C75 
 
The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://archive.org/details/cu31924015587250 
 
SYRACUSE 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 STADIUM 
 
fyxmll mttirmitg pilrmg 
 
 THE GIFT OF 
 
 A.-Hij-^rf. dUifpj. 
 
 678-j 
 
SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY STADIUM 
 
 BUILT BY 
 
 gONSOLIDATED 
 
 ENGINEERING&CONSTRUCTION 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 ONE MADISON AVENUE 
 NEW YORK 
 
 PICTURES SHOWING 
 Method of Construction 
 ACCOMPANIED by 
 HISTORICAL and 
 TECHNICAL SKETCH 
 
 COPYRIGHT, 1907, BY 
 CONSOLIDATED ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION COMPANY 
 
 PUBLISHERS 
 
Nrl , . . 
 
 X <^^A Reinforced Concrete Stadium at Syracuse University 
 
 US 
 
 X 
 
Built by the Consolidated Engineering and Construction Company 
 
 DIMENSIONS 
 
 Length on Long Axis - 670 feet 
 
 Length on Short Axis - 475 feet 
 
 Area Covered - - - 6 1 acres 
 
 Normal Seating Capacity 20,000 
 Possible Seating Capacity 40,000 
 
 TOTAL QUANTITIES 
 
 Excavation - - - - 250,000 cubicyards 
 Reinforced Concrete - 20,000 cubicyards 
 Reinforcing Steel - - 500 tons 
 
 Clinton Wire Cloth - 280,000 square feet 
 Galvanized Metal Lath 220,000 square feet 
 
Reinforced Concrete Stadium at Syracuse University 
 
Built by the Consolidated Engmeering and Construction Company 
 
 THE NEW STADIUM 
 
 FOR 
 SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY 
 
 It is probable that for no other people in history have athletic games 
 and contests played such an important role as for the ancient Greeks and 
 Romans. The big games and other competitions which were arranged 
 by them from time to time aroused such an interest and enthusiasm as 
 to make therri national festivals, the importance of which it is difficult for 
 later generations to realize. 
 
 We have striking evidence of these conditions in the many splendid 
 Stadia, Circuses and Amphitheatres which were erected for athletic 
 purposes in^Greece and throughout the Roman Empire. Many of these 
 buildings excelled in magnitude and architectural beauty anything similar 
 that has been accomplished in modern times. The Greek Stadia are the 
 oldest of these structures. 
 
 The Stadium was originally a measure of distance equalling 600 
 Greek feet, or 606'-9" in English measure. The Stadium being the usual 
 distance for foot races, the name came later to be applied to the struct- 
 ures where foot races and other athletic contests were held. Originally 
 such contests took place in some convenient natural hollow, and the 
 spectators were seated on the ground on the sloping hillsides. Later, the 
 natural hollow was brought artificially into more regular shape, and 
 finally it was provided with seats of wood, stone or marble. The most 
 famous of the Greek Stadia were those in Olympia and Athens. In both 
 these structures the seats were laid directly on the ground, while at 
 others, as for instance those at Delphi or Messene, the seats were wholly 
 or partly supported by a masonry sub-structure. 
 
 The Stadium at Athens, which was in many respects typical of this 
 class of buildings, had the following arrangement: the lower tier of 
 seats was raised three feet from the floor of the arena, and some 
 six feet in front of this lower tier a breastwork formed a separation 
 between the bank of seats and the arena, the space thus cut off serving 
 as a passage to give access to the flights of steps leading to the seats. 
 The floor of this. passage was paved, and below was a drain which kept 
 the passage dry, and carried off the rain water that ran down from the 
 seats. The arena, the level of which was slightly above the surrounding 
 passage, was similarly under-drained. There were separate underground 
 entrances, leading directly to the arena, for the contestants and the 
 judges. This Stadium seems to have been first ^constructed by the 
 Orator Lycurgus, about the year 350 B. C. About the middle of the 
 second century of our era, a wealthy Roman; Herodes Atticus, added 
 to the structure, seats of Pentelicon marble. • The ancient structure had 
 
Reinforced Concrete Stadium at Syracuse University 
 
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 lost nearly all its marble work and had been largely buried, but was 
 excavated at the expense of King George of Greece in 1869-70. It has 
 now been completely restored through the generosity of a wealthy Greek 
 merchant in Alexandria, and has, thrdugh the Olympic games, which in 
 recent years have been held there, regained some of its old importance. 
 Like nearly all Greek Stadia, the one in Athens was built in the shape 
 of a horseshoe, semi-circular at one end and open at the other. The arena 
 was 109 feet wide and 669 feet long, and contained fifty thousand 
 (50,000) seats. 
 
 Similar to the Stadium, but shorter in length, were the old Greek 
 theatres, of which a great number existed. One of the most famous of 
 these was the one in Syracuse in Sicily. 
 
 From the Greek Stadium or Theatre, the Romans developed their 
 more elaborate Circus and Amphitheatre. These buildings were gen- 
 erally constructed on a level site, supporting the tiers of seats on massive 
 arches and vaults of solid masonry, and utilizing the space below the 
 seats for passages and stairways, as well as for other purposes. The 
 Roman circuses, which were used mainly for horse and chariot racing, 
 were colossal structures in which audiences equalling the population of 
 a considerable city could be seated. In plan they were similar to the 
 Greek Stadia, though wider in relation to the length. Many of them 
 contained a great central wall or spina, dividing the arena into halves, 
 so that the chariots could drive up on one side and back on the other. 
 The greatest of these Circuses, the Circus ^aximus, at Rome, as finally 
 enlarged, would seat, it is claimed, 380,000 spectators. It was 705 feet 
 wide and 2,200 feet long. The circus of Nero, which stood on the present 
 site of the Cathedral of St. Peter, was^bout 350 feet wide and 1,200 feet 
 long. The best preserved of the Roman Circuses is that of Maxentius 
 on the Appian Way, two miles from Rome. This structure was 245 feet 
 wide and 1,620 feet long. 
 
