%%^5 IV< in Xatiii P4 BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF SlenrQ M. Sage 189X A.-HMni "tlt.UiL- Cornell University Library PA 2245 .S9B41 The subjunctive in Latin. 3 1924 021 615 954 All books are subject to recall after two weeks Olln/Kroch Library DATE DUE Mis* PRINTED IN U.S.A. Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924021615954 The Subjunctive in Latin JOSEPH P. BEHM North High School, Syracuse, N. Y. STBACUBB, N. T. C. W. BARDEEN, PUBLISHER 1910 K f\.2fe(3^'V\ THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN LATIN A. Independent Constructions I Hortatory Subjunctive (neg. ne) 1. Exhortation e. g. Eainus. Let us go. 2. Command e.g. Doceas iter et sacra ostia pandas. Show us the way and open the sacred por- tals. 3. Prohibition e. g. (a) Cave putes. Don't suppose. (6) Ne hoc feceris. Don't do this. II Optative Subjunctive (neg. ne.) 1. Wish possible of fulfillment a. Simple future wish 6 The Subjunctive in Latin e. g. Incolumes sint mei cives. May my fellow citizens be unharmed. b. Construction after verbs of fear- ing (aff. ne, neg. ut) e. g. Vereor ne hoc faciat. I fear that he may do this (lit. I fear: may he not do this.) 2. Wishes impossible of fulfillment a. Present time (imperfect subj.) e.g. Utinam esset. Would that he were here. b. Pst time (pluperfect subjunctive e. g. Utinam adfuisset. I wish that he had been here. Ill Deliberative or Dubitative Subjunc- tive (neg. non) 1. Doubt e. g. Quid facerem? What was I to do? The Subjunctive in Latin 7 ^ Indignation e. g. An ego non venirem? What, should I not have come ? Z. IV Potential Subjunctive (neg. non) 1. Possibility e. g. Dicat aliquis. Someone may say. 2. Modesty e. g. Pace tua dixerim. I would say by your leave. B. Subordinate Constructions ( introducing a few indicatives for compar- ison and completeness of exposition.) I. Conditions (afE. si; neg. nisi, si non) 1. Particular conditions a. Pure (1) Simple conditions noth- ing implied) The Subjunctive in Latin (a) Present Time {Pres. Ind. both members) e. g. Si adest, bene est. If he is present, it is well. (b) Past Time {Imp. or Perf. Ind. both members) e. g. Si aderat, bene erat. If he was present, it was well. (2) Future conditions (a) Vivid future {Put. Ind. both members) e. g. Si aderit, bene erit. The Subjunctive in Latin 9 If he is present, it will be well, (b) Less vivid future ( Pres. Subj. both mem- bers) e. g. Si adsit, bene sit. If he should be present, it would be well. ( 3) Contrary to fact conditions (a) Present time (Imp. Subj. both members) e. g. Si adesset, bene esset. If he were pres- ent, it would be well. 10 The Subjunctive in Latin (b) Past time {Pluper. Subj. both members) e. g. Si adfuisset, beneftiisset. If he had been present, it would have been well. a. Relative conditions (introduced by a relative pronoun or relative adverb) may take any of the constructions of pure con- ditions. e. g. Philosophia, cm qui pareat omne tempus aetatis sine molestia possit degere. Philosophy, which if any would obey, he would be able to spend his whole life without vexation. The Subjunctive in Latin 11 C. Comparison 1. 1. Conditional Clauses of Comparison (introduced by tamquam, tamquamsi, quasi, ac si, ut si, velut si, ceu, all meaning "as if" and quam si meaning "than if") take the Subjunctive according to Sequence of Tenses. e. g. Hie ingentem pugnam cerni- mus ceu cetera nusquam bella forent. Here we saw a great battle, as if there were no fighting eslewehere. 2. General conditions usually have the same forms as Particular conditions but sometimes employ the , imperfect and plu- perfect Subjunctive in the protasis with the imperfect Indicative in the apodosis to ex- press a repeated or customary action in past time. 12 The Subjunctive in Latin e. g. Si quis a domino prehen- deretur concursu militum eripiebatur. If anyone was arrested by his master, he was (always) rescued by a mob of soldiers. II. Purpose 1. Pure Purpose (aff. ut, neg. ne) e.g. Remi legatos miserunt ut pacem peterent. The Remi sent ambassadors to seek peace. 2. Relative Purpose a. Introduced by a simple relative e. g. Militer misit qui pontem interscinderent. He sent soldiers to des- troy the bridge. b. Introduced by ne, quon- iuns following affirmative, by quin follow- ing negative verb of hindering, refusing or doubting. The Subjunctive in Latin 13 e. g. Non recusant quin armis contendant. They do not refuse to fight. 3. Substantive Clauses of Purpose (after verbs meaning to admonish, ask, bar- gain, command, decree, determine, permit, persuade, resolve, urge and wish) aff. ut, neg. ne. e. g. Helvetiis persuasit ut ex- irent. He persuaded the Helvetians to go forth. III. Result 1. Pure Result (aff. ut, neg. ut non) e. g. Nemo tam stultus est ut hoc non sciat. No one is so foolish as not to know this. 2. Relative Result (neg. quin, qui non) 14 The Subjunctive in Latin e. g. Nemo est tam senex qui se tannum non putet. Nobody is so old as no to think that he can live a year. 3. Substantive Clause of Result (aff. ut, neg. ut non) e. g. Efficiamut intelligis. I shall make you understand. IV. Relative Clause of Characteristic (neg. non) e. g. Erant qui Catilinam miser- arentur. There were those who pitied Catiline. V. Time' 1. Conditional Relative Clauses (intro- duced by ubi, ut, cum, quando, "whenever") have constructions of Protasis of General Conditions. The Subjunctive in Latin 15 e. g. Id ubi dixisset, hastam in fines eorum emittebat. Whenever he had said this, he would cast the spear into their territories. 