JUST ISSUED. A. SYLLABUS of LECTURES X)N THE fyvmll Wimmxi^ Jitotg THE GIFT OF ..9n,H...P,.da'5[oUhiJr. A.3o3.SM-a u\.^iS. 7583 This the 'latot work of its eminent author, himsel|j one of the contributors tp the '* American Text-Bpok of Surgery," will -prove of exceptional value to the aAvandef;^ student who; has adopted; that work as Ijis text-book. ., It is-;< not- only the syllabus of an unrivalled, 'course of Surgical Practice, but an epitome or sup;plement to the larger work. yonn ii-^ZOni— Oot. 3, '93 Al G Demons gic A of Sui mand work of proc books, CoE gical I full del instruxi ration I ne qate snows when tms volume was taken. Tg renew this book copy the call No. and give to th e ina-aria n. ~ " HOME USE RULES. All Books subject to Recall. All books must be returtied at end of Col- lege year for inspec- tion and repairs*. Students must re- turn all books before leaving town. Officers should arrange for th« return of books wanted during their absence from town. Books needed by more than one person are held on the reserve list. Volumes of periodi- cals and of pamphlets are held in the library as much as possible. For special purposes they are given out for a limited time. Sorrowers should not use their library privileges for the bene- fit of other persons. Cornell University Library arV18963 Essentials of practice of p.harfnacy;, ce e- 2d ds> ;t- r- th ig a- Do not defa^ books by markB and writlne. The illustrations are mostly new, the long and close connection of the author with, the Jefferson Medical College Hospital having given him un- usual opportunities for obtaining ori^inar and, thoroughly representative plates. ■ The book will be of a handy and convenient ::size of about 400 pages, printed on fine paper, and well and substantially bound. PRICE :-CLOtHj $1.00; Interleaved, for taking Notes, SI. 25. Ssatidcps* Qaestion-Compends Jlrranged in the form of Qaettions anit Anawers. THE UTEST,. CHEAPEST AHD BEST ILLUSTRATED SERIES OF COMPENDS. MS" Jf em Vari JIfrJiciti Recard, XvovaTi3i,lB90 :— " Where the work of pvepar1i>g Students' Manuals Is to end we cannot »ay, bat the Sauridera series, in om opinion, bears off the palm at present," Vmvtrsity Medical Magazine :—•' Best of thelf class that have yet appeared." Southern Caiifornia Practitioner :-r^' ' - '- "Mr. Saunders'series of Cofflpends are the best ever pu'pllshed in this country .'"O Jfo.i.— ESSENTIALS OIT PHYSIOI-OSY. Third edition. Finely niustrated Bevised and greatly enlarged |}y.H. A. Habb, H. D. (Price, $i.00| net.) Ko.a.^ESSEXTIALS 0FSti'E6ERT. - With Appendix on Ahtisepties. Fifth edition. 90 illustrations. BJ Edward Martin, M.D. . , No. 3.— ESSENTIAi.S-OP ANATOMY. Based on GraT. Fourth edition. 180 tlluatrationSi By Charles B. Nasorkdk, M.I). No. 4;— ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL CHEMISTRY, ORGANIC AND INOR- GANIC. Fourth Revised edition. With an Appendix, By Lawbbnob Wolff, M.D. ' "■ - i No. 6.— ESSENTIALS OP OBSTETRICS. Third editioti. Revised and greatly enlarged. 75 illustrations. By W. EabtkBltAbhton.M.D. , :,- No. 6.— ESSE.VTIALS OF PATHOLOGY AND MORBID ANAToMY. Sixth - _ thousand. 46 illustrations. By;C, E. ARiiAlfD^SaMPLB, M.D. No; 7!— ESSENTIALS OF MATERIA MEDICA. Tfiera^^feanA Perscription Writing. Second edition. Sixth thousand. Bj^-^^rS" MoBRis, M.D. Nos. a and 9.^ES»ENTIAL's O*' PRACTICE OF'%BbrciNBi By HuitBT ". Morris, M. D. And an Appendix-on Urine Examination.' -Illustrated. By • Lawrence Wolff, M. D. Third edition, enlarged' by some 300 Essential Formula;, selected from eminent authorities, by Wm. M.Powell, M.D. (Double nun>ber, price,-f2.00.) - - - No. 10— essentials OF GYNAECOLOGY. With 68 Illustrations: Second .edition. By EDWiN B. Cbaqin, M.D. No. 11.— ESSENTIALS OK DISEASES OF THE SKIN. Second edition. 75 illuatrations. ' By Hkkrt W. Stblwaook, M.D. ^ ' ~ No.12;=^ES8B!NTIALS OF MINOR SURGERY BANDAGING AND VENE- REAL DISEASES. Second edition, re-vised and enlarged. 80 illnstrationa. By Edward Martin, M.£>. -"'..' - j ' _ ,' Nol 13.— ESSENTIALS OF LEGAL MEDICINE, TOXICOLOGY" AND HY- GMSNE. 130 illustrations. By C. E. Armakd Semple, M.D , No.14.— ESSBlfTlALS OF DISEASES OF THE EYE,' NOSE AND THROAT.. 118 illustrations. By Edward Jaoeson, M.D., and E. Baldwin Olsasoit. M.D.^ ' „ : No. 15.— ESSENTIALS OP' i)ISEASE8 OP CHILDREN. By William M. Pow- ell, M>D. ■_ - ' / ' - _-,-,.:- _ No. 16— KSSEKTIALS OP EXAMINATION OP TTRINE. Cbldrefl "Voomi Scale." and numerous illustrations. By Lawbekob Wolff, M.D. (Price, 75 ci^nts.) ' . ' "- ;_ , --^- - ^■'- No. 17- ESSENTIALS OP -DIAGNOSIS. -By S. Solis-Cohen M.D. and A. A GouNER, M.D. 55 illustrations ^ome of which are oolored),'aud a^frouiig- piece. -(Price, $1.50, net, ) - r No. 18— ESSENTIALS DF'PBACTICE OF PHARMACY. By L. E. Satbe. No. 20.— ESSENTIALS OF BACTERIOLOGY: Second edition, revised. 81 illustrar tiohs-(sOme colored-) and 5 plates. By M. V. Ball, M. D. ., No. 21,— ESSENTIALS OF NERVOUS ioiSEASES AND INSANITY. Second' ediHon, "■ revised. 48 original illustrations.. By JoliN:C,"SflAW, M. D. . ■-' No. 22:^ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHYSICS. Second edition, revised. lo5 iUua- trations. By -Fred J. BROcicwAY, M.D. -(Price, 81.00, net.) - No. 23.— ESSENTIALS OF MEDIGIAL ELECTRICITY. 65 illustrations. By DATm D. Stewart, M.D., and Edward S. ,, Lawrence, M.D. ..- , , .es* Sent post-paid on receipt of price. "&■ SAUNDERS' QUESTION-COMPENDS, No. 18. ESSENTIALS OF PRACTICE OF PHARMACY. AKRANGED IN THE FORM OF QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. PREPARKD ESPECIALLY FDR PHARMACEUTICAL STUDENTS. (SECOND EDITION, REVISED.) . BY LUCIUS E. SAYRE, Ph.G., PBOFEBaOR OF PHARMACY AND MATERIA MEDICA, OP THE SCHOOL OF PHARMACY OF THE UMVERSITY OF KANSAS. PHILADELPHIA: W. B. SAUNDERS, 926 Walnut Stkeet. 1894. J^-H-^--t>T5-i^ Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1890, by W. B. SAUNDERS, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at .Washington, D. C. COPYEIOHT, 1894, W. B. SADNDEES. PRESS OF W. B. SAUNDERS, PHILA. PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION. (Revised.) The present edition contains a complete revision of the text of the former book, and this text is made to correspond with the United States Pharmacopoeia of 1890. There have been also numerous additions made, notably : An Outline of Drug and Plant Analysis, Structural Formulae of Organic Carbon Compounds used in Medicine, Pharmaceutical Test- ing of Inorganic Chemicals, and Problems in Allegation and Specific Gravity. For these problems and answers I am indebted to Mr. S. E. Boyce, Assistant in Pharmacy in the School of Pharmacy of the University of Kansas. His use of the book in the class-room has convinced him of the importance of this addition in meeting the practical needs of the student. L. E. S. iii ii Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924031268331 PREFACE. This little volume has been written at the request of a few friends who claim some knowledge of my method of present- ing pharmaceutical topics, in a tangible form, to the students as Quiz-master. Facing a class with a set of questions made to suit the hour, is a very diflPerent thing from writing a com- pend embracing a series of questions in proper sequence and logical order, such as will comprehend the subject in hand. If this little work fails to accomplish this object, the author feels inclined to say to his disappointed friends that herein lies the cause. The motto of the student is, in these days of intense activity, get all you can in the shortest time. The author suggests here the old proverb : " Get what you can, and what you get, hold, 'Tis the stone which will turn your lead into gold." One of the objects of this book is to assist the student in holding the instruction he receives in the study of pharmacy. On the other hand, it is to open up and map out the subject to the young student in a way that is comprehensible and easily followed. In doing this the Pharmacopoeia has been strictly adhered to, and only when felt driven to do so, has the author turned aside from this standard. He believes in making the Pharmacopoeia the central figure in pharma- ceutical study. If the student familiarizes himself with that book, he becomes capable of branching into directions of scientific study for which he finds ample help in text-books. The author has followed a classification which difiers in a V VI PREFACE. measure from the leading text-book — " Remington's Practice " — not because he thinks it better, but more particularly to give the student variety. It will be observed that a classifi- cation somewhat consistent with the chemistry of the carbon compounds is made in the organic part of the work. The student cannot too early become familiar with such classifica- tions. The author is indebted to various writers, whose works have been consulted, notably. Remington, Parrish, Potter, Attfield, Watt and others. An article by Joseph W. England, in the Journal of Pharmacy for January, 1890, has materially aided him in the part relating to incompatibility. He desires espe- cially to thank Prof. Oscar Oldberg, who so kindly put at the writer's disposal any part of his valuable writings. L. E. S. University of Kansas, CONTENTS. PAGK iNTEODTJOTOEY, 17 Physics, 17 Weights and Measures, . 18 Metric System, .... 19 Scales and Balances, 22 Specific Gravity, 23 Pycnometers, . 23 Hydrostatic Balance, 24 Thermometry, 24 Microscopy, 25 Alligation in Pharmacy, ... . .... 27 Phakmaceutical Pbocesses and Manipulation, .... 34 Physical Processes, 34 Desiccation, Exsiccation, .... 34 Comminution, Sifting, etc., . , . . 35 Pbocesses of Extraction .(Mainly of Fibrous and Organic Material), 38 Maceration, Expression, Infusion, Digestion, Decoction, . 38 Percolation, 39 Vaporization, 44 Evaporation, Distillation, Sublimation, 45-48 Straining and Other Processes of Separation, . . .48 Colation, Filtration, Clarification, Decantation, Decoloriza- tion, Deodorization, 48-51 Chemical Processes (Mainly of Inorganic aud Crystalline Material), ... . . 51 Solution, Diffusion, Dialysis, Precipitation, Elutriation, Levigation, Porphyrization, Crystallization, Decantation, Granulation, 51-57 vii Vlll CONTENTS. PAGE Pkocbsses Kbo.uiring Hish Heat 57 Sublimation, Igiiition, Calcination, Deflagration, Eeduction, Oxidation, 57-58 Phaemacy — Practical and Theoretical, 58 Organic Drugs Classified, .... 60-64 Official Preparations, 64 Dry Freparatiom (Made by Simple Trituration), 64 Powdere and Triturations, 64-65 Non-Akoholic, 65 Waters, Solutions, Infusions, Decoctions, Syrups, Honeys, Mucilages, Glycerites, Vinegars, 65-69 Alcoholic and Ethereal, 70 Wines, Tinctures, Elixirs, Spirits, Fluid Extracts, Oleo- resins, • ... 70-75 Solids and Semi-Solids, .... . ... 75 Extracts, Abstracts, Eesins, Masses, Pills, Troches, Confections, 75-80 Unctuoijts and Other Preparations for Local Application, 80 Liniments, Collodions, Oleates, Ointments, etc., . . 80-84 Drug and Plant Analysis, 84 The Inorganic Compounds, ^0 Inorganic Bases, 90 Alkalies — Potassium, Sodium, Lithium, Ammonium, . 90-105 Alkaline Earths — Barium, Calcium, Magnesium, . . 105-109 Arsenic Growp — Arsenic, Antimony, Bismuth, . 109-113 Ungrouped — Zinc, Lead, Silver, Gold, Platinum, (Copper and Mercury), (Iron, Manganese and Chromium), Aluminum, Cerium, 113-127 Non-Metallic Elements, . 127 Halogens — Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, .... 127-128 Ungrouped-^Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Sulphur, Phosphorus, Carbon, Boron, Silicon, . . . 129-130 Inorganic Acids, . . . . .... . . 131 Hydrochloric, Hydrobromic, Nitric, Nitro-hydrochloric, Sulphuric, Sulphurous, Phosphoric, 131-133 Table of Organic Drugs, Natural Orders, Active Princi- ples, etc., 134-142 Organic Compounds, 143-183 CONTENTS. IX PASH Natural Hydrocarbons, ... ... 150 Petroleum, Benzin, Petrolatum, . 150 Derivatives of the Paraffin Series of Hydrocarbons, .... 151 Derivatives of Methane — Chloroform, Iodoform, Methylic Al- cohol, .151 . Derivatives of Ethane — Alcohol, etc., Ether, etc.. Tartaric Acid, Acetic Acid, Chloral, Oxalic Acid, ... . 153 Derivatives of Propane — Glycerine, Lactic Acid, Citric Acid, . 158 Derivatives of Pentane — Nitrite of Amyl, Valerianic Acid, . . 160 Aeids of Acrylic Acid Series — Oleic Acid, 161 Benzene Series — Benzene, Phenol, Benzoic Acid, Salicylic Acid, (Creasote), Gallic Acid, Tannic Acid, . . 162 Ter/jerees— Volatile Oils, . . . 166 Eesins, Oleoresins, Gum Eesins, Balsams, ... 169 Fixed Oils, Fats and Soaps, . . 171 Carbohydrates — Glucosides, 172 Acrid Principles, .... 176 Alkaloids, 176 Ferments and Their Products, 180 Cyanogen Compounds, . 181 Animal Drugs, . 182 Coloring Matters, 183 Dispensing — iNCOMPATiBiiiiTiEs 184-191 Index, 193-200 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. INTRODUCTORY. PHYSICS. Metrology. Weight measures the attraction of the earth upon a body. Volume is the space occupied by a certain amount of matter. Specific "Weight is the relation of the weight of a body to its bulk — the relative weight of equal bulks of different bodies. Specific Volume is the relation of the. volume of a body to its weight — the relative volume of equal weights of different bodies. Standakds of Weights and Measuees. — These are dependent upon linear measure ; best illustrated by the deci- mal system of weights and measures. In that system the meter is the standard unit of linear measure. This meter is the ten-millionth part of the distance from the equator to the poles, which is the basis of the whole system. The cube upon the one-tenth of the meter (decimeter) is the standard unit of fluid measure, the liter; the gram, which is the standard unit 2 17 18 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. of weight, is the weight of one cubic centimeter (the cube upon the one hundredth part of the meter) of pure water. (See below.) The English and American me/i (based upon the length of a pendulum vibrating seconds, in vacuum) is the basis of the Avoirdupois and Troy weight ; the weight of one cubic inch of pure water (at 62° P. under the pressure of one atmosphere) is declared to be 252.458 grains. The Avoirdupois pound is equal to 7000 of such grains ; and the Troy pound is equal to 5760 grains. Systems of Weights and Measures employed in Pharmacy. Teoy or Apothecaries' Weight is used largely in dis- pensing, while the wine or Apothecaries' measure is employed for liquids (except in compounding, when the Pharmacopoeia directs, in most cases, liquids to be weighed).* The table of this system is as follows : 20 grains (grs.), = 1 scruple Oj). 3 scruples, = 1 draclim ( gj). 8 draclims, ^ 1 ounce ( gj), or 480 grains. 12 oxmces, = 1 pound, or 5760 grains. Avoirdupois Weight. 27} J grains, = 1 drachm (1 dr.). 16 drachms, = 1 ounce (1 oz.). 16 ounces, = 1 pound, or 7000 grs. (1 R).). * The Committee of Eevision of the Pharmaoopceia for 1890- 1900 has been instructed as follows : " To direct solids to be weighed and liquids to be mea.sured, except in such cases as they find it advis- able to use weights only, and that the metric system be employed for this purpose." WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 19 "Wine oe Apothecaries' Measure {"American "). 60 minims (n^,), = 1 fluid drachm (f,5j). 8 fluid drachms, = 1 fluid ounce (fgj). 16 fluid ounces, = 1 pint (Oj). 8 pints, = 1 gallon (Cong. j). The Measure recognized by the British Pharmaco- pceia is known as Imperial measure ; the table is as follows : 60 minims, = 1 fluid drachm. 8 fluid drachms, = 1 fluid ounce. 20 fluid ounces, = 1 pint. 8 pints, = 1 gallon (10 fts. Avoir.). The Minim is a variable expression of fluid measure. The minim of American fluid measure of water at its greatest den- sity weighs about 0.95 grain, being the 480th part of the American fluid ounce of 455.7 grains of water. The British minim being the 480th part of the British fluid ounce of 4371^ grains of water, weighs about 0.91 grain. The American fluid ounce of water weighs 455.7 grains, and is ^ of the American pint of 7291 .1 grains of water. The British fluid ounce of water weighs 437} grains, and therefore corresponds with their weight standard (avoirdupois) ounce. It is -^ of the British Imperial pint. The Amerieetn fluid drachm of water weighs 56.96 grains, being ^ of the American fluid ounce of 455.7 grains of water. The British fluid drachm of water weighs 54.68 grains, being \ of the British fluid ounce of 437i grains of water. The Metric System. The units in the metric system are as follows : — The Metbb (unit of length = 39.37 inches). " Geam ( " " weight = 15.432 grains) " LlTBB ( " " fluid measure = 33.814 XT. S. fluid ounces). The names of the subdivisions of these units are expressed by prefixing the Latin numerals, milli, centi, and deci, and 20 ESSENTIALS OF PHAEMACY. the names of the multiples by prefixing the Greek numerals, deka, hecto, and kilo, to the unit. These prefixes, arranged in numerical relation, furnish a table as follows : — Decimal System. Written. 10 Milli- (.001) = 1 Centi- .01 10 Centi- = 1 Deci- .1 10 Deci- = 1 Unit 1. 10 Units = 1 Deka 10. 10 Deka- = 1 Hecto- ■ 100. 10 Hecto- = 1 Kilo- 1000. If the student will supply or insert a unit (Gram, Liter or Meter") after each one of the above prefixes (milli, centi, etc.) he will have practically a complete table of the metric system. The cubic centimeter and the gram. Fluid measure in the metric system is usually stated, in dispensing, in cubic centimeters (abbreviated c.c). The inti- mate connection between the cubic centimeter and gram is interesting : this connection will be seen at once, as one c.c. of distilled water (at 4° G.) weighs one gram. Hence the cubic centimeter is sometimes called a " fluid gram " (flui- gram). Approximate equivalents in other systems. The following are given as some of the principal equiva- lents for the student to commit to memory : — . I. LINEAR MEASURE. 1 Meter (1. ) = 39.37 inches (3 ft. 3 inches and | inch). 1 Centimeter ( .01 ) = two-fifths inch. 5 Centimeters ( .05 ) = two inches. 25 Millimeters ( .025) = one inch. II. LIQUID MEASURE. 1 Liter = 33.8 fl. oz. (2 pts., 1 fl. oz., 6 fl. dr., 30 m.). 1 c.c. . ^ 16.23 minims fl5.43 grains). WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 21 III. WEIGHT. 1 Gram ( 1. ) = 15.4.3 grains. 1 Milligram ( .001) = ^\ grain. 8 " ( .008)= J grain. 64 " ( .064) = 1 grain. 1 Kilogram (1000. ) =r about two lbs. avoirdupois (2.205 lbs.) (about 2 lbs. 8 oz. Troy) IV. apothecaries' into metric. 1 fl. oz. = 29.57 C.C. 1 fl. dr. = 3.7 c.f. 1 Troy oz. = 31.103 grams. 1 Av. oz. = 28.350 grams. (Remember that the J grain and 8 milligrams are about equal ; from this data milligrams may be converted into grains and vice versa. ) Computation of equivalents. — {Approximate, see Oldbergi, Weights and Measures). To convert c.c. into minims or grama into grains. — Multiply by 16. To convert e.o. into fluid drachms or grams into drachms. — Divide by 4. To convert grams into Troy ounces or c.c. into fluid ounces. — Divide by 32. To convert multiples or subdivisions of any metric unit, first convert the multiple or subdivision into the unit or the frac- tions of the unit and use the above rules, e. g.: — Convert 482 Mg. into Grains. — First convert 482 mg. into gms., which is done by simply pointing off" three places ; 482 mg. then = .482 gm. Applying the above rule, we have .482 gm. X 16 = 7.712 grs. ; again — Convert 8 Mg. into Grains. — 8 mg. = .008 gm. ; multi- plying by 16 we have .128 gr. or ^ gr. To convert minims into c.c. or grains into grams. — Divide by 16. To convert fl. dr. into c.c. or drachms into graiiu. Multiply by 4. 22 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. To convert Troy oz. into grams, or fl. oz. into e.c. Multiply by 32. Approximate equivalents of domestic measures. A tablespoonftil, = ,^v or 20 c.c. (usually stated fgss). A dessertspoonful, = gijss or 10 c.c. (usually stated f 3 ij). A teaspoonful, = t\lxxx or 5 c.c. (usually stated fgj). The drop varies in size according to the liquid and mode of dropping. An ordinary eye pipette delivers drops of water about one-half minim (.03 c.c). Scales and Balances. Scales is a term applied to the more common weighing in- struments in general. Balances are delicate weighing instruments which indi- cate at least 1 mg. (-^-^ gr.), having knife edges (usually of nickel or agate) on which the beams and hangers are equi- poised. They are also provided with rests to keep them in a state of repose, and riders placed on notches on the beam, by ■which minute diflerences of weight are determined. Such a balance should be kept in a glass case, to prevent the influ- ences of draughts of air, weather, heat, dust, etc. They should be perfectly true by the spirit level, and on a solid foundation. Delicate balances are usually supplied with cases having set screws on the bottom for leveling. The pans are generally of metal and movable; these should be reversed daily. Watch crystals are useful for weighing certain corrosive chemicals. Glass or horn pans also are used. In a properly constructed balance the arms are of equal length, weight and form, and the pans with their appendages must be equal. The relative positions of the center of gravity and the ful- crum influence materially the character of the instrument. If the center of gravity be too far below the fulcrum, the vibrations will be rapid and of short duration, and a consid- erable weight will be required to turn the lever. By elevat- SPECIFIC GEAVITY. 23 ing the center of gravity, the vibrations will become slower. In balances intended for heavy loads the center of gravity is therefore lower than in delicate instruments. Every balance requires to be examined from time to time, no matter how frequently or rarely used. Specific gravity. (For Problems, see pages 29-33.) The Pharmacopoeia refers to sp. gr. in the following words : " The specific gravity of liquids should be ascertained, if accu- racy is required, by means of a specific gravity bottle of suit- able capacity at a definite temperature. The specific gravity of alcohol, or of any mixture of alcohol and water may, however, also be ascertained by means of an accurate hy- drometer, preferably that prescribed by the U. S. Govern- ment for the use of the internal revenue and custom house officers. Whenever specific gravity is mentioned in the Phar- macopoeia without reference to temperature, it is to be under- stood to refer to a temperature of 15° C. (59° F.)." Pyonometers or specific gravity bottles. A specific gravity bottle is a bottle having a glass stopper with a capillary opening through it, and of a size to contain accurately 1000 grains (sometimes 500 or 100 grs.) of dis- tilled water at standard temperature. Such a bottle is accom- panied with a weight which exactly counterpoises it. In using, the bottle is carefully filled with the liquid to be exam- ined, then dried externally, and then placed on the scales and weighed. The increased or decreased amount of the weight of the liquid divided by 1000 will give its specific gravity. Care of specific gravity bottles. The bottle should be wiped dry to remove adhering moist- ure or dust ; and handled as little as possible while containing the liquid under operation, to prevent change of temperature. Specific gravity bottles of fair accuracy may be made by the student himself. Select a small, well-stoppered bottle, clean. 24 ESSENTIALS OF PHAEMACY. weigh, and make a note of the exact counterpoise, for future reference ; then the quantity by weight of pure water at the standard temperature that this bottle is capable of holding, is ascertained, and also noted. The latter weight will be the divisor ; the dividend will be the weight of any liquid of which the specific gravity is wanted. Hydrostatic Balance. The hydrostatic balance is an accurate balance so ar- ranged that one of the pans is suspended with a shorter stir- rup and to the bottom of the pan is attached a hook from which a substance may be suspended by means of a horse hair or piece of -thread. The substance is first weighed in the usual manner, the weight is carefully noted as the weight of the substance in air. Then the substance is weighed sus- pended in water and the weight again noted. The latter weight will show a decrease of the weight in the air ; by divid- ing the weight of the substance by the loss of the weight in water we have the specific gravity of the substance. Scheme for conversion of Solid Ounces to Fluid, and vice versd : Troy X 1.05 = ] f X 1.04 = Avoir. Gm. X .0338 = I f gj J x 29.57 = Gm. Avoir. X .96 = J [ x .95 = Troy. Thermometry. Method of constrncting and graduating a thermometer. A glass tube of uniform bore, having a bulb at one end, is heated over a flame to form a partial vacuum ; while heated it is inverted in mercury ; on cooling the mercury rises in the bulb, owing to the contraction of the volume of air. The tube is then heated until the mercury overflows, when the tube is quickly sealed by a blowpipe. In graduating, the thermometer is inserted in pounded ice and the lowest point to which the mercury column falls will be the freezing point. MICEOSCOPY. 25 The thermometer is then put in boiling water and the point to which the mercury rises will be the boiling point. For intermediate temperatures intermediate marks are made. There are three different thermometric scales in use, namely: Fahrenheit, Centigrade, and Seaurmir. COMPAEISON" OF THE DIFFERENT SCALES. Boiling point 212° 100° 80° Freezing ... ... 32° 0° 0° Difference. ...■■•. . . .180° 100° 80° In order to change the expression of a temperature from one scale to another the following formulae are useful : F— 32, * C = ■^ g F = 1.8 C + 32 E = ( F — 32) ^ C = f E. F = f E + 32 E = f C. * C = Centigrade. F = Fahrenheit. R = Reaumur, Therefore it is evident that, for example, to reduce Fah- renheit to Centigrade it is first necessary to subtract 32 and then divide by 1.8. The remaining formulae to be worked as indicated. Microscopy. A simple microscope consists of but one double convex lens to be held near to the object, or of two or more lenses that can be used singly or all at the same time. When thus used in combination, the two or three simple lenses are not only placed close to each other, but close to the object, the combi- nation acting as though it were a simple lens of much greater magnifying power. In the compound microscope the lenses near the eye magnify the image produced by the lower glasses. By separating the lenses of a simple microscope so that the upper shall magnify the image produced by the lower, one has a simple form of a compound microscope. 26 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. THE ESSENTIAL PARTS OF A COMPOUND MICEOSCOPB. The eyepiece = The lens next the eye. The objective = The lens next the object. Magnification. To compute the magnification given by a microscope it is necessary to multiply together the separate magnification due to the eyepiece and objective. Practically manufacturers use the following formula (not entirely accurate for calculating the magnification*) : Divide 100 by the product of what are called the focal length of objective and eyepiece expressed in inches. For example: Two-inch eyepiece and ^ objective. To find the magnifying power: Applying the above rule, 2 X i = T ; 100 -r- I = 250 diam., the magnifying power. The manufacturers send with their instruments cards refer- ring to the magnifications of the lenses, of which the follow- ing is an abstract : — TUBE OF STANDAED LENGTH (10 INCHES.) OBJECTIVE. 1 IKCH. J INCH. J INCH. jlj INCH. Eyepiece . 2 inch (A. . . 1 inch (C). . . i inch (E). . . 46 80 160 92 165 330 275 485 970 800 1500 3000 It will be seen from the above that the eyepieces are some- times lettered instead of numbered. The Microscope and the Pharmacopoeia. — Generally in descrip- tions of crude drugs it is sufficient to indicate the distinctive * See paper by W. LeConte Stephens, American Journal of Science, vol. XL, July, 1890, ALLIGATION IN PHARMACY. 27 characteristics that are visible to the naked eye, " and, when necessary, such as are visible under an ordinary good pocket lens magnifying about ten diameters." Ex. — Unguentum Hydrargyri, Amylum, Aloe, Lycopodium, etc. For expert work the compound microscope is invariably called into requisition. The microscopical unit of measurement is the 1000th of a mm., known as the micromilUmeter (mkm). Alligation in Pharmacy. Alligation is the process of mixing substances pf different values to produce a mixture of given mean value. 1 Problem. — Given 2 lbs. of a certain powder at 7 per cent., 3 lbs. of another powder at 8 per cent, 5 lbs. of another at 16 per cent, and 6 lbs. of another at 18 per cent.; to find the average per cent. SOLHTIOX. .07 X 2 = 14 .08 \ 3 = 24 .16 X 5 = 80 .18 X 6 = 1.08 16 ) 2-26 14j per cent. Bule. — Multiply the percentage of each kind by the num- ber of it. Add the products. Divide the sum of the pro- ducts by the sum of the numbers. 2 Problem. — Given 4 lbs. of powder at 7 per cent., to be mixed with three other kinds at 8 per cent, 16 per cent and 18 per cent., so that the mixture shall average 14 per cent. To find the amounts of the 8, 16 and 18 per cents, that must be used. 28 ESSENTIALS OF PHAEMACY. Average 14 SOLTJTION. By the Linking Method (11::;::: 2 4 7 6 19 The first, y\ consists of 4 lbs. The second, j\ " 8 lbs. The third, tV " 14 lbs. The fourth, ^5 " 12 lbs. The rates then are for the 1st — t\, 2d-T%, 3d-T'5, 4th-A. Explanation. — The 7 per cent, and 16 per cent, kinds when used in certain quantities will give an average of 14 per cent. That is 7 per cent, put into a 14 per cent, average gains 7 per cent. The 16 per cent, put into a 14 per cent, average loses 2 per cent. In a similar manner the 8 per cent, gains 6 per cent, and the 18 per cent, loses 4 per cent. Therefore, for the average of the 7 and 16 the difference between 14 and 16 gives the proportional part of the 7 per cent, kind, and the difference between 7 and 14 gives the pro- portional part of the 16 per cent. kind. In the same manner for the 8 and 18. The sum of the parts is equal to 19. Then, by proportion, find the amounts of the other kinds. Thus :— 4 lbs. : No. lbs of the .second = 8 lbs. 4 lbs. • No, lbs of the third = 14 lbs. 4 lbs. : No. lbs. of the fourth = 12 lbs. Bule. — Find the proportional parts according to the above explanation. Then, by proportion, find the amount of each kind. 3. If the problem be to find the ratio of the ingredients to be used, in order to make a certain definite amount, then the method of solution as given in No. 2 is to be used. Suppose the mixture to contain 19 lbs., as in No. 2, then T^> ^> tV' Ai of 19 ^^- will be the results required. 2 . » alligation in pharmacy. 29 Problems in Alligation and Specific Gravity. In alligation. (1) How shall samples of powdered opium be mixed (the opium being 6, 8, 10, 15, and 17 per cent, of morphine re- spectively) to make a mixture containing 12 per cent, of the alkaloid ? (2) How shall one mix 150 lbs. of jalap, containing 14 per cent, resin, with lots containing 9 and 11 per cent, to make an average of 12 J per cent.? (3) How many pounds of 14 per cent, can be made from 9 pounds of 16 per cent, by diluting with sugar of milk ? (4) How much glycerine shall I mix with water to make 25 pounds of solution having a specific gravity of 1.16 ? (5) Wishing to make 150 gallons of 50 per cent, alcohol, how shall one mix lots containing 60, 65, 35, and 20 per cent, respectively ?* (6) How shall I make a solution of KOH, sp. gr. 1.036, from solutions having the sp. gr. of 1.2, 1.25, and 1.4? Use water as 1. "■ Rules of the XJ. S. P. for making an alcohol of any required lower percentage from an alcohol of any given higher percentage : I. By Volume. — Designate the volume-percentage of the stronger alcohol by V, and that of the weaker alcohol by v. Rule. — Mix V volumes of the stronger alcohol with pure water to make F volumes of product. Allow the mixture to stand until full contraction has taken place, and until it has cooled ; then make up any deficiency in the V volumes by adding more water. Example. — An alcohol of 30 per cent, by volume is to be made from an alcohol of 94 per cent, by volume. — Take 30 volumes of the 94 per cent- alcohol, and add enough pure water to produce 94 volumes. II. By Wkight. — Designate the weight-percentage of the stronger alcohol by W, and that of the weaker by w. Rule. — Mix IV parts by weight of the stronger alcohol with pure water to make 11' parts by weight of product. Example. — An alcohol of 50 per cent, by weight is to be made from an alcohol of 91 per cent, by weight. — Take 50 parts by weight of the 91 per cent, alcohol, and add enough pure water to produce 91 parts by weight. 