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 Longevity: the means o'lffiiSiiSiilSllllim 
 
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 3 1924 031 287 281 
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LONGEVITY: 
 
 THE MEANS OF PROLONGING LIFE 
 AFTER MIDDLE AGE. 
 
LONGEVITY: 
 
 THE MEANS OF PROLONGING LIFE 
 AFTER MIDDLE AGE. 
 
 JOHN GARDNER, M.D., 
 
 Author of '" Household Medicine! 1 
 
 THIRD EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED. 
 
 Henry S. King & Co., -.'■'■■ 
 
 65, CORNHILL, • AND 12, PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON. 
 I87S- 
 
EXTRACTS FROM SOME PRESS NOTICES 
 
 OF 
 
 THE FIRST EDITION. 
 
 y 
 
 '* We are bound to say that in general Dr. Gardner's directions are sensible 
 enough, and founded on good principles. The advice given is such that any man 
 in moderate health might follow it with advantage, whilst no prescription or other 
 claptrap is introduced which, might savour of quackery.**— Lancet. 
 
 "A very interesting book — the simplicity of the language- is such, that the 
 meaning is at once evident."— ^ Liverpool Albion. 
 
 "Dr. Gardner's, suggestions for attaining a healthy and so for a happy old 
 age, are well deserving the attention of all who think such a blessing worth trying 
 for."— Notes and Queries. 
 
 " To middle-aged persons this work will be a most useful one. If only they 
 will follow Dr. Gardner's advice. . . . The whole subject of longevity and 
 the general health of middle-aged people is well treated and discussed. The 
 book is well arranged, and the, anthor gives really good advice." — S.aunder^s 
 News Letter. 
 
 "The hints here given on health, and suggestions on longevity* evidently 
 based on experience of a lengthened extent, are to our mind invaluable." — ; 
 Standard. 
 
 " Much useful information will be found ,in its pages.'* — Medical Press and 
 Circular. s, 
 
 " A very useful little work, written and arranged in an able manner." — Civil 
 Service Gazette. 
 
 " Popularly and pleasantly written. . . . The reader will find profit and 
 pleasure in the perusal of this little book. It is full, of valuable information, and 
 abounds in a very uncommon quality, common sense." — Edinburgh Daily 
 Review. 
 
 " ' Longevity,' by Dr. Gardner, is a useful and well-written little book. It con- 
 tains no nonsense, but simply sensible recommendations to people who have 
 passed die meridian of life, instructing them how they may drop down the hill 
 with the least possible amount of suffering or debility, and live out the full 
 period of their allotted time. We commend it as a valuable guide to all who are 
 beginning to be sensible that they are less strong and active than they used to 
 be."— Guardian; , 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 My purpose in this work, addressed to persons of 
 middle age and in the decline of life, is not to 
 supersede the Physician in treating their maladies, 
 — it is to call attention to those peculiarities of 
 the constitution which distinguish age from youth 
 and manhood, to point out those symptoms of de- 
 viation, from the healthy standard which are 
 usually disregarded, or considered unavoidable 
 incidents of age, but which insensibly glide into 
 fatal diseases if neglected. 
 
 A watchful care of themselves by elderly per- 
 sons, and the adoption of proper measures of 
 relief in the earliest stages of disorder, will, as I 
 have shown, give ease and comfort in place of 
 trouble and suffering, and in many cases ensure 
 the prolongation of life. 
 
 The views advanced are the result of very long- 
 
vi Preface. 
 
 continued observation, but I shall learn with 
 pleasure any modification or addition derived 
 from the experience of others. 
 
 I do not hesitate to express the assurance that 
 what I have written, if read by persons for whom 
 it is intended, will convey information and sug- 
 gestions of great value; and if longevity is esteemed 
 a blessing worthy of some trouble to secure, it will 
 amply repay the time and thought devoted to the 
 subject. 
 
 John Gardner, M.D. 
 
 29, Lansdown Crescent, 
 Notting Hill, W. 
 
PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION. 
 
 The notices this work has received by reviewers, 
 both in the medical and general press, have been 
 uniformly favourable. 
 
 No one has questioned the justness of the 
 assumption, that very numerous persons in ad- 
 vanced life endure sufferings and die prematurely, 
 who might enjoy ease and comfort, and have their 
 lives greatly prolonged by the exercise of properly 
 directed care and the judicious use of means within 
 their reach. 
 
 The hints and suggestions I have given to 
 elderly people for attaining a healthy and happy 
 old age and for prolonging life, have also met 
 with general approbation. 
 
 If we have no elixir vitm in a single medicine, 
 
viii Preface. 
 
 we have well ascertained laws of hygiene, — an 
 ever advancing and improving art of healing, 
 based upon an accurate knowledge of the human 
 constitution and a closer study of remedial 
 agents; and these may be accepted as, in some 
 measure,, an equivalent. At least we must be 
 satisfied with them for the present. What may 
 emerge in the progress of science we can only 
 conjecture. Such forecasts as I have ventured 
 upon in a note, may be accepted for what they 
 are worth. 
 
 The revision and additions made in this edition, 
 it is hoped, have increased its interest and 
 usefulness. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 WHAT IS THE NATURAL DURATION' OF HUMAN LIFE? I 
 
 THE SCOPE AND LIMIT OF THIS WORK 7 
 
 IS THE DURATION OF LIFE IN ANY DEGREE WITHIN 
 
 OUR POWER? 8 
 
 SOME GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS RESPECTING AD- 
 VANCED AGE II 
 
 CAUSES OF NEGLECT OF HEALTH 22 
 
 IS LONGEVITY DESIRABLE? 25 
 
 PHYSIOLOGY OF ADVANCED AGE 28 
 
 HEREDITY _ 37 
 
 THE MEANS OF AMELIORATING AND RETARDING THE 
 
 EFFECTS OF AGE 38 
 
 RECUPERATIVE POWER— VIS MEDICATRIX NATURAE — 
 
 WHAT IS LIFE ? 52 
 
 WATER, ITS BEARING ON HEALTH AND DISEASE . . 56 
 
 MINERAL WATERS 62 
 
 STIMULANTS — SPIRITUOUS AND MALT LIQUORS AND 
 
 WINE . 65 
 
 CLIMATE, ITS EFFECTS ON LONGEVITY 68 
 
x Contents. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 DISREGARDED DEVIATIONS FROM HEALTH IN AGED 
 
 PERSONS 72 
 
 a. FAULTY NUTRITION— GENERAL ATTENUATION . 73 
 
 b. LOCAL FAILURE OF NUTRITION 78 
 
 C. OBESITY 79 
 
 PAIN— THE USE AND MISUSE OF NARCOTICS . . . . 8l 
 
 a. DOLOR SENILIS 83 
 
 b. NARCOTICS -86 
 
 C. SARSAPARILLA AND OTHER REMEDIAL AGENTS . 91 
 
 GOUT, NEW REMEDIES FOR 95 
 
 RHEUMATISM IOO 
 
 LUMBAGO 102 
 
 LIMIT TO THE USE OF NARCOTICS I03 
 
 THE STOMACH AND DIGESTION 104 
 
 THE LIVER Io6 
 
 THE LOWER BOWELS IIO 
 
 THE KIDNEYS AND URINE — SIMPLE OVERFLOW — 
 ALBUMENOUS URINE, BRIGHT'S DISEASE — MUDDY 
 URINE, GRAVEL, STONE — IRRITABLE BLADDER — 
 
 DIABETES 112 
 
 THE THROAT, AIR PASSAGES, LUNGS, BRONCHITIS . 130 
 
 THE HEART ! 3 8 
 
 ' BRAIN— MIND, MOTIVE'POWER, SLEEP, PARALYSIS . . I43 
 ESTABLISHED FACTS RESPECTING LONGEVITY . . .151 
 
 DISEASES FATAL AFTER 60 t 
 
 « 
 
, Contents. xi 
 
 PAGE 
 
 SUMMARY 157 
 
 AN EXPERIMENT PROPOSED l6l 
 
 NOTES ON SOME COLLATERAL TOPICS— 
 
 a. LONGEVITY, OF THE PATRIARCHS AND IN ANCIENT 
 
 TIMES , 164 
 
 6. FLOURENS ON LONGEVITY 165 
 
 C. POPULAR ERRORS RESPECTING LONGEVITY. . . 167 
 
 d. WASTE OF HUMAN LIFE 169 
 
 e. MORAL AND RELIGIOUS ASPECTS OF LONGEVITY. 170 
 
 f. IMPORTANCE OF EARLY TREATMENT OF DIS- 
 
 ORDERS 171 
 
 g. THE BONES OF OLD PEOPLE BRITTLE . . . . 1 73 
 
 h. CONDITION OF VERY OLD PEOPLE 1 74 
 
 i. ONE HUNDRED AND FIVE YEARS, THE EXTREME 
 
 LIMIT OF HUMAN LIFE 174 
 
 j. A CASE OF RECUPERATION 175 
 
 k. ON THE WATER USED IN COUNTRY TOWNS . .175 
 
 /. PURE AERATED WATER 1 77 
 
 m. ANTICIPATIONS 177 
 
 tl. ADULTERATION OF FOOD, ETC., ITS EFFECTS ON 
 
 HUMAN LIFE 182 
 
 O. CASES OF PROLONGED LIFE 1 87 
 
 p. APPLIANCES USEFUL TO AGED PERSONS FOR 
 
 IMMEDIATE RELIEF OF SUFFERING I90 
 
LONGEVITY: 
 
 THE MEANS OF PROLONGING 
 
 LIFE AFTER MIDDLE AGE. 
 
 WHAT IS THE NATURAL OR NORMAL DURATION 
 OF HUMAN LIFE? 
 
 To attain to a lengthened life, to enjoy ease 
 and tranquillity in life's decline, and immunity from 
 pain, debility, and other forms of suffering,, are 
 objects worthy of far more earnest attention than 
 they usually receive. 
 
 At the dawn of modern science, when the pro- 
 perties of natural bodies began to be observed, 
 men sought to find the philosopher's stone, and an 
 elixir vita, hoping to preserve life for ever, or at 
 least for a long and indefinite period, and to obtain 
 wealth by a short and easy process. 
 
 Since we have more accurately investigated the 
 constitution of man, body and mind, the con- 
 ditions of life, health, disease and death, the nature 
 h , B 
 
2 Longevity. 
 
 and relations of things around us, we are able to 
 form more rational aims, and to pursue them with 
 better hopes of success. 
 
 How to evade the causes of disease, to obviate 
 their effects when they touch us, how to reach the 
 utmost extent of the term allotted to human exist- 
 ence are legitimate objects of research. And since 
 the most subtle and most tremendous physical 
 forces are made subservient to our daily wants, and 
 the composition and interaction of the materials 
 of our earth, animate and inanimate, are to some 
 extent ascertained and utilised, surely we may 
 expect that means and appliances should be 
 attainable to preserve and prolong human life, 
 to render longevity the rule for many, and not, 
 as now, the exceptional lot of a few. 
 
 In this line of thought a question emerges 
 which we must meet and answer in limine. 
 
 How long can men live if exempted or pro- 
 tected from all the influences tending to extinguish 
 life prematurely? What is the term, if any, 
 which Divine Providence has affixed to the du- 
 ration of human life ? 
 
 As an obvious fact, numbers reach the age of 
 
Normal Dtiration of Life. 3 
 
 eighty or ninety. A few exceed these years, and 
 nearly or quite touch one hundred. There are 
 others, still fewer indeed, who livie even longer 
 than one hundred years. 
 
 The late Sir George Cornewall Lewis having 
 expressed doubts as to the evidence of any life 
 exceeding One hundred years, much inquiry en- 
 sued. The affirmation, if not absolutely proved, ' 
 must appear to those who have followed the 
 controversy to be most probable. Quite recently 
 however, the first case on record verified by an 
 Assurance society of a person dying at the age of 
 one hundred and three occurred. One such case 
 is conclusive, and must not be ignored in dealing 
 with the questioa before us. Whilst all the re- 
 corded stories of persons living one hundred and 
 fifty to two. hundred years and upwards,. Jenkyns, 
 Parr, etc., must in the present state of our know- 
 ledge be regarded as myths. The very numerous 
 cases claiming ah age somewhat beyond one 
 hundred, when no positive evidence could be 
 adduced, are now proved to have no. inherent 
 impossibility. (See Note A, p. 164.) 
 
 There have been many attempts to determine 
 
4 Longevity. 
 
 what is the limit of human life, and, various 
 opinions have been advanced based upon data 
 as various. None have appeared so reasonable 
 and so worthy of acceptance as that of M. 
 Flourens, and his views have accordingly at- 
 tracted much notice. 
 
 M. Flourens conceives he, has discovered a 
 fixed relation to exist between the time required 
 for the growth to maturity of an animal body, 
 and its ultimate natural duration — all causes of 
 premature mortality excluded. 
 
 Taking his observations from the group mam- 
 malia, of the class vertebrata, as having the closest 
 resemblance to man, and such species as are 
 permitted to live the full term of their natural 
 lives under circumstances not admitting error or 
 doubt, the elephant, horse, dog, etc., he found 
 that their natural life extends exactly to five 
 times the period of their growth. 
 
 Applying the rule thus obtained to human life, 
 and taking the age when the body is fully matured 
 to be twenty years, he concludes the natural dura- 
 tion of the life of man to be o?ie hundred years. 
 (See Note B, p. 165.) 
 
Normal Duration of Life. 5 
 
 If these observations and inference are on the 
 whole well founded, a slight modification must be 
 admitted, since it is highly probable that the time 
 of perfect maturity of growth is not an absolutely 
 fixed, but a variable quantity, some individuals 
 attaining it somewhat earlier, some later. It 
 would perhaps be safe to assume that the body has 
 reached its full development and maturity from 
 eighteen to twenty-one. These numbers multi- 
 plied by five, would bring the natural life of man 
 to be from ninety to one hundred and five years. 
 This conclusion must, we think, be regarded as the 
 truth, or at least a very close approximation to the 
 truth, — the discovery of a most interesting and 
 important natural fact, or law. 
 
 Recent inquiries have proved the fact of many 
 persons living beyond the age of one hundred ; 
 but no one has yet been met with exceeding 
 one hundred and five, — vide seq. 
 
 The inference necessarily follows, that all per- 
 sons who die under eighty years of age, many 
 who die under ninety, some who die under one 
 hundred or even under one hundred and five, die 
 prematurely. (See Note C, p. 167.) 
 
6 Longevity. 
 
 And this inference is supported by observations 
 made in another direction ; for all pathologists 
 agree in stating that very few persons indeed 
 die of mere old age. Of those whose lives 
 reach to between eighty and ninety, and even 
 extend beyond ninety, the majority die of diseases 
 which might have been avoided, cured, or kept 
 in abeyance until the full term of human life 
 had been attained. 
 
 The Registrar-General, in several publications, 
 has deplored the premature mortality of the 
 people of England, and in most forcible language 
 urged the subject on the attention of all thoughtful 
 persons. (See Note D., p. 1-69.) 
 
 His remarks, although they refer to persons 
 of all ages, are most applicable to those who 
 have reached or passed middle age, since it may 
 be assumed that at this epoch knowledge and 
 experience have been matured, and individuals 
 are most capable of judging of the expediency of 
 taking measures for their own preservation. 
 
Limit of this. Work. 7 
 
 THE PURPOSE AND LIMIT OF THIS WORK. 
 
 To trace human life from birth to old age — to 
 point out in detail the known causes which cut 
 it short in infancy, childhood, youth, and ma- 
 turity — to discuss the occasions and circum- 
 stances leading to culpable or unavoidable 
 neglect of precautions and measures for its pre- 
 servation, would require a work of considerable 
 magnitude. My present purpose is to treat of 
 ONE EPOCH only, — that which may not inaptly be 
 designated Advanced Age — in popular language, 
 the Decline of Life, — to show what is the precise 
 nature of the changes in the constitution which 
 take place in that epoch, and constitute in 
 the aggregate ageing, — to enumerate the most 
 common and prominent physical troubles 
 incident to advanced age, — to point out the 
 antidotes and means furnished by science and 
 experience for ameliorating or avoiding those 
 troubles, and for retarding the effects of time, 
 and thus for prolonging life. 
 
8 Longevity. 
 
 IS THE DURATION OF LIFE IN ANY DEGREE 
 WITHIN OUR POWER? 
 
 This question may not unreasonably be raised ; 
 and it may be well to consider it, and to state 
 briefly the arguments on which an affirmative 
 answer may be founded. 
 
 Some persons may. be disposed, frimd facie, 
 to entertain doubts on the subject. The expres- 
 sion in Holy Scripture will occur to them, 
 "There is- an appointed time for man upon 
 earth." Such an interpretation and application 
 of this text is not unfrequently made ; and we 
 often hear the phrase, " His time was come," used 
 to modify the sorrow for the premature loss of 
 friends. This must be an error. The expression 
 rather refers to the limit generally of human 
 life — the hundred years of M. Flourens, or the 
 hundred and five as explained above, or the 
 average duration of life in the human race. 
 That it cannot be meant to apply to individuals, 
 implying a fatal fixity to the term of their ex- 
 istence, is amply proved by incontrovertible facts. 
 
 i. The average duration of life has increased 
 
Causes of Prolonged Life. 9 
 
 during the present century in England and some 
 other countries. This is so generally admitted as 
 to need no proof. 
 
 2. This average varies with different classes of 
 society, and with different occupations. Thus, 
 the clergy enjoy the longest lives : medical men 
 have the shortest, etc., etc. 
 
 3. The rich, or those exempt from the cares 
 and anxieties of business, cceteris paribus, live 
 longer than the middle classes, or the poor. 
 
 Great longevity is, indeed, not uncommon in 
 eleemosynary institutions, asylums, and union 
 workhouses. The reason is obvious : their inmates 
 are (many of them, at least,) absolutely free from 
 cares ; neither for themselves nor their relatives 
 need they suffer anxiety. Generally well fed, 
 clothed, and housed, seldom exposed to external 
 causes of disease (pathogens), they enjoy ad- 
 vantages in these respects not always within the 
 reach of the wealthy, and never of the cjasses 
 immediately above them in the social scale. 
 
 We are able to specify some of the causes of 
 the general extension of human life. 
 
 a. Sanitary improvements enforced by law. 
 
io Longevity. 
 
 b. The more wholesome and provident habits 
 of all classes — in avoiding the recognised causes 
 of disease. 
 
 c. Better food, clothing, ventilation and drainage 
 of dwellings, the use of coal as fuel, etc. 
 
 d. Draining and cultivation of the land. 
 
 e. The progress of the arts of healing — medicine 
 and surgery. 
 
 The benefits already derived from these and 
 other items of progress, justify the hope of a 
 further extension of the duration of life in the 
 future. 
 
 It must be observed, that the extended average 
 is by no means solely due to the lessened mor- 
 tality of children and young persons. The 
 obituaries published daily in the newspaper fre- 
 quently excite attention and remark from the num- 
 ber of very aged people whose death is recorded. 
 
 The irresistible inference from the above well- 
 established facts is, that both material and moral 
 influences abridge or prolong human life. The 
 sum of all science and the instruction derived 
 from experience is, that means exist which enable 
 us to prolong life in every stage. 
 
Attention Demanded. 1 1 
 
 Consequently the enjoyment of long life is, — 
 within limits not strictly definable indeed, — in 
 every man's own power. 
 
 SOME GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS RESPECTING 
 ADVANCED AGE. 
 
 While preparing in youth for the struggle of 
 life, or engaged in its active duties, we have scant 
 time or leisure to give to what we deem a distant 
 future ; but when those periods are past, and we 
 are consciously warned that the time approaches 
 for retirement and repose, we may well turn our 
 thoughts to the questions how the remainder of 
 life can be best preserved from suffering, and 
 whether any and what means may be found to 
 prolong it to its utmost limit. 
 
 Satirists have handled, and wits have made 
 themselves merry with, the nervousness and anx- 
 iety of old people about their ailments. How 
 sorry would such sallies appear, were they directed 
 against a man's care respecting his dwelling. 
 Should we impugn the wisdom of keeping a house 
 waterproof, of anticipating or arresting decay and 
 
1 2 Longevity. 
 
 dilapidations, of watchfulness and care to prevent 
 injuries from time and weather? What sense 
 would there be in disregarding the loss of a sin- 
 gle slate from the roof, the trickling of a few 
 drops of water through the ceilings, the ingress of 
 a puff of air through a crack in the wall ? What 
 should we say of him who neglected a loosened 
 beam, or sinking foundations until the whole 
 building was in danger of falling about his ears ? 
 Is a man's own body of less importance to him- 
 self than his house ? If the timely relief of some 
 slight pain, the notice and repair of some scarcely 
 perceptible disorder in the fabric or the feelings, 
 may avert acute and prolonged sufferings, or, 
 even save for a lengthened time a valuable life, — 
 and every life is valuable, — is it not most unwise 
 to neglect seeking the remedy ? Is it not worth 
 some trouble, care, and expense to understand 
 the evil in its source and its tendency, and to 
 counteract it ? 
 
 When may a man or woman be considered old ? 
 What is the limit of middle or adult age ? and 
 when is the line of demarcation between this and 
 the decline of life passed ? 
 
When the Decline of Life Begins. 13 
 
 This period cannot, indeed, be strictly defined 
 by years. The effects of wear and tear are expe- 
 rienced by some at a much earlier age than by 
 others. Mental or bodily labour, cares, violent 
 emotions, anxieties, etc., produce in a briefer time 
 the changes otherwise requiring years. The phrase, 
 fast living is full of meaning. It implies a crowd- 
 ing of pleasures or sufferings into a shorter com- 
 pass than natural. Still, we may approximate to 
 the era of ageing. Some have said a man is 
 old at forty-five ; others have considered seventy 
 the normal standard. Long observation has con- 
 vinced me that sixty-three is an age at which 
 the majority of persons may be termed old ; and, 
 as a rule, we may adopt this as the epoch of the 
 commencing decline of life. Exceptions, of course, 
 there are; but in a mixed v company, few would 
 fail to discern those who may fairly be pro- 
 nounced old people, as distinguished from the 
 ■ middle-aged ; and, we venture to say, most of 
 them would be found, on inquiry, to have reached 
 or passed sixty -three. 
 
 Sixty-three, it will be observed, corresponds to 
 what the old philosophers designated, " the grand 
 
14 Longevity. 
 
 climacteric " — seven multiplied by nine. They fan- 
 cied some mystical relation belonged to the num- 
 ber seven and its multiples. And no doubt the 
 successive stages of life are marked by certain 
 peculiarities. In early life we think those stages 
 are septennial ; but later, they are rather decades. 
 However this may be, every one is conscious of 
 changes in the constitution, tastes, feelings, mode 
 of thinking, susceptibilities, etc., being marked and 
 recognisable at several epochs of advancing life. 
 
 Physiology makes us acquainted with changes 
 in the very structure of our bodies, whence all 
 the external manifestations of ageing flow. These 
 we shall analyse and describe in the sequel. 
 
 Pathologists have often observed that the effects 
 of pathogens {i.e., external causes of disease — poi- 
 sons, contagions, etc.) differ greatly at various ages. 
 Adults are not liable to many diseases which assault 
 childhood. Elderly persons are exempt from many 
 others which afflict youth and middle age. We 
 know, too, that food and medicine vary in their 
 effects upon us at different stages of life. And, 
 moreover, such diseases as youth and age suffer 
 in common, present, even to superficial observa- 
 
First Precautions. 15 
 
 tion, dissimilar aspects, proceed in different courses, 
 and issue in different results. 
 
 When we first hear the epithet " old " applied 
 to us, we are shocked, and would willingly believe 
 it untrue ; but it soon becomes familiar, and we 
 acquiesce in the imputation as inevitable. Those 
 of us display most wisdom who do not attempt 
 to blind themselves to the fact, but begin without 
 delay to consider the new wants age creates, and 
 the new duties it imposes. Conscious of having 
 passed into a new condition of existence, the phy- 
 siological details of the changes within us should 
 awaken much interest, and particularly excite an- 
 other inquiry of no small importance. 
 
 Ageing, as we have seen, begins at various 
 periods of life, determined always, or mostly, by 
 the general course of the past. There may be in 
 age a condition regarded as perfect health, although 
 doubtless rarely so, as would be discovered, were 
 a strict examination made in any case. More 
 commonly there may be some defect, damage, or 
 latent disorder in the constitution, the result of 
 special wear and tear, previous habits, or attacks of 
 disease long since supposed to have passed away. 
 
1 6 Longevity. 
 
 When, therefore, a consciousness of ageing comes, 
 the questions should be entertained and answered, 
 Is there any such damage existing? What are 
 the weak points in the system ? A careful scien- 
 tific . investigation will supply an answer ; and if 
 any special organs exhibit any sign of weakness, 
 disorder, or lesion, whether it be the brain, the 
 heart, the lungs, the stomach, the liver, the kid- 
 neys, especial attention should be directed to the 
 part, and appropriate remedies at once adopted. 
 Any organ previously the seat of active disease, 
 will generally be the first to give way under the 
 general condition of ageing. To urge this by any 
 arguments on persons retiring from the active pur- 
 suits of life, and hoping to enjoy a calm and 
 prolonged life, would be, one would think, as 
 superfluous as to persuade them to dwell in houses 
 wind and waterproof, or to regulate the tempera- 
 ture of their houses according to the seasons. 
 
 Such an investigation of the constitution as I 
 suggest, may involve trouble and expense; but 
 who that purchases an estate or house neglects to 
 employ a surveyor ? What merchant or trader fails 
 to take stock when he begins or quits business ? 
 
Pain not Inevitable in Age. 17 
 
 I am quite sure it often happens at this epoch 
 of life, that some incipient disease may be de- 
 tected, which, if neglected, would develop and 
 prove fatal in five to ten years, but which, if de- 
 tected and guarded against, would admit of the 
 extension of life for twenty or thirty years. 
 
 If this be thought too exalted an opinion of 
 the efficacy of remedial measures, it will scarcely 
 be questioned that many aged persons have their 
 lives embittered by sufferings which could be ' 
 readily relieved if due attention were given to 
 them. But regimen, including, of course, every- 
 thing around us, and medicinal agents with spe- 
 cial powers to repair damage and invigorate weak 
 organs, are as available and efficacious in age 
 as in youth. \t is a fallacy to suppose age is 
 necessarily accompanied by pain and suffering. 
 How often do we hear the expression, "Oh, he 
 is an old man. What can we expect ? " or, 
 " Consider her age : what is the use of medi- 
 cine?" Whereas I maintain that advanced age 
 ought to, be a stronger and more urgent reason 
 for seeking, without delay, every means of relief. 
 The first symptom of disorder in any part, how- 
 
 C 
 
r8 Longevity. 
 
 ever slight, should receive immediate attention; 
 pain should not be endured an hour in any 
 part without proper investigation of its seat and 
 cause, and recourse to remedies. 
 
 It is very generally considered that sudden 
 death is an evil, and that it is preferable for us 
 all to have some warning and forecast of the 
 inevitable end of life. The Church of England 
 teaches its members to pray for exemption from 
 sudden death. We read and hear daily of per- 
 sons dying suddenly. Careful inquiry of surviv- 
 ing friends, if such there be, will almost always 
 discover that there were warnings, although ne- 
 glected, — signs, slight perhaps, but sufficient to 
 indicate to a practised eye, had such an eye been 
 directed to them, the approaching catastrophe. 
 And, in no small number of cases there is, at 
 the same time, good reason to lament the ne- 
 glect, embittered by the certainty that science 
 had resources adequate, to avert the deplored 
 issue. 
 
 I have already remarked, that the disorders and 
 diseases of aged persons differ greatly from those 
 of youth and adults in middle life ; and it must 
 
Physicians for Aged Persons. rcj- 
 
 be added, that they ought to engage the special- 
 attention of a distinct class of physicians. 
 
 Specialities are not generally in favour with 
 the profession ; but the public hoki a different 
 opinion. The propriety of such specialities scarcely 
 admits of an argument. The diseases of the mind, 
 of women and children, of the eyes, ear, throat, 
 teeth, etc., have special practitioners, popularly 
 supposed to be more skilful and experienced in 
 their treatment respectively than those who spread 
 their practice over the whole field of medicine. 
 I am certain that the troubles, disorders, and 
 condition of elderly people demand very special 
 and careful study and observation to understand. 
 
 There are several works on the disorders and 
 diseases incident to advanced life, written by phy- 
 sicians of repute. Of these, we may mention Dr. 
 Rush, of Philadelphia, U.S., Sir Anthony Car- 
 lisle, Sir Henry Halford, Dr. Van Oven, Dr. Day, 
 Sir Henry Holland, and Dr. Maclachlanl All 
 these authors treat chiefly of overt diseases, 
 their symptoms, and mode of treatment. 
 
 But, underlying such overt diseases, is the cause 
 of the peculiarities they exhibit, — the especial con- 
 
20 Longevity. 
 
 dition of the system in aged persons. This I 
 have found no satisfactory attempt to explain or 
 describe. It is, nevertheless, definite and appre- 
 ciable enough. Even to the eye of a common 
 observer, some of the phenomena are unmistak- 
 able. We are conscious enough of them in our- 
 selves, and our younger friends are not slow in 
 observing them. 
 
 It is, however, only when the changes and 
 peculiarities of the system in aged persons are 
 carefully studied, with their relations, antecedents, 
 and consequences, that we are able to devise 
 hygienic measures, preventive of overt disease 
 and preservative of life. 
 
 And when defined, and its several items recog- 
 nised and described, does the state of ageing 
 admit of being ameliorated, retarded, and the 
 inevitable result of the intrusion of the great and 
 mysterious factor— Time — postponed ? This ques- 
 tion will be answered in the sequel affirmatively. 
 
 Of course, if a life is to be preserved and pro- 
 longed by any means or measures, it must be with 
 the sensible and rational co-operation of the indi- 
 vidual. It would be very happy for us had we a 
 
Is Long Life Desirable. 21 
 
 mystic elixir capable of preserving life, in spite of 
 old damages and injurious habits ; but we have 
 not. If life is not worth some trouble for its 
 preservation, my labour in writing is useless. I 
 know the tendency of most persons' is to shut 
 their eyes, and glide on to the end ; but some will 
 surely profit by information designed, at least, for 
 their benefit. A French writer, alluding to the 
 too common neglect of means and precautions 
 prescribed by science for preserving and prolong- 
 ing life, says : " Men do not usually . die ; they 
 kill themselves." 
 
 This negligence is strikingly contrasted with 
 the desire and efforts made to conceal the ad- 
 vance of age. The use of hair dyes, cosmetics, 
 rouge, etc., testifies to the fear of appearing old. 
 Were as much trouble taken and expense judi- 
 ciously incurred toi abate and stay the radical 
 changes in the constitution which make age 
 dreaded as an evil, it would be far better, and 
 indirectly the purpose aimed at would be more 
 completely attained. The personal appearance 
 of an aged person in the enjoyment of health 
 can seldom or never be displeasing. 
 
2 2 Longevity. 
 
 WHY ARE THE MEANS FOR PRESERVING HEALTH 
 AND PROLONGING LIFE NEGLECTED ? 
 
 It may be useful to consider for a moment 
 the causes of the neglect which so often leads 
 to the abridgment of life. 
 
 They are twofold : first, prevalent erroneous 
 opinions ; and second, inordinate love of money, 
 or, at least, injudicious economy. 
 
 On the first point I avail myself of the follow- 
 ing admirable remarks of the Times, on the 
 occasion of a trial of one of the sect calling 
 themselves "The Peculiar People," who repudiate 
 medicine, and trust solely in the Divine aid. 
 
 "Their present doctrine," says the Times, "is 
 partly an expression of the vulgar error which 
 considers the doctor as a person working by the 
 aid of physic only, and which regards physic as 
 an agency for causing some indirect change in 
 the pre-existing state of the bodily functions. 
 There are many, even among the educated classes, 
 who have yet to learn that the business of the 
 physician is not so much to heal the sick as 
 to place them in a condition most favourable 
 
Neglect of Remedial Measures. 23 
 
 to their recovery — to 1 find out where their habits 
 or occupations, or the hurtful influences to which 
 they have been exposed, have thrown an undue 
 stress upon this or upon that organ ; to consider 
 by what assistance the natural balance of the 
 system may be restored ; to relieVe pain ; and 
 to obviate for the time the tendency to death. 
 
 "The argument which enunciates the duty of 
 using appropriate means, notwithstanding the most 
 assured faith in the Divine protection, is so old 
 and has been worn so threadbare (by repetition) 
 that it would be impertinent even to refer to 
 it were it not that ' recent facts ' show the 
 existence; in the very centre of our civilization, 
 of people of reputable character and good inten- 
 tions before whom this argument has never been 
 brought, or upon whom it has at least failed 
 to produce any impression." 
 
 A theology which does not recognise in the 
 healing properties and powers of plants and 
 minerals a Divine provision and ordinance to 
 meet the needs of mankind, is fatally defective. 
 Science seeks to discover and apply them. To 
 neglect and refuse the benefits they proffer is 
 
24 Longevity. 
 
 indefensible on any basis of reason or common 
 sense. 
 
 "Medical men would themselves be the first 
 to admit — first, that many cases of ordinary 
 sickness tend naturally to recovery ; secorid, many 
 others tend, as we all know, irresistibly to death ; 
 third, but there remains a third class, and a 
 very large one, in which science and experience 
 alike bear witness that the skill of the physician 
 or the surgeon may determine the movement 
 of the wavering balance, and may make the 
 difference between death and recovery." 
 
 The second point, the sacrifice of life to 
 economy, may be illustrated by an anecdote. A 
 gentleman had a sharp attack of acute disease, — 
 just a case where the balance was turned by 
 skilled attention and vigorous measures. The 
 physician took his leave with the remark, "You 
 will be liable to another attack. Send for me 
 or some other medical man at once. A delay 
 of a day or two may prove fatal." The patient 
 reckoned up the fees he had paid, and found 
 they amounted to twenty guineas. Just a year 
 after, the disease returned; but consulting with 
 
Is Long Life Desirable? 25 
 
 his wife, they thought that with the aid of the 
 old prescriptions many guineas might be saved. 
 They disregarded the doctor's judicious advice, — 
 delayed a few days, — the attack proved fatal. 
 After hearing the history of the disease, he said, 
 " I am confident, had proper means been taken 
 at the first, the attack might have been warded 
 off." This gentleman distributed £50,000 by his 
 will. 
 
 There is no short and sharp process to stay 
 the troubles of the aged. An occasional visit 
 to- the best of physicians or surgeons will not 
 do. There must be watchfulness,, and the im- 
 mediate use of measures of relief for every degree 
 of deviation from health. If money is regarded 
 as more valuable than life, nothing more can 
 be said. (See Note F, p. 171.) 
 
 IS LONGEVITY DESIRABLE? 
 
 Is it desirable to live to old age, to prolong 
 life when the epoch of its decline has been 
 reached — when, its active duties must be in 
 some measure abandoned and superseded by 
 bodily repose, quiet meditation, and thought ? 
 
26 Longevity. 
 
 This can only be decided by each individual 
 for himself or herself. 
 
 Not unfrequently, the life of aged persons, heads 
 Of families or otherwise, is of incalculable value 
 and importance to their children, friends, or de- 
 pendents. 
 
 Many people, without considering such ties or 
 claims, may deem a prolonged life desirable for 
 themselves, having attained the objects of their 
 ambition — wealth or reputation. Or even those 
 who have simply reached a position giving them 
 ease and immunity from care and anxiety after an 
 active life of business, must surely desire to enjoy 
 the quiet and repose of age as long as possible. 
 
 Surely, to all such, every available means for 
 the preservation of life, and for attaining the full 
 period of existence, should be of great interest, 
 carefully sought and diligently employed. 
 
 Three thousand years ago, a wise man wrote : 
 " There is an evil which I have seen under the 
 sun, and it is common among men. A man to 
 whom God has given riches, wealth, and honour, 
 so that he wanteth nothing for his soul of all that 
 he desireth; yet God giveth him not the power 
 
Is Long Life Desirable? 27 
 
 to eat thereof, but a stranger eateth it : this is 
 vanity and an evil disease." 
 
 This is equally true at the present moment. 
 Witness the tens of thousands scattered over the 
 whole country, and, indeed, we may say, the whole 
 world, wasting their lives in indolence, self-indul- 
 gence, perhaps vice ; expending the wealth gained 
 by the labour, anxiety, and often, it must be feared, 
 by means of questionable propriety, of those who 
 had a very brief tenure of it. Surely, if it be de- 
 sirable to obtain riches, it is not less desirable to 
 have the enjoyment of them as long as the laws 
 of our being permit. Age has real and substan- 
 tial enjoyments when not marred by suffering. 
 If God has provided the means, it is our- own 
 fault if we refuse or neglect to use them. (See 
 Note E, p. 170.) 
 
