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 ABC of the Swedish system of educational 
 
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ABC 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Swedish System of Educational 
 Gymnastics. 
 
 A PRACTICAL HAND-BOOK FOR SCHOOL 
 TEACHERS AND THE HOME. 
 
 HARTVIG gJSSEN, 
 
 Instructor of Physical Training in the Public Schools of Boston, Mass. ; Instructor of Swedish 
 and German Gymnastics at Harvard University's Summer School, 1891 ; formerly In- 
 structor of Physical Culture at the Catholic University, Washington, D. C. ; Instructor 
 of Physical Culture and Gymnastics at the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 
 Md. ; Instructor in the Woman's Gymnasium ana Director of the Swedish 
 Health Institute, Washington, 1>. C. ; Assistant Teacher and Principal' 
 of Christiania Turnforening ; Instructor of Gymnastics in the Latin 
 School of Drammen, and in the Gymnastio Clubs of the Cities of 
 Drammen, Holmestrand, and Kongsberg in Norway, Europe ; 
 Author of " Health by Exercise without Apparatus," 
 "A Manual on Swedish Movement and Massage 
 Treatment," etc., etc. 
 
 with ^rrz ii^nuxjsTis.ja.trioniTS 
 
 Philadelphia and London : 
 
 F. A. DAVIS, PUBLISHER, 
 1891. 
 
CORNELL" 
 UNIVERSITY! 
 V LIBRARY 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1891, by 
 
 F. A. DAVIS, 
 
 In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C, U. S. A. 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa., U. S. A.: 
 
 The Medical Bulletin Printing House, 
 
 1231 Filbert Street. 
 
PREPACK 
 
 During my many years of experience as a teacher 
 of gymnastics I have been asked numerous questions 
 which, to a professional man, seem so simple that he 
 often forgets to answer them satisfactorily. 
 
 The same is true of most treatises on Swedish gym- 
 nastics. The science and theory are often very skill- 
 fully treated ; but the most common questions are not 
 answered, and the practical work, which should serve as 
 a guide to the inexperienced teacher, is stuffed with 
 scientific terms and shortened words and sentences. So 
 it happens that the teacher becomes confused or even 
 wholly averse to the subject as one requiring too much 
 of his precious time. 
 
 Since the Swedish system of educational gymnastics 
 has been introduced into the public schools of Boston, 
 it has become a necessity to have a practical hand-book, 
 both for the teachers and the many homes where gym- 
 nastics are practiced. Wherefore, I have tried to furnish 
 a book which will give plain answers to the most fre- 
 quent questions ; prescriptions of exercises for chil- 
 dren of different ages, from the third class in primary 
 schools up to the first class in grammar schools ; with 
 full commands for each exercise, and illustrated by cuts. 
 
 (iii) 
 
iv Preface. 
 
 The cuts are copied from the works of well-known 
 authors in Sweden and Norway, — Liedbeck, Norlander, 
 Balck, and Bjornstad, — and I believe they will make it 
 very easy for anybody to see how the exercises should 
 be done. 
 
 I believe the Swedish system of gymnastics to be the 
 best for schools and homes ; but I believe, also, that 
 gymnasiums, colleges, and universities would find a 
 combination system better suited to their peculiar 
 needs. I hope to be able to arrange a book with a full 
 description of such a combination system. 
 
 At present a practical hand-book of the Swedish 
 system of educational gymnastics to guide the teachers 
 is most necessary, and I therefore offer this book to the 
 public. 
 
 Haktvig Nissen. 
 
 Boston, Mass., August 17, 1891. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Preface, iii 
 
 Explanatory Notes, vii 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 I. Gymnastics in General, .... 1 
 
 II. Educational Gymnastics, .... 2 
 
 III. The Best Kind of Educational Gymnastics, 3 
 
 IV. On Gymnastic Apparatus, .... 4 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 On Swedish Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 I. Arrangement, 5 
 
 II. Positions, 6 
 
 III. Primary Movements and Commanding 
 
 Words, 19 
 
 IV. Instruction, 36 
 
 V. Day's Order and Progression, ... 38 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 Tables of Exercises. 
 I. Tables for Second and Third Class Pri- 
 mary Schools, 43 
 
 II. Tables for First Class Primary Schools, . 49 
 
 (v) 
 
vi Contents. 
 
 III. Tables for Fifth and Sixth Class Gram- 
 
 mar Schools, 55 
 
 IV. Tables for Third and Fourth Class Gram- 
 
 mar Schools, 66 
 
 V. Tables for First and Second Class Gram- 
 mar Schools, 81 
 
 Index of Engravings, 103 
 
 Index, 105 
 
EXPLANATORY NOTES. 
 
 Note I. — The teacher should study the Day's Order 
 which he (or she) is to teach so he knows it by heart, 
 or he may write it on a small card to he used as a 
 memorandum. 
 
 Note II. — In arranging the children for gymnastic 
 exercises in class-rooms, place the shortest ones in front 
 and the tallest behind. Let the child stand between the 
 seats (and not between the desks), but have first, third, 
 fifth, and seventh row four inches in front of second, 
 fourth, and sixth row. This will give all room neces- 
 sary, both for arm and leg exercises. 
 
 Note III. — The Swedish mode of facings are : Turn 
 on the left heel and right toe to the left, and on the right 
 heel and left toe to the right, in two counts. For in- 
 stance : Left— face ! Raise the left ball of foot and the 
 right heel and turn 90 degrees to the left side, let the left 
 ball and toes sink and keep the balance on the whole left 
 foot, steadied by the right toe. At Two! place the 
 right foot in to the left (heels together, toes out, 90 
 degrees). Keep a perfect balance all through. 
 
 (vii) 
 
THE SWEDISH SYSTEM 
 
 OF 
 
 EDUCATIONAL GYMNASTICS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 I. Gymnastics m General. 
 
 What are gymnastics ? 
 
 Systematic bodily exercises. 
 
 What are systematic exercises ? 
 
 Exercises based on scientific principles and founded 
 on physiological rules, and on esthetical and psychologi- 
 cal truth. There must be a reason for every movement. 
 
 How many kinds of gymnastics are there ? 
 
 Four kinds, viz. : Medical, Educational, Military, and 
 Esthetical gymnastics. 
 
 What are Medical gymnastics ? 
 
 Exercises — either passive, assistive, active, or re- 
 sistive — prescribed by a physician or medical gymnast, 
 with a view of restoring health to diseased parts, or to 
 develop certain parts of the body. 
 
 What are Educational gymnastics ? 
 
 Active or resistive exercises performed in classes, 
 at the command of a teacher, with a view of educating 
 the mind and body. 
 
 1 A (1) 
 
2 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 What are Military gymnastics ? 
 
 Exercises which have a strictly military purpose. 
 
 What are Esthetical gymnastics? 
 
 Active exercises performed either after music or 
 command, with a special view of producing graceful 
 postures and an easy and graceful body. 
 
 Will all these gymnastics be considered in this book? 
 
 No. Only the Educational gymnastics. 
 
 II. Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 What is the object of Educational gymnastics ? 
 
 First. By movements suitable to the human organ- 
 ism, and, step by step, leading out from each other to 
 develop the body and to produce strength and health. 
 
 Second. By increasing the strength of the body and 
 by endurance and skill to develop freshness of mind, 
 powerful will, resoluteness, and courage. 
 
 Third. To assist the school in its educational work, 
 by making the pupil accustomed to strict attention, 
 quick and exact execution of given orders ; to master 
 his own will, and to subordinate himself as a part of a 
 great totality. 
 
 How are these results obtained ? 
 
 Thereby that the lessons are constructed after a 
 certain rule with progressive movements, and that the 
 pupils from the beginning are accustomed to execute 
 all exercises with precision, earnestness, and with full 
 power. 
 
Best Kind of Educational Gymnastics. 3 
 
 Will such lessons always have good results ? 
 No. 
 
 What else, then, is necessary? 
 
 That the instruction be quick and lively, without 
 dullness, so that the exercises will be refreshing both 
 to mind and body. 
 
 III. The Best Kind of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 Are there more than one kind of Educational gymnastics? 
 
 Yes. But in this book the Swedish system only is 
 considered. 
 
 Why? 
 
 Because it is the best arranged for use in school- 
 rooms. 
 
 What makes it better than other systems? 
 
 First. Its " Day's Order " and Progression. 
 Second. Because it gives a full, systematic exercise 
 without the use of apparatus. 
 
 What is Day's Order? 
 
 The programme according to which a lesson is laid 
 out. 
 
 What is Progression ? 
 
 A steady growth from the minimum of a thing — or 
 exercise — to the maximum. 
 
4 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 IV. On Gymnastic Apparatus. 
 
 Does no other system of gymnastics give full systematic 
 exercise without apparatus ? 
 
 No. All other systems employ some kind or another 
 of apparatus. 
 
 Is it not necessary to use apparatus ? 
 
 No. Not for the sake of education, strength, and 
 health. 
 
 When, then? 
 
 For the sake of variety, skill, courage, and special 
 development. 
 
 Do we always receive good results from exercise without 
 apparatus? 
 
 No. 
 
 When are good results obtained ? 
 
 When the exercises are taught by a careful and 
 interested teacher and performed in a correct manner 
 by interested pupils. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 ON SWEDISH EDUCATIONAL GYMNASTICS. 
 
 I. Arrangement. 
 
 How are Swedish educational gymnastics arranged ? 
 
 In three parts, viz : — 
 
 First. Order and Marching exercises. 
 
 Second. The Real gymnastic exercises, which are 
 divided into (a) Introductory movements and (6) Prin- 
 cipal movements. 
 
 Third. Gymnastic Games. 
 
 What are Order and Marching exercises ? 
 
 Exercises given to draw the pupils' attention away 
 from their study and to the gymnastic lesson, — to make 
 the class in order and ready for the Real gymnastics. 
 
 What are Introductory movements? 
 
 They are the positions and simplest or primary Leg, 
 Arm, Head, and Trunk movements. 
 
 What are Principal movements ? 
 
 They are stronger and more difficult movements, and 
 have a special effect on the different parts of the body, 
 and are classified and named thereafter. 
 
 What are Gymnastic Games ? 
 
 Running plays, wrestling, pulling ropes, dancing, etc. 
 
 (5) 
 
6 Swedish System- of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 Give some examples of Order and Marching exercises. 
 
 Fall in I Attention I Right (or forward)— dress ! 
 Right (or left) — face ! One step forward — march ! Two 
 steps to right — march ! Count by — twoes I Open ranks 
 — march ! 
 
 II. Positions. 
 
 Is it necessary to stand in correct position when exer- 
 cising ? 
 
 Yes ; absolutely. The correct fundamental and 
 starting positions are the chief points to be considered 
 in the Swedish system of gymnastics, and they must be 
 maintained all through the exercise. 
 
 Why? 
 
 Because all the movements are based on the shape 
 of the human body in correct position ; when all the 
 different parts are in harmony with each other. 
 
 What would be the result of exercises performed in an 
 incorrect position ? 
 
 A disfigured body. A more or less contracted chest 
 and stooping head and shoulders, with consequently 
 undeveloped lungs. This will hinder the free and easy 
 respiration and the circulation of the blood. Curvature 
 of the spine may also be the result of incorrect positions. 
 
 What are the positions ? 
 
 The Fundamental position and a number of Starting- 
 positions derived from it. 
 
 How is the Fundamental position ? 
 
 1. Heels together, with toes turned out so as to make 
 a right angle (90 degrees) between the feet. 
 
Positions. 
 
 2. Knees straight, without any strain. 
 
 3. Hips even in the same plane and drawn well back 
 so as to keep the abdomen in. 
 
 4. The chest raised well forward and expanded. 
 
 5. The shoulders even in the same plane, drawn back 
 without being pushed up and without stiffness. 
 
 6. The arms hanging down to the sides in straight 
 line from shoulder to tip of fingers ; 
 
 palms in toward the thigh, but not on 
 the front of it. 
 
 7. The head raised even on the 
 shoulders and chin drawn in. 
 
 8. Eyes looking straight forward. 
 
 9. The weight of the body on the 
 balls of the feet, maintaining a perfect 
 balance. (Fig. 1.) 
 
 Why shall the feet be in 90 degrees 
 toward each other? 
 
 Because it gives a better and broader 
 base, and it makes it easier to take other 
 positions in outward and backward-out- 
 ward directions. 
 
 What reason is there for keeping the 
 rest of the body in the named 
 positions ? 
 
 The shape of the human frame, which in a natural 
 state demands these positions ; if otherwise, it will be 
 unnatural. 
 
 What are the Starting positions ? 
 
 1. Close. 2. Stride. 3. Forward — walk. 4. Out- 
 ward—walk. 5. Forward— fall out. 6. Outward— fall 
 
 $m 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
8 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 out. 1. Hips — firm. 8. Neck— firm. 9. Arms — upward 
 — bend. 10. Arms — forward — bend. 11. Arms — half 
 forward — bend. 12. Arms — sideways. 13. Arms — 
 forward. 14. Arms — upward. 
 
 What does Close mean ? 
 
 That the feet are no longer in 90 degrees toward each 
 other, but parallel and close to each other. (Fig. 2.) 
 
 What is the command for this position ? 
 
 Feet — close t and, to resume fundamental position, 
 Feet — open I 
 
 How is it done ? 
 
 By raising the toes and balls of the 
 feet and turning them on the heels with- 
 out bending the body. 
 
 Is this also used as an exercise? 
 
 Yes. As a Leg and Correcting 
 exercise. 
 
 Why is it a Leg exercise ? 
 
 Because the muscles of the leg are 
 brought into active play. 
 
 What good is there in Leg exercises ? 
 
 They draw the blood from the upper parts of the 
 body down toward the feet, thereby equalizing the cir- 
 culation of the blood, and they also strengthen the 
 muscles of the legs. 
 
 Why is Feet — close a Correcting exercise ? 
 
 Because it draws the pupils' attention to the position 
 of the feet, and it teaches them to keep the feet in the 
 correct position. 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
Positions. 9 
 
 When shall this exercise be used ? 
 
 Whenever the teacher notices that the position of 
 the feet is incorrect. 
 
 What does Stride mean ? 
 
 That the feet are braced apart with a distance of two 
 feet's length between the heels, still maintaining the 
 direction of 90 degrees toward each other. (Fig. 3.) 
 
 What is the command for this position ? 
 
 Feet — sideways — place I and, to resume fundamental 
 position, Feet — together — place I 
 
 One! 
 
 Fig. 3. 
 
 How is it done? 
 
 In two counts. On the first count the left foot is 
 placed one foot's distance straight to the left side, and 
 on the second count the right foot is placed one foot's 
 distance straight to the right side. The knees are kept 
 straight and the body is balanced evenly on both legs. 
 (Fig. 3.) When placed together the' left foot is first 
 placed back to its former place, then the right. 
 
 Is this also used as an exercise? 
 
 Yes ; as a Leg exercise for beginners. 
 
 What does Forward— walk mean ? 
 
 That one foot is placed straightforward with a dis- 
 tance of two feet between the heels, still maintaining 
 
1 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 the direction of 90 degrees toward each other. The 
 body is balanced evenly on both legs. (Fig. 4.) 
 
 What is the command for this position ? 
 
 Left (or right) foot — forward — place 1 and, to resume 
 fundamental position, Left (or right) foot — replace ! 
 This is also used as a Leg exercise 
 for beginners. 
 
 N\ 
 
 m 
 
 Fig. i. 
 
 FiQ. 5. 
 
 What does Outward — walk mean ? 
 
 That one foot is placed outward, in the direction 
 of its toes, — straight between forward and sideways 
 (oblique), — with a distance of two feet between the 
 heels, still maintaining the direction of 90 degrees 
 toward the feet, the body balanced evenly on both 
 legs, and square to the front without being twisted. 
 (Fig. 5.) 
 
Positions. 11 
 
 What is the command for this position ? 
 
 Left (or right) foot — outward — place I and, to resume 
 fundamental position, Left (or right) foot — replace! 
 Also used as Leg exercise for beginners. 
 
 What does Forward — fall out mean ? 
 
 That one foot is placed straight forward with a dis- 
 tance of three feet between the heels, the feet main- 
 taining the direction of 90. degrees toward each 
 other. The front knee is bent to a right angle ; the 
 body at once thrown forward so as to make a straight 
 line with the back and backward 
 leg, which is kept straight. 
 The chest well forward and 
 square to the front. The head 
 well up and chin in. (Fig. 6.) 
 
 What is the command for this 
 position ? 
 
 Left (or right) — forward — 
 fall out ! and, to resume funda- fig. 6. 
 
 mental position, Position ! This 
 
 is also a Leg exercise, besides being a Starting position 
 for a number of other exercises. 
 
 What does Outward— fall out mean ? 
 
 That one foot is placed outward in the direction of 
 its toes (oblique) with a distance of three feet between 
 the heels, the feet still in 90 degrees toward each 
 other. The front knee is bent to a right angle and kept 
 well out over the toes ; the body at once thrown over the 
 front knee so as to make a straight line with the back 
 and backward leg, which is kept straight. The chest 
 well forward and square to the front, without twisting 
 
12 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 the body. The head well up, chin in, and eyes looking 
 straight forward. (Fig. T.) 
 
 What is the command for this position ? 
 
 Left (or right) — outward — fall out I and, to resume 
 fundamental position, Position 1 This is a Leg exercise 
 as well as a Starting position. 
 
 What does Hips — firm mean ? 
 
 That the hands are placed on the waist with a 
 full grip over the hip-bone ; the thumb 
 behind and the four other finger's 
 together, in front, pointing slightly 
 downward ; the wrist kept straight, 
 
 fig. 7. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 one line from the elbow to the middle finger; the 
 shoulders maintaining the fundamental position; the 
 elbows pointing sideways, slightly backward ; chest 
 well forward. (Pig. 8.) 
 
 What is the command for this position? 
 
 Hips — firm! and, to resume fundamental position, 
 Position ! 
 
Positions. 13 
 
 How is it done ? 
 
 The hands are drawn quickly up and placed firmly 
 on the hips without jerk. 
 
 What is it good for? 
 
 1. It makes it easier to keep the balance. 
 
 2. It isolates the abdomen from the upper trunk, so 
 that exercises can be better confined to the special 
 parts wanted. 
 
 3. It supports the respiratory muscles, thereby 
 making the respirttion freer. 
 
 Why shall the thumb be behind and the other fingers in 
 front? 
 
 If it be reversed the upper arm will be rotated for- 
 ward, thus pushing the shoulders forward and compress- 
 ing the chest. 
 
 Why shall the wrist be straight? 
 
 Because, by keeping it straight it is impossible to 
 bring the elbow too far back, which, otherwise, is a com- 
 mon fault. Besides, it is as easy to maintain a full grip 
 over the hips in this manner as in others, and it looks 
 better. 
 
 Is this an exercise ? 
 
 Yes. It is an easy Arm exercise for beginners, be- 
 sides being one of the most used Starting positions. 
 
 What does Neck— firm mean ? 
 
 That the hands are placed on the neck, fingers meet- 
 ing behind ; the shoulders and arms drawn well back ; 
 the chest expanded, and the head remaining erect. If 
 
14 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 position is right, the muscles of the arm, neck, and 
 shoulders will feel contracted. (Fig. 9.) 
 
 What is the command for this position ? 
 
 Neck — firm I and, to resume fundamental position, 
 Position ! 
 
 How is it done? 
 
 The hands are quickly raised sideways and placed 
 behind the neck without moving the head or trunk. The 
 arms and shoulders are carried back- 
 ward at once, and not after the hands 
 have been placed on the neck. 
 What is it good for ? 
 
 1. It expands the chest more than 
 in other positions. 
 
 2. It allows the blood to flow 
 easier to the arm, because it extends 
 the axillary artery. 
 
 3. It makes exercises performed 
 in this position more powerful than 
 in some other positions on account 
 of its longer lever and because it is 
 harder to maintain. 
 
 Why shall the arms and shoulders be drawn back? 
 
 Because otherwise they will push the head forward 
 and compress the chest. 
 
 Is this an exercise? 
 
 Yes. It is a good Shoulder-blade exercise. 
 
 What does Arms — upward — bend mean ? 
 
 That the fore-arms are bent in the elbow-joint as far 
 as possible up to the upper-arm and rotated outward; 
 
 Fig. 9. 
 
Positions. 
 
 15 
 
 Fig. 10. 
 
 the semi-flexed fingers pointing toward the shoulders; 
 the upper-arms close to the body. (Pig. 10.) 
 What is the command for this position ? 
 
 Arms — upward — bend ! and, to resume 
 fundamental position, Position ! 
 
 How is it done ? 
 
 The fore-arms are rotated outward and 
 bent in the elbow-joint with moderate 
 speed and an even movement, without any 
 jerking ; the upper-arms are kept close and 
 immovable to the body. The fingers are 
 slightly bent and pointed toward the 
 shoulders — not toward the chest. 
 