 The Roman Amphitheatres, which were mainly used for battles with 
 wild animals, and for gladiatorial contests, were much smaller than the 
 Circuses and dififered in plan from these structures in forming a complete 
 ellipse. The best known is the Colosseum in Rome. In Nimes and Arjes 
 in the south of France, at Pola in Istria, and at Verona, and Pompeii in 
 Italy are, however. Amphitheatres in a better state of preservation than 
 the Colosseum. With the decadence of Greece and Rome, athletics lost 
 their former importance, and the centuries following the downfall of the 
 Roman Empire cannot show any such structures as the Greek Stadia, or 
 the Roman Circuses or Amphitheatres. 
 
 In modern times we have, however, witnessed a revival of outdoor 
 sports, and particularly at our universities, athletics is a feature of grow- 
 ing importance. It may be said in fact that no other regularly occurring 
 events are followed with such universal interest and collect as large 
 crowds as the athletic contests between our large colleges, especially the 
 annual foot-ball games. There has therefore grown up a demand for a 
 new type of building with large seating capacity and free from the dan- 
 gers of fire and collapse.. The demand has brought forward the modern 
 
Reinforced Concrete Stadium at Syracuse University 
 
 
Built by the Consolidated Engineering and Construction Company 
 
 fireproof Stadium, built with the old Greek and Roman structures as 
 models, but with the most modern of fireproof materials, reinforced 
 concrete. 
 
 The first concrete Stadium in the United States was constructed for 
 the University of California in 1903. This building, though termed a 
 Stadium, is more in the style of a theatre. It is in fact a reproduction 
 of the old Greek theatre of Dionysus. More important and more like 
 the'old Stadia in its construction is the one in Soldiers' Field at Harvard, 
 which was built the same year. 
 
 The third and latest Stadium built in America is that at Syracuse 
 University, which the Consolidated Engineering & Construction Com- 
 pany has just completed. There are probably very few universities in 
 this country which can boast of a location offering such attractive sur- 
 roundings for the buildings as does the Campus in Syracuse. It is situated 
 on a great height about one mile from the center of Syracuse and com- 
 mands a fine view of the City, Onondaga Lake and nearby Onondaga 
 Valley. The University grounds contain a number of hills on which are 
 located the different college buildings, several of which are of a very 
 monumental character. In the middle of the west side 6i the Campus 
 the ground forms a large natural hollow in which the new Stadium has 
 been erected. In plan it forms an oval, 475 feet wide and 670 feet long, 
 with semi-circular, ends, joined by a straight part 198 feet in length. 
 The central part of the field is especially intended for foot-ball games and 
 is covered with sod. Outside of this sodded part is a running track one- 
 quarter of a mile long. 
 
 In order to insure a good view of the races from every seat, the 
 running track does not come close to the structure, but is separated from 
 the same by a space five feet wide. Immediately outside of this space 
 is a concrete wall five feet high, the top of which forms a curb for a 
 four foot walk, which runs around the structure. The elevation of this 
 walk is 4'-6" above the field. Above this walk rise eighteen tiers of 
 seats 18" high and 27" wide to a level, 31'-6" above the field. At intervals 
 of 30 or 35 feet small steps two feet long, 13^" wide and 9" high have 
 been built on top of the seats, so as to form stairs. At the top of the 
 seats is a concrete wall 12" thick and-3'-6" high. Opposite every row of 
 steps this wall has an opening 4 feet wide. Outside of this wall is a 
 promenade of concrete 20 feet wide, covered with asphalt. It is surrounded 
 by a concrete curb 2 feet wide on which rises an iron fence 8 feet high, 
 between concrete posts about 18 feet apart. The rear of the concrete 
 work is covered entirely by the ground which runs up to the level of the 
 promenade, except at the west end, where it falls off suddenly to a 
 level 35 feet below the promenade. The Stadium here has the character 
 of a 2-story structure with curtain walls and piers of reinforced con- 
 crete. The central part projects slightly and forms two towers. From 
 both sides of the main entrance, inside the arches, stairs run up to the 
 promenade where the promenade passes under the towers, and from 
 this point the people are distributed to the various sections of the 
 structure by way of the promenade. 
 
Reinforced Concrete Stadium at Syracuse University 
 
 
 1 i'^ H 
 
 10 
 
Built by the Consolidated Engineering- and Construction Company 
 
 The grand stand is located on the south side, and occupies the 
 whole straight part of same, 196 feet in length. It is covered by a 
 cement roof, supported by steel trusses and columns, and suggests in 
 its design the Gothic style of architecture. On both sides of the grand 
 stand for a distance occupying 45° on the circle, the ten lower tiers of 
 seats are omitted and a retaining wall 20 feet high forms the interior 
 part of the concrete work. This arrangement was made in order to 
 obtain a straight track for 220 yard races, which made it necessary to 
 build two tunnels, through which the track continues outside the Stadium 
 proper. At the „east end, still another tunnel connects with the new 
 Gymnasium that is now under construction. 
 
 On account of the topography of the Campus, it was realized that 
 special attention would have to be paid to .the drainage. For this pur- 
 pose the promenade at the top, and the walk at the bottom of the seats 
 were graded towards outlets at a distance of about 50 feet apart. These 
 outlets were connected with 4" cast iron pipe which carried the water to 
 the sewer. Throughout the field in different directions ditches were 
 formed, on the bottom of which were placed open tile drains leading to 
 the sewer. The tile was covered with broken stone, on the top of which 
 the sod was placed. For the running track, drainage was provided by 
 a foundation of broken stone, which is covered with a layer of cinders. 
 During the Fall several heavy rain storms have occurred which have 
 afforded a good test for the drainage arrangements. After each rain 
 storm the field has dried out in a short time. In connection with the 
 drainage, a sprinkler system has also been installed. This consists of 
 water pipe running through the longitudinal axis of the Stadium, branch- 
 ing off to both sides, so as to form outlets near the edge of the sodded 
 foot-ball ground at distances of about 100 feet. These outlets can be 
 connected with rubber hose for sprinkling the field or flushing the seats. 
 
 In regard to the design of the concrete work, the whole superstruc- 
 ture is carried on piers which are placed five in a row, as shown in the 
 typical section. These lines of columns are spaced IS or 16 feet apart 
 for the straight portions, and at distances occupying 4°-30' for the 
 curved ends. A large part of the banks has been formed by a filling of 
 loose earth. In such cases the piers have been carried down to the 
 original soil ; where no fill existed, they have been brought down 4'-6" 
 below the surface. The ground consists in different places of hard 
 pan, gravel, sand or loam. The footings, which are of concrete without 
 reinforcement, are proportioned for a load on the soil varying from one 
 to four tons per square foot. 
 