 Impatient under some slight pain, some dis- 
 appointment, or the conviction that pleasures 
 long enjoyed can no longer be pursued, people 
 will say they care not how soon their life may 
 end. This is oftener on the lips than in the 
 heart. It is certainly unwise, and a token rather 
 of weakness than of moral courage. If it means 
 
28 Longevity. 
 
 anything, it, signifies a readiness to throw away 
 a man's best possession. It is the spirit of a 
 thoughtless prodigal, not the wisdom to be de- 
 rived from experience and which ought to cha- 
 racterize age. 
 
 PHYSIOLOGY OF ADVANCED AGE. 
 
 The characteristics of age being open to ordi- 
 nary observation, a popular term — DECAY — is 
 applied to the aggregate. This word has a very 
 wide and deep signification in science. It is the 
 province of physiology to analyse and define it. 
 As a general expression, it is suitable both in 
 science and ordinary language, but it must not 
 exclude a careful attention to the special pheno- 
 mena it includes. 
 
 In order to render this section intelligible to 
 non-professional readers, it is necessary „to make 
 a few preliminary remarks. 
 
 Physiologists distinguish the textures of the 
 body from the proximate elements, or materials 
 of which they are composed. Flesh, bones, car- 
 tilages, membranes, vessels, etc., the skin, the 
 blood, the fluids, nerve matter, etc., — these are 
 
Physiology of Advanced Agp. 29 
 
 all made up of a comparatively few materials : 
 albumen, gelatin, fibrin, fat, together with lime, 
 potass, soda, magnesia, iron, chlorine, and oxygen, 
 in various combinations, and a large amount of 
 water, — a compound of oxygen and hydrogen. 
 
 It is with these materials that the mysterious 
 principle, life, constructs the textures and builds up 
 all the organs, compacting them into one whole. 
 
 While life continues, there must be a constant 
 influx into the system of raw materials, as food 
 and air. These undergo in the stomach and lungs 
 changes fitting them to become parts of the living 
 blood ajid textures. 
 
 The reduction of these materials into the form 
 of the proximate elements, and appropriating them 
 to build, or repair the various organs, is termed 
 digestion and assimilation. A highly compli- 
 cated, curious, and beautiful mechanism is pro- 
 vided for the purpose, which is the object of the 
 science of anatomy. Passing by the mechanism, 
 we confine our attention to the materials. 
 
 Every active motion of the body and mind 
 involves the use and 1 destruction of some part 
 of the substances composing the blood and tex- 
 
30 Longevity. 
 
 tures. After fulfilling these uses, they undergo 
 changes, and are finally excluded from the body 
 (excretions). During health there is a normal 
 order, a fixed and regular direction and manner, 
 in all these changes. 
 
 We can distinguish two groups of materials, 
 and two series of changes. To one group we 
 apply the term nitrogenous, because the element 
 nitrogen takes the leading part in them. The 
 other we designate carbonaceous, from a similar 
 predominance of carbon. 
 
 The materials containing nitrogen are the 
 nutritive parts of food ; those in which carbon 
 prevails, the carbonaceous, are for the main- 
 tenance of animal heat, essential to preserve the 
 due temperature for all the actions. 
 
 The latter, however, have an intermediary use. 
 They become fat, and this aids the mobility of 
 the muscles, and gives rotundity and beauty of 
 form to the surface. 
 
 The nitrogenous matters, when used up, pass 
 out of the system chiefly by the urine. 
 
 The carbonaceous are thrown off for the most 
 part in the breath. 
 
Physiology of Advanced Age. 3 1 
 
 In the urine, too, the saline constituents leave 
 the system. 
 
 It can now be partly understood how any in- 
 terruption of the supply of food or pure air, and 
 how any disorder or disturbance of the changes, the 
 metamorphoses of the constituents, or proximate 
 elements of the body, produce various diseases. 
 
 Let us now contemplate the condition of a' 
 person in what would be termed good health, 
 who would, if interrogated, say, "I am quite 
 well," or perhaps, " I am as well as I can ex- 
 pect;" that is, free from any overt disease, but 
 who has reached the age of say 55 to 70, and is 
 visibly ageing. As compared with the condition 
 in youth or, vigorous middle life, — 
 
 1. The fibrin of the blood and tissues is of a 
 looser texture — {i.e., less compactly organized). 
 
 2. The albumen is less perfect, forming a feebler 
 coagulum when heated. 
 
 3. The chondrin (i.e., the condensed gelatin of 
 the cartilages joining the ends of the bones in 
 the joints) is less compact and dense ; its spongy 
 texture admitting nodules of earthy matter to be 
 deposited in it. 
 
2)2 Longevity. 
 
 4. The fat is more oily, softer, more fusible. 
 
 5. The bones are more brittle, from a deficiency 
 of the earthy phosphates. {See Note G, p. 173.) 
 
 6. The blood is weak, watery ; its coagulum less 
 in amount ; its colour is darker ; its saline con- 
 stituents more variable ; the total quantity circu- 
 lating in the blood-vessels is less. 
 
 To these conditions of the proximate elements 
 and component parts are referable the flabbi- 
 ness of the muscles, wrinkled skin, sunken eyes, 
 furrowed face, drooping features, stooping gait,- 
 diminished acuteness of the senses, dimness of 
 vision, dulness of hearing, all more or less per- 
 ceptible in advanced age. 
 
 That property of the textures in youth which 
 we call resilience, . springiness, elasticity, is lost 
 in age. This fault, when found in the lungs, tends 
 to the frequency of fatal congestion. 
 
 7. Nervine is the matter composing the brain, 
 spinal chord, and nerves. In the nerves, nervine, 
 sheathed in a skin-like covering, is spread through- 
 out the whole body. Where we can best see it, 
 which is in the brain itself, we find it softer, yield- 
 ing more readily to any slight violence, and visibly 
 
Physioldgy of Advanced Age. 33 
 
 changed in appearance — a change not easily de- 
 scribed in words, beyond mere softening. 
 
 This matter of the brain and nerves is the seat 
 of feeling and all the senses, the , channel of the 
 will and motory power, the mysterious depository 
 of all that is stored in the memory, and probably 
 the agent in all the mental faculties. 
 
 Mental diseases in their multitudinous forms, 
 paralysis (frequent in aged persons), obtuseness 
 of the senses, taste, hearing, sight, smell ; follow 
 molecular changes in nerve matter {nervine). 
 
 Such being the condition of the system in ad- 
 vanced life as to its materials, we can readily 
 understand how overt disease may speedily arise 
 in the several organs, appearing to be spontaneous, 
 and how readily disease may be excited by ex- 
 ternal agents. (See Note H., p. 174.) 
 
 On the one hand, some one or more organs 
 will exhibit signs of degeneracy, morbid feebleness, 
 sluggish action, partial or complete loss of power, 
 softening, or other change of texture, failure of 
 their functions. This is popularly termed decay. 
 
 On the other hand, susceptibility to morbid 
 influences from without, predisposition to suffer 
 
 D 
 
34 Longevity. 
 
 from changes of temperature — particularly cold, 
 to impressions when exposed to even weak poi-' 
 sons, to temporary fatigue, or to privation ; all 
 these and the like are explicable on the above 
 physiological grounds: 
 
 Our state in advanced life may be regarded as 
 analogous to and classed with diatheses, i.e., special 
 tendencies, or predispositions, such as we meet 
 with and recognize in every stage of existence : a 
 liability to some one form of disease rather than 
 to others. 
 
 It may not appear very scientific or precise, to 
 speak of age, as to its internal characteristics, as 
 a diathesis; but this is the nearest approach to a 
 correct definition for the purpose of comparison 
 we can reach. And something is always- gained 
 when we can arrange any set of phenomena under 
 a general head or principle. The Registrar- 
 General groups together certain states, or rather 
 diseases, under the generic term diathetic. 
 
 The general idea being of a latent subtle con- 
 dition of the system {diathesis), when occasional 
 causes produce peculiar trains of symptoms, and 
 modify ordinary diseases. 
 
Physiology of Advanced Age. 35 
 
 We may therefore safely speak of the senile 
 diathesis; and this simple name may not be barren 
 of results, considering the influence of words upon 
 our inquiries and conclusions. 
 
 What of the indwelling life itself ? How is this 
 affected by lapse of time ? It has been supposed 
 that a certain amount is implanted at birth, which 
 is lessened or enfeebled in age, and at length is 
 worn out and extinguished. The vital lamp is a 
 favourite metaphor ; and life is assumed to end as a 
 lamp goes out, for lack of fuel. It must be remem- 
 bered that this is figurative, and we must not push 
 such analogies too far. It is true there is a limited 
 duration to every organized body — a time when its 
 life ceases ; but it would seem to be its teguments, 
 and envelop which weaken and decay ; to this 
 the law of extinction in time applies, rather than 
 to the vital principle itself. Hence, as we have 
 already noticed, few persons die of simple old 
 age; and the vital, as distinguished from muscular, 
 or molecular force, is very often observed to be 
 very vigorous in old people. The idea of en- 
 feebled vital power need not in any degree 
 lessen our efforts to prolong life. 
 
36 Longevity. % 
 
 Delicacy of constitution, and sickliness in child- 
 hood and youth, and even extending into middle 
 age, do not in all cases prevent the attainment 
 of longevity. In reading the memoirs of dis- 
 tinguished individuals who have lived to a good 
 old age, it is very common to find it stated that 
 they were remarkably feeble children. The late 
 Mr. S. Rogers, the poet, said he never knew what 
 health was until he had attained his 50th year. 
 
 The fact of the frequent longevity of the inmates 
 of unions and eleemosynary institutions, which is 
 well attested, seems to prove that hard labour, 
 rough living, even disorders of health in early 
 and middle age, are not an insuperable bar to 
 the attainment of ease and comfort at a later 
 period ; and a prolonged life may notwithstanding 
 be hoped for by persons who have experienced 
 such troubles in a better social position. 
 
 It is usual, when the lives of centenarians are 
 written, to meet the observation that they had 
 an originally good constitution ; but this is merely 
 an inference from the fact of their longevity, not 
 from any satisfactory evidence of their primitive 
 soundness and vigour. {Sec Note I., p. 174.) 
 
Heredity. 3 7 
 
 Heredity. 
 
 Considerable importance is attached by insu- 
 rance societies to hereditary influence upon the 
 length of life in individuals proposing to insure. 
 To a certain extent this may be judicious. We 
 often find the members of a family, even when 
 numerous, dying about the same age. Diseases 
 suffered by parents appear in their ( offspring at 
 a time corresponding pretty closely to that at 
 which the former were attacked. Robert Southey 
 noticed the curious resemblance of persons in 
 age to parents whom they were most unlike in 
 early life. Nevertheless our inferences on this 
 point may carry us too far. Many persons whose 
 parents died young attain to a good old age, 
 and aged persons not unfrequently survive all 
 their offspring. The subject still demands a 
 rigorous statistical inquiry. And when we find, 
 as frequently happens, elderly people indulging 
 in gloomy forebodings because they have reached 
 an age equal' to, or beyond that attained by 
 their ancestors, we may confidently assure them 
 that, so far from there being any law of nature to 
 
38 ■ Longevity. 
 
 support the opinion, it ought rather to encourage 
 and enforce the adoption of measures for the 
 preservation and extension of their own life. 
 
 Hereditary diseases there are, and every phy- 
 sician takes account of them in dealing with his 
 patients ; but it is also certain that in many 
 cases it is rather exposure to the same causes, of 
 disease, the same habits and occupations, which 
 bring about the resemblance in the results ; and 
 these too have to be duly estimated. 
 
 THE MEANS OF AMELIORATING AND RETARDING 
 THE EFFECTS OF AGE. 
 
 The first item of advice we would offer to per- 
 sons who have passed the meridian of life is, if 
 possible to secure for themselves mental tranquillity. 
 The secular business of life, if it has been mainly 
 employed, as it is with most of us, in obtaining the 
 means of living and provision for ourselves and 
 families, ought to be over as soon as enough has 
 been acquired to satisfy reasonable wants and 
 desires, to secure contentment and quiet so far as 
 worldly possessions can give them. If with an 
 adequate fortune some object of ambition has 
 
Menial Tranquillity. ■ 39' 
 
 been pursued,, with age should come a calm 
 retrospect and estimate of its worth. It is happy 
 for a man who reaches this goal at the age of 50, 
 or earlier. At 66, or as soon after as possible, 
 our desires should be adjusted to our attainments 
 and means, by modifying the former rather than 
 attempting to better the latter by hazardous or 
 even by legitimate enterprises. At least, all 
 mental anxiety or disquietude should be care- 
 fully avoided. In this country, indeed, there are 
 very many persons who never have any grounds 
 for an anxious thought. Born to fortune and 
 exempt from ambition, they are nevertheless 
 subjected to the common lot of humanity, beset 
 by troubles of another kind, some real, some 
 imaginary. It 'is not the idle and listless who, 
 in any marked measure, enjoy the blessing of 
 longevity. Wholesome occupation and moderate 
 means are most favourable to long life, which, as 
 we have before remarked, attaches to the clergy, 
 and to the female sex pre-eminently. 
 
 This fact teaches us the next lesson, namely, 
 that sobriety is most congenial to health and life. 
 Experience fails to support the pretensions of 
 
40 Longevity. 
 
 the zealous preachers of total abstinence from 
 fermented liquors. A judicious use of wine, the 
 quantity and quality being duly regarded, is 
 certainly beneficial in advanced life. No rule 
 can be given with any approach to accuracy as 
 to the kind and amount of wine which is desir- 
 able. So much depends upon previous habits. 
 I, for my own part, as a physician, greatly prefer 
 to prescribe the wine, and define the quantity, for 
 an aged patient who has been in early and middle 
 age extremely temperate. If wine or other stimu- 
 lant has been indulged in excessively, it is rare, 
 on careful investigation, to find a person at or 
 beyond the age of 63 entirely free from some da- 
 mage in one, or more organs. Still such damage, 
 if not very considerable, admits of reparation, when 
 there is a resolute will to abstain, or regulate the 
 amount of stimulants by the real needs of the 
 constitution. 
 
 As to food, common sense should suffice for 
 every one to observe the effects of any course, or 
 article of diet, and to avoid any which is felt to 
 be injurious. Generally, aged persons require a diet' 
 containing most nutrition in the least bulk. Hence 
 
Sobriety and Moderation in Food. 41 
 
 animal substances should preponderate. Generally 
 they will have a preference for mutton, poultry, 
 game, and often for gelatinous food, rather than 
 beef, pork, lamb, or veal. And this preference is 
 in accordance with physiology. Farinaceous sub- 
 stances, although, not excluded from the role of 
 diet, should be adopted sparingly; exceptions de- 
 pending upon special conditions, such as morbid 
 leanness, disorders of the kidneys, etc., which will 
 be spoken of below. We often witness grave 
 errors committed from want of correct informa- 
 tion. For instance, arrowroot, or some form of 
 starch, beef-tea, so called concentrated foods, etc., 
 are taken for the muscular debility common in 
 the aged. Under such a diet the 'weakness con- 
 tinues, and increases often to a fatal end. In the 
 general defect of nutrition some one organ droops 
 in function, and becomes disorganized, to the 
 danger or loss of life. 
 
 As with the use of wine and stimulants, the 
 diet of aged persons must be regulated by giving 
 due consideration to their former habits, present 
 mode of living, pecuniary means, and the like ; 
 but one rule may be suggested, namely, to divide 
 
42 ' Longevity. 
 
 the amount of food taken into three or four meals, 
 rather than one large one (dinner usually), in the 
 day. A sense of fulness or oppression after eating 
 should never be disregarded. 
 
 As the system in advanced life is more amen- 
 able to certain morbid influences from without 
 than in. early life, it is advisable for elderly people 
 to be more watchful against them. 
 
 A wholesome dwelling, well drained, free from 
 damp, its interior unaffected by changes of tem- 
 perature without, and admitting free ventilation 
 when artificially warmed, are certain conditions of 
 prolonged life. Nothing is so fatal to old people 
 as cold, and this is intensified by the addition of 
 moisture. Therefore, when possible, a residence 
 should be selected in an elevated position, on a 
 sandy, or gravelly soil, where fogs are rare, and 
 where exercise, walking or riding, can be taken 
 in fine weather without getting chilled, or wetted. 
 Night air, in our climate, ought never to be en- 
 countered. The evenings, if not the entire day, 
 should be spent in rooms moderately heated — 
 not too hot — and well ventilated. About 6o° F. 
 is the temperature most congenial. The bed- 
 
Residence and Clothing. 43 
 
 room especially should be kept at this heat 
 both night and day. A glass-house for walking 
 exercise during the cold of the winter is a great 
 comfort. Exposure to cold with wraps about 
 the throat and heavy clothing, should be de- 
 cidedly avoided. Some people think it effeminate 
 to have a fire in their bedroom in cold weather : 
 this is a great mistake. Both for warmth and 
 ventilation no means have yet been devised 
 equally advantageous with an open fire and 
 chimney ; and by the use of certain species 
 of coal, which burn slowly without requiring 
 to be stirred, a tolerably equable temperature 
 can be maintained through the night. When 
 there is no fire the chimney should be kept 
 open for the ventilation. Disturbed sleep and 
 headaches in the morning are common conse- 
 quences of the use of a closed register stove. 
 
 Of suitable clothing, varying with the seasons, 
 it is unnecessary to speak. 
 
 With other misleading advertisements abounding 
 in the newspapers, and trickling down whole columns 
 of the Times in particular, hot or Turkish baths 
 are recommended as infallible means of prolonging 
 
44 Longevity. 
 
 life. With respect to the Turkish bath, elderly- 
 persons should, I think, never use it, since it is 
 extremely exhaustive, and it is seldom they have 
 any redundant muscular strength. If used, it 
 should be very rarely, and only by advice of a 
 physician. 
 
 Hot baths demand also great care. I have often 
 known, and more frequently heard of, cases where 
 they have proved fatal. When there are symptoms 
 of head trouble, pains, dizziness, etc., suddenly 
 depriving the brain of blood by immersion in hot 
 water, which causes the blood to flow to other 
 parts of the body, induces cerebral collapse, 
 and either immediate death, or fatal paralysis, or 
 stupor (coma). For cleanliness, and to preserve a 
 healthy state of the skin, I recommend all old 
 people to employ hot water with soap and flannel 
 or sponge (the flannel is best), using a moderate 
 degree of friction. A foot-bath of hot water, with 
 the addition of a table-spoonful of flour of mustard, 
 is very useful when there is fulness of the vessels 
 of the head, continued sleeplessness, or obstinately 
 cold extremities. 
 
 The objections to the hot bath do not apply 
 
Bathing — how to be Conducted. 45 
 
 to the employment of hot air or vapour, the 
 patient being in bed in a recumbent position. 
 There are simple contrivances by which this kind 
 of bath can be readily obtained without trouble. 
 This simple remedy is too often neglected in cases 
 where free perspiration so produced would prove 
 of great value. 
 
 A modified kind of shampooing, — consisting of 
 friction over the -skin, and kneading of the deeper 
 textures, muscles, and joints, — is a very useful pro- 
 ceeding to remove the stiffness and immobility, 
 and the sense of fatigue after slight exertion, often 
 experienced. This process will often remove the 
 pains in the loins besetting elderly people, as well 
 as impart elasticity to the limbs and agility to 
 their movements. 
 
 A tranquil mind, well-selected and arranged 
 diet, moderation in the use of wine and other 
 stimulants, exercise short of fatigue in favourable 
 states of the weather, confinement to a warm house 
 in cold or wet weather, well-warmed and ventilated 
 sleeping apartments, clothing adapted to the sea- 
 sons, maintenance of the animal heat of the body, 
 particularly of the lower extremities, careful avoid- 
 
46 Longevity. 
 
 ance of external influences tending to produce 
 disease, malaria, and the like ; judicious bathing, 
 to secure a healthy skin, — these are the principal 
 points claiming the attention of aged persons, even 
 when enjoying the best health. 
 
 To ' these must be added, immediate recourse 
 to the Physician when any overt disorder or suf- 
 fering is experienced. 
 
 My purpose is not to teach elderly people to 
 treat themselves when ill ; but, in the following 
 pages, to deal with infirmities besetting them, 
 which are generally borne without an effort to 
 obtain relief, being regarded as either too insig- 
 nificant, or as inevitable and irremediable evils. 
 In some instances, such' conditions or changes in 
 the system as would be sure to bring, in a longer 
 or shorter time, disorders and fatal disease if neg- 
 lected, are shown to be amenable to simple and 
 easily-employed measures. 
 
 The question may now be asked, whether there 
 is any probability, or even possibility, of the dis- 
 covery of a physical agent capable of completely 
 arresting the changes in the system constituting 
 ageing, or preserving the integrity of the body 
 
Summary of Advice. 47 
 
 and all its parts with the vigour of youth and 
 middle-age tip to the extreme limit of life ? 
 
 This question is by no means an idle one. If, 
 a few years since, it had been asked whether it 
 were possible for any thing or process so entirely 
 to suppress feeling that the limbs could be ampu- 
 tated without pain, such a question might well 
 have been deemed visionary, and treated with con- 
 tempt. But the use of anaesthetics has now been 
 practised so long, that their effects cease to excite 
 our wonder, although they are really most won- 
 derful. Not one or two agents with this property, 
 but many, are now known. 
 
 Scientific ideas run long in grooves. When a 
 new line is struck and followed, most unexpected 
 discoveries are made. Inferences from analogy 
 are easy or obvious ; yet they are often most 
 prolific in results. Inoculation of small-pox led 
 to the discovery of vaccination. When the nature 
 and properties of such agents as the ethers, chlo- 
 roform, chloral, and its hydrate, are considered, 
 together with their history and the manner in 
 which they became known, we are greatly encou- 
 raged to hope for the discovery, at no distant 
 
48 Longevity. 
 
 period, of an agent which shall effectually stay the 
 changes in the system incident to age, — in short, 
 arrest the progress of what we call decay. Whether 
 the mineral, vegetable, or animal kingdom will fur- 
 nish it, we cannot foretell. Our knowledge of the 
 action of vegetable products on the human consti- 
 tution, extensive as it is, is yet only of a minute 
 proportion of the whole. Vegetable substances 
 exert a wide and various healing influence. Opium, 
 foxglove, colchicum, belladonna, tobacco, tea, etc., 
 etc., are to a certain extent known. Thousands 
 are partially recognised ; but who shall say 
 what future experiment may bring to light ? (See 
 Note M, p. 177). 
 
 It is, however, rather to a comparatively new 
 class of bodies we look as the most probable 
 source of the great desideratum. The chemistry 
 of ternary and quaternary compounds, formerly 
 designated organic chemistry, presents us with 
 what is practically an illimitable number. To this 
 class of substances belong the most energetic and 
 manageable anaesthetics ; and, either by enlight- 
 ened inquiry, or as the result of some accident, 
 it is almost certain some of them will be found 
 
Can we hope for an Elixir Vitce? 49 
 
 to exert a powerful action on the living system. 
 Already, out of the line of anaesthesia, or narcotism, 
 we have one of these artificially prepared sub- 
 stances, which promises to be a remedy for that 
 habit of body termed the gouty diathesis— a con- 
 dition so very frequently issuing in overt and fatal 
 disease. {See paragraph on Gout, pp. 95-100.) 
 
 By the combined aid of physiology and chemis- 
 try, we are approaching very closely to an exact 
 knowledge of every kind of material (proximate 
 elements) forming the human body — their exact 
 constitution, composition, and mode of formation. 
 Some of them can be made artificially in the 
 laboratory, — a certain proof of science being on 
 the right track. We may, therefore, look with 
 confidence to these sciences to investigate com- 
 pletely the changes induced by diseases which are 
 most frequently results of the intrusion of foreign 
 substances with the air, water, or food, into -the pro- 
 cesses of formation, sustenance, or decomposition 
 of the natural compounds. The changes in ageing 
 are consequently not beyond our reach ; and it 
 is probable that a rational and scientific basis will 
 
 be laid ere long for completely arresting them. 
 
 E 
 
50 Longevity. 
 
 Whilst great energy and vast sums of money are 
 expended on experiments in mechanics, electricity, 
 etc., the means of arresting disease and prolonging 
 life are left to haphazard individual efforts, seldom 
 or never rewarded. 
 
 Jenner's case is singular. Philanthropy is in 
 complete subjection to fashion and precedent. 
 Still I feel assured if the public could be brought 
 to apprehend the prospect of success by investi- 
 gations instituted with the object of discovering 
 the means of prolonging human life, pecuniary 
 aid would be forthcoming. It is only by well- 
 concerted efforts, and having definite ends in view, 
 that our present science can be made available 
 for the purpose. Its processes are very costly, 
 both in time and money, but in a country where 
 wealth so abounds, the latter ought not to be the 
 obstacle. There are men, too, quite capable and 
 qualified, but they are necessarily engaged in other 
 pursuits, whilst most erroneous ideas on the subject 
 generally prevail. At some future time, the indif- 
 ference and neglect of the present will excite 
 remark and wonder. 
 
 In the meantime we must proceed in another 
 
Means of Prolonging Life. 511 
 
 direction, guided simply by experience and such 
 analogies as may be found and accumulated by 
 observation. Much has already been done, but 
 very few have the- full benefit of the knowledge, 
 already obtained. 
 
 A healthy and vigorous state of every part and 
 every organ is essential to the health and well- 
 being of the whole system. And as ageing — or 
 what is the same to our means of observation 
 — begins sometimes locally, and sometimes over 
 the system generally, we first look for the local 
 degeneracy, and, finding none to call for special 
 remedies, we address ourselves to the entire sys- 
 tem. We have many and most valuable agents 
 capable of invigorating and imparting tone to 
 , the whole. And these, judiciously selected and 
 combined, and administered with a full know- 
 ledge and control over the diet, regimen, and 
 habits of a patient, will greatly ameliorate the 
 effects, if not retard the advance, of ageing. He 
 must have had little experience who has not seen 
 this influence exerted by well-selected remedies. 
 
 The special disorders of the system, and those 
 commencing locally, will be described in the sec- 
 tions following. 
 
5 2 Longevity. 
 
 RECUPERATIVE POWER — VIS MEDICATRIX — LIFE. 
 
 We have one well-established fact, highly en- 
 couraging in the research for means to arrest 
 ageing, — a fact at once very curious and instructive. 
 It is that the natural healing, or recuperative power 
 termed vis medicatrix natures, to which the 
 physician and surgeon look in patients at every 
 period of life as an essential element in the success 
 of their arts, remains in the system in old people 
 until a very great age. • By virtue of this power we 
 see broken bones unite, the assaults of disease 
 resisted, and recovery occurring after considerable 
 injuries and severe attacks. And it may fairly 
 be inferred that the changes, degradation, and 
 decay in age, are disorders and unnatural incidents 
 of that epoch of life, inasmuch as we see the 
 efforts of this power exerted to resist and control 
 them. {See Note J., p. 175.) 
 
 Thus the tastes and appetite of elderly people 
 vary from those of youth and middle age, guid- 
 ing the choice of food and its amount, and to 
 the kinds and quantity of stimulants, and other 
 drinks. Animal food, aromatics, bitters, the 
 
Vis Medicatrix Natures. 53 
 
 alliaceous tribe of vegetables are generally pre- 
 ferred, and a due supply, with other items of living, 
 tends greatly to check or keep the changes of 
 age in abeyance. The desire for mental and 
 bodily repose, sensitiveness to cold, etc., etc., 
 point in the same direction. 
 
 Science has not at present obtained any clue 
 to the mystery of life. The difference between 
 a living and a dead or lifeless thing, is obvious 
 enough. We recognise life as an attribute of or- 
 ganisms — bodies with a mechanical arrangement 
 of their parts, and in other conditions or states. 
 Life exists without sense or motion in vegetables, 
 in seeds, in eggs ; with feeling and motion; but 
 without thought in many animals, with instinct 
 added in others, and with superadded faculties 
 in some; only in man associated with mind. 
 Life in organisms is an individual thing, special 
 and peculiar in every species. In the more com- 
 plicated animal structures there is but one life. 
 Destroyed in any considerable part, it ceases 
 throughout the whole. There is no such thing 
 as a diffused or general life. In this it strongly 
 contrasts with electricity, caloric, light, although 
 
"54 Longevity. 
 
 1 there is a -certain analogy with it and these bodies 
 or forces. They are moreover all essential to the 
 continuance of life, but so also is water, and more 
 or less other matters, of a grosser and ponderable 
 nature. It is as absurd and false to represent 
 electricity, or heat as being identical with life, as 
 
 iit would be to identify it with water, or phos- 
 phorous, or iron, or the materials which it animates. 
 The term protoplasm has been applied to material 
 not only always present with life as its invariable 
 tegument, but imagined to be independent and 
 separate from organized species. 
 
 Inasmuch as we know, as a matter of fact, that 
 life exists in connection only with certain com- 
 pound substances made up of a few elements, we 
 must take this as an ultimate truth admitting no 
 explanation. We may call these compounds pro- 
 toplasm, or bioplasm if we like, but these terms 
 explain nothing. People pretend to define life 
 just as our ancestors used to define light, deceiv- 
 ing themselves with words. Life is essentially 
 something per se. It cannot be transferred from 
 species to species, or individuals to individuals. 
 It is transmitted by descent. It flows in species 
 
Life only in Organisms. 55 
 
 in the downward stream of time. The individual 
 dies, but the life which has passed from him to 
 his offspring continues, and passes on from genera- 
 tion to generation. Why two sexes are needed 
 for this continuance of life we know not, but so 
 it is. There is no subject on which more non- 
 sense has been written by men having a reputa- 
 tion for science, than this. They prove them- 
 selves to be unacquainted with the very first lesson 
 taught by the logic of science, not to confound 
 resemblance with identity. Not to distinguish 
 life from its teguments and appertainings, is to 
 violate both science and common sense. 
 
 For an individual life to continue in existence, 
 the integrity of its envelope, — the body in which 
 it dwells, — must be preserved. And the means 
 we must employ to ensure its continuity and 
 normal energy must be directed to the body, its 
 textures, its organs, its processes, and actions. 
 
 These remarks are designed to dispel illusions 
 and false notions now very prevalent and be- 
 setting persons not versed in true science, and 
 to direct attention to the real and only method 
 we must pursue to promote human longevity. 
 
56 Longevity. 
 
 WATER. 
 
 When it is considered how large a proportion 
 of water enters into the composition of our 
 bodies, — considerably more than half our weight 
 consisting of water, — and how many functions it 
 performs during life, it becomes evident that the 
 question of the purity or impurity of that which 
 is imbibed becomes of paramount importance in 
 relation to health. The average amount taken 
 into the system by every individual in some shape 
 or other, may be reckoned at about three pints 
 per- diem. 
 
 As the vehicle of the introduction of many 
 subtle poisons it is now popularly recognised, and 
 the pressure put by the Government and the Press 
 on companies supplying water to towns is neces- 
 sary, if we wish the people to enjoy health. At- 
 tention directed to wells and other sources whence 
 families are supplied is demanded from every one 
 who has influence in the matter. This is at pre- 
 sent very partially accomplished. 
 
 Much has been done toward obtaining a supply 
 of wholesome water to the larger towns. The 
 
Effects of Impure Water. 57 
 
 greater part of the organic matters formerly taken 
 without a suspicion of their injurious nature are 
 now excluded; and by filtering and other expe- 
 dients, all or most of the impurities suspended in 
 water are removed before it comes into our house- 
 holds. So far well. But when we are inquiring 
 into the causes of premature decay and suscepti- 
 bility to disease, we must needs look closer into 
 the character and properties of the water taken 
 habitually for months, years, and decades. 
 
 After all possible precautions have been taken 
 to secure pure water, this is never done perfectly. 
 The least impure water ever obtained still contains 
 a notable quantity of earthy matter : lime and mag- 
 nesia salts, soda, potash, etc. Hard waters contain 
 these in the greatest although variable quantities, 
 and the effect of taking, say, three pints daily of 
 such water may be somewhat appreciated by ob- 
 serving the deposit found on the inner surface of 
 the vessels in which they are boiled. In fact, a 
 quantity of these saline matters is taken into the 
 system quite sufficient to account for many disor- 
 ders, the origin of which is otherwise inexplicable. 
 It does not matter what may be combined with 
 
58 Longevity. 
 
 the water, or how it is treated, whether taken as 
 tea, soups, spirits, or beer ; the earthy substances 
 are there. The deposits so frequently seen in the 
 ligaments about the joints, on the coats of the 
 blood-vessels, and about the heart, in old people, 
 probably have come from this source. And when 
 we are discussing the question, how to preserve 
 and extend life in advanced age, the character 
 of the water habitually taken must be regarded. 
 The amount of lime salts and other earthy 
 matter is greatest in spring- water ; next in that 
 from streams and rivers ; while in rain-water care- 
 fully collected in clean reservoirs, there is little 
 or none. But rain-water is by no means free 
 from contamination; much organic matter is 
 usually found in it, and it readily dissolves sub- 
 stances of which cisterns are made, and even the 
 lead of the pipes through which it flows. Iron is 
 the least injurious constituent found in water, and 
 its presence is very common. If the precautions 
 against injurious agents are perfect, they will in- 
 clude, not merely the use of the softest and purest 
 water supplied by nature, but absolute abstinence 
 from any water except it be distilled. 
 
Importance of Pure Water. 59 
 
 There is only one objection to the use of dis- 
 tilled water, whether as a beverage, or in tea, for 
 cooking, etc., namely, its cost. This surely may 
 be entirely disregarded by most persons who are 
 willing to incur some amount of trouble and ex- 
 pense to secure for themselves a long life. 
 
 It is true that distilled water is very vapid and 
 unpleasant when drunk without admixture; but 
 a water drinker may easily make it, not only 
 tolerable, but delicious, by saturating that used 
 for drinking with carbonic acid gas. The appara- 
 tus for making this gas arid charging water with 
 it, is simple and- inexpensive, and the process is 
 easy. (See Note K., p. 175.) 
 
 In the report of the Water Supply Committee 
 of the House of Commons it is stated that 
 "moderately hard water, the hardness of which 
 ' is due to the presence of carbonate of lime, when 
 used for drinking is not injurious to health. 
 Persons, however, who are accustomed to soft 
 water may suffer by changing it for hard, and 
 vice versd. But when the hardness is due to 
 sulphate of lime it is objectionable." 
 
 These statements do not invalidate my opinion. 
 
60 Longevity. 
 
 The use of hard water for drinking may not 
 produce any immediate or sensible bad effects, 
 but the cumulative effects of hard water drunk 
 habitually for years, is quite another matter. 
 Even carbonate of lime may then prove very 
 injurious. (See Note L., p. 177.) 
 
 There is another suggestion I would make, as 
 to the use of water by elderly people. It is, that 
 they should occasionally and often substitute pure 
 hot water with their meals for all other drinks, 
 especially if any feeling of oppression and ful- 
 ness is experienced after eating. 
 
 Not lukewarm water, which produces nausea 
 and is disagreeable to the palate, but water as 
 hot as it can be taken. Water at a temperature of 
 120 F., is very pleasant to the taste, and congenial 
 to the stomach. It promotes the digestion and 
 assimilation of the food, and will generally, if 
 taken freely, supersede aperient medicines, whilst 
 it will equally correct a disposition to diarrhoea. 
 
 If plain hot water should be imagined to be 
 inadmissible, the addition of a small quantity of 
 some light bitter, such as is acquired by pouring 
 boiling water on a slip of dried orange-peel, and 
 
Hot Water as a Drink. 61 
 
 allowing it to cool down to the drinking-point. A 
 little ginger in powder or a few drops of . the 
 essence of ginger, or a few grains of grated 
 nutmeg, are to some persons more agreeable than 
 bitters. 
 
 There is sold by druggists a concentrated in- 
 fusion of orange-peel, a teaspoonful of which, 
 added to a tumbler of hot water, imparts a bitter 
 very agreeable to most persons. This saves 
 trouble, and proves a valuable promoter both of 
 appetite and digestion. 
 
 An eminent surgeon has recently amused and 
 surprised a large audience by expressing the 
 opinion, that the importance of obtaining pure 
 water is exaggerated. He regards it as a matter of 
 indifference whether we drink one kind of water 
 or another, alleging that, as it can never be found 
 perfectly pure, a little more or less of organic 
 or earthy matter may be disregarded. We are so 
 accustomed to have in popular assemblies the 
 strangest notions and paradoxes advanced, ap- 
 parently with no other view than to startle the 
 world, that we need give little heed to this, which 
 is contrary to all experience and science. The 
 
62 Longevity. 
 
 surgeon's faith is in his knife. Suppose a chemist 
 were to employ impure water in his investigations, 
 what would, be the value of his results? The 
 human frame is far more sensitive to the action 
 of agents, and its processes more easily disturbed 
 by the presence of foreign matter, even in the 
 minutest quantities, than any chemical compound. 
 Common sense is adequate to judge and deter- 
 mine this question. 
 
 MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 I ' 
 
 In all ages the water from springs, hot or cold, 
 holding salts and minerals in solution, has been 
 recognised as salubrious to the healthy and re- 
 medial in many diseases. 
 
