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 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924029194748 
 
THE AGE OF 
 MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
THE AGE OF 
 MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 AN INQUIRY INTO THE RECORDS 
 OF ACHIEVEMENT OF THE WORLd's 
 CHIEF WORKERS AND THINKERS 
 
 BY 
 
 W. A. NEWMAN BORLAND 
 
 What then I Shall we sit idly down and say 
 The night hath come ; it is no longer day ? 
 The night hath not yet come : we are not quite 
 Cut off from labor by the failing light ; 
 Something remains for us to do or dare, 
 Hven the oldest trees some fruit may bear. 
 For age is opportunity no less 
 Than youth itself, though in another dress ; 
 And as the evening twilight fades away 
 The sky is filled with stars, invisible by day, 
 
 — Henry W. Lon.£/ellow 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 THE CENTURY CO. 
 
 1908 
 
A.. 
 
 i^/iosa-z- 
 
 Copyright, 1908, by 
 The Century Co. 
 
 Published September, 1908 
 
 THE DE VINNE PfiESa 
 
To THE 
 
 MATURE GENIUS 
 
 WHICH HAS REVOLUTIONIZED 
 
 THE WORLD 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 CHAPTER PAGE 
 
 I The World's Chief Workers and 
 
 Thinkers 3 
 
 II The Period of Mental Activity . 23 
 
 III Unusual Mental Activity in the 
 
 Young 39 
 
 IV The Acme and Duration of Mental 
 
 Activity 62 
 
 V What the World Might have 
 
 Missed ' ... 86 
 
 VI Genius and Insanity 154 
 
 VII The Brain of Genius 190 
 
 Tables 212 
 
THE AGE OF 
 MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
THE AGE OF 
 MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 THE WORLD'S CHIEF WORKERS 
 AND THINKERS 
 
 IT is now over three years since the in- 
 vestigation which has culminated in* 
 the developments here recorded was un- 
 dertaken. It began in this wise. In 
 conversation with Dr. Harris A. Slocum 
 of Philadelphia on the tendency — visi- 
 bly increasing in this country — of rele- 
 gating the older and middle-aged men to 
 the oblivion of an "innocuous desuetude" 
 in order that the more progressive and 
 aggressive young men might be given a 
 3 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 clear track in the rush to the front, the 
 question suggested itself to the writer: 
 What has been the age of the acme of 
 mental activity as shown by the records 
 of the famous men of modern times ? 
 
 It was evident that in order to arrive 
 at any satisfactory conclusion the scope 
 of the investigation should be compre- 
 hensive, since it was fully appreciated 
 that a limited study could readily be so 
 distorted as to prove anything the inves- 
 tigator might prefer. Two elements in 
 the investigation were, therefore, recog- 
 nized at the very start to be most essen- 
 tial; namely, a comprehensive view and 
 a receptive mind, which would not pre- 
 conclude and then institute a process 
 that would demonstrate the accuracy of 
 the conclusion. The study has been, ac- 
 cordingly, one primarily designed for 
 the writer's own information, based upon 
 4 
 
THE WORLD'S CHIEF WORKERS 
 
 the following problem: At what period 
 of their lives did men of distinction do 
 their best work, and when were the 
 magna opera accomplished? 
 
 Four hundred records of men famous 
 in all lines of intellectual activity were 
 most carefully compiled and analyzed. 
 It was soon found that these records 
 could conveniently be grouped into two 
 classes more or less distinct, though not 
 showing a clearly defined line of de- 
 marcation. These groups were, con- 
 cisely, the workers and the thinkers. A 
 word of explanation is necessary. 
 
 While it is true that all men whose 
 records were included in the study are 
 embraced in the broader signification of 
 the thinking class, in a more restricted 
 sense a division can be made. Thus, 
 among the "thinkers" might be grouped 
 all those whose intellectual activities 
 5 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 manifested themselves in processes of 
 ratiocination, with the object in view of 
 arriving at abstractions or metaphysical 
 concepts or of drawing positive deduc- 
 tions from a careful analytical study of 
 large numbers of correlated facts. This 
 class could perhaps be best typified by 
 the philosophers or by the natural scien- 
 tists. By the "workers" in this re- 
 stricted meaning is meant that group of 
 men whose intellectual activities culmi- 
 nated in some practical and visible ap- 
 plication of their lines of thought ; these 
 could best be represented by inventors 
 or by the warriors of the world. 
 
 It will be noticed that the thinkers, 
 pure and simple, must vastly outnumber 
 those who have the ingenuity or who en- 
 joy the opportunity of practically dem- 
 onstrating their lines of thought. In a 
 group of the "workers" would be found 
 6 
 
THE WORLD'S CHIEF WORKERS 
 
 actors, artists, chemists, and physicists, 
 explorers, inventors, musical composers, 
 physicians, surgeons, and warriors. A 
 grouping of the "thinkers" would in- 
 clude astronomers and mathematicians, 
 divines and reformers, dramatists and 
 playwrights, essayists, historians, jurists, 
 naturalists, novelists, philosophers, polit- 
 ical economists, poets, satirists, humor- 
 ists, and statesmen. 
 
 Merely to enumerate the names of 
 these distinguished men of other days 
 becomes an inspiration. Involuntarily 
 we doff our hats, and with reverent 
 mien note the procession as it passes 
 before us : 
 
 First the statesmen: Talleyrand, Lincoln, 
 Washington, and Daniel Webster. 
 
 Machiavelli, founder of one of the schools of 
 modern diplomacy. 
 
 The immortal bard of Avon. 
 7 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 Robert Burns and Lord Byron. 
 
 Erasmus, the philosophical reformer. 
 
 Savonarola, the Florentine reformer and 
 statesman. 
 
 The satirists : Sterne, Rabelais, and Cervantes. 
 
 Samuel Johnson, the lexicographer. 
 
 Sir Isaac Newton, the greatest of natural 
 philosophers. 
 
 The novelists : Balzac, Hawthorne, Trollope, 
 and Verne. 
 
 The statesmen : Crispi and Garibaldi. 
 
 Jean Paul Richter, greatest of German 
 humorists. 
 
 Poe, the mystic and poet. 
 
 Arago, the celebrated astronomer and physi- 
 cist. 
 
 John Napier, the inventor of logarithms. 
 
 The naturalists : Leidy, Agassiz, Buff on, and 
 Cope. 
 
 Charles Darwin, the eminent naturalist and 
 originator of the modern theory of evolu- 
 tion. 
 
 Le Sage, the dramatist and novelist, author 
 of "Gil Bias." 
 
 Bohme, the father of German philosophy. 
 
 The distinguished American divines : Tal- 
 8 
 
THE WORLD'S CHIEF WORKERS 
 
 mage, Jonathan Edwards, Henry Ward 
 
 Beecher, and Phillips Brooks. 
 Renan, the philologist and historian. 
 Blackstone, chief of jurists. 
 The novelists : Cooper, Charles Lover, and 
 
 Thackeray. 
 Leibnitz, the philosopher and mathematician. 
 The great tragedians : Macready, Barrett, 
 
 Booth, and Irving. 
 Michelangelo, the greatest of known artists. 
 The chemists : Priestley, Scheele, Lavoisier, 
 
 and Liebig. 
 Sir Richard Burton, explorer and translator 
 
 of the "Arabian Nights." 
 Morse, the inventor of the telegraphic alpha- 
 bet. 
 The poets : Wordsworth, Southey, and Keats. 
 George Fox, founder of the Society of 
 
 Friends. 
 Count Cavour, regenerator of Italy and one 
 
 of the greatest of modern statesmen. 
 Dion Boucicault, the playwright. 
 The essayists: Addison and Sir Richard 
 
 Steele, of "Tatler" and "Spectator" fame. 
 Sue, the novelist, whose "Wandering Jew" is 
 
 a marvel of fiction. 
 9 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 Walt Whitman, the "good, gray poet." 
 
 Francis Parkman, the dauntless, whose histo- 
 ries were written under almost insuperable 
 difficulties. 
 
 Rousseau, the eminent philosopher and essay- 
 ist. 
 
 The historians : Freeman, Froude, Bancroft, 
 and Hallam. 
 
 Audubon, the ornithologist. 
 
 Theophile Gautier, the essayist and novelist. 
 
 The Grimm brothers, authors of the popular 
 German fairy tales ; the beloved Hans 
 Christian Andersen, the great Danish 
 story-teller. 
 
 Savigny, the founder of modern jurispru- 
 dence. 
 
 Samuel Pepys, without whose "Diary" the 
 history of the court of Charles II could 
 not have been written. 
 
 The weighty philosophers : Bacon, Lotze, 
 Kant, Spencer, and Schopenhauer. 
 
 Turgot, the political economist, who has been 
 pronounced one of the most massive and 
 imposing figures of the eighteenth cen- 
 tury; Adam Smith, greatest of political 
 economists. 
 
 10 
 
THE WORLD'S CHIEF WORKERS 
 
 The poets: Longfellow, Tennyson, Milton, 
 and Whittier. 
 
 The reformers: Huss, Wyclif, Zwingli, and 
 Knox. 
 
 The immortal Samuel Butler. 
 
 Bismarck, the "man of blood and iron" of 
 Germany; the eloquent American states- 
 men, Patrick Henry, John Jay, Albert 
 Gallatin, John Hancock, and Richard 
 Henry Lee; Thomas Jefferson, father of 
 American democracy. 
 
 The masters of painting: Correggio, del 
 Sarto, Perugino, Rubens, Raphael, and 
 Murillo ; the pictorial satirists : Cruikshank 
 and Hogarth. 
 
 The tragedians : Garrick, Forrest, and Kem- 
 ble. 
 
 Thomas Chatterton, the unfortunate boy- 
 poet. 
 
 Petrarch, founder of humanism and the in- 
 augurator of the renaissance in Italy. 
 
 George Whitefield, one of the most elegant 
 of pulpit orators. 
 
 Corneille, one of the greatest tragic poets of 
 France, and Moliere and Racine, French 
 dramatists. 
 
 11 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 Ibsen, the "grand old man" of Norway. 
 
 John Ruskin, the eminent art critic. 
 
 The essayists : La Rochefoucauld, Montaigne, 
 and Emerson ; the genial George William 
 Curtis, essayist and journalist; Thomas 
 De Quincey, the English purist and essay- 
 ist ; Matthew Arnold, the ethical poet and 
 essayist. 
 
 Washington Irving, novelist and historian. 
 
 Henry Alford, Dean of Canterbury. 
 
 Cardinals Newman, Richelieu, Wolsey, and 
 Mazarin, divines, essayists, and statesmen. 
 
 The Hungarian statesman and patriot, Kos- 
 suth. 
 
 Marat, Mirabeau, Danton, and Robespierre 
 of the French "Terror." 
 
 Robert Morris, financier of the American 
 Revolution. 
 
 The masters: Titian, Paul Veronese, Leo- 
 nardo da Vinci, and Vandyke ; Millet, the 
 painter of peasant life. 
 
 Christopher Columbus, chief of explorers ; 
 the African explorers, Du Chaillu, Speke, 
 Livingstone, Stanley, and Mungo Park. 
 
 The great musical composers : Bach, Verdi, 
 Weber, and Richard Wagner. 
 
THE WORLD'S CHIEF WORKERS 
 
 The physicists : Dalton, Boyle, and Faraday. 
 
 Galvani, the physiologist. 
 
 The naval heroes : John Paul Jones and Lord 
 Nelson. 
 
 The Duke of Marlborough, victor of Blen- 
 heim, and Lord Clive, founder of the em- 
 pire of British India. 
 
 The poets : Keble, Shelley, Cowper, Chaucer, 
 and Spenser; Isaac Watts, the hymn- 
 writer. 
 
 Sir Robert Peel, premier of England and 
 organizer of the modern police system. 
 
 Fenelon, Archbishop of Cambrai. 
 
 James Rennell, most celebrated of English 
 geographers, and Karl Ritter, probably 
 the greatest geographer of modern times. 
 
 Beethoven, Mendelssohn, Mozart, Meyerbeer, 
 Chopin, and Liszt, most eminent of com- 
 posers. 
 
 Jenner, discoverer of vaccination, and Har- 
 vey, discoverer of the "circulation of the 
 blood. 
 
 The famous American statesmen : John C. 
 Calhoun, John Adams, Henry Clay, and 
 Stephen A. Douglas. 
 
 Gladstone, England's "grand old man"; the 
 13 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 premiers, George Canning, John Bright, 
 William Pitt, and Sir Robert Walpole ; the 
 Earl of Beaconsfield, novelist and premier 
 of England. 
 
 Schiller, dramatist and poet. 
 
 Rembrandt, the famous Dutch painter, 
 known as the "Shakspere of Holland." 
 
 Sir Walter Raleigh, explorer, historian, and 
 courtier. 
 
 The great generals : Sheridan, Sherman, 
 Grant, and Robert E. Lee. 
 
 Gay-Lussac, the physicist. 
 
 The novelists : Dickens, Hugo, Bulwer Lyt- 
 ton, Wilkie Collins, Blackmore, and Cha- 
 teaubriand ; Scott, the poet and novelist. 
 
 The astronomers : Galileo, Copernicus, 
 Herschel, Kepler, and Biot. 
 
 Dwight L. Moody, the evangelist and founder 
 of Northfield Seminary. 
 
 Horace Greeley, the American editor and 
 journalist, founder of the New York 
 "Tribune." 
 
 The essayists : Charles Lamb, Oliver Wendell 
 Holmes, Carlyle, Leigh Hunt, and James 
 Russell Lowell. 
 
 Napoleon Bonaparte, conqueror of Europe; 
 14 
 
THE WORLD'S CHIEF WORKERS 
 
 Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of the 
 
 British Commonwealth. 
 Littre, compiler of the best dictionary of any 
 
 living language. 
 The naturahsts: GeofFroy Saint-Hilaire, 
 
 Huxley, Lacepede, Lamarck, and Baron 
 
 Cuvier. 
 John Bunyan, the most popular rehgious 
 
 writer in the Enghsh language. 
 Dean Stanley, the beloved prelate ; Canon 
 
 Farrar, Dean of Canterbury. 
 Voltaire, the prince of deists and brilHant 
 
 essayist. 
 August Bockh, one of the greatest scholars 
 
 that Germany has produced in modern 
 
 times. 
 The philosophers : Hobbes, Comte, Descartes, 
 
 Schelling, Spinoza, Condillac, Condorcet, 
 
 and Diderot. 
 General Lew Wallace, soldier, statesman, and 
 
 novehst. 
 Saint-Simon, founder of French sociaHsm. 
 Von Baer, founder of the science of compara- 
 tive embryology. 
 Georg Ebers, the orientalist and novelist ; Du 
 
 Maurier, the artist-novelist. 
 15 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 Tyndall, the philosopher and physicist. 
 
 The mathematicians : Euler, Lagrange, and 
 D'Alembert. 
 
 Turner, the most celebrated landscape-painter 
 of the English school. 
 
 Alexander Hamilton, the brilliant and la- 
 mented American statesman ; Gambetta, 
 silver-tongued orator of France; Baron 
 von Bunsen, the German scholar and diplo- 
 matist. 
 
 Prescott, the eminent American historian. 
 
 Robert Burton, author of the "Anatomy of 
 Melancholy." 
 
 Thomas Arnold, famous head-master of 
 Rugby. 
 
 The playwrights : Ben Jonson, Douglas Jer- 
 rold, and Richard Brinsley Sheridan. 
 
 Grote and Hume, philosophical historians ; 
 Mommsen, the venerable German historian. 
 
 The famous American statesmen: Blaine, 
 John Hay, and James Monroe. 
 
 Benjamin Franklin, the many-sided man, sci- 
 entist, statesman, philosopher, diplomatist, 
 patriot. 
 
 William Penn, the Quaker essayist and 
 founder of Pennsylvania. 
 
 16 
 
THE WORLD'S CHIEF WORKERS ' 
 
 The composers: Haydn, Handel, Schumann, 
 Schubert, Gluck, and Gounod. 
 
 Schliemann, the archaeologist. 
 
 James Watt, inventor of the modern condens- 
 ing steam-engine. 
 
 Rudolf Virchow, pathologist, and exponent 
 of the democracy of learning. 
 
 The Duke of Wellington, victor of Waterloo. 
 
 Sir Astley Cooper, the great London sur- 
 geon. 
 
 Sir Humphry Davy, the natural philosopher, 
 and inventor of the miners' safety-lamp. 
 
 The poets : Dante, Goethe, Robert Browning, 
 Heine, De Musset, and Thomas Moore; 
 Owen Meredith, the poet-statesman. 
 
 Thomas Cranmer, first Protestant Arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury; Loyola, founder of 
 the Society of Jesus. 
 
 Guizot, the venerable historian and states- 
 man; William Lloyd Garrison, the great 
 antislavery agitator. 
 
 Thiers, President of the French Republic and 
 "liberator of the territory." 
 
 Dore, prince of illustrators. 
 
 Sir John Franklin and Dr. Kane, Arctic ex- 
 plorers. 
 2 17 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 The tragedian : Edmund Kean. 
 
 Benjamin Rush, the great American physi- 
 cian and statesman. 
 
 Bessemer, inventor of the pneumatic process 
 in the manufacture of steel. 
 
 Sir Christopher Wren, the architect of St. 
 Paul's ; Rossetti, the poet-painter ; Albrecht 
 Diirer, best known by his engravings on 
 copper. 
 
 Joseph Jefferson, most famous of American 
 comedians. 
 
 The musical composers : Brahms, Spohr, Ros- 
 sini, and Johann Strauss. 
 
 The generals : Von Moltke and Sii Charles 
 Napier. 
 
 Holderlin, the exquisite German poet ; Beran- 
 ger, the beloved French song-writer. 
 
 Christopher Marlowe, the father of English 
 tragedy and the creator of English blank 
 verse. 
 
 Emanuel Swedenborg, the profound dreamer 
 of Sweden. 
 
 Dean Swift, author of the famous "Gulliver's 
 Travels." 
 
 The statesmen : Charles James Fox, Boling- 
 broke, and Warren Hastings. 
 18 
 
THE WORLD'S CHIEF WORKERS 
 
 William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury, 
 and the upholder of church authority in 
 the time of Charles I. 
 
 La Fontaine, the fabulist. 
 
 The inseparable Beaumont and Fletcher ; 
 Thomas Hood, the poet and humorist. 
 
 Lyell and Hugh Miller, the geologists. 
 
 Lavater, the great physiognomist. 
 
 The historians : Von Ranke, Gibbon, Motley, 
 Michelet, Dean Milman and Niebuhr. 
 
 Max Miiller, the eminent philologist. 
 
 The essayists : J. G. Holland, Nathaniel Par- 
 ker Willis, James Kirke Paulding, Isaac 
 DTsraeli, and Baron Friedrich von Grimm. 
 
 The painters : Botticelli and Constable. 
 
 John Hunter, the great English physician. 
 
 Corot, the famous landscape-painter, and 
 "lyric poet of the Barbizon school," whose 
 works have well been described as "painted 
 music." 
 
 George Stephenson, the "father of railways." 
 
 The astronomers : Laplace and Leverrier. 
 
 Thomas Chalmers, the doughty Scottish 
 clergyman. 
 
 The gifted Lamartine, poet, statesman, and 
 historian. 
 
 19 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 Lessing, the dramatist and essayist. 
 
 James Boswell, the follower of Johnson. 
 
 The lamented De Maupassant, the most per- 
 fect master of the short story. 
 
 The novelists : Daudet, Henry Fielding, 
 Samuel Warren, Charles Lever, Charles 
 Reade, Kingsley, and Dumas pere; Bret 
 Harte, the humorous poet and novelist. 
 
 The philosophers : Locke, Hegel, Berkeley, 
 Fichte, and John Stuart Mill. 
 
 Boerhaave, one of the most celebrated physi- 
 cians of modern times. 
 
 The explorers : La Salle and Champlain. 
 
 Zola, the novelist and defender of Dreyfus. 
 
 The painters : Bouguereau, Reynolds, West, 
 Landseer, Gainsborough, and Blake. 
 
 The poets : Coleridge, Dryden, Goldsmith, 
 Lanier, and Gray. 
 
 The reformers : Calvin, Luther, and Melanch- 
 thon. 
 
 Burke, Sir Thomas More, and Lord Palmer- 
 ston, able statesmen of England. 
 
 George Romney, historical and portrait 
 painter. 
 
 The immortal Daniel Defoe of "Robinson 
 Crusoe" fame. 
 
 20 
 
THE WORLD'S CHIEF WORKERS 
 
 The beloved Robert Louis Stevenson, poet, 
 novelist, and optimist. 
 
 Baron Humboldt, the traveler and naturalist ; 
 Linnseus, the botanist. 
 
 Pasteur, the chemist and biologist, and dis- 
 coverer of the cure for hydrophobia. 
 
 The learned and gifted Walter Savage Lan- 
 der. 
 
 The poets : Young, Pope, PoUok, and Thom- 
 son. 
 
 Samuel Richardson, inventor of the modern 
 novel of domestic life and manners ; Dodg- 
 son (Lewis Carroll), mathematician and 
 winsome story-teller, whose nonsensical 
 "Alice in Wonderland" has fascinated both 
 old and young. 
 
 The divines : Sydney Smith and Spurgeon. 
 
 Lord Macaulay, historian, poet, and essayist. 
 
 Velasquez, head of the Spanish school of 
 painting. 
 
 Sir Edwin Arnold, the poet and eminent 
 Japanese scholar. 
 
 William Cullen Bryant, the distinguished 
 American poet and j ournalist. 
 
 Montesquieu, philosophical historian. 
 
 John Wesley, founder of Methodism. 
 21 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 Tintoretto, one of the greatest painters of 
 the Venetian school; Meissonier, the mih- 
 tary and genre painter of France. 
 
 Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve, the most 
 notable critic of our time. 
 
 Here is a magnificent array of genius 
 and mentality having stupendous cere- 
 brational power, whose influence upon 
 the thinking world has been inestimable. 
 The lives of such men, reduced to sta- 
 tistical records, will bear a close exam- 
 ination, and the resulting deductions 
 will incontrovertibly carry with them a 
 certain intrinsic value. 
 