30 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. (7) How many gallons of oiRcial ammonia can be made from 35 gallons of 28 per cent, ammonia? In this example water must be figured at (zero). (8) How many ounces of scammony containing 80 per cent, resin can be made from 54 ounces, assaying 57 per cent., by mixing with lots containing 85, 90, and 92 per cent, of resin ? (9) How much water will be required to make 5 lbs. of solution of soda, sp. gr. 1.12, from a solution having the sp. gr. of 1.40 ? (10) How shall one make 240 gallons of bay rum contain- ing 60 per cent, of alcohol from lots containing 70, 62, 58, and .50 per cent. ? (11) How much 96 per cent, sulphuric acid must be mixed with 20 ounces at 15 per cent., and 30 ounces at 45 per cent., to make 60 per cent, acid ? (12) How much hydrochloric acid, sp. gr. 1.16, 1.12, and 1.10, must be mixed to make 1000 ounces, sp. gr. 1.15? (13) I have 7 kilogrammes of 60 per cent, and 9 kilos of 80 per cent, alcohol. How shall these be mixed — all into 60 per cent. — and how much will the mixture make ? Water is used for dilution of course. (14) How shall one make 250 gallons of dilute alcohol from official alcohol? (15) If tincture of capsicum is made from 19 parts by weight of official alcohol to 1 of water, what is the per cent, of absolute alcohol in the menstruum ? (16) How shall I make 32 ounces of salt bath, sp. gr. 1.15, from solutions having sp. gr. of 1.30, 1.27, and 1.20? Problems in specific gravity. Mule. — Divide the weight of the substance in air by the weight of an equal bulk of distilled water. This rule is very simple, is easily comprehended, but to apply it in every case is difficult. In practice the operator is often puzzled to know how he shall best determine the ALLIGATION IN PHARMACY. 31 weight of an equal bulk of water. There are certain physical facts the student must remember: (1) Fluids buoy up solids with a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the solid. (2) Floating bodies displace their weight of liquid. (3) Immersed bodies displace their bulk of liquid. For example: A piece of cork is placed upon water. It first displaces its own weight of water, and then floats partially immersed. In order to find its equivalent of water for the purpose of taking its specific gravity, we must attach a sinker, previously weighed under water, and note (weigh) the force with which the cork lifts on the sinker. This buoyancy added to the weight of the cork in air equals the weight of an equal bulk of water. All this procedure is followed, as stated, sim- ply in order to find out the weight of an equal bulk of ivater. The method of taking specific gravity of solids may be con- cisely stated as follows : Sp. gr. of solid = weight of given substance in air. loss of weight in water. Loss of weight in water = weight of an equal bulk of water. Rule 2. — Divide the weight of the substance in air by the loss of weight in water. Problem (1). A piece of copper weighs 360 grs. ; in water it weighs 320 grs. What is its specific gravity ? (2) A silver chain weighs 848 grs. ; in water 768 grs. What is its sp. gr. ? (3) A piece of phosphorus weighs 45f grs. ; in water 241 grs. What is its sp. gr. ? (4) A graduated cylinder contains 30 Cc. of water. When a solid weighing 15 Gm. is dropped into it the water-level is raised to 40 Cc. What is the sp. gr. of the solid ? (5) If 105 grs. of powdered silver be placed in a bottle of 300-gr. water capacity and the bottle filled with water, the combined weight of its contents is 395 grs. What is the sp. gr. of the silver ? 32 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. (For substances soluble iu water use any other suitable liquid — any liquid in which the substance is not soluble. After the operation is completed, make correction by multi- plying the result by the sp. gr. of the liquid used.) (6) A solid soluble in water weighs 680 grs. ; in ether (sp. gr. .750) it weighs 540 grs. "What is its sp. gr. ? (7) A piece of alum weighs 124 grs. ; in oil of turpentine (sp. gr. .870) it weighs 62 grs. "What is its sp. gr. ? (8) 450 grs. of sodium chloride weighs 375 grs. in alcohol (sp. gr. .820). "What is the sp. gr. of the salt ? (When necessary to use a sinker, the buoyancy added to the weight of the substance in air equals the weight of the water displaced.) (9) A piece of cork weighs 154 grs. ; its sinker, in water, weighs 921 grs. ; the cork and sinker together under water weigh 425. What is the sp. gr. of the cork ? (10) A sample of wax weighs 300 grs. When attached to a piece of copper counterpoised in water the two lose 7 grs. What is the sp. gr. of the wax ? (11) One cubic inch of cork weighs 60.6 grs. What is its sp. gr. ? (12) A piece of potassium weighs in air 200 grs. ; a lead sinker weighs in petroleum (sp. gr. .750) 350 grs. ; their com- bined weight is 347.6. What is the sp. gr. of the potassium 1 (13) A cylinder weighs in air 80 grs., in water 61 grs., and in solution of calcium chloride 52 grs. What is the sp. gr. of the solution ? (14) A glass rod weighs in air 100 grs., in water 91 grs., and in sulphuric acid 84.44 grs. What is the sp. gr. of the acid? (15) A glass stopper weighs in air 200 grs. ; in water 180 grs. ; in glycerin 175 grs. What is the sp. gr. ? (16) Equal volumes of benzol (sp. gr. .850) and glycerin weigh 34 and 45 Gms. respectively. What is the sp. gr. of the glycerin ? ALLIGATION IN PHARMACY. 33 (17) A powder soluble in water weighs iu air 255 grs. ; when placed in a bojtle of 600 grs. water-capacity, and the bottle filled with alcohol (sp. gr. .820), the whole contents weigh 700 grs. What is the sp. gr. of the powder ? (18) How many kilograms in 10 liters of ether (sp. gr. .725) ? (19) How many grams in 8 fiuidounces of hydrochloric acid (sp. gr. 1.16)? (20) How many Troy ounces in two pints of ether (sp. gr. .750)? Specific Volume is the reverse of specific gravity ; hence the volumes of equal weights are to each other inversely as the specific gravity, and the weights of equal volumes are to each other as the specific gravity : 1 -H sp. gr. = sp. vol. 1 s- sp. vol. = sp. gr. Sp. gr. X sp. vol. = 1, etc. From the above principles find the specific volume of U. S. P. : H2SO4, HCl, and HISTOs, syrup, glycerin, chloro- form, etc. If the sp. gr. of sulphuric acid is twice that of olive oil, and a liter of olive oil weighs 917 grams, what is the weight of 500 Cc. of sulphuric acid? Ans. 917 grams. (For further details and problems see Remington's " Prac- tice of Pharmacy.") Answers to Problems in Specific Gravity. No.ll .236 12 741 1.473 No. 1 . . . 9. "2. . . .... 10.6 " 3 . . . . . . 2.17 " 4. . . . 1.5 " 5 . . . . 10.5 "6. . 3.63 "7 ... . . 1.74 " 8. . 4.92 "9. . .237 " 10 . . . . 977 3 13 . 14 . 15. 16. 17 18 . 19 . 20. .1.728 .1.25 . 1.125 4.448 . 7.25 K. . 274 Gms. . 32.78 Troy oa. 34 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. Pharmaceutical Processes and Manipulations. How may the processes used in pharmacy be subdivided? Physical Pbocesses. — Desiccation (Exsiccation) ; Commi- nution ; sifting, etc. Processes of Extraction (mainly of fibrous and organic ma- terial). — Maceration ; Expression ; Infusion ; Digestion ; De- coction ; Percolation. Vaporization. — Evaporation ; Distillation ; (Sublimation). Straining and other Processes of Separation. — Colation ; Fil- tration ; Clarification ; (Decantation) ; Decolorization ; De- odorization. Chemical Pbocesses (mainly of inorganic and crystalline material). — Solution; Diffusion; Dialysis; Precipitation; Elutriation ; Levigation ; Porphyrization ; Crystallization ; Decantation ; Granulation. Processes Requiring High Seat. — Sublimation; Ignition; Calcination ; Deflagration ; Reduction ; Oxidation. What effect has drying upon vegetable drugs ? Vegetables in drying lose water and volatile oils. Some of their constituents may undergo oxidation, such as resins, oils, glucosides, alkaloids, etc. If not carefully dried, what changes are vegetables likely to undergo ? Crude vegetable drugs, if kept moist, are liable to be affected by fermentation, mouldiness, and slow decay. What is meant by the term desiccation? It is a process of expelling moisture from solid substances. In the case of vegetable drugs it is accomplished at a temper- ature not likely to change important constituents (usually about 1 20° F. ; opium is directed to be dried for powdering at a temperature not exceeding 185° F.). Between 70° to 90° F. fermentation and mouldiness is most rapid. COMMINUTION. 35 How are fleshy or succulent drugs best prepared to facilitate desiccation? They should be cut with a sharp knife, in thin slices, trans- versely to the direction of cellular and fibrous tissues, thereby opening the cells and ducts and exposing the greatest surface to evaporation. Ex. — Squill, Colchicum, Calumbo, etc. What efliect has desiccation upon crystalline substances ? Crystalline substances are merely deprived of water of crystallization. (See Exsiccation, Index.) Usually a high temperature is used, and the process is known as exsiccation. What loss in weight is sustained in the desiccation of medi- cinal substances? Drugs lose in drying from 1 to 20 per cent. (Opium loses from 9 to 20 per cent, in drying and powdering). Veget- ables contain from 30 to 80 per cent, moisture (Stramonium leaves have about 98 per cent, of moisture). Crystalline substances in the processes of exsiccation lose nearly all the water of crystallization. (Sulphate of iron loses 39 per cent. The official sodii carbonas exsiccatus is made by driving ofi" 50 per cent, of moisture from the crystallized sodii car- bonas.) Comminution. What are the varieties of comminution ? Comminution includes cutting, bruising, rasping or grating, grinding, trituration, etc. What circumstances determine the degree of comminution to which a substance should be subjected preparatory to future extraction? Soft, spongy material expands in the solvent and becomes permeable in coarse powder, while woody structures resist solvent action comparatively, and require for the removal of active matter a fine powder. Comminution should be most per- fect when an insoluble drug is to be administered in suspension. 36 ESSENTIALS OF PHABMACY. "What classes of substances are most necessarily ground in steel mills and what belong exclusively to stone mills? Steel mills are advantageous for tough aud fibrous material; stone mills for friable substances and for salts and mineral substances. For what operations and what substances are metallic, wedge- wood and stone mortars used? For contusing, bruising and triturating in comparatively small quantities. For trituration, shallow mortars of wedge- wood ware or porcelain are best adapted. Crystalline salts should never be triturated in a metallic mortar. Fibrous substances should always be comminuted in metallic mortars. What materials are reduced by rasping or grating ? Hard and woody substances, as guaiac, are made into fine chips with a saw and rasp. Rhubarb is divided into fine pieces by the use of a fine saw. Nutmeg is reduced with the least loss of fragrant oil by grating. How are the coarser pulverized substances separated &om the finer ? By means of sieves (composed of fine wire, horse-hair, mus- lin or bolting-cloth), by means of suspension in water (elutri- ation), and by settling from the air. What grades of fineness have powders of the IT. S. Pharma- copoeia, and how are these grades expressed ? The fineness of powders is expressed in the Pharmacopoeia by descriptive words, and by terms expressing the number of meshes to the linear inch in the sieve through which they should pass. These different forms of expression correspond to each other as follows : — Coarse powder, ^ No. 20 powder. Moderately coarse, = No. 40 ' ' Moderately fine, = No. 50 " Fine, = No. 60 " Very fine, = No. 80 " or more. COMMINUTION. 37 What is a granular powder ? A powder made uniform by rejecting all the particles which pass through a No. 30 sieve and all that fall through a No. 20. How is the process of Elutriatiou conducted ? The article to be powdered is ground in a mortar with a large quantity of water, and this is poured off into a precipi- tating jar and allowed to stand until the coarse particles sub- side ; the liquid is decanted (poured off) and allowed to stand until the finely suspended (very fine) powder subsides. The decantation and collection of powder are continued until the finest powder is reached and the liquid is clear. What is trochiscation? The paste (magma) resulting from elutriation is sometimes made into cones ; this operation is called trochiscation. Pre- pared chalk is thus made. What do we learn from this process of elutriation ? First, that the power of water to hold particles in suspen- sion is inversely proportional to the size of the particles; second, that all materials deposited in water are assorted according to size. How are impalpable powders made ? Impalpable powders are secured in the process of grinding by mill stones ; the finest particles are carried to a certain height by a motion given to the air, and deposit themselves on shelves within the in closure. 38 ESSENTIALS OF PHAKMACY. Extraction, — MACERATION, EXPRESSION, PERCOLATION, DIGESTION, INFU- SION AND DECOCTION. What is maceration ; why and how is it employed in phar- macy? Maceration is the soaking of a substance at ordinary temperature in a liquid (menstruum). It is employed in phar- macy to extract the soluble and active principles contained in drugs; it is also employed to prepare vegetable substances; for percolation, in which case a comparatively small quantity of liquid is used to thoroughly soften and expand the cells of the comminuted drug. The process is conducted by placing the comminuted drug in wide-mouthed bottles or jars, adding the required menstruum, setting aside and agitating occasion- ally, from 2 to 16 days, when the liquid is poured oflF and the residue expressed. What materials are most suitably extracted by maceration? Non-fibrous substances which yield viscid solutions ; for example. Aloes (see Tr. Aloes and Tr. Aloes et Myrrhse). These should be coarsely comminuted for maceration. Why is not maceration used more generally in making tinc- tures? Because it leaves a small quantity of finished tincture in the residue. How may this objection in many cases be overcome ? By observing the directions of the U. S. P., which states that, when dregs of a tincture or similar preparation have mace- rated with all or with the greater portion of the menstruum, the liquid portion should be drained off as completely as pos- sible, the solid portion packed in a percolator, and the liquid poured on, until all has passed from the surface, when imme- diately a sufficient quantity of the original menstruum should EXPRESSION. 39 be poured on to displace the absorbed liquid, until the pre- scribed quantity has been obtained. How is the term menstruum used in pharmacy? It is used to denote the liquid capable of dissolving out the soluble principles of vegetable organic drugs. (A liquid capable of completely dissolving inorganic and crystalline substances is termed a solvent.) What is expression and how employed in pharmacy 1 It is the forcible expression or squeezing out of a juice or liquid from moist substances. It is largely employed in pharmacy to separate liquids from marc or drugs (the residue left after straining). The different kinds of presses used are, hydraulic, screw, filter, roller, spiral twist and lever. What is digestion? Digestion is maceration above the normal temperature, yet below the boiling point of the liquid. What is infusion? Infusion is accomplished by macerating a coarsely com- minuted substance with either cold or hot water for about two hours, in a suitable vessel tightly covered. The strained (not expressed) liquid is made up to a certain bulk, in the general official process, by passing water through the strainer ; this constitutes an infusion. Two official infusions, however, are made by percolation. (See page 66.) What is decoction ? Decoction is allied to digestion ; the drug, however, is boiled for a time, the liquid cooled, strained, and in the general officinal process made up to a certain bulk, as in the case of infusion. What is percolation? Percolation is a process of extraction in which a menstruum is passed through a porous and properly comminuted solid. 40 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. It is employed almost exclusively for exhausting vegetable substances. (Percolation of inorganic material is known as liadviation.) Explain tlie process theoretically. The solid body being comminuted according to its nature, and packed in a suitable vessel (percolator), the liquid is poured upon it, and, as it gradually descends, each particle comes in contact with a succession of different particles of the solid and becomes more and more strongly impregnated with the soluble matter, till it escapes from the bottom. The solid particles are brought in contact with a continued suc- cession of fresh portions of the solvent, and part with some of their soluble matter to each till exhaustion is completed, or till the supply of the liquid ceases. The Pharmacopoeia states that, when the process is successfully conducted, the first por- tion of the liquid, or percolate, passing through the percolator, will be nearly saturated with the soluble constituents of the substance treated ; and if the quantity of menstruum be suffi- cient for its exhaustion, the last portion of the percolate will be destitute of color, odor, and taste, other than that possessed by the menstruum itself. What are the practical details of the process ? The details for conducting percolation perfectly are given in the preliminary notice of the U. S. P., which are as follows : The Percolator, its Dimermons and Fittings. — The percolator most suitable for the quantities contemplated by the Pharma- copoeia should be nearly cylindrical, or slightly conical, with a funnel-shaped termination at the smaller end. The neck of this funnel-end should be rather short, and should gradually and regularly become narrower toward the orifice, so that a perforated cork, bearing a short glass tube, may be tightly wedged into it from within until the end of the cork is flush with its outer edge. The glass tube, which must not protrude PEECOLATION. 41 above the inner surface of the cork, should extend from one and one-eighth to one and one-half inch (3 to 4 centimeters) beyond the outer surface of the cork, and should be provided with a closely fitting rubber tube, at least one-fourth longer than the percolator itself, and ending in another short glass tube, whereby the rubber tube may be so suspended that its orifice shall be above the surface of the menstruum in the percolator, a rubber band holding it in position. The dimensions of such a percolator, conveniently holding five hundred grammes of powdered material, are preferably the following: Length of body, fourteen inches (36 centi- meters); length of neck, two inches (5 centimeters); internal diameter at top, four inches (10 centimeters); internal diam- eter at beginning of funnel-shaped end, two and one-half inches (6.5 centimeters); internal diameter of the neck, one- half inch (12 millimeters), gradually reduced at the end to two-fifths of an inch (10 millimeters). It is best constructed of glass, but unless so directed, may be constructed of a dif- ferent material. The Preparation of the Percolator and Material for Percola- tion. — -The percolator is prepared for percolation by gently pressing a small tuft of cotton into the space of the neck above the cork, and a small layer of clean and dry sand is then poured upon the surface of the cotton to hold it in place. The powdered substance to be percolated (which must be uniformly of the fineness directed in the formula, and should be perfectly air-dry before it is weighed) is put into a basin, the specified quantity of menstruum is poured on, and it is thoroughly stirred with a spatula, or other suitable instru- ment, until it appears uniformly moistened. The moist pow- der is then passed through a coarse sieve — No. 40 powders, and those which are finer, requiring a No. 20 sieve, while No. 30 powders require a No. 15 sieve for this purpose. 42 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. Powders of a less degree of fineness usually do not require this additional treatment after the moistening. The moist powder is now transferred to a sheet of thick paper and the whole quantity poured from it into the percolator. It is then shaken down lightly and allowed to remain in that condition for a period varying from fifteen minutes to several hours, unless otherwise directed ; after which the powder is pressed, by the aid of a plunger of suitable dimensions, more or less firmly, in proportion to the character of the powdered sub- stance and the alcoholic strength of the menstruum ; strongly alcoholic menstrua, as a rule, permitting firmer packing of the powder than the weaker. The percolator is now placed in position for percolation, and, the rubber tube having been fastened at a suitable height, the surface of the powder is covered by an accurately fitting disk of filtering paper, or other suitable material, and a sufiicient quantity of the menstruum poured on through a funnel reaching nearly to the surface of the paper. If these conditions are accurately observed, the menstruum will penetrate the powder equally until it has passed into the rubber tube and has reached, in this, the height corresponding to its level in the percolator, which is now closely covered to prevent evaporation, and the apparatus allowed to stand at rest for the time specified in the formula. The Manipulation of Percolation. — To begin percolation, the rubber tube is lowered and its glass end introduced into the neck of a bottle previously marked for the quantity of liquid to be percolated, if the percolate is to be measured, or of a tared bottle, if the percolate is to be weighed ; and by raising or lowering this recipient, the rapidity of percolation may be increased or lessened as may be desirable, observing, however, that the rate of percolation, unless the quantity of material taken in operation is largely in excess of the pharmacopoeial quantities, shall not exceed the limit of ten to thirty drops in a minute. A layer of menstruum must constantly be main- PERCOLATION. 43 tained above the powder, so as to prevent the access of air to its interstices, until all has been added, or the requisite quan- tity of percolate has been obtained. This is conveniently accomplished, if the space above the powder will admit of it, by inverting a bottle containing the entire quantity of men- struum over the percolator in such a manner that its mouth may dip beneath the surface of the liquid, the bottle being of such shape that its shoulder will serve as a cover for the percolator. What is repereolation? It is the process of percolating successive portions of pow- dered drug in such a manner as to make a fluid extract without evaporation. For example : Divide thirty-two parts of powdered drug into four portions of eight parts each. No. 1 is moistened, packed, macerated, and percolated until ex- hausted. Reserve the first six parts, and use the remainder to macerate No. 2, which, percolate and reserve eight parts ; repeat the process with No. 3 and No. 4, reserving eight parts of percolate from each. Mix the reserved portions, thereby making thirty parts total. The weaker percolate of the fourth portion is reserved for subsequent operations, when from each eight parts of drugs eight parts of percolate are obtained. (Dr. Squibb's process.) It has been proven that the first twelve ounces of percolate contains from seventy to seventy-eight per cent, of the total extract obtainable from sixteen Troy ounces of drug. This process is sometimes called fractional percolation. Why is percolation sometimes called displacement ? Because of the theory that successive portions of solvent displace the portions which preceded them. This is practi- cally only partially the case. What kinds of materials require fine comminution for perco- lation, and what require coarse ? Woody materials may be finely powdered ; fleshy and easily permeable tissues may be coarsely comminuted. 44 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. Why is the powder moistened and afterwards sieved? As stated under maceration, the cells are softened and ex- panded. Sifting, after maceration, is necessary to break up the agglutinated lumps and render the powder uniform in character. Can any powder be percolated successfully without previously macerating ? Substances containing volatile oil and resin, such as ginger (and when the menstruum is light and volatile, as alcohol or ether), are better percolated by first packing the dry powder in a percolator. What is circulatory displacement? The substance to be extracted or dissolved is tied in a bag and suspended in the upper part of the menstruum. The heavy extractive matter falls through the liquid to the bottom of the vessel, the lighter menstruum circulating displaces the heavier liquid until the material is exhausted. From common utensils what may be extemporized as a per- colator ? An ordinary funnel or a conical chimney of a lamp makes a very good percolator for small quantities. Why should the general shape of a percolator be tall and narrow ? Because it is desirable that the menstruum should traverse a long column of powder. Vaporization. What pharmaceutical operations does vaporization include ? It includes the three operations — evaporation, distillation and sublimation. Which of these are commonly used in the treatment of organic material ? Evaporation and distillation. (Sublimation is largely em- ployed in the treatment of inorganic material.) VAPORIZATION. 45 What apparatus is required for conducting the first named operation ? Evaporating dishes. Mention some of the principles involved in these processes. The quantity of vapor that will form in a confined apace is constant for the temperature, and when an atmosphere is saturated, vaporization ceases unless some circumstances concur to remove a portion of the vapor by condensation. Rapidity of evaporation is influenced by the state of saturation of the air in contact, being inversely as the quantity of vapor existing in it, when the liquid does not boil. Tlie boiling points of homogeneous liquids are uniform, pro- vided the pressure is the same ; but, if solid matter is in solu- tion, the temperature rises until saturation is attained. Liquids in vaporizing render a large amount of heat latent, which, on condensation, becomes again sensible. The boiling point rises owing to pressure when a liquid is heated in a tight vessel. The boiling point is affected by the cohesion and d^pth of the liquid, and by the nature of the material and surface of the vessel. Evaporation below boiling is in ratio to the extent of surface exposed to the air. Evaporation by boiling is in ratio to the extent of surface of the vessel exposed to heat. What are the various modes of evaporation ? Spontaneous evaporation in vacuo ; over lime or sulphuric acid, at the common temperature (processes chiefly used in analytical operations.) Spontaneous evaporation in the open air, in shallow ves- sels or on a revolving cylinder. Evaporation by heat, artificially applied, varying from 100° to 212° P. Evaporation in vacuo with steam heat, so as to boil at a low temperature. 46 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. What precaution is necessary in evaporating certain liquids ? Solutions of aromatics require a gentle heat, the same may be said of fluids and solid extracts, but solutions of saline substances may be evaporated to boiling. What is distillation ? Distillation essentially consists of the conversion of a liquid into its vapor, by the aid of heat, and the recondensa- tion of that vapor into the liquid state by the application of cold. It differs from evaporation merely in its object, which is the volatile liquid, while evaporation rejects this and secures the residue. What apparatus is required to conduct this operation? It requires for its conduction peculiar forms of apparatus, consisting of a boiler (called a retort), a condensing surface, and a vapor-tight communication between the two. What is a retort ? A plain retort is a flask having a neck so curved that it inclines downward when the body of the flask rests upon a stove or other support and ready for distillation. The neck so bent becomes the exit tube of the apparatus. A tubulated retort is provided with an opening at the top, into which is fitted a glass stopper. This convenience allows the apparatus to be refilled with a continuous supply while in operation. What is a condenser ? A condenser is usually composed of a glass tube surrounded by and fitted to a somewhat shorter and much larger tube. Into the lower end of this second tube there is an opening for receiving a cool stream of water, and at the other end and opposite side there is an opening for the exit of the water warmed in transit ; the longer interior tube is thus chilled, and, receiving the steam, condenses the same along its interior wall. A Leibig's condenser answers to the above description. VAPORIZATION. 47 What is a receiver ? A flask the neck of which tapers to fit the exit tube of the retort. When the receiver has an opening at the top it is called tubulated; if opened at the bottom and tapering, for the purpose of measuring the distillate, it is called quilled. What is a still? These are modified forms of the old " Alembic " retort. The exit tube is usually connected with a spiral coil of pipe immersed in water to condense its vapors. Remington's Pharmaceutical Still and others have improved condensers, which make condensation more rapid and perfect than the old way. What is fractional distillation ? Fractional distillation consists in collecting in different vessels distillates which come over between certain given temperatures. What is destructive distillation ? Destructive distillation takes place when dry organic sub- stances placed in a retort are heated to redness, so as to destroy existing compounds. What are the distinctive characters of products of distilla- tion? They are free from sediment and entirely volatile. What is sublimation ? Sublimation differs from distillation from the fact that the product is always solid and generally crystalline. Its object is either to purify volatile solids from fixed impurities or, as a means of obtaining volatile substances in process of manu- facture. It is usually conducted on a large scale. What apparatus is used in conducting this process ? Eetorts and hoods of various patterns. On a large scale, the vapor resulting from sublimation is frequently conducted •J 8 ESSENTIALS OF PHAEMACY. and condensed in large chambers especially arranged for the purpose. What kind of preparations are made by this process ? There are organic and inorganic products made by sublima- tion, such as benzoic acid, camphor, arsenious acid, carbonate and chloride of ammonia ; calomel, iodine and sulphur. What is the characteristic quality of all products of sublima- tion? They should be entirely volatile, some at ordinary tempera- tures, others only at higher heat. Other Processes of Separation. Colation, Filtration, Clarification, Decantation. What is meant by eolation or strainings, and what materials are used for this purpose in pharmacy ? It is a kind of filtration, used for separating insoluble im- purities and foreign ingredients. Coarse linen is sometimes employed, especially when pressure is exerted. Clearer pro- ducts are obtained by using several thicknesses of flannel, with the nap on the inside, without pressure. Muslin, felt, gauze and bolting cloth are also used. What is the nature and object of filtration ? Filtration consists in passing a liquid through a porous medium, with the object of separating suspended and insolu- ble substances from dissolved matter. The liquid passing through the medium (filter) is called the filtrate. The filtrate is supposed to be generally rendered transparent. How may filtration be expedited ? By the use of diiferent kinds of filtering media ; by arrange- ments for keeping the filter constantly full ; by increasing the pressure of the liquid upon the filtering medium and by maintaining an increased temperature. OTHER PROCESSES OF SEPARATION. 