 It was assumed that 600 lbs. per square inch would constitute a 
 safe load for columns reinforced with vertical rods and hooping, and 
 400 lbs. per square inch for columns reinforced, but not hooped. These 
 assumptions were, however, without importance, as other conditions 
 governed the size of the columns. In general they were made of uniform 
 size, of rectangular shape, 12"x30", reinforced with four Kahn bars, 
 weighing 2.7 lbs. per foot. The rectangular shape was adopted in order 
 to resist the effect of any sliding tendency that the bank might have. 
 
 11 
 
Reinforced Concrete Stadium at Syracuse University 
 
 12 
 
Built by the Consolidated Engineering and Construction Company 
 
 Where it was necessary to use columns of great length, they were made 
 square, with a side not less than 1-15 of the length of the column. 
 These columns were reinforced with- four round rods of %" 
 diameter, and wrapped with Clinton wire cloth 3"x8" mesh, 8-10 wire. 
 In general all parts of the structure were figured for a live load of 100 
 lbs. per square foot, except the promenade, which was designed for 
 120 lbs., and the roofs over the grand stand and main entrance, which 
 were figured for a live load of 40 lbs. per square foot. 
 
 In calculating bending stresses, the straight line formula was used 
 throughout, and the tensile strength of the concrete was neglected. It 
 is of course realized that this formula is not scientifically correct, but 
 the writer believes that in this respect it does not diifer from any of the 
 other formulae at present in use. These formulas are; as a rule, based 
 on more or less inaccurate observations of the deformation of concrete 
 subjected to plain compression, not taking into account the fact that the 
 deformation of concrete is governed by quite different laws when the 
 compression stress is caused through bending. Bending tests seem to 
 indicate that in this latter case a reinforcement of the upper layers by the 
 layers below occurs, whereby the elastic properties of concrete are changed 
 so as to cause the compression stress in the top layers to decrease, and 
 that in the layers below to increase. Our present knowledge of the 
 elastic properties of concrete is not sufficient to find a theoretically cor- 
 rect solution of this problem, but the straight line formula has in its 
 simplicity a decided advantage over all others. As far as the practical 
 result is concerned, it is of very small importance what formula is used 
 if the allowable compression and tensile stresses for concrete and steel 
 are assumed accordingly. 
 
 The safe compression stress for concrete was in this case assumed 
 to be 600 lbs. per square inch and the safe tensile stress for steel 16,000 
 lbs. per square inch. The girders, steps, and the slab of the promenade 
 were figured continuous and the maximum bending moment was as- 
 sumed to be W L -^ 12 where "W" represents the total dead and live load- 
 and "L" the distance between supports. The negative bending moment 
 over the supports was assumed to be W L -^ 18 and steel was provided 
 according to this assumption. The general arrangement for a typical 
 section is shown by drawing. The main girders are 2 feet deep and 1 
 foot wide. The slab formed by the steps has a minimum thickness of 4" 
 and the slab of the promenade a thickness varying from 7" to 9", de- 
 pending upon length of span. This design for the promenade was 
 adopted in order to make it possible to remove the forms, which would 
 have been impossible if ribbed construction had been employed. 
 
 The main reinforcement for girders, steps and promenade consists 
 of Kahn bars, with stirrups varying in length from 6" to 30". In addition 
 to the Kahn steel, Clinton wire cloth has been placed IJ^" below the 
 surface of all concrete exposed to view. This was done solely in order 
 to prevent cracking, as much as possible and the Clinton wire cloth 
 was not taken into consideration when figuring the bearing capacity of 
 
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 the concrete. The sizes used were 4"x6" mesh 10-10 wire, 30" wide, for 
 the steps and 3"x8" mesh, 8-10 wire, 72" wide, for other places. 
 
 One of the most serious problems in concrete construction is to 
 prevent cracking caused by contraction of concrete through temperature 
 changes or through the setting of the concrete. For this purpose it is 
 the practice of a great number of designers to leave in all structures of 
 great length contraction joints, in order to confine the opening up of the 
 concrete to straight lines, and to places where least objectionable. It is 
 the writer's experience that in order to be effective these contraction 
 joints should not be placed farther apa.rt than 25 or 30 feet. At the Syracuse 
 Stadium joints -spaced at such a short distance would have seriously 
 interfered with the construction, caused unnecessary additional expense, 
 and would besides have been quite as objectionable in 'appearance as pro- 
 miscuous cracking. It was therefore decided not to leave any contrac- 
 tion joints, but an endeavor has been made to prevent cracking as much 
 as possible by using a sufficierit amount of reinforcing steel. 
 
 In order to decide the quantity of steel required, let us assume that 
 the area in cross section of the concrete is "A" square inches, the area 
 of the steel A', the co-efficient of expansion for concrete and steel 
 0.0000055 and 0.0000065 respectively, the modulus of the elasticity of 
 the steel 30,000,000 lbs. per square inch, and the elastic limit of the steel 
 is 50,000 lbs. per square inch. A temperature fall of 100° would cause 
 a proportionate contraction of the concrete of 0.00055, which is far more 
 than plain concrete Could be stretched. If reinforced, it could easily 
 be stretched this amount, and the stress caused would then equal the 
 breaking stress of concrete. If the tensile strength of concrete is 300 
 lbs. per square inch, and if we assume that the whole stress in the con- 
 crete is transmitted to the steel, we have the stress caused in the steel 
 300 ^. Through the fall of temperature in the steel itself a tensile 
 stress of 100x0.0000065x30,000,000=19,500 lbs. per square inch is 
 caused. We have therefore the following equation: 
 300 -|^ + 19,500 = 50,000. 
 
 The equation gives the proportion of steel to concrete as 1%. 
 
 Experiments by Mr. Considere and others seem to prove conclu- 
 sively that reinforced concrete retains its full tensile strength even for 
 very considerable deformation. It would therefore be reasonable to 
 assume that only a part of the stresses caused by the cooling of the con- 
 crete are transferred to the steel. Allowing that % of the stresses are 
 taken by the concrete itself, the proportion of steel required 'would be 
 one-third of one per cent. In the design of the Syracuse Stadium an 
 effort has been made to l<eep the percentage of steel above this figure. 
 To insure continuity of the reinforcement, all Kahn bars in the seats 
 and promenade have been ordered 2 feet longer than the span. A 
 further precaution against cracking is the Clinton wire cloth that is run- 
 ning around the whole structure below all exposed surfaces. 
 