 22 
 
CHAPTER II 
 
 THE PEEIOD OF MENTAL ACTIVITY 
 
 THE period of a man's life during 
 which his mind asserts its sway and 
 he determines his usefulness to his fel- 
 low-men, the period in which he becomes 
 a producer and not merely a consumer, 
 varies largely, according to the tempera- 
 ment, physical constitution, and mental 
 inclination of the individual. Some 
 realize much sooner than others the ob- 
 ject of living. In many the inspiration 
 of genius breaks through the shell at a 
 very tender age, as is the case of the 
 prodigies of the world in music, art, and 
 poetry, who astonish mankind by evi- 
 dences of mental virility that are vastly 
 in advance of their years. In others the 
 23 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 process of mental development is slow 
 or even retarded, while a sound physical 
 basis is forming. This was true of many 
 of the men who late in life became the 
 profound thinkers and astute statesmen 
 and diplomatists. In the light of ad- 
 vanced medical education, and according 
 to the teaching of modern physiologists 
 and neurologists, the latter method of 
 growth would appear the more desira- 
 ble, though not so brilliant and fasci- 
 nating when examined in the limelight 
 of public criticism. The world goes 
 wild over a youthful wonder of men- 
 tality, but ignores the plodding genius 
 who is compelled by sheer force of his 
 matured mentality to command late in 
 life the plaudits of his fellows. They 
 both serve their time and generation; 
 the genius of inspiration and emotion, 
 and the genius of untiring effort. Both 
 24 
 
THE PERIOD OF MENTAL ACTIVITY 
 
 have their place in the evolution of the 
 race, and both bring material contribu- 
 tions to the world's accumulation of 
 accomplishment. 
 
 In an investigation like that now on 
 hand three questions arise at the outset, 
 and these comprise the entire scope of 
 the period of mental activity: At what 
 age did a given individual begin to show 
 evidences of mental activity along lines 
 of original research? when did he ac- 
 complish the greatest work of his life? 
 and how long did his mind continue to 
 functionate and produce in the chosen 
 sphere of activity? Advancing from the 
 individual to. the various groups in the 
 special lines of work, we next must as- 
 certain the average ages for these groups 
 and the total average age for all the indi- 
 viduals studied at these three periods of 
 their lives. 
 
 25 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 THE INITIAL AGE OF MENTAL ACTIVITY 
 
 In the first place, it is interesting and 
 instructive to mark the beginning age 
 of the mental activity of these men. By 
 this is meant the age at which the man 
 first began to manifest mental activity 
 in the line or lines in which he subse- 
 quently became famous. Let it be noted 
 that before this date in most instances, 
 but not invariably, the youths proved 
 unmistakably that their mentality was 
 developing in an unusual degree, and in 
 many cases this activity was manifested 
 at peculiarly precocious periods. 
 
 The average initial age of the 400 rec- 
 ords was twenty-four. It is suggestive 
 that the workers began earlier than the 
 thinkers, — at twenty -two, — while the 
 thinkers' average stands at twenty-six. 
 26 
 
THE PERIOD OF MENTAL ACTIVITY 
 
 The average, likewise, shows striking 
 variation for the different classes or 
 occupations. Thus, as might be antici- 
 pated from the remarkable careers of 
 many of the musical composers, these 
 men began their life-work at the aver- 
 age age of seventeen. The actors 
 closely follow at eighteen, while war- 
 riors, artists, divines, and jurists show 
 an average initial age of twenty-two. 
 Dramatists and playwrights follow at 
 twenty -three, and poets, physicians, and 
 surgeons, inventors, chemists, and phy- 
 sicists, occupy the position of mental 
 equilibrium, at the outset, at an average 
 age of twenty-four. The naturalists 
 average twenty-five; explorers, novel- 
 ists, essayists, historians, astronomers, 
 mathematicians, and statesmen gener- 
 ally began to develop their respective 
 lines of thought at twenty-six; the phi- 
 27 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 losophers at twenty-seven; the reform- 
 ers at twenty-eight; and the satirists 
 and humorists not until thirty- two years 
 of age. When it is recalled that satire 
 is a highly specialized literary form, 
 most rare and difficult of attainment, 
 this late primary development acquires 
 a peculiar signification in a study of 
 this kind. 
 
 EVOLUTION OF THE MIND 
 
 These interesting and suggestive fig- 
 ures seem unmistakably to indicate a 
 sure and progressive mental evolution 
 which may be represented somewhat, 
 though imperfectly, in the following 
 manner: From infancy through adoles- 
 cence to the full maturity of the adult, 
 the emotional side of the individual is 
 at its highest. Reaching its acme at 
 
 as 
 
THE PERIOD OF MENTAL ACTIVITY 
 
 maturity, it then begins to diminish in 
 intensity, as it is overtopped by the 
 higher mental elements. Thus, musi- 
 cians, who, save artists, are probably 
 more justly entitled to the appellation 
 of genius than any other class of men, 
 do much of their best work at a re- 
 markably tender age. The imaginative, 
 imitative, religious, adventurous, and 
 belligerent elements of the mind are 
 strongly developed in these plastic 
 years. It becomes evident, therefore, 
 that actors and preachers, explorers and 
 soldiers, poets and dramatists, all sub- 
 ject to the domination of the emotions, 
 do excellent and masterful work in the 
 early years of their lives. As the deeper 
 and more rational elements of cerebra- 
 tion are developed, these either end their 
 Hfe-work altogether or modify it uncon- 
 sciously to meet the changed mental 
 29 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 conditions. Thus, many who began as 
 poets abandoned that esthetic and beau- 
 tiful field of adventure for the broader 
 and richer scope afforded by fiction and 
 other prose writing. Many of the sci- 
 entists, philosophers, and statesmen 
 showed no special aptitude until the 
 emotional period of their lives had 
 passed. Epic poets and musicians 
 brought the experience of maturer years 
 to act upon and aid the imaginative and 
 emotional brain-cells of their younger 
 days. The bitter wrongs and injustices 
 that every observant life-time entails 
 dampen the ardor of youth, and the 
 speculative philosopher, the biting and 
 cynical satirist, or the more kindly dis- 
 posed and dry humorist, grows into be- 
 ing. 
 
 Thus, just as surely as there is a phy- 
 sical and natural evolution of the being 
 30 
 
THE PERIOD OF MENTAL ACTIVITY 
 
 and of the race, so there is an individual, 
 a tribal or national, and a racial evolu- 
 tion of the mind. Such a conclusion is 
 inevitably forced upon us by a study 
 such as this. He was a deep observer 
 who divided a man's mental working 
 life into four decades ; thus, from twenty 
 to thirty bronze, thirty to forty silver, 
 forty to fifty gold, and from fifty to 
 sixty iron. Intellect and judgment are 
 strongest in the average person between 
 forty and sixty. It was Du Maurier 
 who said : "I think that the best years in 
 a man's life are after he is forty. A 
 man at forty has ceased to hunt the 
 moon." Then, as an afterthought, he 
 says : "I would add that in order to en- 
 joy life after forty, it is perhaps neces- 
 sary to have achieved, before reaching 
 that age, at least some success." 
 
 31 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 IS PRECOCITY A SIGN OF DEGENERACY? 
 
 In the light of the foregoing, it becomes 
 evident that precocity is not always a 
 thing to be desired. Indeed, it may, 
 just as surely as a prematurely ripened 
 fruit indicates decay and early death, 
 mean an early degeneration and loss of 
 the mental faculties. By many biolo- 
 gists it is considered an expression of 
 premature senility. Few, if any, of the 
 precocious children rise above the aver- 
 age in adult life, and the tendency 
 rather is to fall below it. The explana- 
 tion is largely to be found in the fact 
 that during these tender years the brain 
 is immature both in substance and form, 
 and any unusual strain placed upon the 
 delicate and plastic organ must be at 
 the expense of its ultimate power. 
 32 
 
THE PERIOD OF MENTAL ACTIVITY 
 
 These children are often of the scrof- 
 ulous diathesis, and present certain 
 well-known physical traits. Their com- 
 plexion is clear and at times beautifully 
 fair, the eyes blue and the hair golden. 
 A writer in one of the scientific papers 
 speaks of their mental condition in this 
 way: "These children are dehcately 
 sensitive to mental impressions, and 
 ahve to the conversation of persons 
 much older than they." The unwonted 
 brilliancy continues imtil the age of 
 puberty when the children begin to fail 
 mentally and physically and frequently 
 fall victims to tuberculosis. 
 
 As Lombroso has indicated, many of 
 the men of genius were subjects of degen- 
 eracy, and this statement is made because 
 of the well-known stigmata or marks of 
 degeneracy which have been present in 
 them. It must be understood, however, 
 3 33 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 that any individual of great mentality, 
 as well as those of mediocre ability, may 
 present one or two degenerate marks 
 without in any sense proving, for his 
 case, the presence of a degenerate mind. 
 There is a period of antenatal growth 
 known to scientists as the senile period, 
 embracing the fourth and fifth months 
 of prenatal existence. It has been found 
 that a slight arrest of development at 
 this period is characteristic of the class 
 of beings known as degenerates, and 
 precocity is recognized as one of the ex- 
 pressions of this developmental defect. 
 Relief de la Bretonne, who composed at 
 fourteen a poem on his first twelve loves, 
 is a remarkable instance of this form of 
 degenerate precocity. "A wit of five is 
 a fool of twenty," is an adage founded 
 upon the popular appreciation of this 
 unpleasant truth. 
 
 34! 
 
THE PERIOD OF MENTAL ACTIVITY 
 
 THE MARKS OR STIGMATA OF 
 DEGENERACY 
 
 There are, then, certain physical pecul- 
 iarities that are almost invariably pres- 
 ent in decadent men and races. Thus, 
 while the hardy people of the North, 
 whose physical star may be regarded 
 as in the ascendency, are generally tall 
 and athletic, the decadent races, includ- 
 ing many of the Latin stock, are char- 
 acterized by shortness of stature and 
 stockiness of build. Runts these people 
 are, and this general undevelopment 
 comprises a well-recognized stigma of 
 degeneracy. It is likewise exceptional 
 to find an unusually short nose, such as 
 that possessed by Darwin and Socrates, 
 among men of intellect. Nasal abbre- 
 viation is one of the well-known signs 
 35 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 of degeneracy, as is also the sessile or 
 otherwise misshapen ear, the sugar-loaf 
 skull, the close-set eyes, and other phy- 
 siognomic irregularities, including the 
 cretinoid face. The latter, strange to 
 relate, has been noted in certain men of 
 remarkable genius, including Darwin 
 and Carlyle, Rembrandt, Pope, and 
 Socrates. Other physical traits char- 
 acteristic of individuals of degenerate 
 taint are marked emaciation, facial 
 pallor, stuttering, and stammering, in- 
 fantile and adolescent sickliness, left- 
 handedness, sterility, and certain mental 
 and nervous diseases, more particular 
 mention of which will be made in an- 
 other chapter. 
 
 I wish to emphasize at this point the 
 assertion that not every individual who 
 chances to possess one of the above men- 
 tioned physical peculiarities is to be im- 
 36 
 
THE PERIOD OF MENTAL ACTIVITY 
 
 mediately stamped as a degenerate. It 
 is only when there is a combination of 
 two or more of these traits, especially 
 if this combination has been noted as 
 a family peculiarity, that the suspicion 
 will be awakened, and this may then be 
 confirmed and the condition established 
 by close and careful investigation. It 
 is probable that all of these degenerate 
 geniuses manifested unusual mental de- 
 velopment in early childhood. 
 
 Nevertheless, it stands to reason that 
 not every instance of unusual childish 
 brilliancy is dependent upon a degen- 
 erate state of mind. There is a pre- 
 cocity due to parental influence and 
 unconscious infantile imitation. This 
 we may designate as the environmental 
 precocity, a perfectly normal condition, 
 but one which involves close parental 
 supervision in order to maintain the 
 37 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 mental and judicial balance, and thereby 
 avoid a brain-tire with serious and even 
 permanent intellectual impairment. 
 
 Properly guided and fostered through 
 the plastic and impressional period of 
 tutelage, these young men will be di- 
 rected into the channels of life-work for 
 which they are best designed. They 
 will thereby be thoroughly prepared for 
 the true period of productiveness in in- 
 tellectual lines, which extends not infre- 
 quently well beyond that absurdity 
 which has been designated as the 
 "dead-line of fifty." It will not be in- 
 appropriate at this point to call atten- 
 tion to some of these early indications of 
 mental activity on the part of the young 
 not subject to the precocity of degen- 
 eracy. 
 
 33 
 
CHAPTER III 
 
 UNUSUAL MENTAL ACTIVITY IN 
 THE YOUNG 
 
 THE astounding array of facts that 
 have been grouped together has 
 been collected from literature after a 
 most thorough search and investigation 
 (wherever this was found to be possi- 
 ble) as to the authenticity of the state- 
 ments, and they are presented without 
 other words of explanation or apology. 
 
 ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE YOUNG IN 
 MUSIC 
 
 As has already been intimated, the poets, 
 musicians, artists, and soldiers, repre- 
 senting the true geniuses of the world, 
 39 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 and those in whom the imaginative and 
 impulsive elements are the strongest, 
 have distinguished themselves early in 
 life. This is eminently true of the 
 musicians, whose records are, in this re- 
 spect, truly marvelous. Thus, Mozart, 
 when only three years of age, shared the 
 harpsichord lessons of his sister Maria, 
 who was eight years old. At four he 
 played minuets and composed little 
 pieces. He performed in public for the 
 first time when five years old. At eight 
 he played before the English royalty, 
 made his first attempt at the composi- 
 tion of a symphony, published his third 
 set of sonatas, and wrote "God is our 
 Refuge," an anthem for four voices. 
 At ten he first essayed the oratorio; at 
 eleven he composed an opera bouffe, 
 "La Finta Semplice" ; at fourteen, com- 
 posed the music for the opera, "Mitri- 
 40 
 
MENTAL ACTIVITY IN THE YOUNG 
 
 date, Re di Ponto" ; at fifteen wrote the 
 serenata, "Ascanio in Alba"; at sixteen, 
 the operas, "II Sogno di Scipione" and 
 "Lucio Silla," both of which were bril- 
 liant successes; and at nineteen, the 
 opera, "La Finta Giardiniera." 
 
 Meyerbeer was an excellent pianist at 
 five; at seven played Mozart's concerto 
 in D minor in public ; at ten had written 
 an opera, "Jephthas Geliibde," and at 
 thirteen produced his second opera, 
 "Wirth und Gast." At six Eichhorn 
 and Eybler gave public concerts, and 
 Spohr at the same age took the leading 
 part in Kalkbrenner's trios; at nineteen 
 he printed his first violin concerto. 
 Handel showed his musical talent at a 
 very early age. At eight his playing at- 
 tracted the attention of the Duke of 
 Saxe-Weissenf els ; in his twelfth year 
 he made his debut as a virtuoso at the 
 41 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 court of Berlin ; at thirteen he composed 
 a mass; at seventeen wrote "Florinde" 
 and "Nero"; and at nineteen was a 
 theater director. At the age of nine 
 Liszt displayed great musical ability; 
 in his eleventh year he played before 
 enthusiastic audiences in Vienna ; and at 
 fourteen he wrote the operetta, "Don 
 Sancho." 
 
 Mendelssohn first played in public at 
 nine, and at eleven he began to compose 
 with astonishing rapidity. At that age 
 he wrote his cantata, "In riihrend feier- 
 lichen Tonen," and produced nearly 
 sixty movements, including songs, 
 pianoforte sonatas, a trio for pianoforte, 
 violin, and violoncello, a sonata for 
 violin and pianoforte, pieces for the 
 organ, and a little dramatic piece in 
 three scenes. At twelve he wrote five 
 symphonies for stringed instruments, 
 
MENTAL ACTIVITY IN THE YOUNG 
 
 each in three movements; motets for 
 four voices; an opera in one act— "Sol- 
 datenhebschaf t" ; another, "Die beiden 
 Piidagogen" ; part of a third, "Die wan- 
 dernde Comodianten" ; and an immense 
 quantity of other music of various kinds. 
 At thirteen he produced an opera in 
 three acts— "Die beiden Neffen, oder 
 der Onkel aus Boston"; a pianoforte 
 concerto; and an immense amount of 
 other music. At fifteen he composed 
 his fine symphony in C minor, a quartet 
 in B minor, and a pianoforte sestet. At 
 sixteen he wrote a "Kyrie" for five 
 voices; his pianoforte capriccio in F 
 sharp minor; and an opera in two acts, 
 "Die Hochzeit des Camacho," a work 
 of considerable importance. Before he 
 was eighteen he had completed his 
 famous overture to Shakspere's "Mid- 
 simimer Night's Dream." Here was a 
 43 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 remarkable instance of precocious pro- 
 ductiveness. 
 
 Verdi, when only ten, was appointed 
 organist at Le Roncole, and at fifteen 
 wrote his first symphony. Rossini sang 
 solos in church at ten; at thirteen ap- 
 peared in the opera house as Adolfo in 
 Paer's "Camilla," and at eighteen pro- 
 duced at Venice his first opera, "La 
 Cambiale di Matrimonio." Weber at 
 twelve published a set of "Six Fugh- 
 etti"; at thirteen wrote "Variations for 
 the Pianoforte" and an opera, "The 
 Power of Love and Wine." When he 
 was fourteen, his opera, "The Wood- 
 Maiden," was publicly presented ; at sev- 
 enteen he published his third opera, 
 "Peter Schmoll and His Neighbor"; 
 and at eighteen he was appointed con- 
 ductor of opera at Breslau. Cherubini 
 awoke popular enthusiasm with a mass 
 44 
 
MENTAL ACTIVITY IN THE YOUNG 
 
 at thirteen. Schubert began writing 
 music at thirteen, and when eighteen 
 composed two symphonies, five operas, 
 and no less than one hundred and 
 thirty-seven songs, besides a multitude 
 of other important pieces. 
 
 At seventeen Wagner pubUshed his 
 first important composition, — the over- 
 ture in B flat, — and at twenty his first 
 symphony was performed. Brahms at 
 the age of twenty had written a string 
 quartet, the first pianoforte sonata, the 
 scherzo in E flat minor, and a group of 
 songs, including the dramatic "Liebes- 
 treu." It is a truth pregnant with sug- 
 gestion that Beethoven, that prince of 
 musicians, who occupies in music the 
 place held by Shakspere in poetry, did 
 not compose anything entitled to men- 
 tion until after he had reached his 
 twenty-fifth birthday. 
 45 
 
THE AGE OP MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 THE MEN OF WAR 
 
 The bellicose vein of youth has from 
 time immemorial produced many of the 
 famous fighters of the world, who have 
 turned and overturned the world, and 
 repeatedly altered its geography. The 
 fighting strain, once established, is hard 
 to overcome, however, and though the 
 young have distinguished themselves in 
 war, as will be seen directly, they cannot 
 usurp to themselves all the trophies of 
 Mars. Still, their record of achievement 
 forms no mean page in the history of the 
 world. At sixteen Henry IV of France 
 was at the head of the Huguenot army, 
 at nineteen he became King of Navarre, 
 and before the age of forty-four he over- 
 threw his enemies and became King of 
 France. Scipio Africanus the Elder 
 46 
 
MENTAL ACTIVITY IN THE YOUNG 
 
 distinguished himself at the battle of 
 Ticinus at the age of sixteen, and at 
 twenty-nine overthrew the power of 
 Carthage at Zama. Alexander the 
 Great defeated the celebrated Theban 
 band at Chgeronea before he had at- 
 tained the age of eighteen, ascended the 
 throne at twenty, had conquered the 
 world at twenty-five, and died at thirty- 
 two. Charles XII completed his first 
 campaign against Denmark at eighteen, 
 overthrew 80,000 Russians at Narva be- 
 fore nineteen, conquered Poland and 
 Saxony at twenty-four, and died at 
 thirty-six. Peter the Great of Russia 
 was proclaimed Czar at ten years of age, 
 organized a large army at twenty, won 
 the victory of Embach at thirty, and 
 founded St. Petersburg at thirty-one. 
 At the age of twenty-one, Eugene of 
 Savoy was colonel, at twenty-four he 
 47 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 was lieutenant field-marshal, and shortly 
 after general field-marshal; at thirty- 
 four he won the battle of Zenta, and at 
 forty-one cooperated with Marlborough 
 at Blenheim. Conde defeated the Span- 
 iards at Rocroi at twenty-two, and won 
 all his military fame before the age of 
 twenty-five. Julius Ceesar commanded 
 a fleet before Mitylene, and distin- 
 guished himself before the age of 
 twenty-two; he completed his first war 
 in Spain, and was made a consul before 
 the age of forty. Philip of Macedon 
 ascended the throne at twenty -two and 
 was the conqueror of Greece at forty- 
 five. Lord Clive distinguished himself 
 at twenty-two, attained his greatest 
 fame at thirty-five, and had founded the 
 British Empire in India by forty. Na- 
 poleon was a major at twenty-four, gen- 
 eral of brigade at twenty-five, and 
 48 
 
MENTAL ACTIVITY IN THE YOUNG 
 
 commander-in-chief of the army of Italy 
 at twenty-six. He achieved all his victo- 
 ries and was finally overthrown before 
 the age of forty-four. Saxe was a 
 marecTial-de-camp at twenty-four, and 
 marshal of France at forty-four. Vau- 
 ban, the great engineer, had conducted 
 several sieges at twenty-five, and was 
 marechal-de-camp at forty -three. Char- 
 lemagne was crowned king at twenty- 
 six, was master of France and the 
 larger part of Germany at twenty -nine, 
 placed on his head the iron crown of 
 Italy at thirty -two, and conquered Spain 
 at thirty-six. Hannibal was made com- 
 mander-in-chief of the Carthaginian 
 army in Spain at twenty-six, and had 
 won all his great battles in Italy, conclud- 
 ing with Cannge, at thirty-one. Frederick 
 the Great ascended the throne at twenty- 
 eight; terminated the first Silesian war 
 * 49 
 
THE AGE OP MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 at thirty, and the second at thirty -three ; 
 and ten years later, with a population 
 of only five hundred thousand, he tri- 
 umphed over a league of more than 
 one hundred millions of people. Mon- 
 tecuculi, at the age of thirty-one, 
 with two thousand horse attacked ten 
 thousand Swedes, and captured all their 
 baggage and artillery; at thirty -two he 
 won the victory of Triebel. Wolfe was 
 conqueror of Quebec at thirty -two, and 
 Turenne, passing through the grades of 
 captain, colonel, major-general and 
 lieutenant-general, became a marshal of 
 France at thirty-two, and won all his 
 distinction before forty. Pizarro com- 
 pleted the conquest of Peru at thirty-five 
 and died at forty, while Cortez effected 
 the conquest of Mexico and completed 
 his military career before the age of 
 thirty-six. At thirty-six Scipio Afri- 
 60 
 
MENTAL ACTIVITY IN THE YOUNG 
 
 canus the Younger had completed the 
 destruction of Carthage. Genghis Khan 
 had achieved many of his victories and 
 became emperor of the Mongols at 
 forty, and Gonsalvo de Cordova 
 achieved a great reputation and was 
 made commander-in-chief of the army 
 of Italy at forty -one. 
 