49 How is paper pulp best prepared ? By beating filter paper in a mortar with water or with liquor potassse, washing the product with water and drying. Of what other substances are filters made ? Sand, asbestos, ground glass, charcoal, porous stone, etc. How can the pressure of the atmosphere be increased upon the liquid? By producing a partial vacuum below the filter and its supports (e. g., a funnel) ; this Can be done by a vacuum pump or other device, such as a column of water falling through a . tube, etc., (filter pumps of the catalogues). What is clarification ? This process is employed when the impurities to be sepa- rated are deposited, on account of their greater specific gravity, or by being rendered heavier on the application of heat or dilution with water, or when, by the addition of a foreign substance, they are aggregated together and separated as a coagulum. (See also Liq. Guttse Percha.) What foreign substances are employed in clarification? Albumin (added to the liquid and heat applied) produces a scum, which, in rising, carries up with it the enveloped par- ticles. Gelatin (added to cloudy solutions containing tannin) pro- duces a heavy precipitate, carrying with it the impurities. Milk (added to some wines) produces a coagulum which en- velopes and separates impurities. Paper pulp agitated with the liquid and strained retains suspended matters. How is clarification effected by fermentation ? Natural juices of plants become clarified by virtue of the alcohol developed in fermentation, the insoluble substances being deposited. What is decantation, and how is the process conducted ? It is the separation of a fluid from a solid which has de- 50 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. posited in a vessel. It may be accomplished either by simply tilting the vessel or by the use of a syphon. In the former case a glass guiding rod is used to prevent dribbling of the liquid and to convey away the liquid decanted into any re- ceptacle without loss. The rod is held in a vertical position, against the rim of the vessel, or in advance of the flowing stream of liquid to be decanted. Care is taken in the opera- tion not to disturb the deposit. What is a siphon, and explain its action ? A bent tube, having one arm shorter than the other ; when filled with a liquid and the short arm immersed below the- surface of a fluid, and the discharging oriflce placed in a lower position than the former, a flow takes place. Atmospheric pressure forces the liquid up the shorter arm, while the excess of weight of the liquid in the longer arm causes a continuous flow. What rnles should be observed in making siphons of great length? No part of the tube should be higher above the liquid than the point to which that liquid will rise by atmospheric pres- sure — that is, thirty-three feet for water, thirty inches for mer- cury, etc. What is an economical way of making a siphon ? Join two pieces of glass, of unequal length, by means of a piece of India-rubber tubing, just large enough to admit the tube with application of some force. This permits a motion which would break one made entirely of glass. How are immiscible liquids separated from each other? If two immiscible liquids (e.g., ether and water) are allowed to stand in a suitable vessel, — separator, or a separating funnel (a funnel with a stop-cock), the lower liquid may be drawn oflp without disturbing the upper one. If separation is OTHER PROCESSES OF SEPARATION. 51 effected in an ordinary bottle, the upper layer is usually re- moved by means of a pipette or syringe. For the separation of what liquids is the Florentine Receiver used? It is used to separate volatile oils obtained by distillation of aromatic substances with water. How does decoloration act as a separating^ process, and how is this process conducted ? Insoluble compounds are formed of coloring matter when solutions of them are brought in contact with porous charcoal. Therefore by passing (filtering) a colored liquid through animal charcoal the color is removed from the liquid. What is deodorization and how performed? It is the process of depriving of odor by means of animal or vegetable charcoal. To what class of substances are the two preceding processes applied ? Tinctures, oils, saccharine solutions, fatty bodies. Such preparations as deodorized opium and deodorized iodine are made by entirely different processes. What effect has animal charcoal upon solutions of alkaloids, bitter and astringent, and what pharmaceutical import- ance is attached ? Charcoal absorbs such proximate principles, hence care should be used in removing coloring from vegetable solutions, that their medicinal quality is not impaired. CHEMICAL PROCESSES. (Treatment of mainly inorganic crystalline material.) What are solutions ? Define the process of solution. Simple solutions are solutions generally of mineral salts of definite strength. Solution is the union of a liquid (the solvent) with another liquid, a solid or a gas, the combination being inseparable without the use of evaporation, distillation, 52 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. or chemical means. The union not so intimate, however, as to cause change in color, odor or taste, unless chemical com- bination, as well as solution takes place. (From a simple solution the solid substances dissolved can be reclaimed, unchanged, by evaporation of the liquid.) What kind of a solution results when a change of color, odor, or taste, etc., is produced? A chemical solution. What solvents are used in making solutions ? Water, alcohol, ether, chloroform, etc. How is solution aided? Solutions of solids are generally aided by comminution. Mention other circumstances which influence solubility and solution. Heat usually increases the solvent power of liquids, and causes currents and consequent agitation, thus favoring the process of solution ; though, as a rule, heat favors solubility, some exceptions to the rule exist, as acetate and citrate of lime. Rapid solution, when not accompanied by chemical reaction, always causes a reduction of temperature, owing to the law that bodies in passing from the solid to the liquid state have their capacity for caloric increased. When dehy- drated salts are dissolved there is an increase of temperature. When a gas is to be dissolved in a liquid, cold favors its solu- tion by increasing the specific gravity of the gas, and by counteracting the sensible heat resulting from its condensation. What effect has the presence of one salt upon the solubility of another salt ? In some cases increasing and in other cases decreasing it. A saturated solution of one salt may be a solvent for another salt — a quality of great value in the removal of impurities from certain salts. OTHER PROCESSES OF SEPARATION. 53 When a salt is said to be soluble, what solvent is meant ? Water. What is meant by a saturated solution ? A solution is said to be saturated when the substance dis- solved ceases to be liquefied by the solvent at common tem- peratures. Therefore, the real strength of saturated solutions is dependent upon temperature. What is meant by supersaturated solution, and how is it effected 1 When the solvent retains in solution more of the soluble matter than it could under the existing circumstances dissolve, it is said to be supersaturated. It is often effected by heating the solvent to a proper degree and dissolving the substance in it to saturation,- then a slow reduction of temperature (without agitating the vessel) will make an over-saturated solution, but a little agitation will start crystallization and throw out the salt in excess of solution. What is meant by dialysis ? A separation of a crystalloid from a colloid by osmosis. What is meant by the term crystalloid and colloid ? Those substances which diffuse most rapidly are called crys- talloids (crystalline chemical subtances), those which diffuse slowly are called colloids (gelatinous substances). What is meant by the term osmosis, and how is it effected ? A simple dialyser may be made by stretching over the bot- tom of a sieve frame a piece of parchment or fine membrane. If into the vessel thus made is placed a solution and the whole floated on distilled water, then there is water on one side of the membrane (septum) and the solution on the other ; these liquids flow through the membrane at different rates; this is called osmosis. (If the flow of the water into the solution prepon- derates, it is called endosmosis ; if the flow of the solution, it is called exosmosis. The diffusate is found in the distilled water.) 54 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. Precipitation. What is meant by the term precipitation? When finely divided crystals or amorphous powders are separated from solutions by chemical (or physical) agents, this is termed precipitation. For example ; when a solution of carbonate of sodium is added to a solution of chloride of cal- cium, a precipitate of carbonate of calcium is produced. Light will precipitate solutions of silver and heat will precipitate lime water. The agent producing the precipitation is called the precipitant. The liquid remaining is called the super- natant liquid. By what terms are the physical characters of precipitates described ? By the terms flocculent, gelatinous, curdy, granular, and crystalline. What is meant by the term magma ? It is applied to the moist precipitate as it is collected in a filter before it is dried. By what means may the character of a precipitate be modi- fied? Hot dense solutions produce heavy precipitates, cold and diluted solutions produce light precipitates. By what other process can very finely divided products be obtained ? By Elutriation (see Index) ; Levigation (see Index), Crystallization. What is the usual mode by which a soluble salt is obtained in crystalline form ? Soluble salts are usually crystallized from a saturated solu- tion by slowly evaporating the solvent. CRYSTALLIZATION. 55 What other modes are used ? Fusion (example, sulphur), sublimation (ex., benzoic acid), precipitation (ex., mercuric iodide). What is meant by the terms water of crystallization and efflorescence ? Water of crystallization is well defined as solid water in a combined state. All water of crystallization is expelled at high temperatures (see Exsiccation) ; but some crystalline sub- stances have it so loosely held that it desiccates at low temper- atures, leaving a fine powder behind ; the crystal is then said to be efflorescent. What is deliquescence ? Absorbing moisture from the air ; such crystals are hygro- scopic (carbonate of sodium is efflorescent, but carbonate of potassium is deliquescent). What is exsiccation ? Driving off water of crystallization by strongly heating (ex., Alumen Exsiccatum). Amorphous. — A non- crystalline substance. What is meant by the term mother liquor 1 The liquid drained from crystals after they have ceased to form. It frequently contains much of the substance in solu- tion. What difference is there in the mode of washing precipitates and crystals ? Crystals are usually washed with the smallest effective quantity of cold water ; precipitates, more copiously with warm water. How is a crystal bounded ? By plane surfaces symmetrically arranged with reference to certain imaginary lines passing through its centre; these lines are called axes. 56 ESSENTIALS OF PHAEMACY. How are crystalline forms systematically arranged? They are arranged differently by different authors. The following is one of the best systems of classification : — Crystals are arranged in six systems, based upon the num- ber and relations of axes, as follows : — Isometric System. — ^Three equal axes crossing at right angles (ex., cube). Tetragonal System. — Two axes equal, third unequal, all crossing at right angles (ex., square prism). Orthorhombic System. — Three unequal axes, but intersections all at right angles (ex., rectangular prism). Monoclinic System. — Three unequal axes, one intersection oblique (ex., oblique rectangular prism). Trielinie System. — Unequal axes all crossing obliquely (ex., oblique rhomboidal prism). Hexagonal System. — Three equal axes lying in one plane and intersecting at angles of 60°, and a fourth axis crossing each of the others at right angles and longer or shorter (ex., hexagonal prism). By the truncation and bevelment of the angles and edges of these fundamental forms a vast variety of secondary forms are produced. What is meant by cleavage ? The tendency to break or cleave along certain planes. How may the form of a crystal be determined ? In two ways : First, by the regularity of its internal struc- ture or molecular arrangement, as shown by cleavage and the polarization of transmitted light, and, second, by the regu- larity of external form which follows under favorable condi- tions, as a necessary consequence of symmetry in arrangement of the molecules. (For the proper elucidation of the subject of crystallography see Dana's Text Book of Mineralogy.) PROCESSES REQUIRING HIGH HEAT. 57 How may very large and perfect crystals be formed ? From cold saturated solutions by slow evaporation ; small crystals are made from rapid cooling of supersaturated solu- tions. What is granulation ? The process of rapidly stirring a solution of a crystalline salt during evaporation until all the liquid is expelled. The residue is a granular powder composed of broken crystals. Processes Requiring High Heat. What inorganic substances are made by sublimation ? Corrosive sublimate, calomel, chloride of ammonia, iodine, sulphur, etc. What two kinds of sublimate are there ? Powder sublimate and cake sublimate. (For process of Sublimation, see Index.) What is ignition ? Ignition is the process of strongly heating either an organic or inorganic substance, with access of air, the residue left being sought. What is incineration ? Incineration is a process similar to ignition ; it is applied to organic substances, with a view to burning the carbona- ceous principles, converting them into carbon dioxide, which usually remains in the ash combined with an alkali present. What is calcination or dehydration? It is the process of strongly heating inorganic crystalline substances, with a view to the removal of water, CO 2, or other volatile constituents, (ex., magnesia). What is fusion ? Fusion is the process of liquefying either organic or inor- ganic substances by heat, (ex., melting of wax). 58 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. What is torrefaction or roasting? It is the process of heating organic substances to change their qualities, by modifying certain constituents without altering others, (ex., torrefied rhubarb). What is deflagration ? Deflagration is a process of heating one inorganic substance with another capable of yielding oxygen (permanganates, chlorates, nitrates, etc.) which produces sudden combustion without explosion. What is reduction ? A process of reducing inorganic substances to obtain a lower degree of combination, or the element itself, by the aid of some reducing agent (ex., reduced iron). What is oxidation? It is the process of heating with access of air, inorganic substances having a strong affinity for oxygen, which they absorb from the air or chemical compounds (ex., zinc oxide). What is carbonization ? Carbonization is the process of heating organic substances without access of air, until volatile products are driven off and a charred residue remains, having a black color like charcoal (ex., charcoal). PHARMACY— PRACTICAL AND THEO- RETICAL. Give briefly a history of the United States Pharmacopoeia. Previous to 1820 European pharmacopoeias had been the principal authority in the U. S. A small volume of formula was printed in Boston in 1778 ; the text was Latin. It did not come into general use. The present U. S. P. grew out of PRACTICAL AND THEORETICAL. 59 a plan for a National Pharmacopoeia submitted to the N. Y. Medical Society by Lyman Spalding in 1817. The material for the prospective work was to be contributed by various districts — northern, southern, central, and western — of the U. S. These divisions were to hold conventions for the col- lection and arrangement of material to constitute a pharma- copoeia. At a general convention all were to be consolidated. From the union of the northern and central districts the work was finally accomplished, and in 1820 the pharmacopoeia published. The work has been revised each decade since this time. The manner of calling together the conventions, and other details, for revision is ftilly described in the pharma- copoeia itself. Wliat does the study of pharmacy include ? It largely embraces the study of the Pharmacopoeia, the commentaries (dispensatories) upon it, and text-books relating to various branches of sciences necessary to its proper com- prehension. What is a pharmacopoeia? A pharmacopoeia is considered an authoritative guide to the physician and pharmacist regarding the crude drugs and their preparations. It fixes the identity and the standard of quality, purity, and strength of all medicinal substances by means of appropriate titles, definitions, working formulte and tests. In other countries the work is issued under govern- mental auspices, and therefore has a certain legal status. The U. S. P. has, like the others, a prestige and professional stand- ing ; its legal enforcement is more consistent with a repub- lican form of government. It is revised every ten years by a convention of delegates representing the medical and phar- maceutical professions. (A dispensatory is a commentary upon one or more phar- macopoeias.) 60 ESSENTIALS OP PHARMACY. What is meant by the terms official and officinal ? By official is meant recognized by the Pharmacopoeia ; by officinal, duly authorized : these two terms, however, are fre- quently used synonymously by pharmacists. What may be said of the medicinal value of official and non- official drugs and preparations ? The medicinal value of any substance is not directly affirmed by a pharmacopoeia, and the absence of mention of any drug or preparation in the Pharmacopoeia should not be construed as casting any doubt as to the medicinal value of the same. How many drugs and medicinal substances of the Phanua- copceiahave no official preparations made from them? There are about 50. (See page 134, those names of drugs in Italics.) How may the value of official organic drugs be shown from a pharmaceutical standpoint ? The value of drugs from a pharmaceutical standpoint may be shown as follows: (1) Those entering in but one official preparation ; (2) those entering into two official prepara- tions, etc. Give a list of drugs according to the above classification. Organic Drugs.* Contained in one preparation only. (Parts of plants.) In the Form of Tincture. — Anisura ( Tr. Rhei Duk.), Arnicee Flor., Bryonia, Calendula, Carum (Co. Tr. Card.), Cinchona Eub. (Co. Tr. Cinch.), Crocus, Elaterinum, Humulus, Kino, Limonis Cortex (spirit), Mentha Piperita (spirit), Pyrethrum, Santalum Rubrum (Co. Tr. Lavend.), Styrax (Co. Tr. Bern.), Sumbul (Elaterin = Trituratio E.) Fluid Extract. — Apocynum, Aspidosperma, Asclepias, Bella- donna Eadix, Buchu, Castania, Calamus, Chimaphila, Cusso, * For constituents, active principles, etc., see pages 134-142. ORGANIC DRUGS. 61 Cypripedium, Coca, Dulcamara, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus, Guarana, Gossypii Radix, Geranium, Grindelia, Hamamelis, Pareira, Pilocarpus, Rubus, Rumex, Rhus Glabra, Sabina, Scutellaria, Senega, Spigelia, Stillingia, Strophanthus, Triti- cum,Viburnum Opulus, Viburnum Prunifolium, Xanthoxylum. Extract. — Colocynth, Euonymus, Hsematoxylon, Juglans (Ext. Coloey. enters : Co. Ext, Pit. Cath. Co. and P. Cath. Veg). Syrup. — A Ilium, Amygdala Amara, Rubus Idseus. In Conf. Senna. — Cassia Fistula,01. Coriand., Ficus, Prunum. Unclassified. — Aspidium {Oleoresiii), Aurantii Flor. (Water), Chrysarobinum (Ointmenf), Cetraria (Decoc.'), Fennel (Co, Powd. Glyoyrrh.), Gossypium (Pyroxylin), Mentha Viridis (Sp.), Piper ( Oleoresin), Sassafras Medulla (Mucilage), Sinapis Nigra (Charta Sinapis), Ulmus (Mucilage). Not Recognized as Parts of Plants. — Amylum (Glycerite), Cambogia (Co. Cath. Pills), Copaiba (Mass), Kino (Tr.), Manna (Inf. Senna Co.), Mastiche (Pil. Al. et Mas.), Scam- monium (Co. Cath. Pills), Terebinth. Canad. (Collod. Flex). Various Essential Oils. — Anise, Carum, Gaultheria, Lavan- dula, Myristica, Pimenta, Sassafras, Sinapis. Fixed Oils. — Amygdalae Expressum (Ung. Aquce Roscb), 01. Lini (Liniment Calcis). Contained in two preparations. (Parts of plants.) Aloe Socotrina(^foe Purif, Ext.), Amygdala Dulcis (Emuls., Syr.), Aurantii Dulcis Cortex (Syr., Tr.), Belladonna Folia (Al- coh. Ext., Tr.), Calumba (Fl. Ext., Tr.), Chirata (Fl. Ext, Tr.), Conium {^E.vt., Fl. Ext.), Ergota (see page 62), Galla (IV., Oint), Gelsemium (Fl. E.rt., Tr.), Iris (E.vt, Fl. E.ii.), Lep- tandra {E.rt., Fl. E.vt.). Lobelia (Fl. Ex., Tr.), Matico (Fl. Ex., Tr.), Nux Vom. [£.(■;., Fl. Ext. (Tr.)'], Physostigma (E.rt., Tr.), Sanguinaria (Fl. Ext, Tr.), Senega (Fl. E.rt., Co. Syr. Squill), Taraxacum (Evt., Fl. E.rt.), Uva Fi-si (Ext., Fl. E.vt.), Vanilla (Trooh. Iron, Tr.), Veratrum Viride (Fl. Ext., Ti:). 62 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. Not Recognized as Parts of Plants. — Ammoniaci {Emvls. Ammoniac., Emp. Amm. cum Hg.), Catechu {Troch., Co. 3V.), Lupulin {Fl. Ext, Oleoresin), Fix Liquida {Syr., Oint), 01. Foeniculi (Aqua, Co. Sp. Junip), 01. Gossypii" {lAn. Ammon., Lin. Camph.), 01. Juniperi, 01. Rosmarin {Soap Lin., Go. Tr. Lavand.), 01. Terebinthinse, 01. Linionis {Sp. Aurant. Co., Sp. Limonis), 01. Mentha Viridis {Sp., Aqua). Contained in three preparations. (Parts of Plants.) Aoonitum {Ext, FL Ext, Tr.). Althaea {Syr., Mass Hg., Pil. Phosphori), Capsicum {Tr., Fl. Ext, Oleoresin), Caryophyllus ( Co. Tr. Lavend., Ar. Tr. Rhei, Vin. Opii), Cannabis Indica {Tr., Ext, Fl. Ext), Cimicifuga {Ext, Fl. Ext, Tr.), Colchici Semen {Tr., Fl. Ext, Wine), Cubeba {Fl. Ext., Oleores., Tr.), Colchici Radix {Ext, Fl. Ext, Wine), Gentiana {Co. Tr., Fl. Ext, Ext), Hydrastis {Ext, Glycerit., Tr.), Hyoscyami {Fl. Ext, Ext, Tr.), Jalap {Ext, Co. Pulv., Redn), Krameria {Tr., Fl. Ext, Ext), Mezereum {Fl. Ext, Fl. E. Sars. Co., Decoc. Sarsa. Co.), Podophyllum {Ext, Fl. Ext, Resin), Prunus Virginiana {Fl. Ext, Inf., Syr.), Quassia {Tr., Ext, FLExt.), Serpentaria {Tr., Co. Tr. Cinch., Fl. Ext), Stramonii Semen {Tr., Ext., Fl. Ext.), Valeriana {Amman. Tr., Fl. Ext, Tr.), Ergota {Ext., Fl. Ext, Wine). Not Recognized as Parts of Plants. — Benzoinum {Co. Tr., Tr., Adeps JBenz.), Guaiaci Resina {Tr. Ammon., Tr., Co. Pil. Antim.), 01. Aurantii Corticis ( Comp. Spirit, Sp., Bay Rum), 01. Cinnamomi ( Water, Sp., Arom. Sulph. Add), 01. Lavan- dulae Flor. ( Co. Tr. Lav., Sp. Ammon. Arom., Ung. Diachylon), 01. Olivse {Enters S plasters 2 ointments and 1 cerate), 01. Ricini {Collod. Flexile, Lin. Sinapis Co., Ung. Hyd. Ox. Rub., and Pil. Ant Co. Contained in four preparations. (Parts of plants.) Aurantii Amari Cortex {Fl. Ext, Tr., Co. Tr. Cinch., Co. Tr. Cent), Cinchona Flava {Ext, Fl. Ext, Infus., Tr.), Digitalis - {Ext., Fl. Ext, Inf., Tr.), Ipecacuanhse {Fl. Ext, Troch., Pulv. OEGANIC DRUGS. 63 Ip. et Opii, Troch. Morph. et Ipecac), Rosa Gallica (Fl. Ext , Honey, Conjee. Rosa, Pil. Aloes et Mastic), Sarsaparilla ( Go. Decoc, Fl. Ext, Co. Fl. Ext., Co. Syr.), Scilla ( Vinegar, Fl. Ext, Tr., Co. Syr. Squill). Not Recognized as Parts of Plants. — Asafoetida {Emuls., Pill, Tr., Pil Al. et Asa/.), Pix Burgundica (Emplas., Emp. Pieis cum Cantharid., Emp. Ferri, Emp. Opii). Contained in five preparations. Cinnamomum (C. Cassia — 2V. Card. Co., Tr. Catechu Co., Tr. Lavandul Co.; C. Zelanicum — Pulv. Arom., Tr. Cinna- momi), Myristica {Pulv. Arom., Co. Tr. Lavand., Tr. Rhei. Arom., Troch. Cretoe, Troch. Sod. Bicarh.), Myrrha ( Tr., Mist. Fe. Co., Pil.Al et Myrrh, Tr. Al et Myrrh., Pil Rhei Co.), Senna (Conf., Fl Ext, Co. Inf., Syr., Co. Pulv. Glyeyrrh.), Zingiber (Fl Ext, Oleores., Tr., Pulv. Arom., Pulv. Rhei Co.), Resina (Cerate, Emplas., Emp. Arnicm, Emp. Capsici, Emp. Sydrarg.). Contained in seven preparations. Cardamomum (Tr., Co. Tr., Pulv. Arom., Ext. Coloey. Co., Tr. Gent Co., Tr. Rhei, Tr. Rhei Dulc). Contained in eight preparations. Rheum (Ext, Fl Ext, Pill, Pil Rhei Co., Pulv. Rhei Co., Tr., Tr. Rhei Arom., Tr. Rhei Dulc). Contained in nine preparations. Acacia (3Iucil, Emuls. Almond, Mist Glyeyrrh. Co., Pil lod. Iron, Pil Phos. Co., Pulv. Cretce Co., Troch. Cretoe, Troch. Cuheh, Troch. Glyeyrrh. et Opii), Camphora (Aqua, Linim., Sp; Lin. Saponis, Tr. Opii Camph., Lin. Bellad., Lin. Sinapis Co., Lin. Chloroformi, Pulv. Morph. Co.), Tragacanth (Mucil, Troch. Add. Tannic, Troch. Ammon. Chlor., Tro. Catechu, Tro. Ipecac, Tro. Krameria, Tro. Potass. Chlor., Tro. Santonini, Tro. Zingib. ; also in Pil Ferri Curb.). Contained in ten preparations. Aloe Purificata (Ext Coloey. Co., Pill, Pil Al et Asafoetida, Pil Al et Ferri, Pil Al et Mastiches, Pil Al et Myrrh, Pil 64 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. Shei Co., Tr. Aloes, Tr. Al. et. Myrrh, Tr. Bern. Co.), Opium {Acetum, Ext, Opmm Beodorat, Pill, Pulv. Ip. et Opii, Tr., Tr. Opii Camph., Tr. Opii Dead., Troch. Glycyrrh. et Opii, Vinum. Contained in eleven preparations. Glycyrrhiza (Fl. Ext, Pure Ext, Co. Pulv., Ammon. Gly- eyrrhizin, Go. Decoc. Sars., Go. Fl. Ext Sarsap., Mass Hydrarg., Pil. lod. Iron., Co. Powd. Morph., Co. Syr. Sarsap., Tr. Rhei Dula.). Give a synopsis of official preparations. Dry preparations (made by simple trituration) : — Powders and Triturations. NoN- Alcoholic : — Waters; Solutions; Infusions; Decoctions; Syrups; Honeys; Mucilages ; Mixtures ; Glycerites, Vinegars and Emulsions. Alcoholic and Ethereal : — Wines ; Tinctures ; Elixirs ; Spirits ; Fluid Extracts and Oleoresins. Solids and Semi-Solids : — Extracts ; (Resinoids) ; Eesins ; Masses ; Pills ; Troches and Confections. Unctuous and other Preparations for Local Ap- plications. Liniments; Collodions and Oleates; Ointments; Cerates; Suppositories ; Plasters and Papers. OFFICIAL PREPAEATIONS (Dry Powders). Pulveres, Powders (9 ofi'.) consist of dry substances in a pulverized condition. The various ingredients are triturated until thoroughly mixed. Name the official powders and percentage of ingredients.* Pulvis Antimonialis — James' Powder — Ant. ox. 33, Ca. * The figures immediately following the name of ingredient visually indicate the percentage of that ingredient in the preparation. NON-ALCOHOLIC PREPARATIONS. 65 ppt. phos. 67). P. Aromaticus (Cin. 35, Ginger 35, Card. 15, Nutmeg 1 5). Creta Compositus (Chalk 30, Acac. 20, Sugar 50). EfFervescens Compositus — Seidlitz Powder^(Siod. Bic. 31 Gm., Sal Koch. 93 Gm., Acid Tart. 27 Gm ; 12 powders, blue and white wrappers.^Seidlitz Mix.* gr. 160, in blue paper ; Acid Tart., gr. 35, in white). Glycyrrhiza Compositus (Sen. 18, Glycyrr. Pulvis 23.6, 01. Fennel .4, Sulph. lot. 8, Sugar 50). Ipeeacuanhie et Opii — Dover's Powder — (Ip., Op. aa 10, Sacch. Lac. 80). JalapseCompositus(Jal. 35,Cr.Tart. 65). Morphinse Compositus — Tully's Powder- — (Morph. Sulph. l,t Camph. 19, Glycyrr. 20, Ca. carb. ppt. 20). Rhei Compositus (Rhub. 25, Magn. 65, Ginger 10). Triturationes. Triturations are mixtures of finely triturated medicinal substances and sugar of milk ; strength, 10 per cent, of medic- inal substance (Ex., Trituratio Elaterini). Non-Alcoholic Preparations. Aqu.e, Waters (18 oflf"., including Distilled Water). Volatile substances in aqueous solution. Prepared by solu- tion in cold and in hot water ; by filtration through impreg- nated powder, impregnated absorbent cotton J and by distil- lation. Name the official waters and their ingredients. From Volatile Oils, etc. — Amygd. Amar. 0.1 ; Anise .2 ; Cin- namon .2 ; Foeniculi .2 ; Menth. Pip. .2 ; ]M. Vir. .2; Creosote 1 ; Camph. 0.8 ; Chloroform (saturated aqueous solution). From Gases. — Ammon. 10 ; Ammon. Fort. 28 ; Chlori, satu- rated ; Hydrogenii Dioxidi 3. From Flowers.— Xurnnt. Flor., A. Fl. Fort, Rosse, R. Fort. « Sold. Mix. = Sal. Eoch. 3, Sod. Bicarb. 1. t 1-6 per cent. t It^SO, Absorbent Cotton ; 1890, Precip. Phos. lime (usual percentage being .4). 5 66 ESSENTIALS OF PHAKMACY. LiQUOKES. Solutious (24 oif ). Non-volatile, chiefly inorganic substances in aqueous solu- tion, one as chloroformic solution of Gutta-percha (9 per cent., U. S. P., 1880). Give their official names, ingredients and percentage. They may be classified for study as follows : — Arsenical. — Liq. Acidi Arsenosi ; Arseni et Hydrargyri lodidi (^Donovcm' s Solution) ; Sodii Arsenatis ; Potassii Arse- nitis (Foivler's Solution), each containing 1 per cent, arsenic. Alkaline and Earthy. — Liq. Calcis (saturated) ; Potassse 5 ; Sodffi 5 ; Ammonii Acetatis (neutral);* Pot. Citratis (neutral sol.) ; Sodse Chloratse (Labarraque's Solution), 2.6 per cent, available CI ; Sodii Silicatis (nearly saturated) ; Magnes. Cit. (Effervescent Solution of Citrate (jf Magnesia). Jron.-Liq. Ferri Acetatis 31 ; F. Chloridi 37:8 ; F. Cit. 43 ; F. Nitratis 6.2 ; F. Subsulphatis 43.7 (Monsel's Solution) ; F. Tersulphatis 28.7 ; F. et Amm. Acet.f Lead, Mercury, and Zinc. — Liq. PlumbiSubacetatis Dilu- tus .75 ; X. Plumbi Subacet. 25 ; Hydrargyri Nitratis 60 ; Liq. Zinci Chloridi (Burnett's Disinfecting Fluid) 50 (?). Miscellaneous. — L. lodi Compositus (I 6 KI 10) (Lugol's Solution). Infusa, Infusions (4 off., see also page 89). Name the official infusions giving percentage of ingredients. With Boiling Water. — Digitalis (Dig. 1.5, Alcohol 10, Aq. Cinnam. 15, Aq. Bulliens 50, Aq. 25) ; Senn£e Compositus —Black Draught— (Senna 6, Manna 12, Mag. Sulph. 12, Fennel 2). Percolation. — Inf. Cinchonae (Cinch. 6, Arom. Sulph. Acid) ; Pruni Virginianae 4. Decocta, Decoctions (see also page 39). * Contains 5 parts Ammon. Cavb., 100 parts Dil. Acet. Acid, t Basham's Mixture: Tr. Ferri Chlor., Liq. Amm. Acet., etc. X Contains 3 per cent. Liq. Plumbi Subacetatis. NON-ALCOHOLIC PREPARATIONS. 67 Name the official decoctions, and percentage of ingredients. Decoctum Cetrarise 5 ; Sarsaparillse Compositum (Sar. 10, Sas. 2, Guaiac Lig. 2, Glycyrr. 2, Mezereum 1). Of what strength should an infusion or decoction be made whose strength is not indicated by the Pharmacopoeia or by the physician ? Five per cent Syrups (32 off.), Syrupus, Sugar 85, Dist. Water q. s. ft. 100). Name the official syrups, and percentage of ingredients. They may be classified as follows (^figures indicating per- centages ; solidb by iveight. liquids by volume) : — Of Inorganic or Crystalline Substances. — Syrupus Calcis (Lime 6.5) ; Acidi Citrici (Cit. Acid .10, Sp. Lemon .10) ; Calcii Lactophosphatis (Ca. phos ppt. 2.5, Lac. Acid 6., Orange Flower 2.5, Phosphoric Acid 3.6) ; Ferri lodidi (Iron 2.5, Iodine 8.3, Syrup and Distilled Water q. s. ft, 100); Ferri, Quiniuse et Strychnine Phosphatum (Fe. phos. 2, Quin. Sulph. 3, Strychnine, .02, Acid. Phos. 4.8) ; Hypophosphitum (Hypo- phosphites Ca 4.5, Na 1.5, K 1.5, Sugar 50, Spt. Lemon .5) ; Hypophosphitum cum Ferro (Fe. Lact. 1, K Cit. 1, Syr. Hypophosphites 98) ; Acidi Hydriodici (Absol. HI Acid 1). Organic Substances. — (a) Made by the addition of Fluid Extract or Tincture tc simple syrup or sugar and water. Ipecacuanhse 7. ; Kramerife 45; Lactucarii* 10; Rosse 12.5; Rubi 25 ; Senegse 20 (and Aq. Amm. .5) ; Zingiberis * 3. (b) Others containing but one medicinal substance. Acacife (Mucil. 