 What is it good for? 
 
 It is the Starting position for all arm extensions ; 
 and it is an easy Arm exercise for beginners. 
 
 What does Arms — forward— bend mean? 
 That the upper-arms are raised hori- 
 zontally sideways, with the fore-arms 
 sharply bent upon them in the front; 
 hands, fingers, wrists, and fore-arms in 
 one line, and in height with the upper- 
 arm and shoulder; the palm of hand 
 turned downward; the shoulders kept 
 well back, so as not to allow the fingers 
 to meet in front ; neither must the thumb 
 touch the chest. If done right, the chest 
 will feel expanded and the muscles of the 
 back contracted. (Fig. 11.) 
 
 What is the command for this position ? 
 
 Arms — forward — bend ! and, to resume fundamental 
 position, Position I 
 
 FIG. 11. 
 
16 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 What is it good for ? 
 
 It expands the chest and is the Starting position for 
 several Back and Side movements. It is also an Arm 
 movement for beginners. 
 
 What does Arms— half forward— bend mean ? 
 
 That the upper-arms.are raised horizontally sideways, 
 with the fore-arms bent to a right angle in the elbow- 
 joint; hands, fingers, wrists, and fore-arms in one line 
 straight forward, and in height with the upper-arm and 
 shoulder; palms turned toward each other; shoulders 
 well back. (Fig. 12.) 
 
 Pig. 12. 
 
 What is the command for this position ? 
 
 Arms — half forward — 1 
 mental position, Position I 
 
 Arms — half forward — bend! and, to resume funda- 
 
 How is it done ? 
 
 The arms, bent to 90 degrees at the elbows, are 
 raised quickly sideways to the height of the shoulders, 
 which are drawn well back. 
 
 What is it good for? 
 
 It expands the chest ; it is a Shonlder-blade move- 
 ment, and it is a Starting position for many powerful 
 Back movements. 
 
Positions. 
 
 It 
 
 What does Arms — sideways mean ? 
 
 That the arms are raised horizontally sideways, and 
 kept in a straight line from shoulder to tips of fingers ; 
 shoulders well back ; palms of hands down. (See Pig. 36.) 
 What is the command for this position ? 
 
 Arms — sideways — raise 1 and, to resume fundamental 
 position, Arms — downward — sink 1 It can also be com- 
 manded: Arms — sideways — stretch! and Arms — down- 
 ward — stretch 1 
 
 How is it done ? 
 
 1. Arms — sideways — raise is done 
 by raising the fully extended arms 
 from the shoulder straight up side- 
 ways to the height of the shoulder, 
 without any bending. 
 
 2. Arms — sideways — stretch is 
 done by first making Arms — upward 
 — bend, and from that position stretch- 
 ing the arms quickly out sideways. 
 
 What is it good for? 
 
 1. It is an Arm movement and 
 broadens the chest. 
 
 2. It extends the axillary artery to some extent, and 
 therefore makes the flow of blood easier to the arm. 
 
 3. It makes a longer lever, and thereby adds more 
 power to exercises performed in this position. 
 
 What does Arms— forward mean? 
 
 That the arms are raised horizontally forward and 
 kept in a straight line from shoulder to tips of fingers, 
 — parallel with each other ; palms of the hands turned 
 toward each other. (Fig. 14.) 
 
 Fig. 14. 
 
18 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 What is the command for this position ? 
 
 Arms — forward — raise ! and Arms — downward — 
 sink 1 Or, Arms — forward — streteh I and Arms — down- 
 ward — stretch ! 
 
 How is it done ? 
 
 1. Arms — forward — raise is done by raising the fully 
 extended arms from the shoulders straight up forward 
 to the height of the shoulders without any bending. 
 The trunk must be kept perfectly still and not bent 
 backward, pushing the shoulders and abdomen forward, 
 which is a common fault in this exercise. 
 
 2. Arms — forward — stretch is done by 
 first making Arms — upward — bend, and 
 from this position stretching the arms 
 quickly forward parallel with each other; 
 the head, trunk, and legs immovable. 
 
 What is it good for? 
 
 It is an Arm movement and gives ex- 
 ercise to the chest-muscles, and it lengthens 
 the lever for other exercises. 
 
 What does Arms — upward mean ? 
 
 That the arms are in a perpendicular 
 position — in straight line from shoulders to 
 tips of fingers — above the head ; the shoulders and arms 
 drawn well back to the ears and parallel with each other ; 
 palms of the hands turned toward each other. The head 
 must be kept erect and trunk and legs straight. (Pig. 15.) 
 
 What is the command for this position ? 
 
 Arms — forward and upward — raise 1 Or, Arms — 
 sideways and upward — raise! Or, Arms — upward — 
 stretch ! 
 
 FlO. 15. 
 
Primary Movements and Commanding Words. 19 
 
 How is it done ? 
 
 1. Arms — forward and upward — raise is donebyrais- 
 ing the fully extended arms from the shoulders straight 
 up in front till they are perpendicular on the shoulders. 
 
 2. Arms — sideways and upward — raise is done by 
 raising the fully extended arms from the shoulders 
 straight up at the sides, when horizontally the palms of 
 the hands are turned upward and the arms are raised 
 until they stand perpendicular on the shoulders. 
 
 3. Arms — upward — stretch is done by first making 
 Arms — upward — bend, and from this position the arms 
 are stretched quickly up alongside the ears. 
 
 What is it good for? 
 
 1. It gives the longest lever for other exercises. 
 
 2. It is a good Arm movement and elevates the 
 chest. 
 
 3. It extends the axillary artery. 
 
 Are these all the positions ? 
 
 No ; but all other positions are leading out from or 
 derived from them. 
 Are all exercises performed in these positions? 
 
 Yes ; and in two or more of them combined. 
 
 III. Primary Movements and Commanding 
 Words. 
 What is a command ? 
 
 A command consists of two parts : — 
 
 First. The preparatory, describing the exercise with 
 loud, distinct, and moderately slow voice ; and 
 
 Second. The executory, which gives the time when 
 the exercise is to be done : in a sharp, short voice, if 
 
20 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 the movement shall be quick, and with a lingering voice 
 if it shall be done slowly. 
 
 Are the exercises never to be performed at the Pre- 
 paratory command ? 
 
 No. The pupils should not move a muscle before 
 the last Executory word has been said. 
 
 Is this without exception ? 
 
 There is only one exception, viz. : About — face ! 
 
 which here is taught after the United States Army 
 regulations. 
 
 Which are the Executive words? 
 
 Attention ! Position ! Dress 1 Front ! Face 1 
 March! Halt! Close! Open! Place! Fall out! 
 Raise! Fling! Sink! Bend! Stretch! Circling! 
 Rotate ! Twist ! Jump ! Rest ! 
 
 What does Attention mean ? 
 
 1. If in the beginning of the lesson, or, the class is 
 in Resting position, it means straighten up to funda- 
 mental position. 
 
 2. Otherwise it means be attentive to what is coming ; 
 listen to the teacher, but do not change the position in 
 which you are, until otherwise commanded. 
 
 What does Position mean ? 
 
 It means that, in whatever position the pupils may 
 be, they shall resume the fundamental position as quick 
 as possible. 
 
 Can Attention and Position be used alternately? 
 
 No. They have two different meanings. 
 
Primary Movements and Commanding Words. 21 
 
 What does Dress mean ? 
 
 Look in direction commanded and see that the line 
 is straight. 
 
 How many Dresses are there ? 
 
 Three : Right (or left)— dress ! From the middle- 
 dress I Forward — dress I (Fig. 16.) 
 What does Front mean ? 
 
 Look straight forward. 
 What does Face mean ? 
 
 Turn the whole body to right 
 or left, without changing place. 
 How many Faces are there ? 
 
 Three : Right (or left)— face 1 
 Half-right (or left)— face! About 
 — face I 
 
 How are they executed ? 
 
 1. Right (or left)— face is 
 done by raising the right foot 
 and turning 90 degrees on the 
 left heel to the commanded side, and then placing the 
 right foot in to the left, maintaining the right angle 
 toward the feet. 
 
 2. Half-right (or left) — face is done in the same 
 manner, only turning half-way, or 45 degrees, to the 
 commanded side. 
 
 3. About — face is done in two counts. When the 
 word About is said, the right foot is placed three inches 
 behind the left foot, and the feet are turned so that the 
 left foot points straight forward and the right foot is 
 in a right angle toward the left. When Face is said, the 
 right foot is raised and a turn of 180 degrees from 
 
22 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 the front is done to the right side on the left heel, when 
 the right foot is placed in to the left, maintaining 90 de- 
 grees between the feet. (Fig. 17.) All these Facings 
 are done on the left heel to either side, About — face 
 always to the right side. 
 
 Are these Swedish modes of Facing ? 
 
 No. They are United States Army regulations. 
 
 Right about 
 
 _Pace ! 
 
 FlQ. 17. 
 
 Are they any better than the Swedish ? 
 
 No. They are one-sided, and make it more diffi- 
 cult to keep the balance. 
 
 Why are they used here, then ? 
 
 Because the children and especially all boys know 
 it, and in military drill will have to do it that way. 
 And as the School gymnastics will not be able to 
 change the Army regulations, it is better to use them 
 and keep out of too much confusion. 
 
 What does March mean ? 
 
 Start to walk or to run. 
 
Primary Movements and Commanding Words. 23 
 
 How shall we start? 
 
 Always with the left foot. 
 What does Halt mean? 
 
 Stop walking or running. 
 
 How is that done ? 
 
 1. Walking is stopped in two counts. On the first 
 count one step is taken after the word Halt has been 
 said, and on the second count the other foot is placed 
 alongside the front foot, maintaining 90 degrees toward 
 each other. 
 
 2. Running or quick-time — march is stopped in four 
 counts. Three short steps are taken after the word 
 Halt, and on the fourth count the backward foot is 
 placed alongside the front one, in fundamental position. 
 
 What does Close and Open mean ? 
 
 To take the close-standing position and to resume 
 fundamental position. 
 
 What does Place mean ? 
 
 To take the Stride or Walk standing positions. 
 
 What does Fall out mean ? 
 
 To take the Forward or Outward Fall-out positions. 
 
 Are there other directions than Forward and Outward? 
 
 Yes. Sideways, Outward backward, and Backward. 
 
 What do these words mean ? 
 
 1. Sideways means in a straight line to the side. 
 
 2. Outward backward means oblique backward, be- 
 tween sideways and straight backward. For instance : 
 the left foot is placed outward backward to the left in 
 the direction of the right heel. 
 
 3. Backward means straight backward. 
 
24 Swedish System, of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 What does Raise mean ? 
 
 That the part prescribed is lifted straight up in the 
 direction commanded. 
 
 Give some examples of Raise. 
 
 Heels — raise I Toes — raise ! Leg — raise I Arms — 
 raise ! Head — raise I Trunk — raise 1 
 
 How are these exercises performed ? 
 
 1. Heels — raise is done by lifting both heels as high 
 up as possible, still keeping them together, and without 
 
 Fig. 18. 
 
 Fio. 19. 
 
 bending the knees or body. This should, as a rule, be 
 done quickly. (Fig. 18.) 
 
 2. Toes — raise is done by lifting the toes and ball of 
 the foot as high as possible without bending the body 
 or losing the balance. 
 
 3. Leg — raise is done by lifting the whole leg in 
 direction prescribed, from the hip, with knee straight 
 and toes pointed. A slow movement. (Fig. 19.) 
 
 4. Arms — raise is done by lifting the whole arm, in 
 
Primary Movements and Commanding Words. 25 
 
 — U--J&-3 
 
 direction prescribed, from the shoulder, with elbow, 
 wrist, and fingers straight. Slow movement. 
 
 5. Head — raise is done by straightening head up from 
 its bent position to the fundamental. Slow movement. 
 
 6. Trunk — raise is done by resuming the fundamental 
 position of the trunk when it is bent to either side. As 
 a rule, slow. 
 
 What does Fling mean? 
 
 It means to throw or to ^ 
 raise the arms in a very 
 quick manner. 
 
 Give some examples of Fling. 
 
 1. Arms — forward and 
 upward — fling ! When the 
 arms are raised as quick as 
 possible straight forward 
 and upward until they are 
 perpendicular on the shoul- 
 ders. From Arms — forward 
 — bend command. 
 
 2. Arms — sideways — fling ! When they are thrown 
 or stretched quickly out sideways to Arms-sideways 
 position without moving the upper arms. ("Fig. 20.) 
 From Arms — forward command. 
 
 3. Arms — sideways — fling ! When the straight arms 
 are thrown sideways to Arms-sideways position, keeping 
 the shoulder well back, chest well forward, and head up. 
 
 What does Sink mean ? 
 
 To resume the fundamental position with the raised 
 heels, toes, legs, or arms in the same manner that they 
 were raised. 
 
 2 B 
 
 Fig. 20. 
 
26 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 What does Bend mean? 
 
 To flex a joint. 
 
 Give some examples of Bend. 
 
 Foot — bend ! Knees — bend ! Knee — upward — bend I 
 Arms — upward — bend ! Arms — forward — bend ! Head 
 . — backward — bend I Head — sideways — bend I Trunk — 
 backward — bend I Trunk — forward — bend I Trunk — 
 sideways — bend ! 
 
 How are these exercises done ? 
 * <M. 1. Foot — bend is done by flexing 
 
 the ankle-joint, raising the toes up 
 
 -«s 
 
 Fid. 21. Fig- 22. 
 
 toward the knee, while the leg is raised up from the 
 ground. 
 
 2. Knees — bend is done by bending the knees to a 
 right angle (90 degrees) when standing on tip-toes. The 
 knees must be kept well out to point over the corre- 
 sponding toes, and the heels together ; the back straight, 
 and chest well forward ; head up. (Fig. 21.) 
 
 3. Knee — upward — bend is done by raising the thigh 
 horizontally forward so that it makes a right angle with 
 the hip ; the leg hanging perpendicularly down, making 
 
Primary Movements and Commanding Words. 27 
 
 a right angle in the knee-joint ; the toes pointed down. 
 (Fig. 22.) 
 
 4. Arms — upward — bend and 
 
 5. Arms — forward — bend are already described. 
 
 6. Head — backward — bend is done by flexing the 
 head slowly backward, without pushing the chin forward 
 or changing the position of body. (Fig. 23.) 
 
 7. Head — sideways — bend is done by flexing the head 
 slowly to the side, without twisting it or moving the 
 
 shoulders or trunk. 
 
 8. Trunk — backward — bend is done 
 by flexing the trunk backward, making 
 an even curve of the whole spine from 
 
 Fig. 24. 
 
 the neck to the small of the back. The head must 
 not be kept forward nor be bent to a strained position 
 backward ; it shall follow the movement in line with 
 the curved spine. The knees must be kept straight. 
 (Fig. 24.) This exercise has the effect of straightening 
 the neck and back and arching the chest forward, but it 
 should be done slowly and never so far as to produce an 
 uncomfortable feeling of strain or backache. 
 
 9. Trunk — forward — bend is done by flexing the 
 
28 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 trunk forward in the hips, keeping the shoulders and 
 head well back and the chest well forward. (Fig. 25.) 
 This exercise strengthens the muscles of the back and 
 also arches the chest forward. It should be done slowly. 
 
 The two exercises Trunk — forward — and Trunk 
 
 backward — bend may very well be used alternately. 
 
 10. Trunk — sideways — bend is done by flexing the 
 trunk to the side, curving the whole spine, without 
 twisting ; head following the movement, without push- 
 ing up the shoulders ; legs straight. „_„ 
 (Fig. 26.) This exercise has a very ^' 
 
 Fig. 25. 
 
 excellent effect on the circulation of the blood, and 
 strengthens the muscles of the waist. For beginners it 
 is done slowly, but may after awhile change in quickness. 
 
 What does Stretch mean ? 
 
 Stretch means an extension of a flexed joint ; conse- 
 quently it is necessary to bend before we can stretch. 
 
 Give examples of Stretch. 
 
 Foot— stretch ! Knees — stretch ! Leg — forward — 
 stretch I Leg — backward — stretch ! Arms — forward, 
 sideways, upward, backward, and downward — stretch I 
 
Primary Movements and Commanding Words. 29 
 
 How are these exercises done ? 
 
 1. Foot — stretch is done by extending the already 
 bent foot. Foot — bend and stretch are generally done 
 alternately. 
 
 2. Knees — stretch is done by extending the already 
 bent knees. There should be commanded Knees — bend ! 
 before they can be stretched. 
 
 3. Leg forward — stretch is done by extending the 
 leg forward after the knee 
 has been bent upward. (Fig. 
 27.) 
 
 4. Leg — backward — stretch 
 
 fc-CT 
 
 ^ 
 
 Figs. 27 and 28. 
 
 Fig. 29. 
 
 is done by extending the leg backward after the knee 
 has been bent upward. (Fig. 28.) 
 
 5. Arms — forward, sideways, upward, backward, and 
 downward — stretch are always done in two counts each. 
 On the first count the arms are bent upward : Arms — 
 upward — bend ! On the second count the arms are ex- 
 tended quickly and sharply in the direction commanded, 
 without moving the rest of the body. (Fig. 29.) The 
 
30 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 command is Arms — forward (or other direction) — 
 stretch ! 
 
 Why do we not Stretch the head and trunk from a Bent 
 position ? 
 
 Because stretch indicates an exercise performed 
 quickly and with force ; and as the head and trunk 
 resume fundamental positions from a bent position in a 
 slow and quiet manner, we prefer to use the command 
 of liaise for these parts of the body. 
 
 What does Circling mean ? 
 
 To move the part prescribed in a circle. 
 
 Give some examples of Circling. 
 
 Foot — circling. Arm — circling. Head — circling. 
 Trunk — circling. 
 
 How are these exercises done ? 
 
 1. Foot — circling is done by moving the foot around 
 in the ankle-joint, when the leg is raised up from the 
 ground. This limbers and strengthens the joint. 
 
 2. Arm — circling is done by moving the arms around 
 in the shoulder-joint, when in Arms-sideways position. 
 They should always be moved in a circle upward, back- 
 Ward, downward, and forward, and not reverse. A 
 Respiratory movement. 
 
 3. Head — circling is done by moving the head slowly 
 around in a circle with an even movement, without 
 twisting or jerking ; first to the left side, then as many 
 times to the other side. The shoulders, as also the rest 
 of the body, are kept steady. (Fig. 30.) Especially 
 good for the circulation. 
 
 4. Trunk — circling is done by moving the trunk slowly 
 
Primary Movements and Commanding Words. 31 
 
 around from the 'waist, describing as large a circle as 
 possible ; first to the left side, then as many times to 
 the other side. The trunk must not be twisted, but be 
 square to the front ; the chest well expanded ; the hips, 
 shoulders, and head steady; the legs straight. (Fig. 31.) 
 This has a very good effect on the circulation of the 
 blood and the digestive organs. 
 
 What does Rotation mean ? 
 
 To turn the parts described around its long axis. 
 
 fig. so. 
 
 Fig. 31. 
 
 Give examples of Rotation. 
 
 Leg — rotation. Arm — rotation. 
 
 How are these exercises done ? 
 
 1. Leg — rotation is done by turning the forward- 
 raised leg inward and outward as far as possible in the 
 hip-joint, without bending the knee or ankle ; the hips 
 and rest of the body steady. This strengthens the hip 
 and thigh. 
 
 2. Arm — rotation is done by turning the sideways- 
 
32 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 raised or half-forward-bent arms as far as possible in both 
 directions in the shoulder-joint ; the shoulders and rest 
 of the body steady. A good Shoulder-blade movement. 
 
 What does Twist mean ? 
 
 It means Torsion of the head or trunk. 
 
 How are these exercises done ? 
 
 1. Head — to left (or right) — twist is clone by turning 
 the head to the side as far as conve- 
 nient, without any bending of the neck. 
 The shoulders and rest of the body 
 perfectly still. (Fig. 32.) 
 
 2. Trunk — to left (or right) — twist is done by turning 
 the trunk from above the waist as far as possible to the 
 side, without moving the hips or changing the position 
 of the legs, and without any bending. Head square to the 
 chest ; shoulders well back ; chest expanded. (Fig. 33.) 
 What does Jump mean? 
 
 That the body is suddenly thrown up in the air, away 
 from the ground (or floor), and shall come down on the 
 feet ; either at the same place or in direction prescribed. 
 
Primary Movements and Commanding Words. 33 
 
 What kind of Jumps are used here ? 
 
 In place — jump I With turning — in place — jump! 
 From place — forward — jump ! From place — backward — 
 jump! With one step — forward — jump! Feet — sideways 
 place — with a jump I 
 
 How are these exercises done ? 
 
 1. In place — jump is done in six counts. On one, 
 heels — raise ; on two, knees — bend ; on three, the knees 
 and ankles are quickly stretched and the whole body 
 
 One! Two! ThiwJ Four! Five.' ' Six! 
 