 From the equation above, it will be seen that a considerably smaller 
 amount of steel with high elastic limit' is required than with low elastic 
 
 15 
 
Reinforced Concrete Stadium at Syracuse University 
 
 16 
 
Built by the Consolidated Engineering and Construction Company 
 
 limit. On acount of tHe nature of the surface treatment, it was im- 
 practicable to use wire cloth near the surface at the walls on the west 
 side of the structure. Instead, 54" diameter round steel rods spaced 
 vertically 2 feet apart, and horizontally 18" apart, were placed in the 
 centre of the walls. The horizontal bars were ordered in lengths of 
 40 feet each, were made to overlap, and were wired together at the ends. 
 ^The general arrangement at main entrance will be seen from draw- 
 ings. The approach from Irving Avenue consists of concrete stairs 
 and platforms, which are carried on girders and columns. The towers 
 on both sides of the big arches contain the ticket offices on the ground 
 floor. At a higher level, about 16 feet above the field, they have 
 another floor, on which are located offices for the managers of the com- 
 peting teams. Two stairways of reinforced concrete lead from the 
 ground floor to each office. Directly over the main entrance at the level 
 of the promenade the floor is of tile and concrete construction, the tile 
 being 8" deep and 12" wide, and spaced 16" apart, so as to form concrete 
 beams 4" in width. Each one of these concrete beams is reinforced with 
 a 4.8 lb. Kahn bar. On the top of the 8" tile is a layer of concrete 3" 
 thick, making the whole floor construction 11". 
 
 In order to prevent cracking from contraction, the concrete slab 
 is reinforced with -/i" diameter round steel rods placed 6" center to cen- 
 ter, and perpendicular- to the Kahn bars. As previously mentioned, the 
 center part of the south side of the Stadium is covered and forms the 
 Grand Stand. The roof itself is a cement roof, reinforced with ferro- 
 lithic plates. These consist of steel sheets, gauge No. 24, corrugated to 
 a depth of 54" so as to form dovetail grooves. At right angles to these 
 dovetail corrugations, the steel sheets have some lighter corrugations 
 about j4" deep. These ferrolithic sheets are covered with cement mor- 
 tar to a depth of \%" above the metal and }i" below the corrugations 
 on the under side. The sheets are strong enough to support the concrete 
 before set, and no form work is therefore necessary. Through the dove- 
 tail shape a good bond is obtained for the cement plaster, so that the 
 plastering on the underside can be done directly on the sheets. The 
 ferrolithic sheets are attached with clips to the purlins, which consist 
 of 6" I-beams, spaced about 6'-10" apart. The roof construction is 
 formed by steel trusses of the type known as "French" trusses. At the 
 right and bottom, the main trusses are joined by lattice and plate girders 
 which carry intermediate trusses. From the top of the two end trusses 
 project cantilever girders which serve to carry the four trussed hips. 
 
 For the circular and Gothic arches immediately below the roof, a 
 framework of light steel angles has been used. This steel work has 
 been furred with .small steel channels and bars, covered with metal lath 
 and plastered with cement. The roof structure is supported by steel 
 columns in the front arid sides, but in the rear, the trusses come down 
 directly upon the concrete piers. The columns are made of four 3j/^"x3" 
 angles, and covered with concrete. In the center of columns are located 
 4" cast iron leaders which carry the water from the roof. 
 
 In figuring the columns the steel was calculated to take all loads. 
 
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Reinforced Concrete Stadium' at Syracuse University 
 
 
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 The design of the structure on both sides of the Grand Stand is shown 
 by drawings. The promenade and upper seats, as well as girders carry- 
 ing same, are similar to the typical sections. 
 
 The piers nearest the retaining wall are enlarged so as to reach the 
 walls, whereby they obtain a depth of 8'-2". They are reinforced with 
 eight vertical steel rods, y%" diameter, spaced 12" apart, and with the 
 ends bent down into the footing. For a distance of 5 feet above ground 
 the walls have a thickness of 3 feet ; above this level, 1 foot. The walls 
 are reinforced with 1.4 lb. Kahn bars, spaced horizontally 6" and 9" 
 apart, and turned into the piers 4 feet at each end. 
 
 A large sewer pipe runs close to the retaining walls, in some places 
 at a depth of 14 feet below the ground, and it was therefore necessary to 
 extend parts of the walls to this depth. The space behind the retaining 
 walls was filled with broken stone, and an open tile drain leading to the 
 sewer was provided at the bottom of this space. The earth behind the 
 walls consisted of gravelly clay, and in figuring the retaining walls it 
 was assumed that the weight of the earth was 110 lbs. per cubic foot, and 
 that the angle of repose was 30° 
 
 The two tunnels for the straightaway at the east and west ends of 
 the building go through the retaining walls at an angle of 2i7° and form 
 openings in the same about 34 feet wide. The tunnels which are symmetri- 
 cal in their design, have a width of 20 feet and a height on the center line 
 of 14 feet. The walls of the tunnels are 2 feet thick, reinforced with 1.4 lb. 
 Kahn bars, placed near the inside and spaced 6" center to center. Below 
 the ground they are braced against each other by four concrete" beams 
 15"xl8", reinforced with one %" round steel rod in the center. The con- 
 crete arch forming the roof of the tunnel has a rise of 3 feet and a thick- 
 ness at the crown of 15". The intrados is a circle and the extrados a 
 straight horizontal line. The reinforcement consists of Clinton wire 
 cloth 3"x8" mesh, 8-10 wire placed near the under side of the arch at 
 right angles to the center line of the tunnels. 
 
 The corners formed by the extrados and the vertical tunnel walls 
 are also reinforced with Clinton wire cloth of the same kind. At both ends, 
 a number of Va" round rods run close to the under side of the tunnels 
 and parallel to the end walls. Three feet from the outside ends of the 
 tunnels a pocket is left in the roof and walls of same in which is placed 
 a Kinnear rolling steel shutter. The promenade and seats above the 
 tunnel are built on piers in the same manner as other parts of the 
 Stadium. One of the piers comes down in the center of the tunnel, and 
 the roof is here strengthened by a girder 2 feet deep and 2'-6" wide, rein- 
 forced with three 6.9 lb. Kahn bars. 
 
