken or serrated. In the mature bird the bill measures two inches more 
 than in the younger ; yet in the younger bird the mandibles are as high, or are higher, 
 throughout their length than in the fully adult ; or, in other words, in the latter the bill 
 
 Fig. 3. 
 
 Cranorrhinus cassidix, cj ad. 
 
 Fig. 4. 
 
 Cranorrhinus cassidix, 5 . 
 
 is prolonged at the expense of its height. In this stage there are no traces of the basal 
 lateral plates. The walls of the mandibles are quite smooth, without any indications 
 vol. viii. — pakt ii. May, 1872. K 
 
50 
 
 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OP CELEBES. 
 
 of lateral folds. But the position which is occupied by the lateral plates in older 
 individuals is indicated by a dingy reddish brown colour. 
 
 In the next stage (fig. 2, p. 48) the bill measures about one inch longer, and has 
 acquired the form which exists in the old bird ; but the cutting-edges are unbroken. 
 The casque is more inflated, appears more detached from the culmen, and reaches 
 further back on the crown of the head. In front it stands up at a right angle to the 
 culmen, and is much compressed. A thin, smooth plate has grown on the basal half of 
 the two mandibles ; but there are no traces of folds or grooves. The substance of these 
 plates seems to be secreted from the walls of the mandibles. 
 
 In the fully adult bird (fig. 3, p. 49) the commissure is serrated, notched, and broken. 
 The casque extends back past the line of the eye. Anteriorly it is less compressed 
 than in the previous stages, although not so much swollen as the posterior portion. The 
 anterior edge stands at an acute angle to the culmen. The casque displays five distinct 
 folds or, rather, undulations. At the base of the mandibles the lateral plates are much 
 thickened. On each side of the maxilla they are divided by a single, deep, diagonal 
 groove into two equally broad flat folds. On the sides of the mandible there are two 
 grooves thus forming three similar folds. 
 
 In the adult female (fig. 4, p. 49) the commissures are much broken and serrated. 
 The casque is smaller, the anterior edge rising at a right angle to the culmen. It is 
 also divided into five almost equal undulations or folds. The basal plates are divided 
 both on the mandibula and maxilla into three broad flat bands. In a second example 
 of a female (mus. nostr.) a third band has been partially arrested in its development, the 
 groove being being partly obliterated. While the female has certainly three flat bands 
 at the base of both the mandibles, it will be interesting to know whether the male has 
 never more than two at the base of the maxilla. In Temminck's plate (I. c.) the male 
 is figured with only two ; while in that given by Schlegel and S. Mtiller (I. c.) the 
 female is figured with three both above and below. The following dimensions are 
 taken from Menado examples in my collection. The bill is measured in a straight line 
 from the gape to the apex. 
 
 Dimensions. 
 
 
 Wing. 
 
 Tail. 
 
 Bill. 
 
 Circumference of casque. 
 
 Casque. 
 
 
 inches. 
 16§ 
 
 m 
 
 17l 
 15 
 
 inches. 
 
 14 
 14 
 12 
 
 inches. 
 6f 
 
 7f 
 
 8 J 
 
 n 
 
 Outer, 
 inches. 
 
 H 
 
 n 
 
 5 
 
 Inner. 
 
 inches. 
 
 4 
 
 H 
 
 n 
 
 Height, 
 inches. 
 
 H 
 
 3| 
 2 
 
 Male, adult 
 
 Female, adult 
 
 
 It will be seen that the bill increases in length after the wings and tail have reached 
 their maximum. The inner circumference of the casque is greater in the youngest 
 than in the adult. The anterior part of the casque, at its union with the culmen, 
 
VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OE CELEBES. 51 
 
 appears to become absorbed, and to retreat as the bird increases in age ; or, as the 
 anterior edge becomes more and more perpendicular to the culmen, it perhaps wears 
 off, or is broken off. This can be traced in one example— the indent or hollow from 
 which the fore part of the casque sprung, and in which it was attached to the culmen, 
 a groove shaped like a V, three quarters of an inch long, not being filled up. 
 
 Buceros sulcatus, Temm., from the Philippines, and B. corrugatus, Temm., from 
 Borneo, belong to the same genus. 
 
 CUCULIMl. 
 
 Scythe opin^e. 
 Scttheops, Latham. 
 59. Scytheops nov^e-hollandle, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 141, " Nova Hollandia" (1790); 
 Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Cuculi, p. 36 ; Temm. PI. Col. 290. 
 Cuculus prcesagus, Reinw. MS., ex Celebes. 
 
 Hab. Menado, Macassar (mus. nostr.) ; Kema (Forsten) ; Ceram, north coast (Mus. 
 Lugd.) ; Ceram, south coast, adult males, April (Hoedt) ; Obi-major, adult male, 29th 
 of June, Batchian, adult male and female, end of June, a male, 8th of September 
 (Bernstein); Flores (Wallace); New South Wales, between October and January 
 (Gould); Cape York (mus. nostr.). 
 
 Two individuals from the vicinity of Menado are, in their colouring and markings, 
 almost identical with an example from Cape York. The dimensions of the wing and 
 tail also agree. But the bill of the Menado male, measured from the nostril, is full 
 two inches and three quarters in length, and that of the female two and five eighths, 
 whereas that of the Cape-York bird is only two inches and a quarter. In form the 
 bill of the Celebean bird differs from that of the Cape- York example. In the latter 
 the culmen is rounded, smooth, and broad, and there is only one lateral channel or 
 groove present. This starts from above the nostril, and runs in a line more or less 
 parallel with the culmen. In the Menado male the culmen, on leaving the forehead, 
 forms a distinct narrow ridge ; on each side of it is a depression or shallow valley, 
 formed and bounded by a second ridge, below which again is the channel observable in 
 the Cape-York bird. In the bill of the Menado female the culmen is sharper and still 
 more clearly defined; and the lateral channels, while being deeper, are prolonged 
 nearly to the apex of the maxilla 1 . The type of structure is essentially that of the 
 bill in some species of the Bucerotidee. 
 
 We know nothing of this form out of Australia. In that country it is migratory. 
 Its geograpical distribution in the archipelago, as at present known, is anomalous ; for 
 it occurs in Flores, and is not recorded from Lombock or Timor. It has been found in 
 Batchian, but not in Gilolo ; in Ceram, but not in Bourou. 
 
 1 A Macassar example, since obtained, presents a similar structure. 
 
 K2 
 
52 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIKDS OF CELEBES. 
 
 PlKENICOPHAIN^E. 
 
 Phoenicophaes, Vieillot. 
 
 60. Phcenicophaes calorhynchus (Temm.), Nouv. Eec. livr. lix. pi. 349, "Celebes" 
 (25th of June 1825); Wallace, Malay Archip. ii. p. 340. 
 Le Malcoha a bee peint, Less. Complem. de Buffon, ii. p. 61 8, pi. — . fig. 1. 
 
 Hob. Gorontalo (Forsten) ; Menado, Macassar (mus. nostr.). 
 
 MM. Verreaux proposed (Eev. & Mag. Zool. 1855, p. 356) to restrict Vieillot's generic 
 title Phoenicophaes to a small group consisting of this species, of P. curvirostris, Shaw, 
 P. erythrognathus, Temm., and a fourth species, P. ceneicaudus, Verr., not since obtained. 
 And they suggested a new generic title, Alectorops, for the reception of Cuculus pyrrho- 
 cephalus, Forster. But, as Forster's Ceylon Malkoha is the type of Phcenicopha'es, this 
 arrangement cannot be recognized. 
 
 Dr. Cabanis (Mus. Hein. iv. p. 85), concurring in the propriety of separating the 
 Ceylon species from the others, retained it, Vieillot's type species, in Phoenicophaes, 
 and proposed Bhamphococcyx for the small Indo-Malayan group. The grounds for 
 this separation are the great extent of naked space surrounding the eye, the abnormal 
 colouring of the plumage, the form of the bill, and the position and shape of the nostrils 
 in P. pyrrhocephalus. The naked space is certainly more extended than in P. curvi- 
 rostris or P. erythrognathus ; but then P. calorhynchus has the ophthalmic region almost 
 entirely clothed. The colouring of the plumage differs principally in that white replaces 
 the rufous of P. curvirostris and P- erythrognathus, thus evincing an affinity to Mhopo- 
 dytes, Cab. (Zanclostomus of Indian authors, but not of Swainson). The tail is tipped 
 with white instead of rufous ; but the upper plumage in all three is green. In P. 
 calorhynchus green is entirely absent, and the tail is uniform in colour. In colouring 
 P. calorhynchus is as much an isolated species as P. pyrrhocephalus. The form of the 
 bill in all four species is very similar ; but the position and shape of the nostrils is 
 different in each of the four. The nostril of P. pyrrhocephalus (fig. 8) is placed in a 
 narrow, depressed, lengthened, oval slit, which runs almost parallel with the commis- 
 sure, yet slightly descending. Its situation is almost on the edge of the commissure, 
 and at an unusual distance from the base of the maxilla. In P. curvirostris (Shaw) 
 (fig. 6) the nostrils are set at the commencement of a deep narrow groove or channel. 
 In P. erythrognathus, Bp. 1 (fig. 7), the nostril is a simple round hole. The nostril of P. 
 calorhynchus (fig. 5) is an elongated slit, like that of P. pyrrhocephalus, but running quite 
 parallel with the commissure, and not so near its edge ; nor is it as advanced from the 
 base of the maxilla. The position and shape of the nostrils in these four species is so 
 peculiar and distinctive, that the species could be determined from a fragment of the 
 maxilla alone. The striking difference in the shape of the nasal opening of the Javan 
 P. curvirostris and Sumatran, Moluccan, and Bornean P. erythrognathus (forms which 
 
 1 Consp. i. p. 98. 
 
VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIED8 OF CELEBES. 
 
 are otherwise difficult to recognize as distinct species) is very remarkable. The four 
 species form a natural group which cannot be consistently subdivided, unless P. calo- 
 rhynchus be also made the type of a separate genus. Within the limits of Phcenicophaes 
 I am also inclined to include Melias diardi, Less., and also Cuculus sumatranus, "Rafflp* 
 
 Phcenicophaes calorhynchns. 
 Fig. 7. 
 
 Phcenicophaes curvirostris. 
 
 Fig. 8. 
 
 f-'..-'"v." '-i' : :'''S 
 
 Phcenicophaes erythrognathus. 
 
 Phcenicophaes pyrrhocephalus. 
 
 Cuculin^e. 
 Eudyjnamis, Vigors & Horsfield. 
 
 61. Eudwamis melanoehyncha, S. Miiller, Verhandel. p. 176 ; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 
 
 Cuculi, p. 20; Walden, Ibis, 1869, p. 344. 
 
 Hab. Kema, Tondano, Gorontalo (Forsten) ; Menado (mus. nostr.). 
 
 Cacomantis, S. Miiller. 
 
 62. Cacomantis lanceolatus, S. Miiller, Verhandel. p. 178. 
 Hab. Macassar (Wallace, mus. nostr.); Java (type). 
 
 The synonymy of the species usually comprised in Cacomantis, S. Miiller, is still so 
 entangled, that a few general remarks on the Plaintive Cuckoos of the Indian and 
 Australian regions are necessary to enable us to establish the identity of the Celebean 
 member of the genus. 
 
54 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OP CELEBES. 
 
 In India there are two species : 1, C. passerinus ( Vahl), without any rufous in the 
 adult plumage ; 2, C. tenuirostris (Gray, apud Jerdon), with a rufous belly. Both pass 
 through an hepatic phase. C. passerinus (Vahl) chiefly inhabits western and south- 
 western India and Ceylon; C. tenuirostris, Gray, ap. Jerdon, frequents Bengal and 
 the countries to the eastward, including Burma. In Bengal the two species are said to 
 meet and interbreed. C. passerinus (Vahl) has no representative ; but G. tenuirostris, 
 Gray, ap. Jerdon, is represented in the Malay peninsula by C. threnodes, Cab. ; in 
 Borneo by C. borneensis, Bp. ; in the Philippines by C. merulinus (Scopoli) verus ; and 
 in Java by Cuculus flavus, Gm., apud Horsf., S. Muller, &c, =Cacomantis merulinus, 
 Scop., ap. Cab., and Polyphasia merulina, Scop., ap. Horsf. & Moore. The Javan bird, 
 in the hepatic stage, is probably the G. lanceolatus, S. Muller. When fully adult it 
 has the head, nape, throat, and breast pale ashy ; the remaining lower parts fulvous, 
 more or less inclining to rufous ; the caudal bands are white ; and the quills uni- 
 colorous. In the young and in the transition stage these bands, which are broad, 
 equidistant, and unbroken, are rufous, and the quills are either all or partly rufous- 
 banded. This description will apply more or less to all the races above alluded to. 
 
 C. sepulchralis, S. Muller, is the title of a third very distinct species, which inhabits 
 Java. "When adult it may be at once recognized from C. merulinus of Java by its 
 longer bill, and from all the races of that species by its much longer wings and tail, 
 by the chin, cheeks, and ear-coverts only being pale ashy, the head dark grey, the 
 upper surface bronze-green, and by the whole under surface, the chin excepted, being 
 ruddy fulvous. The white markings on the rectrices are fewer, smaller, and chiefly 
 consist of triangular edge-spots, and not of bands running right through. In transition 
 plumage this is in all probability the C.pyrogaster, Drapiez. C. sepulchralis, S. Muller, 
 belongs to the group which includes C. flabelliformis, Lath., C. dumetorum, Gould, and 
 C. insperatus, Gould, from Australia, also several races of small Cuckoos of the Austro- 
 Malayan archipelago, as C. assimilis, G. R. Gray, Aru Islands, C. infaustus, Cabanis, 
 Mysol, and some undetermined species in Goram, Batchian, Morty, and Salawati, 
 likewise G. simus, Peale, Feejee Islands, C. castaneiventris, Gould, Cape York, and C. 
 bronzinus, G. E. Gray, in New Caledonia. No member of this group has been identified 
 as inhabiting Continental Asia ; yet the Bengal specimen, stated by Dr. Jerdon (B. of 
 Ind. i. p. 335) to have the rufous extending to the chin, may belong to it. 
 
 A fourth group of Plaintive Cuckoos is represented by C. tymbonomus, S. Muller, 
 from Timor ; to it belongs the C. pallidus (Lath.) of Australia, and an undetermined 
 species from Waigiou. In C. tymbonomus the upper surface is pale olive-brown, 
 inclining to ashy on the head and rump; the under surface is paler and more 
 cinereous ; under tail-coverts tawny, or pallid rufous ; middle pair of rectrices imma- 
 culate, but broadly tipped with brown ; the remainder tipped with white, and partially 
 toothed on the inner webs with white. This species and its allies also pass through a 
 rufous phase. 
 
VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 55 
 
 C. sonnerati, Lath., founded on Sonnerat's Petit coucou des Indes (Voy. Indes, n. 
 p. 211), from its being more or less rufous at all ages, and a small species, has been 
 often confounded with either one or other of the foregoing. Its Javan representative, 
 but slightly differing, is the C. pravatus, Horsf., =C. fasciolatus, S. Muller, = C. rufo- 
 vittatus, Drapiez. The group is also represented in Sumatra, Malacca, Borneo, and 
 Ceylon. This form, raised to generic rank by Dr. Cabanis (Penthoceryx), has the bill 
 long, broad at the base, and uncompressed throughout its entire length, the maxilla 
 overlapping the mandibula. In old birds the rufous and dark brown bands of the 
 upper plumage are washed with bronze-green. From the chin to the under tail- 
 coverts each feather is white, traversed by usually three narrow, dusky, irregular lines ; 
 the white interspaces being three or four times as broad as the dusky lines. A 
 uniform transverse striated appearance is thus imparted to the under plumage, never 
 found in any other group of the small Asiatic Cuckoos. The middle pair of rectrices 
 are, according to age, either almost entirely dark brown with a bronzy gloss, or else 
 have both sides of the shaft dark brown, indented with bright rufous. The lateral 
 rectrices are never evenly barred through, are always bright rufous with dark cross 
 marks, have a white or else a pale fulvous terminal spot and a penultimate broad 
 dark brown band. Many of the frontal plumes are white at their base and in the 
 centre — a character alone sufficient to distinguish this group from any of the Plaintive 
 Cuckoos in hepatic plumage. 
 
 C. infuscatus, Hartl., is either another type of the Plaintive Cuckoos, or else it 
 belongs to the same subsection of C. passerinus ; or it may prove to be only a phase of 
 C. simus. 
 
 A Macassar specimen, collected by Mr. Wallace, appears to belong to the group of 
 which C. merulinus is typical. It has six of the secondary quills with rufous bars, part 
 of the unmoulted hepatic dress ; otherwise it is undistinguishable from Javan examples 
 of C. lanceolatus. The lateral rectrices are, as in that species, broadly barred with pure 
 white. It is, however, a larger bird, with wings and tail somewhat longer. Wing 4-g-, 
 
 tail 4f . 
 
 CENTEOPODINiE. 
 
 Pyeehocentoe, Cabanis. 
 
 63. Pyeehocentoe celebensis (Quoy & Gaimard), Voy. Astrol. Zool. i. p. 230, pi. 20, 
 "Menado" (1830). 
 
 Centropus bicolor, Cuvier, Mus. Paris, fide Pucheran, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1852, p. 472; Lesson Tr 
 p. 137(1831). 
 
 Hab. Menado (mus. nostr.) ; Gorontalo (Forsten). 
 
 I cannot find that Cuvier ever published his title of C. bicolor. A second species of 
 this subsection inhabits the Philippines (P. unirufus, Cab.). But it is not unlikely that 
 
56 VISCOUNT WALDEN OJS T THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 
 
 Cabanis's species is the same as C. melanops, Less, ex Cuv., said to have been obtained 
 by the Paris Museum from Java (conf. Pucheran, op. cit. p. 473). C. melanops is cer- 
 tainly not a Javan bird ; and though Professor Schlegel has identified it with C. rufi- 
 pennis, Illiger, it belongs to a different group of Coucals. Notwithstanding the opinion 
 of the learned Professor, of Prince Bonaparte, who made it equal to C. medius, Muller, 
 and Dr. Cabanis, Mr. Cassin appears to have correctly identified it with C. nigrifrons, 
 Peale. C. ateralbus, Less., ex New Ireland, is a closely allied form. 
 
 In P. celebensis, the fully adult bird loses the bright yellow-rufous chin-, throat-, neck-, 
 and breast-plumage of the younger bird. These parts become very pale fulvous, and 
 contrast with the dark chestnut of the remaining lower region. In this state Cuvier's 
 title of bicolor is applicable. The young bird is bright rufous throughout ; and, judging 
 by analogy, the Philippine P. unirufus, Cab., is the young bird of C. melanops, Less., 
 = C. nigrifrons, Peale. 
 
 Centrococcyx, Cabanis. 
 
 64. Centrococcyx afebtis (Horsf.), Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 180, "Java" (1821). 
 
 Centropus medius, Bernst. Nat. Tjdscte-. Ned. Ind. xxi. p. 27; J. fur Orn. I860, p. 269. 
 rectunguis, Strickl., ap. Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Cuculi, p. 69. 
 
 Hab. Macassar (mus. nostr.) ; Java (mus. nostr.). 
 
 The red-and-black Coucals of the Indian region form a natural and well-defined 
 group ; and I concur with Dr. Cabanis in the propriety of separating them from the 
 African genus Centropus. Notwithstanding the labours of Dr. Cabanis and Professor 
 Schlegel, the species are far from being clearly established. Examples of two species 
 from Celebes are in my collection, and Would, were I to follow Professor Schlegel, be 
 referable to C. rectunguis, Strickl., a title made by the learned Professor to include most 
 of the smaller Asiatic Coucals and even an African species. An examination of a con- 
 siderable series of this group has led me to conclusions widely differing from those 
 contained in the Catalogue of the Leyden Museum. 
 
 The difficulties which meet a student of the genus Centrococcyx arise from the general 
 resemblance in the plumage of its members, the blue, the green, or the purple hue 
 of the black portion, and the deeper or less intense shades of the rufous not being 
 sufficiently striking and well marked, except in perfect plumage, to be relied on as 
 distinguishing characters. We also find in the Coucals, as in other natural groups the 
 members of which are numerous, the colouring of the adult in one species representing, 
 more or less, the transition colouring of the young of another species. Thus the dingy 
 greenish brown hue of the rectrices in an immature C. rectunguis changes to glossy 
 dark green in the next stage, and is again converted into deep blue in the adult bird. 
 But in the common Indian Crow-Pheasant the colour of the rectrices is arrested at the 
 green stage, and green remains the hue of that part of the plumage in the fully adult 
 bird. A complete series of fully adult examples from all parts is consequently essential 
 
VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OE CELEBES. 57 
 
 before characters founded on the colouring can be relied on. Another source of diffi- 
 culty is the extreme variability of the plumage in the first and second years, the 
 young wearing a livery greatly resembling in general characters the adult garb of Aus- 
 tralian C. phasianus and its allies. It is likely that this variability is more apparent 
 than real, and that each species, as in JEudynamis for instance, has special phases of 
 immature plumage peculiar to itself. Happily certain characters are always present 
 whereby typical specific groups can be separated from one another. The most important 
 are the dimensions and the form of the bill. Three distinct groups of Asiatic Coucals 
 can thus be separated ; and as Java is the only known locality where all three are repre- 
 sented, we may use the Javan species as standards : — 
 
 First, C. bubutus, Horsf., as the type of the large species, such as : — C. sinensis, Stephens, 
 ex China; C. rufipennis, Illiger, India and Ceylon; C. eurycercus, A. Hay, Malacca; 
 C. borneensis, Bp., Borneo; and the very distinct C. chlororhynchus, Blyth, ex Ceylon. 
 This group appears to be unrepresented in Celebes ; nor has it been discovered in the 
 Philippines or in Formosa. 
 
 The second group comprises species smaller in size, with short, but proportionally 
 very high bills, the diminished length of the bill making it appear disproportionately 
 broad at the base. The Javan representative is C. affinis, Horsf. An identical form 
 inhabits Flores ; and a somewhat larger species is found in Ceram, which, if the same 
 as the Amboyna Centrococcyx, must stand as C. medius, Bp., ex Miiller. A Macassar 
 individual, collected by Mr. "Wallace, although in young plumage, bill pale flesh-colour, 
 and plumage streaked and mottled, so closely resembles Javan C. affinis in dimensions 
 and form of the bill, that I cannot separate it. 
 
 The third group consists of the smallest species, represented in Java by C. javanensis, 
 Dumont, = C. lepidus, Horsf. In these the bill is a miniature resemblance of that of 
 the second group. The upper tail-coverts are highly developed, or, in other words, they 
 are the tail-coverts of the C. affinis group. C. bengalensis, Gm., of India; C. viridis, 
 Scop., of the Philippines; C. moluccensis, Cab., ex Bernst., of Ternate, very near to 
 C. javanensis, but with a proportionately longer tail ; and C. dimidiatus, Blyth, = C. lig- 
 nator, Swinh., of Formosa and China, come within these limits. Malaccan and Banjar- 
 massing individuals scarcely differ from the Javan species; and judging from the mea- 
 surements given by Professor Schlegel, representatives occur in Ceram, Sambawa, 
 Bangka, Sumatra, and Amboyna. 
 
 A Celebean example of a young bird, with a pale bill and buff-streaked plumage, 
 offers no distinctive characters, either in its proportional dimensions or in the form of 
 the bill, whereby it can be separated from C. javanensis. Yet it must be recollected 
 that the adult bird may present characters more than enough to stamp it as distinct. 
 C. rectunguis, Strickland, a perfectly distinct species, as yet only known from Malacca, 
 is a miniature C. rufipennis. By its external structure it belongs to the first group. 
 The bill is long and much compressed. The wings are short and much rounded, the 
 
 vol. vni. — part ii. May, 1872. L 
 
58 VISCOUNT "WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OF CELEBES. 
 
 seventh quill, if any thing, the longest. The claw of the hallux is short, and therefore 
 appears straight; in character, it is the claw of the large species, shortened in pro- 
 portion to the size of the hird. In the second and third groups the hind claws are 
 not proportionately diminished, and therefore appear disproportionate when compared 
 with those of the large species. The upper surface of the tail is a deep, rich, almost 
 purple blue. The nape is glossy violet-blue, contrasting with the duller green-black of 
 the head. The adolescent plumage possesses characters peculiar to the species. From 
 this it will be seen that it has no characters in common with the members of the second 
 and third groups. It does not appear to be contained in the Leyden Museum. 
 
 The following is a synopsis of the smaller Asiatic Coucals, together with the dimen- 
 sions of the individuals I have had access to. Cuculus tolu, Gm,, ex Madagascar, seems 
 to belong to the Asiatic and not to the African section of Centropodinse. 
 
 A. 
 
