CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 
 
 3 1924 064 123 007 
 
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THE GRAMMAR 
 
 HOUSE PLANNING: 
 
 HINTS ON ARRANGINO AND MODIFYING PLANS OF 
 
 COTTAGES, STREET-HOUSES, VILLAS, MANSIONS, 
 AND OUT-BUILDINGS. 
 
 By an M.S. A., and M.RA.S. 
 
 WrrH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIVE WOODCUTS AND PLATES. 
 
 A. FULLARTON & CO., EDINBURGH: 
 
 AND 115 NEWGATE STREET, LONDON. 
 18 64. 
 
kdinbuuqh: 
 
 KL-J.LAJtTOM AND ilAGMAB, I'UMTJfBS, LKITH WALK. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 This work is designed to meet a desideratiiin which has 
 been long and much felt in practical literature. It pm- 
 poses to place before the reader a wide variety of plans. 
 ranging from that adapted to the simplest COTTAGE and 
 STREET house, up to the more pretentious country villa 
 and TOWN mansion. The design or scope of the work com- 
 prehends, however, not merely the giving of a series. of plans, 
 or suggestions for plans, but also occasional alternative ar- 
 rangements adapted to one and the same plan; showing how, 
 by altering not only the relative position of the apartments, 
 but parts of the apartments themselves, as position of doors, 
 windows, and fireplaces, certain disadvantages in the one 
 plan may be obviated, and more convenient and more eco- 
 nomical arrangements obtained in the other. This anti- 
 ilietical or contrastive mode of treatment, the reader will at 
 once perceive, possesses advantages of a thoroughly practi- 
 cal nature; bmt which, obvious as they appear when alluded 
 to, have not yet — the editor believes — formed a systematic 
 feature in any work treating on House Arrangement. In 
 addition to plans of houses of various grades, designs for 
 Out-buildings and Stables are also given. These will be 
 useful as affording hints to those who contemplate keeping, 
 at their Country Houses or Suburban Villas, a small herd 
 of dairy cattle, or a stud of horses. To serve in some mea- 
 sure as practical hints to the Student of Architecture, and 
 to House Proprietors, as affording suggestions for the 
 style of decoration they would like to adopt, a series of ex- 
 amples are given comprising Doors, Windows, Chimneys, &c. 
 
iv PREFACE. 
 
 Still further to render the work practically useful in all 
 departments, brief Essays are given on several important 
 departments of Arrangement, Construction, and Internal 
 Conveniences, as arrangement of Apartments, Ventilation, 
 Lighting, Drainage, Aspect, Soil, and Site, &c. In these, 
 it is believed, some hints of a useful and novel character will 
 be found worthy the attention of the Reader. The work is 
 not designed exclusively for the purpose of conveying the 
 opinions of the Compiler on the various points of which 
 its pages treat, but as a medium also for giving the opinions 
 of others, whose position in the world of Science and Art 
 entitles them to be considered as authorities. To embody 
 this idea the Compiler has, therefore, carefully selected 
 from a wide range of authorities, opinions which cannot 
 fail to be otherwise than useful to the practical man. The 
 sources of these being generally acknowledged in the body 
 of the work, it is unnecessary here to give them in full; 
 the Compiler cannot, however, omit here noting his special 
 obligations to the pages of the " Builder," the " Building 
 News," and to various papers read before the Professional 
 Societies. If the Reader will derive as much profit and 
 pleasure from their perusal as the Compiler has done 
 while selecting them for republication in the pages of his 
 little work, his labour will not have been in v*in. 
 
 At the same time, while reproducing these opinions of 
 others, the Compiler has not refrained from giving those 
 of his own on the various subjects discussed in its 
 pages. These will easily be distinguished from the other 
 portions of selected matter; and for what they are worth 
 the Reader must take them. It is right here, however, to 
 say, that much of the matter embodying these opinions 
 of the Compiler, formed part of a series of Lectures delivered 
 by him to the members of an important public educational 
 institution. 
 
 While noticing his obligations to the pages of the Journals 
 
PREFACE. V 
 
 named above, the Compiler must not omit naming those he 
 is under to the Proprietor of the " Mark Lane Express 
 and Agricultural Journal," for permission to re-publish 
 various plans of Cottages and Farm Houses, with notes 
 and suggestions which he prepared for the pages of that 
 Journal. 
 
 With reference to the diagrams in the body of the work 
 which illustrate the arrangements of houses, it may here be 
 noted, that being designed merely as hints or general sug- 
 gestions, on wjiich the Reader may base properly propor- 
 tioned plans; and which have, therefore, no pretension to being 
 considered as drawn to scale, the Compiler deemed that the 
 purposes he had in view would be as well met by giving the 
 " type diagrams " as they now appear, as by giving more ela- 
 borately drawn plans, which, while they would have added to 
 the expense, would not, he conceives, have added much to 
 the practical suggestive utility of the work. In the Plates, 
 however, a number of plans of various styles of houses are 
 given duly drawn to scale, together with examples of doors, 
 windows, &c. Several of these have been specially pre- 
 pared for the work, the remainder have been culled from 
 various sources to which the Compiler has had access. 
 
 Not further to enlarge upon the scope and scheme of 
 the work, and of the manner in which the Compiler has 
 endeavoured to realize them; and without claiming for it 
 any place as an original or thoroughly exhaustive treatise 
 on the important subject of which it treats, he trusts that 
 the hope may be permitted him that it will nevertheless 
 take a position as one calculated to furnish, if not in a novel, 
 at least in a practically useful and suggestive form, a selec- 
 tion of material which will be of some utility to the man 
 of practice, the student of architecture, and to investors of 
 house property. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 DIVISION FIRST. 
 
 THE SITE, ASPECT, INTERNAL ARRANGEMENTS, AND THE SANITARY CON- 
 STRUCTION AND ARRANGEMENT OF THE MANSION, VILLA, FARM-HOUSE, 
 COTTAGE, STABLE, AND COW-HOUSE. 
 
 Chap. I. — The Mansion, Villa, and Farm-house, . . .1 
 
 „ II. — General Hints on the Interior Arrangements and Conve- 
 niences of Houses, . . . . .31 
 „ III. — Arrangement and Accommodation of the Farm-houses, 53 
 „ IV. — Accommodation of the Labourer's Cottage, . . 55 
 „ V. — The Stable, Cow-house, and Dairy, . . .64 
 „ VI. — Illustrations of Building Contrivances useful in the Con- 
 struction of Houses and their Outbuildings, . 80 
 
 DIVISION SECOND. 
 
 EXAMPLES AND ANALYSES OF PLANS OF HOUSES, FROM THE COTTAGE 
 TO THE MANSION. 
 
 Chap. I. — Cottages, Rural and Suburban, .... 109 
 „ II. — Street-houses and Residences, .... 132 
 „ III. — Villa Residences, ..... 146 
 
 „ IV.— Plans of Farm-houses, . . . . .178 
 
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 Plate I. — Fig. 1, Front Elevation, and Fig. 2, Section of Small Suburban 
 
 Villa. 
 II. — Fig. 3, Ground Plan of above; Fig. 4, Plan of Outbuildings ; 
 
 Fig. 5, Elevation of Ditto, 
 in.— Fig. 1, Back Elevation of House in Plate I.; Fig. 2, Cham- 
 ber Plan of Ditto. 
 IV.— Fig. 1, Alternative Plan of House in Fig. 3, Plate II. ; Fig. 
 
 2, Cellar Plan, 
 v.— Fig. 1, Chamber Plan of House in Fig. 1, Plate IV. ; Fig. 2, 
 
 Ground Plan of Detached Villa, of which Chamber Plan 
 
 is in Fig. 2. 
 VI. — ^Fig. 1 being an alternative Arrangement of the House in 
 
 Plate I. 
 VII. — Fig. 1 is the Chamber Plan of House (semi-detached), of 
 
 which the Ground Plan is in Fig. 1, Plate VIII. This 
 
 House may be made semi-detached. Fig. 2, Ground Plan 
 
 of Cottage VUla, of which Chamber Plan is in Fig. 2. 
 VIII. — Fig. 1 being Ground Plan of House, of which Chamber 
 
 Plan is given in Fig. 1, Plate VII. 
 IX. — ^Fig. 1, Ground Plan of Semi-detached Houses (which may 
 
 also be buUt as a row of four) ; Fig. 2 being the Chamber 
 
 Plan. 
 X.— Ground Plan of Villa. 
 XI.— Chamber Plan of Villa in Plate X. 
 XII. — Ground Plan of Detached — (which may also be built to form 
 
 a pair) — ViUa ; Fig. 2 being the Chamber Plan. 
 XIII. — Ground Plan of Detached House. 
 XIV. — Chamber Plan of above. 
 XV. — Ground, Chamber, and Cellar Plans of Detached Cottage, 
 
 which may also be built in pairs. 
 XVI. — Plan of Single-storied Detached Cottage. 
 XVII.— Ground Plan of ViUa. 
 XVIII.— Chamber Plan of Ditto. 
 XIX— Ground Plan of Three-storied ViUa. 
 XX.— Chamber Plan of Ditto— One Pair Plan. 
 XXL— Chamber Plan of Ditto— Two Pair Plan. 
 XXII. — Ground Plan of Shooting Box and Gamekeeper s Lodge— 
 
 One-storied. 
 XXIIL— Ditto, Ditto, Ditto, Ditto. 
 
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 Plate XXIV. — Fig. 1, Section of Cow-house ; ab c the traris or division 
 between the stalls, a b being the head and foot posts ; c 
 the boarding ; d the feeding trough ; e the feeding passage 
 running at the back of the stalls ; / the gutter in dunging 
 passage. Fig. 2, Part Plan, showing three stalls -^aa 
 the feeding passage, with rails to run food-trucks on ; i 6 
 the racks ; c c the manger. 
 
 „ XXV. — Fig. 1, Section of Stable ; a a head ; ft foot-post of trayis 
 between the stalls ; c c tie-beam of roof, to which posts 
 are fixed ; 'd d travis-boards ; e rack ; / feeding' passage ; 
 g gutter. Fig. 2, Part Plan ; u. a feeding passage ; 6 ft 
 racks ; c c travis divisions between the stalls. 
 
 „ XXVI. — Examples of Chimneys ; scale, 3-16ths of an inch to the 
 foot. Figs. 1 and 7 are Italian; Figs. 2, 6, 8, Eliza- 
 bethan ; and Figs. 3, 4, 5, Gothic. 
 
 „ XXVII. — Examples of Gothic Windows — Bay-windows, Figs. 
 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, ; Figs. 2, 6, lower story window. Pig. 
 13 being upper "story window for same; Fig. 8, Triplet- 
 window for lower story in place of a Bay ; Fig. 12, upper 
 story window for same ; Figs. 10, 11, Attic Windows. 
 Scale, l-16th inch to the foot ; Figs. 1, 3, l-8th of an 
 inch to 3 feet. 
 
 „ XXVIII. — Examples of Doors. Figs. 1, 4, 6, 9, Domestic Go- 
 thic ; Figs. 2, 5, 7, Italian ; Figs. 3, 8, Elizabethan ; 
 l-8th scale. 
 
 „ XXIX. — Examples of Towers, Gables, and Perforated Parapets. 
 Fig. 1, Anglo-Italian Tower ; Figs. 2, 3, Gothic Tower ; 
 Fig. 6, Gothic Gable ; Fig. 7, Elizabethan ditto ; Fig. 8, 
 Anglo-Italian ditto; Figs. 4, 9, 10, Gothic Perforated 
 Parapets ; Fig. 5, Elizabethan ditto. 
 
 „ XXX. — Examples of Windows, in Figs. 1, 2, 4, 5, 9, in the Italian 
 Style ; of Chimneys in the Gothic. 
 
 „ XXXI.— Examples of Windows. Figs. 1, 2, 4, Italian; Figs. 6, 
 8, Elizabethan ; Figs. 7, 9, Gothic. 
 
THE GRAMMAR 
 
 OF 
 
 HOUSE PLANNING AND CONVENIENCES. 
 
 DIVISION FIRST. 
 
 THE SITE, ASPECT, INTERNAL ARRANGEMENTS, AND THE SANITARY 
 CONSTRUCTION AND ARRANGEMENT OF THE MANSION, VILLA, FARM- 
 HOUSE, COTTAGE, STABLE, AND COW-HOUSE. 
 
 CHAPTER FIRST. 
 
 THE MANSION, VILLA, AND FAKM-HOUSE. 
 
 1. It would be an easy matter to dwell upon the importance 
 of the subjects above indicated, but this is not necessary, so 
 abundantly evident must it be to any one who gives even the 
 briefest consideration to their bearing on the comfort of the 
 inmates, and on the every day labours of the servants in- 
 habiting those classes of domestic structures. We do not, in 
 the notes which we are about to present to the reader, propose 
 to exhaust thoroughly the discussion of the various points con- 
 nected with the arrangement and construction of various classes 
 of domestic buildings, as indicated above ; it is only to the most 
 important of these that we propose drawing the attention of the 
 reader, and enough will be done if we succeed in making our 
 remarks not novel or striking merely, but practically useful and 
 easily available. There are many points which are commonplace 
 enough when stated, and some remarks which may appear to 
 
2 INTRODUCTORY .REMARKS. 
 
 be mere truisms to which every one will easily assent, but which, 
 nevertheless, bearing as they do most closely on the subject, and 
 being indeed of the highest practical importance, are, it is some- 
 what strange to say, frequently overlooked or ignored. To 
 a few of these we hope to be able to attract the attention of the 
 reader — ^not only pointing out how certain things should be so, 
 but why they are so — a double way of viewing things highly 
 productive of benefit in practice. Without further preface then, 
 we proceed to the discussion of the subject, taking up first the 
 consideration of some points connected with the mansion, the 
 villa, and farm-house ; premising that our remarks are based on 
 the supposition that these structures are to be of a superior class ; 
 it being obviously an easy matter to modify our recommenda- 
 tions to suit those of the inferior kind. We have classed these 
 three styles of structure together, as the major portion of our 
 remarks in this chapter wiU apply equally to all three. Wherever 
 any specialty of arrangement exists, applicable to one only of 
 these classes of houses, we shall, of course, make specific allusion 
 to it. It is deemed desirable to give such remarks as we may 
 have to offer in connection with the Cottage in a separate 
 chapter. It is right, also, to draw here special attention to the 
 fact, that we purpose adding to our own remarks a variety of 
 hints culled from various professional periodicals and works ; 
 so doing because our aim is rather to provide the reader with 
 a carefully selected digest or compilation of authoritative re- 
 marks, possessed of a high practical value, than ambitious to 
 make these exclusively our own. Much of what we give will 
 obviously be useful — and designedl}' so — to the non-professional 
 reader, who we suppose to be anxious to know some of the 
 points necessary to be attended to in order to insure com- 
 fortable, safe, and economically constructed dwelling houses. 
 Much, however, designed for this class, will, it is hoped, be not 
 altogether unsuggestive to the professional reader of our pages. 
 
 2. The Planning of the House. — It seems to be stating 
 a very commonplace traism, when we say that "seeing a 
 house is a place in which to live, it behoves the man who 
 proposes to live in it, so to consider its arrangements that he 
 may live in it comfortably." And yet it is a truism which, 
 like many others we might name, is often ignored or over- 
 
BELATION OF THE DESIGN TO THE PLAN. S 
 
 looked; so often, indeed, that of many it may be said that 
 they think a house is more to look at than to live in. Yet 
 seeing how much of his time a man has to spend in his house, 
 and how often, therefore, he is to be pleased with its comforts or 
 annoyed by its defects, it does seem odd that he should rarely 
 know whether he has to enjoy the one or endure the other until 
 he takes possession, when knowledge comes too late for remedy. 
 For it should never be forgotten, that the mistakes made in the 
 planning of a house cannot be rectified when the plan is perpe- 
 tuated in stone or brick and mortar, or if rectified, rectified only 
 at large expense and much trouble. This consideration then 
 should urge all men proposing to build to consider well what 
 they really are going to build. Necessary in all cases is this, but 
 more especially necessary in the case of large-sized houses, where 
 defects in arrangement not only affect the comfort of the inhabit- 
 ants, but may add greatly to the labour of the domestics ; this 
 last consideration being of no small importance in such establish- 
 ments where labour is necessarily great. When we see badly 
 planned houses — and their number is by no means a small one 
 — it is difficult to know who is most to blame, the architect or 
 his client. That architects often commit gross mistakes in plan- 
 ning is true enough, yet it is equally true that clients have put 
 it in their power to do so, when by the exercise of a little ex- 
 amination of the plans, and of some thought as to their peculiari- 
 ties, they might have prevented it. With some architects, 
 fortunately not with many, Ihe rule often is to make the 
 elevation or external design dictate the plan, rather than the 
 plan dictate the design. The point seems unimportant, but 
 a glance at its bearings will show that it by no means is so. 
 In his endeavour to please the client by the picturesqueness 
 of its outlines, such an architect may think first and chiefly 
 as to how the building will look when finished; prompted thus 
 the outline shapes itself in his mind, and is finally decided 
 upon. And the outline thus obtained must be filled in with 
 apartments as best it may. A plan thus obtained may be good 
 and convenient, but the chances are equally that they may be bad 
 and inconvenient. A part may be useless, or if useful, may be 
 inconvenient ; but that part must not be sacrificed as it may be 
 detrimental to the elevational character or design. Thus it 
 
4 CAREFUL CONSIDERATION OF THE PLAN ESSENTIAL, 
 
 happens often that the plan is cramped, cabined, and confined, 
 in consequence of the requirements of the design, which design 
 has heei; foreshadowed in the architect's mind from the beginning, 
 and which has more or less markedly influenced the whole in- 
 ternal arrangements. Seldom as this process may be done, it 
 has nevertheless been done sometimes, and being likely to be 
 done again it is worth while to warn the reader of the dangers 
 of the practice, and make him aware of the advantages of the 
 converse mode of proceeding, namely, to let the plan dictate the 
 design. We are far from ignoring the importance of having a 
 design beautiful to look at — far, indeed, for we deem it of essen- 
 tial importance, in a merely mental point of view, that we 
 should not have anything staring us continually in the face 
 which causes regret or uneasiness. But we hold, that if we ob- 
 tain the essential conveniences in a plan, that a clever architect 
 will be able to give that plan a character distinctive and pleas- 
 ing in elevation. We simply insist upon this as the jnimary 
 consideration, that your house shall in its arrangements add to 
 your comfort while living in it, and to the convenience of your 
 servants while working in it. And these can only be obtained 
 by the arrangements calculated to promote them being carefully 
 considered in the plan. Whatever else you obtain you will be 
 sure to obtain this, a characteristic outline, which will tell its 
 own story and give evidence of mind, and where that is we 
 defy a house to be a mistake. As regards its external character- 
 istics or style of design, no truly experienced architect will have 
 any difficulty in designing a good elevation to such a carefully 
 matured plan as we here insist upon. 
 
 3. To secure perfection in the plan do not plan in a hurry, and 
 as in order to ensure good building you should build in the 
 spring and summer; let your winter evenings be dedicated to 
 frequent talk over your plan, A writer possessed of a keen 
 knowledge of human nature states in one of his admirable 
 Essays, that he believes there is no enjoyment so real as that 
 obtained while discussing at the winter's fireside the various 
 arrangements of the house you are to live in in the following 
 season. And there is, we have reason to know, a vast deal of 
 truth in the remark. Discussion is sure to elicit opinion, and from 
 a variety of opinions you can elicit practically valuable hints. If 
 
MATURING OF THE PLAN. 6 
 
 you have the good fortune to have the society of ladies at your 
 flieside, take them into counsel over the matter. Ladies gener- 
 ally have a much better idea of what constitutes real comfort in 
 a house than gentlemen ; and on all points connected with the 
 relative arrangement of apartments so as to save labour on the 
 part of the servants, we would far sooner take the opinion of an 
 intelligent female than that of the cleverest architect who ever 
 -handled drawing square and pencil Sure are we that many of 
 the absurdities of house arrangement which we have seen per- 
 petrated in houses, the plans of which have come from the 
 studios of some architects, would never have been made had a 
 female acquainted with house arrangement, and possessed of 
 some powers of thought, been consulted in the matter. In dis- 
 cussing, as we recommend you to discuss, the proposed arrange- 
 ments of your house during the winter, omit no opportunity to 
 scribble in your note-book such modifications in your plan as may 
 be proposed from time to time. You may get a capital hint 
 quite casually which you fancy you can bear in your memory, 
 but on trying to bring it back again after the lapse of a few hours 
 only, you will be often mortified to find that you can no longer grasp 
 it. Your various scribbles of plans or notes of suggestions will 
 be a register to which you will refer with advantage, and it will 
 help you greatly to mature your plan. AU this may appear to 
 some to be unnecessary as it may appear to be trifling, but nothing 
 is trifling which is important; and to say that the arrangements 
 of the house you are to Hve in, which will at all times minister 
 to your pleasure, or add to your discomfort, are not important, is 
 to display an utter ignorance of the great truth, namely, that life, 
 comfort, and happiness is more influenced by little things than 
 by great ones. All this fine attention which we here recom- 
 mend you to give to the plan of your house may appear unim- 
 portant to one who is not to hve in it; but to you who are, 
 the matter assumes a very different aspect. You may say of it 
 in the words of the classical poet — " How small to others, but 
 oh how great to me." 
 
 4. But the importance of carefully maturing the plan at first, 
 before the final drawings are made, or a brick or stone laid, may 
 be urged from another point of view. I^ after the house is be- 
 gun to be built, you find that you would like certain altera- 
 
6 SITE OF THE HOUSK 
 
 tions to be made, or find, as some do, that they must be made, 
 80 gross being the mistake in planning which has given rise 
 to the necessity; you thus break through the contract, and 
 open the door to charges for extras being made by the builders. 
 Now, there is nothing so unsatisfactory as these extras ; no matter 
 how large may be a man's means, he is always dissatisfied with 
 any addition to the original estimated cost. It seems to be a 
 principle of human nature, that if a man is told that a thing 
 is to cost so much, he is disappointed if it comes to cost 
 more, even although the extra sum may be trifling in the exti'eme. 
 Architects are often blamed for causing the final cost of a house 
 to exceed its estimated cost ; but clients are to blame as often as, 
 nay, oftener than the architect. Bemember that the contract 
 with the builder who engages to erect your house for a de- 
 finite sum is only binding so long as the specifications and 
 plans are rigidly adhered to— these once being altered, even in 
 the most trifling degree, the contract is no longer binding, but 
 extras are allowed. Mature your plan then well before you hand 
 it over to your architect for the final drawings and specLflcations 
 to be made from it ; and being decided upon, let no inducement 
 urge you to alter it, that is, if you really wish to have your house 
 constructed at the estimated cost. 
 
 5. Considerations connected with the choice op a site poe 
 THE HOUSE. — (1.) Position of site. — (2.) Aspect of house. — (3.) 
 Position of house with reference to the road. — (4.) Trees near the 
 house. — (5.) (6.) General considerations. — The plan of the house 
 being decided upon, the next point for consideration is the site 
 which it is to occupy. This should not be hurriedly decided 
 upon J and one point we would urge upon you is, when you 
 personally inspect the proposed site, that you should inspect 
 it in the worst weather you can have. If the site in any way 
 favourably impresses you then, you may make sure that it will 
 impress you more favourably afterwards. It is a bad plan to 
 choose your site on a fine day, for nearly every place looks 
 charming under the influence of clear air and bright sky. As a 
 house set upon the top of a hill cannot be hid, so neither can 
 the surrounding scenery be hid from the house ; the highest 
 part of rising ground would, therefore, be considered — where 
 taste alone is the standard — the best position for a house. But 
 
ASPECT OF THE HOUSE. 7 
 
 many things come in to modify this rule ; elevated positions are 
 generally exposed to blustering •winds and to dashing rains ; and 
 they involve labour in reaching them either on foot or in con- 
 veyance. It docs not follow, however, that a low position is 
 more sheltered; for it is true enough that a stronger wind may 
 rush through a valley than along the sides or top of the hills 
 which enclose it. In this matter of site the middle course will 
 be the safest to follow. Let the elevation be moderate, and let 
 it be near a road ; and if in a valley, or rather on the sloping 
 sides of it, let it be On the southern side. A low site near a 
 marshy spot must be carefully avoided, and one also on the im- 
 mediate margin of a piece of stagnant water or the banks of a 
 slowly running stream. In these situations not only does damp 
 arise from the surface of the water, but it frequently happens 
 that the ground rises from the margin up to the surrounding 
 land, so that the drainage of it is brought down to the site of the 
 house, rendering it damp. A moderately elevated site not only 
 admits of refreshing breezes to blow round the house, but of the 
 water of the soil being drained easily away, as well as the sewage 
 matters. Wherever you buUd, look out for the finest view ; it 
 is truly lamentable, at times, to see a house with its face turned 
 from an enchanting prospect. But even in thus securing a fine 
 look out, regard must be had to the actual aspect of the house. 
 light has such a remarkably good influence on the health of 
 man — we mean, direct light from the sun, not reflected light — 
 that we hold it to be an essential point in selecting a site that 
 it should have a sunny aspect. Tliat is best secured by placing 
 the principal front , out of which the living rooms look, south-east. 
 But while having the majority of your principal rooms fronting 
 thus, let one of them have as due a western look-out as you can 
 get. For an afternoon room nothing can be pleasanter than 
 to have the windows commanding a fuU view of the western 
 sky, with all its marvellous beauties of light and shade, and the 
 gorgeous colouring of sunset effects. We have said that the site 
 of your house should he near a road; but not too near. There 
 is an essential vulgarity in placing a house so close upon the 
 public pathway — let the reader remember we speak of rural, 
 not street districts, where compulsion as to site is a rule — that 
 it shoulders itseU like a rude fellow into notice, forcing, as it 
 
8 TBEES ON THE SITE. 
 
 were, your criticism upon it, and speaking, as walk can speak, as 
 plainly as possible, " here I am ; admire me." A retiring position 
 for a house, like a retiring disposition in a man, is always pleasant. 
 But, while a near retirement and accessible seclusion are aimed 
 at, these should not be pushed to an extreme. We like a house 
 to be seen, but seen at the trouble of some looking for it; we 
 therefore would counsel you to give the public glimpses of it 
 through shady trees and clustering shrubs, partly seen and partly 
 hid ; showing, that while the occupier has resources within him- 
 self of books or company, rendering the gazing out upon the 
 pubKc pathway for amusement unnecessary ; he is still accessible. 
 We have no sympathy with the selfishness which dictates a man 
 shutting his house out from public gaze, hid behind frowning 
 walls or exclusive palings. It is in these things, and such as 
 these, that a man's house may be an index to a man's character. 
 Trees upon a site always improve it, but they should not be too 
 numerous or too near the house; if so, they will obscure the 
 light too much, make the rooms gloomy, and wUl tend some- 
 what to make the house damp, by dashing moisture upon the 
 ground near it and preventing the warmth of the sun's rays to act 
 upon it. It is a disputed point whether it is best to have a site 
 on which trees already grow, or one free from them, so that you 
 can plant at will. WTiere the site possesses a few fine old 
 trees, with spreading branches and gnarled trunks, retain them 
 there by aU means. To cut down trees of this sort — unless they 
 actually encroach upon the site — is like taking away a Ufe. 
 Thickly wooded sites are by no means common in this country ; 
 but where they are, these are certainly advantageous, as a writer 
 on site well points out, as they give " a basis for ornamental 
 operations." " It is," as he remarks, " a great saving of time and 
 labour to buy your shade-trees already grown. AU you have to 
 do in such cases is to cut out roads and walks wherever they are 
 wanted, to open up a prospect here, and plant a denser thicket 
 there, and so to smooth out the tangled locks of nature as to de- 
 velope her finest charms. This is all very well where it can be 
 done, but such situations cannot always be found combining also 
 the other important features to which we have just alluded. 
 And where they cannot be found we would select one possessing 
 the other desirable qualities, and then proceed at once to plant 
 
TREES AS SHELTER TO A HOUSE. 9 
 
 the ground with the best trees and in the best manner. Whether 
 one lives to see his trees attain great size or not, is really of no 
 consequence. There is more enjoyment in planting trees and 
 watching their yearly improvement, than in sitting idly under trees 
 already grown. A thousand associations spring up from year to 
 year, and cluster around such trees. They are you7- trees ; you se- 
 lected them, planted them, nursed them in their feebleness, defended 
 them from their enemies, rejoiced in their prosperous growth, and 
 now you gaze upon their spreading boughs and thickening shade 
 with a sort of paternal pride and affection, which you feel towards 
 no other trees." There is much true knowledge of human nature 
 displayed in these remarks, and we commend them to the attention 
 of the reader. There is such a desire implanted within us to 
 create, that we believe more satisfaction will be derived from 
 clothing your house site with the beauties of green leaves, spread- 
 ing branches and fragrant flowers, than by choosing a site where 
 all this is already done for you. Allen, in his .work on ' Bural 
 Architecture,' has such admirable remarks on the subject of trees 
 near a house, that we give them here : — " Nothing is more com- 
 mon than to see a man build a house, perhaps in most elaborate 
 and expensive style, and then plant a row of trees close upon the 
 front, which when grown will shut it almost entirely out of view ; 
 while he leaves the rear as bald and unprotected as if it were a 
 barn or a horse shed — as if in utter ignorance, as he probably 
 is, that his house is more effectively set off by a flanking and 
 background of ti'ee and shrubbery, than in front. And this is 
 called good taste ! Let us examine it. Trees near a dwelling 
 are desirable for shade ; shelter they do not afford except in masses, 
 which last is always better given to the house itself by a veranda. 
 Immediately adjoining, or within touching distance of a house, 
 trees create dampness, more or less litter, and frequently vermin. 
 They injure the walls and roofs by their continual shade and 
 dampness. They exclude the rays of the sun, and prevent a free 
 circulation of air. Therefore, close to the house, trees are abso- 
 lutely pernicious, to say nothing of excluding all its architectural 
 effect from observation; when, if planted at proper distances, 
 they compose its finest ornaments. 
 
 " If it be necessary to buUd in good taste at all, it is quite as 
 necessary that such good taste be kept in throughout. A country 
 
10 TREES AS ORNAMENTS TO A HOUSE. 
 
 dwelling should always be a conspicuous object, in its full char- 
 acter and outlines, from one or more prominent points of obser- 
 vation ; consequently all plantation of tree or shrubbery in its 
 immediate vicinity should be considered as aids to show off the 
 house and its appeudages, instead of becoming the principal ob- 
 jects of attraction in themselves. Their disposition should be 
 such as to create a perfect and agreeable whole, when seen 
 in connection with the house itsel£ They should also be so 
 placed as to open the surrounding landscape to view in its most 
 attractive features, from the various parts of the dwelling. 
 Much in the effective disposition of trees around the dwelling 
 will thus depend upon the character of the country seen from it, 
 and which should control to a great extent their position. A 
 single tree of grand and stately dimensions, will frequently give 
 greater effect than the most studied plantations. A ledge of 
 rock, in the clifts of which wild vines may nestle, or around 
 which a mass of shrubbery may cluster, will add a charm to the 
 dwelling which an elaborate cultivation would fail to bestow ; 
 and the most negligent apparel of nature in a thousand ways 
 may give a character which we might strive in vain to accom- 
 plish by our own invention. In the efforts to embellish our 
 dwellings or gi-ounds, the strong natural objects with which they 
 are associated should be consulted, always keeping in view an 
 expression of the chief character to which the whole is applied." 
 In so much as you surround your house with shading shrubs or 
 trees, you, while shutting yourselves comparatively in, shut out 
 correspondingly the view. This will, however, be the case as 
 regards the lower rooms only ; and even in their case partially, 
 for, we presume, the reader will follow the suggestions we have 
 already dwelt upon as to having his house retiring, but not 
 utterly secluded. Through the gaps then, admitting the gaze of 
 the passer by, you wiU see the outer view, and in the way best 
 suited to please you — for it is a curious thing, that half concealed 
 charms heighten the pleasure, and that in the inherent yearning 
 after mystery, we desire to know what is not fully revealed to 
 us. This principle is much overlooked in landscape gardening, 
 and in setting out the environments of a house. If you wish to 
 have the full and expanded beauties of the view, you can ascend 
 to the upper storey, or better stilL the prospect tower with which 
 
LAYING OUT OF GARDENS OF A VILLA. 11 
 
 we advise, if not every country house, at least every farm- 
 house of a superior order, to be provided. We can speak from 
 experience, not only of the pleasure derived from a vantage point 
 of this sort, but of the value of it ; for you can look fuUy down 
 upon your farm buildings, and take in at a glance the general 
 features of your 'adjacent fields. Nor is such a place a bad 
 place for the quiet contemplation which all right-thinking men 
 desire to have at times — aided, as it may be, in the genial sum- 
 mer time, with the quiet whiffs of a cigar. 
 
 In addition to what we have already said upon site and aspect, 
 the following extracts from able architectural authorities will be 
 valued by the reader as conveying much that is of immense im- 
 portance in connection with these two points : — 
 
 " The selection of a site," says an able writer in the ' Building 
 News,' "is generally made by the building owner before the 
 architect has been consulted, and he consequently has to make 
 his proposed design suitable for its intended position. In villa 
 architecture the nature of the landscape must, to a certain ex- 
 tent, guide him in the character of the edifice about to be erected. 
 It is essential that it should harmonise perfectly with the scenery 
 surrounding it, that it should blend as it were with the produc- 
 tions of nature which encircle it, and that it should unite with 
 her to form a complete whole, yet remain in itself as a produc- 
 tion of man and an object of utility pleasing to the eye. The 
 aiiangemcnt and laying out of the gardens and lands around 
 the house is a duty often intrusted to the architect, and no other 
 person is, or ought to be, so well able to do it tastefully, and in 
 accordance with the requirements of what has been termed land- 
 scape gardening. Simple as it may appear, it is nevertheless 
 necessary that some thought should be bestowed upon it, and 
 the efiiects of a refined fancy should be made visible in the works 
 produced. It is needless to speak of the absurdity of Italian 
 terraces and walks, with their classic balustrades being placed 
 round a Gothic building, or, on the contrary, of a Gothic feature 
 being worked round an Italian building. Yet this has been 
 done over and over again, and we do not doubt that notwith- 
 standing its absurdity it will be as often repeated. 
 
