The original of tliis bool< is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924031290814 ^mpHnSSiiiiB^"'"'""'' '° ^*^ principle 4 practical ill o,.„.an? ^924 031 290 814 A PRACIICAL HANDBOOK THE PEINCIPAL PROFESSIONS COMPILKD FEOII ACTHEXTIC SOtJHCBS, AND BASED ON THE MOST BECENT KEGrLATIONS CONCEHNING ADMISSION TO The Navy, Army, and Civil Services (Home and Indian), The Legal and Medical Professions, The Professions of a Civil Engineer, Architect, and Artist, And the Mercantile Marine. BY CHAELES EYEE PASCOE, EDlTOB. OP • A PEACTICAL HANDBOOK TO THE PRIHCIPAL SCHOOLS OP EJfGLASI>/ ETC. LONDON : HAEDWICKE AKD BOGUE, 192 PICCADILLY, W. 1878. LONDON : Pbimted by Johh Stbahoeways, Castle St. Leioeater 8q. PREFACE. The ■words on the title-page seem sufficiently to ex- plain the scope of this little work. It seeks to give facts, and facts onlj', concerning the present means of admission to the principal professions. If it ex- clude a profession which, in the view of some, ought to have been noticed in its pages, and include another having no better claim than one that has been omitted to rank with the professions dealt with, the Editor, by -way of explanation, can only give the reasons which influence the selection he has made. The Church as a profession, for instance, has been omitted because, in his judgment, it is one requiring from those who seek to enter it, beyond mere educational attainments, qualifications of a special order not to be lightly handled in a work of this kind. The Mercantile Marine, on the other hand, has been included because, as a service, it is rising in im- iv PREFACE. portance every day, and affords to young men having a predilection for a sailor's career, opportunities and advantages which even admission to the Royal Xavy does not always promise or confer. Allowing the definition of an Artist to be ' one who professes or practises one of the liberal or fine arts,' it seems only proper to have included the profession of an Artist as among the principal and more honourable professions open to Englishmen. The information which is given under this head is necessarily limited to an indication of the best available means for securing the highest kind of instruction at present within reach of art-students in England. The same may be said with respect to the professions of Civil Engineer and Architect. Xo person can hope to gain distinction, or even a fair competence, in the practice of either of these three professions without constantly enlargiug that education which first en- abled him to enter their ranks. The other profes- sions mentioned in this book need no words of apology for their presence. CONTENTS. rAOK FnEFACE jii The Koyal Navy 1 Naval Cadets 1 Engineers 5 Chaplains 10 Naval Instructors 11 Surgeons 12 Assistant Clerks (Paymasters' Branch) .... 15 The Royal Marine Artillery 17 The Koyal Marine Light Infantry 10 The Army 21 The lloyal Artillery and Royal Engineers ... 21 Cavah'y and Infantry of the Line 26 First Appointments to the Militia 33 Commissions in the Army Medical Department . . ;i.'> The Commissariat and Ordnance Department ... 37 The Home Civil Sebvice 38 Boy Clerkship in the Lower Division of the Civil Services 42 Lower Division of the Civil Service .... 44 Higher Division of the Civil Service .... 46 Ti CONTENTS. FAQE The Home Civil Sebvicb {continued) : Her Majesty's Diplomatic Service 49 Foreign CMEce 52 Consuls and Vice-Consuls 54 Student Interpreters in China, Japan, and Siam . . 54 Writers in Ceylon, Hong Kong Cadets, and Straits Set- tlements Cadets 55 Supernumeraries in the Public Works Department of Ceylon 55 Student Dragomans 56 Depabtjiexts not included in Schedule A op the Obdeb in Council or 4th June, 1870, ob speciallt excluded feom the operation of the Clauses IN the Obdeb in Council op 12th Febeuabt, If'TG, cheating A HiGHEB and Lo^teb Division of THE Civil Sehvice 68 Education Department 58 National Education OiBce (Ireland) .... 58 County Suneyors (Ireland) 60 Cadets — Eoyal Irish Constabulary 60 Second Class Assistants of Excise 61 Outdoor Officers of Customs 61 The Civil Sebvice of India 62 The Indian Medical Sebvice 77 The Indian Public Wobes Depaetieent ... 82 FoHEST Depabtment IN India 85 Admission to the Bab 89 Admission of Solicitoes of the Supeeme Couet . . 92 The jMedical Profession 103 Compulsoiy Subjects 103 Optional Subjects . 104 CONTENTS. vii PAGE Abstract of Kegulations of the Medical Examinixg BoAEDs OP the United Kingdom .... 105 The University of Oxford . ' 105 The University of CamTsridge 108 The University of London 112 Absteact op Regulations op the Medical Examining Boards op the United Kingdom (continued) : The University of Durham 115 The University of Edinburgh 118. The University of Glasgow 120 The University of Aberdeen 121 The University of St. Andrevi'S 122. The University of Trinity College, Dublin . . . 