 1. Centrococcyx affinis (Horsf.), Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 180, "Java" (1821). 
 
 Cuculus totu, 6m,, ap. Baffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 285, is either the Sumatran form of this 
 species or else of C. javanensis. 
 
 Hab. Java, Sumatra (X), Celebes, Flores. 
 
 2. Centrococcyx medius (Bp.), ex Miiller, Consp. i. p. 108, " Amboyna" (1850). 
 Professor Schlegel applies this title to the Amboyna species. Prince Bonaparte 
 
 includes the Javan form. 
 Hab. Amboyna, Ceram. 
 
 B. 
 
 1. Centrococcyx javanensis (Dumont de Ste. Croix): Diet. Sc. Nat. xi. p. 144, "Java" 
 
 (1818). 
 Centropus lepidus, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 180, "Java" (1821). 
 Centropus pumilus, Less. Traite, p. 136, "Java" (1831). 
 
 Lesson described partly from the example on which Dumont founded the title of 
 javanensis. My Bornean example is smaller than Javan individuals. 
 Hab. Java, Malacca, Banjermassing, Celebes. 
 
 2. Centrococcyx viridis (Scop.), Del. Fl. Faun. Insub. ii. p. 89 (1786), "Philippines," 
 
 ex Sonn. 
 Centropus philippensis, Cuv. E. An. i. p. 426 (1817), ex PI. Enl. 824, "Philippines." 
 Corydonisc pyrrkopterus, Vieill. Enc. Method, iii. p. 1353, ex PI. Enl. 824, "Philippines" (1823). 
 Centropus niolkenboeri, Bp. Consp. i. p. 108, descr. orig. (1850), " Philippines." 
 
 In the first edition of the Regn. An., Cuvier erroneously quotes PI. Enl. 884. In the 
 edition of 1829 this error is corrected. Vieillot founded his species on PI. Enl. 225 — also 
 
VISCOUNT "WALDBN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 59 
 
 an obvious error. 1 am not acquainted with this species. It is admitted as perfectly 
 distinct by Professor Schlegel. 
 Hab. Philippines. 
 
 3. Centrococcyx moluecensis, Cab., ex Bernst. Mus. Hein. iv. p. 113 (1862), "Tinor" 
 
 (Timor?). 
 
 The types of Bernstein's MS. title moluecensis, in the Berlin Museum, were from 
 Ternate. Is Tinor a misprint for Timor or Tidore ? 
 Hab. Ternate. 
 
 4. Centrococcyx bengalensis (Gm.), Syst. Nat. ed. 13, i. p. 112 (1788), "Bengal," ex 
 
 Brown, pi. 13. 
 
 Corydonix maculatus, Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1353 (1823), ex Brown, pi. 13. 
 Centropus pygmceus, Hodgs. Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 85 (1844), "Nipaul." 
 Centropus viridis, Scop., ap. Blyth, Jerdon, Horsf. & Moore, and Swinhoe. 
 
 The following titles are usually associated with this species: — Polophilus lathami, 
 Leach, Zool. Misc. pi. 56, described from a British Museum specimen; locality unknown. 
 The species is undeterminable, Leach's plate and description being insufficient. 
 
 Centropus rufinus, Cuv. E. An. (1817), p. 426, and Polophilus rufus, Stephens, Gen. 
 Zool, Aves, ix. p. 44 (1815), titles founded on Levaillant's 221st plate (Ois. d'Afr.), 
 would take precedence of C. affinis, Horsf., if, as suggested by Professor Sundevall, 
 Levaillant figures the Javan bird (Krit. Framst. p. 48). Dr. Cabanis deems it more 
 probable that the "Lesser Indian Coucal" formed the subject of Levaillant's plate. 
 From the figure it is impossible to decide which of these two opinions is correct ; while 
 Lveaillant's mendacious account only tends to mislead us. 
 
 Hab. Bengal, Mysore, Central India, Burma. 
 
 5. Centrococcyx dimidiatus (Blyth), J. A. S. B. 1842, p. 945, " Chusan." 
 Centropus lignator, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1861, p. 48, ex Formosa, Amoy, Hong Kong. 
 
 Centropus viridis (Scop.), ap. Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 266, " South China, Formosa;" Ibis, 1870 
 p. 235, " Hainan." 
 
 It is not as yet satisfactorily determined whether the Chinese Lesser Coucal is a 
 distinct species — and if not, whether it is the same as C. viridis (Scop.) or C. benga- 
 lensis (Gm.). 
 
 Hab. South China, Hainan, Formosa (Swinhoe). 
 
60 
 
 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 
 Dimensions. 
 
 
 Wing. 
 
 Tail. 
 
 Tarsus. 
 
 BUI. 
 
 daw. 
 
 
 
 inches. 
 
 inches. 
 
 inches. 
 
 inch. 
 
 inch. 
 
 
 
 7-000 
 
 9-750 
 
 1-8750 
 
 0-6825 
 
 1-125 
 
 Java. Not quite adult. 
 
 
 6-875 
 
 9-375 
 
 1-7500 
 
 0-6250 
 
 1-250 
 
 Macassar. 5 young. 
 
 
 6-750 
 
 9-625 
 
 1-7500 
 
 0-6825 
 
 1-125 
 
 Flores. Moulting into adult plumage. 
 
 C. medius, Bp., ex Miill. . . 
 
 7-875 
 
 10-000 
 
 2-1250 
 
 0-7500 
 
 1-375 
 
 North Ceram. $> adult. 
 
 C. javanensis, Dumont . . 
 
 6-250 
 
 7-875 
 
 1-5000 
 
 0*6250 
 
 
 Java. Not quite adult ; claw broken. 
 
 j? » • * 
 
 5-875 
 
 7-250 
 
 1-5000 
 
 0-6250 
 
 
 Banjarmassing. Adult ; hind claw broken. 
 
 ii 3> • ' 
 
 5-375 
 
 6-875 
 
 1-5625 
 
 0-5625 
 
 0-875 
 
 Penang. Very young. 
 
 5? !> • • 
 
 6-125 
 
 8-375 
 
 1-7500 
 
 0-6250 
 
 1-125 
 
 Malacca. Adult. 
 
 J) 3J • ■ 
 
 6-000 
 
 8-625 
 
 1-5625 
 
 0-6250 
 
 1-125 
 
 Macassar. Young. 
 
 ?C. moluccensis, Cab 
 
 6-125 
 
 9-000 
 
 1-6250 
 
 0-6250 
 
 1-000 
 
 Timor. Moulting into adult plumage. 
 
 C. bengalensis, Gm 
 
 6-500 
 
 8-000 
 
 1-2500 
 
 . . . t 
 
 1-000 
 
 Jerd. Birds of Ind. i. p. 351. 
 
 C. rectunguis, Strick. 
 
 6-375 
 
 9-000 
 
 1-7500 
 
 1-0000 
 
 0-625 
 
 Malacca. Adult. 
 
 >> » 
 
 5-875 
 
 8-375 
 
 1-7500 
 
 0-9375 
 
 0-625 
 
 Malacca. Young. 
 
 65. Centrococcyx javanensis (Dumont de Ste. Croix), Diet. Sc. Nat. xi. p. 144 (1818), 
 " Java." 
 
 Centropus lepidus, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 180 (1821), " Java." 
 
 Centropus pumilus, Less. Traite, p. 136 (1831), "Java/' Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1853, p. 56. 
 Centropus affinis, Horsf., ap. Bernst. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. xxi. p. 27 ; J. fur Orn. 1859. p. 185, 
 1860, p. 269. 
 
 Hab. Macassar, Java, Malacca, Banjarmassing (mus. nostr.). 
 
 An interesting account of the habits and nesting of this species in Java, and of the 
 peculiar structure of its spinal column, has been given by Bernstein (J. fur O. I. c.) ; also 
 detailed observations on parts of its internal anatomy, and of that of C. affinis (Horsf), 
 by the same author, in the Tijdschrift (I. c). The skeleton of the Celebean bird will 
 have to be compared with that of the Javan before the absolute identity of the two 
 species can be established. 
 
 PASSERES. 
 
 ORIOLID^E. 
 
 Beodbripus, Bonaparte. 
 
 66. Broderipus coronatus (Swains.) : An. in Menager. p. 342 (1837), " Java." 
 
 Oriolus horsfieldii, Bp. Consp. p. 348 (1850), "Java." 
 Oriolus galbula, ap. Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. p. 152, " Java." 
 Oriolus hippocrepis, Wagler, part., Syst. Av. Oriolus (1827) . 
 Oriolus indicus, Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas., Coraces, p. 102. 
 
 Hab. Java (mus. nostr.); Macassar, Menado (Wallace); Bougka, Gorontalo (Von 
 Rosenberg). 
 
VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIED8 OP CELEBES. 61 
 
 I have compared two Macassar male examples collected by Mr. Wallace with a large 
 series of Javan individuals, and have failed in detecting any valid specific differences. 
 The black-naped Orioles, before attaining their full plumage, pass through a stage 
 wherein the two centre rectrices retain the olive-green hue found in younger birds, 
 while they have already put on the black feathers which surround the head, and the full 
 bright adult yellow plumage of the entire under surface, the crown, the neck, and the 
 rump, the plumage of the back alone showing immaturity by traces, more or less, of 
 dingy greenish-yellow. It would seem that the central pair of olive-coloured rectrices 
 are not moulted and replaced by a pair of new black feathers, but rather that the olive- 
 green hue changes gradually into black, commencing from near the tips, which are pure 
 yellow at the earliest stage, and thence passing upwards. In adult Javan examples the 
 lesser wing-coverts are tipped with yellow, thus forming a conspicuous yellow speculum. 
 But in Javan examples in the stage of plumage above described, these yellow tips are 
 frequently absent, or only commencing to be developed. The two Macassar examples 
 are in the intermediate stage of plumage described above : one has no yellow tips to 
 the lesser wing-coverts ; in the other they are just appearing. Whether in perfect 
 plumage the yellow alar bar is wanting, as in the Sula B. frontalis, has yet to be ascer- 
 tained. In the mean time I shall retain the Macassar Oriole under the title of the Javan 
 bird. The Macassar species is somewhat larger. Wing 5f, tail 4-f- , bill |-. 
 
 The only Menado example I have been able to examine is in the intermediate stage 
 of plumage, with green middle rectrices and no alar bar. It differs in that the black 
 coronal ring does not unite at the nape, the yellow of the crown being thus confluent 
 with that of the nape. As indications of the complete black circle in Broderipus 
 appear in the earliest stages of plumage, this break in the coronal ring cannot be a 
 sign of nonage. The dimensions differ from those of the southern form. Wing 5f, 
 tail 4f , bill f. It possibly represents a distinct species. 
 
 TUEDIDtE. 
 
 Geocichla, Kuhl. 
 
 67. Geocichla erythronota, Sclater, Ibis, i. p. 113, "Macassar" (1859). (PI. VI. 
 fig. 2.) 
 
 Hab. Macassar (Wallace). 
 
 This species and G. interpres (Kuhl) form a section of the genus which perhaps 
 deserves a subgeneric title. 
 
 Turdus avensis, J. E. Gray, Griffith, Anim. Kingd. Birds, i. p. 530, pi. — , named from 
 an Indian drawing, is either G. interpres or else an unknown Burmese representative 
 form. 
 
62 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OE CELEBES. 
 
 TIMALIIDJE. 
 
 Teichostoma, Blyth. 
 
 68. Tbichostoma celebense, Strickland, Contr. Ornith. 1849, p. 128, pi. — , " Celebes." 
 
 Hab. Macassar {Wallace). 
 
 A species of the above genus, collected by Mr. Wallace, is referred, with some doubt, 
 to the bird figured and described by the late Mr. Strickland. The chin and throat are 
 white ; the rest of the under surface is washed with pale ferruginous faintly tinged with 
 brown. The upper plumage and wings are dark olive-brown, the loose plumes of the 
 lower back being tinged with rusty, and the upper tail-coverts being distinctly rust- 
 coloured. The outer edges of the rectrices are rusty brown. Lores and cheeks dingy 
 white. Wing 2J-, tail 2-f, tarsus 1. 
 
 While evidently belonging to the genus Trichostoma, this species differs structurally 
 from T. bicolor (Lesson) of Sumatra and Malacca, by having the rictal bristles but 
 slightly developed and the tail proportionally short. 
 
 PITTIDtE. 
 
 Melanopitta, Bonaparte. 
 
 69. Melanopitta forsteni (Bp.), Consp. i. p. 256, " Celebes" (1850). 
 
 Pitta melanocephala, Forsten (nee Wagler), Schlegel & S. Muller, Verhandl. Zool. Aves, p. 19, 
 " Tondano ; " Westerman, Bijdr. i. pt. 6. p. 46, pi. 2; Schlegel, Vog. Ned. Ind. Pitta, p. 5, 
 pi. 2. f. 1. 
 
 Brachyurus forsteni, Bp. Elliot, Monogr. p. 83, pi. 24; Wallace, Ibis, 1864, p. 106. 
 
 Hab. Kema, Tondano (Forsten). 
 
 Eeythropitta, Bonaparte. 
 
 70. Eeythkopitta celebensis (Forsten), Schlegel & S. Muller, Verhandel. Zool. Aves, 
 
 p. 18, "Tondano;" Westerman, Bijdr. i. p. 6. p. 46, pi. 3; Schlegel, Vog. Ned. 
 Ind. Pitta, p. 17, pi. 4. fig. 4; Wallace, Ibis, 1864, p. 106. 
 Brachyurus celebensis (Forst.), Elliot, Monogr. p. 67, pi. 17. 
 
 Hab. North Celebes (Forsten). 
 
 This species was found to be scarce by Mr. Wallace (Ibis, 1860, p. 142). When 
 remarking that three species of Pitta inhabited Celebes, Mr. Wallace (I. c.) was probably 
 misled by Bonaparte's Conspectus, wherein P. mulleri, Bp., is stated to be from Celebes 
 instead of Borneo. 
 
VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OF CELEBES. 63 
 
 SAXICOLIM. 
 Monticola, Boie. 
 
 71. Monticola solitaeia (P. L. S. Muller), Syst. Nat. Suppl. p. 142. no. 46 (1776), ex 
 
 BufFon, PI. Enl. 564. f. 2. 
 Le Merle solitaire de Manille, Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 363. no. 1, descr. orig. ex Sonnerat; PL 
 
 Enl. 636, <J; 564, f. 2, <3 vel ? adolesc. 
 Turdus manilla, Boddaert, Tab. PI. Enl. 636 (1783) . 
 Merula solitaria philippensis, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 272, no. 32, "Ins. Philipp." descr. orig. ex Poivre 
 
 (avis juv?). 
 Le Merle solitaire des Philippines, Montb. op. cit. p. 364, no. 2; PI. Enl. 339, ex Brisson, no. 32 l . 
 Turdus philippensis, P. L. S. Muller, op. cit. p. 145. no. 59, ex Buffon, PI. Enl. 339 (1776). 
 Turdus philippensis, Bodd. op. cit., ex Buffon, PI. Enl. 339 (1783). 
 Turdus eremita, Gm, Syst. Nat. 13th ed. i. p. 833 (1788), ex Brisson, no. 32. 
 Merula solitaria manillensis, Brisson, op. cit. p. 270. no. 31, " Manilla/' descr. orig. 
 Turdus manillensis, Gm. op. cit. p. 833 (1788), ex Brisson, no. 31. 
 Turdus manillensis, auct. ; Schlegel, Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 67. 
 
 Hah. North Celebes (Forsten) ; Philippines {type) ; China, Formosa, Japan {Swinhoe). 
 
 There seems little doubt that the Merle solitaire de Manille and the Merle solitaire 
 des Philippines of Montbeillard are the same species in different phases of plumage. 
 This was Montbeillard's own opinion {op. cit. p. 365). The most recent authors, how- 
 ever, have continued to treat them as distinct. 
 
 Peatincola, Koch. 
 
 72. Peatincola capeata (Linn.), Syst. Nat. ed. 12, i. p. 335. no. 33, " Luzon " (1766), 
 
 ex Brisson, Orn. iii. p. 440. 
 
 Hah. Macassar {Wallace) ; Philippines {mus. nostr.) ; common all over India {Jerdon) ; 
 Tongoo {mus. nostr.); Aracan {Blyth); Java {Horsfield); Nipaul {Hodgson); Moul- 
 mein, Lombock, Timor, Flores {mus. nostr.) ; Simla {Beavan) ; Coorg, Candeish {mus. 
 nostr.). 
 
 An example of a young male individual of this species was collected by Mr. Wallace 
 at Macassar. It in no way differs from Philippine specimens in my collection. 
 
 Examples from the localities above cited agree well in their dimensions. Those from 
 Candeish are larger, but not so large as the Ceylon P. atrata, Blyth. 
 
 1 Montbeillard's account contains internal evidence sufficient to prove that it was compiled from Brisson's 
 description. The plate (339) appears also to have been drawn from Brisson's description only. This will 
 explain the unnatural colouring of the head. 
 
64 
 
 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OP CELEBES. 
 
 SYLVIIDtE. 
 
 Acrocephalus, Naumann. 
 
 73. Acrocephalus orientalis (Bp.), Consp. i. p. 285 (1850), ex Schlegel. 
 
 Salicaria turdina orientalis, Schlegel, Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 50, pi. 21, " Japan/' 
 Acrocephalus magnirostris, Swinh. Ibis, 1860, p. 51, " Amoy, Shanghai." 
 
 Hab. Celebes (Schlegel) ; Menado (mus. nostr.) ; Japan (Schlegel) ; China (Swinhoe). 
 
 Two examples of a large Eeed- Warbler from Menado agree best with Amoy indi- 
 viduals. I therefore provisionally refer them to the Chinese species. They, however, 
 differ from my examples of A. orientalis (Amoy), A. brunnescens (Coorg), and A. arun- 
 dinaceus (Linn.) (Holland), in having the rectrices conspicuously tipped with dirty 
 white. The proportion of the quills in these examples does not exactly coincide with 
 the proportions existing in the other species alluded to; nor do the dimensions com- 
 pletely agree. 
 
 
 BiU. 
 
 Wing. 
 
 Tail. 
 
 Tarsus. 
 
 A. arundinaceus (LinnS) 
 
 inch. 
 
 •4375 
 •5625 
 •5625 
 •6250 
 •5625 
 
 inches. 
 
 3-5625 
 
 3-4375 
 
 3-2500 
 
 3-4375 
 
 3-4375 
 
 inches. 
 3-250 
 3-250 
 3-000 
 3-500 
 3-000 
 
 inch. 
 
 1-0000 
 1-1250 
 1-1250 
 1-1875 
 1-1250 
 
 A. brunnescens (Jerd.) 
 
 A. orientalis (-Bp.) 
 
 Acrocephalus, sp., ex Cashmere 
 
 „ „ Menado 
 
 A. arundinaceus (Linn.). First long primary nearly as long as second, which is 
 longest ; third shorter than first. 
 
 A. brunnescens (Jerd.). First much shorter than third and fourth, which are longest. 
 In one example the third is longest ; in another the fourth is longest. 
 
 A. orientalis (Bp.). Second longest, third nearly equal to second, first equal to fourth. 
 
 Ex Menado. Second longest, first nearly equal to third, first longer than fourth. 
 
 Ex Cashmere. Second equal to fourth, third longest; first somewhat shorter than 
 second and fourth, which are nearly equal to third. 
 
 The Cashmere example seems to belong to a distinct species, and differs from 
 A. brunnescens of Southern India in its longer and stouter bill, longer tail, and in the 
 upper plumage being darker brown. 
 
 Cisticola, Kaup. 
 
 74. Cisticola cursitans (Franklin), P. Z. S. 1831, p. 118. 
 
 Sylvia cisticola, Temra. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 228 (1820). 
 Cisticola schcenicola, Bp. Birds of Europe, p. 12 (1838). 
 
 Hab. Macassar (Wallace). For complete range cf. Von Heuglin, Orn. N.-O. Afr. 
 pp. 269, 270. 
 
VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OF CELEBES. 65 
 
 A Macassar example of a male Cisticola, kindly lent to me by Mr. Wallace, I am 
 unable to distinguish from Assamese and Daccan individuals of C. cursitans. It is 
 labelled C. lineocapilla, Gould, with the note, " tail rather more distinctly marked." 
 Wing If, tail l-£f . The range of this tiny species is very extensive. 
 
 MOTACILLID^l. 
 
 Budttes, Cuvier. 
 
 75. Budttes viridis (Gm.), Syst. Nat. ed. 13, i. p. 962 (1788), " Ceylon," ex Brown, 
 
 pi. 33. 
 
 Hdb. Menado (tows, nostr.). 
 
 One example, in winter plumage. Olive-green above. Upper part of breast sulphur- 
 yellow ; rest of under surface pure white, some of the ventral and under tail-coverts 
 dashed with sulphur-yellow. Supercilium conspicuous, broad, and pure white. Agrees 
 perfectly with examples from continental India. 
 
 Motatilla flavescens, Stephens, Gen. Zool. Aves, x. p. 559, is enumerated in the 
 'Hand-list' by Mr. G. K. Gray as a distinct species, with the habitats of the Moluccas, 
 Celebes, Timor, and Java assigned. Stephens gave this title to Buffon's " Bergeronnette 
 de l'ile de Timor," Hist. Nat. v. p. 275. Buffon's bird belongs to that phase of plumage 
 of B. viridis (Gm.) in which the superciliary stripe is yellow, the upper plumage ash- 
 coloured, and the under yellow. 
 
 HIRUNDINID^E. 
 
 Hikukdo, Linnaeus. 
 
 76. Hieundo GtTTTUEALis, Scopoli, Del. Fl. Faun. Insubr. ii. p. 96. no. 115, ex Sonn. 
 
 (1786). 
 
 L'Hirondelle d'Antigue, Sonn. Voy. Nouv. Guin. p. 118, pi. 78. 
 Hirundo panayana, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 1018, ex Sonn. (1788). 
 
 Hab. Menado (mus. nostr.) ; Indian region. 
 
 Celebean examples agree with specimens from India, Japan, China, Java, Malacca, 
 and Morty Island. In one the crown is ashy brown, the forehead albescent. The 
 black pectoral band is present, and the chin and throat are dirty rufous ; on the outer 
 tail-feathers the white mark is in the form of a diagonal oval drop. An example of an 
 adult bird has the head steel-blue; forehead, chin, and throat deep rufous, as in the 
 European H. rustica, the rufous breast being bounded by the usual black pectoral 
 band. Wing 4 J inches. 
 
 Whether this and the other races of Chimney-Swallows which inhabit the Malay 
 archipelago and Eastern Asia are or are not of the same species as the European bird, 
 they undoubtedly belong to Sonnerat's Hirondelle d'Antigue. 
 
 vol. vm. — part ii. May, 1872. m 
 
66 VISCOtJNT "WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OE CELEBES. 
 
 77. Hiriwdo javanica, Sparrman, Mus. Carls, pi. 100, "Java" (1789). 
 Hab. Indo-Malayan region. 
 
 Mr. Wallace informs me that he found this species common at Macassar, " building 
 its mud nests in verandas in the town." 
 
 MUSCICAPID^E. 
 
 Ctornis, Blyth. 
 
 78. CroEins rufigula, Wallace, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 476, " Menado." (PL VII. fig. 3.) 
 Hab. Menado [Wallace). 
 
 Mtialestes, Keichenbach. 
 
 79. Mtialestes helianthea [(Wallace), P. Z. S. 1865, p. 476, « Menado. (PI. VII. 
 
 fig. 1.) 
 
 Hab. Menado {Wallace). 
 
 This is a representative form of M. cinereocapilla (Vieill.), differing from that species 
 by wanting the ashy head, nape, throat, and breast of the Indian bird. The head is 
 subcrested. 
 
 Htpothtmis, Boie. 
 
 80. Htpothtmis puella (Wallace), P. Z. S. 1862, p. 340, " Sula Islands and Celebes." 
 
 (P. VII. fig. 2.) 
 
 Hab. Sula Islands and Celebes {Wallace). 
 
 The azure Flycatchers form a natural section consisting of several very closely allied 
 species, which have yet to be worked out. The group is characteristic of the Indian as 
 distinguished from the Australian region ; and Boie's generic title is here adopted in 
 preference to classing M. azurea, Bodd., and its allies with the Australian Myiagra 
 rubeculoides, Vig. & Horsf., and its allied species. 
 
 81. Htpothtmis manadensis (Quoy et Gaimard), Voy. Astrol. Zool. i. p. 176, " Menado " 
 
 (1830), pi. 3. fig. 3. 
 
 Hab. Menado {Quoy et Gaim.). 
 
 Prince Bonaparte (Coll. Delattre, p. 81) refers this form to Hypothymis, where I 
 place it with doubt, being unacquainted with the species. 
 