 It is a curious fact that the three great 
 wars of recent times were fought largely 
 by older generals. Some one has gone 
 to the trouble to compile the ages of 
 these officers, and with interesting re- 
 sults: Thus, in 1861, the ages of some of 
 the Union commanders in the great 
 Civil War were: Grant, 39; Sherman, 
 41 ; Sheridan, 30 ; McClellan, 35 ; Rose- 
 crans, 42 ; Thomas, 45 ; Buell, 43 ; Han- 
 cock, 37; Meade, 46; McDowell, 43; 
 Pope, 38. Among the Confederates, 
 Lee was 55; Bragg, 46; Jackson, 37; 
 51 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 Hood, 30; Early, 43; Longstreet, 40; 
 Beauregard, 45; Stuart, 28; Hill, 36; 
 Buckner, 37. The Franco-Prussian 
 War was fought largely by old generals. 
 Von Moltke was 70 and Von Steinmetz 
 was 74. The triumphs of the recent 
 Russo-Japanese conflict were those of 
 old men. Marquis Oyama was 62; 
 Nodzu, 63; Kuroki, 60; Oku, 58; Nogi, 
 55; Nishi, 58; Kodama, 52; and Fu- 
 shimi, 46. 
 
 PRECOCITY AMONG ARTISTS, POETS, 
 AND OTHERS 
 
 Evidences of environmental precocity 
 have been noted in other lines of life. 
 Thus, Visconti was a marvel of intelli- 
 gence at sixteen months, and preached 
 at six years. Horace Greeley, before he 
 was two years old, gave evidence of re- 
 52 
 
MENTAL ACTIVITY IN THE YOUNG 
 
 markable precocity; he had learned his 
 letters before he could talk plainly, and 
 at six had read the Bible through. Gas- 
 sendi preached at four, and Mirabeau 
 at three. The latter published books at 
 ten. John Stuart Mill learned the 
 Greek alphabet at three; by eight he 
 had read much Greek; at eight he 
 learned Latin; at twelve began a thor- 
 ough study of scholastic logic; and at 
 thirteen began the study of pohtical 
 economy. Wren invented an astronom- 
 ical instrument and dedicated it in 
 Latin to his father when only four years 
 of age. Claude Joseph Vernet drew in 
 crayons at four, and was celebrated as 
 a painter at twenty. Pico della Miran- 
 dola in his childhood knew Latin, Greek, 
 Chaldaic, Syriac, and Arabic. G. 
 Wetton could translate Latin, Greek, 
 and Hebrew at five, and at ten knew 
 53 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 Chaldaic, Syriac, and Arabic. Isaac 
 Watts began the study of the classics 
 in his fifth year, and at seven or eight 
 composed some of his devotional pieces. 
 Corot from childhood demonstrated that 
 he was a born artist. Landseer in his 
 fifth year drew fairly well, and excel- 
 lently at eight years of age. At ten he 
 was an admirable draftsman, and at 
 thirteen he drew a majestic St. Bernard 
 dog so finely that his brother Thomas 
 engraved and published the work. Bul- 
 wer Lytton the novelist wrote ballads 
 at five years of age, and at fifteen pub- 
 lished "Ismael, an Oriental Tale, with 
 other Poems." Scott at the age of six 
 defined himself as a "virtuoso"; at ten 
 he was a connoisseur in various read- 
 ings. Dean Alford at six wrote a little 
 manuscript volume, "The Travels of 
 St. Paul"; before eight he had penned 
 5i 
 
MENTAL ACTIVITY IN THE YOUNG 
 
 a collection of Latin odes in miniature; 
 at nine he had compiled a compendious 
 "History of the Jews," and before ten 
 he had produced a series of terse ser- 
 mons. Wieland at seven knew Latin, 
 meditated an epic at thirteen, and pub- 
 lished a poem at sixteen. At seven 
 Cope made drawings of jellyfish and 
 other marine fauna which he had seen 
 on a voyage to Boston. Kotzebue at- 
 tempted comedies at seven, and wrote 
 his first tragedy at eighteen. Reynolds 
 at eight made a fine drawing of his 
 school-house, and Leibnitz at the same 
 age taught himself Latin, and at twelve 
 had begun Greek. Macaulay at eight 
 had written a "Compendium of Uni- 
 versal History" and a romance in three 
 cantos— "The Battle of Cheviot"; at 
 ten he wrote a long poem on the his- 
 tory of Olaus Magnus, and "Fingal," a 
 55 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 poem in twelve books of blank verse. 
 Dante composed a sonnet to Beatrice at 
 nine, and Goethe wrote several lan- 
 guages before the age of ten. JNIetas- 
 tasio improvised at ten; and Robert 
 Browning, while still a youth, acquired 
 the triple reputation of poet, musician, 
 and modeler. Edwin Forrest when 
 scarcely eleven years old formed a Thes- 
 pian society, and Gainsborough at ten 
 had sketched every fine tree and pictur- 
 esque cottage near Sudbury. Lope de 
 Vega Carpio wrote poems at twelve, 
 and at the same age Byron, Pope, and 
 Tennyson began their work. Pope's 
 "Ode on Solitude" appeared at this age, 
 and his "Pastorals" were published at 
 sixteen. At twelve Tennyson wrote an 
 epic of six thousand lines, and at four- 
 teen a drama in blank verse of perfect 
 meter. Calderon published his "Chariot 
 56 
 
MENTAL ACTIVITY IN THE YOUNG 
 
 of Heaven" at thirteen; and Ascoli, a 
 work in Wallachian and Trioulian dia- 
 lects. Hans Christian Andersen, before 
 his fourteenth year, had written several 
 tragedies and poems, including the 
 "Dying Child." Raphael was re- 
 nowned at fourteen; Fenelon preached 
 an excellent sermon at fifteen; and at 
 the same age Victor Hugo wrote "Irta- 
 mene." At sixteen Moore translated 
 "Anacreon," and Lamennais wrote the 
 "Words of a Believer." Spenser pub- 
 lished verse at sixteen and seventeen ; at 
 eighteen Albert Gallatin was clear- 
 minded, sober, and practical; at the 
 same age Lessing wrote a comedy, "Der 
 junge Gelehrte"; Jerrold, his first 
 comedy, "More Frightened than Hurt" ; 
 and Byron, his "Hours of Idleness." 
 Bryant at nineteen wrote his celebrated 
 "Thanatopsis," and Gautier his "Al- 
 57 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 berta" and other poems. Galileo from 
 his earliest childhood was remarkable 
 for intellectual aptitude and mechanical 
 invention. At nineteen he discovered 
 the isochronism of the pendulum in the 
 cathedral at Pisa, and fifty years later 
 turned this to account in the construc- 
 tion of an astronomical clock. Before 
 the age of twenty, Hugo had published 
 "Hans of Iceland" and his first volume 
 of "Odes and Ballads." 
 
 THE PHILOSOPHEKS 
 
 There is a danger here, capable of be- 
 coming a bone of contention and a rock 
 of offense, that as fair and impartial stu- 
 dents of the human mind we must recog- 
 nize and avoid. These remarkable state- 
 ments that must astound us and arouse 
 a wave of enthusiasm, admiration, and 
 58 
 
MENTAL ACTIVITY IN THE YOUNG 
 
 respect, represent precocious beginnings 
 only or in large part, and must not be 
 confounded with the true life-work 
 of the persons. Professor Wallin of 
 Princeton and others are eminently cor- 
 rect when they call attention to the fact 
 that Comte and Pascal, Kant and 
 Schelling, Hume, Helmholtz, Schopen- 
 hauer, Bacon, and many others of the 
 school of philosophers, were thinkers at 
 unusually tender years. The work done 
 then, however, was not their life-work, 
 but only the faint dawning that indi- 
 cated the brilliant day that was to 
 follow. Thus, while Bacon may have 
 conceived his "Novum Organum" at fif- 
 teen, it was not until the ripe age of 
 fifty-nine that he gave it to the printers. 
 While Kant, the greatest of all criticists, 
 wrote his "Estimate of Living Force" 
 at twenty- three, he published his "Cri- 
 59 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 tique of Pure Reason" at fifty-seven. 
 Schelling began writing as a boy of 
 seventeen, and at twenty-five published 
 his "System of Transcendental Ideal- 
 ism," one of the most finished and satis- 
 factory of his works ; but it was not until 
 after his death at seventy -nine that his 
 substantial and weighty "Philosophy of 
 Mythology and Revelation" was given 
 to the world. Helmholtz at twenty -six 
 wrote his "Kraft," the most important 
 essay in natural science for centuries, 
 but what of his magnificent work of the 
 next quarter of a century? It is easy 
 to advance argmnents to prove the accu- 
 racy of any theory, but a study of the 
 mentality of a given person requires a 
 comprehensive review of all his work. 
 It remains true, therefore, that beyond 
 being suggestive of richness to come, 
 these early beginnings do not indicate 
 60 
 
MENTAL ACTIVITY IN THE YOUNG 
 
 the acme of mental ability. This is pres- 
 ent only during the years in which the 
 masterwork of the person is being ac- 
 complished. It is essential, accordingly, 
 to find the age of the performance of the 
 magnum opus, in order to affirm when a 
 man is at his highest value to his fellows. 
 
 61 
 
CHAPTER IV 
 
 THE ACME AND DURATION OF 
 MENTAL ACTIVITY 
 
 HAVING in this manner disposed of 
 the initial age of mental activity, 
 and having reviewed the remarkable 
 performances of the prodigies who have 
 astounded and delighted their fellow- 
 men and who have wonderfully helped 
 in the mental development of the world, 
 we reach what is probably the most in- 
 teresting phase of the subject. When 
 is an individual mind most useful to the 
 world, and how long does it, as a rule, 
 maintain the high standard to which it 
 has aspired? Again, advancing from 
 the individual to the various groups of 
 62 
 
DURATION OF MENTAL ACTIVITY 
 
 workers and thinkers, what is the 
 average age of masterful production 
 for these men of mentaUty, and what 
 the average age for all the groups 
 studied as a whole? 
 
 THE AGE OF THE MASTERPIECE 
 
 The summum bonum of a man's life — 
 who shall say when or what it is in any 
 given case? It becomes almost a work 
 of supererogation to attempt to desig- 
 nate any single act or performance as 
 the one most valuable in any man's ca- 
 reer. Reduced to the ultimate, it be- 
 comes, after all, only the expression of 
 an individual opinion, save in those 
 striking instances in which by general 
 consent a certain achievement is recog- 
 nized as the man's greatest work. No 
 one would deny that in "Paradise Lost" 
 63 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 Milton attained the highest expression 
 of his mentality, that Wellington 
 achieved his greatest fame when he won 
 the field of Waterloo, that Bacon's 
 "Noviim Organum" is his greatest ac- 
 complishment, and that "Don Quixote" 
 exceeded anything else that Cervantes 
 ever did. In other life-records one act 
 may appear equal to another at differ- 
 ent stages in the man's development; 
 or to one observer the influence of one 
 deed may far outweigh that of another, 
 and contrariwise. This difficulty has 
 been exceedingly hard to overcome, and 
 without any attempt at dogmatism, but 
 with the earnest desire to ascertain the 
 truth as far as may be possible, has the 
 decision been made in the disputable 
 records. 
 
 Having been arranged in this man- 
 ner, the records give an average age of 
 64 
 
DURATION OF MENTAL ACTIVITY 
 
 fifty for the performance of the master- 
 work. For the workers the average age 
 is forty-seven, and for the thinkers fifty- 
 two. Chemists and physicists average 
 the youngest at forty-one; dramatists 
 and playwrights, poets and inventors, 
 follow at forty-four; novelists give an 
 average of forty-six ; explorers and war- 
 riors, f ortjr-seven ; musical composers 
 and actors, forty-eight; artists and 
 divines occupy the position of equi- 
 librium at fifty ; essayists and reformers 
 stand at fifty-one; physicians and sur- 
 geons line up with the statesmen at 
 fifty -two; philosophers give an average 
 of fifty-four; astronomers and mathe- 
 maticians, satirists and humorists, reach 
 fifty -six; historians, fifty-seven; and 
 naturalists and jurists, fifty -eight. As 
 may be noted, there is a rearrangement 
 of the order at this time, but the think- 
 5 65 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 ers, as before, and as would naturally 
 be expected, attain their full maturity 
 at a later period than the workers. 
 
 Interesting and unexpected as it may 
 be, even this average age of fifty is mis- 
 leading ; for it must be remembered that 
 the four hundred lives that have been 
 analyzed included many that were 
 snuffed out prematurely by accident, 
 murder, suicide, and the untimely tak- 
 ing off by disease. Many of these men, 
 as Byron, Shelley, Keats, Poe, Mungo 
 Park, Christopher Marlowe, and 
 Thomas Chatterton (who committed 
 suicide when but eighteen years of age ) 
 completed their life-works before the 
 age of forty had been reached. It is 
 safe to conclude that had these men 
 rounded out lifetimes of fifty, sixty, or 
 seventy years, as they had every right to 
 anticipate and expect, they would have 
 66 
 
DURATION OF MENTAL ACTIVITY 
 
 done even better work than that already 
 accomplished. Would Byron at thirty- 
 five with the completion of "Don Juan" 
 have written his greatest poem even had 
 he been permitted to attain the statutory 
 age of seventy? Would Poe at thirty- 
 six with his "Raven" and weird tales 
 have reached the acme of a life that 
 might have spread out to sixty years? 
 Would Christopher Marlowe, who was 
 but twenty -nine years old when slain by 
 a drunken brawler, never have done 
 anjrthing greater than he had accom- 
 plished up to that time? It stands to 
 reason that these men had only begun 
 to show the wonderful possibilities of 
 their minds, and had they been permit- 
 ted to live longer doubtless still greater 
 and more brilliant achievements of men- 
 tality would have been placed to their 
 credit. It is probable that then the 
 67 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 average age of the masterpiece would 
 be nearer sixty than fifty. However, 
 this is but supposition, and the facts as 
 ascertained must stand. 
 
 The corollary is evident. Provided 
 health and optimism remain, the man of 
 fifty can command success as readily as 
 the man of thirty. Health plus optim- 
 ism read the secret of success; the one 
 God-given, the other inborn, also, but 
 capable of cultivation to the point of 
 enthusiasm. 
 
 THE DURATION OF MENTAL ACTIVITY 
 
 A LINE of mental activity, once begun 
 may continue indefinitely, its duration 
 being dependent upon a number of cor- 
 related conditions, such as the state of 
 health, opportunity, accident, and ambi- 
 tion. In the four-hundred records com- 
 68 
 
DURATION OF MENTAL ACTIVITY 
 
 prised in the present study, the average 
 duration of the mental process was forty 
 years. For the thinkers it was thirty- 
 nine years, and for the workers forty- 
 one. This only confirms the natural 
 inference, since the thinkers generally 
 develop later in life. The only reason 
 why there is not a greater difference is 
 that a considerable number of the think- 
 ers prolonged their mental labors, and 
 most effectively, far beyond the usual 
 limit of productive cerebration. The 
 din-ation is the shortest for poets and 
 satirists and himiorists, being only 
 thirty-three years. Explorers, reform- 
 ers, novelists, dramatists, and play- 
 wrights show a duration of thirty-five 
 years; warriors, chemists, physicists, 
 and philosophers, thirty -seven years; 
 statesmen, thirty -eight years; essayists, 
 forty years; musical composers, forty- 
 69 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 one years; actors and artists, forty -two 
 years; historians and divines, forty- 
 three years; jurists, forty-four years; 
 naturahsts, forty-five years; physicians 
 and surgeons, forty-six years; astrono- 
 mers and mathematicians, forty-seven 
 years ; and inventors, forty -nine years. 
 
 Thirty-five per cent, of the men 
 ceased their mental activity in the 
 seventh decade; 22% per cent, in the 
 eighth; 20% per cent, in the sixth; 10^4 
 per cent, in the fifth; 6 per cent, in the 
 ninth ; 4% per cent, in the fourth. One 
 man, Chatterton, ended his career in the 
 second decade; three in the tenth dec- 
 ade; and five in the third. Seventy- 
 eight and a quarter per cent, closed their 
 life-work between fifty and eighty years 
 of age, and 85 per cent, after the fiftieth 
 year. 
 
 While in the vast majority of cases 
 70 
 
DURATION OF MENTAL ACTIVITY , 
 
 declining physical and mental ability 
 progressed pari passu to the cessation 
 of life, there loom up amid the general 
 wreck of the bodily and cerebral powers 
 some striking instances of remarkable 
 mental vitality and virility, standing 
 out, like beacon-lights of hope, far be- 
 yond the period of normal decay. 
 These mental heroes counterbalance the 
 achievements of the young, already 
 mentioned, if not in nxmibers, truly in 
 productive value and influence upon the 
 culture and welfare of the race. No 
 greater inspiration can be found in all 
 the records of life-work than in a review 
 of these achievements of old age. 
 
 A GROUP OF TITANS 
 
 Thus Bockh, the "baby" member of 
 
 the group, at seventy published one of 
 
 71 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 the greatest of his works, "Zur Ge- 
 schichte der Mondcyelen der Hellenen." 
 Between the ages of seventy and eighty- 
 three. Commodore Vanderbilt increased 
 the mileage of his road from 120 to 
 10,000 and added about one hundred 
 miUions to his fortune. Grote, in his 
 seventy-first year, began his work on 
 "Aristotle." At this time he writes: 
 "My power of doing work is sadly 
 diminished as to quantity, but as to 
 quality (both perspicacity, memory, 
 and suggestive association bringing up 
 new communications), I am sure that 
 my intellect is as good as it ever was." 
 He died in his seventy-seventh year, leav- 
 ing "Aristotle" unfinished. At seventy- 
 two, Handel, blind for the last six years 
 of his life, composed his oratorio, "Tri- 
 umph of Time and Truth," and died at 
 seventy-four, working vmtil the last. 
 72 
 
DURATION OF MENTAL ACTIVITY 
 
 Eight days before his death he played 
 the organ at a performance of his "Mes- 
 siah." At the same age Meyerbeer pro- 
 duced his greatest opera, "L'Africaine," 
 Samuel Johnson published the best of 
 his works, "Lives of the Poets," and 
 Littre completed his greatest of all die? 
 tionaries. Wordsworth was appointed 
 to the laureateship at seventy -three, and 
 lived to see his eightieth birthday. 
 George Buchanan, the stout old Scotch- 
 man, wrote his "De Jure Regni" in de- 
 fense of popular rights at seventy -three, 
 and lived four years longer. Galileo at 
 seventy-three made his last telescopic 
 discovery — that of the diurnal and 
 monthly librations of the moon. At 
 seventy-four, Kant wrote his "Anthro- 
 pology," the "Metaphysics of Ethics," 
 and the "Strife of the Faculties," and 
 Thiers helped to establish the French 
 73 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 republic and became President, holding 
 that exalted office for two years. Tinto- 
 retto at the same age painted his crown- 
 ing production, the vast "Paradise," a 
 canvas seventy-four feet by thirty. 
 Verdi, when seventy-four, produced his 
 masterpiece, "Otello," which is thought 
 to be an immense advance over anything 
 he had yet written, and in his eightieth 
 year wrote "Falstaff," which was as 
 brilliant a work as "Otello." When 
 eighty-five he wrote his "Ave Maria," 
 "Laudi alia Virgine," "Stabat Mater," 
 and "Te Deum," all wonderfully beau- 
 tiful. Holmes at seventy-four pub- 
 lished his medical essays, and "Pages 
 from an Old Volume of Life"; at 
 seventy-five wrote his essay on Emer- 
 son; at seventy-six published "A Mortal 
 Antipathy" and "The New Portfolio" ; 
 at seventy-eight wrote "Our Hundred 
 74 
 
DURATION OF MENTAL ACTIVITY 
 
 Days in Europe"; and at seventy -nine 
 published "Over the Tea-Cups," dying 
 at the ripe old age of eighty-five. Long- 
 fellow at seventy-five wrote his impos- 
 ing meditation "Hermes Trismegistus" 
 and the beautiful "Bells of San Bias." 
 At the same age Isaac D'Israeli pub- 
 lished his "Amenities of Literature," a 
 three-volimie work, and that notwith- 
 standing total blindness for three years 
 preceding. At seventy-five Henry Clay 
 was still a leader in the land, Hallam 
 published his "Literary Essays and 
 Characters," Metternich was driven 
 from power, Bismarck was forced from 
 the Chancellorship by the German Em- 
 peror, Crispi assumed the Premiership 
 of Italy, and Allen G. Thurman was 
 nominated for the Vice -Presidency of 
 the United States. Hugo at seventy -five 
 wrote "History of a Crime" ; at seventy- 
 75 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 seven published "Le Pape" ; at seventy- 
 eight, "L'Ane"; at seventy-nine, "Les 
 Quatre Vents de I'Esprit"; and at 
 eighty, "Torquemada." Lamartine at 
 seventy-six wrote a novel, "Fior 
 d'Aliza." Washington Irving lived to 
 be seventy-six, and wrote his "Life of 
 Washington" in his last years. Peru- 
 gino at seventy-six painted the walls of 
 the Church of Castello di Fontignano, 
 and Humboldt postponed until his 
 seventy-sixth year the beginning of the 
 crowning task of his life, the prepara- 
 tion of the "Kosmos," which he success- 
 fully completed in his ninetieth year. 
 Biot at seventy-seven prepared an 
 enlarged edition of his "Physical Astron- 
 omy," which he completed at eighty- 
 three, living five years longer. Jacob 
 Grimm died at seventy-eight, working 
 to the last, and Laplace, dying at the 
 76 
 
DURATION OF MENTAL ACTIVITY 
 
 same age, said with his last breath: 
 "What we know is nothing ; what we do 
 not know is immense." Lamarck at 
 seventy-eight completed his greatest 
 zoological work, "The Natural History 
 of Invertebrates," and lived until 
 eighty-five years of age. Whittier at 
 seventy-nine published "Poems of Na- 
 ture" and "St. Gregory's Guest." Wil- 
 liam Cullen Bryant, when seventy-five, 
 published his "Letters from Spain and 
 Other Countries" and "Letters from the 
 East" ; when seventy-seven he published 
 his brilliant translations of the "Iliad" 
 and the "Odyssey"; at seventy-nine, a 
 volimie of "Orations and Addresses," 
 and was active until his death from heat- 
 exhaustion when eighty-four years old. 
 Browning wrote with undiminished 
 vigor until his death at seventy-seven. 
 When seventy-five he published "Par- 
 77 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 leyings with Certain People," and "Aso- 
 lando" appeared shortly before the close 
 of his life. Joseph Jefferson, the be- 
 loved American comedian, was as ef- 
 fective in all his roles when seventy-five 
 as when at the height of his physical 
 power. 
 