 Fig. 31 
 
 suddenly thrown straight upward from the floor, with 
 back straight, chest forward, and head well back ; on 
 four, the toes and balls of feet touch the floor, the knees 
 bend to their former position, and the body must be 
 well balanced without stooping forward or backward, 
 being careful to have the raised heels together, feet in 
 90 degrees toward each other, and knees well out over 
 the toes ; on five, the knees are stretched ; and on six, 
 heels — sink. (Fig. 34.) 
 
 2* 
 
34 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 2. With turning to left (or right) — in place — jump is 
 done in the same manner, but when in the air the body 
 is turned so as to face to the left (or right) in 90 degrees 
 or 180 degrees from the former position. 
 
 3. From place — forward — jump, as In place — jump; 
 but, on three, the body is thrown forward, as well as up, 
 so as to land about two or three feet in front of former 
 position. The balance must be kept. 
 
 4. From place — backward — jump, the same; but, on 
 three, the body is thrown backward, instead of forward, 
 
 Three ! 
 
 One! 
 
 so as to land about two feet behind the former place. It 
 is very difficult to keep the balance. 
 
 5. With one step — forward — jump is done in five 
 counts. On one, the left (or right) foot is placed forward ; 
 on two, the backward leg swings quickly forward, at the 
 same time the front foot pushes away from the floor, and 
 both feet are brought together before they, on three, 
 iouch the floor, and land as in other jumping; on four, 
 
Primary Movements and Commanding Words. 35 
 
 knees — stretch. ; on. five, heels — sink. This is also done 
 by taking two or three steps forward. (Fig. 35.) 
 
 6. Feet — sideways place — with a jump, the same as In 
 place — jump; but, on three, the feet are separated so 
 that they, on four, will land in Stride position. (See 
 Fig. 53.) From the Stride position the feet are brought 
 together with another jump, This alternate changing of 
 Stride and Fundamental position with Jump is always 
 interesting to pupils, and produces a deal of elasticity. 
 
 What does Rest mean ? 
 
 1. Rest means : Take it at ease and rest yourself as 
 you please. 
 
 2. In place — rest means : Stand at ease as you like, 
 but keep one foot in the place. This is the most frequent. 
 
 Is it desirable to use In place — rest often ? 
 
 Yes. In place — rest should be used frequently, or 
 as often as it is found that the pupils are getting tired 
 from the exercise or strained position. 
 
 Why should that be done ? 
 
 Because it is impossible for a child to maintain 
 one position or exercise for any great length of time 
 When given a moment's rest, and then commanded 
 Attention ! they will be able to resume their fundamen- 
 tal positions again, and derive the most benefit from 
 the exercises. 
 
 Ought the Command always to be in the same tone and 
 rhythm ? 
 
 No. It will be found of great value to change the 
 loudness of the command and also the rhythm of the 
 exercises. 
 
36 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 Why? 
 
 1. Because it will make the pupils more attentive, 
 thereby increasing the discipline. 
 
 2. It will give more variety to the exercise, thereby 
 increasing the interest for them. 
 
 IV. Instruction. 
 
 How shall the Instruction be? 
 
 Clear to the point, but short and illustrated. 
 
 How are faults corrected ? 
 
 Quickly and easily. If possible, by touching the 
 pupil and helping him into the correct position, or by 
 looking at him and making sign by straightening up as 
 he ought to be. If necessary to make a lengthy correc- 
 tion, command In place — rest ! and then show how the 
 pupils did, and how it should be done. 
 
 Can the Command be read out of a book or paper? 
 
 No. For inexperienced teachers it may be well to 
 glance at a paper between two exercises ; but, the more 
 the teacher knows by heart, the better will the instruc- 
 tion be. 
 
 Is it desirable that the gymnastic lesson shall be slow and 
 quiet? 
 
 No. The instruction must be quick and interesting, 
 and the exercises be performed with life, effort, and 
 precision. 
 
 How is that done? 
 
 By changing the rhythm of the exercises, and by 
 letting the pupils, once in a while, stamp their feet in 
 
Instruction. 5*1 
 
 Leg movements, and count loud with some Arm move- 
 ments, Facings, etc. 
 
 Is this good for other purposes? 
 
 Yes. It teaches the pupils the Time, and to keep 
 together. 
 
 If the teacher is unable to show the exercises, can some 
 of the pupils assist herein? 
 
 Yes. One of the best pupils may be called forward 
 to perform the exercises before the class, after the 
 teacher's command. But the pupils should not be per- 
 mitted to command. 
 
 Is it well for the teacher to stay on the platform during the 
 lesson ? 
 
 To show the exercises the teacher ought to stay on 
 the platform ; but otherwise he should move about in 
 the class-room to closely observe each one of the pupils. 
 
 How is the teacher best assisted? 
 
 By showing kindness and patience. 
 
 How often shall an exercise be repeated? 
 
 From one to ten times ; or, never so often as to pro- 
 duce fatigue. 
 
 Is it not a sign of effectual exercise when the muscles feel 
 fatigued ? 
 
 No. It is a sign of overtaxing the muscles ; it brings 
 them into a state of disease, whereby the good effect of 
 the exercises is lost. 
 
 How shall the pupils feel after the lesson ? 
 
 Refreshed both in mind and body, and have a feeling 
 of vigor and health. 
 
38 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 How shall we breathe during the exercises ? 
 
 Quiet and easy. Never hold the breath during any- 
 kind of exercises. 
 
 Is it not good to take long and deep inhalations? 
 
 Tes. As a Respiratory movement in rhythm with 
 some kind of Arm exercise ; but the exhalation should 
 follow at once after the inhalation has been done. 
 
 These exercises always end a day's lesson, and are 
 put in after any heavy exercise to quiet the respiration, 
 and they may also begin the lesson. 
 
 V. Day's Order and Progression. 
 
 Is there any special value in them ? 
 
 Yes. It is in the Progression and Order of move- 
 ments that the Swedish system of gymnastics has its 
 greatest strength. 
 
 Are not other systems arranged in this manner? 
 
 Thejr are arranged in some kind of progression, with 
 exercises to develop certain muscles; but this is not 
 what we aim at with Educational gj'mnastics. 
 
 What is our aim ? 
 
 We want a system which will produce a harmonious 
 development, — a perfect equilibrium of all the parts of 
 the body ; have a healthy and strengthening effect on 
 the nervous system, with rest and relief to the worried 
 and overtaxed brain. 
 
 Will not any series of exercises do this ? 
 
 No. It is not enough to have a series of exercises, 
 even if each of them can be proved to be physiologically 
 right. 
 
Day's Order- and Progression. 39 
 
 What else, then, is necessary ? 
 
 The exercises must follow in a certain order after 
 each other, and be progressive from day to day ; from 
 the very gentlest and simplest, step by step, to stronger 
 and more complicated ones ; and the experience must 
 have proved that they will produce the desired effect. 
 
 Has this been proved of the Swedish system ? 
 
 Yes. The experience of three-fourths of a century 
 has proved the good effect of this system. 
 
 How are the Gymnastic Days' Orders arranged? 
 
 In eleven to fourteen groups of movements, in the 
 following order : — 
 
 1. Order. 2. Leg. 3. Arch. 4. Arm. 5. Balance. 
 6. Back. 1. Front. 8. Side. 9. Jumping. 10. Slow 
 leg. 11. Respiratory. 
 
 Must this order always be followed? 
 
 Yes. Always. 
 
 Can we not skip any of the groups or change them about? 
 
 No. They must always follow in the order named, 
 from No. 1 to No. 11. 
 
 Why? 
 
 Because in this manner a Day's Order will make a 
 whole, — a harmonious, all-sided exercise; but if changed 
 it will only make something half, and the results will be 
 thereafter. 
 
 Do we give more than one exercise in each group? 
 
 Not for beginners. But, after awhile, two or three 
 exercises may be given in some of the groups. 
 
40 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 Do we never give more than eleven groups ? 
 
 Yes. For advanced pupils there may be put in a 
 Fall-out movement after No. 5 ; Running and marching 
 after No. 6 ; and one Leg and one Arm movement after 
 No. 8. 
 
 What is the reason for grouping the movements in the 
 above-described manner? 
 
 For some time previous to the gymnastic lesson the 
 pupils have been sitting still, working on their studies ; 
 their minds have been active ; all their powers have been 
 concentrated on mental work. In the most cases the 
 chest has been more or less contracted, the head and 
 shoulders stooping forward, and the chest flattened; a 
 pressure has occurred upon the abdominal organs, and 
 to some extent checked the venous circulation. Hereby 
 the circulation of the blood has become sluggish ; the 
 blood has been drawn to the brain, and a slight conges- 
 tion of the brain and abdominal organs has set in ; the 
 respiration is lessened ; the mind is tired and worried ; 
 the muscles are relaxed ; and the bad and ugly habit of 
 the Stooping position is commenced. 
 
 The first object, therefore, is to counteract these 
 evils ; to relieve the brain and to straighten the com- 
 pressed parts ; to equalize and quicken the circulation 
 of the blood ; to produce a healthy respiration, and to 
 strengthen and tone up the muscles and the body gen- 
 erally, — not forgetting the educational and moral part 
 of the gymnastic lesson. 
 
 1. The Order movements, which serve to bring the 
 pupils in order and ready to begin their real exercises 
 and to assume the right fundamental position, will also 
 
Day's Order and Progression. 41 
 
 draw their minds away from their long-continued mental 
 work, and thereby at once bring some relief to the brain. 
 
 2. The Leg movements will bring more relief, both 
 to the brain and other oppressed organs, by drawing the 
 blood downward to the lower extremities, and thereby 
 equalize and stimulate the circulation of the blood. 
 
 3. The Arch movements tend to expand and raise 
 the chest, and also to straighten the upper part of the 
 back and neck. 
 
 4. The Arm movements will elevate and broaden the 
 chest and straighten the whole spine. 
 
 Hereby the lungs are given full play, and deeper and 
 more energetic respiration is produced. 
 
 Thus, by these four movements, more and better 
 oxygenated blood is carried to the muscles, the con- 
 gested parts are drained out, and a healthier condition 
 of the muscles will follow. The mind is relieved, the 
 will is concentrated upon the muscular effort, and the 
 body is in condition to perform the succeeding move- 
 ments. 
 
 5. After the Arm movements the heart will often 
 begin to beat more rapid, and therefore Balance move- 
 ments succeed them, as having a very good counteract- 
 ing effect. These movements also produce a more all- 
 sided muscular contraction, with equilibrium of the 
 different parts of the body, resulting in a better and 
 more graceful posture ; and they have a stimulating 
 effect on the nervous system. 
 
 6. The Back movements are to bring the shoulders 
 
 and shoulder-blades in correct position and to strengthen 
 
 the muscles of the back, thereby keeping the back 
 
 straight. 
 
 B« 
 
42 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 I. The Front movements elevate and stimulate the 
 abdominal organs and strengthen the abdominal walls. 
 
 8. The Side movements strengthen the muscles 
 around the waist, and also affect the internal organs and 
 stimulate the spinal nerves. 
 
 9. The Jumping movements have an all-sided effect 
 upon the whole system, quickening the respiration and 
 circulation and stimulating and strengthening the 
 nerves and muscles. These should be followed by 
 
 10. The Slow-leg movements, to bring down the rapid 
 action of the heart and quickened respiration, and to 
 prepare the body for rest, which also will be effected by 
 
 II. The Respiratory movements, which always should 
 end the lesson. 
 
 All these movements should follow each other in the 
 order mentioned, and be performed with gradually 
 increasing force, compelling stronger and stronger 
 action from the circulatory and respiratory organs up 
 to the Jumping movements, when the culmination of 
 the Day's Order is reached and the force and strength 
 of the exercise is gradually toned down. But we should 
 never reach the point where breathlessness and uncom- 
 fortable heart-action begin to appear. Always maintain 
 a deep, free, undisturbed respiration during the exer- 
 cises. If the action of the heart or lungs seems to 
 be rather strong, there should be administered some 
 movements to counteract this, such as Slow-leg and 
 Respiratory movements, and also be commanded In 
 place — rest I or Rest ! Gymnastics never need to have 
 ill effect, if only taught judiciously. But it depends on 
 the teacher if the lesson shall be attractive and effectual 
 to the pupils. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 Tables of Exercises. 
 
 As the rules of the School Boards, both in Boston 
 and many other cities, require that Physical Training 
 shall be taught from ten to fifteen minutes daily in each 
 class-room, it is necessary to have some tables of Days' 
 Orders to guide the teachers in their work. 
 
 The following tables are arranged for lessons of ten 
 to fifteen minutes' duration, and the full command is 
 given for each exercise. 
 
 It will be seen that each Day's Order is intended for 
 daily use for from one to three weeks. As a rule, the 
 pupils should be able to perform one Day's Order before 
 advancing to another ; but, even if the same programme 
 is used for a length of time, there can be progression 
 from day to day by adding more force to the exercises 
 and by repeating them oftener. 
 
 In the first lesson of a new Day's Order, each exercise 
 should be repeated only once or twice ; but as the 
 pupils become accustomed to perform them they may 
 be repeated six or eight times. 
 
 I. Tables for Second and Third Class of 
 the Primary Schools. 
 
 In the countries of Europe where gymnastic lessons 
 in schools are obligatory, the child does not receive 
 these lessons before he is eight or nine years old. 
 
 I believe that some exercises to teach the child 
 
 (43) 
 
44 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 discipline and to stand straight, as well as to use his arms 
 and legs, will be very useful, but I do not believe that a 
 full Day's Order for children under eight years is neces- 
 sary ; therefore I have arranged the tables for the 
 Primary Schools accordingly. 
 
 The following five Days' Orders are to be used as 
 here arranged : — 
 
 First Day's Order daily for 3 wks. 
 
 Second Day's Order, daily for 3 
 
 First and Second Days' Orders, . . alternately for 3 
 
 Third Day's Order, daily for 3 
 
 First, Second, and Third Days' Orders, alternately for 3 
 
 Fourth Day's Order, daily for 3 
 
 Third and Fourth Days' Orders, . . alternately for 3 
 
 Fifth Day's Order, daily for 3 
 
 Fourth and Fifth Days' Orders, . . alternately for 3 
 First to Fifth Day's Order, . . . alternately for 6 
 
 Five Days' Orders, 33 wks. 
 
 FIRST DAY'S ORDER. 
 
 1. Order. Attention! (Fig. 1.) In place — restl 
 Attention ! 
 
 2. Leg. Feet — close I Feet — open I Close I Open ! 
 (Fig. 2.) 
 
 3. Arm. Hips— firm I (Fig. 8.) Position 1 In 
 place — rest ! Attention 1 
 
 4. Head. Head — backward — bend I (Fig. 23.) Dp- 
 ward — raise ! 
 
 5. Respiratory. Arms — sideways — raise ! (Fig. 13.) 
 (Inhale.) Downward — sink I (Exhale.) 
 
Day's Order for Primary Schools. 45 
 
 SECOND DAY'S ORDER. 
 
 1. Order. Attention I Forward — dress 1 (Fig. 
 16.) Position ! 
 
 2. Leg. Feet — sideways — place! One! Two I 
 (Fig. 3.) Together— place ! One ! Two I 
 
 3. Head. Head — backward — bend! Upward — 
 raise ! 
 
 4. Arm. Arms — upward — bend ! (Fig. 10.) Down- 
 ward — stretch ! In place — rest ! Attention 1 
 
 5. Balance. Hips — firm! Heels — raise 1 (Fig. 
 18.) Sink ! Position ! 
 
 6. Respiratory. Arms — forward — raise 1 (Inhale.) 
 (Fig. 14.) Downward — sink! (Exhale.) 
 
 THIRD DAY'S ORDER. 
 
 1. Order. Attention! In place — rest! Attention I 
 Forward — dress ! Position ! 
 
 2. Leg. Feet — close ! Open ! Left foot — forward 
 — place 1 (Fig. 4.) Replace ! Right foot — forward 
 — place ! Replace 1 
 
 3. Head. Hips — firm ! Head — backward — bend ! 
 Head — -upward — raise ! Position I 
 
 4. Arm. Arms — forward — bend! (Fig. 11.) Po- 
 sition ! In place — rest ! Attention ! 
 
 5. Balance. Hips — firm ! Feet — sideways — place ! 
 One! Two! Feet — together — place! One I Two! 
 Position I 
 
 6. Respiratory. Arms — sideways and upward — 
 raise! (Inhale.) When the arms are horizontal they 
 
46 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 are rotated backward so as to bring the palms up, 
 and the raising of the arms is continued. (Fig. 36.) 
 Arms — sideways and downward — sink ! (Exhale.) 
 
 ,-'"1 JK 
 
 Fig. 36. 
 
 FOURTH DAY S ORDER. 
 
 1. Order. Attention ! One step — forward — march ! 
 One! Two! (The left foot is placed forward at One! 
 and at Two! the right foot is placed in to the left ; heels 
 together ; feet in 90 degrees toward each other.) One 
 step — backward — march ! One ! Two ! 
 
 2. Leg. Left foot — outward — place! (Fig. 5.) 
 Replace! Right foot — outward — place! Replace! 
 
 3. Head. Hips — firm! Head — backward — bend! 
 Upward — raise ! Position ! 
 
Day's Order for Primary Schools. 
 
 47 
 
 One! Two! 
 Two! In place 
 
 Fig. 37. 
 
 4. Arm. Arms sideways — stretch! 
 (Fig. 29.) Downward — stretch! One! 
 — rest ! Attention ! 
 
 5. Balance. Hips — firm! Feet — 
 close ! Heels — raise ! Heels — sink 1 
 Postion ! (Feet open and hands 
 down.) 
 
 6. Trunk. Hips — firm! Trunk — for- 
 ward — bendl (Fig. 25.) Trunk — up- 
 ward — raise! Position! 
 
 1. Respiratory. Arms — forward 
 and upward — raise 1 (Inhale.) Forward 
 and downward — sink ! (Exhale.) (Fig. 
 37.) 
 
 FIFTH DAY'S ORDER. 
 
 1. Order. Attention! Two steps — forward — 
 march! Left! Right! Left! Two steps — backward 
 — march! Left! Right! Left! Forward — dress! 
 Position ! 
 
 2. Leg. Feet — close! Open! Al- 
 ternate — toes — raise! One! Two! 
 (Start with left foot.) Halt! 
 
 3. Head. Hips — firm! Head — back- 
 ward — bend 1 Upward — raise ! Po- 
 sition! 
 
 4. Arm. Arms — upward — stretch! 
 One! Two! (Fig. 29.) Downward- 
 stretch! One! Two! In place — rest! 
 Attention ! 
 
 5. Balance. Hips — firm! Knees — bend! (Figs. 21 
 and 38. Heels down.) Knees — stretch! Position! 
 
 Fig. 38. 
 
48 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 6. Trunk. Hips — firm I Trunk — forward — bend! 
 Upward — raise! Position! 
 
 1. Respiratory. Arms — forward — bend I Sideways 
 —fling! (Inhale.) Bend! (Exhale.) (Fig. 20.) 
 Fling! (Inhale.) Sideways — sink! (Exhale.) 
 
First Glass of the Primary Schools. 49 
 
 II. Tables for the First Class of the 
 Primary Schools. 
 
 Here are six Days' Orders, to be used as follows : — 
 
 First Day's Order, daily for 3 wks. 
 
 Second Day's Order daily for 3 
 
 Third Day's Order, daily for 3 
 
 First, Second, and Third Days' Orders, alternately for 3 
 
 Fourth Day's Order daily for 3 
 
 Third and Fourth Days' Orders, . . alternately for 3 
 
 Fifth Day's Order, daily for 3 
 
 Fourth and Fifth Days' Orders, . . alternately for 3 
 
 Sixth Day's Order, daily for 3 
 
 Fifth and Sixth Days' Orders, . . alternately for 3 
 First to Sixth Day's Order, . . . alternately for 3 
 
 Six Days' Orders, . - 33 wks. 
 
 If the pupils have had no previous training the 
 tables for Second and Third class should be given first, 
 but in shorter time. 
 
 FIRST DAY'S ORDER. 
 
 1. Order, Attention! Forward — dress! (Fig. 16.) 
 Position! In place — rest! Attention! 
 
 2. Leg. Feet — close! Open! (Fig. 2.) Feet side- 
 ways — place! One! Two! (Fig. 3.) Together — place! 
 One! Two! 
 
 3. Head. Head — backward — bend! (Fig. 23.) Up- 
 ward — raise! 
 
 4. Arm. Arms — upward — bend! (Fig. 10.) Down- 
 ward — stretch! Arms — forward — bend! (Fig. 11.) 
 
 Position 1 In place — rest ! Attention I 
 
 3 c 
 
50 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 5. Balance. Hips — firm! Heels — raise! Knees — 
 bendl (Figs. 21 and 38.) Knees — stretclil Heels — 
 sink! Position! 
 