 Butalis hypogrammica, Wallace, Ibis, 1862, p. 350, is recorded from Celebes by Mr. 
 G. B. Gray (Hand-list, no. 4814). Mr. Wallace cannot assure me positively that it 
 occurs in that island. But as it is a summer visitant in China, and was obtained in 
 Ceram and Morty Island by Mr. Wallace, it is not unlikely to be a winter resident in 
 Celebes. Hemichelidon griseosticta, Swinhoe, is undoubtedly the same species; and 
 that title takes precedence (Ibis, 1861, p. 330). 
 
VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OE CELEBES. 67 
 
 ARTAMIDtE. 
 
 Artamus, Vieillot. 
 
 82. Artamus monachus, Temm. ; Bp. Conspectus, i. p. 343, " Celebes " (1850) ; Wallace, 
 
 P. Z. S. 1862, p. 340; Ibis, 1860, p. 141. (PI. VI. fig. 1.) 
 Hab. Mountain districts of 'North Celebes, as well as the Sula Islands (Wallace). 
 The diagnosis by Mr. Wallace was taken from Sula examples. Neither does it, nor 
 
 do Sula individuals (mus. nostr.) altogether agree with the description given by Prince 
 
 Bonaparte (I. c). 
 
 83. Artamus leucorhynchus (Linn.) : Mantissa Plant, p. 524, ex Brisson, " Manilla " 
 
 (1771). 
 
 Lanius manillensis, Briss. Ornith. ii. p. 180, "Manilla," descr. orig. (1760). 
 
 leucorhynchus, Gm. S. N. ed. 13, i. p. 305, ex Brisson (1788). 
 
 dominicanus, Gm. op. cit. p. 307, ex Sonnerat, Voy. Nouv. Guin. p. 55, pi. 25. 
 
 ? Lanius leucogaster, Valenc. Mem. du Mus. vi. p. 27, " Timor " (1820). 
 Artamus leucopygialis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 17, "Australia." 
 
 s, Temm. ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 344, " Nov. Guinea, Timor." 
 
 Leptopteryw leucorhynchus (Linn.) ; Horsf. Linn. Trans, xiii. p. 244, " Java." 
 
 Lanius leucorhynchus, Linn. ; Raffles, Linn. Trans, xiii. p. 306, " Sumatra." 
 
 Artamus leucogaster (Valenc); "Wallace, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 28; Walden, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 555; 
 
 Beavan, Ibis, 1867, p. 324. 
 ■ leucorhynchus, Wallace, Ibis, 1860, p. 141. 
 
 Hab. Timor, Flores, Lombock, Bouru, and the whole archipelago from Sumatra to 
 New Guinea, Celebes (Wallace); Sumatra (Baffles); Java (Horsfield); Andamans 
 (Beavan) ; Cape York, Moreton Bay, Queensland, Mysol, Menado, Manilla, Andamans, 
 Java (mus. nostr.). 
 
 I am unable to distinguish individuals of the white-bellied Swallow-shrike inhabiting 
 the Philippines, Andamans, Java, Lombock, Mysol, Australia, and Celebes. In colora- 
 tion they appear to be absolutely identical. In dimension, with the exception of the 
 large Celebean form, they vary but little. I have therefore included all under the 
 oldest title given by Linnaeus to the Philippine bird. The Celebean is much the 
 largest, and ought, perhaps, to receive a separate specific name. Mr. Wallace (P. Z. S. 
 1863, p. 485) entitles the Timor bird A. leucogaster, var.; but it was from Timor 
 specimens that Valenciennes described A. leucogaster. 
 
 A. mentalis, Jard. (Fidjee Islands), and A. melaleucus (Forsten), a good species (New 
 Caledonia), belong to this group. A. monachus (Temm.) ought, perhaps, to be also 
 included, 
 
 m2 
 
68 
 
 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OE CELEBES. 
 
 Dimensions of Artamus leucorhynchus. 
 
 
 Wing. 
 
 Tail. 
 
 Tarsus. 
 
 Bill 
 from forehead. 
 
 Bill 
 from nostril. 
 
 Manilla 
 
 inches. 
 5-250 
 5-250 
 5-250 
 5-375 
 5-250 
 5125 
 5-250 
 5-125 
 5-625 
 
 inches. 
 
 2-625 
 2-750 
 2-625 
 2-625 
 2-625 
 2-750 
 2-500 
 2-500 
 3-000 
 
 inch. 
 
 •625 
 
 •625 
 
 •625 
 
 ■625 
 
 •625 
 
 •625 
 
 •625 
 
 •5625 
 
 •625 
 
 inch. 
 
 •7500 
 
 •8125 
 
 •7500 
 
 •6875 
 
 •6875 . 
 
 •6875 
 
 •7500 
 
 ■6875 
 
 •8750 
 
 inch. 
 
 •5000 
 
 •5625 
 
 •5625 
 
 ■5625 
 
 •5000 
 
 •5000 
 
 •5625 
 
 •5000 
 
 •5625 
 
 Lombock 
 
 Mysol 
 
 Queensland 
 
 Cape York 
 
 Moreton Bay 
 
 
 Andamans 
 
 Menado 
 
 
 CAMPEPHAGID^E. 
 
 Gkaucalus, Cuvier. 
 
 84. Gkaucalus atriceps, S. Mull. Verhand. Land- en Volk. p. 190, "Celebes " (1839-44); 
 
 Hartlaub, J. fur Orn. 1864, p. 437. 
 
 Hab. Celebes (S. Mutter) ; Ceram, Sumbawa, Flores (Hartlaub). 
 
 In his admirable monograph, Dr. Hartlaub (I. c.) describes from a Ceram male and 
 a Sumbawa female. It is not stated whether they were compared with Celebean 
 individuals, I therefore include these localities with some doubt. Mr. Wallace (P. Z. S. 
 1863, p. 485) notes only one Graucalus as inhabiting Flores, G. personatus, S. Miiller. 
 
 85. Gkaucalus leucopygius, Bp. Consp. i. p. 354, " Celebes" (1850); Hartlaub, J. fur 
 
 Orn. 1864, p. 443. 
 
 Hab. Macassar (Hartlaub) ; Macassar, Menado (mus. nostr.). 
 
 86. Gkaucalus temminckii, S. Miiller, Verhandel. Land- en Volkenk. p. 191, " North- 
 
 eastern Celebes" (1839-44); Hartlaub, J. fur Orn. 1864, p. 446. 
 
 Hab. Gorontalo (Forsten, fide Hartlaub). 
 
 This is a most remarkable form, and seems to be rare. In 1864 only one example 
 was contained in the Leyden Museum. Another, a male, is preserved in the British 
 Museum. The types (for S. Miiller also described the female, I. c.) were obtained by 
 Forsten in North-eastern Celebes. Mr. Wallace (P. Z. S. 1862, p. 342) has added the 
 Sula Islands to its range, on S. Muller's authority. I have failed in finding any state- 
 ment of S. Miiller to that effect. 
 
VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OF CELEBES. 
 
 69 
 
 Volvocivora, Hodgson. 
 87. Volvocivora morio (S. Miiller), Verhandel. Land- en Volkenk. p. 189, "Celebes" 
 
 (1839-44); Hartlaub, J. fur Orn. 1865, p. 155. (PI. VIII. fig. 1.) 
 Edoliosoma melanolcema, G. R. Gray, Hand-list, no. 5099, "Celebes" (1869). 
 
 Hal. Tondano, Gorontalo (Hartlaub) ; Macassar (mm. nostr.). 
 
 This and several Indo-Malayan and Papuan species are classed by Dr. Hartlaub (I. c.) 
 under Campephaga, Vieillot, the type of that genus being the African Campephaga 
 nigra, Vieill. This species, in its turn, Dr. Hartlaub transfers to Lesson's genus 
 Lanicterus. I venture, however, to refer the Celebean bird to Volvocivora, Hodgs., as 
 it is nearly allied to the type of that genus, Lanius silens, Tickell (1833), = Ceblepyris 
 lugubris, Sundev. (1837), = Volvocivora melaschistos, Hodgs. (1837). 
 
 On examination I find that Edoliosoma melanolcema, a title published without descrip- 
 tion, refers to S. Miiller' s species ; while the E. morio, of the Hand-list, no. 5097, appears 
 to be C.fimbriatus, Temm. The British-Museum examples of the last are noted from 
 Celebes ; but that locality requires further confirmation. 
 
 Lalage, Boie. 
 88. Lalage leucopygialis, n. s. (PI. VIII. fig. 2.) 
 
 Hah. Menado (mus. nostr.). 
 
 S. Miiller, Hartlaub, O. Finsch, and others have hitherto included Celebes within 
 the range of the Lalage of Java, Turdus dominicus, P. L. S. Miiller, =T. terat, Bodd., 
 =T. orientalis, Gm. Two examples of a Lalage, one of an adult male, and the other 
 of an adult female, received by me from Menado, are to be readily distinguished from 
 the Javan bird by having the lower back and rump pure white, the long upper tail- 
 coverts only being grey. In this respect the Celebean Lalage agrees with L. mela- 
 noleuca (Blyth) from the Philippines ; but that species is without a white supercilium 
 (fide Hartl. J. fur Orn. 1865, p. 163). 
 
 This is probably the L. leucopygialis of Mr. Gray's Hand-list ; but as no description 
 is given, his title cannot be noticed. 
 
 The Lalage which inhabits South-eastern Borneo differs from the Javan form in its 
 longer wing and broader though not longer bill. 
 
 
 Wing. 
 
 Tail. 
 
 Tarsus. 
 
 Bill 
 from nostril. 
 
 
 
 inches. 
 
 3-375 
 3-750 
 3-500 
 3-500 
 
 inches. 
 
 3-000 
 3-250 
 3-125 
 3-125 
 
 inch. 
 
 •7500 
 
 •7500 
 
 •6875 
 
 •6875 
 
 inch. 
 
 •500 
 •500 
 •500 
 •500 
 
 L. dominica. 
 L. leucopygialis. 
 
 )> 33 ~ 
 
 Banjarmassing. <J adult 
 
 
 Menado. 2 adult 
 
 
70 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES, 
 
 Lalage aurea (Temm.), PI. Col. livr. lxiv. pi. 382. fig. 2, " Timor " (21st December 
 1825); Bp. Consp. i. p. 355; Coll. Delattre, p. 78; Hartlaub, J. fur Orn. 1865, 
 p. 168. 
 This species is stated to occur in Celebes by Bonaparte and Dr. Hartlaub. Mr. 
 
 Wallace, however, is of opinion that it cannot be considered a Celebean bird. 
 
 Aetamides, Hartlaub. 
 
 89. Aetamides bicoloe (Temm.), PI. Col. livr. xlvii. pi. 278, " Sumatra " (!) (June 26, 
 
 1824); S. Miiller, Verh. Land- en Volk. p. 191, " Celebes; " G. R. Gray, Hand- 
 list, no. 5091, " Banda, Celebes, Sumatra." 
 
 Hab. Menado (mus. nostr.). 
 
 Salomon Miiller (I. c.) expressly states that this species inhabits Celebes, and neither 
 Sumatra nor Banda. 
 
 DICRURIDvE. 
 
 Diceueits, Vieillot. 
 
 90. Diceueus leitcops, Wallace, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 478, "Celebes." 
 Hab. Macassar, Menado {Wallace). 
 
 Closely resembles D. pectoralis, Wallace, of the Sula Islands, but is somewhat larger 
 in all its dimensions. The irides are stated by Mr. Wallace to be invariably milk- 
 white, while in the Sula species and in all others known they are red. 
 
 The type of Vieillot's genus Dicrurus, Corvus balicassius, L., appears to stand alone ; 
 and it will be perhaps necessary to form a separate genus for the reception of all the 
 Austro-Malayan Dicruridse, whose aflinities seem to be with Chibia, Hodgs. 
 
 NECTAEINIID^E. 
 
 Nectaeinik^e. 
 
 Aeachnotheea, Temminck. • 
 
 91. Aeachnotheea 1 
 
 Arachnothera longirostra (Lath.), S. Miiller, Verhandel. Zool. Aves, p. 69, ex Celebes. 
 
 I have not had an opportunity of examining an example of the Celebean Arachno- 
 thera, and am therefore unable to determine its correct title. 
 
 Antheeptes, Swainson. 
 
 92. Antheeptes malaccensis (Scopoli), Del.Fl. et Faun. Insub. ii. p. 90. no. 62 (1786); 
 Walden, Ibis, 1870, p. 47. no. 38. 
 
 Hab. Celebes (Wallace); Menado (mus. nostr.); Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Malacca 
 
VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OF CELEBES. '1 
 
 (S. Muller); Sula Islands, Flores (Wallace); Aracan, Tenasserim (Blyth); Labuan 
 (Motley & Billwyn); Banjermassing (Sclater); Siam (Gould); Cambodia (Walden). 
 
 This must be a common species in the neighbourhood of Menado, judging from the 
 number of examples sent from that locality. 
 
 Chalcostetha, Cabanis, 
 
 93. Chalcostetha porphyrol^ema (Wallace), P. Z. S. 1865, p. 479, "Macassar ;" Walden, 
 
 Ibis, 1870, p. 46. no. 35. 
 Nectarinia aspasia (Less.), Schlegel & S. Miiller, Verhand. Zool. Aves, p. 58, "Macassar" (?). 
 Hab. Macassar (Wallace). 
 
 Arachnechthra, Cabanis. 
 
 94. Arachnechthra frenata (S. Muller), Verhandl. p. 173, "New Guinea, Menado" 
 
 (1843) ; op. cit. Zool. Aves, p. 61, pi. 8. f. 1 ; Walden, Ibis, 1870, p. 26. no. 6. 
 
 Hab. Celebes, Sula Islands, Mysol, Moluccas, Kaisa Island (Wallace); Batchian, 
 Ternate, Aru Islands, New Guinea, Islands of Torres Straits (G. B. Gray); North-east 
 coast of Australia (J. Macgillivray). 
 
 A. fiawgasbra (Gould), ex New Ireland, is closely related to this species. The male, 
 as described by Lesson and Garnot (Voy. Coq. Zool. i. p. 344, note), is undistinguishable. 
 
 Nectarophila, Beichenbach. 
 
 95. Nectarophila grayi (Wallace), P. Z. S. 1865, p. 479, "Menado;" Walden, Ibis, 
 
 1870, p. 42. no. 30, pi. 1. f. 2. 
 
 Hah. Menado {Wallace). 
 
 iETHOPYGA, Cabanis. 
 
 96. jEthopyga flavostriata (Wallace), P. Z. S. 1865, p. 478, pi. 29. f. 2 ; Walden, Ibis, 
 
 1870, p. 35. no. 18 ; Wallace, Ibis, 1860, p. 141. 
 
 Hab. Menado (Wallace). 
 
 In the Proceedings of the Zoological Society (I. c.) Mr. Wallace states Menado to 
 be the habitat of this species ; but elsewhere (Ibis, I. c.) that gentleman states that he 
 obtained this Sun-bird in a forest district beyond the Lake of Tondano, at an elevation 
 of about 1500 feet. 
 
 A sixth species of Nectarinia appears to inhabit Celebes (conf. Walden, Ibis, 1870, 
 p. 42. no. 30). 
 
72 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 
 
 Dictum, Cuvier. 
 
 97. Dictum celebicum, S. Miiller, Verhandel. p. 162, "Celebes;" Wallace, P. Z. S. 
 
 1862, p. 324. 
 
 Dicaum leclancherii, Lafr. Kev. Zool. 1845, p. 94, " Menado j" op. cit. 1846, p. 42; Hartl. op. cit. 
 1846, pp. 4, 47, 111. 
 
 Ha b. Celebes, Sula Islands (Wallace). 
 
 Prionochilus, Strickland. 
 
 98. Prionochilus aureolimbatus, Wallace, P. Z.S. 1865, p. 477, pi. 29. f. 1, "North 
 
 Celebes;" Salvadori, Atti Accad. Scien. Torino, 1868, p. 420. 
 Parus ?, Wallace, Ibis, 1860, p. 141. 
 
 Hah. Mountains of Minahasa (Wallace). 
 The female scarcely differs from the male. 
 
 MELIPHAGIDiE. 
 
 Zosterops, Vigors. 
 
 99. Zosterops intermedia, Wallace, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 493, "Macassar and Lombock;" 
 
 Hartl. J. fur Orn. 1865, p. 16. (PI. IX. fig. 2.) 
 
 Hab. Macassar, Lombock (Wallace). 
 
 The above specific title was attached to a Macassar example in the British Museum 
 by Mr. G. E. Gray, and was adopted by Mr. Wallace, who first discovered and first 
 described the species. 
 
 100. Zosterops atrifrons, Wallace, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 493, " Menado." (PI. IX. fig. 3.) 
 Zosterops nigrifrons, Temm. Mus. Lugd. ; Hartl. J. fiir Orn. 1865, p. 22. 
 
 Hab. Menado (Wallace); Gorontalo (Mus. Lugd.). 
 
 PLOCEID^E. 
 
 Padda, Eeichenbach. 
 
 101. Padda ortzivora (Linn.), Amcen. Acad. iv. p. 243. no. 16 (1759), ex Edwards, 
 
 pi. 41. 
 
 Hab. Macassar (Wallace); Java (Horsf.); Sumatra (Baffles); Malacca (Cantor); 
 Lombock (Wallace); Banjarmassing (Sclater); South China (Swirihoe); Manilla (Von 
 Martens). 
 
 Mr. Wallace informs me that this species is abundant near the town of Macassar. 
 
VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OP CELEBES. 73 
 
 MUnia, Hodgson. 
 
 102. Munia nisoeia (Temm.), PI. Col. 500. f. 2, "Java" (8 May, 1830); conf. Blyth, 
 
 Ibis, 1870, p. 172 ; Walden, Ibis, 1869, p. 211, note. 
 
 Hab. Macassar ( Wallace) ; Java (mus. nostr.). 
 
 A single Celebean example in Mr. Wallace's collection, the only individual I have 
 been able to examine, agrees well with Javan specimens. The upper tail-coverts and 
 edges of the rectrices, however, are olive-green, and not grey as is the case in all my 
 Javan examples. Mr. Blyth (I. c.) observes that the Celebean race has no pale shafts to 
 the feathers of the upper parts; but in this Macassar individual the pale shafts are very 
 conspicuous. The two principal characters which distinguish the Javan M. nisoria (T.) 
 from the Indian M. punctularia (L.), are the rufous colouring of the breast-markings 
 and the grey colour of the upper tail-coverts and edges of rectrices. In the Indian bird 
 these are golden yellow, and the breast-markings are almost black. Moulmein indivi- 
 duals, again, differ from those of India in having the breast-markings rufous, and from 
 both Javan and Indian in having the upper tail-coverts and edges of the rectrices 
 yellowish green ; nor are the breast-markings in the Moulmein race as well defined. In 
 the race which inhabits Flores the upper tail-coverts are pale olive-green, as in the 
 Celebean bird. 
 
 M. punctularia and M. nisoria, in young plumage, before the breast-markings appear 
 and the upper coverts assume the waxy lustre found in the adult, are extremely difficult 
 to distinguish. The Indian bird, however, is considerably larger, and has the bill much 
 stouter. From M. rubro-nigra and its allies, when in first plumage, they are likewise 
 difficult to separate. The only sure characters are the sinuated commissure and massive 
 form of the bill in M. rubro-nigra. 
 
 103. Munia Molucca (Linn.), Syst. Nat. ed. 12, i. p. 302 (1766), ex Brisson, Orn, iii. 
 
 p. 241. no. 10 ; Wallace, Ibis, 1860, p. 147. 
 
 Hab. Macassar (Wallace); Flores (mus. nostr.). 
 
 A Celebean example of an adult male collected by Mr. Wallace perfectly agrees with 
 Brisson's description of Count Bentick's specimen obtained in the Moluccas, on which 
 Linnaeus bestowed the above specific title. 
 
 104. Munia beunneiceps, n. sp. (PI. IX. fig. 1.) Conf. Blyth, Ibis, 1870, p. 171. 
 Hab. Macassar (Wallace). 
 
 Head, chin, throat, and breast brown ; abdominal stripe, vent, and under tail-coverts 
 black; remainder of plumage dark chestnut. From a Macassar example of a male 
 collected by Mr. Wallace. In another example from the same locality, marked a female 
 the head and nape are of a lighter and less decided shade of brown. Wing 2 inches. 
 
 vol. viii. — paet ii. May, 1872. u 
 
74 VISCOUNT "WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OF CELEBES. 
 
 Were it not that Mr. Blyth had already remarked the imbrowned colouring of the head 
 and neck in examples from Celebes, contained in the Leyden Museum, I should have 
 felt less confidence in considering these Macassar individuals distinct from M. rubro- 
 nigra, Hodgs. 
 
 CORVIDtE. 
 
 Coevus, Linnaeus. 
 
 105. Coevus enca (Horsf), Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 164, " Java " (1822) ; Schlegel, 
 
 Bijdrag. part viii. p. 13, pi. 1. fig. 23; Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, p. 29, 
 Corvus validus, var., Wallace, partim, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 343. 
 
 Hab. Macassar (Bernstein) ; Limbotto, Gorontalo, Kema, Toulabello (Von Bosenberg) ; 
 Java (type). 
 
 The species inhabiting Celebes has not been satisfactorily identified. By Professor 
 Schlegel it is considered the same as that found in Java, while true C. validus, Temm., 
 Bp. (Consp. i. p. 385), is from Sumatra, and does not occur in Java. 
 
 Gazzola, Bonaparte. 
 
 106. Gazzola typica, Bp. Compt. Rend, xxxvii. p. 828, " Nouvelle Caledonie," errore 
 
 (5th December 1853); Notes Orn. Coll. Delattre, p. 6 (1854); Sclater, Ibis, 
 1859, p. 113. 
 
 Corvus advena, Schlegel, Bijdragen tot de Dierk. pt. viii. p. 3, pi. 2, " Sumatra/' errore (1859) ; Mus. 
 Pays-Bas, Coraces, p. 6, "Macassar;" Wallace, Mai. Archip. i. p. 375. 
 
 Hab. Macassar (Wallace). 
 
 This species has hitherto been found only in the Macassar district. Mr. Wallace (I. c.) 
 alludes to it as rare. It is an anomalous form, hardly exceeding a Lycos in size, but 
 with a bill equal to that of Corvus corone, and of much the same character. The 
 arrangement of the quills is peculiar. The fourth much exceeds the others ; and the 
 first is very short. Prince Bonaparte separated it generically, but placed it next to 
 Corvus (Physocorax) moneduloides (Less.), another unique and aberrant Corvine form, 
 with which it has nothing in common beyond its general family relations. 
 
 This species has partly been the subject of some of the most curious mistakes in 
 ornithological literature; and the position of the generic title Gazzola, Bp., whether' 
 among the Campephagidae or the Corvidse, depends on a correct history and explanation 
 of how the confusion arose. In the thirteenth edition of the ' Systema,' Gmelin gave 
 the title of Corvus caledonicus to Latham's " New-Caledonian Crow," a species described 
 by Latham (General Syn. i. p. 377) from a drawing belonging to Sir Joseph Banks. 
 This is a true New-Caledonian Graucalus. In the second supplement to the ' Synopsis,' 
 Latham inserted a distinct bird (Labillardiere's "Pie de la Nouvelle Caledonie") 
 under the title of " Caledonian Crow," and called it in the supplement to the ' Index 
 
VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OE CELEBES. 75 
 
 Ornithologicus' Corvus caledonicus. Thus there became a Corvus caledonicus, Gm., and 
 a Corvus caledonicus, Lath., the first being a Graucalus, the last a Streptocitta, the first 
 being a really New-Caledonian species, the last being only found in Celebes. In 
 1850 Bonaparte founded his genus Gazzola, making C. caledonicus, Gm., the type, and 
 associating with it the correct synonyms of true C. caledonicus, Gm. Still it is evident 
 that Bonaparte was confounding the then unique specimen in the Paris Museum of 
 the Celebean black-and-white Crow (which was labelled " Corvus dauricus de la Nou- 
 velle Cale"donie") with Corvus caledonicus, Lath., the black-and-white Streptoritta; for 
 the Prince would never have identified a true Graucalus with either a Pica or a Corvus, 
 and he made Gazzola the connecting link between the Garrulidee and the Corvidse. 
 Thus the elements of confusion were these : — one Corvus caledonicus, Gm. ; two species 
 under that title in Latham, one of them being described as black and white ; a black- 
 and-white Corvus in the Paris Museum labelled " C. dauricus de la Nouvelle Caledonie," — 
 only one of the three species being a New-Caledonian bird. Three years later Bona- 
 parte partly cleared up the confusion. He (Notes Ornith. I. c.) changed the title from 
 Gazzola caledonica (Gm.) to that of Gazzola typica, Bp., on the ground that the type of 
 his genus Gazzola was neither of the " deux C. caledonicus, de Latham," 1 nor that of 
 Labillardiere, nor that of Gmelin. The question now arises whether Corvus caledonicus, 
 Gm., ought to be considered the type of the genus Gazzola. It has been so treated by 
 Mr. G. R. Gray (Hand-list, no. 1246). But as the Prince has described the species he 
 founded the genus on, I have thought it best to retain Gazzola for that species, which 
 is the same as Corvus advena, Schlegel. 
 