25) ; Allii (Garlic 20, Dil. Acet. Acid q. s.) ; Scillse (Acet. Scillre 45) ; Althtea 5 ; Pruni Virginianse 15 (and Glycerine 15) ; Rhei (F. E. 10, K.COs 1, Sp. Cinn. * Ca. Phos. Ppt. is used in making these syrups. Tincture (not FI. Ext.) is used in Syrup of Lactucarium ; Bals. Tolu and Alcohol in Syr. Tolu. 68 ESSENTIALS OF PHAEMACY. .4) ; Sennre 25 (and Alcohol 15, 01. Coriand. .5) ; Amygdalse (Sweet 14, Bitter 4) ; Limouis (1880; L. Juice 40, Lemon Peel 2) ; Aurantii (Sweet Or. Peel 5) ; Aurantii Florum (Or. Fl. Water q. s.) ; Picis Liquidse 7.5 ; Tolutanus * 1 ; Rubi Idsei (Sugar, with fermented and filtered raspberry juice). (e) Complex or Compound Syrups. — Rhei Aromaticus (Arom. Tr. Rhei 15) ; Sarsaparillae Compositus (Fluid Ex- tracts of: Sarsap. 20, Glycyrrh. l.o, Senna 1.5; Oils of: Sas- saf. .01, Anise .01, Gaulth. .01) ; Scillse Compositus* (Fluid Extracts : Sq. 8, Senega 8, Tart. Ant. .2, Ppt. Phos. Ca. 1). MellitjE, Honeys (3 off.). Name the official honeys, and percentage of ingredients. Mel ; Mel Despumatum ; Mel Rosse (Fl. Ext. Rose 12, Clarified Honey 88, by weight). MuciLAGiNES, Mucilages (4 off.). Solutions of gums or mucilaginous principles. Name the official mucilages, and percentage of ingredients. Mucilago Acacise 34 + water ; Sassafras Medullse, 2 ; Traga- canthse 6 (and Glycerine 18 + heat) ; Ulmi 6 (digest on water-bath one hour). MiSTURJ]:, Mixtures (8 off. with the Emulsions). Aqueous preparations holding in suspension insoluble mat- ter. (This definition in a sense applies also to " Emulsum," see below.) In extemporaneous pharmacy how is the term mixture used in its broad sense ? It is applied to every fluid compound intended for internal use, unless it have a distinctive title, as tincture, fluid extract, etc. * Ca. Phos. Ppt. is used in making these syrups. Tincture (not Fl. Ext.) is used in Syrup of Lactucarium ; Bals. Tolu and Alcohol in Syr. Tolu. NON-ALCOHOLIC PEEPAEATIONS. 69 What are Emulsions ? Name those official. Milky mixtures of oil, resin, etc. with water. Emulsum Ammoniacum 4 ; E. Aniygdalffi (Sweet Almonds 6, Acacia 1, Sugar 3) ; E. Assafcetida 4 ; E. Chloroformi (Chloroform 4, 01. Amygdalffi Expressum 6, Tragacanth 1.5). How were these preparations classified in the Pharmacopoeia of 1880? The emulsions were all placed under the head of mixtures, as Mistura Assafcetida, etc. Mention the official mixtures of the TJ. S. P., 1890, and per- centage of ingredients. Cretffi— (Pulv. Crette Co. 20, Aq. Cin. 40, Aq. 40) ; Ferri, Composita— (Fe. Sulph. .6, Pot. Carb. .8, Myrrh 1.8, Sug. 1.8, Sp. Lav. 6, Aq. Rosse q. s.) ; Glycyrrhizse Co., " Brown Mixture " (Pure Extract Licorice 3, Syrup 5, Mucil. Acacia 10, Tr. Opii Camph. 12, Vin. Antimony 6, Sp. ^th. Xit. 3, Water q. s. ft. 100) ; Rhei et Sodse (Sod. Bicarb. 3.5, Fl. Ext. Rhei 1.5, Fl. Ext. Ipecac. .3 Glycerin 35, Sp. Peppermint 3.5, Water q. s. ft. 100). Glycekita, Glycerites (6 off.). Name the glycerites, and percentage of ingredients. Glyceritum Acidi Carbolici (Carb. Acid 2, Glycerin 8); Acidi Tannici (Tannic Acid 2, Glycerin 8) ; Amyli (Starch 1, Water 1, Glycerin 8) ; Boroglycerini (Boric Acid 31, Glyce- rine q. s. ft. 100 with prolonged heat at about 150° C.) ; Hydrastis (Hyd. 100, Glyc. 50, Ale. and Aq. q. s. 100) ; Vitelli (Vitelli 45, Glyc. 55). AcETA, Vinegars (2 off.). Made by treating certam drugs with a menstruum of diluted acetic acid. Mention the official vinegars, Acetum Opii, " Black Drop " (Opium 10, Nutmeg 3, Sugar 20, Diluted Acetic Acid q. s. ft. 100) ; Scillte (squill 10, Diluted Acetic Acid q. s. ft. 100). 70 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. Alcoholic and Ethereal Preparations. Vina, Wines (10 off.) Differ from tinctures in that the menstruum is white wine, to which is added -from 10 to 15 per cent, of alcohol. Give the percentage of alcohol in the official simple wines. Vinum Album (Dry White Wines, such as California Riesling, Ohio Catawba, etc.), 10-14 ; Vinum Rubrum (Dry Red Wine, Such as Native Claret, Burgundy, etc.), 10-14. Give the percentage of ingredients in the medicated wines. Vinum Antimonii (Antim. et Pot. Tart. .4, Boiling Dist. Water 6.5, Alcohol 15, White Wine q. s. ft. 100) ; Colchici Rad. 40. (Colchici Seminis (Colch. 15, Ale. 15) ; Ergotse (Ergot 15, Ale. 15) ; Ferri Amarum (Bitter Wine of Iron), Soluble Citrate of Iron and Quinine 5, Tincture Sweet Orange Peel 15, Syrup 30) ; Ferri Citratis (Citrate of Iron and Ammonia 4, Tincture of Sweet Orange Peel 15, Syrup 10) ; Ipecacuanha (Fl. Ext. 10, Ale. 10) ; Opii (Op. 10, Cassia 1, Cloves 1, Ale. 15). ■ TiNCTURA, Tinctures (72 off.). Alcoholic solutions of non-volatile substances (exception Tr. lodi). What is the general process for making tinctures? They are prepared usually by percolating a drug with alco- hol of different strengths. To some Glycerine is added. Classify tinctures according to menstruum, and state the per- centage of ingredients in each. (a) Alcohol. — Asafoetidse 20,* Aurantii Dulcis 20, Benzoini, 20, Bryonise 10, Calendulas 20, Cannabis Indices 15, Canthar- idis 5, CimicifugsB 20, Cubebse 20, Herbarium Recentium 50, Guaiaci 20, lodi 7, Myrrhse 20, Physostigmatis 15, Pyrethri 20, Tolutanse 10, Veratri Viridis 40, Zingiberis 20. (b) Alcohol 95, Water 5. — Capsici 5. * The figures immediately following the drug indicate the percentage of the drug in the tincture. ALCOHOLIC AND ETHEREAL PREPARATIONS. 71 (e) A. 75, W. ;.-'J.— Seillre 15, VnlerianEe 20. (rf) A. 70, W. Jft— Aconiti ^5. (e) A. So, W. 65.— Quassia 10, Quillaja, 20. (/) A. do, W. ^'J.— ArniciB Radicis io, Chirata; 10, Gel- semii 15, Serpentar. 10, Stroplianthus 5, Sumbul 10, Vanillse 10 (+ Sugar 20). (g) A. 60, W. -^0.— Aurantii Amari 20, CalumbEe 10, Col- chici Seminis 15. (K) Dihdt'd Alcohol — Aloes 10 (Licorice 20), Arnicfe Flo- rum 20, Belladonna? Foliorura 15, Cardamomi 10, Croci 10, Digitalis 15, Hamuli 20, Hydrastis 20, Hyoscyami 15, Krame- ria 20, Lobelia 20, Matico 10, Stramonii Seminis 15, Musk 5. Name and classify special tinctures which cannot well be included in the above classification. (o) Tinctures containinc/ Glycerine. — Cincbonte 20 (A. 67.5, W. 25, G. 7.5), CiunamomilO (A. 75, W. 20, G. 5), Galhi? 20 (A. 90, G. 10), Lactucarii 50 (A. 50, W. 20, G. 25, Dil. Ale. q. s. ; first macerate and percolate the L. with Benzine), Rbei (R. 10, Card. 2, G. 10, A. 60, W. 30), Kino 10 (A. Qr-,, W. 20,.G. 15). (b) Assayed All'afoidal Tinctures. — NucisYomicfe (contains 2 per cent, of Ext., which cout. 15 per cent, of Alk.), A. 3, W. 1, Opii (Op. 10, Ppt. Phos. Calc. 5, Dil. Ale. ; should assay 1.3 to 1.5 per cent, of crystallized Morphine), Opii Deo- dorati (Op. 10, A. 20, W. 80 ; first treat the aqueous liquid ext. with Ether; should assay same as tincture). (c) Compound Tinctures. — Aloes et ]\Iyrrhre (Al. 10, My. 10, Licorice 10 ; A. 75, W. 25), Beuzoini Composita (Bz. 12, Aloes Purif 2, Storax 8, Bals. Tolu 4, Ale), Cardamomi Composita (Card. 2, Cinn. 2, Caraway 1, Cochineal .5, Glycer. 5, Dil. Ale), Catechu Composita (Cat. 10, Cinn. 5, Dil. Ale), Cinchona Composita (Red Cinch. 10, B. Or. Peel 8, Serpen- tar. 2 ; A. 85, "W. 7.5, G. 7.5), Gentiana Composita (Gen. 10, B. Or. Peel 4, Card. 1 ; A. 60, W. 40), Ipecacuanha et Opii (Tr. Op. Deod. 100, evaporate to 80, add Fl. Ext. Ip. 10 ; 72 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. Dil. AIc. q. s.), Lavandula Composita (Oils of: Lav. 0.8, Rosemary 0.2; Cinnam. 2, Cloves 0.5, Nutmeg 1, Red Saun- ders 1 ; A. 70, W. 26, Dil. Ale. q. s.), Opii Camphorata (Op. 0.4, Camph. 0.4, Benz. Acid 0.4, Anis, 0.4, Glycerine 4. ; Dil. Ale), Rhei Aromatica (Rh. 20, Cinn. 4, Cloves 4, Nutmeg 2 ; A. 5, W. 4, G. 1), Rhei Dulcis (Rh. 10, Licor. 4, Anise 4, Card. 1 ; A. 5, W. 4. G. 1). (d) Containing Ammonia. — Guaiaci Ammoniata 20; Vale- rianae Ammoniata 20 (Mens. Sp. Ammon. Arom.). (e) Menstruum Add. — Sanguinarise (San. 15, Acetic Acid 2, A. 60, W. 40). (/) Metallic— Ferri Chloridi (Liq. Fer. Chi. 25, A. 75). Elixiria, Elixirs (2 off.). Sweet cordials containing medicinal ingredients: Elixir Aromaticum (Comp. Sp. Orange 1.2, Syrup 37.5, Precip. Phos. Ca. 1.5, Deod. Ale. and Dist. Aq. q. s. ft. 100). This preparation serves as a pleasant and palatable vehicle for medicinal substances. Elixir Phosphori (Sp. Phosphorus, 21) 01. Anis. 0.2, Glycerin 55, Arom. Elix. q. s.to 100). Spiritus, Spirits (25 off.). Alcoholic solutions of volatile substances, either solid, liquid or gaseous. Name the official spirits, and percentage of ingredient. Aromatics. — Anisi (01. Anisi 10) ; Aurantii (01. Peel 5) ; Camphorse 10 ; Chloroform! 6 ; Gaultheria (01. 5) ; Juniperi (01. 5) ; Juniperi Compositus (Oil of Juniper .4, Caraway .05 Fennel .05) ; Lavendulse (01. Lav. 5) ; Limonis, Essence of Lenwn (01. 5, Peel 5) ; Menthae Piperitse, Essence of Pepper- mint (01. Peppermint 10, Peppermint 1) ; Menthse Viridis, Ess. of Spearmint (01. Spearmint 10, Spearmint 1) ; Myrcise, Bay Rum (Oil of Myrcia 16, 01. Or. Peel 1, Pimento 1, in 2000) ; Myristicse, Essence of Nutmeg (01. Nutmeg 5) ; Amyg- dalae Amarse 1 ; Aurant. Co. (Oils of: Orange 20, Lem. 5, ALCOHOLIC AND ETHEREAL PREPARATIONS. 73 Coriand. 2, Anis .5) ; Cinnamomi 10; Glonoini (Nitroglycerin) 1 ; Phosphori. .12 (iu Absol. Ale). Onide Alcohols. — Frumenti ; Vini Gallici. Ethereal.— ^iheris (Strong Ether 32.5) ; ^Etheris Composi- tus (Strong Ether 32.5, Ethereal Oil 2.5) ; ^theris Nitrosi (should yield not less than 11 times its own vol. of NO). Containing Ammonia. — Ammonise (NH3 10 per cent.) ; Ammonije Aromaticus (Amm. Garb. 3.4, Water of Amm. 9 Oils of Lemon 1, Lavender Flowers .1, Nutmeg .1). ExTRACTA Fluida, Fluid extracts (88 off.). Concentrated tinctures of vegetable drugs of definite strength. 100 grams of the drug are taken and the product is made up to 100 c.c, hence 1 c.c. represents 1 gram of the drug, or, approximately, 1 minim represents a grain. They are made by careful percolation, a fraction of which is evaporated, etc. What is meant by reserved percolate ? In making Fl. Ex., the 1st 70 to 90 per cent, of the perco- late obtained is called the " reserve percolate ;" it contains most all the virtues of the drug ; no heat is applied to it. It is reserved to be added to the concentrated second percolate. What is meant by the second percolate ? After obtaining a reserve percolate the percolation of the drug is continued till exhausted ; the liquid resulting from the latter is called second percolate. How is concentration effected in making fluid extracts ? Concentration is effected by evaporating (at a low temper- ature on a water-bath) the second percolate to a soft extract. This is added to the reserved percolate and the whole made up to the required bulk by adding sufficient quantity of the menstruum. What menstrna are more commonly used in making Fl. Ex. ? Alcohol, Diluted Alcohol, etc. (sometimes Glycerin is added>. 74 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. Name and classify the fluid extracts according to the men- strua used in their manufacture. (a) Alcohol. — Aroraaticum, Buchu, Calami, Cannabis In- dicse, Cap^ici, Cimicifugse, Cubebse, Cusso, Gelsemii, Grinde- lise, Iridis (versic), Lupulini, Mezerii, Sabinse, Veratri Viri- dis, Xanthoxyli, Zingiberis. (6) A. 80, W. ^C— Belladonnse Kadicis, Eriodictyi, Podo- phylli, Rhei, Serpentariae. (e) A. 75, W. 25. — Aconiti, Arnicse Eadicis, Calumbse, Guaranse, Eucalypti, Ipecacuanhse, Leptandree, Matico, Nucis Vomicae, Scillae, Stramonii Seminis, Valerianse, Viburni Opuli, Viburni Prunifolii. (d) A. 66i, W. 5Si.— Aurantii Amari, Chiratse, Colchici Radicis, Colchici Seminis, Digitalis, Hyoscyami, Menispermi, Phytolaccse Radicis. (e) Containing Glycerine.- — -Apocyni, A. 65, W. 25, G. 10 (finish with A. 65, W. 35), Aspidospermatis, A. 60, W. 30 (finish with A. 2, W. 1), Castanese (Concent. Aq. Decoc. 70, A. 20, G. 10), CinchouEB, A. 80, G. 20 (finish with A. 80, W. 20), Gossypii Eadicis, A. 75, G. 25 (finish with Ale), Hama- melidis, A. 50, W. 80, G. 10 (fiuish with A. 50, W. 80), Hydrastis, A. 60, W. 30, G. 10 (finish with A, 20. W. 10), Pareirffi, A. 72, W. 18, G. 10 (finish with A. 40, W. 10), Pruni Virginians, W. 20, G. 10 (fiuish with A. 85, W. 15), Eubi, A. 60, W. 30, G. 10 (finish with A. 2, W. 1), Uvse Ursi, A. 20, W. 50, G. 30 (finish with A. 20, W. 50), Dil. Ale. 90, G. 10 (Geranii, Rhois Glabrae, Kramerise and Rosse). (/) Diluted Alcohol. — Asclepiadis, Chimaphilse, Cocse, Con- vallariae, Cypripedii, Dulcamarse, Eupatorii, Gentianse, Sco- parii, Lappse, Lobelise, Pilocarpi, Rhamni Purshianse, Rumi- cis, Scutellariae, Sennae, Spigeliae, Stillingiae, Taraxaci. {g) Mendruum weaker thati Dil. Ale. — Frangulae, A. 50, "W. 80, SarsapariUse, A 33J, "W. 66*, Tritici (Boiling Water extractive 75, A. 25), Quassia, A. 30, W. 60. ALCOHOLIC AND ETHEREAL PREPARATIONS. 75 (h) Menstrmim Containing Add. — Conii (Acet. Acid 2, Dil. Ale. 98 ; finish with Dil. Ale), Ergots (Acet. Acid 2, Dil. Ale. 98; finish with Dil. Ale), Nucis Vomicae (Acet. Acid 5., A. 75, W. 25, to contain 1.5 per cent, of Alkaloid), Sanguinaria3 (Acet. Acid 5, A. 75, W. 25). (i) Containing Ammonia. — Glyeyrrhizse, Aq. Ammon. 5, A. 30, W. 65, Senega Aq. Ammon. 5, A. 75, W. 20 (finish with A. 75, W. 25). {h) Compound Fl. £■«<.— Sarsaparill^ Compositum (Sars. 75, Glycyr. 12, Sass. 10, Mezer. 3, A. 30, W. 60, G. 10. What assayed fluid extract is oflicial in U. S. P., 1890 ? Fluid Extract of Nucis Vomicae. The specific directions for assay are given in the U. S. P. under Extractum Nucis Vomicce. OLEO-REsiNiE, Olcoresin (6 off".). Made by extracting drug by means of stronger ether and distilling off" the ether ; the semi-fluid residue constitutes the oleoresin (Aspidium, Capsicum, Cubeb, Lupulin, Pepper, Ginger). Solids and Semi-solids. ExTRACTA, Extracts (32 ofi".). Semi-solid and solid preparations resulting from the evapo- ration of solutions of vegetable principles. Give an outline of the process by which they are made. The drug is extracted about as in fluid extracts. The sec- ond percolate is evaporated until its weight is 10 per cent, of the drug used, then mixed with the reserved percolate and the whole evaporated to a soft extract (pilular consistence). The temperature in no case should rise above 50° C. (122° F.). It is to be observed that in the present Pharmacopoeia glycerin is not in the extracts as formerly. Two extracts (Nux Vomica and Opium) are Assayed ExtrUcts. What menstrua are used in making extracts ? About the same as in fluid extracts. There are a number 76 ESSENTIALS OF PHAEMACY. of extracts, however, having water alone as the menstruum (see below). Name and classify extracts according to the menstruum used in their manufacture. (a) Alcohol. — Aeoniti, Cannabis Indicse, Cimicifugse, Iridis, Jalapse, Physostigmatis. (6) Diluted Alcohol. — Colocynthidis, Juglandis, Stramonii Seminis, Arnicse Radicis. (e) A. 80, W. ^0.— Podophylli, Rhei. {d) A. 75, W. 25. — Leptandrse, Cinchonse. (e) A. eei, W. SSJ.— Belladonnse Foliorum, Digitalis, Hyoscyami (finish with Dil. Ale), Euonymus. (/) A. W, W. 50.— Uvse Ursi. (jr) Water. — Aloes (Boiling W.), Gentianse, Glycyrrhizse Purum (+ Aq. Ammon. 15), Hsematoxyli, Kramerise, Quas- sise, Taraxaci (from root collected in autumn). (4) Containing Acetic Acid. — Colchici Radicis (Acet. Acid 3.5, W. q. s.), Conii (Acet. Acid 2, Dil. Ale. q. s.), Ergotse (by evaporating the Fl. Ext.). (i) Assayed Extracts. — Nucis Vomicse (Acet. Acid 5, A. 75, W. 25, Ext. diluted with Sugar of Milk to 15 per cent, of Alkaloid), Opii (Water q. s. ; Ext. diluted with Sugar of Milk to 18 per cent, of Alkaloid). What are the ingredients in extractum colocynthidis com- positum ? Ext. Colocy. 16, Aloes 50, Card. 6, Resin Scam. 14, Soap 14. What is an inspissated juice ? It is the expressed juice of the plant evaporated to a pilu- lar consistence (ex., Ext. Taraxaci). Absteacta, Abstracts (not official). An extract of the drug dried and so diluted with sugar of milk that its strength corresponds to twice that of the drug ALCOHOLIC AND ETHEEEAL PREPARATIONS. 77 or fluid extract (1 grain represents the soluble principles of 1 grain of the drug). Not ofi". in U. S. P., 1890. Give an outline of the process by which abstracts are pre- pared. The drug is exhausted by percolation with alcohol ; the concentrated percolate is mixed with sugar of milk and evaporated to dryness at 50° C. (122° F.) ; the product diluted with sugar of milk to the required weight (Nux Vomicae and Ignatite have A. 8, W. 1 as a menstruum, and Aconite has 2 per cent, of Tartaric Acid in its menstruum). (Others oiF. : Bellad., Conium, Digital., Hyos., Jalap, Podo- phyl.. Senega, Valerian). Off. in U. S. P., 1880. In what official preparations are chemical substances added to aid in extraction of the drug and to make the soluble principles more permanent ? In many preparations of Alkaloidal drugs acid is used as part of the menstruum. Acetic Acid (2 per cent.) is used in making Ex. Conii Fid. ; Aq. Ammon. (5 per cent.) in Ex. Glycyrrh. Fid. ; (5 per cent.) in Syr. Senegse ; Acetic Acid (3.5 per cent.) in Ex. Colchici Radicis. Resin^e, Resins (4 off.). (Resinoid is a name frequently employed to denote (dried) precipitates resulting from the addition of concentrated alcoholic tinctures to water.) Briefly state how the official resins are prepared. Resinse Copaibse (residue from distilled Balsam Copaibse) ; Jalapte (concentrated tincture precipitated by water) ; Podo- phylli (concentrated tincture precipitated by water, acidu- lated with HCI) ; Scammonii (concentrated tincture, made by digesting Scam, in boiling Ale, precipitated by water). Mass^, Pill Masses (3 off.), viz. : — Massa Copaibse = (Mg 0.6, Cop. 94) ; Massa Ferri Carbo- natis= (FeSO^ 100 parts, Na^CO, 100 parts, Honey 38, Sugar 78 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. 25) ; Massa Hydrarg. = (Hg 33, Glycyrrh. 5, Althese 25, Glycerin 3, Honey of Rose 34). Pilule, Pills (15 off.). Pill masses divided and fornied into convenient shape for administration. They should be made as small as possible, and a dose should not exceed 4 pills. What general rule is desirable in making pill masses ? The material should be well powdered and mixed in order to obtain uniformity of composition, and then the excipient should be added. What is an excipient, and what rule should be observed in the selection of excipients? The object of an excipient is mainly to give adhesiveness and plasticity to the mass, without interfering with solubility. The nature of the excipient must vary according to the mate- rial to be brought to the massive condition. Name some common excipients and briefly comment upon them. Water should be used with powders of a gummy nature. Syrup, Honey and Glucose should be used when only slight adhesiveness is required. Glycerine differs from the above, in that it keeps the masses plastic, but is too hygroscopic to be used alone. Mucilage Acacia, Glycerite of Starch, Tragacanth Paste (made with glycerine and water), etc., are excellent adhesive excipients for friable, non-adhesive powders and crystalloids. How can camphor, resinous and oily substances be formed into pills? By the use of special adhesive pastes, soap and skillful use of heat. What excipients are useful with oxidizable substances ? Resin Cerate, Cocoa Butter, Petrolatum, etc. ALCOHOLIC AND ETHEREAL PREPARATIONS. 79 Briefly describe how au official pill should be made and dis- pensed. The mass is made into a cylindrical roll ; it is then cut by a pill machine, or otherwise, into the requisite number of parts, each of which is rolled into a spherical form by rotary motion between the thumb and finger. Before dispensing, they are dusted with a suitable powder (lycopodium, rice-fiower, althese, or powdered licorice root). A very good powder is composed of starch, rice-flower, aa gss ; sach. alb., gij ; acacia, 5J. Mention the official pills in which water is used. Aloes ; Aloes et Asafoetida ; Asafcetida ; Opii ; Rhei ; Aloes et Mastiche ; Catharticse Compositae ; Rhei Compositus ; Ca- tharticse Vegetabiles. Mention those in which adhesive material is added. Syrup, etc. : Aloes et Myrrhse ; Ferri Carbonatis (Blaud's Pills). Confection of Rose : Aloes et Ferri. Castor oil : Antimonii Comp. — Tolu-coated : Ferri lodidi ; Phosphori. Give a formula for a gelatine coating solution. Best French Gelatine, 2i oz., av. ; Aq. Dest., f§vij. Mace- rate until gelatine softens. Solve by water-bath and add Powd. Boric Acid, ^ij ; then slowly add mucilage acacia, |ij, and strain. How are dried powders made into compressed pills ? Compressed Pills may be made extemporaneously by the use of any of the so-called compressed-pill machines. The simplest form consists of a cast-steel hollow cylinder, into the bottom of which is set a closely-fitting removable post. The powder is placed in the cylinder, and, by the use of a cylin- drical plunger and strong mallet, the powder is compressed by a heavy blow. The lenticular pill thus formed is removed by removing the bottom post and striking a blow on the plun- ger sufficiently heavy to drive the pill through. Trochisci, Troches (15 off.). 80 ESSENTIALS OF PHAEMACY. Lozenges of medicinal substances incorporated with sugar or extract of licorice, made by adding excipients to masses, divided and formed into flat, circular, oblong, etc., pieces, usually weighing from 10 to 20 grains. How are troches prepared ? By incorporating the ingredients into a plastic mass, rolling into thin sheets, and cutting into proper shape with a lozenge- cutter. Kention the official troches. Trochisci Acidi Tannici ; Ammonii Chloridi ; Catechu ; Cretse ; Cubebse ; Ferri ; Glycyrrhizse et Opii (.005, ^ gr. about, of P. Op. in each) ; Ipecacuanhse ; Krameriee (Rhat- any) ; Menthse Piperitse ; Morphinae et Ipecacuanha (-^ gr. Sulph. Morph. in each) ; Potassii Chloratis ; Soda Bicarbona- tis ; Santonini (.03 gm., i gr. of Santonin in each) ; Zingiberis. CoNFECTiONES, Confections (2 off.). Known also as conserves and electuaries. Saccharine masses, in which one or many medicinal substances are incor- porated. What are the ingredients in the official confections. Confectio Eosse: Rose 8, Sug. 64, Clar. Hon. 12, Rose W. 16. Confectio Senna : Sen. 10, 01. Coriand. 0.5, Cas. fist. 16, Tamarind 10, Prune 7, Fig. 12, Sug. 55.5, "Water 60. Unctuous and other Preparations for Local Application. Liniments, Liniments (9 off.). Solutions of various substances in oily liquids, applied to the skin with friction. Name and classify the official liniments. Containing Cotton-seed Oil: (Linimentum Ammoniae ; Cal- cis, each saponaceous) ; Camphorse. PEEPA RATIONS FOE LOCAL APPLICATION. 81 Alcoholic: Chloroformi; Saponis ; Sinapis Compositum ; Saponis Mollis. Fluid Extract : Belladonnse (Cam. 5, Ext. Bel. Fid. 95). Containing Oil Turpentine : Lin. 01. Terebinthinse. CoLLODiA, Collodions (4 oiE). Solution of pyroxylin or " gun-cotton " in a mixture of official Ether and Alcohol, and the same impregnated with medicinal substances. When applied or brushed upon the skin, a film is produced upon the evaporation of the solvent. Name the official collodions and state principal ingredients. Collodium ; Collodium Cantharidatum (Flex. Col. Canthar. Chlorof.) ; C. Flexile (Col. Can. Turp. Castor Oil) ; C. Styp- ticum (Colod. Ale, Ether, Ac. Tannic). Oleata, Oleates (3 oflT.). Indefinite chemical compounds of oleic acid, alkaloids and metallic bases, made by trituration. Mention the official oleates, Oleatum Hydrargyri ; Veratrinse ; Zinci. Unguenta, Ointments (24 ofl\). Soft, fatty mixtures of lard, wax, spermaceti, etc. Applied by inunction on the skin, when they gradually become lique- fied and absorbed. Cerata, Cerates (6 oflT.). Unctuous mixtures, whose fusibility is between plasters and ointments ; sufiiciently soft to be spread without heat, and firm enough to adhere to the skin without melting. Name and classify the official ointments and cerates. Vehicles for medicinal substances. Ceratum (W. Wax 30, Lard 70) ; Ceratum Cetacei ; Cera- tum Resinse; Unguentum (Y. AVax 20, Lard 80); Aquse Kosse (Cold Cream) ; Adeps Benzoatus ; Diachylon. 6 82 ESSENTIALS OF PHAEMACY. Those in which the medicinal substances are mixed by fusion and digestion. Cerat. Cantharides (Canth. 32, Y. Wax 18, Res. 18, Lard 22, Oil of Turpentine 15) ; Ung. Picis Liquidse (Tar 50, Y. Wax 12J, Lard 37i). Those in which the medicinal substances are incorporated by trituration. Ceratum Camphorse (Camphor Liniment 10, White Wax 30, Lard 60; melt ingredients) ; Unguentum Acidi Carbolici (Carbolic Acid 5, Ointment 95) ; Acidi Tannici 20 ; Bella- donna (Al. Ext. Bellad. 10) ; Chrysarobini (Chrys. 5) ; Gallse 20 ; Hydrarg. 50 ; Hydrargyri Ammonii 10 ; Hydrar- gyri Oxid. Flav. 10 ; Hyd. Oxid. Rub. 10 ; Unguent. lodi (lodi 4 Kl 1) ; Iodoform! 10 ; Plumbi Carb. 10; Plumhi lod. 10 ; Potassii lod. 12 + Sod. Hyposulph. 1 ; Stramonii (Ext. Stram. 10) ; Sulphuris (Washed Sulphur 30, Benz. Lard 70) ; Veratrinse 4 ; Zinci Oxidi 20. Tliose in which the fatty ingredient is chemically changed. Unguentum Hydrargyri Nitratis; Ceratum Plumbi Sub- acetatis. SupposiTOEiA, Suppositories. Solid bodies in which the medicinal substance is incorpo- rated. The whole formed into a small cone or cylinder for introduction into the rectum, urethra or vagina, thereby pro- ducing a specific effect upon the contiguous parts or upon the whole system. Why is cocoa butter used in suppositories ? It has the property of fusing at the temperature of the body and solidifying at a temperature just below that point. Give an outline of the preparation of suppositories. The official directions are as follows : — Mix the medicinal portion (previously brought to a proper consistence, if necessary) with a small quantity of Oil of PREPARATIONS FOR LOCAL APPLICATION. 83 Theobroma, by rubbing them together, and add the mixture to the remainder of the Oil of Theobroma, previously melted and cooled to the temperature of 35° C. (95° F.). Then mix thoroughly, without applying more heat, and immediately pour the mixture into suitable moulds. The moulds must be kept cold by being placed on ice, or by immersion in ice-cold water ; and the inner surface of the moulds should be care- fully freed from adhering moisture before the melted mass is poured in. Suppositoria Glycerini : Glycerin 60 Gm., Sodium Carbon- ate 3 Gm., Stearic Acid 5 Gm. ; to make 10 rectal supposi- tories. Unless otherwise specified, suppositories should have the following weight and shapes : Rectal, cone-shaped, 1 Gm. ; Urethral, pencil-shaped, 1 Gm. ; Vaginal, globular, 3 Gm. Emplastka, Plasters (13 off.). Tenacious, resinous and waxy, solid compounds, adhesive and pliable, but not fusible at the temperature of the body, requiring heat in order to be spread. "What bases are used in plasters ? Gum Resins, Burgundy Pitch, Resin Plaster and Lead Plaster. Ifame the official plasters having extractive material incor- porated in them. BelladonniB (Bellad. Ext. 20, Resin 40, Soap Plaster) ; Opii (Ext. Op. 6, Burg. Pitch 18, Lead Plaster 76, Water q. s.) ; Capsici (Resin Plaster, with thin coating Oleores. Capsici). Mention those having metallic or inorganic material incor- porated, Ammoniac) cum Hydrargyro (Hg 18, Oleate of Hg 0.8, Ammoniac 72, Dil. Acet. Ac, Lead Plas.) ; Plumbi (Ox. Pb. 32, 01. Olive 60) ; Ferri (Lead Plaster 72, 01. Olive 5, Burg. Pitch 14, Ferric Hydrate 9) ; Hydrargyri (Oleate Hg. 1.2, 84 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. Mercury 30, Lead Plaster q. s.); Saponis (Soap 10, Lead Plaster 90). Mention those containing principally resinous substances. Aromatic Resins. — In the Pharmacopoeia of 1890 the fol- lowing plasters were dropped (oif. in U. S. P., 1880) : Asa- foetida, Ammoniaci and Galbani. Pitches. — Picis Burgundicae (Burg. Pitch 80, Olive Oil 5, Y. Wax 15) ; Picis cum Cantharidatum (Cerat. Canth. 8, Burg. Pitch 92). Eesinse (Resin 14, Emp. Pb. 80, Y. Wax 6). Mention one containing animal substance. Ichthyocollse (Isinglass 10, Gly. 1, Tr. Benzoin, Alcohol). Chaeta, Papers (2 off.). Spread paper plasters, the medicinal substances being either spread upon the surface of the paper or the latter saturated with the medicinal substances.. Name the official papers and state their ingredients. Charta Cantharidis (omitted in the Pharmacopoeia of 1890; off. in Ph., 1880) ; Potassii Nitratis (Nit. Potas. 20, Dist. W. 80) ; Sinapis (Blk. Mustard, Benzine, India-rubber, Carbon Bisulphide. ESSENTIALS OF DRUG AND PLANT ANALYSIS. Preliminary Test for Alkaloid. Macerate about five grammes of the powdered drug in " Prollius' fluid " * and filter. Gently evaporate off the ether. To the residue add absolute alcohol slightly acidulated with sulphuric acid, then a large volume of acidulated water, and filter the whole. Evaporate off the alcohol, and filter the liquid through wet double filters. Test the resulting solution with Meyer's reagent, iodine in a solution of iodide of potas- sium, and bromine water. ® Chloroform 20 parts, Alcohol 76 parts, Ammonia water 4 parts. essentials of deug and plant analysis. 85 Another Test foe Alkaloid. Macerate about five grammes of the drug in Prollius' fluid for twenty-four hours, then filter. Shake out the filtrate with acidulated water, which solution make alkaline with ammonia water, shake this latter with ether, shake out the ethereal solution with acidulated water. Evaporate off" the ether adhering to the acid solution, and test with Meyer's reagent and other alkaloidal reagents (Prescott's " Organic Analysis," 1887, p. 43). Outline op Analysis. I. — Dry the material (if freshly gathered) in the air, and record the loss in drying. The loss in weight equals moisture. Heat the air-dry drug in a hot-air oven at 100° C. for about six hours, or until it ceases to lose weight. The loss in weight report as moisture in the air-dry drug. (See " Summary " below.) Inoeganic Constituents. II. — Ignite about two grammes of the powdered air-dry drug at a low red-heat in a platinum crucible. Kecord the weight of the ash. Examine the ash, ascertaining : (a) Its Solubility in Water. (b) Solubility in Hydrochloric Acid. — The residue, after treatment with water, is digested in diluted hydrochloric acid, evaporated nearly to dryness, to remove excess of acid, and water is then added and the mixture filtered. The amount dissolved from this residue is noted. (c) Solubility in Sodium Hydroxide. — The washed residue after treatment with hydrochloric acid is boiled in a 20 per cent, solution of NaOH. This dissolves the combined silica of the ash, leaving as a residue the sand and clay that adhered to the drug, which should be deducted from the original total ash before computing the percentage. All of the above weights are determined by weighing the residues after treatment with the respective solvents. 86 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. The weight of the substance insoluble in the above solvents should be noted and reported. Analyze, qualitatively, the ash for inorganic constituents. Organic Constituents.* Treatment of the powdered drug with various solvents. III. — Five grammes of the finely powdered drug treat with chloroform in a continuous extraction apparatus for say six or eight hours. Evaporate the tincture and weigh the extract. (a) Treat the residue with water. Evaporate the aqueous washings on a water-bath to dryness, then heat to 100° C. in an air-bath. The loss may be calculated and recorded as vola- tile oil. (See " Summary," below.) (hi) The extract is then treated with a small quantity of petroleum spirit and filtered. The filtrate is evaporated and the residue weighed. This product may be recorded as fixed oil. Describe the physical properties of this fixed oil. State whether it is easily saponified or not. The color reactions with the acids may also be stated. Reactions with other known oils may be studied in Maisch's " Materia Medica," p. 493, fifth edition, or Dragendorfi"s "Plant Analysis," pp. 101-105. (c) After treatment with petroleum spirit the filter and residue are macerated in 80 per cent, alcohol for about fourteen hours. Estimate the total extractive and record the same. Filter the solution and evaporate to a small bulk, which pour into a large volume of water slightly acidulated. If a resin precipitates collect it on counterbalanced filters, dry, and weigh. Examine the resin for solubility, etc. (See tests for Podophyllin and other resins of the U. S. P.) *• For farther practical details in the various steps refer to Lyon's "Pharmaceutical Assaying," Dragendorff's "Plant Analysis," and Pres- cott's " Organic Analysis." ESSENTIALS OP DRUG AND PLANT ANALYSIS. 