 6. Back. Hips — firm! Trunk — forward — bend! 
 (Fig. 25.) Upward — raise! Position! 
 
 7. Respiratory. Arms — sideways and upward — 
 raise! (Inhale.) Sideways and downward — sink! (Ex- 
 hale.) (See Third Day's Order for second class.) 
 (Fig. 36.) 
 
 SECOND DAY'S ORDER. 
 
 1. Order. Attention! Left — face! Right — face! 
 
 2. Leg. Left foot — forward — place! (Fig. 4.) Re- 
 
 place ! Left foot — outward 
 — place I (Fig. 5.) Re- 
 place ! Right foot — for- 
 ward — place ! Replace ! 
 Right foot — outward — 
 place ! Replace ! 
 
 3. Head. Head — to 
 left— twist! (Fig. 32.) 
 Forward — twist! To right 
 — twist! Forward — twist! 
 
 4. Arm. Arms — side- 
 ways — stretch! One! Two! 
 (Fig. 29.) Downward — 
 stretch! One! Two! 
 
 5. Balance. Feet — 
 Hips— firm! One! Two! (The 
 the hips at Two!) (Fig. 39.) 
 
 FIG. 39. 
 
 sideways — place, and 
 
 hands are placed on 
 
 Position! (Left foot is first replaced, then right foot 
 
 and hands taken down.) Feet — sideways — place, and 
 
 Hips — firm! One! Two! Heels — raise! Sink! Raise! 
 
 Sink! Position! 
 
First Glass of the Primary Schools. 51 
 
 6. Front. Hips — firm I Trunk — backward — bend! 
 (Fig. 24.) Upward — raise 1 Position ! 
 
 7. Respiratory. Arms — forward and upward — raise I 
 (Inhale.) Sideways and downward — sink! (Exhale.) 
 (Figs. 36 and 37.) 
 
 THIRD DAY'S ORDER. 
 
 1. Order. Attention! About — face! About — face! 
 (Fig. 17.) Forward — dress ! Position ! 
 
 2. Leg. Feet — close! Open! Left foot — backward 
 . — place 1 Replace ! Right foot — backward — place 1 
 
 .Replace ! (The foot is placed two feet's length straight 
 backward, instead of forward.) 
 
 3. Head. Hips — firm ! Head — to left — twist ! For- 
 ward — twist ! To right — twist ! Forward — twist 1 
 Head — backward — bend ! Upward — raise ! 
 
 4. Arm. Arms — forward — stretch! One! Two! 
 (Fig. 29.) Downward — stretch! One! Two! 
 
 5. Balance. Hips — firm, and Left foot — outward — 
 place 1 Heels— raise! Sink! Position! Hips — firm, 
 and Right foot — outward — place! Heels — raise I 
 Sink! Position! (The body must not be swayed 
 forward, but rest evenly on both legs.) 
 
 6. Back. Neck— firm! (Fig. 9.) Position 1 
 
 7. Front. Feet — sideways — place, and Hips — firm ! 
 One! Two! Trunk — backward — bend! Upward — 
 raise 1 Position ! One ! Two ! 
 
 8. Respiratory. Arms — forward — bend ! Sideways 
 — fling 1 (Inhale.) Bend! (Exhale.) Fling! (Inhale.) 
 Sink! (Exhale.) (Fig. 20.) 
 
52 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 FOURTH DAY'S ORDER. 
 
 1. Order. Attention ! Two steps— forward — march I 
 Left ! Right ! Left 1 Two steps — -backward — marah ! 
 Left I Right ! Left ! Forward — dress ! Position ! 
 
 2. Leg. Left foot — backward and outward — place ! 
 Replace I Right foot — backward and outward — place ! 
 Replace ! (The foot is placed oblique backward, in the 
 
 direction of the other heel ; two 
 feet's distance between the 
 heels; feet maintaining 90 de- 
 grees toward each other. 
 
 3. Arch. Hips— firm ! Trunk 
 — forward — bend ! Upward — 
 raise I Head — backward — bend ! 
 Upward — raise I Position I 
 
 4. Arm. Arms — upward and 
 sideways — stretch ! One ! Two ! 
 One! Two! (Fig. 29.) 
 
 5. Balance. Left foot — for- 
 ward — place, and Hips — firm! 
 Heels — raise ! Sink ! Replace ! 
 Right foot — forward — place, and 
 Hips — firm 1 Heels — raise I Sink ! 
 Replace ! (Heels must be raised 
 
 straight up without swaying body forward.) (Fig. 40.) 
 
 6. Back. Neck — firm ! Hips — firm ! Neck — firm ! 
 Position ! 
 
 7. Front. Feet — sideways — place, and Hips — firm 1 
 One! Two! Trunk — backward — bend! Upward — 
 raise I Position ! One ! Two ! 
 
 8. Respiratory. Arms — sideways — raise I Arm — 
 circling ! Downward — sink I 
 
 Pig. 40. 
 
First Glass of the Primary Schools. 53 
 
 FIFTH DAY'S ORDER. 
 
 1. Order. Attention! Half— left— face ! Half— 
 right — face ! 
 
 2. Leg. Left foot — forward — place I Feet — change ! 
 One! Two! Three! Four! 
 
 3. Arch. Feet — sideways — place, and Hips — firm ! 
 — One ! Two I Trunk — forward — bend 1 Upward 
 raise! Head — to left — twist! Forward — twist! To 
 right — twist ! Forward — twist I Position ! 
 
 4. Arm. Arms — sideways — stretch ! One ! Two ! 
 Arm — rotation ! One ! Two ! Downward — stretch ! 
 One ! Two ! 
 
 5. Balance. Neck — Arm ! Heels — raise ! Sink ! 
 Position! 
 
 6. Trunk. Hips — firm ! Trunk — backward — bend ! 
 Upward — raise! Forward — bend! Upward — raise! 
 Position ! (Figs. 24 and 25.) . 
 
 7. Jump. Hips — firm ! Prepare to — jump ! (Heels 
 — raise! Knees — bend! Stretch! Sink!) (Figs. 21 
 and 38.) Position I 
 
 8. Respiratory. Arms — forward and upward — raise ! 
 (Inhale.) Sideways and downward — sink ! (Exhale.) 
 
 SIXTH DAY'S ORDER. 
 
 1. Order. Attention ! Left — face ! About — face ! 
 Right — face ! About — face ! Forward — dress I Position 1 
 
 2. Leg. Hips — firm ! Alternate — heels and toes — 
 raise ! One ! Two ! Three ! Four ! Position 1 
 
 3. Arch. Hips — firm I Trunk — backward — bend ! 
 Upward — raise! Forward — bend! Upward — raise! 
 Head — backward — bend ! Upward — raise ! Position ! 
 
54 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 i. Arm. Arms — half-forward — bend I (Fig. 12.) 
 Position ! 
 
 5. Balance. Arms — sideways — raise, and Feet — 
 close! Heels — raisel SinkI Position I 
 
 6. Side. Feet— close I Trunk— to left— bend I Up- 
 ward — raise! To right — bendl Upward — raise! (Fig. 
 26.) Position! 
 
 7. Jump. Prepare to — jump! One! Two! Three! 
 Four! 
 
 8. Respiratory. Arms — forward — raise! Arms — 
 sideways — fling! (Inhale.) Arms— forward — movel 
 (Exhale.) Sideways — fling! (Inhale.) Downward — 
 sink! (Exhale.) 
 
Fifth and Sixth Glass of Grammar Schools. 55 
 
 III. Tables for Fifth and Sixth Class of 
 the Grammar Schools. 
 
 Seven Days' Orders, as follows: 
 
 First Day's Order, . 
 
 Second Day's Order, 
 
 First and Second Days' Orders, 
 
 Third Day's Order, 
 
 Second and Third Days' Orders, 
 
 Fourth Day's Order, 
 
 Third and Fouth Days' Orders, 
 
 Fifth Day's Order, 
 
 Fourth and Fifth Days' Orders, 
 
 Sixth Day's Order, 
 
 Fifth and Sixth Days' Orders, 
 
 Seventh Day's Order, . 
 
 Sixth and Seventh Days' Orders, 
 
 Seven Days' Orders, 
 
 daily for 2 wks. 
 
 daily for 2 " 
 
 alternately for 2 " 
 
 daily for 2 " 
 
 alternately for 2 " 
 
 daily for 2 " 
 
 alternatley for 2 " 
 
 . daily for 3 '* 
 
 alternately for 3 " 
 
 . daily for 3 " 
 
 alternately for 3 " 
 
 daily for 3 " 
 
 alternately for 3 " 
 
 32 wks. 
 
 If the pupils have had no previous training the 
 tables for the Primary School should be given first, but 
 in shorter time. 
 
 FIRST DAY'S ORDER. 
 
 1. Order. Attention! Left — face I Right — face! 
 Forward — dress! (Pig. 16.) Position! 
 
 2. Leg. Feet — close! Open! (Fig. 2.) Alternate — 
 toes — raisel One! Two! One! Two! Halt! 
 
 3. Arch. Hips — firm! Head — backward — bend! 
 (Fig. 23.) Head — upward — raise! Position! 
 
56 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 4. Arm. Arms — upward — stretch 1 One! Two] 
 (Fig. 29.) Downward — stretch! One! Two! 
 
 5. Balance. Hips — firm! Heels — raise! Knees — 
 bend! Stretch! Bend! Stretch! Heels — sink! Position! 
 (Figs. 21 and 38.) 
 
 6. Back. Arms — sideways — raise! (Fig. 36.) Arm — 
 rotation! One! Two! Arms — sink! 
 
 7. Front. Hips — firm! Trunk — backward — bend! 
 (Fig. 24.) Upward — raise! Position 1 
 
 8. Side. Feet— close! Trunk— to left— bend ! (Fig. 
 26.) Upward — raise! To right — bend! Upward — raise! 
 Position ! 
 
 9. Jump. Mark time — Mark! One! Two! Halt! 
 (The leg is raised forward with straight knee and well- 
 pointed toes ; the body steady, chest forward ; start 
 with left foot.) 
 
 10. Slow Leg. Feet— sideways — place! One! 
 Two ! (Fig. 3.) Together— place ! One ! Two ! 
 
 11. Respiratory. Arms — sideways and upward — 
 raise! (Inhale.) Sideways and downward — sink! 
 (Exhale.) (Fig. 36.) 
 
 SECOND DAY S ORDER. 
 
 1. Order. Attention ! About — face 1 About — face ! 
 (Fig. 11.) 
 
 2. Leg. Left foot — forward — place! Replace! 
 (Fig. 4.) Left foot — outward — place ! Replace 1 (Fig. 
 5.) Right foot — the same ! 
 
 3. Arch. Hips — firm! Head — to left — twist! For- 
 ward — twist ! To right — twist ! Forward twist 1 (Fig. 
 
Fifth and Sixth Glass of Grammar Schools. 57 
 
 32.) Head — backward — bend! Upward — raise 1 Po- 
 sition ! 
 
 4. Arm. Arms — forward and sideways — stretch! 
 One ! Two ! One 1 Two 1 (Fig. 29.) 
 
 5. Balance. Hips — firm! Left knee — upward — 
 bend! (Fig. 22.) Downward — stretch! Right knee — 
 upward — bend ! Downward — stretch ! Position 1 
 
 6. Back. Left arm — sideways, and Right arm — up- 
 ward — stretch! One! Two! (Fig. 41.) Change! 
 One! Two! Downward — stretch! 
 
 One ! Two ! 
 
 7. Front. Feet — sideways — 
 place, and Hips — firm 1 One ! Two ! 
 (Fig. 39.) Trunk — backward — bend! 
 Upward — raise ! Position ! One I 
 Two! 
 
 8. Side. Feet — sideways — place, 
 and Hips — firm ! One ! Two ! Trunk 
 —to left — twist ! (Fig. 33.) Forward 
 — twist I To right — twist ! Forward 
 — twist ! Position ! One ! Two ! 
 
 9. Jump. In place — march ! One ! 
 Two! Halt! One! Two! (The knee 
 is bent and the foot raised slightly backward, like in 
 Quick time.) (Fig. 42.) 
 
 10. Slow Leg. Left foot — outward — place, and Hips 
 — firm! Heels — raise! Sink! Change — feet! One! 
 Two! Heels — raise! Sink! Position! (Raise the 
 heels straight up, without swaying forward.) 
 
 11. Respiratory. Arms — forward — bend ! Sideways 
 —fling! (Inhale.) Bend! (Exhale.) Fling! (Inhale.) 
 Downward— sink ! (Exhale.) (Fig. 20.) 
 
 3* 
 
 Fig. 41. 
 
58 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 THIRD DAY'S ORDER. 
 
 1. Order. Attention! Half— left— face ! Half— right 
 — face ! 
 
 2. Leg. Alternate — heels and toes — raise ! One I 
 Two ! Three ! Four I 
 
 3. Arch. Head— to left — bend! Upward — raise! 
 To right — bend! Upward — raise! Head — backward 
 — bend ! Upward — raise I 
 
 4. Arm. Arms — forward — bend I Sideways — fling ! 
 Repeat in Quick time. One! Two! Position! 
 
 5. Balance. Neck — firm ! Heels — raise ! Knees — 
 bend ! Stretch ! Bend ! Stretch ! Sink ! Position ! 
 
 6. Back. Feet — sideways — place, and Hips — firm! 
 One! Two! Trunk — forward — bend! Upward — raise! 
 Position ! One ! Two 1 (Fig. 25.) 
 
 T. Front. Left foot — forward — place, and Hips — 
 firm ! Trunk — backward — bend I Upward — raise ! Po- 
 sition! (See Fig. 51, but hands on hips.) Change — 
 feet 1 (Weight of body evenlj' on both legs.) 
 
 8. Side. Neck— firm 1 Trunk— to left- 
 bend ! Upward — raise ! To right — bend ! 
 Upward — raise! Position! (Fig. 45, but 
 heels together.) 
 
 9. Jump. Quick time — in place — 
 march! One! Two! Halt! One! -Two! 
 Three ! Four ! (Fig. 42.) 
 
 10. Slow Leg. Feet — sideways — place, 
 and Neck — firm ! One ! Two ! Heels — 
 raise ! Sink 1 Position ! One ! Two 1 
 
 Fia. 42. , . r. . . 
 
 11. Respiratory. Arms — sideways — 
 raise ! Arms — circling ! Halt ! Hands — turn ! Arms — • 
 
Fifth and Sixth Glass of Grammar Schools. 59 
 
 upward — raise ! Sideways — sink ! Upward — raise ! 
 Sideways — downward — sink 1 
 
 FOURTH DAY'S ORDER. 
 
 1. Order. Attention I Left — face ! One step — to 
 left — march ! Right — face 1 One step — forward — 
 march ! 
 
 2. Leg. Left foot — forward, outward, and back- 
 ward — place ! One ! Two I Replace ! Three I Four I 
 Five ! Six I Right foot — the same ! 
 
 3. Arch. Hips — firm ! Head — to left — twist I Head 
 — backward — bend ! Head — upward— raise ! Forward 
 — twist I To right — twist I Head — backward — bend! 
 Upward — raise ! Forward — twist ! (When head is 
 twisted to left it is bent backward toward the right 
 shoulder.) 
 
 4. Arm. Arms — forward and backward — stretch 1 
 One ! Two ! One ! Two ! Downward — stretch ! One ! 
 Two ! 
 
 5. Balance. Left foot — forward — place, and Hips 
 — firm ! Heels — raise ! Knees — bend ! Stretch ! Sink ! 
 Feet — change ! One ! Two I Heels — raise ! Knees — 
 bend 1 Stretch ! Sink I Position ! (The weight of 
 the body evenly on both legs.) 
 
 6. Back. Arms — half-forward — bend ! Arm — rota- 
 tion ! (Fig. 12.) One! Two! One! Two! Position! 
 
 7. Front. Neck — firm ! Trunk — backward — bend ! 
 Upward — raise ! Position ! 
 
 8. Side. Feet — close, and Hips — firm ! Trunk — to 
 left — twist I Forward, and to right — twist ! Forward 
 —twist I Position ! (Fig. 33.) 
 
60 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 9. Jump. Prepare to— jump 1 One ! Two ! Three I 
 Four ! (In Quick time— Heels — raise 1 Knees — bend ! 
 Stretch ! Sink !) (Figs 21 and 38.) 
 
 10. Slow Leg. Mark time — mark! (Compare First 
 Day's Order.) 
 
 11. Respiratory. Arms — forward — raise! Sideways 
 — fling! (Inhale.) Downward — sink! (Exhale.) 
 
 FIFTH DAY S ORDER. 
 
 1. Order. Attention! Left — face! One step — to 
 left — march ! About — face ! One step — to left — march 1 
 Left — face ! Forward — dress ! Position ! 
 
 2. Leg. Arms — forward 
 and upward, and Heels — 
 raise ! Sideways and down- 
 ward — sink ! 
 
 3. Arch. Hips — firm! 
 Trunk — backward — bend 1 
 Upward — raise ! Position ! . 
 
 4. Arm. Left arm — up- 
 ward, and Right arm — down- 
 ward — stretch ! C han ge ! 
 One! Twol (Fig. 43.) Both 
 arms — sideways — stretch ! 
 One ! Two ! Position ! 
 
 5. Balance. Hips — firm ! 
 — place 1 Heels — raise ! 
 
 Stretch ! Sink ! (Fig. 44, but hands on hips.) (The 
 knees must be kept well out.) Position 1 
 
 6. Back. Arms — sideways — raise! Trunk — for- 
 ward — bend! Upward — raise! Position! 
 
 Fig. 43. 
 
 Fig. 44. 
 
 Feet — sideways 
 Knees — bend ! 
 
Fifth and Sixth Class of Grammar Schools. 61 
 
 7. Front. Left foot — forward — place, and Neck — 
 firm! (Fig. 45a.) Trunk — backward — bend! (See Fig. 
 51, but hands on neck.) Upward raise I Change — feet 1 
 The same ! Position ! 
 
 8. Side. Feet — sideways — place, and Neck — firm ! 
 Trunk — to left — bend 1 Raise ! To right — bend ! Raise I 
 (Fig. 45.) Position! 
 
 FIG. 45a, 
 
 Fig. 45. 
 
 9. Jump. In place — -jump! One! Two! Three! 
 Four ! Five ! Six ! (Fig. 34.) 
 
 10. Slow Leg. Hips — firm! Left leg — backward — 
 raise! (Fig. 46.) Downward — sink! Right leg — back- 
 ward — raise! Sink ! Position ! 
 
 11. Respiratory. Arms — sideways and upward, and 
 Heels — raise! (Inhale.) Sink! (Exhale.) 
 
62 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 SIXTH DAY'S ORDER. 
 
 1. Order. Attention! Half — left — face 1 Right — 
 face ! Left — face ! Half — left — face ! 
 
 2. Leg. Feet — sideways — place, and Arms — upward 
 — stretch! One! Two! (Fig. 4 1 ?.) Heels — raise I 
 Knees — bend ! Stretch ! Sink I Position ! One ! Two ! 
 
 3. Arch. Hips — firm! Trunk — backward — bend! 
 Raise! Trunk — forward — bend! Raise! 
 
 One! 
 
 Tok>! 
 
 Fig. 47. 
 
 Fig. 48. 
 
 4. Arm. Arms — forward, upward, sideways, back- 
 ward, and downward— stretch ! (Fig. 29.) 
 
 5. Balance. Hips — firm! Left knee — upward 
 
 bend! Forward — stretch! Bend! Downward 
 
 stretch! Right knee — the same ! (Fig. 27.) 
 
 6. Back. Hips — firm ! Trunk — forward — bend ! 
 Head — rotation ! Left — forward — right — forward — 
 twist ! (Fig. 48.) 
 
Fifth and Sixth Class of Grammar Schools. 63 
 
 1. Front. Arms — forward — bend! Trunk back- 
 ward — bend! Arms — sideways — fling! Bend! Fling! 
 Trunk — upward — raise I Arms — sinkl 
 
 8. Side. Feet — sideways — place, and 
 Arms — upward — stretch! One I Two! 
 Trunk — to left — twist! Forward, and to 
 right — twist ! Forward — twist ! (Fig. 49.) 
 Position ! 
 
 9. Jump. Hips — firm ! Left foot — 
 forward — place ! Change — quick ! (With 
 a hop or dancing step.) 
 
 10 and 11. Slow Leg and Respiratory. 
 
 Arms — forward — bend 1 Heels — raise, and 
 Arms — sidewa3 r s — fling! (Inhale.) Heels 
 — sink, and Arms — bend ! (Exhale.) Posi- 
 
 ti0nI Fia.49. 
 
 SEVENTH DAT S ORDER. 
 