 THE OCTOGENAEIANS 
 
 What shall we say of the octogenarians 
 and of those who were older ? As is well 
 known, Cato at this age began the study 
 of Greek, Plutarch began his first les- 
 sons in Latin, and Socrates learned to 
 play on instruments of music. Ar- 
 nauld, the theologian and sage, trans- 
 lated Josephus in his eightieth year. 
 Gladstone began his great Midlothian 
 campaign, which overthrew the Con- 
 servative Government, and put himself 
 78 
 
DURATION OF MENTAL ACTIVITY 
 
 and his party in power, at eighty years 
 of age. He became Premier for the 
 fourth time at eighty -three, and held the 
 office for two years. West painted ad- 
 mirably until eighty years of age, and 
 Goethe, at Weimar, completed "Faust" 
 when as old. Hahnemann married at 
 eighty, and was working at ninety-one 
 years. Simonides won the prize for 
 verse when over eighty years of age, 
 and Ranke at the age of eighty began 
 his "History of the World," and lived 
 to complete twelve volumes, dying at 
 the age of ninety-one. His later works 
 show no diminution of power, and he 
 wrote until within a few days of his 
 death. Buffon, the great French nat- 
 uralist, until shortly before his death at 
 eighty-one, labored upon his "Natural 
 History," a work of forty-four volumes. 
 Henry G. Davis at eighty -one was nomi- 
 79 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 nated for the Vice-Presidency of the 
 United States; Palmerston was Prime 
 Minister of England when he died at 
 that age, and John Quincy Adams was a 
 power in the House of Representatives 
 when stricken at eighty-one. Bancroft 
 published the concluding volume of his 
 "History" at eighty -two, and died at 
 ninety-one. Charles Willson Peale, the 
 painter, at eighty-two wielded his brush 
 without the aid of spectacles and did 
 some of his best work. Voltaire at 
 eighty-three published a tragedy, 
 "Irene" ; and Tennyson, whose age was 
 eighty-three, gave the world in his 
 "Crossing the Bar" one of the most 
 beautiful of swan-songs. Newton at 
 eighty-three worked as hard as he did 
 in middle life, and Herbert Spencer 
 died at the same age, almost with pen in 
 hand. Thomas Jefferson was fruitful 
 80 
 
DURATION OF MENTAL ACTIVITY 
 
 in council until the day of his death at 
 eighty-three. Rennell at eighty-three 
 read a paper "Concerning the Identity 
 of the Remains at Jerash, whether they 
 are those of Gerasa or Pella," and the 
 next year another "Concerning the place 
 where Julius Csesar landed in Britain." 
 Talleyrand, dying at eighty-four, had, 
 under successive French rulers, been 
 a power all his life. Landor wrote 
 his "Imaginary Conversations" when 
 eighty-five years old, and at eighty-seven 
 published his last volume of "Heroic 
 Idylls." Guizot at eighty -seven showed 
 unimpaired mental vigor and activity, 
 and Hobbes, the English philosopher, 
 at the same age published his version of 
 the "Odyssey," and his "Iliad" one year 
 later. A few weeks before his death, in 
 his ninetieth year, he wrote to his pub- 
 lisher, "I shall have something in Eng- 
 « 81 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 lish for you shortly." Von Moltke, 
 when eighty-eight, was still chief of staff 
 of the Prussian army, and John Wesley 
 at that age preached almost every day 
 and still held the helm of Methodism. 
 At eighty-nine, Michelangelo was still 
 painting his great canvases ; Theophras- 
 tus's greatest work, "The Character of 
 Man," was begun on his ninetieth birth- 
 day, and Izaak Walton wielded a ready 
 pen at ninety. John Adams retained all 
 his great mental ability up to the time of 
 his death at ninety-one, and Pope Leo 
 XIII showed no sign of intellectual de- 
 crepitude when he died of old age at 
 ninety-three. Cornaro was in far better 
 health at ninety-five than at thirty, and, 
 it is said, was as happy as a boy. Fon- 
 tenelle was as light-hearted at ninety- 
 eight as at forty; Macklin, the Irish 
 actor, born in 1690, performed in Eng- 
 82 
 
DURATION OF MENTAL ACTIVITY 
 
 land in 1789, being then in his ninety- 
 ninth year; and, wonder of wonders! 
 Chevreul, the great scientist, whose un- 
 tiring labors in the realm of color have 
 so enriched the world, was busy, keen, 
 and active when death called him at the 
 age of 103. 
 
 With such achievements of the truly 
 aged confronting us, who so bold as to 
 attempt to set a limit to the usefulness 
 of any man? It remains true, as the 
 venerable Dr. Cuyler has indicated, that 
 for many of the purposes and achieve- 
 ments of life youth and early manhood 
 are the most favorable; but for certain 
 others the compacted mental fiber, long 
 experience, and matured judgment of 
 old age, are the most serviceable endow- 
 ments. The one cannot usurp the place 
 of the other, and the first only paves the 
 way for the second. Not infrequently 
 83 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 those mentalities that ripen the slowest 
 last the longest, and often the history 
 of these great men has been persistent 
 neglect and worldly coldness until 
 forty or more years have passed before 
 their greatness has been conceded by 
 their contemporaries. Truly, "the life 
 history of a great genius is almost inva- 
 riably one of a sad and somber tone, a 
 walk apart from the beaten path." 
 Such are the words of one who should 
 know what the "doers of deeds" must 
 endure. Be this as it may, it is now 
 recognized that many of the finest 
 achievements in business, statesmanship, 
 literature, and in all activities, have been 
 wrought by men long, past sixty. 
 Writes one : "No strong man will accept 
 sixty as the arbitrary limit of his ambi- 
 tion and working ability." 
 
 Axiomatically speaking, the deter- 
 84. 
 
DURATION OF MENTAL ACTIVITY 
 
 mination and the capacity to hold on 
 and to make never-ending effort are the 
 main elements in deciding success in 
 self -culture, advancement, and growth 
 in every line of work. Heredity, how- 
 ever, counts for much. Innate nervous 
 and mental energy are essential. He 
 who comes into the world but feebly 
 equipped in these qualifications is sadly 
 handicapped in the battle of life. Like- 
 wise environment influences destiny to 
 a noteworthy degree. Early surround- 
 ings, parental and associate, determine 
 the direction and growth of the mind. 
 Self-confidence, determined effort, and 
 inherent mental force will work won- 
 ders, no matter how rugged the soil may 
 seem. 
 
 85 
 
CHAPTER V 
 
 WHAT THE WORLD MIGHT 
 HAVE MISSED 
 
 A DISTINGUISHED Citizen of the world, 
 A^X. a man of extreme culture and 
 erudition, whose achievements and lite- 
 rary contributions have incalculably en- 
 riched the storehouse of knowledge, not 
 long ago remarked in a notable address : 
 "Take the sum of human achievement, 
 in action, in science, in art, in literature ; 
 subtract the work of the men above 
 forty, and while we should miss great 
 treasures, even priceless treasures, we 
 would practically be where we are to- 
 day. It is difficult to name a great and 
 far-reaching conquest of the mind which 
 86 
 
7 
 
 WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 
 
 has not been given to the world by a 
 man on whose back the sun was still 
 shining. The effective, moving, vitaliz- 
 ing work of the world is done between 
 the ages of twenty-five and forty." 
 
 No more genial and kindly disposed 
 person exists than Professor Osier, the 
 originator of these views. Love for his 
 fellow-man and intense sympathy are 
 his striking characteristics. Only the 
 most honest belief prompts every utter- 
 ance of his pen. Statements from such 
 a source, however startling or distasteful 
 to the average reader, command an 
 earnest perusal, a close and searching 
 investigation — but not a blind accept- 
 ance. For even the most thoroughly 
 groimded may, if arguing from appa- 
 rently sound, but actually incorrect, 
 premises, arrive at logically correct, but 
 virtually erroneous, conclusions. If the 
 87 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 deduction be correct, why, one would 
 reason, should the earth be cumbered 
 with so much intellectual deadwood, the 
 span of life be extended to threescore 
 and ten years only that there may be 
 thirty years of regression and slow but 
 progressive mental decay? Nature in 
 all her many laboratories is prodigal in 
 her profusion, but never aimlessly so. 
 There is an excess of production, but 
 never a useless accumulation. Only that 
 survives which is found worthy; all else 
 speedily makes way for more powerful, 
 more eiRcient, and more productive suc- 
 cessors. The Pre-tertiary times pre- 
 pared the way for the Tertiary, this for 
 the Quaternary, and all for the dwelling 
 of man upon the earth. The antedilu- 
 vian must perish in order that his more 
 worthy successor should find the way 
 clear for his development. The super- 
 88 
 
WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 
 
 stitions of antiquity and of medieval 
 times vanish before the sunburst of 
 education and accumulated knowledge. 
 Only in the noblest creation of nature 
 are we to find a notable exception. Man 
 is at his best in his youthful days, and 
 then, resisting the sublime law of the 
 "survival of the fittest," insists upon 
 lingering here that he may gloat over 
 his early successes or bemoan his intel- 
 lectual decay, according to the peculiar 
 temperament with which he has been 
 endowed. 
 
 The sweeping and iconoclastic state- 
 ment of the brilliant savant at first sight 
 would seem to discount temperament, 
 experience, accumulated learning, judg- 
 ment, discretion, maturity — all that go 
 to make the intellectual granite and 
 marble of the impressive and command- 
 ing man of middle age. Impulse, ini- 
 89 
 
THE AGE or MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 tiative, adventure, rise to the acme of 
 desirability, and are the golden virtues 
 to be cultivated and apotheosized. Only 
 fifteen years of mental effort, and the 
 climax is reached! Then begins the in- 
 evitable descent to oblivion and decay. 
 Again, it would seem to indicate that all 
 these virtues, desirable enough in their 
 place and time, are strictly and irrev- 
 ocably limited to a certain period of the 
 human development. Beyond this 
 epochal dead-line they cannot be found, 
 save in monumental exceptions which 
 are the wonder and perplexity of the 
 hidebound scientist. 
 
 Does history warrant or corroborate 
 such a conclusion? Most assuredly not, 
 and doubtless it was far from the inten- 
 tion of the writer of the opening para- 
 graph even to intimate as much. The 
 record-book of the world is replete with 
 90 
 
WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 
 
 the opportunities and successes of age and 
 experience. As some one has said: "The 
 golden thread of youth is carried to a 
 much later period of life now than it was 
 in former years." An Indian, chided for 
 being sixty, replied that the sixties con- 
 tain all the wisdom and experience of 
 the twenties, thirties, forties, and fifties. 
 Yes, and some of the initiative, also. 
 The Patriarch of the Exodus, when an 
 impulsive and immature man of forty, 
 deeming the hour had struck, took the 
 initiative in his own hands, blundered, 
 through a misconception of the times, 
 and, because of his rash and inop- 
 portune murder of the Egyptian 
 brawler, was compelled to flee the land. 
 For forty years he was inmaured in the 
 wilderness of Midian, buffeted by wind 
 and tempest, exiled from human com- 
 panionship, gnawed at by conflicting 
 91 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 mental emotions, there to learn the se- 
 cret of self-control, and through pro- 
 tracted communion with nature to 
 acquire the massiveness and robustness 
 of character that were essential for his 
 true work at eighty. 
 
 It is not the motive of the present 
 essay, however, to make up the cudgels 
 of defense for the unfortunates who 
 have attained to the age of forty and 
 over. Let them speak for themselves. 
 A feeling of curiosity to know what 
 would be subtracted from the sum of 
 achievement had life arbitrarily been 
 terminated at successive ages has promp- 
 ted what can only properly be termed 
 a retrograde analysis. Let it be sup- 
 posed that all life had ceased at the 
 individual age of seventy ; then at sixty, 
 fifty, and forty, and what then would 
 have been left as the result of mental 
 92 
 
WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 
 
 activity in the first four decades of life? 
 Here is a wide field for most interesting 
 investigation. The scope is tremendous, 
 embracing the outcome of mental activ- 
 ity throughout the period of the world's 
 authentic history, and it at once becomes 
 evident that only a few pivotal facts 
 can be selected as illustrative of the ac- 
 complishments of the various decades. 
 The omission of one or another of the 
 great records must not be construed as 
 in any sense depreciatory or as delimit- 
 ing their values and influence upon the 
 evolution of the race. 
 
 AFTER SEVENTY 
 
 The Biblical limitation of life is three- 
 score years and ten, and any attainment 
 of years over and beyond this age is by 
 reason of strength. If it had been de- 
 93 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 creed that no man should exceed this 
 statutory limit, what, then, would have 
 been missed from the category of the 
 world's achievements? In addition to 
 the wonderful work of the "group of 
 Titans," of which mention has already 
 been made, there must now be deducted 
 a record of achievement even more 
 astonishing than this. 
 
 In the first place, in the sphere of 
 action, the great Mosaic law, which lies 
 at the foundation of, and has virtually 
 constituted, the moral law of the nations 
 ever since its evolution, would never 
 have been promulgated — at least as the 
 Mosaic law. For let it be remembered 
 that it was presented to the Hebrew 
 exodists when its hoary-headed sponsor 
 had rounded out a century or more of 
 existence. It may be asserted that this 
 law would inevitably have been enacted 
 94 
 
WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 
 
 sooner or later had not the ancient law- 
 giver seized upon the opportunity when 
 it presented itself. This is undoubtedly 
 true, not only of the Mosaic law, but of 
 all great achievements which wait the 
 destined man and hour for their evolu- 
 tion and elaboration. It in no wise de- 
 tracts, however, from the fact that this 
 fundamental law was given to the world 
 by one who had attained to extreme age 
 — the twilight of life— far beyond the 
 average working-period of man. Again, 
 Savigny, the founder of modern juris- 
 prudence, would not have published his 
 famous treatise on "Obligations," which 
 he did when seventy-four years of age, 
 Palmerston would not have attained the 
 primacy of England, nor Disraeli have 
 served his second term in that office. 
 Benjamin Franklin's invaluable service 
 in France would have been lost to his 
 95 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 country; Gladstone would not have be- 
 come the "Grand Old Man" of England 
 and for eleven years have held the prime 
 ministership; and Henry Clay's Omni- 
 bus Bill to avert the battle on slavery 
 would not have been conceived. 
 
 In the field of science notable losses 
 would have to be recorded. Galileo 
 would not have made the wonderful dis- 
 covery of the moon's diurnal and 
 monthly librations. Spencer's "In- 
 adequacy of Natural Selection" and 
 Darwin's "Power of Movement in 
 Plants" and "The Formation of Vege- 
 table Mould through the Action of 
 Worms" would not have been written. 
 Buffon's five volumes on minerals and 
 eight volumes on reptiles, fishes, and 
 cetaceans, would have been lost. Von 
 Baer, the eminent biologist, would not 
 have composed his monumental "Com- 
 96 
 
WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 
 
 parative Embryology." Harvey's 
 "Exercitationes de Generatione Anima- 
 lium" would not exist; Euler's greatest 
 astronomical work, "Opuscula Analy- 
 tica," and Galileo's most valuable book, 
 "Dialogue on the New Science," would 
 have failed of publication. 
 
 Priceless treasures would be elimi- 
 nated from the art-collections of the 
 world. Titian would not have lived to 
 paint his "Venus and Adonis," "Last 
 Judgment," "Martyrdom of St. Lau- 
 rence," "Christ Crowned with Thorns," 
 "Diana and Actseon," "Magdalen," 
 "Christ in the Garden," and his "Battle 
 of Lepanto," which appeared when the 
 artist was ninety-eight years old. Ben- 
 jamin West would not have painted his 
 masterpiece, "Christ Rejected"; Corot's 
 "Matin a Ville d'Avray," "Danse An- 
 tique," and "Le Bucheron," would not 
 ' 97 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 exist; nor would Cruikshank's frontis- 
 piece to Mrs. Blewitt's "The Rose and 
 the Lily," the latter having been com- 
 pleted when the artist was eighty -three 
 years old. In music, Rossini's "Petite 
 Messe Solennelle" would have been lost. 
 And what shall we say of the realm 
 of literary effort? It is astonishing to 
 note what these old men of seventy and 
 over have contributed in this direction. 
 Benjamin Franklin's inimitable auto- 
 biography; Disraeli's "Endymion"; 
 Landor's masterful "Hellenics" ; Schell- 
 ing's "Philosophy of Mythology and 
 Revelation" ; Chateaubriand's.celebrated 
 "Memoires d'outre-tombe" ; Milman's 
 "History of St. Paul's"; Voltaire's 
 tragedy "Irene"; Leigh Hunt's "Stories 
 in Verse" ; Emerson's "Letters and So- 
 cial Aims"; Ruskin's "Verona and 
 Other Lectures"; Michelet's "History 
 98 
 
WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 
 
 of the Nineteenth Century"; Guizot's 
 "Meditations on the Christian Re- 
 hgion" and his large jSve-volnme "His- 
 tory of France"; Swedenborg's "De 
 Coelo et de Inferno" and his "Sapientia 
 Angehca"; Tennyson's "Rizpah," "The 
 Foresters," "Loeksley Hall Sixty Years 
 After," and other famous poems ; Long- 
 fellow's "Ultima Thule"; Hallam's 
 "Literary Essays and Characters"; 
 Washington Irving's "Wolfert's 
 Roost"; Holmes's "Iron Gate and 
 Other Poems"; Ranke's "History of 
 Wallenstein," and his "History of Eng- 
 land" ; Hobbes's "Behemoth,"" Rosetum 
 Geometricum," "Decameron Physiolo- 
 gicum," and "Problemata Physica"; the 
 last three volumes of Bancroft's history; 
 Froude's "Life of Lord Beaconsfield" 
 and "Divorce of Catherine of Aragon"; 
 much of Mommsen's "Corpus Inscrip- 
 99 
 
THE AGE OP MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 tionum Latinarum"; and Goethe's 
 "Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre." 
 
 BETWEEN SIXTY AND SEVENTY 
 
 Had the seventh decade (that which 
 may well be termed the period of his- 
 tory-making and autobiography) been 
 eliminated from the totality of human 
 life, still greater drafts upon the store- 
 house of knowledge and achievement 
 would have to be made. From the field 
 of action alone most important events 
 would be deducted. That remarkable 
 ethico-political system, Confucianism, 
 which has done so much to mold the 
 Celestial intellect, would have been lost 
 to China; Bismarck would not have in- 
 stituted the career of Germany as a col- 
 onizing power; Pasteur's discovery of 
 the value of inoculation for the preven- 
 100 
 
WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 
 
 tion of hydrophobia would have been 
 left for some other bright intellect to 
 evolve. Monroe would not have enun- 
 ciated the famous doctrine for the 
 development and protection of the 
 American nationalities. Von Moltke 
 would not have executed the marvelous 
 campaign that won the Franco-Prussian 
 War, nor would Sir Charles Napier's 
 famous campaign in the Sind, with its 
 great and decisive victories of Meanee 
 and Hyderabad, have been conceived. 
 The United States would have lost the 
 brilliant career of John Hay as Secre- 
 tary of State, and the great principle of 
 the preservation of the unity of China 
 would not have been established, to the 
 undoing of national, political, and terri- 
 torial greed. Columbus would not have 
 accomplished his third and fourth great 
 voyages, wherein he discovered the 
 101 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 South American continent and the 
 island of Martinique. England would 
 not have profited by the magnificent 
 statesmanship of Pahnerston; John 
 Adams would not have attained the 
 Presidency nor Jefferson have served 
 his second term. Beaconsfield's primacy 
 in England, Crispi's in Italy, and Dan- 
 iel Webster's second term in the Depart- 
 ment of State would have been lost to 
 their respective governments, while the 
 American Colony would have been 
 deprived of Benjamin Franklin's in- 
 valuable services at home. In the great 
 religious struggle in Europe, Luther's 
 pamphlet on the "Wittenberg Reforma- 
 tion" and much of his personal influence 
 would have been abolished; and Sa- 
 vigny's great "Modern System of 
 Roman Law" would not have enriched 
 the literature of jurisprudence. 
 102 
 
WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 
 
 From the granaries of science must 
 be extracted some of their choicest ac- 
 cumulations, including Darwin's famous 
 "Descent of Man," hi's "Insectivorous 
 Plants," and "Emotions in Man and 
 Animals"; Buffon's "Natural History 
 of Birds"; Tyndall's "Essays on the 
 Floating Matter of the Air"; Herbert 
 Spencer's "Factors of Organic Evolu- 
 tion" ; Audubon's "Biography of Amer- 
 ican Quadrupeds"; Ly ell's third great 
 work, "Antiquity of Man" ; John Hun- 
 ter's masterpiece on "Blood, Inflamma- 
 tion, and Gunshot Wounds"; Max 
 Miiller's "Buddhist Texts from Japan," 
 "Science of Thought," "Lectures on 
 Natural and Physical Religion," and 
 "Anthropological Religions" ; La- 
 grange's remarkable work, "Theory of 
 the Analytical Functions"; Biot's en- 
 larged "Elementary Treatise on Phy- 
 103 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 sical Astronomy"; Galileo's famous 
 "Dialogue with God upon the Great 
 Systems of the World"; Leverrier's 
 tremendous task of the revision of the 
 planetary theories; D'Alembert's im- 
 portant work, "Opuscules mathema- 
 tiques"; John Napier's masterful 
 invention of the system of logarithms 
 and his description thereof, — which is 
 second only to Newton's "Principia," — 
 and his "Rabdologia," descriptive of the 
 famous Napier enumerating bones ; and 
 Faraday's "Experimental Researches 
 in Chemistry and Physics," and his 
 "Lectures on the Chemical History of 
 a Candle." 
 