87 (d) The chloroformie residue which now remains should be weighed. The physical properties (color, odor, taste, etc.) should be reported. IV.— Dry the powder (dregs) which has been treated with chloroform and subject the same to the action of 80 per cent- alcohol for fourteen hours. Estimate the total extractive and report the same. (See " Summary," below.) (a) Evaporate the alcoholic extract on a water-bath to a small bulk. Pour into a large volume of water ; collect, dry, weigh, and report upon any precipitated resin. (6) To the filtrate from (a) add a solution of neutral ace- tate of lead. Collect the precipitate, and on a tared filter wash repeatedly with small quantities of water, dry and weigh. Remove the precipitate from the filter, and burn in a porce- lain crucible with a little nitrate of ammonium. The precipi- tate itself is next incinerated, and the whole finally ignited until the weight is constant. Deduct the weight of the resi- due from the weight of the precipitate, and the remainder may be noted as vegetable acids, etc., precipitated by lead. (See Dragendorff, pp. 39, 49, 69, 80. Also Fresenius, " Quan- titative Analysis," American edition, 1881, p. 229 6.) (c) To an aliquot portion of the filtrate from (b) add a solution of subacetate of lead, filter and remove lead from solution by hydrochloric acid and hydrogen sulphide. The clear liquid is then neutralized and made up to a definite vol- ume. This may be then examined for sugar by the well- known Fehling's solution. This will give the quantity of sugar dissolved by alcohol. (d) Weigh and examine the undetermined extractive by using the remaining part of the filtrate from (6). This may contain alkaloid, coloring matter, etc. V. — Dry the residue (dregs) remaining after treatment with chloroform and alcohol, macerate for twelve hours in water ; filter through paper ; make up to definite volume, and exam- 88 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. ine a portion for the amount of extractive. The amount of extractive is computed and recorded. (a) 25 cc. of the solution is placed in a test tube and 50 cc. of absolute alcohol added ; let stand in a cool place for twenty- four hours, allowing the gum to precipitate. This is collected on counterbalanced filters and weighed. The weight of same recorded. (See Summary below.) (6) The remaining extractive of this solution should then be estimated, and its weight recorded. It may contain albu- minoid rnatter precipitated by tannic acid. VI. — The residue (dregs) insoluble in chloroform, alcohol and water, is then treated with 500 cc. of water, to which 5 cc. of sulphuric acid (1.84 sp. gr.) has been added and boiled on a wire gauze support for six hours ; fresh portions of water are added to keep the volume to about 500 cc. The extract- ive matter of this solution is examined and the weight recorded. (a) The acid of the solution is neutralized with potassium hydrate and the liquid brought to the boiling point. A pre- cipitate may fall. Note its color and other physical charac- teristics. Filter off the precipitate ; dry and weigh. (b) The clear solution from (a) is estimated for sugar. The result of which multiplied by 0.9 gives the amount of starch and allied substances. Estimate the weight of these constitu- ents, and report same. VII. — The remainder of the drug (residue) treat with 500 cc. of a two per cent, solution of sodium hydrate, boil for two hours on a wire gauze support, keeping the solution to the 500 cc. mark. The total extractive weigh. This contains " cutose," coloring matter, albuminoid matter, decoinposition products, etc' VIII.— The residue from VII. is washed first with water, then with alcohol, then with ether. Finally dried and weighed, then ignited, the difference being cellu lose. The amount record . ESSENTIALS OF DRUG AND PLANT ANALYSIS. 89 IX. — The nitrogen in the drug may be estimated by the Kjeldahl method (see Proc. of the sixth annual convention of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, 1889, p. 218). The amount of albumen corresponding to the amount of nitrogen may then be computed. (See also Dragendorff, p. 79.) SUMSJARY. In reporting a summary of the analysis, the following may be a guide : Moisture in the Fresh Drug Moisture in the Air-dry Drug Ash Solubilities of Ash Inorganic Constituents Volatile Oil, III. ia) Fixed Oil, III. (6) Eesin.III. (c) ; IV. (a) : Waxy (?) matter, III. (d) Organic Acids and Allies, IV. (6) ■Glucose, IV. (c) Extractive (containing alkaloid [?]), IV. {d) Gum, V. (a) Colored Extractive and Albuminoids, V. ((J) Inert Coloring Matter, VI. (a) Starch and Allied Substances, VI. (6) Sodium Hydroxide Extractive, VII Cellulose, VIII Loss Assay Processes. The student is advised to practically study the assay pro- cesses of the U. S. P., 1890, given under Opium, Cinchona and Ext. Nux Vomica. A brief synopsis of the latter may be stated as follows : A definite quantity of the dried extract is treated with a mixture of Alcohol and of Ammonia Water (sp. g. .960). The mixture agitated with different portions of chloroform in a separator and the chloroformic layers drawn off, mixed and evaporated. The chloroformic residue is dis- 90 ESSENTIALS OF PHAEMACY. solved in jr H2SO4; the solution titrated with -^ KOH, using Brazil wood as indicator. From figures obtained in the titra- tion, by simple calculation the percentage of total alkaloids can be obtained. (See U. S. P., 1890, p. 154.) THE INORGANIC COMPOUNDS. How may the elements be classified for pharmaceutical study? The inorganic elements and official compounds may be classified as follows : — (Compounds to be classed under the metallic or basic elements.) The Inorganic bases. Alkalies : Potassium ; Sodium ; Lithium ; Ammonium. Alkaline Earths : Barium ; Calcium ; Magnesium ; Strontium. Aesenic Group: Arsenic; Antimony; Bismuth. Ungeouped : Zinc ; Lead ; Silver ; Gold ; Platinum ; (Cop- per and Mercury) ; (Iron ; Manganese and Chromium) ; Aluminum ; Cerium. Non-metallic Elements. Halogens: Chlorin; Bromin; lodin. Ungrouped : Hydrogen ; Nitrogen ; Oxygen ; Sulfur ; Phosphorus; Carbon; Boron; Silicon. The Inorganic Acids. Hydrochloric; Hydrobromic ; Nitric; Nitro-hydrochloric ; Sulfuric ; Sulfurous ; Phosphoric ; Boric ; Arsenious ; Chromic. What are the characteristics of the alkalies. The metals of this group are all soft, fusible and volatile ; they decompose water, forming hydrates which are caustic. THE INORGANIC COMPOUNDS. 91 They form soluble phosphates, carbonates and arseniatea (The term alkali was originally applied to the ashes of sea plants, at length to substances whose solutions have a soap- like action to the skin, etc. ; the term at present has a wide significance.) ITame and give the symbol and show by chemical equation the manufacture of the salts of potassium. ( .5 )* Potassa, KOH = 55.99 :— Caustic Potash. K2CO3 + Ca(0H)2 = 2K0H + CaCOg. Potassium Calcium Potassium Calcium Carbonate. Hydrate. Hydrate. Carbonate. Boiled together. (2 ) Potassa Sulphurata (Sulph. Sub. 10, Pot. Carb. 20) ^ Liver of Sulphur, 3K2CO3 + 4S2 = 2K2S3 + K2S2O3 + 3CO2. Potassium Sulphur. Potassium Potassium Carbon Carbonate. Sulphide. Hyposulphite. Dioxide. PoU Sulphurata, (201) Potassii Bitartras, KHC4H A = 187.67 :— Cream of Tartar. Purified argols or tartar. (1.6 ) Potassii Bromidum.KBr = 118.79 :— 6K0H + SBfj = 5KBr + KBrOj + 3H2O. Potassium Bromine. Potassium Potassium Water. Bydrate. Bromide. Bromate. lOKBr + 2KBr03 + SCj = 12KBr + 6C0. * The figures in front of the name indicate solubility in cold water. Thus .5 indicates that one part is soluble in .5 parts of water. 92 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. (1.1) Potassii Carbonas, K2C03= 137.91 :— Salts of Tartar. 2KHCO3 + Heat = K2CO3 + CO2 + HjO. Potassium Potassium Carbon Water. Bicarbonate. Carbonate. (16.7) Potassii Chloras, KCIO3 = 122.28:— 3Ca(OCl)2 = aCaClj + Ca(C103)2. Calcium Calcium Calcium Hypochlorit. Chlorid. Chlorate. Ca(C103)2. + 2KC1 = 2KCIO3 + CaClj. Calcium Potassium Potassium Calcium Chlorate. Chlorid. Chlorate. Chlorid. ( .6) Potassii Citras,K3CeH50j.H,0= 323.59:— 3KHCO3 + H3C6H5O, = KjCeH^O, + 3H2O + SCOj. PotasBium Citric Acid. Potassium Water. Carbon Bicarbonate. Citrate. Dioxid. ( 2. ) Potassii Cyanidura, KCN =:- 65.01 :— K4Fe(CN)6 + K2CO3 = 5KCN Potassium Potassium Potassium Ferrocyanid. Carbonate. Cyanid. KOCN + CO2 + Fe. Potassium Carbon Iron. Cyanate. Dioxid. ( 1.4) Potassii et Sodii Tartras, KNaC4H,06-4HjO = 281.51 : Sochelle Salts. 2KKCiIliOe + N9,2C03 = 2KNaC4H40e + H^O + COj. Potassium Sodium Potassium and So- Water. Carbon Bitartrate. Carbonate. dium Tartrate. Dioxide. ( .36) Potassii Acetas, KC2H3O2 =97.89 :— KHCO3 + HC2H3O2 = KCjHsOj + CO2 + HjO. Potassium Acetic Acid. Potassium Acetate. Carbon Water. Bicarbonate. Dioxide. ( 3.2) Potassii Bicarbonas, KHCO3 =99.88:- K2CO3 Potassium Carbonate. + CO2 - Carbon Dioxide. H,0 Water. = 2KHCOs. Potassium Bicarbonate, THE INORGANIC COMPOUNDS. 93 (10 ) Pota3sii Bichromas, KjCrjOj ^ 293.78 :— 2FeOCrA + 4K2COS + 70 Chrome Iron Ore. Potassium Carbonate. Oxygen. = 4KjCr04 + FePs + 4C0.,. Potassium Chromate. Ferric Oxide. Carbon Dioxide. 2K2Cr04 + HjSOi = K^Crfi., + KjSO^ + 'h.,0. Potassium Sulphuric Acid. Potassium Potassium Water, Chromate. Bichromate. Sulphate. ( 4 ) Potassii Ferrocyanidum, K4Fe(CN)68HjO = 421.76 :— 6KCN + FeCOs = KjFe(CN)6 + K2CO3. Potassium Cyanide. Ferrous Potassium Ferrocyanide. Potassium Carbonate. Carbonate. C .6) Potassii Hypophosphis, EPHA = 103.91 :— Ca2(HjPOa) + K2CO3 = 2KPH2O2 + CaCOa. Calcium Potassium Potassium Calcium Hypophosphite. Carbonate. Hypophosphite. Carbonate, ( .75) Potassii lodidum, KI = 165.56 :— !6K0H + (Ij)3 = SKI + KIO5 + SHjO. Potassium Iodine. Potassium Potassium Water. Hydrate. Iodide. lodate. lOKI + 2KIOs + 3Cj = 12KI + 6C0. ( 3,8) Potassii Nitras (Saltpetre or Nitre), KNO3 : Natural product ; also result of decay of nitrogenous matter in presence of K2CO3, this process being artificially employed for its production. (16 ) Potassii Permanganas, KMnOi = 157.67 :— SMnOj + 6KH0 + KCIO3 Manganese Dioxide. Potassium Hydrate. Potassium Chlorate, = SKjMnOj + KCl + SH^O, Potassium Manganate. Potassium Chloride. Water. SKjMnO, + 3HjO = (2KMuO<) + MUO3H, + 4KHO. Boil together. Potassium Manganese Hydra- Potassium Permanganate. ted Peroxide. Hydrate. 94 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. ( 9.5 ) Potassii Sulphas, K.SO^ = 173.88 :— 2KN03 + H2S04 = K2SO4 + 2HNO3. Potassium Sulphuric Potassium Nitric Acid. Nitrate. Acid.. Sulpliate. What are the ingredients in potassii citras effervescens ? Citric Acid 63 Gm., Potass. Garb. 90 Gm., Sugar 47 Gm. Powder the ingredients separately, and mix them thoroughly in a warm mortar. Dry the resulting uniform paste rapidly at a temperature of 120° C. (248° F.), and when perfectly dry reduce it to a powder of the desired degree of fine- ness. Name the official preparatio;is of the potassium salts. Potassa cum Calce (KOH and Ca(0H)2, equal parts) ; Liq. Potassa; Liq. P. Arsenitis ; Liq. P. Citratis; Mist. P. Cit. (1880); Troch. P. Chloratis; and Ung. P. lodidi (see re-' spective preparations). Potassium salts are contained in what other preparations ? KNaCiHiOs, in Seidlitz Powders ; KNOg, in Argenti Nit. Dilutus and Charta Potassii Nitras ; K2CO3, in Mist. Ferri Comp., Syr. Ehei and Test Solution, 10 per cent. ; KHCO3, in Liq. Magnesii Citratis. K4Fe(CN)6 is used in making Hydro- cyanic Acid, and KHC4H406 in making Tartrate of Iron and Potassium. What popular disinfectants are made by the use of potassium hypochlorite and permanganate? A solution of the former is called Javelle Water ; of the latter, Condy's Fluid. How may KOH be purified? By Alcohol and Barium Hj'drate ; thus we have " Potassa by Alcohol," etc. Why should its solutions be protected from the air? Because they rapidly absorb COj, forming K2CO3. THE INORGANIC COMPOUNDS. 95 How are potassium compounds recognized by chemical tests ? By Platinic Chloride — a yellow, crystalline precipitate; Tartaric Acid iu excess — a white precipitate (Cream of Tar- tar) ; Flame test, etc. Why does the U. S. F, direct that the permanganate should be kept in well-stoppered bottles and should not be triturated nor combined in solution with organic or readily oxidizable substances ? Because it is not a stable salt. It readily parts with the comparatively loosely-held oxygen. Research Questions. To be answered by referriug to the tJ. S. P. or Text-Book. Observe the strength of the following test solutions of the TJ. S. P. Potass. Chromate, P. Dichromate, P. Ferricyanide, P. Fer- rocyanide, P. Iodide, P. Sulphate, Alkaline Cupric Tartrate Volumetric Solution (Fehling's Solution), etc. Note some instances in which the above solutions are used in testing chemicals and pharmacopoeia! preparations. Mention some of the prominent characteristics of potassium salts. {Descriptions of salts are found under their respective headings in the U. S. P.) [Note that the Bitartrate is soluble in hot and nearly insoluble in cold water ; Bichromate is red, Ferrocyanide yellow, Ferricyanide deep red, and Permanganate purple violet ; Acetate, Carbonate, Ci- trate and Cyanide are deliquescent ; Iodide very soluble, etc.] In potassium salts how may the following impurities be de- tected, — Alkaline earths, metals, silica, chlorine ? Calcium Salt in biiartvate. Potassium Carbonate, Sodium, Calcium, Arsenic, Lead, Copper, etc. in bromide. 96 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. Bromate and iodide in bromide. Carbonate and tartrate in citrate. lodate (or less soluble salts than Iodide) in iodide. The student may extend this list himself by consulting U.S.P. Xame, give the symbol, and show by chemical equation the manufacture of the salts of soda. ( 1.7) Soda, NaOH = 39.96:— Caustic Soda. Na2C03 + Ca(0H)2 = 2NaOH + CaCOa. Sodium Calcium Caustic Soda. Calcium Carbonate. Hydrate. Carbonate. ( 1.4 ) Sodii Acetas, NaC^HgOa.SHaO = 135.74 :— 2HC2H3O2 + Na^COa = 2NaC2H302 + Kfi + CO^. Acetic Acid, Sodium Sodium Acetate. Water. Carbon Carbonate. Dioxide. ( 4 ) Sodii Arsenas, Na^HAsO^.TH^O^ 311.46:— AsA + SNaNOj + NajCOa + Heated and Fused. Arsenions Acid. Sodium Nitrate. Sodium Carbonate. = Na^AsjO, + NA- + COj. Sodium Pyroarseniate. Nitrous Anhydride. Carbon Dioxide, NaiASaO^ + ISSaO = 2(NajHAs04,7H20). Sodium Pyroarseniate. Water. Sodium Orthoarseniate. ( 1.8) Sodii Benzoas,NaCjH502 = 143.71:— 2HC7H5O2 + Na^COs = SNaCjHjOj + CO^ + HjO. Benzoic Acid. Sodium Sodium Carbon Water. Carbonate. Benzoate. Dioxide. (11.3) Sodii BicarbonaSjNaHCOa = 83.85 :— Na^COa + CO, + HjO = SHNaCOj. Sodium Carbonate. Carbon Dioxide. Water. Sodium Bicarbonate. Solvay's Method: — NaCa + NH3 + CO2 + HjO = HNaCOa + NH^Cl. Sodium Ammonia. Carbon Water. Sodium Ammonium CUoride. Dioxide. Bicarbonate. Chloride. THE INORGANIC COMPOUNDS. 97 (4 ) Sodii Bisulphis, NaHSOs = 103.86 :— NajCOa + 2H2SO3 = SNaHSOs + CO2 + H2O. Sodium Sulphurous Sodium Carbon Water Carbonate. Acid. Bisulphite. Dioxide. (16 ) Sodii Boras, Na^BA-lOH^O = 380.92. A crystalline Borax. deposit found on lake shores in California; also native in Thibet, Persia. The official salt is a recrystallized native salt {"tincal"). ( 1.2) Sodii Bromidum, NaBr = 102.76 :— PeBr^ + NajCOs = 2NaBr + FeCOs, Ferrous Sodium Sodium Ferrous Bromide. Carbonate. Bromide. Carbonate. ( 1.6) Sodii Carbonas, Na^COa.lOH^O = 286.45 :— Sal Soda. 1. Leblanc's Process : — 2NaCl + H2SO4 = NeujSOi + 2HC1. Sodium Chloride. Sulphuric Acid. Sodium Sulphate. Hydrochloric Acid. The exsiccated sulphate mixed with chalk and coal and fiised gives the following reaction : — Na^SOi + 4C + 2CaC03 = NajCO, + CaS.CaO + 4CO + COj. 2. Cryolite Process : — (eNaF + ALjFs) + eCaCOs Cryolite. Calcium Carbonate. = SNajO.AiPa + BCaF^ + 600^. Sodium Aiuminate. Calcium Fluoride. Carbon Dioxide. (SNajO.AlaOj) + 3C0j + SH^O = SSTajCOs + AljCOHjg. 3. Solvay's Process : — NaCl + NH3 + CO2 + H2O = NaHCO, + NH4CI. Sodium Ammonia Water. Sodium Ammonia Chloride. Bicarbonate. Chloride. 2HNaC03 + Heat = NajCOs + HjO + COj. Sodium Bicarbonate. Sodium Carbonate. Water. Carbon Dioxide. 7 98 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. (1.1) Sodii Chloras, NaClOs^ 106.25:— Na^COs + 2H2C4H4O6 = 2NaHC4H406 + COj + H^O. Sodium Tartaric Acid Sodium Carbon Water. Carbonate. Acid. Tartrate. Dioxide. NaHC^HiOe + KCIO3 = NaClOj + KHC4H4O6. Acid Sodium Potassium Sodium Acid Potassium Tartrate. Chlorate. Chlorate. Tartrate. (2.8) Sodii Chloridum, NaCl = 58.37 :— Natural product. Common Salt. (1 ) Sodii Hypophosphis, NaPH^O^.H^O = 105.84 :— Ca2H2P02 + NaaCOa = 2NaH2P03 + CaCOa. Calcium Sodium Sodium Calcium Hypophosphite. Carbonate. HypophospMte. Carbonate. (.65) Sodii Hyposulphis, Na^S^Os.SH^O = 247.64 :— CaS^Oa + Na^SO^ = NajSjOa + CaSO^. Calcium Sodium Sodium Calcium Thiosulpbate. Sulphate. Thiosulphate. Sulphate. ( ,6) Sodii Iodidum,]SraI = 149.53:— Felz + NajCOa = 2Nar + FeCOj. Ferrous Sodium Sodium Ferrous Iodide. Carbonate. Iodide. Carbonate. (1.3) Sodii Mtras, NaNOs = 84.89 :— Natural product. (1.5) Sodii Nitris, NaNO^ = 68.93 :— (5.8) Sodii Phosphas, ]Sra2HP04,12H20 = 357.32 :— Ca3(P04)2 + 2H2SO4 = CaHiCPOi)^ + 20380^. Calcium (Bone) Sulphuric Acid Calcium Calcium Phosphate. ~ Acid. Phosphate. Sulphate, CaH4(P04)2 + Na2C03 Acid Calcium Sodium Phosphate. Carbonate. — CaHPOi + NaaHPOi + H2O + CO2. Calcium Sodium Water. Carbon Phosphate. Phosphate. Dioxide. THE INORGANIC COJIPOUNDS. 99 (12 ) Sodii Pyrophosphas, Na^PA-lOHaO = 445.24 :— 2]SrajHP04 + Heat = H^O + NaiP^O,. Dry Sodium Water. Sodium Pliosphate. Pyrophosphate. ( .9 ) SodiiSalicylas, ]SraC,H503 = 159.67:— 2HC,H503 + NaaCOa = 2]SraC,H503 + H^O + CO^. Salicylic Acid. Sodium Sodium Water. Carbon Carbonate. Salicylate. Dioxide. ( 3 ) Sodii Santoninas, 2NaCi5Hi904.7H20 : — By adding san- tonin to hot solution NajCOs-Coff. in U. S. P., 1880). ( 2.8) Sodii Sulphas, Na^SO^.lOH.O =321.42 :— Glauber Salts. By-product ; see Leblanc's process for NajCOj. ( 4 ) Sodii Sulphis.Na^SOsJH.O = 251.58 :— NaaCOa + SOj = NaaSOj + CO2. Sodium Sulphurous Sodium Carbon Carbonate. Acid. Sulphite. Dioxide. ( 5 ) Sodii Sulphocarbolas, NaSOsCsHXOH)^ 2H,0 = 231.56:— H3SO4 + HCeHjO = HCeHjSOi + H^O. Sulphuric Carbolic Sulphocarbolic Water. Acid. Acid. Acid. HCeHsSOj + NajCO, = SNaCsHsSO^ + CO^ + H^O. Sulphocarbolic Sodium Sodium Carbon Water. Acid. Carbonate. Sulphocarbolate. Dioxide. Name the official preparations of the sodium salts. Liquor Sodse ; Liq. Sodae Chloratie ; Liq. Sodii Arsenatis ; Liq. Sodii Silicatis ; Trochisci Sodii Bicarb. ; Trochisci San- tonini ; IMist. Rhei et Sodse. Sodium salts are contained in what other preparations ? Sodii Hypophosphis, in Syr. of Hypophosphites ; Sodii Pyrophosphate, in Ferric Phosphate and Ferric Pyrophos- phate, etc., etc. 100 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. What is the technical name of the commercial baking soda? Sodii Bicarbonas Venale. (Recently, most of the " Salera- tus" is an imperfectly carbonated bicarbonate of sodium, formerly a potassium salt.) What is dried carbonate of sodium ? The official name is Sodii Carbonas Exsiccatus. It is pre- pared by heating the carbonate of sodium; 200 parts are reduced, by exposing to the air, and afterward heating, to 100 parts. What is the alternative process for making the solutions of soda andpotassal Dissolve the caustic hydrates in distilled water (strength of both 5.6 per cent.). How is the commercial bicarbonate of soda purified? By washing with water until the washings give no precipi- tate with magnesium sulphate (U. S. P., 1880). What is sodium hypochlorite, and where found? NaClO ; contained in Liquor Sodse Chloratse. Name the principal sodium phosphates. Disodium Phosphate (NazHPOi off. salt) ; Monosodium Phosphate, or Acid Sodium Phosphate. Give the analytical reactions of the sodium salts. The only reagent producing a precipitate of the Sodium solutions is potassium pyroantimoniate. Sodium compounds give a yellow color to Bunsen flame; Spectrum, a double yellow line. Distinguished from ammonium salts by not being volatilized by heat, and from potassium by not yielding precipitates with PtCU or tartaric acid. What marked difference is there between the chlorates of sodium and potassium ? The sodium salt is more soluble. THE INORGANIC COMPOUNDS. 101 What marked diflFerence is there between the potassium car- bonate and the sodium carbonate ? NajCOa is crystalline and efflorescent, K2CO3 is granular and deliquescent. NaHCOs is a powder permanent in the air, KHCO3 is crystalline and slightly deliquescent. Research Questions. In soditun salts how may the following impurities be de- tected,— where do they occur ? Alkaline earths, ammonia salts, aluminium, chlorides, iodide, sulphate, bromate, silica, phosphate, calcium, organic matter, foreign impurities. Also note the detection of — More than the limit of carbonate, in bromide and in iodide. More than the limit of chloride, in bromide. More than the limit of bromide, in iodide. Sulphate, in sulphocarbolate. The student may extend this list from the U. S. P. Why should not chlorates of potassium or sodium be tritu- rated with readily oxidizable or combustible sub- stances 1 Explosives. Observe the strength of the following test solutions, and note in what cases they are used in pharmaceutical test- ing:— Test of bitartrate, carbonate, hyposulphite, phosphate, etc. Name and give the symbol, and show by chemical equation the manufacture of the salts of lithium. (4 ) Lithii Benzoas, UG^B.fi, = 127.72 :— Li,COs + 2HC,HA = 2LiC,HA + H^O + CX)^. Lithium Benzoic Lithium Water. Carbon Carbonate. Acid. Benzoate. Dioxide. 102 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. (V. sol.)* Lithii Bromidum, LiBr = 86.77:— FeBrz + Li2C03 = 2LiBr + FeCOa. Ferrous Lithium Lithium Ferrous Bromide. Carbonate. Bromide. Carbonate. (80 ) Lithii Carbonas, Li-^COa = 73.87 :— Natural product. ( 2 ) Lithii Citras, LisCeHjO, : = 209.57 :— SLijCOa + 2H3C6H5O, = 2Li3C6H50j + SHjO + SCOj. Lithium Citric Acid. Lithium Citrate. Water. Carbon Carbonate. Dioxide. (V. sol.) Lithii Salicylas, LiC,He03.H,0 = 143.68:— Li^COg + SHCiHsOa = 2LiC,H503 + HP + CO^. Lithium Salicylic Acid. Lithium Water. Carbon Carbonate. Salicylate. Dioxide. What importance is attached to lithium in medicine ? If calculi (e. g., urate of sodium, etc.) be formed in the body, their solution and removal are aided by the formation of lithium urate. For what is the bromide of lithium noted ? For containing more bromine than any other bromide (91.95 per cent.). What are the ingredients in lithii citras effervescens ? Lithium Carb. 7, Sod. Bicarb. 28, Citric Acid 37, Sugar q. s. to 100. Eesearch Questions. In lithium salts, how may the following impurities be detected? Salts of the alkalies and alkaline earths, carbonate and foreign matter, in the Salicylate. * Tery soluble. THE IXORciAJJIC COMPOUNDS. 103 Name and give the symbol and show by chemical equation the manufacture of the salts of ammonium, (5 ) Ammonii Benzoas, NHAHjOa =138.72 :— HCjHjOj + NH,HO = NHjCjHiOj + H^O. BeDzoic Water of Ammonium Water. Acid. Ammonia. Benzoate. (1.5) Ammonii Bromidum, NH^Br = 97.77 : — 6Br + 8NH3 = GNHiBr + N^. Bromine. Ammonia. Ammonium Nitrogen. Bromide. (5 ) Ammonii Carbonas, NH^HCOsNHiNH^COj = 157.77 :— 4NHiCl + 2CaC03 Ammonium Calcium Chloride. Carbonate. = (NHiHC03)NH4NH2C02 + aCaCl^ + NH3 + Hp. Acid Ammonium Carbonate Calcium Ammonia. Water, and Carbamate. Chloride. (3 ) Ammonii Chloridum,NH4CI = 53.38:— Sal Ammoniac. By-product in the manufacture of bone-black, and obtained from the ammoniacal liquor in the manufacture of illuminating (1 ) Ammonii lodidum, NH J =144.54: — 2KI + (NHJ2SO4 = 2NHJ + K^SOj. Potassium Ammonium Ammonium Potassium Iodide. Sulphate. Iodide. Sulphate. ( .5) Ammonii Nitras, NH4NO3 = 79.9 :— N3HUC2O5 + 3HNO3 = 3NH4NO3 + 2CO2 + HA Ammoniiim Nitric Acid. Ammonium Carbon Water, Carbonate. Nitrate. Dioxide. (4 ) Ammonii Phosphas, (NH^sHPO, (U. S. P., 1880) :— 2NHiH0 + H3P0i = (NH4)2HP04 + 2H2O, Ammonium Phosphoric Ammonium Water. Hydrate. Acid. Phosphate. 104 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. ( 1.3 ) Amiuonii Sulphas, (NH4)2S04: Ammoniacal gas liquor neutralized with H2SO4, purified by recrys- tallization (U. S. P., 1880). (V. sol.) Ammonii Valerianas, ]SrHAHA = 118.78: Dry ammonia gas passed into valerianic acid. Name the official preparations of the ammonium compounds. Liquor Ammonii Acetat. ; Troch. Ammonii Chloridi, etc. In what preparations is aqua ammonia used? In Oxide of Antimony (Antimonii Oxidum) ; Ammoniated Glycyrrhizin ; Washed Sulphur ; Scaly Salts : Bismuth and Iron ; Liniment ; Sp. Amm. Ar. ; Purified Ext. and Fl. Ext. of Glycyrrhiza; Fl. Ext. and Syr. Senega; Aq. Ammon. Fort, in making Spiritus Ammonise, etc. How may carbonate of ammonium be converted into the bi- carbonate, and what is a characteristic of the latter? By simple exposure to the air the crystalline carbonate falls to a powder, becoming bicarbonate, which is insoluble in alcohol. How may the bicarbonate be converted into the carbonate? By dissolving in aqua ammonia, as in making the arom. spts. ammon. This salt is soluble in a mixture of alcohol and water. Give the analytical reactions of ammonium salts. Like potassium, they produce the tartaric and platinic re- actions, but potassium compounds are not volatile at red heat. Heated with alkalies the salts evolve NH3. Reseaech Questions. In ammonium salts how are the following impurities detected, and where do they occur ? Ba, Ca, Fe, Pb, CO2, Bromate, lodate. Acetate, and empy- reumatic matter. This list may be extended by the student. ALKALINE EARTHS. 105 Also note the detection of :— More than the limit of chloride in bromide. More than the limit of chloride and bromide in iodide. Observe the strength of the test solutions named below and others of the ammoninm salts, and note where used in TI. S. P. :— Ammon. carbonate, chloride, oxalate, phosphate and sul- phide. Alkaline Earths. What are the characteristics of this group ? They are bivalent, form basic hydrates, and insoluble car- bonates, phosphates and arseniates. For what purposes are barium salts used ? The solutions of nitrate and chloride are used as test solu- tions. (See U. S. P.) Uame and give symbol and show by chemical equation the manufacture of the salts of calcium. (750 ) Calx (CaO) = 55.87:— Quicklime. CaCOs + Heat = CaO + COj. Calcium Carbonate Lime. Carbon Dioxide. Calx Chlorata, CaCl.CaCUO, :— " Chloride of Lime." Bleacbing Powder. SCaHjO, + -iClj = CaCljCaCljO, + 2H,0. Calcium Hydrate. Clilorine. Chlorinated Lime. Water. ( .7) Calcii Bromidum, CaBr^ = 199.43 :— CaCO, + 2HBr = CaBrj + HjO + CO3. Calcium Hydrohromic Calcium Water. Carbon Carbonate. Acid. Bromide. Dioxide. (Insol.) Calcii Carbonas Prsecipitatus (CaCOs) =99.76 : CaQj + IsXCOs = CaCOs + 2XaCl. Calcium Sodium Calcium Sodium Chloride. Carbonate. Carbonate. Chloride. 106 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. ( 1.5 ) CalciiChloridum, CaCl2 = 110.65:— CaCOs + 2HCa = CaClj + CO^ + HjO. Calcium Hydrochloric Calcium Carbon Water. Carbonate. Acid. Chloride. Dioxide. ( 6.8 ) CalcaiHypophosphis,,Ca(PHA)2=-- 169.67:— 8P + 3Ca(OH)2 + 6HjO = SCalPHjOz)! + SPHj. Phosphorus. Calcium Water. Calcium Phosphoretted Hydrate. Hypophosphite. Hydrogen. (Insol.) Calcii Phosphas Prsecipitatus, Ca3(P04)2 = 309.33 : — Ca3(P04)2 + 4HC1 = CaH<(P04)2 + aCaClj. Calcium Hydrochloric Acid Calcic Calcium Phosphate. Acid. Phosphate. Chloride. CaH4(P04)j + SCaCL, + 4NH4HO = Ca3(P04)2. + Acid Calcic Calcium Ammonia. Calcium Phosphate. Chloride. Phosphate. What are the analytical reactions of calcium? Alkaline carbonates and phosphates produce precipitates ; ammonium oxalate gives a white precipitate with Ca salts, in- soluble in weaker acids, but soluble in strong HCl or HNOs. Sodium tungstate gives a dense white precipitate; Ca salts color a non-luminous flame bright yellow. Name the official preparations of the calcium salts ? Calx Sulphurata ; Hydrargyrum cum Creta ; Cretse Prse- parata ; Pulv. Cretse Comp. ; Mist. Cretse ; Trochisci Cretse ; Liq. Calcis ; Syr. Calcis ; Syr. Calcii Lactophosphatis. Calcium salts are contained in what other preparations ? Syr. Hypophosphitum, Syr. Hypophos. cum Ferro. What is milk of lime and lime-water 1 The former is a mixture of lime containing particles of undissolved lime ; the latter is a clear, saturated solution of lime in water. ALKALINE EARTHS. 107 Show by chemical equation the action of water upon quick- lime. CaO + H2O = Ca{0H)2 (Slaked Lime). Calcium Oxide. Witter. Calcium Hydrate. How is the value of chlorinated lime estimated ? By estimating the amount of available CI. (See U. S. P.) What is whiting ? A cheap form of prepared or elutriated chalk. How is calx sulphurata made? By placing a mixture of Dried Gypsum 70, Charcoal 10, Starch 2, into a crucible and heating to redness. In what form is gypsum official ? Calcii Sulphas Exsiccatus (Dried Gypsum). Keseaech Questions. How may the following impurities be detected in calcium salts in which they are found ? Alkalies and their carbonates ; bromate ; iodide ; sulphate ; phosphate; chloride; Aluminum; Barium; Magnesium; Iron ; Strontium ; insoluble matter, etc. (see U. S. P.). Sludt/ the method of estimating Chlorinated Lime. Study the peculiar chemical reaction in making the precipi- tated Phosphate of Calcium. (Refer to Dispe'bsatory.) Observe the following test solutions and note where they are used in pharmaceutical testing. Calcium Chloride, Sulphate, etc. Name, give the symbol and show by chemical equation the manufacture of the salts of magnesium. Magnesia (and Magnesia Ponderosa), MgO = 40.26 : — (MgC03^4Mg(OH)2 + 2H2O = 5MgO + 4CO2 + 6H2O. Magnesium Carbonate. Water. Magnesia. Carbon Dioxide. Water. 108 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. (Nearly Insol.) Magnesii Carbonas, (MgC03)4Mg(HO)2.- 6H20 = 484.62:— SMgSOi + SNa^COa + HjO Magnesium Sulphate. Sodium Carbonate. Water. = (MgC03)4,Mg(HO), + 5Na,S0, + CO^. Magii^aium Carbonate. Sodium Sulphate. Carbon Dioxide. ( 1.5) Magnesii Sulphas, MgS04.7H20 = 245.84:— Epsom Salts. MgCO, + H^SO, = MgSOi + HjO + CO^. Magnesium Sulphuric Magnesium Water. Carbon Carbonate. Acid. Sulphate. Dioxide. (20 ) Magnesii Sulphis, MgSOs.eHaO : (Magnesia suspended in water and treated with sulphurous acid — U. S. P., 1880). ( 2 ) Magnesii Citras Effervescens: Mg Carb., Acid Cit., made into a paste ; dried, powdered with sugar and NaHCOs and Cit. Acid ; dampened with alcohol and granulated. Name the official preparations of the salts of magnesium. Hydrated Oxide of Iron with Magnesia; Liq. Mag. Cit. (Mg Carb. 15 Gm., Acid Cit. 30 Gm., Syr. Ac. Cit. 120 Cc, KHCO3 2.5 Gm., H2O q. s. (The Bicarbonate added last to generate CO2.) Magnesium salts are found in what other preparations ? MgO, in Pulv. Rhei Co. and Massa Copaib. ; MgSO^, in Inf. Senna Co. What is the difference between heavy and light magnesia ? The light (levis) is precipitated from dilute cold solutions ; the heavy (ponderosa) is precipitated from dense hot solu- tions of MgSOi and NaaCOj. Differ merely in density. Distinguish, by the taste, oxalic acid, sulphate of zinc and Epsom salts. Epsom salts has a saline bitter taste, while zinc sulphate has a sharp metallic taste. Oxalic acid has a very sour taste. ARSENIC GROUP. 109 What prominent analytical reaction has the magnesium com- pounds ? Barium and Calcium compounds must be removed by addi- tion of sols, of NH.C1, NH^HO and NH.COs, the solution filtered ; to the filtrate add solution of sodium phosphate, and ammonio-magnesium (triple) phosphate is formed. Research Questions. Name the ingredients in magnesium mixture, T, S., magne- sium sulphate, T. S., and state how these are employed in TJ. S. P. In magnesium salts, how may the following impurities be detected ; wliere do they occur ? Other alkaline earths, 80^,01, Aluminium, metals ; also note — Limit of sulphate, in carbonate of magnesia. Limit of arsenic, in sulphate and limit of sodium, in sul- phate. Test for absence of Zinc, Iron or Copper. Name and give symbols of the official salts of strontium, Strontii Bromidum, SrBr, = 354.58. Strontii lodidum, Srlj,- 6H,0 = 448.1-2. Strontii Lactas, SrtC3HA)2,3H,0 = 318.76. Arsenic Group. As Sb Bi Arsenic. Antimony. Bismuth. What are the characteristics of this group. Remarkable for having both basic and acidic properties, Pliosphorus being the most negative and Bismuth the most positive ; for forming two series of compounds, in one of Avhich they are trivalent and the other quinquivalent ; for their poi- sonous qualities. Name, give the symbol and show by chemical equation the manufacture of the salts of arsenic. (30-80)* Acidum Arsenosum, As-.O^ = 197.68 :— 2AS..03 + 6HoO = 4H3ASO3. Arsenious Oxide. Water. Arsenous Acid. ® Solubility varies with physical condition. 