12;5 The Royal College of Physicians, London . . . 125 The Royal College of Surgeons, London .... 126'' The Society of Apothecaries, London .... 12^ The Metropolitan Schools of Medicine . . . .128 The Provincial Medical Schools 13(5 The Pbopessions op Civil Engineer, Architect, and Artist 140' The Profession of a Civil Engineer 142 The Profession of an Architect 155 The Profession of an Artist 162 The Mercantile Marine 170 Chinese Customs Service 18S HMDBOOK TO THE PEOFESSIONS. THE EOYAL NAVY. The personnel of the Royal Navy, excluding its subordinate branches, consists of three distinct principal divisions : the Mili- tary, Navigating, and Civil. The Military Division comprises the foUovring ranks : — Naval Cadet, Midshipman, Lieutenant, Com- mander, Captain, and Admiral. The Navigating Division includes the following :— Navigating Cadet, Navigating Midshipman, Navi- gating Sub-Lieutenant, Navigating Lieutenant, Staf5E Commander, and Staff Captain. The Civil Division is subdivided as f ollo-ws : — (a) Second-class Assistant Engineers, First-class Assistant En- gineers, Engineers, Chief Engineers, and Inspectors of Machinery afloat ; (6) Naval Instructors and Chaplains ; (c) Sm'geons, Staff- Surgeons, and Fleet-Surgeons; (rf) Assistant Clerks, Clerks, Assistant Paymasters, and Paymasters. Before entering the Royal Navy it becomes necessary to elect to serve in one of the first two, or in a branch of the third of these three principal divisions. We shall proceed to consider the mode of admission to each, observing that as the regulations for entry and examination of Cadets of the Military Branch are the same as those, at present, in force for entry and examination of Cadets of the Navigating Division, for con- venience sake the two may properly be included under one head : — Naval Cadets. Mode of Admission. — By nomination of the Lords Com- missioners of the Admiralty ; nominations being made half-yeai'ly B 2 NAVAL CADETS. after the report of the last examination has been received. Ex- aminations of young gentlemen who have obtained nominations are held at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, as follows : viz., on the third Wednesday in Jime, and the last Wednesday in November in each year ; the appointments of successful candidates bearing date from the 15th July, and 15th January following, respectively. Qualifications for Admission. — No candidate is eli- gible for examination in June whose age is not within the following limits on the 15th July foUovring : viz., not over twelve or under thirteen and a half years of age ; noi-, in November, whose age is not within those limits on the 16th January follovsdng. Every candidate will be required to pass a medical examination according to the prescribed regulations, and must have been found physically fit for the Royal Navy. He must be in good health, and free from any physical defect of body, impediment of speech, defect of sight or hearing, and also from any predisposition to constitutional, or hereditary disease, or weakness of any kind, and in all respects well developed and active in proportion to his age. Candidates are required to produce (1) a certificate of Birth, (certificates of Baptism are inadmissible), or declaration thereof made before a magistrate ; (2) a certificate of good conduct from the master of the school or schools at which he may have been educated during the two previous years, or, if educated at home, from his tutors or the clergyman of the parish in which he resides; and (3) a certificate of good health. A candidate whose age does not exceed thirteen on the 15th July or 16th January (as the case may be) who may not be successful at his first examination will be allowed to present himself again at the next examination without undergoing a second medical examination ; but no candi- date will be allowed more than two trials. A candidate whose age exceeds thirteen on the 15th July or 15th January following the examination in which he has been unsuccessful wiU not be allowed a second trial. Any candidate who fails to appear at the examination after he has obtained a nomination will not be allowed to present himself at any f nture examination without a second nomination, except in the case of iUness certified by a Physician or Sm-geon, and approved by the Lords of the Admiralty, in which case the candidate will be NAVAZ CADETS. 3 allowed to present himself at the examination following, provided he is still within the limits of age ; but under no circumstances will such a candidate be permitted to appear at more than one examination. Examination for Admission. — Candidates are re- quired to pass an examination in the following subjects, viz. : — Marks assigned. (1) Writing Englisli correctly from dictation in a legible hand 100 (2) Reading from a modern English author with intelligence, and parsing easy sentences 100 (3) Arithmetic, as far as proportion and vulgar and decimal fractions 200 (4) Eleinentary Algebra, up to easy fractions and simple equations 200 (5) Elementary Oeometn/, viz. definitions, axioms, postu- lates, and demonstrations of the first twelve pro- positions of First Book of Euclid .... 