 "The Greeks paid great attention to the position of their 
 temples and public buildings, and also to their private residences. 
 
12 POSITION OF THE VILLA. 
 
 The larger edifices weie placed generally in an elevated spot, 
 both commanding a fine view and in return exposed to the ob- 
 servation of all around. The Egyptians, on the contrary, buried 
 their temples and other large buildings in obscure dells, where 
 they were hidden by enclosures and dark masses of foliage which 
 threw their deep and solemn shades upon them-; their love for the 
 mysterious prompted this, and the priests, who were ever striving 
 to enshroud their religion and religious observances in a gloomy 
 superstition, were of course the originators of this practice. In 
 our own land the Medieval architects were not unmindful of the 
 additional and pleasing effect to be derived from a judicious 
 selection of their building sites. They were sensible of the in- 
 fluence scenery has upon the mind, of the tendency it has to 
 raise the thoughts from the earthly to the celestial, and they 
 accordingly made use of that knowledge in the position of their 
 churches and other religious edifices. Even the savage is not 
 insensible to the influences of scenery ; though unable to define 
 the impressions it makes upon him, yet he feels its power and is 
 moved by its irresistible charm. He is melted by that some- 
 thing which he cannot describe, and he is fascinated by the 
 poetry which lingers in the bosom of the forest. He feels sub- 
 dued, yet he knows not what it is that subdues him. He feels a 
 kind of awe, yet he knows not what inspires it ; and he seems 
 surrounded by some invisible yet irresistible agency which makes 
 him sensible of the existence of a greater than he. These im- 
 pressions become deeper as we become more civilised, and the 
 more refined the taste the more do they affect the feelings, and 
 the more intelligible do they appear. It is, therefore, essential 
 that due attention should be paid to the positions of villas and 
 mansions, in order that they may be ornaments to the landscape 
 in which they rise, and also that they may command as fine a 
 view as circumstances will permit — of course convenience must 
 be consulted. Drainage and the supply of water, — ^together with 
 a ready means of approach, will of necessity be considerations 
 which will have great weight in the selection, and which must 
 not be forgotten, for on these requirements being met well, per- 
 haps, depend the comfort of the future residents in the building 
 to be erected." 
 
SITE OF THE VILLA. 18 
 
 Mr. Allan, from whose work we have already quoted, has also 
 the following on site : — 
 
 " A fitness to the purposes for which the dwelling is coh- 
 structed should, unquestionably, be the governing point in de- 
 termining its position. The site should be dry, and slightly 
 declining, if possible, on every side ; but if the surface be level, 
 or where water occasionally flows from contiguous grounds, or on 
 a soil naturally damp, it should be thoroughly drained of all 
 superfluous moisture. That is indispensable to the preservation 
 of the house itself and the health of the inmates. The house 
 should so stand as to present an agreeable aspect from the main 
 points at which it is seen, or the thoroughfares by which it is 
 approadied. It should be so arranged as to afford protection 
 from wind and storm to that part most usually occupied, as well 
 as be easy of access to the out-buildings appended to it. It 
 should have an unmistakable front, sides, and rear; and the 
 uses to which its various parts are applied should distinctly ap- 
 pear in its outward character. It should combine all the advan- 
 tages of soil, cultivation, water, shade, and shelter, which the 
 most liberal gratification, consistent with the circumstances of 
 the owner, may demand. If a site on the estate command a 
 prospect of singular beauty, other things equal, the dwelling 
 should embrace it ; if the luxury of a stream, or a sheet of water 
 in repose, present itself it should, if possible, be enjoyed ; if the 
 shade and protection of a grove be near, its benefits should be 
 included ; in fine, any object in itself desirable, and not embar- 
 rassing to the main purposes of the dwelling and its appendages, 
 should be turned to the best account, and appropriated in such 
 manner as to combine all that is desirable both in beauty and 
 effect, as well as in utility, to make up a perfect whole in the 
 family residence." 
 
 The following remarks from a contemporary work on the 
 aspect and prospect of the house are also so exceedingly sugges- 
 tive that we reproduce them here : — 
 
 " Nothing," says Messrs. H. and J. Eepton, is more com- 
 mon than for those who intend to build to consult many ad- 
 visers and collect different plans, from which they suppose it 
 possible to make one perfect whole, but they might as well ex- 
 pect to make an epic poem by selecting detached verses from 
 
14 ASPECT AND PROSPECT OF A HOUSE. 
 
 the works of different poets. Others take a plan, and fancy 
 it may be adapted to any situation, but, in reality, the plan 
 must be made, not only to suit the spot, but it ought actually to 
 be made on the spot, that every door and window may be 
 adapted to the aspects and prospects of the situation. It was a 
 remark of my venerable friend, Mr. Carr of York, after four- 
 score years of experience as an architect, that to build a house 
 we had only to provide all that was wanted, and no more than 
 to place the best rooms to the best aspects and the best views: 
 Simple as this apothegm may appear, it contains more truth in 
 theory and more difficulty in practice than all the rules that have 
 ever been laid down in books by architects, or the remarks of all 
 the admirers of rural scenery, with whom I have conversed: The 
 former never think of aspects, and the latter think of nothing 
 but prospects. I will therefore beg leave to enlarge upon these 
 two subjects. 
 
 " I consider the aspect of infinitely more consequence to the 
 enjoyment and comfort of the inhabitant than any prospect what- 
 ever; and every common observer must be convinced that in 
 this climate a southern aspect is most desirable; but few 
 are aware of the total difference in the effect of turning the front 
 of the house a few points to the east or to the west of the south, 
 because, although the south-east is the best, yet the south-west 
 is the worst of all possible aspects, for this reason, that aU. blus- 
 tering winds and driving rains come from the south-west, and con- 
 sequently the windows are so covered with wet, as to rendec the 
 landscape hardly visible. My attention was drawn to this sub- 
 ject by travelling so much in post carriages, and often remarking 
 the difference betwixt the window to the south-west and the 
 window to the south-east, during a shower of rain or immediately 
 afterwards, when the sun shining on the drops, causes an un- 
 pleasant glitter, obstructing the prospect, while the view towards 
 the south-east remains perfectly visible. 
 
 " At Organ Hall, in Herefordshire, the living room was towards 
 the south-west, and, during a heavy storm of wind and rain, we 
 accidentally went into the butler's pantry, which looked towards 
 the south-east, where we found the storm abated and the view 
 from the windows perfectly clear and free from wet ; but on 
 returning into the other rooms the storm appeared as violent as 
 
ASPECT OF THE HOUSE. 16 
 
 ever, and the windows entirely covered with drops which ob- 
 structed all view. On considering the prevalence of south-west 
 winds, it was determined to reverse the aspects of the house, by 
 changing the uses of the rooms, thus making a very comfortable 
 house of one which, from its aspect before, was hardly inhabitable, 
 since no window, nor hardly any brick wall, will keep out the 
 wet where a front is exposed to the south-west ; for this reason, 
 it has been found necessary, in many places, to cover the walls 
 with slates, and to use double sashes to the windows so situated. 
 If we had only one front or one aspect to consider, our difficulty 
 would soon vanish; but the prevailing partiality for variety of 
 prospect seems to require that in every direction the views should 
 be retained ; and as the opposite side must be parallel, and the 
 corners, and right angles, we must consider the effect on each of 
 the four sides as in the annexed diagram. 
 
 " First, the aspect due north is apt to be gloomy, because no 
 sunshine ever cheers a room so placed. 
 
 " Secondly, the aspect due east is not much better, because 
 there the sun only shines whilst we are in bed. 
 
 " Thirdly, the aspect due west is intolerable, from the excess 
 of sun dazzling the eye through the greatest part of the day. 
 
 " Hence we may conclude that a square house, placed with its 
 front opposite the cardinal points, will have one good and three 
 bad aspects. 
 
 " Let us now consider the effect of turning the principal front 
 towjirds the south-east; in this case the opposite front will be to 
 the north-west, an aspect far better than either due north or due 
 east, because some sunshine may be preserved when its beams 
 are less potent than in the west, and the scene will be illuminated 
 by those catching lights so much studied by painters, especially 
 when the landscape consists of large masses of forest trees, and 
 thickets richly hanging down the sides of an opposite hilL An 
 aspect open to the north-east would be objectionable during 
 the cold winds of spring, unless the building could be effectu- 
 ally sheltered by an impenetrable screen of trees, rising ground, 
 or other defence against the wind." 
 
 The author further remarks that the south-west aspect should 
 be sheltered by a plantation, and the offices should be erected 
 in that situation, and again says : — " It is very common for ad- 
 
16 POSITION, PROSPECT, AND ASPECT OF THE HOUSE. 
 
 mirers of landscape or natural scenery, to overlook the difference 
 between a tree and a pole, or between a grove of old trees and 
 a plantation of young ones. We fancy that time will reconcile 
 us to the difference, but alas ! we grow old as fast as the trees, 
 and while we dot and clump a few striding saplings on an open 
 lawn, we indulge hopes of seeing trees, while in fact, we only 
 live to see the clumsy fence by which for many years they must 
 be protected. • Happy is the proprietor of the soil who becomes 
 possessed of large trees, already growing on the land he purchases, 
 since no price can buy the effect of years, or create a full grown 
 wood, and without this we may possess a garden or a shrubbery, 
 but not a landscape. This consideration alone is sufficient to 
 attach us to the venerable avenue, which it would be a sort 
 of sacrilege to desert, and whose age and beauty will give an 
 immediate degree of importance to the house, which could never 
 be expected in any more open part of an estate." 
 
 Mr. Kerr has also in the ' Builder ' pointed out, as follows, the 
 importance of considering the position, aspect, and prospect of 
 mansions, — " and the singular neglect of this principle in most 
 cases ; observing that every room whateverhas not merely a right 
 aspect as opposed to a wrong, but generally a very limited range 
 of suitable aspect as against the entire remainder of the compass 
 more or less unsuitable. We also alluded to the great value 
 commonly assigned to considerations of prospect, for which 
 those of aspect were probably too often sacrificed, without at 
 least sufficiently drawing upon ingenuity to accommodate both 
 demands. The general question of aspect, he further said, is 
 threefold, — as regards sunshine, weather, and prospect. The 
 sun being south at noon, east at six A.H., west at six p.m., and 
 so on, such rooms as require coolness and shade at any particular 
 time of the day must be aspected accordingly. As to weather, 
 west being generally the wet quarter, and east the dry; north, 
 gloomy ; south, sultry ; south-west, exposed to boisterous winds ; 
 south-east, the quarter of mild winds, and so on, the various 
 rooms must be again aspected with reference to this. Lastly, 
 speaking of prospect, as a southward view in the daytime has 
 the sun in the picture, while a northward view has the landscape 
 in fuU light, and the like with other quarters at different hours 
 of the day, there must be one more question with reference to 
 
RELATION OF THE GARDEN TO THE HOUSE. 17 
 
 which the aspect of windows ought to be determined ; the prob- 
 lem here being to secure at a given time an approved clieroscuro 
 for the landscape in view." 
 
 The subject of the relation of the garden to the house has been 
 singularly overlooked by many authorities. The following re- 
 marks by an able authority, Mr. S. Huggins, as given in the 
 ' Building Neios,' will be valued by the reader. He begins his 
 remarks by pointing out that the arrangement of Pliny's summer 
 villa in Tuscany was snch, that it was scattered in detached 
 apartments over the ground, and then connected only by porticoes ; 
 and that the modem houses of Persia are much in the same way, 
 the apartments being intermingled with gardens, trees, &c. Our 
 climate, of course, precludes this arrangement ; but, as Mr. Hug- 
 gins remarks, although we cannot obtain this in its full com- 
 pleteness, we may have our garden arrangements much more in 
 keeping with fine taste than they are at present. The house need 
 not be exposed in the winter time to every rude blast that blows, 
 making all its garden accessories exposed, as they are else as so 
 " many unmeaning mockeries." We may, in the first place, have such 
 accessories so distributed and connected by " sheltering features, 
 walls, verandas, and covered walks, porticoes, loggies, and pavil- 
 ions," that we can enjoy them even in bad weather. The house, 
 if small and compact, might occupy the centre of the garden ; 
 which should be sheltered by fence walls ; i^ on the contrary, 
 " large and straggling," it might have attached to it at one or 
 more sides, a sheltered spot, " forming either wing or tail with 
 the garden entrance opening into it " — this inner garden being 
 the private one, sacred to the family, while the outer one would 
 be more for the public eye to gaze upon, and be oinamentaL But 
 the close and intimate relation of the garden to {he house aimed 
 at by Mr. Huggins, is that in which the house is so fashioned that 
 it will include the garden in it "as it were in its bosom." 
 . " There are circumstances," says Mr. Huggins, " with which ad- 
 vantage might be found in arranging the parts of a country house 
 around a garden court, planted with flowers and cloistered or 
 otherwise, which might be made a most beautiful and delight- 
 yielding feature. 
 
 " Near to a town where, from its deamess, the plot of land is 
 limited in size, instead of placing the house in its centre exposed 
 
 B 
 
18 RELATION OF THE GAEDEN TO THE HOUSK 
 
 to every wind that blows and to observation from all points, I 
 would build it on its circumference; that is to say, I would have 
 it enclosing rather than being surrounded by, the garden, which, 
 for eight months in the year, must be a nuisance instead of a^ 
 pleasure ; or, if not entirely surrounding it, encompassing it on 
 two or three sides, leaving it to a wall 9 or 10 feet high, to do 
 the rest ; which would render the garden perfectly private and 
 secure from the blast. Stables and offices might make up a part 
 of the circumscribing pile, as they assisted to form the quadrangle 
 of the old manor-house. 
 
 " There is this difference between the requirements of our 
 houses and those of the Italians; our apartments must not be 
 entered immediately from the court, and without the intervention 
 of a corridor. Lobby or corridor there must be ; and the garden 
 should be disposed with an eye to rendering it as accessible as 
 possible to the sun, and as inaccessible to the severer winds. 
 
 " The one-story arrangement, in spreading out the house over 
 greater space, is most favourable to the surrounding of a garden 
 in the way I suggest; and there is infinitely more convenience 
 in a house in which all the occupied rooms, including bed-rooms 
 and offices, are on one floor, than there is in one of two or three 
 stories. There is less of the danger to life and limb, which con- 
 stantly going up and down stairs must occasion, less toil and 
 confusion and other advantages, more especially felt bjb elderly 
 persons and invalids. The staircase is a feature susceptible of 
 great beauty, and in most town residences and in many country 
 residences stairs are unavoidable. But they are an evil to be 
 eschewed where it is possible, and in neighbourhoods where the 
 clieapness of land renders it practicable, I think the additional 
 cost incurred by having all the needful rooms on one floor is well 
 repaid by the daily convenience. 
 
 " But to return from what is somewhat of a digression : if 
 the embracing of a garden in the centre of a house can seldom 
 be accomplished, there is nothing to forbid the enclosed side 
 gardens. For these, while they could have all the shelter neces- 
 sary to render them available for pleasure and recreation, the 
 greater part of the year, would not necessitate any radical depar- 
 ture from the usual anatomy of a house. 
 
 " What has hitherto operated against tlieir introdu,ction has 
 
EFFECT OF A WELL LAID OUT GARDEN. 19 
 
 been, I believe, those enemies of true taste and fitness both in 
 arcliitecture and horticulture — vanity and fashion — the vanity 
 that is solicitous to show oif the entire house and its beauties 
 of style to every stranger that approaches it, and would have no 
 evidence of its cost — symbols of its owner's wealth — hidden from 
 the public gaze. What I suggest, however, can be done without 
 any sacrifice of arehituctural display in the exterior of the house : 
 the walls that are built to enclose the side gardens may be made 
 architectural, and receive as much embellishment by niches, 
 pUasters, or sculpture as any other part. They may become an 
 extension of the decorated walls of the house, so that the garden 
 is really embraced by the external architecture, and made an in- 
 terior feature. 
 
 " As to the eifect of the garden artistically upon the house, 
 however it be connected with it, whether it embrace it as a girdle, 
 form wings to its sides, a tail to its back, or a court within its 
 bosom, no more fitting, or beautiful and poetic appendage to an 
 architectural scene can be conceived, than a refined and cultivated 
 garden of choice flowers — those beautiful objects sent expressly 
 to gratify the senses, and in the formation and adornment of 
 which are united in perfection the graces of colour and shape, 
 freshness and fragrancy. Nothing can be more assisting to the 
 decorative composition than the enchanting picture that floral and 
 sylvan elements would compose and furnish. Much, I take it, 
 of what we dream, or fable of fairyland, might be realized in a 
 scene where every vegetable beauty and delicacy are at the com- 
 mand of an artist, and may be employed as materials and ele- 
 ments along with those of an ait on which the taste and genius 
 of nations have been lavished. Indeed, we can only reach the 
 utmost possibilities of art when we call in the aid of nature, not 
 only as an instructress in all that is great and beautiful, but as 
 a contributor of her rich gifts ; in other words, when we can 
 make large quotations from the works of the Great Architect, and 
 successfully combine them with our own. ' Art and luxury,' says 
 Emerson, ' have early learned that they must work as enchant- 
 ment and sequel to the original beauty of natui'e. Only so far 
 as the masters of the world have called vi nature to their aid 
 have they reached the height of magnificence. This is the mean- 
 ing of their hanging gardens, villas, garden houses, islands, parks, 
 
20 SOIL OF THE SITE. 
 
 and preserves — to back their faulty personality with these strong 
 aceessories.' To nature's magical aid, I would add, is owing 
 much of the boasted beauty of the Southern and Eastern houses. . 
 What would the Moorish palaces of Spain be, beautiful as they 
 are in themselves ; what would they be, notwithstanding their 
 elaborate stone lattices and richly carved arcades, without the 
 orange and pomegranate trees and sweet flowers of Andalusia, and 
 the ever-springing foiintains of cool water with which they are 
 beautifully mingled?" 
 
 (5.) Soil of the Site. — Avoid by all means of avoidance, if pos- 
 sible, having anything to do with a heavy tenacious clay soil. 
 It is almost impossible to have a house dry where the soil is of 
 this nature, unless at a great outlay. A gi-avelly soil is the 
 best of all. " A damp situation," says a writer in a professional 
 journal, " above all things is to be avoided, both for the sake of 
 comfort and of health. Nothing can be more injurious than a 
 damp atmosphere and damp locality : the evil effects are too well 
 known to require enumerating. "We all know that chills and 
 colds are the foundations on which are built more than half the 
 sickness and disease to which the human race is subject ; this is 
 more especially the case with children and young persons, who 
 are more susceptible than those of a more advanced age, and to 
 them a damp house or a damp atmosphere often proves fataL 
 Besides this we generally find the soils in these localities. are bad 
 for foundations, consisting for the most part of clays which are 
 totally unfit to receive any superstructure without extra prepara- 
 tion being made and additional means I'King taken to secure its 
 safety, and thereby necessitating the expenditure of money that 
 might otherwise have been saved. The economising of funds 
 in our day is a question which is looked at most rigorously by 
 building owners, who have imbibed a morbid fear of every 
 work which they commence being the ultimate cause of their 
 ruin." But in whatever soil you build, it is essential that you 
 specially dram the site. While the evil of a damp house is so 
 universally feared, and deservedly so, it is a marvel that so simple 
 an expedient as the thorough drainage of its site has not been 
 more insisted and acted upon than it has. It is usual to recom- 
 mend coui-ses of slate laid in cement, or sheet lead to be laid on 
 the course of stone or brick just above the ground line, sometimes 
 
PREVENTION OF DAMP IN HOUSE. 21 
 
 trenches filled with concrete to some depth in which to build the 
 footings or foundations of the wall, and in some cases, layers of 
 smithy clinkers to be used in place of concrete. All these are 
 but partially acting preventives of the disease of a damp house ; 
 and may very well be used, and used with some good result, if 
 in conjunction with the thorough drainage of the site we have 
 alluded to. The site of the house — and by this we mean a space 
 of ground some yards vrider on all sides than the immediate space 
 occupied by the building — should be surrounded completely by 
 a cincture of tubular drains leading into the main drain. These 
 form or act as the catch drains intercepting the water coming 
 from all parts of the surrounding iield to the plot in which the 
 house stands, while the water of the plot itself must be led off 
 by drains, more or less numerous, intersecting either its transverse 
 or longitudinal section according to the slope of the ground, and 
 leading, to the drains encircling the plot. This complete drainage 
 of the site we look upon as essential in close, tenacious, and what 
 we call, retentive soils ; but may be modified in the direction of 
 simplification in proportion as the soil of the site approaches the 
 chsvracter of extreme dryness and lightness, in which case, drain- 
 age may be dispensed with, and the usual method of building 
 good foxindations trusted to, for the prevention of damp. Damp, 
 in its worst form, generally arises from the moist condition of the 
 soil; being worst near the ground, and gradually extending up- 
 wards. Damp, however, sometimes gets into walls where exposed 
 to long continued battering blasts of rain. Dryness of wall, in 
 this case, is often attempted to be secured by covering the wall 
 exposed to the prevalent storms by slates ; these, however, look 
 ill, and are expensive, and are, moreover, not always efficient. 
 By far the best method is to ascertain the direct^pn of the pre- 
 valent storms, and specify that the walk on that side shall be of 
 increased thickness, and be wljiat is called a cavity wall In- 
 deed, this "cavity wall" system is possessed of such peculiar 
 advantages, that we strongly recommend its adoption throughout. 
 An excellent plan to secure dryness is to have the house, or part 
 of the house, cellared under. The following remarks on prevent- 
 ing damp in houses from the pen of an able writer in the 
 ' Building News,' will be of service here : — 
 
 " Damp may be guarded against by his adoption of a judicious 
 
22 DAMP IK FOUNDATION AND WALLS. 
 
 form of roof; as for example, if the building be on an eminence, 
 by the use of good overhanging eaves, which will serve to protect 
 the edifice from the effects of heavy rain storms. The health of 
 the inmates may be seriously endangered by the neglect of all 
 proper precautions for excluding moisture; and the presence of 
 even one thin wall or ceiling, pervious to the external damps of 
 rain or fog, may cause great annoyance and sickness. In such 
 case it will often be found that the moist state of the air out of 
 doors becomes generally distributed indoors; and the whole 
 residence, walls, wooden partitions, doors, and indeed every ex- 
 posed surface, will break out, as it were, into a sweat ; and the 
 damp be seen to run down everywhere in streams. In exposed 
 situations it will always be desirable to adopt a roof of simple 
 form, and to avoid all land-gutters, lantern or sky-lights. Cross- 
 gutters are in country houses very often resorted to : they should 
 be carefully eschewed. Of course it is of consequence that 
 ample water-courses or gutters should be provided, and every- 
 thing be done by the architect to render the roofs capable of 
 carrying off the rain-fall; but, in isolated country houses, espe- 
 cially such as lie embowered amid trees, assurance against accident 
 from rain-storms, by not only the sufficiency of down-pipes and 
 other means of exit, but their careful protection against obstruc- 
 tion by leaves, birds' nests, and the like. The dryness of the 
 walls will naturally be a thing of the first consequence in build- 
 ing on an exposed site ; and here it is that architects often get 
 into difficulties with their clients; caused by that fruitful source 
 of quarrel, the architect's estimate. This, in the case of a 
 country mansion or other isolated dwelling, is too often based 
 upon the known cost of some town or suburban residence, where 
 comparatively .thin walls might possibly entail no evil on the 
 occupants ; but, in exposed rural districts the case is very dif- 
 ferent ; and, to surround the dwelling with walls of extra thick- 
 ness, adding greatly to the expenditure, is a positive necessity. 
 
 " Where brick or stone are costly materials, all kinds of ex- 
 pedients are resorted to, in order to obtain a cheap, weather- 
 tight wall, by their merely partial adoption. The thin wall may 
 be built hollow ; it may be coated externally with compo ; it may 
 be slated outside ; or, it may be battened inside ; and each of 
 these expedients may have its own especial advantage of econo- 
 
PREVENTION OF DAMP IN HOUSES. 23 
 
 my or other desideratum in building; but, for our own present 
 purpose — healthy building — there can be no question about it ; 
 and nothing can be so desirable as a very thick wall of good 
 brick or Stone, We say 'good,' because in some districts, though 
 the latter material may be very plentiful, it is not of a good 
 quality : thus in some of our northern counties (Westmoreland 
 for example) so faulty is the quality of the stone that, to render 
 the work weather-tight, the masons, or ' wallers,' are obliged to 
 lay the stones with their top and bottom beds inclining outward 
 from the inside of the wall. 
 
 " Descending from the use of thick walls to the next prefer- 
 able substitute, we should consider inside battening the best 
 process for rendering a building dry. HoUow walls have within 
 the last few years become very general ; but, unless great care is 
 taken by the workmen, this expedient is liable to offer a harbour 
 for rats and other vermin ; which in time wiU create an unwhole- 
 some stench within the dwelling, not easily obviated, as it ordi- 
 narily can be when the evil occurs behind internal battening. 
 
 " ' How to cure damp walls,' to judge by the advertisements 
 we so often see, has now become a stock or standard problem of 
 our day, and one that has long taken rank with our old &iend, 
 ' how to cure smoky chimneys.' We have no particular recipe 
 to offer for the cure of damp walls ; but would urge builders to 
 use every precaution for their prevention. In clayey soils it will 
 be always desirable to introduce dry areas well drained, outside 
 all walls, enclosing underground rooms ; and to observe the pre- 
 caution, now so general, of inserting between the joints of the 
 work, at certain levels above the ground, a layer of lead, of slate, 
 or of asphalte, to prevent the moisture caused by contact with 
 the earth from rising up the wall." 
 
 Another, and a great advantage, from having an underground 
 cellar, to which we have already alluded, is in having places in 
 which to store away provisions. We all know the difficulties there 
 is to keep meat fresh and cool in summer time, and of all the ex- 
 pedients adopted to secure this there is none so completely effectual 
 as an underground cellar. We write in a district in which cellars 
 are almost universally made to houses, even of the lowest class ; and 
 we are simply giving expression to the fact, when we say, that by 
 their means a large saving is annually effected in the keeping of 
 
24 SAND IN MOETAR. 
 
 meat in good condition till it can be conveniently used, which 
 would otherwise be rendered useless. We can conceive of no 
 house in its arrangements being perfect without one or more 
 cellar apartments. In the cellar should be placed a stone table 
 on which to salt meat, &c., when required. "While upon the 
 subject of prevention of damp — we would here point out one 
 frequent cause of damp walls in the neighbourhood of the sea, 
 that is, using the sea-sand in the preparation of the mortar. The 
 affinity of salt for moisture is so well known that we need not 
 enter further into an explanation of the matter. "We know at 
 present where the residence of one Earl is now uninhabitable, 
 from sea-sand having been used in the mortar with which it is 
 built. In localities, then, where the builder may be tempted to 
 take sea-sand, let him be looked sharply after that he does not 
 yield to the temptation. Let the use of clean sliarp river sand 
 be always specified; and if river sand be not obtainable easily, 
 and the sand be obtained from a pit, let it be examined to see 
 that it is not highly impregnated with salt, which it may be 
 ftom being in a locality at one time submei^ed by the sea in 
 ancient times. "We have seen a sand-pit opened, which, fully 
 one mile from the sea, was used for building purposes, although 
 in reality sea-sand. "Where the quality of the sand is doubtful, 
 it is a good practice to wash it with water. In sea-side localities 
 we have known parties tempted to use stones for building pur- 
 poses — for cottages more especially — which had been exposed to 
 the waters and the salt breezes of the shore. Such stones are 
 sure to efSoresce, and give out saline dampness in certain condi- 
 tions of the weather. Such stones, if in abundance, may be con- 
 sidered good enough for cottage work ; that we hold them not to 
 be, for health is of as much importance to labouring men as to 
 us, and health cannot exist where dampness is. 
 
 6. Ventilation. — "We have now to draw the attention of the 
 reader, and briefly, to this important subject, about which so 
 much has been written, and of which so little is practically 
 thought in every day life. Upon that importance we need not 
 now take up time by insisting, only stating, that if comfort and 
 health are desiderated it wiU not be neglected; and further, we 
 say, that if all knew the organic impurities which defile impure air, 
 we should find as general a horror of breathing dirty air as there 
 
IMPORTANCE OF VENTILATION. 26 
 
 is of drinking dirty water. How little it is attended to, or rather 
 how grossly it is neglected, the following few sentences irom the 
 ' Builder ' most graphically show : — 
 
 "With regard to sanatory science in house construction we 
 modems have made little progress. In some respects we have 
 ' advanced backwards.' That is, the perfection of workmanship 
 and of materials in modern houses is an evil. Flooring-boards 
 are stove-dried, close-jointed, and laid double; skirtings are of 
 cement; door-casings, window-casings, and doors and windows 
 are 'the perfection of workmanship.' The entire house, from 
 basement to roof, is sound and air-tight in walls, in floors, in 
 doors and windows, and in roof; but, and herein consists the 
 evil, arrangements for ventilation there are none. The openings 
 from the grates to the flues are low ; the ceilings are high ; but 
 means for a never-ceasing change of the internal atmosphere 
 there are none. We have the most costly material and the per- 
 fection of workmanship spoiled in our house building, because 
 we make no provision for permanent ventilation. Better far for 
 health the old houses of our great-grandfathers, with a chimney 
 80 wide that the family coach might have been hoisted up it : 
 with a fire on the hearth so big that an ox might have been 
 roasted at it; and with chinks, with cracks, and with openings 
 in floor, in walls, in doors, in windows, and in roofs, letting in 
 streams of fresh air sufficient to drive a small windmill Our 
 great-grandfathers may have shortened their lives by gluttony 
 and strong ale ; they may have suffered from rheumatism ; but 
 they did not die prematurely of close rooms and foul air." 
 
 In the same journal the following is given as to the quantity 
 of air necessary to be supplied to apartments : — 
 
 " It has been proved that each person consumes about 1 4 cubic 
 feet of air per hour, and by exhausting the vital element, oxygen, 
 and producing carbonic acid to the extent of from four to five 
 per cent, vitiates 100 cubic feet more. But the provision of 
 this quantity would be so near upon the point of danger, that 
 authorities are of opinion that twenty times this should be sup- 
 plied per hour. The prisoners at Holloway receive from thirty 
 to forty times this quantity, and the supply is not too large. In 
 our public hospitals, from 1,000 to 1,700 cubic leet of space are 
 allowed to each person, and when the area is lessened, injurious 
 
26 THEORY AND PRACTICE OF VENTILATION. 
 
 effects speedily follow. Dr. Bence Jones found that in the dor- 
 mitories in St. Pancras 'workhouse, when only 164 cubic feet per 
 head were allowed, the air contained about thirty times its pro- 
 per amount of carbonic acid, and the closeness of the atmo- 
 sphere was most oppressive, so that the inmates sickened of 
 fever. Even in such of the barracks as have 500 cubic feet 
 of space allowed, the air becomes charged with poisonous 
 matter.'' 
 
 We might here give at length the various theories on which 
 ventilation is assumed to depend, and upon the modes by which 
 their requirements are met in practice ; but we reduce as follows 
 the matter at once to its simplest elements, both in its theory 
 and in its practice. Air when breathed becomes warmed, and 
 when expired rises upwai-ds. The apertures made for its exit 
 from the room must therefore be made near the ceiling. But 
 fresh air is required to take its place, and this should be admitted 
 at or near the level of the floor. Two classes of apertures are 
 therefore always required before we can secure ventilation ; for 
 ventilation does not mean merely the taking away of foul air from a 
 room, any more than it does not mean the supply of fresh air to it 
 It includes both, and both of which are, or should be, in coincident 
 operation. By far the best way we know of to withdraw the foul 
 air from a room, is to have double flues carried up from the fire- 
 place ; or rather the second or ventilating flue to start at a point 
 above it some foot or 18 inches from the ceiling. An opening 
 is made into the ventilating flue near the ceiling which may be 
 covered with an ornamental grating. Where perfect efiiciency is, 
 however, required, the aperture to the flue should be such in its 
 relation to the level of the ceiling, that the air should have the 
 easiest possible access to it. It should be remembered that 
 warmed air has a difiiculty in dipping down just as water has in 
 rising up to pass over an obstacle. Indeed air has to be cooled 
 before it will dip down. Hence the desirability to have the 
 apertures leading to the flue at the same, or at a higher level, 
 than that of a ceiling. To secure this, the better way will be to 
 perforate the cornice at the breast of the chimney, close to the 
 line of the ceiling, with a number of apertures, these leading to 
 a tube, closed at the ends, and communicating at its centre with 
 the vertical flue running up alongside of the chimney flue. These 
 
DRAINAGE OF HOUSES. 27 
 
 double flues are now made in pottery. It is right, however, to 
 state, that we shall never be able to carry off, in the easiest way, 
 foul air from our rooms until we have our ceilings made in such 
 a way as to take advantage of the ascensional power of warmed 
 air. Nothing is so easy as to get rid of foul air if we only allow 
 it to escape; our present form of room ceilings is admirably 
 contrived to prevent this escape. As regards the supply of fresh 
 air, the fittings of our rooms are, upon the whole, pretty well 
 adapted — not designedly, however — ^to meet this. Doors and 
 windows do not fit so tightly, but air enough, in many in- 
 stances, finds easy access to the rooms. But such is the Eng- 
 lish "horror of draughts" — a refined mode of expressing the 
 horror of fresh ah- — that modern improvements so-called, in house 
 construction tend chiefly to the closing up of air passages to 
 rooms. Moreover, air admitted at once from the outside atmo- 
 sphere has certainly this disadvantage, that it is cold in winter. 
 The best method then to supply a room with fresh air warm 
 in winter, is to use one of the many forms of what are called 
 ventilating grates. By the use of these the air is taken from 
 the outside, brought in contact with the back part of the grate, 
 heated thereby, and thence sent into the room through con- 
 venient apertures. 
 