 1. Order. Attention ! Two steps — forward — march 1 
 About — face 1 Left — face ! Two steps — to right — march ! 
 Left — face 1 
 
 2. Leg. Heels — raise, Knees 
 
 \ — bend, and Arms sideways and 
 
 \ upward — raise ! (Fig. 50.) Knees 
 
 ! — stretch, and Heels and arms — 
 
 / sink! 
 
 / 3. Arch. Neck— firm! Trunk 
 
 — backward — bend I Upward — 
 
 raise ! Position 1 Head — to left — 
 
 bend ! To right — bend ! Upward — 
 
 FIQ. so. raise I 
 
64 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 4. Arm. Left arm — forward, and Right arm — back- 
 ward — stretch! One I Two! Change! One! Two! 
 Downward — stretch 1 One ! Two I 
 
 5. Balance. Hips — firm 1 Left knee — upward — 
 bend! Backward — stretch! Upward — bend! (Fig. 28.) 
 Downward — stretch ! Right knee — the same 1 Position ! 
 
 6. Back. Feet — sideways — place, and Neck — firm ! 
 One ! Two ! Trunk — forward — bend ! Raise ! Position 1 
 One ! Two ! 
 
 I. Front. Arms — upward — stretch, and Left foot — 
 forward — place ! One ! Two ! Trunk — backward — 
 bend ! Upward — raise ! (Fig. 51.) Change — feet ! The 
 same ! Position ! One ! Two I 
 
 8. Side. Right arm — upward — stretch, and Feet — 
 close ! One I Two ! Trunk— to left— bend ! (Fig. 52.) 
 Trunk — upward — raise! Arms — change! One 1 Two! 
 Trunk — to right — bend I Raise ! Position ! One ! 
 Two ! 
 
 9. Jump. Hips — firm ! Feet — sideways and together 
 — place — with a jump ! One ! Two ! (Fig. 53.) 
 Position ! 
 
 10. Slow Leg. Hips— firm! Half— right— face! 
 Left foot — outward — place! Heels — raise! Knees — 
 bend ! (Fig. 54.) Knees — stretch ! Heels — sink ! Left 
 foot — replace I Left — face ! Right foot — outward — 
 place ! Heels — raise 1 Knees — bend 1 Stretch ! Sink ! 
 Foot — replace! Half — right — facel Position! (The 
 weight of the body on the backward knee, when knees 
 are bent.) 
 
 II. Respiratory. Arms — forward and upward, and 
 Heels — raise! (Inhale.) Sideways — downward — sink! 
 (Exhale.) 
 
Fifth and Sixth Glass of Grammar Schools. 65 
 
 Fig. 5L 
 
 Fig. 53. 
 
 Fig. 52. 
 
 Fig. 51 
 
 C» 
 
66 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 IV. Tables for Third and Fourth Class 
 of the Grammar Schools. 
 
 Nine Days' Orders, as follows 
 
 First Day's Order, 
 
 Second Day's Order, 
 
 Third Day's Order, 
 
 Fourth Day's Order, 
 
 Third and Fourth Days' Orders, 
 
 Fifth Day's Order, 
 
 Fourth and Fifth Days' Orders, 
 
 Sixth Day's Order, 
 
 Fifth and Sixth Days' Orders, 
 
 Seventh Day's Order, . 
 
 Sixth and Seventh Days' Orders, 
 
 Eighth Day's Order, 
 
 Seventh and Eighth Days' Orders 
 
 Ninth Day's Order, 
 
 Eighth and Ninth Days' Orders, 
 
 Nine Days' Orders, 
 
 daily for 2 wks. 
 
 daily for 2 
 
 daily for 2 
 
 daily for 2 
 alternately for 2 
 
 daily for 2 
 alternately for 2 
 
 daily for 2 
 alternately for 2 
 
 daily for 2 
 alternately for 2 
 
 daily for 2 
 alternately for 2 
 
 daily for 3 
 alternately for 3 
 
 . 32 wks. 
 
 If pupils have no previous training, the tables for 
 Fifth and Sixth class should be given first, but in shorter 
 time. 
 
 FIRST DAY'S ORDER. 
 
 1. Order. Attention! (Fig. 1.) Left— face I Right 
 — face! About — face! (Figs. 16 and 17.) Forward — 
 dress ! Position ! 
 
 2. Leg. Alternate — toes — raise I (In Quick time.) 
 Halt ! Feet— close 1 Open ! (Fig. 2.) 
 
Third and Fourth Glass of Grammar Schools. 67 
 
 3. Arch. Head — backward — bend ! (Fig. 23.) Up- 
 ward — raise ! Hips — firm ! Trunk — forward — bend I 
 (Fig. 25.) Upward — raise! Position 1 
 
 4. Arm. Arms — sideways, and upward and down- 
 ward — stretch ! One 1 Two I One I Two ! One ! 
 Two ! (Fig. 29.) 
 
 5. Balance. Hips — firm! Heels — raise! Knees — 
 bend 1 Stretch ! Bend ! Stretch 1 Sink ! Position ! 
 (Figs. 21 and 38.) 
 
 6. Back. Neck — firm ! Position ! Left hip, and 
 Right neck — firm ! Change ! Position I 
 
 7. Front. Hips — firm! Trunk — backward — bend! 
 (Fig. 24.) Upward — raise ! Position I 
 
 8. Side. Hips— firm ! Trunk— to left— bend ! Up- 
 ward — raise! To right — bend! Upward — raise! (Fig. 
 26.) Position ! 
 
 9. Jump. Prepare to — jump! One! Two! Three! 
 Four 1 (In Quick time — Heels — raise 1 Knees — bend ! 
 Stretch ! Sink !) 
 
 10. Slow Leg. Left leg — forward — raise ! Down- 
 ward — sink! (Fig. 19.) Right leg — forward — raise! 
 Downward — sink ! 
 
 11. Respiratory. Arms — sideways and upward — 
 raise ! (Inhale.) (Fig. 36.) Sidways and downward 
 — sink ! (Exhale.) 
 
 SECOND DAY'S ORDER. 
 
 1. Order. Attention! One step — backward — 
 march! About — face! About — face I One step — 
 forward — march ! 
 
68 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 2. Leg. Arras — forward and upward, and Heels 
 — raise! (Fig. 37.) Sideways and downward — sink! 
 
 3. Arch. Head— to left— twist 1 (Fig. 32.) For- 
 ward, and To riglit — twist! Forward — twist! Head — 
 backward — bend ! Upward — raise ! 
 
 4. Arm. Arms — forward — bend, and Heels — 
 raise! Knees — bend! Arms — sideways — fling! Bend! 
 Fling! Knees — stretch! Position! 
 
 5. Balance. Neck — firm ! Left leg — backward — 
 raise ! (Fig. 46.) Downward — sink ! Right leg — back- 
 ward — raise ! Downward — sink ! Position ! 
 
 6. Back. Arms — sideways — raise! Trunk — forward 
 — bend ! Upward — raise ! Position ! 
 
 7. Front. Hips — firm, and Left foot — forward — 
 place! Trunk — backward — bend! Upward — raise 1 
 Feet— change! The same! (See Fig. 51, but keep 
 hands on hips, instead of upward.) 
 
 8. Side. Feet — sideways — place, and Arms — side- 
 ways — stretch! One! Two! Trunk — to left — twist! 
 Forward, and To right — twist! Forward — twist! 
 Position ! One 1 Two ! (Figs. 33 and 19.) 
 
 9. Jump. In place — jump! One! Two! Three! 
 Fourl Five! Six! (Fig. 34.) 
 
 10. Slow Leg. Mark time — mark! One! Two! 
 Halt! One! Two! (Compare First Day's Order, 
 Table III.) 
 
 11. Respiratory. Arms — forward and upward — 
 raise ! (Inhale.) (Fig. 37.) Sideways and downward 
 — sink 1 (Exhale.) 
 
Third and Fourth Glass of Grammar Schools. 69 
 
 1. Order. Attention ! Half— left — facel About — 
 face ! Left — face ! Half — left — face ! 
 
 2. Leg. Left foot — forward — place! (Fig- 40.) 
 Heels — raise 1 Sink! Foot — replace! Left foot — 
 outward — place! Heels — raise! Sink! Foot — re- 
 place! Right foot — the samel 
 
 3. Arch. Arms — sideways — raise ! Head — to left — 
 bend ! Head — raise ! To right — bend 1 Raise ! Arms 
 — sink! Head — backward — bend! Raise! 
 
 4. Arm. Heels — raise! Knees — bend! Knees — 
 deep — bend! (As far down as possible, without sit- 
 ting on the heels ; heels together ; knees well out.) 
 (Fig. 55.) Arms — upward and down- 
 ward — stretch 1 Knees — stretch 1 Heels 
 — sink ! 
 
 5. Balance. Hips — firm ! Left knee 
 — upward — bend ! (Fig. 2T.) Forward 
 — stretch ! Bend 1 Knees — change ! 
 Right leg — forward — stretch ! Bend ! 
 Position 1 
 
 6. Back. Feet — sideways — place, 
 and Neck — firm ! One ! Two ! (Hands fig. 55. 
 are placed on neck at Two!) Trunk — 
 
 forward — bend ! Upward — raise ! Position I One ! 
 Two! 
 
 7. Front. Arms — forward — bend ! Trunk — back- 
 ward — bend! Arms — sideways — fling! Trunk — up- 
 ward — raise! Arms — sinkl 
 
 8. Side. Left hip, and Right neck — firm ! Feet 
 close ! Trunk — to left — bend ! Upward— raise ! 
 
70 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 Hands — change 1 Trunk — to right — bend I Upward — 
 raise I Position I 
 
 9. Jump. Hips — firm 1 Feet — sideways, and to- 
 gether — place — with a jump ! One I Two I (Fig. 53.) 
 
 10. Slow Leg. Left foot — forward — place 1 Heels 
 — raise! Knees — bend! Stretch! Sink I Feet — 
 change! One! Two! The same! (Even on both 
 legs.) 
 
 11. Respiratory. Arms — sidewaj r s — raise ! Arm — 
 circling ! Halt ! Arms — upward — raise ! Downward — 
 sink ! 
 
 FOURTH DAY'S ORDER. 
 
 1. Order. Attention! Two steps — forward — march! 
 One 1 Two ! Three 1 Two steps — backward — march ! 
 One ! Two ! Three ! 
 
 2. Leg. Hips — firm ! Left foot — backward — place I 
 Replace! Backward — outward — place! Replace! Right 
 foot — the same ! Feet — close! Open! 
 
 3. Arch. Hips — firm! Head — circling ! Halt! 
 (Fig. 30.) Head — backward— bend ! Upward — raise! 
 
 4. Arm. Arms — forward, upward, sideways, back- 
 ward, and downward — stretch! (Fig. 29.) 
 
 5. Balance. Neck — firm I Heels — raise ! Knees — 
 bend! Stretch! Bend! Stretch! Sink! Position! 
 
 6. Back. Left foot — forward — place, and Arms — 
 sideways — raise I Trunk — forward — bend ! Upward — 
 raise! Feet — change! One! Two! The same ! Posi- 
 tion! 
 
 7. Front. Feet — sideways — place, and Neck — firm ! 
 
Third and Fourth Class of Grammar Schools. 71 
 
 Trunk — backward — bend I Upward — raise ! Position I 
 One ! Two ! 
 
 8. Side. Arms — upward — stretch, and Feet — side- 
 ways — place! One! Two! (Fig. 47.) Trunk — to 
 left — twist! (Fig. 49.) Forward, and To right — twist! 
 Forward — twist ! Position I 
 
 9. Jump. Hips — firm! Left knee — upward — bend! 
 Change — quick ! (Resembles running, with the knees 
 lifted forward.) (Fig. 56.) Halt ! One 1 Two ! Three ! 
 Four! Position! 
 
 10. Slow Leg. Hips— firm 1 Half— right 
 — face ! Left foot — outward — place ! Heels 
 — raise! Knees — bend! (Fig. 54.) Stretch! 
 Sink ! Left foot — replace ! Left — face ! 
 Right foot — outward — place ! The same 1 
 (The weight of the body on the backward 
 knee, when knees are bent.) 
 
 11. Respiratory. Arms — forward — raise! 
 Heels — raise, and Arms — sideways — fling ! 
 (Inhale.) Heels — sink, and Arms — forward 
 —move! (Exhale.) Fie. 56. 
 
 FIFTH DAY'S ORDER. 
 
 1. Order. Attention I One step forward, and About 
 — face 1 (Left foot is placed forward, then the whole 
 body is turned 180 degrees to the right side on the balls 
 of both feet, and finally the left foot is placed in to the 
 right.) One! Two! Three! 
 
 2. Leg. Hips — firm! Left foot — forward — place! 
 Heels — raise ! Knees — bend ! Stretch ! Sink ! Change 
 — feet ! The same ! Position ! 
 
72 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 3. Arch. Hips — firm! Trunk — forward — bend! 
 Head — rotation 1 (Left and right.) Forward — twist! 
 Trunk — upward — raise I Position 1 (Fig. 48.) 
 
 4. Arm. Left foot — forward — place! Arms — up- 
 ward and downward — stretch ! (Fig. 57.) (In Quick 
 time.) Feet — change ! The same ! Position ! 
 
 5. Balance. Hips — firm ! Left knee — upward — 
 bend ! (Fig. 22.) Left knee — sideways — move ! (The 
 left leg is brought out to the left side as far as possible, 
 
 Fig. 68. 
 
 Fig. 57. 
 
 still maintaining the right angle in hip- and knee-joints.) 
 Knee — forward — move ! Change knees ! The same 1 
 Position ! 
 
 6. Back. Left foot — forward — place, and Neck — 
 firm ! Trunk — forward — bend I Upward — raise ! Feet 
 — change! Trunk — forward — bend! Raise! Position! 
 
 7. Front. Arms — upward — stretch! Trunk — back- 
 ward—bend! (Fig. 58.) Trunk — upward — raise! 
 
Third and Fourth Glass of Grammar Schools. 13 
 
 Trunk — forward and downward — bend ! (Fig. 59.) 
 Upward — raise ! Position I 
 
 8. Side. Feet — sideways — place, and Neck — firm! 
 Trunk — to left — bend ! Upward — raise ! To right — 
 bend ! Raise ! (Fig. 45.) Position ! 
 
 9. Jump. Left foot — forward — place! Change — 
 quick 1 (With a hop or dancing step.) 
 
 10. Slow Leg. Arms 
 •=»"' and left leg — sideways — 
 raise ! Arms and legs — 
 change I 
 
 Fig. 59. 
 
 Fig. 60. 
 
 11. Respiratory. Arms — forward — bend ! Heels — 
 raise, and Arms — sideways — fling ! (Inhale.) Heels — 
 sink, and Arms — bend ! (Exhale.) 
 
 SIXTH DAT S ORDER. 
 
 1. Order. Attention 1 Three steps — forward, and 
 About — face — march! One! Two! Three! Four! Five! 
 
 2. Leg. Hips — firm! Left — forward — fall out! 
 (Figs. 6 and 60.) Feet — change! One I Two! Position! 
 
 ID 
 
74 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 3. Arch. Neck — firm ! Trunk — backward — bend ! 
 Upward — raise ! Position ! 
 
 4. Arm. Heels — raise ! Knees — deep — bend ! Arms 
 — forward, sideways, and upward — stretch! Knees — 
 stretch ! Position 1 
 
 5. Balance. Hips — firm I Left knee — upward — 
 bend ! Knee — forward — stretch ! Bend ! Backward — 
 stretch I (Figs. 27 and 28.) Bend ! Knees — change ! 
 
 6. Back. Arms — forward — bend! 
 Trunk — forward — bend ! Arms — 
 sideways — fling! Bend I (Fig. 61.) 
 Fling ! Trunk — upward — raise ! Po- 
 sition ! 
 
 7. Front. Arms — upward — stretch, 
 and Left foot — forward — place ! Trunk 
 — backward — bend! (Fig. 51.) Up- 
 ward — raise ! Feet — change ! The 
 same! 
 
 8. Side. Feet — sideways — place, 
 and Arms — sideways — stretch 1 Trunk 
 — to left — twist! To right — twist! 
 (In Quick time.) Forward — twist ! 
 
 9. Jump. From place — forward — jump! One! 
 Two! Three! Four! Five! Six! (See " Jumps.") 
 
 10. Slow Leg. Hips — firm! Left leg — backward — 
 raise! Right heel — raise! Sink! Feet — change! 
 Left heel — raise ! Sink 1 Position 1 
 
 11. Respiratory. Heels — raise, Knees — bend, and 
 Arms — sideways and upward — raise! (Fig. 50.) (In- 
 hale.) Knees — stretch, and Arms and heels — sink! 
 (Exhale.) 
 
 Fig. 81. 
 
Third and Fourth Glass of Grammar Schools. 75 
 
 SEVENTH DAY'S ORDER. 
 
 1. Order. Attention! Left — face! One step — to 
 left — march! Right — face, and One step — forward — 
 march ! 
 
 2. Leg. Half— right— face ! Hips— firm ! Left- 
 outward — fall out ! (Fig. 37.) Position ! Left — face ! 
 Hips — firm 1 Right — outward — fallout! Position! 
 Half — right — face ! 
 
 3. Arch. Left foot — forward — place, and Neck- 
 firm ! Trunk — backward — bend! Upward — raise! Feet 
 . — change ! The same ! Position ! 
 
 4. Arm. Left arm — forward and upward — fling! 
 Arms — change ! Both arms — sideways, upward, and 
 downward — stretch ! 
 
 5. Balance. Hips — firm ! Left leg — forward — raise ! 
 Left leg — rotation! One! Two! Legs — change! 
 Right leg — rotation ! One ! Two ! Position ! 
 
 6. Back. Feet — sideways — place ! Trunk — forward 
 — bend! Arms — forward and upward — fling! 
 Trunk — upward — raise! Position ! 
 
 7. Front. Feet — sideways — place, and Hips — firm ! 
 Trunk — forward — bend ! Trunk — circling ! (To the 
 left — backward — right — forward; then to right — back- 
 ward — left — forward.) (Fig. 31.) Trunk — upward — 
 raise ! Position ! 
 
 8. Side. Left foot — forward — place, and Right arm 
 — upward — stretch! One! Two! Trunk — to left — 
 bend! Upward — raise! Arms, and Feet — change! 
 One! Two! Trunk — to right — bend! Upward — 
 raise 1 Position 1 
 
76 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 jump! 
 Four ! 
 
 Jump. Turning 90 degrees — to 
 The same to right t One 1 
 Five 1 Six ! (See " Jumps. ") 
 10. Slow Leg 
 Left 
 Right 
 Feet- 
 bend ! 
 (Keep 
 
 left — in place — 
 Two! Three! 
 
 Fig. 62. 
 
 Hips — firm ! 
 toe — backward — place 1 
 knee — bend ! Stretch ! 
 changel Left knee — 
 Stretch ! Position ! 
 
 the trunk well up and 
 backward leg straight, chest for- 
 ward.) (Fig. 62.) 
 
 11. Respiratory. Arms — for- 
 ward and upward — fling, and 
 Heels — raise! (Inhale.) Side- 
 ways and downward — sink ! 
 
 EIGHTH DAY S ORDER. 
 
 1. Order. Attention ! Three steps— forward, About 
 — face, and Two steps — forward — march ! One I Two ! 
 Three ! Four 1 Five ! Six ! Seven ! (Left— right 
 — left — turn — left — right — left.) (When the turning 
 has been done on the balls of both feet, the left foot is 
 placed forward at once, without stopping.) 
 
 2. Leg. Hips — firm ! Left — backward — fall out ! 
 (The left foot is placed three feet's length straight back- 
 ward, and the right knee is bent, as in Right — forward 
 —fallout.) (Fig. 60.) Feet— change! One! Two! 
 
 3. Arch. Arms — upward — stretch ! One ! Two ! 
 Trunk — backward — bend! Upward raise! (Figs. 58 
 and 59.) Forward — bend! Upward — raise! Position! 
 
Third and Fourth Class of Grammar Schools. 11 
 
 4. Arm. Heels — raise, and Arms — upward — bend! 
 Arms — upward — stretch, and Knees — bend 1 Arms — 
 bend, and Knees — stretch 1 (In Quick time.) Arms 
 — stretch! Knees — bend! Arms — bend I Knees — 
 stretch I Position ! 
 
 5. Balance. Hips — firm 1 Half — right — face ! Left — 
 outward — fall out ! Left heel — raise ! Sink ! Position ! 
 Left — face! Right — outward — fallout! Right heel 
 
 Fig. 63. Fig. 64. 
 
 —raise! Sink! (Fig. 63.) Position! Half— right- 
 face! 
 
 6. Back. Arms — forward and upward — fling, and 
 Left foot — forward — place ! Trunk — forward — bend ! 
 Upward — raise ! Arms and feet — change ! One I Two I 
 The same ! 
 