 The subject of the composition of mineral 
 waters, and the value of any especial one, in the 
 disorders of advanced life, is too large to be en- 
 tered upon here. 
 
 Two cautions worthy of attention may be given 
 to persons past middle life, respecting their use 
 of mineral waters. 
 
 1st. In resorting to any spa or watering-place, 
 
Mineral Waters. 63 
 
 and adopting the use of the mineral water, elderly- 
 people should consider — 1. The climate. 2. The 
 effects of the journey. 3. The change of habits 
 involved. 4. The exact nature and properties of 
 the water. The step should not be taken at 
 haphazard, or because commended by others on 
 the ground that they were benefited by it. If 
 A extols a remedy which cured him — B should 
 hesitate to employ it unless he is quite sure his 
 own case is the same. 
 
 2nd. The next precaution may be best under- 
 stood by an analogy. A farmer finds the soil of 
 a field in a bad state — his crops failing. He em- 
 ploys a dressing of lime, and finds -its effect great 
 and satisfactory. His crop, from that field, is 
 doubled the first year. He employs another 
 dressing of the same kind the next year. He 
 thinks the land improved, but in a far less degree. 
 A third time he uses the same dressing, and the 
 result is a total failure. He has inflicted a positive 
 injury on his land. 
 
 In a manner precisely similar, an elderly person 
 takes a course of mineral water, well selected, we 
 may suppose, for the purpose. Its influence on 
 
64 Longevity. 
 
 the general decay which has begun within his 
 system is most favourable. He is invigorated, 
 and rejoices in the elasticity and vigour which it 
 has imparted. The next year, of course, the 
 remedy is repeated. There may be some good 
 produced. The third time, not only is there no 
 advantage derived, but serious and even fatal 
 consequences ensue. 
 
 The introduction of mineral salts into the blood 
 and tissues the first time, supplies a real need ; the 
 very same mineral salts in excess are deleterious, 
 and really poisonous. 
 
 The life of the Emperor Napoleon III. was evi- 
 dently cut short prematurely by just such a pro- 
 ceeding with the waters of Vichy. A city million- 
 aire, within my knowledge, was recommended the 
 internal use of Seltzer water. Its effect was at 
 first extremely beneficial. He went on with it to 
 excess, and the result was an injury to the con- 
 stitution which proved fatal. 
 
Stimulants. 65 
 
 STIMULANTS — SPIRITUOUS AND MALT LIQUORS- 
 WINE. 
 
 To the general remarks, page 41, the following 
 may be added. 
 
 The advocates of total abstinence signally fail 
 to produce evidence in support of their opinion 
 that wine, beer, and all stimulants, are inimical to 
 health and longevity. Their bold assertions are 
 of no more soundness than the Bacchanalian songs 
 which represent wine as the panacea for all human 
 ills. 
 
 Science, common sense, Holy Scripture, and all 
 experience, testify to the benefits to be derived 
 from wine when used in moderation and with 
 proper restrictions. Malt liquors may be regarded 
 as equivalent to wine. They contain some portion 
 of stimulant with much real nutritive matter. 
 
 I am speaking to elderly people ; and, as a 
 Physician, I say — a portion of good sound malt 
 liquor, be it porter or ale, taken with the food, 
 satisfies the appetite, and prevents the repletion 
 apt to follow a meal of mere animal and vegetable' 
 
 F 
 
66 Longevity. 
 
 food. The quantity, as a rule, should not exceed 
 eight ounces. 
 
 In replacing them with wine, especial regard 
 should be had to its quality. The artificial mix- 
 tures called wines may be a source of much mis- 
 chief. If really good wine can be obtained, " the 
 pure blood of the grape," the selection of the kind 
 to be preferred is of less moment. The light 
 wines of France are suitable for six months in 
 the year only, in this climate. For the rest of the 
 year, good port has no equal. The change from 
 one to the other is also beneficial. If those who 
 have taken wine liberally would gradually reduce 
 the amount to four, or even two ounces of port, 
 sherry, marsala, or madeira, at dinner, they would 
 do well. The same amount for those not pre- 
 viously accustomed to it, and who, from debility, 
 sluggish circulation, or other reasons, adopt it, 
 should never be exceeded. 
 
 Sherries are too often sophisticated ; marsala 
 is much recommended as likely to be pure and less 
 acid. It is good to vary the kind taken. The 
 number and names of wines submitted to our 
 choice is legion. It should be a rule to avoid for 
 
Use of Spirituous Liquors. qj- 
 
 ever any wine found uncongenial to the stomach 
 or to produce head-ache. (See Note N, p. 182.) 
 
 It is always best and most advisable for all 
 persons to abstain from the daily and habitual use 
 of ardent spirits altogether. They should be re- 
 served for emergencies. And it is wise not to 
 refuse them when real need arises. 
 
 A sudden indigestion, spasms, a chiH caused by 
 exposure to wet or cold weather, temporary de- 
 pression of the vital forces, justify the use of spirits 
 in proper quantity ; and in such cases they are 
 invaluable. 
 
 Elderly persons who in winter suffer from cold 
 feet, and find artificial heat applied externally fails 
 to afford relief, may with undoubted propriety 
 and advantage take half an ounce to one ounce 
 of brandy, rum, or whisky in hot water on going 
 to bed. The choice must be determined by the 
 effects. If a headache, or foul tongue in the 
 morning follows, the inference' is, — the spirit was 
 impure, probably containing fusel oil. A very 
 slight trace of this noxious ingredient in spirits, will, 
 in some constitutionsj produce headache — as accu~ 
 rate a test of impurity as chemistry can employ. 
 
' 68 Longevity. 
 
 There is a form in the British Pharmacopoeia 
 for a brandy mixture, intended for use in the 
 collapse occurring in many diseases. As all the 
 colleges concurred in producing that work, we 
 may assume that a large proportion of the phy- 
 sicians of Great Britain approve of this occasional 
 use of ardent spirits. A pamphlet circulated ex- 
 tensively by the Temperance League, charges the 
 profession with exciting and abetting drunkenness 
 by this use of spirits. It maintains that we ought 
 in emergencies rather let our patients die than 
 administer alcohol in any form. Such fanaticism 
 neutralizes all the arguments in favour of total 
 abstinence. 
 
 CLIMATE, ITS EFFECTS ON LONGEVITY. 
 
 If the recorded cases of persons who have 
 attained to a great age, say go and upwards, 
 are tabulated according to the locality where 
 they have occurred, it might be concluded that 
 climate has had little influence. In every part 
 of the world, in every county and district in 
 this country, such aged persons have been and 
 
Change of Climate. 69 
 
 are still met with. Against the acknowledged 
 longevity of those classes whose wealth enables 
 them to enjoy a change of climate whenever they 
 please, we may set the frequent observation of 
 the clergy, the female sex, the pauper, all of whom 
 are most commonly obliged to spend their time 
 within a very narrow range of place. 
 
 And yet it must be admitted we have ample 
 testimony to the great benefit to health derived 
 from a resort to milder climates during our cold, 
 wet, fickle, and inconstant winters. If, however, 
 during this season due precautions are taken by 
 elderly people, a rigid avoidance of exposure to 
 cold, damp, unfavourable winds, they will, in most 
 cases, do as well in England as anywhere. Of 
 course, in exceptional cases, where some failure 
 of a local organ, the lungs and air passages 
 more especially, already exists, a resort to a warm 
 climate may be advisable. The range of choice 
 is now — thanks to steam and rail — very wide. 
 Every quarter of the globe is available. Fashion 
 has ever been the guide, and probably will con- 
 tinue to be so. Without being able to give any 
 very definite statistics on the subject, I have a 
 
70 Longevity. 
 
 well-grounded suspicion that in many places of 
 resort for change of climate, there are circum- 
 stances and conditions tending to counterbalance 
 their advantages, by exposing visitors to forms 
 of mischief different perhaps in kind from those 
 they would encounter at home, but equally in- 
 jurious and opposed to the attainment of long 
 life. 
 
 A really fair and impartial estimate of the 
 character of scarcely any of those resorts is ob- 
 tainable ; so many interests are involved, conceal- 
 ments practised, and motives existing, to allure 
 the stream of visitors, that the real facts cannot 
 be ascertained. 
 
 The refreshment of change to this place or 
 that, of immunity from the cares of home and 
 business, the mild occupations of the mind, and 
 the bodily exercise usually associated with the 
 climate, greatly benefit the young and the adult ; 
 although how often do we witness one or more 
 children of a large family — and even an adult — 
 given to these migratory habits fall victims to 
 some local and fatal disease? 
 
 The choice of a place to elderly people in search 
 
Change of Climate. 71 
 
 of health and invigoration- must depend upon their 
 actual condition. This should be well and ac- 
 curately ascertained, and suitable precautions ob- 
 served to guard against all local influences to 
 which they may be exposed in the place selected, 
 Thus we not unfrequently meet with patients who 
 have brought home with them the effects, or even 
 the active poison of malaria (a very subtle cause 
 of exhaustive disease), rheumatism, urinary dis- 
 ease from impure water, or the too long use of 
 acid wines, and other diseases contracted in 
 some place resorted to for health. 
 
 Upon the whole, I am inclined to think the 
 majority of persons who have passed the line of 
 demarcation between adult and old age would do 
 best by making judicious arrangements at home 
 for warmth, pleasing occupation, exercise, and diet. 
 A residence in India and other hot climates 
 appears to be not 'unfavourable to longevity when 
 no permanent damage is left by the diseases pre- 
 valent there. It would be interesting to know 
 what proportion of a given class, civilians for 
 instance, escape injury and return to England 
 with sound constitutions. Those who arrive with 
 
72 Longevity. 
 
 the traces of former attacks, fever, dysentery, liver 
 disorders, etc., are exceptionally amenable to re- 
 medies, the changed conditions surrounding them 
 being very favourable to a cure. I have known 
 many persons who have spent the greater part 
 of their lives in India and other hot countries 
 who have reached a good old age. 
 
 DEVIATION FROM AVERAGE HEALTH IN AGED 
 
 PERSONS. 
 Let me repeat, it is not intended in this work 
 to treat of such diseases as would naturally and 
 commonly claim attention and the assistance of 
 the Physician; but such deviations from health 
 as are generally neglected, from the notion that 
 they are insignificant, or necessary conditions of 
 age. 
 
 In like manner, although some medicines or 
 remedial agents will be spoken of, a full account 
 of their properties is not necessary here. If more 
 information is desired on either branch of the 
 subject, i.e., diseases or remedies, the author 
 would refer to his volume, entitled, " Household 
 Medicine." 
 
Faulty Nutrition. jt> 
 
 FAULTY NUTRITION. 
 
 The primary and fundamental condition of the 
 continuance of health is a supply of food and 
 its assimilation ; that is, its conversion into healthy 
 blood, from whence, through the circulation, every 
 part and organ receives nourishment ; in other 
 words, material suitable for its sustenance and 
 repair. If or in every part there is a constant pro- 
 cess of wearing away and ' restoration ; and if the 
 balance of waste and repair is not maintained, 
 disease quickly ensues. 
 
 Every one knows that several organs are con- 
 cerned in the process of nutrition : the stomach, 
 liyer, pancreas, spleen, upper and lower- bowels. 
 Certain fluids are formed, with power to dissolve, 
 mix with, and modify the food, until it mixes 
 with the circulating blood, and is endued with 
 life. The blood-vessels and lungs take important 
 parts in this business. 
 
 When any of the digestive and assimilative 
 organs are enfeebled or diseased, we address our 
 means to its relief. In the sequel, some of the 
 disorders of these organs will be noticed. 
 
74 Longevity. 
 
 Here, we would observe there is a state often 
 seen in aged persons, evidently referable to im- 
 perfect, or interrupted nutrition, and yet we are 
 unable to refer it to the failure of any of those 
 organs in particular. 
 
 This state is a marked and evident general 
 loss of flesh without suffering, often with pallor 
 of the surface, especially noticeable in the cheeks ; 
 with the obvious attenuation, there is not unfre- 
 quently lightness of movement, cheerfulness, men- 
 tal clearness, good appetite, and easy digestion, 
 so far as the stomach is concerned ; whilst all 
 the bodily functions appear natural, the loss of 
 flesh proceeds. Sometimes morbid sleepiness and 
 undue fatigue after moderate exercise will be 
 observed. Neither patient nor friends take much 
 heed of the change. Perhaps some modification 
 of the diet- is adopted, and articles of food are 
 recommended which are entirely valueless : arrow- 
 root, beef-tea, Liebig's extract, or other equally 
 wrong substance. 
 
 Whenever an aged person thus loses flesh and 
 colour, attention should be given to it in a sensible 
 manner, even when apparently in other respects 
 
Attenuation of Elderly People. 75 
 
 well. Since if it goes far, the susceptibility to 
 cold and other external influences, to assaults of 
 ordinary diseases, becomes greatly increased, and 
 what would, in ordinary circumstances, be a slight 
 attack or injury, may prove fatal. 
 
 A considerable change of diet should immedi- 
 ately be adopted, and any habits calculated to 
 weaken the system abandoned. 
 
 The food and regimen to be adopted, must de- 
 pend much on the manner of living previously. 
 As a general rule (and only such a rule can be 
 given), food rich in albuminous or staminal prin- 
 ciples, such as eggs, with solid but juicy and 
 tender meats, are to be recommended as the 
 staple articles. Light wines, if before taken habit- 
 ually, or even more generous port, sherry, or mar- 
 sala, should be replaced by good stout. Aerated 
 bread substituted for ordinary bread. It is true 
 that the heat employed in baking bread destroys 
 to a great extent the fermenting power of yeast ; 
 but something remains in bread made with yeast 
 which renders it more liable to undergo changes, 
 and with moisture and heat to become more 
 rapidly sour. 
 
76 Longevity. 
 
 Fruit and pastry should be taken sparingly ; and 
 as a diluent of animal food, rice should be taken 
 instead of potatoes. Green vegetables, either 
 cooked or raw, as they are eaten in salads, must be 
 selected in accordance with other considerations. 
 They supply potash, sulphur, and iron compounds 
 when duly digested. 
 
 Fluids should be taken sparingly (see Water). 
 
 Another point should receive attention : namely, 
 the mastication of the food, of whatever kind, 
 should be effected slowly and cdmpletely. When 
 the teeth are defective the dentist should be 
 consulted, to correct or replace the natural with 
 artificial ones. If this fails, the food should be 
 held for a time in the mouth, and moved about 
 with the tongue, so as to get it well mixed with 
 the saliva. Even fluids should be sa dealt with. 
 Merely chopping up meat or vegetables very 
 fine is insufficient. The dissolving power of the 
 saliva is very great, and no one doubts its in- 
 fluence in bringing about the changes necessary 
 for converting food into real nourishment. 
 
 Cold bathing should be abandoned, and hot 
 water with friction, by means of soap and flannel, 
 substituted. 
 
Failure of Nutrition. J? 
 
 Gentle exercise in warm weather is advisable ; 
 but cold air, especially when damp or at night, 
 carefully avoided. 
 
 In the condition described, when loss of flesh is 
 noticed, the susceptibility of the system to injury 
 from cold is greatly increased. 
 
 A considerable proportion of the day should 
 be devoted to entire repose. 
 
 Of change of climate I have already spoken. 
 
 If these, or similar means, produce a favourable 
 change, and flesh begins to increase, there will be 
 no need of drugs. 
 
 In some cases, some of the preparations of iron 
 are very beneficial. It must be remembered that 
 iron is as truly an aliment as albumen. 
 
 Cod-liver oil is fashionable for all cases of 
 leanness ; but its use by aged persons Whose 
 means allow of a free choice of aliments, is 
 unnecessary and hazardous. 
 
 A weak infusion of orange-peel, chamomile, 
 calumba, or other light bitter, with a slight acidity 
 imparted by dilute sulphuric acid, is good and 
 grateful. Sage, balm, or wormwood tea have been 
 in repute. But a judiciously selected diet, with 
 
7 8 Longevity. 
 
 the other items of regimen described above, are 
 usually efficient. 
 
 LOCAL FAILURE OF NUTRITION. 
 
 Physicians have always sought for guidance in 
 the treatment of disease in the living by the 
 changes to be seen after death. The disorgan- 
 izations thus discovered are the results of dis- 
 orders when they have done their worst. There 
 can be no doubt that there is a disordered 
 condition prior to, and the cause of, such morbid 
 changes. 
 
 It is to the very first and initiatory symptoms, 
 our attention must be directed if we would save 
 life ; and these must be correctly interpreted. 
 
 With respect to the point before us, I am certain 
 that fatal disease of the kidneys (degeneracy, as it 
 is termed — Bright's disease), disease of the brain 
 — softening, for instance, and lesions in the struc- 
 ture of other organs, are the results of a failure 
 in the nutrition of such parts. They do not get, 
 or they fail to appropriate, the materials from 
 the blood ' essential to their integrity and health. 
 
Obesity. 79 
 
 They shrink, shrivel, and lose their power of 
 action. The root of their troubles is in the 
 processes of assimilation. Hence the necessity of 
 very close and minute observation, to detect the 
 very first indications of disorder in aged persons. 
 
 OBESITY. 
 
 The counterpart of the condition described in 
 the foregoing section is a tendency, after middle 
 age, to become too fat. 
 
 The popular expression applied to persons of 
 a rounded form, moderate embonpoint, clear skin, 
 and a ruddy colour, — that they are "in good 
 condition," accords with science. This condition 
 is most commonly accompanied by healthy in- 
 ternal organs — a very desirable and hopeful state. 
 
 When fat is increased beyond a certain limit, 
 it may be regarded as disease ; yet until it 
 becomes burdensome, it is generally disregarded. 
 When it accumulates locally about or within vital 
 organs, the heart, liver, etc., it shortens life. In 
 elderly people, fat often accumulates in the 
 mesentery (this is the organ known in animals 
 
80 Longevity. 
 
 as the flare), producing the prominent or pendu- 
 lous abdomen. 
 
 It is a strange thing, although often observed, 
 that the public will receive from writers, avowedly 
 entirely ignorant of medicine, suggestions respect- 
 ing treatment with more favour than from the 
 scientific Physician. Hence the great popularity 
 of a pamphlet and plan of Mr. Banting for the 
 relief of obesity. It was, in fact, only his Phy- 
 sician's advice related and expanded. 
 
 A proper regulation of the diet and exercise 
 will generally remove undue obesity. All fatty 
 matters, sugar, and starches, should be avoided. 
 Pastry, puddings, rice, and farinas, strictly for- 
 bidden. Lean meats, green vegetables, whole 
 meal bread, saiads, a free use of vinegar, soda 
 or potass water as the only beverage, except tea, ' 
 and this without milk and sugar, — these should 
 form the diet. Spirits, beer, potatoes, butter, must 
 all be abandoned. Vapour baths and occasional 
 enemas of soap and water aid in the reduction 
 of fat. 
 
 Of course the Physician can aid these domestic 
 measures by medicines ; and it may be safely 
 
Pain and Narcotics. 8r 
 
 affirmed that no one need suffer long from the 
 troubles incident to obesity, if he or she will take 
 the necessary precautions and means of relief. 
 
 PAIN. 
 
 THE USE AND MISUSE OF NARCOTICS. 
 
 The nerves, the seat of pain, pervade in the 
 form of fine fibrils every part and every organ of 
 the body ; proceeding from the brain and spinal 
 cord, as thin cords, they pass to and spread 
 through the various tissues and even the bones. 
 
 Pain arises from any kind of lesion, whether 
 external injury or internal change. It comes in 
 every degree, from mere uneasiness, to acute and, 
 unbearable agony, almost always accompanying 
 disease of every description. 
 
 The opinion has been held, that aged persons 
 are not so sensitive to pain as younger people : 
 my own observations do not permit me to agree 
 with this. It is true, individuals differ at all 
 ages in their sensitiveness and power of endur- 
 ance. I have noticed aged persons suffering 
 
 ■ G 
 
82 Longevity. 
 
 most acutely from slight operations, the extrac- 
 tion of a tooth or the prick of a lancet, whilst 
 they will often long endure dull though distress- 
 ing pain without seeking relief, under the idea 
 of its being incident to age. 
 
 This is at all times, and in all cases, an error. 
 If the nature and exact seat of pain is not at 
 once discerned, if a remedy is not immediately 
 found, this should rather excite greater care and 
 more diligent search for the means of relief. 
 
 Pain, wherever situated and of whatever de- 
 gree, should in every person advanced in life be 
 relieved ; and science has furnished the means. 
 
 It may be first remarked, that local pain does 
 not always imply lesion, or disease in the part 
 where it is felt. This is one of the phenomena 
 of the sympathy existing between different organs 
 often remote from each other. The sagacity of 
 the Physician is often tested by his ability to 
 refer accurately to the seat of disease indicated 
 by pain in a distant part. 
 
 There is much in the pains of aged persons 
 of great interest, in relation to the question how 
 life may be prolonged to its full limit. 
 
Dolor Senilis. 83 
 
 The process which, for brevity, I may term • 
 decay, is, I am persuaded, almost always at- 
 tended with pain. This decay, or ageing, does 
 not indeed go on simultaneously in all parts of 
 the body; one part, or more, may thus change 
 before others ; the locality of the pain not ob- 
 viously indicating the part affected. 
 
 There is, however, very frequently, in advanced 
 life, a widely diffused pain in the limbs, loins, back, 
 and even affecting the muscles of the chest and 
 abdomen, to which I think a proper designation 
 has not been appropriated — I would call it 
 
 DOLOR SENILIS — 
 
 pains which we constantly hear spoken of erro- 
 neously as rheumatic. Rheumatism and rheumatic 
 pains, in popular language, stand for, not one but 
 many kinds of pain, having different seats, different 
 causes and origin, and, if properly treated, must 
 be subjected to different plans of treatment. 
 
 Dolor Senilis is of very various degrees of 
 intensity ; sometimes it exists as a mere general 
 uneasiness or discomfort, often being aggravated 
 
84 Longevity. 
 
 in bed, or on first rising in the morning; some- 
 times it becomes severe, and it is the more severe 
 kind which is termed rheumatic. 
 
 Long observation and treatment of aged persons 
 has satisfied me that there are also cases of this 
 diffused pain, more or less severe, caused by the 
 presence of poisons. Calomel, or other mercurial 
 salts, having been taken for other diseases, and 
 very properly so, will, even years after, reveal 
 a lingering existence in the system, by pain, 
 often deep-seated, generally appearing to be in 
 or upon the bones. Pathologists have recognised 
 a chronic inflammation of the covering of the 
 bones (periostitis, as it is termed), certainly 
 referable, among other causes, to the prior use 
 of mercurials. 
 
 Malaria occasions similar diffused pains, when 
 it is received into the system in too feeble 
 a state to manifest its true character : i.e., failing 
 to produce fever, agues, or periodicity in attacks. 
 The connection of malaria with neuralgia, a term 
 applied more especially to pain seated in the 
 larger divisions of nerves, and running along 
 their course, is generally recognised. 
 
Causes of Pain. 85 
 
 True rheumatism and gout also may be the 
 cause of diffused pains without any overt or 
 distinct revelation of their true character. 
 
 There are moreover other states, termed, for 
 want of a better or more discriminating term, 
 cachexia, or bad habit of body, the source of 
 such pains. 
 
 It is of primary importance to distinguish 
 clearly these several cases ; namely, — 
 
 1. Simple age. 
 
 2. Mercurial or other mineral' poisons. 
 
 3. Malaria. 
 
 4. Rheumatism. 
 
 5. Gout, often termed rheumatic gout. 
 
 6. Cachexia, — undefined bad habits of constitu- 
 tion. 
 
 It need scarcely be said, remedial measures 
 of every kind must be selected appropriate to 
 each. It is too usual to jump to the conclusion, 
 without very minute inquiry, that all pain in 
 old people is rheumatism, — to try a variety of 
 remedies at haphazard, and on their failing the 
 suffering is submitted to as inevitable. 
 
 No one so suffering, and failing from ignorance 
 
86 Longevity. 
 
 or carelessness to obtain relief, can reasonably 
 hope for a very long life. 
 
 NARCOTICS. 
 
 We have a long list of medicines capable of 
 relieving pain of almost any kind temporarily, 
 termed narcotics, calmatives, sedatives, etc. And 
 very precious they are, enabling us to afford 
 relief from pain more or less perfectly, and even, 
 if only temporarily, when it becomes too severe to 
 be borne with patience,' they cannot be too highly 
 prized. 
 
 These may — nay, must — be employed, but it 
 jhould be with great caution, and always bearing 
 in mind that for the most part they act by 
 benumbing the seat or centres of feeling, without 
 touching or remedying the source and origin of 
 the pain. In all cases, besides affording immedi- 
 ate relief by judiciously selected narcotics, the 
 nature and cause of suffering should be care- 
 fully sought, and appropriate remedies, diet, and 
 regimen had recourse to. 
 
 The vegetable kingdom has until recently 
 supplied us with these agents, but most remark- 
 
Use and Abuse of Narcotics. 87 
 
 able and powerful ones have been discovered 
 among the artificial bodies prepared by advanced 
 chemistry. 
 
 The former are: 1. Opium, its educts and pro- 
 ducts — morphia and its salts, codeine, narcotine. 
 etc. 
 
 Besides these, there are preparations of opium 
 varying in properties and application by reason 
 of the vehicle in which it is dissolved, or some 
 adjunct modifying its action — laudanum, liquor 
 opii sedativus, wine of opium, confection of 
 opium, etc. The last of these is a modern repre- 
 sentative of compounds which had a great re- 
 putation for ages for the relief of suffering and 
 procuring sleep, under the names theriacum, mith- 
 ridatum, etc. 
 
 2. Tobacco. 3. Henbane. 4. Belladonna. 5. Aco- 
 nite. 6. Conium. 7. Cannabis Indica. 8. Sola- 
 num nigra. 9. Thapsus verbascum. 10. Veratrum 
 viridc. 11. Foxglove, etc. 
 
 The latter, i.e., artificial compounds, are : 1. The 
 ethers, of which there are several. 2. Chloroform. 
 3. Chloral • in combination with water — hydrate 
 of chloral. 4. Amylene, etc. 
 
88 Longevity. 
 
 These, as well as the vegetable narcotics, have 
 severally special applications and properties, no 
 one being precisely like another in its operation 
 or efficacy in relieving suffering. 
 
 It is not surprising that, in order to obtain ease 
 and secure sleep, the use of narcotics should be 
 adopted without medical advice or sanction ; nay, 
 that it should become habitual, and pass. into a 
 vice scarcely less injurious than drunkenness. We 
 can understand this misuse of narcotics while we 
 deplore it. Let no one, however, suppose that 
 he, or she, who indulges in narcotics to obtain a 
 spurious ease, will ever attain to length of days. 
 In the stupor so induced, many diseases march 
 on, to inevitable destruction. 
 
 If there are any exceptions we may perhaps 
 make them in favour of tobacco and opium. 
 Much has been written against the use of tobacco, 
 but there are very few cases where it can be 
 charged fairly with abridging life. In conse- 
 quence of its power of calming nervous excita- 
 bility, of rendering the mucous membrane of the 
 air passages less susceptible to the influence of 
 cold and damp and the cause, whatever it may 
 
Use and Abuse of Narcotics. 89 
 
 be, of influenza, it must, when used in modera- 
 tion, rather tend to promote longevity. I have 
 known s very aged persons who have been smokers 
 for the greater part of a century. 
 
 With respect to opium and its numerous pre- 
 parations, I concur fully in the eulogium passed 
 on it by the late Mr. Skey, and deem it of incal- 
 culable value to old people. Of course, its use 
 must be guided by experience ; but I should little 
 esteem a Physician who has any prejudice against 
 it. Employed judiciously, externally or internally, 
 it is a powerful remedy and source of comfort. 
 
 A' very common trouble of elderly people is 
 an irritable state of the bladder, causing a too fre- 
 quent necessity for passing the water, and some- 
 times very severe pain after passing it. This is 
 most effectually relieved by a few drops of lau- 
 danum ; but since this condition of the bladder is 
 produced either by the presence of calculi, gravel, 
 or a morbid state of the urine, its cause should 
 be sought, and proper remedies employed, while 
 temporary relief is secured by opiates. 
 
 Again : nothing is more common than irritable 
 ulcers on the legs or other parts in old people. 
 
go Longevity. 
 
 Trifled with, or acquiesced in for years, they will 
 seldom, if ever, resist the proper use of opiate 
 preparations, applied locally. Such ulcers and, 
 we may add, local irritations without ulceration, 
 beset many after middle life ; and I have seen 
 them healed, or removed, after existing many 
 years, and in persons after ninety. It is an error 
 to suppose there is danger in healing long-stand- 
 ing ulcers or skin disease by means of opium. 
 
 In spasmodic pains, whether of the stomach 
 (where they most commonly occur from the pre- 
 sence of some indigestible substance) or else- 
 where, ether or chloroform affords relief most 
 readily. 
 
 Of bronchial irritation and painful cough I shall 
 speak below; merely remarking here, that the 
 proper selection of the means of relief from the 
 class of substances we are speaking of is of great 
 importance. 
 
 Pains and griping in the lower bowels find 
 immediate relief best from opiates, demanding, 
 however, that the cause should be sought and 
 removed. 
 
 I would repeat, it is not my intention to afford 
 
Sarsaparilla for Elderly People. g i 
 
 patients the means of treating themselves for any- 
 overt attack of disease, but simply to indicate, 
 firstly, the common deviations from health in 
 elderly people ; and, secondly, the direction whence 
 the remedy is to be found. One exception to this 
 is in the diffused and oft neglected pains de- 
 scribed above as dolor senilis. 
 
 SARSAPARILLA. 
 
 There is one great and valuable remedy, hav- 
 ing a wide range of influence, which I cannot 
 pass by ; since, whether such pains arise from 
 the decay of age, poisonous taints in the system, 
 cachexia, or, in fact, anything except gout, it will 
 afford great and often permanent relief. I mean 
 sarsaparilla. This root, having no very marked 
 or peculiar sensible properties, has long been 
 recognised as a valuable remedy. It is usually 
 taken combined with other ingredients, added 
 rather to produce a pleasant flavour than for any 
 medicinal properties, under the name of "com- 
 pound decoction." There are people who hold 
 that sarsaparilla has no value as a remedy. They 
 must either have had no experience, or have been 
 
92 Longevity. 
 
 imposed upon. I have prescribed it for number- 
 less patients, and have, in my own person, proved 
 it to be worthy of its reputation. The following 
 passage, abridged from " Household Medicine," 
 indicates, not only the sources of fallacy in those 
 who do not recognise its value, but also the 
 scope and conditions of its influence. The au- 
 thorities in its favour are too numerous to be 
 named ; but I may mention the late Sir B. Brodie 
 as an author whose views exactly coincide with 
 my own upon this point. 
 
 " One great advantage of sarsaparilla is, that its 
 use can be entrusted to the patient, needing no 
 watching or superintendence. It holds, in fact, an 
 intermediate position between food and medicine. 
 Whenever doubts have arisen respecting its value, 
 they are attributable to one of three causes : — 
 I. Sarsaparilla has been improperly prescribed ; 
 or, 2. What is more usual, some worthless root 
 or substance has been given as a substitute for 
 it ; or, 3. The sarsaparilla used was bad and inert. 
 The English markets and shops abound in spu- 
 rious and worthless sarsaparilla ; and preparations 
 are sold professing to be made with it which do 
 
m Value of Sarsaparilla. 93 
 
 not contain a grain of the true root. One reason 
 of this is, the genuine and active root is expensive. 
 . . . Sarsaparilla is, to use the words of Sir W. 
 Fordyce, the great restorer of appetite, flesh, colour, 
 strength, and vigour to constitutions enfeebled or 
 emaciated by early excesses, by acute diseases, 
 or by the use of mercury. Even in the failure of 
 the powers, or premature ageing, arising from wear 
 and tear or over bodily or mental exertion, its 
 restorative power is very great. In many painful 
 diseases, and what are termed bad habits of body, 
 it generally affords complete relief. General as 
 its use has become, it deserves to be far oftener 
 employed, particularly at the age (uncertain as 
 to date) when youthful activity begins to flag, 
 and the faculties of body ' or mind are enfeebled, 
 even without the existence of any specific disease 
 to call for it, but as an adjunct to the diet proper 
 to that period of life. Persons who have resided 
 in hot climates, whether they have had recourse 
 to mercury or not, will find sarsaparilla the best 
 means of relieving the lassitude and ennui from 
 which they are apt to Suffer. 
 
 " When taking a course of sarsaparilla, persons 
 
94 Longevity. 
 
 should wear flannel next the skin, and avoid 
 exposure to change of temperature or damp. 
 We recommend, whenever possible, sarsaparilla 
 should be taken in the form of compound decoc- 
 tion, prepared at home. The best Jamaica sarsa- 
 parilla only should be purchased ; and the smaller 
 and more abounding in small fibres the better. 
 The virtue resides in the bark of the root. When 
 the fibres are removed, half the value of the root 
 is gone. Still it is necessary to be cautious in 
 the purchase, as it is certain that the roots, after 
 having the greater part of their extractive matter 
 removed by soaking in water and boiling, are 
 dried and sold to be retailed to the public. When 
 the decoction cannot be made at home, or when 
 required in travelling, the compound decoction 
 concentrated, and especially a hydro-alcoholic con- 
 centrated decoction, prepared by a conscientious 
 chemist, may be substituted." 
 
 Besides sarsaparilla we have many substances 
 called medicines, which should rather be deemed 
 articles of, or adjuncts to, diet, with no mean 
 powers as restoratives and tonics, and which are 
 capable of materially retarding the changes inci- 
 
Gout. 95 
 
 dent to ageing. These must be selected, com- 
 bined, and their use directed according to the 
 condition of the individual for whom they are 
 prescribed. 
 
 Iron, in some of its combinations, as we have 
 said, enters into and performs very important 
 functions in the natural processes and compounds 
 forming the, blood and tissues. Other substances 
 alien to the system, that is, not supplying any 
 element in the natural composition of the body, 
 undoubtedly exert a highly genial influence in the 
 debility and disorders of age. An exposition of 
 this subject, however, belongs to a work on the 
 Science of Medicine. 
 
 GOUT. 
 
 The place for remarks on this disease is assuredly 
 here, under the more general designation pain. A 
 very painful disease it is in its overt state, and few 
 persons suffering from it will fail to have recourse 
 to the Physician. We happily possess medicines 
 able to afford relief. Colchicum in one form or 
 other is almost invariably employed, whether it be 
 in a secret compound, as eau mddicinale, eau de 
 
96 Longevity. 
 
 Husson, or in the orthodox prescription. Gout, as 
 it exists in an open and acute attack, however, it is 
 not my purpose to speak of beyond a single re- 
 mark, namely, that as an adjunct to the specific 
 drug, evacuating the bile ducts by a dose of podo- 
 phyllin is a most beneficial measure. 
 
 The reports of the Registrar-General have re- 
 versed many a popular maxim, and destroyed 
 illusions respecting diseases. In the last report, 
 issued for 1873, gout is found to destroy more lives, 
 directly than strong drinks, — the number of deaths 
 from gout exceeding those from delirium tremens ; 
 and, indirectly, as the Registrar observes, many 
 deaths referred to other causes are doubtless 
 due to gout. 
 
 Mr. Farr, the eminent secretary to the Registrar, 
 applies to gout the designation diatJietic disease; 
 what is meant is, that gout exists in the system 
 for a time in a latent state, as a condition, not 
 necessarily exhibiting any symptom of disease, 
 either general or local. " A gouty constitution " 
 is the popular expression for this. Sometimes, 
 indeed, it reveals its presence to an experienced 
 observer by shifting or wandering pains (erratic 
 
Goitt. 9 7 
 
 gout), but these are easily mistaken for pains of a 
 different character, if occurring before an overt 
 attack has been experienced. As is well known, 
 acute disease of a very painful and peculiar kind 
 may show itself in such constitutions at any mo- 
 ment, either altogether spontaneously, or excited 
 by some accidental circumstance. The toes, fin- 
 gers, or other parts of the feet or hands, are 
 usually the seat of the first attack. 
 
 After a first overt attack of gout, we may be 
 Sure there is the gouty diathesis; and it is now 
 certain that it is a frequent .cause, of the prema- 
 ture abridgment of life. 
 
 Gout is usually attributed to high feeding and 
 luxury. This is by no means universally true. It 
 occurs, perhaps, more frequently in persons who 
 have indulged to excess in the pleasures of the 
 table; but the taint may be hereditary, or it may 
 be generated by a low diet, and abstinence carried 
 to extremes. 
 