 Just outside the east tunnel the ground is terraced off so as to leave 
 ■uncovered for a short distance' the back of the structure, which in this 
 place, therefore, is surrounded by curtain walls and piers below the 
 promenade. The tunnel leading to the new Gymnasium is located in 
 the east end at the longitudinal axis of the Stadium. It has a width of 
 20 feet and a heigHt in the center of 14 feet. Inimediately below the 
 promenade, the floor of the tunnel is horizontal and 16'-4" above the field, 
 
 19 
 
Reinforced Concrete Stadium at Syracuse University 
 
 View looking East showing the Gymnasium Tunnt 
 
 The Greatest Athle' 
 
 View looking West. Note the main arch of the entrance in the center o 
 obtained by noting that this arch in the distance is 40 feet clear span. 
 
 20 
 
Built by the Consolidated Engineering and Construction Company 
 
 li ' liii 11 , Ip'^ 
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 in the distance and the Grand Stand at the right. 
 
 ic Arena in America 
 
 tie picture at the furthest extremity. An idea of the magnitude of the structure may be 
 
 Rl 
 
Reinforced Concrete Stadium at Syracuse University 
 
 22 
 
Built by the Consohdated Bngineering and Construction Company 
 
 but in the front part the floor is formed by concrete stairs leading up to 
 this level. The horizontal part of the floor, as well as the stairs, is sup- 
 ported by the tunnel walls, thus having a span of 20 feet. The floor is 
 8" thick and reinforced with 1.4 Kahn bars 6" center to center. The slab 
 of the stair is 6" thick, and the reinforcement consists of 1.4 Kahn bars, 
 one for each step. The center part of the stair is protected by Mason 
 Safety Treads, 7j4" wide and 13 feet long. At the ends, the steps are 
 covered with 1%" treads of N. C. pine nailed to wooden sleepers im- 
 bedded in the concrete. 
 
 The walls of the tunnel are IS" thick, reinforced with 1.4 lb. Kahn 
 bars placed vertically near the inside of the walls at a distance of 9" cen- 
 ter to center. They are also reinforced with Clinton wire cloth 3"x8" 
 mesh, 8-10 wire. It will be noticed that the roof of the tunnel is a con- 
 crete arch, with the under side forming part of a circle and the outside 
 formed by the regular seats and promenade of the structure. The thick- 
 ness at the crown of the arch varies from 12" to 14". A layer of Clinton 
 wire cloth runs near the under-side of the arch as well as the surface 
 of the steps.' 
 
 Above the tunnel on the curve at the foot of the seats is to be placed 
 a brass railing three feet high. This will return down the edges of the 
 steps where an opening is formed in the concrete work. A similar rail- 
 ing is to be placed on the curve above the 20 foot retaining walls and 
 in other parts of the structure where the height above the ground makes 
 it necessary. A smaller brass railing 2 feet high will run on the curb at 
 the foot of the seats on top of the five foot breast wall. 
 
 On the outer edge of the promenade surrounding the structure are 
 located ornamental posts 2 feet square,9 feet high, at a distance of 15 to 
 19 feet, center to center. In about every third post an electric conduit 
 is incased which runs to the center of the top of the post. Here an arc 
 light will be placed. On all the other concrete posts brass pins have 
 teen imbedded for the purpose of carrying pennants. 
 
 Between these concrete posts is an iron fence about 8 feet high. 
 This fence consists of 1" square pickets, 6" apart, and two top and two 
 bottom rails, each 2"x y%". About every five feet one of the pickets 
 •extends down into the concrete curb for the purpose of holding the fence 
 panels rigid. In each concrete post four pieces of 2"xJ4" steel about 
 :8" long are buried so as to project 2^". The iron fence panels are fas- 
 tened to these pieces of steel with %" bolts. 
 
 At the center of the curved East end two sections of the fence are 
 -omitted, as it is the intention to connect the promenade at this point with 
 -the new Gymnasium building, which the Consolidated Engineering & 
 •Construction Company has now under construction. ' 
 
 This building, for which only the foundations are at present con- 
 structed, will be a fireproof, steel frame building, 150 feet wide and 220 
 feet long. It is claimed that when completed it will be the largest and 
 best equipped gymnasium in the world. Two large reinforced concrete 
 tanks for swimming and rowing respectively are located in the basement 
 and are now completed as far as reinforced concrete work goes. 
 
 2^- 
 
Reinforced Concrete Stadium at Syracuse University 
 
 24 
 
Built by the Consolidated Engineering and Construction Company 
 
 The swimming tank is 32 feet wide and 90 feet long, measured to 
 the finished surfaces. At the corners the tank is rounded to a radius 
 of 2 feet, in order to give less obstruction to the flow of the water. The 
 tank will be finished in white tile. 
 
 At the deepest point, 10 feet from one end, the tank has a depth of 
 7'-6", diminishing to 4'-6" at each end. The tank rests directly on the 
 ground, which here consists of loose clay. The bottom has a minimum 
 thickness of 12" and is stepped on the underside, so as to obtain the de- 
 sired slope. It is reinforced with Clinton wire cloth near the upper and 
 undersides. The sides of the tank have a thickness varying from 12" to 
 22". They have on the inside one layer of Clinton wire cloth, as well as 
 1.4 lb. Kahn bars, spaced 18" apart. The Clinton wire cloth used in the 
 bottom and sides of the tank has a mesh of 3"x8" and 8-10 wire. 
 
 The design of the sides of the swimming tank has been influenced 
 largely by the fact that they serve as a foundation to the outside walls 
 of the building, as well as for interior and exterior steel columns. The 
 rowing tank is similar in design to the swimming tank but has a length 
 of 60 feet and a width of 32 feet. The bottom slopes evenly from a 
 depth of 4'-6" on one end to 6'-6" on the other end. 
 
 In regard to the execution of the work for the Stadium, this was 
 started by Syracuse University without the aid of any contractor, and a 
 considerable amount of excavation was done on this arrangement. In 
 the place where the Stadium is located, the ground forms a natural hol- 
 low, not very different in size from the proposed structure. A great 
 deal of excavation was, however, necessary to bring it to the desired 
 shape. 
 