 7. Drainage of Town Houses and Districts. — "While ven- 
 tilation has for its object the conveying rapidly the foul air from 
 within, drainage is carried out to prevent the production of 
 foul air without the house. The principles and practice of 
 drainage will be found fully explained and illustrated in 
 " Working Drawings in Architecture and Building ; " A. Ful- 
 larton & Co., — the scope of the present work precluding these 
 being given herei The following will, however, be valuable, as 
 presenting a vidimus of the points to be attended to in carrying 
 out schemes of drainage. They are the practical suggestions 
 issued by Mr. Eawlinson, C.E., for the aid of local surveyors, 
 connected with the draining works in progress, or to be under- 
 taken under the powers of the Public Works Act. They may 
 be found of service in a wider area than Mr. Eawlinson origin- 
 ally contemplated: — 
 
 " Before a scheme of sewerage is devised, the district should 
 be most carefully examined so as to obtain a correct idea of the 
 
•28 POINTS TO BE ATTENDED TO IN DRAINAGE. 
 
 diuinage area, or the several drainage areas ; inquiry should then 
 be made to ascertain how surface water has passed off up to the 
 time of such examination, and with what effects to property. 
 Main sewers and drains need not have sectional capacity equal 
 to the volume of surface flood water over the whole area, but 
 may be adapted to the length of streets, number of houses, sur- 
 face area of house-yards and roofs, number of street gulleys and 
 volume of water supply. Sewers and drains, in wet subsoil, 
 should be made to act as land drains. The following rules are 
 general; but each surveyor must use his own judgment, and 
 make the best arrangements possible, under the circumstances, 
 with each special area, and with the materials at command : — 
 
 1. Natural streams should not be arched over to form main 
 sewers. 
 
 2. Valley lines and natural streams may be improved, so as to 
 remove more readily surface water and extreme falls of rain. 
 
 3. Main sewers need not be of capacity to contain the flood 
 water of the area drained ; such flood water may be passed over 
 the surface, in most cases, without causing injury. 
 
 4. Main sewers should be laid out in straight Unes and true 
 gradients, from point to point, with manholes, and flushing and 
 ventilating arrangements at each principal change of line and 
 gradient. All manholes should be brought up to the surface of 
 the road or street, and should be finished with a cover easily 
 removable for inspection. 
 
 5. Duplicate systems of sewers are not required. Drains for 
 storm waters to natural streams in valley lines may be retained, 
 and may be improved. 
 
 6. Earthenware pipes make good sewers and drains up to their 
 capacity. Pipes must be truly laid, and securely jointed. In 
 ordinary ground they should be joined with clay. In sandy 
 ground, special means must be used to prevent sand washing in 
 at the joints. 
 
 7. Brick sewers ought to be formed with bricks moulded to 
 the radii. 
 
 8. Brick sewers should, in all cases, be set in hydraulic mortar. 
 In no case should any sewer be formed with bricks set dry, to be 
 subsequently grouted. 
 
 9. Main sewers may have flood water overflows wherever 
 
POINTS TO BE ATTENDED TO IN DRAINAGE. 29 
 
 practicable, to prevent such sewers being choked during thunder 
 storms or heavy rains. 
 
 10. Sewers should not join at right angles. Tributary sewers 
 should deliver sewage in the direction of the mainflow. 
 
 11. Sewers and drains, at junctions and curves, should have 
 ' extra fall to compensate for friction. 
 
 12. Sewers of unequal sectional diameters should not join 
 with level inverts, but the lesser or tributary sewer should have 
 a fall into the main at least equal to the difference in the sectional 
 diameter. 
 
 13. Earthenware pipes of equal diameters should not be joined, 
 but the lesser pipe should be joined on to the greater. 
 
 1 4. House drains should not pass direct from sewers to tiie • 
 inside of houses, but all drains should end at an outside wall and 
 have means of external ventilation. 
 
 15. Sinks and closets should be against external walls, so that 
 the refuse water, or soil, may be discharged into the drain out- 
 side the main wall. Down-spoiits may be used for ventilation, 
 care being taken that tlie head of such spout is not near a 
 window. 
 
 16. Inlets to all pipe drains should be properly protected. 
 
 17. Side junctions should be provided in all sewers and drains. 
 The position should be sketched, and indicated by figures in a 
 book or on a plan. Side junctions should be carefully closed for 
 subsequent use. 
 
 1 8. A record should be kept by the surveyor of the character 
 of the subsoil opened out in each street sewered or drained. 
 
 19. All sewers and drains should be set out true in line and in 
 gradient. All the material used should be sound, and the work- 
 manship should be carefully attended to. 
 
 20. ' Sight rails ' should be put up in each street before the 
 ground is opened out, showing the centre line of each sewer and 
 the depth to the invert. 
 
 21. Sewers having steep gradients should have full means for 
 ventilation at the highest points. 
 
 22. Tall chimneys may be used with advantage for sewer 
 and drain ventilation, if the owners will allow a connection to 
 be madCi 
 
 23. Sewer outlet works should be simple in form, and cheap 
 
30 DRAINAGE OF COUNTRY HOUSES. 
 
 in construction, so as to remove all solids, sediment, and flocculent 
 matter from the sewage. 
 
 " It is of the utmost importance to impress upon local sur- 
 veyors the necessity of care in setting out main sewerage works 
 and house drains with accuracy, in choosing sound materials, and 
 in properly superintending the works during their progress. 
 House drains should be so arranged as to be capable of removing 
 all water, soO, and fluid refuse from yards, roofs, and interiors of 
 houses to the sewers, without any risk of gaseous contamination 
 to such houses. Street sewers should be capable of conveying 
 all sewage to some common outlet, without retaining sediment in 
 them. All sewers and drains should have arrangements for fuU 
 ventilation, at such points and in such manner as not to cause 
 any nuisance. Charcoal (as propowd by Dr. John Stenhouse) 
 may be used to Alter and disinfect sewage gases, at all manholes 
 and other ventilators. If the fluid sewage can be applied to 
 land for agricultural uses, means should be provided for effecting 
 this purpose." 
 
 8. Drainage of Eural Hoxtses. — While of course drainage 
 cannot be carried out in the country in the complete way in 
 which it is in the town, it should not on any account be totally 
 neglected. The foul water, &c., arising from domestic operations 
 must be carried away somewhere, and it is well to carry them 
 away quickly ; and that somewhere should be the " liquid 
 manure tank." As the drain tubes are apt to become choked, 
 we should recommend the line of their direction to the tank 
 to be carefully marked ; so that they can be easily got at for. 
 the purpose of cleansing. This will be greatly aided by using 
 lidded or capped drain tubes. 
 
 9. Cesspool Ventilation and Trapping of Drains. — But 
 in providing for country and suburban houses a place of final 
 deposit for the foul water of the house, as the liquid manure 
 tank, let this not degenerate into the cesspool. It is also essen- 
 tial to provide thorough ventilation of drains. Generally speak- 
 ing, enough is thought to be done if the drains are " trapped ; '' 
 but the following suggestive extract from the 'Builder' will 
 show that great evils are apt to arise if trapping alone is trusted 
 to. " There are frequent complaints of bad smells being per- 
 ceived from drains, from closets, from sinks, from street gullies, 
 
DRAIN TRAPS— VENTILATION OF DRAINS. 31 
 
 and there is a loud outcry for ' trapping.' But trapping alone is 
 a delusion and a snare. Foul gases are not destroyed by sucli 
 means, but are concentrated, — made far more deadly, and are 
 forced into bouses through every rat-hole, crack, or imperfection 
 in sewer, drain, wall, and floor. By far the safest remedy is ex- 
 ternal ventilation, free and abundant at any point where there 
 is the least chance of harm, remembering that foul gases admitted 
 to the open air are diffused into space, and seldom injure, but 
 that foul gases admitted within houses are diffused through the 
 rooms, and injure at all times, but especially at night and during 
 sleep. "We often read that gullies have been removed or trapped, 
 because foul gases escaped, to the annoyance of some one ; and 
 we have learned that the Queen, in driving about Windsor, de- 
 tecting a stench from some of the gullie.s, ordered them to be 
 trapped. We most sincerely hope her Majesty, at the same 
 time, ordered better and fuller ventilation to be provided ; as, also, 
 the sewers to be examined, cleansed, and improved. If there 
 are foul smells from any sewers, sinks, or closets, there is some- 
 thing wrong, requiring constructive improvement, and full and 
 free external ventilation. A ton of gunpowder permanently 
 stored beneath any dwelling-house would be neither safe nor de- 
 sirable, but it might work far less mischief than foul sewers, 
 with foul drains, thoroughly trapped. We would prefer the gun- 
 powder, which might go off once, to the fever poison, which is 
 acting always." 
 
 CHAPTER SECOND. 
 
 ORNRRAL HINTS ON THB INTERIOR ARRANGEMENTS AND CONVENIENOER 
 
 OF HOUSES. 
 
 10. Lighting — Windows. — It is quite evident, that however 
 careful you may have been in the choice of a site, and however 
 fine may be the prospect obtained from it, you will not secure all 
 the benefits of this care unless your house have good windows, 
 and these disposed of in the most advantageous way. A dark 
 ill-lighted room has a most depressing effect upon the spirits, and 
 is the exciting cause of very distressing and peculiar forms of 
 diseasea We have already given in the first division a yet 
 
32 LIGHTING OF BOOMS. 
 
 Doles on aspect of the house; but the following from an article 
 on the Sanitary Arrangement of Buildings from the 'Building 
 News,' wiU not be out of place here as bearing on this point of 
 lighting of rooms : — 
 
 " Of course in town buildings the owner has no alternative : 
 his plot of ground is already fixed for him, and usually presents 
 but two frontages ; one of them dictated by the line of street in 
 which his premises are situated. In selecting even a town 
 dwelling, however, we should ourselves make its salubrious 
 aspect a primary consideration. This is seldom done ; and what 
 is worse, it is seldom that, when a new town is ibuilt, or an 
 estate laid out for building upon, its projectors give the healthy 
 aspect of the streets a moment's reflection. Even in setting out 
 a detached mansion on an open ground, we too often neglect the 
 salutary precaution of so placing it with reference to the points 
 of the compass, as to ensure (so far as the precaution can secure 
 it) the future health of the occupants. But if this precaution be 
 needed in the case of a single dwelling, how much more so in 
 that of a sanitary asylum, a workhouse, or a barrack? As a 
 general rule such structures should never stand with their win- 
 dows looking due north and south : it is safer always to place 
 them diagonally to the four cardinal points; so that, at no 
 ' look-out ' will a living or sleeping room be all day deprived of 
 the sun's rays, nor all day exposed to them. There is a remark- 
 able case on record — ^that of a large Eussian barrack — that 
 should serve as a warning to all architects. In the case of this 
 barrack it was found that the soldiers placed in the wing lighted 
 from the north were those most frequently attacked with sick- 
 ness; while tlieir comrades in the wing facing south were re- 
 markable for their healthy condition. By way of experiment as 
 to the cause, the men were made to exchange quarters; when it 
 was at once seen that the invalids transferred from the north 
 wing grew well, and its new occupants, transferred from the 
 south wing, became invalids. 
 
 "The necessity of providing sufficient light has already been 
 alluded to as an item of convenience in building; but its influ- 
 ence on health also ought not to be lost sight of Dark rooms, 
 dark cellars and passages are always harbingers of sickness; if 
 fiir no other reason than this — that they help to discourage 
 
POSITION AND SIZE OF WINDOWS. 33 
 
 cleanliness; to say nothing of tlieir adverse influence on tlie 
 health and spirits of their occupants; plenty of light being 
 justly accounted as essential to health as plenty of pure air." 
 
 11. Connection between aspect and prospect. — In addition to 
 the above, the following, from a paper read by Mr. Kerr, before 
 one of the Architectural Associations, will be of service, as draw- 
 ing attention to a point too often overlooked, namely, the con- 
 nection between " aspect " and " prospect : " — 
 
 " Every room whatever has not merely a right aspect as op- 
 posed to a wrong, but generally, a very limited range of suitable 
 aspect as against the entire remainder of the compass, more or 
 less unsuitable. Great value is also commonly assigned to 
 considerations of prospect, for which those of aspect were 
 probably too often sacrificed, without, at least, sufficiently 
 drawing upon ingenuity to accommodate both demands. The 
 general question of aspect, he further said, is threefold, as re- 
 gards sunshine, weather, and prospect. The sun being south at 
 HOOD, east at 6 A.H., west at 6 f.h., and so un, such rooms as 
 require coolness and shade at any particular time of the day, 
 must be aspected accordingly. As to weather, west being gen- 
 erally the wet quarter, and east the dry, north gloomy, south 
 sultry, south-west exposed to boisterous winds, south-east the 
 quarter of mild winds, and so on, the various rooms must be 
 again aspected with reference to this. Lastly, speaking of pro- 
 spect, as a southward view in the day-time has the sun in the 
 picture, while a northward view has the landscape in full light, 
 and the like with other quarters at different hours of the day ; 
 there must thus be one more question with reference to which 
 the aspect of windows ought to be determined, the problem here 
 being to secure at a given time an approved chiaroscuro for the 
 landscape in view." 
 
 12. Position and size of Windows. — "Windows, therefore, 
 should be large and well-placed ; and, above all, the sills should 
 be low, so that while sitting you can easily, without effort, see 
 out upon the scene before you. To secure this, the height from 
 the floor should be 18 inches, but not exceed two feet. As re- 
 gards the proportion of a window relatively to the size of the room, 
 it is difficult to give precise rules. It is better to err in excess 
 than in deficiency, for this very common sense reason, that if you 
 
 
 
34 POSITION OF DOORS AND "WINDOWS. 
 
 have too much light, you can easily exclude it in any degree you 
 ■wish; but if your window is so small as to give too little, you 
 canuot at will increase it. At the same time it should not be over- 
 looked, that much window surface makes a room cold in winter. 
 The width of all the windows throughout should be uniform. By 
 this one set of window blinds will suit all ; if this is not attended 
 to, considerable labour to the housewife wiU be involved. Again, 
 it is of importance to study the relation of the window or win- 
 dows of a room to the fire-places in it. We have known the 
 window of a room placed in the same wall in which the fire- 
 place was, and close beside it j the result of which was, that only 
 one half of the room was well lighted. The matter assumes 
 greater importance in kitchens where operations are carried on 
 incessantly at the fireside; and yet so often is the point over- 
 looked, that it is no difficult matter to find houses where the 
 window is placed in the position just now described ; the result 
 of which is, that the cook has no direct light to aid her. The 
 matter is not much mended, if any, by having the window placed 
 immediately in front of the fireplace, for in that case the cook 
 will stand in her own light. The best position for the window 
 is to the right or the left. "Windows are generally placed in the 
 centre of the walls of a room ; but i^ in addition to the central 
 window or windows, we could, by having one in a corner, com- 
 mand a fine or an additional point of view, we would not hesi- 
 tate to place it there ; altliough any architect might tell us we 
 were destroying the symmetry of the room. Some of these 
 corner windows we have come across have been the most delight- 
 ful lounging windows in the house. For entertaining rooms, 
 those deeply recessed bay or bow windows, now so generally in- 
 troduced, are most admirable contrivances, and add immensely 
 to the pleasures of a house. 
 
 13. Doors. — Position of the doors of aroommateriallyaffects the 
 comfort of the inhabitants. It is usually a bad position to have a 
 door in the centre of the waU, for in this case you will probably find, 
 especially in small-sized rooms, that you have not space on either 
 side for articles of furniture you would like to place there. This 
 attention to the position of a door is of even greater importance 
 in the case of moderately sized bed-rooms. "We have known a 
 door so placed, that the only position for the bed was jammed 
 
POSITION OF DOORS. 36 
 
 up against the window. Close by the side of a fireplace in an 
 entertaining room is also bad, for in this case, those sitting near 
 the fireplace are more or less disturbed every time the door is 
 used to allow of parties entering or leaving the room. The hang- 
 ing of the door is also a matter of some importance ; if hung, for 
 instance, so that the hinges are at the side nearest the window, 
 the door will, on opening, throw a shade upon the party entering. 
 The light of the window should fall on the face of the door which 
 is on the outside or passage side when it is shut. The doors 
 of small places, as water closets, dressing rooms, &c., should 
 always open into the passage or the largest room if they are en- 
 tered from one room. They should never open into the closets 
 themselves, as this only reduces the internal space of the closets. 
 On this subject of doors we give the following suggestive re- 
 marks of Mr. S. Huggins, extracted from a valuable series of 
 papers on " Plans and Planning," contributed by him to the 
 pages of the ' Building News : ' — " I have seen a greater look of 
 comfort, and more of the elements of all that is calculated to ex- 
 cite pleasing emotions, in the single day-apartment or house-part 
 of a labourer's cottage, than is to be found throughout the nu- 
 merous apartments of many a modern mansion; where the num- 
 ber and disposition of the doms show either ignorance or disregard, 
 on the part of their designers, of what constitutes a comfortable 
 and cheerful apartment. I have noted plans of recently erected 
 noblemen's and other mansions, showing four or five doors open- 
 ing into one room of but moderate dimensions, sometimes two of 
 them in the same wall with the fireplace, which must render 
 freedom from draughts impossible, and give all ideas of domestic 
 enjoyment to the winds that ride rampant through them. At 
 one of Her Majesty's present residences, if it be not belied by the 
 engraved plan of it, scarce one of the rooms contains a snug comer, 
 so numerous are the doors opening into them in every direction, 
 one-haK of which might be built up with great advantage to the 
 place. The sense of comfort and undisturbed tranquillity cannot 
 be gratified in such rooms, nor in any rooms beyond a certain 
 very moderate size. A room so large that the returning wall is 
 four or five yards from the fireplace, can only be rendered fit for 
 domestic occupation, or reception of a family group, by screens 
 round the fire, forming as it were a room within a room. Where 
 
36 BED-EOOMS. 
 
 is the snug and comfortatle nook in the large symmetrical wil- 
 dernesses called coffee-rooms or dining-rooms of our club-honses, 
 ■which, generally speaking, must be dreary substitutes for a geniiine 
 English home? A measure of architectural character and dis- 
 play was, no doubt, necessary in these rooms; but too much 
 seems to have been sacrificed to obtain it Instead of one large 
 coffee or dining-room, what was there to hinder a series of smaller 
 ones being provided? 
 
 " A due recognition of the principle here insisted on would, 
 I think, more frequently lead, in the better class of houses, to 
 having ante-rooms and retiring-rooms to sitting and bed-rooms, 
 which somewhat unusual apartments, while they give a most 
 charming sense of privacy, seclusion, and quiet, so grateful to the 
 feelings of a studious person or invalid, do away with the ne- 
 cessity of having every room to abut on a lobby, and thus decrease 
 the difficulty of planning." 
 
 14. Bed-Rooms. — Let the intending house-builder be most 
 careful in attending to the bed-room department. We make no ob- 
 jection whatever to the house being well provided with public en- 
 tertaining rooms, and these of ample dimensions; but we do 
 most strongly object to the system, too often adopted, of obtaining 
 these at the expense of cramped passages, staircases, and above 
 all, confined bed-rooms. As we have in another place remarked, 
 — " Nothing adds so much to the comfort of a man's life as good 
 roomy bed-rooms, and nothing to the convenience of a family as 
 plenty of them. Architects, in claiming, and unfortunately get- 
 ting, ample space for the public rooms, and giving the least 
 dimensions to the bed-rooms, seem to forget that in no room 
 does a man spend so much of his time as in his bed-room. 
 It should, therefore, be so large as to give plenty of room, and 
 to have the bed so placed, that when the window or door is 
 opened, it should not be in the line of direct draught. Ask a 
 physician, and he will tell you, that in cases of severe illness, 
 there is nothing he dreads so much as the confined room in 
 which his patient is placed ; the air in it is always foul, and can 
 only be made fresh at a fearful risk. Looking at the question 
 from all sides we are strong advocates for large bed- rooms, indeed, 
 for their being the best rooms in the house — for the confined 
 closets which our architects and builders- often deem right to give 
 
BED-ROOMS. 87 
 
 us we have a profound contempt." The following hints about 
 bed-rooms from Sir James Clark's work on the " Sanative Influ- 
 ences of Climate " will be useful here : — " Their small size and 
 their lowness render them very insalubrious; and the case is 
 rendered worse by close windows and thick curtains and hang- 
 ings, with which the beds are often so carefully surrounded, as 
 to prevent the possibility of the air being renewed. The con- 
 sequence is, that we are breathiftg vitiated air during the greater 
 part of the night ; that is, more than a third part of our lives j 
 and thus the period of repose which is necessary for the reno- 
 vation of our mental and bodily vigour, becomes a source of dis- 
 ease. Sleep, under such circumstances, is very often disturbed, 
 and always much less refreshing than when enjoyed in a well- 
 ventilated apartment; it often happens indeed, that such repose, 
 instead of being followed by renovated strength and activity, is 
 succeeded by a degree of heaviness and languor which is not 
 overcome till the person has been some time in a purer air. Nor 
 is this the only evil arising from sleeping in ill-ventilated apart- 
 ments. When it is known that the blood undergoes most im- 
 portant changes in its circulation through the lungs by means of 
 the air which we breathe, and that these vital changes can only 
 be effected by the respiration of pure air, it will be easily under- 
 stood how the healthy functions of the lungs must be impeded 
 by inhaling for many successive hours the vitiated air of our 
 bed-rooms, and how the health must be as effectually destroyed 
 by respiring impure air, as by living on unwholesome or innu- 
 tritious food. In the case of children and young persons pre- 
 disposed to consumption, it is of still more urgent consequence 
 that they should breathe pure air by night as well as by day, by 
 securing a continuous renewal of the air in their bed-rooms, 
 nurseries, schools, &c. Let the mother who has been made 
 anxious by the sickly looks of her children, go from pure air into 
 their bed-rooms in the morning before a door or window has 
 been opened, and remark the state of the atmosphere — the close, 
 oppressive, and often fetid odour of the room — and she may 
 cease to wonder at the pale, sickly aspect of her children. Let 
 her pay a similar visit some morning after means have been taken 
 by the chimney ventilator or otherwise, to secure a full supply and 
 continual renewal of the air in the bed-rooms during the night, and 
 
88 BED-ROOMS FOR SICK PERSONS. 
 
 she •will be able to account for the more healthy appearance of 
 her children, ■which is sure to be the consequence of supplying 
 them mth pure air to breathe." 
 
 15. Bed-Rooms for Sick Persons. — On the subject of bed- 
 rooms, Mr. Huggins has a capital remark or two which we 
 here give : — " As to bed-rooms, I know not whether Lord 
 Bacon's suggestion of having an infirmary, in case ' the prince 
 or any special person should be sick,' has ever been acted 
 upon in modern mansions; but I think it is one that might 
 be adopted in most houses of any size, so far as devoting a suite 
 of detached or semi-detached bed-rooms to the use of a sick per- 
 son, where he might be more secluded than he could be elsewhefe 
 from the noise and bustle of the house, and in which provision 
 might be made, by double sashes and double wall, to exclude 
 the sound of the elements without. The value of such infirmary 
 would be doubly felt in a case of contagious disease. 
 
 " In large country houses, where provision has to be made for 
 reception of staying visitors, each stranger's suite of sleeping apart- 
 ments ought to comprise, besides bedchamber and dressing or 
 private room, a lobby, bath-room, lavatory, and closet, all exclu- 
 sively devoted to him. In the mansions of those whose means 
 are abundant, and sufficient water can be obtained, a large apart- 
 ment, 8 or 1 yards square, with ' swimming bath ' on the door, 
 would look more sensible and rational, and represent more true 
 enjoyment than a billiard-room, which, if it did not give way to 
 so unusual an introduction, might at least be sometimes sub- 
 stituted by something of a higher or more useful character." 
 
 16. Kjtchbns — Sculleries. — If small and inconvenient bed- 
 rooms are to be avoided in houses ; not less so are small and incon- 
 venient kitchens and sculleries. It is painful at times to witness 
 how little regard is shown to the convenience of our domestics 
 in the matter of affording them ample space and abundant con- 
 venience to carry on their work with ease and comfort. If we 
 expect them to do their work well, is it too much to say that we 
 should give them the means of doing it 1 The following remarks, 
 for which we are indebted to the pages of the ' Building News,' 
 will be useful on this subject : — " From these rooms we pass to 
 the kitchen, that department which the good housewife always 
 wishes to see as perfect and as ' unique ' as possible. The ar- 
 
KITCHENS AND SCULLERIES. 39 
 
 rangement of this portion, therefore, is of some consequence if 
 these dwellings are to obtain favour with that sex whom it is 
 always our wish to please and conciliate. It must be obvious, 
 therefore, that to become skilful in this peculiar portion, an ar- 
 chitect should not pass his days in single blessedness. Not that 
 we think for one moment that it is necessary for the married 
 members of the profession to be always at their wives' aprons, 
 ciceronied at all times through the mazes of these culinary opera- 
 tions in which every lady should be, if the lords of the creation 
 are to be supremely blessed, an adept ; far from it ; but because, 
 through an interchange of ideas with a sensible and good house- 
 wife, a great advantage may be made in the knowledge of those 
 ' little things ' which go to make up the comfort and convenience 
 of this truly domestic portion of an Englishman's castle. Truly 
 the knowledge to be acquired by one who would honestly and 
 skilfully discharge the duties of his profession are multifarious 
 and perplexing. We may talk of fine art architecture, and pass 
 our lives in preparing, reading, and hearing papers upon the 
 applicability of various styles to various purposes ; we may study 
 the strength of materials and make ourselves thorough masters 
 of the divers manipulations required in bringing them into the 
 various forms we require ; we may study the harmony of colours, 
 and their application to internal and external decoration ; we may 
 ' engineer ' as much as we like in all the malleable metals, and 
 broach new applications of them in the science of house building, 
 and yet not succeed in applying our varied and useful stock of 
 knowledge so as to secure for us an honourable position as ' ar- 
 chitect,' or win golden opinions upon our talents as artists and 
 skill as designers, from the fairest of the fair. So true is it, that 
 if we do not devote some little time and attention to that place 
 which the gentle sharer of man's joys and sorrows takes special 
 delight in — that is, those who are brought up with a proper 
 knowledge of the duties devolving upon womanhood — no matter 
 how fine we may have made the building, how well and com- 
 pactly we arrange the several parts, how perfect we make the 
 groupings, or pure the ornamentation, of the house and its offices, 
 the sharp critique and biting sarcasm (more severe because clothed 
 in gentle form) will find us out, and after many exclamations of 
 delight as to drawing-rooms, boudoir, &c., the criticisms upon the 
 
40 EELATION OF KITCHEN TO ROOMS. 
 
 generally, but falsely, assumed inferior portions will rob tbem of 
 all their delight, and make us feel sorely and acutely that one 
 great end and aim of our mission has been forgotten, or the means 
 to that end made palpably and fearfully deficient. Many a skilful 
 artist and master of ' constructive science,' has been ready to 
 shrink into a nutshell at the pertinent remarks of one, who, un- 
 touched by the grand displays of skill he may have presented her, 
 yet can detect at a glance all the shortcomings of which he may 
 have been guilty in the non-production of a good and useful 
 culinary laboratory." 
 
 1%. Relation of kitchen to Rooms. — The position which a 
 kitchen should occupy with relation to the entertaining rooms 
 should be well considered. It adds to the comfort of a 
 house, that those sitting in the public rooms should not be 
 annoyed by the noise or by the smells proceeding from the 
 working rooms; hence the latter should be placed as far as 
 convenient from the former. We say as far as convenient, 
 for we should not forget how much we add to the labour of our 
 domestics, when we cause them to traverse long passages or 
 mount many steps. The necessities of the case vriU be met by 
 placing all the working apartments completely at the back, and 
 isolating them by a door at the end of the haU or lobby. To 
 ease the labour of the servants, we would strongly urge the adap- 
 tation of " speaking tubes " to the public rooms and bed-rooms 
 leading to the kitchen, " Bells," as we have elsewhere re- 
 marked, "are all very well, but we would use them chiefly to 
 draw the attention of the servants to what we wished to tell 
 them. The saving of labour by the adoption of this simple appa- 
 ratus would be very great. J£ you analyze the reason why you 
 want your servants, you will find that in the great majority of cases 
 you want them to bring something which is actually within their 
 own domains ; when, therefore, you have only a beU, you ring 
 for the servant to come ; and after she has came, she has again to 
 go back for the .article you require ; then to return with it, and 
 finally to go back. With a " speaking tube," one journey will 
 do the work of four. These considerations may seem very trif- 
 ling ones, but they are not so, — far, indeed, from being so. It is 
 our duty to save our domestics from unnecessary and fatiguing 
 labour." 
 
SCULLERY— SERVANTS' BED-ROOMS. 41 
 
 1 8. Scullery Position and Arrangement. — This should be near 
 the kitchen, and wliore possible should, as remarked by a writer in 
 a recent publication, " open into it, having another door leading 
 into the yard or open court. If the house be built of brick, 
 plastering here will be unnecessary, and to have the brickwork 
 well pointed and whitewashed will answer much better, and, if 
 done carefully, will look equally well, besides preserving its ap- 
 pearance much longer, for plaster on scullery walls is continu- 
 ally being broken-off and damaged. When the walls are of 
 stone, plastering becomes more necessary, and it has also the ad- 
 vantage of being much cheaper than Avorking a good face to the 
 stoneworL 
 
 " The drainage and supply of water to sculleries should be well 
 attended to, and the experience of the late severe frost should be 
 an extra inducement to keep the pipes as much sheltered as pos- 
 sible, for we have all seen the numerous inconveniences and an- 
 noyances that have arisen from their exposure. The floors 
 should be laid with a good fall in order to allow the water to 
 pass off rapidly without lying on them in pools and thereby con- 
 stantly keeping them in a damp and moist condition. "We have 
 seen sculleries which are continually in this state, and which 
 present a most miserable appearance, all occasioned by the flat- 
 ness of the floor, from which the water has no chance of passing 
 away. Sculleries, in addition to this, should be well lighted and 
 well ventilated, as should every other portion of the house, light 
 in this case being very essentiaL The pantry and larder should 
 also be placed near the kitchen, and should have a north aspect, 
 their principal requirements being a dry and cool situation, and 
 one in which fresh air can be easily obtained." 
 
 19. Servants Bed-Rooms. — We have already pointed out the 
 importance of giving lai^e and healthily arranged bed-rooms for 
 the superior parts of the house ; be careful that they are equally 
 supplied to the working department. It is one of the disgraces 
 attached to plans of many of our large houses, that no attention 
 has been paid to the sleeping accommodation of the servants. 
 On this point the following, from a letter to the ' Builder,' will 
 be suggestive : — 
 
 " Can a small room, without a fireplace, or any means of ven- 
 tilation, except the window or the door, be possibly adapted for 
 
42 SERVANTS' BED-ROOMS— WATER-CLOSETS. 
 
 a dormitory) Is not a sleeping-room as important to health as 
 a sitting-room 1 Is it right or humane to place a servant or 
 children in nooks and corners where their strength must inevit- 
 ahly be undermined? 
 
 " In several new houses attics without fireplaces were sup- 
 posed to be fit sleeping-rooms for servants, the only way to ven- 
 tilate which was by opening a skylight. It is obvious that 
 such windows must remain sealed ones in wet, damp, and cold 
 weather. 
 
 " Well may consumptive and bronchial ailments make the 
 ravages they do if poor humaa frames are stowed away in such 
 utter disregard of sanitary principles. 
 
 " Inspectors are appointed to prevent overcrowding amongst 
 the lower classes ; but in too many cases I fear that evils com- 
 mensurate with overcrowding exist in the dwellings of the mid- 
 dling classes. 
 
 " As no limit can be placed upon the number that may be 
 lodged in our houses, is it not essential to have a clear definition 
 of what constitutes a bed-room, and at the same time incumbent 
 upon all builders and occupiers to recognise the definition in its 
 integrity?" 
 
 20. Wafer- Closets. — " There is no greater convenience," says 
 a writer in the ' Building News,' " in a house than a water- 
 closet when properly managed, or no greater nuisance when 
 improperly attended to. Their position in the plan of a 
 house should be well studied, care being taken to place them 
 where they can best be lighted and ventilated. We do not 
 like the plan of placing them where they are dependent on 
 borrowed lights ; but their proper position is against the outside 
 wall of a house, where the window will open into a yard or 
 unobstructed space. The window should be carried up close 
 to the ceUing, if the water-closet be not provided with ven- 
 tilation, in order to allow of all the foul air escaping from the 
 house, and not into it, as is too often the case. These windows 
 should be left partly open during the night, for it is then even 
 more than during the daytime that the close, unhealthy air from 
 a water-closet pervades the house, and is kept within it by every 
 aperture being closed. The practice of papering the walls of a 
 water-closet we do not think so advisable as painting them. Faint 
 
WATER-CLOSETS. 43 
 
 can be more readily cleaned and kept in order, and is for obvious 
 reasons more suitable for this purpose than paper. The plan of 
 having two doors to each water-closet is an excellent one, and is 
 becoming pretty general. The space between these doors is made 
 to answer the purpose of a small lavatory (a desirable accompani- 
 ment), and added to its convenience it has a suitable appearance. 
 There should, we think, be a water-closet ou every floor, the one 
 above being situated over the one below, without necessarily dis- 
 turbing the arrangement of the rooms on either floor. Inde- 
 pendent of these there should, in the case of a villa or country 
 residence, be a privy to every house. It should be situated near 
 the main building, but screened from the more frequented por- 
 tions, and be constructed on the principle of a water-closet, having 
 the vault some little distance from it, in order to render it as 
 healthy as possible, and also prevent its becoming a nuisance to 
 the house to which it is attached. There are many persons who 
 object to water-closets in a house ; but the generality of people 
 think otherwise, and it would, we think, be an act of folly to de- 
 sign or carry out a building without one, which, whether used by 
 the household or not, would be found of great use in the case of 
 invalids or s^ed persons. It is hard to remove a prejudice, and 
 the question of introducing these conveniences into our houses 
 has before now been warmly contested; but it is now almost 
 universally allowed in the civilized world that they are indis- 
 pensable, and the objections urged against them have been over- 
 ruled by the advantages derived from them." 
 
 21. General Hints on the Arrangement and Conveniences of 
 Houses. — The following extracts are culled from various autho- 
 rities, and will be a useful conclusion to this diirision of our work. 
 
 Mr. Wightwick, in his " Hints to Young Architects," (Lock- 
 wood and Co., London), has the following remarks : — " In allu- 
 sion to a few matters of comfort and convenience we would hint 
 at the virtue of being a match for the occasional violence of gusty 
 weather; in so contriving that two doors shall be passed before 
 you are fairly in the body of the house. Thus an enclosed porch 
 wiU enable you to shut the outer or porch door, before the inner 
 or passage door is opened. An entrance vestibule should, if 
 possible, have only one outer door, and one inner door leading 
 into the staircase or hall of common internal communication. 
 