 MM. Verreaux and O. des Murs (Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1860, p. 432) included Gazzola 
 typica, Bp., in their list of New-Caledonian birds, trusting, in all probability, to the 
 erroneous locality on the label of the Paris-Museum specimen. 
 
 Streptocitta, Bonaparte. 
 
 107. Streptocitta caledonica (Lath.), Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. xxv. no. 3 (1801), ex Voy. 
 Entrecasteaux, ii. p. 226, pi. 35 (39 X), " New Caledonia," errore. 
 
 Pie of New Caledonia, Labillardiere, Voy. Entrecasteaux, Eng. Tr. (Stockdale), ii. p. 227, pi. 39; 
 
 G. R. Gray, Cat. Birds Trop. Isl. p. 25. 
 Pica albicollis, Vieill. N. D. Sc. Nat. xxvi. p. 128, ex Voy. Entrecast. pi. 39. 
 Streptocitta caledonica, Bp. Consp. i. p. 382. 
 albicollis, Sclater, Ibis, 1859, p. 113; Wallace, Malay Archip. i. p. 430. 
 
 Hah. Macassar [Wallace, fide Sclater ; Mus. Brit.). 
 
 Although Labillardiere (I. c.) tells us, very circumstantially, the date and the occasion 
 when and where he obtained his Pie de la Nouvelle Caledonie, Mr. Sclater's explanation 
 
 1 This is a good illustration of the confusion that may be created by not quoting the names of the original 
 authors, or by replacing them with the names of subsequent authors, who may have quoted or misquoted. 
 
 n2 
 
76 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OF CELEBES. 
 
 (I. c.) of the probable cause of the error is most likely correct. Yet it must be borne 
 in mind that Labillardiere never set foot on the island of Celebes proper ; nor does 
 Entrecasteaux's expedition appear to have had any direct communication with that 
 island on either of the occasions of its presence in the Moluccas. On its way from 
 Bouru to Sourabaya, in October 1793, the expedition, after failing in its attempt to pass 
 the Straits of Tioro, occupied several days in passing those of Boeton, and remained a 
 day at the town of Boeton itself. During this period the French naturalist made 
 several excursions on shore, and, as he particularly mentions, in the island of Pangasane, 
 and one, of two hours' duration, in the neighbourhood of the town of Boeton. It is 
 most probable therefore that this form of Streptocitta was obtained either on the island 
 of Pangasane or of Boeton ; for the expedition did not touch the mainland of Celebes, 
 nor at the island of Saleyer when passing the straits of that name. 
 
 I identify the species which inhabits the district of Macassar with Labillardiere' s bird, 
 because it best agrees with his short description. By him the bill is stated to be " of a 
 light black from the root to within one third of the point, the remainder is yellowish." 
 This and the green hue of the black portion of the plumage easily distinguish the 
 South from the North Celebean species. The bill is also more slender than that of the 
 following species. 
 
 108. Steeptocitta torquata (Temm.), Nouv. Bee. 75 itoe ljyr. PI. Col. 444, " Celebes " 
 (Jan. 5, 1828) ; G. E. Gray, Birds Trop. Isl. p. 25. 
 
 Sab. Menado (Mm. nostr.). 
 
 I quite agree with Mr. G. R. Gray in regarding this form as specifically distinct from 
 the true 8. caledonica, from which it differs by its strong, jet-black bill, and by having 
 the black portions of its plumage glossed with dark blue. Mr. G. B. Gray (I. c.) states 
 that the actual individual from which Temminck's figure was drawn is in the British 
 Museum. 
 
 In this species the first quill is barely one inch long ; the fourth and fifth are nearly 
 equal, the fifth being slightly the longest; the third is somewhat shorter than the 
 fourth ; the second still a little shorter than the third. The wing measures 5J inches. 
 The second pair of rectrices exceeds the first by f- of an inch ; the third the second by 
 1^ ; the fourth the third by If ; the fifth the fourth by If- ; and the sixth, or middle 
 pair, the fifth by 2-f-; the total length of the middle pair is llf; bill from nostril f of 
 an inch ; tarsus If. 
 
 Temminck's surmise that this species occurs in Borneo has not been, as yet, 
 realized. 
 
 Professor Schlegel has generically separated his Charitornis albertince from Str&pto- 
 citta ; but it is difficult to seize the characters wherein it generically differs. The 
 structure of the wings, tail, and feet is identical. The colouring of the plumage is 
 congeneric. The nostrils are similar in form and position. The bill differs in being 
 
VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIKDS OF CELEBES. 77 
 
 more arched and stouter, but it does not differ in form from that of S. torquata so 
 much as the bill of S. torquata does from that of S. caledonica. In C. albertince, how- 
 ever, the naked spaces, which are confined to the ophthalmic region in the Celebean 
 birds, extend to under the throat. In it also the frontal plumes are not developed and 
 curved back as in the two species of Streptocittce. Indeed the normal condition of the 
 frontal or nasal plumes is the only external character in which Charitornis differs from 
 Streptocitta. It seems more in accordance with the facts to regard the three species 
 as belonging to the same natural genus, with S. caledonica as the connecting link. In 
 the colouring of the plumage C. albertince only differs from 8. caledonica by having the 
 head white. By the black-and-yellow colouring of the bill, the South-Celebean species 
 occupies an intermediate position between the completely black bill of 8. torquata and 
 the completely yellow bill of C. albertince. 
 
 Mr. Wallace has led us to infer (Malay Archip. i. p. 430) that Charitornis is confined 
 to Celebes; but this is doubtless an error. Professor Schlegel's types were obtained 
 in the island of Soula Mangouli ; and the species has not been recorded from any other 
 locality. 
 
 I cannot concur with the Leyden Professor in placing Streptocitta among the Gracu- 
 lidse ; though a most anomalous form, its nearest affinities seem to be with the Corvidee. 
 
 Basileoenis, Temminck. 
 
 109. Basileobnis celebensis, Temm. (Mus. Lugd.) ; G. K. Gray, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 184. 
 
 no. 2, fig. 2; Wallace, Malay Archip. i. p. 430; Ibis, 1861, pi. 9. fig. 2. 
 Basileornis corythaix (Wagler) , Bp. Consp. p. 420 (?), nee Wagler ; Sclater, Ibis, 1859, p. 113. 
 Hob. Menado, Macassar (Wallace). 
 
 Prince Bonaparte's description is so vague that it is impossible to decide whether he 
 described from the Celebean or the Ceramese bird. 
 
 Aceidotheees, Vieillot. 
 
 110. Aceidotheees cineeeus, Miiller (Mus. Lugd.) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 420, " Celebes " 
 
 (1850). (Plate X. fig. 1.) 
 
 Hab. Celebes (Mus. Lugd.) ; Macassar (mus. nostr.). 
 
 This is a well-marked species, most nearly allied to A.javanicus, Cab. (= Pastor 
 griseus, Horsf., nee Wagl.), but readily distinguishable by the upper and lower 
 plumage being light grey, and not dark iron-grey. All its dimensions are less ; and 
 it has the base of the mandible with traces of black, but not as marked as in its other 
 congener, A.fuscus (Wagler), ap. Jerd., of continental Asia. 
 
78 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OF CELEBES. 
 
 Stuenia, Lesson. 
 111. Stuenia 1 pyeehogenys (Schlegel), Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 86, " Japan, Borneo " (1842). 
 Lamprotornis pyrrhopogon, Schlegel, op. cit. pi. 46. 
 
 Eab. Japan, Borneo (Schlegel) ; Philippines (Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 302. no. 217) ; 
 Celebes (Salvin). 
 
 Three examples, agreeing in every respect with Japanese individuals, are contained in 
 Mr. O. Salvin's collection ; and that gentleman tells me that they were all procured in 
 Celebes. Although I have adopted Professor Schlegel's name, I have little doubt that 
 eventually, after comparison has been made with Philippine examples, it will have to 
 give way to dominicanus, Bodd., =T. dominicanus, Gm. These similar titles were 
 founded on Le Merle dominiquain des Philippines of Montbeillard (Hist. Nat. Ois. 
 iii. p. 396), who described it from a Philippine individual obtained by Sonnerat which 
 was figured by Daubenton (PI. Enl. 627. f. 2). Gmelin's title has hitherto most 
 unaccountably been applied to the iSturnus dauricus, Pall. Pastor ruficollis, Wagler, 
 Syst. Nat. Av. p. 92, ex Manilla, is also clearly a synonym of T. dominicanus, Bodd. & 
 Gm., and not a distinct species as enumerated by Prince Bonaparte. 
 
 One of Mr. Salvin's specimens has the chin, tips and outer edges of the quills, the 
 under and upper tail-coverts, and the rectrices deeply tinged with bright rusty red. 
 Traces of this hue appear in other parts of the plumage. This peculiarity in members 
 of this group has been remarked upon by Mr. Swinhoe (P. Z. S. 1863, p. 302), and is 
 said by him to prevail during the breeding-season. Is the species, therefore, a per- 
 manent resident in Celebes \ 
 
 In S. pyrrhogenys, Schlegel, and S. dauricus, Pall., the first quill is longest, and the 
 second nearly as long, the third and following quills being much shorter. This indi- 
 cates an affinity of these two species to true Sturnus ; and the structure of the tail and 
 the metallic hues of the plumage strengthen the evidences of the relationship. The 
 form of the bill is peculiar, being short and stout, albeit Sturnine. On the other 
 hand, Oriolus sinensis, Gm., the type of Sturnia, Lesson, is a true Temenuchus, Cab. ; 
 consequently all the species falling under the latter generic title must be referred to 
 Sturnia, and Temenuchus will have to be suppressed. A distinct subgenus will probably 
 have to be made for S. pyrrhogenys and S. dauricus, and another for the reception of 
 the isolated Cingalese form Pastor senex, Temm., = Sturnia albofrontata, Layard. 
 
 Enodes, Temminck. 
 
 112. Enodes eeytheophbys (Temm.), Nouv. Eec. xlv e livr. ; PI. Col. 267, " Celebes, 
 environs de Menado, et dans l'ile Taguatto (1st of May 1824);" Wallace, Ibis, 
 1860, p. 141. 
 
 Rah. N.-E. Celebes, confined to the interior mountain districts, never abundant 
 ( Wallace). 
 
VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OF CELEBES. 79 
 
 Caloenis, G. E. Gray. 
 113. Caloenis neglecta, n. s. 
 Calornis obscura, var., Wallace, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 343. 
 
 Hab. Celebes (mus. nostr.) ; Sula Islands (Wallace). 
 
 Having carefully compared examples of nearly all the described species of this 
 genus, I have no hesitation in considering the Calornis of Celebes and the Sula 
 Islands distinct. In colouring it most nearly approaches C. chalybea (Horsf.), ex 
 Java, with the allied races from Sumatra, Malacca, Borneo, and Cambodja; but its 
 dimensions are much greater. From C. obscura (Forst.), ex Gilolo and Batchian, it 
 can be readily discriminated by its bright green colouring. From all the members of 
 the C. metallica group it may be known by the total absence of any iridescent colours. 
 It perfectly agrees with examples from the Sula Islands. 
 
 The individuals on which this species is founded were sent from Menado in a 
 box which contained nothing but Celebean birds. Notwithstanding, therefore, Mr. 
 Wallace's statement (Mai. Archip. i. p. 431) that the genus does not occur in Celebes, 
 we may, I venture to think, conclude that that island is not an exception to the 
 general rule which prevails in the geographic distribution of Calornis. 
 
 The following attempt at an analysis of the species belonging to this difficult genus 
 may perhaps assist in clearing up the confusion in which the synonymy of its members 
 is involved. All the species are divisible into two distinct groups: — first, those in 
 which the plumage is uniform green, varying from light to very dark green ; secondly, 
 those which have, added to the prevailing green colour of the plumage, metallic reflec- 
 tions of purple and violet. The uniform green species may be further subdivided into 
 light green and dark green ; while the metallic-green species are usually also distin- 
 guished by having the middle pair of rectrices much prolonged. In general terms it 
 may be said that the first subdivision embraces all the Indo-Malayan, the second and 
 third all the Australian forms. 
 
 A. Uniform green plumage, 
 a. Light green. 
 
 1. Muscicapa panayensis, Scop., ex Sonn. pi. 73, = Turdus cantor, Gm., ex Sonn. pi. 73, 
 
 =Turdus columbinus, Gm., ex Montbeillard, ex Sonn., "Philippines." 
 
 2. Turdus chalybeus, Horsf., =Turdus strigatus, Horsf. (av. juv.), =Lanvprotornis 
 
 cantor, Gm., ap. Temm. PL Col. 149, " Java." 
 
 3. Turdus insidiator, Raffles, " Sumatra." 
 
 4. Calornis affinis, A. Hay, " Tipperah, Arracan, Tenasserim, Nicobars." 
 
 It is very questionable whether these last three species are separable. To them 
 
80 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 
 
 belong the Malaccan, Sarawak, and Cambodjan races, which are as yet without titles, 
 but exhibit certain differences. 
 
 5. Calornis neglecta, nob., " Celebes, Sula Islands." 
 
 Turdus palmarum, Bodd., =Turdus mauritianus, Gm., both titles being founded on 
 Le Merle vert de Vile de France, of Montbeillard ; and PI. Enl. 648. f. 2 belongs to one 
 of these species ; but to which, it is now impossible to say. 
 
 b. Dark green. 
 
 6. Lamprotornis obscura, Forst. ; Bp. Consp. p. 417, " Gilolo." Given also from 
 
 Batchian by Mr. G. E. Gray. A good species. Dark purplish green. 
 
 7. Calornis crassirostris, nob., " Lombock." Collected by Mr. Wallace. Very dark 
 
 green. Bill high and stout as in Aplonis. The locality may not be correct. 
 
 8. Calornis mysolensis, G. K. Gray, "Mysol." Closely allied to, if not the same as, 
 
 C. obscura. 
 
 9. Calornis cantoroides, G. R. Gray. Like C. mysolensis, only that the tail is shorter 
 
 and nearly square. Considered by Mr. Wallace to be a good species (P. Z. S. 
 1862, p. 343). 
 
 10. Lanius pacificus, Gm., ex Lath., =Calornis kittlitzi, O. Finsch, = Lamprotornis 
 
 columbinus, ap. Kittlitz (" Mariannes, Carolines, and Puynipet"), from the descrip- 
 tion, seems to belong to this subgroup. 
 
 B. Green with purple and violet reflections. 
 
 11. Lamprotornis metallica, Temm. PI. Col. 226. Described from Timor and Celebes. 
 The type was probably from Amboyna, perhaps from Australia, possibly from Timor. 
 
 12. Calornis purpurascens, G. R. Gray, =C. metallica, Temm., ap. Gould, "North and 
 East Australia." 
 
 13. Calornis amboinensis, G. R. Gray, "Amboyna." Closely resembles the Australian 
 species, but is smaller. 
 
 14. Lamprotornis minor, Mull.; Bp. Consp. 417, "Timor." Wallace gives it also 
 from Flores and Lombock. A very distinct species. 
 
 15. Calornis viridescens, G. R. Gray, "Aru Islands." Near to C. amboinensis. Also 
 given from Dorey by Mr. G. R. Gray under the inaccurate title of C. virescens 
 (P. Z. S. 1859, p. 158). 
 
 16. Calornis gularis, G. R. Gray, " Mysol." Apparently nothing but C. viridescens. 
 
 17. Calornis nitida, G. R. Gray, " New Ireland," ex Less. & Garnot, Voy. Coq. Zool. i. 
 p. 343. Seems to belong to the green and purple group. 
 
VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 
 Dimensions. 
 
 81 
 
 C. purpurascens, G. R. Gray 
 C. amboinensis, G. R. Gray 
 
 C. minor (Mull.') 
 
 C. chalybea (Horsf.) 
 
 C. insidiator (Raffi.) ? 
 
 „ ? .... 
 
 9 
 ?> >> 
 
 C. neglecta, nob 
 
 C. crassirostris, nob 
 
 C. cantoroides, G. R. Gray 
 
 Wing. 
 
 inches. 
 4-250 
 3-875 
 3-875 
 3-750 
 4-000 
 3-625 
 3-750 
 4-125 
 4-000 
 3-750 
 
 Tail. 
 
 inches. 
 4-750 
 3-500 
 2-500 
 2-500 
 2-875 
 2-625 
 2-750 
 3-250 
 4-125 
 2-500 
 
 Bill. 
 
 inch. 
 
 ■5625 
 
 •5000 
 
 •5000 
 
 •5000 
 
 •5000 
 
 •5000 
 
 •5000 
 
 •5625 
 
 ■5000 
 
 •5000 
 
 Tarsus. 
 
 inch. 
 
 •8750 
 •8125 
 •7500 
 •7500 
 •8125 
 •8125 
 •8125 
 •8750 
 •8750 
 •8125 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Cape York. 
 
 Amboyna. 
 
 Timor. 
 
 Java. 
 
 Malacca. 
 
 Sarawak. 
 
 Cambodja. 
 
 Celebes. 
 
 Lombock. 
 
 Mysol. 
 
 Scissieosteum, Lafresnaye. 
 
 114. Scissieosteum dubium (Latham), Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. xviii. no. 5 (1801), ex Lath. 
 Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 73. no. 11, descr. orig. 
 
 Scissirostrum pagei, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 93, "Manadoj" Mag. Zool. 1845, pi. 59; Wallace, 
 Ibis, 1860, p. 141 ; Malay Archip. i. p. 430. 
 
 Hab. Scarce at Macassar, plentiful near Menado {Wallace). 
 
 We owe the identification of this most anomalous form with the Lanius dubius, 
 Lath., to Dr. Hartlaub (Arch. Nat. xiii. 2. p. 57). Notwithstanding Prince Bonaparte's 
 incredulity (Consp. i. p. 423), a reference to Latham's original description, taken from 
 a specimen " at Mr. Thompson's, Little St. Martin's Lane, London, but without any 
 history of its manners or country annexed," leaves no doubt of its identity. 
 
 The sequence and relative proportions of the quills in this species are the same as in 
 Calornis. The structure of the tail is similar to that of Calornis metallica (Temm.). 
 The bill resembles most nearly, in its massiveness and general outline, that of JEulabes 
 javanus, Cuv. ; but the peculiar position of the nostrils, situated in narrow and deep 
 ascending grooves, is quite unique. The sole existing representative of a subfamily (?) 
 long since extinct, its systematic place seems to between Calornis and Eulabes. 
 
 COLUMB.E. 
 TREEONIDtE. 
 
 Osmoteeeon, Bonaparte. 
 115. OsMOTEEROtf veenans (Linn.), Mantissa, p. 526 (1771), ex Briss. Orn. i. p. 143, 
 " Philipp. Ins. ;" Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 789, ex Linn. ; Wallace, Ibis, 1863, p. 320. 
 Columba viridis, Scop. Del. PI. Insub. ii. p. 94 (1786), ex Sonnerat, Voy. Nouv. G-uin. p. 110, 
 pi. 64, d , pi- 65, ? , " iles de Lucon et D'Antigue." 
 vol. viii. — paet ii. May, 1872. 
 
82 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIED8 OF CELEBES. 
 
 Treron viridis (Scop.), Wallace, Ibis, 1865, p. 374. 
 
 vernans, Steph., Schlegel, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk. i. p. 70. 
 
 Hah. Philippine Islands (type) ; Penang, Sumatra, Borneo, Macassar (Wallace) ; Java, 
 Gorontalo, Sumatra, Bangka (Schlegel). 
 
 The Celebean form is here retained under the title of the Philippine bird, as I have 
 not been able to compare examples from the two localities. But both from Mr. Wallace's 
 and Professor Schlegel's remarks on the differences existing in examples from the dif- 
 ferent Indo-Malayan islands, it seems probable that the species inhabiting the localities 
 given above will be all found to differ from one another specifically. On the Sumatran, 
 Javan, Bankan, and Celebean birds, Professor Schlegel has bestowed the title of grisei- 
 capilla. And yet he distinguishes the Javan and Celebean forms from the Sumatran 
 and Bankan species by remarking that the former has the head and throat dark greyish- 
 green, while the latter has those parts " jolie gris bleuatre." 
 
 116. Osmotreron' griseicauda (G. R. Gray), Mus. Brit. Colurribce, p. 10, "patr. incert." 
 
 (1856); Wallace, ex Gray, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 344, "Sula Islands, Celebes;" 
 Schlegel, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk. 1866, pp. 210, 346 ; Wallace, Ibis, 1863, p. 319. 
 
 Hdb. Celebes, Sula Islands (Wallace). 
 
 Professor Schlegel (I. c.) is unable to discover any sufficient and constant distinctions 
 between the Javan T. pulverulenta, Wallace, and this Celebean species. The Sanghir 
 bird, on account of its stouter bill, the learned Professor considers to possess greater 
 claims, but to be very closely allied. The Sula and Javan examples I have had an 
 opportunity of comparing exhibit the differential characters Mr. Wallace has insisted 
 on, and they seem to me sufficient. It would perhaps be convenient to separate the 
 maroon-backed members of Osmotreron under a distinct subgeneric title. 
 
 Lamprotreron, Bonaparte. 
 
 117. Lampeotreron Formosa (G. B. Gray), P. Z..S. 1860, p. 360; Wallace, Ibis, 1865, 
 
 p. 379, « Celebes." 
 
 Hdb. Macassar, Menado (Wallace). 
 
 Closely allied to P. superbus (Temm.), and hardly admitted as distinct by Professor 
 Schlegel. 
 
 1 The type of Treron, Vieillot, is C. curvirostra, Gm., ex Lath., a species as yet not satisfactorily identified, 
 and not O. aromatica, Gm., as stated by Mr. G. B. Gray (Gen. and Subgen. no. 1654). To whatever species 
 Latham's Hooked-billed Pigeon belongs, it is evident from the plate (Syn. ii. pi. 59) that in it the corneous 
 culmen extends to the forehead. Prince Bonaparte (Consp. ii. p. 10) reduced Toria, Hodgs., to a synonym of 
 Treron, but associated C. psittacea and C. aromatica with Toria nipalensis, species not possessing the characters 
 on which Mr. Hodgson founded his genus. Treron = Toria contains only two species, T. nipalensis and T. nasiea ; 
 C. curvir.ostris. belongs to either, the one or the other, probably (as already suggested by Mr. "Wallace) to T. nasiea, 
 Schlegel. 
 
VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OP CELEBES. 83 
 
 Ioteeeon, Bonaparte. 
 
 118. Ioteeeon melanocephala (Forster), Zool. Indica, p. 16, pi, 7, "Java" (1781 '). 
 Ptilopus melanocephalus, Schlegel, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk. iii. p. 207. 
 
 Hab. Java (type) ; Flores, Sumbawa, Celebes, Sula Islands, Ceram, Sanghir (Schlegel) ; 
 Lombock (Wallace). 
 
 Professor Scblegel (I. c) bas detailed the characters which distinguish the several 
 races of this Pigeon inhabiting the islands of Java, Flores, Celebes, Sula, Ceram, and 
 Sanghir. They undoubtedly should receive distinguishing titles; for until they and 
 analogous forms are separately named, the physical geographer will only find half the 
 truth when studying zoological catalogues. The Celebean bird has the yellow gular 
 patch tinged with orange (conf. Schlegel, I. c), 
 
 Leucoteeeon, Bonaparte. 
 
 119. Leucoteeeon' gulabis (Quoy et Gaimard), Voy. Astr. Zool. i. p. 247, pi. 29, 
 
 "Menado" (1830). 
 
 Hab. Menado (Wallace). 
 
 C. diademata, Temm., C. monacha, Reinwardt, and C. liypogastra, Beinwardt, belonging 
 to the Ptilopodince, were erroneously described by Temminck as inhabiting Celebes 
 (conf. Wallace, Ibis, 1865). 
 
 Caepophaga, Selby. 
 
 120. Caepophaga paulina, Temm. Mus. Lugd. (Columba a?nea,2, Temm., Knipp, Pig. 
 
 i. pi. 4); Bp. Consp. ii. p. 35; Wallace, Ibis, 1865, p. 385; Schlegel, Nederl. 
 Tijdschr. Dierk. iii. p. 200. 
 
 Hab. Macassar, Menado, Sula Islands (Wallace). 
 