 The question for us here is, — Is there any 
 remedy for the gouty diathesis ? A proper regu- 
 lation of the diet is of course indispensable, and 
 to this is commonly added the free use of alkalies, 
 
 H 
 
9 8 Longevity. 
 
 potass, soda, and lithia, or the alkaline earth 
 magnesia, or the oxide of bismuth. These, either 
 as medicines or in mineral waters, are employed, 
 because in gout there prevails an acid in the 
 system; — uric acid, and they serve to neutralize 
 acids. Some slight amelioration, perhaps a pro- 
 longation of the intervals between the attacks, 
 attends at first the use of these alkalies; but 
 subsequently, as many medical authors allege, 
 and by their continual action, they aggravate 
 the disease. 
 
 There is one vegetable remedy which has a 
 reputation for relieving the gouty constitution 
 from the pervading poison. It was known and 
 employed long ago, but like many other reme- 
 dies has slipped from the books of the colleges, and 
 therefore from practice. This was also for a time 
 the fate of colchicum. The value of colchicum as 
 a means of relieving overt gout was known to 
 Physicians 200 years ago ; was forgotten, and only 
 came into use again by being made a secret 
 medicine of. Sir H. Halford has the merit of its 
 rediscovery in recent times. In like manner, the 
 winter cherry (Physalis alkakengi) is said to be the 
 
Gout. 99, 
 
 active ingredient in a patent medicine reputed to 
 obliterate the gouty constitution. 
 
 The very name of the winter cherry, as well as its 
 use as a remedy, was forgotten until I gave a brief 
 account of it in "Household Medicine," in 1862. 
 Since then it has been in a few instances employed, 
 and found to deserve its ancient reputation. 
 
 To any reader of this book who has given atten- 
 tion to the recent progress of science, it will be no 
 surprise to learn that there is good reason to hope 
 that a remedy has been discovered which, at no 
 distant period, will reduce the number of deaths 
 from gout very greatly, if it does not entirely ob- 
 literate this item from the Registrar's list. How 
 soon it may be recognised and brought into use, it 
 is impossible to predict. In the year 1800, a great 
 chemist announced the discovery of an anaesthetic, 
 an agent having the power to render the human 
 body insensible to pain under surgical operations, 
 namely, nitrous oxide, or laughing gas. Teeth 
 could be extracted, limbs amputated, without giv- 
 ing the slightest pain. Sixty-eight years elapsed 
 before it was adopted by surgeons. In the mean- . 
 time other anaesthetics were discovered — ether, chio- 
 
ioo Longevity. 
 
 roform, etc. ; but these also were known many 
 years before adoption. 
 
 Again, chloral was discovered in 1832, by Liebig; 
 nearly forty years passed ere it was used to 
 procure sleep, for which it is now found to be so 
 valuable. 
 
 How long will it be before sarcosine,Xh& substance 
 alluded to, and described by German Physicians, 
 comes into fashion for the cure of gout ? 
 
 RHEUMATISM. 
 
 Acute rheumatism, or rheumatic fever, a very 
 formidable disease from the amount of suffering 
 it entails, commonly attacks persons at an earlier 
 age than the epoch we are considering. It is 
 very apt, however, to leave serious damage in the 
 system after its acute symptoms have^ subsided, 
 which lasts in many cases through a whole life. 
 One of its effects is a tendency to more or less 
 frequent attacks of chronic rheumatism. This may 
 be termed rheumatic diathesis. In whatever it 
 consists, whether a poison is generated, or a change 
 wrought in the tissues by the acute disease, it too 
 
Rheumatism. 101 
 
 often lingers into old age. I have already men- 
 tioned that other painful states in elderly people 
 are very commonly confounded with i,t. Hence 
 the confusion and contradiction we constantly 
 meet with respecting the effect of remedies. If 
 a patient suffering from diffused pains in the 
 muscles, joints, etc., has experienced at some 
 former period of life an attack of rheumatic fever, 
 it affords a presumption that his present pains 
 are rheumatic. 
 
 The locality of the pains, when they are 
 partially or wholly localized, helps the diagnosis. 
 What are called the fibrous textures, — the liga- 
 ments and .coverings of the joints, the sheaths 
 of the muscles, — are the most frequent seat of 
 rheumatic pain. The coats of the nerves, too, 
 are doubtless sometimes affected, and then the 
 pain closely simulates neuralgia from malaria 
 or other causes. 
 
 The treatment of chronic rheumatism, as it 
 attacks elderly people, may -be. most effectually 
 directed to the locality of the pain. Stimulating 
 and sedative embrocations and fomentations are 
 of much value. Many internal remedies are re- 
 
102 Longevity. 
 
 ported to be useful, and justly so ; but they are 
 not discriminated with sufficient accuracy, any 
 more than the distinction between rheumatic 
 and other pains. The general remarks I have 
 ventured to make on pain as inimical to life, 
 and its tendency to abridge its duration, are as 
 much applicable to rheumatic as to any form of 
 pain, from any cause or of any other nature. 
 
 LUMBAGO. 
 
 This disease consists of a condition of the 
 muscles of the loins in which any motion is 
 attended with acute pain. It occurs far more 
 frequently in adults while in the full vigour of 
 life than later. It is in many medical works 
 confounded with rheumatism ; but it differs essen- 
 tially and by very well marked symptoms. 
 
 The attack of lumbago is most frequently, 
 especially a first attack, sudden ; an unusual move- 
 ment, stooping to lift a weight, a fall, a blow, 
 or the like, is followed at once by severe pain 
 in the lumbar region, with inability to move, to 
 walk, to turn in bed, to rise from a sitting 
 
Lumbago — Narcotics. 103 
 
 posture, to stand in an upright position, without 
 aggravating the suffering. It may go off as 
 suddenly, or continue a few days, or even weeks. 
 It is not attended with fever or disturbance of 
 the natural functions ; it does not even prevent . 
 sound and refreshing sleep ; but, on waking, the 
 patient is scarcely able to turn in his bed. 
 
 Narcotics are, therefore, not called for. To the 
 ordinary treatment, — mustard and linseed poul- 
 tices, or hot fomentations to the loins, with a 
 mild aperient, — I can add one item of great 
 use : — 
 
 1 Let the patient resolutely leave his bed, place 
 himself back to an upright wall, and lift himself 
 gradually erect, and then walk about. The process 
 is a painful one, but possible, although the sufferer 
 is often difficult to persuade ; yet when accom- 
 plished it is efficient. 
 
 LIMIT TO THE USE OF NARCOTICS. 
 
 I would repeat, in order to make the opinion 
 more emphatic, that narcotics should be employed 
 for the most part only as temporary expedients 
 
104 Longevity. 
 
 to afford relief from suffering; they are at best 
 but palliatives, and they may obscure the real 
 disease which is causing the pain. The relief 
 they afford should never exclude close investiga- 
 tion and immediate resort to the measures and 
 remedies appropriate to the special disorder dis- 
 covered to be the source of the suffering. 
 
 THE STOMACH AND DIGESTION. 
 
 It has been remarked by writers on medicine, 
 that elderly people are less frequently subject to 
 indigestion than the young and middle-aged ; and 
 when this disorder is met with in the latter, it 
 has a different character. This may probably be 
 partly ascribed to greater care in the selection of 
 food, more moderation in the quantity taken, 
 better arrangement of the time of meals, and the 
 habit of taking more repose after eating than 
 young persons allow, these circumstances being 
 guided by experience. 
 
 The appetite is generally more regular, and, the 
 action of the stomach upon the food (the first 
 step in digestion) more perfect. I am inclined to 
 
The Stomach — Digestion. 105 
 
 regard these facts as indications of a power in the 
 system (vis medicatrix) to check the tendency to 
 decay, existing in all its parts — the recuperative 
 power, without which every disorder would run on 
 its course to the destruction of life. 
 
 Elderly persons should 1 not take one large meal 
 in the day, as they are apt to do, but make at 
 least three lighter repasts. Sleep after dinner 
 may, to some extent, compensate for the error 
 when committed. 
 
 Any degree of oppression after eating should 
 be avoided rather by taking a smaller quantity, and 
 the omission of the less nutritious articles of food, 
 — fish, pastry, potatoes, or other vegetables, even 
 bread, — and making the meal of the more nutri- 
 tive, rather than seeking relief from stimulants. 
 If, guided by appetite, flesh meats, etc., only or 
 mainly are taken, and oppression or other symp- 
 toms of lack of power in the stomach occur, 
 instead of soda or other alkalies, relief may be 
 sought by a comparatively new remedy supplied 
 by science, namely, pepsine. Alkalies should 
 never be indulged in without good advice, and 
 after the conditions of the system generally have 
 
106 * Longevity. 
 
 received attention ; nor should pepsine, without 
 first diminishing the amount of food to a fair 
 quantity of animal substances, flesh meats, poul- 
 try, game, etc. It should not be used to force 
 through the stomach a large amount of incon- 
 gruous matter, more than the system needs. 
 
 Every part, however, demands sustenance and 
 reparation, and there'fore loss of appetite can- 
 not in aged persons be neglected with impu- 
 nity. Its cause should be sought and remedies 
 applied, as in all cases of d«sease, without 
 delay. 
 
 THE LIVER AND LOWER BOWELS. 
 
 These organs perform two functions equally im- 
 portant to the maintenance of health. Assimila- 
 tion of food and extrusion of worn-out and effete 
 matter. 
 
 Old people are said to give too much and too 
 exclusive attention to the state of their bowels. 
 This can scarcely be, since a correct action of the 
 liver and lower bowels is essential to health and 
 comfort. Without entering into the physiology 
 of the former organ, it is readily understood — 
 
The Liver and Lower Bowels. 107 
 
 (1) That bile in sufficient quantity must be formed; 
 and, (2) That there must be a free channel through 
 which it can flow, to reach the food as it leaves 
 the stomach. In both these respects there is apt 
 to be a partial failure. Either bile is not formed, 
 and its constituents remain in the blood ; or from 
 diminished elasticity of the vessels it does not 
 flow through them freely. They remain full ; the 
 stools have not the natural colour ; and besides 
 this symptom, if the eye is examined, its white 
 coat, the sclerotic, is seen to be tinged with a 
 greenish or yellow colour. 
 
 This arises from the bile being absorbed and 
 carried into the circulating blood. A- very small 
 amount may be thus detected'; but when much is 
 diverted from its natural channel, it will be seen in 
 the urine ; and if not diverted from this abnormal 
 course, the skin becomes yellow, and the disease 
 is now termed jaundice. This may arise from 
 obstruction of the gall ducts by mere inspis- 
 sated bile or from gall stones. For jaundice the 
 aid of the Physician will be sought ; but the less 
 obvious forms of this trouble are not unusually 
 neglected. 
 
io8 Longevity. 
 
 Other sufferings flow from it — low spirits, melan- 
 choly, nervousness, sleeplessness, and often pain, 
 more or less severe, with a sense of weight, in the 
 back of the neck, head, or shoulders. This is an- 
 other form of pain erroneously called rheumatic. 
 
 Formerly the remedy resorted to was mercury 
 in some shape. Blue pill and black draught, so 
 popular from the prescription ol the late Mr. 
 Abernethy, was taken in all the various cases 
 and symptoms included in the term " biliousness." 
 This plan, it must be admitted, usually affords 
 temporary relief; but all experience testifies the 
 undesirableness of introducing mercurials into 
 the system when they can be avoided, and the 
 inexpediency of frequent doses of black draught 
 
 For the last few years we have happily 
 possessed a substance, derived from the vegetable 
 kingdom, having the remarkable power of act- 
 ing upon the liver, in doses of varying amounts, 
 stimulating or correcting its action, and evacuat- 
 ing the bile ducts, without any injurious or long 
 abiding consequences. 
 
 A single dose of it will afford relief, and clear 
 off the clouds of melancholy or depression of 
 
Biliousness. 109 
 
 spirits besetting the mind. And when there is. 
 no organic disease as the cause of jaundice, it is 
 a speedy and safe remedy for that disorder. 
 
 Podophyllin is a resinous extract of the rhizome, 
 or underground stem (in common parlance, the 
 root), of the May-apple, Podophyllum peltatum, a 
 plant growing abundantly in many parts of 
 America. 
 
 Podophyllin was introduced to the profession in 
 this country by me in " Household Medicine," and 
 in three papers published in the Lancet, February 
 22, March 15, and April 19, 1862. Since then it 
 has been employed very extensively in this country, 
 in India, and indeed all over the world. It has 
 been inserted in the British Pharmacopoeia. 
 
 Thus I have the great satisfaction of knowing 
 that thousands of sufferers have been and are 
 daily deriving benefit through my efforts, to whom 
 my name is • unknown. The quantity of podo- 
 phyllin now prepared by manufacturers in this 
 country, besides that imported from America, is 
 immense, although the dose is very small, ranging 
 from \ of a grain to 2 grains. As an alterative 
 and means of evacuating bile, it is unrivalled ; 
 
no Longevity. 
 
 and as a consequence, much mental depression 
 and inquietude vanish before it. It acts like a 
 charm often in a single dose. "I would not 
 wish to live," said a sufferer, an old retired 
 medical man, " if I had not podophyllin." 
 
 Nevertheless it ought always to be taken, when 
 needed, under skilful advice as to quantity and 
 frequency. 
 
 In some cases of liver disorder, taraxacum 
 {common dandelion) is very useful. Like sarsapa- 
 , rilla, this plant is rather dietetic than a medicine. 
 Again, in hepatalgia (liver-ache) we have in buck- 
 bean, Menyanthes trifoliata, a remedy which is 
 also a general tonic and restorative. 
 
 THE LOWER BOWELS. 
 
 A daily easy action of the lower bowels is the 
 best condition of these organs for the maintenance 
 of health. It is rarely that tobacco smokers suffer 
 from constipation, especially if indulged in after 
 breakfast. A little careful attention to diet will 
 generally serve to regulate the action of the 
 bowels. If, in spite of all care, constipation is 
 
The Lower Bowels. i 1 1 
 
 suffered, an enema of warm, water, in which a 
 little soap is dissolved, is the best means of relief. 
 The practice of taking pills of which the con- 
 ' stituents are unknown, and advertisements of 
 which teem in the newspapers, cannot be too 
 strongly reprobated. If you have any regard for 
 your health, and desire to enjoy it permanently, 
 persistently refuse to obtain momentary relief 
 by such means. Very few practitioners would 
 fail, if consulted, to relate many instances of great 
 injury caused by the habitual use of advertised 
 pills. If a, person's own efforts do not secure the 
 needed purpose, consult a Physician as to the 
 most suitable aperient for the special case. 
 
 Elderly people often suffer from flatulence. 
 This usually depends on the food : either too 
 much is taken, or some article which must be 
 abstained from. Leguminous vegetables, . peas, 
 beans, lentils, — revalenta, as it is called, — in most 
 persons produce offensive flatulence. Soups, and 
 even beef-tea, will induce it in some persons. 
 When, however, flatulence becomes habitual, and 
 does not cease on change of diet, it indicates 
 a more serious cause, a failure of power in the 
 
1 1 2 Longevity. 
 
 intestinal canal, and demands a full investigation 
 as to its locality, and energetic remedies for its 
 relief. 
 
 THE KIDNEYS AND URINE. 
 
 The removal of waste and effete materials from 
 the system in the way and through the channels 
 appointed by nature, is of equal importance for 
 the preservation of health as nutrition. 
 
 A variety of compounds and salts dissolved in 
 water are separated from the blood by the organs 
 well known as the kidneys. This fluid is the urine. 
 
 The bladder is the receptacle for the urine 
 secreted by the kidneys, where it is retained until 
 it can conveniently be expelled. The office of 
 the bladder, therefore, is mainly mechanical. The 
 knowledge of the formation and properties of the 
 urine, as it proceeds in health and is modified in 
 disease, belongs to' a very advanced chemistry. 
 
 This science has accomplished much for phy- 
 siology; but its application to pathology is yet 
 in its infancy. At some future time, it is highly 
 probable important discoveries will be made re- 
 specting the renal secretion greatly modifying the 
 
The Urine. 113 
 
 duration of life. In the meantime, proceeding on 
 scientific grounds when we can, observation and ex- 
 perience will serve the purpose to a limited extent. 
 
 SIMPLE OVERFLOW OF URINE. 
 
 There is scarcely any circumstance premonitory 
 of impending trouble in old people more frequent 
 than this, and other obvious appearances in the 
 urine. Many I have afterwards to notice follow 
 upon the simple increased quantity so closely as to 
 cause this first step to be unnoticed. Hence some 
 Physicians who see cases after they have been ne- 
 glected and have made some progress, doubt the 
 existence of this simple overflow. 
 
 In a state of health, the amount of urine passed 
 during the twenty-four hours should very nearly 
 correspond with the fluids taken with the food, 
 so as to maintain an equal balance between the 
 loss and supply. Some deviation from this to a 
 limited extent, however, is not inconsistent with 
 health. The quantity passed is usually greater in 
 cold, less in hot weather, obviously because the tem- 
 perature affects the amount of fluid which tran- 
 spires through the skin as sensible perspiration. 
 
 I 
 
1 14 Longevity. 
 
 In advanced life, passing larger quantities of 
 water than is natural often occurs when there is 
 otherwise no such marked deviation from health 
 as to call for medical advice. The bladder fills 
 frequently, and must be emptied — that seems all ; 
 but the night's rest is disturbed, and when it 
 increases to a considerable and noticeable extent, 
 the circulating blood becomes thicker, the surface 
 looks dark, the complexion lurid, the muscles 
 and other textures become dryer. Languor, a 
 sense of weariness, even after long repose, and, 
 on rising from bed, stiffness of the limbs, will be 
 experienced. There is in some cases much thirst ; 
 in others, very little. 
 
 I think simple dysuria, as this is called, does not 
 cause thirst. When there is much thirst, some of the 
 changes mentioned in the sequel are beginning. 
 
 People wonder where the water comes from. 
 This is no mystery. The greater part of what 
 we call solid food is made up of water. Our own 
 flesh and blood are mostly water. 
 
 In health, the water contained in the solids 
 taken as food, termed in science constitutional 
 water, nearly balances the amount removed in the 
 
Simple Overflow of Urine. 1 1 5 
 
 processes of organic change in our own flesh and 
 blood. When the latter lose the water necessary 
 to their healthy condition, the other and more 
 solid parts begin to change and decay, i.e., run 
 into disease. 
 
 Dysuria, or simple overflow of water, is analo- 
 gous to diarrhoea. It may be checked and reme- 
 died by change of diet and simple remedies. 
 
 There is a group termed diuretics — medicines 
 prescribed for the purpose of increasing the flow 
 of water when it is deficient in quantity. Among 
 these, there are some which act both ways — they 
 increase or diminish the flow, according to the 
 condition of the kidneys, by imparting tone or 
 bracing the fibres of those organs, and so induc- 
 ing a healthy state, when their function of sepa- 
 rating water from the blood is duly performed. 
 
 The change of diet should be first — if malt 
 liquors have been taken habitually, they should 
 be left off, and a moderate amount of wine substi- 
 tuted. A glass of port with two meals in the day, 
 and about four ounces of water. If dysuria occurs 
 in a wine-drinker, reverse the change, and substitute 
 good stout for the daily wine. If tea or coffee 
 
n6 Longevity. 
 
 has been the custom, change them, or altogether 
 disuse hot fluids, and take claret and cold water. 
 
 Soups and fish should be avoided. 
 
 Green vegetables supply certain elements — pot- 
 ash, sulphur, etc. — to the blood and juices, and 
 greatly tend to maintain a healthy condition. In 
 the case before us, the onion tribe are real reme- 
 dies. Onions, leeks, eschalots, garlic, freely taken, 
 will often arrest the overflow. An onion eaten raw 
 at night, is most efficient. If this is considered 
 too coarse an article for food, the doctor may pre- 
 scribe squill (one of the" same tribe) as physic I 
 prefer the former. Water-cress, garden-cress, and 
 mustard, in salads, asparagus, and especially the 
 girasole, all act as tonics on the kidneys. Potatoes 
 should be entirely abandoned. 
 
 Such are the means the patient may use for 
 himself ; but medicine furnishes many more. 
 
 This simple inordinate flow of urine which I 
 have described, and which is so readily remedied, 
 often, if neglected, issues in, if it does not some- 
 times begin with, something more serious. The 
 urine may be loaded with albumen (Brighfs dis- 
 ease), with sugar (diabetes), with phosphates (salts 
 
Albumenous Urine. w] 
 
 •which produce irritable bladder and stone), or with 
 oxalic acid (pxalurid). Let us take first, — 
 
 ALBUMENOUS URINE. 
 
 Albumen enters into the natural constitution of 
 most of the tissues and organs. While all the 
 processes are healthy; it is transformed into urea, 
 and is thus removed in the urine. When it es- ■ 
 capes as albumen through the kidneys, there is 
 much that is wrong in the system, and serious 
 disease will manifest itself somewhere. 
 
 This escape of albumen is seldom observed at 
 its commencement. The redundant flow of urine 
 not being attended with suffering, merely with in- 
 convenience, is allowed to proceed unchecked until 
 much debility is felt, and often until the feet begin 
 to swell. Then the Physician is called in ; and if 
 he examines the urine, the mischief is discovered. 
 The way to find albumen, is to boil a portion of 
 the urine in a glass tube or silver spoon, when 
 flakes of coagulated albumen appear. To detect 
 minute quantities, a few drops of nitric acid are 
 added to the urine before boiling. 
 
 An aged person passing too much water, and 
 
1 1 8 Longevity. 
 
 feeling himself growing rapidly weak, may test 
 the urine for himself. 
 
 The late Dr. Bright gained great celebrity by 
 examining the kidneys in cases which had proved 
 fatal : he found these organs palpably diseased. 
 The change in the structure of the kidneys was 
 regarded as the cause ; they are said to be de- 
 generated ; and the complaint is now known as 
 " Bright's disease." 
 
 Now, there is no doubt that the alteration in 
 the kidneys is one effect of a general change in 
 the albumen in many or all parts of the body. It 
 is the soluble albumen pervading the lungs, mus- 
 cles, and tissues generally, which is undergoing 
 a change, — degradation, — an abnormal change, in- 
 stead of passing into urea. This is proved, first, 
 by the general debility which accompanies the 
 escape of albumen , secondly, by the effusion 
 of water into the tissues — that is, dropsy, its im- 
 mediate consequence ; thirdly, by the nature and 
 action of a remarkable remedy recently discovered. 
 
 If, when the outflow of albumen is first detected, 
 there are no serious changes already advanced in 
 any important organ, the disease is amenable to 
 
Bright 's Disease. 119 
 
 a decided but simple course of diet, which is the 
 remedy alluded to. 
 
 Hence the importance of attention to the urine 
 if it be habitually redundant, and the simple 
 means described above 'have been used, and fail 
 to check it. 
 
 A happy thought occurred to a German Phy- 
 sician, when reflecting on the subject of certain 
 incurable diseases. He conjectured that a great 
 and beneficial change might be wrought in the 
 constitution by complete abstinence from every 
 article of food usually taken by adults, and return- 
 ing to that on which alone the rapidly-growing 
 body in infancy is fed. He tried it in a variety 
 of cases ; and, to his own surprise, he found it 
 strikingly successful in albumenuria, or Bright's 
 disease, in all its stages, even in some where it 
 had brought on dropsy. 
 
 This remedy consists in living for a time exclu- 
 sively on milk ; and it has been adopted, with 
 marvellous success, in this country. Pure milk, 
 with the butter, that is the cream, carefully re- 
 moved,^-skimmed milk, in fact. This .method of 
 treatment has been called the "milk cure." It 
 
1 20 Longevity. 
 
 has nothing of charlatanry about it. Its action is 
 explicable on the principles of the soundest science. 
 It accords with physiology. Human milk contains 
 very little fatty matter ; and skimmed cow's milk 
 closely resembles it. The effect of thus returning 
 to the simple nourishment of childhood strikingly 
 and beautifully illustrates the chemistry of the 
 living body. 
 
 As Bright's disease is one which certainly and 
 rapidly proves fatal under ordinary circumstances, 
 and, indeed, the idea of its being a hopeless dis- 
 ease in the kidneys tends to its being usually 
 treated only by palliatives, it becomes of great 
 importance, now that an efficacious remedy has 
 been discovered, that it should be used properly, 
 and under skilled supervision. 
 
 The above remarks and treatment, however, 
 apply to confirmed albumenaria. A small propor- 
 tion of albumen in the urine in elderly persons 
 need not excite alarm. It is often found, in the 
 urine passed at night, after walking or other ex- 
 ercise, and absent after the night's repose. This 
 indicates that the wear and tear of life is beginning 
 to tell upon the system. Change of diet and in- 
 
Gravel and Stone. 121 
 
 vigorating medicine are now expedient ; but of far 
 less heroic kind than "the milk cure." 
 
 muddy urine and gravel — origin and 
 Prevention of stone. 
 
 In a state of health the urine is a clear trans- 
 parent fluid, of a straw-colour when passed, and 
 remaining so for some time. In many disorders of 
 the system it becomes turbid on cooling, with more 
 or less sediment with various tints of colour, 
 yellowish or reddish brown. 
 
 Now a very important distinction exists, and in 
 elderly persons the due appreciation of it may very 
 often greatly influence the duration of life. 
 
 If the sediment and the turbidity disappear, and 
 the urine becomes clear on heating it gently, whilst it 
 indicates febrile or inflammatory action somewhere 
 in the system, it. is in itself of little moment ; it will 
 be only temporary. If such urine is continuous, it 
 may direct the patient to consult his physician, to 
 discover what is amiss ; and this is the proper 
 course. ' 
 
 If the urine is turbid when first passed, and does 
 not become clear on heating, but rather more 
 
122 Longevity. 
 
 thick and muddy, and the sediment is granular, 
 attention must be given to it. 
 
 Most people know what gravel is, namely, a 
 sediment in the urine, of a red or dirty white colour, 
 usually attended with pain in the region of the 
 kidneys, and often with pain in the bladder itself on 
 passing water. The early stage of this disorder 
 is very generally neglected. After a time the 
 granular sediment from the urine formed in the 
 bladder produces irritation and acute pain on 
 making water ; the small granules then adhere 
 together into little masses which pass with diffi- 
 culty, often producing an unnatural amount of the 
 secretion of mucus by the bladder itself, which ag- 
 glutinates them into larger masses, and forms stones. 
 This is the history of most cases of stone. Futile, 
 because misdirected, efforts, and palliative and 
 useless medicines and measures, are pursued until 
 the dreadful and dangerous operation of cutting for 
 or crushing the , stone, to remove it, becomes the 
 common resort It was thus that the life of 
 Napoleon the Third was brought to a premature 
 close, and it is the fate of thousands. I fear it is 
 not wholly without foundation that the profession 
 
Gravel and Stone. 123 
 
 are charged with preferring great and brilliant 
 operations to the careful study of causes and the 
 adoption of preventive remedies. But it must not 
 be forgotten that the patient's own neglect, in leav- 
 ing unnoticed the early symptoms, exonerates the 
 physician who finds at the first consultation the 
 disease far advanced. . 
 
 iSTow the thick muddy urine and the resulting 
 gravel and stone occur in two states of the general 
 system, which require to be carefully distinguished 
 before remedial measures are resorted to. 
 
 It is in the general system somewhere that the 
 mischief begins. The materials of the deposit are 
 abnormal products, either of faulty digestion or 
 assimilation of the food, or of agencies affecting 
 and misdirecting the changes in the elementary 
 matters to fit them for expulsion (secretion)." The 
 discussion of all this belongs to a medical treatise, 
 but a few simple words will render it clear. In- 
 dulgence in high living, superabundant animal 
 food, rich dishes, various wines, etc., with deficient 
 exercise, impure air, and errors of regimen of 
 various kinds, set these morbid changes going. 
 The blood and flesh juices become deteriorated. 
 
1 24 Longevity. 
 
 As the kidneys form the channel through which 
 impurities are to escape, their secretion is made 
 unnatural ; and in the kidneys themselves (i.e., in 
 a little pouch which first receives the urine), the 
 sediment agglutinates into masses forming stones. 
 
 What is to be done to prevent the evils thus 
 arising ? First, ascertain whether the urine is 
 acid or alkaline. This is effected by small slips 
 of prepared paper, — test papers, — obtained of any 
 chemist. Drop a blue paper into the recently passed 
 urine ; if it turns red, there is acid ; if a red paper 
 becomes blue, the urine is alkaline. Secondly, 
 adapt the diet to the circumstances. In the first 
 case, abandon acid wines — all wines, in fact, are 
 more or less acid, so are most spirits, brandy for 
 example ; lessen the proportion of animal food, 
 and increase the farinaceous and vegetable. In 
 the second case, reverse the order and manner of 
 the change. 
 
 This change of diet is a valuable adjunct to the 
 treatment. A recent and most interesting discovery 
 is now to be explained, as it exactly falls in with 
 the design of this work. 
 
 With muddy urine, gravel (whether uric acid 
 
Value of Pure Water. 125 
 
 or phosphates), and incipient stone, there is often 
 pain, irritable bladder, and other troubles. Opium, 
 in one of its numerous forms, and a whole string 
 of narcotics are employed as palliatives ; and for 
 ease a hundred nostrums are recommended, and 
 everybody (more especially those who are entirely 
 ignorant) has some infallible remedy. Mineral 
 waters are favourites, and niany.of them certainly 
 do this— they expedite the crisis of the disease, 
 and complete the formation of the stone. The 
 Emperor may almost be said to have fallen a 
 victim to Vichy water. 
 
 As regards the pain, opiates are incomparably 
 the best medicine for relieving it. 
 
 But the great remedy, which I have termed a 
 discovery, is the substitution of pure distilled 
 •water for all other water, whether in soup, tea, 
 coffee, or other mixtures, and its free use as a 
 beverage. I wish I knew to whom to give the 
 credit of this discovery. It is precisely in the 
 line of the highest science. (See Note L, p. 177.) 
 
 All water from natural sources contains more 
 or less saline matter ; lime and magnesia salts 
 being invariably present. Generally, these con- 
 
126 Longevity. 
 
 stituents are not unwholesome. They give to 
 water its agreeable taste, especially when accom- 
 panied with, free carbonic acid ; and when the 
 system is in health they supply needful ingre- 
 dients to the blood. In the condition we are 
 speaking of, the minutest quantities of these salts, 
 added to those already present in too large a pro- 
 portion, determines the formation of those com- 
 pounds which go into the urine and form stones. 
 
 It is an odd thing that the very means which 
 science teaches are the most likely to aggravate 
 the disease, are precisely those most frequently 
 recommended for its relief. 
 
 No one who has studied the properties of water 
 in its pure state, and when containing small 
 quantities of salts, or even atmospheric air, will 
 be surprised to hear of its effects when so far pure 
 as distilled water, on the constitution, and on 
 stone in the kidneys or bladder. One fact, po- 
 pularly known, may be mentioned in illustration. 
 Pure distilled water will act on — i.e., dissolve — 
 metallic lead ; whereas the presence of minute 
 quantities of the salts, which render it, as we 
 say, hard, will effectually prevent this action. 
 
Irritable Bladder. 127 
 
 In the earliest* possible stage of the disease we 
 are speaking of-^-turbid phosphatic urine, or gravel, 
 — distilled water should be at once adopted. 
 
 Even when stone exists, it has great power. 
 Dr. Murray, of Newcastle, tells us that in the 
 Infirmary there, it is quite common for patients 
 treated with distilled water, to pass water-worn 
 stones, i.e., they have been so far dissolved as 
 to be rendered small enough to pass through the 
 external passage (i.e., the urethra). 
 
 The constitutional treatment by drugs in these 
 cases must be left to the Physician. 
 
 IRRITABLE BLADDER. 
 
 There are disorders of this organ incident to 
 elderly people which demand a passing notice. 
 
 Irritable bladder, frequent desire to empty it, 
 attended with much pain. This will generally 
 be relieved by drinking freely, linseed tea, 
 barley water with some gum arabic dissolved 
 in it, or a decoction of the dried stems of the 
 plant known as twitch or knot grass (Triticum 
 repens). If the pain is severe, five or six drops 
 of laudanum may be added, 
 
1 28 Longevity. 
 
 Incontinence of urine, retention, irregularity in 
 the flow, etc., should receive the attention of the 
 surgeon. An instrument may be needed,, and he 
 will teach the patient to use it for himself safely. 
 
 DIABETES, OR SWEET WATER. 
 
 This disease consists of an abnormal flow of 
 water laden with sugar. The detection of sugar 
 in the urine must be the work of a chemist. 
 Redundant, limpid urine, great thirst, and loss of 
 flesh, occurring together, will afford good reason, 
 to suspect the presence of sugar. Often it is 
 detected by spots on the trousers, which are 
 minute crystals of sugar left where drops of urine 
 have splashed. 
 
 This curious disease, which consists in the food 
 first, and afterwards the constituents of the body - 
 itself, being transformed into sugar, is surely fatal 
 unless checked by proper remedies. This trans- 
 formation is explained by chemistry ; but why it 
 begins and proceeds in the living body is the main 
 question. The subject is too scientific and com- 
 plex to be fully treated here. The usual method 
 
Diabetes. 129 
 
 adopted to arrest it, consists 1 in an attempt to 
 exclude from the diet all saccharine substances 
 and those which are readily transformed into 
 sugar. The patient is prohibited from taking 
 any form of starch, even bread, and is put on 
 bran biscuits or gluten — the staminal principle 
 of wheat, from which all the starch has been 
 separated. This plan diminishes for a time 
 the amount of sugar in the urine, but fails 
 to cure the disease. It is, in fact, a clumsy 
 expedient, like an attempt to render a stream 
 pellucid which is turbid at its source. 
 
 We can transform starches and other similar 
 substances into sugar in the laboratory ; but to do 
 this we must have recourse to an agent termed 
 a ferment. This is a nitrogenous compound in 
 a state of active change (decomposition or decay). 
 Now, in the body nearly everything is a com- 
 pound of nitrogen, — the substance of the muscles 
 the blood, etc. ; and these in health, as we have 
 before remarked, when used up and become effete, 
 are transformed into urea, and pass off in the 
 urine. In the urine there is a ferment, and after 
 it has left the body this ferment causes the 
 
 K 
 
1 30 Longevity. 
 
 urea to be transformed into ammonia, carbonic acid, 
 and water. That is the natural course of things. 
 
 In diabetes a nitrogenous ferment acts in the 
 body as it does out of the body, i.e. transforms 
 amylaceous substances first, then the fat, after- 
 wards other elements, into sugar, and other com- 
 plementary compounds. 
 
 It is to the detection and exclusion of this 
 ferment we must address our measures of treat- 
 ment, if we would cure diabetes. 
 
 THE THROAT — AIR PASSAGES — LUNGS. 
 Catarrh — Influenza — Bronchitis. 
 
 Bronchitis is one of the most formidable and 
 fatal diseases occurring in advanced age. 
 
 One in every four persons whose lives extend 
 beyond sixty falls a victim to it. 
 
 And yet bronchitis comes under the category of 
 diseases amenable to treatment. Medical science 
 can determine the wavering balance, and very often 
 saves lives obviously tending to a fatal issue if the 
 disease is neglected. 
 
 Bronchitis seldom comes in its severest form 
 
Catarrh — Influenza — Bronchitis. 1 3 r 
 
 on a first attack. A susceptibility to a return and 
 frequent repetition usually remains. A succession: 
 of attacks at longer or shorter intervals, and with, 
 more or less severity, is the general rule. When 
 there has been repeated attack and recovery, all 
 suspicion of danger is lulled, precautions are ne- 
 glected, and early recourse to proper treatment 
 prevented. \ 
 
 One most common and fatal sequence of bron- 
 chitis is congestion of the lungs, and this will sud- 
 denly supervene on what a patient will describe 
 as "his old malady, which has often troubled 
 him, but which has always yielded to some simple 
 treatment." 
 
 The earliest and most prominent symptom of 
 bronchitis is cough, and this occurs in every degree. 
 More or less irritation of the mucous membrane 
 of the nose cavities, throat, and air-passages, 
 termed catarrh, very often precedes the inflam- 
 matory state of the lining of the bronchia, con- 
 stituting the disease. 
 
 What is its cause? What gives the suscepti- 
 bility to it ? How can it be guarded against ? How 
 arrested? There is a constant current of atmo- 
 
132 Longevity. 
 
 spheric air flowing through the nostrils, the nasal 
 cavities, the glottis, or opening situate at the root 
 of the tongue, into the bronchia, or air-passages — 
 the upper part of which is called the larynx. This 
 air, as we breathe, spreads through the lungs in 
 the minute divisions of the bronchial tubes — it is 
 so inspired hot, cold, temperate, moist, dry, pure, 
 or contaminated. The popular name for all 
 catarrhal attacks is "a cold," — catching a cold. 
 This is the basis of the theory of catarrh and 
 bronchitis originating in cold air or changeable 
 weather, variations in the hygroscopic state of 
 the atmosphere, or exposure to cold currents when 
 the body is heated. 
 