44 FIREPLACES IN ROOMS. 
 
 The interception of thorough draughts cannot be too attentively 
 considered. A range of doors, all opening one way, in a long 
 passage with a window at each end, will often exhibit the very 
 perfection of the evil ; and you may not expect your lady pa- 
 troness to give much eulogy to the perspective of your corridor 
 if she loses her cap in passing through it, and only gains in re- 
 turn a sore throat. The air that can quietly and courteously in- 
 sinuate itself into rooms under the bottoms of the doors, in the 
 chinks between the casements and rebates, and through the fire- 
 place, is a welcome and necessary guest; but when it takes to 
 slamming doors, breaking windows, and carrying hearthrugs up 
 the chimney, it is a symptom of some great want of caution in 
 the architect. 
 
 " The test situation for fireplaces in a large room is, unques- 
 tionably, in the centre of the longer side ; and, for doors, close 
 to the extremity of the same. ■ The worst position for doors is at 
 the extremities of tlie walls at right angles to the fireplace side, 
 looking directly over the length of the hearth. Where doors 
 communicate between rooms, they will be best placed in that 
 part of the partition walls nearest the window side, and furthest 
 from the fire. In smaller rooms, where there is scarcely suffi- 
 cient room for a central fireplace, and two doors equidistant from 
 it on the same side, it is often better to put the fire opening in 
 the centre of the length between the one door and the end of 
 the wall. It is not only more comfortable, but, where there is 
 no projecting chimney breast, more sightly. Under some cir- 
 cumstances a perfect preservation of centrality may be preserved 
 by the use of breaks or pilasters and ceiling beams, as the ad- 
 joined figure exemplifies. (Not here given.) 
 
 " If any method of general waiinivg and ventilation be re- 
 quired, it will be for the arcliitect to choose from the number of 
 patents and practices in vogue, and to prepare for them in his 
 first plans. An early conference with the patentees or profes- 
 sors of these methods should be, of course, secured, and their 
 proposed operations duly provided for. 
 
 " The perfection of kitchen and office comfort is, perhaps, a 
 ' consummation ' more ' devoutly to be wished ' than any other ; 
 for all others are especially dependent on it. Expect no master 
 or mistress to be happy while a cook, housekeeper, and butler. 
 
COOK'S ROOM— DAIRY— BUTLEB'S PANTBY. 46 
 
 are, discontented. Keep the smell of the mutton fat, cabbage 
 water, and chopped onions, out of the main house, for the sake 
 of the hostess and her guests ; but, for the united sake of all 
 parties, make your kitchen, scullery, larder, store-room, and pan- 
 try, replete in all the suflB.ciency of space, fittings, and communi- 
 cation. Old servants may have accommodated themselves to old 
 defects ; but the success of new and better arrangements will, for 
 a length of time, remain problematical. Your only chance is to 
 flatter old servants by consultation. Learn from them the 
 merits and demerits of their present accommodation ; submit the 
 result of your ingenuity, and of their exactions, to the upper 
 house ; and then deduce a well-studied plan, to be again modi- 
 fied tiU you think both houses are satisfied. Forget not the 
 cooKa closet, the stUl room, the china closet. Remember that, 
 — ^besides a larder for cooked meat, — another for hung meat, and ' 
 a salting room, may be required. The dairy may be insufficient 
 without a scalding room and a churning room. The butler's 
 pantry may be incomplete without a separate glass-washing and 
 plate-cleaning room, and a strong closet for the security of plate 
 not in constant use. Enable the housekeeper to have an eye on 
 the cook, and the means (by a sliding door) of communicating 
 with the kitchen without necessarily going into it. Keep the 
 servants' hall and the back entrance out of the way of the opera- 
 tions and runnings to and fro during the bustle of dinner ; but, 
 at the same time, ' handy ' for a speedy advance to the front door 
 of the main house. Remember that a butler's satisfaction is im- 
 proved by well arranged cellars for beer, strong ale, wine in ' 
 casks, and ditto in bins; and that a master's comfort is enhanced 
 by ready access to the said cellars from his own part of the 
 building. Forget not that it will be well if the brew-house is 
 connected by pipes with the cellars ; and especially bear in mind, 
 that pipes of wine which are fi-om 5 to 6 feet long have to go 
 lengthwise down an inclmed plane and through door-ways into 
 the cask cellar. A corking room, and a bottle room follow of 
 course. Let your coal and fuel stores be prompt for the supply 
 of offices and main house, and consider that coals are of at least 
 two qualities, and must exist divided. Let your gallantry think 
 of pretty maids carrying coal-scuttles in their hands without 
 bonnets on their heads, and provide covered ways for their bene- 
 
46 WASH-HOUSE— LAUNDRY— BATHS. 
 
 fit. To the hoot and knife liouse it may be well to add a brush- 
 ing room with a good stove in it, or a drying closet for wet 
 clothes. Let the wash-house yield its cleansed hnen readily to 
 the laundry, and the laundry its mangled and ironed ditto to the 
 linen room. Consult propriety in keeping the maids and the 
 men servants in a state of respectful separation, with separate 
 staircases to their respective dormitories. Let the house- 
 keeper's and butler's sleeping rooms respectively command those 
 of the former. 
 
 " Eeturning into the main house, we may mention the con- 
 venience of a waiting room connected with the master's private 
 room ; and again, connected witn the latter, a fire-proof strong 
 closet and a gun closet. A gentleman's bath and water-closet 
 will be well added to this nest of conveniences ; a second bath 
 and closet for ladies being provided on the floor next above. 
 On each floor a house-maid's closet will be most welcome, with a 
 pipe from the great reservoir in the roof to supply each with 
 water for the bed-rooms. The convenience of a ready supply of 
 water from one or more reservoirs (to be filled, when not sup- 
 plied by the rain, with water ejected from the tank below by a 
 force pump) will be obvious. The water-closets, baths, butler's 
 room, &c., will be jointly dependent on it. The matter of water, 
 though mentioned late in this Essay, will be among the first 
 things considered by the young architect, who has, no doubt, an 
 adequate knowledge of well-sinking and steining. It only re- 
 mains to hint at the policy of providing ordinary closets wher- 
 ever a recess in the masonry may allow it ; for, among the 
 stronger impulses of woman is a passion for closets, shelves, rails, 
 and pegs. To crown the ridge of this part of our fabric of hints, 
 we simply allude to a good and well-located dinner belL" 
 
 22. Mr. Kerr, in his paper already alluded to, and as reported 
 in the ' Building News,' has the following on various points con- 
 nected with the arrangement of houses : — 
 
 " Taking up, fourthly, the matter of elegance and importance, 
 it was carefully pointed out as being a fundamental consideration 
 with the class of English gentlemen, and their ladies no less, 
 that decoration and display must be confined within strict limits, 
 architects being as a rule difficult of restraint in this respect, and 
 somewhat pertinacious in introducing precisely what their clients 
 
CHARACTERISTICS OF APARTMENTS. 47 
 
 desire to avoid. Perfect neatness and grace must always be 
 studied, but ambitious artistic effect decidedly spared ; that there 
 may be no interference with homely comfort, and no suspicion 
 of ostentation suggested Even in cases where rank and wealth 
 surround themselves with, costliness and luxury, simplicity and 
 subdued power wiU still be preferred, and the glare of mere 
 pomp despised. An effect of due importance, however, will 
 always be expected to be produced ; exaggeration being distaste- 
 ful, but the exact proper value for the cost expended, exhibited 
 in a spirit equally removed from ostentation and meanness, being 
 the rule. In the LDterior something like license might be taken, 
 although not with the rooms, with the thoroughfares, such as 
 the hall, corridor, and staircase; indeed, as matter of dignity, 
 this would often be not only permitted, but encouraged, the 
 instances being many where an injudicious management of these 
 portions of the house have given to a mansion the inferior ap- 
 pearance of a cottage, while, on the other hand, a little expan- 
 sion in other cases have conferred upon a cottage all the import- 
 ance of a mansion. 
 
 " Turning now to the detailed characteristics of apartments, 
 the lecturer proposed to touch briefly upon the principal of these, 
 so hi as time would admit 
 
 " The dining-room of an ordinary mansion was described as a 
 spacious and compai'atively stately apartment, to be cool and free 
 fk>m the glare of sunshine at the hour of evening dinner, and as 
 regards external position, somewhat retired The best aspect 
 would be north or north-east, or east but for the east wind, or 
 south-east but for the sunshine during the day; south, south- 
 west, or west being altogether objectionable. The lecturer then 
 explained the preference for side windows over end windows, as 
 primary light of the room ; the advantage of end light in addi- 
 tion in a large apartment (looking east rather than w^) ; the 
 compromise of aspect for prospect, and the danger of over-esti- 
 mating the value of the latter, and the great service of the bay 
 window as a means of accommodating conflicting demands of this 
 kind. The process of determining the width and length of a 
 dining-room was then described, and the principles of arrange- 
 ment for the sideboard, fireplace, and doorway ; the uses of the 
 service-room were also set forth, and the relation of such an 
 
48 DINING-ROOM— SITTING-ROOM. 
 
 apartment to the dining-room on one hand and the kitchen on 
 the other. 
 
 " The case of a dining-room used as the farmhj sitting-room 
 was likewise treated of^ where what may he called drawing-room 
 elements must he introduced, not only in furniture, hut in aspect 
 more especially ; the south-eastward heing now decidedly prefer- 
 ahle, the fireplace also requiring to he disposed on new principles 
 — namely, those of the sitting-room and the fireside. The gen- 
 eral design of a proper dining-room, it was also remarked, ought 
 to he massive and substantial, as if of masculine importance, al- 
 though not devoid of cheerfulness. 
 
 " Speaking of the morning room, it was remarked that this 
 served to relieve, in a manner, hoth dining-room and drawing- 
 room, being used as a hreakfast-room, and also as a sitting-room 
 for the ladies during the early part of the day ; and in more 
 homely establishments being still more used. For breakfast the 
 aspect might best be eastward, a south-east window taking, at 9 
 A. M., the sunshine full in front ; but for a sitting-room south-east 
 would be preferable, keeping the sun from morning till 1 P. H. due 
 south — being the extreme. 
 
 " The drawing-room was next discussed, as essentially the 
 ladies' apartment, the modem form of the ladies' withdrawing- 
 room of the olden time, its purpose being for the reception of 
 visitors, the assembling of the family and guests before dinner, 
 the evening circle afterwards, the reception of evening parties, 
 and so on. This room might be said to be, perhaps, the simplest 
 in the house, as respects principles of plan, there being only one 
 kind of drawing-room with little difference, except in dimensions 
 and luxury, between that of the duchess and that of the homeliest 
 gentleman. The character to be aimed at must be especial cheer' 
 fulness, refinement of elegance, and lightness of style ; decoration, 
 therefore, requiring to be comparatively minute and delicate, and 
 the whole effect, so to speak, entirely ladylike. The dining-room_ 
 and drawing-room would thus be in contrast^. jA^ to aspect, this . 
 must avoid equally the wet west, the bleak «JS^ the afternoon 
 sultriness of the south-west, the shadow of the opposite quarter, 
 and so on, the south-east becoming thus the nearest approach to 
 perfection, cheerful and pleasant early in the day, shaded from 
 the level sunshine of the evening, and exposed only to the mild- 
 
DRAWING-EOOM— LIBRARY— BOUDOIR. 49 
 
 est winds; south being sultry, and west taking little else than 
 the evening glare and the rain. The principles of side windows, 
 as laid down for a dining-room, would still apply with end win- 
 dows in addition for large rooms. Prospect would be always 
 worthy of serious consideration, although best to be dealt with 
 by end windows (if compromise of aspect be required), which may 
 be south-west or even west if necessary, east or north-east ; the 
 eastward views having the especial advantage of presenting the 
 landscape in the afternoon and evening, well-lighted pictorially, 
 and the southward views for full daylight effects being placed at 
 a disadvantage. The use of the bay window might now be still 
 more advocated, the most serviceable form being not three but 
 five sides of a regular octagon, whereby it is always possible, by 
 closing three sides against the sun, to have two uncovered. Fur- 
 ther remarks were made in explanation of the particular principles 
 of plan governing a sitting-room so as to produce a comfortable 
 fireside by the judicious relations of fireplace, light, and entrance, 
 a result often found to be extremely difficult of accomplishment,, 
 especially in a small room, unless it be nearly square. The ques- 
 tion of doors of intercommunication generadly was also touched 
 upon, these being frequently demanded for family conveni- 
 ence, but nevertheless, as a rule, to be discouraged by the 
 architect. 
 
 " After describing the library and boudoir, lihe lecturer treated 
 of the gentleman's business-room, and of the study in such a case 
 as that of a parsonage ; adverting to the difficulty sometimes ex- 
 perienced in finding a place for writing which shall be properly 
 situated as respects the light, the door, and the fire, and laying 
 it down as the best rule that the occupant, when seated at his 
 desk, shall have at his back a blank end wall or bookcase ; on 
 his right, the fireplace near that end; on his left, the window, 
 near the other end, and in front the door. The secondary en- 
 trance for the business-room was also described. 
 
 " Speaking briefly of the family thoroughfares, attention was 
 first directed to the porch, more particularly as to the correction 
 of a blusteiing aspect for the entrance — south-west, north-east, 
 or the like ; the plan in such cases being to place the outer door- 
 way with an aspect at right angles to that objected to ; the north- 
 west being, however, particularly unfortunate in this respect, inas- 
 
 D 
 
50 INTEENAL BELATION OF BOOMS 
 
 much as bott the aspects at right angles to it — namely, north- 
 east and south-west, are equally bad with itseK. 
 
 " The entrance-hall was alluded to as an apartment existlug 
 in so many characteristic varieties as to be a sort of criterion of 
 class for the house as a whole. Two very different principles 
 of plan were to be found developed in contrasted buildings ; in 
 the one case the route of entrance being central, leading directly 
 forward through a symmetrical hall and vestibule to the staircase 
 or some other chief object ; while in the other case, symmetry 
 and directions are avoided, the outward doorway being in one 
 corner, for instance, the inward doorway at some point of contrast 
 rather than correspondence, and the latter entering the corridor 
 in an equally one-sided manner. The first plan must alwyas be 
 more classical and stately, the other being considered to exhibit 
 more domestic convenience ; but although it may not be desirable 
 to sacrifice comfort for mere symmetry, yet to carry irregularity 
 into affectation must be still more unrefined. 
 
 " The gallery or corridor of a mansion was next spoken o^ the 
 desirableness of side windows rather than end ones, the objections 
 to ceiling light as cheerless, the propriety of a centrical position 
 for the principal staircase, the necessity for avoiding complex 
 forms of plan, and so on. The internal relation of the rooms 
 to each other being the relation of their doors, it must be 
 always best to place the doors of the chief apartments in pro- 
 minent positions, so that they cannot be mistaken. The route 
 between the entrance and the drawing-room ought also to be well 
 arranged ; the same of the route between the dining and drawing- 
 rooms, avoiding that twisting of the line which occurs, for ex- 
 ample, when both doois are on one side of the corridor. The 
 preservation of the corridor as far as possible in privacy was also 
 a thing to be carefully attended to, the routes of the servants 
 being kept clear of those of the family as far as possible." 
 
 23. Arrangement of City Houses. — The remarks which we 
 have given above by the eminent authorities named — and the 
 principal points of which, we have taken the liberty to italicise 
 for the greater convenience of our readers — have reference chiefly 
 to villas or mansions in the country, or in suburban districts. 
 The arrangements of a city house will obviously be much con- 
 trolled by the peculiarities of site. The following remarks on 
 
ARRANGEMENT OF CITY HOUSES. 61 
 
 this subject from the ' Building News ' will be useful here ; the}' 
 give a very lucid comparison between city or street, and rural 
 or suburban villas. Other points of importance are also well 
 handled. 
 
 " In city houses," says the writer, " it is generally found 
 necessary to have the kitchen in the basement, as space does 
 not often permit of its being placed on the ground-floor, but 
 in villas this arrangement should not be, as the inconvenience 
 of running up and down steps is a sufficient obstacle to its 
 being adopted, besides which there is no possible excuse for it 
 when there is plenty of room for it above ground. The great 
 thing is to have it as near the dining-room as possible, without 
 bringing it into the front and best part of the house, and on a 
 level with it, steps either down or up to it should never be allowed 
 where it is possible to avoid them; they become a continual 
 source of annoyance to the servants, whose comfort and conveni- 
 ence it is of course necessary to consult, and they prove very 
 fatiguing to persons who have constantly to pass up and down 
 them. Some writers go so far as to recommend the abolition of 
 steps altogether, and have both sleeping and living rooms on the 
 same floor, but we do not agree with this, and cannot see the 
 wisdom of the proposal We, however, do perceive the necessity 
 of avoiding them when they can be avoided, and also the ad- 
 visability of keeping every room in each story on the same level 
 
 " In street architecture we generally find the drawing-room 
 on the first floor, an arrangement which, in nine cases out of ten, is 
 compulsory. In vUla architecture this is not imperative, and 
 we think that the ground floor is more suitable for it. It should 
 be situated in the pleasantest part of the house, and should have 
 an air of comfort about it, and the appearance of being cool in 
 siunmer and warm in winter. French casements may here be 
 introduced with advantage ; when well constructed they have an 
 elegant and convenient look, which is both pleasing and effective, 
 yet there are many who are prejudiced against them as others are 
 against Gothic casements, but without the slightest cause, for ex- 
 perience has taught us that when they are constructed properly 
 and with well-seasoned materials, they are everything that could 
 be desired ; and in point of appearance are, in our opinion, in- 
 finitely superior to the common sash. 
 
62 LIBRARIES— MORNING AND BILLIARD ROOMS. 
 
 " Libraries and picture galleries are generally made to face the 
 north, this heing considered the best for light, which of course 
 is the principal thing to be provided for. The library should be 
 as distant from noise as possible, and in town buildings should 
 be placed at the back of the house and not in the front, where 
 the bustle and rolling of carriages is likely to disturb the occu- 
 pier. "What is more annoying to a student than a continual din, 
 which is constantly disturbing him in the midst of his deep 
 studies, when he requires everything to be as still and motionless 
 as the inner san«'.tuary of an Egyptian temple, or the centre 
 chamber of an Egyptian pyramid? Many persons feel it impos- 
 sible to devote themselves to profound study when the slightest 
 noise or confusion prevails. The nerves are very sensitive on 
 this point, and it is therefore desirable that the most retired and 
 private part of the house should be the position of the study. 
 
 " The situation of the morning-room, hilliard-room, and break- 
 fast-room will be dependent on circumstances, and possibly on 
 the site of the house or the whim of the owner. There is no 
 recognised law respecting the placing of these apartments, but the 
 architect will, of course, select the most suitable part. In large 
 buildings, where there is a central hall of sufficient size, it would 
 be well for these rooms, together with the dining and drawing 
 rooms, to open into it, thus affording an easy communication one 
 with the other. There is, perhaps, no more imposing feature in 
 a house than a good staircase halL When well arranged it has 
 a look of grandeur, which produces a favourable impression on 
 the visitor, and leads him at once to conclude that the house is a 
 superior one. As Palladio says, a stranger should be compelled 
 to pass through the best portion of the edifice before he reaches 
 the staircase, in order that he may be impressed by the grandeur 
 of the structure. This is sound advice, and where it can be 
 followed it would be well to do so, for first impressions, whether 
 favourable or unfavourable, are more lasting than any others, 
 and linger longer in the mind and memory — in fact, they are 
 seldom entirely forgotten or whoUy effaced. The staircase in 
 any house is susceptible of much beauty and artistic treatment 
 where the funds will permit. In whatever style it may be, or 
 in whatever character of building it may be placed, still it affords 
 one of the best opportunities for a display of taste." 
 
KITCHEN AND SCULLEKY. 63 
 
 CHAPTER THIRD. 
 
 AKKANGBMENT AND ACCOMMODATION OF THE FARM HOUSE. 
 
 24. Kitchen and Scullery. — The working part of the 
 farm house should have the following accommodation, and 
 the dimensions stated may be taken as average ones for a 
 farm 500 to 600 acres in extent. First, a kitchen 18 feet 
 by 16. This should be entered by a door from a passage 
 which should divide the kitchen from the public rooms. The 
 best form of fire-grate, both for economy in the consumption 
 of fuel and for the facilities it gives for cooking purposes, is 
 what is called the Idtchener. The only objection to it is, that it 
 is rather expensive, and, looking at the material and workman- 
 ship in it, often unnecessarily so. It will be long, we fear, be- 
 fore the prejudices of our servants, and we may say of ourselves, 
 will enable us to use the much cheaper, and, in every way as 
 efficient, cooking ranges, or rather stoves, used on the Continent 
 and in North America. Having seen the working of these in 
 the houses of the middle and poorer classes of France, Belgium, 
 and in America, we can with confidence recommend them as the 
 cheapest in first cost, and the most economical in working of all 
 the forms of cooking apparatus we have met with. The kitchen 
 should be provided with a large dresser, the best material for the 
 top of which is sycamore or plane tree. The under part should 
 be fitted up with a cupboard in the centre, the doors of which 
 should open right and left, and drawers of various depths on 
 each side. Abundance of cupboard room should be given to the 
 kitchen — and hooks and shelves. The scullery, 12 feet by 10, 
 should enter from the kitchen, and be provided with a furnace 
 and double copper, and a slop-stone or sink ranged along the 
 wall and near the window, so that plenty of light may be thrown 
 on it. The scullery may also be used as a wash-house, in which 
 case the wash-tubs may be set on the slop-stone when being 
 used. We would, however, recommend a small set-oflf from the 
 scullery to be appropriated as a wash-house, in which wash-tubs 
 should be put up as fixtures, and supplied with hot and cold 
 water at same pressure. The scullery should have a door lead- 
 ing to the back part of the premises, and near this should be 
 placed the fuel store. 
 
64 THE MILK-ROOM OR DAIRY. 
 
 25. The milk room or dairy should be separated from the kit- 
 chen and scullery by a narrow passage, which may be partly fitted 
 up as a closet or cupboard ; so that the heat of these apartments 
 shall not affect its temperature. A door entering from the dairy 
 to the scullery might be useful when the utensils are to be 
 washed, but the danger of this is that it admits of vapours, 
 smeUs, &c., to enter the dairy. It will, therefore, be better to 
 go round through the kitchen. A dairy cannot be too perfectly 
 isolated from apartments in which tainting vapours arise; the 
 readiness with which milk absorbs these, and is spoiled by them, 
 is something remarkable. The aspect of the dairy windows 
 should be north or north-east; the latter is the best, and will 
 be easily secured, by making it at the back of the house, the 
 aspect of which we have before recommended you to make south- 
 east. For the walls of a dairy we know of no materials equal to 
 the glazed tUes, which can be had now very cheaply. Flooring 
 tiles, with a glazed or rather a hard vitrified surface, will be 
 useful. The best shelves for the milk pans will be marble; 
 where the expense of this is objected to, slate may be used, 
 which is nearly as good. Both are kept easily from stains, 
 especially the former, which flag-stone is not. 
 
 Water in abundance should be applied to the dairy. From 
 the dairy a small room should enter, in which the butter can be 
 made up, and in which it may be stored. The cheese-press may 
 be placed in this. From this closet or room a " lift " should 
 lead to the cheese room in the floor above, in which also should 
 be the servants' bed-room and closets. It is usually the practice 
 to give the servants' rooms a complete isolation from the rest of 
 the house, by a stair entering near to or from the kitchen. While 
 we would give this stair for direct communication, we would 
 insist upon a door to enter the servants' floor from the bed-room 
 floor of the house, — as we look upon it as essential that the 
 mistress of a house should be able at any time, and in the easiest 
 way, to inspect every part of the house. The reasons for this are 
 obvious enough on consideration. The isolation considered neces- 
 sary may easily be obtained, by providing a door to this entrance 
 to the servants' floor. 
 
ACCOMMODATION— LIVING ROOMS. 55 
 
 CHAPTER FOURTH. 
 
 ACCOMMODATION OF THE LABOUEER's COTTAGE. 
 
 26. As regards the accommodation ■which should be given to 
 a labourer's cottage, much has been written, and more said, and 
 yet less of the one or the other might have been done, and more 
 practical results might have followed. The truth is, that no rule 
 can be set down applicable to all circumstances. When we are 
 building houses for ourselves, we build them in accordance with 
 our wants, or likely wants ; why should not we adopt this simple 
 common-sense rule in the case of cottages, and have different 
 sized cottages for different sized families ? For cottages with the 
 smallest accommodation, a kitchen or " Hving room," as it is 
 most frequently called, and a single bed-room, will make up the 
 accommodation required ; for cottages of the medium accommoda- 
 tion, a living and two bed-rooms ; while for cottages with the 
 maximum accommodation, a living room, and three bed-rooms, 
 will be required. In addition to these, we wish the reader to 
 understand, that other conveniences in accommodation wiU have 
 to be given ; what these are we shall presently point out While 
 having cottages of different sizes, built either separately or in 
 rows, we prefer the separate or detached, or at most the semi- 
 detached mode. It will be advisable to have cottages built with 
 unequal accommodation, that is, a cottage having the maximum 
 with a cottage — all under the same roof having the minimum 
 accommodation. 
 
 27. Living Rooms. — Leaving the question of extent of accom- 
 modation to be decided, as it should be decided, by local or other 
 considerations, let us glance at a few of the essentials to be 
 carried out whatever may be the extent of the accommodation to 
 be decided upon. On the subject of the living room or kitchen 
 we need say but little; it should be well lighted from two sides, 
 if possible the windows to throw the light on the fireplace. It 
 should be provided with a dresser amply supplied with drawers ; 
 and have a liberal allowance of shelves on the walls, and hooks 
 from the ceiling. The fireplace should have a boiler and oven, 
 and the best form we know of is what is called the " Lancashire 
 Range;'' this is at once cheap and efficient. A description of 
 
56 SCULLERY— WASH-HOUSE. 
 
 this we purpose giving in the section on materials in the present 
 series of articles. 
 
 28. Scullery or Wash-house. — Aiding mightily the efforts of 
 the good housewife in her attempts to keep the house orderly, is 
 this same conyenience ; adding also to the attractions of home by 
 getting rid of the annoyance of washing in the living room. Habits 
 of cleanliness and order can never be characteristic of the labour- 
 ing classes so long as the structural conveniences — or rather incon- 
 veniences — are such as to prevent them having their houses "clean 
 and tidy ; " and which have the effect of accustoming them to filth 
 and disorder. It is a huge folly to look for habits of a superior 
 order where there is every inducement to the cultivation o^ or, at 
 least, the toleration of those of an opposite kind. The " scul- 
 lery " should be large enough to enable washing to be done ; and 
 if there is room for a small furnace and boiler so much the 
 better, a step higher in the rank of " healthy homes " will be 
 attained. We look upon this facility for " washing," apart from 
 the " living room," as a matter of great importance in dwelling 
 places for the labouring classes. Few but have heard of — and 
 these are the lucky portions of mankind who have only heard — 
 and many are they that have known of the discomforts which 
 the operations of a washing day invariably and unfailingly bring 
 to a household. It needs not here to be stated the evils thus 
 arising — ^they have formed alike the burthen of " song," and of 
 " complaint ;" and, we may add, have not unfrequently acted as an 
 incentive to or been hailed as an excuse by the labouring man 
 to leave his own fireside for the evils, but, alas ! attractive ones, 
 of the public house. Let everything then be done to counteract 
 such attractions, and to make a man's own fireside the brightest 
 thing in his memory when he is absent from it ; and the greatest 
 attraction when he is at his house. And this addition of a 
 scullery and wash-house wUl in no small degree tend to make 
 his home attractive, because it will tend to make it comfortable. 
 
 29. Cupboai'ds or Presses. — As tending to add materially to 
 the comfort and conveniences of the cottage, " cupboards" — or, 
 as they are called in the north, presses — should be given in abun- 
 dance. It is simply absurd in us to find fault with the untidy 
 habits of cottagers for not " putting things away," as the phrase 
 goes, if we give them no place in which to put them. Let us be 
 
PORCH- BED-ROOMS— PANTRIES. 67 
 
 Teasonable in all things. It puts us in mind, when we hear 
 grave tecitals of poor folks' untidiness, of the lady who, when 
 she saw one at dinner performing with a knife such wonderful 
 feats in eating, in her profound ignorance of the habits of some 
 of the working population, asked the question, "why does tiot 
 the man use a silver fork 1" Truly, silver forks are just as easily 
 had, we mean in some poor men's cottages, as cupboards and 
 presses. Give then the cottages cupboards, and if after that you 
 see untidiness, be unsparing in your fault-finding ; we have no 
 mercy for confusion when order can be carried out ; only with 
 reference to the state of things examination is reasonable before 
 we indulge in condemnation. 
 
 30. A Porch or small entrance hall — leading from the open 
 air to the living room, tends to make that apartment more com- 
 fortable ; and economizing as it does the heat of the fire in winter 
 time, it economizes the cottagers' means ; and if we can, by such a 
 simple matter as a porch, do this double kindness to the man, 
 why should not wel May we ask if ever any of our readers 
 have spent a few hours in a room of which the door opened at 
 once upon the street or road ? If they have, they will understand 
 why we insist upon a porch forming part of every cottage plan ; 
 if they have not, they may believe us when we tell them, that 
 it is no pleasant position. We have seen snow drifted half way 
 up the living room through the door. 
 
 31. Separate Entrances to Bed-Rooms we deem of essential 
 importance, not only in a healthy, but a moral point of view. 
 One room should never be entered through another. That pri- 
 vacy and isolation which is imperative where the claims of de- 
 cency are attended to, cannot be obtained by having one bed- 
 room pass through another j and in times of sickness, the incon- 
 veniences are multiplied ten-fold. 
 
 32. Pantries. — "We have spoken of the advantages of cup- 
 boards. We must not forget the important matter of a provision 
 pantry. For storage of provisions, we know, however^ of no 
 contrivance equal to the cellar. Almost every house in Lanca- 
 shire has a cellar, even a cottage, letting at a shilling or eighteen- 
 pence a-week. Meat can be preserved in cellars for a much longer 
 time than in pantries placed in the living floor. But they also 
 add to the dryness of the house, a most important consideration. 
 
58 LIGHTIKG— DRAINAGE— PRIVIES. 
 
 33. Lighting of Rooms. — Bat whatever else you have in a 
 cottage, see that you have plenty of light to the rooms ; for not 
 only does it exercise a healthy influence upon the inhahitants, 
 hut it enables the house to he kept clean. For an iU-lighted 
 house is always a dirty one ; believe this to be tnie, reader. Let 
 the windows then be large and well placed, so that every corner 
 may be lighted, and dirt wiU fly at its approach ; so that, at any 
 rate, if the housewife allows it to lie there, she cannot have the 
 excuse of not having seen it, to plead for its continuance. 
 
 34. Drainage — Water-Closets — Sink in SevMery — Liquid 
 Manure Tank. — The physical evils arising from accumalation 
 of filth and refuse are now well understood, or at least 
 admitted. In the language of sanitary science, " the im- 
 mediate and direct cause of fever is a poison generated by 
 the decomposition of animal and vegetable matters." It is, 
 therefore, of prime importance, to have arrangements in all 
 cottages by which the refuse of the kitchen, &c., can be stored 
 up in a place, and in such a way, as to prevent all noxious 
 exhalations emanating from it. The ashes should be stored up 
 in an ash-pit, which should be in close connection with the 
 privy, and both of which should be the greatest distance possible 
 from the house — we mean, of course, within the limits of the 
 back premises. We at one time advocated the use of water- 
 closets for cottages; but later and more extended experience has 
 shown to us that they are not adapted for rural districts. There 
 a supply of water cannot be kept constantly on, and at pressure 
 — so that all modes of supplying them from cisterns we find 
 likely to be neglected. Indeed, even where a supply of water is 
 most easily obtained, a difiiculty is sometimes met with in the 
 fact that the cottagers will not take the trouble to turn it on. 
 We have sometimes been disgusted beyond measure at the state 
 of matters we have seen in water-closets, not less so at the 
 abominable laziness or carelessness which caused it. All the 
 sanitary requirements of the ease will be pretty fairly met if the 
 privy and the ash-pit are placed in the garden. If the cottagers 
 can be persuaded to throw in from time to time the ashes of the 
 fireplaces into the privy, the contents will, to a certain extent, 
 be deodorized. By using dried earth — after Mr. Moule's fashion 
 — perfect deodorization will be obtained, and an excellent ma- 
 
RAIN WATER CISTERN— PIGGERY. 69 
 
 nure in no way disgusting to handle will be available for the 
 garden. 
 
 The waste water from the kitchen should be led by a drain 
 pipe from the sink in the scullery to the liquid manure tank in 
 the garden. Both of these are essentials in a well arranged cot- 
 tage. The sink, if of stone, and of ample dimensions, and not 
 of a greater depth than two inches, will be of immense service in 
 housewifery operations. The tank may be of the simplest pos- 
 sible construction, and will soon repay itself in the excellent 
 manure it will yield. 
 
 35. A cistern for catching and storing up the rain water 
 draining from the roof should never be omitted. Eain water is 
 by far the best for washing clothes and for ablution; indeed 
 those who have been accustomed to wash with rain water take 
 ill when they are forced to use hard water. 
 
 36. The piggery is an essential part of a working man's cot- 
 tage in the country. The pig-stye, the ash-pit, and the privy, 
 will form, when put together, the outhouses, to which should be 
 added a place for coal and lumber. 
 