 The methods employed for this purpose consisted in loosening the 
 earth by plowing the ground, and by working it with picks and shovels. 
 The earth was then brought, by wheel and drag scrapers over a tem- 
 porary wooden bridge provided with a hopper, through which it was 
 dropped into dump wagons, teamed out of the hole and deposited where 
 desired on the Campus. 
 
 The haul from the hollow field of the Stadium to the ground above 
 was very steep, and considerable difficulty was experienced in keeping 
 the road in good condition, due largely to the fact that all the surface 
 drainage of a large valley and hill to the east drained down to the low 
 level of the Stadium through the only passage that could be used for 
 teaming. In several instances, after a heavy rain storm, work had to 
 be stopped for a few days as it was practically impossible to haul a 
 load out of the hole up to the high level of the Campus. 
 
 When, however, the contract' for the completion of the excavation 
 and for the construction was awarded to the Consolidated Engineering & 
 Construction Company, it was decided to make different arrangements 
 for getting out the materials and eliminating all delays. A large derrick 
 was erected on the top of the bank at the north of the hollow, and an 
 industrial' track, 24" gauge, was run from the derrick, on a trestle, to a 
 point on the Campus, a distance of about 500 or 600 feet to the north. 
 
 25 
 
Reinforced Concrete Stadium at Syracuse University 
 
 26 
 
Built by the Consolidated Engineering and Construction Company 
 
 at which point it was decided considerable of the excavated material 
 could be used for filling. 
 
 In the hollow, directly below the derrick, within boom reach similar 
 tracks were laid to the different places where excavation was to be 
 carried on. The earth was dug by Italian' laborers, placed in steel 
 double dump cars made to run on the industrial track to the point under 
 th% derrick from where it was lifted by the derrick out of the hole and 
 placed on the trestle above, from which point the cars of excavated 
 material were hauled by horses and trains to the point where the material 
 was to be dumped. At intervals, switches were placed in the track so 
 that the cars could pass in different directions. The derrick used 
 was a steel lattice derrick with a 70-foot mast and a 60-foot boom. 
 It was provided with a 10-foot bull wheel and slewed by steam. 
 Its capacity was eight tons. A Ransome concrete mixer was also placed 
 within boom distance of this derrick, on top of the bank, and the same 
 derrick was able to pick up a car of concrete and lower it into the hole 
 onto the tracks, from which place it was pushed to the various locations 
 for building the concrete foundations. The industrial tracks also ran 
 from this concrete mixer around the top of the bank where the pro- 
 menade is now located, and by this arrangement, a car-load of concrete 
 could be quickly delivered at either the top or at the bottom of the 
 bank, at any point on the structure. 
 
 On the bank above the retaining wall, at the south-east corner 
 of the structure, where a very heavy cut occurred, another large steel 
 derrick was placed for hoisting car-loads of excavated material to a 
 trestle on the upland, from which point these cars ran by gravity into 
 the valley where the material was dumped. The Cars then returned 
 empty, by gravity, on tracks laid directly on the ground to the foot 
 of the derrick. Another Ransome steam concrete mixer was located 
 within boom distance of this derrick, and the tracks were arranged so 
 that the car of concrete could be placed by this derrick on the tracks 
 down at the level of the field or up at the level of the promenade, from 
 which point the concrete was quickly and economically distributed. This 
 last mentioned derrick had a 75-foot boom, an 80-foot mast, a 14-foot 
 bull wheel slewing rig, with a capacity of 9 tons. 
 
 The lumber used in general for forms was hemlock and N. C. pine, 
 the sizes consisting largely of l"x6"; T'xS"; 2"x4" ; 2"x8" and 2"xl0". 
 For the round concrete columns, the forms were made of 2"x2" or 2"x3" 
 N. C. pine, dove-tailed and held together by iron bands. These circular 
 forms were corrugated on the inside for the purpose of giving a better 
 hold to the cement finish. 
 
 The forms for girders supporting the seats were made of 1" 
 material braced by a frame of 2"x4", about 2 feet apart. It was 
 necessary to cover the upper side of the girders on account of their 
 slope in order not to interfere with the tamping of the concrete. This 
 was done in the following manner ; 
 
 For every batch of concrete filled into the girders a few pieces 
 of l"x6" were nailed to the upper side of the girder. These pieces 
 
 27 
 
Reinforced Concrete Stadium at Syracuse University 
 
 28 
 
Built by the Consolidated Engineering and Construction Company 
 
 were not put close together but placed at a distance of about yi". Large 
 spikes were placed in these pieces in order to give good bond between 
 the girders and the seat slab that rested on top. The supporting forms 
 of the promenade and the seats were made of 1" matched stock on 
 2"x4"^supports. Wherever possible they were built in sections and used 
 over again six to. eight times. The forms for the risers were made of 
 2" stock, forms for the walls in general 1" matched material in sections 
 of 3 or 4 ft. wide and 12 or 16 ft. in length. Steel wire was used for 
 keeping forms from spreading. The wooden braces were used to prevent 
 collapsing. The concrete work of the Stadium is composed of cement, 
 sand and broken stone in proportion 1, 3 and 5 for the plain concrete 
 and 1, 2 and 4 for the reinforced concrete. 
 
 The sand used in the concrete work was largely obtained from 
 a bed in the west part of the field, which was found when, excavating 
 there. A considerable amount of sand was also taken from Fulton, N. Y. 
 The stone consisted mostly of limestone. For plain concrete work it 
 was broken to pass through a 2" ring, and for reinforced concrete work 
 to pass through a M" ring. The stone was not screened. The local 
 dealers were unable to supply the i-equired quantity of broken stone, 
 and a large quantity had to be taken from Rochester, Utica and other 
 places. All concrete was mixed very wet, and very thorough stirring 
 was necessary to get the forms properly filled, particularly where Clinton 
 wire cloth was used as reinforcement. 
 
 All concrete was mixed with machinery. The plant for mixing the 
 concrete consisted of five Ransome mixers with engines and boilers. 
 Two of the mixers were size No. 3 and three of them size No. 2. 
 In addition to these five mixers, a small Smith mixer on wheels was 
 used as an auxiliary. All the mixers except the one near the main 
 entrance were located at the top of the bank. 
 