 Truly priceless treasm-es would be 
 missed from the galleries and labora- 
 tories of art and music. Michelangelo's 
 celebrated "Last Judgment," the most 
 famous single picture in the world, and 
 104 
 
WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 
 
 his frescos in the Sistine Chapel ; Corot's 
 "Solitude," "Repose," and other beauti- 
 ful works; Cruikshank's elaborate etch- 
 ing for Brough's "Life of Sir John 
 Falstaff," and his most important pic- 
 ture, "Worship of Bacchus"; Titian's 
 period of artistic acme, including his 
 "Battle of Cadore" and the portraits of 
 the twelve Ctesars; West's famous can- 
 vases, including the celebrated "Christ 
 Healing the Sick"; Perugino's frescos 
 in the Monastery of Sta. Agnese in 
 Perugia; Turner's inimitable "Fighting 
 Temeraire," his "Slave Ship," and his 
 Venetian sketches; Meissonier's famous 
 "Friedland— 1807," "Cuirassier of 
 1805," "Moreau and his staff before 
 Hohenlinden," "Outpost of the Grand 
 Guard," "Saint Mark," and many 
 others of his works ; Blake's great series 
 of engravings illustrating the Book of 
 105 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 Job; Bouguereau's "Love Disarmed," 
 "Love Victorious," "Psyche and Love," 
 "Holy Women at the Sepulchre," "Lit- 
 tle Beggar Girls," and other works; 
 Hogarth's "The Lady's Last Stake," 
 "Bathos," and "Sigismunda Weeping 
 over the Heart of her Murdered 
 Lover"; Murillo's series of pictures in 
 the Augustinian Convent at Seville 
 illustrating the life of the "glorious doc- 
 tor," and his able portrait of the Canon 
 Justino; Reynolds's portraits of Mrs. 
 Siddons as "The Tragic Muse," the 
 Duchess of Devonshire and her child. 
 Miss Gwatkin as "Simplicity," and 
 "The Infant Hercules"; Landseer's 
 powerful "Swannery Invaded by Sea 
 Eagles" and his "Pair of Nutcrackers"; 
 Wagner's "Parsifal"; the two works on 
 which Haydn's claims to immortality 
 mainly rest, the oratorio, "Creation," 
 106 
 
WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 
 
 and the cantata, "The Seasons" ; Verdi's 
 famous "Requiem" ; Handel's oratorios, 
 "Judas MaccabBBus," "Joshua," "Solo- 
 mon," "Susanna," "Theodora," and 
 "Jephtha"; Gluek's "Armide" and his 
 famous "Iphigenie en Tauride"; Gou- 
 nod's brilliant oratorio "La Redemp- 
 tion," his "Le Tribut de Zamora," the 
 oratorio "Death and Life," and the 
 "Messe a la Memoire de Jeanne d'Arc" ; 
 and Meyerbeer's "Star of the North" 
 and "The Pardon of Ploermel." 
 
 The devastation in the field of litera- 
 ture would be irreparable. Now would 
 be ehminated Littre's great "Dictionary 
 of the French Language," pronounced 
 the best lexicon in any living tongue; 
 Grote's "Plato and the Other Compan- 
 ions of Socrates"; Ranke's "History of 
 England"; Grimm's celebrated "Corre- 
 spondence litteraire" ; Newman's "Apo- 
 107 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 logia," the greatest and most effective 
 religious autobiography of the nine- 
 teenth century, his "Dream of Geron- 
 tius," a poem of great subtlety and 
 pathos, and his "Grammar of Assent"; 
 Sydney Smith's trenchant "Letters on 
 the Ecclesiastical Commission"; Sir 
 Richard Burton's translation of the 
 "Arabian Nights"; Renan's "History 
 of the Israelitish People"; Southey's 
 "Doctor"; the third part of Butler's 
 "Hudibras"; Grant's "Memoirs"; Lan- 
 dor's famous "Pericles and Aspasia" 
 and his equally famous "Pentameron" ; 
 Herbert Spencer's "Man versus the 
 State" and "Ecclesiastical Institu- 
 tions"; Thomas Chalmers's noted 
 "Institutes of Theology"; Lowell's 
 "Old English Dramatists," "Hearts- 
 ease and Rue," and some of his "Poli- 
 tical Essays" ; John Knox's "Historic of 
 108 
 
WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 
 
 the Reformation"; Carlyle's largest 
 work, "History of Frederick the 
 Great"; Corneille's "Attila" and "Tite 
 et Berenice"; Defoe's "Fortunes and 
 Misfortunes of Moll Flanders," "Jour- 
 nal of the Plague Year," "Political 
 History of the Devil," and "System of 
 Magic"; the second part of "Don 
 Quixote," which is much superior in 
 invention to its predecessor, though 
 composed when the author was sixty- 
 seven years of age; also Cervantes's 
 second best work, "Novelas Exempla- 
 res," and his most successful poem, 
 "Voyage to Parnassus"; Saint-Simon's 
 last and most important expression of 
 his views, "The New Christianity"; 
 Leigh Hunt's "Autobiography," "Wit 
 and Humor," and "A Jar of Honey 
 from Mount Hybla"; Swift's "Polite 
 Conversation" ; Schopenhauer's "Par- 
 109 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 erga und Paralipomena" ; Goethe's 
 "Theory of Color," his autobiography 
 "Poetry and Truth, and many of 
 his best poems; Young's "Night 
 Thoughts" ; Wordsworth's "Evening 
 Voluntaries"; Bryant's "Letters of a 
 Traveler"; Guizot's "History of the 
 British Commonwealth"; Swedenborg's 
 famous "Arcana Coelestia"; Bulwer 
 Lytton's "Kenelm Chillingly," "The 
 Coming Race," and "The Parisians"; 
 Edmund Burke's "Reflections on the 
 Revolution in France" and his splendid 
 "Letters on a Regicide Peace"; Bun- 
 sen's well-known "Bible-work," "God 
 in History," and "Egypt's Place in 
 Universal History"; Wilhelm Grimm's 
 "Old German Dialogues"; Hugo's 
 "Toilers of the Sea," "The Man Who 
 Laughs," and "The Terrible Year"; 
 Isaac D'Israeli's "Genius of Judaism" 
 110 
 
WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 
 
 and "Commentary on the Life and 
 Reign of Charles I"; Du Manner's 
 "The Martian"; the second series of 
 Matthew Arnold's "Essays in Crit- 
 icism"; George William Curtis's "Easy 
 Chair"; Wyclif's most important book, 
 "Trialogus"; John Stuart Mills "Essay 
 on Theism"; Huxley's "Evolution and 
 Ethics"; Berkeley's famous "Common- 
 Place Book," one of the most valuable 
 autobiographical records in existence; 
 many of Verne's best works, including 
 "The Mysterious Island"; Dean Stan- 
 ley's "Christian Institutions," an ex- 
 ceedingly important work; Coleridge's 
 famous "Epitaph" and his "Confessions 
 of an Inquiring Spirit"; Milton's 
 "Paradise Regained," "Samson Ago- 
 nistes," and "History of Britain to 
 the Norman Conquest"; Condillac's 
 "Logic" and the important work, "Com- 
 111 
 
THE AGE OP MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 merce and Government"; Zola's "Ve- 
 rite"; Parkman's "Montcalm and 
 Wolfe" and "A Half Century of Con- 
 flict"; Hobbes's masterpiece, "Levia- 
 than," and his famous "Elementa 
 Philosophica de Cive," "De Corpore 
 Politico," and "Human Nature"; Leib- 
 nitz's celebrated "Essais de Theodicee," 
 his "Monadologie," and the "Principes 
 de la Natur et de la Grace" ; Mommsen's 
 "Provinces of the Roman Empire" ; La- 
 martine's "History of the Restoration" 
 and "History of Russia"; Hallam's 
 "Introduction to the Literature of 
 Europe" ; Bockh's great work, "History 
 of the World-cycles of the Greeks"; 
 Voltaire's unsurpassable tale "Can- 
 dide" ; Ruskin's "Arrows of the Chase," 
 "Art of England," and the fascinating, 
 though unfinished autobiography "Pr«- 
 terita"; Milman's great work, "History 
 112 
 
WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 
 
 of Latin Christianity"; Emerson's "So- 
 ciety and Solitude," his anthology, "Par- 
 nassus," and "Lectures on the Natural 
 History of the Intellect" ; Dryden's mas- 
 terful second ode on "St. Cecilia's Day" 
 and his translation of Vergil; the eigh- 
 teen volumes of Lacepede's "General, 
 Physical, and Civil History of Europe" ; 
 JNIichelet's monumental work, "History 
 of France"; Jacob Grimm's two 
 masterpieces, "History of the German 
 Language" and the "Deutsches Wor- 
 terbuch"; Locke's "Thoughts on 
 Education," "Vindication," and "Rea- 
 sonableness of Christianity" ; Francis 
 Bacon's "History of Henry VII," 
 "Apothegms," and "History of Life 
 and Death"; Diderot's "Essay on the 
 Reigns of Claudius and Nero"; 
 D'Alembert's "Dream" and his play, 
 "Jacques le Fataliste"; Washington 
 8 113 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 Irving's "Oliver Goldsmith" and "Lives 
 of Mahomet and his Successors" ; Whit- 
 tier's "Among the Hills," "Ballads of 
 New England," "Hazel Blossoms," 
 "Mabel Martin," and "Vision of 
 Echard"; Longfellow's "New England 
 Tragedies," "Aftermath," "Hanging of 
 the Crane," and "Mask of Pandora"; 
 Tennyson's "Gareth and Lynette," 
 "Last Tournament," "Queen Mary," 
 "Harold," — the best of his dramas, — 
 the lyric "Revenge," "Defence of Luck- 
 now," and "The Lover's Tale"; Brown- 
 ing's "Dramatic Idyls," "The Inn 
 Album," and "Aristophanes' Apology" ; 
 Holmes's "Poet at the Breakfast- 
 Table," "Songs of Many Seasons," 
 "The Iron Gate," and "Memoirs of 
 John L. Motley" ; the fourth part of Le 
 Sage's "Gil Bias" ; Froude's lives of Cse- 
 sar and Carlyle and "The English in the 
 114 
 
WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED, 
 
 West Indies"; Lew Wallace's "Prince 
 of India"; Lever's "The Bramleighs of 
 Bishop's Folly" and "Lord Kilgobbin"; 
 Reade's "A Woman-Hater," "The 
 Wandering Heir," and "The Jilt"; 
 Samuel Richardson's "Sir Charles 
 Grandison"; TroUope's "The Prime 
 Minister," "The American Senator," 
 and "Is He Popenjoy?" and Ib- 
 sen's "Iledda Gabler," "The Master 
 Builder," "Little Eyolf," "John Ga- 
 briel Borkman," and "When the Dead 
 Awake." 
 
 BETWEEN FIFTY AND SIXTY 
 
 The sixth decade of life has been most 
 prolific in human achievement, and may 
 well be designated as the age of the 
 masterwork. In action alone its accom- 
 plishments have revolutionized history, 
 115 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 and it would be most difficult to con- 
 ceive what would be the present status 
 of the world's affairs had these ten 
 years of individual life never existed. 
 Columbus would not then have made his 
 discovery of the American continent; 
 Marlborough would not have won the 
 great victory at Blenheim; Morse's in- 
 vention of the telegraphic alphabet 
 would have been lost; Richelieu would 
 not have attained supremacy in France 
 and concluded the Peace of West- 
 phalia ; C^sar would not have corrected 
 the calendar or have written his "Com- 
 mentaries"; Cromwell would not have 
 overthrown Charles I and established 
 the Protectorate in England; Lincoln 
 would not have issued his Emancipation 
 Proclamation; Bright's great fight in 
 Parliament for reform would not have 
 been made; Loyola would not have 
 116 
 
WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 
 
 founded the Society of Jesus, nor Jef- 
 ferson have established the Democratic 
 party in the United States; Knox's 
 great work of the Reformation in Scot- 
 land would have been lost; Wyclif 
 would not have made the first complete 
 Enghsh version of the Bible, nor 
 Luther the first complete translation of 
 that book; Schliemann's excavations at 
 Troy and elsewhere would not have en- 
 riched archaeology; Humboldt would 
 not have established a line of magnetic 
 and meteorologic stations across north- 
 ern Asia; Galvani would never have 
 enunciated his celebrated theory of ani- 
 mal electricity, nor John Hunter have 
 discovered the uteroplacental circu- 
 lation, first ligated successfully the 
 femoral artery in the canal that bears his 
 name, and have built his famous ana- 
 tomical museum when generally recog- 
 117 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 nized as the first surgeon in England; 
 Kepler would not have invented his 
 wonderful table of logarithms, nor 
 Faraday have lived through his second 
 great period of research in which he 
 discovered the effect of magnetism on 
 polarized light and the phenomenon of 
 diamagnetism. Lord Chesterfield's fa- 
 mous? system of social ethics and the 
 Hegelian and Lotzian systems of 
 philosophy would have been lost. Leib- 
 nitz would not have founded the Acad- 
 emy of Berlin, nor Bunsen have urged 
 the unity of Germany. Wellington 
 would not have accomplished the Eman- 
 cipation of the Catholics during his 
 primacy. Penn would not have made 
 his famous treaty with the Indians; 
 Laud and Cranmer would not have in- 
 fluenced the church of England, and the 
 latter have secured the legalization of 
 118 
 
WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 
 
 the marriage of l^he clergy. John 
 Adams's celebrated "Defense of the 
 American Constitution" would have 
 been lost; Washington would not have 
 become the first President of the 
 United States, nor would Talleyrand 
 have overthrown the Napoleonic Em- 
 pire, secured the ascension to the 
 throne of Louis XVIII, and achieved 
 his supreme triumph at the Congress 
 of Vienna; Robert E. Lee's services 
 would have been lost to the Confede- 
 racy, and much of Von Moltke's re- 
 markable activity in strategical and 
 tactical military affairs would have 
 been missed; Herschel would not have 
 invented his great reflecting telescope, 
 nor have made his sublime discovery of 
 the action of mechanical laws in the 
 movements of the celestial bodies. 
 Swedenborg would not have experi- 
 119 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 enced his religious change and founded 
 his order. Joe Jefferson would not 
 have made the part of "Bob Acres" a 
 national favorite, nor Irving have 
 reached the apex of his career. Guizot 
 would not have attained the primacy of 
 France and ruled for eight years; Peel 
 would not have contributed his master- 
 work in improving the finances of his 
 country. Canning's brilliant career in 
 Parliament would have been lost, to- 
 gether with the formation of the Triple 
 Alliance between France, Russia, and 
 Great Britain which resulted in the in- 
 dependence of Greece. Monroe would 
 not have served through his administra- 
 tion, Edmund Burke have devised his 
 famous India Bill and secured the im- 
 peachment of Warren Hastings, nor 
 Garibaldi have become the dictator of 
 Italy. 
 
 120 
 
WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 
 
 Scientific investigation would have 
 been impoverished by the loss of Leidy's 
 famous contributions to biology ; the first 
 fifteen volumes of Buffon's "Natural 
 History"; Darwin's "Fertihzation of 
 Orchids" and "The Habits and Move- 
 ments of Climbing Plants"; Cuvier's 
 magnificent "Natural History of 
 Fishes" and his "History and Anat- 
 omy of Mollusks"; and Huxley's 
 "Physiography" and "Science and Cul- 
 ture." Herbert Spencer would not 
 have contributed Iiis "Study and Prin- 
 ciples of Sociology," "PoUtical and 
 Ceremonial Institutions" and "The 
 Data of Ethics"; Hugh Miller's 
 masterwork, "My Schools and School- 
 masters," would have been lost. Saint- 
 Simon- would not have written his 
 "L'Industrie" and "L'Organisateur" ; 
 Galileo his "II Saggiatore"; La- 
 121 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 grange his great work "Mecanique 
 analytique"; John Stuart Mill his 
 "Representative Government" and 
 "Utilitarianism"; Copernicus his great 
 treatise on "The Revolutions of Celes- 
 tial Bodies"; Boerhaave his famous 
 "Elements of Chemistry"; and Adam 
 Smith his masterpiece on the "Wealth 
 of Nations." Biot's "Researches in 
 Ancient Astronomy" would have been 
 lost, as would also Condillac's "Study 
 of History" and his "Treatise on Ani- 
 mals," Sir Richard Burton's "Zanzibar" 
 and "Gold Mines of Midian," and 
 Rennell's celebrated "Geographical 
 System of Herodotus." Faraday would 
 not have published the first two volumes 
 of his "Experimental Researches in 
 Electricity," Diderot would not have 
 prepared the main part of his great 
 French encyclopedia, nor Tyndall have 
 122 
 
WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 
 
 written the "Use and Limit of Imagi- 
 nation in Science." 
 
 Many famous pictures would be 
 missed from the galleries of the world, 
 including Velasquez's great portrait of 
 Innocent X, which was pronounced by 
 Reynolds the finest picture in Rome; 
 his famous portrait of Pareja; the mas- 
 terful "Spinners," the splendid "Venus 
 and Cupid," "Maids of Honor," and 
 many other of his works ; some of Rey- 
 nolds's best work ; Cruikshank's tragical 
 and powerful series of pictures for "The 
 Bottle"; Perugino's masterpiece, "Ma- 
 donna and Saints," in the Certosa of 
 Pavia, and his wonderful paintings in 
 the audience-hall of the Guild of Bank- 
 ers of Perugia; Leonardo da Vinci's 
 famous "Battle of the Standard," de- 
 signed when the artist was the most fa- 
 mous painter of Italy; Gainsborough's 
 123 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 most noted work, the "Duchess of 
 Devonshire"; Romney's famous "In- 
 fant Shakespeare attended by the 
 Passions," and "Milton and his Daugh- 
 ters" ; the most brilKant works of Rem- 
 brandt, including his masterpiece, 
 "Syndics of the Cloth Hall," "Jewish 
 Bride," and the "Family Group of 
 Brunswick"; Corot's famous "Sunset in 
 the Tyrol," "Dance of the Nymphs," 
 "Dante and Vergil," "Macbeth," and 
 "Hagar in the Desert"; Titian's "Ve- 
 nus" of Florence, and "St. Peter Mar- 
 tyr"; West's "Death of Wolfe" and 
 the noted "Penn's Treaty with the 
 Indians" ; Tintoretto's magnificent 
 "Plague of Serpents," "Moses Striking 
 the Rock," and many of his memorable 
 paintings, including the four extraor- 
 dinary masterpieces, "Bacchus and 
 Ariadne," "Three Graces and Mercury," 
 1^4 
 
WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 
 
 "Minerva discarding Mars," and the 
 "Forge of Vulcan" ; Constable's famous 
 "Valley Farm"; the best of Turner's 
 work, including "Ulysses Deriding 
 Polyphemus,"" "Bridge of Sighs," 
 "Ducal Palace," and "Custom House, 
 Venice"; Landseer's excellent "Flood 
 in the Highlands," "Deer in Repose," 
 and "Deer Browsing"; Hogarth's ad- 
 mirable prints of an "Filection," "Paul 
 before Felix," "Moses brought to Pha- 
 raoh's Daughter," and "Gate of 
 Calais"; Rubens's equestrian picture of 
 Philip IV, "Banqueting House at 
 Whitehall," "Feast of Venus," the por- 
 traits of Helena Fourment, and over 
 forty pictures in Spain; Millet's "The 
 Knitting Lesson," "November," and 
 "Buttermaking" ; Meissonier's "Desaix 
 and the Army of the Rhine" ; and Bou- 
 guereau's well-known "Youth of Bac- 
 125 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 chus," "Mater Afflictorum," "The Birth 
 of Venus," "Girl Defending Herself 
 from Love," and "The Scourging of 
 our Lord." 
 
 From the musical conservatories 
 would be taken Spohr's great work, 
 "The Fall of Babylon"; Meyerbeer's 
 famous production, "The Prophet"; 
 Verdi's "Don Carlos" and the great 
 "Aida"; Gluck's superb "Alceste" and 
 "Paris and Helen"; Handel's great 
 oratorios, "The Messiah," "Saul," 
 "Israel in Egypt," "Samson," "Joseph," 
 "Belshazzar," and "Hercules"; Bach's 
 magnificent "Mass in B minor," pro- 
 nounced one of the greatest master- 
 pieces of all time; Beethoven's famous 
 "Choral Symphonies"; Brahms's su- 
 preme achievement, the four "Ernste 
 Gesange"; and Wagner's "Ring of the 
 Nibelung" and "Die Meistersinger." 
 126 
 
WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 
 
 And what shall we miss from the 
 bookshelves ? Priceless treasures in very 
 truth. The works of Aristotle and 
 Plato; Kant's "Critique of Pure Rea- 
 son"; Bacon's celebrated "Novum 
 Organum"; Locke's famous "Essay 
 Concerning Human Understanding" ; 
 the second part of Butler's "Hudibras"; 
 Raleigh's prison-written "History of 
 the World"; Reade's "Foul Play" and 
 "Put Yourself in His Place"; the last 
 volume of Niebuhr's "History of 
 Rome"; George Fox's "Journal"; Bun- 
 yan's "Holy War" and the second part 
 of "The Pilgrim's Progress";' Haw- 
 thorne's second masterpiece, "The 
 Marble Faun"; La Rochefoucauld's 
 famous "Maxims"; Boswell's "Life of 
 Johnson"; the third book of Mon- 
 taigne's "Essays"; Voltaire's wonderful 
 "Philosophical Dictionary" and his fa- 
 127 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 mous "Diatribe du Docteur Akakia"; 
 Sir Edwin Arnold's "Light of the 
 World" and "With Sa'di in the Gar- 
 den"; Erasmus's celebrated "Col- 
 loquia"; Dickens's "Our Mutual 
 Friend" and "Mystery of Edwin 
 Drood"; Keble's famous "Lyra Inno- 
 centium"; Dryden's best play, "Don 
 Sebastian," and his opera "Albion and 
 Albanius" ; Hay's (collaborated) life of 
 Lincoln; Chateaubriand's "Les Nat- 
 chez"; Boucicault's "The Shaughraun," 
 and the beautiful "Daddy O'Dowd"; 
 Grote's celebrated "History of Greece"; 
 the second volume of Penn's "Fruits of 
 Solitude"; Chalmers's work on "Poli- 
 tical Economy" ; Dean Stanley's "His- 
 torical Memorials of Westminster 
 Abbey"; Goethe's "Natiirliche Toch- 
 ter" and the first part of "Faust"; the 
 first series of Landor's "Imaginary 
 128 
 
WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 
 
 Conversations"; the third part of "Gil 
 Bias"; "Robinson Crusoe"; Rousseau's 
 celebrated "Confessions"; "Ben Hur"; 
 the last two volumes of Macaulay's 
 "History of England"; Lamartine's 
 greatest prose work, "History of the 
 Girondins"; Cowper's "Task"; "The 
 Divine Comedy"; "Paradise Lost"; 
 "Canterbury Tales"; "Les Miserables"; 
 the first part of "Don Quixote"; Free- 
 man's "Ottoman Power in Europe" 
 and his famous "The Reign of William 
 Rufus"; the second collection of La 
 Fontaine's "Fables," pronounced di- 
 vine; "Gulliver's Travels," and the 
 "Drapier's Letters," Swift's greatest 
 political triumph ; Sainte-Beuve's 
 "Study of Vergil" and the final and 
 best series of the "Monday" articles; the 
 last seven volumes of Sterne's "Trist- 
 ram Shandy"; Gibbon's delightful 
 9 129 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 "Memoirs"; Zola's famous "Debacle" 
 and "Fecundity"; Montesquieu's mas- 
 terwork, "L'Esprit des lois"; Ibsen's 
 "A Doll House," "Ghosts," and "Ros- 
 mersholm" ; many of Matthew Arnold's 
 best essays; Racine's masterpiece, 
 "Athalie"; Livingstone's "Narrative of 
 an Expedition to the Zambesi" ; Dodg- 
 son's "Mathematica Curiosa" and 
 "Rhyme and Reason"; Du Maurier's 
 "Trilby" and "Peter Ibbetsen"; Leigh 
 Hunt's "Captain Sword and Captain 
 Pen," "Legend of Florence," and the 
 charming "Imagination and Fancy"; 
 the most singular of Lever's works, 
 "Life's Romance"; Samuel Richard- 
 son's "Pamela" and his masterpiece, 
 "Clarissa Harlowe"; Hood's "Song of 
 the Shirt" and "Bridge of Sighs"; the 
 third volume of Isaac D'Israeli's "Curi- 
 osities of Literature"; Moliere's bril- 
 130 
 
WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 
 
 liant "Le malade imaginaire" ; Francis 
 Parkman's "The Old Regime in 
 Canada" and "Count Frontenac and 
 New France under Louis XIV"; Cor- 
 neille's "Discourses on Dramatic 
 Poetry" and his "CEdipe," "Sopho- 
 nisbe" and "Sertorius"; Berkeley's cele- 
 brated "Siris"; Comte's greatest work, 
 "System of Positive Polity," and his 
 "Catechism of Positivism"; Froude's 
 "English in Ireland"; Ranke's "His- 
 tory of Prussia" and "History of 
 France in the Sixteenth and Seven- 
 teenth Centuries"; Browning's "Rabbi 
 Ben Ezra," and his masterpiece, "The 
 Ring and the Book"; Max Miiller's 
 "Origin and Growth of Religion" and 
 "Selected Essays on Language, My- 
 thology, and Religion"; Ruskin's 
 "Proserpina," "Deucalion," and "Lec- 
 tures on Art" ; Descartes's essay on the 
 131 
 
THE AGE OP MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 "Passions of the Mind"; Lowell's 
 "Among My Books" and "My Study 
 Windows"; Prescott's "Conquest of 
 Peru" and "History of Philip IV"; 
 Cooper's "The Deerslayer" and "The 
 Two Admirals"; Michelet's "History 
 of the French Revolution" and 
 "Women of the Revolution"; Wash- 
 ington Irving's "Astoria"; Bulwer 
 Lytton's "A Strange Story"; Cole- 
 ridge's "Aids to Reflection in the 
 Formation of a Manly Character"; 
 Emerson's "English Traits" and "Con- 
 duct of Life"; Renan's "Marcus Aure- 
 lius" and his "Evangelists"; Whittier's 
 "In War-Time," "Snow-bound," "Maud 
 Muller," and "National Lyrics"; Ten- 
 nyson's "Enoch Arden," "The Holy 
 Grail," and "Lucretius"; Longfellow's 
 "The Courtship of Miles Standish," 
 "Tales of a Wayside Inn," "Birds of 
 132 
 
WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 
 
 Passage," and "The Children's Hour"; 
 Holmes's "The Professor at the Break- 
 fast-Table," "Elsie Venner," and 
 "Humorous Poems" ; Machiavelli's 
 "Art of War," "History of Florence," 
 and the powerful play, "Mandragola" ; 
 Ben Jonson's "The Staple of News" 
 and "The New Inn"; Wordsworth's 
 "Ecclesiastical Sketches"; Scott's last 
 novels, "Woodstock," "The Fair Maid 
 of Perth," "Chronicles of the Canon- 
 gate," and "Anne of Geierstein" ; Jean 
 Paul Richter's "Comet"; and a host of 
 other standard works. 
 
 BETWEEN FORTY AND FIFTY 
 
 Finally^ the ehmination of the fifth 
 decade of life would cause tremendous 
 inroads upon the already sadly depleted 
 records of human achievement. John 
 133 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 Gutenberg would not have invented the 
 art of printing from type, nor Franklin 
 invented the lightning-rod. Humboldt 
 would not have devised the system of 
 isothermal lines, nor Galvani'the metallic 
 arc, nor would the latter have made his 
 discovery o f dynamic electricity. Priest- 
 ley would not have discovered oxygen, 
 nor Jenner have made his wonderful in- 
 ocidation for smallpox, nor Harvey have 
 announced his discovery of the circula- 
 tion of the blood. Bessemer would not 
 have invented his pneumatic process for 
 the manufacture of steel. Watt the 
 double acting steam-engine, nor Ste- 
 phenson have instituted the modern era 
 of railways. The colonies would have 
 forfeited the invaluable services of 
 Washington in the Revolutionary War ; 
 Morris would not have been the finan- 
 cial support of the Government; Jay 
 134 
 
WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 
 
 would not have become the first Chief- 
 Justice of the Supreme Court of the 
 United States; Hungary would have 
 lost the statesmanship of Kossuth; Tal- 
 lejTand would not have accomplished 
 his diplomatic career, nor Webster his 
 great Congressional record ; Peel would 
 not have made his great speech on Cath- 
 olic Emancipation; Monroe would not 
 have negotiated the Louisiana Pur- 
 chase; and Calhoun would not have 
 become the author of the doctrine 
 of "nullification," to which the Civil 
 War may be traced. Grant would 
 not have won his great victories of 
 the Civil War, nor would Sherman 
 have achieved his military fame. Wren 
 would not have designed St. Paul's 
 Cathedral. France would have lost 
 the services of Maret and Cardinal 
 Mazarin. Cavour would not have 
 135 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 become the virtual ruler of Italy 
 and convened the first Italian Par- 
 liament, nor would Savonarola have 
 become the lawgiver of Florence. 
 Blackstone would not have prepared his 
 "Commentaries"; Nelson would not 
 have won the battle of Trafalgar, nor 
 Cromwell his victories at Marston Moor 
 and Naseby. Cardinal Wolsey would 
 not have enjoyed his successful career; 
 Boerhaave would not have introduced 
 the system of clinical instruction into 
 the study of medicine. Richard Henry 
 Lee would not hare suggested holding 
 the Continental Congress, and thereby 
 have strongly incited to the revolution 
 of the Colonies. Luther would not have 
 published the famous Augsburg Con- 
 fession, nor Knox have become a Prot- 
 estant and begun the Reformation in 
 Scotland. Bright would not have made 
 136 
 
WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 
 
 his great speech on the Crimean War, 
 nor Turgot have accomphshed his mag- 
 nificent work in France as Minister of 
 Finance ; RicheHeu would not have had 
 his famous mihtary and diplomatic 
 career; Wellington would have missed 
 his campaign in Spain and would not 
 have overthrown Napoleon at Waterloo ; 
 Reynolds would not have founded the 
 Royal Academy and have become its 
 first president; Edmund Burke would 
 not have made his great speech on Con- 
 ciliation ; Bunsen have accomplished his 
 diplomatic career in Italy; nor Palmer- 
 ston have hved through the most impor- 
 tant and successful period of his life, 
 during which he placed Leopold upon 
 the throne of Belgium. Macready, Irv- 
 ing, and Forrest would not have attained 
 the height of their power, nor would La 
 Salle have explored the Mississippi, Liv- 
 137 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 ingstone have made the Zambesi expe- 
 dition and discovered the Victoria Falls, 
 nor Champlain have founded Quebec 
 and established the French power in 
 lower Canada. 
 
 Science would lose Huxley's "Anat- 
 omy of Vertebrates and Invertebrates" ; 
 Darwin's "Origin of Species"; Hugh 
 Miller's "The Footprints of the Cre- 
 ator"; Lacepede's "!N^atural History of 
 Fishes" ; Herbert Spencer's "Principles 
 of Biology" and his "Synthetic Philos- 
 ophy"; Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire's cele- 
 brated "Anatomical Philosophy"; Von 
 Baer's "Development of Fishes" and 
 "History of the Evolution of Animals" ; 
 Linnteus's masterwork, "Species Plan- 
 tarum"; Cope's famous work in pale- 
 ontology; Agassiz's great work on 
 "Zoology"; Lamarck's famous "Botan- 
 ical Dictionary" and his invention of the 
 138 
 
WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 
 
 name "invertebrate"; Newton's monu- 
 mental "Principia"; the first volume of 
 Audubon's "Birds of America"; Kep- 
 ler's extraordinary production, "Celes- 
 tial Harmonics," and his "Stereometria 
 Doliorum," which entitles him to rank 
 among those who prefaced the discovery 
 of the infinitesimal calculus; Rennell's 
 great work, "Memoir of a Map of Hin- 
 dustan" ; Tyndall's studies on heat-radi- 
 ation and his "Natural Philosophy" and 
 "Dust and Disease"; Diderot's monu- 
 mental "Encyclopedia"; D'Alembert's 
 "Elements of Philosophy"; Hegel's fa- 
 mous "Science of Logic"; Berkeley's 
 "Alciphron" and "The Analyst"; Des- 
 cartes's "Discourse on Method," "Medi- 
 tations on the First Philosophy," and 
 "Principia Philosophic," all great 
 works; Lotze's fine work, "Mikrokos- 
 mos"; Biot's magnificent "Treatise on 
 139 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 Experimental Physics" ; Lyell's famous 
 "Elements of Geology"; Lavoisier's 
 "Method of Chemical Nomenclature'*; 
 and Laplace's celebrated "Celestial Me- 
 chanics," which contains his enunciation 
 of the nebular hypothesis. Lagrange 
 would not have published his theory of 
 cometary perturbations; Dalton have 
 originated the volumetric method of 
 chemical analysis; Galileo have .solved 
 the riddle of the Milky Way, discovered 
 the satellites of Jupiter, and the triple 
 form of Saturn, and have published 
 his famous "Sidereus Nuncius"; nor 
 Herschel have discovered Uranus, and 
 have begun the most important series of 
 observations culminating in his capital 
 discovery of the relative distances of the 
 stars from the sun and from one an- 
 other. 
 
 The art-galleries would have lost Tin- 
 140 
 
WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 
 
 toretto's magnificent "Crucifixion"; 
 many of Gainsborough's finest por- 
 traits; Leonardo da Vinci's "Last Sup- 
 per," the third most celebrated picture 
 in the world ; the best of Du Manner's 
 illustrations ; D ore's illustrations for the 
 "Ancient Mariner"; Velasquez's "Sivc- 
 render of Breda," one of the greatest of 
 historical paintings; Perugino's cele- 
 brated "Pieta" ; Cruikshank's famous il- 
 lustrations for Dickens and Ainsworth; 
 Rubens's pictures illustrating the life of 
 Maria de' Medici, and his magnificent 
 "Assvraiption of the Virgin" and "The 
 Massacre of the Innocents"; Millet's 
 "Angelus," "The Man with the Hoe," 
 and "The Gleaners"; Meissonier's 
 "Reading at Diderot's"; Rembrandt's 
 greatest works, including the famous 
 "Portrait of Jan Six," "John the Bap- 
 tist in the Wilderness," and "Jacob 
 141 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 Blessing the Sons of Joseph"; Blake's 
 illustrations for Blair's "Grave" ; West's 
 famous "Death on the Pale Horse"; 
 Turner's "Decline of the Carthaginian 
 Empire," "Hostages Leaving Carthage 
 for Rome," and his paintings for the 
 "Rivers of England"; Titian's "As- 
 sumption of the Madonna," one of the 
 most world-renowned masterpieces, the 
 famous "Bacchus and Ariadne," "En- 
 tombment of Christ," "St. Sebastian," 
 and "The Three Ages"; Diirer's mas- 
 terwork, "Adoration of the Trinity by 
 all the Saints"; Hogarth's admirable 
 "Strolling Actresses," the famous 
 "Marriage a la Mode," and the series of 
 twelve plates, "Industry and Idleness" ; 
 Paul Veronese's "Feast of Simon the 
 Leper," "Feast of Levi," and "Venice 
 Trivimphant" ; Murillo's "Return of the 
 Prodigal," "Moses Striking the Rock," 
 142 
 
WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 
 
 and "St. Elizabeth of Hungary"; and 
 Landseer's well-known "Stag at Bay," 
 "Sanctuary," "Monarch of the Glen," 
 and "Peace and War." In music must 
 be noted the loss of Meyerbeer's "Les 
 Huguenots"; Handel's oratorios, "De- 
 borah" and "Athaha"; Liszt's "Third 
 Symphonic Poem"; Wagner's "Tristan 
 und Isolde"; Beethoven's pastorals and 
 his grand "Missa Solemnis"; Bach's 
 "Christmas Oratorio"; Rossini's great 
 "Stabat Mater" ; Gounod's "Faust" and 
 "Romeo et Juliette"; the greatest of 
 Spohr's sacred compositions, "The Last 
 Judgment" and his oratorio, "The Cru- 
 cifixion"; and Gluck's "Orfeo ed Eu- 
 ridice." 
 
 From literature would be missing all 
 of Shakspere's masterpieces and most of 
 his plays ; the last three books of Spen- 
 ser's "Faerie Queene" and the magnifi- 
 143 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 cent "Epithalamion" ; Rabelais's "Pan- 
 tagruel" and "Gargantua"; Coleridge's 
 "Kubla Khan" and "Christabel" ; John 
 Stuart Mill's masterful "Political Econ- 
 omy"; Kingsley's "Water-babies"; De- 
 foe's famous "Mrs. Veal"; Le Sage's 
 "Turcaret," one of the best comedies in 
 French literature ; Samuel Johnson's fa- 
 mous "Rasselas" and his "Dictionary of 
 the English Language"; Rousseau's 
 "La Nouvelle Heloise"; "The Wander- 
 ing Jew"; most of Scott's novels; Em- 
 erson's "Representative Men" and the 
 second volume of his "Essays"; Whit- 
 tier's "Voices of Freedom" and "Songs 
 of Labor"; Rossetti's masterpiece, 
 "Dante's Dream" and his "Rose 
 Mary"; Racine's famous "Esther"; 
 Jonathan Edwards's "Freedom of the 
 Will"; many of Beranger's songs; Bur- 
 ton's marvelous "Anatomy of Melan- 
 14.4 
 
WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 
 
 choly"; most of Addison's essays, 
 including his creation, "Sir Roger de 
 Coverly"; "Mrs. Caudle's Curtain Lec- 
 tures"; Wordsworth's "Excursion"; 
 Gibbon's "Decline and Fall of the Ro- 
 man Empire" and his able "Memoire 
 Justificatif " ; Hume's "History of Eng- 
 land"; Dodgson's "The Himting of the 
 Snark"; Hallam's "Middle Ages" and 
 "Constitutional History of England"; 
 "The Scarlet Letter," "Mosses from an 
 Old Manse," "The House of the Seven 
 Gables," "The Bhthedale Romance," 
 and "Tanglewood Tales"; Carlyle's 
 "The French Revolution" and "Oliver 
 Cromwell's Letters and Speeches"; 
 Pope's "Essay on Man"; the first two 
 parts of "Hudibras"; the first portion 
 of Bancroft's "History," and of Momm- 
 sen's monumental "Corpus Inscrip- 
 tionum Latinarimi"; Lew Wallace's 
 " 145 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 "The Fair God"; Lamartine's "Souve- 
 nirs of the East" ; Ranke's "Roman Pa- 
 pacy" and "History of Germany in the 
 Time of the Reformation"; Boehm's 
 great "Theologia Germanica"; most of 
 Boueicault's plays; "Lorna Doone" and 
 "The Maid of Sker"; the first two vol- 
 umes of Maeaulay's "History of Eng- 
 land" and his "Lays of Ancient Rome" ; 
 Washington Irving's "Conquest of 
 Granada" and "Life of Columbus"; 
 Bulwer Lytton's "Harold," "The Cax- 
 tons," and "My Novel"; the first two 
 books of Montaigne's "Essays"; La 
 Rochefoucauld's "Memoirs"; Trol- 
 lope's excellent "Barchester Towers"; 
 Ebers's "Homo Sum," "The Sisters," 
 "The Emperor," and "Serapis"; Schil- 
 ler's "Maria Stuart" and his great "Wil- 
 helni Tell"; Petrarch's famous "Epistle 
 to Posterity"; the first volimie of 
 146 
 
WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 
 
 Thiers's "History of the Consulate and 
 the Empire"; "Henry Esmond," "The 
 Newcomes," and "The Virginians"; 
 Verne's "Twenty Thousand Leagues 
 Under the Sea," "Around the World in 
 Eighty Days," and "Hector Serva- 
 dac"; Lowell's "Fireside Travels" and 
 the second series of "The Biglow Pa- 
 pers"; "The Song of Hiawatha," "The 
 Golden Legend," and "Kavanagh"; 
 Isaac D'Israeli's "Calamities" and 
 "Quarrels of Authors"; "A Tale of 
 Two Cities," "Hard Times," "Uncom- 
 mercial Traveller," "Great Expecta- 
 tions," "Little Dorrit," and "Bleak 
 House"; Sir Edwin Arnold's "Light 
 of Asia"; Schopenhauer's "Will in 
 Nature"; Motley's "Rise of the Dutch 
 Republic" and "History of the United 
 Netherlands"; "The Deserted Village" 
 and "She Stoops to Conquer"; Gray's 
 147 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 great odes, "The Bard" and "Progress 
 of Poetry"; Prescott's "Ferdinand and 
 Isabella" and "Conquest of Mexico"; 
 Milman's "History of Christianity un- 
 der the Empire" ; "Handy Andy" and 
 "Treasure Trove"; Du Chaillu's "Land 
 of the Midnight Sun"; "Pilgrim's 
 Progress"; "Monte Cristo" and "The 
 Three Musketeers"; Henry Fielding's 
 "History of Tom Jones" and "Ame- 
 lia"; Daudet's famous "Sapho" and 
 "Port-Tarascon" ; Balzac's "Modeste 
 Mignon" and "Beatrix"; Steele's fa- 
 mous political paper, "The Plebeian," 
 and his successful comedy, "The Con- 
 scious Lovers"; Michelet's "History of 
 the Roman Republic" and "The Jesu- 
 its"; Condorcet's lives of Turgot and 
 Voltaire and his famous "Historic Table 
 of the Progress of the Human Soul"; 
 Farrar's lives of Christ and St. Paul; 
 148 
 
WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 
 
 "The Moonstone" and "The New Mag- 
 dalen"; Matthew Arnold's "Essays in 
 Criticism," "St. Paul and Protestant- 
 ism," "Literature and Dogma," and 
 many of his poems; Spurgeon's "Com- 
 mentary on the Psalms"; Corneille's 
 "Heraclius," "Nicomede," and "An- 
 dromede"; the first collection of La 
 Fontaine's "Fables" and the famous 
 "Books of the Contes"; Dryden's "Mar- 
 riage a la Mode," "Love in a Nunnery," 
 "CEdipus," and his best drama, "All for 
 Love"; Cooper's "The Pathfinder," and 
 "The Bravo"; Ben Jonson's "Book of 
 Epigrams" ; Richter's masterpiece, 
 "Flegeljahre"; Reade's "Never Too 
 Late to Mend," "The^Cloister and the 
 Hearth," and "Hard Cash"; Tenny- 
 son's "In Memoriam," "Charge of the 
 Light Brigade," "Maud," and "Idylls 
 of the King"; WiUis's "People I Have 
 149 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 Met" and "Famous Persons and 
 Places"; Lessing's "History and Liter- 
 ature" and "Nathan the Wise"; Eras- 
 mus's "Adagia" and "Edition of the 
 Greek Testament with Corrected Latin 
 Version and Notes"; Voltaire's "La 
 Pucelle"; Ruskin's fifth volume of 
 "Modern Painters," his popular "Ses- 
 ame and Lilies," "Ethics of the Dust," 
 and "Crown of Wild Olives"; Dean 
 Alford's Edition of the Greek Testa- 
 ment, with running commentary; 
 Fichte's remarkable "Treatise on Sci- 
 ence" ; the first series of Sainte-Beuve's 
 celebrated "Monday" articles; Machia- 
 veUi's famous "II Principe"; Chateau- 
 briand's "Rene" and "Adventures of 
 the Last of the Abencerages" ; Max Miil- 
 ler's "Chips from a German Work- 
 shop" and "Introduction to the Science 
 of Religion"; Leibnitz's "History of 
 150 
 
WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 
 
 the Brunswick-Liinebxirg Family"; the 
 first and second volumes of Froude's 
 "History of England"; Hohnes's "The 
 Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table"; 
 Freeman's masterpiece, "History of the 
 Norman Conquest"; Chalmers's cele- 
 brated work in defense of endowment, 
 literary and ecclesiastical; most of 
 Watt's hymns; Goethe's "Tasso," his 
 great "Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre" 
 and the noted "Hermann xind Doro- 
 thea"; Parkman's "Pioneers of France 
 in the New World," "Jesuits in North 
 America," and "The Discovery of the 
 Great West"; Guizot's famous "His- 
 tory of Civilization in France" ; the best 
 of Moliere's works; Thomson's "Castle 
 of Indolence"; Fenelon's famous "Ad- 
 ventures of Telemaque"; the fijst and 
 second volumes of Stanley's "History 
 of the Jewish Church" and his "Sinai 
 151 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 and Palestine"; the first six volumes of 
 Sterne's "Tristram Shandy." and the 
 first series of "Sermons by Yorick"; 
 Penn's "History of the Quakers" and 
 the first volume of "Fruits of Soh- 
 tude" ; and Young's "Love of Fame the 
 Universal Passion." 
 
 SUMMARY 
 
 What more need be said? Were the 
 impossible to come to pass, and the work 
 of the veterans of life subtracted from 
 the "simi of human achievement," the 
 world would not be virtually where it is 
 to-day. Well has the gist of the matter 
 been condensed in the words of a medi- 
 cal contemporary: 
 
 "In one respect at least the man of in- 
 tellectual capacity and pm-suits is much 
 better off than his brother who works 
 152 
 
WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 
 
 with his hands. In the world of manual 
 labor the pitiful dictum seems well es- 
 tablished that at forty the laborer is 'a 
 dead one' ; he must not hope for employ- 
 ment or a wage after that period. The 
 intellectual man, however, despite the 
 expression of a famous colleague, main- 
 tains the vigor of his mind unabated 
 almost until he is ready to step into his 
 grave ; and if by this means he gains his 
 livelihood, then need he not fear the lack 
 of employment or emolimients even 
 though his years be far advanced." 
 