 37. Size, Materials, and Fobm op ibe Cottage. — There 
 are some points connected with the construction of cottages 
 to which we would like now briefly to draw the attention of 
 the reader. The cheapness of a cottage depends upon several 
 considerations — the size, the materials of which it is composed, 
 and the form or way in which these are put together. The 
 size of the house depends upon the number of apartments it 
 contains, and the dimensions of these. There is a maximum 
 and a minimum dimension, for the apartments in a cottage, but it 
 is diflBcult accurately to define what is the medium. A room too 
 large is almost as bad as one too small; the over large room is 
 difficult to warm ; and there is a difficulty in managing household 
 matters in too small rooms, where convenience alone is consulted. 
 We confess that we should rather have any room err in excess 
 than in deficiency of space ; like the sailors, we love plenty ot 
 sea-room. A good size for a living-room is generally now ac- 
 cepted at 144 square feet of floor surface. This will give a square 
 of 12 by 12 feet; we, however, prefer 14 feet by 12 as the better 
 size. Two rooms of exactly the same size may however be very 
 different in the accommodation they give ; thus, if the door enters 
 
60 DIMENSIONS OF BED-ROOMS. 
 
 in the centre of one of the sides, the space of floor at each side 
 will be so cut \vp that it will afford little room for articles of fur- 
 niture, which, therefore, will have to be put away in some other 
 less convenient part of the room. The door, if possible, should 
 be placed at the comer. The size of a bed-room is generally set 
 down at 1.0 feet square — dimensions, we think, by far too small, 
 and for the following reasons. As a workman spends by far the 
 greatest portion of his time in his bed-room — we mean, of course, 
 the time he is at home — ^we are strong advocates for making it 
 as large and convenient as any room in the house. We are dead 
 set against all bed-closets, or bed-rooms so small as really to be 
 closets ; well named close-sets — for that is the original term — are 
 they. We believe that many a poor man gets severe cold from 
 being stewed up in a close-set place all night, and rushing off at 
 early morn into the cold and damp air. In cottages, the prin- 
 cipal bed-rooms above should be allowed to remain the same size 
 as the room below. The walls running vertically up dictate this, 
 and we therefore deprecate all cutting up of these rooms, at least by 
 partitions. The height of the living-room and bed-room stories 
 should be the same ; indeed, if health is the main object to be con- 
 sidered, the height of the bed-room ceiling should be greater than 
 that of the living-room, for the reason that we have already 
 stated — namely, that a man spends most of his time in it. Let 
 us then, in the planning of cottages, remember this important 
 department; and in thinking of our own comfort, let us not for- 
 get that of others, and of the time 
 
 " When dumb night goes softly by 
 Towards the fiery western sky, 
 A-lulling birds, and shutting up 
 The daisy and the buttercup ; 
 And men go to lay their heavy heads, 
 And weary bones, upon their beds. " 
 
 We deprecate altogether the notion, which unfortunately is very 
 wide spread, that closets are quite good enough for bed-rooms or 
 rather sleeping places. A height of 10 feet we consider the best 
 then for the ceilings. Economical reasons have generally such 
 sway, that the height of bed-rooms is crushed down to seven feet 
 six, or eight feet, a height absolutely absurd. The size of the scul- 
 ler i/ is of importance, as in it /many operations are carried on. 
 We take 10 feet by 8 to be a very convenient size. 
 
MATERIAL OF THE COTTAGE. 61 
 
 38. The question as to whether a cottage should he single or 
 two storeyed, influencing the cost of the house, should be con- 
 sidered. Much depends upon the accommodation in it. If it is a 
 single cottage for a man and his wife alone, it will be better to make 
 it single storeyed ; if two cottages of this sort are required together, 
 it would make a nicer-looking house to build them two-storeyed, 
 one above the other, the one entering from the back. But the rule, 
 in my opinion, is decided ; wherever the cottage has more accom- 
 modation in it than a living-room, bed-room, and scullery, then 
 build a two-storeyed cottage without any debate upon the point. 
 Eoof-space is saved, and roof-space is always a costly thing to cover. 
 By spreading out the rooms in one floor you vastly increase the 
 roof-space ; and more than that, you place your bed-rooms in the 
 worst possible position — next the ground. Bed-rooms should 
 always be in the second floor. By putting them there you have 
 merely the vertical walling to pay for; for the roof, which could 
 only cover the living-room, &c., on the ground floor, if single- 
 storeyed, now covers both living-room and bed-rooms. As to 
 attics, our advice is decided, — have nothing whatever to do with 
 them ; they bring about a wretchedly paltry saving in the cost 
 of construction, and afford, at the best, miserable rooms, overcold 
 in winter, and overheated in summer. 
 
 39. The materials of which it is composed exercises an im- 
 portant influence upon the cost. Bricks, when they can be had 
 cheap, afford the best material. They are warm, not half so 
 easily affected by damp as stone ; and require no preliminary 
 working like that material before they can be set up. Where 
 excuses are made so frequently as to the cost of cottages forming 
 an obstacle in the way of building them, as if — as it seems to do 
 with some — cost settled a man's conscience, we wonder why 
 the American style of framed houses of timber is not introduced. 
 Of course national prejudice at once comes in to pooh ! pooh! the 
 suggestion. But calling a project fudge, or pooh poohing it, 
 will not destroy the facts upon which it is based. Now we 
 happen to know something about American frame houses, or 
 houses composed of timber planks. We have lived in them, 
 and can vouch for the fact that their inhabitants are as 
 keenly alive to the comforts and elegancies of life as we 
 ourselves are. And if any objection is made on the score of 
 
62 FRAME HOUSES. 
 
 climate, assuredly we cannot lay claim to the degree of cold 
 which graces an American winter. Winds bluster and rains 
 dash as they do with us; but frame houses, notwithstanding, 
 oppose bravely the one and resist successfully the other. We 
 have visited a mUlionnaire, whose establishment was kept up 
 at no small expense — twenty or thirty thousand dollars we have 
 no doubt — yet he lived in a frame house. Certainly by far 
 the worst frame house we ever saw in America, and it looked so 
 ill constructed, that, to quote the Irishman, " bedad, it looked 
 as if somebody had made it ; " was a palace in point of 
 sound external construction, and a Turkish divan in point of 
 internal comfort compared to those wretched tumble-down, pig- 
 stye, dog-kennel-looking structures we have met with in our 
 rambles in this country, and called by courtesy cottages; and 
 which, in the words of a fellow-labourer in this field of agricul- 
 tural economics, we may describe now, as having " mud or wat- 
 tled walls, on swampy sites, low walls, roof; if thatch, rotten with 
 age, or green with fungoid vegetation ; if timber, decayed ; if of 
 slates and tiles, these broken and abounding in holes; doors, 
 windows, and fittings matching the roof in decay, and vying, with 
 the dirt and smoke of years, in colour with the mud floor." If 
 then landlords object to give their labourers cottages more con- 
 sistent with the dignity of man — even if he be not so good as 
 themselves — ^than with the grovelling of a beast, for the wretched 
 reason that they cost too much to build — build or erect them 
 timber ones — that will be cheap enough, and we shall gladly 
 guarantee that they will be comfortable. It is right, how- 
 ever, to say, that timber cottages are on the increase; and if 
 properly constructed, they will last a long time, and be in every 
 way more fitted for the residence of thinking beings than the 
 wretched huts which they replace. In Sweden and Norway — 
 and surely in these regions the cold is severe enough to stand 
 any comparison with that we have here — these timber houses 
 are much used ; they build them with a cavity or space between 
 what may be called the outer and inner skin of planking — ^which 
 space is tilled up with moss. A very strong and fire-proof mode 
 of erecting timber, or rather combined timber and stone houses, 
 we recommended years ago. In this the vertical framing posts 
 are first put up, and the spaces crossed with rough timber bat- 
 
FORM OF THE COTTAGE. 65 
 
 tens so as to form a series of pigeon holes — no matter of what 
 shape or form these are. Into these holes stones, broken 
 bricks, or the hke, are inserted, and the interstices well filled 
 in with mortar. When this sets, a sound and durable wall is 
 obtained. 
 
 40. Raising of the floor above tlie ground level. — Of course 
 in timber constructions — and the remark applies to other ma- 
 terials with as much force — it is essential that the floor shall 
 be well raised above the ground. "We have a great horror 
 of cottages placed squat upon the ground. This absurdity 
 in house construction, too often seen exempUfied, is not only 
 silly, bat it is highly mischievous ; for so built, cottages must be 
 more or less damp. Every cottage then should be entered by 
 two steps at the very least, but three we are inclined to place as 
 the safer minimum. 
 
 41. The /otto of the cottage exercises an influence upon its 
 cost. The form of an exact square is the cheapest, as it encloses 
 a larger space than any other figure. With the same quantity 
 of walling in a square you secure a larger amount of internal ac- 
 commodation than by any other form. Another great advantage 
 is the simplicity of the roof of a square house. Where look is 
 not desiderated, you have only to raise gables, throw a ridge-pole 
 across, and put up your rafters ; all is of the simplest construction 
 in carpentry. On the other hand, a square cottage is the ugliest 
 you can build ; it almost invariably suggests itseU as an exempli- 
 fication of what has been called graphically, if not truly, the 
 " tea-box " style of architecture. If then you require the cottage 
 to be of somewhat pretentious looks, build it with breaks and 
 projections ; these always give a pleasing outline, and as a set-ofi' to 
 their extra cost in construction. You will find in their nooks 
 and comers admirable opportunities for giving closets, cupboards, 
 and pantries ; on the utility of which we have already made 
 some remarks. On the point of elevational character or design 
 we have little to say. No attempt at architectural design should 
 be made aiming at elaborate effect — simplicity in appearance 
 should be the great characteristic of a cottage; and we know of 
 no ornamentation so cheaply obtained, so perfect of its kind, 
 and so satisfactory in its results, as the effect of simple trellis 
 work covering the porch or masking the window, up which creep- 
 
64 EXTERNAL DESIGN OF THE COTTAGE. 
 
 ing plants can be grown. With their graceful foliage set in relief 
 against the white-washed wall, and the flowers in front in the 
 tiny garden, a cottage, to our mind, is complete. And, if further 
 effect is desired, give a background to the north in the form of a 
 clump of trees, against which the smoke from the chimney ma)' 
 " rise a twisting blue," as a western poet exquisitely expresses it ; 
 and then you have all that the eye of the painter or the taste of 
 the most fastidious may desire. We have thus thrown a few 
 hints together on the subject of cottage accommodation for the 
 labourers of the farm, and for rural and suburban districts; 
 and, in conclusion, we would take the liberty to impress upon 
 the reader its great importance, and entreat of him to bear 
 in mind, that while it is doing the poor a vast injury 
 to bring them up with the notion that everything will be 
 done for them, and that they need not trouble themselves with 
 self help, as they will get enough of neighbour help; there 
 are some things in which the poor cannot by any possibility 
 help themselves, and that this matter of obtaining good house 
 accommodation is one of the most important of them. They 
 cannot build houses, they must be built for them. The evils 
 connected with the sanitary condition of our rural labouring 
 population will not be healed by the hand of time, — time will 
 only render them the more maUgnant. There is no self-contained 
 power of recovery in the case ; and if it exists now, each succeed- 
 ing day weakens its force and abates its energy. The cure, if 
 cure is to come, must come from without. We see, therefore, 
 no hope of the condition of our labouring poor being ameliorated 
 in this direction, if to the poor the task of improvement is left. 
 We write strongly on this matter; for we feel most thoroughly 
 convinced that the question is one which has a close and im- 
 portant bearing upon the future of our social life. 
 
 CHAPTEB FIFTH. 
 
 THE STABLE, COW-HOUSE, AND DAIRY. 
 
 42. Stables. — The floor of the stable is the first point to be 
 considered; and here, at the outset, it is necessary to say, that it 
 is a disputed point amongst farming authorities, whether the 
 floor of a stall should be level or inclined. A slight inclination 
 
FLOOR OF STABLES. 65 
 
 of three inches in the whole of the length of the stall — 9 feet 
 — ^is recommended ; hut it is worthy of rememhrance, as well 
 pointed out hy that shrewd authority in farming matters Mr. 
 Henry Stephens, that when horses have a freedom of choice, 
 they invariahly prefer to stand upon level ground. The follow- 
 ing are the remarks of the above authority upon this point : — 
 
 " Some veterinary writers say that the position of the feet of 
 the horses imposed hy the rise, does not throw an injurious 
 strain on the back tendons of the hind legs. This may be, but 
 it cannot be denied that in this position the toes are raised 
 above the heels much higher than on level ground. I admit, 
 that a rise of 3 inches is necessary in stalls in which geldings 
 stand, as they eject their water pretty far on the litter, but in 
 the case of mares, so great a rise is unnecessary. It is indisput- 
 able that a horse always prefers to stand on level ground, when 
 he is free to choose the ground for himself, and much more 
 ought he to have level ground to stand on in a stable, which is 
 his place of rest. It is no argument in this case to call for in- 
 stances in which the horse has been lamed by standing in a stall 
 having a great declivity ; for the question is, not whether or not 
 the horse can be rendered lame, in any degree, or in any way, 
 but how to afford the greatest ease and even comfort to the work- 
 horse while in the stable." 
 
 43. The desiderata in the floor of a stable are hardness and 
 roughness of surface, the former to resist the action of the horses' 
 feet, the latter to prevent their slipping; to these must be added 
 a capability to resist the absorption of the urine. An excellent 
 floor can be made of bricks set on edge, and if of unequal width, 
 the narrowest should be placed between two of the broadest ones 
 
 thus, afibrding foot-holding for the horses. The desiderata for 
 a stable floor are well met in Musgrove's Stable Flooring bricks, 
 as illustrated in fig. 32, Chapter Sixth. An excellent form of 
 stable floor is that introduced by Mr. Forbes, and manufactured 
 by Clayton of the Altas Works, London. They serve the pur- 
 pose of drainage bricks. The gutter of a stable is placed im- 
 
66 
 
 FEEDING PASSAGE TO STABLE. 
 
 mediately behind the stall -post ; it should be smooth in its upper 
 surface, and should have a gentle fall to the outside of the wall, 
 where it should communicate with the drain leading to the liquid 
 manure tank. This old-fashioned form of open gutter is fast 
 becoming disused, and is being rapidly replaced by the closed 
 gutter or drain tube; the liquid reaching the interior of the 
 drain tube through gratings placed at intervals in the open gutter 
 running along the foot of stalls. These gratings, in the best con- 
 structions, are trapped, which prevents the issue of bad smells 
 from the drains to the interior of the stables. 
 
 44. The stalls are generally placed in stables so that the 
 heads are right against the back wall. There is no doubt that 
 this plan is not so beneficial as where a feeding passage is 
 placed, running along the heads of stalls, as in the following 
 type diagram: 
 
 Back wall. 
 
 Feeding passage. 
 
 Stalls. 
 
 Stalls. 
 
 Gutter. 
 Dunging passage. 
 
 Front wall. 
 
 On this point of having a feeding passage at the head of the 
 stall, Mr. J. L Morton has the following remarks : — 
 
 " Hitherto it has usually been the practice of architects to 
 place the stalls against a dead wall; and, accordingly, the ani- 
 mals, in breathing, are compelled to reinhale the corrupted air 
 which, on leaving the animal, is obstructed by the walL In the 
 injurious effects which result from the ammonia of the manure 
 
FITTINGS OF STALLS OF STABLES. 67 
 
 coming into contact with the lime of the building and affecting 
 the eyes of the horses, we see another objection to this mode of 
 placing the stalls. A wall at a little distance from the horse's 
 head, especially if it happens to be an outside one, must, by its 
 condensation of foul vapours, and the obstruction of circulation, 
 greatly add to the impurity of the whole interior. ... It 
 is generally admitted, that cattle stalls arranged with a central 
 feeding passage are preferable to those having a wall in front of 
 them. It has been alleged, no doubt, that in cases where cattle 
 in two ranges are placed head to head, with only a five feet 
 passage between them, there is some risk, in the event of con- 
 tagious disease breaking out, of its being rapidly communicated 
 from one animal to another, in the act of expiration. Where 
 the ventilation is very defective, the fouled air from the lungs 
 of the animals facing each other will fill the whole open space 
 in front ; but if an infectious disease once gets into a byre, it 
 will soon pervade every part of it, whatever way the cattle stalls 
 may be arranged. If cow stalls having a front feeding passage 
 are found of advantage in facilitating labour, in supplying the 
 animals with food, and, in some degree, promoting ventUation, 
 the same arrangement ought surely to be adopted in stables, 
 where these advantages are of still greater importance." 
 
 45. The stalls are divided from one another by what are 
 called travises — evidently a corruption of the word traverse — the 
 travises are made up of boards running horizontally, and tongued 
 and grooved; they are supported by the " head-post " placed 18 
 inches from the wall or against the wall The head-post is 
 made up of two battens, 4 inches by 2^ inches; these battens 
 bold the ends of the travis boards between them. The upper 
 ends of the " head-posts " are secured to the joists of the roof or 
 truss of the stable ; while the lower end is morticed into holes 
 made in the stone rest, which should run from head to foot of 
 the stall. On the upper side of this rest a groove should be cut 
 to admit of the lower board of the travis being placed in it. 
 This is a much better plan than to place the lower board of 
 the travis immediately in contact with the floor of the stall ex- 
 posed to all the wet of the litter. The end of this stone-rest 
 nearest the gutter is provided with a hole, into which the lower 
 end of the " heel-post " is fixed ; the upper end of which is 
 
68 FITTINGS OF STALLS OF STABLES. 
 
 secured to a beam running along the whole length of the stable. 
 The heel-post should be made cir-cular, say 5 or 6 inches in dia- 
 meter; if rectangular, the corners should be rounded off to pre- 
 vent accidents to the horses. All angles should, indeed, he 
 rounded off, and "hull-nosed" hrichs used at the jamhs of all 
 doors opening into stock houses. The thickness of the travis 
 boards should be 1^ or 2 inches; the height at the end nearest 
 the " head-post" 7 feet, and at " heel-post " 5 feet 6 inches. The 
 upper edge of travis is usually curved in outline, and finished off 
 either with an oak rail, or with a strip of iron with rounded 
 edges. In cases where a feeding passage is placed at the heads 
 of the stalls (see last diagram); the "head-posts" are placed at 
 intervals, corresponding to the width of the stalls, as at a a. The 
 space between these posts at head of stalls should be made up of 
 boards to a height of five feet to keep undue draughts from the 
 horse's head ; and to admit of a sliding door being made, through 
 which the hay and food are passed to the racks and mangers. 
 In fig. 33, Chapter Sixth, we illustrate the method of combining 
 iron and wood in the construction of stable travises, as introduced 
 by Messrs. Musgrove and Brothers, Ann Street Iron Works, 
 Belfast; and in fig. 34, another form in which is adapted a 
 barrier sheath. In this is placed a rod which can be pulled out 
 on either travis, forming a very readily made " loose-box." 
 
 4 6. The position of the hay rack is one of the disputed points of 
 stable architecture ; some advocating the high position for it, so that 
 the horse in eating will have to raise its head in order to pull 
 out the hay ; others advocating the low position as the best. A 
 due consideration of the natural features connected with the horse 
 while feeding, will, we think, result in showing the great advan- 
 tages of the low position of the rack. 
 
 On this question of high and low racks, Mr. Stephejshas the 
 following:— '■*^BSiK--x' 
 
 " The prevaiUng opinion may be learned from the general 
 practice, which is to place them as high as the horse's head, be- 
 cause, it is alleged, the horse is thereby obliged to hold up his 
 head, and he cannot then breathe upon his food. Many better 
 reasons, as I conceive, may be adduced for placing the racks 
 low down. A workhorse does not require to hold up his head 
 at any time, and much less in the stable, where he should 
 
FITTIKGS OF STALLS OF STABLES. 69 
 
 rest as much as he can. A low rack permits the head and 
 neck, in the act of eating, to be held in the usual position. He 
 is not so liable to put the hay among his feet, from a low as 
 from a high rack. His breath cannot contaminate his food so 
 much in a low as in a high rack, inasmuch as the breath natu- 
 rally ascends, and as breathing is employed by the horse in 
 choosing his food by the sense of smell, he chooses his food from 
 a low rack ; whereas he is first obliged to pull it out of the high 
 one, before he knows he is to like what he pulls. He is less 
 fatigued eating out of a low rack than from a high rack, every 
 mouthful having to be pulled out of the latter, Irom its sloping 
 position, by the side of the mouth turned upwards. For this 
 reason, mown grass is much more easily eaten out of a low than 
 a high rack ; and lastly, I have heard of pease falling out of the 
 straw, when pulled out of a high rack, into an ear of a horse, 
 and therein setting up a serious degree of inflammation." 
 
 47. Fig. 36, Chapter Sixth, shows the mode of fitting up a 
 small court with a rack and manger, as introduced by the Messrs. 
 Musgrove. The same principle of arrangement is also applicable 
 to stable stalls. From the open hay-rack, as in tig. 35, Chapter 
 Sixth, the horse, while eating, is apt to pull out much of the loose 
 hay, and scatter it abroad, and waste it in his stall Various forms 
 of fittings have been introduced to prevent this being done. In 
 £ruce's stable fittings, as manufactjired by Messrs. Bansomes and 
 Sons of Ipswich, a self-acting hay-rack is introduced. This con- 
 sists of a rack ir the corner of the stall, made up of vertical bars, 
 with a horizontally barred top. The hay is kept continually 
 pressed up against this barred top so tightly, that the horse can- 
 not puU out any as loose stuff; and this by the following simple 
 means, — ^the hay rests upon a moveable platform, which slides 
 up and down within the rack, and is kept acted upon by weights 
 which are connected to the ends of chains, which pass over pul- 
 leys, and are fixed to the platform on which the hay rests. In 
 fig. 36, Chapter Sixth, we illustrate in section, Messrs. Mus- 
 grove's sliding hay-rack, which, in a simple manner, secures the 
 hay firmly against the sides of the rack. 
 
 48. In the old-fashioned mode of fitting up stables, the manger 
 is placed immediately under the hay-rack ; and to a ring fixed in 
 front and in the centre of manger the " horse-tie " is attached. 
 
70 VENTILATION OF STABLES. 
 
 The rope or halter from the horse's neck passes through this ring, 
 and is provided at its lower end with a weight. The object of 
 this weight is to keep the rope taut, and out of the way of the 
 horse ; if loose, the prohability is, that his fore-feet would get 
 entangled in it, and serious accidents ensue. In Fig. 37, Chapter 
 Sixth, we illustrate Musgrove's horse-tie, in which an india-rubber 
 ring is attached to the upper end of balance-weight, by which the 
 noise is deadened as the horse puUs the weight up against the 
 bottom of the bucket. 
 
 49. Ventilation is of the utmost importance in a stable j of 
 the practical details required to ensure this desideratum, the 
 reader will find ample description in Essay Fifth — " Working 
 Drawings in Architecture and Building." A. FuUarton & Co. — 
 which takes up the whole subject. The following from an 
 agricultural journal will, however, be useful on this subject: — 
 " Until within the last quarter of a century it was considered ab- 
 solutely necessary by farmers to have the stable as completely shut 
 up and warm as possible, neither access nor egress being allowed 
 for air, the bottom of the door even had to be packed with straw ; 
 and what with narrow stables, contracted stalls, and low ceilings 
 filled with hay or straw, a horse had barely a chance to live instead 
 of thrive. It is observable that old stables of farm steadings gen- 
 erally are only about 1 6 feet wide, with stalls from 5 to 5^ feet 
 wide, and the ceiUng in many cases not more than 8 feet high, as a 
 hay loft above was reckoned indispensable for comfort to the horse 
 and readiness for supply. The space, therefore, allotted to each 
 animal did not exceed 700 cubit feet, and if 600 feet be the small~ 
 est quantity requisite to keep a man healthy, how is it possible, 
 a horse which breathes double that quantity could remain in 
 health with only 700 feet of space allotted to him? it could only 
 be to his superior strength. However, it is gratifying to know 
 that scientific and practical men are now exposing this fatal mis- 
 take, and that horses are beginning to get a purer atmosphere to 
 breathe when resting and feeding, though many farmers are still 
 of opinion that it is dangerous having holes in a stable for giving 
 horses cold. Having some experience in the erection of farm stables, 
 it may not be unworthy of notice to state the simple mode used for 
 ventilating. The stable is either 19 or 20 feet wide according to 
 the size of horses used on the farm; walls 10 feet high; no loft 
 
VENTILATION AND LIGHTING OF STABLES. 71 
 
 allowed, but open to the ridge ; stalls never less than 6 feet wide, so 
 that each horse has 1,600 cubic feet of air at least, and when the 
 stable is 20 feet wide, 1,680. One window is allowed for every 
 3 horses, the under third of window being fitted with lufl'er- 
 boards; horizontal ventilators 2 feet by 2 inches, slanting up- 
 wards towards the inside, are formed in the back wall every 1 2 
 feet, about 8 feet from the ground, and placed opposite each 
 alternate travise, thus dividing the opening and giving each 
 horse 1 2 inches. Zinc ventilators, 9 inches square, are placed in 
 the ridge every 12 feet, and exactly between the ventilators in 
 the wall, so causing the current of air to take an oblique direction, 
 and thus make a circulation through the entire upper part of the 
 stable where the respired air rises to. It wiU be observed, that 
 by this mode, a thorough and simple system of ventilation is 
 effected ; the air passing through the luffer-boards carries off the 
 efQuvia from behind the horses, without allowing it to commix 
 with the pure air, which comes in by the horizontal openings, 
 and these openings being placed near the horses' heads, supply 
 a continued stream of fresh air from without, at the same time 
 conducting the breathed air through the zinc ventilators. The 
 stables ventilated in this manner have given entire satisfaction, 
 and lessened disease amongst the horses to a very great 
 extent." 
 
 50. Of all the modes yet introduced for lighting stables, that 
 invented by the Messrs. Musgrove of Belfast, to whom we are 
 indebted for illustration of so many admirable fittings of stock 
 houses, is by far the simplest and the safest; we illustrate the 
 mode in fig. 38, Chapter Sixth ; a hollow rod is made to run from 
 one end of the stable to the other ; and in the lower side of this 
 a slit is made ; a catch slides along this, and is connected by 
 means of an elastic balance with the stable lamp, as shown. 
 The lamp can instantly be moved from one part of the stable 
 to another, 
 
 61. Dimensions of Stable Fittings of Timber. — Where hay- 
 racks and mangers are made of timber — is cases where there 
 is plenty of home timber obtainable — the following notes of 
 dimensions will be useful: — The distance of bottom rail of 
 hay-rack from wall 6 infthes; scantling of rail, 4 inches by 3 
 inches; the scantling of top rail is the same, and its distance 
 
72 STABLE FITTINGS. 
 
 from the wall 2 feet; this will give a slope of the front bare 
 of tlie rack of 1 8 inches. The front bars should be circular — 
 they are however generally made flat, and fitted easily into the up- 
 per and lower rails. The dlDiensions of manger are as follows : — 
 15 inches wide at top, 9 at bottom, and 10 inches deep; made of 
 1^ inch stufi'j'and usually stretching from side to side of stall 
 The dimensions of stall have not yet been alluded to ; but in 
 arranging these regard should be had more to the care and com- 
 fort of the animal than to the economization of space, — a point 
 of comparatively little importance in country districts, where 
 ground space is easily obtained. The dimensions, therefore, we 
 would recommend, are, width of stall, inside measurement^ six 
 feet ; length of stall from front of fittings, hay-rack, manger, &c., 
 to front of the heel post, 9 feet. The other dimensions of stable 
 and stable-fittings are: total width of stable 18 feet maximum, 
 17 feet minimum; height from floor to ceiling 10 to 11 feet; 
 window width 3 feet 6, height 4 feet 6 inches ; width of door, 4 
 feet 6 inches; height, 7 feet 6 inches, with bull-nosed jambs. 
 The dimensions of a loose-box, 12 feet by 18 feet. 
 
 52. General Remarks on Stables. — The following remarks from 
 an article on " Stables and Horses," in the ' Builder,' reviewing Mr^ 
 Haycock's excellent work — (The Gentleman's Stable Manual, 
 or a Treatise on the Construction of the Stable, by W. Haycock, 
 M.RC. V.S. Eoutledge, Warne, and Eoutledge : London,) will be 
 useful here : — " A stable, to be well placed, should be built upon 
 rising ground ; with the front to the south, and the inmates facing 
 the north. If possible, have the heads of the horses due north. 
 Have the windows a good size, both in width and height. Many, 
 not aware of the great importance of light, and its influence upon 
 the health of animals, have their stables nearly dark. This is a 
 great mistake ; for light is as essential to the continued health 
 and vigour of animals as it is to vegetation. On this account a 
 north aspect for the stable should be avoided if it be possible. 
 The number of windows necessary will, of course, depend upon 
 the size of the stable : as a general rule, however, there should 
 be one good-sized window for every three stalls. Again, the 
 stable should not be closely surrounded with large trees : they 
 impede the hght and the air, and in addition they afibrd shelter 
 to flies and annoying insects, and also, by their foliage, they 
 
GENERAL REMARKS ON STABLES. 73 
 
 attract much moisture, wldcli constantly tends to keep the build- 
 ing and the surrounding air damp and unhealthy. 
 
 " As to the height and width of the stable within, 1 1 feet of 
 height is quite sufficient. A greater height is objectionable on 
 account of the chilliness it might occasion ; while, if lower to any 
 considerable extent, it would be dark, and perhaps might prove 
 unhealthy. In mdth (or from front wall to back wall), it should 
 not be less than 22 feet. Many speak of 18 feet as being suffi- 
 cient, but experience shows that 18 feet is too narrow. 
 
 " He would have the doorways 7 feet high, and about 4 feet 
 6 inches in width. The doors should either be made to slide, or 
 — what perhaps is better — should be made in two halves, and 
 the hinges fixed on the outside ; that is, if it be not within the 
 control of tlie Metropolitan Building Act. The doors of all 
 loose boxes should be suspended so as to open on the outside. 
 
 " The door jambs should be rounded at the edges, to prevent 
 a horse, when going into the stable, or when coming out, from 
 injuring the hips, should he make a rush, or become alarmed 
 during the act. 
 
 " Stalls, where space of ground will allow, should be 6 feet in 
 width ; but certainly not less than 5 feet 8 or 9 inches. As to 
 height, 7 feet 6 inches, at the highest part, is abundantly suffi- 
 cient for the largest-sized horse, and about 6 feet at the low- 
 est end. 
 
 " A common practice with many is to have the stall-post to 
 proceed from the ground up to the ceiling. This is objectionable 
 on two grounds : it looks ugly ; and a large-sized horse, placed 
 in the stall, and made to turn quickly round, would be very 
 liable to strike his head against it, and possibly damage an eye, 
 or knock out a tooth. 
 
 " The stall pai-titions should consist of boards 4 or 5 inches in 
 width, and about 2^ inches thick. They should not be tongued 
 and grooved, but simply fitted close and compact to one another. 
 The length of the stall partitions, from the back of the manger 
 to where the boards join the stall-post (that is to say, the length 
 of the stalls from the hay-rack to the heel-post behind), should 
 be 9 feet. 
 
 " Our author inclines to the old arrangement of hay-rack and 
 manger, with some alterations, and does not recommend a water- 
 
74 GENERAL EEMARKS ON STABLES. 
 
 trough. On these points, in a letter to us commenting on one 
 of his reviewers, he says, — 
 
 " ' Water-troughs, filled with water close to horses' heads, are 
 a great nuisance, and I never recommend them. Hay-seeds and 
 straws of hay fall into them, and the horses are always slobbering 
 in the water, and in a very short time the fluid becomes so dis- 
 gusting that the horses will not look at it. It is a very nice 
 thing in idea to always let your horse have water beside him, 
 but I never knew any one who allowed such things to remain in 
 his stable more than twelve months. Fault has been found with 
 nie by one reviewer for recommending the old style of rack and 
 manger. He says that the low racks are better, and horses do 
 not waste near so much hay as with the old racks. Now, T will 
 tell you why I recommend the old form of hay-rack. I have 
 had several cases where horses have been severely injured in 
 consequence of their getting their fore feet fast in the low rack : 
 in one case a horse, that cost the owner £100, was so lamed and 
 the ligaments of the fetlock joint were so much torn and lacer- 
 ated, that the animal was never worth £10 afterwards. For 
 these reasons (and I think they are good ones) I recommend the 
 old form of hay -rack.' 
 
 " Mr. Haycock wisely dwells at some length on the necessity 
 for a regular and copious supply of pure air in stables, and re- 
 commends the following mode of ventilating amongst others : — 
 
 " ' Make an opening ten inches square through the wall in 
 front of the heads of the inmates. Make it behind the wood- 
 work dividing the hay-racks from one another, or immediately 
 behind where the divisions of the stalls commence. One open- 
 ing in the position named, and of the size specified, wiU be suffi- 
 cient to afford air for a single horse. To modify the current, and 
 prevent the entrance of foreign bodies from without, place 
 an iron grate against the outside of the opening. Where it is 
 impracticable to cut through in the manner directed, the difficulty 
 may be obviated by carrying tubes made of iron or wood through 
 the roof, taking care to cover the upper opening of the tube with 
 perforated caps. A corresponding number of openings of the 
 same size are next to be made through the wall behind the horses. 
 These openings must be cut within a few inches of the ground, 
 and protected by grates fixed on the outside, as directed above. 
 
GENERAL REMARKS ON STABLES. 75 
 
 Each opening must terminate in a square tube, placed within the 
 stable. Each tube must be five feet high, having an upright 
 position, and secured to the wall by means of holdfasts. They 
 should be five or six inches square, having three sides of wood, 
 the fourth being formed by the wall against which they are fixed. 
 On the top of every tube, fix a thick plate of zinc, well perforated 
 with small holes.' 
 
 " Mr. Haycock says there is no surer indication, in a general 
 way, of a badly ventilated stable than the fact that in it ' scar- 
 latina readily supervenes upon catarrh.' He speaks of this, 
 doubtless correctly, as a common occurrence ; scarlatina following 
 catarrh because of the want of sanitary arrangements in the stable ! 
 Some of our medical friends will try to make us believe that 
 some other horse sufifering with scarlatina must have communi- 
 cated it. We should have been glad to find our author pro- 
 nouncing positively against the use of living-rooms over the 
 stables. Experience has shown ns that it is most hurtful to the 
 occupants. He contents himself with pointing out that care 
 should be taken in such cases to provide an entrance to the rooms 
 quite separate from the stable, and that the floor should be double. 
 We have ourselves a very strong adverse opinion on the arrange- 
 ment." 
 