 A Philippine example in the Leyden Museum is stated by Professor Schlegel (I. c.) to 
 resemble the Celebean bird. But the differential characters it possesses render it likely 
 that the Philippine bird is specifically distinct. The examples in the same collection, 
 said to have been brought from the Mariannes (?), differ but slightly from the Celebean 
 species, according to Professor Schlegel. Both Prince Bonaparte and Mr. Wallace rank 
 this fine Fruit-Pigeon under Ducula, Hodgs. It appears to me to be a typical Carpo- 
 phaga, Selby. 
 
 1 I have not been able to refer to the first edition of Pennant's ' Indian Zoology ; ' but if this species is there 
 named, it will have to take Pennant's title (1769). 
 
 o2 
 
84 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIED8 OF CELEBES. 
 
 Ducula, Hodgson. 
 
 121. Ducula rosacea (Temm.), PI. Col. 578, "Timor" (1835); Wallace, Ibis, 1865, 
 
 p. 386 ; Schlegel, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk. iii. pp. 201, 345. 
 
 Hab. Timor (type); Macassar, Flores {Wallace); Tolofoko (northern peninsula of 
 Halmaheira), Little Key Island (Schlegel). 
 
 The Celebean habitat of this Pigeon rests on the authority of Mr. Wallace (I. c). 
 The Gilolo bird discovered by the late Dr. Bernstein is stated by Professor Schlegel 
 (I. c.) not to differ from the type species. 
 
 Mtristicivoea, Reichenbach. 
 
 122. Mtristiciyoea luctuosa (Reinw.), Temm. PL Col. livr. xlii. pi. 247 (26th Feb. 
 
 1825); Wallace, Ibis, 1865, p. 386. 
 
 Hab. Menado, Macassar, Sula Islands (Wallace); Menado (mus. nostr.). 
 
 Professor Schlegel (Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk. iii. p. 343) mentions the fact that, in this 
 species only, the breast and abdomen are sometimes washed or even spotted with black. 
 Mr. Cassin (United States Exped. p. 266) pointed out that while C. bicolor (Scop.) 
 possesses fourteen rectrices, the North- Australian C. luctuosa (=M. spilorrhoa, G. R. 
 Gray) has only twelve. An examination of examples in my collection fully bears out 
 this observation ; for I find that examples of 
 
 1. M. bicolor (Scop.), ex New Guinea, has fourteen rectrices. 
 
 2. „ „ ex Batchian, has fourteen rectrices. 
 
 3. M. luctuosa (Reinw.), ex Sula Islands, has fourteen rectrices. 
 
 4. „ „ ex Menado, has fourteen rectrices. 
 
 5. „ „ ex Menado, has twelve rectrices. 
 
 6. M. spilorrhoa, G. R. Gray, ex Port Albany, has twelve rectrices. 
 
 7. „ „ ex Somerset, has twelve rectrices. 
 
 The Menado example, with only twelve rectrices (no. 5), appears to have originally 
 possessed two more, which have been lost. 
 
 Zonoinas, Reichenbach. 
 
 123. Zoncenas eadiata (Quoy et Gaim.), Voy. Astrol. Zool. i. p. 244, pi. 26, " Menado " 
 
 (1830). 
 
 Hab. Macassar, Menado (Wallace). 
 
 Hemiphaga, Bonaparte. 
 
 124. Hemiphaga forsteni (Temm.), Knipp. Pig. ii. pi. 47 ; Bp. Consp. ii. p. 39 ; Wallace, 
 
 Ibis, 1865, p. 387. 
 Hab. Menado; appears to be confined to the mountainous district of Minahassa 
 (Wallace). 
 
VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OF CELEBES. 85 
 
 COLUMBID.E. 
 
 Maceopygia, Swainson. 
 
 125. Maceopygia albicapilla, Temm. Mus. Lugd. ; Bp. Consp. ii. p. 57, "Celebes" 
 
 (1857). 
 Hab. Macassar, Tondano, Sula Islands {Wallace). 
 
 126. Maceopygia macassaeiensis, Wallace, Ibis, 1865, p. 389. 
 
 Hab. Macassar ( Wallace). 
 
 Mr. Blyth (Ibis, 1870, p. 173) observes that M. leptogrammica (Temm.) is not from 
 Java, but from Celebes. Its author (PI. Col. 560) states that it inhabits Java and 
 Sumatra. Mr. Wallace (op. tit. p. 390) restricts its range to west Java, where it is 
 found up to an elevation of 7500 feet. 
 
 Tueaccena, Bonaparte. 
 
 127. Tueaccejsta menadensis (Quoy et Gaim.), Voy. Astrol. Zool. i. p. 248, pi. 30, 
 
 "Menado" (1830). 
 
 Hab. Macassar, Menado, Sula Island ( Wallace). 
 
 Prince Bonaparte (Consp. ii. p. 59), apparently on Temminck's authority (Nouv. Bee. 
 PI. Col. 248), cites Celebes as the habitat of Beinwardtoena reinwardti (Temm.). Mr. 
 Wallace (Ibis, 1865, p. 391) does not include Celebes within its range. 
 
 Tuetub, Selby. 
 
 128. Tuetue tigeina (Temm.), Knipp, Pig. pi. 43 (1811); Wallace, Ibis, 1865, p. 391. 
 Turtur chinensis, ap. Wallace, Ibis, 1860, p. 147. 
 
 Hab. Java, Malay peninsula, Lombock, Flores, Timor, Ternate, Celebes (Wallace) ; 
 Menado (mus. nostr.). 
 
 GOUMD^E. 
 
 Phlogcenas, Beichenbach. 
 
 129. Phlogcenas teistigmata (Temm.), Mus. Lugd.; Bp. Consp. ii. p. 87, "Tondano" 
 
 (1857); Wallace, Ibis, 1865, p. 393, pi. 10; Malay Archip. i. p. 413. 
 Hab. Macassar, Menado (Wallace). 
 
 Chalcophaps, Gould. 
 
 130. Chalcophaps stephani, Jacq. etPuch. Voy. Pole Sud, Zool. p. 119, " Nouv. Guinee, 
 
 cote occidental " (1853); Peristere d'Etienne, Homb. et Jacq. Atlas, pi. 28. f. 2 
 (January 1846); Wallace, Ibis, 1865, p. 394; Schlegel, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk 
 1866, pp. 265, 345. 
 
 Hab. North Celebes (Wallace). 
 
86 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OP CELEBES. 
 
 Mr. Wallace (I. c.) has separated the New Guinea, Waigiou, and Mysol race from that 
 inhabiting Celebes, and conferred on it the title of Ch. hombroni. But as the type of 
 Ch. stephani was obtained in New Guinea, if the two races are distinct, the Celebean, 
 and not the New-Guinea bird requires a new title. 
 
 131. Chalcophaps estdica (Linn.), Syst. Nat. 12, i. p. 284 (1766), ex Edwards, pi. 14; 
 
 Schlegel, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk. 1866, p. 267. 
 
 Only two species of this subgenus are recognized by Professor Schlegel: — first, 
 Ch. stephani, as restricted above ; secondly, all the remaining races of Asia, its islands, 
 Australia, New Caledonia, and the islands of the Gilolo and Ceram groups. Members 
 of this second species are stated by the Professor (I. c.) to also inhabit Celebes and New 
 Guinea, but to be exceedingly rare in those two localities. Mr. Wallace does not 
 appear to have met with it in either country. 
 
 Geopelia, Swainson. 
 
 132. Geopelia striata (Linn.), Syst. Nat. ed. 12, i. p. 282 (1766), " India orientali " 
 
 (1766), ex Brisson. 
 
 Sab. Macassar ( Wallace) ; Java (Sparrman) ; Queda (Sonnerat) ; Lombock ( Wallace) ; 
 Philippines (Von Martens). 
 
 I include this species on the authority of Mr. Wallace. 
 
 Calcestas, G. E. Gray. 
 
 133. Calcetus nicobarica (Linn.), Syst. Nat ed. 12, i. p. 283, "insula Nicombar" 
 
 (1766), ex Albin, pi. 47 ; Wallace, Ibis, 1865, p. 400 ; Von Pelzeln, Eeise der 
 Novara, Vogel, p. 110. 
 
 Hah. Malacca and Singapore, Celebes, Batchian, New Guinea {Wallace); Treis 
 Island, Nicobars (Von Pelzeln). 
 
 This species is given from Celebes by Mr. Wallace in his table of distribution (I. c.) ; 
 but it is to be inferred, from the interesting account given by the same author of its 
 range and habits (Malay Archip. ii. p. 65), that the Nicobar Pigeon is not found on 
 the main island. 
 
 GALLING. 
 
 PHASIANID^E. 
 
 Gallus, Linnaeus. 
 
 134. Gallus bankiva, Temm. Pig. et Gallin. ii. p. 87, "Java" (1813). 
 
 Hab. Java(^e); Macassar (Wallace). 
 
 Mr. Wallace has informed me that this species occurs in Celebes. 
 
VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OF CELEBES. 87 
 
 Gmelin's diagnosis of G. ferrugineus was undoubtedly taken from Latham's sixty-sixth 
 plate, which represents the hen of the red Indian Jungle-fowl. But Gmelin first quoted 
 Sonnerat's Grande cattle de la chine (It. ii. p. 171), a bird that cannot, by its description, 
 be referred to the genus Gallus, and which seems to have been described from an 
 example of T. perlatus, Gm. Latham having erroneously identified Sonnerat's species 
 with his own Hackled Partridge, was copied by Gmelin ; hence two distinct birds are 
 included under Tetrao ferrugineus, Gm. 
 
 It will be necessary to compare Celebean examples with those from other parts of 
 Asia before we can decide to which species they belong. 
 
 TETRAONID^E. 
 
 Excalfactoeia, Bonaparte. 
 
 135. Excalfactoeia MimMA, Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 128, " Macassar," Birds of Asia, 
 
 pt. xiii. 
 
 Hab. Macassar (Wallace). 
 
 A representative form of JE. chinensis (Linn.), if admissible as distinct. 
 
 tuknichxe. 
 
 Tuenix, Bonnaterre. 
 
 136. Tuenix eufilatus, Wallace, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 480, " Macassar." 
 Hab. Macassar (Wallace). 
 
 MEGAPODHim 
 
 Megapodius, Quoy et Gaimard. 
 
 137. Megapodius gilbeeti, G. E. Gray, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 289, "Celebes;" Schlegel, 
 
 Nederl. Tijdschr. 1866, p. 263. 
 Megapodius of small size, Wallace, Ibis, I860, p. 142. 
 
 Hab. Celebes (Wallace, Schlegel); Island of Siao (Sanghir group X) (Schlegel). 
 
 M. rubripes, Temm. PI. Col. 411, " Celebes," is neither from Celebes nor Amboyna 
 (conf. Schlegel, op. cit. p. 260). 
 
 Megacephalon, Temminck. 
 
 138. Megacephalon maleo, Temminck. 
 
 Megapodius rubripes, Temm., apud Quoy et Gaim. Voy. Astrol. Zool. i. p. 239, pi. 25, ay. juv., nee 
 
 Temm. 
 Megacephalon rufipes (Quoy et Gaim.), Gray & Mitch. Genera, iii. pi. 123, 
 
 maleo, Wallace, Ibis, 1860, p. 142. 
 
 rubripes, Wallace, Malay Archip. i. p. 413. 
 
88 VISCOUNT "WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OF CELEBES. 
 
 Megacephalon maleo, Temm., Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 876 (1856). 
 
 rubripes, G. B. Gray, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 288; op. cit. 1864, p. 42, nee Temm. 
 
 Hab. North-east Celebes {Wallace). 
 
 Although we owe to Messrs. Gray and Mitchell (I. c.) an excellent figure, and to 
 Mr. Wallace (I. c.) a most interesting account of this species, no description, with a 
 distinctive title, appears ever to have been published of the adult bird. The specific 
 title adopted above is the name by which this Megapode is known to the natives of 
 North Celebes. Temminck's only published notice of the species is in these words : — 
 "Le grand Megapode, connu aux Celebes sous le nom de Maleo ne nous est point 
 encore parvenu " (PI. Col. 411); and he then states that it must not be confounded with 
 the other Celebean Megapode, M. rubripes, Temm. It was, however, so confounded for 
 many years after, until Prince Bonaparte (I. c.) enumerated it as a distinct species in 
 his ' Tableaux Paralleliques.' Temminck does not appear either to have published the 
 characters of his genus Megacephalon. 
 
 A fine male from North-east Celebes (mus. nostr.) has the head, chin, throat, and 
 entire upper half of the neck naked, with a few straggling, short, brown feathers 
 interspersed. The quills, rectrices, upper and under tail-coverts are deep brown, nearly 
 black, with a dark green gloss. Upper breast and entire upper surface dark brown. 
 Under surface and flanks salmon-colour. Fifth and sixth quills equal, and longest; 
 fourth and seventh a trifle shorter, and equal ; third somewhat shorter than fourth ; the 
 second an inch shorter than the third, and the first an inch shorter than the second. 
 
 GRALL.E. 
 CHAEADRIIDtE. 
 
 Chaeadeius, Linnaeus. 
 
 139. Chaeadeius fulvus, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. ed. 13, i. p. 687, ex Lath. Syn. iii. p. 211, 
 
 "Otaheite;" Schelgel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 30. 
 
 Hab. Gorontalo, April, males passing into perfect plumage, female passing into 
 perfect plumage, April 20 (Rosenberg); Gorontalo, passing out of perfect plumage, 
 September 24 (Forsten). 
 
 The complete range of this species cannot be given until we have agreed upon the 
 races which ought to be included under the above title. For an exhaustive essay on 
 the subject, conf. Finsch & Hartl. Faun. Centralpolyn. p. 188. 
 
 Eudeomias, Boie. 
 
 140. Eudeomias veeedus (Gould), P. Z. S. 1848, p. 38, " Northern Australia;" Harting, 
 
 Ibis, 1870, p. 209. 
 
 Hab. Macassar (Wallace); Northern and Eastern Asia, Malay archipelago, New 
 Guinea, Australia. 
 
VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OF CELEBES. 
 
 89 
 
 2Egialites, Boie. 
 141. ^Egialites dubius (Scop.), Del. Faun, et Fl. Insub. ii. p. 93. no. 81 (1786), ex 
 
 Sonn. Voy. Nouv. Guin. p. 84, pi. 46, "Luzon." 
 Charadrius philippinus, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 745. no. 11 (1790), ex Sonn. I. c. 
 
 alexandrius, Hasselq. var. S, Gm. S. N. ed. 12, i. p. 684, ex Sonn. I. c. 
 
 philippinus, Scop. (!), Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 28. 
 
 ? JEgialites minutus (Pall.), ap. Jerdon, Birds Ind. iii. p. 641. 
 
 Hab. Ayer-pannas, 6th of August (Von Rosenberg). 
 
 A Celebean example of a Ring-Plover, collected by Von Rosenberg, has been 
 identified by Professor Schlegel (I. c.) with Le petit Pluvier a collier de Lupon of 
 Sonnerat ; and he has further united it with the Lesser Ring-Plover of Europe. A 
 Philippine Ring-Plover has also been identified by Dr. von Martens (J. fur O. 1866, 
 p. 26) with the European bird, i. e. C. curonicus, Gm. (ex Beseke, Schr. Berl. Gesellsch. 
 nat. Freunde, vii. p. 463. no. 48, who gave no title) — the C. minor, Meyer, of recent 
 authors. In India, besides C. curonicus (=C. minor, or else C. intermedius, Menetr., if 
 really distinct), another small Ring-Plover occurs, the M. minutus (Pall.) ap. Jerdon, a 
 species distinct from C. curonicus, Gm. ; and the question arises whether this is not 
 the species Sonnerat figured. As is the case in India, it is not impossible that both 
 species inhabit the Philippines and also Celebes. Without inquiring into the validity 
 of C. minutus, Pallas, and whether or not it indicates only G. curonicus in young 
 plumage, as maintained by O. Finsch and Hartlaub (Orn. Ost-Afr. p. 661), these 
 gentlemen seem to have been somewhat hasty in identifying Sonnerat's bird with 2E. 
 curonicus (Gm.). Sonnerat states that the bill and feet are " noiratres." Both Sonnerat 
 and Buffon (Hist. Nat. viii. p. 93), who refers to Sonnerat's Philippine specimen, say 
 that the Philippine species differs but little from the European Little Ring-Plover. 
 But both those authors included it also among North- and South-American species, 
 and Buffon hardly recognized the specific distinctness of JE. hiaticula. 
 
 2E. minutus (Pall.) ap. Jerd., is a smaller and more delicately formed species. In 
 plumage it closely resembles JE. curonicus, but has the head-markings better defined 
 than those of any example of that species I have as yet seen. Its chief distinction is to 
 be found in the smallness of the feet and shortness of the legs. A Katmandoo specimen 
 has the legs dark reddish brown, instead of yellow. It behoves naturalists in India to 
 investigate these differences. I am inclined to believe in there being two species, but 
 have not been able to examine a sufficiency of individuals to form a decided opinion. 
 Should the Philippine smallest Ring-Plover prove identical with the European C. curo- 
 nicus, Gm., both will have to take the title of dubius, Scop. 
 
 JE. minutus (Pall.) ap. Jerd, may be identical with Charadrius pusillus, Horsf. 
 Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii, p. 187, ex Java. 
 
 vol. vm. — paet ii. May, 1872. 
 
90 
 
 VISCOUNT "WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OF CELEBES. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Table of Dimensions. 
 
 
 Wing. 
 
 TarsuB. 
 
 Tail. 
 
 Bill. 
 
 
 
 
 inches. 
 
 inch. 
 
 inches. 
 
 inch. 
 
 
 JEt. curonicuE 
 
 (ffm.) .. 
 
 4-500 
 
 •8750 
 
 2-875 
 
 •5000 
 
 Piedmont. J . May ; not quite full plumage. 
 
 ?j 
 
 JJ ' * 
 
 4-750 
 
 •8750 
 
 2-875 
 
 •5000 
 
 Europe. Not quite full plumage. 
 
 )? 
 
 ?J * • 
 
 4-625 
 
 •8750 
 
 2-625 
 
 •5625 
 
 Bengal. Not quite full plumage. 
 
 ?? 
 
 J? • * 
 
 4-500 
 
 •8750 
 
 2-625 
 
 •5000 
 
 Malta, April 4. Not quite full plumage. 
 
 )? 
 
 ,j . . 
 
 4-250 
 
 •8750 
 
 2-875 
 
 •5000 
 
 Malta, April 4. Not quite full plumage. 
 
 5) 
 
 JJ ■ • 
 
 i 
 
 •8750 
 
 2-750 
 
 •5625 
 
 Calcutta, February. Not full plumage. 
 
 JJ 
 
 J? • * 
 
 4-875 
 
 •8750 
 
 2-750 
 
 •5000 
 
 Turkey, May 7. Almost full plumage. 
 
 JS 
 
 JJ • ' 
 
 4-625 
 
 •8750 
 
 2-750 
 
 •5000 
 
 Abyssinia, E. Amba, August 21. $ . Young plumage. 
 
 JJ 
 
 JJ • * 
 
 4-875 
 
 •8750 
 
 2-750 
 
 •5000 
 
 Coorg. Winter ? or first plumage ? 
 
 )) 
 
 » ■ * 
 
 4-625 
 
 •8750 
 
 2-750 
 
 •5000 
 
 Coorg. Winter ? or first plumage ? 
 
 jE. minutus 
 
 (Pall.), ap. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jerd.* ... 
 
 
 4-250 
 
 •7500 
 
 2-375 
 
 •4375 
 
 Candeish. Full plumage. 
 
 ?? 
 
 ?) • ■ 
 
 4-125 
 
 •7500 
 
 2-875 
 
 •5000 
 
 Candeish. Full plumage. 
 
 )? 
 
 j) • • 
 
 4-375 
 
 •7500 
 
 2-875 
 
 •4375 
 
 North-western India. Full plumage. 
 
 5» 
 
 j? • • 
 
 4-375 
 
 •7500 
 
 2-875 
 
 •5000 
 
 Maunbhoom, December 16. Full plumage. 
 
 5) 
 
 jj . . 
 
 4-125 
 
 •6875 
 
 2-875 
 
 •3750 
 
 Katmandoo. Full plumage. 
 
 142. ^Egialites pekonii (Temm.), Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 33, " l'Archipel 
 Indien " (March 1865) ; Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 139. (PL X. fig. 2.) 
 
 Hab. Borneo, Java, Semao {Schlegel) ; Macassar {Wallace). 
 
 An example of this species in summer plumage was obtained by Mr. Wallace in 
 Celebes. Mr. Swinhoe, who has also examined this individual, agrees with me in 
 identifying it as above. It belongs to the subsection of which 2E. cantianus may be 
 regarded as the type. As it is a rare species, I append the following description : — 
 
 Forehead, from the base of the bill, pure white ; a broad white superciliary stripe, 
 confluent with the white forehead, terminates above the black ear-coverts ; narrow 
 frontal band, lores, ear-coverts, and a broad band crossing the back and reaching to the 
 sides black ; a black pectoral stripe, continued from the black sides, is narrowed into a 
 thin line on the breast, where it does not quite meet ; this excepted, the entire under 
 surface, cheeks, under wing-coverts, and a broad nuchal collar pure white. Upper 
 plumage pale earthy brown, most of the feathers with albescent edgings, conspicuous 
 on the wing-coverts, some of which are edged with a purer white ; primaries reddish 
 brown ; secondaries paler brown, broadly margined on the inner webs, and tipped with 
 white, more or less cinereous ; all the shafts white ; three outer pairs of rectrices pure 
 white ; the next pair pale brown, much mixed with white (the rest of the rectrices are 
 absent in this example) ; bill jet-black, no trace of any other colour ; legs, in dried 
 skin, pale yellow brown. Wing 3f, bill from forehead f-, tarsus 1, tail If. 
 
 The frontal white patch is broad, more so than in European examples of ^E. hiaticula. 
 In proportion the black frontal band is narrow, and is not posteriorly edged with white. 
 
 1 First primaries 'wanting. 
 
VISCOUNT "WALDEN ON THE BIKDS OE CELEBES. 91 
 
 Stebpsilas, Illiger. 
 
 143. Strepsilas interpres (Linn.), Syst. Nat. ed. 12, i. p. 248 ; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 
 
 Cursores, p. 43. 
 Hab. Celebes {Mus. Lugd.) : almost universal. 
 
 Esacus, Lesson. 
 
 144. Esacus magnirostris (Geoffroy St.-Hilaire) : Vieill. N. Diet, xxiii. p. 231 (1818), 
 
 nee Latham. 
 (Edicnemus magnirostris, Geoffroy, Temm. PI. Col. 387, " Celebes;" Wagler, Syst. Av. Charadrius, 
 
 no. 3, "New Holland" (1827) ; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 22. 
 Charadrius giganteus, Lichtenst. ; Wagler, Isis, 1829, p. 647, " New Holland." 
 Esacus magnirostris, Geoffroy, Gould, Hand-b. B. Austr. ii. p. 213. 
 (Latham), Wall. P. Z. S. 1862, p. 346, nee Latham. 
 
 Hab. Celebes (Beinwardt) ; Island of Eaou, near Morty, Island of Moor, east coast of 
 Gilolo, "Waigiou, Bangka (Mus. Lugd.) ; northern and north-western parts of Australia 
 (Gould) ; Sula Islands, New Guinea (Wallace). 
 
 The Australian " Great-billed Plover " of Latham (Syn. Supp. ii. p. 319, C. magni- 
 rostris, Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp. p. 66) has been shown by Mr. Strickland (Ann. Nat. Hist, 
 xi. p. 337) to be nothing but (Edicnemus grallarius (Lath.). Consequently Illiger's 
 genus Burhinus (Prodrom. p. 250, 1811), founded on G. magnirostris, Lath., is syno- 
 nymous, not with Esacus, but with (Edicnemus, over which generic title it takes 
 priority. 
 
 The name magnirostris, Geoffroy, seems to have been an unpublished museum title. 
 I can find no earlier description of the species than that of Vieillot*s (I. c), who adopted 
 the name from the Paris Museum. 
 
 Temminck figured (I. c.) a Celebean example collected by Beinwardt ; but he united 
 with it as belonging to one species individuals from India, Java, and les ties Papous. 
 The Celebean bird in size, he observes, holds a middle place between the Indian and 
 the Papuan, the last being the largest and having the plumage very dark-coloured. 
 The Indian E. recurvirostris (Cuv.) is a recognized species ; but may not the Celebean 
 bird prove to be a species distinct from the Australian ] Professor Schlegel unites the 
 archipelagic with the Australian ; -but have they been compared 1 
 
 Himantopus, Brisson. 
 
 145. Himantopus leucocephalus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 26, "Australia, Java, 
 
 Sumatra;" Birds Austr. vi. pi. 24; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, 
 p. 106 ; conf. Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 35. 
 
 Hab. Gorontalo, October 9 (Forsten) ; Ayer-pannas, August 14 ; Limbotto, August 
 29 ; Wawou, a few days old, August 27 (Bosenberg) ; Bengal (H. intermedius, Blyth, 
 
 p2 
 
92 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OF CELEBES. 
 