200 (6) Latin. To read, translate, and parse passages from Latin authors into English, and to translate easy sentences from English into Latin .... 200 (7) French. To read, translate, and parse easy passages . 100 (8) Scripture History 100 1200 Four-tenths of the marks assigned must be obtained in each subject — 480 marks in the aggregate. SuccessfVil Candidates. — Young gentlemen who have been successful in the examination for admission are forthwith appointed to H.M.S. Britannia, the training ship for Royal Naval Cadets at Dartmouth. The period of training on board the Britannia consists of four terms — two in each year, viz., from about the 1st February to the 15th July, and from about the 31st August to the 20th December. The course of study must be com- pleted within these four terms, at the expiration of which Cadets go up for final examination for appointments on the Active list of the Royal Navy. Expenses, A.C., of ITaval Cadets. — The Fai-ent or Guardian of a Cadet is required to make an annual payment (half- yearly in advance to the Accountant General of the Navy) of 70/. 4 KAVAL CADETS. for the two years during which the Cadet remains on board the Britannia. The Lords Commissioners of the Admii'alty reserve to themselves the power of selecting from among the candidates at each half-yearly examination a number, not to exceed ten, being sons of officers of the Koyal Navy, Army, Marines, or of Civil Officers under the Boai'd of Admh'alty, with respect to whom the annual payment for the two years in the Britannia is 401. only. In selecting these, regard wiU be had solely to the pecuniary cir- cumstances of the parents or guardians of Cadets applying to be admitted on such reduced scale, which must be done in aU cases before the Cadet is nominated. The Cadets have a weekly allow- ance, and aU expenses attending their amusements are paid for by the Ship. Their friends are not permitted to give them any money except on joining, or on their return from the Vacations, and then the amount by regulation must not exceed 10s. Such money as may be required by a Cadet for any special circumstances is advanced by the Paymaster under the aiithority of the Captain of the Britannia. The Parent or Guardian of a Cadet is required to provide the following outfit on his joining H.M.S. Britannia : — A Midshipman's Sea Chest complete, with Name in full on top, engraved on plain brass plate : — Length, 3 ft. 6 in. ; breadth, 2 ft. ; height, 2 ft. 3 in. (It Is requested that the chest may be at Dartmouth 7 days previous to the Cadet's joining.) 3 Pillow Cases. 1 Hair Mattress, 5 ft. 6 in. x 1 ft. 9 in. 1 Hair Pillow. 2 Blankets, T 1 Counterpane, >6 ft. 6 in. x 4 ft. 6 in. 3 Pair Sheets, J 1 Uniform Jacltet, 1 do. Trousers, , _ 1 do. Waistcoat. Superfine. 1 do. Cap, peak J turn down, ' 2 Working Uniform Suits (one of thick flannel, one of pilot cloth). 1 Uniform Working Cap, peak i turn down. 12 White Shhts. 12 Collars. 6 Night Shirts. 12 Pair merino Socla. 3 White Flannel Trousers, well shrunk. ENGINEERS. 5 6 Pair Drawers, Merino. 3 White Flannel Shirts (with collars to turn down). 3 Lamb's Wool Under Vests. 2 White Waistcoats. 12 Towels. 7 Merino Vests. 2 Black Silk Neckties (made up). 2 Pair Braces. 3 Pair Strong Laced Boots, with thick soles. 1 Clothes Brush. 1 Sponge. 1 Carpet Bag. 1 Clothes Bag. 12 Pocket Handkerchiefs. 1 Pair elastic-side Oxford Shoes, with strong soles.. 1 Brush and Comb. 1 Tooth Brash. 1 Nail Brash. Pea Jackets are not to be supplied, as the thick Working Jacket can be worn over the Uniform Jacket, if necessary. Clothing to be distinctly marked with the Cadet's Name in full. Note. — Trousers to be made without pockets, and only one pocket on the left breast of the Jackets of the two Working Uniform Suits. School Books and Instniments are supplied on board the Srit- annia, as may be required in each term. The cost of a Naval Cadet's outfit may be estimated at about lOOZ. Pay of Naval Cadets. — The pay of a Naval Cadet on board the Britannia is l&l. 5s. per annum. Engdteebs. Mode of Admission. — To obtain an appointment in this branch of the Royal Navy it is essential that the candidate should have first passed through a course of preliminary training as an Engineer-Student in one of Her Majesty's Doclcyards. Vacancies for appointments as Engineer-Students are open to public compe- tition, and all applications for permission to compete must be addressed to the Secretary of the Admiralty before the 1st of March in each yeai-, signifying the place at which the candidate desires to be examined. 