110 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. (4 ) Sodii Arsenas, Na,,HAs04.7H,0 : = 311.46 :— AS2O3 + SNaNOj + Na2C03 = Na^ASaO, + N2O3 + CO^. Arsenous Sodium Sodium Sodium Nitrous Carbon Acid. Nitrate. Carbonate. Pyroarseniate. Anhydride. Dioxide. NaaAsjO, + I5H2O = 2Na2HAs04.7H20. Sodium Water, Sodium Pyroarseniate. Orthoarseni^te. (3.5) Arseni lodidum, Asia = 454.49 : — As2 + 3l2 = 2Asl3. Arsenicum. Iodine. Arseni Iodide. Under what other names is the ofScial arsenic known ? Arsenic Trioxide, Arsenous Anhydride, and, improperly, Arsenous Acid and White Arsenic. What is true arsenous acid? It has not been isolated ; there are, however, a number of salts known as arsenites, having the acid radical represented by AsOa, the theoretical arsenous acid. What is arsenic acid ? A combination of As pentoxide and water ; thus, — AS2O5 + 3H2O = 2ASO4H6. What are the official preparations of arsenic ? Various solutions (see Liquors) containing one per cent, of Arsenic. Give the analytical reactions of arsenic compounds. Reinsch's test, Marsh's test, HjS, to an acidulated solution of (ous) acid produces a yellow ppt. (Orpiment) ; also silver and copper test. (See also Stannous Chloride, T. S., U. S. P., 1890.) In connection with arsenic the reactions of Antimony, Mer- cury and Bismuth should be well studied, so that the student may separate them by analysis. ARSENIC GROUP. Ill Name, give symbol, and show by chemical equation the manufacture of the salts of antimony. (17 ) Antimonii et Potassii Tartras, 2K(SbO)QH,06.H,0 = 662.42 :— 2KHC4H4O6 + Sb203 = 2K(SbO)C4H406 + H2O. Acid Potassium Antimonous Antimony Potassium Water. Tartrate. Oxide. Tartrate. (Insol.) Antimonii Oxidum, Sb^Os = 287.08. Sh^Ss + 6HC1 = aSbCls + 3H2S ; Antimony Hydrochloric Antimonous Hydrosulphuric Suipliide. Acid. Cliloride. Acid. then 12SbCl3 + I5H2O = aSbClj.SSbA + 30HC1, Antimonous Water. Antimony Hydrochloric Cliloride. Oxychloride. Acid. and SSbCls.SSbjOa + eNHj + SH^O = eSbjOj + 6NH4CI. Antimony Ammonia. Water. Antimonous Ammonium Oxychloride. Oxide. Chloride. (Insol.) Antimonii Sulphidum, SbaSs := 335.14 : — Native Sulphide, purified by fusion and as nearly free from Arsenic as possible. (Insol.) Antimonium Sulphuratum, Sb2S3 = 335.14: — SbjSs + 6NaH0 = N^SbOj + Na-^SbSj + SH^O, Antimonous Sodium Sodium Sodium Sulph- Water. Sulphide. Hydrate. Antimonite. antimonite. SNaaSbOa + SH^SOj = SlSTajSO^ + Sb.O., + SH^O, Sodium Sulphuric Sodium Antimonous Water. Antimonite. Acid. Sulphate. Oxide. 2Na.jSbS3 + SHjSOi = SNajSO, + Sb^Sj + 3H2S. Sodium Sulph- Sulphuric Sodium Antimonous Hydrosul- antimonite. Acid. Sulphate. Sulphide, phuric Acid. How is antimonii sulphidum purificatum First preparing the native sulphide by elutriation and then macerating in water containing a trace of water of ammonia. 112 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. Name the official preparations of the salts of antimony. Pilulse Antimonii Co., Pulvis Antimonialis, Vinum Anti- monii. Antimony salts are contained in what other preparations ? Tart. Emet., in Syr. Scillse Co. and Vinum ; Oxide, in Pulv. Antimonialis ; Sb. Sulphuratum in Pil. Ant. Comp. What is Eermes mineral? Antimony Oxysulphide of U. S. P. 1870 (replaced in that of 1890 by Antimonium Sulphuratum). (See Pil. Ant. Co.) Give the analytical reactions of the salts of antimony. If a piece of tinfoil be dipped in an acidulated sol. of Ant. it will be coated with that metal. By Reinsch's or Marsh's test Antimony (metal) itself must be produced and verified with ammonium sulphydrate in all cases of analysis. Research Questions. How may the following impurities be detected in antimony compounds, and where do they occur : — SO,, Fe, metals, Ca, CI. Also detect: more than traces of arsenic in Tartar emetic and purified sulphide. Note distinction between sulphide and sulphurated. Name, give symbol, and show by chemical equation the manu- facture of the salts of bismuth. (Insol.) Bismuthi Citras, BiCsHjO, = 397.44 :— BiONOj.HjO + HjCeHsOj = BiCsHsO, + HNO3 + SH^O. Bismuth Citric Bismuth Nitric Water. Subnitrate. Acid. Citrate. Acid. (V. Sol.) Bismuthi et Ammonii Citras : — Citrate of Bismuth dissolved in water of ammonia, evaporated and scaled. ZINC. 113 Cinsol.) Bismuthi Subcarbonas, (BiO)2C03.H20 (?) : — Bismuth dissolved in nitric acid, purified and precipitated with sodium carbonate. (Insol.) Bismuthi Subnitras, BiONOsHaO (?) :— Bij + 8HN0,, = 2Bi(N03) + 4H2O + 2N0 ; Bismuth. Nitric Acid. Biamutli Nitrate. Water. Nitrogen Monoxide. then 5Bi(]Sr03)3 + 8H2O = 4BIONO3H2O + Bi(N0s)3 + SHNOs. BiHmutli Water. Bismuth Subnitrate. Bismuth Nitric Nitrate. Nitrate. Acid. How may liquor bismuth he made ? It is an ammoniacal solution of ammonio-citrate of bis- muth ; strength about 2 grs. to f3j. (See Dispensatory.) Explaia the loss of transparency in the ammonio-citrate and the solution of bismuth when they are exposed. It is due to the evaporation of the ammonia; if this is restored to the solution it becomes again transparent. Research Questions. How may the following impurities of bismuth salts be de- tected, and where do they occur ? Alkalies, Alkaline earths, Pb, Cu, Ag, Sb, CI and SO,. How catt you detect : — More than traces of As, in the Subnitrate and Subcar- bonate. Zinc. Name, give symbol and show by chemical equation the manu- facture of the salts of zinc. Zincum, Zn : — Metallic zinc in the form of thin sheets or irregular granulated pieces. ( 2.7) ZinciAcetas, Zn(C2H302)2.2H20= 218.74:— ZnO + 2HC2H3O2 = Zn(C3H302)2 + H^O. Zinc Oxide, Acetic Acid. Zinc Acetate. Water. 8 114 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. (V. Sol.) Zinci Bromidum, ZnBr^ = 224.62 :— ZnSO* + 2KBr = ZnBrz + KzSOi. Zinc Potassium Zinc Potassium Sulphate. Bromide. Bromide. Sulphate. (Insol.) Zinci Carbonas Prsecipitatus, (ZnC03).i3Zii(HO)2 (?) : — 5Na2C03+5ZuS04+3H20=(ZnC03)23Zn{HO)2+5Na2S04+3C02. Sodium Zinc Water. Zinc Sodium Carbon Carbonate. Sulphate. Carbonate. Sulphate. Dioxide. (V. Sol.) Zinci Chloridum, ZnCl2 = 135.84 :— 2Zn + 4HC1 = 2ZnCl2 + 4H. Zinc. Hydrochloric Zinc Hydrogen. Acid. Chloride. (V. Sol.) Zinci lodidum, Znl^ ^ 318.16 :— Zn + 2HI = Znlj + 2H. Zinc. Hydriodic Zinc Hydrogen. Acid, Iodide. ( Insol. ) Zinci Oxidum, ZnO ^ 81.06 : — Zinc carbonate, cal- cined. ( Insol. ) Zinci Phosphidum, ZnjPj : —Made by passing a mix- ture of PH3 and N over red-hot Zn in a tube, or by throwing P on melted Zn. ( .6 ) Zinci Sulphas, ZnSO^ 7HjO = 286.64 :— (White Vitriol.) 2Z)a + 2H2SO4 + H2O = 2ZUSO4 + 4H + HjO. Zinc. Sulphuric Water. Zinc Hydrogen. Water. Acid. Sulphate. (IOC ) Zinci Valerianas,Zn(C5HA)2,2H20 = 302.56 :— NaCsHjO^ + ZnSO^ = ZnCCsHgOa)^ + Na^SOi. Sodium Valerianate. Zinc Sulphate. Zinc Valerianate. Sodium Sulphate. In what official preparations are zinc salts employed? Zn Garb, and Zn, in the Solution of Chloride of Zinc. Zn Oxide, in the Ointment. LEAD. 115 Eeseaech Questions. Note the prominent characteristics of acetate and valerian- ate, the deliijuescence of the bromide and chloride. In zinc salts, how may the following impurities be detected, and when do they occur? As ; Pb ; Fe ; Cu ; Al ; Alk. earths ; CO3. Basic salts, in Chloride. Butyrate, in Valerianate. Explain how iron is removed irom chloride of zinc by the use of HlfOs and Zu carb. The HNO3 oxidizes the Fe, and the Zn Carb. precipitates the ferric hydrate. Give the analytical reactions of zinc. Alkaline hydrates produce a precipitate, soluble in excess ; K2CO3 and NajCOs, white precipitate, insoluble in excess; (NHi)2C03, white precipitate, soluble in excess. Its sulphide and ferrocyanide are white. Lead. Name, give symbol, and show by chemical equation the manufacture of the salts of lead. ( 2.3) Plumbi Acetas, PbCC^HsOO^-SH^O = 378 :— Metallic lead acted upon by the fumes of acetic acid and decaying matter ; also by dissolving litharge in acetic acid, evaporating and crystallizing. PbO + 2HC2HA = PbCC^HjO.,), + H^O. Lead Oxide. Acetic Acid. Lead Acetate. Water. (Insol.) Plumbi Carbonas, (PbC03)2.Pb(OH),. (2000 ) Plumbi lodidum.Pbl^ =459.46:— 2KI + Pb(N03), = Pblj + 2KNO3. Potassium Iodide. Lead Nitrate. Lead Iodide. Potassium Nitrate. 116 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. ( 2 ) Plumbi Nitras, Pb (NOs)^ = 330.18 :— PbO + 2HNO3 = Pb(N03)2 + H2O. Lead Oxide. Nitric Acid. Lead Nitrate. Water. ( Insol. ) Plumbi Oxidum, PbO = 222.36 :— Pbj + 02 = 2PbO. Lead. Oxygen. Lead Oxide. Lead salts are contained in what preparations ? Emplastrum, made by boiling PbO (Litharge) with olive oil ; Liq. Plumbi Subacetat. ; Liq. Pb. Subacetat. Dilutus ; Cerat. Pb. Subacetat. (Goulard's Cerate) ; Uug. Plumbi Garb. ; Ung. Pb. lod. ; Ung. Diachylon. (The Carb. is used in making Sol. Gutta Perchse of U. S. P., 1880.) Reseaech Questions. Note the sweet taste of sugar of lead and other physical properties. How may the following impurities be detected; where do they occur? Zu ; alkalies ; alkaline earths ; Cu ; COs in the oxide of lead. What are the analytical reactions of lead compounds? They give from acid solutions a black precipitate with H2S, insoluble in acids ; the same with (NH4)2S, insoluble in ex- cess. Soluble sulphates produce a white precipitate, KI a yellow precipitate, and K2Cr04 a yellow precipitate. Note : — Test solution of Acetate of Lead. Silver. Name, give symbol, and show by chemical equation the manufacture of the salts of silver. Argenti Cyanidum, AgCn = 133.64: — AgNOj + KCN = AgCN + KNO3. Silver Potassium Silver Potassium Nitrate. Cyanide. Cyanide. Nitrate. SILVER. 117 Argenti lodidum, Agl = 234.15 : — KI + AgNOa = Agl + KNO3. Potassium Silver Silver Potassium Iodide. Nitrate. Iodide. Nitrate. Argenti Nitras, AgNOa = 169.55 :— Ags + 4HNO3 = SAgNOj + NO + 2H2O. Silver. Nitric Silver Nitrogen Water. Acid. Nitrate. Monoxide. Argenti Oxidum, Ag.,0 = 231.28 :— 2AgN03 + 2KH0 = Agj,0 + SKNO., + H^O. Silver Potassium Silver Potassium Water. Nitrate. Hydrate. Oxide. Nitrate. Xame the officinal salts of silver not mentioned above. Argenti Nitras Fusus (nitrate of silver fused and run into moulds) ; Argenti Nitras Dilutus (equal parts of AgNOs and KNO3 fused together). (AgCN is used in making Ac. Hydro- cyan, dilute.) Why should preparations of Ag be kept in dark, amber- colored vials ? Unless protected from light they turn in color and become chemically changed. Reseaech Questions. Observe that AgTSOa has no water of crystallization. How is the absence of chloride in iodide determined ? What is the quantitative analysis given for AgTSOi and dilute nitrate? How is the absence of foreign metallic impurities in AgNOs determined ? Observe the strength of the test solutions of AgNOs, Ag2S04, Ag. ammon. nit., and volumetric sol. of AgNOs. 118 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. Of what is the chloride of gold and soda composed ? A mixture of equal parts by weight of the two salts. For what is platinic chloride used? As a test solution (see U. S. P.) for the presence of com- pounds of K and NH^. What precautions should be exercised in using platinum vessels ? The metal is attacked by nitro-hydrochloric acid, or any substance liberating chlorine. They should not be heated with any metal or easily-reducible oxide, or with the alkalies and alkaline carbonates, and under certain conditions, alkaline phosphates. They should never be heated over an alcohol or coal fire ; the metal when so heated becomes blackened and brittle. Copper and Mercury. What similarity is there in the nomenclature of these two elements ? The (ic) salts contain a single atom, as CuO (cupric) and HgClz (mercuric chloride), while the term (ous) applies to compounds containing the greater proportion of metal, as CujO {cuprous oxide), (Hg)2Cl2 (mercuroMS chloride). Name, give symbol, and show by chemical equation the manufacture of the salts of copper. Cupri Acetas, Cu(C2H302)2,H20 : — Copper treated with (Verdigris.) acctic add, and the product purified by crys- tallization. (U. S. P., 1880.) Cupri Sulphas, CuS04,5H20 = 248.8 :— (Blue Vitriol.) COj + 4H2SO4 = 2CuS0i + 2SO2 + 4H2O. Sulphuric Sulphate Sulphurous Acid. of Copper. Anhydride. Copper. Sulphuric Sulphate Sulphurous Water '-"■ of Cop COPPER AND MBKCURY. 119 In copper salts, how may the following impurities be detected ; where do they occur ? Alkalies, Alkaline earths, Pe, Pb, Zn, and foreign impuri- ties in sulphate. What are the analytical reactions of copper salts ? Bright metallic iron surfaces become coated with copper when dipped in acidulated solutions of Cu ; HjS = black ppt. ; NHjHO := deep blue color ; K Ferro-Cy. = a brown ppt. Name, give symbol, and show by chemical equation the manufacture of the salt of mercury. Hydrargyrum, Hg : With the exception of bromine, Quicksilver. j(; jg the only liquid element at ordi- nary temperatures. The principal ore of mercury is the native sulphide, known as cinnabar. (Insol.) Hydrargyrum Ammoniatum, NHjHgCl = 251.18 : Hga^ + 2NH4HO = NH4CI Mercuric Water of Ammoniam Chloride. Ammonia. Chloride. -f NH2HgCl + 2H2O. Mercurammonium Water. Chloride. ( 16 ) Hydrargyri 270.5-4 :— mSOt + Hg Sulphuric Mercury. Acid. Chloridum Corrosivum, HgCU ^ HgSO, + SO2 + 2H2O. Mercuric Sulphurous Water. Sulphate. Acid. HgSOl + Mercuric Sulphate. 2NaCl Podium Chloride. High heat = Sublimation. Sodium Sulphate. + Mercuric Chloride. (Insol.) Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite, Hgfil^ = 470.34 (or HgCl = 235.17):— SH^SOi + Hg = HgSO, + SO2 + 2H,0. Sulphuric Acid. + Hg = Mercury. HgSO, Mercuric Sulphate. Sulphurous Acid. Water. HgSO^ + Hg Mercuric Sulphate. Mercury. HgjSOi + 2NaCl Mercurous Sodium Sulphate. Chloride. = Hg,SO,. Mercurous Sulphate. + High heat = Hg2Cl2 + Na^SO^. (Sublimation.) Mercurous Sodium Chloride. Sulphate. 120 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. (12.8 ) Hydrargyri Cyanidum, Hg(CN)a = 251.76 :— (HON), + HgO = Hg(CN), + HjO. Hydrocyanic Acid. Mercuric Oxide, Mercuric Cyanide. Water. (Insol.) Hydrargyri lodidum Rubrum, Hglj =: 452.86 : — HgClj + 2KI = Hgl, + 2KC1. Mercuric PotasBium Mercuric Potassium Cliloride. Iodide, Iodide. Clilaride. (Insol.) Hydrargyri lodidum Flavum, HgJa = 652.66 : — Sol. Hg-ous nitrate precipitated by Sol. KI (Hydrarg. led. Viride, U. S. P., 1880). Protiodide of Hg. Yellow (or Green) lod. of Mercury. (Insol.) Hydrargyri Oxidum Flavum, HgO = 215.76 : — HgClj + 2KH0 = HgO + 2KC1 + HjO. Mercuric Potassium Mercuric Potassium Water. Cliloride. Hydrate. Oxide Chloride (Insol.) Hydrargyri Oxidum Rubrum, HgO =: 215.76: — + Oj. Oxygen. (Insol.) Hydrargyri Subsulphas Flavus, Hg(HgO)2S04^ 727.14 : — By adding mercuric sulphate to boiling water. (Insol.) Hydrargyri Sulphidum Rubrum, HgS : — Fusing and subliming mercury and sulphur. (U. S. P., 1880.) Name the plasters containing mercury in metallic state. Emp. Hydrarg. (30 per cent.), Emp. Amm. cum. Hydrarg. (1.8 per cent.). Name the ointments of mercury and its salts ? Unguentum Hydrarg., Ung. Hydrarg. Amm., Ung. Hy- drarg. Ox. Flav., Ung. Hydrarg. Ox. Rub., Ung. Hydrarg. Nit. Name the other official preparations of Mercury. Hydrarg. Cum Greta, Massa Hydrarg., Oleatum Hydrarg., (Hg2N03), + Heat = 2HgO + 4NO2 Mercuric Mercuric Nitrogen Nitrate. Oxide. Dioxide. IKON, MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 121 Liq. Hydrarg. Nit. (Rgfih, in Pil. Ant. Co. and Pil. Cath. Co. ; Hglj, in Donovan's solution). What is vermilion? Composed largely of red sulphide of Hg. E.ESEAECH Questions. Observe the physical properties of the (ic) and (ous) salts of mercury. Note similarity in composition of yellow and red oxide. How are the following impurities detected in mercxuy salts, and where are they found? Pb, Sn, As, Sb, and other metals. Note, also, moisture and organic impurities in metallic mer- cury ; ous in ie and ic in ous salts. What are the analytical reactions of mercury ? A piece of bright copper in a solution containing mercury is coated with that metal ; if the copper, with its adherent deposit, be washed, dried and heated in a glass tube, minute globules of mercury condense in the cold part of the tube ; H2S = a black precipitate. Note. — Test solutions of Iodides of Mercury and Potassium, and Mercuric Chloride. Iron. Manganese and Chromium. What peculiarity is there in the valence of these elements ? They form two series of compounds designated respectively ous and ic compounds ; in the former the atom is bivalent, as in FeCl.2, in the latter a double atom (Fej) behaves as a hexi- valent atom as in (Fe2)Cl«. 122 ESSENTIALS OF PHAKMACY. Name, give symbol and show by chemical equation the manufacture of the salts of iron. Ferrum Reductum, iPe = 55.88 : — FejOs + 6H = 2Fe + 3HjO. Ferric Hydrogen. Iron Water. Oxide. (S. Sol.)* Ferri Carbonas Saccharatus :^ — ■ PeSOi + 2NaHC03 = Na^SOi + FeCOs + H^O + COj. Ferrous Sodium Sodium Ferrous Water. Carbon. Sulphate. Bicarbonate. Sulphate. Carbonate. Dioxide. (V.Sol.) Ferri Chloridum, Fe^Cle I2H2O = 539.5 :— Fe, + 4HC1 = (Feaj)^ + 4H. Iron. Hydrochloric Ferrous Hydrogen. Acid. Chloride. 6FeClj + 6HC1 + 2HNO3 = SFe^Cle + N^O^ + iJlfi. Ferrous Hydrochloric Nitric Ferric Nitrogen Water. Chloride. Acid. Acid. Chloride, Dioxide. ( 3 ) Ferri et Ammonii Sulphas, Fe2(NH4)2(S04)4,24H20 Iron Alum. —— QQ2 1 • Fe^SSOi + (NHJjSO, = Fe^CNHJ^CSOJ,. Ferric Ammonium Ammonio-ferric Sulphate. Sulphate. Sulphate. (S. Sol.) Ferri Hypophosphis, Fe2(HjP02)6 = 501.04:— CallljPOj)^ + FeSOi = CaSOi + Pe(H2P02)2. Calcium Ferrous Calcium Ferrous Hypophosphite. Sulphate. Sulphate. Hypophosphite. ( 40 ) Ferri Lactas, Fe (C3H503)2.3H,0 = 287.34 :— Fe^ + 4HC3H5O3 = 2Fe(C3H503)2 + H,. Iron. Lactic Acid. Ferrous Lactate. Hydrogen. Ferri Oxidum Cum Magnesia (Arsenic Antidote) : Sol. Ferric Sul. 50 Gm., Mg. 10 Gm., Water q. s. (Insol. ) Ferri Oxidum Hydratum, Fe,(H0)5 = 218.52 :— Fej (804)3 + 6NH4HO = Fe2(HO)6 + 3(NH4)jSOi. Ferric Ammonium Ferric Ammonium Sulphate. Hydrate. Hydrate. Sulphate. * Sparingly soluble. IRON, MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 123 ( 1.8 ) Ferri Sulphas, FeSO^TH.O = 277.42 :— Fe, + SHjSO, = 2FeS0j + 4H. Iron. Sulphuric Ferrous Hydrogen. Acid. Sulphate. (Insol.) Ferri Valerianas, FeCCsHgOajs: — Double decompo- sition between ferric sulphate and sodium vale- rianate. • Give the official names of the scale salts of iron. Ferri Citras, F. et Ammonii Citras, F. et Quinise Citras, F. et StrychnifB Citras, F. et Ammonii Tartras, F. et Potass. Tart., F. Phosphas Solubilis, F. Pyrophosphas Solubilis, F. et Quin. Cit. Solubilis. Give a general formula for the preparation of the scale salts of iron. Ferric Hydrate is first made by precipitating a solution of Ferric Sulphate with solution of Ammonia, washing the pre- cipitate, then adding prescribed proportions of the respective acids (tartaric or citric) or acid salt (acid potassium tartrate), etc., evaporating to a syrupy consistence and spreading on plates to dry (or scale). How are the citrates of iron and strychnine and iron and quinine made ? The former is an evaporated mixture of Citrate of Iron and Ammonia with Citric Acid and Strychnine, the latter is made by dissolving Quinine (alk.) in a mixture of Ferric Citrate, Citric Acid, Ammonia Water, etc. ; evaporating and scaling. How is the pyrophosphate and phosphate made ? In the former by mixing the solution of Citrate of Iron and Pyrophosphate of Sodium, in the latter the Cit. of Iron and Phosphate of Sodium evaporating, etc. Why are the alkaline salts used in these iron preparations ? To make them soluble ; such double compounds of Iron are readily dissolved and retained in solution. 124 ESSENTIALS OF PHAEMACY. What salts of iron are official not mentioned above ? Ferri Sulphas Exsiccatus (Sulphate heated till loss of weight ceases), Ferri lodidum Saccharatum. Ferri Sulphas Granulatus (Sulphate dissolved in acidu- lated (H2SO4) water, the solution filtered and precipitated by Alcohol). Iron salts are contained in what other preparations ? Vinum Ferri Citratis, various Liquors and Syrups (which see). Lactate, in Syr. Hypophosphitum cum Ferro (Comp. Syr. Hypophos. with Iron); FeSOi, in Massa Ferri Carb. and Mist. Ferri. Co. ; ^erri Sulphas Exsiccatus, in Pil. Aloes et Ferri ; Ferrum Eeductum, in Pil. Ferri lod. What are some of the synonyms of ferric oxide ? Sesquioxide, Peroxide, and Red Oxide of Iron, Colcothar Rouge, Venetian Red, etc. By what other name is the subsnlphate of iron known? Persulphate and Basic Ferric Sulphate. Give the analytical reactions for salts of iron. Ferrous Salts with K Ferro-Cy = a greenish white ppt. ; with K Ferri-Cy = blue ppt. (Turnbull's Blue). Ferric Salts with Ferro-Cy = blue ppt. (Prussian blue), Ferri-Cy = no ppt., greenish brown color. With ic salts, only, K Sulphocya- nate produces a deep red color. Research Questions. Observe the strength of the following test solutions of the TJ. S. P. Ferric Chloride, Ferrous Sulphate and Ferric Ammonium Sulphate. How is the per cent, of unoxidized sulphate in copperas determined ? IKON, MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 125 In iron salts, how may the following impurities be detected, and where do they occur ? Zn, Cu, Alkalies and NO3 ; Fe (ous) in ic, and Fe (ic) in ous. Al. in Iron Alum. Iodine in Saccharated Iodide of Iron. Name, give symbol, and show by chemical equation the manufacture of the salts of manganese. (Insol.) Mangani Dioxidum, MnO^ = 86.72 : Also known as black oxide, is the chief ore of manganese. ( .8 ) Mangani Sulphas, MnS04.4H,0= 222.46. In what preparations are the manganese compounds used ? Mn02, used in making chlorine water, and in permanganate of potassium. What is a prominent physical property of Mn salts ? Pinkish in color. In the sulphate, how may the following impurities be de- tected? Zn, CI, Cu, Alkalies, and Mg. Name, give symbol, and show by chemical equation the manu- facture of official compounds of chromium. Acidum Chromicum, CrOs =^ 99.88 : — KjCrA + 2HjS04 = 2Cr03 + 2KHS04 + HjO. Potassium Sulpliurio Chromic Potassium Water. Bichromate. Acid. Acid, Acid Sulphate. Reseaech Questions. How may KSOt be detected in chromic acid? What is the effect and danger of mixing the above with oxidizable bodies 1 126 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. Aliuninum. Name, give symbol, and show by chemical equation the manufacture of the salts of aluminum. ( 9 ) Alumen,K,AUSOi%.24H20 = 946.46:— Potassa-alum. AlA + 3H2SO4 + K2SO. + 2IH2O = K2Alj(SO.)i24H20. Aluminum Sulphuric Potassium Water. Alumen. Oxide. Acid. Sulphate. (Insol.) Alumini Hydras, Al2(OH)6 = 155.84 :— KjAljCSOi)^ + SNajCOa + SH^O = Al^fHOj + K^SO^ + Potassa- Sodium Water, Aluminum Potassium Alum. Carbonate. Hydrate. Sulphate. SNagSOi + 3CO2. Sodium Carbon Sulphate, Dioxide. ( 1.2 ) Alumini Sulphas, Al,(804)3l6H,0 :— Aluminum hy- drate treated with sulphuric acid and crystallized. What is dried or burnt alum ? Alumen Exsiccatum is made by heating 100 Gm. of alum on a sand-bath until reduced to 55 parts. What other compounds, besides the official alum, are termed alums ? The officinal alum is known as the Potassa-alum, but any double sulphate of a trivalent and a univalent radical with 24 molecules of water of crystallization is considered an alum. We have, therefore, besides Potassa-alum, Ammonia-alum ; NHi, replacing the univalent K, thus : Alj(NH4)2(S04)424H20. We have also double sulphates of Cr, Fe, Mn (replacing the Al), and an alkali metal, plus 24H2O. All these are termed alums. Give the analytical reactions of the aluminum compounds. Hydrates of K and Na produce white, gelatinous precipi- tates soluble in excess ; alkaline carbonates produce precipi- NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS. 127 tates, with evolution of CO2 ; NHOH produces a white pre- cipitate insoluble in excess. Research Questions. In aluminum salts, how may the following impurities be detected ? Where are they found ? Alkalies, Fe, Pb, Zn ; SO4 in hydrate. More than 5 per cent, of alkaline sulphate, in sulphate. Name, give symbol and method of preparation of the official salt of cerium. (Insol.) Cerii Oxalas, Ce,(C,O03-9H.,O = 704.78 :— Cerium chloride precipitated by oxalic acid. Research Question. In cerium salts, how may the following impurities be detected ; where do they occur? Al, Zn, CO3, metals. Non-metallic Elements. Halogmis: — Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine. How may chlorine be separated from HCl ? MnOj -f 4HC1 = MnClj -|- Cl^ -|- SH^O. Manganese Hydrochloric Mangftnese Chlorine. Water. Dioxide. Acid. Chloride. . (Officinal preparations of CI : — Calx Chlorata ; Liq. Sodse Chlorata.) Give an extemporaneous method of preparing chlorine water. 1. NaCl 60 grs., lead oxide (red) 350 grs. ; triturate and introduce into a bottle; add water, Sviij, and HaSO,, fjij, and let stand. (PbSOi precipitates, while CI and NaSO, are in solution.) 128 ESSENTIALS OP PHARMACY. 2. KCIO3, 60 grs., is put into an 8-oz. bottle; add HCl, fSij ; let stand till reaction ceases, and add water to make one pint. How does CI act as a bleaching, deodorizing and disinfecting agent ? As an indirect oxidizer by decomposing any water present ; the liberated nascent O acting energetically — HjO + Clj = 2HC1 + O. How may bromine be separated from its native combination? It is found as a magnesium or calcium bromide in the mother liquors (" bittern "), separated as follows : — MgBr^ + 4HC1 + MnOj = MgClj + MnCl, + Brj + 2HjO ; or, MgBr, + CI = MgClj + Br,. What are the physical properties of bromine ? It is a dark-brown liquid, volatile, giving off brown Aimes, which are disagreeable in odor and irritating to the mucous surfaces. How is iodine separated from its native combinations t Crude Nal is decomposed by MnOj and II28O4 and sub- limed. State the physical properties of iodine. Scaly, volatile substance, of acrid odor and taste, having metallic lustre ; its fumes violet colored, very sparingly soluble in H,0. (Official preparations of Iodine : — Tr ; Liq. lod. Co. ; Ung. lod. ; Tinctura lodi ; Syr. Ac. Hydriodici.) Research Question. Oive an account of the preparation and use of the volumetric solution of iodine. NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS. 129 Elementaey Gases (H,N, O, CI). What are the elementary gases, and give their physical properties ? Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen are colorless, odorless and tasteless. Chlorine is a yellowish-green gas, of suffocating odor. Into what official compound do these elements enter ? See Inorganic Acids, etc. What preparations of sulphur are official ? (Insol.) Sulphur Sublimatum : By subliming crude sulphur. (Insol.) Sulphur Lotum : By washing sublimed sulphur. (Insol.) Sulphur Prsecipitatum : — 3CaO + 6S = 2CaS2 + CaSaOa- Calcium Sulphur. Calcium Calcium Oxide. Disulphide. Tbiosulphate. 2CaSj -f CaSA + 6HCI = SCaCl, + 6S + 3HjO. Calcium Calcium Hydrochloric Calcium Sulphur. Water. Disulphide. Thiosulphate. Acid. Chloride. (Insol.) Sulphuris lodidum : By treating iodine with sul- phur. Unguentum Sulphuris : 30 parts of sublimed sul- phur mixed with 70 parts of benzoinated lard. Unguentum Sulphuris Alkalinum : 20 parts of washed sulphur, 10 parts of carb. pot., 6 parts water, and 65 parts of benzoinated lard (U. S. P., 1880). (Insol.) Carbonei Disulphidum, Cso = 75.93 : — Sulphur va- por passed over red-hot charcoal. Acidum Hydrosulphuricum (Sulphuretted Hydro- gen) : Ferrous sulphide acted upon by diluted sulphuric acid. (In Test solution.) What preparations of phosphorus are official 1 Phosphorus : Phosphoric acid deoxidized with carbon. 130 ESSENTIALS OF PHAEMACY. Oleum Phosphoratum : 1 per cent, of phosphorus dissolved in almond oil. Also Spirit and Elixir. Pilulse Phosphori : y^^ gr. (.006 Gm.) of phosphorus con- tained in each pill. What preparations of carbon are official ? Carbo Aniraalis : Bones carbonized, air excluded during carbonization (" burning "). Carbo Animalis Purificatus : Animal charcoal purified by digesting with a mixture of HCl and water, etc. Carbo Ligni : Wood carbonized as above. Carbonei Disulphidum : See preparations of Sulphur. In making purified animal charcoal, what effect has HCl? It dissolves out the calcium salts. By what other names is animal charcoal known? Ivory black or bone black. What use has this substance in pharmacy ? It deprives certain kinds of solutions of color (see decolor- ization). What preparations of boron are official ? Acidum Boricum, H3BO3 : Natural product purified. (16 ) Sodii Boras: See preparations of Soda. Borax. How may boric acid be produced artificially ? By decomposing Borax with HCl, thus — Na^Bp,. lOHjO + HCl = NaCl + 4H3BO3 + SH^O. Give the analytical test for boric acid ? Alcohol flame turns green with boric acid ; Turmeric paper, brown. What preparations of silicon (or silicium) are official ? Liquor Sodii Silicatis, Na^SiOj (soluble glass) : Silica fused with dried sodium carbonate and the product dissolved. By what other name is silica known ? Silicic Oxide, SiOj. INORGANIC ACIDS. 131 Inorganic Acids. 1. Strong Acids. Name, give symbol, and show by chemical eq[uatioii how the inorganic acids are made. Acidura Hydrochloricum, HCl = 36.37 : — 31.9 per cent, (by weight) absol. acid. 2]SraCl + H2SO4 = HCl + NaCl + NaHSO^, Sodium Sulphuric Hydrochloric Sodium Acid Sodium Chloride. Acid. Acid. Chloride. Sulphate. NaCl + NaHSOi = HCl + NajSOi. Sodium Chloride. Acid Sodium Sulphate. Hydrochloric Acid. Sodium Sulphate. Acidum Nitricum, HNO3 = 62.89 :— 68 per cent, (by weight) absol. acid. NaNOs + H,S04 = NaHSO^ + HNO3. Sodium Sulphuric Acid Sodium Sulphate. Nitrate. Acid. Acidum Nitrohydrochlorlcum :— 180 parts HN03.|,,, ,„,„,,, HNO3 + 3HC1 = NOCl Nitric Acid. Nitric Acid Hydrochloric Acid. Nitrosyl Chloride. - ci, + Chlorine. 2H2O. Water. Acidum Sulphuricum, H2SO4 = 97.82 :— 92.5 per cent, (by weight) ahsol. acid. Nitrogen Dioxide. 2SO2* + N2O4 = 2SO3 Sulphurous Oxide. Nitrogen Tetroxide Sulphuric Oxide, + N2O2; Nitrogen Dioxide. then N2O2 +02= N2O4 ; Nitrogen Tetroxide. then Oxygen (from air, etc.). SO3 Sulphuric Oxide, H2O Water. (Continously furnishing O2 as above and converting SO3 into SOs.) H^SOj. Sulphuric Acid. * Obtained by heating S, or Iron pyrites, in a current of air. 132 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. Acidum Sulphurosum, SO2 = 63.9 : — 6.4 per cent, of (SOj) gas. 4H2SO4 + C2 = 4SO2 + 2CO2 + 4H2O, Sulphuric Carbon. Sulphurous Carbon. Water. Acid. Anhydride. Dioxide. Acidum Phosphoricum, H3PO4 ^ 97.8 : 85 per cent, (by weight) absol. acid. 12P + 2OHNO3 + 8H2O = = I2H3PO4 + 20NO. Phosphorus. Nitric Acid. Water. Phosphoric Nitrogen Oxide. Acid. (The other inorganic acids are mentioned under other headings.) 2. Dilute Acids. Name and give the mode of preparation of the dilute inor- ganic acids. Acidum Hydrochloricum Dilutum : Water and HCl mixed. 10 per cent, (by weight) absol. acid. Acidum Hydrobromicum Dilutum, HBr : — 10 per cent, absol. acid. KBr + HjSOl = KHSO4 + HBr. Potassium Sulphuric Acid Potassium Hydrobromic Bromide. Acid. Sulphate. Acid. Acidum Hypophosphorosum Dilutum (HPH2O2). 10 per cent, (by weight) absol. acid. Acidum Nitricum Dilutum : Water and HNO3 mixed. 10 per cent, (by weight) absol. acid. Acidum Nitrohydrochloricum Dilutum : HNO3 4 parts, HCl 18 parts, H^O 78 parts. Acidum Sulphuricum Aromaticum : H2SO4 100 parts, Tr. 20 per cent, absol. acid. ginger 50 parts, oil cinnam. 1 part, alcohol q. s. to 1000. INORGANIC ACIDS. 133 Acidum Sulphuricum Dilutum : H2SO4 and H^O mixed. 10 per cent, (by weight) absol. acid. Acidum Phosphoricum Dilutum : HsPOj and H2O mixed. 10 per cent, (by weight) absol. acid. Name the common impurities in some of the inorganic sub- stances. 1. Sulphur Prsecipitatum : — Metallic Impurities, Arsenic, Acid, Alkalies, Soluble Impurities, Selenium. 2. Bismuthi Subcarbonas :— Lead, Copper, Chloride, Sul- phate, Silver, Alkalies, Ammonia, Nitrates, Arsenic. 3. Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite : — Mercuric Chloride, Sol- uble Impurities, Ammoniated Mercury. 4. Potassii Bromidum : — Potassium Carbonate, Sodium, Bromate, Iodine, Calcium, Barium, Sulphate, Iron. 5. Potassii Bitartraa : — Chlorides, Sulphates, Copper, Lead, Iron, Calcium, Ammonium Salts, Acidity. 6. Calcii Hypophosphitum : — Phosphate, Sulphate, Arsenic, Magnesium. 7. Acidum Hydrochloricum : — Copper, Non-volatile Im- purities, Arsenic. This list may be extended by the pupil, and the (V. S.) Volumetric Solutions and (T. S.) Test Solutions of the Phar- macopoeia, used in testing for these impurities, should be studied ; such as : — Volumetric Solutions. — Silver Nitrate, Sodium Hyposulphite, Sulphuric Acid, Potassium Hydrate, Bromine, Fehling's So- lution, Iodine, Potassium Permanganate, Oxalic Acid, Sodium Hydrate. Test Solutions. — Chlorine Water, Ammonium Sulphide, Starch, Silver Nitrate, Barium Nitrate, Indigo, Stannous Chloride, Sodium Hydrate, Ammonium Oxalate, Barium Chloride, Potassium Iodide, Ammonium Chloride, Ammonium Carbonate, Potassium Hydrate, Calcium Hydrate. 134 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. O 1 IB d fil o C9 U 1 ^ oO 3 a I - 1— I'd "d S '"^ S ■» -S M ' bo O -a •s o I ^ * -3 .9 OPFIt'EAL, ORGANIC DRUGS, l;i5 OS M ft El d •S -d ti; (D ::3 b O CD ■a i ^ 1 I 9 i a « 3 =? c3.>^«(^ri. ' — ' § CitP =^ u "i S '5 a u fe '3 ■" "3 ^o) O rf j5 f^ MH 'g c c _- o o.g nnpQ °.2^ to t3 ^ h h 3 pqWfQ - 'd -.- . a c3 a 5-f .2 S a a s= ^ ; g^ ^ij = a ~ §-s c« :« :« c3 JS cj rt O O O i.' ^' O O O; ^ 1—1 3 -" C^ = 35 n I — ' S O 1 1 a" lib Pi O 35 ^ c3 n " *: EC [/: +J 136 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. S H H & B M H CO IZi O O O o M a a H n ;?; ■< pr w fi O ■< « H < u 'g-2 So r> C O CO 0} o s ■"S-S So S^ u a S.l ^a r-.Q' O a ^;a o - fi-^ S '3 ^ I ^1 — 11 — I • : : ■ ; -S *" a "'^ • : I — 'r-^ '■ rA .^ "H ,a '^ '_ , •? ' ' • '^ fc, 0) g^ o o g «3 oS o a 60 a a ^ a.S s a K 0) Q:;3*c.ir!3 o I — II II — " II II I a^. M e = « bT ?? c3 ^ p. > o as ^^ o ^ a o J3 p-"^ o> .Sfa OFFICIAL ORGANIC DRUGS. 137 W a H IT a. a jj « .s .^ .~ ..- eg 02 9 ^ -a "pi ifitli I — ^1 ^1 [I — PI — II — I ! o .2 ® tg C S o J- „ d SlBi§3 a J- a o o -^^ ^>§ H ... « (S (_, O ap3 g o.g M Oo 3'5o3 02 g^^ -^2 I— ' l5 1=^ • ^gl , acJ3 3.-e « 3 i3-§ aj •-... . 5P^ 3.-e a"- ■^r.^^s..||. ICO ■■§ 2 i! .g M g. a> j° ;„|-3aog--j.g : a i-^sns.g ® s 02 I &3^ rH 4-1 '^. "8 IT 83 g P. a M « 5 5 g a a .s a a 55 a 138 ESSENTIALS OF PHAEMAClf. OFFICIAL ORGANIC DRUGS. 139 s^ ci O g-d- s >^ O '3 'm -rt O -g ^ &^ f^ is ■§ .2 -^ 5 „ -ffi C3 Qj « .3 S ^ -Td o B< ^ -i^ •|r!— '-iS B— i+aC^ 3 • p m ai^.s^.11ill ssss ^ S a S m. Of — I I — 1 Ph S Soh 5 S I ^ 140 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. O !zi a O H -\ '3 'S go 5 Ev m £ o M jo£^^^[5,o tij3 j£fi j£^ a a d, £ I-:) u 1: a o a ,a a P( c8 a a 3 p< , , a C^ BO S.8 « Id^ c3 'S « 1^ » 3 l^llll^ a^ Seas js ^s j3 ca M ^e W OS ^ t- W CO CCOqCC r;^ -^ '2 r^ re . — - K) S fSi X ~ a a a M-t --^ ^ a a sf- E ^ £ a - sei g s e « a s5 a g a a 02 § 2 IS .5f « ■a E a; a a a w — ^- — QJ a; 02 02^^02X0: !•!= ?: ft § 32 OQ "ft ^ '43 ^ -*J +J !B C5 02 ^ 0202 142 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. I g O w EH fl CeHj(OI)C-C(IO)H,CaNH. 150 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. Name. Synonyms. FOEMtlLA. Antipyrin-salicylate.... Pheuyl Salicylate • Di - iodo - paraphenol sulphonlc acid f Di - ethyl - sulfon - di- \ methyl-methane.... J Ethyl-urethane ■ Formula not given. C,H2.Ij.0H.S0,0H. CHs^p^SOjC^Hb. CHp^ =CH3(OH)3. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. 165 How can it be distinguished from tannic acid ? By its sparing solubility in cold water and by not precipi- tating gelatin or alkaloids from their solution, and by its crystalline form, which is acicular. Off. Prep. Ung. Acidi Gallici. (1) Tannic Acid, CuHioOg (Anhydride of Digallic Acid). What are the sources of tannin or tannic acid? The officinal tannic acid is obtained from nutgalls, but tannins exist also in oak bark, cinchona, catechu, coffee, kra- meria, salix, kino, rhus glabra, salvia, etc. They are astrin- gent, amorphous bodies ; they precipitate albumin, alkaloids, ferric salts (differently colored, inky precipitates) and gela- tin. Tannic acid also precipitates tartar emetic. How is tannin made ? Powdered nutgalls is exposed to a damp atmosphere for two or three days. It is then made into a soft paste, by mixing with ether, and macerated for twenty-four hours. By strong pressure the liquid portion is separated ; the compressed cake is then mixed with sufficient ether and water (16 of the former to 1 of the latter) to form a soft paste, and expressed as before; the expressed liquids are then evaporated at a temperature not exceeding 100° C. Off. Prep. Collod. Stypt.; Tro. Acidi Tannici; Ung. Acidi Tannici. (1200) Thymol (sp. gr. 1.028 ; melts at 50° C), C,oHhO (Cymene, CioHu, with OH substituted for H). What is the source and properties of thymol ? Thymol crystallizes out when oil of thyme is kept at a low temperature for a day or two. It may also be obtained by shaking the oil with caustic alkali, treating the alkaline liquid with an acid, and crystallizing from alcoholic solution. It is the stearopten of oil of thyme ; has antiseptic properties. 166 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. What is a stearopten ? Volatile oils are usually mixtures of the liquid hydrocar- bons, or el(Boptens, with oxidized hydrocarbons, which are commonly solid or camphor-like bodies, termed stearoptens. Camphor, CioHieO (sp. gr. .990-.995 ; melts at 175° C). What is camphor ? A stearopten derived from dnnamomum camphora, and puri- fied by sublimation. Off. Prep. Aq. ; Liniment. ; Liniment. Saponis ; Spts. ; Tr. Opii Camph. What unofficial stearopten has a prominent place among the remedial agents, and how is it related to the other stearoptens ? Menthol, bearing the same relation to oil of mint as that of thymol to oil of thyme ; its composition is CioHigOH. Keseaech Questions on Some of the Above Organic Compounds. How may the sweet spirits of nitre be quantitatively exam- ined? How may the alcoholic strengths of brandy, whisky, wine, etc., be determined ? How can brandy and whisky be examined for fusel oil, undue amounts of solids, glycerine, etc. ? What are the tests for lead, copper, iron, H2SO4, in tartaric acid? What is the test for tartaric and oxalic acids in citric acid ; also, Pb, Cu, Fe, SO^, in the same ? Absence of acids (and HCl) and presence of alcoholate, in chloral? THE TERPENE SERIES OF HYDROCARBONS. C„H2o_4. Terebinthina, oil of turpentine, CjoHie (sp.gr. .855-.870). What is the source and properties of oil of turpentine ? It is obtained by the distillation of the oleoresin (gum) tur- ORGAXIC COMPOI'NDS. 167 pentine, which flows naturally (or by incision) from the wood of most coniferous trees ; soluble in three parts of alcohol ; de- composed with violence by bromine and iodine, and inflames with a mixture of HaSOi and HNO3. See also Terebenum, C,„H,e, U. S. P., 1890. What is terpini hydras ? The hydrate of the diatomic alcohol terpin. Its formula is CioHisCOH)^ + H^O = 189.58. Volatile or Essential Oils. Give a brief account of this class of substances. Volatile oils exist in aromatic plants, from which they may be separated by distillation in the presence of water, or by passing steam through the bruised substance. The steam, in its passage through the material, carries with it the minute globules of oil over the neck of the retort, and finally into the receiver, where the oil is found floating on the condensed water ; oils of lemon and orange are sometimes obtained by mere pressure of the rind of the fruit. Essential oils contain terpenes and a non-terpenoid substance, to which they some- times owe their fragrance. (See also Stearoptens.) How may the common adulterations of volatile oils be detected ? Fixed oil, by leaving a greasy stain on paper upon evapora- tion. Alcohol, by decreasing in volume when shaken with glycer- ine or water (the glycerine or water increasing in proportion to the decrease in the bulk of volatile oil). A well-cultivated sense of smell is invaluable in guarding against adulteration with inferior oil. Into what other classes, beside the terpenes, may the volatile oils be divided ? Oxygenated, e. ff., cinnamon ; Sulphurated, e. g., mustard ; Nitrogenated (because of the presence of HON), e. g., oil of bitter almond. 168 ESSENTIALS OF PHAEMACY. What oils are derived by the action of a ferment? Oleum Amygdalae Amarse and Oleum Sinapis Volatile. What is enfleurage? It is a name of a process by which delicate odors or vola- tile oils are extracted by the agency of fats ; layers of flower- petals are placed upon trays covered with a layer of purified, inodorous fat. The absorptive property of the fat is thus taken advantage of by repeated macerations of fresh petals from time to time; the fat becomes the "pommac^e" of the perfumers. To extract from this pomade the odor of the flower-petal with which it has become impregnated, it is only necessary to macerate the fat with agitation in deodorized alcohol or cologne spirits ; the solution thus prepared consti- tutes the handkerchief extract of commerce. Mention the drugs yielding official volatile oils.' * Amygdala amara. Jmiiperus. Anisom. j i i Tops and Aurantii Cortex. ( Flowers. Aurantii Plores. Limonis Cortex. Carnm. Menthse (Pip. andVir.). Cajuput. Myrcia. Caryophyllus. Myrlstica. Chenopodium. Pimenta. Cumamomum. Kosa damascena. Copaiba. Eosmarinus. Cit. Bergamia Ruta. Coriander. Sabina. Cubeba. Santalum album. Erigeron. Sassafras. Eucalyptus. Sinapis nigra. Foeniculum. Terebinthinse. Gaultheria. Thymus. Hedeoma. Valeriana. *For other constituents, natural order, etc., see pages 134-142. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. 169 Are volatile oils a prominent constituent in other drugs tlian the above-named? There is a class of drugs in which volatile oil is associated with soft resin, another with certain bitter or acrid principles, etc. Mention the drugs belonging to the Absinthium. Ammoniacum. Anthemis. Artemisia. Arnica. Arnica root. Asafetida. Aspidium. Anrantii Folia. Aurantii Fructus. Buclm. Calamus. Calendula. Cannabis Americana. Cannabis Indica. Cardamon. Capsicum. Cascarilla. Cypripedium. Eupatorium. Galbauum. Grindelia. Humulus. Dlicium. above classes.* Inula. liupulinum. Macis. Matico. Matricaria. Magnolia. Marrubium. Melissa. Mezereum. Menthse (Pip. and Vir.). Origanum. Pilocarpus. Piper. Salvia. Sambuous. Santonica. Scoparius. Serpeutaria. Sinapis Alba. Sinapis Nigra. Tabacum. Tanacetum. Thuja. Viburnum. RESINS, OLEORESINS, GUM RESINS AND BALSAMS. What are resins? The natural resins obtained by exudation from plants seem to be oxidized products of terpenes and the allied hydro- * For other constituents, natural order, etc., see pages 134-142. 170 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. carbons. They resemble stearoptens, but are not volatile; they diflfer from fats in being solid and brittle. They are in- soluble in water and mostly soluble in alcohol. (The natural exuded resins must not be confounded with the resins and resinoids extracted from resinous drugs. See below.) Name the natural resins of the U, S. P. Elastica (?), Eesinse (a residuum from distilled turpen- tine), Mastiche, Guaiaci resinse (the latter is made by boiling the chips of guaiac wood in salt water, the resinous gum col- lected, melted and strained). The pitches (pix burgundica and pix canadensis) are resins containing but a small quantity of volatile oil, water, etc. What is an oleoresin, and give official examples ? They are mixtures of resin and volatile oil, Terebinthina (gum turpentine), Terebinthinse Canadensis (balsam of fir). Copaiba. These natural oleoresins should not be confounded with the officinal preparations known by this title, (q. v.) What is a gnm resin, and give examples ? They are mixtures of resin or oleoresin and gum ; they form with water milky emulsions. Asafetida, Galbanum, Gam- boge, Ammoniac and Myrrh. What is a balsam, and give official examples ? A balsam is generally understood to be a resin or oleoresin containing benzoic or cinnamic acid ; balsam Peru, balsam tolu and storax. (Canada balsam and copaiba are not balsams). What drugs of the Pharmacopoeia contain peculiar resins extracted by alcohol? Cannabis ludicse, Cimicifugse, Gossypii Radix, Jalapa, Po- dophyllum, Rheum, Scammonium, Spigelia, Stillingia, etc. What are the so-called (eclectic) resinoids ? Resin-like precipitates from concentrated alcoholic solutions ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. 171 of the drug. The concentrated tincture is precipitated by a large quantity of water. This is collected, dried and powdered e. g., Cimicifugin, Irisin. See also p. 77. FIXED OIL, FATS AND SOAPS. Give a brief sketch of the chemistry of fixed oils and fats. They are regarded as ethereal salts of the fatty acids (oleic, stearic and palmitic) and an organic base (mainly glyceryl). Oils consist chiefly of olein, that is, of trioleate of glyceryl, (CnH33COO)3C3H,. Hard fats mainly consist of stearin, that is, of tristearate of glyceryl, (C„H35COO)3CH3. See also oleic acid. Name the official fixed oils and fats. Oleum Adipis, Amygdalse Expressum, Gossypii Seminis Lini, Morrhuse, Olivse, Ricini, Theobromse, Tiglii, Adeps, Sesaraum (Benne oil). What are waxes ? They are fats having a high fiising point. Wax, however^ is a term more properly applied to the compounds of the fatty acids with radicals, such as cetyl, C16H33 (in spermaceti — ceta- ceura), ceryl, C27H55 (in Chinese wax) and myricil, CsoHei (in beeswax). Off. Cera alba and Cera flava. What are soaps ? Salts of oleic, stearic, palmitic acid, or a mixture of these three ; those made with KOH are soft ; those with NaOH are hard. Lead plaster is sometimes (not inappropriately) called lead soap. Name the official soaps. Sapo, prepared from soda and olive oil (Castile). Sapo Mollis, prepared from potassa, linseed oil, alcohol, etc. Off. Prep. Containing soap: Emp. Saponis; Linimentum Saponis ; Tr. Saponis Viridis. 172 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. CARBOHYDRATES. What are carbohydrates? Substances composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, the two latter being in the proportion to form water. Mention the principal groups of the carbohydrates and their formulas. Celluloses. Saccharoses, Glucoses. (CeHioOs),. C12H22O11. C6H12O6. Cellulose. Cane sugar (sucrose). Grape sugar (dextrose). Starch. Milk sugar (lactose). Fruit sugar (Isevulose). Glycogen. Maltose. Galactose. Dextrin. Melitose. Arabinose. Gums. Melezitose. What official substance represents the purest form of cellu- lose (cellulin) ? Gossypium Purificatum. Composed of ordinary cotton de- prived of adhering impurities and fatty matter ; it is known as absorbent cotton. What eflfect have the strong acids upon it ? H2SO4 first swells, dissolves, and finally forms dextrin, which may be converted into glucose. HNO3 forms several compounds, prominent among which is gun-cotton, C6H,06.(N02)3, trinitrocellulose. What is soluble gun-cotton, and how is it made ? Pyroxylinum; is made by acting upon cotton by means of H2SO4 and HNO3. The HlSTOa only is decomposed, repre- sented by the following formula : — CeHioOj + 2HN0a = CsJ^qJOs + 2H,0. Cellulin. Nitric Acid. Dioitrocellulose. What are the physical properties of pyroxylin, and what important official preparations contain it ? It is dissolved by alcohol and ether, when it forms the officinal colloefions (g. v.). OEGANIC COMPOUNDS. 173 What is the source, official name, and principal character- istics of starch ? Araylum, the fecula of wheat (of corn, 1890) ; insoluble in cold water; neutral to test-paper; under the microscope appearing as concentrically striated granules, angular or lenticular in form. When boiled with water, it yields a white jelly, having a bluish tinge, which, when cool, acquires a deep-blue color on the addition of test solution of iodine. Mention some dings containing amylaceous substances. Althfea; Calumba; Chondrus; Cetraria; Jalap; Sarsa- parilla ; Ginger, etc. What are the characteristics of gums ? They are insipid substances, soluble in water, forming a mucilaginous liquid or a jelly-like adhesive mass. What two gums are official, and what are their properties? Acaoia, comes in roundish, brittle tears of various sizes, or broken, angular fragments, soluble in water, forming a thick, mucilaginous liquid. Tragaeanth, comes in thin bands, more or less curved, not transparent, swelling in water, forming a gelatinous mass. What are the chemical composition and properties of acacia and tragaeanth? Acacia is a salt of Arabic acid and lime, magnesium and potassium. Tragaeanth contains tragacanthin and a salt of gummic acid and calcium, not identical with that of gum arable. Mucilage of acacia yields a gelatinous ppt. with subacetate of lead, ferric chloride, and concentrated solution of borax, and is not colored by iodine. Tragaeanth mucilage is tinged blue by iodine, the fluid portion is not disturbed by ferric chloride or borax. What is dextrin? It is called British gum ; its mucilage is very adhesive. It 174 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. is obtained by exposing starch to a dry heat of 175° C ; is a yellow amorphous powder. What sugars are official ? Saccharum (saccharose), saccharum lactis (lactose). There are other officinal substances containing sugar, such as manna (containing mannit). Mel. (glucose, etc.). What is glucose, and how is it made ? Grape sugar, or dextrose, is found in honey, raisins, etc. It is also a product of decomposition of glucosides. Made on a large scale by treating starch with sulphuric acid ; precipita- ting the acid with CaCOg, decolorizing the liquid with animal charcoal and concentrating it in vacuum pans. How may cane sugar, milk sugar, and glucose be distin- guished? Milk sugar is the least soluble crystalline sugar ; it slowly reduces alkaline cupric solutions. Glucose is very soluble ; rapidly reduces metallic oxides ; minute traces of glucose reducing cupric solutions. Cane sugar, very sweet taste; does not reduce cupric solu- tions. Glucose is less soluble in water and more soluble in alcohol than cane sugar. Glucose rotates the plane of polarization strongly to the right.. Cane sugar furnishes a thick syrup, is dextro-rotary, but not so strongly as glucose. What is the specific angle of rotation of glucose? -{-■56, and the formula for computation is — g^™^ ^ ; thus, if 2.8° were the observed angle, the formula would read 100 X 2.8 280 t- . 66 = -sT = 5 per cent. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. 175 GLUCOSIDES. What are glucosides ? Organic neutral compounds existing in plants, which, when acted upon by ferments or acids, are split up into glucose and other bodies ; most probably they are ethereal salts of the polyacid alcohol glucose. Mention a few glucosides. Amygdalin, Elaterinum, Glycyrrhizin, Digitonin, Picro- toxinum, Salicinum, Quercitrin. How may santonin be isolated from santonica ? Santonin is said by some authorities to be a glucoside. The process for its extraction is as follows : — Santonica is mixed with lime and extracted by dilute alco- hol ; the alcohol is distilled oif and acetic acid is added to the residue when the santonin precipitates. The crude santonin is dissolved in alcohol, and purified by treating the alcoholic solution with charcoal and crystallizing. Processes of extrac- tion vary, however, according to the nature of the drug in which the glucoside resides. How is ammoniated glycyrrhizin made ? The powdered licorice root is extracted with ammoniacal water ; the alkaline solution is then precipitated by HjS04 ; the ppt. washed and redissolved, by the aid of water of am- monia ; again precipitated by H2SO4; ppt. collected and washed, and redissolved in diluted water of ammonia ; finally, the clear solution is spread upon plates of glass to dry (scale). Mention some drugs said to contain glucosides. Absiutliium (absiuthin). Arnica (amicin). Aloe (aloin). Asclepias (asclepidin). Althaea (asparagin). Bryonia (bryonin). Amygdala aiuara (amygdalin). Calamus (acorin). 176 ESSENTIALS OP PHAEMACY. Cantharis (cantharidin). Chimaphila (arbutin). Colocynthis (colocynthin). Digitalis (digitoxin). Euonymus (euonymin). Elaterium (eleterin). Frangula (frangulin). Gaultheria (arbutin, ursone). Mezereon (daphnin). Myrcia (myricin). Podophyllum (podophyllotoxin, etc.). Quassia (quassi'in). Quercus (quercitrin). Quillaia (saponin). Sarsaparilla (sarsaparillin). Soilla (scillitoxin scillipicrin,etc.). Simaruba (quassin). Taraxacum (taraxacin). TJva Uisi (arbutin, ursone, erico- lin). Vanilla (vanillin). Viburnum (vibumin). ACRID PRINCIPLES. What is meant by the term acrid principle ? Acrid principles are extractive substances, frequently amor- phous, of various composition ; they are usually neutral prin- ciples, sometimes resinous, whose names end in in; some, however, have acid character, as senegin (polygallic acid) ; many of them resemble the glucoside saponin, as found in quillaja, etc. Mention some acrid drugs. Aconitum. Caulophyllum. Methysticum. Sarsaparilla. Allium. Chelidonium. Piper. Scammouium. Armoracia. Colchicum. Podophyllum. Scilla. Arnica. Dracontium. Pyrethrum. Senega. Arum. Elaterium. Quillaja. Sinapis. Bryonia. HeUeborus. Rhus Toxicodendron. Stillingia-. Cambogia. Iris. Sabadilla. Tabacum. Cantharis. Leptandra. Sanguinaria. Tiglii Semen. Capsicum. . Lobelia. Saponaria. Veratrum Viride. ALKALOIDS. Mention the characteristics of the alkaloids. They are active vegetable principles, behaving toward acids as does ammonia, which fact gives them the Greek termina- ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. 177 tion (oid) = alkali-like bodies ; most of them contain nitro- gen ; they form precipitates with tannic acid, forming insoluble tannates (for this reason tannin is used as an antidote for them) ; they are precipitated also by the fixed alkalies, also by phospho-tungstic acid, ammonium molybdate, potassium iodo-hydrargyrate, platinic chloride, picric acid, etc. Name the official alkaloids. The following is a list of the official alkaloids, some of which form official salts, as indicated : — OPIUM ALKALOIDS. Opium, contains 9 per cent, morphine. Opium Deodoratum, contains 13-15 per cent, morphine. Morphiim, CnHi!,]SrO:,H,0. Morphime Hydrochloras, Hydrochlorate of Morphine, CnH.gNOsHCl.SH.O. MoiphiitcE Sulphas, Sulphate of Morphine, CnHigNOsHaSOi.- 5H,0. Morphince Acetas, Acetate of Morphine, CnHigNOs.HCjHaOj.- 3H,0. Codeina, Methyl Morphine, dsH-.i^OsHjO. Apomoiphince Hydroehloras, Hydrochlorate of Apomor- phine, CiTHnNOj.HCl. An artificial alkaloid formed by heat- ing morphine in a sealed tube with strong hydrochloric acid. CINCHOXA ALKALOIDS. Cinchona Flava contains 2.5 per cent, quinine. Cinchona Rubra contains 5 per cent, of alkaloids. Quinina, Quinine, C20H.24N.2O2 -|- BHaO. Quinines Bimilphas, Bisulphate of Quinine, CaoHj^NjOaH,- SO^.THaO. Quinince Hydrobromas, Hydrobromate of Quinine, C20H24- NaOaHBr.HaO. 12 178 ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACY. Quininm Hydrochloras, Hydrochlorate of Quinine, CjoHji- N20,HC1.2H,0. Quinincd Sulphas, Sulphate of Quinine, (C2oH24N202)2H2S04.- 7H2O. Quinince Valerianas, Valerianate of Quinine, C20H24N2O2.- C,H,„02.H20. Quinidinm Sulphas, Sulphate of Quinidine, (0301124^202)2- H2SO4.2H2O. Cinchonina, Cinehonine, O19H22N2O. Cinohonince Sulphas, Sulphate of Oinchonine, (Oi9H22N20)2- H2SO4.2H2O. CinchonidincB Sulphas, Sulphate of Cinchonidine, (C19H22- N20)2H2SO«.3H20. Chinoidin, Mixture of alkaloids. STRYCHNINE. Nux Vomica contains 0.2-0.6 per cent, strychnine. Ignatia contains 1.0-1.5 per cent, strychnine. Strychnina, Strychnine, O21H22N2O2. StrychnincB Sulphas, Sulphate of Strychnine, (0211122^202)2- H2SO4.5H2O. ACONITINE. (Unofficial.) Aconitum. ATEOPINE. Belladonnse Folia. Belladonnse Radix. Atropina, Atropine, OnH23N03. Atropinm Sulphas, Sulphate of Atropine, (CijHj3N03)2H2S04. CAFFEINE. Caffeina, C^^.lS.O^S.jO. Caffeina Citrata. Caffeina Citrata Effervescens. (See also p. 180.) COCAINE, CnH2iN04. Erythroxylon. CooainoB Hydrochloras, Ci7H2iN04,H01. OEGANIC COMPOUNDS. 179 HYDEASTINE, CI11H11NO2. Hydrastis. Hydrastinince Hydroehloras, CuHnNOajHCl. HYOSCYAMINE, C17H23NO3. Hyoscyamus. Syoscince Hydrohromas, Ci,H2i!N'04HBr,3H20. HyoscyamincB Hydrohromas, CuHjsNOsHBr. Hyoseyamiiice Sulphas, (Ci,H23N03)2H2S04. PHYSOSTIGMINE, Ci5H2iN302. Physostigma. PhysostigmiiKB (Eserine) Salieylas, Salicylate of Physostig- miue, C,5H2,N302.C,H603. PhysostigmincB Sulphas, (Ci5H2iN302)2H2S04. PILOCARPINE, IlOFESSIOKr-A.3L. OFXTSTIOISTS. "One of the most valuable and useful works in medical literature." (Signed) ALEXANDER J. C. SKENE, M.D., Dean of the L&ng Island College Hospital, and P)-ofessor of the Medical and Surgical Diseases of Women. " Indispensable to both 'students and practitioners.' " (Signed) F. MINOT, M.D., Mersey Professor of Theory and Practice of MediciTie, Harvard University. "It is very well arranged and very complete, and contains valuable features not usually found in the ordinary books. '' (Signed) J. H. MUSSEK, M.D., Assistant Prof essor Clinical Medic ine^ XJniversiiy of femuylvania. "A treasury of practical information which will he found of daily use to every busy practitioner who will consult it." (Signed) C. A. LINDSLET, M.D., Prqfessor of Theory aiid Practice of MedidTief Yale University^ New Sdven^ Oonn, For Sale hy Subscription only. NOW READY. DISEASES OF THE EYE. A Hand-Book of Ophthalmic Practice. By G. E. de SCHWEINITZ, MD., Professor of Diseases of the Eye, Philadelphia Polyclinic ; Professor of Clinical Ophthalmology, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia ; Ophthalmic Surgeon to Children's Hospital and to the Philadelphia Hospital ; Ophthalmologist to the OrthopiBdic Hospital and Infirmary for Nervous Diseases ; late Lecturer on Medical Ophthalmoscopy, University of Pa., etc. Forming a handsome royal 8vo. vol. of more than 600 pages. er 200 fine wood-cuts, many of wbich are original, and 1 chromo-Iithographic plates. Price, Oloth, $4 net ; Sheep, $5 net ; Half Bassia, $5.50 net. PROFESSIONAL OPINIONS. " A work that will meet with the requirements not only of the specialist, but of the general practitioner in a rare degree. I am satisfied that unusual success awaits it." (Signed) WILLIAM PEPPER, M.D., Pr&vQst and Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine and Clinical Medicine in the University of Pen/nsyVuania, ' ' Contains in concise and reliable form the accepted views of Ophthalmic Sci- ence." (Signed) WILLIAM THOMSON, M.D., Professor of Ophthalmology, Jefferson Medical College^ Philadelphia, Pa, " One of the best hand-books now extant on the subject." (Signed) J. 0. STILLSON, M.D., Professor of Eye and Eair, Central College of Ph/ystdans and Swgeons, Indiartqpolis, Ind. "Vastly superior to any book on the subject with which I am familiar." (Signed) FRANCIS HART STUART, M.D., Brooklyn, JV. Y. "Contains in the most attractive and easily understood form just the sort of knowledge which is necessary to the intelligent practice of general medicine and surgery." (Signed) J. WILLIAM WHITE, M.D., Professor of Clinical Surgery in the Unvversily of Penmsyhiania. " A very reliable guide to the study of eye diseases, presenting the latest facts and newest ideas." (Signed) SWAN M. BURNETT, M.D., Prof, of Ophthalnnology and Otology, Med. Department Unix. Georgetovm, Washington, D. C 10 Second Revised Edition. For Sale by Subscription only. A NEW PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY OF MEDICINE. WITH Phonetic Pronunciation, Accentuation, Etymology, etc. By JOHN M. KEATING, M.D., LL.D., Fellow of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia j Vice-President of the American Psediatrio Society ; Ex-President of the Association of Life Insurance Medical Directors; Editor " Cyolopsedia of the Diseases of Children," etc. ; HENRY HAMILTON, Author of "A new Translation of Virgil's .^neid into English Rhyme j'* Co- Author of "Saunders' Medical Lexicon," etc. WITH AN APPENDIX CONTAIMNG IMPORTANT TABLES OF BACILLI, MICROCOCCI, LEUCOMAINBS, PTOMAINES ; DETTGS AH D MATERIALS USED IN ANTISEPTIC SUSGBBY ; POISONS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES ; WEIGHTS AND MEASURES ; THERMOMETRIO SCALES ; NEW OFFICINAL AND UNOFFICINAL DRUGS, ETC. ETC. Forming One very Attractive Volume of over 800 pages. Price, Cloth, $5 net; Sheep, $6 net; Half Russia, $6.50 net. With Deulson's Patent Index for Seady Keference. "I am much pleased with Keating's Dictionary, and shall take pleasure in recommending it to my classes. " (Signed) HENRY M. LYMAN, M.D., Professor of Prmeijples and Praotice of MediamSf Rush Medical College^ Chicago, Ml, "I am convinced that it will be a very valuable adjunct to my study table, conrenient in size and sufficiently full for ordinary use." (Signed) C. A. LINDSLEY, M.D., Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine, Medical Dml. Yale UvmeirsUy, Secretary Qmmectiaut State Board of Smith, Sew Haven, Connecticut, "1 will point out to my classes the many good features of this book as com- pared with others, which will, I am sure, make it very popular with students." (Signed) JOHN CRONYN, M.D., LL.D., Professor of Principles and Practice of MedAnine and Clinical Medicine; President of the Faculty, Medical Dept. Niagara University, Suffalo, TV. Y. " My .examination and use of it have given me a very favorable opinion of its merit, and it will give me pleasure to recommend its use to my class." (Signed) J. W. H. LOVBJOY, M.D., Professor of Theory amd Practice of Medieine, and President of (lie Faculty, Medical Dept. GeorgeUnim VMveriity, Washington, J?. U 11 Second Edition, for Sale by Subscription. AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF SAMUEL D. aROSS, M.D., D. O. L. OXON., LL.D. CANTAB., EDIN., JBFPEBSON COLLEGE, UNIV. PA,, EMERITUS PBOFESSOK OF SUEGEBT IN THB JEFFERSON MEDICAL COLLEGE OF PHILADELPHIA. WITH REMINISCENCES OF HIS TIMES AND CONTEMPORARIES. Edited by his Sons, Samuel W. Gross, M.D., LL.D., late Pro- fessor of Principles of Surgery and of Clinical Surgery in the Jefferson Medical College, and A. Hallbk Gross, A.M., of the Philadelphia Bar. Preceded by a Memoir of Dr. Gross by the late Austin Flint, M.D., LL.D. In two handsome vols., each containing over 400 pages, demy 8to., ex. cloth, gt. tops, with fine Frontispiece engraved on steel. Price . . . $3.00 net. This Autobiography, which was continued by the late eminent Surgeon until within three months before his death, contains a full and accurate history of his early struggles, trials, and subse- quent successes, told in a singularly interesting and charming man- ner, and embraces short and graphic pen portraits of many of the most distinguished men — surgeons, physicians, divines, lawyers, statesmen, scientists, etc. etc with whom he was brought in con- tact in this country and in Europe ; the whole forming a retrospect of more than three-quarters of a century. 12 SA-TJISTDERS' Pocket Medical Formulary BT WILLIAM M. POWELL, M.D., Attending Physician to the Mercer House for Invalid Women, at Atlantic C5ty. CONTAINING 1750 Formuls, selected from several hundreds of the best known authorities. Forming a handsome and convenient Pocket Companion of nearly 300 printed pages, and blank leaves for additions. WITH AN APPENDIX Containing Posologioal Table ; Formulae and Doses for Hypo- dermic Medication : Poisons and their Antidotes ; Diam- eters of the Female Pelvis and Foetal Head ; Obstet- rical Table ; Diet List for various diseases ; Materials and Drugs used in Antiseptic Surgery : Treatment of Asphyxia from Drowning ; Surgical Remembrancer ; Tables of Incompatibles ; Eruptive Fevers ; Weights and Measures, etc. Third Edition, Revised and greatly Enlarged. Handsomely bound in Morocco, with Patent Index, Wallet, and Flap. ^'ice, $1.75 net. Therapeutic Gazette, January, 1892. — " The prescriptions have been taken from the writings or practice of Physicians whose experience qualifies them to be worthy of trial. AVe heartily recommend this volume to all who desire to purchase such a work." New York Mepical Record, February 27, 1892. — •* This little book, that can be conveniently carried in the pocket, contains an immense amount of material. It is very useful, and, as the name of the author of each prescription is given, is unusually reliable." 