 J. A. S. B. I; Cat. Mus. Calc. no. 1573) ; rare in India, J. A. S. B. 1845, p. 459 {Blyth) ; 
 Java, Borneo, Amboyna, Ternate, Sumbawa, Timor, Lobo (New Guinea) (Mus. Lugd.) ; 
 Australia (Gould). 
 
 EALLIDtE. 
 
 Poephtkio, Brisson. 
 
 146. Porphykio indicus, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 194, "Java" (1822, read 18th 
 
 of April 1820) ; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Balli, p. 55 ; Finsch & Hartl. Faun. 
 Centralpolyn. Aves, p. 170, pi. xii. f. 2. 
 Porphyria smaragdinus, Temm. PI. Col. 421, " Java" (February 1827). 
 
 Hab. Macassar, Menado (mus. nostr.) ; Tondano, 21st of April (Forsten) ; Gorontalo, 
 18th of April, 24th of May, 26th of June; Ayer-pannas, 11th of August (Von 
 Rosenberg); Java (type); Ceram, Bouru (Mus. Lugd.) ; Banda (G. B. Gray); Sumatra 
 (Cassin) ; Samoa Islands (Peale). 
 
 The absolute identity of the race of purple Coots inhabiting the islands above cited 
 has yet to be established. To the Ceram race Temminck applied the title of mela- 
 nopterus ; that of Samoa has received the designation of samoensis, Peale. It is true 
 that the late Mr. Cassin could detect no difference between the Samoan and the Javan 
 Porphyrio ; and Messrs. Finsch & Hartlaub (I. c.) agree in uniting them. On the 
 other hand, Professor Schlegel has observed slight distinctions between the individuals 
 inhabiting Java, Celebes, and Ceram. I have not been able to compare a sufficient 
 series in full plumage to form a decided opinion. But Celebean birds appear to have 
 the throat, upper breast, and shoulder-coverts of a much richer and deeper blue than 
 what I have found in Javan examples. I am unable to discover sufficient evidence to 
 justify Latham's title of poliocephalus (Suppl. Ind. Orn. p. 58) being applied to the 
 Philippine Porphyrio, rather than to the one of Continental India (P. neglectus, 
 Schlegel). Latham's Grey-headed Gallinule (Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 375) was described by 
 him from a drawing by General Davies, of an individual in Exeter Change. The 
 description agrees well enough with the Indian bird, and better than with the 
 Philippine. It is certainly not sufficiently minute to enable us to refer it without 
 doubt to the latter species, P. pulverulentus, Temm. (PL Col. 405, erroneously given 
 from Africa) ; while the probabilities are in favour of the type having come to London 
 from India, and not from the Philippines. 
 
 Htdkalectoe, Wagler. 
 
 147. Htdealectoe gallinaceus (Temm.): PI. Col. 464, " Moluques " (5th of July 1828) ; 
 
 Gould, Birds Austr. vi. pi. 75. 
 Parra cristata, Vieill., Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 68. 
 
 Hob. Menado, Macassar (mus. nostr.); Ayer-pannas, adult male, 21st of August, 
 
VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 93 
 
 adult female, 18th of August, male partly moulting, 22nd of August, young female, 
 21st of August; Limbotto, adult male of small dimensions, 31st of August, female 
 moulted, 29th of August ; Gorontalo, adult female, 30th of April ; Wawou, very 
 young male, 27th of August (Von Rosenberg) ; Gorontalo, young female, 29th of June 
 (Forsten); Port Essington, Eastern Australia (Gould) ; Queensland (mus. nostr.). 
 
 Temminck (I. c.) states that this is a bird of passage at Amboyna. Mr. Gould (Hand- 
 book, Austr. ii. p. 331, where an interesting account of its habits is given) mentions 
 that it is a native of New Guinea. No authority is quoted ; and I can find no con- 
 firmation of the statement. Professor Schlegel confines its range to Celebes and 
 Australia. It breeds in Eastern Australia (Gould, I. c.) ; but unfortunately the month 
 is not stated. 
 
 I cannot follow Professor Schlegel (I. c.) in referring this species to P. cristata, 
 Vieill. (N. D. xvi. p. 430, ex Ceylon). Vieillot's title was given to Le Grand Jacana 
 verd a crSte of Temminck (Cat. Syst. Cabinet d'Ornith. p. 265. no. 403, 1807), whose 
 description Vieillot reproduces almost word for word. Temminck's Jacana, as has 
 already been shown by Dr. Hartlaub (Syst. Index, in Jard. Contrib. Ornith. 1849), is 
 clearly Parra indica, Lath. (Ind. Orn. ii. p. 765, 1790). Wagler (Isis, 1832, p. 280) 
 gives both P. cristata and P. gallinacea as the types of his genus Hydralector. But the 
 generic character, " Ein aufrecht stehender Fleischkamm am Kopfe," evidently indi- 
 cates P- gallinacea as the generic type. 
 
 My Macassar example, an adult, only differs from a Menado individual by being much 
 smaller. Wing 4f against 5f. All the other dimensions proportionally less; it is 
 therefore probably a male. A Queensland example, a young bird, crown and nape 
 rich rufous intermixed with black, only differs in having a much stouter bill. 
 
 Gallinula, Brisson. 
 148. Gallinula fkontata, Wallace, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 35, "Bouru." 
 Gallinula hcematopus, Temm. Mus. Lugd. ; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 44, " Celebes." 
 
 Hab. Menado (mus. nostr.); Ayer-pannas, 12th of August, adult male, 17th of 
 August, adult female, 26th of August, female, 19th of August, young, one day old; 
 Panybie, 9th of September, female of the year; Limbotto, 4th of September, female 
 of the year, 31st of August, male and female of the year, 28th of August, female ( Von 
 Bosenberg) ; Amboyna (Mus. Lugd.) ; Bouru (type). 
 
 Professor Schlegel, in his admirable list of the birds of the Leyden Museum, the 
 most perfect and practically useful work of its kind ever published, identifies the 
 Celebean bird with that described by Mr. Wallace from Bouru. Temminck's MS. 
 title of hcematopus had never been hitherto used, except by Bonaparte (Comptes Bend, 
 xliii. p. 600, 1856), and then only as a synonym of the nearly allied G. tenebrosa, Gould 
 (P. Z. S. 1846, p. 20). I have therefore retained Mr. Wallace's title for the species. 
 
94" VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OE CELEBES. 
 
 It must, however, be remembered that no actual comparison appears as yet to have 
 been made between Bouru and Celebean examples. 
 
 149. Gallinula orientalis, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 195, "Java" (1822). 
 Gallinula ardosiacea, Vieill. Galerie, ii. p. 173, pi. 268, " Java" (1825). 
 
 Hah. Java (Horsfield); Macassar {Wallace). 
 
 An example of an adult male Moor-hen, closely resembling the common European 
 species, was collected by Mr. Wallace at Macassar. It differs from G. chloropus in its 
 smaller dimensions, and the size and form of the frontal plate. I have been unable to 
 compare it with Javan individuals ; but I shall provisionally adopt the title of the race 
 which inhabits Java. Wing 5f-, tarsus 1^, bill from anterior side of plate to tip lj 
 greatest breadth of frontal plate -fa. 
 
 i 
 
 65 
 
 Erythra, Eeichenbach. 
 
 150. Erythra phcenicura (Forsten): Zool. Ind. p. 19, pi. 9, " Ceylon" (1781). 
 
 Hah. Macassar (Reinwardt) ; Gorontalo, adult male, 20th of April, 17th of July, 1st 
 of August — male with some black spots on sides of head, 26th of May ; Negrielama, 
 male in first plumage, 20th of September (Von Rosenberg) ; Gorontalo, male in imper- 
 fect plumage, October (Forsten) ; Banka, Java, Borneo (Mus. Lugd.) ; China, summer 
 visitant (1), Formosa (Swinhoe) ; throughout India (Jerdon) ; Ceylon (type) ; Zamboanga 
 (Mindanao) ( Von Martens) ; Malayan peninsula (Eyton). 
 
 Orttgometra, Linnaeus. 
 
 151. Ortygometra ctnerea (Vieillot) : Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxviii. p. 29 (1819), ex 
 
 Java; Pucheran, Kev. et Mag. Zool. 1851, p. 563; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 
 Ealli, p. 32. 
 Ortygometra quadristrigata (Horsf.) , Finsch et Hartl. Fauna Centralpolyn. p. 164. 
 
 Hab. Gorontalo, April 21, May 23 ; Ayer-pannas, August 25, female in first plumage, 
 August 25 (Von Rosenberg). 
 
 For the geographical distribution of this species and its complete synonymy, exclusive 
 of the title, conf. Finsch and Hartl. I. c. Those gentlemen seem to have overlooked in 
 this and in one or two other instances Dr. Pucheran's valuable notices of the types 
 contained in the Paris Museum. According to the learned doctor, Porphyrio cinereus, 
 Vieill., was collected in Java by Labillardiere. This species is included in Mr. Hodgson's 
 Catalogue of the Birds of Nipaul (J. A. S. Bengal, 1855, p. 381. no. 765) under the 
 title of Zapornia nigrolineata. Mr. G. R. Gray, Cat. B. Mus. Nepal, 1846, p. 143, 
 identified Z. nigrolineata, Hodgs., with Rallus superciliaris, Eyton, ex Malacca, and 
 in the 3rd edition of that catalogue (1863) adopted Eyton's specific title. Mr. Blyth 
 (Cat. Calc. Mus. p. 339) includes Nipaul within the range of R. superciliaris, Eyton. 
 
VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OF CELEBES. 95 
 
 Professor Schlegel (I. c.) has identified Eyton's species with P. cinereus, Vieill. ; and 
 Drs. Finsch & Hartlaub (I. c.) with R. quadristrigatus, Horsf. The species, however, 
 is not included in Dr. Jerdon's work as an inhabitant of India. 
 
 HtpoTuENIdia, Reichenbach. 
 
 152. Htpotjenidia celebensis (Quoy et Gaimard), Voy. Astrol. Zool. i. p. 250, 
 
 " Celebes," pi. 24. f. 2 ; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, RalU, p. 22. 
 
 Hab. Menado (Forsten) ; Gorontalo, Limbotto (Von Rosenberg). 
 
 This is a representative form of the Philippine Rallus torquatus, Linn. (Schlegel, 
 I. c). Von Pelzeln (No vara, Aves, p. 134), with doubt, refers an example of a young 
 Pail from Borneo to the Celebean species. 
 
 153. Hypot^nidia striata (Linn.), Syst. Nat. ed. 12, i. p. 262 (1766), ex Brisson, 
 
 " Philippines." 
 Rallus gularis, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 196, "Java" (1822). 
 
 Hab. Philippines (type) ; all India and Ceylon, Burmah (Jerdon) ; Sumatra (Raffles) ; 
 Java (Horsjield) ; Cochin-china (Diard) ; Formosa (Swinhoe) ; China (Mus. Lugd.) ; 
 Menado (Wallace); Banjarmassing (Sclater). 
 
 Mr. "Wallace obtained near Menado a female example of a Rail which so well agrees 
 with Brisson's description of the Philippine bird, that I have little hesitation in making 
 the above identification. It must, however, be noted that, in the specimen referred to, 
 the under tail-coverts are distinctly pale rufous and black, and not white and black. 
 
 154. Htpot^nidia philippensis (Linn.), Syst. Nat. ed. 12, i. p. 263 (1766), ex Brisson, 
 
 Orn. v. p. 163, "Philippines;" Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, RalU, p. 25. 
 
 Rallus pectoralis (Cuvier), Lesson, ap. Finsch et Hartl. Faun. Centralpolyn. p. 157, nee Cuv. ; 
 conf. Pucheran, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1851, p. 276. 
 
 Hab. Macassar (mus. nostr.) ; Tondano, in September (Forsten) ; Gorontalo, April 
 17, 24, May; a chick newly hatched, August 4 (Von Rosenberg); Australia (Gould); 
 New Caledonia (Verreaux et 0. des Murs); Philippines (type). 
 
 The Celebean bird has the nape rusty as in Australian individuals. In the event of 
 the Philippine species proving distinct, the birds from the other localities above given 
 will require a different title. Messrs. Finsch & Hartlaub (I. c.) have adopted Cuvier's 
 title of pectoralis, copied by Lesson (Tr. p. 536), for this species, although Dr. Pucheran 
 (I. c.) had shown that the type of R. pectoralis, Cuv., was R. lewinii, Swains, (conf. 
 Hartl. J. fur Orn. 1855, p. 420). 
 
 Rallina, Reichenbach. 
 
 155. Rallina minahasa, Wallace, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 346, " Sula Islands, Minahasa." 
 Hab. Minahasa (N. Celebes), Sula Islands (Wallace). 
 
96 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OF CELEBES. 
 
 156. Rallina isabellina (Temm.), Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 16 "Celebes" 
 
 (1865). 
 
 Hab. Gorontalo, type (Forsten) ; Ayer-pannas, Modelido ( Von Rosenberg). 
 
 157. Rallina (X) rosenbergii, Schlegel, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk. 1866, p. 213, " Kema." 
 Hab. Kema (Von Rosenberg). 
 
 SCOLOPACID^l. 
 
 Numenius, Linnaeus. 
 
 158. Numenius peleopus (Linn,), Syst. Nat. ed. 12, i. p. 243 (1766) ; Schlegel, Mus. Pays- 
 
 Bas, Scolopaces, p. 97. 
 
 Hab. Bonthain, South Celebes, March 7th (S. Mutter); Tondano, North Celebes 
 (Forsten) ; The Old World and Australia. 
 
 Until the breeding-grounds of the so-called distinct species of Whimbrels are dis- 
 covered it is useless to attempt discriminating between them. Both the Celebean 
 examples in the Leyden Museum possess the characters whereby Mr. Gould has distin- 
 guished his N. uropygialis. 
 
 159. Numenius minutus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 176, "New South Wales;" Schlegel, 
 
 Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk. 1866, p. 348. 
 
 Numenius minor, S. Muller, Verhandl. p. 110, "Amboyna;" Schlegel, Faun. Japon. Aves, p. Ill, 
 pi. 67. 
 
 Hab. North Celebes, Aru Islands (Schlegel); Japan (Von Siebold); Amboyna 
 (S. Milller); coasts of China (Swinhoe); New S. Wales, Port Essington (Gould). 
 
 Actitis, Illiger. 
 
 160. Actitis glakeola (Gm.), Syst. Nat. ed. 13, i. p. 677 (1788) ; Schlegel, Mus. Pays- 
 
 Bas, Scolopaces, p. 73. 
 
 Hab. Gorontalo, October 9th (Forsten) ; Europe, Africa, Asia and its islands. 
 
 161. Actitis hypoleucos (Linn.), Syst. Nat. ed. 12, i. p. 250 (1766); Schlegel, Mus. 
 
 Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 83. 
 
 Hab. Gorontalo, in October (Forsten) ; Europe, Africa, Australia, Asia and its islands. 
 
 Totanus, Bechstein. 
 
 162. Totanus glottis (Linn.), Syst. Nat. ed. 12, i. p. 245 (1766) ; Schlegel, Mus. Pays- 
 
 Bas, Scolopaces, p. 63. 
 
 Hab. Celebes, in winter plumage (Forsten) ; Bonthain, South Celebes, in March 
 (S. Mutter) : universal. 
 
VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 97 
 
 163. Totanus calidris (Linn.), Syst. Nat. ed. 12, i. p. 245 (1766) ; Schlegel, Mus. Pays- 
 
 Bas, Scolopaces, p. 67. 
 Hab. Celebes, winter plumage, November (Forsten) ; Europe, Asia and its islands, 
 Africa. 
 
 Limosa, Brisson. 
 
 164. Limosa uropygialis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1848, p. 38, "Australia;" Birds. Austr. vi. 
 
 pi. 29 ; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 25. 
 Eab. Celebes, in November (Forsten); Gilolo (Bernstein); Java (Van Hasselt); 
 Timor (Mutter) ; Japan, New Zealand (Mus. Lugd.) ; Australia (type). (Conf. Finsch & 
 Hartl. Fauna Centralpolyn. p. 177.) 
 
 Tringa, Linnaeus. 
 
 165. Tringa minuta, Leisler, Nachtr. Bechst. Naturgesch. Deutschlands, Heft i. p. 74 
 
 (1811-15) ; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 46. 
 
 Hah. Celebes, in November, winter plumage (Forsten) ; Europe, Africa, Asia, Malay 
 archipelago, New Guinea, Australia (Mus. Lugd.). 
 
 166. Tringa damacensis (Horsf.), Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 192, " Java" (1822); Swinhoe, 
 
 P. Z. S. 1863, p. 316 ; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 49. 
 Tringa subminuta, Von Middendorf, Sibir. Reise, Vogel, p. 222, pi. 19. f. 6 (tarsus) . 
 
 Hal. Tondano, winter plumage; Tondano, male, partly in nuptial plumage, September; 
 Gorontalo, male, winter plumage, October 9th ; Celebes, moulting into perfect plumage 
 (Forsten) ; Java (type) ; Borneo (Schwaner) ; China, Formosa (Swinhoe) ; Eastern Siberia 
 (Von Middendorf) ; Amoor river (Schrenck). 
 
 Lobipes, Cuvier. 
 
 167. Lobipes hyperboreus (Linn.), Syst. Nat. ed. 12, i. p. 249 (1766) ; Schlegel, Mus. 
 
 Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 59. 
 
 Phalaropus australis, Temm. Mus. Lugd.; Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 421 (1856), " Celebes/' fide 
 Schlegel, I. c. 
 
 Hab. Celebes, winter plumage (Beinwardt) ; Amboyna, winter plumage (Hoedt) ; Aru 
 Islands, in winter plumage (Wallace) ; Madras (Jerdon); Peninsula of Luichow, April 
 3rd (Swinhoe) ; high latitudes of northern hemisphere, in summer. 
 
 Are the Moluccas the only, or at least the principal, winter residence of this species % 
 Its occurrence has only been once observed in India. 
 
 vol. vin. — part ii. May, 1872. 
 
98 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OF CELEBES. 
 
 Gallinago, Stephens. 
 
 168. Gallinago megala, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1861, p. 343, "Amoy;" Schlegel, Mus. Pays- 
 
 Bas, Scolopaces, p. 12. 
 Hob. Gorontalo (Forsten) ; Gilolo, Batcbian (Bernstein) ; China, Formosa (Swinhoe). 
 
 AEDEIDtE. 
 
 Ardea, Linnaeus. 
 
 169. Ardea sumatrana, Baffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 325, "Sumatra" (1822); Jerd. 
 Birds Ind. ii. p. 740 ; Gould, Birds Austr. ii. p. 296. 
 
 Ardea typhon, Temm. PI. Col. 475, "river Gambia" (errore), (Sept. 5, 1829) ; Schlegel, Mus. Pays- 
 Bas, Ardea, p. 3. 
 
 rectirostris, Gould, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 22, "New South Wales." 
 
 fusca, Blyth, Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 176, " Arracan" (1844). 
 
 insignis, Hodgs., Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86. 
 
 Typhon robusta (S. Miill.), Bp. Consp. ii. p. 110, "Timor." 
 
 Ardea goliath, Temm., Bp. I. c, " Celebes." 
 
 Ardeomega nobilis,." Blyth," Bp. 1. c, nee Blyth. {Conf. Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 36.) 
 
 Ilab. Celebes (Beinw.) ; " Inde continentale," type of A. typhon, Temm. (Schlegel) ; 
 Morty Island, Batchian, Toloforo (Gilolo) (Bernstein); Sumatra (Baffles); Coburg 
 Peninsula (Gould); Clarence river (Australia) (Schlegel); Arracan (Blyth); N.-E. 
 Bengal, Nepaul, Sikim, Terai, Assam (Jerdon); Sindh (drawing, Sir A. Burnes); 
 Flores (Wallace). 
 
 Ardeola, Boie. 
 
 170. Ardeola speciosa (Horsf.), Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 188, "Java" (1822); Zool. 
 
 Res. pi. — . 
 
 Hah. Java(%?e); Celebes (Wallace). 
 
 I include the Javan form of A. leucoptera, Bodd., =A. malaccensis, Gm., on the 
 authority of Mr. "Wallace. 
 
 There appear to be four closely allied Asiatic species of Ardeola ; but they yet require 
 to be brought together and closely compared. 
 
 1. A. leucoptera, Bodd, ex PI. Enl. 911, =A. malaccensis, Gm., ex PI. Enl. 911, 
 "Malacca," av. juv. Buphus bacchus, Bp., having been described from a Malaccan 
 individual, becomes a synonym of the type species. 
 
 2. A. grayi, Sykes, " India," =A. leucoptera, Bodd., ap. Jerdon (B. of Ind.). 
 
 3. A. speciosa, Horsf., " Java." Most probably the same as the Malaccan form. 
 Stated by Professor Schlegel to also occur in Sumbawa and Borneo. 
 
 4. A. prasinosceles, Swinhoe, " China." 
 
 Not recognizing the fact that Boddaert and Gmelin founded their titles on the same 
 
VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIKDS OF CELEBES. 
 
 99 
 
 plate, Mr. Blyth (Ibis, 1865, p. 38) called the Indian bird leucoptera, Bodd., and that 
 of the Malayan peninsula and Sumatra malaccensis, Gra. 
 
 Heeodias, Boie. 
 
 171. Heeodias nigeipes (Temm.), Man. d'Orn. 2nd edit, part iv. p. 376, "L'Archipel 
 
 des Indes" (1840); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Ardece, p. 14, "Lac de Gorontalo, 
 
 Celebes." 
 Not possessing a sufficient number of examples of H. garzetta (Linn.) and its allies 
 to attempt an elucidation of its races, their habitats, and synonymy, I have followed 
 Temminck, and given to the Celebean bird the title by which the Dutch zoologist 
 distinguished the little Egret of India, of the Malay archipelago, and of New Guinea, 
 from the European, North Asiatic, and Japanese bird. Professor Schlegel (I. c.) does 
 not admit their specific distinction, and includes all under A. garzetta, Linn. To him 
 we owe the important fact that Temminck founded his A. nigripes on examples from 
 Java, Borneo, and Celebes now in the Leyden Museum. We are thus provided with a 
 clue to the maze of confusion into which Prince Bonaparte (Consp. ii.) has thrown the 
 synonymy of the White Egrets (conf. Schlegel, op. cit. p. 19). 
 
 172. Heeodias egeetta (Gin.), Syst. Nat. ed. 13, i. p. 629 (1788), ex Buff. Hist. Nat. 
 
 Ois. vii. p. 377, "America;" Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Ardece, p. 17. 
 
 Hab. Gorontalo (Forsten). 
 
 I adopt Professor Schlegel's determination with reserve, its correctness depending on 
 the identity of the Asiatic with the American bird. The Celebean example is probably 
 the H. alba (L.), ap. Jerd. (Birds of India), =A. modesta, Gray & Hardw., A. alba 
 vera being restricted by Professor Schlegel to Southern Europe, Northern Africa, and 
 Western Asia. The history of the Egrets has yet to be written. 
 
 Aedetta, G. E. Gray. 
 
 173. Aedetta sinensis (Gm.), Syst. Nat. ed. 13, i. p. 642 (1788), ex Lath., " China." 
 
 Ardea melanoptera, Cuvier, Mus. Paris. Pueh. ; Rev. Mag. Zool. 1851, p. 575. 
 
 melanophis, Cuv., ap. Less. Tr. p. 573, errore. 
 
 lepidct) Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 190, " Java." 
 
 melanotis, Cuv., ap. G. R. Gray, Genera, iii. Append, p. 25, errore. 
 
 Hab. Menado (mus. nostr.) ; all India (Jerdon) ; Java (Horsf.) ; Ceylon, Arracan 
 (Blyth) ; China, from Canton to Tientsin, Formosa, in summer (Swinhoe) ; Borneo, 
 Philippines (Mus. Lugd.); Ladrone or Marian Isles (?) (G. R. Gray). 
 
 I cannot concur with Mr. Blyth nor with Dr. Jerdon in regarding Ardea nebulosa, 
 Horsf. (I. c), as belonging to this species. Horsfield's diagnosis applies far better to 
 Ardetta cinnamomea (Gm.). The expression " cauda remigibusque badiis " appears to 
 me conclusive. 
 
 Q2 
 
100 VISCOUNT "WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OF CELEBES. 
 
 Demiegretta, Blyth. 
 
 174. Demiegretta sacea (Gm.), Syst. Nat. ed. 13, i. p. 640, ex Latham. 
 
 Hab. Menado (mus. nostr.). 
 