 There is much truth in this theory; but some- 
 thing more is needed to explain attacks of catarrh, 
 especially in its more intense form, as influenza — 
 when the catarrh is certainly contagious and often 
 epidemic. During the prevalence of such catarrhs, 
 the most fatal attacks of bronchitis are met with. 
 The atmosphere, at certain times, is a vehicle for 
 some subtle poison, gaseous vapours, or it may be 
 minute solid matter, not yet detected^the most 
 energetic, if not the only, cause of catarrh and 
 
Prevention of Bronchitis. 133 
 
 bronchitis. How often do we hear patients say, 
 " I cannot think how I got this bad cold," there 
 being no exposure or any circumstance to which it 
 can be referred. 
 
 However this may be, it is invariably recognised 
 that some persons are more susceptible of these 
 attacks than others; and the practical question is, 
 how may this susceptibility be remedied. The mor- 
 " bid impression on the mucous membrane, leading 
 to catarrh, cough, etc., is sometimes first felt 
 locally in the nose; and as the membrane is con- 
 tinuous, it passes on and downward to the bron- 
 chia. If we can harden, so tcr speak, the mem- 
 brane, we render the attack less likely. 
 
 1. Habitual smokers are, as a rule, less suscepti- 
 ble to attacks of catarrh and bronchitis than those 
 who do not smoke. 
 
 2. The habitual use of cold water, simply, or with 
 the addition of a teaspoonful of common table salt 
 to half-a-pint of water, as a gargle to the throat, is 
 very useful. 
 
 3. An astringent gargle used freely night and 
 morning. 
 
 4. Friction over the throat externally with a 
 
134 Longevity. 
 
 rough towel wetted with cold water once or twice 
 daily. 
 
 In the section on the Physiology of Age I have 
 described the condition of solids and fluids in 
 elderly persons. A scientific term, atheromatous, is 
 applied to the aggregate — flabby, inelastic, pappy. 
 This state of the glottis, larynx, and other parts 
 of the air passages exists in persons susceptible to 
 attacks of bronchitis. It can be greatly ameli- 
 orated by other measures beside the foregoing, — 
 namely by — 
 
 5. The use, by inhalation, of vapours, such as 
 acetic acid, nitrous ether, etc., and under advice a 
 small apparatus should be employed to ensure 
 their perfect application to the parts about the 
 air passages. 
 
 6. The inhalation of liquids in the form of spray. 
 Even cold water so used is beneficial, and any 
 sensible person can apply it for himself as easily 
 as he can use a gargle. A very minute portion of 
 hydrochloric or nitric acid adds to the efficacy of 
 plain water, and some other fluids are much com- 
 mended, both as prophylactic and curative when 
 the disease exists. 
 
Prevention of Bronchitis. 135 
 
 7. The experiments of Dr. Tyndall have shown 
 that in the atmosphere much solid matter exists 
 in the form of minute particles invisible under 
 ordinary circumstances. It is very probable that 
 these may be the exciting cause of many cases of 
 bronchitis. These solid particles may be sepa- 
 rated from the air we breathe by passing it 
 through a layer of cotton wool. It would there- 
 fore be a very prudent course to have a thin layer 
 of well carded cotton wool spread out and fixed 
 to a wire frame, so adjusted to the windows of 
 sleeping apartments as to fill up all the space 
 when the window is opened. This precaution 
 would most probably save elderly persons from 
 attacks. It would* not indeed be superfluous if 
 adopted for sitting-rooms, especially in London 
 and other towns where the atmosphere is loaded 
 with solid matter and mephitic vapours visible 
 enough. 
 
 No one can doubt the importance of pure air 
 for healthy respiration. A supply -is not unfre- 
 quently deficient when merely closed windows are 
 trusted. Ventilation with warmth cannot be over- 
 rated. 
 
136 Longevity. 
 
 When the attack begins — i.e., the cold is caught 
 — it may be arrested in the nasal cavities, or at the 
 upper part of the air-passages by applying freely 
 the vapour of pure ether, inspiring it by the 
 nostrils from a small wide-mouthed phial, and 
 expiring it through the mouth; or the contrary 
 way, when the glottis is first struck. This pro- 
 ceeding cannot be extolled too highly ; it is very 
 efficacious. And even when cough is established, 
 or the lower bronchia affected, it will afford the 
 most speedy and safe relief. 
 
 The means recommended for treating cough 
 are innumerable. Little or no discrimination is 
 exercised, and hundreds of lives fall victims to 
 misapplied remedies. 
 
 At first, when bronchitis of a sharper kind 
 comes on, the fluid poured out by the membrane 
 and coughed up is fluid and frothy. The use 
 of opiates and other medicines to arrest it in this 
 stage is attended with great danger. In fact, the 
 physician only should guide the treatment. 
 
 When the secretion becomes thick and slimy, 
 opiates are, and will be, used. But if the specific 
 action of the Thapsus verbascum {mullein) were 
 known, it would be universally substituted. 
 
Inhalation, in Bronchitis. 137 
 
 Chronic cough in aged persons, with expectora- 
 tion of much mucus, must be cautiously dealt with, 
 as all judicious writers testify; but the beneficial 
 influence of thapsus, internally or when smoked, 
 is not known, or it would be had recourse to 
 more frequently. The use of opiates should be 
 locally, and in very minute quantity. It is a 
 clumsy and dangerous way of arresting a cough 
 in aged persons, to give them doses of opium, 
 laudanum, or morphia so large as to affect the 
 local trouble only through the brain. 
 
 There is one domestic remedy which cannot be 
 too highly extolled, inasmuch as it never does 
 harm, is easily applicable, and confers great benefit, 
 even often to the extent of effecting a perfect cure ; 
 and it is equally useful in the earliest stage of 
 bronchitis as in old chronic cases. I mean the 
 inhalation of the vapour of water heated to near 
 boiling. If no instrument is at hand, a narrow- 
 mouthed jug may be used. The vapour breathed 
 in through the mouth, and expelled through the 
 nostrils. It is best done when the patient is in 
 bed, and continued for fifteen or twenty minutes. 
 The hot vapour soothes the membrane, removes 
 
i$& Longevity. 
 
 the secretions, and allays irritation, and thus gene- 
 rally gives a night's rest from the cough. (See Note 
 on Apparatus, p. 191.) 
 
 THE HEART. 
 This is one of the most important organs of the 
 whole body. Its structure appears at first sight 
 to be very complicated ; but its functions being 
 entirely mechanical, it is readily understood. The 
 heart is a double force-pump, having two recep- 
 tacles appended to it, and being provided with 
 valves to direct the course of the fluid (the blood) 
 on which it acts. Its cavities are hollow muscles, 
 by the contraction of which the blood is moved, 
 and its circulation throughout the whole body 
 effected. These cavities contract in succession. 
 One receives the blood through the vessels from 
 all parts of the body. These vessels are the veins. 
 It passes it into another, which throws or injects 
 it through the lungs, whence it returns into a 
 third cavity. From this it passes into a fourth 
 (the most powerful of all), which forces it again 
 through the arteries into every part of the body. 
 This constitutes the circulation of the blood, for 
 the discovery of which Harvey is so celebrated. 
 
Disorders of the Heart. 139 
 
 By slightly compressing any artery with the fin- 
 ger, we feel the jets of the current : this is the 
 pulse. In health, the action of the several parts 
 of the heart are regular, rhythmical, and produce 
 pulsations numbering from fifty to eighty or ninety 
 in a minute. The pulse is quickest in childhood, 
 gradually becoming slower in adult life, and is 
 slowest in old age. Of course, I mean in a state 
 of health. 
 
 Excitement of any kind, mental emotions, fever, 
 inflammation, and other disorders, render the pulse 
 more frequent than natural. Some diseases, par- 
 ticularly of the brain, cause it to beat more 
 slowly. 
 
 There are many other qualities of the pulse 
 besides its speed which' we notice, corresponding 
 to, and significant of, changes in the action of the 
 heart. Thus we have a hard and a soft pulse, 
 full and small, irregular, intermittent, fluttering, 
 etc. Moreover, we are able by the ear, aided by 
 the stethoscope, to ascertain the state of the heart 
 at any time. 
 
 It is one of the marvels of our nature that 
 the action of the heart and the consequent circu- 
 
14° Longevity. 
 
 lation of the blood can go on, without material 
 interruption, for one hundred years or more. 
 
 In advanced life disorders and diseases of the 
 heart are but little more frequent than in earlier 
 periods. Many of them are, to a great extent, 
 under control and remediable. There is no reason 
 for the commonly-entertained apprehensions when 
 an elderly person is said to have a disease of the 
 heart, unless such disease is organic — that is, has 
 become much altered- in its structure. 
 
 The heart derives its motive power, like every 
 other organ, from the nerves — not those proceed- 
 ing directly from the brain and spinal chord, but 
 from a system of nerves termed the great sympa- 
 thetic. The parts and organs supplied with nerve- 
 force from this system are in a measure cut off 
 from the centres of ordinary sensation, so that we 
 have no consciousness of their actions, and no 
 power over them through the will. In health, we 
 do not know, or at least do not feel, that we have 
 such parts as a heart, a liver, a stomach, etc. ; but 
 all these parts being linked together by the same 
 source of power, disorder in one will often, more 
 or less, disturb the others. 
 
Disorders of the Heart., 14.1 
 
 Hence irregular action, palpitation, fluttering, a 
 feeling of indefinable uneasiness in the heart, may 
 any of them be caused by disturbance of the 
 stomach, or bowels, or liver ; and they disappear 
 when the primary trouble is relieved. 
 
 Sometimes, however, the disordered action of 
 the heart, once excited, goes on after the exciting 
 cause is removed ; and I believe these functional 
 disorders thus give rise to real organic disease, 
 particularly to enlargement of the organ (hyper- 
 trophy), if neglected. 
 
 What I would impress on my, readers is, not 
 to assume, because they are said to have a weak 
 or diseased heart, their case is out of the reach 
 of remedies. It is true, the line of distinction 
 between permanent organic changes and functional 
 disturbance requires much skill to determine. The 
 latter are of far more frequent occurrence ; and we 
 possess remedies of a very remarkable power over 
 the actions of the ; heart. Nervines and antispas-. 
 modics in a marked manner calm down palpita- 
 tions, flutterings, etc., when temporary. Digitalis 
 
 Digitalis has long been known to possess the power 
 of reducing the frequency of the pulse; but a plant 
 
142 Longevity* 
 
 of recent introduction to English practice from 
 the Eclectics of America, the Veratrum viride, pos- 
 sesses this power in a most remarkable degree. 
 It demands great care in its administration ; but 
 by giving small, frequentlyTrepeated doses, we can 
 reduce the number of beats of the pulse ten, fif- 
 teen, or twenty in the minute in the course of an 
 hour or two. 
 
 I hav« known persons having for many years 
 been supposed to suffer from heart disease, attain 
 to a good old age. 
 
 When the action of the heart is so far disturbed 
 as to excite attention, there is usually mental de- 
 pression ; and when it proceeds far, an anxious 
 look is perceptible on the countenance. 
 
 Rheumatism affects the heart; and one of the 
 worst features of this disease, in its acute form, is 
 a tendency to attack and damage the heart. I 
 consider the veratrum viride one of the most valu- 
 able remedies we possess, inasmuch as its judicious 
 use is remedial in such cases. It not only reduces 
 the frequency of the heart's contractions, but it 
 imparts tone and strength to the organ. 
 
The Brain and its Work. 143 
 
 THE BRAIN — MIND — MOTIVE POWER. 
 Mind — Emotions — Paralysis — Sleep. 
 
 It is unnecessary to enter into elaborate or 
 scientific discussion, or even to refer to disputed 
 questions, respecting the brain and its relations to 
 mind. The popular recognition of the brain as the 
 organ of thought, of feeling, and source of all 
 motion, and controller of all the functions of the 
 body is sufficient for our present purpose ; yet two 
 or three facts may be stated to render the following 
 intelligible : — I. As the source of motion and power, 
 the seat of all the senses, the energy of the brain 
 passes outward and downward to all parts. 2. A 
 reflex action passes from all parts to the brain 
 through the nerves. 3. Injuries to any organ affect 
 the brain, either through the nervous system or 
 through the blood. 
 
 The brain has the most delicate structure of any 
 part of the body. It requires nourishment, and 
 undergoes waste from use and action, like every 
 other part. Disturbance within it may manifest 
 itself in a great variety of ways — in the mental 
 acts, in the moral sentiments and feelings, in the 
 
144 Longevity. 
 
 nerves as disordered feeling and pain, as dimi- 
 nished power of motion in the muscles — loss of" 
 power (paralysis), spasmodic or morbid motions, 
 and in the perversion or suppression of organic 
 action. Bearing these • facts in mind the first 
 traces of morbid changes in the brain occurring 
 in elderly persons may be recognised and under- 
 stood. 
 
 If the work of the brain and consequent waste of 
 its substance is inordinate, and the supply of 
 suitable matter for its repair and sustenance fails, 
 disease necessarily ensues. An overworked brain 
 is a common and very significant phrase.. Deep 
 thought long continued, care and anxiety in busi- 
 ness, study too closely pursued, involve overwork, 
 and frequently induce mischief in the brain. Ex- 
 citement from any cause, profound emotion, eager 
 pursuit of objects of ambition, lead to more and 
 more continuous action than the texture of the 
 brain can bear. And there are many ways in 
 which disorder in this organ shows itself. 
 
 Headache, sleeplessness, failure of memory, of 
 the power of continuous application to some work of 
 thought, illusions (some idea being intrusive, and 
 
Over-worked Brain. 145 
 
 if not expelled, becoming dominant), confused 
 dreams, irascibility of temper, — these are morbid 
 symptoms of brain overworked. 
 
 Not unfrequently morbid feelings in the fingers, 
 twitchings of the muscles, diminished power pro- 
 ceeding to absolute paralysis in some locality, 
 or sudden and extensive paralysis, occur. 
 
 These all, or any of them, indicate disorder of 
 brain, and demand immediate and skilful atten- 
 tion. Any muscle in the body may be the seat 
 of paralysis, partial or complete : ' for instance, 
 the tongue, producing thickness, or difficulty of 
 speech ; the eyelids, causing them to droop ; the 
 muscles of the face, generally on one side, making 
 , the mouth to turn awry. 
 
 When any of these symptoms occur, especially 
 those of the mind, it is common to hear them 
 attributed to softening of the brain. Now this is 
 for the most part a guess at the underlying cause ; 
 the hypothesis is harmless if it does not lead to 
 erroneous practice. A closer and more accurate 
 explanation is that the brain has suffered waste 
 beyond the amount of nutrition it has received 
 or can appropriate for its repair and sustenance. 
 
 L 
 
146 Longevity. 
 
 This explanation provides the key to the treat- 
 ment required for its relief. 
 
 ■ Any treatment will be faulty and inadequate 
 which does not demand as the very first item 
 complete repose. The brain must be allowed to 
 rest ; every pursuit demanding thought abandoned, 
 — business, ambition, study, work, suspended ; a 
 careful investigation of the patient's state instituted ; 
 the digestive organs, the process of assimilation, 
 first of all, the patient's habits and mode of life, 
 etc., and, if any defect or error is discoverable, it 
 must be corrected and remedied. 
 
 It is very seldom that some fault will not be dis- 
 covered in the primary processes (digestion, etc.). 
 
 The secretions, too, must be watched to dis- 
 cover any defect in them. If the liver is not 
 making, healthy bile, or in sufficient quantity, if 
 the kidneys partially fail in their office, the defect 
 leaves the blood impure, loaded with foreign, or 
 effete matter, and carrying into the delicate tex- 
 tures of the brain, instead of healthy nourishment, 
 substances poisonous and incapable of supporting 
 and restoring its power and functions. This is 
 the true theory and explanation of over-worked 
 
Disorders of the Brain. 147 
 
 brain, the root and cause of paralysis, disordered 
 mind, and perverted moral affections, or temper. 
 
 Sometimes the incipient disorder, of the brain 
 manifests itself by signs in the organs of the 
 senses, impaired vision, clouds, or black spots 
 appear, indicating partial loss of sensitiveness in 
 the retina (the immediate seat of sight), singing 
 or buzzing in the ears or deafness, bad and per- 
 sistent smells, or false taste, neuralgia, keen pains 
 running along the course of nerves particularly of 
 the face. These all have the same root and 
 proximate cause although referable to different 
 parts of the brain. 
 
 There are, however, many head troubles of a 
 more ephemeral, character which every elderly 
 person should know and avoid. 
 
 Indigestible articles of food will produce head- 
 ache, sometimes over one brow, sometimes diffused 
 over the head. In some persons badly refined 
 spirits, brandy, or others having fusel oil re- 
 maining in them, — not to speak of adulterations in 
 spirits, or wines, — will produce headache, and their 
 influence will often long outlast the presence of 
 the cause inducing the trouble. 
 
148 Longevity. 
 
 The lower bowels being sluggish, acids are 
 generated by the decomposition of the food or 
 excretions. This is a very common cause of diz- 
 ziness, giddiness, and headache. I have known 
 old people living in constant dread of apoplexy 
 or paralysis, at once disburthened of their fears 
 and suffering, from this cause being recognised and 
 remedied. 
 
 When the kidneys do not separate the effete 
 salts and metamorphosed nitrogenous tissues, as 
 urea, freely enough, from debility or other change, 
 the blood becomes poisoned, head troubles are ex- 
 perienced ; sleepiness or drowsiness at all times will 
 follow ; and if the urine wholly fails to be formed 
 and expelled, coma and death will ensue. 
 
 Hence the importance of attention to the urine, 
 as to its quantity and quality. 
 
 Men of business, in the eager pursuit of what 
 they regard as imperative duties, studious 
 men, in short all persons who work with the 
 brain more than the muscles, are peculiarly liable 
 to suffer from head troubles. They are apt to 
 disregard the early symptoms of mischief, deem- 
 ing them trifling and as having no meaning. 
 
Disorders of the Brain. 149 
 
 Numbness of a finger, dizziness, broken sleep, 
 diminished power of attention, failing memory, 
 and the other symptoms enumerated above, — 
 any of these, or similar occurrences should at once 
 lead to relaxation from business at least, if not 
 entire change of scene and habits, and complete 
 mental repose. 
 
 Admitting the correctness of the opinion popu- 
 larly held by the profession of a softening of 
 the brain, this is by no means unamenable to 
 remedies. Besides the change of diet, scene, and 
 habits, spoken of above, we have valuable and 
 efficient remedies, — too powerful, however, too 
 nice in, their application, to be entrusted to 
 unskilled hands. The most we can say to our 
 readers is, do not allow scepticism as to the value 
 of such means, or mere procrastination, deprive 
 you of the benefit they can confer. Do not sur- 
 render yourselves to the deceptive and mercen- 
 ary statements of empirics. 
 
 One point, however, may properly be remarked 
 further : if sleeplessness is the foremost- symptom, 
 be very cautious and chary in the use of narcotics. 
 None of these, not even the new one, chloral, 
 
150 Longevity, 
 
 do more than afford temporary relief. They be- 
 numb the over sensitive fibres, suppress feeling, 
 but rather tend to increase the disease, if used 
 to the neglect of more radical remedies. 
 
 Wholesome and refreshing sleep may be, in 
 almost all cases, secured without recourse to 
 narcotics. A new method of procuring sleep 
 at will is described in " Household Medicine," 
 worthy the notice and adoption of all elderly 
 people. 
 
 Its principle may be stated generally as de- 
 manding an easy posture of the body in bed, 
 and a determined direction of the thoughts to 
 some subject as remote as possible from the 
 ordinary and habitual currents, or one which can 
 be entertained without the least admixture of 
 emotions of a disagreeable character. Happy 
 and calm will be the sleep of those who, on their 
 pillow, can muse on the consolations of the 
 gospel, and resign themselves implicitly and with- 
 out wavering into the keeping of a heavenly 
 Protector and Father. 
 
Extreme Duration of Life. 15 x 
 
 ESTABLISHED FACTS RELATING TO LONGEVITY. 
 
 While the preceding sheets were passing through 
 the press I became acquainted with a volume 
 entitled " Human Longevity, its Facts and its 
 Fictions," by W. J. Thorns, Esq. (the esteemed 
 editor of " Notes and Queries "). Mr. Thorns seems 
 to have shared Sir G. Cornwall Lewis's doubts of 
 the probability of human life extending beyond 100 
 years. This Work is the narrative of his researches 
 into the evidence in proof of published cases of 
 longevity, as they have appeared in the journals. 
 With great pains, labour, and sagacity, Mr. Thorns 
 has pursued the subject for many years. The result 
 he has stated with great candour, although contrary 
 to the opinion he started with. If the same pa- 
 tient and sagacious inquiries could be instituted to 
 determine questions arising in the science of medi- 
 cine, the same candour in accepting and making 
 known the results, it would be of incalculable profit 
 to mankind, and serve in no small degree to pre- 
 serve and extend human-life. Were the evidence 
 for supposed facts in history similarly dealt with, 
 it would change the entire aspect of the past 
 
152 Longevity. 
 
 Indeed it would be difficult to find any subject, 
 whether belonging to science, morals, or politics,- 
 which would not be benefited and enlarged by 
 being so treated. 
 
 After thoroughly sifting the evidence, Mr. 
 Thorns admits that he has found four well-estab- 
 lished modern instances of persons living beyond 
 ioo years. They are as follows : — 
 
 Mrs. Williams, of Bridehead, Dorset, died Oct. 
 8, 1 841, within one month of 102 years. 
 
 Mr. William Plank died at Harrow, Nov. 19, 
 1867, aged 100 years and 12 days. 
 
 Mr. Jacob William Luning died June 23, 1870, 
 aged 103 years, one month, and four days. 
 
 Mrs. Catherine Duncombe Shafto, of Whitworth 
 Park, died March io, 1872, aged 101 years, one 
 month, and nine days. 
 
 Mr. Thoms's most interesting and valuable con- 
 tribution to the statistics of human life contains 
 besides the history of several persons of great 
 age, hut respecting whom the evidence in support 
 of the precise number of years claimed for them is 
 doubtful. Among these is one female said to have 
 lived to the age of 106. 
 
Mr. TV. J. Thorns on Longevity. 153 
 
 I am gratified to find Mr. Thorns agreeing with 
 me in my estimate of M. Flourens' theory, and 
 adding the great authority of Richard Owen as 
 supporting it. Sir Henry Holland thought him- 
 self justified in rejecting it. 
 
 It is satisfactory to know that Mr. Thorns is still 
 pursuing his inquiries ; but I share in his surprise 
 that the Insurance Companies, with their enormous 
 accumulations of wealth, have -taken no combined 
 action to determine the question, "What is the 
 extreme duration of human life?" seeing that they 
 must be directly interested in ascertaining the truth. 
 
 Since the publication of his book Mr. Thorns 
 has published another instance of a female who 
 reached her 102nd year. This was a Mrs. Monro, 
 who died in the Almshouses of the Goldsmiths' 
 Company. (See Times, Nov. 7, 1873.) 
 
 Again, March 28, 1874, Mr. Thorns relates the 
 case of Mr. Anthony Beresford, of Alstonford, who 
 died March 3rd, aged 102 years 13 days. 
 
 This case is notable as showing that life may 
 be enjoyable and useful even beyond 100 years. 
 Mr. Beresford was totally blind from an accident 
 since'' 1 8 19. The loss of one sense was followed 
 
154 Longevity. 
 
 * 
 
 by increased acuteness of others. It was said 
 there was not a better judge of a horse, a beast, or 
 sheep than Mr. Beresford, and that he knew every 
 sheep in his flocks by passing them through his 
 legs and handling them, and that any attempt to 
 baffle him by giving him the same sheep twice 
 invariably failed. He retained his mental faculties 
 to the last. 
 
 Sept. 12, 1874. In the Times, a third case is 
 noted by Mr. Thorns. A Mrs. Mary Brookman, 
 living in the Isle of Thanet within a few days of 
 that date, who, if she had lived until November, 
 would have been 102. She died, however, a few 
 days before her 102nd year. 
 
 The extension of human life beyond a century 
 and verging towards 105 years is now completely 
 established. The proportionate number of cen- 
 tenarians to the population has yet to be learnt. 
 It is very probable it will greatly increase in 
 future times. I cannot promise to make any life 
 extend to a century, but I am confident that 
 many persons die prematurely from carelessness 
 before reaching three score years and ten, who 
 might add at least a decade to these years. 
 
Diseases Fatal to Aged Persons. 155 
 
 One fact clearly established by Mr. Thorns I 
 must notice, since it has an important bearing on 
 my aim and subject : namely, that the popular 
 idea of longevity being more frequent among the 
 poorer than the rich or middle classes (their rela- 
 tive numbers considered) is a fallacy. Like many 
 popular opinions, it vanishes before statistics. 
 
 DISEASES WHICH TERMINATE LIFE AT AND 
 AFTER 60. 
 
 A table drawn from the returns of the Registrar- 
 General of the causes of death in 1000 cases, gives 
 us, in round numbers, the following : — 
 
 1. Old age . . . . . . about 280 
 
 2. Diseases of the lungs and air passages . . 250 
 
 3. „ of the digestive organs and bowels . 100 
 
 4. „ of the brain and nervous system. . 130 
 j. „ of the heart and blood vessels . . 60 
 6. „ of the general system — fever, erysipe- 
 las, gout, rheumatism, etc. . .180 
 
 As I have already had occasion to remark, we 
 must not place' implicit reliance on the registration 
 of deaths. If this is liable to error respecting the 
 ages of persons recorded, it is much more so in the 
 causes of death. It is more than probable that 
 
156 Longevity. 
 
 a careful scrutiny would greatly lessen the number 
 (appearing here to be one-fourth of the whole) of 
 those dying of old age. Diseases of various kinds, 
 zieglected at the beginning, lose their characteristic 
 features ; and when the Physician is called in he 
 finds only the debility or prostration they have 
 left. It is hopeless to attempt learning from 
 unprofessional bystanders or nurses what has gone 
 on before, and he finds it necessary to certify that 
 the person died of old age. Again, although the 
 medical attendant is required to state in his certi- 
 ficate, not merely the immediate cause of death, 
 but previous disorders, and the length of time they 
 had existed, this is very imperfectly done, still 
 more uncertainty attaching to the information he 
 receives upon this point. 
 
 So far as the register points to external agen- 
 cies as causes of fatal diseases, we may learn from 
 it to avoid them; but it is evident that it throws'no 
 light on those numerous and oft unnoticed changes 
 in the constitution of aged persons, which slowly 
 and insidiously lead to overt disease, or to the 
 debility and collapse recorded as old age. 
 
 My aim in these pages has been to specify and. 
 
Summary. 157 
 
 describe the very earliest indications of those 
 changes, and to point out the measures they de- 
 mand if we would prolong life to its normal 
 extent. 
 
 After middle life we should watch carefully, but 
 without anxiety or fear, our own condition, and 
 take resolutely the proper steps to stay the first 
 signs of mischief, neither neglecting the aid of 
 medicine nor employing it without good reason. 
 There is a golden mean between scepticism and 
 blind credulity. 
 
 If wisdom is ever to be attained, or common 
 sense to rule the conduct, it is surely when life has 
 extended beyond threescore years. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 The views advanced in the preceding pages 
 may be briefly summarized. 
 
 Ageing is a result of the operation of several 
 concurring causes. Mere lapse of time will pro- 
 duce it. But ageing does not synchronize with 
 age — that is, with the number of years a life has 
 continued. In some persons it begins earlier and 
 in others later. 
 
158 Longevity. 
 
 Ageing consists in molecular changes proceed- 
 ing in all the textures and organs of the body, 
 involving a deterioration, degradation, or a species 
 of decay. It may exist without suffering, or con- 
 sciousness of the change. A person may say, 
 and truly, " I am quite well for an old man, or 
 an old woman/' The qualification implies that 
 there is some degree of weakness, some departure 
 of power formerly enjoyed, and the tendency is 
 daily toward more and more debility. 
 
 We have shown it to be indisputable that 
 certain appreciable conditions surrounding indi- 
 viduals change and retard the process of ageing, 
 and thus prolong life. (See ante, p. 8.) These 
 conditions, for the most part, seem to reach 
 individuals fortuitously. If they are sought, 
 studied, employed, why should not very many, 
 instead of, as at present, very few, persons reap 
 the benefit they confer, and attain to a good old 
 age? 
 
 Nay ; why should we not be able to augment 
 the force of these conditions, and apply the re- 
 sources of science to the same end, — the arrest 
 or retarding of ageing, — and thus not merely in- 
 
Summary. 159 
 
 crease the number of octogenarians, but extend 
 human life to its utmost limit — 100 years or 
 beyond ? 
 
 This should at least be the aim of our efforts. 
 
 A close and careful consideration of the powers 
 and properties of substances known to act re- 
 medially on the body warrants the inference 
 that the molecular action and changes of, ageing 
 are as amenable to their influence as any disease 
 whatever. Experience alone, guided by so much 
 physiology as will help us, must determine 
 this. 
 
 There is another point of view in which we 
 have somewhat fully regarded ageing, namely, it 
 does not usually, — or we should say, most com- 
 monly, — proceed in all parts and organs alik'e, or 
 within the same time. One part or organ ages 
 (so to speak) before the others. , Hence elderly 
 persons desirous of attaining longevity, and not 
 unwilling to take some trouble in the matter, 
 must learn for themselves the appearances or 
 symptoms of change in the more important or 
 vital organs at the very earliest moment, and 
 take measures to remedy them ; or they must 
 
160 . Longevity. 
 
 incur the expense of employing a Physician to 
 watch over them for the purpose. 
 
 They ought not to wait for suffering, or to 
 postpone the search for relief. The health of 
 every part is essential to the health of the whole ; 
 and the older we become the more certain is 
 disturbance in one vital organ to bring a fatal 
 end to the whole, if neglected. 
 
 I do not hesitate to make this assertion, 
 although Sir Henry Holland, in his essay on 
 Old Age, expresses the contrary opinion. He 
 says the sympathy between the several parts of 
 the body and their influence on each other 
 diminish with age. This does not accord with 
 my observation. For instance, an indiscreet and 
 heavy meal will sometimes produce a sudden 
 collapse of power in the brain, before any of 
 the food can have been digested. And again, 
 intense headache will often disappear instantly on 
 the use of an enema to empty the lower bowels. 
 
 These are results of sympathy; many such are 
 observable in elderly people. I mention them to 
 enforce the foregoing advice. {See Note O., p. 187.) 
 
An Experiment Proposed. 161 
 
 AN EXPERIMENT PROPOSED. 
 
 When Lady Mary Wortley Montague brought 
 to England a report that in the East a practice 
 prevailed of protecting persons from the worst 
 evils of small-pox by inoculation, public atten- 
 tion and interest was at once aroused. After 
 some discussion, the Government consented to 
 allow the operation to be performed on a number 
 of condemned criminals, who on these easy terms 
 saved their lives. The next persons experimented 
 upon were the' King's own children. And the 
 practice, being found efficient, was very generally 
 adopted, and prevailed until the safer and more 
 efficacious preventive, vaccination, was discovered. 
 
 We would suggest an imitation of the above 
 proceeding, not indeed by experimenting on 
 criminals, but on persons either selected from 
 among the inmates of unions, or others, as might 
 be found most expedient. 
 
 Let a certain number of men and women, say 
 ten or twelve of each, of nearly the same age, 
 sixty-five or seventy, be placed in the most favour- 
 able circumstances for the preservation of health 
 
 M 
 
1 62 Longevity. 
 
 and securing longevity. Let them be placed 
 under careful and strict supervision ; protected 
 against all known external agencies capable of 
 causing disease ; supplied with clothing ; allowed 
 exercise, and a table well furnished with every 
 necessary and wholesome food. And let them 
 be subjected to the use of all means available 
 for promoting longevity. 
 
 It would be necessary, in selecting subjects for 
 this experiment, to adopt none in whom any dis- 
 ease could be traced. Their history and antece- 
 dents, and as far as possible those of their parents 
 and ancestors, should be ascertained and noted. 
 The aim and purpose in view should be clearly 
 explained and intelligently apprehended by them 
 all, in order that no waywardness or indocility 
 should mar the result. It is this which would ren- 
 der observations pursued with wealthy and inde- 
 pendent persons inconclusive. They will indulge 
 in injurious habits and practices, and expose 
 themselves unnecessarily to the attacks of disease. 
 
 Now this' may appear to many readers a some- 
 what wild and impracticable suggestion ; but I 
 believe it could be effected. The only requisite 
 
An Experiment Proposed. 163 
 
 being the necessary funds. But when we consider 
 the enormous wealth of many people in England, 
 their readiness to subscribe to hospitals and .other 
 charitable institutions, it does not appear to be 
 impossible' that such an experiment should be 
 made. And I may add, my own expectation 
 would be, that many if not most of the patients 
 would have their lives extended to upwards of 
 a hundred years. (See Note P., p. 190.) 
 
NOTES 
 
 Note A. 
 
 LONGEVITY OF THE PATRIARCHS, AND IN ANCIENT TIMES. 
 
 The remarks in the text do not of course apply to the 
 cases of extraordinary longevity recorded in the Old Testa- 
 ment Scriptures. Before the flood, men are said to have 
 lived five and even nine hundred years ; and, as a physiolo- 
 gist, I can assert positively that there is no fact reached by 
 science to contradict or render this improbable. It is more 
 difficult, on scientific grounds, to explain why men die at 
 all, than to believe in the duration of life for one thousand 
 years. Only from experience do we learn that all men in 
 the past have died ; we infer all now, or in future living will 
 die. Accurate vaticination, however, from past experience 
 has its limits. The subject belongs to history, not to 
 anatomy or physiology. 
 
 The expression (Gen. vi. 4), " his days shall be one hun- 
 dred and twenty years," has been thought to mean that 
 this should be the extreme duration of life, others think it 
 meant the average. Judging of the meaning by subsequent 
 facts, the latter appears to be the correct interpretation. 
 Of the instances recorded, two explanations are admis- 
 sible : — 1st, They were miraculous ; or, 2nd, The duration of 
 human life may vary in the lapse of ages. We have many 
 indications that this really occurs. Abraham lived one hun- 
 dred and sixty-five years. Joshua, five hundred years later, 
 is repeatedly called very old. He died at one hundred and 
 ten. An inscription on an Egyptian monument states the 
 extreme duration of life in that country to be no. This 
 was the age of Joseph. The coincidence is remarkable. 
 In the time of David, a man of eighty was regarded as 
 very old. The great Prophet King himself reached only 
 
Longevity in Ancient Times. 165 
 
 seventy-five. In the 90th Psalm, by all critics attributed to 
 Moses, it is said, verse 10, " The days of our years are three 
 score years and ten, and if by reason of strength they be 
 fourscore years, yet is their strength labour and sorrow." If 
 we admit the meaning of this to be, that at and after the 
 time of Moses the average duration of human life was 
 seventy, we are in accord with science and history. At the 
 period of the Roman Empire, the average duration of life 
 was very low. We have no precise data respecting it in the 
 middle ages ; but indications are not few that it then touched 
 its lowest ebb. Seventy was considered a great age which 
 few attained. We are, however, now sure that the average 
 has, in modern times, greatly increased. Whether the ex- 
 treme limit of life has fluctuated or not, we do not know. 
 The average has certainly changed, perhaps alternately ad- 
 vancing and declining. It is obvious that the average may 
 increase either by fewer persons dying young, or more living 
 long. In 1.871, nearly one half the children born in this 
 country died within five years. This greatly affects the 
 numerical average, and we may safely conclude there is a 
 considerable increase in the number of those who reach a 
 good old age. 
 
 We might, a priori, have expected that in the lapse of 
 time since the creation of Man, the decline in the vigour and 
 duration of life would have been uniform ; but it is not so, 
 and in this lies the ground and encouragement for our en- 
 deavours to ameliorate the condition of humanity by promot- 
 ing the enjoyment of longevity. 
 
 Note B. 
 
 On Human Longevity and the amount of Life upon the 
 Globe. By P. Flour ens, Secretary to the Academy of Sciences 
 Paris. Translated by Charles Martel. 8vo. Balliire. 
 
 This volume, containing Flourens' theory, described in the 
 
1 66 Normal Duration of Life. 
 
 text, is somewhat loose and discursive. What there is of 
 interest in it is comprised in a few sentences, — 
 
 "This question," he says, i.e., the normal duration of 
 human life, "may be treated 'in two ways, as Haller and 
 Buffon have done, — historically or physiologically. They 
 sought historically what the natural, ordinary, and normal 
 term of the life of man is, and they placed it between ninety 
 and a hundred years. They afterwards sought, still his- 
 torically, to learn what is the extreme limit of human life, 
 and Haller has placed it at a little less than two centuries. 
 
 " Haller collected a thousand cases of longevity, accepting 
 the popular stories. He thought the case of Old Parr, said 
 to have died at the age of one hundred and fifty-two, proved 
 by the fact of Harvey having dissected his body ; but this 
 we know proves nothing. Harvey, as to Parr's age, only 
 reports what he had been told. 
 
 " Buffon suggested that the total duration of life might be 
 measured by the period of growth. He failed to ascertain 
 the length of this period. 
 