 53. Gow-Houses. — Many of the points connected with the 
 fittings of stables, just discussed, are obviously applicable to cow- 
 houses. It should be noted, however, that the part of the 
 stall from the front of the manger to the heel part of travis 
 must be comparatively soft; to prevent the knees of the cows 
 being hurt when rising up or lying down. This part, therefore, 
 may be boarded and covered, if deemed desirable, with kamptuli- 
 con, or with cocoa matting; or it may be made with earth 
 well beaten down. The width of the stall for a single cow should 
 not be less than 4 feet 6 inches, but five feet if possible — for 
 two cows 9 feet. We would, however, never recommend stalls 
 for two cows to be adopted. A study of the habits of the animal 
 will show that the best way by far is to give a stall to each cow ; 
 and let this stall be roomy enough ; it is a great mistake to cramp 
 animals up in a small confined space. The divisions or travises 
 between the stalls are generally made of stone, as shown in the 
 building to the right hand of the drawing in Plate of Cow-House, 
 
76 FITTINGS OF COW-HOUSES. 
 
 at the end of this work ; the length being usually 6 feet, and 
 height 3 feet. The best way of arranging the stalls of a cow- 
 house is by giving a feeding passage at the head. Stalls are often 
 placed foot to foot, with the dunging passage and gutters behind. 
 An excellent arrangement of a cow-house, as fitted up by Messrs. 
 Musgrove on the Ulster Model Farm, is illustrated in fig. 39, 
 Chapter Sixth. The mangers run from end to end of the stalls ; 
 and the supply of water is secured by a pipe and tap ; a brass 
 plug is fitted to one of the mangers nearest the drain. The feed- 
 ing passages are provided with rails on which the trucks run. 
 "Ventilation is secured by openings in the walls, and by swing 
 sky-lights in the roof, as shown. In figs. 40 and 41, Chapter 
 Sixth, we illustrate other modes of fitting up cow-'houses intro- 
 duced by the Messrs. Musgrove. In fig. 40 the stalls are pro- 
 vided with mangers only ; each stall being for two cows ; dwarf 
 partitions are made, dividing the length of manger into two 
 parts ; while head-plates, as shown in the stall to the right, 
 may separate the stall from the feeding passage. In fig. 
 41 racks are provided; which have this advantage, that the 
 hay or grass is kept separate from the turnips or meat in the 
 manger, and does not become heated or breathed upon by the 
 cattle, which is often the case when the fodder and roots are all 
 given to the cattle in the manger. Wood travises or divisions 
 are thought more highly of by some authorities as affording a 
 material freer from damp, and more comfortable to the animaL 
 
 54. The following dimensions will be useful for those who con- 
 template fitting up the staUs of home-grown or other timber, in 
 place of purchasing the stall fittings, such as we have already 
 illustrated. A stone curb, six inches deep, should run from end 
 to end of stall ; provided at the upper and lower ends with mor- 
 tice holes into which the head and heel posts are fixed. The di- 
 mensions of these posts are — ^height 4 feet 6 inches or 5 feet — 
 scantling 4 inches by 3 inches. The boards to be of 1^ inch 
 plank, tongued and grooved, or dowelled and cramped ; and the 
 ends let into grooves made in the inner face of head and heel 
 posts, and the lower board into a groove made in the face of 
 stone curb. The manger should rest upon a stone or brick base 
 18 inches high. The dimensions of the manger, length 3 feet, 
 or stretching from side to side of stall ; depth 1 2 inches ; width 
 
FITTINGS OF THE COW AND CALF HOUSE. 77 
 
 at top 15, and at bottom 10 inches; made of inch and half 
 stuff. Each stall should he supplied with a water-trough; this 
 may be made either of cast-iron, slate, or stone ; and each should 
 have a brass plug by which the water can be withdrawn from 
 tKe troiigh at pleasure ; and an overflow pipe by which the waste 
 can be allowed to pass into the drain. A constant supply of 
 water to the trough is advocated by the highest authorities as 
 being the best for the animal ; as it can thus drink when nature 
 prompts it. 
 
 55. The cows are secured to the stalls in a variety of 
 ways. An excellent plan is illustrated in iigs. 39, 40, and 41, 
 Chapter Sixth, in which a slot or vertical opening is made near 
 the head of the stall ; in the centre of which is fixed a rod which 
 passes through the ring to which the chain is attached. Another 
 method, where the travis boards are of wood, is to make a rod of 
 iron with pointed ends, turned in at right angles to the length, 
 the ends being driven into the travis boards near the head of 
 stall, the ring being previously passed up the rod. The rod 
 being thus free from the face of the travis boards, allows of 
 ample space for the up and down movement of the ring and 
 chain as the animal moves. 
 
 66. The Calf- House. — The position of this should be such as 
 to secure ample light and fresh air, and a space before the door 
 to admit of a small court-yard being enclosed. The house is 
 usually fitted up with a series of small enclosures, some four feet 
 six inches square ; the divisions between each being made by 
 light frames or hurdles, the frame to the front being hinged so 
 as to open outwards like a door. The following type diagram 
 shows an arrangement of call-house and court-yard, a a court- 
 yard, entrance to which is at 6; c c shelter shed; d entrance to 
 calf-house ; e e calf pens ; // dunging passage ; g h doors : — 
 
 67. Tlie Piggery. — The usual form of pig-styes is well known. 
 The inner or shelter shed being 6 feet long by 4 feet wide ; the 
 court or yard being 7 feet by 4 feet or thereabouts. The court 
 is fitted up with a manger or feeding trough, and provided with 
 a door. The arrangement in fig. 42, Chapter Sixth, is admirably 
 adapted for piggeries. 
 
78 
 
 THE PIGGERY AND DAIRY. 
 
 e 
 
 Plan of Calf-house and Court-yavd. 
 
 58. The Dairy. — ^This, in many farm-steadings, forms part 
 of the farm-house ; in others it is an isolated building, or made 
 
 I d 
 
 Ground Plan of Dairy. 
 
ASPECT OF DAIRY, &c. 
 
 79 
 
 Upper Plan of Daily. 
 
 to form part of the steading. " The apartments required in it," 
 as we have elsewhere stated, "are — 1. milking-room ; 2. churn- 
 iug-room ; 3. cheese-making room ; 4. a wash or boiling room, 
 where water may be boiled, and the utensils of the dairy washed ; 
 5. a cheese-drying and storage room. 
 
 " The aspect of the dairy should be north ; but if this cannot 
 be accomplished, due east must be obtained — a southern aspect 
 is totally inadmissible. In the diagram above we give the plan of 
 the dairy part of a farm house ; a a the kitchen, with door leading 
 into boiling and wash house b; c churning-room ; d milk-room, 
 with external door e; in the upper plan — a the position of stairs 
 leading from boiling room below ; b the cheese-making room ; e 
 a lift in the corner, by which to bring up material from the milk- 
 room below ; d the cheese-storing room. 
 
 " If a convenient locality can be obtained at once near the 
 farm-house and the cow-house, and yet completely away from all 
 noxious smells, &c., of the farm-yard, where an isolated dairy 
 can be erected, more satisfaction will be secured. It is unneces- 
 sary to give a plan showing an arrangement of this isolated 
 dairy; the requisite apartments being secured in it, they will 
 best be arranged by the architect according to his notions of con- 
 venience of working, or of those of his client. 
 
 " The floor of the milk-room, and the benches on which the 
 milk-cans are placed, should be of slate — every pains being taken 
 to secure coolness, and, at the same time, freedom from damp. 
 Ventilation should be carefully attended to, many of the contriv- 
 ances specially described in former papers, being obviously ap- 
 plicable to this apartment. All breaks, as in cornices, skirtings, 
 &e., should be avoided, as these only afford spaces on which dust 
 
80 
 
 BUILDING CONTRIVANCES. 
 
 lodges ; all the internal fittings should be flush vrith the walls, 
 and the corners of the room and the junction with the ceiling 
 should not be at right angles, but made with curves. The win- 
 dows, if possible, should be double, the outer one being made 
 with perforated zinc, the inner glazed as usual, and double hung 
 with puUies and sash lights. 
 
 " The churning-room and cheese-making room should also be 
 fitted up in the same way, and the floor of the washing-house 
 should dish from all sides to the centre, to permit all slops, &c., 
 to drain rapidly away. Ventilation should be ample to carry 
 rapidly off, and preventing their finding access to the other 
 rooms, all steam and vapour. A small open shed should be pro- 
 vided near the door of the wash-house, under the roof of which 
 the utensils can be placed to dry and get the air." 
 
 CHAPTER SIXTH. 
 
 ILLUSTEATIONS OF BUILDING CONTRIVANCES USEFUL IN THE CONSTRUCTION 
 OF HOUSES AND THEIR OUTBUILDINGS. 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 Diagram showing the Site Drainage of a Detached Villa. (See par. 5, 
 p. 18.J 
 
BUILDING CONTKIVANCES— DHAINAGE OF SITE. 
 
 81 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 Diagram showing the Site Drainage of Two Semi-detached Villas. (See 
 par. 5.) 
 
 Fig. 3. 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 ^1 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 Diagram ilhistratiiig tlie Site Drainage of a row of Six Semi-detached 
 Villas. (See par. 5.) 
 
 Fig. 6. 
 
 Fig. 4. 
 
 •^1 
 
 
 Broken stone filled drain for 
 drainage of sites ; a stone filling; 
 6 gravel and soil; c upper filling. 
 
 Open .surface drain for fiekls for sites. 
 
82 
 
 BUILDING CONTRIVANCES— DKAINS. 
 Fig. 6. rig. 7. 
 
 Flat stone drain for drainage 
 of site, filled up with stone, 
 gravel, and soil. 
 
 a 
 
 stone filled drain for drainage 
 of site, with flat stones at bottom, 
 and broken .stones, gravel and soil. 
 
 Fig. 8. 
 
 Fig. 9. 
 
 Triangular-shaped drain for 
 drainage of site; formed of flat 
 stones, with gravel and soil 
 filling up. 
 
 Tile (a) and sole (i) drain for 
 site drainage. 
 
BUILDING CONTRIVANCES— DRAINS— FOUNDATIONS. S3 
 Fig. 10. Fig. 11. 
 
 
 Separate view of tilo a a, and Tubular drain tile lor site 
 
 solo bb in fig. 9. drainage. 
 
 Fi". 11 II. 
 
 (See par. 5, p. 21.) 
 
84 BUILDING CONTRIVANCES— FLOOR TILES. 
 
 Fig. 11-b. 
 
 1 
 
 ^TAYLORfS'PATENT^ 
 FACED -CONCRETE -WALLS 
 
 Fig. 11-c. 
 
BUILDING CONTRIVANCES— SEWAGE DRAINS. 85 
 
 Fis. 12. 
 
 Impcvnieablc Drain Tube for House Sewage (see par. 7, p. 27.) having 
 Socket. » 
 
 Fig. 13. 
 B 
 
 Do., with Rebated Socket. 
 
86 BUILDING CONTRIVANCES— DEAIN TUBES AND SADDLES. 
 
 -a 
 ail 
 
 
 o 
 
BUILDING CONTRIVANCES— TRAPS, 
 Fifi. 15. 
 
 87 
 
 Lovcgrove's Trap; aa body of Trap; b lower water valve; cd air passage 
 and valve. (See par. 9, p. 30.) 
 
 Fig. 16. 
 
 db 
 
 Ml 
 
 Charcoal Ventilation for Drain (from the 'Builder'); a a drain; J 6 tuhe 
 leading air to the ventilator c c, containing shelves d d, supporting the 
 charcoal, ee cap to do.; /gully cesspool; g giilly grating; h street paving. 
 (See par. 9, p. 30.) 
 
88 
 
 BUILDING CONTRIVANCES— WATER CLOSETS. 
 
 Fig. 17. 
 
 Water Closet Pan Basin; a pipe leading to drain ; b body of seat; c water 
 trap; cf rf level of water ; e division ;/ pipe leading foul air to chimney of 
 house. (See par. 20, p. 42.) 
 
 Fig. 18. 
 
 I'-ipr. 19. 
 
 V. 
 
 y 
 
 I 
 
 / 
 
 Ventilating Chimnoy tube (see par. 6, 
 p. 26.) a d d the smoke flue ; 6 b e e the 
 ventilating flue in plan ; / Hue ; g venti- 
 lating do. in elevation ; h aperture near 
 the cornice of room to admit fold air to 
 the flue g. 
 
 Brydon's Ventilator for 
 Chimney flues, a a chimnoy 
 breast ; b b metal ventilator 
 with solid centre piece c; bb 
 ringperforatedwith holes. The 
 down draught in chimney sends 
 the smoke against the part c, 
 which prevents it from enter- 
 ing the room. 
 
BUILDING CONTRIVANCES— VENTILATION. 
 Fig. 20. 
 
 89 
 
 Walker's Ventilating Flue and Sinoko Flue Combined. 
 Eig. 21. 
 d 
 
 Stack of six Flues 
 Fig. 22. 
 
 Arnott's Ventilating flap-valve for chimney. In place of liaving a simple 
 opening 6 into the flue of the fireplace a a, a. flap of silk g is placed in the 
 opening/. This is the arrangement used for cottages. For superior roon\s 
 the valve is of metal, and nicely balanced. 
 
90 BUILDING CONTRIVANCES— VENTILATION. 
 
 Fig. 23. 
 
 Plan of ventilating a room from the centre of ceiling, a a the chimney ; 
 ft ft ceiling; c c tnbe above do.; d deflecting plate, .shown in larger scale 
 below. 
 
 Fig. 24. 
 
 f^ 
 
 Cooke's Window Ventilator, in which a diaphragm of flexible material 
 closes or expands as the sash is raised or lowered. 
 
BUILDING CONTKIVANCES— VENTILATION. 91 
 
 Fig. 2.=;. 
 
 0© 
 
 Sections of Moor's Ventilation Tiibe.s divided liy plates, one of the divi- 
 sions sowing to supply fresh, the other towithdraw fonl air. 
 
 Fig. 26 
 
 Section of M'Kinncl's Ventilator, a a ceiling line ; I b cxtonial tube 
 supplying fresh air; cc internal tube taking away the foul; d a valve. 
 
92 
 
 BUILDING CONTRIVANCES— VENTILATION. 
 
 Fig. 27. 
 
 <- 
 
 Section of M'Kiiinel's Ventilating System. The fresh air is supplied by 
 the channel a a, and the foul withdrawn by channel d d. 
 
BUILDING CONTKIVANCES— heating; . 
 Fig. 28. 
 
 93 
 
 Section of Pierce's Ventilating Grate. The fresh nir is led by the channel 
 a a, behind the fire-lnmij b b, at back of grate ; and, when warmed, passed 
 oif to the room by the channel a,s shown. 
 
 Fig. 29. 
 
 15[ 
 
 A^ 
 
 rnffi 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 '] 
 
 
 e 
 
 
 <v. 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Diagram illustrating Low Pressure Hot Water Apparatus, a boiler in the 
 lowest ajmrtmoit ; b ascending or flow pipe ; c c upper part of do. heating 
 room in ujiper floor, and led into the lower part of the open cistern d. As 
 the water cools it flows down the return pipe e e back to the boiler ; and 
 thus a constant circulation is kept up in the pipes. 
 
94 
 
 BUILDING CONTRIVANCES— HEATING. 
 
 Fig. 30. 
 
 \ 
 
 ,cl 
 
 Section illustrating High Pres.suie Hot Water Warming Apparatus. The 
 boiler is made up of a coil of pipes a; ib the flow or ascending pipe; b' a 
 coil of pipes — which are covered with an ornamental case with perforated 
 sides — to lieat the rooms in which tliey are placed. The pipe b terminates 
 in an expansion tube c, from which the cooled water returns to the boiler a, 
 by the pipe d d. 
 
BUILDING CONTRIVANCES-HEATING. 
 
 95 
 
 Fig. 31. 
 
 Section of Hot Water Stove heated by Gasi a a the gas-jet ; d d iutoiiial 
 dome — tlie heated air passes up the tubes e e to the space //, and is led olV 
 by the chimney g. The wliolc heating surfaces are surrounded by water ; 
 h h space for expansion. This stove, in addition to warming a hall, may be 
 used to supply heating tubes in adjoining apartments ; in this case flow 
 and return pipes will be necessary — as i the flow;^' the return pipe. A 
 section of the gas pipe is shown at a, and the di.sposition of the jots or 
 pipe a aaXbh and c. 
 
06 BUILDING CONTKIVANCES— COOKING RANGES. 
 
 Fig. 3] -a. 
 
 Oottngc Coolfiiig Kange. 
 Fig. 31-b. 
 
 Miisgiove's Cooking Range. 
 
BUILDING CONTRIVAITCES-STABLE FITTINGS. 97 
 
 Fig. 32. 
 
 Brick for Paving StaWes, (See par. 43, p. 65.) 
 
 Fig. 33. 
 
 Musgrove's Stall Division or Travis of Wood and Cast-iron. (See par. 45.) 
 
98 BUILDING CONTRIVANCES— STABLE FITTINGS. 
 
 Fig. 34, 
 
 llusgiove's Iron and AVood Stall Division witli Patent Barrier. (See 
 par. 45.) 
 
 Fig. 35. 
 
 Musgrovo's Hack and Manger. (See par. 47.) 
 
BUILDING CONTRIVANCES— STABLE FITTINGS. 
 
 99 
 
 Fig. 36. 
 
 Fig. 37. 
 
 Musgiovc's Sliding 
 Hay - Guard. (See 
 par. 47). 
 
 Musgrove's Horso-Tie. (Hco 
 par. 47). 
 
 Fig. 38. 
 
 £LASTIC m BALANCE 
 
 5Iiis''rove's Lantoru Slide lor Stables. (See par. 50.) 
 
100 BUILDING CONTRIVANCES-COW-HOUSE FITTINGS. 
 
 Kg. 39. 
 
 Intcviov View of Cow House witli double range of Stalls, erected at the 
 Ulster Alodel Farm ; erected by Musgrovo Brothers of Belfast, 
 
BUILDING CONTRIVANCES— OOW-HOUSE FITTINGS. 101 
 
 bo 
 
102 BUILDING CONTRIVANCES— COW-HOUSE FITTINGS. 
 
 to 
 
 s 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 fu 
 
BUILDING CONTRIVANCES— PIGGERY FITTINGS. 103 
 
 li ll.ill m il Hi iiWI 
 
 Ep 
 
104 BUILDING CONTRIVANCES— CIRCULAR PIG TROUGH. 
 
 Fig. 43. 
 
 Emisomc's Circular Pig Trough. 
 
BUILDING CONVENIENCES— CATTLE FOOD APPAEATUS. 105 
 
106 BUILDING CONVENIENCES -GAS APPARATUS. 
 
 Poi+er's Orniimental Gas-niotcr. 
 
BUILDING CONVENIENCES— VENTILATING GEATK. 107 
 
 Fig. 47. 
 
 
 Front View of Mr. Taylor's Sruoke-eoiisumiug and Ventilating Grate. 
 
108 BUILDING CONVENIENCES— VENTILATING GRATE. 
 
 Fig. 48. 
 
 Section of Mr. Taylor's Smoke-oonsnining and Ventilating Grate with 
 Front View removed. 
 
DIVISION SECOND. 
 
 EXAltFLES AND ANALYSES OF FLANS OF HOITSES, FROM THE 
 COTTAQE TO THE MANSION. 
 
 CHAPTER FIRST. 
 
 COTTAGES — HURAL AND SUBURBAN. 
 
 1. We begin* by giving the simplest possible arrangement of 
 a cottage, the single-roomed one — a type, we regret to say, of that 
 form too often met with in many districts. In the plan in fig. 
 1 the door enters at once from the outer air, so that the cottage 
 in winter weather will invariably be cold and comfortless. An 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 'c/ 
 
 Fire. 
 
 Living-room. 
 
 vi Door. 
 
 Plan of Single-roomed Cottiige. 
 
 * In all the type or diagrammatic plans given hereafter, we indicate the 
 position of doors by the letter " d;" that of windows by the letter " tc;" 
 and that of fireplaces either by the letter "/" or the word " Fire.' 
 
110 
 
 COTTAGE WITH PORCH AND CLOSET. 
 
 immenge improvement would be the addition of a porch, as 
 shown in fig. 2, the door entering this being at the aide, not at 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 // 
 
 
 Bed. 
 
 
 Fue. 
 
 Living-room. 
 
 d 
 
 10 
 
 d ,^ 
 
 i S 
 
 ;3 
 
 
 
 
 Cottage in Fig. 1 with Porch and Closet. 
 
 the end opposite to the internal door. This side arrangement of 
 the door is one of those little things often overlooked in house 
 planning, but which, nevertheless, is just the thing which makes 
 all the difference between comfort secured and comfort missed. 
 By putting the door at the side, the wind never can blow directly 
 into the cottage by the intei-im- door. Another advantage ob-' 
 tained by having a porch is a space for a small cupboard or closet, 
 as shown in fig. 2. We may derive a few lessons, as to the effect 
 of placing of doors and windows in various positions, by further 
 studying even such a simple plan as that in fig. 1. The position 
 of the window w, with reference to the fire, is the worst possible 
 so far as convenience for cooking, &c., is concerned, inasmuch as the 
 party at the fire will always obscure the light from the fire ; but 
 by placing the window — or a second window — in the position 
 
ALTERNATIVE PLANS OF COTTAGE. 
 
 Ill 
 
 shown in fig. 1 at w', we bring about a very different arrange- 
 ment. Another advantage will be obtained by changing the 
 position of the window from w to w, namely, the power of placing 
 the bed in tae centre of the wall opposite the fireplace, or giving 
 space there for a second or children's bed, while the large bed could 
 be placed in the centre of the wall opposite the door. In many 
 bed-rooms in large houses, for instance, the arrangement is as fol- 
 lows : — where d in fig. 3 indicates the position of door entering 
 
 Fig. 3. 
 
 10' 
 
 to2 
 
 u> 
 
 f 
 
 toS 
 
 Bed. 
 
 d 
 
 Landing. 
 
 from the landing, /that of the fireplace, and w w the two windows. 
 Now, this arrangement, while it gives a pleasant, well-lighted room, 
 obviously restricts the position in which the bed can be placed to 
 the one as shown. Now, every housewife knows the value of being 
 able to arrange the bed in a bed-room in more than one position, 
 let us suppose that we do away with the windows w vf, and still 
 giving two windows to the room, place them at ?c 2 wZ. We 
 can now have three positions in which the bed can be placed, one 
 as shown in fig. 3, which is the worst, as the direct draught of the 
 wind passing through the door will blow upon it. The second 
 position will be at w, and the third at w between the two win- 
 dows. But another arrangement is still possible ; if we move 
 the fireplace from its position in fig. 3 and place it at w between 
 the two windows w 2 and w 3, we then have an exceedingly 
 pleasant position for it ; as, however, we sit at the fireplace, we 
 
112 
 
 COTTAGE WITH SCULLEEY. 
 
 shall always have a pleasant light, and by putting the hed in 
 the position at / we have plenty of space in the room, and at the 
 same time place it out of the reach of the draught between door 
 and window, and this is an immense advantage in a bed-roont, 
 for in cases of sickness, by opening the window or windows, a 
 thorough draught can be established through the room without 
 being felt by the patient in the bed placed at / Eeturning now 
 to the plan of cottage in fig. 1, we notice that by placing, as 
 suggested, the window at w, we throw it and the door so near 
 that we cut up very much the space between them useful for 
 placing furniture, &c. ; this disadvantage will at once be obviated 
 by placing the door at d ' 
 
 2. In fig. 4 we illustrate a mode of giving extra accommoda- 
 
 Fig. i. 
 
 Plan of Fig. 1 with Scnlleiy attached. 
 
ALTERNATIVE PLAN OF COTTAGE. 
 
 113 
 
 tion to the cottage in fig. 1 by building a small offset at the back, 
 Affording room for a scuUery. By doubling this we obtain, as in 
 fig. 5, a space for a small bed-closet. Both of these rooms enter 
 
 Fig. 5. 
 
 Scullery. 
 
 Bed-closet. 
 
 Fire. 
 
 Living-room. 
 
 from the living-room. By making the scullery in fig. 5 a bed- 
 room, and adding an offset, as in fig. 6, to the right, we obtain 
 space for a porch, a scullery entering from the porch, a bed-room 
 entering from the living-room, and next the bed-room a pantry or 
 store closet. All these plans in figs. 3, 4, 5, and 6, are improve- 
 ments on the cottage in fig. 1, by simply adding certain offsets 
 to it. 
 
 3. In aU these the great disadvantage is met with of the bed- 
 rooms entering from the living-room, which is an arrangement in 
 all cases to be avoided in planning new cottages. In fig. 7 we 
 give the plan of a single-storied cottage, in which independent 
 entrances are obtained to all the apartments from a central pas- 
 sage or lobby, as shown. In this plan the two fireplaces are 
 
 H 
 
114 
 
 IMPROVED PI^N OF COTTAGE. 
 Fig. 6. 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 Fire. Living-room. 
 
 Plan of Fig. 5 improved with Bed-rooms and Scullery. 
 Fig- 7. 
 
 v) 
 
 d 
 
 Scullery. 
 
 Passage. 
 
 a- 
 
 Pantry. 
 
 Closet. 
 
 d 
 
 / 
 
 Living-room. 
 
 Fire. 
 
 d 
 
 Fire. 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 d 
 
 
 w a 10 
 
 Plan of Single-Storied Cottage. 
 
REMARKS ON COTTAGE ARRANGEMENT. 
 
 116 
 
 pat against the two walls of the passage ; it is questionable, how- 
 ever, whether, in the case of the living-room, the better arrange- 
 ment wonld not be to place the fireplace at f, which would 
 enable a small fire-place to be given to the scullery or wash- 
 housBx In this case a window should be placed at the point ur. 
 In the plan, as arranged in fig. 7, we have shown the entrance to 
 scullery as leading from the passage, and this for the convenience 
 of being able to remove articles from it without passing through 
 the Uving-room. Although this is an advantage, inasmuch as it 
 keeps the living-room as private as possible — a point of no small 
 importance, even to a working man — still, some would prefer the 
 scullery to be entered frvni the living-room. In • place of the 
 window shown at the end of the passage in fig. 7, some would 
 prefer giving a back door ; this, although in many ways conve- 
 nient, will create a strong current through the inside of the house, 
 which, though considered an advantage by some, is not so deemed 
 by others. A fault in the plan in fig. 7 is the absence of a porch ; 
 this addition is shown to the left of fig. 8, with the extra accom- 
 
 Fig. 8. 
 
 .a 
 
 Red-closet. 
 
 Porch. ^ 
 
 
 Additions to Plan in Fig. 7. 
 
 modation of a meat closet. The sleeping accommodation in fig. 
 7 being also very limited, a bed-closet may be added in an offset 
 made at the back, and which will be entered from the end of 
 lobby, as shown to the right of fig. 8. Further additional accom- 
 modation in bed-room space will be obtained by extending the 
 house towards the back, and giving two bed-rooms, as shown in fig. 
 9. The closet accommodation in this house (fig. 9) is ample ; and. 
 
116 
 
 SINGLE-STOBIED COTTAGE. 
 Fig. 9. 
 
 I 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 Scullery. 
 
 Living-room. Fire. 
 
 I / 
 
 Closet. ^ 
 
 Closet, j Bed-room. 
 
 d 
 
 I" 
 
 Id Pantry. 
 
 Closet. 
 ~d~ 
 
 Fire. Bed-room. 
 
 Porch. 
 
 Plan in fig. 7 with additional accommodation. 
 Fig. 11. 
 
 Fire 
 
 Improved Plan of Fig. 1. 
 
SINGLE-STORIED COTTAGE. 
 
 117 
 
 indeed, tlie plan, as a whole, may be taken as a fair example of 
 a convenient way of filling in a square enclosed space. 
 
 4. In fig. 1 1 we show another mode of improving the plain 
 one-roomed cottage in fig. 1 hy the simple addition of a wide 
 passage at one end, giving space for a porch, a scullery (or bed- 
 closet), and a pantry or store. The window (w) will, however, 
 be blocked up, necessitating its removal to either the point w' or 
 w'. Fig. 12 shows how to this house extra accommodation can 
 be given. 
 
 5. In fig. 12 we give the plan of a single-storied cottage 
 
 Fig. 12. 
 
 
 w 
 
 Scullery. 
 
 d 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 Fire. 
 
 Fire. 
 
 Living-room 
 w 
 
 
 Passage. 
 
 
 Pantry. 
 d 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 Porch. 
 
 
 Plan of Single-storied Cottage. 
 
 of an irregular form or outline. But in this the great fault is 
 the position of the rooms with reference to the entrance porch, 
 necessitating every one to pass through the living room on going 
 to or leaving the other apartments. This can be overcome by 
 the arrangement shown in fig. 1 3, changing the porch in fig. 12 
 into a store-closet, and making the pantry and passage in fig. 1 2 
 so that the space will be partly the porch and partly filled up 
 
118 
 
 ALTERNATIVE PLAN OF COTTAGE. 
 Fig 13. 
 
 d 
 
 Pantry. 
 
 Pantry. 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 Entran 
 
 ce. 
 
 i 
 
 
 Store. 
 
 
 Fig. 14. 
 
 Bed-closet. 
 
 Scullery. 
 
 I 31 
 
 Living-room. 
 
 I 31 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 Porch. 
 
 Plan of Single-atoried Cottage. 
 
ALTERNATIVE PLAN OF COTTAGE. 
 
 119 
 
 with a pantry ; distinct entrances can thus be obtained to the 
 scullery, bed-room, and living-room. Fig. 14 shows stUl another 
 arrangement by which the one-roomed house in fig. 1 may be 
 converted into a very convenient house ; the objection, however, 
 still adheres to this plan in part which belonged to others we 
 have given, the bed-closet being entered from the bed room, and 
 all exit from and entrance to the scullery obtained only from the 
 living-room ; these defects can be obviated by the simple plan of 
 taking off a naiTOw passage from the bed-room, as shown in fig. 
 15, d being the door to bed-room, d' to scullery, and d" to the 
 
 Fig. 15. 
 
 
 Pantry. 
 
 
 <r 
 
 £ 
 
 
 
 
 <*■ 
 
 
 re 
 
 
 Pore) 
 
 tl. 
 
 
 bed-closet. A capital pantry may be obtained at the end of the 
 passage, as shown in fig. 15. 
 
 6. We now give a variety of plans of cottages culled from va- 
 rious sources, to which the reader should apply the principles of 
 criticism, which we have above endeavoured to elucidate. 
 
120 
 
 PRIZE PLANS OF TWO-STORIED COTTAGE. 
 
 In Fig. 1 6 we give, to the left, haK ground plan, and to the 
 right, half chamher plan, of a pair of semi-detached cottages de- 
 
 Fig. 16. 
 
 w w 
 
 
 r 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 
 g" 
 
 d 
 d ■; Stair. 
 
 : .9 
 : "2 
 
 Stair. ; J 
 
 4 d 
 liiving-room. 
 
 Scullery. 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 (») 
 
 Bed-room. 
 (*) 
 
 
 ., 
 
 w 
 
 
 r.round-floor Plan (half). Bed-room Plan (half). 
 
 Fig. 17. 
 
 
 Privy. 
 
 i d 
 Yard. 
 
 d d 
 
 
 Privy. 
 
 
 
 Wood-house. 
 
 Wood-house. 
 
 
 w 
 
 Wash-house. 
 i 
 
 Wash-house. 
 
 d 
 
 w 
 
 
 f 
 Living-room. 
 
 
 
 / 
 Living-room. 
 
 
 
 Stair. 
 
 Stair. 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 Porch. 
 
 Porch. 
 
 
 
 
 IB 
 
 d d 
 Ground Plan. 
 
THE BEDFORD COTTAGES. 
 
 121 
 
 signed by Mr. Goddard, architect, of Lincoln, and to wliich the 
 prize of the Eoyal Agricultural Society of England was awarded. 
 The dimensions of the apartments named are as follows : — Porch, 
 5 feet by 3 feet 3 inches; living-room, 11 by 13 feet; pantry, 
 5 by 4 feet ; scullery, 8 feet 6 by 7 feet; bed-room (a), 8 feet 6 
 by 7; do. (b), 11 feet by 10; (c), 11 feet by 7 feet 6 inches. 
 
 In Fig. 17 we give ground plan, and in Fig. 18 chamber plan, 
 of the celebrated cottages erected on the estate of the late Duke 
 of Bedford, than whom no one has done so much towards im- 
 proving the condition of the agricultural labourer, in so far at 
 
 
 Fig. 
 
 18. 
 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 Stair. 
 
 Stair. 
 
 
 
 Bed- room Plan, 
 rig. 19. 
 
 u) d 
 
 Wash-house. 
 
 Stair. 
 
 o 
 
 stair. 
 
 Bed- 
 room. 
 
 stair. 
 
 Bed- 
 room. 
 (*) 
 
 Kitchen. 
 
 Kitchen. 
 
 Bed- 
 room. 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 w w 
 
 Ground Flan (half). 
 
 w w 
 
 Bed-room Flan (half). 
 
122 
 
 THE BEDFORD COTTAGES. 
 
 least as bis house accommodation is concerned. The dimensions 
 are as follows: — Living-room, 11 feet square; wash-house, 10 
 feet by 6 feet ; wood-bouse, ditto. 
 
 In fig. 1 9 we give half ground and chamber plan of another ar- 
 rangement of the " Bedford Cottages," in which four cottages are 
 placed together, two of these having three, and two having two 
 bed-rooms. The kitchen is 11 feet square ; the wash-houses, in 
 the end bouses, are each 15 feet 1 inch by 12 feet; in the cen- 
 tral houses, 1 2 feet by 8 feet 6 inches. The two end houses are 
 entered by porches. In the ground plan the letters c c indicate the 
 position of wash-boiler or copper. Bed-room (a), 1 1 feet square ; 
 do. (6), 9 feet 6 inches by 7 feet 6 inches ; do. (c), 1 2 feet by 7 
 feet 6 inches ; do. (e), 1 1 feet square ; do. (/), 1 2 feet by 8 feet 
 6 inches. 
 
 In Fig. 20 we give ground plan, and in Fig. 21 part chamber 
 plan, of another arrangement of the " Bedford Cottages," showing 
 three cottages together, two of which have tliree bed-rooms, and 
 one of which has two bed-rooms. The kitchens are each 10 feet 
 by 1 1 feet, and the wash-houses 15 by 11 feet. 
 
 Fig. 20. 
 
 / 
 
 Wash-house. 
 