 At the main entrance an elevator and hoisting engine was placed, 
 with which the concrete was carried up in wheelbarrows to the elevation 
 required. At the other mixers the concrete was carried in dump cars 
 running on an industrial track around the promenade. From the cars 
 the concrete was dumped on wooden platforms and thrown with shovels 
 into the forms or into chutes carrying it down to another platform. 
 In some cases the concrete was put down into the forms directly with 
 wooden chutes, but generally it was placed in the forms with shovels. 
 
 Probably the least satisfactory feature about concrete work is the 
 difficulty of obtaining a pleasing appearance. The boards of the forms 
 will always leave impression on the surface, and even with the most 
 careful execution, an even color cannot be obtained. The appearance 
 can, as a rule, be materially improved by working the rough concrete 
 with pick hammers or similar tools. 
 
 Another method consists in coating the forms on the inside just 
 before the concrete has been poured into them with a mortar of cement 
 and sand. The attempts that have been made of plastering the concrete 
 work after the forms have been removed, have as a rule, not been 
 successful, owing to the difficulty of obtaining a good bond between the 
 plaster and the old concrete. 
 
 29 
 
Reinforced Concrete Stadium at Syracuse University 
 
 30 
 
Built by the Consolidated Engineering and Construction Company 
 
 In considering the method to be employed at the Stadium, it was 
 thought that the finish obtained by tooling the concrete would not be 
 suitable for the nature of the work, and that the plastering of the 
 forms before pouring the concrete into them would be impracticable on 
 account of the large amount of reinforcing steel located near the surface. 
 It was therefore decided to finish the concrete work by plastering the 
 saipe after the removal of the forms, as the only way in which the 
 construction work could be carried on without being held up by the 
 finishing work. 
 
 To obtain a good bond between the plaster and the old concrete 
 special means have been employed. At frequent intervals wire nails 
 were driven into the forms on the inside so that the pointed ends 
 projected about 2" outside of the rough concrete after the forms were 
 removed. Before applying the plaster a small iron nut was put on each 
 projecting nail; the concrete work was then covered with wire lath, 
 and the nails bent over it with the blow of a hammer. The nuts serve 
 to keep the wire lath at a distance of about }i" from the old concrete. 
 The wire lath used was 2/'2 meshes to the inch and No. 20 wire. The 
 nails were about 4" long, with a bend of H" at one end. The nuts were 
 either square or hexagonal, about j4" high. 
 
 The plaster was put on in two coats, with a total thickness varying 
 from }i" to 2". The scratch coat was composed of one (1) part cement, 
 H pai't lime, and three (3) parts sand. The finishing coat, which is 
 about 3-16" thick, is composed of one (1) part cement, to IH parts of 
 sand. The sand used in the finish is white beach sand from Long 
 Island. 
 
 To carry the plaster to the desired lines iron templates were placed 
 at intervals, and the plastering finished to them. Before the finishing 
 coat had commenced hardening the templates were removed, and the 
 void left by them filled in. The second coat of plaster was put on when 
 the scratch coat commenced hardening, and was troweled to a smooth 
 finish. 
 
 While the cement finishing was being executed the work was pro- 
 tected from the sun by wooden sheds, which were erected over it and 
 moved according to the progress of the work. During the hardening 
 of the plaster it was covered with burlap and on top of same layer of 
 sand, which was continually kept wet. 
 
 Where the concrete work is of an ornamental character the outlines 
 of the ornaments were followed by the rough concrete and it was 
 afterwards finished by plastering on wire lath attached to the body of 
 rough concrete in a similar manner as for ordinary work. The only 
 case where a difl^erent procedure was followed was for the capitals at 
 the steel columns of the Grand Stand. These were moulded in four 
 parts and put together round the columns with copper wire. The shaft 
 of the columns was made of solid concrete enclosing the steel and 
 finished by plastering on wire lath. To keep the wire lath from the 
 rough concrete this was made corrugated and the lath wrapped around. 
 
 The sides of the Grand -Stand below the roof were formed by a 
 
 31 
 
Reinforced Concrete Stadium at Syracuse University 
 
 32 
 
Built by the Consolidated Engineering and Construction Company 
 
 frame-work of steel from which metal lath was furred out with small 
 steel channels and flat bars. The metal lath was then covered with 
 cement plaster applied in two coats. 
 
 In erecting the steel work for the Grand Stand one of the steel 
 derricks described above, with 80 feet mast and 75 feet boom, was 
 placed on the promenade at the top of the bank and half way from each 
 end of the Grand Stand. The derrick was connected with a hoisting 
 engine, but no bull wheel was used. The steel was delivered at the rear 
 of the Grand Stand and was picked up by the derrick and placed in 
 position. The main trusses were riveted together on the ground and 
 hoisted up in one piece. The weight of one truss was approximately 
 six (6) tons. The central bay of the Grand Stand was first erected. 
 The derrick was then moved to the east end and employed to complete 
 this part of the structure. It was finally moved to the west end, to erect 
 the steel work in this place. The tonnage of the structural steel was 
 one hundred and forty-five (145) tons, and a time of three weeks was 
 required for the erection of same. The laying of the ferrolithic plates 
 for the roof was commenced in the rear at the lower ends of the 
 hips and carried on from both ends towards the middle. Each sheet is 
 fastened to the purlin at the end next the eave with two beam clips, 
 which are bolted to the sheet. 
 
 The upperside of the Ferrolithic was coated with a mixture of one 
 part of Portland cement to three parts of clean sharp sand. The sand 
 and cement were mixed very thoroughly in the dry state. The thickness 
 of the coating above the top of the corrugation is l}i". The entire 
 coating was put on in one mass, without the use of a scratch coat. 
 The surface was roughly floated, and the corrugations were thoroughly 
 cleaned before the concrete was applied. 
 
 The underside of the roof was coated with a mixture of one part 
 of Portland cement, H parts of hydrated lime, measured dry, three (3) 
 parts of sand and a little hair. One pound of hair, weighed dry was 
 used, for 25 cubic feet of concrete. 
 
 The original idea for the erection of the Stadium belongs to the 
 Chancellor of Syracuse University, Dr. James R. Day. Mr. John 
 D. Archbold became interested in the project and all the funds for the 
 undertaking have been provided by him. 
 
 The general contract was awarded in September 1906, to the Con- 
 solidated Engineering and Construction Company. During the Winter 
 of 1906 the work was shut down on account of the cold weather and 
 started up ..gain in the Spring of 1907. The last of the reinforced 
 ■concrete work was put in place October 22, 1907. In other words the 
 entire structure was built in ten working months. The Architects were : 
 Professors Revels and Hallenbeck, of Syracuse University. 
 