 " I find the sign which indicates the term of growth,'' says 
 Flourens, " in the union of the bones with their epiphyses 
 (soft extremities). As long as the bones are not united to 
 their epiphyses, the animal grows; when once they are 
 united, the animal grows no more. 
 
 " In- man, the union of the bones and the epiphyses is 
 effected at twenty years of age. 
 
 Duration of Life 
 
 " In the camel it takes place at 8 years, about, 40 
 „ horse „ 
 
 „ ox » > 
 
 >, dog „ 
 
 „ cat „ 
 
 " Buffon says every animal lives six or seven times as long 
 
 5 » • 
 
 . . 25 
 
 4 „ ■ 
 
 . . 20 
 
 3 ,. • 
 
 10 to 12 
 
 18 months. 
 
 9 to 10 
 
Popular Errors. z 6^ 
 
 as the period of its growth. He was near the truth. The 
 true relation is five, or very nearly. 
 
 " Man being twenty years. growing, lives five times twenty; 
 that is to say, one hundred years." 
 
 Flourens confines his observations to the mammalia. But 
 In order, as it would seem, to reconcile his conclusions with 
 Halter's assumed historical facts, he proceeds to say, that 
 extraordinary life may go on to double ordinary life. That 
 a century of ordinary life, and almost a second century, half 
 a century at least, of extraordinary life, is the prospect science 
 hclds out to man. 
 
 We adopt the opinion in the text, that the historical evi- 
 dence up to the present time fails in proof of any person's 
 having reached even one hundred and five years. 
 
 Note C. 
 
 POPULAR ERRORS RESPECTING LONGEVITY. 
 
 Sir Henry Holland, whose recent decease has given great 
 currency to his writings at the present time, has in an essay 
 on longevity the following passage : — 
 
 "We have sufficient proof of the frequent prolongation 
 of human life to periods of no to 130 or 140 years; cases 
 which thus authenticated we must take into view when deal- 
 ing with the question of human longevity." 
 
 Mr. Thorns quotes this passage, and remarks that any 
 evidence which can be produced of any human being having 
 attained the age, not of 130 or 140, but of 1 10 years, will be 
 found upon examination to be perfectly worthless. 
 
 Sir Henry Holland had evidently no reliable evidence 
 whatever to produce, he merely expressed a popular belief. 
 The newspapers, and even the medical press, are constantly 
 
1 68 Popular Errors. 
 
 inserting accounts of persons dying at fabulous ages, with- 
 out the slightest inquiry or proof ; and Mr. Thorns rebukes 
 what he calls the childlike faith of men eminent in the 
 medical profession in accepting such stories as true, while they 
 ostentatiously proclaim their scepticism respecting the origin 
 of man, and other well-established facts. This disposition 
 to embrace and hold fast sensational errors, and to reject 
 simple truth, is not confined to medical men. 
 
 We cannot, however, be surprised at finding popular 
 opinion formed and held without evidence when we read in 
 the Times such paragraphs as this : — 
 
 " Longevity. — The report recently issued by the Registrar- 
 General, relating to the year 1871, contained further testi- 
 mony on the subject of long life. In 1871 the following 
 deaths were registered in England, the ages (like other 
 particulars) being, taken on the statement of the relatives or 
 other persons supplying information of the death. There were 
 27 persons registered as dying at the age of 100 years, 17 at 
 101, 10 at 102, 5 at 103, 3. at 104, 2 at 105, 2 at 106, I at 107, 
 1 at 108, 1 at 109 years. The last three should have special 
 mention ; a man in the district of Sevenoaks was registered 
 as dying 107 years old ; a man in the district of Ledbury 
 108 ; a woman in the district of Chester, 109 years old. 
 Seven centenarians died in the Metropolis, and seven in 
 Lancashire. Of the whole 69, 25 were men and 44 were 
 women. From 1861 to 1871 the deaths of people registered 
 as being 100 years old or more averaged 78 a year ; 21 men 
 and 57 women. The Registrar- General mentions, as the 
 only known instance of an insured life reaching 100 years, 
 that of Jacob William Luning, who died in 1870 at the age 
 of 103 years. His age was clearly established by docu- 
 mentary evidence submitted to the Registrar- General, and 
 published by him in his weekly return." 
 
Waste of Human Life. i6g 
 
 Another popular error very prevalent, is that cold, and 
 even frost, is congenial to life and health. There is a 
 proverb : "A green yule {i.e. Christmas) makes a fat church- 
 yard." The registration of deaths directly contradicts this 
 opinion. Cold, frosty weather destroys many lives, which 
 might have lasted for years were the weather continuously 
 mild. 
 
 Note D. 
 
 WASTE OF HUMAN LIFE. 
 
 In one of his Annual Reports, the Registrar- General says, 
 — " England is a great country, and has done great deeds. 
 It has encountered in succession, and, at times in combi- 
 nation, all the ' Great Powers of Europe ; has founded vast 
 colonies in America ; and has conquered an empire in Asia. 
 Yet greater victories have to be achieved at home. Within 
 the shores of these islands the twenty-eight millions of people 
 dwell who have not only supplied her armies, and set her 
 fleets in motion, but have manufactured innumerable pro- 
 ducts, and are employed in the investigation of scientific 
 truths, and the creation of works of inestimable value to the 
 human race. These people do not live out half their days. 
 A hundred and forty thousand of them die every year 
 unnatural deaths ; two hundred and eighty thousand are 
 constantly suffering from actual diseases which may be pre- 
 vented. Their strength is impaired in a thousand ways, 
 their affections and intellects are disturbed, deranged, and 
 dimmed. Who will deliver the nation from these terrible 
 enemies ? Who will confer on the inhabitants of the United 
 Kingdom the blessings of health and long life V In a 
 subsequent paper the Registrar- General tells us there are "two 
 thousand medical men in the metropolis alone engaged in 
 
170 Moral and Religious Aspects. 
 
 treating existing diseases, whilst very few, if any, bestow any 
 attention on measures of prevention, the reason being that 
 they are paid in the one case, but would find no remune- 
 ration in the other.'' Perfectly true : even the rich neglect 
 the first attacks of disease from reluctance to pay the 
 Physician's fee. The services of the general practitioner are 
 paid for in the shape of a bill for medicines — can anything 
 be more impolitic ? 
 
 A sensible course would be to pay the Physician an annual 
 stipend for visiting the household periodically — to advise 
 measures of prevention, and afford immediate aid on the first 
 appearance of disturbed health, whether of the family or 
 domestics. More attention would then be given to hygiene. 
 It is not enough to appoint public officers of health ; although 
 this is highly proper and useful, it can never safely exclude 
 individual efforts. 
 
 Note E. 
 
 MORAL AND RELIGIOUS ASPECTS OF LONGEVITY. 
 
 The influence of age on the mental faculties, the moral 
 and religious aspects of longevity, do not come within 
 my design. Writers of all ages, heathen and Christian, have 
 treated on the subject: Cicero, Seneca, Cornaro, Sir Thomas 
 Brown Sir Thomas Bernard, Sir Henry Holland, Lord 
 Brougham, Mr. James Grant, and many others. 
 The following is profoundly interesting and suggestive : — 
 " It is related of the late Lord Lyndhurst, so long Lord 
 Chancellor of England, who reached the age of ninety-two, 
 in the full possession of his faculties, that in his declining 
 years it was with him a perpetual theme of gratitude to God 
 that his life had been so extended as to enable him to make 
 
The Bones in Aged People. 171 
 
 preparation for death, in which he was earnest and incessant. 
 He applied, says a friend, all the power of his marvellous 
 intellect and all his apprehensive quickness to the study of 
 religion. And through its influences, his natural kindliness 
 and loving disposition were refined into the highest Christian 
 graces— true humility, hearty repentance, serene! and earnest 
 hope. He died in peace and charity with all mankind. His 
 last words expressing supreme happiness.'' 
 
 I cannot refrain from making one remark — the result of 
 long observation — for the benefit of those who have attained 
 to an advanced age and are blessed with wealth. It is, that 
 money, be it much or little, given to relatives as their needs 
 dccur, to charitable institutions or religious uses during 
 the life of the donor, is far more beneficial, morally and 
 materially, both to the recipient and the giver, than 'double, 
 or rather many times, the amount devised by will. 
 
 Note F. 
 
 IMPORTANCE OF EARLY TREATMENT OF DISORDERS. 
 
 The following remarks, derived from a paper in the Lancet 
 of Sept. 19th, 1874, are well worthy of the attention of all 
 persons past middle age who are desirous of a long life. 
 
 "Increased knowledge of the nature of morbid processes 
 and of the causes of disease has naturally been accompanied 
 by an ability to recognisethe presence of many maladies much 
 earlier in their history than was formerly possible. Diseases 
 which, a generation back, were only suspected when their 
 grasp upon the sufferer was firmly fixed, can now be detected 
 in their insidious onset. To this we must ascribe a large 
 proportion of the increased power which we possess of com- 
 bating disease. Morbid tendencies are manageable when 
 
1 72 Neglect of Early Symptoms. 
 
 morbid states are not ; and morbid processes can often be 
 checked in their early stage, which, when more advanced, 
 baffle all attempts at arrest or limitation. 
 
 " Over some affections, even in their commencement, we are 
 all but powerless. In the case of others, moreover, almost 
 all the good we can effect depends on the date at which we 
 are able to detect the presence of the disease. If early, we 
 can do much ; if late, little or nothing. And when, in these 
 instances, we have an early opportunity of grappling with 
 the morbid process, and fail to do good, our failures may 
 often be traced to the fact that our treatment — medicinal, 
 hygienic, climatic — was not sufficiently energetic, and that 
 the patient was allowed to remain in the state or circumstan- 
 ces in which his disease originated until it had taken a hold 
 too firm to be dislodged — until irreparable damage had been 
 done. 
 
 " The failure of early treatment in many diseases is not 
 always to be ascribed to the essentially dangerous character 
 of the malady. It is unquestionably due, not unfrequently, 
 much more to the character of the patient than to that of the 
 disease. The patient, from carelessness, from incredulity, 
 often throws away his chances. The early symptoms of tri- 
 fling and of severe maladies are so often apparently identical 
 that it is difficult to convince patients of the gravity of symp- 
 toms which to them seem insignificant — to make them believe 
 how much depends on abstinence from what appears to be 
 innocuous, or on the performance of that which seems to 
 them unnecessary. The very benefit derived from early and 
 cautious measures in one case may frustrate the attempt to 
 enforce them in another. A robust return from a sea voyage, 
 for instance, may be held to prove how superfluous it was, 
 and the practitioner has thus to contend against his own 
 success." 
 
The Bones of Aged People. 173 
 
 It is indeed not uncommon for a patient whose life has 
 been saved by prompt and skilful measures to treat the mat- 
 ter lightly, and assume that the alleged danger was only a 
 pretence of his doctor or existed only in his imagination. So 
 long as the present method of payment for professional ser- 
 vices is maintained, the public will not obtain the full benefit 
 of medical science. The physician should be engaged to 
 protect the household and individuals from the assaults of 
 disease, to detect and meet the first and very slightest indi- 
 cations of disorder ; and thus we should certainly see life 
 prolonged in large classes of the community. 
 
 Notk G. 
 
 THE BONES OF OLD PEOPLE BRITTLE. 
 
 So little has the condition of the system in elderly people 
 been investigated scientifically, that it is almost universally 
 believed that the brittleness of the bones in age arises from 
 a redundancy of earthy matter. This will be found stated 
 in many books as if it had ever been ascertained. The sim- 
 ple truth is, it is a false inference from the fact that earthy 
 concretions are often met with around the joints, in the 
 blood-vessels about the heart, and other parts, which are 
 then said to be ossified. 
 
 On the sure ground of chemical analysis, we know that 
 the bones of aged persons have less earthy matter in them 
 than in earlier life. 
 
 The following is the average of several analvses : — 
 
 Earthy Material. 
 Neck of thigh-bone of aged persons . . . 313 
 
 „ „ middle-aged persons 50 - i 
 
 Shaft of thigh-bone of aged persons . . . 53 3 
 
 „ „ middle-aged persons 567 
 
174 The Extreme Limit of Life. 
 Note H. 
 
 CONDITION OF VERY OLD PEOPLE. 
 
 In a paper read at a meeting of the Anthropological Insti- 
 tute by Sir G. Duncan Gibb, Bart., M.D., there is an in- 
 teresting account of the physical and mental condition of 
 several persons living beyond the age of ioo. The author 
 had taken much pains and trouble to discover and examine 
 these old people.. As we might anticipate, he found that 
 with the external physiognomy of extreme age, their several 
 organs retained sufficient integrity and vigour for the main- 
 tenance of life; their circulation, respiration, and digestion 
 were healthy. Sir Duncan Gibb assumes that their original 
 constitution must have been good, and that no important 
 part had received in early life any considerable damage 
 from disease or accident And what is most interesting, the 
 mental faculties and, senses were in the main well preserved, 
 thus proving that the brain and nervous system do not 
 necessarily degenerate by lapse of time. 
 
 It was not Sir Duncan Gibb's purpose to treat of such 
 means as maybe resorted to for prolonging life; but in a 
 few incidental remarks touching on this subject his views 
 exactly coincide with my own. 
 
 Note I. 
 
 105 YEARS THE EXTREME LIMIT OF HUMAN LIFE. 
 
 Mr. E. Fairfax Taylor, in an article in The Contemporary 
 Review, September, 1874, entitled, "Longevity in a New 
 Light," treats historically and critically the question, What 
 is the extreme limit to which human life has reached ? Mr. 
 Taylor recognises the judicial candour and arduous labour 
 of Mr. Thorns, admitting that all previous writers on the 
 
A Case of Recuperation. 175 
 
 subject had no evidence of any value in support of their 
 statements. Whatever presumption or hope there may be 
 of finding an individual whose life has exceeded 105 years, 
 no such case has hitherto been proven. 
 
 Note J. 
 
 A CASE OF RECUPERATION. 
 
 A remarkable instance of the force of recuperative power 
 in aged persons is afforded by the present Pope Pius IX. 
 In April, 1873, the pontiff to all appearance had barely a 
 few months or indeed a few weeks to live. His limbs were 
 so swollen he could no longer stir; he had ceased to say 
 mass ; and the doctors, when they came to see him in the 
 morning, were always under the apprehension of finding him 
 dead. 
 
 In April, 1874, he is thus described : " He appears to be 
 rejuvenized, as if he had gone back into his better days by 
 a quarter of a century. His bearing is upright and almost 
 youthful, his cheeks are rosy, his eyes bright and voice 
 sonorous. His appetite is very good. He takes long walks, 
 fast and briskly, without the aid of a stick, is in joyous spirits, 
 and his conversation sparkles with quips and jokes. The 
 Pope's age in 1874 is 82." 
 
 I have seen many similar cases — and no doubt almost 
 every physician whose practice has extended over many 
 years must have witnessed the same. 
 
 Note K. 
 
 ON THE WATER USED IN COUNTRY TOWNS. 
 
 Waters derived from the chalk formations are hard. They 
 
176 The Water used in Towns. 
 
 often contain from 16 to 18 grains of carbonate of lime to a 
 gallon (degrees of hardness). 
 
 From the green sand and the new red sandstone are the 
 softest of those derived from deep sources. 
 
 Waters of mountainous countries are the softest of natural 
 waters, being of four or five degrees of hardness only. But 
 they are apt to contain much organic matter, and are often 
 tinged with the colour of the herbage. Except in appear- 
 ance such waters are best for washing, brewing, etc., while 
 the hard and aerated waters are more sparkling, fresh, and 
 agreeable to the taste. 
 
 Reservoirs should be deep, that is from 18 to 20 feet, and 
 in two parts, to allow of cleaning without interrupting the 
 supply. When exposed to dust or falling leaves they should 
 be covered (but not so as to exclude a free access of air). In 
 shallow reservoirs confervaceae and animalculse are generated. 
 
 The softer waters act most on iron pipes and reservoirs. 
 There is a composition for lining them, invented by Dr. 
 Angus South, which prevents this action. 
 
 Waters containing organic impurities in which carbonic 
 acid is generated act most on lead. Lead is got rid of by 
 placing a piece of zinc in the cistern and nitration. 
 
 The best mode of nitration is through sand and gravel, 
 taking care these are not too fine and are free from iron. 
 Charcoal filters are apt to get soon clogged. — From a paper 
 in the "Builder" by E. B. Grantham, Esq., C.E. 
 
 N.B. — Great care should be taken that no drains, cess- 
 pools, or other sources of impurity exist near wells or 
 reservoirs. Very bright sparkling and cool water, when 
 not from a bed of chalk or limestone, may be dangerously 
 impure. 
 
 There was a well in or near Berkeley Square celebrated for 
 
Pure Aerated Water. 177 
 
 the coolness, brilliancy, and sparkling of its water. The pump 
 was resorted to by all the neighbourhood to supply the table. 
 Faraday found in the water nitrate of potash and abundance 
 of free carbonic acid, which he said were derived from the 
 decomposition of organic matter in an adjacent sewer. 
 
 During the prevalence of cholera such water is highly 
 dangerous. A late eminent surgeon who prided himself on 
 the water which supplied his country house, and his method 
 of filtering, fell a victim to his mistake. The lesson taught 
 by the outbreak of cholera about the well in Broad Street, 
 Golden Square, ought never to be forgotten. 
 
 Note L. 
 
 PURE AERATED WATER. 
 
 There is a company at Newcastie-on-Tyne which prepares 
 pure distilled water and aerates it, so as to remove the 
 objectionable insipidity, thus rendering it suitable for the 
 table, and the preparation of viands, tea, etc. It is sent 
 out in bottles or casks. " Pure Water Co., 8, Clayton Street, 
 N ewcastle-on-Ty ne." 
 
 Note M. 
 
 ANTICIPATIONS. 
 
 The remedies we already possess for many diseases have a 
 history calculated to inspire hope that at some not very 
 distant period, means will be found to arrest with certainty 
 the ravages of time upon the human constitution, and 
 to carry on life full of vigour to its utmost limits. Concerted 
 efforts, such as have built up the noble science of Chemistry, 
 have never been instituted for the discovery of remedies. 
 
 N 
 
1 78 Anticipations. 
 
 Mere chance or individual zeal has hitherto been their 
 source, and a comparatively short time has produced the 
 present science of healing. A few examples will illustrate 
 these remarks. 
 
 Peruvian bark was introduced into Europe about 300 
 years ago, a cure for intermittent fever. Little more than 50 
 years have elapsed since the crystalline constituents of this 
 bark were first separated. Quinine, etc., are now employed 
 in every country in the world, and save innumerable lives. 
 
 Vaccination has been known and practised scarcely 100 
 years. Many persons now living have heard from their 
 fathers of the deadly ravages of small-pox in their days. 
 
 These two are the only remedies, excepting general sani- 
 tary measures, which have received the attention of govern- 
 ment. The law enforcing vaccination, the cultivation of 
 the tree producing quinine, are very recent recognitions of 
 the importance of the subject to the well-being of com- 
 munities. 
 
 It would well become an enlightened government to take 
 cognisance of another fact recently ascertained. In some 
 localities, in India, in Africa, and in other countries, quinine 
 is by no means infallible; but when it fails, another 
 crystalline product derived from a common tree growing 
 abundantly at our doors is successful Commerce often 
 precedes science as well as national policy, and enormous 
 quantities of salicine are made and sold, not merely as 
 a cheap substitute for quinine, but inasmuch as it is in those 
 localities found to be more efficient. Were this recognised, 
 how much money and how many valuable lives would it save 
 to the country ? It is doubtful whether it is known by the 
 medical men now with our army on the Gold Coast. 
 
 Fever, that mysterious disease, so destructive to life (i.e. 
 continued fever), is treated with great skill and energy on 
 
Anticipations. 1 79" 
 
 what are -called general principles, and many lives are thus 
 saved. Yet when we consider that fevers are always the 
 result of poisons, for there are several without doubt, 
 we feel surprised^ that an antidote, a remedy which will 
 counteract the poison and cut short the disease, is not only 
 not known, but not sought for. The Prince of Wales, the 
 Imperial Prince of Germany, and the eldest son of the 
 Czar, have all recently passed through all the stages of 
 fever, happily with life ; yet, how striking a proof do these 
 cases afford of our ignorance of an antidote for continued 
 fever, corresponding to the known remedy for intermittent. 
 Would that I could do more than offer a suggestion to those 
 who have to deal with fever ; but I would suggest, — 
 
 1. That antimony has had a reputation for possessing the 
 desired power for ages. Some preparations or salts of this 
 metal more than others. There is one, however, never 
 hitherto tried so far as I know, which, judging from analogy, 
 ought to possess the febrifuge power of the antimony in a 
 very high degree. I allude to stibethyl oxide Sb (C 2 H 3 ) 3 O, 
 a basic substance forming salts with acids, among which 
 remedies of great power may probably be discovered. 
 
 2. The American Eclectic Physicians, whose contribution's 
 to our list of remedies have been most valuable, confidently 
 state that the plant Gelseminum sempervirens will arrest and 
 cure fever at its earliest stage. I am aware of the odium 
 attaching to what is termed a search for specifics ; but I 
 am willing to incur it, since I am sure it is by the study 
 of the special properties of remedies on the body in disease 
 rather than by general principles, the art of healing will 
 henceforth be advanced. 
 
 Some years ago, a writer in the Quarterly Review said it 
 would be a great boon to humanity, were a substitute for 
 mercury and its salts discovered, having similar powers but 
 
1 80 Anticipations. 
 
 entirely innocuous. This as I have shown we now possess 
 in podophyllin. 
 
 That valuable agent for producing sleep, hydrate of 
 chloral, only came into use in 1869. This property of 
 chloral was discovered by Dr. Liebreicht, a German physi- 
 cian, who finding in the laboratory that when hydrate of 
 chloral is subjected to the action of caustic potash, it is 
 decomposed, and evolves chloroform, conceived the idea that 
 if taken into the animal body it would be decomposed very 
 slowly by the potash existing in the flesh juices, and the 
 nascent chloroform would produce anaesthesia. This 
 hypothesis proved to be unfounded, but his experiments led 
 to the discovery of its soporific action. 
 
 A dentist in America, in 1844, discovered the anaesthetic 
 power of ether when inhaled. Sir James Simpson, seeking 
 for a more convenient substance for rendering the body 
 insensible to pain under operations, found one in chloro- 
 form. 
 
 Nitrous oxide, or laughing-gas, was experimented upon by 
 Davy in the laboratory of Dr. Beddoes at Bristol, and in the 
 year 1800, he wrote, " As nitrous oxide in its extensive opera- 
 tion appears capable of destroying physical pain, it may 
 probably be used with advantage during surgical operations 
 in which no great effusion of blood takes place." It was 
 only in 1868, that it was brought into practical use as an 
 anaesthetic, in extracting teeth. 
 
 The same Dr. Beddoes saw accidentally the cure of con- 
 sumption in a family by arsenic. This hint seems to have 
 been entirely disregarded by the profession, probably from 
 the conventional aversion to specifics, although it was 
 noticed by Dr. Thomas Young, in a historical work on con- 
 sumption. It did not meet my eye until some time after I 
 had employed arsenic in consumptive cases with marked 
 
A nticipations. 1 8 1 
 
 success. I was led to it by a view I took of the disease 
 founded upon a chemical examination of tubercle. My 
 observations were published in a small work in 1856, by 
 Churchill & Sons. Even yet this remedy is almost, if not 
 entirely, disregarded by the profession in this jcountry, 
 although several eminent French physicians have adopted 
 it, and testified to its efficacy. I have the pleasure of seeing 
 many persons still living and in the enjoyment of health, who 
 many years ago were pronounced to be consumptive and 
 their lives despaired of. 
 
 Professor Lister's valuable discovery of the use of carbolic 
 acid for healing wounds and preventing the fatal spread of 
 purulent matter into the system (pyaemia) must not be 
 forgotten in this connection 
 
 While these pages were passing through the press, some 
 extraordinary properties of an Australian tree were announced 
 in the Times and other papers, and seem to have attracted 
 much attention. .This tree, the Eucalyptus globulus, is said 
 to have the power of destroying malaria in its vicinity, and 
 thus rendering localities where it abounds healthy, which 
 otherwise would be highly destructive of human life. 
 
 Experiments have been made on a large scale by planting 
 this tree by thousands "in Africa, at the Cape and in Algeria, 
 in places previously most fatal by reason of fevers, and 
 scarcely habitable, and the result has been highly satisfactory. 
 The tree is of very rapid growth, absorbs water in great 
 proportion, and thus dries up marshy places, rendering them 
 susceptible of cultivation, and the whole neighbourhood 
 healthy. 
 
 These remarks are intended to justify the anticipation I 
 venture to express at the head of this note. In the vegetable 
 kingdom, in the products of the chemical laboratory, we have 
 not thousands but millions of substances unstudied and 
 
io2 Adulteration of Food. 
 
 untried. Will any one venture to say what may or may not 
 be discovered to affect human life ? 
 
 It is curious to observe the variety both as to their source 
 and nature, of the remedies we already know. 
 
 From .the depths of the forest in South America, from 
 the roadside in North America, from Australia, a country 
 only known to Europe about ioo years, from the mineral 
 kingdom, from the new bodies formed by bringing together 
 elements never found united in nature, — from all these sources 
 do we derive the means we daily use for relieving suffering 
 and restoring life. 
 
 What will the knowledge and power of the next and 
 succeeding generations be ? 
 
 Note n. 
 
 adulteration of food, its effects on human 
 Life. Wine. 
 
 If it be admitted (and there can scarcely be a doubt on 
 the matter) that adulteration of our food and drink is injurious 
 to the constitution, then we must expect it to tell with most 
 force on persons who have passed middle life. When the 
 daily injury is too slight for observation, its repetition for 
 years, the cumulative effects of even weak poisons may 
 become very serious. We find many diseases the origin or 
 cause of which is obscure ; we deem them to have arisen 
 spontaneously, but if we could ascertain with accuracy what 
 substances had been introduced with the food habitually we 
 might be able to assign them to some slow poison. 
 
 In or about the year 1820 a Mr. Accum, a chemist, wrote a 
 book on the prevalence of adulteration in food, drinks, and 
 
Adulteration of Food. 183 
 
 medicines. Its title-page bore the significant motto from 
 Scripture — " There is death in the pot." This publication 
 excited great attention. Its facts could not be denied, but 
 it was made the occasion of much amusement, and the 
 reviewers expended their wit upon the subject Yet it was 
 was no laughing ' matter. Fifty years passed before the 
 legislature dealt with the , question, but at last, through the 
 steady perseverance of Mr. Scholefield, the Act against adul- 
 teration was passed. Under this Act Inspectors are appointed 
 and Magistrates punish its infringements. The Inspectors 
 are doubtless able and vigilant, but this should by no means 
 supersede the personal care of every person having regard to 
 his own health or that of his family. Commercial men have 
 elastic consciences, and even now they defend many sophisti- 
 cations which they allege are harmless. Selling chicory for 
 coffee, potato starch for arrowroot, compounding mustard 
 •with flour, turmeric, and pepper. These and the like practices 
 are strenuously defended as being harmless. But when 
 pickles are coloured with verdigris, and cayenne with red 
 lead, etc., they will admit the wrong. 
 
 Adulterations and substitutions of- cheaper for expensive 
 articles extend to drugs and chemicals, — all we eat, drink, or 
 swallow for any purpose. 
 
 The foreign producer pursues the same course, with even 
 more dangerous consequences. Tea, sugar, wines, spirits, all 
 demand vigilance. 
 
 Some years ago a patent was taken for a method of refining 
 sugar. When cane juice is to be evaporated, or when the 
 colour and impurities are to be removed, the presence of an 
 acid interferes with the process, and requires to be neutralized. 
 This is usually done by means of lime. The patent in 
 question was for the employment of a basic salt of lead, and 
 this was found to cause the product, the refined ■ sugar, to be 
 
184 Adulteration of Food. 
 
 so greatly increased in quantity that the patent was valued at 
 ^80,000. The sugar thus made was subjected to examination 
 by the most eminent chemists of the time, including I believe 
 Faraday, Brande, and Daniel, and they certified that it 
 contained no trace of lead. In fact analytical chemistry at 
 that time was at a very low ebb, the attention of these 
 eminent professors having been directed to physics, in which 
 brilliant discoveries were of frequent occurrence. The Govern- 
 ment, or rather I believe I may say Lord Palmerston, was 
 not satisfied. Dr. Ure was consulted, and with his usual 
 acumen he apprehended that the lead might exist in organic 
 combination with the elements of the sugar, and consequently 
 not manifest itself to ordinary tests. Acting upon this, it 
 was discovered that the sugar contained a considerable 
 portion of lead. We owe it to the firmness of Lord Palmerston, 
 who went a little beyond the law, forbidding the use of lead 
 in this country and our colonies, and using his influence with 
 foreign governments to prevent it wherever sugar is grown 
 or refined, that we escaped this active cause of disease. Let 
 me commend to the attention of the Inspectors sugars, 
 especially the whiter sorts, it being very possible that lead 
 may still be furtively employed in the manufacture in foreign 
 countries. 
 
 Need I add how dreadful are the effects of lead when 
 accumulated in the living body ? No disease is more distress- 
 ing than paralysis — its usual result 
 
 While adulteration of solid articles of food is easily detected, 
 wines and spirits present some difficulty. 
 
 In " Familiar Letters on Chemistry," which I edited for 
 Liebig, it is related that the bulk of German (and probably 
 French) wines are made thus : — After the grape juice is 
 fermented and the resulting wine drawn off from the residue, 
 i.e. the " must" — starch, sugar, cream of tartar, and an amount 
 
Adulteration of Wine. 185 
 
 of water equal to the wine drawn off, are added and subjected 
 to fermentation. This delightful stuff is so far wine as it is 
 flavoured by the " must" or dregs left after making the real 
 wine. 
 
 Again : In the Times of Deo. loth, 1873, there is a lead- 
 ing article giving an account of the sherry drank so largely 
 in this country. As my purpose is a serious one — the causes 
 of premature loss of life — I make no apology for this long 
 note. 
 
 " The correspondence which we have lately published, on 
 the manufacture of the liquid sold in this country under the 
 name of ' sherry,' seems calculated to shake even the robust 
 faith of the British householder in the merits of his favourite 
 beverage. The correspondence had its origin in the fate of 
 an unfortunate gentleman who was found, by the verdict of 
 a coroner's jury, to have died from an overdose of alcohol, 
 taken in four gills of sherry ; and, as it proceeded, it gra- 
 dually unfolded some of the mysteries of the processes by 
 which the product called sherry is obtained. In the first 
 place, it seems that the grapesj before being trodden and 
 pressed, are dusted over with a large quantity of plaster of 
 Paris (sulphate of lime), an addition which removes the tar- 
 taric and malic acids from the juice, and leaves sulphuric 
 acid in their stead, so that the ' must ' contains none of the 
 bitartrate of potash, which is the natural salt of wine, but 
 sulphate of potash instead, usually in the proportion of about 
 two ounces to a gallon. Besides this, the common varieties 
 of ' must ' receive an additional pound of sulphuric acid to 
 each butt, by being impregnated with the fumes of five 
 ounces of burning sulphur. When fermentation is complete, 
 the wine may contain from a minimum of about 14, to a 
 maximum of 27-5, per cent, of proof spirit ; but it is not yet 
 in a state to satisfy the demands of the English market,' 
 
1 86 Adulteration of Wine. 
 
 neither can it be trusted to travel without undergoing second- 
 ary fermentation or other changes. It is therefore treated 
 with a variety of ingredients to impart colour, sweetness, and 
 flavour ; and it receives an addition of sufficient brandy to 
 raise the alcoholic strength of the mixture to 35 per cent, as 
 a minimum, or in some cases to as much as 59 per cent, of 
 proof spirit. When all this has been done, it is shipped in 
 the wood for England, where it is either bottled as ' pure ' 
 wine, or is subjected to such further sophistications as the 
 ingenuity of dealers may suggest." 
 
 The article goes on to observe that the vendors of this 
 precious stuff escape the Adulteration Act by calling it, not 
 "wine," but "sherry," and explaining how and with what 
 materials it is compounded ; adding, — 
 
 " The general result is, that what many people purchase 
 and use as wine is simply a rather strong grog, with an 
 admixture of flavouring matters, and containing a very appre- 
 ciable quantity of sulphuric acid— a substance which is known 
 in commerce as oil of vitriol, and which, when used in medi- 
 cine, is administered in small and carefully-considered doses." 
 "What we have described as 'sherry' is, it must be remem- 
 bered, the best of the many compounds bearing that name 
 which are offered to the public. Besides this, there are 
 thousands of butts manufactured yearly at Cette, at Ham- 
 burg, and at various places on the Elbe, which contain no 
 Spanish wine at all, probably no wine of any kind, and which 
 consist only of alcohol, water, and chemical flavouring. 
 These * sherries ' are stronger than any which come from 
 Spain ; and they are largely used in this country, not only 
 in ' refreshment bars ' and public-houses, but also as a cheap 
 form of diluent for alcohol, by the manufacturers of whiskey 
 and brandy. The liquids sold under these names, even when 
 they have been sent to France and re-imported as Cognac, 
 
Cases of Prolonged Life. 1S7 
 
 consist in great measure of Hamburgh ' sherry ' fortified by 
 the addition of more alcohol." 
 
 Surely, it would not exceed the duty of a government 
 which has done so much to protect the population from 
 disease by enforcing sanitary regulations — drainage, house- 
 cleaning, etc., to interfere vigorously and repress this abomi- 
 nable traffic. | , 
 
 It is quite clear that those persons who desire to enjoy a 
 long life, and escape the disorders of age, must carefully 
 eschew such drinks. As, however, I must admit, that some 
 form of stimulant is not merely desirable, but essential, to 
 the life and comfort of many elderly persons, it becomes an 
 important question, how a wholesome substitute for wines 
 and th'e spirituous liquors met with in commerce can be 
 obtained. 
 
 Note O. 
 
 CASES OF PROLONGED LIFE. 
 
 During my professional career my aged patients have 
 always been objects of special interest to me. I have had 
 many whom I have watched for years. The cases of three 
 or four will illustrate some of the remarks in the text. 
 
 1. I visited daily, or nearly so, the widow of an eminent 
 judge. She was a woman of a cheerful temper and general 
 good health, but she had the failing of indulging in eating; 
 and having usually a good appetite, she was not careful 
 whether her food was suitable or not. The consequence was 
 frequent attacks of indigestion requiring measures of relief. 
 She reached the age of 89, but fell a victim to this error. 
 During an attack of influenza, which often affects the 
 stomach and weakens its digestive power, I called upon 
 her at her dinner hour, and found her eating food which had 
 
1 88 Cases of Prolonged Life. 
 
 been strictly prohibited. She thought it a good joke, and 
 called my attention to her disobedience, going on eating, and 
 laughing at my remonstrances. The result was a state of 
 coma, from which the means used only partially roused her, 
 and it proved fatal. 
 
 state, induced by a heavy meal of hashed venison taken with 
 an unusually keen, appetite. 
 
 2. A gentleman, upwards of 80, was suffering most acutely 
 from irritable bladder. Repeated examinations by experi- 
 enced surgeons proved the non-existence of calculus, yet the 
 ordinary remedies failed to afford relief " You are an old 
 man, and must expect such troubles," was the remark of one 
 whose prescription had also failed. This gave great offence. 
 I suggested the habitual use of laudanum instead of wine 
 and spirits. This was adopted; and beginning with 20 
 drops three times in 24 hours, complete relief was obtained. 
 It could never be relinquished, but the usual necessity for in- 
 creasing the dose did not extend beyond 40 drops at a time. 
 The patient thought he had in the laudanum an elixir which 
 would extend his life to near one hundred, and often ex- 
 pressed this opinion. When nearly ninety some family 
 troubles greatly agitated his mind. He had maintained a 
 habit of taking hot baths weekly. In this state of brain I 
 strongly advised its discontinuance, and the substitution of 
 washing without immersion. After a warm discussion on 
 the subject, one day he went to a bath without my knowledge. 
 The result was he became insensible. The brain is deprived 
 for a moment of most of its blood by immersing the body in 
 hot water, and when enfeebled its vessels collapse, and do 
 not fill again properly. He died comatose. I regarded it as 
 much an accidental death as if it had resulted from violence. 
 
Cases of Prolonged Life. 189 
 
 3. I was called to an old lady in violent convulsions, and 
 total mental insensibility. I spent a whole night employing 
 the usual remedies and appliances, and directing her attend- 
 ants. It required three or four to keep her on the bed. After 
 much anxious consideration I resolved to disregard all 
 fashionable theories and timid practice, and to have recourse 
 to blood-letting. Opening a vein in the arm, the blood soon 
 flowed vigorously, the pulse underwent a favourable change, 
 the convulsions aeased, and the first impression was de- 
 cidedly -favourable. 
 