 153 
 
CHAPTER VI 
 
 GENIUS AND INSANITY 
 
 ONE of the noted brain specialists of 
 the present day, himself a man of 
 much more than ordinary ability, Profes- 
 sor Horatio C. Wood of the University 
 of Pennsylvania, has been credited with 
 the statement that "every man of genius 
 is insane," but, as the distinguished 
 southern physician, L. G. Pedigo, has 
 shown, the popular association of genius 
 with insanity can be traced to the earliest 
 periods of antiquity. Thus, while Dry- 
 den wrote, "Great wit to madness nearly 
 is allied," the philosophic Aristotle, who 
 was as close an observer as he was a 
 great philosopher and thinker, re- 
 154 
 
GENIUS AND INSANITY 
 
 marked: "Men, illustrious in poetry, 
 politics, and arts, have often been mel- 
 ancholic and mad like Ajax, or misan- 
 thropic like Bellerophon." These men 
 but voiced a general observation, and it 
 must be conceded, therefore, that the high 
 degree of mentality popularly desig- 
 nated as genius is acquired, or possessed, 
 at the expense of perfect mental equi- 
 librium. 
 
 What is actually meant by this popu- 
 lar idea can be more scientifically 
 expressed as a lack of balance in the 
 cerebrational powers due to an exces- 
 sive specialization with a corresponding 
 over-development of a certain few of 
 the brain cells. As a consequence of 
 this over-stimulation of a limited por- 
 tion of the brain with a necessary neg- 
 lect of the rest, brilliancy of intellect in 
 one direction may be most incongru- 
 155 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 ously associated with deficient judg- 
 ment in another direction, while the most 
 unexpected and "sulphitic" manifesta- 
 tions of brain power will often astonish 
 and delight the associates of these men 
 of genius. So long as these scintilla- 
 tions of wit do not assume outre charac- 
 ters or become morbid in their eiFects 
 upon their originators or hearers, they 
 must be regarded as entirely physiologic, 
 and they then become the most desirable 
 traits of genius. It is to these brilliant 
 men and women that we owe the hons 
 mots of literature and the bewildering 
 strokes of genius that have revolution- 
 ized the sciences and the arts. These 
 individuals become the gifted orators, 
 the spell-binding writers, the renowned 
 statesmen, and the wizard-like inventors 
 and "doers of deeds." Often they are 
 brilliant in spite of themselves, and are 
 166 
 
GENIUS AND INSANITY 
 
 as astounded at their accomplishments 
 as are their less talented companions. 
 When the reahn of eccentricity is 
 reached, however, we may consider that 
 genius and insanity are overlapping. It 
 would appear, therefore, that while 
 every man of genius is not insane, 
 genius and insanity are border-lands 
 the one to the other, and it is but a step 
 across. 
 
 It was Emerson, I believe, who said, 
 "Genius does what it must, talent what 
 it can." The work of a true genius is 
 done irrespective of his volition — there- 
 fore it is genius ; while the work of voli- 
 tion is labor only, and is often — though 
 not always — vastly inferior to the spon- 
 taneous creation of the mind. Who can 
 deliberately think out brilliancy of re- 
 partee? It must come quickly, uncon- 
 sciously, without labor — therefore is it 
 157 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 brilliant and charming. The normal man 
 is conscious, volitional; the abnormal 
 or insane man is unconscious, involun- 
 tary. The more readily the former can 
 pass into the involuntary, unconscious 
 state the more nearly does he approach 
 the condition of insanity. Now, if true 
 genius is the result of the involuntary 
 action of the mind, it stands to reason 
 that it is closely allied to, if not partaker 
 of, the insane state. In other words, it 
 must be at the border-line between 
 sanity and insanity that true genius is to 
 be found ; therefore it is not remarkable, 
 nor is it to be wondered at, that these 
 men of genius are frequently the vic- 
 tims of habits or whims that seem pecu- 
 liar and abnormal to their saner com- 
 panions. Not every genius, however, is 
 afflicted with these peculiar or un- 
 pleasant traits; therefore not every 
 158 
 
GENroS AND INSANITY 
 
 genius has planted his foot across the 
 border-line of insanity, although it may 
 be but a matter of months or years be- 
 fore he does so. So long as his voli- 
 tional powers are able to govern and 
 direct the subconscious genius he is a 
 sane man endowed with brilliancy of 
 intellect. When the will is no longer 
 supreme and fails to restrain the sub- 
 liminal consciousness the latter runs riot, 
 and the man of genius has overstepped 
 the boundary-line of sanity. 
 
 THE TYPES OF GENIUS 
 
 These individuals of genius comprise 
 two distinct types of men differing in 
 all their characteristics save that of men- 
 tal superiority. "Moody" men they 
 often are — these men of genius. Yet 
 not all. Plodders many of them have 
 159 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 been, and while deep in the monotony 
 of their plodding has the flash of genius 
 illuminated the page, the canvas, or the 
 work-bench. Thus it is recorded of 
 Trollope, the practical "plodder," that 
 he abhorred the expression "waiting for 
 inspiration" to write. He claimed that 
 a shoemaker or a tallow-chandler might 
 just as well await the moment of in- 
 spiration for cobbling or melting the 
 tallow. He agreed with Dickens and 
 Scott and Bulwer and Johnson that per- 
 sistent and unremitting labor will bring 
 its reward in excellent and truly in- 
 spired work. It is said that frequently 
 Dickens, when he felt least inclined to 
 do so, would take up his pen and liter- 
 ally drive himself to write until, under 
 the inspiration of the effort, the foun- 
 tain would be let loose and the words 
 would crowd themselves upon the paper. 
 160 
 
GENroS AND INSANITY 
 
 How different this from Thackeray, 
 who would destroy sheet after sheet of 
 manuscript until seized by the inspira- 
 tion, when he would scribble oif pages 
 of finished composition without a mo- 
 ment's hesitation. So there have been 
 certain orators whose best addresses 
 were delivered without preparation and 
 when their authors were under the influ- 
 ence of mild alcoholic stimulation. 
 
 Men and women with highly devel- 
 oped emotional natures, as George 
 Eliot, are especially subject to the influ- 
 ence of inspiration in their work. It is 
 weU known that George Eliot at times 
 became so absorbed in her task that it 
 seemed to her some other personality 
 than herself was wielding the pen. Her 
 imaginary characters for the time being 
 became real to her, and it was while un- 
 der this obsession she did her best work, 
 " 161 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 Samuel Johnson, on the other hand, 
 claimed that any one could compel him- 
 self to produce good and even excellent 
 work by setting himself "doggedly to 
 it," and Francis Parkman is a striking 
 example of this class of genius, working 
 as he did for half a century against 
 physical limitations that were almost in- 
 superable. 
 
 These two classes of great men stand 
 in vivid contrast— the moody, emotional, 
 "inspired" group, who now and then be- 
 wilder the world with lightning-like 
 strokes of genius that reveal the untold 
 possibilities of their minds, while in the 
 intervals they are dejected, inert, and 
 non-productive; and the sturdy "plod- 
 ders," who by mere force of their supe- 
 rior wiE keep persistently at work and 
 flood the intellectual world with valu- 
 able effusions of wit, science, art, and 
 162 
 
GENroS AND INSANITY 
 
 literature. With unremitting toil these 
 latter become the great producers of the 
 world, whose products form the bulwarks 
 of intellectual development. Draper, 
 Darwin, Dickens, Humboldt, and Car- 
 lyle were typical plodders, while Poe, 
 Byron, Eliot, and Stephenson belonged 
 to the moody and inspirational type of 
 genius. 
 
 WHIMS or GREAT MEN 
 
 At considerable expense of time and 
 labor I have collected many of the queer 
 fancies, antipathies, and striking pecu- 
 liarities of the great men of the world. 
 A mere perusal of this list will conclu- 
 sively demonstrate the close relationship 
 which exists between genius and in- 
 sanity. These whims have taken various 
 forms. Thus, while in many instances 
 the aberration has appeared as a violent 
 163 
 
THE "AGE'OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 and unreasonable antipathy or aversion, 
 in others it has assumed some notable 
 eccentricity in dress or manner, while 
 yet again the mental condition is shown 
 in some unusual fancy as to methods of 
 living and working. Without any ef- 
 fort at explanation the curious facts are 
 presented here just as they have been 
 culled from literature. 
 
 ANTIPATHIES OF THE GREAT 
 
 Fear has played an important role in 
 the development of the antipathies of 
 the great — fear that was often ground- 
 less in its origin and inexplicable in its 
 manifestation. Thus, Marshal Saxe, 
 for whom the horrors of a battle-field 
 had no terror, was thrown into conster- 
 nation and fled at sight of a cat, while 
 Henry III of France entertained such 
 164 
 
GENIUS AND INSANITY 
 
 an aversion to cats that he fainted when 
 he saw one, and the Duke of Schom- 
 berg, a soldier of repute, refused to sit 
 in the same room with a feline. This 
 aversion to cats is probably one of the 
 most common dislikes of the great. It 
 is reported that a courtier of the Em- 
 peror Ferdinand suffered a bleeding 
 from the nose whenever he heard the 
 mewing of a cat, and a well-known offi- 
 cer of the English army during the 
 reign of Queen Victoria, the hero of 
 numerous campaigns, always turned 
 pale at the sight of a cat, and could even 
 tell when one was in his vicinity though 
 unseen. The unaccountable fear of 
 dogs is not so common, although it is 
 said that De Musset cordially detested 
 them, and Goethe despised them, not- 
 withstanding, forsooth, he kept a tame 
 snake. Much more frequent is the fear 
 165 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 of spiders, centipedes, and other insects. 
 Charles Kingsley, thorough naturalist 
 though he was, entertained an uncon- 
 querable horror of spiders, even the 
 common house-spider; Turenne became 
 weak when he saw a spider ; while the au- 
 thor of the "Turkish Spy" once asserted 
 that he would far prefer with sword in 
 hand "to face a lion in his desert lair than 
 to have a spider crawl over him in the 
 dark." Lord Lauderdale, on the con- 
 trary, while declaring that the mewing 
 of a cat was "sweeter to him than any 
 music," had a most intense dislike for 
 the lute and the bagpipe ; and Dr. John- 
 son was so fond of his cats that he would 
 personally buy oysters for them, his 
 servants being too proud to do so. 
 
 Rousseau, the philosopher Hobbes, 
 and Sir Samuel Romilly dreaded the 
 approach of night ; the former was ter- 
 166 
 
GENIUS AND INSANITY 
 
 ror-stricken in the dark, Hobbes in- 
 sisted upon keeping a light in his bed- 
 room all night, while Romilly invariably 
 looked under the bed to assure himself 
 no one was concealed there. Voltaire, 
 the bold and fearless one, was thrown 
 into mortal terror at the sound of the 
 cawing of rooks, while Julius Caesar 
 was almost driven into convulsions by 
 the sound of thunder, and St. Thomas 
 Aquinas suffered veritable agony dur- 
 ing a thunder-storm. While Montaigne 
 preferred odd numbers, he refused to 
 sit down to a table with thirteen people, 
 and had a strong aversion for Friday, 
 as did also Byron who, brilliant though 
 he was, believed in omens, dreams, ap- 
 paritions, and presentiments. Talley- 
 rand and Queen Elizabeth felt such a 
 fear of death that neither of them would 
 permit the word to be uttered in their 
 167 
 
, THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 / 
 
 presence, and, strange though it would 
 seem, the father of the Russian navy, 
 Peter the Great, shuddered at the sight 
 of water. He would never enter the 
 beautiful palace-gardens because the 
 river Mosera flowed through them, and 
 when out driving he commanded his 
 coachman to avoid all roads that ran by 
 streams. If compelled to cross a bridge 
 or a small brook the emperor would 
 close the carriage windows and become 
 drenched in a cold perspiration. Boyle 
 was thrown into convulsions by the 
 sound of water dropping from a faucet. 
 James I of England detested tobacco 
 and pork, and the sight of a drawn 
 sword would throw him into a fit of ter- 
 ror. When giving the accolade he inva- 
 riably turned his face away, and on one 
 occasion, as a result of this peculiarity, 
 almost wounded the new-made knight. 
 168 
 
GENroS AND INSANITY 
 
 Even flowers have not escaped the 
 aversion of some. Thus, Vincent, the 
 painter, was seized with vertigo and 
 swooned at the smell of a rose, and to 
 the Countess of Lamballe a violet was 
 a thing of horror. Scaliger states that 
 one of his relatives became ill at the 
 sight of a lily, and he himself could not 
 drink milk, and would turn pale when 
 he was confronted by water-cresses. 
 The secretary to Francis I was com- 
 pelled to stop his nostrils with bread or 
 leave the room if an apple was on the 
 table. Erasmus became feverish if he 
 saw a sea-fish. Marshal d'Albret be- 
 came nauseated when he looked on a 
 boar's head. Tycho Brahe trembled 
 and shook at the knees at the sight of a 
 hare, and the Duke of Eperon fainted 
 at the sight of a leveret. 
 
 169 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 NOTABLE ECCENTRICITIES OF THE GKEAT 
 
 The eccentricity of Goldsmith took the 
 form of dandyism, and who does not 
 remember the story of his peach-blossom 
 coat ? This is in striking contrast to the 
 aged and diminutive Thiers, — he was 
 scarcely over four feet in height, — who 
 would not don the colored scarf of 
 honor for fear it would make him look 
 like a "Punch and Judy President." 
 The farmer Grevy also had a strong 
 aversion to uniforms and colors, and was 
 pronounced the plainest-looking magis- 
 trate from Washington to Berne. It 
 irked him, it is said, to wear even the 
 funereal black with the cordon of the 
 Legion over his breast. 
 
 Some of the relaxations of the great 
 170 
 
GENroS AND INSANITY 
 
 have consisted in simple and even ridicu- 
 lous sports. Thus it is said that Shelley 
 would consume an entire day in floating 
 tiny paper boats on any water he 
 chanced to be near. When he thought 
 he was in need of a little activity the 
 great logician, Samuel Clarke, would 
 leap over tables and chairs, frequently 
 to their irreparable damage, while Car- 
 dinal Richelieu, the dictator of kings, 
 found pleasure and amusement in 
 jumping and leaping with boys. The 
 learned Petavius would find refresh- 
 ment in twirling his chair round for five 
 minutes at the expiration of every two 
 hours; while the most innocent amuse- 
 ment of King Charles II consisted in 
 feeding the ducks in St. James's Park 
 and in rearing the beautiful spaniels 
 which bear his name. The Puritan 
 Cromwell frequently indulged in blind- 
 171 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 man's-buff with his daughters and at- 
 tendants; and the poet Cowper built 
 bird-cages and consumed many an hour 
 in feeding his hares. Nothing delighted 
 Henry IV of France more than ram- 
 bling about in disguise among the peas- 
 antry; while Salvator Rosa would 
 assume the character of a mountebank 
 in extempore comedies in the streets of 
 Rome. Spinoza, the weighty philoso- 
 pher, passed his idle hours in setting 
 spiders fighting, and would laugh im- 
 moderately at their strange antics ; while 
 the celebrated librarian to the Duke of 
 Tuscany, Antonio Magliabechi, culti- 
 vated the spiders which thronged his 
 apartments and would caution his visit- 
 ors not to injure them. Tycho Brahe 
 amused himself by polishing spectacle- 
 glasses ; and Joseph Jefferson, ex-Pres- 
 ident Cleveland, and Paley, the erudite 
 172 
 
GENIUS AND INSANITY 
 
 author of "Natural Theology," found 
 health and relaxation in the fishing-rod ; 
 while the unfortunate Louis XVI 
 whiled away his time at locksmithing. 
 It is said that Beethoven kept himself 
 the constant victim of a cold by his inor- 
 dinate love for cold water, in which he 
 would splash and dabble at all hours of 
 the day until his room was swamped and 
 the water oozed through the flooring to 
 the ceiling beneath. He would also 
 take daily walks barefooted in the dewy 
 fields. 
 
 THE FANCIES OF AUTHORS 
 
 Very curious and extremely interesting 
 have been the methods adopted by au- 
 thors in the preparation of their books. 
 It is said that Scott wrote his finest 
 works before breakfast while his friends 
 173 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 were enjoying their morning naps; 
 while Coleridge could never compose so 
 happily as when "walking over uneven 
 ground, or making his way through a 
 coppice with the twigs brushing his 
 face." Wordsworth, on the contrary, 
 composed most of his later poems while 
 wandering up and down a straight 
 gravel walk. Probably the most re- 
 markable authorial whim was that en- 
 joyed in common by the English poet, 
 John Philips, and the great Dutch 
 scholar, Isaak Vossius, son of the learned 
 Gerardus Johannes Vossius. These men, 
 strange to relate, found their greatest 
 inspiration while a servant was combing 
 their hair. Milton claimed he could not 
 compose satisfactorily except between 
 the spring and fall equinoxes, during 
 which time he thought his poetry was 
 inspired. The poets Thomson, Gray, 
 174 
 
GENroS AND INSANITY 
 
 and Collins believed that their inspira- 
 tion came during this same period and 
 could not write at other times. Accord- 
 ing to Crabbe's son, who has published 
 an excellent biography of that poet, his 
 father "fancied that autumn was on the 
 whole the most favorable season for him 
 in the composition of poetry, but there 
 was something in the effect of a sudden 
 fall of snow that appeared to stimulate 
 him in a very extraordinary manner. It 
 was during a great snow-storm that, 
 shut up in his room, he wrote almost cur- 
 rente calamo his 'Sir Eustace Gray'." It 
 is well known that Southey could write 
 only when surrounded by his books and 
 other familiar objects. 
 
 The purring of Montaigne's cat, 
 
 which he stroked with his left hand while 
 
 he wrote, stimulated him to produce his 
 
 finest "Essays." Most remarkable were 
 
 175 
 
THE AGE OP MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 the whims of Hogg, the Ettrick Shep- 
 herd, and Graham, the author of "The 
 Sabbath," who, as De Quincey relates, 
 could not write satisfactorily unless 
 fully booted and spurred ; while, accord- 
 ing to Horace Walpole, Lord Orrery 
 found no stimulus to work so effica- 
 cious as a sharp attack of the gout. 
 Lord Bacon, it is said, could do his best 
 work when inhaling the fumes of a bot- 
 tle of claret poured out on newly up- 
 turned earth. Buffon was mentally 
 helpless without a spotless shirt and a 
 starched frill; while William Prynne, 
 the talented author of the "Histrio- 
 mastrix," was nothing "without a long 
 quilted cap which came an inch over his 
 eyes." Equally as curious as these is 
 the custom of one of the distinguished 
 novelists of to-day who can create only 
 when sitting surrounded by lighted 
 176 
 
GENIUS AND INSANITY 
 
 candles in a darkened room. Before 
 Gray would attempt to compose he in- 
 variably read some cantos of the "Faerie 
 Queene," and Corneille would precede 
 his effusions by the perusal of "Lucan." 
 Physical and gastric stimulation 
 were necessary to many celebrities in 
 order that their minds could best func- 
 tionate. Thus it is said that the ancient 
 philosopher, Carneades, dosed himself 
 well with hellebore before writing. De 
 Musset was helpless without absinthe, 
 while De Quincey, Coleridge, Psalma- 
 naazar, Shadwell, Dean Milner, and 
 Bishop Horsley invariably wrote under 
 the stimulation of opium. Blackstone 
 never wrote without a flask of port wine 
 at his side, nor Schiller without his Rhen- 
 ish wine; while it was necessary that 
 they become intoxicated before ^schy- 
 lus, Eupolis, Cratinus, and Ennius 
 13 177 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 could compose. The fumes of tobacco 
 were necessary to stimulate the brains 
 of Hobbes, Dr. Parr, and Boxhorne, 
 the great Dutch scholar. "Ten or 
 twelve pipes with a candle," were inva- 
 riably present on Hobbes' desk; while 
 Boxhorne, who preferred a long pipe, 
 devised a hat with an enormous brim 
 which depended before his face and 
 which was perforated to support the 
 stem of the pipe so that the author 
 could have undisputed use of his hands. 
 Fuseli and Dryden ate raw meat to 
 assist their imagination, and the latter 
 frequently had himself bled with the 
 same object in view. 
 
 DIETARY HABITS OF FAMOUS MEN 
 
 As might be expected from the fore- 
 going review as well as from a general 
 178 
 
GENIUS AND INSANITY 
 
 knowledge of mankind, curious habits 
 of eating have distinguished many of 
 the famous men of the world. Thus, 
 while every one knows that John the 
 Baptist preferred locusts and wild 
 honey as his daily food, it is not so gen- 
 erally known that the Evangelist John 
 was so abstemious that a handful of 
 barley sufficed him for a day, and that 
 Mohammed was content with a handful 
 of dates and a mouthful of water after 
 a day of hard riding. In fact, abstem- 
 iousness seems to have been a very com- 
 mon trait among the great, and it may 
 be that much of their greatness de- 
 pended upon this very habit, for a 
 repleted system is not conducive to 
 mental or physical activity. Pope Pius 
 IX required but an egg and a piece of 
 bread for his breakfast; Michelangelo 
 during the greater portion of his life 
 179 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 subsisted on the plain food of an Italian 
 peasant; Leonardo da Vinci contented 
 himself at any meal with bread and 
 oranges ; Francis Bacon never ate more 
 than one or two simple dishes at a meal ; 
 Locke considered that for a studious 
 man a piece of fish with bread formed a 
 proper breakfast; Raphael lived prin- 
 cipally on figs and raisins and other 
 dried fruits, with bread ; and Alexander 
 the Great, when on a campaign, partook 
 of the rations of a common soldier. 
 
 On the other hand, there were some 
 celebrated men who were connoisseurs 
 of eating and who enjoyed certain spe- 
 cial dishes according to the peculiarities 
 of their gustatory nerves. Thus Peter 
 the Great regarded baked goose stuffed 
 with apples as the piece de resistance 
 par excellence, and Fielding thought 
 180 
 
GENIUS AND INSANITY 
 
 that tarts made with currant jelly 
 were "heaven's own food." Rare 
 Ben Jonson asked no better treat 
 than a pork pie with an abun- 
 dance of Canary wine, and Macaulay 
 claimed that no man need ask for better 
 food than plain roast beef and baked 
 potatoes. Whose mouth has not watered 
 at the luscious repasts described by 
 Dickens, who doubtless portrayed his 
 own cultivated taste in eating? 
 
 It is said that Henry VIII frequently 
 ate himself into a condition of drowsi- 
 ness on a haunch of venison, and Walter 
 Scott preferred venison to any other 
 meat, and potatoes to any other vegeta- 
 ble. Kaulbach's favorite dish was sauer- 
 kraut and pork, and Frederick the Great 
 enjoyed immensely a meal of cabbage 
 with salt beef or pork. The Duke of 
 181 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 Marlborough on one occasion declared 
 that "no soldier can fight unless he is 
 properly fed on beef and beer." Vitel- 
 lius, the Roman Emperor, and Napo- 
 leon Bonaparte were both heavy eaters. 
 The latter was not at all choice in his 
 gastronomic habits, but would eat rav- 
 enously of whatever lay nearest to him 
 on the table; while the Roman emperor 
 would eat copiously until filled, and 
 then would take an emetic and repeat 
 the performance to his own satisfaction, 
 doubtless, but to the intense disgust of 
 his contemporaries and of countless gen- 
 erations since. 
 