2. Clauses with cum "when" defining or emphasizing the time take the Indica- tive ; describing the circumstances (usually imperfect or pluperfect tense), the Subjunc- tive. e. g. Cum id nuntiatum esset, Romam maturat. When this had been re- ported he hastens to Rome. 3. Clauses with antequam and prius- quam "before" take the Subjunctive when they imply purpose or expectancy, other- wise the Indicative. e. g. Priusquam telum abici pos- set, omnis acies terga vertit. Before a weapon could be thrown, the whole line fled. 16 The Subjunctive in Latin 4. Clauses with dum and quoad "until" implying intention or expectancy take the present or imperfect Subjunctive. Expectabo dum veritatem dicat. I shall wait until he speaks the truth. 5. Clauses introduced by postquam, posteaquam "after" ; ubi " when " ; ut " as", "when"; ut primum, simul, simul atque, simul ac "as soon as"; donee and quoad "until" (denoting actual fact) ; dum, donee and quoad "as long as"; and dum "while" take the Indicative. VI. Cause 1. Clauses introduced by cum take the Subjunctive. e. g. Quae cum ita sint, nobis date obsides. Since things are so, give us hostages. The Subjunctive in Latin 17 2. Clauses introduced by quod and quia take the Indicative, when the reason is given on the authority of the writer or speaker; the Subjunctive when the reason is given on the authority of some other person. e. g. Aedui Caesari gratias eger- unt qoud se periculo libera visset. The Aedui gave thanks to Caesar because {as they said) he had freed thena from danger. 3. Clauses introduced by quoniam or quando always take the Indicative because they always give the reason on the author- ity of the speaker or writer. VII. Concession 1. Clauses introduced by quamquam "although" take the Indicative because they state adnaitted facts. 18 The Stibjunctive in Latin 2. Clauses introduced by cum, quamvis, ut, ne, licet take the Subjunctive. e. g. Quamvis sis molesta, num- quam te esse confitebor malum. Although you may be troublesome, I shall never con- fess that you are an evil. VIII. Proviso 1. Clauses introduced by dum, modo, dummodo, tantum ut take the Subjunctive. e. g. Oderint, dum metuant. Let them hate, provided they fear. IX. Indirect Questions 1. Questions referring to present or past time take a primary or secondary tense of the Subjunctive. e. g. Rogat me quid sentiam. He asks me what I think. The Subjunctive in Latin 19 2. Questions referring to future time take a Subjunctive of the first periphras- tic conjugation. e. g. Prospicio qui concursus futuri sint. I foresee what throngs there will be. X. Indirect Discourse 1 . Formal indirect discourse is governed by verbs of knowing, telling, thinking, and perceiving, promising, hoping, expecting, threatening and swearing. a. Declarative sentences usually have their main clause in the Infi- nitive with Subject Accusative; and their subordinate clauses (following sequence of introductory verb) in the Subjunctive (un- less they are merely explanatory or contain statements which are regarded as true in- dependently of the quotation or as em- phasizing a fact.) 20 The Subjunctive in Latin e.g. (1) Dicit esse non nullos quorum auctoritas plurimum valeat. He says that there are some whose author- ity most prevails. (2) Quis neget haec omnia quae videmus deorum potestate administrari ? Who denies that all these things which we see are ruled by the power of the gods ? b. Verbs of resolving, persuading, commanding and the like may take either the Infinitive with Subject As- cusative, like verbs of saying, or a Sub- stantive Clause of Purpose or Resvdt. e. g. Res ipsa monebat tempus esse. The thing itself warned that it was time. c. Questions The Subjunctive in Latin 21 (1). Real questions ex- pecting answers are put into the Subjunc- tive. e. g. Ariovistus re- spondit: quid sibi vellet? Ariviostus re- sponded : what did he want ? (2) . Rhetorical questions asked for effect and implying their own answer are put into the Infinitive. e. g. His Casear ita respondit: num recentium injuriarum jnenaoriam (se) deponere posse ? To these arguments Casear responded thus: Could he lay aside the memory of recent wrongs ? d. All Imperative forms of speech take the Subjunctive. e. g. Dixit: finem faciat. He said : let him make an end. 22 The Subjunctive in Latin e. Conditions put their Pro- tases into the Subjunctive in accordance with the sequence of tenses, their Apodoses into some form of the Infinitive. (1). Simple conditions have their apodoses in the Present or Per- fect Infinitive according as the time of the main verb in the direct discourse was pres- ent or past. (2) . Future Conditions, vivid and less vivid, both have their apod- oses in the Future Infinitive and are there- fore indistingusishable from each other. (3) . Conditions Contrary to Fact. (a) The Protasis remains unchanged in tense. (b) The Apodosis, if active, takes an infinitive formed by com- bining the participle in urus with fuisse. The Subjunctive in Latin '■ 23 (c) The Apodosis, if passive, or lacking a supine stem, takes the Imperfect Subjunctive after the periphrastic expression futurus fuisse ut. (d) . An Indicative in the Apodosis becomes the Perfect Infi- nitive. 2. Informal indirect discourse (when a clause depends upon another containing a wish, command or question expressed in- directly) puts the subordinate clause into the Subjunctive. e. g. Huic imperat quas possit adeat civitates. He orders him to visit what states he can. XI. Subjunctive of Integral Part (At- traction) 24 The Subjunctive in Latin e. g. Imperat, dum res iudicetur, hominem adservent. He orders them, till the affair should be decided, to keep the man.