 It was six days before mental consciousness returned, with 
 slighter convulsions at intervals, and another bleeding of less 
 amount than at first. The patient recovered, and is now 
 living, a valuable life, at the age of 85. 
 
 *#* I relate this case because I am sure it is not wise to 
 resign ourselves to the bondage of fashion, or to reject alto- 
 gether the experience of our forefathers. So entirely is 
 bleeding abandoned as a remedy, that it would be difficult, if 
 not impossible, to find a medical man of the present genera- 
 tion who has even seen the operation. I admit its abuse 
 formerly, but its neglect now bften sacrifices life. 
 
 4. A short time ago I witnessed the decease of a lady aged 
 84, — one of the few cases falling under my notice where 
 a gradual failure of the bodily strength, painless fading away 
 without disease, proved it to be simply from age. 
 
 This. lady in early life had endured great mental troubles : 
 had lost her husband, and was left almost destitute. In mid- 
 dle age she had repeated attacks of acute inflammation of 
 the liver and bowels, for the treatment of which, as was 
 then customary, she had been repeatedly and copiously bled. 
 The quantity of blood she lost would appear fabulous to any 
 
I go Useful Appliances. 
 
 one not conversant with the old practice. After one of these 
 attacks she came under my care, and continued so until her 
 death. As she grew older she became more and more 
 vigorous. She married a second time after she had passed 
 sixty, and lived an active and valuable life, obtaining a com- 
 fortable competency for herself and her relatives mainly by 
 her own exertions. Her mind was clear and acute to the 
 last. How it was that patients endured the extraction of 
 thirty to sixty ounces of blood in a few days, and had this 
 repeated in successive attacks without abridging life, would 
 be difficult to explain. 
 
 *#* In " The Greville Memoirs " we are told that George 
 IV., immediately after his accession to the throne, had a 
 " bad cold," and he was considered to be in great danger, at 
 Brighton, for which he lost eighty ounces of blood. " Sir 
 Henry Halford went to see him, and left orders with 
 Knighton not to take any more blood from the patient. He 
 got worse, and Sir M. Tiemey was called in, and took fifty 
 ounces of blood from him, and the next day twenty ounces." 
 The king died ten years after, aged 68. 
 
 Note P. 
 
 APPLIANCES USEFUL TO AGED PERSONS FOR PROMPT 
 RELIEF OF SUFFERING. 
 
 The following ought to be kept at hand by all persons of 
 advance- i age : — 
 
 i. An Etna, with a bottle of pure spirits of wine, for 
 obtaining boiling water in a few minutes. 
 
 2. Tin vessels for applying hot water, (i) to the feet, 
 (2) to the chest or aodomen. This should be the common 
 rounded stomach warmer. 
 
Useful Appliances. 191 
 
 N.B.— India-rubber bottles are not so useful, and in other 
 respects they are objectionable. 
 
 3. Two or three Enema Apparatus, of different kinds and 
 modes of action. 
 
 4. An Inhaler. The one known as" the Eclectic is the best. 
 Many kinds are sold ; some useless, or worse. 
 
 5. A small Woulfe's bottle, for inhaling ethers, etc. 
 
 6. An apparatus for administering a Hot Vapour or Air 
 Bath to the patient when in bed. 
 
 7. An open Slipper Bath. This may be used for the hot 
 water when applied with soap and flannel. 
 
 All medicines can readily be obtained in towns from the 
 dispensing druggists ; but in the country should be kept 
 Castor-oil, Magnesia, Epsom Salts, Laudanum, Mustard, 
 ' Linseed Meal, pure washed Ether, and such other drugs and 
 chemicals as experience has taught may be useful to any 
 individual 
 
December, 1874. 
 
 a Classified Catalogue of 
 
 Heney S. King & Co.'s Publications. 
 
 > 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 
 History and Biography 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Works of Mr. Tennyson 
 
 FACB 
 
 . 20 
 
 Voyages and Travel 
 Essays and Lectures 
 
 ■ 4 
 
 . 6 
 
 11 
 
 Fiction . ... 
 
 CORNHILL LlBRA-RY OF FlCTION 
 
 =4 
 26 
 
 India and the East 
 
 i5 
 
 Theological . 
 
 27 
 
 Books for the YoyNG, &c. . 
 
 16 
 
 Miscellaneous .... 
 
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 65, Comhill ; &-* 12, Paiernoster Row, London, 
 
Works Published by Henry S. King & Co., 3 
 
 History and , Biography — continued. 
 
 SORROW AND SONG ; or, Studies of Literary Struggle. By Henry 
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 JOURNALS KEPT IN FRANCE AND ITALY. From 1848 to 1852. 
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 PERSIA; ANCIENT AND MODERN; By John Pi&ffot, F.S.A. 
 
 Post 8vo. Price icw. 6d. v ■ 
 
 of giving us ' a fair general view of ancient and 
 modern Persian history, supplemented by chap- 
 ters on the religion, literature, 'commerce, art, 
 sciences, army, education, language, sport, &c. 
 of the country "... He lias read up to the level 
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 and is not too .long." — Saturday Review. ' 
 
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 New Edition Revised. 
 THE HISTORY OF JAPAN. From the Earliest Period to the Present 
 Time. By Francis Ottiwell Adams, F.RvGr.S., H.B/M.'s Secretary of Em- 
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 Yedo. Volume I. Demy 8vo. With Map and Plans. Price 21s. 
 
 deeply interesting episode in contemporary history. 
 
 " He marshals his facts with skill and judgment ; 
 and he writes with an elegance worthy of a very 
 skilled craftsman .in literary work. . . We hope 
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 the second volume, for the appearance ofwhich all 
 who read the first will anxiously look." — Standard. 
 
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 well Tvorth reading. The information it con- 
 tains is trustworthy, and is carefully compiled, and 
 the style is all that can be desired."— -Saturday 
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 THE HISTORY OF JAPAN. Volume II. completing the Work. By 
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 THE NORMAN PEOPLE, and their existing Descendants in the 
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 THE RUSSIANS IN CENTRAL ASIA. A Critical Examination, 
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 BOKHARA : ITS HISTORY AND CONQUEST. By Professor 
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 THE RELIGIOUS HISTORY OF IRELAND : Primitive, Papal, 
 
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 Progress of the last half Century. By James Gfodkin. 1 vol. 8vo. Price 12$. 
 
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 b 2 
 
4 Works Published by Henry S. Ki?ig &• Co., 
 
 History and Biography— continued. 
 
 THE GOVERNMENT OF THE NATIONAL DEFENCE. From 
 
 the 30th June to the 31st October, 1870. The Plain Statement of a .Member., , By 
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 most valuable. "—Atttenanm. M.Jules Favre, for the unsuccessful Government 
 
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 late war, we have found none more fascinating and, ' 
 
 ECHOES OF A FAMOUS YEAR. By Harriet Parr, Author of 
 
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 WAYSIDE NOTES IN SCANDINAVIA. Being Notes of Travel in the 
 
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 ROUGH NOTES OF A VISIT TO BELGIUM, SEDAN, AND 
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 ledge." — Standard. I 
 
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Works Published by Henry S. King 6° Co., 5 
 
 Voyages and Travel— continued. 
 
 Second Edition. 
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 sense." — Saturday Review. 1 
 
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 THE NILE WITHOUT A DRAGOMAN. By Frederic Eden. 
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 ROUND THE WORLD IN 1870. A Volume of Travels, with Maps. 
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 tion." — John Bull, 
 
 6 s. Cornhill : <5-» 12. Paternoster Row, London. 
 
Works Published by Henry S. King &* Co., 
 
 Voyages and Travel — continued: 
 IRELAND. A Tour of Observation, with Remarks oil Irish Public Questions,, 
 By Dr. James Macaulay. Crown 8vo. Price 75. 6d. 
 
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 for impartiality of criticism and general accuracy 
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 A WINTER IN MOROCCO. By Amelia Ferrier; With 4 Illustrations. 
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 lent illustrations."— JWKr. and evidently turned heropportuniries of sarcastic 
 
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 a. good deal of humour, sees the oddity and quaint- I 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 THE PHYSICS AND PHILOSOPHY OF THE SENSES; or the 
 
 Mental and the Physical in their Mutual Relation. By K. S. Wyld, 
 F.R.S.E. Illustrated by Several, Plates.. Demy8vo. Price 16s. 
 
 The author's object is twofold : first, to supply a Manual of the Senses, embracing the 
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 SCIENTIFIC LONDON. By Bernard H. Becker. 1 vol. Crown 8vo. $s. 
 
 An Account of the History and present Scoipejrf the.foUowing Institutions ^- 
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 The Royal Institution 
 The Institution of Civil Engineers 
 TheRoyalGeographieal Society 
 The Society of Telegraph Engineers 
 The British Association 
 
 The Government Department of Science 
 
 and Art 
 The Statistical Society 
 The Chemical. Society 
 The Museum of; Practical Geology, 
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 The Gresham Lectures. 
 
 The Birkbeck Institute 
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 OBSERVATIONS OF MAGNETIC DECLINATION MADE AT 
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 EUCLID SIMPLIFIED IN METHOD AND LANGUAGE. Being 
 a Manual of Geometry on the French System. By J. R. Morell. s • 
 
 The chief features of the work are : — The separation of Theorems and Problems — The 
 Natural Sequence'ofreasoning; areas being treated^by themselves' and ata later page — 
 The simpler and more natural treatment of ratio — The legitimate use of arithmetical 
 applications, of transposition, and superposition — The general alteration of language to 
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 AN ATLAS OF DISEASES OF THE MEMRRANA TYMPANI. 
 
 With Descriptive Text. By James Hinton, late Aural Surgeon to Guy's Hospital. 
 Post 8vo. Price £6 6s. 
 
 " Ot Mr. Hinton's Atlas of the Membrana Tym- ] ever yet been published. The drawings are taken 
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 it is by far the best and most accurate that has ' hand." — Lancet. 
 
 65, Cornhill ; &* 12, Paternoster Row* London. 
 
Works Published by Henry S* King &* Co., 7 
 
 Science — continued. 
 
 Second Edition. 
 PHYSIOLOGY FOR PRACTICAL USE. By various Writes. E'dited 
 
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 two thin volumes?" — Standard. \ 
 
 Second Edition. 
 THE PRINCIPLES OF MENTAL PHYSIOLOGY. With their 
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 learned physiological exposition, and the treasure- 
 
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 SENSATION AND INTUITION. Studies in Psychology and- Esthetics. 
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 genuity and' no mean success, Mr. Sully endea- 
 vours to throw some' light of cosmic order- into 
 the chaos of aesthetics. Unhappily for our present 
 purpose, the best qualities of the work are pre- 
 ciselythose to-whicn we cannof do justice within 
 the limits of a teview:"—Saenrday~Jievinv. 
 
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 devoid of internal connection, each presents so 
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 here to note more than one or two particulars. The 
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 Second Edition* 
 THE EXPANSE OF HEAVEN. A Series of Essays' on. the Wonders of 
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 STUDIES OF BLAST FURNACE PHENOMENA. By M. L. 
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 and clearly in all its parts, and can scarcely fail of | whose use it is designed."— Post. 
 
 CONTEMPORARY ENGLISH PSYCHOLOGY. From the French of 
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 HEREDITY : a Psychological Study on its Phenomena, its Laws; its Causes, 
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 1 vol. Large c*own~8vo. 
 
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 the rule in all forms of vital activity. The author 1 
 
 A TREATISE ON RELAPSING FEVER. By B. T. Lyons, 
 
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 " A practical work, thoroughly supported in its views byaseries of remarkabte cases."— Standard. 
 
 65, Cornhill; &* 12, Paternoster Row, London. 
 
Works Published bv Henry S. Ki?ig &> Co., 
 
 Science— cmtinued. 
 
 Second Edition Revised. 
 LEGAL HANDBOOK FOR ARCHITECTS, BUILDERS, 
 AND BUILDING- OWNERS. By Edward Jenkins, Esq., EI.P., and 
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 I property. The writer conceives his subject clearly, 
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 and lucid/"— Law Magazine and Review. 
 
 " For all this and much more, about buildings 
 
 " This manual has one recommendation which 
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 and building contracts, which is not always jeasy 
 for a layman to understand, but which it is very 
 necessary for an architect to know, the reader wiu 
 find in the neat little volume just published from 
 the pen of Messrs. Jenkins and I^aymond, a very 
 excellent guide/'— Law Journal. 
 
 THE HISTORY OF CREATION, a Popular Account of the Develop- 
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 Genealogical Trees of the various groups of both plants and animals. 2 vols. Post Svo. 
 
 [Preparing. 
 
 THE HISTORY OF THE EVOLUTION OF MAN. By Ernst 
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 A New Edition. 
 CHANGE OF AIR AND SCENE. A Physician's Hints about Doctors, 
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 and the Mediterranean. By Dr. Alphonse Donne. Large post Svo. Price 9s. 
 
 " A very readable and serviceable book 
 
 The real value of it is to be found in the accurate 
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 " A valuable and almost complete wade mecttm 
 for the continental tourist seeking health." — London 
 Quarterly Review. 
 
 New and Enlarged Edition. 
 MISS YOUMANS' FIRST BOOK OF BOTANY. Designed to 
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 which is at once so novel in plan, so successful in 
 
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 First Book of Botany .... It has been everywhere 
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 to the improvement of primary education."— Pall 
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 A DICTIONARY AND GLOSSARY OF THE KOR-AN. With 
 
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 MODERN GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. By T. G. Jackson. 
 
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 — Standard. 
 
 CHOLERA: HOW TO AVOID AND TREAT IT. Pppular and 
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 " A very practical manual, based on experience and careful observation, full of excellent hints on a 
 most dangerous disease."— Standard. 
 
 65, Cornhill; dr* 12, Paternoster Roiv, London. 
 
Works PtMished by Heiiry S. King & Co., 9 
 
 THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES. 
 
 The following is a List of the Volumes already published. 
 Fourth Edition., 
 I. THE FORMS OF WATER IN CLOUDS AND RIVERS, 
 ICE AND GLACIERS. By J. Tyndall, LL.D., P.E.S. With 26 Illus- 
 trations. Price ss- 
 
 Second Edition. 
 
 II. PHYSICS AND POLITICS ; or, Thoughts on the Application 
 
 of the Principles of "Natural Selection" and "Inheritance " to Political 
 Society. By Walter Bag-ehot. Price +1. 
 
 Third Edition. 
 
 III. FOODS. By Dr. Edward Smith. Profusely Illustrated. Price p. 
 
 Third Edition. 
 
 IV. MIND AND BODY: The Theories of their Relation. By 
 
 Alexander Bain, LL.D., Professor of Logic at the University of Aberdeen. 
 -With Four Illustrations. Price 4$. 
 
 Fourth Edition. 
 V, THE STUDY OF SOCIOLOGY. By Herbert Spencer. Price p. 
 Third Edition. 
 VI. THE CONSERVATION OF ENERGY. By Professor 
 "Balfour Stewart. With Fourteen Engravings. Price s". 
 Second Edition. 
 VII. ANIMAL LOCOMOTION; or, Walking, Swimming, and Flying. 
 By J. Bell Pettigrew, HT..D., P.R.S. With 119 Illustrations. Price s-r. 
 Second Edition. 
 VIII. RESPONSIBILITY IN MENTAL DISEASE. By Dr. 
 Henry Maudsley. Price 5s. 
 
 Second Edition. 
 IX. THE NEW CHEMISTRY. By Professor Josiah P. Cooke, 
 of the Harvard University. With Thirty-one Illustrations. Price 5s. 
 Second Edition. 
 X. THE SCIENCE OF LAW. By Prof. Sheldon Amos. Price 5*. 
 
 Second Edition. 1 
 
 XI. ANIMAL MECHANISM. A Treatise on Terrestrial and Aerial 
 Locomotion. By Professor E. J. Marey. With 117 Illustrations. Price 5$. 
 
 XII. THE DOCTRINE OF DESCENT AND DARWINISM. By 
 Professor Oscar Schmidt (Strasburg University). Illustrated. Price $s. 
 
 XIII. HISTORY OF THE CONFLICT BETWEEN RELIGION 
 AND SCIENCE. By John William Draper, M.D., LL.D. Professor in 
 the University of New York ; Author of '' A Treatise on Human Physiology." Price 5$. 
 
 XIV. THE CHEMICAL EFFECTS OF LIGHT AND PHOTO- 
 GRAPHY, IN THEIR APPLICATION TO ART, SCIENCE, AND INDUS- 
 TRY. By Dr. Hermann Vog-el (Polytechnic Academy of Berlin). With 74 
 Illustrations. 
 
 XV. OPTICS. By Professor Lommel (University of Erlangen). Profusely 
 Illustrated. 
 XVI. FUNGI ; THEIR NATURE, INFLUENCES, USES, &c. 
 By M. C. Cooke, M.A., LL.D. Edited by the Rev. M. J.Berkeley, 
 
 M. A., P.L.S. Profusely Illustrated. 
 
 65, Cornhill ; &r> 12, Paternoster Row, London. 
 
Works Piibtished by Henry S. King &* Co., 
 
 The International Scientific Series— continued. 
 
 Forthcoming Volumes. 
 
 Mons. VAN' BENEDEN. 
 
 On Parasites in the Animal Kingdom. 
 
 Prof. W. KINGDOM CLIFFORD, M.A. 
 The First Principles of the Exact Sciences ex- 
 plftined-to theinon*m»thematical. 
 
 Prof. T. H. HUXLEY, LL.D., F.R.S. 
 
 Bodily Motion and Consciousness. ' * 
 
 Dr. W. B. CARPENTER, LL.D., F.R.S. 
 
 The Physical Geography of the Sea. 
 
 Prof. WILLIAM OkLING, F.R.S. 
 
 The Old Chemistry viewed from the New Stand- 
 point 
 
 W. LAUDER LINDSAY, M.D.,F.R.S.E. 
 
 Mind in the Lower Animals. 
 
 Sir JOHN LUBBOCK, Bart., F.R.S. 
 
 The Antiquity of Man. 
 
 Prof. W. T. THISELTON DYER, B.A., 
 B.SC. 
 
 Form and Habit in Flowering Plants. 
 
 Mr. J. N. LOCKYER, F.R.S. 
 
 Spectrum Analysis : some of its recent results. 
 
 Prof. MICHAEL FOSTER, M.D. 
 
 Protoplasm and the Cell Theory. 
 
 Prof. W. STANLEY JEVONS ; 
 
 Money: and 'the -Mechanism of Exchange. 
 
 H. CHARLTON BASTIAN, MD„ F.R ? S. 
 
 The Brain as an Organ of Mind. 
 
 Prof. A. C. RAMSAY, LL.D., F.R.S. 
 
 Earth Sculpture: Hills, Valleys, Mountains, Plains, 
 Rivers, Lakes ; how they were produced, and 
 how they havebeen Destroyed. 
 
 Prof. RUDOLPH VIRCHOW (Berlin Univ.) 
 Morbid Physiological Action. 
 
 Prof. CLAUDE BERNARD. 
 
 PhysicaLand Metaphysical- Phenomena of Life. 
 
 Prof. H. SAINTE-CLAIRE DEVILLE. 
 
 An Introduction to General Chemistry. 
 
 Prof. WURTZ. 
 
 Atoms and the Atomic Theory. 
 
 Prof. DE QUATREFAGES. 
 
 The Negro Races. 
 
 Prof. LACAZE-DUTHIERS. 
 Zoology since Cuvier. 
 
 Prof. BERTHELOT. 
 Chemical Synthesis. 
 
 Prof. J. ROSENTHAL. 
 
 General Physiology of Muscles and Nerves. 
 
 Prof. JAMES D. DANA, M.A., LL.D. 
 
 On Cephalization ; or, Head-Characters in the 
 Gradation and Progress of Life. 
 
 Prof. S. W. JOHNSON, M.A. 
 
 On the Nutrition of Plants. 
 
 Prof. AUSTIN FLINT, Jr. M.D. 
 
 The Nervous System and its Relation to the 
 Bodily Functions, 
 
 Prof. "W. D. WHITNEY. 
 
 Modern Linguistic Science. 
 
 Prof BERNSTEIN (University of Halle). 
 
 Physiology of the Senses. 
 
 Prof. FERDINAND COHN (BreslauUniv.) 
 
 Thallophytes (Alga;, Lichens, Fungi). 
 
 Prof. HERMANN (University of Zurich). 
 
 Respiration. 
 
 Prof. LEUCKART (University of Leipsic). 
 Outlines of Animal Organization. 
 
 Prof. LIEBREICH (University of Berlin). 
 
 Outlines of Toxicology. 
 
 Prof. KUNDT (University of Strasburg). 
 On Sound. 
 
 Prof. REES (University of ErlangenX 
 On Parasitic Plants. 
 
 Prof. STEINTHAL (University of Berlin> 
 
 Outlines of the Science of Language. 
 
 P. BERT (Professor of Physiology, Pari;,;. 
 Forms of Life and other Cosmical Conditions. 
 
 E. ALGLAVE (Professor of Constitutional 
 and Administrative Law at Douai, and of 
 Political Economy at Lille). 
 
 The Primitive Elements of Political Constitutions 
 
 P. LORAIN (Professor of Medicine, Part). 
 Modem Epidemics. 
 
 Prof. SCHUTZENBERGER (Director of 
 the Chemical Laboratory at the Sorbonne). 
 On Fermentations. 
 
 Mons. FREIDEL. 
 
 The Functions of Organic Chemistry. 
 Mons. DEBRAY. 
 
 Precious Metals. 
 
 Mons. P. BLASERNA (Professor in the 
 University of "Rome.) 
 On Sound ; The Organs of Voice and of Hearing. 
 
 65, Cornhitt ; 6* 12, Paternoster J?ow t London. 
 
Works PuMisked by Henry S. King 6* Co., 
 
 ESS A YS AND LECTURES. 
 
 THE BETTER SELF. Essays: for Home Life. By the Author of " The 
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 A CLUSTER OF LIVES. By Alice King-, Author of "Queen of 
 Herself," &c. Crown 8vo. js. 6d. 
 
 Contents. — Vittoria Colonna— Madame Recsmier — A Daughter of the Stuarts — 
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 Second Edition. 
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 dent'intellect."— Saturday Rbuiao. "Mr. Buchanan' is a' writer whose ■ books the 
 
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 of vigorous enthusiasm xareteveii-in our'best living, manly and artistic." — Hour: 
 word -painters. " — Standard.' 
 
 GLANCES- AT INNER ENGLAND. A Lecture delivered in the United 
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 Crown Svo. Price 5s. 
 
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 " A very, handy and intelligible - epitome, of the general principles of existing land laws;" — Standard. 
 
 AN ESSAY ON THE CULTURE OF THE OBSERVING 
 
 POWERS OF CHILDREN, especially in connection'with the Study of Botany. By 
 ■ Eliza- A3. Youmans. Edited, witfct. Notes and a Supplement, by Joseph- 
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 Crown 8vo. zs. 6d. 
 
 ''This study, according to her just nptions on the I flowers at firsthand, no,t merely to be informed of 
 subject, is to be fundamentally based on the ex- what others Have seen and examined."' — Pall Mali 
 erciseof the pupil's own powers of observation. He, Gazette. 
 is to see and examine the properties of' plants and' I 
 
 THE GENIUS OF" CHRISTIANITY UNVEILED. Being Essays 
 by "William Godwin, Author of " Political Justice," &c. Editedwith a preface by, 
 C. Kegan Paul. 1 vol. Crown 8vo. -js. 6d: 
 
 "Few have thought more clearly and directly j " The.'deliberate:thoue|its of. Godwindeserve to 
 than William Godwin, or expressed their reflec- 1 be put beforethe worldTor readiitg"and considera- 
 tions with more simplicity and unreserve;" t\aa."—Athenaum. 
 Examiner. \ 
 
 WORKS BY JOSEPH . PAYNE, Professor' of the Science- and Art o f 
 Education to the College of Preceptors. 
 
 The True Foundation of Science' Teaching. A Lecture delivered at the 
 College of Preceptors. Svo, sewed-, 6d. 
 
 The Science and Akt of Education. A Lecture introduotoryto a " Course 
 of Lectures and Lessons to Teachers.on the Science, Art, and History of-Education," 
 delivered at the. College of Preceptors. 8vo, sewed, 6d. 
 
 Feobel and the Kindergarten System of Elementary Education. A 
 Lecture delivered at the College of Preceptors. 8vo, sewed, 6d. 
 
 65, Cornhill ; and 12, Paternoster Row, London. 
 
Works Published by Henry S. Xing o- Co., 
 
 MILITARY WORKS. 
 
 MOUNTAIN WARFARE, illustrated by the Campaign of 1799 in Switzer- 
 land, being a translation of the Swiss Narrative compiled from the works of the Archbkke 
 Charles, Jomini, and others. Also of Notes by General H. Dufour on the Campaign of 
 the Vatteline in 1635. By Major-General Shadwell, C.B. With Appendix, 
 Maps, and Introductory Remarks. 
 
 This work has been prepared for the purpose of illustrating by the well-known cam- 
 paign of 1709 in Switzerland, the true method of conducting warfare in mountainous 
 countries. Many of the scenes of this contest are annually visited by* English tourists, and 
 are in themselves full of interest ; but the special object of the volume is to attract the 
 attention of the young officers of our army to this branch of warfare, especially of those, 
 whose lot may hereafter be cast, and who may be called upon to take part in operations 
 against the Hill Tribes of our extensive Indian frontier. 
 
 RUSSIA'S ADVANCE EASTWARD. Based on the Official Reports of 
 Lieut. Hugo Stumm, German Military Attache" to the Kbjvan Expedition. To which is 
 appended other Information on the Subject, and a Minute Account of the Russian Army. 
 By Capt. C. E. H. "Vincent, 3?.B.GhS. Crown 8vo. With Map. 6s. 
 
 tenant Stumm's narrative of one of the most bril- 
 liant military exploits of recent years is Captain 
 Vincent's own account of the reconstruction, 
 under Milutin, of the Russian Army. Few books 
 will give a better idea of its progress than this 
 brief survey of its present state and latest achieve- 
 ment. " — Graphic. 
 
 ' Captain Vincent's account of the improve- 
 ments which have taken place lately in all branches 
 of the service is accurate and clear, and is full 
 of useful material for the consideration of those 
 who believe that Russia is still where she was left 
 by the Crimean war." — AOtenaum. 
 "Even more interesting, perhaps, than Lieu- 
 
 THE VOLUNTEER, THE MILITIAMAN, AND THE 
 BEGrULAR SOLDIER; a Conservative View of the Armies of England, Past, 
 Present, and Future, as Seen in January, 1874. By A Public School Boy. 1 voL 
 Crown 8vo. Price 5s. 
 
 " Deserves special attention. ... It is a good 
 and compact little work, and treats the whole 
 topic in a clear, intelligible, and rational way. 
 There is an interesting chapter styled " Historical 
 Retrospect," which very briefly traces all the main 
 
 steps in the growth, -of the English army from the 
 time of the Anglo-Saxons. The writer is at great 
 pains to examine the reahfacts concerning enlist- 
 ment into the different branches of the army at 
 the present day." — Westmittster Review. 
 
 THE OPERATIONS OF THE GERMAN ENGINEERS AND 
 TECHNICAL TROOPS IN THE FRANCO-GERMAN WAR OF 1870-71. 
 By Capt. A. von G-oetze. Translated by Col. G. Graham. Demy 8vo. With 
 Six Plans. 
 
 THE OPERATIONS OF THE FIRST ARMY, UNDER GEN. 
 
 VON STEINMETZ. By Major VOH Schell. Translated by Captain E. O. 
 Hollist. With Three Maps. Demy 8vo. Price ioj. 6d. 
 
 able contribution to the history of the great 
 
 "Avery complete and important account of the 
 investment of Metz." 
 
 "The volume is of somewhat too technical a 
 character to be recommended to the general 
 reader, but the military student will And it a valu- 
 
 struggle ; and its utility is increased by a capital 
 - Firs' ' 
 
 general map of the operations of the First Army. 
 and also plans of Spicheren and of the battle-fields 
 round Metz." — John Bitit. 
 
 THE OPERATIONS OF THE FIRST ARMY UNDER GEN. 
 VON aOEBEN. By Major von Schell. Translated by Col. C. H. von 
 "Wright. Four Maps. Demy 8vo. Price 95-. 
 
 " In concluding our notice of this instructive | has he succeeded, that it might really be imagined 
 work, which, by the way, is enriched by several that the book had been originally composed in 
 large-scale maps, we must not withhold our tribute English. . . The work is decidedly valuable to a 
 of admiration at the manner in which the translator student of the art of war, and no military library 
 has performed his task. So thoroughly, indeed, j can be considered complete without it."— Hour. 
 
 THE OPERATIONS OF THE FIRST ARMY UNDER GEN. 
 VON MANTETJFFEL. By Col. Count Hermann von "Wartensleben, 
 Chief of the Staff of the First Army. Translated by Colonel C. H. VOU Wright. 
 With Two Maps. Demy 8vo. Price dj. - 
 
 "Very clear, simple, yet eminently instructive, i estimable value of being in great measure the re- 
 is this history. It is not overladen with useless de- cord of operations actually witnessed by the author, 
 tails, h written in good taste, and possesses the in- I supplemented byofficial documents." — Athctitntm. 
 
 65, Cornhttl ; 6r* 12, Paternoster Pow t Lofidon, 
 
Works Published By Henry S. King &* Co., 13 
 
 Military "Works— contimtea*. 
 
 THE GERMAN ARTILLERY IN THE BATTLES NEAR METZ 
 , Based on the official reports of the German Artillery. By Captain HofTbauer, 
 Instructor in the German Artillery and Engineer School. Translated by Capt. E. O. 
 Hollist. Demy 8vo. With Map and Plans. Price 21 s. 
 
 and agreeable than those of many-of his comrades 
 and fellow authors, and itsufTersr.othingjjn the hands 
 of Captain Hollist, whose translation is close and 
 faithful. He has given the general public a read- 
 
 able and instructive book ; whilst to his brother 
 officers, who have a special professional interest in 
 the subject, its value cannot well be overrated." — 
 Academy., 
 
 THE OPERATIONS OF THE BAVARIAN ARMY CORPS. 
 By Captain Hugo Helvigr. Translated by Captain G. S. Schwabe. 
 
 With 5 large Maps. In 2 vols. Demy 8vo. Price 245. 
 
 " It contains much material that may prove use- J and that the translator has performed his work 
 ful to the future historian of the war ; and it is, on most creditably.'"— Athenaum, 
 the whole, written in a spirit of fairness and im- | " Captain Scliwabe has done well to translate it, 
 partiality. . . It only remains to say that the work j and his translation is admirably executed." — Pall 
 is enriched by some excellent large scale maps] \- Mall Gazette. 
 
 AUSTRIAN CAVALRY EXERCISE. From an Abridged Edition 
 compiled by Captain Illia Woinovits, of the General Staff, on the Tactical Regula- 
 tions of the Austrian Army, and "prefaced by a General Sketch of the Organisation, &c. , 
 of the Cavalry. Translated by Captain W. S. Cooke. Crown 8vo, cloth. Price 7s. 
 
 "Among, the valuable group of works on the 1 ' Austrian Cavalry Exercise' will hold a good aad 
 military tactics of the chief States of Europe which useiul place."'— JVestminsicr Review. 
 Messrs. King are publishing, a small treatise on I 
 
 History of the Organisation, Equipment^ and War Services of 
 
 THE REGIMENT OF BENGAL ARTILLERY. Compiled from 
 Pub lished Official and other Records, and various private sources, by Major Francis 
 "W. Stubbs, Royal (late Bengal) Artillery. Vol. I. will contain War Services. The 
 Second Volume will be published separately, and will contain the History of the 
 Organisation and Equipment of the Regiment. In 2 vols. 8vo. With Maps 
 and Plans. {Preparing. 
 
 VICTORIES AND DEFEATS. An Attempt to explain the Causes which 
 have led to 'them. An Officer's Manual. By Col. R. P. Anderson. 8vo. 
 
 "The young officer should have it always at 
 hand to open anywhere and read a bit, and we 
 warrant lum that let that bit be ever so small it 
 will give him material far an hour's thinking." — 
 United Service Gazette. 
 
 " The present book proves that he- is a diligent 
 student of military history, his illustrations ranging 
 over a wide field,, and including ancient and mo- 
 
 THE FRONTAL ATTACK OF INFANTRY. By Capt. Laymaim, 
 Instructor of Tactics at the Military College, Neisse. Translated by Colonel 
 Edward Newdigate. Crown 8vo, limp cloth. Price zs. 6d. 
 
 " An exceedingly useful kind of book. A valu- 
 able acquisition to the military student's library. 
 It recounts, in the first place, the opinions and 
 tactical formations which regulated the German 
 army during the early battles of the late war ; ex- 
 
 plains how the! e were modified in the course of 
 the campaign by the terrible and unanticipated 
 effect oi the fire ; and how, accordingly, troops 
 should be trained to attack in future wars. — Naval 
 and 'Military Gazette. ' 
 
 ELEMENTARY MILITARY GEOGRAPHY, RECONNOITRING, 
 "AND SKETCHING-. Compiled for Non-Co m missioned Officers and Soldiers of all 
 Arms. By Capt. C. E. H. Vincent. Square cr. 8vo. zs. 6d. 
 
 language, definitions of varieties of ground and the 
 advantages they.present in warfare, together with 
 a number of useful hints in military sketching." — 
 Naval and Military Gazette. 
 
 " This manual takes into view the necessity of 
 every soldier knowing how to read a military map, 
 in order to know to what points in an enemy's 
 country to direct his attention ; and provides for 
 this necessity by giving, in terse and sensible 
 
 THREE WORKS BY LIEUT.-COL. THE HON. A. ANSON, 
 V.C./M.F. 
 
 The Abolition of Purchase and the 
 Army Regulation Bill of 1871. Crown 
 " Svo. Price One Shilling.' 
 
 Army Reserves and Militia Reforms. 
 
 Crown 8vo. Sewed. Price One Shilling. 
 The Story of the Supersessions. Crown 
 
 8vo. Price Sixpence. 
 
 6%, Comhill ; cW 12, Paternoster Row, London, 
 
14 Works Published by Henry S. King 6- Co., 
 
 Military Works — continued. 
 
 THE OPERATIONS OF THE SOUTH ARMY IN JANUARY 
 
 AND jBSa-BRUARY, 1871. Compiled from the Official War Documents of -the Head- 
 quarters d( the Southern Army. By Count Hermann • van "Wartensleben, 
 Colonel in the Prussian General Staff. Translated byt3olonel£J. H. von Wright. 
 
 Demy 8vo, with Maps. Uniform with the above. Price 6s. 
 
 STUDIES IN THE NEW INFANTRY TACTICS. Parts I. & II. 
 By major W. von Scherff. Translated from the German by Colonel Lumley 
 
 Grraham. Demy 8vo. Price js. 6d. 
 
 " The subject of the respective advantages of 1 mirably treated ; indeed, we cannot but consider 
 attack and defence, and of the methods in which [ it to be decidedly superior to any work which has 
 each form of battle should be carried out under hitherto appeared in English upon this all-import- 
 the fire of modern arms, is exhaustively and ad- I ant subject" — Standard. 
 
 Second Edition. Revised and Corrected. 
 TACTICAL DEDUCTIONS FROM THE WAR OF 1870—71. By 
 Captain A. von BogTislawski. Translated by Colonel Lumley Graham, 
 late 18th (Royal Irish) Regiment. Demy 8vo. Uniform with the above. Price 7$. 
 "We must, without delay, impress brain and I the German Armies' and 'Tactical Deductions') 
 •■ forethought into the -British Service ; and .we can- I we have here criticised in every military library, 
 not commence the good work too soon, or better, and introducing them as class-books ia every tac- 
 than by placing the two books (' The Operations of I tical school."— united Service Gazette. 
 
 THE ARMY OF THE NORTH-GERMAN CONFEDERATION. 
 
 A Brief Description of its Organization, of the different Branches of the Service, and 
 their "Role" m War, of its Mode of Fighting, &c. By a Prussian General. 
 Translated from the German by Col. Edward Newdig-ate. Demy 8vo. Price 5s. 
 
 study .... The information given on mobilisation, 
 garrison troops, keeping up establishment during 
 war, and on the employment of 'the different 
 branches of the service, is of great value." — 
 
 " The work is quite essential to the full use of 
 the other volumes of the ' German Military Series,' , 
 which Messrs. King are now producing in hand- 
 some uniform style. — Untied Service Magazine. 
 'Every page lof'.the book deserves attentive 
 
 THE OPERATIONS OF THE GERMAN ARMIES IN FRANCE, 
 FBOM SEDAN TO THE END OF THE WAE OP 1870-71. With large 
 Official Map- From the Journals of the Head-quarters Staff, by Major "William 
 Blume. Translated by^E. 9C. Jones, Major 20th Footplate Professor of Military 
 History, Sandhurst. Demy 8vo. Price gs. 
 