 1. Front. Hips — firm ! Kneel — down ! Trunk — 
 backward — bend ! Raise ! Bend ! Raise ! (Fig. 64.) 
 Position ! 
 
 8. Side. Arms — forward — bend, and Feet — close! 
 Trunk — to left — twist, and Arms — sideways — fling! 
 
78 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 (Fig. 65.) 
 right 
 
 ■twist, and Arms- 
 
 Forward — twist, and Arms — bend I To 
 -fling ! Forward — twist ! Po- 
 sition 1 
 
 9. Jump. One step — 
 forward — jump! One 1 
 Two! Three! Four! Five! 
 (Fig. 35.) 
 
 10. Slow Leg. Left leg 
 — forward, and Arms — 
 sideways — raise! Right 
 heel — raise! Sink ! Legs — 
 change ! Left heel — raise ! 
 Sink ! Position ! 
 
 11. Respiratory. Arms 
 — upward — bend ! Trunk 
 
 — forward — bend! Arms — sideways — stretch! (Slowly, 
 inhale.) Arms — bend! (Exhale.) Trunk — upward — 
 raise ! Position ! 
 
 Fig. 65. 
 
 NINTH DAY'S ORDER. 
 
 1. Order. Attention! Right — face — two steps — to 
 right — Left face — two steps — forward — march! One! 
 Two! Three! Four! Five! Six I Seven! Eight! 
 Nine! 
 
 2. Leg. Half — left — face ! Hips — firm ! Left — back- 
 ward — outward — fall out ! (The left leg is placed three 
 feet's length oblique backward, in the direction of the 
 right heel. The right knee is bent, as in Right — out- 
 ward— fall out.) (Fig. 37.) Position! Right— face ! 
 Hips — -firm! Right — backward — outward — fall out! 
 Position ! Half — left — face I 
 
Third and Fourth Glass of Grammar Schools. 79 
 
 3. Arch. First, third, and fifth lines — Arms — up- 
 ward — stretch, and Feet — sideways — place 1 Trunk — 
 backward — bendl Second, fourth, and sixth lines — 
 support ! (They place one foot forward and raise their 
 arms so as to grasp the hands 
 of the one in front and support 
 him from falling backward.) 
 (Fig. 66.) The first lines- 
 Heels — raise I Heels — sink ! 
 Trunk — upward — raise! Po- 
 sition 1 About — face! The 
 same ! 
 
 4. Arm. Left — forward — fall 
 out ! Arms — forward, upward, 
 and downward — stretch! Feet 
 — change! One! Two! The 
 same ! 
 
 5. Balance. Feet — close, and Arms — sideways — 
 raise ! Left foot — forward — place ! Heels — raise ! Sink ! 
 Feet — change 1 The same ! Position ! 
 
 6. Back. Arms — half-forward — bend ! (Fig. 12.) 
 Arm — rotation! Onel Two! One! (Now the fore- 
 arms shall be perpendicular, pointing straight upward.) 
 Trunk — forward — bend ! Upward — raise ! Arms — side- 
 ways — stretch ! Arms — upward — raise ! Sideways — 
 downward — sink ! 
 
 1. Front. Hips — firm ! Left — forward — fall out ! 
 Right knee—on floor — support ! Trunk — backward — 
 bend ! Trunk — raise ! Right knee — stretch ! Feet — 
 change ! One ! Two ! Left knee — on floor — sup- 
 port ! The same ! Position ! (See Fig. 72, but hips 
 firm.) 
 
80 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 8. Side. Arms — upward — stretch ! Trunk — to left — 
 bend ! Upward — raise ! To right — bend ! Upward — 
 raise! (Fig. 68.) Position 1 
 
 9. Jump. Hips — firm! Left 
 foot — forward — place! Change — 
 quick ! Halt ! Position,! 
 
 10. Slow Leg. Half— left- 
 face ! Right foot — outward — place, 
 and Neck — firm! Heels — raise! 
 Knees — bend I Stretch I Sink! 
 Position ! Right — face ! Left foot 
 — outward — place, and Neck — 
 firm ! Heels — raise ! Knees — bend ! 
 Stretch! Sink! (Fig. 54.) Posi- 
 tion ! Half — left — face ! 
 
 11. Respiratory. Arms — for- 
 ward — bend, and Left foot — backward — place ! Trunk 
 — slightly backward — bend! Arms — sideways — fling! 
 (Inhale.) Arms — bend ! (Exhale.) Trunk — raise ! 
 Feet — change ! The same 1 Position ! 
 
 Fig. ( 
 
First and Second Glass of Grammar Schools. 81 
 
 V. Tables for First and Second Class of 
 the Grammar Schools. 
 
 Fifteen Days' Orders, as follows : — 
 
 First Day's Order, daily for 1 wk. 
 
 Second Day's Order, daily for 1 
 
 First and Second Days' Orders, . . alternately for 1 
 
 Third Day's Order daily for 1 
 
 Second and Third Days' Orders, . . alternately for 1 
 Fourth Day's Order, .... daily for 1 
 
 Third and Fourth Days' Orders, . . alternately for 1 
 
 Fifth Day's Order, daily for 1 
 
 Fourth and Fifth Days' Orders, . . alternately for 1 
 
 Sixth Day's Order, daily for 1 
 
 Fifth and Sixth Days' Orders, . . alternately for 1 
 
 Seventh Day's Order, daily for 1 
 
 Sixth and Seventh Days' Orders, . . alternately for 1 
 
 Eighth Day's Order, daily for 1 
 
 Seventh and Eighth Days' Orders, . alternately for 1 
 
 Ninth Day's Order, daily for 1 
 
 Eighth and Ninth Days' Orders, . . alternately for 1 
 
 And so on. 
 
 If the pupils have had no previous training, the 
 tables for Fifth and Sixth and Third and Fourth classes 
 of the grammar schools should be given first, but in 
 shorter time. 
 
 FIRST DAY'S ORDER. 
 
 1. Order. For Order movements the teacher may 
 give different facings, marching, dressing, etc., as de- 
 scribed in the foregoing tables. 
 
 2. Leg. Hips— firm I Feet— close! Open! (Fig. 2.) 
 Alternate — heels, and Toes — raise ! Position ! 
 
 4* 
 
82 Swedish Sijstem of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 3. Arch. Head — to left — twist! Forward — twist! 
 To right — twist ! (Fig. 32.) Forward — twist 1 Head — 
 backward — bend 1 (Fig. 23.) Upward — raise I 
 
 4. Arm. Arms — sideways, upward, and downward — 
 stretch 1 (Fig. 29.) One! Two! 
 
 5. Balance. Hips — firm ! Heels — raise ! Knees — 
 bend! (Figs. 21 and 38.) Stretch! Bend! Stretch! 
 Sink ! Position 1 
 
 6. Back. Hips — firm! Trunk — forward — bend! 
 (Fig. 25.) Upward — raise! Neck — firm! Position! 
 
 7. Front. Hips — firm! Trunk — backward — bend! 
 (Fig. 24.) Upward — raise! Position 1 
 
 8. Side. Trunk — to left — bend! Upward — raise! 
 To right — bend! (Fig. 26.) Upward — raise! 
 
 9. Jump. Hips— firm! Prepare to — jump I Onel 
 Two! Three! Four! Position! (Heels — raise! Knees — 
 bend! Stretch! Sink!) 
 
 10. Slow Leg. Arms — forward and upward, and 
 Heels — raise! (Figs. 18 and 37.) Forward and down- 
 ward — sink 1 
 
 11. Respiratory. Arms — sideways — raise! Hands — 
 turn! (Palms up.) Arms — upward — raise! (Inhale.) 
 (Fig. 36.)- Arms — sideways — sink! (Exhale.) 
 
 SECOND DAY'S ORDER. 
 
 1. Order. 
 
 2. Leg. Left foot — forward — place, and Arms — 
 upward — bend ! Heels — raise, and Arms — upward — 
 stretch 1 (Figs. 40 and 57.) Heels — sink, and Arms — 
 bend ! Feet and arms — change ! Position ! 
 
 3. Arch. Hips — firm ! Trunk — backward — bend ! 
 Upward — raise! (Figs. 24 and 25.) Forward — bend! 
 Upward — raise ! 
 
First and Second Glass of Grammar Schools. 83 
 
 4. Arm. Arms — forward — bend! Sideways — fling! 
 (Pig. 20.) Bend 1 Fling ! (In Quick time.) Position ! 
 
 5. Balance. Hips — firm 1 Left knee — upward — 
 bend! Forward — stretch! (Fig. 27.) Bend! Knee — 
 change 1 The same ! 
 
 6. Back. Arms— half-forward— bend ! (Fig. 12.) 
 Arms — rotation 1 One ! Two ! Position 1 
 
 I. Front. Hips — firm, and Left foot — forward — 
 place! Trunk — backward — bend! (Fig. 51, but hands 
 on hips.) Upward — raise ! Feet — change 1 The 
 same ! 
 
 8. Side. Feet — sideways — place, and Hips — firm ! 
 (Fig. 39.) Trunk — to left— twist! Forward — twist! 
 (Fig. 33.) To right — twist ! Forward — twist ! Position 1 
 
 9. Jump. Quick time — in place — march! One! Two I 
 (Fig. 42.) Halt! One! Two! Three! Four I 
 
 10. Slow Leg. Mark time — mark! (Compare First 
 Day's Order, Table III.) 
 
 II. Respiratory. Arms — forward — bend! Sideways 
 —fling! (Inhale.) Bend I (Exhale.) 
 
 THIRD DAY'S ORDER. 
 
 1. Order. 
 
 2. Leg. Half— right — face! Hips — firm! Left — 
 outward— fall out ! Left heel— raise I Sink! (Fig. 63.) 
 Position! Left — face! Hips— firm ! Right— outward — 
 fallout! Right heel— raise! Sink! Position! 
 
 3. Arch. Head — to left — bend ! Upward — raise 1 
 To right — bend ! Raise ! Head — backward — bend ! 
 Upward — raise ! 
 
 4. Arm. Arms — forward, backward, and downward 
 —stretch ! (Fig. 29.) (In Quick time.) 
 
84 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 5. Balance. Arms — upward — stretch! Heels — 
 raise I (Pig- 55.) Knees — deep — bend I Stretch! 
 Position 1 
 
 6. Back. Hips — firm ! Trunk — forward — bend ! 
 (Fig. 48.) Head — rotation ! Trunk — raise ! Position ! 
 
 7. Front. Feet — sideways — place, and Arms — for- 
 ward — bend ! Trunk — backward — bend 1 Arms — side- 
 ways — fling! Bend! Fling! Trunk — upward — raise! 
 Position ! 
 
 8. Side. Feet — sideways — place, and Neck — firm ! 
 (Fig. 45.) Trunk — to left — bend! Upward — raise! 
 To right — bend ! Raise ! Position ! 
 
 9. Jump. In place — jump! One! Two! Three! 
 Four! Five! Six! (Fig. 34.) 
 
 10. Slow Leg. Hips — firm, and Heels — raise! In 
 place — march! Halt! One! Two I Position! 
 
 11. Respiratory. Arms — forward and upward, and 
 Heels — raise ! (Fig. 37.) (Inhale.) Arms — sideways, 
 downward, and Heels — sink ! 
 
 FOURTH DAY'S ORDER. 
 
 1. Order. 
 
 2. Leg. Arms — upward — bend, and Heels — raise! 
 Arms — upward — stretch, and Knees — bend ! Arms — - 
 bend, and Knees — stretch! Arms — stretch, and Knees 
 — bend 1 Position! 
 
 3. Arch. Hips — firm 1 Head — to left — twist 1 Head 
 — backward — bendl Upward — raise! To right — twist! 
 Backward — bend ! (When head is bent backward in 
 this position it is bent toward the opposite shoulder.) 
 Upward — raise ! Forward — twist ! Trunk — forward — 
 bend ! Upward — raise ! 
 
First and Second Class of Grammar Schools. 85 
 
 4. Arm. Left arm — sideways, and Right arm — • 
 upward— stretch ! (Fig. 41.) Change ! One ! Two 1 
 Both arms — upward and downward — stretch ! 
 
 5. Balance. Hips — firm ! Left leg — forward — raise I 
 Left foot — upward — bend, and Downward — stretch ! 
 One I Two! Change — legs! The samel (See " Bend," 
 page 26.) 
 
 6. Back. Feet — sideways — place, and Neck — firm ! 
 Trunk — forward — bend 1 Upward — raise ! Position ! 
 
 7. Front. Left foot — forward — place, and Neck — 
 firm! Trunk— backward — bend! Upward — raise I Feet 
 — change ! The same I Position ! 
 
 8. Side. Feet — sideways — place, and Hips — firm! 
 Trunk — forward — bend ! Trunk — circling ! (Fig. 31.) 
 (To left — backward — right — forward, and reverse.) 
 Trunk — upward — raise ! Position ! 
 
 9. Jump. Hips — firm 1 Feet — sideways — place ! 
 with (Fig. 53) a jump! and together! One! Two! 
 
 10. Slow Leg. Hips — firm! Left leg — backward — 
 raise ! (Fig. 46.) Legs — change ! One ! Two ! Po- 
 sition ! 
 
 11. Respiratory. Arms — sideways — raise! Arms — 
 circling! (Upward, backward, downward, forward.) 
 Hands — turn ! Arms — raise ! Sink ! 
 
 FIFTH DAY'S ORDER. 
 
 1. Order. 
 
 2. Leg. Hips— firm! Left— forward— fall out ! (Figs. 
 6 and 60.) Left heel— raise ! (Fig. 63.) Sink! Legs 
 — change! One! Two! The same ! Position! 
 
 3. Arch. Feet — sideways — place, and Hips — firm ! 
 Head — to left — twist ! Forward, and To right— twist ! 
 
86 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 Forward — twist! Trunk — backward — bend! Up- 
 ward — raise I Forward — bend ! Upward — raise I 
 Position ! 
 
 4. Arm. Heels — raise 1 Knees — deep — bend! Arms 
 — sideways, upward, and downward — stretch ! Knees — 
 stretch ! Heels — sink I 
 
 5. Balance. Hips — firm, and Heels — raise! Left 
 foot — forward — place 1 Feet — change! One! Two! 
 (The weight of the body even on both legs ; heels must 
 not come down.) Position ! 
 
 6. Back. Arms — sideways — raise, and Left foot — 
 forward — place! Trunk — forward — bend! Upward — 
 raise ! Feet — change ! The same ! Position ! 
 
 I. Front. First, third, and fifth lines — Arms — up- 
 ward — stretch ! Trunk — backward — bend 1 Second , 
 fourth, and sixth lines — support ! (See Ninth Day's 
 Order, Table IV, Fig. 66, but heels down.) The first 
 lines — Trunk — upward — raise! Position! About — 
 face ! The same ! 
 
 8. Side. Right arm — upward — stretch, and Feet — 
 close! One! Two! Trunk— to left— bend I (Fig. 52.) 
 Upward — raise! Arms — change! One! Two! Trunk — 
 to right — bend! Raise! Position! 
 
 9. Jump. Hips — firm ! Left knee — upward — bend ! 
 (Fig. 56.) Knees — change — quick! Halt! Posi- 
 tion! 
 
 10. Slow Leg. Hips — firm, and Left foot — forward 
 — place! Heels — raise! Knees — bend! Stretch! Sink! 
 Feet — change ! The same 1 
 
 II. Respiratory. Arms — forward — raise! Arms — 
 
 sideways — fling, and Heels — raise ! (Inhale.) Arms 
 
 forward — move, and Heels — sink ! (Exhale.) Position 1 
 
First and Second Class of Grammar Schools. 81 
 
 SIXTH DAY'S ORDER. 
 
 1. Order. 
 
 2. Leg. Feet — sideways — place, and Arms — upward 
 — stretch 1 Heels — raise I Knees — bend! (Fig. 44.) 
 Knees — stretch I Sink I Position ! 
 
 3. Arch. Hips — firm I Head— circling ! (Left and 
 right.) (Fig. 30.) Left foot— forward— place ! Trunk 
 — forward — bend ! Raise I Feet — change ! The same ! 
 Position ! 
 
 4. Arm. Arms — forward, upward, sideways, back- 
 ward, and downward — stretch I (Fig. 29.) 
 
 5. Balance. Hips — firm I Left knee — upward — bend! 
 (Fig. 28.) Backward — stretch! Bend! Knees — change! 
 One! Two! The same! 
 
 6. Back. Arms — forward — bend! Trunk — forward 
 — bend! Arms — sideways — fling! Bend I (Fig. 61.) 
 Fling ! Trunk — upward — raise ! Arms — sink ! 
 
 1. Front. Feet — sideways — place, and Hips — firm ! 
 Trunk — forward — bend! Trunk — circling! (Compare 
 Group 8, Fourth Day's Order.) Trunk — upward — raise! 
 Position ! 
 
 8. Side. Feet — sideways — place, and Arms — upward 
 —stretch! (Fig. 47.) Trunk— to left— twist! (Fig. 49.) 
 Forward, and To right — twist ! Forward — twist ! Po- 
 sition ! 
 
 9. Jump. From place — forward — jump! One! Two! 
 Three! Four! Five! Six! (See "Jumps.") 
 
 10. Slow Leg. Hips — firm! Left leg — forward — 
 raise I Legs — change ! (Fig. 19.) One ! Two ! Position ! 
 
 11. Respiratory. Arms — sideways and upward, and 
 Heels — raise! (Figs. 18 and 36.) (Inhale.) Arms and 
 Heels — sink ! 
 
88 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 SEVENTH DAY S ORDER. 
 
 1. Order. 
 
 2. Leg. Neck — firm I Left — forward — fall out I 
 Heels — raise 1 Heels— sink 1 Legs — change ! The same I 
 (Both heels are raised without changing the position of 
 the legs, trunk, or head.) 
 
 3. Arch. Arms — sideways — raise! Trunk — back- 
 ward — bend I Upward — raise I Forward — bend 1 Up- 
 ward — raise ! Position ! 
 
 4. Arm. Left foot — forward — place ! Left arm — side- 
 ways — upward — fling ! Arms — change I Both arms 
 — forward, upward, and downward — stretch! Feet — 
 change ! The same ! 
 
 5. Balance. Hips — firm! Left leg — forward — raise! 
 Left foot — circling 1 Left leg — rotation! Legs — change! 
 Right foot — circling ! Right leg — rotation ! Position ! 
 
 6. Back. Feet — sideways — place, and Arms — side- 
 ways — raise 1 Trunk — forward — bend ! Arm — rotation ! 
 
 One! Two! One! Trunk— up- 
 ward — raise t Arms — upward — 
 raise 1 Position ! One ! Two ! 
 1. Front. Hips — firm ! Left 
 — forward — fall out I Trunk — 
 backward — bend 1 Trunk — raise ! 
 (Straighten forward.) Legs — 
 change 1 The same ! (The trunk 
 is bent backward, maintaining 
 the front knee in a right angle 
 and the backward leg straight.) 
 8. Side. Arms — upward — 
 Fio.686. stretch, and Feet — sideways — 
 
 place! Trunk— to left— bend! (Fig. 686.) Upward 
 — raise 1 To right — bend I Raise 1 Position 1 
 
First and Second Class of Grammar Schools. 89 
 
 9. Jump. Left foot — forward — place 1 Change — 
 quick I (With a hop or dancing-step.) 
 
 10. Slow Leg. Hips — firm, and Left leg — backward 
 — raise! Right heel — raise I Sink! Legs— change ! 
 Left heel — raise ! Sink ! Position ! 
 
 11. Respiratory. Arms — sideways, and Heels — raise 1 
 Knees — bend, and Arms — upward — raise! (Fig. 50.) 
 (Inhale.) Knees — stretch, and Arms — sideways — sink ! 
 (Exhale.) 
 
 EIGHTH DAY'S ORDER. 
 
 1. Order. 
 
 2. Leg. Heels — raise 1 Knees — bend, and Arms — 
 sideways and upward — raise 1 (Fig. 50.) Knees — stretch, 
 and Arms — sink ! 
 
 3. Arch. Feet — sideways — place, and Arms — for- 
 ward — bend ! Trunk — backward — bend ! Arms — side- 
 ways — fling ! Trunk — raise ! Position ! 
 
 4. Arm. Left — forward — fallout! Arms — forward, 
 sideways, upward, backward, and downward — stretch! 
 Legs — change 1 The same ! 
 
 5. Balance. Left foot — forward — place, and Arms — 
 sideways — raise! Heels — raise I Knees — bend! Stretch! 
 Sink! Feet — change! The same! Position! 
 
 6. Back. Trunk — forward — bend I Neck — firm ! 
 Hips — firm ! Neck — firm ! Trunk — upward — raise I 
 Position ! 
 
 1. Front. Hips — firm! Kneel — down! Trunk — 
 backward — bend! (Fig. 64.) Trunk — raise! Backward 
 — bend ! Raise ! Position ! 
 
 8. Side. Arms — forward — bend, and Feet — close! 
 Trunk — to left — twist, and Arms — sideways — fling ! 
 (Fig. 61.) Trunk — forward — twist, and Arms — bend! 
 