6 ENGINEERS. Qualifications for Admission. — Candidates must not be less than fourteen or more than sixteen years of age on the first day of the examination. Proof of age will be required by the production of a Certificate of birth (a certificate of baptism will not be accepted), or by declaration before a Magistrate. All candi- dates must be children of British subjects, and ai'e required to pro- duce evidence of respectability and good character, and to prove their physical fitness for the Naval Service. The Admiralty desires it should be clearly understood that candidates wiU be first required ' to produce satisfactory evidence of their age, respect- ability, good character, and physical fitness, before they can be considered eligible for entry into the Dockyard ; and if these con- ditions are satisfactory they will then be examined by the Civil Service Commissioners in Educational Subjects.' Candidates in or near London will be medically examined by the Medical Director General of the Navy at the Admiralty. Those residing near one of Her Majesty's Dockyards, or one of the First Reserve Ships, will be examined by the Medical ofiicers attached thereto. Special arrangements will be made, if necessaiy, on application, with reference to candidates from more distant localities. All candidates must produce certificates to the satisfac- tion of the Examining Medical Ofiicers that they have been re- vaccinated, or that they will be revaccinated, before they can be considered eligible for entry into the Dockyai'd. Examination for Admission. — The examination com- mences on the fii'st Tuesday in May in each year, and is held by the Civil Service Commissioners in London, Liverpool, Ports- mouth, Devonport, Bristol, Leeds, Newcastle-on-Tyne, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Aberdeen, Dublin, Belfast, and Cork. The foUowing are the appointed subjects of Examination, and the maximum number of marks for each subject : — ENGINEERS. 7 Marks. 'Arithmetic 300 English — ♦Writing from dictation . . . . 100 ♦Composition 100 Grammar 150 350 French — Translation into English 100 Grammar 50 150 Geography 100 Algebra (up to and including quadratic equations) . . 300 Geometry (the subjects of the iirst six books of Euclid's Elements) 300 Total . . . 1500 Candidates are tested as to their ability to read aloud ■with clearness, distinctness, and accuracy, and without hesitation. Stam- mering, or any imperfection of utterance, is regarded as a disquali- fication. Those who fail to pass in the first three subjects (marked with an asterisk), or in reading aloud, wiU be disqualified, and their other papers will not be examined. The Candidates who display a competent knowledge of all those subjects, and who obtain not less than 750 marks in the aggregate, are classed in one general list in order of merit, according to the number of marks gained, and are eligible for appointment as Engineer Students in one of the Docljyards, according to the number of appointments which it may be decided to make, following on the examination. Successful Candidates. — Successful Candidates are entered as Engineer Students before the 1st July in each year, and must join with their Parents or Guardians in a Bond for SOOl. to enter, if required, into Her Majesty's Naval Service as Assistant Engineers, if at the expiration of their training they should obtain Certificates of good conduct and efficiency for entry in that capacity. The Parents or Guai'dians of all Engineer Students are called upon to pay the sum of 251. a-year for each Student during the fu:st three years of his training. The first payment of 251. is required to be made before the Student is entered in the Yard ; and the second and third payments of 261. each are to be made on First Year . One shilling Second „ . Two shillings Third „ . Three „ Fourth „ . Five „ Fifth „ . . Eight „ Sixth „ . Ten 8 ENGINEERS. or before the 30th day of June in each of the two succeedinj? years. The payments are ordered to he made to the Cashier of the Yard to which the Student happens to he appointed. In case of failure of • payment the Student is discharged. Board and lodging are provided for Engineer Students, and they are required to reside in one of the Dockyards, where they are under the imme- diate supervision of the Captain of the Steam Reserve, and a staff of competent officers. The weekly pay of the Students during their training is as follows, provided they are well reported on by the Officers : — a-week. Engineer Students remain for six years at one of the Dockyards in practical training in the Wortahops, and to receive instruction in Iron Shipbuilding. Once in each year they are examined under the direction of the President