 "The: book is, of absolute necessity to the mili- 
 tary student .... The work is one of nigh merit," 
 —United Service Gazette. 
 
 "The work ■of Major yon Blume in its English 
 dress forms the most valuable addition to our stock 
 
 oft works upon the- war that our press has put forth.- 
 Our space forbids our doing more than comrsend- 
 ing it earnestly as the most authentic And instruc- 
 tive narrative of the second section of the war that 
 has yet appeared. "—Sacttrday Review. 
 
 HASTY INTRENCHMENTS. By Colonel A. Brialmont. Translated 
 by Lieut. Charles A. EmpSOn, R.A. With Nine Plates. DemySvo. Price 6s. 
 
 " A valuable contribution to military literature." " It supplies that whicluour own test-books give 
 —Athetucum. but imperfectly, viz., hints as to how a position can 
 
 *' In-seven short chapters it gives plain directions L 
 for /farming shelter-trenches, with the bestmethod 
 of earning the necessary tools, and it offers prac- 
 tical illustrations of the use of hasty .intrenchments 
 oivthe field of battle." — United Service Magazine. 
 
 best be strengthened by means . . . of such extem- 
 porised intrenchments and batteries as can be 
 thrown up by infantry in the space of four or five 
 hours . . . deserves to become a standard military 
 work." — Standard. 
 
 STUDIES IN LEADING TROOPS. Parts I. and II. By Colonel von 
 Verdy flu "Vernois. An authorised and accurate Translation *>y Lieutenant 
 H. J. T. Hildyard, 71st Fool Demyflvo. Price?!. 
 
 observant and; fortunately-placed staff-officer is ia 
 
 ••{•■■General Beauchamp Walker says of 
 -this- work : — " I recommend the first two numbers 
 df Golonel von Veray's ' Studies ' to the attentive 
 perusal of my brother officers. They supply a 
 want which I nave often felt during my service in 
 this country, namely, a minuter tactical detail of 
 the minor operations of war than any hut the most 
 
 a position to give. I have read and ve-read them 
 very carefully, I hope with profit, certainly with 
 great interest, and believe that practice, in the 
 sense of these ^Studies." would <be a valuable pre- 
 paration for manoeuvres on a more extended 
 scale."— Berlin, June, 187a, 1 
 
 DISCIPLINE AND DRILL. Four Lectures delivered to the London 
 
 Scottish Rifle Volunteers. By Capt. S. Flood Page. Cheapo-Edition. O. 8vo. u. 
 
 "TUe ivfiiy useful .and inteiestuig: work."—! " An admirable collection oflectures "—Times 
 Volutltetr Service GaMette. 
 
 65, Cornhill; u> ia, Paternoster Row, Letidon. 
 
Works Published by Henry S. J£ing dr* Co., 
 
 15 
 
 Military Works— continued. 
 
 CAVALRY FIELD DUTY. By Major-General von Mirus. Translated 
 bjnCaptain. FrankS. .Russell, 14th (King's) Hussars. Cr. .8vo,xloth limp, js. 6d. 
 
 intelligently, his value to the army, wc are confi- 
 dent, must be increased one hundredfold. Skir- 
 mishing', scouting, patrolling, and vedetting are 
 now the chief duties dragoons in peace should be 
 practised at, and how to perform these duties 
 effectively is what the book teaches." — United 
 Set vice -Magass ine. 
 
 " We have no book on cavalry duties that at all 
 approaches to this, either for completeness in 
 details, clearness in description, or for manifest 
 utility. In its pages will be found plain instructions 
 for every portion of duty before trie enemy that a' 
 . combatant horseman will be called upon to per- 
 form, and if a dragoon but studies it well and 
 
 INDIA AND THE EAST. 
 
 THE THREATENED FAMINE IN BENGAL; How it may be 
 
 Met, and' the Recurrence of Famines in India Prevented. Being No. 1 of 
 " Occasional Notes on Indian Affairs." By Sir H. Bartle E. ITrere, G.C.B., 
 Cr.C.S.L, &c. &c. ,Crown8vo. With 3 Maps. Price $s. 
 
 THE ORIENTAL 'SPQRTIN'G MAGAZINE. 
 
 5 Volumes, in 2 Volumes, demy Svo. ,Price 28s. 
 
 A Reprint of the first 
 
 "■"Lovers of sport will find ample amusement in 
 the varied contents of these two volumes."-^- Allen's 
 Indian Mail. 
 
 " Full of interest for the sportsman and natural- 
 ist. Full of ■thrilling adventures of spprtsmen who 
 have attacked the fiercest and most gigantic 
 
 specimens of the -animal world in their native 
 jungle. It is seldom we get so many exciting inci- 
 dents in a similar amount of space . . . Well suited- 
 to the libraries of country gentlemen and all those 
 who ,are interested in sporting matters." — Civil 
 Service Gazette. 
 
 Second Edition, Revised and Corrected. 
 
 THE .EUROPEAN IN INDIA. A Hand-book of Practical Information 
 for ihose proceeding to, or residing in, the East Indies, relating to Outfits, Routes, 
 Time for Departure, Indian Climate, &c. By Edmund C. P. -Hull. With a 
 Medical Guide for Anglo-Indians. Being a Compendium of Advice to Europeans 
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 adventure."— Athenaum. \ 
 
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Works Published by Henry S. King & Co., 
 
 WORKS BY ALFRED TENNYSON. 
 
 THE CABINET EDITION. 
 
 Messrs. Henry S. King & Co. have the pleasure to announce that 
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 Vol. W.L 
 
 1. EARLY POEMS. 
 
 S. ENGLISH IDYLLS & OTHER POEMS. 
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 o. rf. 
 
 POEMS. Small 8vo 6 p 
 
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 GARETH AND LYNETTE. Small 8vo. 30 
 
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 IN MEMORIAM. Small 8vo ..40 
 
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 POEMS. Illustrated Edition, 4to . 25 o 
 
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Works Published by Henry S. King-&> Co., 
 
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 HOME-SONGS FOR QUIET HOURS. Edited by the Bev. Canon 
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 THE DISCIPLES. A New Poem. By Mrs. Hamilton King. 
 
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 ARVAN : or, the Story of the Sword. A Poem, 
 late of Trinity College, Cambridge, Crown 8vo. 
 
 By Herbert Todd, M.A., 
 
 65, Cornhill ; 6* 12, Paternoster Row, London. 
 
Works Published by Henry 5. King &* Co., 
 
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 THROUGH STORM AND SUNSHINE. 
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 CONTAINING SONGS BY 
 
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 of Life," and a Portrait of the Author. 
 
 Vol. II.—" Ballads and Poems of Life ;" 
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 of Orm ;." " Political Mystics.*' 
 
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 ON THE NORTH WIND— THISTLE- 
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 PENELOPE AND OTHER POEMS. 
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 SUBJECT.— Nature in the Past and in the Pre- 
 sent.— Man in the Past and in the Present.— The 
 Future. 
 
 POEMS. By Augustus Taylor. Fcp.8vo. 5s. 
 NARCISSUS AND OTHER POEMS. 
 
 By E. Carpenter: Fcap. 8vo. 5s. 
 ' ' In many of these poems there is a force of 
 
 fancy, a grandeur of imagination, and a power of 
 
 poetical utterance not by any means common iu 
 
 tliese da.ys."— Standard. 
 
 AURORA; A Volume of Verse. Fcap. 8vo. 5s. 
 
 POEMS. By Annette P. C. Knight. Fcap. 
 8vo. Cloth. Price 5^. , 
 
 " . . . . Very fine also is the poem entitled ' Past 
 and Present,' from which we take the song pic- 
 turing the ' Spirits of the Present. ' The verses here 
 are so simple in form as almost to' veil the real 
 beauty and depth of the image ; yet it would not . 
 be easy to find a more exquisite picture in poetry. 
 4>r on canvas of the spirit of the age."— Scotsjp&fa. 
 . " These poems are musical to read, they give 
 true and pleasant pictures of common things, and 
 they tell sweetly of the deeper moral and religious 
 harmonies'which sustain us under the discords and, 
 the errefe of actual life." — Spectator. 
 
 "Full of tender and felicitous verse ... ex- 
 pressed with a rare artistic perfection. . . . The 
 gems of the book to our mind are the poems 
 entitled 'In a Town Garden,'"— ^Literary Church- 
 man. 
 A TALE OF THE SEA, SONNETS, 
 AND OTHER POEMS. By James 
 HowelL Fcap. 8vo. Cloth, 5$. 
 
 " Mr. Howell has a keen perception of the 
 beauties of nature, and a just appreciation of the 
 charities of life. . . . Mr. Howell's book deserves, 
 and will probably receive, a warm reception." — 
 Pall Mail Gazette. 
 
 METRICAL TRANSLATIONS FROM 
 THE GREEK AND LATIN POETS, 
 AND OTHER POEMS. By R. B, 
 Boswell, M.A. Oxon. Crown 8vo. 5$. 
 
 "Most of these translations we can praise as of 
 very high merit. . . . For sweetness and regu- 
 larity, nis verses are pre-eminent," — Literary 
 Churchman. 
 
 "Mr. Boswell has a strong poetical vein in 
 his nature, and gives us every promise of success 
 as an original poet," — Standard. 
 
 EASTERN LEGENDS AND STORIES 
 IN ENGLISH VERSE. By Lieu- 
 tenant Norton Powlett, Royal Artillery. 
 Crown 8vo. 51. 
 
 " There is a rollicking sense of fun about the 
 stories, joined to marvellous power of rhyming, 
 and plenty of swing, which irresistibly reminds us 
 of our old favourite { Ingoldsby)." — Graphic ■ 
 
 Second Edit ion. ■/'"'- 
 
 VIGNETTES IN RHYME AND VEiRS 
 DE SOCIETE. £y Austin Dobson. 
 Fcap. 8vo. sj. 
 "Clever, clear^ut, and caxe£tl.''—Athenaum. 
 " As a writer of Vers de Societfe, Mr. Dobson 
 is almost, if not quite, unrivalled."— Examiner. 
 
 " Lively, innocent, elegant in expression, and 
 graceful m fancy." — Morning Post. * 
 
 SONGS FOR SAILORS. By Dr. W. C. 
 Bennett Dedicated by Special Request 
 to H. R» H. the Duke of Edinburgh. 
 Crown 8vo. 3$. 6t£. With Steel Portrait 
 and Illustrations. 
 
 An Edition in Illustrated paper Covers. 
 Price 1$. 
 WALLED IN, AND OTHER POEMS. 
 By the Rev. Henry J, Bulkeley. Fcp. 
 Svo. 5$. 
 
 "A remarkable book of genuine poetry." — 
 Eveut'$ig Standard. 
 
 "Genuine power displayed."— Examiner. 
 
 "Poetical feeling is manifest here, and the 
 diction of the poem is unimpeachable," — Pall 
 Mall Gasette. 
 
 65, Cornhitt ; 6- 12, Paternoster Pow, London. 
 
Works Published by He?iry Si King &* Co., 
 
 23 
 
 Poetry — continued. 
 
 SONGS OF LIFE AND DEATH. By 
 John Payne, Author of " Intaglios, 
 "Sonnets," etc. Crown 8vo. 5s. 
 
 "The art of ballad-writinsr lias long been lost 
 
 in England, and Mr Payne may claim to be its 
 
 restorer. It is a perfect delight to meet with such 
 
 a ballad as ' May Margaret ' jn the present 
 
 - volume."— Westminster Review. 
 
 SaiTATIONB FROM THE GERMAN 
 
 jVKP SPITTA AND TERSTEGEN. 
 
 - -TSy. Lady Duraztd. Fcap. 8vo. 4$. 
 
 " A charming little volume. . . Will be a very 
 , valuable assistance to peaceful, meditative souls." 
 
 — Ckurch Herald. • 
 
 ON. VIOL AND FLCTTE. A New Volume 
 : of;Poems, by Edmund W. Gosse. With 
 Frontispiece by W. B. Scott. O. 8vo. ps. 
 " A careful perusal of his verses will show that 
 V' he is a poet. . ."His song has the grateful, mur- 
 fctf muring sound which reminds one of the softness 
 and deliciousness of summer time. . . . There is 
 much that is good in the volume."— Spectator. 
 EDITH ; or, Love and Life in Cheshire. 
 By T. Ashe, Author of "The Sorrows of 
 Hypsipyle," etc. Sewed. Price 6d. 
 
 "A really fine poem, full of tender, subtle 
 touches of 'feeling."— Manchester News. 
 "Pregnant from beginning to end with the re- 
 3 suits 1 D? careful observation- and -imaginative 
 "" power. ''—Chester Chronicle. 
 
 THE INN OF STRANGE MEETINGS, 
 AND OTHER POEMS. By Mortimer 
 Collins. Crown 1 8vo. 55. 
 
 " Abounding in quiet humour, in bright fancy, 
 m- sweetness and melody of expression, and, at 
 (fines, in the tenderest touches of pathos."— 
 • "Graphic. 
 
 '"Mr. Collins has an Undercurrent of chivalry 
 
 -„i stadi romance beneath the trifling vein of gjood- 
 
 ' hiiifldureiT banter which is the special cfcaracter- 
 
 -istic of his verse," — Athenaum. 
 
 GOETHE'S FATJST. A New Translation in 
 
 Rime. By C. Kegan PauL Crown 8vo. 6s. 
 
 " His translation is the most minutely accurate 
 
 tint has yet been produced. . . "—Examiner, 
 
 "MFr. Paul is a zealous and a faithful inter- 
 preter." — Saturday Review. 
 AN OLD LEGEND OP S. PAUL'S. By 
 the Rev. G.B. Howard. Fcp. 8vo. 3s. 6d. 
 , "We 'admire, and deservedly admilj^ the 'gen- 
 uine poetry of this charming old legend as here 
 presented to us by the- brilliant imagination and 
 the chastened taste of the gifted writer."— Stan- 
 dard. 
 SQWKETS* JUTRXCS, AND TRANSLA- 
 TIONS. By the Rev. Charles Turner. 
 Cr. 8vo. 4s. 6d. 
 
 "Mr. Turner is a genuine poet; his song, is 
 sweet and 1 pure, beautiful in expression,- and often 
 subtle in thought."— Pall Mall Gazette. 
 
 "The- light of a devout, gentle, and kindly 
 spirit, a delicate and graceful fancy,* keen in- 
 telligence irradiates these thoughts."— Contem- 
 porary Review. __ . _ 
 THE DREAM AND THE DEED, AND 
 OTHER POEMS. By Patrick Scott, 
 Author of " Footpaths between Two 
 Worlds," etc. Fcap. 8vo. Cloth, 5-r. 
 
 " A bitter and able satire on theviee and follies 
 of the day, literary, social, and political. "—Stan- 
 dard. , , lA _. 
 ' ■■> "Shows real poetic power coupled with evi- 
 dences ai satirical energy."— Edinburgh Daily 
 Review. 
 
 EROS AGONISTES. ByE.B.D, Fcap. 
 Svo. 3f. td. 
 
 "It is not the least merit of these pages that 
 they are everywhere illumined- with moral and 
 religious sentiment suggested, not paraded, of the 
 brightest, purest character."-— Standard. 
 CALDERON'S DRAMAS. Translated from 
 the Spanish. By Denis Florence Mac- 
 Carthy. Post 8vo. Cloth, gilt edges, ioj. 
 " The lambent verse flows with an ease, spirit, 
 and music perfectly natural, liberal, and har- 
 monious."' — Spectator. 
 
 " It is impossible to speak too highly of this 
 beautiful work." — Month. 
 
 Second Edition. 
 
 SONGS OF TWO WORLDS. First 
 
 Series. By a New Writer. Fcp. Svo. 5s. 
 
 " These poems will assuredly take high rank 
 
 among the class to which they belong." — British 
 
 Quarterly Review, April 1st. 
 
 "No extracts could do justice to the exquisite 
 tones, the felicitous phrasing 1 arid delicately 
 wrought harmonies of some of these poems." — 
 Nonconformist. 
 
 "A purity and delicacy of feeling like morning 
 air." — Graphic. 
 
 Second Edition. 
 S0SFGS OF TWO WORTiUS. Second 
 Series. By a New Writer. Fcp. Svo. 5s. 
 " The most noteworthy poem ib tire 'Ode on a 
 Spring Morning,' which has somewhat of the 
 charm of ' L* Allegro ' and ' II Penseroso.' It is 
 the nearest approach to a masterpiece in the col- 
 ' lection. We cannot find too much praise for its 
 noble assertion of man's resurrection. — Saturday 
 Review. 
 
 " A real advance on its predecessor, and con- 
 tains at least one poem ('The Organ Boy') of 
 gr^at originality, as well as many of much beauty 
 .... As exquisite a little poem as we have read 
 for many a day. . . . but not at all alone in its 
 power to fascinate." — Spectator. 
 " Will be gratefully welcomed." — Examiner. 
 THE GALLERY OF PIGEONS, AND 
 OTHER POEMS. By Theo. Mal- 
 axate. Crown Svo. 4s. 6d. 
 
 " A conceit abounding in prettiness." — Ex- 
 aminer. 
 
 " The rush of fresh, sparkling fancies is too 
 rapid, too sustained, too abundant, not to be 
 spontaneous." — Academy. 
 THE LEGENDS OF ST. PATRICK 
 AND OTHER POEMS. By Aubrey 
 de Vere. Crown 8vo. $s. 
 
 " Mr. De Vere's versification in his earlier poems 
 is characterised by great sweetness and sim- 
 plicity. He is master of his instrument, and 
 rarely offends the ear with false notes."—! Pall 
 Mall Gazette. 
 
 "we have but space to commend the varied 
 structure of his verse, the carefulness of his 
 grammar, and his excellent English." — Saturday 
 Review^ 
 ALEXANDER THE GREAT. A 
 Dratnaitic Poem. By Aubrey de Vere, 
 Author of ** The Legends of St. Patrick." 
 Crown Svo. sj. 
 " Undeniably well written."— Examiner. 
 " A- noble play.- . . . Tlie work of a true' poet, 
 and of a fine artist, in whom, there is nothing 
 vulgar and nothing, weak; . . . We had no con- 
 ception, -from our Knowledge of Mr. De Vere's 
 former poems, that so mucn poetic power lay in 
 him as this drama shows. It is terse as well as full 
 of beauty, nervous as well as rich in thought."— 
 Spectator. - 
 
 65, Carnhill; 6° 12, Paternoster Row, London. 
 
24 
 
 Works Publislied by Henry S. King &• Co., 
 
 FICTION. 
 
 HIS QUEEN. By Alice Fisher, Author of 
 " Too Bright to Last." 3 vols. Cr. 8vo. 
 
 ISRAEL MORT : OVERMAN. The Story 
 of the Mine. By John Saunders, Author 
 of " Hirell," &c. 3 vols. Crown 8vo. 
 
 MALCOLM : A Scottish Story. By G-eorge 
 MacDonaldj Author of "David Elgin- 
 brod," &c. 3 vols. Crown 8vo. 
 
 THE NEGLECTED QUESTION. By 
 B. Marlcewitch. Translated from the 
 Russian, by the Princesses OurouBsoff. 
 
 2 vols. Crown 8vo. 14s. 
 WOMAN'S A RIDDLE; or, Baby 
 
 Wakmstrey. By Philip Sh.eJ.don, 
 
 3 vols. 
 
 " In the delineation of idiosyncrasy, special and 
 particular, and its effects on the lives of the per- 
 sonages of the story, the author may, -without 
 , exaggeration, be said to be masterly. Whether 
 in the long-drawn-out development of character, 
 or in the description of peculiar qualities in a 
 single pointed sentence, lie is equally skilful, 
 while, where pathos is necessary, he has it at com- 
 mand, and subdued, sly humour .is not wanting." 
 — Morning Post. 
 
 LISETTE'S VENTURE. By Mrs. 
 Russell Gray. 2 vols. 
 
 IDOLATRY. A Romance. By Julian 
 
 awthorne, Author of "Bressant." 2 vols. 
 
 " A more powerful book than ' Bressant" .... 
 If 'the figures are mostly phantoms, they are 
 phantoms which take a more powerful hold on the 
 
 mind than many very real figures There 
 
 are three scenes in this romance, any one of 
 whiCh would prove true genius." — Spectator. 
 
 "The character of the Egyptian, half mad, 
 
 and all wicked, is remarkably drawn 
 
 Manetho is a really fine conception .... That 
 there are passages of almost exquisite beauty 
 here and there is only what we might expect." — 
 Atheneeum. 
 
 BRESSANT. A Romance. By Julian 
 Hawthorne. 2 vols. Crown 8vo. 
 
 " One of the most powerful with which we are 
 acquainted." — Times. 
 
 " We shall once more have reason to rejoice 
 whenever we hear that a new work is coming out 
 written by one who bears the honoured name of 
 Hawthorne." — Saturday Review. 
 
 VA.NESSA. By the Author of " Thomasina," 
 " Dorothy," &c. 2 vols. Second Edition. 
 
 THOMASINA. By the Author of " Dorothy," 
 " De Cressy," &c. 2 vols. Crown 8vo. 
 
 "A finished and delicate cabinet picture; no 
 line is without its purpose." — Atlienauvi. 
 
 AILEEN FERRERS. By Susan Morley. 
 In 2 vols. Crown 8vo, cloth. 
 
 " Her novel riseslo a level far above that which 
 cultivated women with a facile pen ordinarily at- 
 tain when they set themselves to write a story. It 
 is as a study of character, worked out in a manner 
 that is free from almost all the usual faults of lady 
 writers, that ' Aileen Ferrers ' merits a place 
 apart from its innumerable rivals."— Saturday 
 Review. 
 
 LADY MORETOUN'S DAUGHTER, 
 By Mrs. Eiloart. In 3 vols. Crown 8vo. 
 
 "Carefully written .... The narrative is_ well 
 sustained."— Athenteum. 
 
 " An interesting story .... Above the run of 
 average novels." — Vanity Fair. 
 
 " Will prove more popular than any of the 
 author's former works .... Interesting and read- 
 able."— Hour. 
 
 " The story is well put together, and readable." 
 — -Exalt. 
 
 WAITING- FOR TIDINGS. By the 
 Author of " White and Black." 3 vols. 
 
 " An interesting novel." — Vanity Fair. 
 
 " A very lively tale, abounding with amusing 
 incidents.' —John Bull. 
 
 TWO GIRLS. By Frederick Wedmore, 
 Author of " A Snapt Gold Ring." 2 vols. 
 "A carefully-written novel of character, con- 
 trasting the two heroines of one love tale, an 
 English lady and a French actress. Cicely is. 
 charming; the introductory, description of her is. 
 a good specimen of the well-balanced sketches in 
 which the author shines."— ^Atheneeum. 
 
 CIVIL SERVICE. By J. T. Listado. 
 Author of " Maurice Rhynhart." 2 vols. 
 
 '• A very charming and amusing story . . rTfie 
 characters are all well drawn ana life-like .... It 
 is with no ordinary skill that Mr. Listado has 
 drawn the character of Hugh Haughton, full as 
 lie is of scheming and subtleties . . . The plot is 
 wurked out with great skill and is of no ordinary 
 kind."' — Civil Service Gazette. 
 
 '* A story of Irish life, free from burlesque and 
 partisanship, yet amusingly national . . . There is 
 plenty of "go* in the story.** — Afhenantm." • ~ ' 
 
 MR. GARTNGTON. A Tale of Love and 
 Conspiracy. By Robert Turner Cotton. 
 In 3 vols. Cloth, crown 8yo. 
 
 "A novel in so many ways good, as in a fresh 
 and clastic diction, stout unconventjonality, and 
 happy boldness of conception and execution. 
 His novels, though free spoken, will be some oi 
 the healthiest of our day," — Examiner. 
 
 TOO LATE. By Mrs. Newman, a vols. 
 "The plot is skilfully constructed, the charac- 
 ters are well conceived, and the narrative moves 
 to its conclusion without any waste of words . . . 
 The tone is healthy, in spite of its incidents, 
 which will please the lovers of sensational fiction- 
 . . . The reader who opens the book will read it 
 all through."-^ Pall Mall Gazette. 
 
 REGINALD BRAMBLE. A Cynic of the 
 19th Century. An Autobiography, r vol. 
 
 "There is plenty of vivacity m Mr, Bramble's 
 narrative. " — Athenaum. 
 
 " Written ina lively and readable Style."— Hour. 
 
 CRUEL AS THE GRAVE. By the 
 Countess Von Bothmer. 3 vols. 
 " Jealousy is cntei as the Grave." 
 
 "Interesting, though somewhat tragic."— 
 Atheneeum. 
 
 "Agreeable, unaflected, and eminently read- 
 able." — Daily News. 
 
 THE HIGH MILLS. By Katherine 
 Saunders, Author of " Gideon's Rock," 
 &c. 3 vols. 
 
 65, Cornhill; d^ 12, Patei'twstcr Row y London. 
 
Works Published by Henry S. King &• Co., 
 
 25 
 
 Fiction — continued. 
 
 SEPTIMIUS. A Romance, By Nathaniel 
 Hawthorne. Second Edition. i voL 
 a - Grown 8vo, cloth, extra gilt, os. 
 % "The Athenaum. says that " the "book is full of 
 "Hawthorne's mos characteristic writing." 
 
 EFFIE'S G-AME ; How she Lost and 
 how she Won. By Cecil Clayton. 
 2 vols. Crown 8vo. 
 
 '*' Well written. The characters move, and act, 
 and, above all, talk like human beings, and we 
 have liked reading about tlicm." — Spectator. 
 
 JUDITH GWYNNB. By Lisle Oarr. 
 In 3 vols. Cr. 8vo, cloth. Second Edition. 
 
 "Mr. Carr's novel is certainly amusing . . .'. .' 
 There is much variety, and the dialogue and 
 incident never, flag to the finish." — Atheneeum. 
 
 "Displays much dramatic skill." — Edinburgh 
 'Courant. 
 
 CHESTERLEIGH. By Ansley Conyers. 
 .. -;,.;. 3 vols. Crown 8 vo. 
 
 "We have gained much enjoyment from the 
 *.* : book."— Spectator. 
 
 HONOR BLAKE : The Story of a Plain 
 - Woman. By Mrs. Keatin ge. 2 vols. 
 "One of the best novels we have met with for 
 some time." — Morning-Post. 
 Lj "A story which must do good to all, young and 
 
 _,: old, who read it."— Daily News. 
 
 HEATHERGATE. A Story of Scottish 
 \' , Life and Character. By a new Author. 
 -I- 2 vols. 
 
 . "Its merit lies in the marked antithesis of 
 . strongly developed characters, in different ranks 
 of life, and resembling each other in nothing but 
 -■ their marked nationality." — Athenaum. 
 
 THE QUEEN'S SHILLING. By Captain 
 Arthur Griffiths. 2 vols. 
 
 "Every scene, character, and incident of the 
 book are so life-like that they seem drawn from 
 life direct."— Pall Malt Gazette. 
 
 MIRANDA. A Midsummer Madness. By 
 > Mortimer Collins. 3 vols. 
 
 '* Not a dull page in the whole three volumes." 
 — Standard. 
 
 " The work of a man who is at once a thinker 
 and a . jSoet."— Hour. 
 
 SQUIRE^SILCHESTER'S WHIM. By 
 Mortimer Collins. 3 vols. 
 
 "We think it the best (story) -Mr. Collins has 
 yet written. Full of incident and adventure."— 
 Pall Mall Gazette. 
 
 "So clever, so irritating, and so charming a 
 story." — Standard. 
 
 THE PRINCESS CLARICE. A Story of 
 1871. By Mortimer Collins. 2 vols. 
 
 '■' Mr. Collins has produced a readable book, 
 amusingly characteristic." — Athenaum. 
 
 "Abright,fresh,andoriginalbook." — Standard. 
 
 JOHANNES OLAF. By E. de Wills. 
 Translated by F. E. Bunnett. 3 vols. 
 
 " The art of description is fully exhibited ; 
 perception of character and capacity for delineat- 
 ing it arc obvious ; while there is great breadth 
 and comprehensiveness in the plan of the story." 
 — Mornuig Post. 
 
 A GOOD MATCH. By Amelia Rerrier, 
 Author of " Mea Culpa." 2 vols. 
 "Racy and lively."— Athenaum. 
 " This clever and amusing novel."— Pall .Vail 
 Gazette. 
 
 THE STORY OF SIR EDWARD'S 
 WIFE. By Hamilton Marshall, 
 Author of "For Very Life." 1 vol. Cr. 8vo. 
 
 "A quiet, graceful little story."— Spectator. 
 
 " Mr. Hamilton Marshall can tell a story closely 
 and pleasantly."— PallM'all Gazette. 
 
 HERMANN AGHA. An Eastern Narra- 
 tive. By W. Gifford Ralgrave. 2 vols. 
 Crown 8vo, cloth, extra gilt. 18$. 
 
 " There is a positive fragrance as of newly-mown 
 hay about it, as compared with the artificially 
 perfumed passions which are detailed to us with- 
 such gusto by our ordinary novel-writers in their 
 endless volumes." — Observer. 
 
 LINKED AT LAST. By F. E. Bunnett. 
 1 vol. Crown 8vo. 
 
 " The reader who once takes it up will not be 
 inclined to relinquish -it without concluding the 
 volume. "—Morning Post. 
 . " A very charming story." — John Bull. 
 
 OFF THE SKELLIGS. By Jean 
 Ingelow. (Her First Romance.) In 4 vols. 
 
 " Clever and sparkling."— Standard. 
 
 "We read each succeeding volume with in- 
 creasing interest, going almost to the point of 
 wishing there was a fifth." — Atfienaitm. 
 SEETA. By Colonel Meadows Taylor, 
 Author of "Tara," etc. 3 vols. 
 
 " Well told, native life is admirably described, 
 and the petty intrigues of native rulers, and their 
 hatred of the English, mingled with'fear lest tKe 
 latter should eventually prove the victors, are 
 cleverly depicted."— Athenaum. 
 
 " Thoroughly interesting and enjoyable read- 
 ing." — Examiner. 
 WHAT 'TIS TO LOVE. By the Author 
 of " Flora Adair/' " The Value of Fosters- 
 town." 3 vols. 
 
 "Worthy of praise: it is well written; the 
 story is simple, the interest is well sustained ; the 
 characters are well depicted." — Edinb. Courattt. 
 
 MEMOIRS OF MRS. L^ffiTITIA 
 BOOTHBY. By William Clark 
 Russell. Crown 8vo. 7s. 6d. 
 
 " Clever and ingenious." — Saturday Review. 
 " Y er y clever book." — Guardian. 
 
 HESTER MORLEY'S PROMISE. By 
 Hesba Stretton. 3 vols. 
 
 "Much better than the average novels of the 
 day ; has much more claim to critical considera- 
 tion as a piece of literary work, — very clever." — 
 Spectator. ' 
 
 "All the characters stand out clearly and are 
 well sustained, and the interest of the story never 
 nags. " — Observer. 
 
 THE DOCTOR'S DILEMMA. By Hesba 
 Stretton, 3 vols. Crown 8vo. 
 
 "A fascinating story which scarcely flags in 
 
 interest from the first page to the last.' 1 — British 
 
 - Quarterly Revieiu. 
 
 THE SPINSTERS OF BLATCH- 
 
 INGTON. By Mar. Travers. 2 vols. 
 
 "A pretty story. Deserving of a favourable 
 
 reception." — Graphic. {Examiner^ 
 
 " A book of more than average merits."— 
 
 PERPLEXITY. By Sydney Mostyn. 
 3 vols. Crown 8vo. 
 
 "Written with very considerable power, great - 
 cleverness, and sustained interest."— -Standard. 
 
 "The literary workmanship is good, and the 
 story forcibly and graphically told.'— Daily News. 
 
 65, Cornhill; 6° 12, Paternoster Row, London. 
 
26 Works Published by Henry S. King 6- Co., 
 
 THE CORNHILL LIBRARY OF FICTION. 
 
 3s. 6d. per Volume. 
 
 IT is intended in this Series to produce books of such merit that readers wBl : care*to*preserve 
 them on their shelves. They are well printed on good paper, handsomely- bound, with a 
 Frontispiece, and are sold at the moderate price of 3s. 6a. each. 
 
 HALF-A-DOZEN DAUGHTERS. By J. Masterman. 
 THE HOUSE OF RABY. By Mrs. G. Hooper. 
 
 " A work of singular truthfulness, originality, and I " Exceedingly well written."— Examiner. 
 power."— Morning Past. \ " A well tola and interesting story." — Academy. 
 
 A FIGHT FOR LIFE. By Moy Thomas. 
 
 " An unquestionable success/' — Daily News. | mation, there cannot be two opinions." — Athe~ 
 "Of the vigour, the sustained energy, the ani- [ naum. 
 
 ROBIN GRAY. By Charles Gibbon. 
 
 " Pure in sentiment, well written, and cleverly I " A pretty tale, prettily told.*—: Atheiueum. 
 constructed." — British Quarterly Review. \ " An unassuming, characteristic, and entertaining 
 
 "A novel of tender and pathetic interest."— I novel."— John Rail. 
 Globe. I 
 
 KITTY. By Miss M. Betham-Edwards. 
 
 *' Livery and clever .... There isacertain dash | " Very pleasant and amusing."— Globe. 
 in every description ; the dialogue is bright and " A charming novel."— John Bull. 
 sparkling."— A'theneeum. ' 
 
 HIRELL. ' By John Saunders. 
 
 " A powerful novel ... a tale written by apoet." I " We have nothing but words of praise to offer 
 — Spectator. I for its style and composition." — Exandner. 
 
 "A novel of extraordinary merit." — Post. I 
 
 ONE OF TWO; or, The left-handed Bride. By J. H. Friswell. 
 
 "Told with spirit . . . theplotis Skilfully made." I " Admu^blyna^rate^Vandmterlselyinteresting. , ' 
 —Spectator. , | —Public Opinion. 
 
 READY-MONEY MORTIBOY. A Matter-of-Fact Story. 
 
 " There is not a dull page in the whole story."— . Vanity Fair. 
 Standard. " One of the most remarkable novelswhkh has 
 
 "A very interesting and uncommon story."— | appeared of late."— Pall Mall Gazette. 
 
 GOD'S PROVIDENCE HOUSE. By Mrs. G. L. Banks. 
 
 "Far above the run of common three-volume l "Possesses the merit of care, iadustry.and local 
 novels, evincing much literary power in not a few knowledge." — Athcnetcum. 
 
 graphic descriptions of manners and local customs. " Wonderfully readable. The style is very 
 ... A genuine sketch."— Spectator. \ simple and natural.' — MormtQ Post. 
 
 FOR LACK OF GOLD. By Charles Gibbon.. 
 
 "A powerfully written nervous story." — i and engrossing."— Exammer. 
 Athcnaum, I ** A piece of very genuine workmanship."—. 
 
 "There are few recent novels more powerful 1 British Quarterly Revuno. 
 
 ABEL DRAKE'S WIFE. By John Saunders. 
 
 " A striking book, clever, interesting, and . detail, and so touching in ts suriple pathos '— 
 original. We have seldom met with a book so Athenaum. 
 thoroughly true to life, so deeply interesting in its | 
 
 OTHER STANDARD NOVELS TO FOLLOW. 
 
 65, Comhill ; &* 12, Paternoster How, London, 
 
Works Published by Henry S. King &> Co., 27 
 
 -THEOLOGICAL. 
 
 THE NEW TESTAMENT, TRANSLATED FROM THE 
 
 LATEST GREEK TEXT OF TISCHENDOBF. By Samuel D&rVidson, 
 X).!D., LX..D. The desirableness of presenting a single text, especially if it be the 
 best, instead of one formed for the occasion under traditional influences, is apparent. 
 From an exact translation of Tischendorf 's final critical edition, readers will get both the 
 words of the New Testament writers as nearly as possible, and an independent revision 
 of the authorised version. . Such a work will shortly appear, with an Introduction 
 embodying ideas common to Dr. Davidson and the famous Professor at Leipzig. 
 
 STUDIES OF THE DIVINE MASTER. By the Rev. T. Griffith. 
 
 This book depicts the successive phases of the public life of Jesus, so far as is needful to 
 the bringing out into full, relief his mission, character, and work, as the Christ ; and it 
 comprises a thorough exposition of his teaching about the nature of his Kingdom — its 
 privileges — its laws— and its advancement, in the soul, and in the world. Demy 8vo. 
 
 CHRIST AND HIS CHURCH. A Course of Lent Lectures, delivered in 
 the Parish Church of Holy Trinity, Paddington. By the Rev. Daniel Moore, 
 M.A., Author of " The Age and the Gospel : Hulsean Lectures," &c. 
 
 JOHN KNOX AND THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND : His work in 
 her Pulpit and his influence upon her History, Atticles, and Parties. A monograph 
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28 Works Published by Henry S. King cV Co., 
 
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30 Works Published by Henry S. King 6° Co., 
 
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32 Works Published by Henry S. King er* Co., 
 
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