 
 / 
 Wash-house. 
 
 d 
 
 ': Stairs. 
 
 Stairs. : 
 
 d 
 
 Kitchen. 
 / 
 
 
 Closet. 
 
 Wash- 
 douse. 
 
 / 
 
 Kitchen. 
 / 
 
 Kitcher 
 / 
 
 . 
 
 Stairs. 
 
 Porch. 
 
 w 
 
 w 
 
 G 
 
 round Plan. 
 
 w 
 
 w 
 
 In Fig. 22 we give half ground and half chamber plan of the 
 cottages (semi-detached), designed by Mr. Hine, of Nottingham, 
 and for which the prize of the Society of Arts was awarded. In 
 the scullery a denotes the position of fire-place, h that of the 
 wash-copper, and c that of the oven. 
 
THE BEDFORD COTTAGES. 
 Fig. 21. 
 
 123 
 
 Bed -closet. 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 Stairs. 
 
 Part of Chamber Plan. 
 Fig. 22. 
 
 
 
 ,c 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 a 
 
 Scullery. 
 b 
 
 w 
 
 w 
 
 Bed- 
 closet 
 
 Larder. 
 
 Stairs. 
 
 Stove. 
 
 Stairs. 
 
 
 
 Closet. 
 
 Books. 
 
 
 Porch. 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 
 
 / Living-room. 
 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 Half Chamber Plan. 
 
 Half Ground Plan. 
 
124 
 
 SOCIETY OF ARTS PRIZE COTTAGES. 
 
 In Fig. 23 we give the ground plan of semi-detached cottages, 
 Fig. 23. 
 
 w 
 
 d 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 w 
 
 ScnUery. 
 
 d 
 
 1 
 
 J 
 
 Scullery. 
 d 
 
 Living-room. 
 
 
 
 Living-room. 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 Porch. 
 
 Porch. 
 
 w 
 
 d 
 
 Ground Plan. 
 Fig. 24. 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 f 
 
 Sculleiy. 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 Pant 
 
 Ty. 
 
 V) 
 
 d 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 d 
 Living-room. 
 
 1 
 
 d 
 
 Bed -closet. 
 to 
 
 
 Porch. 
 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 Chamber Flan. 
 
 Ground Plan. 
 
PRIZE PLANS OF COTTAGES. 
 
 126 
 
 designed by Mr. MchoUs, and to -whicli also a, prize was awarded 
 by the Society of Arts. In the chamber plan the space occu- 
 pied by the pantry and scuUeiy in the ground plan is divided 
 into two, so as to obtain two bed-rooms. 
 
 In Fig. 24 we give half ground and chamber plans of the 
 plan which obtained the prize of the Bath and West of England 
 Society. 
 
 In Fig. 25 we give half ground and chamber plan of the cot- 
 
 Fig. 25. 
 
 w d w 
 
 Pantry. 
 
 Stairs. 
 
 Porch. 
 
 Wajsh-house. Bedroom. Bed-room. 
 
 Living-room. 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 Stairs 
 
 and 
 
 Landing. 
 
 d «■ 
 
 Half Ground Plan. 
 
 W li 
 
 Half Chamber Plan. 
 
 tage designed by Mr. Isaac, of Bath, and which is published in 
 the prize essay of the Journal of the above-named Society. 
 
 In Fig. 26 we illustrate the plan of cottage (semi-detached) 
 designed by Mr. Strickland, and which enjoys a high reputation 
 amongst authorities on the subject, as combining in a marked de- 
 gree the advantages of economical construction with compactness 
 of arrangement. 
 
126 
 
 SCOTTISH ASSOCIATION COTTAGES. 
 
 In Eig. 27 we give the plan of a one-storied single cottage, 
 recommended by the Scottish Association for the Improvement 
 of the condition of the Agricultural Labourer : and in Fig. 28 
 
 Fig. 26. 
 
 Pantry. 
 
 f 
 Scullery. 
 
 Bed-Toom. 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 : Stairs. 
 
 Stairs. ; 
 
 
 : Poruh. 
 
 d 
 
 Living-room. 
 
 / 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 
 Half Ground Plan. Half Chamber Plan. 
 
 Fig. -27. 
 
 / 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 1 
 
 t 
 
 d " 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 Bed-room. 
 / 
 
 (2 
 
 Living-room. 
 
 w 
 
 d 
 
 
 w 
 
SCOTTISH ASSOCIATION COTTAGES. 
 
 127 
 
 ground plan of pair of cottages, with attics, plan of which is 
 given in Fig. 29. 
 
 w Fig. 28. 
 
 
 Scullery. 
 d 
 
 "Pantry. 
 d 
 
 w 
 
 w 
 
 Pantry. 
 d 
 
 Scullery. 
 d 
 
 
 
 Living-room. 
 / 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 For. 
 
 Stairs. 
 
 Stairs. For. 
 
 1 
 
 
 d d 
 
 Ground Plan. 
 
 Fig. 29. 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 / 
 
 Bed -closet. 
 
 Bed-closet. 
 
 Bed-room. 
 / 
 
 Stairs. 
 
 Stairs. 
 
 
 Closet. 
 
 
 
 Closet. 
 
 Attic Plan. 
 
128 
 
 PLANS OF COTTAGES. 
 
 In Fig. 30 we give a sketcli plan of a one-storied cottage 
 erected at Saughton Mains, near Edinburgh, by Mr. Dickson. 
 
 Fig. 30. 
 
 Plan of Single-storied Cottage Semi-detached. 
 Fig. .31. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Coal-cellar. 
 
 
 Ash-pit. 
 
 
 
 Privy. 
 
 
 Coal-cellar. 
 
 d 
 
 Privy. 
 
 
 Ash-pit; 
 
 
 
 
 
 Outbuildings for Cottage in fig. 30. 
 
PLAKS OF COTTAGES. 
 
 129 
 
 w Bed-room. 
 
 Fig. 32. 
 
 Coals. 
 
 Scullery. w 
 
 Living-room. u 
 
 Porch. d w. c. 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 Plan of Single-storied Cottage. 
 
130 
 
 PLANS OF COTTAGES. 
 
 Fig. 33. 
 w 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 Linen 
 closet. 
 
 Food store. 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 Wash-house or 
 
 Scullery. f" 
 
 Living-room. 
 
 w d w 
 
 Bed-room. w 
 
 Plan of One-storied Cottage. 
 
 Fig. 34. 
 w d 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 d 
 
 J 
 
 Parlour / 
 (B. R. over). 
 
 d 
 
 i 
 
 J 
 
 Parlour / 
 (B. K. over). 
 
 Stairs. 
 
 d 
 
 Stair.s. 
 d 
 
 Kitchen / 
 (B. K. over). 
 
 d w 
 
 Kitchen / 
 (B. E. over). 
 
 d w 
 
 Ground Plan of Leeds Society Cottages. 
 
PLAN OF COTTAGE. 
 
 13] 
 
 Fig. 35. 
 
 
 - 
 
 Scullery. 
 
 
 — 
 
 Scullery. 
 
 
 Stairs. 
 
 Co 
 
 Stairs. 
 
 Co 
 
 als. 
 
 Pantry. 
 
 als. 
 
 Pautry. 
 
 Basement Plan of Fig. 34. 
 
132 
 
 STREET HOUSES AND RESIDENCES. 
 
 CHAPTER SECOND. 
 
 STREET-HOUSES AND KBSrDENCE.<i. 
 Fig. 36. 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 Lavatory, 
 
 Butler's 
 d room. 
 
 
 
 
 i> Servants' 
 
 ! Stairs. 
 d i 
 
 
 w 
 
 d 
 
 w w 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 i 
 
 ' 1 
 
 1 
 
 E 
 
 f Ante-room. 
 
 (5 i 
 
 S 
 c 
 
 Library / 
 or 
 
 f Ante-room. 
 
 il 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Billiard-room. 
 
 
 I 1 
 J 
 
 1 
 d 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 Folding-door. 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 Folding-door. 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 Closet. 
 
 
 
 / Dining- 
 room. 
 
 * 
 Hall. 
 
 1 
 
 
 Dining- 
 / room. 
 
 Hall. 
 
 Breakfast- 
 room. / 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 Porch 
 
 
 Porch. 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 v> 
 
 
 Semi-detached Street Residence — Ground Plan of one and part plan of 
 another. 
 
SEMI-DETACHED STREET I^ESIDENCES. 
 
 133 
 
 Fig. 37. 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 
 Larder. 
 
 Housekeepers 
 Room. 
 
 
 
 Larder. 
 
 
 w 
 
 d 
 
 Space for 
 
 Sei-vants' 
 
 Stairs. 
 
 w 
 
 w 
 
 
 d 
 
 Wash-House 
 / or 
 Scullery. 
 
 a, 
 
 Servants" , 
 Room. ■' 
 
 Wash House. 
 
 1 
 
 
 d 
 
 d 
 d 
 
 
 
 d 
 d 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 f kitchen. 
 
 Beer. 
 
 Nursery 
 Room. 
 
 / Kitchen. 
 
 Beer. 
 
 
 Basement Plan of Semi-detaclied Residences. Ground Plan in Fig. 36. 
 
:34 
 
 SEMI-DETACHED STREET RESIDENCES. 
 
 Fig. 38. 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 w. c. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and 
 
 Bath-room. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lavatory. 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 
 Servants' 
 
 
 
 
 
 Stair. 
 
 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 d 
 
 
 w 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 
 Space 
 
 
 
 Space 
 
 
 
 
 for 
 
 Bed-room, 
 
 
 or 
 
 
 
 
 Stairs. 
 
 or 
 Retiring-room. 
 
 f 
 
 Stairs. 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 bo 
 
 d 
 
 d 
 
 
 Drawing- 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 I.>andiDg. 
 
 
 room. 
 
 d 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 
 
 First Chamber Floor of Semi-detached Street Residence. Ground Plan 
 in Fig. 36. 
 
SEMI-DETACHED STREET RESIDENCES. 
 
 13S 
 
 Fig. 39. 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 W. C. 
 
 Bed 
 Closet. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Stairs. 
 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 w 
 
 w w 
 
 
 
 Space 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Stair. 
 
 
 
 Stairs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 
 Bed-room. / 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 bb 
 
 
 
 be 
 
 
 d 
 
 ■a 
 
 
 
 ■a 
 
 
 
 § d 
 
 
 d 
 
 § 
 
 
 
 ►J 
 
 
 
 i-j 
 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 d 
 
 Bed-room. / 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 d 
 
 
 / 
 
 Dreasing- 
 Room. 
 
 
 
 Dressing- 
 Room. 
 
 
 Second Chamber Floor of Semi-detached Street Residences. Ground 
 Plan in Fig. 36. 
 
136 STREET HOUSES ADAPTED FOE ROWS. 
 
 Fig. 40. 
 
 
 w 
 
 w 
 
 
 w 
 
 v> 
 
 
 W. C. 
 
 Drawing-room. 
 d 
 
 f 
 
 Drawing-room. 
 
 W. C. 
 
 o 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 i 
 
 Stairs. 
 
 Stairs. 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ji 
 
 
 
 
 
 =3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hall, d 
 
 
 
 
 d Hall. 
 
 £ 
 
 Outer 
 Porch. 
 
 Dining-room. 
 
 f 
 
 Dining-room. 
 
 Outer 
 Porch. 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 Ground Flan of Two Houses of n Row of Street Residences. 
 Fig. 41. 
 
 
 — 
 
 VI 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 Closet. 
 
 
 Scullery. 
 
 f 
 
 
 Scullery. 
 
 
 Closet. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — _ 
 
 Beer. 
 
 
 Kitchen. 
 
 f 
 
 f 
 
 Kitchen. 
 
 
 Beer. 
 
 IV 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 Basement Plan of Two Houses of a Row for Street Residences. Ground 
 Plan in Fig. 40. 
 
STREET HOUSES. 
 
 137 
 
 Fig. 42. 
 
 W. C. 
 
 Bath. 
 
 Bed-room. / 
 
 / Bed-room. 
 
 Bed-room. / 
 
 / Bed-room. 
 
 W. C. 
 
 Landing 
 
 and 
 
 Stairs 
 
 Bath. 
 
 W.C. 
 
 Bath. 
 
 Plan of 1st and 2d Chamber Floors of Two Houses for Street Kesidences. 
 
138 
 
 STREET RESIDENCES. 
 
 Fig. 43. 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 W 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pantry. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Breakfast- 
 
 
 &►; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 room. 
 
 
 5| 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 ca 
 
 
 
 
 \L^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 ■3 
 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 .M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 OT 
 
 
 d 
 
 w. c. 
 
 w 
 
 
 Q> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wine- 
 
 
 
 
 ■s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cellar. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cellar. 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 Coal- 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Passage. 
 
 d 
 
 oellar. 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 d Larder. 
 
 w 
 
 
 t: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 p- 
 
 
 
 
 Cm 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 
 .s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 / 
 
 Kitchen. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 Scullery and / 
 Washing-house. 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 VJ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7~~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 Half of Basement Plan of Semi-detached Town or Street Residences. 
 
STREET RESIDENCES. 
 
 139 
 
 Fig. 44. 
 
 Half Ground Plan of Semi-detached Town or Street Residences. 
 
140 
 
 STREET RESIDENCES. 
 
 !!. 45. 
 
 w w. c. d 
 
 Bath room. 
 
 «) Dressing-room. 
 
 Stairs to 
 Attic. 
 
 Landing. 
 
 / Bed-room. 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 Bed-room. / j 
 
 i 
 
 Half Plan of Chamber Floor of Semi-detached or Town Residences. 
 Ground Plan in fig. 44. 
 
STREET RESIDENCES. 
 
 141 
 
 Fig. 46. 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 w 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Stairs. 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 
 d d 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 d\ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Linen closet. 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 f- 
 
 f 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 
 
 
 & 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 Bed-room. 
 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 Half Attic Plan to Semi-detached Town or Street Residences. 
 
142 
 
 FLAT OR SCOTCH PLAN OF HOUSES. 
 
 Fig. 47. 
 
 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 Vl 
 
 w 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 Bed- 
 
 
 
 . i 
 
 1 
 
 W 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 / 
 
 d 
 
 Kitchen. 
 
 d 
 d 
 
 closet. 
 
 Drawing- 
 room. / 
 
 d 
 
 
 Coals. 
 
 
 Bath. 
 
 
 W. 0. 
 
 Inner Hall. 
 
 
 d Bed-cl. 
 
 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 Lav. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! d d 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 taos 
 1° 
 
 Bed-room. 
 / 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 Lobby. 
 
 Dining-room. 
 
 
 
 
 w i Door 
 
 w 
 
 trom street. 
 
 Ground Plan of Street Houses in Scotch Plan (1st Class). 
 
FLAT OR SCOTCH PLAN OF STEEET HOUSES. 
 
 143 
 
 Fig. 48. 
 
 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 w 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Bed- 
 
 
 
 Kitchen. 
 
 Closet. 
 
 Dining- 
 
 
 Ch 
 
 
 
 Eoom. / 
 
 
 <2 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 (U 
 
 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 d 
 
 w. c. 
 
 d 
 
 
 Lobby. 
 
 Bed- 
 Closet. 
 
 I_ \ d d 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 2E 
 
 
 Store. 
 
 Drawing- 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 room, or 
 
 
 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 
 cit= 
 
 Bed-room. / 
 
 Bed- 
 
 f 
 
 
 1 s 
 
 
 Closet. 
 
 
 
 ^ r^ 
 
 
 
 
 ■t-* 51 
 
 
 
 
 _C 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 w w 
 
 w 
 
 Ground Plan of Street Houses, Scotch Plan (2d Class). 
 
144 FLAT PLAN, OB SCOTCH PLAN OF HOUSES. 
 
 Fig. 49. 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 w 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 Servants' 
 Bed-room. 
 
 Kitchen. 
 
 / 
 
 d 
 
 
 li 
 
 
 Coals, d 
 
 I^bby. 
 
 d 
 
 w 
 
 
 w 
 
 1 
 i Lobby. Bed-closet. 
 
 d 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 street 
 Door. 
 
 1 -^ 
 
 w. c. 
 
 d 
 
 Parlour. / 
 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 ■W WW 
 
 Ground Floor of Street Houses on Scotch Flat Plan (3d Class). 
 
PLAN OF TOWN MANSION. 
 
 14S 
 
 
 2 
 
 "^ 
 
 
 J3 
 O 
 
 S-2 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 "3 o 
 S o 
 
 3 
 
 -Fv- 
 
 0H 
 
 =5 o 
 
 IE 
 
 
 CQ 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 3 ° 
 
 i4 
 
 o 
 H 
 
 I 
 
 'I 
 
 lU 
 
 3 
 p 
 
 .a 
 
 -S E 
 A* 
 
146 VILLA KESIDENCES. 
 
 CHAPTER THIRD. 
 
 VILLA. RESIDENCES. 
 
 7. In fig. 3, Plate IL, we give the plan of a simple cottage villa 
 residence ; the disposition of the apartments of which are indi- 
 cated by the lettering. In analyzing this, it may be remarked, 
 that the position of the stairs in the lobby necessitates the hav- 
 ing one position only for the door to the drawing-roora. This 
 being placed as shown in the drawing, cuts up the space on the 
 only side which can be clear, as to leave very little room for the 
 placing of any piece of furniture, as a pianoforte, &c. It will be 
 observed, for instance, that three sides of the room are so arranged 
 that the wall space is interrupted — first, by the bay window ; 
 second, by the side window ; and third, by the fireplace — so that 
 it would be difficult to find much furniture space on any one of 
 these sides. And from the position of the "set-off" or project- 
 ing part of the wall of the room, the door entering from the 
 lobby is thrown so far from the bay window, and so near to the 
 fireplace, that " the fourth wall is also cut so very much up, that 
 any piece of furniture, as a piano, would be thrown too near the 
 fireplace. By placing the stairs on the right hand in place of 
 the left hand of the lobby, the door could then be made very 
 near the fireplace, so that ample space could be obtained between 
 it and the corner next the bay window for any piece of furniture. 
 This change of position of the stairs would, however, effect a 
 change of disposition of the doors of the apartments in the bed- 
 room plan, which by many would not be deemed advantageous. 
 In Plate III., fig. 2, the bed-room plan is delineated ; but if the 
 stairs were placed as above suggested, the door to the bed-room 
 on the right hand side of the landing could no longer be~ as 
 shown ; and if placed nearer the window of the " bath-room," as 
 thus — 
 
 d 
 
 I 
 
ANALYSIS OF PLANS IN PLATES. 
 
 147 
 
 that convenience will have to be done away with, and the bed-room 
 to the right of the landing will have to be entered thus — 
 
 taking off so much of the space from the back right hand bed- 
 room. These remarks are here offered, as showing what a great 
 change in the disposition of the conveniences of some apartments 
 may be made by a comparatively unimportant change in one 
 apartment or part of a house; and how often true it is, that a 
 choice of evils is only left to the architect, and that without any 
 fault of his. In the plan, fig. 1, Plate IV., an alternative 
 arrangement is shown, by which in the dining-room, or what 
 may be called the drawing-room, one side wall is left completely 
 entire, so that there is ample space for any piece of furniture which 
 it may be considered desirous to place there. The fault of this 
 arrangement is, that we have no longer a scullery as in the plan, 
 fig.. 3, Plate IL; this, however, may be obviated by widening 
 the space backwards, which is given to the apartments marked 
 " pantry " and " coals," in fig. 1, Plate TV., and making the 
 " coal " place into a scullery, entering this from the pantry, which 
 may be made to give space for a door thus — 
 
 Scullery. 
 
 Kiti?hen. 
 
 Pantry 
 - d — 
 d 
 
118 
 
 ANALYSIS OF PLANS IN PLATES. 
 
 Another arrangemeDt is shown in fig. 1, Plate YL, where the 
 scallery enters from the kitchen, and one wall of the drawing- 
 room is left entire. 
 
 8. The arrangement in fig. 2, Plate Y., of the stairs gives a 
 free unencumbered lobby or entrance hall, which some would 
 consider advantageous. It necessitates, however, as wiU be seen 
 on examining the chamber plan in fig. 2, Plate YL, an arrange- 
 ment of the space over the kitchen which does away with the 
 opportunity of having a good-sized bed-room over that apart- 
 ment. It is a question, therefore, whether the more economical 
 arrangement of the space would not be the placing of the stairs 
 in the front lobby, thus — 
 
 Kitchen. 
 
 Pantry. 
 
 Closet. 
 
 i Stairs. 
 
 l>rawing-Toom. 
 
 by which a pantry and closet would be obtained in the space 
 occupied by the stairs in fig. 2, Plate Y., or this space might be 
 given to the kitchen, making it larger. "We should, howevet, 
 recommend the space to be given to a .pantry and closet, as 
 shown above ; as a house can scarcely have too many conveni- 
 ences of this sort ; indeed, the great fault of the plan in fig. 2, 
 Plate Y, is, that it possesses no conveniences of this description. 
 
ANALYSIS OF PLANS IN PLATES. 
 
 149 
 
 The arrangemeut, then, of the stairs, as suggested in the above 
 diagram, necessitates a new arrangement of the bed-room space, 
 as now shown. We here obtain a large bed-room, the same size 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 w. c. 
 
 
 Bath. 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 d 
 
 : d 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Closet. 
 
 
 Closet, i 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 1 
 1 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 as the kitchen below ; and if we consider the W. C. and bath 
 essential, we place them in the small room over the scullery, 
 and arrange them as in the diagram. In the space between the 
 front and back bed-rooms we get two closets, as shown. In 
 fig. 2, Plate VI., a small dressing-room is obtained at the end of 
 the landing over the lobby ; but by having the stairs as in the 
 diagram above, the entrance to the right hand bed-room can no 
 longer be obtained as in fig. 2, Plate VI. ; we have therefore 
 to enter the right hand bed-room by a door opposite to that by 
 which access is obtained to the bed-room over the kitchen. The 
 well-hole of the staircase may be made sufficiently short to ad- 
 mit of the dressing-room being retained, as in fig. 2, Plate VI., 
 and yet give sufficient head-room. 
 
 9. In Plate X. we give the ground plan of a villa, the ar- 
 rangement of which is calculated to secure a fairly convenient 
 residence ; it is, however, we take it, deficient in conveniences, 
 as pantries, and it has also one great defect — it has no water- 
 
ISO 
 
 ANALYSIS OF PLANS IN PLATES. 
 
 closet. For many families the accommodation Tvoald be much 
 more convenient if the arrangement was altered so as to give the 
 conveniences as shown in the following diagram. The bed-room 
 arrangement would still be the same as in Plate XI. 
 
 Kitchen. 
 
 W. C. 
 
 Closet. ! 
 
 Scullery. 
 
 Parlour. 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 Dining-room. 
 
 Drawing-room. 
 
 10. The arrangement of the house in Plate XII. would be 
 greatly improved by placing the stairs in the front lobby or en- 
 trance-hall, and giving the space now occupied by the stairs to 
 a store-closet and pantry, while the corresponding space above 
 would be given to a water-closet, thus — 
 
 W. C. 
 
 The door to the bed-room being moved to the position as shown 
 in the above diagram. . The placing of the stairs in the fiwnt 
 
ANALYSIS OF PLANS IN PLATES. 
 
 161 
 
 lobby as suggested, would, however, lessen the space now given 
 — in the chamber plan, Plate XII. — to the closet ; still, sufficient 
 head-room would be obtained, and the closet retained — though 
 less — by shortening the well-hole of the stair. 
 
 11. In the plan in Plate XIII. it might be advisable, in like 
 manner, as above suggested, to bring the staii-s to the front lobby, 
 thus giving a greater size to the scullery. This would, however. 
 be prejudicial, in so far that the closet arrangement in the cham- 
 ber plan, Plate XIV., woidd be done away with. The following 
 diagram shows an alternative arrangement of the ground plan in 
 Plate XIII. 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 Kitchen. 
 d 
 
 w 
 
 10 
 
 • 
 
 
 Closet. 
 
 d 
 
 W. C. 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 u> Parlour. 
 
 d 
 
 f 
 
 
 Pantry. 
 
 d 
 
 U7 
 
 Breakfast-room. 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 Stairs. 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 Drawiug-roc 
 
 m. 
 
 
 
 Lobby. 
 
 
 / 
 Dining-room. 
 
 The bed-chamber plan an-angement will be the same as in Plate 
 XIV., with the exception as now shown : — 
 
152 
 
 ANALYSIS OF PLANS IN PLATES. 
 
 Bed-rooin. 
 
 Linen-closet. 
 
 Stairs. 
 
 12. In Plate XVII. we give the ground plan of a villa, the 
 accommodation in which, so far as rooms are concerned, is very 
 
 ^1 
 
 II 
 
 5 
 
 w 
 
 d 
 
 Store-closet w 
 
 d 
 
 Kitchen. / 
 
 d 
 
 Scullery. te 
 
 Stairs. 
 
 Pantry. 
 
 Closet. 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 Ilall. 
 d 
 
 Fi 
 Momln 
 
 re. 
 
 I lioom. 
 
 
 a 
 
 U1 
 
ANALYSIS OF PLANS IN PLATES. 
 
 153 
 
 complete ; the fault, however, we have had to find with other 
 plans passed under notice — namely, want of closet conveniences — 
 we have also to find with this, for it will be noticed that there 
 is absolutely nothing of this kind given in the plan as in Plate 
 XVII. Two cupboards may be made at the recesses, on each 
 side of the projecting fire-places, but these can only be made in 
 the morning room and in the kitchen, as they would be out of 
 place in the drawing and dining room. The alternative arrange- 
 ment, as given at the bottom of preceding page, would give space 
 for closet conveniences. In the bed-room plan, the space given 
 to the pantry and closet in the ground plan would give ample 
 space for a lavatory and bath-room. In Plate XVIII. the scullery 
 walls are not brought up to the roof level, but they might be con- 
 tinued up so as to form an excellent bed-room. The only objec- 
 tion to this would be gaining access to it through the bed-room. 
 The foUqwing arrangement would, however, obviate this, and 
 give a separate access to the bed-room over scullery : — 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 Passage. 
 
 d 
 
 Bath-room 
 and Lavatory. 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 13. In Plate XIX. we give the ground plan of a three-floored 
 villa. Another arrangement might be made of this, in which 
 
154 
 
 ANALYSIS OF PLANS IN PLATES. 
 
 t}ie stairs would he placed at the end of the hall, butting against 
 the wall of the scullery ; the space now occupied by the stairs in 
 the offset at the end would then give space for a smoking-room. 
 The door at the end of the dining-room leading firom the kitchen 
 might be done away with, affording space for the side-boaid to be 
 placed in the centre of the end wall, a position which cannot be 
 obtained for it as the room is arranged in Plate XIX. Doubt- 
 less the door now shown is convenient, as giving ready access 
 from the kitchen to the dining-room. The position of the fire- 
 place in the drawing-room might be changed with advantage to 
 the side opposite to that at which it is now placed, thus affording 
 an opportunity of throwing out a side window, or leaving- an 
 unbroken wall for furniture to be placed against. 
 
 1 4. "We are now prepared to offer for the study of the reader 
 a variety of plans suggestive of arrangements for villas of different 
 sizes, and to which he should have no difficulty in applying the 
 analytical principles we have endeavoured to elucidate : — 
 
 Fig. 61. 
 
 
 
 w 
 f Kitchen. 
 
 d 
 
 1 
 
 •^ 
 
 1C 
 
 Breakfast-room. 
 
 lO 
 
 
 "^ d 
 
 Pan. 
 
 
 w 
 
 5 
 
 Conienratory. 
 
 Scullery. 
 
 Stairs. 
 
 
 d 
 
 Dining-room. 
 
 W. C. 
 
 d 
 
 1 
 
 nner 
 
 Hall. 
 
 Ante-room. 
 
 d f 
 
 Drawing-room. 
 
 tr d 
 
 
 Hall. _ 
 
 1 
 
 
 w 
 
 to 
 
 
 Ground Plan of Villa. 
 
EXAMPLES OF VILLA PLANS. 
 
 1S5 
 
 FiR. 52. 
 
 IB W 
 
 V 
 
 w 
 
 VI 
 
 w 
 
 Dairy. 
 d 
 
 ScuUery. 
 d 
 
 
 K Library or 
 Breakfast -room. 
 
 d 
 
 
 d w. C. 
 
 d Kitchen. 
 
 k 
 
 d 
 
 Closet. 
 
 
 Space for 
 stairs. 
 
 
 f 
 
 u> Drawing-room. 
 
 d 
 
 f 
 
 Dining-room. 
 d 
 
 
 Glass door. 
 Hall. 
 
 W 
 
 w 
 
 d w 
 
 
 
 
 IC v> 
 
 Ground Plan of Villa. 
 
166 
 
 EXAMPLES OF VILLA PIANS. 
 Fig. 53. 
 
 Breakfast-room. 
 
 Pantiy. I 
 
 Kitchen. / 
 
 d \_d 
 
 Scullery. 
 
 K w. c. 
 
 d Linen closet. Pantry. 
 
 Dining-room. 
 
 : Stairs. 
 
 / 
 
 Drawing-room, 
 
 Hall. 
 
 d 
 
 Ground Plan of Villa. 
 
 Fig. 54. 
 
 
 f 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 w 
 
 Bed-room. 
 d 
 
 Bath- 
 room. 
 
 d 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 / 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 
 \ 
 w. c. 
 
 
 Passage. 
 
 
 1 
 Closet. 
 
 
 / 
 
 d 
 
 Landing. 
 
 rf 
 
 / ■ 
 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 d 
 
 
 d 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 Dress- Dress- 
 closet, j closet. 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 VI 
 
 Chamber Plan of Villa in fig. 53. 
 
EXAMPLES OF VILLA PLANS. 
 
 167 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 EXAMPLES OF VILLA PLANS. 
 
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EXAMPLES OF VILLA PLANS. 
 
 159 
 
 
 
 
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160 
 
 EXAMPLES OF VILLA PLANS. 
 
 Fig. 58. 
 w w 
 
 Store closet. 
 
 Kitchen. / 
 
 Scullery. 
 
 U) ^* ''• 
 
 Pantiy. 
 
 Ante-Toom. 
 
 w Dining-room. 
 
 Pantry. 
 
 Stairs. 
 
 / 
 
 Drawing-room. 
 
 Hall. \,l 
 
 Ground Plan of Villa. 
 Fig. 59. 
 
 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 Bath-room. 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 Bed-room. / 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 d 
 
 d 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Ijaiidiiig and Passage. 
 
 Closet. 
 
 
 / 
 
 d 
 
 
 d f d 
 
 to 
 
 Bed TOO 
 
 w 
 
 m. 
 
 
 Stairs. 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 
 Dressing-i'oom. 
 d 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chamber Plan of Villa in fig. 58. 
 
EXAMPLES OF VILLA PLANS. 
 
 161 
 
 Fig. 60. 
 
 
 Milk- 
 
 Dairy. 
 
 W 
 
 
 
 room. 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 Scullery. 
 
 Kitchen. 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 d 
 
 v> 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Pan. 
 
 Butler's room. 
 d 
 
 d 
 
 1 Pantry. 
 
 f Dining-room. 
 
 d 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 Store. 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inner Hall. 
 
 Library. 
 
 w 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Drawing-room. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Outer Hall. 
 
 d 
 
 <• 
 Waiting-room. 
 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 d w 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 Ground Plan of Villa. 
 
162 
 
 EXAMPLES OF VILLA P;,ANS. 
 
 Fig. 61. 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 Closet. 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 
 Closet. 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 / 
 
 d 
 
 Linen el 
 
 Chamlwr Plan of Villa in fig. 60. 
 
PLANS OF VILLAS. 
 Fig. «2. 
 
 163 
 
 Tool- 
 House. 
 
 Coals. 
 
 Library or Parlour. 
 
 Butler's pan, 
 d 
 
 Drawing-room. 
 
 Closet. 
 
 ittairs. 
 
 Hall. 
 
 Scullery. 
 
 Kitchen. 
 
 Dining-room. 
 
 Bay window. Bay window. 
 
 Ground Plan of Villa: 
 
 Fig. 63. 
 
 w Bed-room. 
 
 d 
 
 Bath. 
 
 d 
 
 w. c. 
 
 w 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 li 
 
 f 
 
 
 Stairs — light over. 
 
 V) 
 
 Landing. 
 
 d 
 
 
 f d 
 d 
 Bed-room. 
 
 d 
 
 Bed -room. 
 
 to 
 
 
 Drussijig- Dressing- 
 room, room. 
 
 w 
 
 w 
 
 w 
 
 
 Chamber Plan of Villa in fig. 62. 
 
164 
 
 PLANS OF VILLAS. 
 
 Fig. 64. 
 Bav window. 
 
 w 
 f Kitchen. 
 
 d d 
 
 11 
 
 >."3 
 ^£ 
 
 5 2. 
 
 Drawing-room. 
 
 d 
 d 
 
 Ante-room or 
 Library. 
 
 d 
 
 w 
 
 
 Passage. 
 
 .§ Inner 
 1 """• 
 
 Hall. 
 
 f 
 
 Dining-room. 
 d 
 
 
 Scullery 
 
 
 1 d 
 w. c. 
 
 1 
 
 
 w w 
 
 w 
 
 w 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 Ground Plan of Villa. 
 Fig. 65. 
 
 ?r 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 ir 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 d 
 
 Dressing- 
 closet. 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 d 
 
 13ed-rooiu. 
 
 w 
 
 Closet. 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 Passage. 
 
 d 
 
 
 " 
 
 Passage. d 
 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 
 Bed-roon 
 
 Bath. 
 
 E 
 
 S 
 
 tc 
 
 Lai 
 
 iding. 
 
 
 w w 
 
 le 
 
 
 
 ic 
 
 
 
 
 Charaher Plan of Villa in fig. 64. 
 
PLANS OF VILLAS. 
 Fig. 66. 
 
 le.-) 
 
 
 
 
 
 J} 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 Dining-room. / 
 d 
 
 f Kitchen. 
 d 
 
 ScuUei-y. 
 d 
 
 w 
 
 Drawiiig-room. 
 
 Hall. 
 
 Pass, d 
 
 Pantry. 1 Pantry. 
 
 
 Stairs. 
 
 10 w 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 d 
 w 
 
 Porch. 
 
 
 Ground Plan of Villa. 
 