of the Royal Naval College, and, at the end of the fom-th, fifth, and sixth years of their service, by the Engineer Officers of the Admiralty as to their practical acquire- ments and knowledge of steam machinery. Two prizes are given annually at each Dockyard to the Engineer Students most highly reported on as regards their skill as Work- men. Practical Engineering is considered an essential subject at examinations, and in the lists showing the results of examinations the numbers obtained in Practical subjects is shov^n distinct from those obtained in Educational subjects. No Engineer Student is gi-anted a qualifying certificate for entiy at the Royal Naval College unless he obtains at least 50 per cent of the total number of marks for Practical Engineering on his final examination. Those Students who may be found qualified at the end of their sixth year of service at the Dockyai'ds will proceed to the Royal Naval College at Greenwich as Acting Assistant-Engineers on probation. Acting' Assistant-XSng'ineers. — ^While passing through the course of higher instruction at the College at Greenwich, Acting i:noineers. o Assistant-Engineers, during their &st term, receive pay at the rate of Gs. a-day, -with an allowance of Is. Qd. a-day towards their mess expenses. Those selected for further study receive their full pay, and Is. Qd. a-day towards the mess. The term for study at Greenwich is from the Ist October to the 80th June following. All Acting Assistant-Engineers are examined under the direction of the President of the Eoyal Naval College on the completion of their term at Greenwich, and will receive certificates according to their merit, in three classes. Those who obtain First Class Certificates will receive Commissions dated the same day as their Acting Appointments. Those who obtain Second Class Certificates will receive Commissions dated six months after the date of their Acting Appointments, and those who obtain Thii'd Class Certificates will receive Commissions dated the day after their discharge from the Royal Naval College. The addi- tional time given for Fii'st Class Certificates and Second Class Certificates will reckon in all respects as time served as Assistant Engineer. Two Assistant-Engineers are selected annually from those who take the highest place at the examination on the completion of their term at Greenwich, to pass through a further course of scientific instruction if they desire it. These two will be allowed to remain two more terms at Greenwich, on the completion of which they will be sent to sea as Assistant-Engineers ; and after one year's service at sea, they will be considered eligible to fiU positions in the Dockyards and at the Admiralty. Those passing the second and third terms at Greenwich will be attached during the vacations between the 30th June and Ist October, to the Dockyards or Steam Reserves, where they will attend trials of new and repaired Engines, and obtain experience respecting the duties they will have to perform at sea. No Assistant-Engineer who has passed three terms at Green- wich wiU be allowed to leave Her Majesty's Service within seven years of the completion of his term at Greenwich, unless he shall pay the sum of £500 to defray the charges of his education. Such resignation to be subject in each case to approval of the Admiralty, 10 CHAPLAINS. Chaplains. Xtegrulatlons as to Appointment. — By Admiralty Order it is enacted that no person will be appointed to a Chap- laincy in the Koyal Navy who has not been ordained Deacon and Priest of the Church of England, or who has not been admitted to the same Holy Orders by the lawful authority of one of the Churches within the realm of Great Britain and Ireland which are in communion with the Chm-ch of England, or whose age exceeds thirty-five years, or who holds any benefice with a Cure of Souls, or who does not produce testimonials from the Bishop of the Diocese in which he was last licensed, addressed to the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, or who has not been examined by some competent person appointed for that purpose by the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, and has been reported by him to be in eveiy respect a fit and proper person to fill the situation of Chaplain with respectability and advantage to Her Majesty's Service. Clergymen in Priests' Orders are allowed to taie temporary service in the Navy, without any restriction as to age, and will be appointed ' Acting Chaplains for Temporary Service.' While so employed they vsdU occupy the same position, enjoy all the same privileges, and be subject to the same Regulations, as ordinary Naval Chaplains. They receive the same rate of pay, but are not entitled to half-pay, or any other advantages, at the termination of their temporary service. Candidates must present themselves