90 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 To right — twist, and Arms — fling ! Forward — twist, and 
 Arms — bend ! Position I 
 
 9. Jump. From place — backward — jump I One I 
 Two! Three! Four! Five! Six! (See " Jumps.") 
 
 10. Slow Leg. Hips — firm ! Left toe — backward — 
 place 1 (Fig. 62.) Right knee— bend 1 Stretch ! Feet 
 — change ! Left knee — bend 1 Stretch 1 Position 1 
 
 11. Respiratory. Arms — upward — bend! Trunk 
 
 backward — bend 1 Arms — sideways — stretch ! (Inhale.) 
 Arms — bend! (Exhale.) Stretch I (Inhale.) Trunk 
 — raise, and Arms — sink ! (Exhale.) 
 
 NINTH DAY'S ORDER. 
 
 1. Order. 
 
 2. Leg. Hips — firm! Left foot — forward — place! 
 Heels — raise! Knees — bend! Stretch! Sink! Feet — 
 change ! The same ! Position ! 
 
 3. Arch. Arms — sideways — raise! Head — backward 
 — bend ! Upward — raise ! Trunk — backward — bend I 
 Upward — raise ! Position ! 
 
 4. Arm. Heels — raise! Knees — deep — bend! Arms 
 — forward, upward, sideways, backward, and downward 
 — stretch! Knees — stretch! Heels — sink! 
 
 5. Balance. Half — right — 
 face! Left arm — upward, 
 and Right arm — backward — 
 stretch, and Left — outward — 
 fall out! (Fig. 69.) One! 
 Two! Left heel — raise! Sinkl 
 Position I Left — face ! Right 
 - arm — upward, and Left arm — 
 
 backward — stretch, and Right 
 -outward — fall out ! The same 1 Half — right — face ! 
 
First and Second Class of Grammar Schools. 91 
 
 6. Back. Left — backward — fall out, and Arms — for- 
 ward and upward — fling! One! Legs and Arms — 
 change I One ! Two ! (The leg is placed three feet's 
 length straight backward and the front knee bent, as in 
 Forward — fall out; the arms are- raised at the same 
 time. When changed, the Fundamental position is 
 taken at One ! and the Fall out and Arms upward 
 at Two.) 
 
 V. Front. Feet — sideways — place, and Arms — upward 
 — stretch ! (Fig. il.) Trunk — backward — bend I (Fig. 
 58.) Arms— bend! Stretch! Trunk— raise! (Fig. 59.) 
 Forward and downward — bend! Upward — raise! 
 Position ! 
 
 8. Side. Arms — sideways — raise! Trunk — to left 
 — twist ! To left — bend I Upward — raise 1 To right 
 — twist I To right — bend ! Upward — raise ! Forward 
 — twist ! Position ! 
 
 9. Jump. With turning 90 degrees to the left — in 
 place — jump! One I Two! Three! Four! Five! Six! 
 The same, to the right ! (See " Jumps.") 
 
 10. Slow Leg. Arms — sideways, and Left leg — 
 forward — raise! (Fig. 19.) Right heel — raise! Sink! 
 Legs — change ! The same ! 
 
 11. Respiratory. Trunk — to left — twist! Arms — 
 forward — bend 1 Arms — sideways — fling ! (Inhale.) 
 Arms — bend! (Exhale.) Trunk — to right — twist! 
 Arms — fling ! Bend ! Forward — twist ! Position ! 
 
 TENTH DAY'S ORDER. 
 
 1. Order. 
 
 2. Leg. Heels — raise, and Neck — firm! Knees — 
 deep — bend ! Stretch ! Bend ! Stretch ! Heels — sink ! 
 Position I 
 
92 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 3. Arch. Left foot — .forward — place, and Neck — 
 firm I Trunk — backward — Lend ! Upward — raise ! For- 
 ward — bend! Raise! Feet — change 1 The same! 
 Position ! 
 
 4. Arm. Left — forward — fall out, and Arms — for- 
 ward — bend! Arms — sideways — fling 1 Bend! Fling! 
 Arms — upward — raise ! Sink, and Legs — change, and 
 Arms — forward — bend ! The same ! 
 
 5. Balance. Arms — sideways — raise 1 Left knee — 
 upward— bend ! Forward— stretch ! Bend 1 Backward 
 —stretch ! (Figs. 27 and 28.) Bend ! Knees— change ! 
 The same! 
 
 6. Back. Arms — upward — stretch! Trunk — for- 
 ward and downward — bend ! (Fig. 59.) Upward — raise ! 
 Position ! 
 
 1. Front. Hips — firm! Left — forward — fall out 1 
 Right knee — on floor — support ! Trunk — backward — 
 bendl (Fig. 61.) Trunk — raise! Right knee — stretch! 
 Legs — change ! Left knee — on floor — support ! The 
 same ! Position ! 
 
 8. Side. Left hip, and Right neck — firm, and Left 
 foot — forward — place ! Trunk — to left — bend ! Upward 
 — raise! Hands, and Feet — change! Trunk — to right — 
 bend ! Upward — raise ! Position ! 
 
 9. Jump. Hips — firm ! Hopping twice on each 
 foot — Quick time — march! One! Two! One! Two! 
 (Fig. 42.) 
 
 10. Slow Leg. Half— left— face! Hips— firm, and 
 
 Right foot — outward — place ! Heels — raise 1 Knees 
 
 bend! (Fig. 54.) Stretch! Sink! Position! Right 
 
 face! Hips — firm, and Left foot — outward — place! The 
 same ! Position ! 
 
First and Second Class of Grammar Schools. 93 
 
 11. Respiratory. Arms — sideways — raise, and Left 
 foot — backward — place ! Hands — turn ! Trunk — back- 
 ward — bend, and Arms — upward — raise! (Fig. 51.) 
 (Inhale.) Trunk — raise, and Arms — sideways — sink! 
 (Exhale.) Feet — change ! The same ! 
 
 ELEVENTH DAY'S ORDER. 
 
 1. Order. 
 
 2. Leg. Arms — forward — bend! Left — backward — 
 fall out, and Arms — sideways — fling! Arms — bend, and 
 Foot — replace ! Arms — fling, and Right — backward — 
 fall out 1 Position! 
 
 3. Arch. Hips— firm 1 Trunk— to left— twist! Trunk 
 — backward — bend I Upward — raise! Forward, and 
 To right — twist ! Backward — bend ! Upward — raise ! 
 Forward — twist ! Position ! 
 
 4. Arm. Arms — half-forward — bend! (Fig. 12.) 
 Arm — rotation! One! Two! One! (Now the fore- 
 arms shall be perpendicular on the upper-arms.) Left 
 arm — sideways — stretch! Right arm — sideways — 
 stretch, and Left arm — half — bend! Change! Both 
 arms — upward — stretch ! Position ! 
 
 5. Balance. Arms — upward — stretch, and Left foot 
 — forward — place! Heels — raise! Knees — bend! 
 Stretch! Sink! Arms — bend, and Foot — replace! 
 Arras — stretch, and Right foot — forward — place! The 
 same ! Position ! 
 
 6. Back. Feet— sideways — place, and Arms — up- 
 ward — stretch ! Trunk — forward — bend ! Arms — bend ! 
 Arms — stretch! Trunk — raise! Position! 
 
 7. Front. Left foot— forward — place ! Trunk — 
 
94 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 backward — bend 1 Arms — sidewa3 T s and upward — raise ! 
 Sink! Trunk — raise! Feet — change! The same! 
 
 8. Side. Hips — firm! Left— forward — fall out! 
 Trunk— to left — twist ! Forward — twist 1 Legs — 
 change ! Trunk — to right — twist I Forward — twist I 
 Position ! 
 
 9. Jump. One step — forward — jump! One! Two! 
 (Fig. 35.) Three! Four! Five! 
 
 10. Slow Leg. Arms — upward — stretch ! Heels — 
 raise ! (Fig. 55.) Knees — deep — bend ! Stretch ! Bend ! 
 Stretch ! Heels — sink ! Position 1 
 
 11. Respiratory. Arms — forward — bend! Trunk 
 — to left — twist, and Arms — sideways — fling! (In- 
 hale.) Forward — twist, and Arms — bend! (Exhale.) 
 To right — twist, and Arms — fling I Forward — twist, 
 and Arms — bend ! Position ! 
 
 TWELFTH DAY S ORDER. 
 
 1. Order. 
 
 2. Leg. Arms — forward and upward, and Heels — 
 raise! Knees — bend, and Arms — sideways — sink! 
 Knees — stretch! Heels — sink, and Arms — downward 
 — sink ! 
 
 3. Arch. First, third, and fifth lines — Arms — up- 
 ward — stretch, and Feet — sideways — place! Trunk — 
 backward — bend! Second, fourth, and sixth lines — 
 support 1 (Fig. 66.) The first lines — Trunk — upward 
 — raise ! Position ! About — face ! The same 1 
 
 4. Arm. Hands — on desks — place! Legs — backward 
 — stretch ! Legs — forward — stretch ! (Fig. 70.) Po- 
 sition ! (The first times the desks will be best, but after 
 
First and Second Glass of Grammar Schools. 95 
 
 Fig. 70. 
 
 awhile the hands may be placed on the seats ; the chest 
 must be kept well forward, and shoulders back; head 
 up.) 
 
 5. Balance. Left 
 — forward — fall out, 
 and Arms — forward 
 — bend ! Heels — raise, 
 and Arms — sideways 
 — fling 1 Sink, and 
 Arms — bend! Legs 
 — change! The same! 
 
 6. Back. Arms- 
 upward — stretch, and 
 Left foot — forward — place ! Trunk — forward — bend 1 
 Arms — sideways— sink ! Arms — upward — raise 1 Trunk 
 — upward — raise! Arms, and Feet — change! The 
 same ! 
 
 7. Front. Arms — upward — stretch! Kneel— down! 
 (Pig. 71.) Trunk — backward — bend! Trunk — raise! 
 
 Bend! Raise! Knees — stretch! 
 Position ! 
 
 8. Side. Feet — sideways 
 — place, and Neck — firm! 
 Trunk — to left— twist! To 
 left — bend! Upward — raise! 
 Forward, and To right — twist ! 
 To right — bend! Upward — 
 raise ! Forward — twist ! Po- 
 sition ! 
 9. Jump. With turning 180 degrees to the left — in 
 
 place — jump! One! Two! Three! Four! Five! 
 
 Six ! The same, to the right ! 
 
 Fig. 7i. 
 
s> 
 
 96 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 10. Slow Leg. Arms — -forward and upward — fling 
 and Left toe — backward — place I (Fig. 62.) Right knee 
 — bend! Stretch I Feet, and Arms — change! The 
 same I 
 
 11. Respiratory. Arms — forward — bend ! Trunk — 
 forward — bend! (Fig. 61.) Arms — sideways — fling! 
 (Inhale.) Arms — bend ! (Exhale.) Trunk — raise ! 
 Position ! 
 
 THIRTEENTH DAY'S ORDER. 
 
 1. Order. 
 
 2. Leg. Knees — deep — bend, and Arms — forward 
 and upward — fling! Knees — stretch, and Arms — for- 
 ward and downward — sink ! 
 
 3. Arch. Head — circling! Halt! Neck — firm! 
 Trunk — forward — bend I Upward — raise ! Position ! 
 
 4. Arm. Left — forward — fallout! Arms — forward, 
 backward, sideways, upward, and downward — stretch ! 
 Legs — change! 
 
 5. Balance. Hips — firm, and Heels — raise! Knees — 
 bend! Left foot — outward — place! Feet — change! 
 (Fig. 54.) One! Two! Right foot — replace! Knees — 
 stretch! Position! (When the foot is placed outward 
 the weight of the body remains on the backward knee, 
 which is kept in a right angle.) 
 
 6. Back. Arms — half-forward — bend! Trunk — 
 forward — bend! Arm — rotation! One! Two! One! 
 (Fore-arms now perpendicular.) Arms — slowly — up- 
 ward — stretch ! Trunk — upward — raise ! Neck — firm ! 
 Position ! 
 
 1. Front. Arms — forward and upward — fling, and 
 Left — forward — fall out ! Right knee — on floor — sup- 
 
First and Second Glass of Grammar Schools. 97 
 
 portl Trunk — backward — bend I (Fig. 72.) Trunk — 
 raise! Right knee — stretch! Arms, and Legs — change! 
 Left knee — on floor — sup- 
 port ! The same 1 
 
 8. Side. Feet — side- 
 ways — place, and Arms 
 — sideways — raise! Trunk 
 —to left— twist! To 
 right— twist! To left! 
 To right ! (In Quick time, 
 without moving the hips 
 and legs, and keeping the shoulders well back.) 
 
 9. Jump. Arms — sideways and upward — fling, and 
 Feet — sideways — place, with a jump ! (As Fig. 53, but 
 the arms raised quickly, sideways — upward, when Stride, 
 and downward when legs come together.) 
 
 10 and 11. Slow Leg and Respiratory. Arms — side- 
 ways and upward — raise, and Knees — bend ! (Inhale.) 
 Knees — stretch, and Arms — sink! (Exhale.) Arms — 
 sideways — raise! Arms — circling! Position! 
 
 Fig. 72. 
 
 FOURTEENTH DAY'S ORDER. 
 
 1. Order. 
 
 2. Leg. Half — right — face! Left arm — forward and 
 upward, and Right arm — backward — fling, and Left — 
 outward — fallout! One! Position! The same! Position! 
 Left — face! Right arm — forward and upward, and Left 
 arm — backward — fling, and Right — outward — fall out ! 
 Position ! 
 
 3. Arch. Arms — upward — stretch, and Left foot — 
 forward — place ! Trunk — backward — bend ! Upward — 
 
 5 B 
 
98 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 Fig. 73. 
 
 —left- 
 
 raise ! Forward — bend I Upward — raise ! Feet, and 
 
 Arms — change I The same ! 
 
 4. Arm. Hands — on desks — place 1 Legs — forward 
 
 — place 1 (Hang down 
 in the arms, as Fig. 73.) 
 Arms — bendl (The 
 arms are bent in the 
 elbow-joint, and body- 
 thereby lifted up.) 
 Arms — stretch I Posi- 
 tion! 
 
 5. Balance. Half 
 -face! Arms — upward — stretch, and Right foot 
 
 — outward — place ! (Fig. 54.) Heels — raise I Knees 
 
 — bend! Stretch! Sink! Position! Right — face! 
 
 Arms — upward — stretch, and Left foot — outward^ 
 
 place ! The same ! 
 
 6. Back. Front- 
 lying on desks — place! 
 (As Fig. 74.) Hips — 
 firm ! Trunk — back- 
 ward — bend ! Trunk 
 — forward — stretch ! 
 Position ! 
 
 7. Front. Knees — 
 bend! Hands — on 
 floor — place ! (Be- 
 tween the knees.) 
 Legs — backward — 
 stretch ! (Straight, as 
 
 Fig. 75.) Keep this position a few seconds, then — Legs 
 — bend ! Position ! Instead of this may be given 
 
 Fig. 74. 
 
First and Second Glass of Grammar Schools. 99 
 
 the following : Arms — forward — raise! Kneel — down I 
 Trunk — backward — bend, and Arms — upward — fling I 
 Trunk — raise, and Arms 
 — forward — sink I Posi- 
 tion I 
 
 8. Side. Arms — up- 
 ward — stretch, and Left 
 foot — forward — place I 
 
 Trunk — to left — twist 1 
 
 Fig. 75. 
 
 To left— bend! Trunk 
 
 — raise 1 Forward — twist ! Feet — change I Trunk — to 
 right— twist I To right— bend I Trunk— raise ! For- 
 ward — twist! Position! 
 
 9. Jump. Hips — firm! Heels — raise I Knees — deep — 
 bend ! In place — hop ! (Without stretching knees, and 
 keeping the body straight.) Knees— stretch ! Position ! 
 
 10. Slow Leg. Sideways — hands — grasp! (Thepupils 
 grasp the hands of each other on both sides.) Arms — 
 upward, and Right leg — backward — raise! Left knee 
 — bend! (When the knee is bent, the body is bent 
 forward and the raised leg is kept straight backward 
 as Fig. 11, but the hands continue to hold on to the 
 neighbor, thereby steadying each other.) Left knee — 
 stretch ! Bend I Stretch ! Feet — change ! Right knee 
 — bend ! Stretch I Bend ! Stretch ! Position ! 
 
 11. Respiratory. Swimming motion — Arms — forward 
 — bend ! Arms — forward — stretch, and Sideways — 
 fling ! (Inhale.) Arms — forward— bend ! (Exhale.) 
 (The arms are brought straight forward, with the palms 
 down, and, without stopping, the arms are brought out 
 sideways ; then the fore-arins are bent to the former 
 position.) 
 
100 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 FIFTEENTH DAY S ORDER. 
 
 1. Order. 
 
 2. Leg. Half — left — face I Left foot — outward — 
 place, and Neck — firm I Heels — raise I Knees — bend ! 
 Stretch ! Sink I Position ! Right — face ! The same ! 
 
 3. Arch. First, third, and fifth lines — Arms — up- 
 ward — stretch, and Feet — sideways — place I Trunk — 
 backward — bend! Second, fourth, and sixth lines — 
 support I First lines — Heels — raise I Sink ! Raise ! 
 Sink ! Trunk — upward — raise I Position ! About- 
 face ! The same! (Fig. 66.) 
 
 4. Arm. Hands — on desks — place ! Legs — backward 
 — raise! (Fig. ?6.) Arms — bend! Arms — stretch! 
 
 Fig. 76. 
 
 FlQ. 77. 
 
 (The arms must not be bent further than to a right 
 angle in the elbow-joint ; chest well forward ; shoulders 
 back ; head up.) Position ! 
 
 5. Balance. Arms — forward and upward — fling, and 
 Left leg— backward — raise ! Right knee — bend ! Right 
 knee — stretch ! Arms, and Legs — change ! Left knee 
 —bend! Stretch! Position! (Fig. 11.) 
 
First and Second Class of Grammar Schools. 101 
 
 rev 
 
 6. Back. Arms — forward and upward — fling, and 
 Left — backward — fall out I Trunk — forward — bend 1 
 (Without changing the position of the legs, the trunk 
 is bent at the hips so that the trunk and arms are 
 horizontal, the arms well up, not falling in front of the 
 head.) Trunk — raise I Arms, and Legs — change 1 The 
 same ! Position ! 
 
 7. Front. Sitting — on desks — place ! Hips — firm ! 
 Trunk — backward — bend! Upward — raise I (Fig. 18.) 
 Position ! 
 
 8. Side. Half— right- 
 face! Left arm — forward 
 and upward, and Right arm 
 — backward — fling, and Left 
 — outward — fall out! Arms 
 — change, and Trunk — to 
 left — twist ! (The right arm 
 is raised straight forward 
 and upward, and the left 
 arm brought forward, down- 
 ward, and backward, and the 
 trunk twisted to the left 
 from above to hips ; the legs 
 
 are kept steady, and the trunk not bent backward.) 
 Arms — change, and Trunk — forward — twist ! Position ! 
 Left — face ! Right arm — forward and upward, and 
 Left arm — backward — fling, and Right — outward — fall 
 out! Arms — change, and Trunk — to right — twist! 
 Arms — change, and Forward — twist ! Position ! 
 
 9. Jump. Left foot — forward — place! Change — 
 Quick ! Halt I Left knee — upward — bend ! Change — 
 Quick ! Halt ! 
 
 v * 
 
 Fig. 78. 
 
102 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 
 
 10. Slow Leg. Knees — deep — bend! Hands — on 
 desks (or seats) — support ! Left leg — forward — stretch I 
 (The weight of the body is thrown over on the right leg, 
 and the left heel rests on the floor straight forward, with 
 the left knee straight ; the trunk and head erect.) 
 Legs — change! One! Two! Right leg — replace! 
 Knees — stretch 1 Position ! 
 
 11. Respiratory. Arms — sideways — raise, and Left 
 foot — backward — place! Trunk — backward — bend, and 
 Arms — upward — raise! (Inhale.) Trunk — raise, and 
 Arms — sideways — sink! (Exhale.) Feet — change! 
 The same ! 
 