 THE NEUROSES OF THE GREAT 
 
 If the foregoing array of whimsical 
 fancies were not sufificient to demon- 
 strate the kinship of genius and insan- 
 18a 
 
GENIUS AND INSANITY 
 
 ity, there is a still more pathologic 
 aspect of genius which has attracted the 
 attention of both the medical and the 
 non-medical world. It is a curious fact 
 that a very large percentage of the nota- 
 bles of the world's history have been the 
 subjects of epilepsy, catalepsy, and 
 other major nervous affections. Be- 
 cause of this intimate association of 
 mental disease with brilliancy of intel- 
 lect genius itself has, by many nevu-olo- 
 gists, been regarded as a neurosis. 
 Balzac pays tribute to the truthfulness 
 of this observation in his notable presen- 
 tation of "Louis Lambert," and in his 
 still greater philosophical novel, "Sera- 
 phita." Lombroso, Pedigo, and others, 
 who have themselves been free from this 
 neurotic taint, have thoroughly searched 
 the literature of the subject, and we, as 
 scientists, are deeply indebted to them 
 183 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 for their great work in this line. It is 
 interesting to note that the brilhant 
 Charles Lamb, who most pathetically 
 endeavored to disprove any such rela- 
 tionship between genius and insanity, 
 and who was himself a pronounced neu- 
 rotic, was at times incarcerated in a 
 sanitarium, and in the intervals spent a 
 life of devotion in behalf of his insane 
 and epileptic sister. 
 
 If the genius himself was not a sub- 
 ject of one of these nervous affections, 
 a strong family history could frequently 
 be traced either in his own generation 
 or in the generations immediately pre- 
 ceding. The neurosis most commonly 
 assumed the type of epilepsy or the 
 "falling sickness," although hysteria, 
 catalepsy, St. Vitus's dance, idiocy, 
 dualism, or dual personality, deaf -mut- 
 ism, alcoholism, subconscious cerebra- 
 184. 
 
GENIUS AND INSANITY 
 
 tion, and periodic insanity were frequent 
 occurrences. This association of genius 
 with famiUes and individuals of the 
 grave neurotic type is a curious phe- 
 nomenon, and it doubtless largely influ- 
 enced Lombroso to assume the advanced 
 position he has taken which regards 
 genius as "essentially an epileptiform 
 neurosis." Did every genius who failed 
 himself to manifest some grave neurotic 
 affection have offspring, it is very prob- 
 able that an tinusually large proportion 
 of them would develop some form of 
 hereditary netu"osis. A wise provision 
 of Providence has intervened, however, 
 for it is a noteworthy fact that the lines 
 of great men most generally become ex- 
 tinct with them or their sons. A mere 
 superficial investigation of the subject 
 will bear out the accuracy of this obser- 
 vation. 
 
 185 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 THE NEUKOSES OF HISTORY 
 
 This is too vast a subject to treat 
 largely at this time, and all that can be 
 attempted is to call attention to the 
 direct proofs of the truthfulness of the 
 relationship existing between genius 
 and certain nervous affections in the nu- 
 merous historical instances which may 
 have escaped the attention of the aver- 
 age reader. In doing this the writings 
 of Lombroso, Pedigo, and others have 
 been searched for the most remarkable 
 and striking cases that have been re- 
 corded. 
 
 It would appear that almost all the 
 bright lights of ancient times were neu- 
 rotic. "Socrates," writes Pedigo, "pre- 
 sented one of the most interesting 
 studies in dual personality and subcon- 
 186 
 
GENIUS AND INSANITY 
 
 scious conditions in all history in his 
 memorable dcemon, which he said guided 
 him and inspired him with wisdom." 
 Brutus and Julius Csesar were victims 
 of hallucinations, and the latter was a 
 pronounced epileptic and subject also 
 to attacks of vertigo in the midst of his 
 public work. Petrarch was an epileptic, 
 as was also Mohammed, who, in addi- 
 tion, at times during the heat of battle 
 became a raving maniac. Peter the 
 Great was afflicted with epileptic con- 
 vulsions, and an attack would be in- 
 duced by the sight of certain colors. 
 Paganini was both epileptic and cata- 
 leptic. Martin Luther was subject to 
 hallucinations, during one attack of 
 which he is said to have thrown the his- 
 toric inkstand. Chateaubriand, Thomas 
 Campbell, and Samuel Johnson showed 
 varying degrees of St. Vitus's dance, 
 187 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 or at least were subject to choreic move- 
 ments. Napoleon, Oliver Cromwell, 
 Shelley, Malebranche, Swedenborg, 
 Bunyan, Hobbes, Columbus, Goethe, 
 Samuel Johnson, and Descartes suf- 
 fered at certain periods of their lives 
 from hallucinations. Voltaire was a 
 hypochondriac and the great Darwin 
 gave a neurotic family history. Sir 
 Isaac Walton had delusions of perse- 
 cution, and Rousseau's confessions 
 prove his insanity, which was still more 
 conclusively demonstrated at the au- 
 topsy. Cowper, Poe, and Lincoln were 
 melancholic. Byron's father committed 
 suicide while insane, and the poet him- 
 self was a subject of melancholia and 
 hallucinations. Napoleon believed in 
 the dominance of his star; Richelieu, 
 Dean Swift, Flaubert, the novelist, Mo- 
 zart, Pascal, Handel, Schiller, Napo- 
 188 
 
GENIUS AND INSANITY 
 
 leon, Charles V, and Moliere were all 
 epileptic, and Dean Swift eventually 
 developed an incurable insanity. John 
 Ruskin had attacks of ungovernable 
 rage, and spent some years in an 
 asylum; Herbert Spencer was the vic- 
 tim of a fixed delusion. 
 
 This remarkable record is more than 
 a mere coincidence. It must be looked 
 upon as a positive proof of the close 
 intimacy that exists between genius and 
 the neurotic temperament. 
 
 189 
 
CHAPTER VII 
 
 THE BRAIN OF GENIUS 
 
 THE old theory that weight of brain 
 endows its possessor with superior 
 faculties has long since been discarded. 
 Sims has demonstrated conclusively 
 that many celebrated men possessed 
 brains having a lesser weight than the 
 brain of ordinary mortals or even of 
 idiots. The brilliant Gambetta had a 
 brain which did not equal in weight that 
 of the average child, while the brains of 
 Agassiz, Byron, Daniel Webster, Napo- 
 leon, and other great men did not ex- 
 ceed in weight those of the ordinary 
 commonplace man. A curious fact is 
 190 
 
THE BRAIN OF GENroS 
 
 that heavy as it was, the brain of Tur- 
 genieff , the Russian novehst, was greatly 
 exceeded in weight by that of an igno- 
 rant laboring man. All of which will 
 go to prove that a heavy brain is no 
 criterion of a person's intellectuality, 
 nor does a light brain denote inferior 
 mental capacity. Sims advocated the 
 theory that the colder the climate the 
 larger is the brain. Marchand, in some 
 very interesting studies, has demon- 
 strated that there is no constant relation 
 between body weight and brain weight. 
 In general, the weight of the brain is 
 greater between the ages of twenty and 
 sixty than between sixty and eighty. 
 In estimating the mental capacity of a 
 brain it is necessary to consider qualita- 
 tive conditions and morphologic supe- 
 riority as well as, and in preference to, 
 the weight of the organ. 
 191 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 MORPHOLOGIC PECULIARITIES OF THE 
 BEAIN OF GENIUS 
 
 The preeminent morphologic peculiari- 
 ties of brains characterized in life by 
 high intellectuality are three. These 
 are, probably in the order of their im- 
 portance as far as ovu* present limited 
 knowledge of the brain will permit us> 
 to assume : the number of the connecting 
 fibers, the number and depth of the con- 
 volutions, and the number of the gray 
 cells. This is in reverse order to the 
 popular idea that multiplicity of gray 
 cells is most important in order that the 
 individual attain to a high degree of 
 mentality. It goes without saying that 
 a deficiency of these working cells of 
 192 
 
THE BRAIN OF GENIUS 
 
 the brain will indicate inferiority in 
 mental action, and it is well known that 
 monkeys and apes and the lower races, 
 as well as idiots and certain degenerates, 
 show such a lack of gray cells. But 
 given two hypothetic individuals of the 
 highest races and with the utmost de- 
 gree of cerebral development, and that 
 one showing the larger nimaber of con- 
 necting fibers will manifest the higher 
 degree of cerebrational power. These 
 fibers indicate that such a man has had 
 better coordinating power whereby he 
 could call into play a larger number of 
 combinations of cells than could his 
 brother who was compelled to depend 
 more upon the individual action of the 
 various gray cells, equally numerous 
 though they might have been. 
 
 This view is still further carried out 
 by the studies of comparative anato- 
 " 193 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 mists, who agree in stating, that in no 
 other species of animal life are the cere- 
 bral connecting fibers so numerous and 
 complicated as in man. As is well 
 known, even by the laymen, there is a 
 great connecting band between the two 
 halves of the upper brain known as the 
 "hard body" or corpus callosum. Now, 
 in direct line with the course of reason- 
 ing already given come the investiga- 
 tions of Spitzka and other brain experts 
 who assert that this body is much larger, 
 broader, and deeper in men of great in- 
 telligence than in men of average mental 
 ability. If this be true, and there is no 
 reason to doubt the accuracy of the ob- 
 servation, it can have but one significa- 
 tion : the telegraphic wires, so to speak, 
 between the correlated gray cells of 
 either cerebral half are multiplied, and 
 by the mere physical law of bulk require 
 194. 
 
THE BRAIN OF GENIUS 
 
 more space for their transmission. Ac- 
 cordingly, the cerebral impulses can be 
 switched through a greater number of 
 channels than in the individual less for- 
 tunate in his number of connecting- 
 bands. The relation of this "brainy" 
 individual to his fellow of smaller cere- 
 bral capacity may be compared to that 
 of a full-diapason organ as contrasted 
 with an instrument having a smaller 
 number of pipes. He is brighter, 
 broader, and better. 
 
 An examination of the brains of mon- 
 keys, higher apes, and men shows an- 
 other striking morphologic peculiarity, 
 namely, a progressive increase in the 
 number, depth and tortuosity of the 
 fissures, and a corresponding multipli- 
 cation of the convolutions of the brain, 
 according to the position of the indi- 
 vidual in the scale of physical and men- 
 195 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 tal evolution. In other words, men 
 possess brains that are more fissured 
 and convoluted than are the brains of 
 the other higher primates, and, again in 
 line with the course of reasoning we have 
 pursued, men of the higher Caucasian 
 and Mongolian races show a greater 
 degree of fissuration and convolution 
 than do men of the lower types, as the 
 Hottentots and Bushmen. This condi- 
 tion necessarily affords a greater sur- 
 face extent over which the gray 
 substance of the brain must be spread, 
 and therefore indicates a corresponding 
 increase in the number of the gray cells 
 present in the brain. If, in addition to 
 this surface expansion, there is noted, 
 as is true in men of high mentality, an 
 increased depth or thickness of the gray 
 matter, we have again a greater number 
 of gray cells present, with a necessary 
 196 
 
THE BRAIN OF GENIUS 
 
 increase in the cerebrational power of 
 the individual. 
 
 All of which would seem to prove the 
 older theory of superior brain weight 
 associated with superior mentality. 
 There is, however, another element 
 which comes in to modify this conclu- 
 sion, and that is the quality of the tex- 
 ture of the brain. It is here that the 
 seeming error occurs. Men of extreme 
 erudition have, been found with brain 
 weights below the average. In such 
 cases undoubtedly the fineness of the 
 texture of the cells and connecting fibers 
 must be taken into consideration. 
 There is neither a deficiency of the 
 brain cells nor an inferior number of 
 connecting bands, but a delicacy of 
 structm'e which results in a smaller bulk 
 of the brain when considered en masse. 
 The general principle remains true, 
 197 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 however, that a large brain as a rule in- 
 dicates superior brain force. It is this 
 truth which establishes the supremacy 
 of man over all other animal creation. 
 
 INFLUENCE OF THE BODY ON THE BRAIN 
 
 There are other disturbing elements 
 which must be eliminated in order to ar- 
 rive at a satisfactory conclusion as to the 
 proper relationship existing between 
 brain weight and great mentality. Thus, 
 as has already been noted, the heav- 
 iest brain recorded was that taken 
 from an ignorant laboring man. This 
 may have been a brain pregnant with 
 latent possibilities but which, owing to 
 environmental defects such as extreme 
 poverty or depressing and uncultured 
 surroundings, was never given the op- 
 portunity of educational development. 
 198 
 
THE BRAIN OF GENIUS 
 
 Doubtless many a brain of genius has 
 been snowed under by adverse circum- 
 stances and never found the chance to 
 demonstrate its inherent abihties. Again, 
 a brain of unusual weight may be the 
 seat of some pathologic formation, as a 
 tumor or an excessive hardening from 
 an overgrowth of the fibrous tissue, 
 whereby the specific gravity of the organ 
 has been vastly increased over the nor- 
 mal. I have seen such a brain, the over- 
 weight of which resulted from the pres- 
 ence of a tuberculous growth which had 
 been the cause of death. On the other 
 hand, it is quite possible to conceive the 
 case of an individual who has won fame 
 in a particular hne of work as the result 
 of a remarkable specialization and de- 
 velopment of a limited nimiber of brain 
 cells, while the great mass of his brain 
 tissue has suffered from neglect and 
 199 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 may be quite deficient in every respect. 
 Naturally, such a brain would be under 
 weight, and yet its owner find his place 
 among the great of the world. This 
 was true of the brilliant French orator, 
 Gambetta, who lacked many of the 
 characteristics of even an ordinary 
 brain development. The general law is 
 pretty conclusively established that "all 
 organs are in relation to function," and 
 a brain that is persistently and syste- 
 matically used must be larger and more 
 productive than one which is allowed to 
 "run to seed" and atrophy from disuse. 
 In addition, in a study of this kind, 
 there must be carried in mind the natu- 
 ral association between body weight 
 and brain weight, and the effect upon 
 the size of the brain exerted by age, 
 stature, sex, and condition of health. 
 As bearing upon this aspect of the sub- 
 200 
 
THE BRAIN OF GENIUS 
 
 ject mention should be made of the work 
 of Dr. A. Adam, of Paris, and Pro- 
 fessor Lombroso. Adam concludes 
 that "in general the weight of brain in 
 man is greater than in woman," al- 
 though he hastens to assert, probably 
 for his own safety and peace of mind, 
 that this does not mean that certain 
 women may not possess heavier brains 
 than men. He also finds that "height 
 has an effect on brain weight, and mus- 
 cular and bone development play their 
 part." Lombroso has pointed out "that 
 the great majority of men of genius are 
 to be found in either of two classes— the 
 tallest or the shortest. Among men of 
 average mental attainments the greater 
 number are of average height — of this 
 class 16 per cent, are of high, 16 per 
 cent, of low, and 68 per cent, of medium 
 statiu-e. Tvu'ning to men of genius, 37 
 201 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 per cent, are low, 41 per cent, high, and 
 only 22 per cent, medium. Examples 
 of short geniuses are Epictetus, George 
 Eliot, and A. C. Swinburne ; of the tall 
 variety are Petrarch, Goethe, and Ten- 
 nyson. 
 
 Nutrition has an important effect on 
 the condition of the brain, and Adam 
 quotes Matiegka as observing a differ- 
 ence of 36 grams in favor of well nour- 
 ished persons. It must not be con- 
 cluded, however, that in every instance 
 this increased brain weight necessarily 
 implies greater brain capacity, but 
 probably a larger amount of blood and 
 serum in the tissues. Of stout geniuses 
 may be mentioned Victor Hugo, Renan, 
 Lee, Rossini, and Balzac; of thin are 
 Pascal, Kepler, Voltaire, and Giotto. 
 Disease, especially when associated with 
 hemorrhage, has a decided effect in 
 
 803 
 
THE BRAIN OF GENIUS 
 
 lessening the weight of the brain, while 
 mental diseases will have a varied effect 
 according to whether or not they are 
 associated with atrophy or hypertrophy 
 of the brain structure. 
 
 It is interesting to note Adam's clas- 
 sification of brain weights into six 
 groups according to occupation, begin- 
 ning with day-laborers, who have the 
 smallest brain weight; men with regular 
 trades ; domestic servants ; business men ; 
 artists, professors, and musicians; and 
 men engaged in higher forms of intel- 
 lectual activity, as scientists. In these 
 diff'erent groups the average brain 
 weight was found to be respectively 
 1410, 1433, 1435, 1449, 1469, and 1500 
 grams. Most men of genius have a high 
 brain capacity. Thus, Lebon, on ex- 
 amining the skulls of twenty-six 
 Frenchmen of genius, found that they 
 203 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 yielded an average capacity of 1732 
 cubic centimeters — a little more than 
 300 in excess of the average. On the 
 other hand, of the brains of twelve 
 famous Germans studied by Wagner 
 and Buchoff, eight had either a decid- 
 edly low or a very high capacity. Dol- 
 linger, for instance, had a capacity of 
 only 1207 cubic centimeters, and Liebig 
 1352 cubic centimeters. 
 
 BEAIN CAPACITY AND THE FACIAL INDEX 
 
 Other morphologic characteristics of 
 the head that are supposed to have a 
 direct bearing upon the brain are the 
 facial index and the shape of the skull. 
 It is a well recognized truth that the 
 size of the facial index is directly asso- 
 ciated with the degree of mental capac- 
 204 
 
THE BRAIN OF GENIUS 
 
 ity. In other words, the greater the 
 index the higher the mentahty. This 
 would seem to indicate that prognath- 
 ism, or forward protrusion of the jaw, 
 decreases with the higher development 
 of the brain, and it stands to reason that 
 this must be so. For as the size of the 
 brain increases, the skullcap must de- 
 velop in order to accommodate the think- 
 ing-organ, and the greater the breadth 
 and length of the skullcap the greater 
 the facial angle and the less the prog- 
 nathism. This law is modified some- 
 what by the degree of development of 
 the masticatory muscles and this by the 
 size and weight of the jaw. So that 
 individuals with heavy jawbones and 
 large teeth may be more or less prog- 
 nathic and still show a high degree of 
 mentality, as was the case of the natu- 
 ralist Cope, who was markedly prog- 
 205 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 nathic. The general law remains true, 
 however, and in men of high mentality 
 we look for an approximation of the 
 facial contour to the original embryonic 
 orthognathism, that is, to a facial index 
 of 90°. 
 
 DOLICHOCEPHALISM AND MENTALITY 
 
 Just why it is, as has been asserted by 
 some, that the brains of many of these 
 great thinkers should show a tendency 
 to assume the elongated elliptical form 
 with the longer axis lying anteroposte- 
 riorly is more difficult to determine. 
 The frequency of decided dolichoceph- 
 alism, as it is called, or "long-headed- 
 ness," among great men is, at least, sug- 
 gestive. That it is not a necessary con- 
 comitant of large cerebral capacity is 
 borne out by the fact that the Esqui- 
 206 
 
THE BRAIN OF GENIUS 
 
 maux and the negroes of West Africa 
 are dolichocephalic, while many men of 
 great mental capacity have been decid- 
 edly round-headed. That the long head 
 is quite common among the great men is 
 true, however, and it will make an inter- 
 esting investigation to ascertain the fre- 
 quency by percentage of the two types 
 of heads among the thinkers and work- 
 ers of the world. By many it is believed 
 that the shape of the skull, whether 
 round or long, has no relation to the 
 intellectual faculty, and this belief will 
 probably be verified by subsequent re- 
 searches. 
 
 SIZE or HEAD AND MENTALITY 
 
 Again, it cannot be stated with any de- 
 gree of positivism that men who wear 
 the larger sizes of hats are brainier, man 
 207 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 for man, than those who wear the smaller 
 sizes. There are certain morbid condi- 
 tions of the brain in infancy and child- 
 hood which result in varying degrees of 
 oversize of the head without a corre- 
 sponding degree of mental development, 
 but in which there is an actual deteriora- 
 tion of the brain substance. There is, 
 on the other hand, a condition of pre- 
 mature union of the bones of the head 
 which results in an extreme undersize 
 of the head known as microcephaly, and 
 which is always associated with more or 
 less pronounced idiocy. Again, the size 
 of the normal head does not bear an un- 
 swerving relationship and proportion to 
 the size of the body, a corporeally small 
 man often having a normally large head 
 or the reverse, the mentality reaching 
 the average or above in either instance. 
 In a study of mentality all these modi- 
 208 
 
THE BRAIN OF GENIUS 
 
 fying influences must be carefully in- 
 vestigated and assigned their proper 
 relationship to the subject in hand. 
 
 THE DEGREE OF INDIVIDUAL MENTAL 
 EQUIPMENT 
 
 In direct line with this phase of the 
 subject mention must be made of the 
 exhaustive investigations that have been 
 instituted by Dr. James McKeen Cat- 
 tell of Columbia University to ascertain 
 the degree of mental equipment of the 
 individual. These investigations in- 
 clude tests for intelligence and memory 
 and certain physical tests, such as the 
 measurement of the head, the lung 
 power, the strength of the grip, and the 
 usual test for eyesight and hearing. On 
 the mental side, memory, intelligence, 
 apperception, suggestibility, and im- 
 1* 209 
 
THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 
 
 agery figure as requirements. The tests 
 of a given individual are to be repeated 
 at intervals of five and ten years and 
 should yield interesting data. 
 
 Finally, a most remarkable sugges- 
 tion, recently made by Dr. Edward A. 
 Spitzka, is well worthy of careful study 
 and development. In a recent address 
 before the American Philosophical So- 
 ciety he stated that his observations go 
 to show that men of an aggressive mili- 
 tary trend are born when their fathers 
 are between twenty and thirty years old ; 
 when the father is between thirty and 
 forty the son is likely to be given to the 
 arts or literature; between forty and 
 fifty, he is apt to become a great states- 
 man, and when the father is past fifty, 
 as in the cases of Ai'istotle and Benja- 
 min Franklin, the son is destined to 
 show remarkable brain development 
 210 
 
THE BRAIN OP GENroS 
 
 and ability. The influence of the 
 father's age upon the brain capacity of 
 his oiFspring is a new subject awaiting 
 the developing touch of some ambitious 
 investigator. 
 
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