 Two examples of an Ashy Egret were received from Menado in the dark ashy phase, 
 but wanting the crest, dorsal trains, and pectoral plumes of the breeding-plumage. 
 Both have a narrow median white line commencing at the chin and descending, with 
 broken intervals, down the throat. No other part of the plumage is white. The wing 
 measures 10^ inches ; the bill, from the forehead, 3 inches ; the tarsus 2f inches ; 
 middle toe, without the nail, If inch. The dimensions of the bill, tarsus, and middle 
 toe are much less than those given by Dr. Jerdon of .the Indian bird, D. asha (Sykes). 
 
 Dr. O. Finsch (Centralpolyn. p. 201) has united all the titles given to the numerous 
 named local races of this species under Gmelin's title of sacra, bestowed by him on the 
 Sacred Heron of Latham, brought by Sir J. Banks from Otaheite. A want of a suf- 
 ficient number of examples prevents me from questioning the correctness of this 
 deduction, and I therefore provisionally adopt Gmelin's title. For an elaborate essay 
 on the species, conf. Finsch & Hartl. I. c. 
 
 Nycticorax, Stephens. 
 
 175. Ntcticoeax griseus (Linn.), Syst. Nat. ed. 12, i. p. 239 (1766); Schlegel, Mus. Pays- 
 
 Bas, Ardece, p. 58. 
 
 Hab. Gorontalo (Forsten) ; Europe, Africa, Asia, America (Ardea gardeni, Gm.). 
 
 176. Nycticorax caledonicus (Gm.), Syst. Nat. ed. 13, i. p. 626, "Nova Caledonia" 
 
 (1788), ex Lath. Syn. iii. p. 55 ; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Ardece, p. 59. 
 
 Ardea maculata, Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp. p. lxiv (1801), "New Holland," fide Strickl. Ann. Nat. 
 Hist. xi. p. 338, av.juv. 
 
 Hab. Macassar (S. Mutter) ; Tondano (Forsten) ; Timor, Gilolo, Morty Island, Am- 
 boyna (Mus. Lugd.) ; New Caledonia (type) ; Australia ( Gould) ; Cape York (mus. nostr.). 
 
 Ardea caledonica, Forster, apud Meyen (N. Act. Ac. C. L. C. xvi. Suppl. prim. p. 103), 
 seems to be Nycticorax manilensis, Vigors ; and I have therefore omitted the Philippines 
 from the range of Gmelin's species. 
 
 Butorides, Blyth. 
 
 177. Butorides javanica (Horsf), Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 190, "Java" (1822); 
 
 Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Ardece, p. 44. 
 
 Hab. Gorontalo (Forsten) ; Menado (mus. nostr.). 
 
 The range of this Heron cannot be accurately stated until its conspecies have been 
 studied and defined. Conf. Finsch & Hartl. Faun. Centralpolynes. p. 207, by whom, 
 however, no specific differences are admitted to exist. My Menado example is in full 
 
VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIED8 OE CELEBES. 101 
 
 breeding-plumage, and conspicuously differs from Indian and Cingalese examples in 
 having the crown and crest dark green, almost black, instead of a much lighter shade 
 of green. Other differences are to be detected, which may not prove constant. For 
 instance, in a Ceylon example, all the wing-coverts, and the four secondary quills 
 nearest the body, are bordered with bright ochreous yellow, and not with white as in 
 the Menado individual. If the Menado bird agrees with the Javan, Mr. Hodgson 
 appears to have been justified in separating the continental form under the title of 
 chloriceps. 
 
 CICONIID^E. 
 
 Melanopelaegus, Reichenbach. 
 
 178. Melanopelaegus episcopus (Bodd.), Tabl. PL Enl. (1783), ex Daubent. PI. Enl. 906. 
 
 Ardea leucocephala, Gm. Syst. Nat. ed. 13, i. p. 642, " Coromandel " (1788), ex Buffon, Hist. Nat. 
 Ois. vii. p. 370; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Ciconia, p. 11. 
 
 Hah. Saoussou, in June (Rosenberg) ; Ceylon (mus. nostr.) ; all India, Burma (Jerdon) ; 
 Java, Borneo (Mus. Lugd.) ; Tropical Africa (Schlegel). Conf. O. Finsch & Hartl. VSg. 
 Ost-Afr. pp. 722, 723. 
 
 TANTALID^E. 
 
 Falcinellus, Bechstein. 
 
 179. Falcinellus igneus (S. G. Gmelin), Nov. Comm. Ac. Scient. Imp. Petropol. xv. 
 
 p. 460, pi. 18 '(1771). 
 
 Numenius viridis, S. G-. Grmelin, op. cit. p. 462, pi. 19. 
 
 Tantalus castaneus, P. L. S. Miiller, Syst. Nat. Suppl. p. 112 (1776), ex Marsigli. 
 
 Falcinellus peregrinus (S. Miiller), Mus. Lugd., Bp. Consp. ii. p. 159, "Celebes, Java" (1857). 
 
 Ibis falcinellus, Vieill., Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Ibis, p. 2. 
 
 Tantalus falcinellus, Linn. S. N. ed. 12, i. p. 241 (1766). 
 
 Hab. Gorontalo, female, moulted, 30th September — male, in almost perfect plumage, 
 1st October — female in almost perfect plumage, September — male, moulted 30th Sep- 
 tember; Northern Celebes, male in perfect plumage; Celebes, examples in first 
 plumage (Forsten) ; Macassar, female, moulted, March (S. Miiller). 
 
 I do not venture on the general distribution of the Glossy Ibis, as it is still an open 
 question whether the European, Asiatic, American, African, and Australian races are 
 identical (conf. Bp. 1. c). S. Midler's specimen of Inocotis papillosa (Temm.), stated 
 by Prince Bonaparte (op. cit. ii. p. 154) to have been collected in Celebes, came from 
 Borneo (conf. Schlegel, op. cit. p. 10). 
 
 1 J. F. Gmelin (S. N. p. 649) quotes the thirteenth plate, thus copying a misprint in S. G. Gmelin's text. 
 The thirteenth plate represents Oaecabis rufa (Linn.). 
 
102 VISCOUNT "WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OP CELEBES. 
 
 ANSERES. 
 
 ANATIDiE. 
 
 Querquedula, Stephens. 
 
 180. Quekquedula circia (Linn.), Syst. Nat. ed. 12, i. p. 204. 
 Anas querquedula, L., Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Anseres, p. 49. 
 
 Hab. Limbotto, 8th January, male in imperfect plumage — 6th and 13th Jannary, 
 females ( Von Rosenberg) ; Europe, Northern Africa, Asia to Island of Formosa. 
 
 Q. humeralis, Miiller (Verhandl. p. 159), described from examples obtained on the 
 north shores of Java, is not admitted to be distinct by Professor Schlegel. 
 
 Mareca, Stephens. 
 
 181. Mareca gibberifrons, S. Miiller, Verhandel. p. 159, "Celebes;" Schlegel, Mus. 
 
 Pays-Bas, Anseres, p. 58. 
 Anas gracilis, Buller, Ibis, 1869, p. 41, "New Zealand." 
 
 Hab. Goiontalo, young bird and an adult male ; Menado, adult male ; Tondano, 
 male; Pegoiat, female, in November (Forsten); Ayer-pannas, 18th August, male, 
 13th August, female; Panybie, 13th September, female (Von Rosenberg); Macassar, 
 female (Mutter); Timor (Miiller) ; near Port Essington (Mus. Lugd) ; Australia (Ver- 
 reaux); near Melbourne, S. Australia (Ferd. Miiller); New Caledonia ( Verreaux) ; 
 Flores (Wallace); New Zealand (Butter). 
 
 Professor Schlegel (I. c.) remarks that Celebean examples are smaller than those 
 from other localities. It is probably this species that Mr. Gould alludes to (B. Austr. 
 8vo, ii. p. 366) as one of the races of M. punctata (Cuvier) found in Australia. 
 
 Dendrocygna, Swainson. 
 
 182. Dendrocygna guttata (Forsten), Mus. Lugd. ; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Anseres, 
 
 p. 85, " Celebes." 
 
 Dendrocygna guttulata, Temm. ; "Wallace, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 36. 
 , Miiller; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 300. 
 
 Hab. Limbotto, 1st September, adult male; Panybie, 12th September, adult female; 
 Kema, 24th August, adult male and female (Von Bosenberg); Ternate, Gilolo (Bern- 
 stein); island of Kelang, Amboyna (Hoedt); Bouru, Ceram ( Wallace) ; Goram, Aru, 
 Little Key ( Von Bosenberg). 
 
 183. Dendroctgna vagans, Eyton, MS. ; Fraser, Zool. Typica, pi. 68, " Manilla " (1849) ; 
 
 Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Anseres, p. 88; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 300. 
 
 Hab. Tondano, December, adult female (Forsten); Limbotto, 9th January, adult 
 
VISCOUNT "WALDEN ON THE BIED8 OF CELEBES. 103 
 
 male ; Gorontalo, 27th May and 20th July, male and female ; Ayer-pannas, 11th, 15th, 
 17th August, males and females; Limbotto, 13th September, female; Pagouat 29th 
 July, a nestling (Von Rosenberg); Macassar, E. Timor (Wallace); Philippines (Cum- 
 ing) ; Java (Diard); New Caledonia (Verreaux). Conf. Hartl. & Finsch, Centralpolyn. 
 p. 212. 
 
 According to Mr. Sclater (I. c.) there appear to be three races of this Tree-Duck — 
 the Philippine, which is the type, the Australian (D. gouldi, Bp.), and the one inhabiting 
 Celebes and Timor. It is true that at a later date (P. Z. S. 1866, p. 149) Mr. Sclater 
 maintained that the three races are not separable. Professor Schlegel mentions that 
 this species only occurs accidentally in Java. 
 
 LAEID^E. 
 
 Sternin^. 
 Hydrochelidon, Boie. 
 
 184. Hydrocheijdoit nigra (Linn.), Syst. Nat. ed. 12, i. p. 227 (1766); Schlegel, Mus. 
 
 Pays-Bas, Sternce, p. 31. 
 
 Sab. Northern Celebes (Forsten, fide Schlegel) ; Northern Africa ; Southern Europe ; 
 Northern and Eastern Asia. 
 
 I include this species on Professor Schlegel's authority. It has not been recorded 
 from any other island of the Malay archipelago, although found throughout China 
 (Swinhoe). Its occurrence in India rests on the evidence of specimens collected by 
 Dr. L. Stewart (Jerd. B. of India, iv. App. p. 875) ; in what part of India, is not 
 mentioned. 
 
 185. Hydrochelidon leucopareia (Natterer), Temm. Man. d'Orn. 2nd ed. ii. p. 746 
 
 (1820), "Hungary;" Verner, Atlas, pi. 
 
 Sterna grisea, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 199, " Java" (1822). 
 
 hybrida, Pallas, Zoog. Rosso-Asiatica, ii. p. 338 (1831), " Volga ; " Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 
 
 Sternce, p. 32. 
 Viralva indica, Stephens, Shaw, Gen. Zool. Aves, xiii. p. 169, "India" (1825), ex Lath. Gen. Hist. 
 
 x. p. 103. no. 5. 
 Sterna delamotta, Vieill. Ency. Meth. Orn. Add. i. p. 350, "Europe" (1823). 
 
 similis, J. E. Gray, Illust. Ind. Zool. i. pi. 70. f. 2, ex India (1832). 
 
 Hydrochelidon fluviatilis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 140, "interior of New South Wales." 
 delalandii, Bp. Compt. Rend. xiii. p. 773, "Cap. B. Spei" (1856). 
 
 Hob. Lake of Gorontalo, 8th of October, female passing into winter plumage (Forsten) 
 Pontianac, in Borneo (Diard) ; abundant in India (Jerdon) ; Ceylon (mus. nostr.) ; S.-W. 
 Formosa (Swinhoe); interior of Australia (Gould); Cape York (mus. nostr.); Java 
 (Eorsfield) ; South and South eastern Europe ; Northern and Western Africa. 
 
104 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OP CELEBES. 
 
 Ontchopeioh', Wagler. 
 
 186. Ootchoprion melanauchen (Temm.), PL Col. 427, "Celebes" (April 25, 1827); 
 
 Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Sternce, p. 28 ; Finsch & Hartl. Centralpolyn. p. 224 ; 
 S. Miiller, Verhandel. Land- en Volkenk. p. 125. 
 Sterna sumatrana, Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 329, "Sumatra" (1822). 
 
 Hab. Celebes (Beinwardt) ; Ternate, Morty, Eaou (Bernstein) ; west coast of New 
 Guinea (S. Muller) ; common in the straits and bays of the Lobo district (S. Miiller) ; 
 Bay of Bengal (Jerdon); Nicobars (Blyth); Andamans (Walden); New Caledonia 
 (Verr.); Loyalty Islands (G. B. Gray); Viti-Levu, Ovalu, Stewart Islands (Finsch & 
 Hartl.) ; Cape York (Macgillivray) ; Sumatra (Baffles). 
 
 An Andaman and a New-Guinea example in my collection are identical. 
 
 There can be little doubt that this is the 8. sumatrana, Raffles. A title, most inap- 
 propriate, but which has priority. 
 
 187. Ontchoprion anjesthetus (Scopoli), Del. Fl. Faun. Insub. ii. p. 92. no. 72 (1786), 
 
 ex Sonnerat, Voy. Nouv. Guin. pi. 84. 
 
 Sterna panayensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. ed. 13, i. p. 607 (1788), ex Sonnerat, I. c. 
 
 panaya, Gm. ; Finsch & Hartl. Orn. Centralpolyn. p. 228 ; Vogel Ost-Afr. p. 833. 
 
 Hab. (Salayer) Celebes (Wallace). 
 
 An example of this species, in young plumage, was obtained by Mr. Wallace at 
 Salayer. 
 
 For complete synonymy and distribution conf. O. Finsch & Hartl. (I. c). 
 
 Pelecanopus, Wagler. 
 
 188. Pelecanopus medius (Horsf), Trans. Linn. Soc. p. 199, "Java" (1822). 
 
 Sterna affinis (Cretzsch.), Riipp. Reise, p. 23, pi. 14, " coasts of the Red Sea" (1826) ; Schlegel, 
 
 Mus. Pays-Bas, Sterna, p. 6. 
 bengalensis, Cuv. Mus. Paris; Less. Tr. p. 621. no. 9, "cotes de l'lnde" (1831) j Pucheran, 
 
 Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1850, p. 512 ; conf. Jerd. Birds Ind. iii. p. 843 ; Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 39 ; 
 
 op. cit. (1867) p. 177. 
 Thalasseus iorresi, Gould, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 140, "Port Essington." 
 
 Hab. Macassar, March (S. Muller) ; North Celebes (Forsten). 
 
 If Mr. Blyth's identifications of the North-African and South-Asiatic species be 
 correct, the range of this Tern extends from Sicily to Madagascar, the coasts of India, 
 of Northern Australia, and the islands of the Malay archipelago, at least as far as 
 Celebes. It must be remembered, however, that Dr. Pucheran (I. c.) has stated that 
 the Abyssinian and Bengal species differs " par plus de noir dans les remiges et par son 
 bee moins courbe, et par cela meme plus droit." (Conf. Finsch & Hartl. Vogel 
 Ost-Afrika's, p. 830.) 
 
VISCOUNT "WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 105 
 
 189. Pelecanopus cristatus (Stephens), Shaw, Gen. Zool. contin. Aves, xiii. p. 146, 
 
 "China, many of the south-eastern islands of Asia" (1825). 
 Sterna pelecanoides, King, Surv. Intertrop. Austr. ii. App. Aves, p. 422 (1827) ; Schlegel, Mus. 
 Pays-BaSj Sterna, p. 9. 
 
 velose, Riipp. ; S. Miiller, Verhandel. Land- en Volkenk. p. 125. 
 
 bergii, Lichtenst. ; Finsch & Hartl. Centralpolyn. p. 216, part. 
 
 Hob. Celebes, female, winter plumage (Forsteri); Batchian, Gilolo, Morty, Oby 
 (Berstein) ; Ceram (Forsten) ; Timor, west coast of New Guinea (S. Mutter) ; Flores 
 (Semmelink) ; coast of W. Australia, Port Essington, Torres Straits (Gould); Mysol 
 (Wallace); Java (S. Mutter) ; mouth of the Hoogly, Madras, Malabar coast (Jerdon) ; 
 Southern China, Formosa (Swinhoe). 
 
 A race of this species, probably belonging to the Asiatic form, inhabits many of the 
 islands still more to the eastward. Messrs. Finsch & Hartlaub (I. c.) have united the 
 large Sea-Terns of Eastern Africa (S. velox, Riipp.) and of South Australia and Van 
 Dieman's Land (Thalasseus poliocercus, Gould) with the Asiatic and North- Australian 
 species, under the title of S. bergii, Lichtenstein, bestowed on a Cape-of-Good-Hope 
 individual. Professor Schlegel, in his masterly catalogue (I. c), keeps these representa- 
 tive forms separate, but with much reluctance. With the exception of T. poliocercus, 
 the facts known favour the opinion that the species are severally permanent residents 
 in the localities they frequent. Dr. S. Miiller, who identified the New-Guinea bird 
 with the Red-Sea S. velox, Riipp., states (I. c.) that it is known to the inhabitants of 
 the straits and bays of the Lobo district by the name of Bessa. At a subsequent date 
 he appears to have regarded it as a distinct species ; for Professor Schlegel cites Sterna 
 ressa, S. Miiller, as a synonym. 
 
 PODOCIPID^E. 
 
 Podiceps, Latham. 
 
 190. Podiceps minor (Gm.), S. N. ed. 13, i. p. 591 (1788); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 
 
 Urinatores, p. 45. 
 
 Hob. Panybie (Von Rosenberg). 
 
 According to Professor Schlegel the Little Grebe of Java and Celebes is identical 
 with that of Europe; and provisionally I refer the Celebean bird to the European 
 species. But judging from the few South-Asiatic examples I have been able to 
 compare with European individuals, I am not prepared to admit their identification 
 as absolute. For instance, the Javan Little Grebe has an exceedingly stout bill 
 which measures seven eighths of an inch in length, the wing being four inches and 
 a quarter. The cheeks, chin, and throat are black ; and a dark ferruginous line starts 
 from behind each eye, and extends down each side of throat. Thus the Javan bird 
 closely resembles the Australian P. gularis, Gould — a species, however, which Professor 
 Schlegel does not admit. 
 
 vol. vm. — pakt ii. May, 1872. B 
 
106 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OF CELEBES. 
 
 PELECANID^l. 
 
 Dyspoeus, Uliger. 
 
 191. Dyspoeus sula (Linn.), Syst. Nat. ed. 12, i. p. 218, "Pelago indico" (1766). 
 Sula fiber, G. R. Gray; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Pelecani, p. 41. 
 
 Hab. Celebes {Mus. Lugd.). On the general distribution of this species, conf. 
 Finsch & Hartl. Faun. Centralpolyn. p. 261. 
 
 Phalaceocoeax, Brisson. 
 
 192. Phaloceocoeax melastoleucus (Vieill.), Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. vol. viii. p. 88, 
 
 New Holland (1817); Gould, Birds Austr. vii. pi. 70; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 
 Pelecani, p. 15. 
 
 Hab. Celebes, nuptial plumage (mus. nostr.); Gorontalo, imperfect plumage (Forsten) ; 
 Gilolo, Timor (Mus. Lugd.) ; Tasmania, every part of Australia (Gould); Salwati (mus. 
 nostr.). 
 
 Plotus, Linnaeus. 
 
 193. Plotus melanogastee (Forster), Zool. Ind. p. 22, pi. xii. "Java, Ceylon" (1781). 
 
 Hab. Menado (mus. nostr.) ; all India, Ceylon, Burma (Jerdon) ; Java (Mus. Lugd.) ; 
 Australia (Schlegel). 
 
 A single example of a Plotus in adult male plumage is in my possession, collected 
 near Menado. It does not appear to differ from Indian examples. P. novce-hollandice, 
 Gould, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 34, is not admitted as distinct from P. melanogaster by 
 Professor Schlegel. Mr. Gould relies on its shorter scapularies and larger size. 
 
 List of species stated by various authors to occur in Celebes for which there is not 
 sufficient authority : — 
 
 TIrospiza torguata (Cuv.), Hand-list Birds Brit. Mus. no. 327. 
 
 Scops mantis, J. Muller, op. cit. no. 477. 
 
 Halcyon diops, Temm., op. cit. no. 1107. 
 
 Halcyon funebris, Forsten, op. cit. no. 1126. 
 
 Philemon moluccensis 1 (Gm.), op. cit. no. 2074. 
 
 Philemon inornatus, G. R. Gray, op. cit. no. 2077. 
 
 Philemon 1 collaris, Reichenbach, op. cit. no. 2083. The genus Philemon is un- 
 known in Celebes. 
 
 Climacteris leucophcea (Lath.), op. cit. no. 2521. The genus Climacteris is un- 
 known in Celebes. 
 
 Dicrurus bimaensis, Temm. op. cit. no. 4212. 
 
 Dicrurus atroceruleus, G. R. Gray, op. cit. no. 4220. 
 
 1 This species is a Mimeta (conf. Wallace, P. Z. S. 1863, p 26). 
 
VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OF CELEBES. 107 
 
 Drymophila alecto, Temm. op. cit. no. 4794. The genus Drymophila is unknown 
 
 in Celebes. 
 Lalage aurea, Temm. op. cit. no. 5114. 
 Calomis metallica, Temm. op. cit. no. 6376. 
 Munia pallida, Wallace, op. cit. no. 6756. 
 Eos cochinsinensis (Lath.), op. cit. no. 8202. The genus Eos is unknown in 
 
 Celebes. 
 Psitfacus cyanicollis, S. Miiller and Schl. op. cit. no. 8275, 
 Ptilinopus flavicollis, Q. R Gray, op. cit. no. 9125. 
 Ptilinopus xanthogaster (Wagler), op. cit. no. 9136. 
 Ptilinopus hyogaster (Reinw.), op. cit. no. 9144. 
 Macropygia leptogrammica (Temm.), op. cit. no. 9305. 
 Beinwardtoena reinwardti (Temm.), op. cit. no. 9310. The genus Beinwardtama 
 
 is unknown in Celebes. 
 
 Most of the erroneous habitats enumerated in the above list are transcribed from the 
 older authors. In nearly every instance they have been corrected by more recent 
 writers, especially by S. Miiller, Schlegel, Wallace, and O. Finsch. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 PLATE III. 
 Outline Map of Celebes and the adjoining islands, p. 23. 
 
 PLATE IV. 
 
 Trichoglossus meyeri, p. 32. From a specimen in Lord Walden's collection. 
 
 PLATE Y. 
 
 Buceros exaratus, 1 d 1 , 2 2, p. 47. From specimens in Lord Walden's collection. 
 
 PLATE VI. 
 
 Fig. 1. Artamus monachm, p. 67. From a specimen in Lord Walden's collection. 
 Fig. 2. Oeocichla erythronota, p. 61. From the typical specimen in Mr. A. R. Wallace's 
 ' collection. 
 
 PLATE VII. 
 Fig. 1. Myialestes helianthea, p. 66.") 
 
 Fig. 2. Hypothymis puella, p. 66. I From specimens in Mr. A. R. Wallaces collection. 
 Fig. 3. Cyornis rufigula, p. 66. J 
 
108 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OE CELEBES. 
 
 PLATE VIII. 
 
 Fig. 1. Volvocivora morio, p. 69. ) _ . . _ , __ , , , „ ,. 
 
 _. „ T 7 , . ,. „_> From specimens m Lord Waldens collection. 
 
 Fig. 2. Lalage leucqpygiahs, p. 69J 
 
 PLATE IX. 
 
 Fig. 1. Munia brimneiceps, p. 73. 
 Fig. 2. Zosterops intermedia, p. 72 
 Fig. 3. Zosterops atrifrons, p. 72. . 
 
 From specimens in Mr. A. E. Wallace's collection. 
 
 PLATE X. 
 
 Fig. 1. Acridotheres cinereus, p. 77. From a specimen in Lord Walden's collection. 
 Fig. 2. JEgialites peronii, p. 90. From a specimen in Mr. A. R. Wallace's collection. 
 
J Smi t Uth 
 
 MtDHanliiit : 
 
 TRICHDG-LD SSUS MEYEBI 
 

 J 8 miL I ith. 
 
 M & "N Ha.^ vi -nap . 
 
 BUCEROS EXARATUS 18 2 2 
 
^fr&nJ Sh>ci .y'/Ju Vtf£dJj%> 6. 
 
 JSmil.liiJ, 
 
 1 ARTAMUS MONACHUS 
 
 2 GEOCICHLA ERYTHRONOTA 
 
 M &.NHdT,-h5urt. 
 
 nap 
 
c%WlJ.%t9u3$€>, 
 
 J Smxtlith. 
 
 1 MYIAEESTES HEL1ANTHEA 
 
 2 HYPOTHYMIS PUELLA 
 
 3 CYOPYNIS RUFIG-ULA 
 
J S-rmt hlh . 
 