INDEX OF ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 Arms— bend (banging between desks) 
 
 bend (supported between desks) 
 
 forward 
 
 forward — bend - . 
 
 forward and upward— raise 
 
 forward, upward, backward— stretch . . 
 
 half-forward — bend 
 
 left— sideways, right— upward— stretch . . . 
 
 left — upward, right — downward — stretch . 
 
 sideways (and upward) 
 
 sideways— fling (and forward— bend) . . . 
 
 sideways— fling (trunk— forward— bend) . 
 
 upward 
 
 upward— bend 
 
 About— face 
 
 Dress, forward — 
 
 Fall out, forward— (hips^-firm) 
 
 forward— (hips — firm) 
 
 outward— (hips — firm) 
 
 outward — (and heel— raise) 
 
 outward— (and one arm— stretch) . . 
 
 backward — raise 
 
 Foot— forward— place (forward— walk) 
 
 forward — place, and arms — upward — stretch . 
 
 forward — place, and neck — firm 
 
 outward— place (outward— walk) 
 
 Feet— close and open ... 
 
 sideways— place (stride) 
 
 sideways— place, and arms— upward— stretch 
 
 sideways— place, and hips— firm 
 
 sideways— place, with a jump 
 
 Fundamental position 
 
 Head— backward— bend 
 
 circling . 
 
 twist 
 
 rotation (trunk— forward— bend) 
 
 Heels— raise 
 
 raise (forward— walk) 
 
 raise (outward— fall out) 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
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 (103) 
 
104 
 
 Index of Engravings. 
 
 Hips— firm (outward— walk) . . 
 Jump, in place — 
 
 feet — sideways— place, with a . 
 
 with one step — forward — . . . 
 Knees— bend (hips— firm, and heels— raise) 
 
 bend (hips— firm, and heels — raise) 
 
 bend (stride, neck— firm) . 
 
 bend, and anus — sideways — upward — j 
 
 bend, balance, stretch, standing 
 
 bend, outward — walk, standing . 
 
 deep— bend (arms— upward) 
 
 upward— bend ... 
 
 Leg — forward — raise 
 
 forward— stretch ... 
 
 backward— stretch 
 
 Neck— firm ... 
 
 Support, on toes and hands — . . . 
 
 hanging between seats . . . 
 Toe — backward — place (knee — bend) . 
 Trunk— backward— bend (hips— firm) 
 
 backward— bend (arms— upward) . 
 
 backward— bend (arms— supported) 
 
 backward— bend (arms— upward— forward— walk 
 
 backward— bend (front — lying on desk) . . 
 
 backward— bend (kneeling) . .... 
 
 backward— bend (kneeling— arms upward) . 
 
 backward— bend (half-kneeling — arms upward) 
 
 backward—bend (sitting on desk) 
 
 forward— bend (arms — sideways— fling) . . . 
 
 forward— bend (hips — firm) . . .... 
 
 forward — downward— bend (arms— upward) . . 
 
 circling (stride, hips — firm) 
 
 sideways— bend (hips— firm) 
 
 sideways — bend (close, half-stretch) ... 
 
 sideways — bend (arms — upward) 
 
 sideways— bend (arms— upward— stride) . . 
 
 sideways— bend (stride, neck— firm) 
 
 sideways — twist (hips— firm) 
 
 sideways— twist (stride, arms— upward) 
 
 sideways— twist, and arms— sideways— fling . . 
 
 Fig. 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 8 . 
 
 12 
 
 34 . 
 
 . . . . 33 
 
 53 . 
 
 ... 65 
 
 35 . 
 
 . . 34 
 
 21 . 
 
 . 26 
 
 38 . 
 
 47 
 
 44 . 
 
 60 
 
 50 
 
 63 
 
 77 . 
 
 100 
 
 54 . 
 
 . . 65 
 
 55 . 
 
 69 
 
 22 . 
 
 26 
 
 19 . 
 
 . 24 
 
 «7 . 
 
 ... 29 
 
 28 . 
 
 . . 29 
 
 9 . 
 
 . 14 
 
 75 . 
 
 . . 99 
 
 70 . 
 
 . 95 
 
 m . 
 
 ... 76 
 
 24 
 
 27 
 
 58 . 
 
 . . 72 
 
 66 . 
 
 . 79 
 
 51 . 
 
 . 65 
 
 74 . 
 
 . . 98 
 
 64 . 
 
 . 77 
 
 71 . 
 
 . 95 
 
 72 . 
 
 . 97 
 
 78 
 
 . . 101 
 
 61 . 
 
 ... 74 
 
 25 . 
 
 . 28 
 
 59 
 
 73 
 
 31 
 
 ... 31 
 
 n . 
 
 ... 28 
 
 52 . 
 
 . . 65 
 
 68 . 
 
 80 
 
 686 
 
 . . 88 
 
 45 . 
 
 61 
 
 S3 . 
 
 ... 32 
 
 49 . 
 
 . . 63 
 
 65 . 
 
 . . 78 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Positions. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Arms — forward, 17 
 
 forward — bend, 15 
 
 half-forward — bend 17 
 
 sideways, 17 
 
 upward 18 
 
 upward — bend, 14 
 
 Close, feet — 8 
 
 Fall out, forward — , 11 
 
 outward — , 10 
 
 Fundamental 6 
 
 Hips — firm, 12 
 
 Neck— firm, 13 
 
 Stride (feet — sideways — place), 9 
 
 "Walk, forward — , 9 
 
 outward — , 10 
 
 Primary Movements and Commanding Words. 
 
 Attention, 20 
 
 Bend, 26 
 
 arms — forward — , 15 
 
 arms — upward — , 14 
 
 foot— ' 26 
 
 head — backward — , 27 
 
 head — sideways — 27 
 
 knees — , 26 
 
 knee — upward — , 26 
 
 trunk — backward — ■ 27 
 
 trunk — forward — , 27 
 
 trunk — sideways — , 28 
 
 5* (105) 
 
106 Index. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Circling, 30 
 
 arm — 30 
 
 foot—, 30 
 
 head—, 30 
 
 trunk— 30 
 
 Close, feet—, 8, 23 
 
 Dress — forward — , 21 
 
 from the middle — , 21 
 
 right (or left)—, 21 
 
 Face, about — , 21 
 
 half— right (or left)—, 21 
 
 right (or left)— 21 
 
 Pall out, backward — 23 
 
 forward — , 11 
 
 sideways — , 23 
 
 outward — , 10 
 
 outward — backward — 23 
 
 Fling, arms — forward and upward — , 25 
 
 arms — sideways — , 25 
 
 Front, 21 
 
 Halt, 23 
 
 Jump, 32 
 
 feet — sideways — place — with a, 35 
 
 from place — backward — 34 
 
 from place — forward — , 34 
 
 in place — , 33 
 
 with one step — forward — 34 
 
 with turning — in place — , 34 
 
 March, 22 
 
 in place — 57 
 
 mark time — , 56 
 
 quick time — in place — , 58 
 
 Open, feet— 8, 23 
 
 Place, feet — sideways — , 9, 23 
 
 foot— forward— , 9, 23 
 
 foot — outward—, 10, 23 
 
 Position, 20 
 
Index. 107 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Raise, arms — , 24 
 
 head—, 25 
 
 heels — 24 
 
 leg—, 24 
 
 toes — , 24 
 
 trunk — , 25 
 
 Rest, 35 
 
 in place — , 35 
 
 Rotation, arm — , 31 
 
 leg— 31 
 
 Sink, arms — , 25 
 
 heels — , 23 
 
 legs — , 25 
 
 toes — , 25 
 
 Stretch, 28 
 
 arms — backward — , 29 
 
 arms — downward — , . . 29 
 
 arms — forward — 29 
 
 arms — sideways — , 29 
 
 arms — upward — , 39 
 
 foot—, 29 
 
 knees — , 29 
 
 leg — backward — , 29 
 
 leg — forward — • . • • 29 
 
 Twist 32 
 
 head— 32 
 
 trunk — , 32 
 
THE THREE FOLLOWING PAGES ARE REDUCED 
 FAC-SIMILES OF PAGES FROM 
 
 STANTON'S 
 
 Practical Scientific Physiognomy; 
 
 OR, 
 
 HOW TO READ FACES. 
 
 BY 
 
 MARY OLMSTED STANTON. 
 
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FACSIMILE PAGE FROM "STANTON'S PHYSIOGNOMY"— Reduced. 
 
 HOW TO REDUCE SIZE WITHOUT LOSING STRENGTH. 1109 
 
 vpice. A thorough-bred person may belong to the artistic, me- 
 chanical, or scientific classes, either appreciatively or executively; 
 he nuist exhibit both gentleness and spirit, as occasion requires; he 
 must be governed by the law of justice; he must make the com- 
 fort of his associates his concern, and do what is right in order to 
 enhance their happiness. 
 
 The facial indications of those, who are not thorough-bred, 
 speaking physiologically, are as follow: A coarse, thick skin ; a 
 "muddy" complexion, or one permanently blotched, pimpled, or 
 discolored; dull eyes, very small or very large and bulging; 
 coarse hair, or that which is very light or colorless, — that is to say, 
 of no decided hue. I regard very light colored, pallid people as 
 morbid varieties; also those with irregular teeth, a very small or 
 ill-sliapen .lose, small nostrils, perpendicular jaws, exposed gums, 
 open mouth, receding chin, or one that projects greatly forward, 
 ending in a point; 'thin, pallid, dry lips; hollow cheeks, flat upper 
 cheeks, ugly or ill-shapen ears; a voice weak, thin, hoarse, shrill 
 or nasal; a long, cylindrical neck; a high, narrow forehead. 
 
 The undue development of certain organs and systems of the 
 body induces abnormal conditions, as, for example, an excessive 
 disposition of fatty tissue. When the appetite is voracious, or the 
 nutritive system uncommonly active, too much of the carbonaceous 
 elements of the food are eliminated, or, as it often occurs, too much 
 carbonaceous food, such as white bread, potatoes, etc., is consumed 
 for the needs of the body; the consequence is an excess of fat, 
 which, in many subjects, impedes respiration, prevents activity, 
 and gives a generally uncomfortable feeling. For this condition a 
 spare diet is often prescribed, but as this is felt to be a hardship, 
 and as few who attempt it succeed in continuing it long enough to 
 produce satisfactory results, it is pronounced a failure. 
 
 For this class of people there is a very agreeable and sure 
 method of reducing the bulk without reducing strength and with- 
 out compelling too great a sacrifice of the appetite. 
 
 HOW TO REDUCE THE SIZE WITHOUT LOSING STRENGTH. 
 
 A diet which will attain this result is easily obtained, and of 
 it the subject can use a quantity sufficient to allay the craving 
 for food. 
 
 This diet consists of absolutely raw foods, nothing cooked 
 being allowed. This diet, of course, must consist mainly of fruits, 
 nuts, grains, milk, and, when flesh-meat is desired, a Hamburg 
 beefsteak may be partaken of; this steak is raw beef chopped fine 
 and seasoned with onion, salt, pepper, or other condiments; to 
 this may be added raw oysters and clams. Every kind of fruit 
 
FACSIMILE PAGE FROM "STANTON'S PHYSIOGNOMY "—Reduced. 
 
 SYSTEMS AND FACULTIES REQUIRED FOR A SURGEON. 1143 
 
 is a dangerous being) ; he should develop his friendliness, love of 
 children, and of the opposite sex; in short, he should be a lover 
 ol Iwma/nity. 
 
 THE SYSTEMS AND FACULTIES REQUIRED FOR A SURGEON. 
 
 The best form for a surgconwlio attempts the most severe 
 
 Fig. 380.— EDWARD JENNER, M.TJ. {Celebrated English Physician, 
 Author, and Discovkber of Vaccination.) 
 
 No scientific physiognomist could mistake thin face for otlier than that of a physi- 
 cian, and an earnest and attentive one as well, as evidenced by the signs of "natural 
 Iihvsician" in the cheek-nones in the attitude of the head and neck, andby the though t- 
 vil, observant expression of the eye. The combination of systems in this subject is sucb 
 as is most frequently oliaerved among physicians, viz.. the supremacy of the osseous and 
 brain systems. The muscular, thoracic, and vegetative poweis all assist in this com- 
 bination by their development. The signs for Conscience and firmness are apparent. 
 Isove of Home and Patriotism rank high. Benevolence, Amativeness, Love of Young, 
 Mirth, Approbation, Self-esteem, Modesty, Friendship, Alimentiveness, Sanatlveness, 
 Pneuinativenens, andColor combine to form a lovely domestic and social nature. The 
 form, size, ami peculiarities of the nose claim attention. It is a nose denoting Con- 
 struct! veness. Originality, ami logical power. The signs for Hope, Analysis, Mental 
 Imitation, Human Nature, Ideality, Sublimity, Construction, and Acquisition are 
 atrongly delineated. Self-will is normally developed, while Size, Form, Observation, 
 Weight, Locality, Calculation, and Memory of various sorts are manifest. The signs 
 of Language in the eve and mouth denote fluency, while the practical faculties, being 
 dominant, would give clearness, perspicacity, and directness to his at) le of expression, 
 either oral or written. Time. Order. Reason, and Intuition are well developed. The 
 Inng-rontinued observation and experiments of this uohle physician in bis endeavor 
 to protect humanity from the ravages of small-pox by his discovery of vaccination, 
 met at last with a suitable recognition, for he received by a vote or Parliament the 
 sum of £30,000, and special honors were awarded him. It is a singular fact that all of 
 t lie but a factors of the human race— those who have benefited It by discoveries of any 
 kind "whatever— have met with the most violent opposition, treachery, and ofteu 
 disgrace, before they could make the world see the value of their discoveries. Such 
 was the case with Dr. Jenner, bat bis flrmness and truth at last gained the victory. 
 
 operations is the round build of body and head, and many of them 
 are of this shape. The muscular system should be supreme, with 
 the brain system u, close second, the bony and thoracic systems 
 about equal and next in development 
 
 The muscular tissue is comparatively iw/ee/mr/— insensitive; 
 
FACSIMILE PAGE FROM "STANTON'S PHYSIOGNOMY"— Reduced. 
 
 OTHER CLASSES OF SURGEONS. 1145 
 
 in the body. Form and Size are also requisite to aid the memory of 
 the shape and relative position of each part, and to assist Locality. 
 Human Nature is essential in order that he may be en rapport 
 with his patients, and also to enable him to divine instinctively all 
 bodily and mental states. He should be a good physiognomist, and 
 be well versed in the pathology of physiognomy. He must have 
 large Observation, in order to take cognizance of the most minute 
 changes and appearances. Calculation is a useful trait also, as it 
 is required in many ways in the medication and treatment of the 
 wounded, as in chemistry and in making surgical implements, etc. 
 He should have large Friendship, in order to attach his patients to 
 him and to command their esteem; enough Benevolence to sympa- 
 thize, but not enough to weaken the feelings when severity is 
 required. The faculty of Amativeness is necessary to comprehend 
 the nature of the opposite sex ; Love of Young also, that he may 
 inspire children with love and confidence. 
 
 The sense of Weight should he a strong one, for the muscular 
 sense is dependent upon its power in order to gauge the amount 
 of force to be used in handling instruments and in bandaging 
 wounds, limbs, etc. Executiveness is required to assist authority 
 and give resistance. Self-will is another ally most necessary, as 
 well as Analysis, Time, Order, and Reason. A fair share of 
 musical ability is required to assist the ear in making examinations 
 of the heart and lungs, and in auscultation for various other pur- 
 poses. If to these (acuities one adds large Intuition, he has a fine 
 bodily and mental equipment for the practice of surgery. 
 
 OTHER CLASSES OF SURGEONS.' 
 
 Many army surgeons are characterized by a round and broad 
 form, with broad, rather low, and round heads; short, round arms, 
 and round and tapering fingers. This build is the most suitable 
 for those severe operations which require the greatest exhibition of 
 I force, endurance, and coolness; another class of surgeons — those 
 iwho undertake the more delicate and less forceful operations — are 
 characterized by about an equal development of the brain and 
 muscular systems. This class of surgeons tend naturally to the 
 treatment of those finer, less difficult, and more delicate cases of 
 operative surgery, such, for example, as treatment of the ear, the 
 eye. etc. This class of surgeons require a fine endovvment of the 
 brain and nervous system. In short, the muscles as well as nerves 
 of this class must be sensitive to a great degree, and this combi- 
 nation calls for a fine and high organization. 
 
 The surgeon should be something of an actor, in order to 
 Jinow when to be sympathetic and when to be severe. .Yet he 
 
A NEW BOOK. Important in Every School and Household. 
 
 Homely Suggestions to Mothers and Daughters 
 
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 The Daojjte: 
 
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 I>. HAYES AGNEW, M.D., LL.D., Professor of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 
 
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 OLIVER P. REX, M.J}., Clinical Lecturer on Diseases of Children, Jefferson Medical 
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Heredity, Health, $ Personal Beauty. 
 
 Including the Selection of the Best Cosmetics for the 
 
 Skin, Hair, Nails, and All Parts Relating 
 
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 BY 
 
 JOHN V. SHOEMAKER, A.M., M.D., 
 
 Professor of Materia Medica, Pharmacology, Therapeutics, and Clinical Medicine, and 
 
 Clinical Professor of Diseases of the Skin in the Medico-Chirurgical College of 
 
 Philadelphia; Physician to the Medico-Chirurgical Hospital, etc., etc. 
 
 The foundation of man's being in physical and mental attributes 
 is first of all established in this work. The author then proceeds from 
 that firm basis to demonstrate the laws of heredity in human traits, up 
 to the point of strength, grace, and beauty of person. Nor does he stop 
 there. The health of the skin and hair, and how to promote them, are 
 discussed; the treatment of the nails ; the subjects of ventilation, food, 
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 mation is added a list of the best medicated soaps and toilet soaps, and a 
 whole chapter of the work is devoted to household remedies. It would 
 be out of place here to attempt to give a complete notion of the contents 
 of the work, the Table of Contents itself occupying twelve pages as a 
 mere summary of the numerous interesting topics discussed. The work 
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 cussion. In fact, as a hand-book of general instruction, promotive of all 
 the physical graces of life, this volume, which we offer to the publie, 
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 bining, as it does, in rare degree, solid information with pleasant reading. 
 
 Complete in one handsome Royal Octavo volume of 425 pages, 
 
 toeautifully and clearly printed, and bound in Extra 
 
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Plain Talks on Avoided 
 Subjects. 
 
 By HENRY N. GUERNSEY, M.D., 
 
 Formerly Professor of Materia Medica and Institutes in the Hahnemann Medical College of 
 
 Philadelphia ; Author of Guernsey's " Obstetrics/' including the Disorders Peculiar 
 
 to Women and Young Children ; Lectures on Materia Medica, etc. 
 
 THIS is a little volume designed to convey infor- 
 mation upon one of the most important subjects 
 
 connected -with our physical and spiritual well- 
 being, and is adapted to both sexes and all ages and 
 conditions of society ; in fact, so broad is its scope 
 that no human being can well afford to be without it, 
 and so comprehensive in its teachings that, no matter 
 how well informed one may be, something can yet be 
 learned from this, and yet it is so plain that any one 
 who can read at all can fully understand its meaning. 
 
 The author, Dr. H. N. Guernsey, has had an un- 
 usually long and extensive practice, and his teachings 
 in this volume are the results of his observation and 
 actual experience with all conditions of human life. 
 
 His work is warmly endorsed by many leading 
 men in all branches of professional life, as well as by 
 many whose business connections have caused them 
 to be close observers. 
 
 The following Table of Contents shows the 
 scope of the book : — 
 
 CONTENTS. Chapter I.— Introductory. II.— The Infant. III.— Childhood. 
 IV— Adolescence of the Male. V.— Adolescence of the Female. 
 
 VI Marriage ; The Husband. VII.— The Wife. VIII — Husband and 
 
 Wife. IX. To the Unfortunate. X.— Origin of the Sex. 
 
 In One Neat 16mo Volume. Bound in Extra Cloth. Price, post-paid, in 
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Will be Published December I, 1891. 
 
 THE CHINESE: 
 
 Their Present and Future j 
 
 medical, Political, and Social. 
 
 By ROBERT COLTMAN, Jr., M.D., 
 
 Surgeon in Charge of the Presbyterian Hospital and Dispensary at Teng Chow Fu; Consulting 
 
 Physician of the American Southern Baptist Mission Society ; Examiner in Surgery 
 
 and Diseases of the Eye for the Shantung Medical Class; Consulting 
 
 Physician to the English Baptist Missions, etc. 
 
 The author has spent many years among the Chinese ; lived 
 with them in their dwellings ; thoroughly learned the language ; 
 has become conversant witli all their strange and odd character- 
 istics to a greater extent than almost any other American. He 
 has been a physician to all classes of this wonderful people, 
 and the opportunities thus afforded for a clear insight into 
 the inner life of the Chinese, their virtues and vices, political 
 social, and sanitary condition, probable destiny, and their impor- 
 tant position in the world to-day, have been ably and wisely 
 used by Dr. Coltman. The simple, direct, straightforward 
 style in which Dr. Coltman has written this book makes 
 it entertaining and fascinating as well as profitable reading 
 throughout. 
 
 Illustrated -with Fifteen Fine Engravings from Photographs 
 
 of Persons, Places, and Objects Characteristic of China. 
 
 In one Handsome Royal Octavo Volume of about 
 
 250 pages. Appropriately bound in Extra 
 
 Cloth, price, $1.75, net. 
 
 1231 FILBERT STREET,