13 THIRD EDITION. How to Examine for Life Insurance. By JOHN M. KEATING, M.D., Medical Director Penn Mutual Life Insurance Co. ; Ex-President of the Association of Life Insurance Medical Directors ; Consulting Physician for Diseases of Women at St. Agnes' Hospital, Phila. ; Gynaecologist to St. Joseph's Hospital, etc. With two large Phototype Illustrations, and a Plate prepared by Dr. McClellan from special Dissections ; also, numerous cuts to elucidate the text, Price, in Cloth, $2.00. PART I. has been carefully prepared from the best works on physical diagnosis, and is a short and succinct account of the methods used to make examinations ; a description of the normal condition, and of the earliest evidences of disease. PART II. contains the instructions of twenty-four Life Insurance Com- panies to their medical examiners. PRESS NOTICES. " The most practical ma'hual on this subject that has yet been offered as a guide to the medical examiner for life insurance. It contains much that is needful in the way of reference that cannot be found grouped elsewhere." — Buffalo Medical a?id Surgical Journal. " Just such a book as the young and inexperienced medical examiner needs. " — The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. '* By far the most useful book which has yet appeared on insurance examination. The book should be at the right hand of every physician interested in this special branch of medical science.*' — The Medical News. " The volume is replete with information and suggestions, and is a valuable con- tribution to the literature of the medical department of life underwriters' work." — The Xfnited States Review (Insurance Journal). In Active Preparation. Ready Shortly. MANUAL OF SURGERY, GENERAL AND OPERATIVE. BY JOHN CHALMJIRS DA COSTA, M. D., Instructor in Surgery, Jefferson Medical College. A new manual of the Principles and Practice of Surgery, intended to meet the growing demand for students and others for a medium-sized work which will embody all the newer methods of procedure detailed in the larger text-books. , U SAUNDERS' SERIES OF MANUALS FOR STUDENTS AND PRACTITIONERS. The aim of the Publisher is to furnish, in this Series of Manuals, a number of high-class works by prominent teachers who are con- nected with the principal Colleges and Universities of this country ; the position and experience of each being a guarantee of the sound- ness and standard of text of the subject on which he writes. Especial care has been exercised in the choice of large, clear, read- able type ; a high grade of slightly toned paper, of a shade particu- larly adapted for reading by artiflcial light ; high class illustrations, printed in colors when necessary to a clear elucidation of the text ; and strong, attractive, and uniform bindings. The prices vary greatly ($1.00 to 12.50), it not being desirable to fix an arbitrary standard and pad the volumes accordingly. Now Ready— Fourth Edition. CONTAINING "HirCTTS OIT UISS-BCTIOKT." Essentials of Anatomy and Manual of Practical Dissection. By CHARLES B. NANCEEDE, M.D., Professor of Surgery and Clinical Surgery in the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Corresponding Member of the jftoyal Academy of Medicine, Rome, Italy ; late Surgeon Jefferson Medical College, etc. etc. With Handsome Fall-page Lithographic Plates in Colors. Orer 200 lUastratlons. No pains or expense lias been spared to make this work the most exhaustive yet concise Student's Manualot Anatomy and Dissection ever published, either In this country or Europe. , . , , .^ ^, ^ ^ ^ . ^. ... x, The colored plates are designed to aid the student m dissecting the muscles, arteries veins, and nerves. For this edition the woodcuts have all been specially drawn and engraved, and an Appendix added containing 60 illustrations repre- senting the structure of the entire human skeleton, th ' whole based on the eleventh edition of Gray's Anatomy, and forming a handsome post 8vo. volume of over 400 pages. Price, Extra Cloth or Oilcloth for the Dissection-Room, $2.00 net. 15 JUST PUBLISHED— SECOND EDITION. A Manual of the Practice of Medicine. By a. a. STEVENS, A.M., M.D., Instructor of Physical Diagnosis iu the University of Pennsylvania, and Demonstrator of Pathology in the Woman's Medical- College of Philadelphia. Post 8to., 502 pages, Illustrated. Price, Cloth, $2.50. Contributions to the science of medicine have poured in so rapidly during tlie last quarter of a century, that it is well nigh impossible for the student, witli the limited time at his disposal, to master elaborate treatises, or to cull from them that knowledge which is absolutely essential. From an extended experience in teaching, the author has been enabled by classification, the grouping of allied symptoms, and the judicious elimination of theories and redundant explanations, to bring within a comparatively small compass a com- plete outline of the Practice of Medicine. NEW READY. A Manual of Medical Jurisprudence AND TOXICOLOGY. By henry chapman, M.D., Professor of Institutes of Medicine and Medical Jurisprudence in the Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia; Member of the College of Physicians, Philadelphia, etc. 232 pp., post-octavo, with 36 Illustrations, some of which are In colors. Price $1.25 Net. For many years there has been a demand from members of the medical and legal professions for a medinm-sized work on this most important branch of medicine. The necessarily prescribed limits of the work per- mit only the consideration of those parts of this extensive subject which the experience of the author as coroner's physician of the city of Phila- delphia for a period of six years leads him to regard as the moat material for practical purposes. Particular attention is drawn to the illustrations, many being produced in colors, thus conveying to the layman a far clearer idea of the more in- tricate oases. 16 NURSING: Its ^Principles and fraotioo, FOR HOSPITAL AND PRIVATE USE. By ISABELLA A. HAMPTOUT, Graduate of the New York Training School for Nurses attached to Bellevue Hospital buperintendent of Nurses and Principal of the Training School for Nurses Johns Hopkms Hospital, Baltimore, Md.; Late Superintendent of Nurses Illinois Training School for Nurses, Chicago, Illinois. Price, $2.00 net. An entirely new work on the important subject of nursing, at once comprehensive and systematic. It is written in a clear, ac- curate, and readable style, suitable alike to the student and lay reader. It is of especial value to the graduated nurse who desires to acquire a practical working knowledge of the care of the sick and hygiene of the sick room. Thoroughly tested and approved processes in practical nursing only have been given, particularly in antiseptic surgery. Illustrations have been freely used wherever necessary to elucidate the text. Maryland iHdicalJonrnal. — "The newest and most advanced methods, in a clear, coneise manner." Ontario ISTedical Journal. — "Will enable each of us to become a iraj?ej«a- jc^o/ in himself." Inier-Ocean (Chicago). — " No better guide." The Churchman. — "Valuable for those contemplating nursing as a profession." IN ACTIVE PEEPABATION. READY SHORTLY. A MANUAL OF Materia Medica and Therapeutics. BY A. A. STEVENS, A.M., M.D., Instructor of Physical Diagnosis in the University of Pennsylvania and Demonstrator of Pathology in the "Woman's Medical College of Philadelphia. 17 NOW READY. Js. SYLLABUS OF Lectures on the Practice of Surgery. AKEANSED IN CONFOKMITY WITH THE AMERICAN TEXT-BOOK OF SURGERY. By N. SENN, M.D., Ph.D., Professor of Surgery in Rush Medical College, Chicago, and in the Chicago Polyclinic. PKICE . . . $2.00. This the latest work of its eminent author, himself one of the contributors to the " American Text-Book of Surgery," will prove of exceptional value to the advanced student who has adopted that work as his text-book. It is not only the syllabus of an unrivalled coui'se of Surgical Practice, but an epitome or supplement to the larger work. NOW READY. Notes on the Newer Remedies, THEIR Therapeutic Applications and Modes of Application By DAYID CERNA, M.D., Ph.D. Demonstrator of and Lecturer on Experimental Therapeutics in the University of Peunsylvania. Forming a small octavo volume of about 175 pages (7x5) inches. PRICE - - - $1.25. The work will take up in alphabetical order all the Newer Remedies, giving their physical properties, solubility, therapeutic applications, ad- ministration, and chemical formula. It will in this way, form a very valuable addition to the various works on Therapeutics now in existence. Chemists are so multiplying compounds that if each compound is to be thoroughly studied, investigations must be carried far enough to deter- mine the practical importance of the new agents. Brevity and conciseness compel the omission of all bibliographical re- ferences. 18 SA-Xj3srr>EBS' POCKET MEDICAL LEXICOU; OR, Dictionary of Terms and Words used in IVledicine and Surgery. By JOHN M. KEATING, M.D., Editor of " Cyclopsedia of Diseases of Children," etc. ; Author of the "New Proaouncing Dictionary of Medicine," AND HENRY HAMILTON, Author of "A New Translation of Virgil's jEneid into English Verse;" Co-author of a " New Pronouncing Dictionaiy of Medicine." Price, 75 Cents, Ciothr. $1.00, Leather Tucks. *' Saunders' Pocket Medical Lexicon — a very complete little work, invaluable to every student of medicine. It not only contains a very large number of words, but also tables of etymological factors common in medical terminology ; abbre- viations used in medicine, poisons and antidotes, etc.'" — Aiiiials of Gymzcohgy, Philadelphia. IN ACTIVE PREPARATION. METHODS OF PREVENTING AND OORREOTING Deformities of the Bones and Joints. A Handbook of Practical Orthopaedic Surgery. By II. AUGUSTUS WILSON, M.D., Professor of General and Orthopcedic Surgery, Philadelphia Polyclinic ; Clinical Professor of Orthoptedic Surgery, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, etc., etc. The aim of the author will be to provide a book of moderate size, contain- ing comprehensive details that will enable general practitioners to thor- oughly understand the mechanical features of the many forms of congenital and acquired deformities of the bOnes and joints. Mechanical and operative procedures will be given in detail, and promi- nence will be given to the mechanical requirements for braces and artificial limbs, etc., with description of their methods of construction. A large number of original illustrations will be used to make descriptions clearer. 19 IN PEESS. BEADY SHOBTLT. DISEASES OF WOMEK By henry J. GARRIGUES, A.M., M.D., Professor of Obstetrics in the New York Post-Graduate Medical School aud Hospital; Gynsecologist to St. Mark's Hospital, New York City; Gynse- cologist to the German Dispensary in the City of New York ; Con- sulting Obstetrician to the New York Infant Asylum ; Obstetric Surgeon to the New York Maternity Hospital ; Fellow of the American Gynaecological Society ; Fellow of the New York Ac&,deray of Medicine ; President of the German Medical Society of New York, etc. etc. In One Very Handsome Octavo Volume, of about 700 pag-es, profusely Illustrated by Woodcuts and Colored Plates. PRICE, CLOTH, $4.00. SHEEP, $5.00. A pratytical work on Gynsecology for the use of students and practitioners, writ- ten in a terse and concise manner. The importance of a thorough knowledge of the anatomy of the female pelvic organs has been fully reeogaized by the author, and considerable space has been devoted to the subject. The chapters on opera- tions and treatment will be thoroughly modern, and are based upon the large -hospital and private practice of the author. The text is elucidated by a large number of illustrations and colored plates, many of them being original. SYLLIBTJS OE OBSTETEIGAL LEOTUEES In the Medical Department University of Pennsylvania, By RICHARD C. N ORRIS, A.M., M.D., Demonstrator of Obstetrics in the University of Pennsylvania. Third Edition, thoroughly revised and enlarged. PRICE, CLOTH, INTERLEATED FOR NOTES, $2.00 Net. The New York Medical Record of April 19, 1890, referring to this book, says : " Tiiis modest little work is so far superior to others on the same subject that we take pleasure in calling attention briefly to its excellent features. Small as it is, it covers the subject thoroughly, and will prove invaluable to both the student and the practitioner as a means of fixing in a clear and concise form the knowledge derived from a perusal of the larger text-books. 20 NOW READY. SECOND EDITION. AN OPERATION BLANK, With List of Instruments, etc, EEQUIEED IN VAEIOTJS OPEEATIOUS. Prepared bt W. W. KEEN, M.D., LL.D., Professor of the Principles of Surgery In the Jefiferson Medical College, Philadelphia. Price per Pad, containing; Blanks for 50 Operations, 50 Cents, net. A convenient blank, suitable for all operations, giving complete instructions re- garding necessary preparation of patient, etc. , with full list of dressings and medi- cines to be used. Saunders' Question Compends. Noir the Standard Anthorities in Medical Literature Stndents and Practitioners in every City of tlie United States and Canada. THE REASON WHY I They are tlie advance guard of " Student's Helps" — that do help ; tliey are the leaders in their special line, well and authoniatively written bj/ able men, who, as teachers in the large colleges, know exactly what is wanted by a stu- dent preparing for his examinations. The judgment exercised in tlie seli-ction of authors is fully demonstrated by their professional elevation. Chosen FKOM THE K.1NKS OP DeMONSTKATOKS, QuIZ- MASTERS, AND ASSISTANTS, MOST OF THEM HAVE BECOME PkOFESSORS ANI> LeCTUREKS IN THEIR RESPECTIVE Colleges. Each hook is of convenient size (5 by 7 inches), containing on an aver- age 250 pages, profusely illustrated and elegantly printed in clear, reada- ble type, on fine paper. The entire series, numbering twenty-three subjects, has been kept thoroughly revised and enlarged when necessary, many of them being in their tliird and fourth editions. TO SUM UP. Although there are numerous other Quizzes, Manuals, Aids, etc., in the market, none of them approach the " Blue Series of Question Compends," and the claim is made for the following points of excellence :— 1. Professional standing and reputation of authors. 2. Conciseness, clearness, and standard of text. 3. Size of type, quality of paper and binding. 21 No. 1. ESSENTIALS OF PHYSIOLOQY. By H. a. hare; M.D., Professor of Therapeutics and Materia STedica in the Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia ; Physician to St. Agnes' Hospital and to the Medical Dispensary of the Children's Hospital ; Laureate of the Royal Academy of Medicine in Belgium, of the Medical Society of London, etc. ; Secretary of the Convention for the Revision of the Pharmacopoeia, 1890. Crown 8vo., 230 pages, numerous illustrations. Third Edition, reyised and enlarged by tlie addition of a series of Iiand- some plate illustrations tal^en from the celebrated "Icones Nervorum Capitis" of Arnold. Price, Cloth, $1.00 net. Interleaved for notes, $1.25 net. " Dr. Hare has admirably succeeded in gathering together a series of Questions which are clearly put and tersely answered.'* — University Medical Magazirw. No. 2. ESSENTIALS OF SURGERY. CONTAISINe, ALSO, Venereal Diseases, Surgical Landmarks, IVIInorand Operative Surgeryj' and a Complete Description, together with full illustrations, of th'e Handkerchief and Roller Bandage. By EDWARD MARTIN, A.M., M.D., Clinical Professor of Genito-Urinary Diseases, Instructor in Operative Surgery, and Lecturer on Minor Surgery, University of Pennsylvania: Surgeon to the Howard Hospital ;■ Assistant Surgeon to the University Hospital, etc. etc. rifth edition. Crown 8vo., 334 pages, profusely illustrated. Considerably enlarged by an Appendix containing full directions and prescriptions tor tlie preparation of the various materials used in ANTISEPTIC SURGERY ; also several hundred recipes covering the medical treatment of surgical affections. Price, Cloth, $1.00. Interleaved for Notes, $1.25. "Dr. Martin has admirably succeeded in selecting and retaining just what is necessary for purposes of examination, and putting it in most excellent shape for reference and memorizing."' — University Msiical Magazine. 22 No. 3. ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY, Including the Anatomy of the Viscera. By CHARLES B. NANCREDB, M.D., ArofesBor of Surgery and Clinical Surgery in the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor ; Corresponding Member of the Koyal Academy of Medicine, Kome. Italy; Late Surgeon Jefferson Medical College, etc. etc. Fourth editioB. Crowu 8to., 380 pages, 180 illastratious. Enfarged by an Appendix containing over Sixty Illustrations of the Osteology of the Human Body. The whole based upon the last (elerenth) edition of GRAY'S ANATOMY. Price, Cloth, $1.00. Interleaved for Notes, $1.25. ** Truly such a book as no student can afford to be without.*' — American PraC' itioner and News, Louisville, Kentucky. No. 4. Essentials of Medical Chemistry ORGANIC AND INORGANIC. CONTAINING,- ALSO, Questions on Medical Physics, Chemical Physiology, Analytical Processes, Urinalysis, and Toxicology. Demonstrator of Chemistry, Jefferson Medical College; Visiting Physician to German Hospital oi Philadelphia ; Member of Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, etc. etc. By LAWRENCE WOLEP, M.D., of Chemistry, Jefferson Medical College; Visiting Physiol t Philadelphia ; Member of Philadelphia College of Pharma( Fourth and revised edition, with an Appendix. Crown 8to., 212 pages. Price, Cloth, $1.00. Interleaved for Notes, $1.25. " We could wish that more books like this would be written, in order that medi- cal students might thus early become more interested in what is often a difficult and uninteresting branch of medical stadj."— Medical avJ Surgical Reporter. " The author is thoroughly familiar with his subjects. A useful addition to the medical and pharmaceutical library."— Registered Pharmacist, Chicago. 23 No. 5. ESSENTIALS OF OBSTETRICS. By W. EASTEKLY ASHTON, M.D., Professor of Gynsecology in the Medico-Chirurgioal College of Philadelphia ; Obstetrician to the Philadelphia HospitaL Third Edition, thoroughly revised and Enlarged. Crown 8ro., 214 pages, 75 illustrations. Price, Cloth, $1.00. Interleaved for Notes, $1.25. " Anexoellent little volume oontaining correct and practical knowledge. An admi- rable compend, and thft best condensation we have seen.** — Soiuher/i Practitioner. "Ashton's Obstetrics. Of extreme value to students, and an excellent little book to freshen up the memory of the practitioner." — Chicago Medical Times. "A work thoroughly calculated to be of service to students in preparing for ex amination.** — Medical and Surgical Reporter. "Ashton's Obstetrics should be consulted by the medical student until he can answer every question at sight. The practitioner would also do well to glance at the book now and then, to prevent his knowledge from getting rusty." — New York Medical Abstract No. 6. ESSENTIALS OF Pathology and Morbid Anatomy. C. E. ARMAND SEMPLE, B.A., M.B, Cantab., L.S.A., i.R.C.P., lond., Physician to the Northeastern Hospital for Children, Harkney ; Professor of Vocal and Aural Physiology and Examiner in Acoustics at Trinity College, London, etc. etc. Crown 8vo., illustrated, 174 pages. Price, Cloth, $1.00. Interleaved for Notes, $1.25. "An excellent oompend of the subject from the points of view of Green and VajiLQ.*^~^India7ba Medical Joiernal. "A valuable little volume — truly a m-ultum in parvo." — Cincinnati Medical Ifetm. 24 No. 7. essentials op Materia Medica, Therapeutics, AND PRESORIPTION WEITIE"G. By henry morris, M.D., Late Demonstrator, Jefferson Medical College ; Fellow College of Physicians, Phila- delphia ; Co-editor Biddle's Materia Medica ; Visiting Physician to St. Joseph's Hospital, etc. etc. Second Edition. Crown 8vo., 250 pages. Price, Cloth, $1.00. Interleaved for Notes, $1.25. " One of the best oompends in this series. Concise, pithy, and clear, well suited to the purpose for which it is prepared.'" — Medical and Surgical Reporter. " The very essence of Materia Mcilioa and Therapeutics boiled down and pre- jented in a clear and readable style.'" — Gaillard's Medical Journal. " A well-arranged quiz-book, comprising the most important recent remedies."— Sanitarium, New York. "The subjects are treated in such a unique and attractive manner that they cannot fail to impress the mind and instruct in a lasting manner.'' — Buffalo Med- ical and Surgical Joru,rnal. Nos. 8 aud 9. Essentials of Practice of Medicine. By henry morris, M.D., Author of " Essentials of Materia Medica," etc. etc. With an Appendix on the Olinioaland Microscopical Examination of Urine. By LA"WRENCE "WOLFF, M.D., Author of " Essentials of Medical Chemistry," etc. Colored (Vogel) Uriue Scale and numerons fine Illustrations. Third Edition, enlarged by some Three Hun-dred Easential Formulae, selected from the writings of the most eminent authorities of the Medical Profession. Collected and Arranged by "WILLIAM M. POWELL, M.D., Author of " Essentials of Diseases of Children." Post 8vo., 460 pages. Price, Cloth, $2.00. Medical Sheep, $2.50. " Of material aid to the advanced student in preparing for his degree, and to the young practitioner in diagnosing affections or selecting the proper remedy." — Smtthem Practitioner. " The teaching is sound, the presentation graphic, matter as full as might be desired, and the style attractive." — American Practitioner and News. No. 10, ESSENTIALS OF GYNECOLOGY. By EDWIN B. CRAGIN, M.D., Attending Gynaecologist, Roosevelt Hospital^ Out-Patienta' Department ; AssiatantSurgeon, New York Cancer Hospital, etc. etc. SECOND EDITION. Crown 8vo.,186 pages, 58 fine illustrations. Price, Cloth, $1.00. Interleaved for Notes, $1.25 ** This is a most excellent addition to this series of question compends, and prop erly used will be of great assistance to the student in preparing for examination. Dr. Craigin is to be congratulated upon having produced in compact form the Essen- tials of Grynsecology. The style is concise, and at the same time the sentences are well rounded. This renders the hook far more easy to read than most compends, and adds distinctly to its value." — Medical and Surgical Reporter. "Students and practitioners, general or special, even derive information and benefit from the perusal and study of a carefully written work like this. "— College a7id Clinical Record. No. 11. Essentials of Diseases of the Skin. By HEISTRY W. STELWAGON, M.D., 0iii)cal Lecturer on Dermatology in the Jeflferson Medical College, Philadelphia; Physician to the Skin Service of the Northern Dispensary : Dermatologist to Philadelphia Hospital ; Physician to Skin Departnient of the Howard Hospital ; Clinical Professor of Dermatology in the Woman's Medical College, Philadelphia, etc. etc. SECOND EDITION. Crown 8vo., 262 pages, 74 iUus., many of which are original Price, Clotli, $1.00. Interleaved for Notes, $1.25. " We are indebted to Philadelphia for another excellent book on Dermatology. The little book now before us is well entitled ' Essentials of Dermatology, ' and admirably answers the purpose for -whioh it is written. The experience of the reviewer has taught him that just such a book is needed. We are pleased with the handsome appearance of the book, .with its clear type, good paper, and fine woodcuts." — New York Medical Jmcrnal. 26 No. 12. ESSEI^TIALS OF Minor Surg^ery, Ba.ndaging, AND "Venereal Diseases. By EDWARD MARTIN, A.M., M.D., Author of " Essentials of Surgery," etc. SECOND EDITION, BEVISED AND ENLARGED. Crowu 8to., 158 pages, 78 illustrations, mostly specially prepared for this work. Price, Cloth, $1.00. Interleaved for Notes, $1,25. ** The best oondensation.of the subjects of which it treats yet placed before the profession. The chapter on Genito-Urinary Diseases, though short, is sufficiently complete to make them thoroughly acquainted with the most advanced views on the subject." — Medicai JVe/vs, Philadelphia. No. 13. ESSENTIALS OF Legal Medicine, Toxicology, and Hygiene. By C. E ARMAND SEMPLE, M.D., Author of " Essentials of Pathology and Morbid Anatomy." Crown 8vo., 212 pages, 130 illustrations. Price, Cloth, $1.00. Interleayed for Notes, $1.25. "At the present time, when the field of medical science, by reason of rapid pro. gress, becomes so vast, a book which contains the essentials of any branch or de- partment of it, in concise, yet readable form, must of necessity be of value. This little brochure, as its title indicates, covers a portion \>f medical science that is to a great e.fitent too much neglected by the student, by reason of the vastness of the entire field and the voluminous amount of matter pertaining to what he deems more important departments. The leading points, the essentials, are here summed up systematically and clearly." — Soni/ifrn PractitiADier, Nashville. ' ' A fair sample of Saunders' valuable oompends for the student and practitioner It is handsomely printed and illustrated, and concise and clear in its teachings."— Medical Brief , St. Louis. 27 No. 14. ESSENTIALS OF Refraction and Diseases of the Eye. By EDWARD JACKSON, A.M., M.D., Professor of Diseases of the Eye in the Philadelphia Polyclinic and College for Graduates in Medicine, etc. etc. AND Essentials of Diseases of the Nose and Throat. By E. BALDWIN GLEASON, M.D., Surgeon in charge of the Nose, Throat, and Ear Department of the Northern Dispensary ; Assistant in the Ear Department of the Philadelphia Polyclinic and College for Graduates in Medicine, etc. etc. Two Tols. in one, crown Sto., 268 pages, proftisely illustrated. Price, Cloth, $1.00. Interleaved for Notes, $1.25. " A valuable book to the beginner in these branches, to the student, to the busy practitioner, and as an adjunct to more thorough reading. The authors are capable men, and as successful teachers know what a student most needs.'* — New York Medical Record. No. 15. ESSENTIALS OF DISEASES OF CHILDREN. By WILLIAM M. POWELL, M.D., Attending Physician to the Mercer House for Invalid Women, at Atlantic City, N, J.; Late Physician to the Clinic for the Diseases of Children in the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania and St. Clement's Hospital, etc. etc. CROWN 8vo., 216 PAGES. Price, Cloth, $1,00. Interleaved for Notes, $1.25. "This work is gotten up in the clear and attractive style that characterizes, the Saunders' Series. It ooiitains in appropriate form the gist of all the best works in the department to which it relates.*' — ATnericaiv Practitioner and NewSj Louisville, Ky. "Dr. Powell's little book is a marvel of condensation. Handsome binding, good paper, and clear type add to its attractiveness.'* — Soiuherii Practitioner, Nash- ville, Tenn. "The book contains a series of important questions and answers, which the stu- dent will find of great utility in the examination of children. "—*A7inals of Gyncs* cohgy, Philadelphia. 23 No. 16. ESSENTIALS OF EXAMINATION OF URINE. Br LAWRENCE WOLFF, M.D., Author of" Essentials of Chemistry," etc. COLORED (VOGEL) URINE SCALE AND NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS. Crown 8vo. Price, Cloth, 75 Cents. *' A little work of decided value.'* — Tliiiversity JMeiical Magazi?i£. "A good manual for students, well written, and answers, categorically, many questions beginners are sure to ask. "^—Hi^'it'ca/ i^ecor^, Now York, " The book is practical in character, comprehensive as is desirable, and a useful aid to the student in his studies." — Memphis ^IcUcal Monthly, Memphis, Tenn. No. 17. ESSENTIALS OF DIAGNOSIS. By SOLOMON SOLIS COHEN, M.D., Professor of Clinical Medicine and Applied Therapeutics in the Philadelphia Polyclinic, AND AUGUSTUS A. BSHNBR, M.D., Instructor la Clinical Medicine, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia. Post Svo., 382 pages. 55 Illustrations, some of which are Colored, and a Frontispiece. Frice, $1.50 net. " A food book for the student, properly written from their standpoint, and con- fines itself well to its text."-— Medical Recor.i, Xew York. "Concise in the treatment of the subject, terse in expression of fact. . . The work is reliable, and represents the accepted views of clinicians of to-day." — Annncaii Joaraal of Medical Sciences. "The subjects are explained in a few well-selected words, and the required ground has been thoroughly gone over."— to«rM!w«a/.irp?iOTi .^^t5■a--"^^. " We can heartily recommend this work; it is modern and complete, and will give more satisfaction than many other works which are perhaps too prolix as woU asbehind the times."— il/tiifjcoZ-Rewew, St. Louis. 29 No. 18. ESSEN"TIALS OF PRACTICE OF PHARMACY. By LUCIUS E. SAYRB, Professor of Pharmacy and Materia Medioa in the University of Kansas. Crown 8vo., 171 pages. Price, Cloth, $1.00. Interleaued for Notes, $1.25. "Covers a great deal of ground in small compass. The matter is well digested and arranged. The research questions are a valuable feature of the book." — Albany Medical Amiah, Albany, N. Y. "This very valuable little manual covers the ground in a most admirable manner. It contains practical pharmacy in a nutshell." — American Doctor, Richmond, Va. "The best quiz on pharmacy we have yet examined." — National Drug Register, St. Louis, Mo. " A book of only 180 pages, but pharmacy in a nutshell. It is not a quiz-oom- pencl compiled to enable a grocery clerk to ' down' a board of pharmacy ; it is a finger-post guiding a student to a completer knowledge. "— ffe^^grra Drug Record. No. 20. Second and Revised Edition. ESSENTIALS OF BACTERIOLOGY. A CONCISE AND SYSTEMATIC INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF MICRO-ORGANISMS. By M. V. BALL, M.D., Assistant in Microscopy, Niagara University, Buffalo, N. Y. ; Late Resident Physician German Hospital, Philadelphia, etc. Crown 8to., 150 pp. 77 Illns. and fire Plates, some in Colors. Price, Cloth, $1.00. - - Interleaved for Notes, $1.25. "The amount of material condensed in this little book is so great, and so accu- rate are the formulse and methods, that it will be found useful as a laboratory hand-book." — Medical News, Philadelphia. " Bacteriology is the keynote of future medicine, and every physician who ex- pects success must familiarize himself with a knowledge of Germ-life^ — the agents of disease. •'This little book with its beautiful illustrations will give the students, in brief, the results of years of study and research unaided. "—Po^ci^c Record of Medieiva and Surgery, San Frftnoiaoo. 30 No. 21. ESSENTIALS OF Nervous Diseases and Insanity. THEIK SYMPTOMS ANT> TREATMENT. By JOHN C. SHAW, M.D., Cliulcal Professor of Diseases ol the Miud and Nervous System, Long Island College Hospital Medical School; Consulting Neurologist to St. Catharine's Hospital, and Long !Ulaad College Hospital ; Formerly Medical Superin- tendent King's County Insane Asylum, SECOND EDITION. Crown 8vo , 186 pages. 48 Original Illustrations. Mostly selected from the Author's prirate practice. rrice, Clofh^ $1.00, Interleaved for Notes, $1.25. "Clearly and intelligently written." — Boston Jledtcai a?id Surgical Joiii-naL *' A valuable addition to this series of compends, and one that cannot fail to be appreciated by all physicians and students." — IMedical Brief, St. Louis. "Dr. Shaw*s Primer is excellent as far as it goes, the illustrations are well exe- cuted and very interesting. "-:-Tt»i«s and Register, New York and Philadelphia. No. 22. ESSENTIALS OF PHYSICS. By FRED. J. BROCKWAY, M.D., Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York. Crown 8vo., 320 pages, 155 fine illustrations. Price, Cloth, ------ $1.00 net. Interleaved for JS^otes, _ _ - - $1.23 net. " The publisher has again shown himself as fortunate in his editor as he ever has been in the attractive style and make-up of his compends."— .l/nerican Prat- tuwmratid yews, Louisville, Ky. '■Contains all that one need know of the subject, is well written, and is copiously illustrated."— J/<'/(c