 1 . VOLVO CIVOEA MORIO 
 
 2. LALAGE LEUC OPYGIALIS 
 
%?. 
 
 'I '.' ro.it/Tith., 
 
 I.MUNIA BRUNNEfCEPS 
 2.Z0STER0PS INTERMEDIA 
 3. ZQSTEROPS ATRIFROES 
 
 M&NHaalLaTt 
 
 liDp 
 
' / 7Wtf.3w£Mt 
 
 r 0C (/O 
 
 2 
 
 J Sirul. tit,]-,. 
 
 2.2EGI/U.ITES PERONII 
 
 M&'NBa-rJiartir 
 
[ 109 ] 
 
 III. Appendix to a List of Birds known to inhabit the Island of Celebes. By Arthur, 
 Viscount Walden, F.R.S., President of the Society. 
 
 Bead May 7th, 1872. 
 
 [Plates XI. to XIII.] 
 
 I. Additional Observations on the Birds included in the previous List. 
 
 WHILE the List of Celebean Birds contained in the preceding pages was passing 
 through the press the island of Celebes was being visited and its zoology investigated 
 by a most indefatigable collector and naturalist, Dr. Bernhard Meyer. With the 
 greatest liberality Dr. Meyer has permitted me to examine all the birds collected by him 
 in Celebes ; and I avail myself of this opportunity to thank him for his courtesy. The 
 additional materials thus placed at my disposal have enabled me to add to the list several 
 species which had not previously been known to inhabit Celebes, as well as a few more 
 which were altogether new to science. The considerable number of examples, repre- 
 senting the rarer species, collected by Dr. Meyer, has also rendered it possible and 
 desirable to add some supplementary observations. The greater part of the collection 
 was made in North Celebes, and consequently on old ground ; yet Dr. Meyer has added 
 twelve species new to the island, and at least four of which were previously undescribed. 
 In the Togian islands a small collection was likewise made, showing that these islands, 
 as we might have naturally supposed, possess a generally Celebean ornis ; yet, among the 
 small number of species thus obtained, two 1 were new to science, and have not as yet 
 been discovered on the mainland of Celebes. 
 
 Teraspiza rhodogastra, antea, p. 33. (Plate XL) 
 
 Three stages of immature plumage, hitherto undescribed, are represented by three 
 individuals obtained in North Celebes. 
 
 One, a male (PI. XL), has the head dark brown, mixed with rufous. The back, 
 wings, and tail are bright rufous. The nuchal and dorsal feathers are centred with 
 dark brown. The wing-coverts have each a black subterminal drop. The secondary 
 quills are crossed by five distinct black bands. The basal halves of the primaries are 
 banded with brown and pale rufous alternating; the terminal halves are light brown, 
 obscurely banded with dark brown, rufous replacing the light brown on the outer webs. 
 On the under surface of the quills the dark brown bands are better defined and more 
 conspicuous. The five middle pairs of rectrices have four broad black bands, besides 
 
 1 Loricultis quadricolor, "Walden, Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. ser. 4, vol. ix. p. 398 ; and Criniger aureus, "Walden, 
 I c. p. 400. 
 
 vol. viii. — part II. May, 1872. s 
 
110 
 
 YISCOTJNT "WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OF CELEBES. 
 
 an obscure brown band at the root of the feathers. The outer pair have seven bands. 
 The plumage of the under surface of the body is fulvous, each feather with a bold 
 brown longitudinal central stripe. The under tail- and shoulder-coverts are unspotted 
 fulvous. The middle toe is very long ; and the tail is conspicuously forked. 
 
 The second example is of a young female, much resembling the male above described, 
 but having bold brown drops on the under shoulder-coverts and axillaries, and the 
 general colouring of the upper surface not quite so bright a chestnut. In it also the 
 tail is not forked, and the outer pair of rectrices are shorter than the middle. 
 
 The third example is of a young female passing from the chestnut plumage of no. 2 
 into that of the adult. The nuchal feathers are ashy ; and a few similar plumes are 
 interspersed on the throat and upper part of the breast. The breast-feathers and a few 
 on the flanks are pure vinous red. A few of the upper tail-coverts are dark ashy ; and 
 one of the long wing-coverts has come in ash-coloured, and with two pure white spots 
 on the inner web. The chestnut colouring of the remainder of the plumage is very 
 dingy and faded. The tail is not forked. 
 
 Dimensions. 
 
 Wing. 
 
 Eectrices. 
 
 Tarsus. 
 
 Toes. 
 
 
 Middle. 
 
 Outer. 
 
 Outer. 
 
 Middle. 
 
 Inner. 
 
 Hallux. 
 
 inches. 
 
 7-50 
 7-50 
 6 
 
 inches. 
 
 6-75 
 6-50 
 5-12 
 
 inches. 
 
 6-63 
 6-12 
 5-50 
 
 inches. 
 2-25 
 2-13 
 
 1-87 
 
 inch. 
 
 113 
 1-12 
 
 •81 
 
 inch. 
 
 1-62 
 1-50 
 1-13 
 
 inch. 
 
 •75 
 •75 
 •50 
 
 inch. 
 
 •75 
 •75 
 •50 
 
 § . Changing into adult plumage. 
 5 . Immature. 
 cJ . Immature. 
 
 The toes are measured without the nails. The nails of the inner toe and hallux are 
 very large, strong, and equal. Those of the middle and outer toes are slender and 
 short. 
 
 Tachtspiza soloensis (Horsf.), antea, p. 34. 
 
 This species also inhabits China, extending at least as far north as Pekin (Swinhoe, 
 (P. Z. S. 1871, p. 342). 
 
 Limnaetus lanceolatus, Bp., antea, p. 34. 
 
 Four examples from North Celebes have reached me — two (male and female) fully 
 adult, and two (male and female) in the immature plumage already described (I. s. c). 
 The adult pair do not diner ; and the example of the immature female only differs from 
 that of the male by having the two pairs of middle rectrices more frequently banded 
 and in a different manner. In the adult birds of both sexes the middle rectrices have 
 a broad, terminal, dark brown band ; then, above, a broader band of pale greyish brown, 
 and then three narrow dark brown bands separated by broad pale bands. This is also 
 
VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIKDS OE CELEBES. Ill 
 
 the character of the handing on the middle rectrices of the immature male. But in the 
 immature female there is no terminal dark hrown band, and the middle rectrices are 
 almost evenly divided by seven pale and seven dark-brown bands. Yet in all other 
 respects the immature pair are identical in plumage. 
 
 Peenis celebensis. 
 
 Pernis ptilorhyncha (Temm.), antea, p. 36. 
 
 An examination of several examples of the Celebean Honey-Buzzard has convinced 
 me that it is distinct from the Indian and Javan species. In this view I am only con- 
 curring with both Messrs. Gurney and Wallace, and therefore propose the above title 
 for it. The remarkable resemblance of this species to Limnaetus lanceolatus, in adult 
 plumage, has been commented on by Mr. Wallace and Professor Schlegel. 
 
 Upper surface brown. Chin, throat, and cheeks white, each feather broadly centred 
 with dark brown. Breast pale rufous, some of the feathers with brown central stripes. 
 Abdominal and ventral region, flanks, under wing- and tail-coverts, and the thigh-coverts 
 white, with two, three, or four broad transverse bands. Tail crossed by three broad 
 dark-brown bands, one being terminal; between the terminal band and the next a 
 broad, light greyish-brown band of irregular shading and marking ; between the second 
 dark-brown band and the third a paler brown band. 
 
 Yungipicus temminckii (Malherbe), antea, p. 41. 
 
 Dr. Meyer has sent a male as well as several females of this rare species. The male, 
 hitherto unknown, is peculiar in having the sides of the neck blood-red instead of a 
 narrow stripe behind the eyes. In other respects it exactly resembles the female. 
 Notwithstanding Bonaparte's remark (Consp. i. p. 137, no. 20), this species in no way 
 resembles T. Tdsuki. It is an isolated form, readily distinguished by its olive-brown 
 plumage, spotted on the wings with yellowish-white dots, by its fulvous upper tail- 
 coverts and rump, and by all its rectrices being barred rufous and brown. 
 
 Meeopogon foesteni (Temm.), antea, p. 42. 
 
 This species has the first primary half the length of the second, which is a little 
 shorter than the third. The third and fourth are longest, and equal. The fifth is 
 somewhat shorter than the third and fourth, but longer than the second. In the 
 structure of the wing, therefore, it differs from both Merqps and Melittophagus 1 , but 
 agrees with Nyctiornis. The grooved culmen of Nyctiornis is not present ; but a shallow 
 channel extends from the base of the maxilla, on both sides of the culmen, for two 
 
 1 Prince Bonaparte says (Consp. i. p. 164), " aloe Melittophagi ;" but in Melittophagus, M. minutus being the 
 type, the third quill is the longest. The African species which most resembles M. forsteni in the graduation of 
 the quills and the form of the rectrices, the middle pair excepted, is M. bullocJcoides, Smith. 
 
 S2 
 
112 YISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OP CELEBES. 
 
 thirds of its length. This character is not possessed by either Nyctiornis, Merops, or 
 Melittophagus. The rectrices are truncated, as in Nyctiornis ; but the middle pair are 
 elongated, as in Merops, and closely resemble in form and proportion those of M.philip- 
 pensis. The feet are those of the family. The elongated pectoral plumes resemble in 
 character the same feathers in Nyctiornis. Altogether M. forsteni may be regarded as 
 a link uniting Nyctiornis to Merops, but most nearly allied to Nyctiornis. 
 
 Cetcopsis fallax (Schlegel), antea, p. 45. 
 
 Several examples were obtained in North Celebes by Dr. Meyer. 
 
 Tanysiptera riedelii was not obtained in Celebes (conf. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 1) ; and as yet 
 there is no evidence that the genus occurs in the island. 
 
 Ltncoenis macropterus, Bp., antea, p. 47. 
 
 This species, L. macrotis, Vigors, and L. temmincJci, Gould, are representative forms, 
 closely resembling each other in plumage, but differing in size, the Celebean species 
 being a little smaller than the Philippine. L. cerviniceps, Gould, the giant of the 
 genus, differs considerably in colouring and markings. 
 
 Eudtnamis melanorhyncha, Mull., antea, p. 53. 
 
 This species also passes through a rufous phase of plumage. The entire upper 
 surface, in one individual, is deep bay, each feather being traversed by broad and per- 
 fectly regular black bands. The chin, throat, and cheeks darker bay, with longitudinal 
 black central streaks. A broad white stripe from the rictus to the neck. Lower 
 plumage fulvous, with narrow, crooked, transverse markings. Edge of shoulder white. 
 
 Centrococcyx affinis (Horsf.), antea, p. 56. 
 Centrococcyx javanensis (Dumont), antea, p. 60. 
 
 I have had an opportunity of examining a large Celebean series of both these species, 
 and find that they do not differ from Javan individuals. 
 
 Broderipus celebensis. 
 
 Broderipus coronatus (Swains.), antea, p. 60. 
 
 Of fourteen examples of the Celebean Broderipus collected by Dr. Meyer, seven have 
 the black coronal ring complete, and seven incomplete. One of the latter exhibits faint 
 traces of yellow at the tips of the lesser wing-coverts. The remaining thirteen speci- 
 mens, are without any indication of a wing-spot. None have the middle pair of rectrices 
 completely black, although in one example they are nearly so ; and yet it shows no 
 wing-spot. The series illustrates the progress of the coronal ring before uniting. In 
 one individual the black loral mark of Oriolus galbula extends behind the eye somewhat 
 
VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OF CELEBES. 
 
 113 
 
 further than what is found in 0. kundoo ; in others it has extended still further, until 
 it is found encircling the head. Unfortunately Dr. Meyer has not noted the localities 
 Of the several individuals, and we are left in doubt whether there are two species or 
 one ; but, from the graduations the coronal ring exhibits, it seems likely that there is 
 but one species. This gradual development of the coronal ring has not been observed 
 in any other species of JBroderipus, and, taken together with the almost total absence of 
 the wing-spot, separates the Celebean Oriole from all known species. 
 
 Geoctchla brytheonota, Sclater, antea, p. 61. 
 
 Several examples were collected in North Celebes. 
 
 Trichostoma celbbense, Strickl., antea, p. 62. 
 Obtained in North Celebes. 
 
 Aetamus monachus, Temm., antea, p. 67. 
 
 Celebean examples are identical with those obtained in the Sula Islands. 
 
 Geaucalus temminckii, S. Muller, antea, p. 68. (Plate XII.) 
 
 A few examples of this rare species were obtained in North Celebes by Dr. Meyer. 
 
 Coevus enca (Horsf.), antea, p. 74. 
 
 Two examples sent by Dr. Meyer from Celebes give me the opportunity of comparison 
 with the Javan species. I am unable to detect any difference, except in the dimensions, 
 the Javan bird being somewhat the largest. C. validus, Temm., as represented at 
 Malacca is a very distinct species. 
 
 Dimensions. 
 
 
 Wing. 
 
 Bill 
 from forehead. 
 
 Tail. 
 
 
 inches. 
 
 11-75 
 11-50 
 10-50 
 11-12 
 
 inches. 
 2-50 
 2-50 
 2-12 
 2-18 
 
 inches. 
 
 6-50 
 
 6-37 
 
 5-50 
 
 5-75 
 
 
 
 Caloenis neglecta, Walden, antea, p. 79. 
 
 Numerous examples of this species were obtained by Dr. Meyer in Celebes, thus 
 fully establishing its Celebean habitat. 
 
 Osmoteeeon veenans (Linn.), antea, p. 81. 
 
 On examination of a large series of the Celebean form from North Celebes I find 
 
114 TISCOTJNT WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OF CELEBES. 
 
 that the grey cap is paler than in Malaccan examples. The greenish tinge on the 
 throat is common to individuals from both localities. I can find no difference between 
 the amount of lilac on the neck (conf. Wallace, Ibis, 1863, p. 320). Mr. Maingay 
 obtained the male and female of 0. bidncta at Malacca. 
 
 Chalcophaps stephani, Jacq. & Puch. antea, p. 85. 
 
 A single example of this rare and well-marked species has been sent from North 
 Celebes by Dr. Meyer. It is in full plumage, and in every respect agrees with the 
 plate and description (I. s. c). If then the New-Guinea species differs, the origin of 
 the type must have been Celebes, and not New Guinea (west coast) as stated by 
 M. Pucheran (I. c). 
 
 Chalcophaps indica (Linn.), antea, p. 86. 
 
 Examples from North Celebes in no way differ from Ceylon, Indian, Burman, 
 Malaccan, and Javan individuals. Judging from the number of specimens obtained 
 by Dr. Meyer, this species cannot be so rare in Celebes as stated by Professor 
 Schlegel (I. s. a). 
 
 Ntcticoeax caledomcus (Gm.), antea, p. 100. 
 
 It may be inferred that this species breeds in Celebes, an example in spotted imma- 
 ture plumage having been obtained in the northern part of the island by Dr. Meyer. 
 
 II. List of Species to be added to the Celebean Avifauna. 
 
 Genus Caprimulgus, Linn. 
 1. Caprimulgus affinis, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 142, "Java" (1820). 
 Caprimulgus europeeus, L. ap. Baffles, op. cit. p. 315, in part. " Sumatra." 
 
 Hab. Java (type); Sumatra (Baffles); East Timor, Lombock (Wallace); Celebes 
 (Meyer). 
 
 Dr. Meyer has sent from Celebes a single example of a Caprimulgus which appears 
 to belong to the species cited above. I have been unable to compare it with a Javan 
 individual ; but it perfectly agrees with Lombock and East-Timor specimens. Four 
 pairs of rectrices are missing ; and it is otherwise in indifferent order ; I therefore add a 
 short description of the species, taken from a Lombock individual — Horsfield's account, 
 the only one published, being very meagre. 
 
 Above, the general aspect of the plumage is iron-grey, somewhat mixed with brown, 
 caused by the feathers being finely dotted or sprinkled with black and grey, here and 
 there with fulvous. In some of the crown-feathers black prevails; but there are no 
 regular stripes on the head. On the sides of the throat are two white spots. The 
 lower breast-feathers are fulvous, with several well-defined brown transverse bars. The 
 
VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OF CELEBES. 115 
 
 ventral region and the under tail-coverts are fulvous, without any markings. The major 
 wing-coverts are distinctly banded with alternate rufous and brown. A large white spot 
 on each of the first four primaries. The chin, throat, and upper breast are clothed with 
 feathers finely marked with fulvous-grey points on a brown ground. Many of the 
 upper breast-feathers with bold rufo-fulvous tips. The middle rectrices have the 
 general colouring and marking of the upper plumage, and are traversed by eight or 
 nine more or less distinct irregular black bands. The two outer pairs are pure white 
 throughout their entire length. The wing in six examples averages 6-25 inches, and 
 the tail 4-25. 
 
 This species, as has been well observed by Mr. Blyth (Cat. Calc. Mus. p. 84, note), is 
 as diminutive as C. monticola, Frankl. 
 
 2. Capeimulgus, sp. 1 
 
 A large dark-coloured Caprimulgus is among the novelties obtained in Celebes by 
 Dr. Meyer. The example is unfortunately in such indifferent order that the inherent 
 difficulties which attend the discrimination of many species of the family are very much 
 increased. Above, this Celebean Goat-Sucker closely resembles Javan examples of C. 
 macrourus, Horsf. Underneath, it is darker in colour, and the transverse barring of the 
 abdominal plumage is less regular and well defined. The principal points in which it 
 differs from a considerable series of C. macrourus are : — the great length of the rictal 
 bristles, which measure a full inch ; the greater length of the bill ; the smallness of the 
 terminal white spots on the two outer pairs of rectrices ; and the peculiar markings on 
 the under surface of all the rectrices except the middle pair. In true C. macrourus 
 the white terminal spot on the outer pair of rectrices measures about two inches ; in 
 this individual it measures only seven eighths of an inch. In the Javan bird the under 
 surface of the rectrices is more or less uniform brown, without markings; this 
 Celebean bird has some eleven or twelve distinct narrow rufous bars crossing the 
 rectrices. Its first primary has no white spot, while on each of the three next it is 
 much smaller than in C. macrourus, which has a large white spot on all four primaries. 
 The length of wing is equal to the average length observable in the Javan bird, seven 
 and a quarter inches ; nor do the dimensions of the tail (six inches) differ. 
 
 As there are two Bornean species, C. arundinaceus, Jacq. & Puch., and C. binotatus, 
 Bp., which have yet to be satisfactorily identified, I refrain from conferring a distinct 
 title on this Celebean Nightjar. 
 
 Cuculus, Linn. 
 
 3. Cuculus canoeus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 168 (1766). 
 
 A single specimen obtained by Dr. Meyer in North Celebes is not to be distinguished 
 from a British-killed example of the adult Common Cuckoo. The wing alone is 
 shorter, 7*50 against 8-31 ; the tail is equal. Two other specimens, with the upper 
 
116 
 
 VISCOUTSTT WALDEN ON THE BIKDS OP CELEBES. 
 
 plumage changing to the adult stage, the transverse, pectoral, and abdominal bands 
 rather broader, and with immaculate buff under tail-coverts, seem to belong to the same 
 species ; and a fourth, in bright chestnut and brown plumage, must be referred to it. 
 Without the example in full plumage it would have been difficult to say whether the 
 other three did not belong to C. canoroides, Muller. If C. canoroides is equal to C. 
 saturatus, Hodgs., =C. himalayanus, ap. Jerd., it is a very distinct form; but I have 
 never met with an Archipelagic Cuckoo in the dark adult plumage of Himalayan 
 C. saturatus. Timor and Amboyna examples of so-called C. canoroides only differ 
 from those of C. canorus by having a shorter wing. But individuals of C. canorus 
 from different parts of the Old World (that is, individuals identical in plumage) vary 
 extremely in the length of wing, as the following table shows : — 
 
 England 8-31 ") 
 
 Abyssinia 9-00 
 
 Menado 7-50 
 
 Deyra Doon 8-00 
 
 » ,, 8-75 
 
 India - 950 
 
 Philippines 9-25 
 
 Simla 8-50 J 
 
 These measurements are taken from 
 examples in fully adult plumage, 
 and almost identical in colouring 
 and marking. 
 
 Hiekococcyx, S. Muller. 
 
 4. Hiekococctx cBASsraosTKis, Walden, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. ix. p. 305, 
 
 " North Celebes " (1st April 1872). (Plate XIII.) 
 This species, in mature plumage, most nearly resembles C. micropterus, Gould. 
 
 5. ICacomantis sepulcealis (Muller), Verhandel. p. 177, not., sp. 2, "Java, Sumatra." 
 For the present I refer three examples of a Cacomantis obtained by Dr. Meyer in 
 
 North Celebes to the Javan species, rather than create a neAV title; for without a 
 large series of individuals inhabiting all parts of the archipelago it is impossible to 
 discriminate the species belonging to this perplexing group. 
 
 One of the three Celebean examples is in fully mature plumage, and has the chin, 
 cheeks, and throat pale grey, the head iron-grey, the upper plumage deep bronze- 
 green, the breast, abdominal region, flanks, under tail-, and shoulder-coverts deep 
 rufous ; the middle pair of rectrices are black, the outer one black-brown tipped with 
 white, and with one or two small white shallow triangular marks on the edge of the 
 inner webs; the quills are traversed by the usual white band. Wing 4-25 inches, 
 tail 5-75. 
 
 These Celebean individuals differ from all examples of the Javan C. sepulcralis known 
 to me in the much deeper bronze-green of the upper plumage, the much deeper rufous 
 of the under, and in their shorter wings and tail. 
 
VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OF CELEBES. 117 
 
 6. Cisticola grayi, Walden, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. ix. p. 400, " North 
 
 Celebes " (1st May 1872). 
 
 Corydalla, Vigors. 
 
 7. Corydalla gustavi (Swinh.), P. Z. S. 1863, p. 90, "China;" op. cit. 1871, p. 366. 
 
 Pipastes batchianensis, G. R. Gray, H.-list, i. p. 251. no. 3642, "Batchian" (1869). 
 Anthus arborem, var., G. R. Gray, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 350, " Batchian." 
 
 Hab. Amoy, China (Swinhoe) ; Batchian ( Wallace) ; North Celebes (Meyer). 
 A single individual from North Celebes agrees well with the Batchian example 
 contained in the British Museum, and there identified by Mr. Swinhoe. 
 
 8. Cyornis banyumas (Horsf.), Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 146, " Java" (1820); Zool. Res. 
 
 in Java, pi. — . 
 
 Muscicapa cantatrix, Temm. PI. Col. 226, 3 , $ (1823) . 
 
 ? Muscicapa rufigastra, Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 312, " Sumatra." 
 
 Hab. Java {type); Sumatra 1 ? (Baffles); Banjarmassing (mus. nostr.); North Celebes 
 (Meyer). 
 
 Undistinguishable from Javan examples. 
 
 Hyloterpe, Cabanis. 
 
 9. Hyloterpe sulfuriventra, Walden, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. ix. p. 399, 
 
 " North Celebes " (1st May 1872). 
 Hab. North Celebes (Meyer). 
 
 Myzomela, Vigors & Horsfield. 
 
 10. Myzomela chloroptera, Walden, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. ix. p. 399, 
 
 "Celebes "(1st May 1872). 
 
 The discovery of this species adds another Papuan genus to the Celebean fauna. 
 
 GLAEEOLIDtE. 
 
 Glareola, Brisson. 
 
 11. Glareola grallaria, Temm. Man. d'Ornith. vol. ii. p. 503, " Austral- Asie" (October 
 
 1820) ; Gould, B. of Austr. vol. vi. pi. 22. 
 
 Hab. Moreton Bay (Gould); west Coast of New Guinea (Mutter); Obi-major 
 (Bernstein) ; Flores (Semmelink) ; Borneo (Schwaner) ; Java (Kuhl and V. Hasselt) ; 
 Celebes (Meyer). 
 
 Several examples in mature and immature plumage were obtained in Celebes by 
 Dr. Meyer. 
 
 vol. viii. — part ii. May, 1872. T 
 
118 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIEDS OF CELEBES. 
 
 Sternula, Boie. 
 12. Steknula minuta (Linn.), S. N. vol. i. p. 228 (1766). 
 
 Several examples from North Celebes have been sent by Dr. Meyer. They are all in 
 full plumage. Tail pure white. 
 
 These twelve additional species thus raise the number of authentically recorded 
 Celebean birds to two hundred and five. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 PLATE XI. 
 
 Terasjriza rhodogastra, p. 109. From a specimen in Lord Walden's collection. 
 
 PLATE XII. 
 
 Graucalus temminckii, p. 113. From a specimen in Lord Walden's collection. 
 
 PLATE XIII. 
 
 Hierococcyx crassirostris, p. 116. From specimens in Lord Walden's collection. 
 
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