 33 
 
Reinforced Concrete Stadium at Syracuse University 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 u. 
 
 34 
 
Bmlt by the Consolidated Engineering and Construction Company 
 
 SECTION THROUGH MaiN ENTRflNCF 
 ST^D/I/M 
 
 35 
 
Reinforced Concrete Stadium at Syracuse University 
 
 36 
 
Built by the .Consolidated Engineering and Construction Company 
 
 37 
 
Reinforced Concrete Stadium at Syracuse University 
 
 JAMBS R. DA V, Clumo»Uor SVPSCUSC tUniVCCSttV Offlw or lU CtanaaUor 
 
 &}racatt. Sf. ^.. Oct. 22nd, 1907 
 
 Consolidated Engineering & Construction Co., 
 
 Ustropolitan Life Building, 
 ITew York. 
 
 Osntleraen:- You have asked me for an expression of my 
 opinion of the Consolidated Engineering and Construction Coopany. 
 In reply, I take pleasure in stating that all the work your 
 Company has done for Syracuse University has been satisfactory 
 in thoroughness and promptness. 
 
 By awarding to you the contract for the construction of 
 Sims Hall Dormitory Building, on a basis of cost'-plus-a-f Ixed- 
 sum, the transaction- resulted in a saving to the University 
 of several thousand dollars. 
 
 The reinforced concrete Stadium, erected by your Company 
 on a percentage basis, costing approximately half a million 
 dollars, represents an enormous amount of work done very 
 satisfactorily and completed In a. remarkably short time In 
 view of magnitude of the work and obstacles to be overcome. 
 
 The fact that we recently placed with your Company the 
 f;eneral contract for our great Syimiaslum. Building may ba 
 considered as largely the result of our past experience. 
 
 We have found your Organization always on the alert 
 to carry out rapidly and economically any construction entrusted 
 to you. 
 
 Very truly yours. 
 
 38 
 
Built by the Consolidated Engineering and Construction Company 
 
 SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTVRE 
 
 College: of FrNE Arts 
 Syracvse Vniversity 
 
 JAMES 
 
 R. O.y. c 
 
 HANCtLLOn 
 
 
 ceo. 
 
 M. 
 
 
 "- 
 
 
 FRED 
 
 En 
 
 ■ICKW -. 
 
 EVELS, ^iior. 
 
 IH C 
 
 Eahl 
 
 H 
 
 ALI.CNBE< 
 
 :k, AaiociATc 
 
 fnoi 
 
 CARL 
 
 T. 
 
 Hawlcv, 
 
 , mmorcttom a 
 
 
 FRED 
 
 R. 
 
 l.EAN,lHJ 
 
 ITRVCTOHIN Alt. 
 
 CHITl 
 
 Syracvse, N. Y. October 18, 1907. 
 
 Consolidated Engineering & Construotlon Co«, 
 
 Uetropolltan Life Building, 
 Hew York City, H.T. 
 Sentlamen; 
 
 Va are glad to express our appreciation of the systenatlo, 
 economical and careful manner In which Sims Hall and the Stadium for 
 Syracuse University have been constructed^ These two pieces of con- 
 struction, representing an expenditure of over half a million dollars, 
 have been put up by you In what may fairly be considered a remarkably 
 short time. 
 
 Us have had several large buildings erected under our supervi- 
 sion on various forms of contract. Your method of oost-plus-a-flxad 
 sum ws have found the most satisfactory, and it has resulted in the 
 least friction. By working in conjunction with your Organization, 
 we realize that W3 have effected a large saving to the University In 
 time and money. 
 
 We will be glad, at any time, to have you refer to us those from 
 whom you are soliciting business. 
 
 Wa wish to congratulate you on having received the contract for 
 the new Gymnasium Building. 
 
 Very truly ywirs. 
 
 AKCKITECTS. 
 
 39 
 
Reinforced Concrete Stadium at Syracuse University 
 
 METROPOLITAN LIFE BUILDING 
 
 THE HIGHEST BUILDING IN THE WORLD, 
 
 48 STORIES 
 
 Building in which the main offices of the Consolidated Engineering & Con- 
 struction Company are located. 
 
 40 
 
CONSOLIDATED 
 
 ENQNEERING & CONSTRUCTION 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 METROPOLITAN LIFE BUILDING 
 
 ONE MADISON AVENUE, NEW YORK 
 
 General Contractors for the Erection of Reinforced 
 Concrete Buildings, Heavy Brick and Stone Masonry, 
 Concrete Bridges and Dams, Manufacturing Plants, 
 Railway Buildings, Public Buildings, Dormitories, 
 Gymnasia and Stadia. :: :: :: :: :: 
 
 Cost-Plus-a- Fixed-Sum 
 
 METHOD ^^^ method fixes the contractor's compensation 
 before thei work is started, which is unMBthe 
 old method of contracting, as by the old method the cneaper 
 the contractor put up the work, th© more money he made. 
 
 All our work is carefully systematized, and we have demon- 
 strated to our satisfaction that when system is applied to 
 contracting, the results, measured in time and money, are as 
 certain and dependable as in any other industrial organization. 
 
 QUALIFICATIONS We haveamplefinancial resources, 
 ^' efficient field and office organi- 
 
 zation, and can concentrate on large work at short noticie any 
 number of skilled mechanics. 
 
 RESULT TO 2y placing your contract with us on our 
 OWNERS Cost-plus-a-sum basis the following results 
 
 are obtained. 
 
 First— The owner gets the construction at a minimum cost. 
 
 Second— The work is completed as rapidly as is consistent with 
 
 good workmanship. 
 
 TWrd— The construction goes on without disputes WW .extra 
 
 work and cost of changes. The owner can have theMemv^^ 
 
 change the plans at any time, knowing that there will be no 
 
 delays in the construction. (This is a desirable feature that 
 
 does not enter into any other form of contract.) 
 
 Fourth— The owner, or authorized representative, has access at 
 
 all times to all matters pertaining to the contract. 
 
 F. W. ROBINSON CO., ONE MADISON AVE., N. Y. 
 
Cornell University Library 
 NA 6860.C75 
 
 Syracuse University stadium / 
 
 3 1924 015 587 250