 Fig 67. 
 
 
 w 
 
 Bed-room. . / 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 Bed- 
 
 d 
 
 room. 
 
 
 Bed-room. 
 d 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 
 Passage. 
 
 d 
 
 w. c. 
 
 w 
 
 Landing. 
 
 Stairs. 
 
 w 
 w 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 Bath-room. 
 
 
 Chamber Plan of Villa in fig. 66. 
 
166 
 
 PLANS OF VILLAS. 
 Fig. 6S. 
 
 
 Bay window. 
 
 
 to 
 
 
 Parlour. 
 
 
 Scullery. 
 d _ 
 
 w Drawing-room. / 
 
 d f 
 
 
 d 
 
 % 
 Hall. 
 
 
 Kitchen. / 
 
 d 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 d 
 
 
 K! 
 
 Back door. 
 
 Ground Plan of Small Villa. 
 Fig. «9. 
 
 
 
 
 w 
 Bed-room. 
 
 ■w 
 Bed-room. 
 
 w 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 
 d 
 
 d 
 
 
 I 
 
 w. c. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Landing. ■ 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 w 
 
 u> 
 
 Chamber Pliui of Villa in fig. 68. ' 
 Fig. 70. 
 
 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 Library. 
 d 
 
 
 
 Parlour. 
 
 
 d 
 
 Kitchen. 
 d 
 
 d 
 
 Pan. 
 
 d 
 
 Pantry. 
 
 Scull. 
 
 
 Stairs. 
 
 Hall. 
 
 d 
 d 
 
 Passage. 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 Snug. 
 
 
 
 Alternative Plan of fig. 68. 
 
PLANS OF VILLAS. 
 
 167 
 
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168 
 
 PLANS OF VILLAS. 
 
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PLANS OF VILLAS. 
 
 Fiff. 73 
 
 169 
 
 Id 
 
 Drawing- 
 room. ' 
 
 d 
 d 
 
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 <i' f 
 
 w. c. 
 
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 d Hats. 
 
 w 
 
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 d 
 
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 room. 
 w 
 
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 Ground Plan of Villa. 
 Fig. 74. 
 
 w Bed-room. 
 
 w Bed-room. 
 
 IB Bed-room. 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 d I 
 
 Stairs. 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 03 
 
 tn 
 OS 
 
 Ph 
 
 d Landing. 
 
 Closet. 
 
 Bath- 
 room. 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 Chamber Plan of Villa in Fig. 73. 
 
170 
 
 PLANS OF VILLAS. 
 Fig. 75. 
 
 / Dining-room. 
 
 Drawing-room. / 
 
 Dairy, w 
 
 Lavatory 
 and w. c. 
 
 Entrance 
 HaU. d 
 
 Inner Hall. | 
 ^ ! Stairs. 
 
 Library. / 
 
 Pantry. 
 
 Kitchen. / 
 
 Scullery, w 
 
 Ground Plan of Villa. 
 Fig. 76. 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 w 
 Bed-room. 
 
 d 
 
 Dressing- 
 ^ room. 
 
 Bed-room. 
 d 
 
 
 Linen- 
 closet. 
 
 to 
 
 Servants' B. 
 ^ Closet. 
 
 to 
 
 w.c. ^ 
 
 Passage. 
 
 
 
 
 Landing. 
 
 d Stairs. 
 
 
 d 
 B. Closet or 
 Store-room. 
 
 d 
 
 Servants' B. 
 Room. 
 
 to 
 
 d 
 
 Bath- 
 room. 
 
 
 B 
 
 Bd-room. 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 
 10 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 10 
 
 
 Chamber Plan of Villa in Fig. 75. 
 
PLANS OF VILLAS. 
 
 171 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 .3 
 
THE DESIGN OF THE VILLA. 173 
 
 Space does not permit us to go here into a detailed notice of 
 the principles which dictate architectural design as applied to 
 the various purposes of domestic architecture — but as this work 
 is designed to he as much a resum6 of the opinions of others as 
 of our own ; and as the reader wiU find the subject of design 
 discussed in Essay Second of " "Working Drawings in Architec- 
 ture and Building " — our purpose will be well served if we give 
 here an extract from Mr. Downing's " Country Houses," an 
 American work, which, although designed specially for the in- 
 struction of his countrymen, abounds in much that is of interest 
 and value to all connected with the building arts. He asks : — 
 " And what should the villa be, architecturally ? " And then gives 
 the following able and suggestive answer. " It should, firstly, 
 be the most convenient; secondly, the most truthful or signi- 
 ficant ; and thirdly the most tastefal or beautiful of dwellings. 
 
 " This villa should indeed be a private house, where beauty, taste, 
 and moral culture are at home. In the first outlines of the whole 
 edifice either dignified, graceful, or picturesque, in the spacious 
 or varied verandas, ai^cades, and windows, in the select forms of 
 windows, chimney tops, cornices, the artistic knowledge and feel- 
 ing has full play ; while in the arrangement of spacious apart- 
 ments, especially in the devotion of a part to a library or cabinet 
 sacred to books, and in that elevated order and system of the 
 whole plan, indicative of the inner domestic life, we find the de- 
 velopment of the intellectual and moral nature which characterizes 
 the most cultivated families in their country houses. 
 
 " It is therefore in our villas that we must hope in this country 
 to give the best and most complete manifestation of* domestic 
 architecture. The cottage is too limited in size, the farm house 
 too simply useful in its character, to admit of that indulgence of 
 beauty of form and decoration which belongs properly to the villa. 
 
 " The villa, indeed, may be as simple and chaste as a cottage, 
 and often, with a more satisfactory effect than if inlaid with 
 sculpture ; but its larger size, and the greater means devoted to 
 its creation, will justify an embellishment that would be out of 
 keeping in all respects with the cottage. The greater extent of 
 the villa allows, for example, more intricacy of form and outline, 
 as the greater completeness of the arrangement permits a luxury 
 of space and decoration. 
 
174 THE DESIGN OP THE VILLA. 
 
 " Larger scope as the villa gives foi the architect to indulge his 
 love for the beautiful, there are yet limits beyond which he may 
 not wisely go. He must not, for example, forget that it is do- 
 mestic architecture which occupies him, and therefore that beauty 
 must be united to convenience and . comfort, or at least, must 
 never be opposed to it. Instead of following the example of 
 those who are always striving to make dwellings resemble temples 
 and cathedrals, he will bestow on windows and doors, roofs and 
 chimneys, porches and verandas — those truly domestic features— 
 that loving artistic treatment which alone raises material forms 
 from the useful to the beautiful. 
 
 " Both the architect and the amateur must recollect that propor- 
 tion is the primary law of beauty. It should, therefore, be the first 
 thing in the mere composition of the villa, as it is the universal 
 chord which once struck, -moves all beholders to instinctive ad- 
 miration. .After proportion comes decoration, or the enrichment 
 of beautiful parts and details ; which, however important, is still 
 as much inferior to proportion as the shapes and colours of the 
 clouds are to the grandeur and beauty of the arch form of the 
 heaven in which they float.* 
 
 " And higher and deeper than either proportion or decoration, 
 is that beauty of expression which indicates the spirit that lives 
 within the country house. You may never have investigated it, 
 but you have nevertheless tacitly recognized, that a spirit of 
 frankness or reserve, a spirit of miserly care or kind hospitality, 
 a spirit of meanness or generosity, a spirit of system or disorder, 
 a spirit of peace or discord, may be found in the expression of 
 every house, as well as every face in the country. Whatever 
 gives to the villa its best and truest expression of human sympathy 
 and affection confers on it its highest and most lasting character 
 of beauty. 
 
 " We have said the truest expression, and this leads us to the 
 most difficult question that arises in the mind of the artist in 
 designing villas in this country. To unite the beautil'ul and the 
 true, to make the outward form of all about us express cur best 
 
 * Host especially do we recommend this fact to the notice of proprietors 
 who are novices in architecture. It is an economical fact, as well as a prin- 
 ciple. A perfectly proportioned building, with little or no decoration, oeing 
 far more beautiful and satisfactory than one of equal bulk and cost, Ul-pro- 
 portioned, and with thousands lavished on the embellishment of its details. 
 
THE DESIGN OF THE VILLA. 175 
 
 ideal of life, to mould it ao that it shall evince, not merely the 
 borrowed and accepted forms of the books and schools of art, but 
 the deeper essence of the life, and character, and manners of the 
 people, and even the families that inhabit it — that should be the 
 ambition and the goal of the domestic architect of any country. 
 It is a result which can only be fully reached here, when the 
 habits of the people have firmly crystallized, and when our people 
 themselves understand the true meaning and the true beauty of 
 architecture. 
 
 " The significance or truthfulness of a man's house, especially if 
 that house be a villa, is a matter which he also should well con- 
 sider, for in it lies the whole philosophy of both its beauty and 
 its utility. He may easily build, or cause to be built, a pretty 
 villa, in any one of a dozen styles — convenient and comfortable 
 in its accommodation ; and yet if there is no real fitness in the 
 form and expression of the thing chosen, if it is foreign to the 
 habits, education, tastes, and manners — in short, the Ufe of the 
 proprietor, he will, if he is a simple, unaffected man, sit foolishly 
 in it, as he would in the church or town hall, wearing the court 
 costume of some foreign ambassador. There is, for instance, 
 something wonderfully captivating in the idea of a battlemented 
 castle, even to an apparently modest man, who thus shows to the 
 world his unsuspected view of personal ambition, by trying to 
 make a castle of his country house. But, unless tJiere is some- 
 thing of the castle in the man, it is very likely, if it be like a real 
 castle, to dwarf him to the stature of a mouse* 
 
 " Shall we then have no variety, no latitude in the character 
 and forms of our best country houses ] Must all be bound with 
 the common sense outline of a square or parallelogram t 
 
 " Far from it. • The villa — ^the country house, should, above all 
 things, manifest individuality. It should say something of the 
 character of family within — as much as possible of their life and 
 history, their tastes and associations, should mould and fashion 
 themselves upon its walls. 
 
 • Almost all imitations of castles must, as private dvellings, be petty in 
 this country. There is one lately erected, of grey stone, on the lower part 
 of the Hudson. We had the pleasure of welcoming to the Hudson that 
 accomplished daughter of Sweden, Fredrica Bremer, and as we were sailing 
 past tms spot some one near her remarked — " Do you see a castle !" "Ah ! " 
 she replieo, " but it is a very yowng castle ! " 
 
176 THE DESIGN OF THE VILLA. 
 
 " If we look into all the forms of architecture applicable to do- 
 mestic Ufe, we shall find but two elementary ideas — the rational, 
 logical, sensible idea, bounded by the regular horizontal line of 
 classical architecture, and the more poetic, aspiring, imaginative 
 idea embodied in the upward lines of painted architecture. The 
 man of common sense views only, if he is true to himself, will 
 have nothing to do, in the choice or construction of his country 
 house, with picturesque and inegular outlines. He will natur- 
 ally prefer a symmetrical, regular house, with few angles, but 
 with order, and method, and distinctness stamped upon its un- 
 broken lines of cornice and regular rows of windows. He wiU 
 do nothing without reason ; he will have no caprices, and whims, 
 either in his life or his house. 
 
 " The man of sentiment or feeling will seek for that house in 
 whose aspect there is something to love. It must nestle in, or 
 grow out of, the soil It must not look all new and sunny, but 
 show secluded shadowy corners. There must be nooks about it, 
 where one would love to linger; windows, where one can enjoy 
 the quiet landscape leisurely; cosy rooms, where all domestic 
 fireside joys are invited to dwell It must, in short, have some- 
 thing in its aspect which the heart can fasten upon and become 
 attached to, as naturally as the ivy attaches itself to the antiqne 
 wall, preserving its memories from decay." 
 
 On the subject of decoration of apartments the following from 
 the pages of the ' Atheneum ' will usefully and fittingly conclude 
 this chapter : — " You are going to decorate your drawing-room or 
 dining-room both with furniture and colouring. Before you speak 
 to your upholsterer or house painter, have a perfect understanding 
 and recognition of what is the aspect of the room. Let no cir- 
 cumstances make you regardless of this fundamental consideration. 
 No cost will remedy the forgetfulness. Spend what you will, 
 you will always repent having a cold colour in a room lighted 
 from the north, or a very hot colour in a room lighted from the 
 south. If the view be north, north-east, north-west, or due east, 
 the general tone of colouring should be positively warm. Blues, 
 greens, and all shaded colours which involve any predominant 
 use of blues, must be avoided. There is a drawing-room in the 
 Reform Club, looking north, which may convince any one of "the 
 mistake of forgetting aspect. The walls and curtains are blue : 
 
DECORATION OF APARTMENTS. 177 
 
 •with all its elegance — and its ceiling and cornice are beautiful — 
 the effect of this room .by daylight is always chilly. It would 
 be just the reverse if it looked upon Carlton Gardens. In 
 such aspects the choice should tend to-wairds reds, and all their 
 various combinations with yellow. As the aspect approaches 
 east, and west, so the colour should verge towards yellow rather 
 than red tints. In an eastern aspect, tints of light yellow, lemon 
 colours, &c., are always effective and cheerful If the aspect of 
 the room be south, south-west, or west, and open to the sun, then 
 we may venture on the use of cooler coloiirs, even on positive 
 blue, should our taste lead us in that direction. 
 
 " The supply of light, the size of the room, and its purpose, ap- 
 pear to be the chief circumstances which ought to regulate the 
 strength or depth of the colours to be used. Where the light is 
 strong, unobscured, and plentiful, the tone of the colouring may 
 be full ; on the other hand, where the supply of light is small, 
 the tone of the colouring should be Light. In the houses of the 
 ancients, the strongest and darkest colours, even blacks, as we 
 have already observed, were used on large surfaces when the 
 apartment received a direct and full light from above. Under a 
 strong and abundant light full-toned colours preserve their bright- 
 ness and distinctive character, but when the light is feeble, and 
 the supply of it limited, they become dull and gloomy. Full- 
 toned colours lessen the apparent size of the room ; light colour- 
 ing enlarges it. A little attention to the proportion between the 
 space to be coloured and the depth of the colouring becomes 
 therefore of great importance. If you wish to make your room 
 as large as possible, then exclude dark colouring, not only on the 
 large surfaces, but even in the patterns of the paper hangings, 
 and in the mouldings and ornamental parts. The nature of the 
 use to which the room is applied should also influence the deci- 
 sion as to the tone of colouring. If the room is used mostly by 
 artificial light, which being less pure than daylight, materially 
 modifies the appearance of most colours — much or little accord- 
 ing to their strength — then keep the colouring light. If, on the 
 other hand, it is a room for occupation during daylight, then the 
 tone of colouring must be deep. Bed and green with black, ap- 
 pear dark and grave ; with white they appear gay. We see these 
 efiiects strikingly illustrated in book wrappers." 
 
 H 
 
178 
 
 PLANS OF FAKM HOUSES. 
 
 CHAPTER FOURTH. 
 
 PLANS OF FARM HOUSF.S. 
 
 "We commence with plans showing the arrangement for small 
 farm houses, and finish with those having a large extent of ac 
 commodation. 
 
 Fior. 79 represents a small farm house of one storey with a 
 
 Fig. 79. 
 w 
 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 
 d- 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pantiy. 
 
 Dairy. 
 d 
 
 
 Bed-room. 
 / 
 
 d 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 Closet. 
 
 Closet. 
 1 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 Scullery. 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 d 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 
 R 
 
 Living-room. 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 Entran 
 
 d 
 
 
 square outline. The working rooms of the house are all on one 
 side of the central passage or lobby, and the bed-rooms on the 
 other. On the working side, the scullery is placed next the 
 kitchen or living room, and is entered therefrom by a door ; or a 
 second door may be made leading into the scullery from the 
 passage or lobby. The dairy is at the (north) back of the house, 
 
PLANS OF FARM HOUSES. 
 
 179 
 
 and is separated from the scullery by closets, one of which entei's 
 from the dairy, or may be made to enter from the scullery, if 
 mere convenient ; while the second of those closets enters from 
 the passage leading from the scullery to the dairy. A large 
 pantry (or bed closet) is placed at the end of the lobby, and is 
 lighted by a small window, as indicated by the letter w. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fig. 80. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 v> 
 
 w 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 Dairy. 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 
 f Bed-room. 
 
 
 IB 
 
 
 Scullery. 
 
 
 
 
 (2 
 
 d 
 
 d 
 
 
 d d 
 
 
 
 Pantry. 
 
 Closet. 
 
 
 
 
 Closet. 
 
 Closet. 
 d 
 
 
 
 Living-room 
 
 , 
 
 
 Bed-room, 
 
 
 tc 
 
 
 or 
 Kitchen. 
 
 f 
 d 
 
 1 
 
 / 
 
 or 
 
 Parlour. 
 d 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 In Fig. 80 we give the plan of another form of square one- 
 storeyed house, in which the kitchen, scullery, and dairy are all 
 in direct communication with each other, as in Fig. 79. The 
 bed-rooms in this case are at the back, while the room corre- 
 sponding to the kitchen may either be made a third and principal 
 bed-room or a parlour. A closet enters from the scullery, a pantry 
 froai the kitchen, while the principal and back bed-rooms have 
 each a closet. 
 
 In Fig. 81 the square form is departed from, and projecting 
 parts, or a set off, introduced. It is a one-storeyed house, as 
 FigB. 79 and 80. There is a porch provided, opposite to the en- 
 
180 
 
 PLANS OF FARM HOUSES. 
 
 Fig. 81. 
 
 w 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Closet. 
 
 d 
 
 Closet. 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 d 
 
 — — 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 
 Closet. 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 Dairy. 
 
 d 
 
 1 
 
 Pantry. 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 d 
 
 
 Kitchen. 
 
 
 d 
 
 1 
 
 b 
 
 Porch. 
 
 
 / 
 
 d 
 
 .2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 trance of -which there is a pantry. To the left the kitchen is 
 placed. The dairy enters from the lobhy, at the end of which is 
 
 
 
 Fig. 
 
 82. 
 
 
 
 w w 
 
 
 w 
 
 / 
 
 Office. 
 
 d 
 
 Dairy. 
 d 
 
 d 
 
 Churning Room. 
 
 Scullery. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Back Lobhy. 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 / 
 
 f 
 
 X 
 
 
 Parlour. 
 
 d 
 
 Si 
 
 Kitchen. 
 
 
 w 
 
 d 
 
 
 d w 
 
PLANS OF FAKM HOUSES. 
 
 181 
 
 a closet, lighted with a window, and the door of which is pro- 
 vided with a casement to give light to the lobby. The scullery 
 is placed next the porch, and enters from the kitchen. The two 
 bed-rooms at the end have each a closet. 
 
 Fig. 83. 
 w 
 
 
 
 Cheese-room, 
 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 
 or 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 
 (/ 
 
 Bed-closet. 
 
 
 d 
 
 O 
 
 1 
 ° d 
 
 Landing. 
 
 
 Closet. 
 
 Closet. 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 / d 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 10 
 
 d 
 
 M "3 
 
 i 
 
 d 
 
 Bed-room. 
 w 
 
 In Fig. 82 we give the ground plan, and in Fig. 83 the chamber 
 plan, of a two-storeyed farm ho\ise. The kitchen, the 8<5jillery, 
 and the churning room are all in connection. The dairy is en- 
 tered from the back passage, as well as from the churning room. 
 Next to the dairy, and close to the back door, is the office or 
 breakfast-room. The parlour or sitting-room is opposite to the 
 kitchen. In the bed or chamber-floor plan in Fig. 83 there is 
 space obtained for two closets, one entering from the front or 
 principal bed-room, the other from the back. A water-closet is 
 situated between the other two bed-rooms ; or if this is objected to, 
 and a privy in the garden deemed the best, a clothes pantry may 
 be put in place of it. The cheese-room is placed immediately 
 above the dairy ; or if cheese is not made in bulk, this may be 
 made into a bed-closet. On comparing this accommodation in the 
 ground or working part of the house in Fig. 82 with that in the 
 plans in Figs. 79, 80, and 81, the reader will at once perceive that 
 there is in Fig. 82 plan a kind of closet or pantry accommodation. 
 
182 
 
 PLANS OF FARM HOUSES. 
 
 There is nothing which distinguishes a bad plan from a good one 
 more strongly than the lack of accommodation of this sort There 
 cannot, indeed, in any house, be too many places of this kind : 
 the careful and orderly housewife has always a use for them ; and 
 thi.s, true of all houses, is remarkably so of farm houses. 
 
 Fig. 84. 
 
 OfSce. 
 
 A 
 
 Closet. 
 
 B 
 
 Closet. 
 
 Dairy. 
 
 Back-passage. 
 
 Parlour. 
 
 CO 
 
 Entrance. 
 
 Cleaning-room. 
 
 Scullery. 
 d 
 
 Closet, 
 c 
 
 Closet. 
 D 
 
 Kitchen. 
 
 In Fig. 84 we give an alternative plan of Fig. 82, in which we 
 obtain a closet (a), entering from the dairy, in which to store 
 butter, &c. ; another closet (b), entering from the office ; a third 
 (c), entering from the kitchen ; and a fourth (d), entering from 
 the scullery. As some housewives object to a back passage, on 
 the score of the draught passing through the house, this in the 
 plan before us might be done away with, and the space filled up 
 with a pantry or store closet. 
 
 Fig. 85. 
 
 CeUar. 
 
 1 
 d d 
 
 Cellar. 
 
PLANS OF FARM HOUSES. 
 
 183 
 
 We have already, in a preceding chapter, adverted to the 
 importance of having cellar accommodation in houses. In 
 
 Fig. 86. 
 
 w 
 
 w 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 w 
 
 i 
 
 Dairy, d 
 
 
 
 Dining-room. 
 
 Pantry. 
 
 Closet 
 
 Scullery. 
 
 d 
 
 / rf 
 
 d 
 
 d 
 
 Closet 
 
 d 
 
 
 ; Back-passage. 
 
 d 
 
 Stairs. 
 
 d f d 
 
 Drawing-room. 
 
 
 Kitchen. 
 
 w 
 
 Entrance. 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 Fig. 87. 
 w 
 
 d 
 Bed-room. 
 
 d 
 
 Closet. 
 
 Bath- 
 room. 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 
 Closet 
 d 
 
 d 
 
 
 1 d 
 1 ^ 
 
 
 f 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 d 
 
 w 
 
 
 Stairs. 
 
 f 
 
 Bed-room. 
 i 
 
 T.an( 
 
 ling. 
 
 w 
 
 
 w 
 
 
181 
 
 PLANS OF FAKM HOUSES. 
 
 Fig. 85 we give the plan of cellai for the house in Fig. 82. The 
 
 stairs enter at the end (a) corresponding to the part (x) in Fig. 82. 
 
 In Fig. 86 we give the ground plan, and in Fig. 87 the chamber 
 
 plan, of a farm house, in which the working parts of the house 
 
 Fig. 88. 
 
 
 w 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 CIos. 
 
 d 
 
 
 Office, 
 
 or 
 
 Breakfast-room. 
 
 Dairy. 
 
 Scullery. 
 
 
 Kitchen. 
 
 w 
 
 Clos. 
 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 d 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 X 
 
 1 
 
 f 
 
 VJ 
 
 Dining-roon 
 
 1. 
 
 
 si 
 
 Drawing-room. 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 d 
 
 Fig. 89. 
 
 Wine Bins. 
 
 Wine Bins. 
 
 Stairs. 
 
 Cellar. 
 
PLANS OF FAKM HOUSES. 
 
 185 
 
 are isolated from the living apartments by a door placed at x. 
 The scuUery is opposite the kitchen, the back passage being be- 
 tween them ; a door leads from the kitchen into the back pass- 
 age, immediately opposite to which is the door . of the scullery. 
 The dairy is entered from the back passage, or from the scullery, 
 and ample closet and pantry accommodation is provided. 
 
 In Fig. 88, which is the ground plan of a farm house, the 
 isolation of the working parts from the living apartments is ob- 
 tained by a back passage, which is shut off from the hou.se by a 
 screen door at the point x. 
 
 Fig. 89 illustrates the cellar arrangements of the house in 
 Fig. 86; under the kitchen almost identically the same arrange- 
 
 Fig. 90. 
 
 
 
 Clos. 
 
 d 
 
 Kitchen. / 
 • d 
 
 
 
 Dairy. 
 
 A 
 d 
 
 Servants' 
 Room. 
 
 d 
 
 .sl 
 d 
 
 Scullery. 
 
 1 
 Pantry. 
 
 1 
 
 1^ 
 
 Back-passage. d 
 
 / 
 
 Drawing-room. 
 
 d 
 d 
 
 f 
 
 Breakfast-room. 
 d w 
 
 d 
 Smoking-room. / 
 
 
 Ante- 
 room. 
 
 d 
 
 Study 
 / or 
 Office. 
 
 
 d f 
 Dining-room. 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 d 
 
 1 
 
 V) 
 
 
186 
 
 PLANS OF FARM HOUSES. 
 
 inent of cellar is required for the house in Eig. 88, the cellar of 
 which would he under the drawing-room. 
 
 In Fig. 90 we give the plan of a farm house with superior 
 accommodation. In this all the working apartments are isolated 
 from the entertaining rooms by a door at x. The .smoking-room 
 may be dispensed with ; or the servants' room may be used for 
 this purpose. The smoking room and dairy are both of one 
 storey in height, so that ample ventilation can be secured. The 
 servants' room may be converted into a billiard-room. 
 
 Fig. 91. 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 Clos. 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 / 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 Clos. 
 
 d 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 d 
 
 1 
 Linen. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 d w. C. 
 
 i 
 
 © 
 
 / 
 
 £ 
 
 3 
 
 w 
 
 
 / 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 d d 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 1 
 
 s 
 
 1 
 
 f 
 
 Bed-room. 
 
 d 
 
 / 
 Bed-room. 
 
 Bath-room. 
 
 w 
 
 
 w w 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 We have thus given a few suggestive plans ; none of them 
 will probably be fitting for particular purposes, some paits being 
 redundant, some defective; but they will serve the purpose for 
 
ON DESIGNING THE FARM HOUSE. 187 
 
 ■which, we have here inserted them, should they suggest an 
 arrangement of apartments suitable for the case in view, by tak- 
 ing one part from one, and another from another plan. It is 
 qnite obvious that what will suit one farmer will not suit an- 
 other. The first thing to do, then, is to ascertain how many 
 apartments he requires, and the next how best they can be 
 arranged to serve the purposes of economical management of the 
 household. As we have said before, so we say again, do not 
 plan in a hurry, but let your plans be well matured; and having 
 drawn out a sketch of what you think you require in your house, 
 endeavour to re-arrange the apartments in another form, and, 
 after so doing, sit down quietly to study it, and you will pro- 
 bably find that the second arrangement was better than the first ; 
 and that you may, after aU, find a third suggested which is bet^ 
 ter than both, or even a fourth better than all the three pre- 
 ceding. 
 
 A word or two on the design of the farm house may here be 
 permitted before taking up the subject of the cottage. Whatever 
 the style — so called — you adopt, let plain elegance be its dis- 
 tinguishing feature rather than afiected ornate decoration. It 
 should be thoroughly free from all pretension, and indicative of 
 the great dignity and worth of the calUng of its owner. If money 
 is to be spent upon it liberally, let this be laid out so as to secure 
 thoroaghness of workmanship, and the avoidance of all "ginger- 
 bread" work. As a writer beautifully remarks, the farmer's 
 dwelling should "suggest simphcity, honesty of purpose, frankness, 
 a hearty genuine spirit of good will, and a homely and modest, 
 though manly and independent, bearing. For the true farmer 
 despises affectation ; he loves a blunt and honest expression of 
 the truth ; and he shows you that he knows the value of a friend 
 by shaking hands as if his heart acted like a magnetic machine 
 on the chords of his fingers. It would be false and foolish to 
 embellish highly the dwelling of such a man with the elaborate 
 detaUs of the dififerent schools of architecture. We must leave 
 this more scientific display of art and learning to vDlas and pubUc 
 edifices, and endeavour to make your farm house agreeable, chiefly 
 by expressing in its leading forms the strength, simplicity, honesty, 
 feankness, and sterling goodness of the farmer's character. Al- 
 though we must recognise first of all the constant industry which 
 
188 STYLE OK DESIGN OF THE FARM HOUSE. 
 
 gives so much dignity and independence to his life in the ar- 
 rangements of the house mainly for useful ends, yet we would 
 also introduce every comfort and convenience denoting the in- 
 telligence and ease of a farmer's life. The principles we would 
 lay down for designing farm houses may be stated as follows, so 
 far as the production of beauty is concerned : That the form of 
 the building should express a local fitness, and an intimate rela- 
 tion with the soil it stands upon, by showing breadth and exten- 
 sion upon the ground rather than height ; that its proportions 
 should be simple and bold, and its ornaments, so far as they are 
 used, should be rather rustic, strong, or picturesque, than delicate 
 or highly finished. That in raising the character of the farm 
 house, the first step which is really useful is to add the porch, the 
 verandah, and the bay window, since they are not only significant 
 of real but of refined utility." These remarks so thoroughly ex- 
 press our own sentiments, and express them so well, that we 
 have chosen to borrow them as they stand, rather than to clothe 
 them in language of our own. 
 
 To these remarks, however, we may. add — and add with 
 advantage — the following considerations afiecting the accom- 
 modation of a farm house, for which we are indebted to the 
 ' American Illustrated Annual Kegister for Kural Afiairs : ' — 
 
 " When a farmer is about to erect a house, he should, in the 
 first place, make two leading inquiries. 1. What are the accom- 
 modations I want? 2. What is the amount of means for pro- 
 viding them? In order to assist in answering these questions 
 properly, it may be well to classify houses, from the piost simple 
 and cheap, to the most expensive and complex. But it is neces- 
 sary in the first place, to examine which of the apartments of a 
 dwelling are most indispensable, and which are of various degrees 
 of secondary importance. 
 
 " Every house must have a kitchen, or place for cooking food, 
 a living room for day occupancy, and a lodging room for night — 
 and a pantry and store-room. In the simplest log hut or board 
 shanty, one room is made to serve all these purposes, the pantry 
 being merely a cupboard, or tier of shelves against the wall. 
 One step above this, is the separation of kitchen and living-room 
 from the bed-room ; and still better, is the appropriation of thi^e 
 distinct rooms for these purposes. As we continue to ascend in 
 
ACCOMMODATION OF THE FARM HOUSE. 189 
 
 the scale, we find at last, that the largest and most complete 
 houses, have most of the following apartments, although all may 
 not be found in any single house : — 
 
 1. Kitchen, with appended iron closet, store-room, dairy, wood- 
 room and laundry. 
 
 2. Bed-rooms, including nursery, and other sleeping apartments. 
 
 3. Dining-room. 
 
 4. Library, or office. 
 6. Bath-room. 
 
 6. Breakfast-room, parlour, sitting-room, or living-room. 
 
 7. Drawing-room and conservatory. 
 
 8. Entrance-hall and verandah. 9. Cellar. 
 
 " Now going back to the two leading inquiries already men- 
 tioned, let every one about to build, ask himself; How many of 
 these different rooms will be indispensable for me ; and 2. What 
 can I expend in procuring them? We suppose that no man, 
 even with quite moderate means, will be satisfied without, 
 
 1. Kitchen and small pantry. 2. Parlour. 
 
 3. Nursery, or bed-room on the ground floor. ' 
 
 4. Small entry. 
 
 5. Bed-rooms with closets above stairs. 6. Cellars. 
 
 " The cost of a house containing all these wiU of course de- 
 pend much upon the nature of the materials, their cost, the size 
 of the rooms, and the cheapness of the finish ; but with a plain 
 frame or wooden house, they could be had from six to twelve 
 hundred dollars. A larger and more complete farm house, cost- 
 ing two thousand or more, would contain, 
 
 1. Kitchen, pantry, store-room, and iron closet. 
 
 2. Dining-room and china closet. 
 
 3. Parlour, or drawing-room. 
 
 4. Nursery, or bed-room below stairs, with ample closets ; and 
 with bath-room attached. 
 
 5. Bed-rooms above stairs, with closets to all. 
 
 6. Office or library — which may be simply a small business- 
 room, for keeping account books, sitting with workmen, making 
 bargaios, &c. ; or, a more complete library, with book cases and 
 newspaper closets, and even cases for minerals, dried plants, 
 shell^ stuffed birds, &c., according to circumstances. 
 
 7. Verandahs. 8. Cellar. 
 
190 ACCOMMODATION OF THE FAEM HOUSE. 
 
 " After the greater or less number of these looms has been 
 fixed upon, according to wants and circumstances, the next step 
 is to arrange them in the most convenient and economical manner. 
 This is a difficult task to a person of inexperience, but it may 
 be greatly assisted by observing the following rules, and by an 
 examination of published plans, such for instance as we are about 
 to give in the present of the Eegister, or which have been fur- 
 nished in the former numbers. 
 
 1. Let the kitchen (the most important apartment) always be 
 on a level with the principal floor — and for strong light and free 
 ventilation, it should have, if possible, windows on opposite or 
 nearly opposite sides. 
 
 2. The pantry, or dish closet should be between the kitchen 
 and dining-room, and easily accessible from both. 
 
 3. There should be a set of easy stairs from the kitchen to 
 the cellar, and also an outer set into the cellar for admitting 
 barrels, &c. 
 
 4. More attention should be given to the arrangement and 
 disposition of such rooms as are in constant use, than those but 
 occasionally occupied. Hence the kitchen and living-room should 
 receive more attention on the ground of convenience, than the 
 parlour. 
 
 5. Every entrance, except to the kitchen, should be through 
 some entry or hall, to prevent the abrupt ingress of cold air, 
 and for proper seclusion. 
 
 6. Let the entry or hall be near the centre of the house, so 
 that ready and convenient access may be had from it to the 
 difiFerent rooms ; and to prevent the too common evil of passing 
 through one room to enter another. 
 
 7. Place the stairs so that the landing shall be as near the 
 cenlre us may be practicable, for the reason given for the pre- 
 ceding rule. 
 
 8. Let the partitions of the second floor stand over those of 
 the lower, as nearly as may be, to secure firmness and solidity." 
 
 edinbuboe: 
 fullabtom amd uacnab, pristeb3, lkith wai.e. 
 
PLATE I. 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
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