at the Admiralty, bringing with them their Letters of Orders, Testi- monials, &c., preparatory to their being examined by the Chaplain of Greenwich Hospital as to their fitness for these appointments. Preliminary applications should be made in writing to the Secre- tary of the Admiralty. Pay of ITaval Chaplains. — The Full pay of a Chaplain of the Eoyal Navy is £219 per annum, increasing £18 for every three years of service to a maximum of £401 10«. A Chaplain may hold (in addition to his own rank) the rank of Naval In- structor ; and while acting in the double capacity he will receive his full pay as Chaplain, half of the pay of a Naval Instructor, and £5 a-year as tuition allowance for each young gentleman instructed bv him. NAVAL INSTRUCTOIiS. 11 Thus a Chaplain who, from the date of his appointmeDt has been also a Naval Instructor, wUl receive — Tear of 365 Days. One Day. £ s. d. £ s. d. Under 5 years' service 328 10 18 ,. 8 355 17 6 19 6 " 11 383 5 110 ,- 14 410 12 6 12 6 -. 17 438 14 ,. 20 465 7 6 15 6 Above 20 492 15 1 7 And for every additional year of service Is. &d. more until the maximum is reached, namely . 602 5 1 13 Naval Instbuctors. IHCode of Admission.— The rank of Naval Instructor is ordinarily joined with that of Chaplain in the Royal Navy. The appointment is vested in the Lords of the Admiralty, to whom all applications on the subject should be addressed. Qualifications for Admission. — A candidate for an appointment as Naval Instructor must not be under twenty nor above thirty-five years of age. Examinations for Admission. — Candidates must be prepared to pass a preliminary examination in the following' subjects, viz. — 1. Arithmetic and Algebra. 2. Geometiy, up to the standard of the Sixth Book of Euclid. 3. Plane and Spherical Trigonometry. 4. Elementary Statics, Dynamics, and Hydrostatics. 5. Latin. 6. French. In this preliminary examination Latin is dispensed with in the case of Graduates of any University ; and candidates who, within the previous three years, have obtained at any University a dis- tinction equivalent at least to that of Senior Optime at Cambridge, or a Second Class in the Final Mathematical School at Oxford, will be further exempted from examination in subjects 1 to 4. 12 SURGEONS. Tlie grounds on whicli exemption from any part of the pre- liminai'y examination is claimed should in all cases be fully stated by the candidate when applying for appointment. Successful Candidates. — If found duly qualified in the several subjects of the preliminary examination, the candidate wUl receive an order for admission to study at the Royal Naval College, and wUl join on the 1st of the next ensuing October. During his residence at the College, the candidate wiU be accommodated with quarters, and be allowed Is. M. a-day towards his mess expenses. The period of study at the College wiU not exceed nine months. At its termination, the candidate will be finally examined in the following subjects, in each of which he will be required to show that he possesses a satisfactory knowledge : — 7. Navigation and jVautical Astronomy. 8. Nautical Surveying. 9. Practical Use of Instruments. 10. Steam Engine. 11. Meteorology. 12. Physics. Chemistry, Drawing, French (more advanced than that required at the preliminary examiuation), and other modern languages wiU be optional subjects of examination, for which due credit will be given. Pay of Maval Instructors.— The Full pay of a Naval Instructor is £219 per annum, increasing £18 for every three years of service to a maximum of £401 10s., with a tuition allowance of 51. for every young gentleman instructed. Sdkgeons. mode of Admission. — By application in the first instance to the Secretary of the Admiralty. The applicant will be furnished with a form of Declaration and Statement of Qualifications to be filled up and returned to the Medical Department, Admiralty, No. 9 New Street, Spring Gardens, S.W. Qualifications for Admission, — Every candidate desir- ous of presenting himself for admission to the Naval Medical Service must be not imder twenty-one or over twenty-eight years SURGEONS. 13 of age. He must produce a certificate from the District Registrar, in which the date of birth is stated ; or, if this cannot he obtained, an affidavit from one of the pai'ents or other near relative, who can attest the date of birth. He must also produce a certificate of moral character, signed by a Clergyman or a Magisti-ate to whom he has been for some yeai's personally known, or by the President or Senior Professor of the OoUege at which he was educated. He must he free from organic disease, and will be required to make a declaration that he labours under no mental or constitu- tional disease or weakness, nor any other imperfection or disability that can interfere with the most efficient discharge of the duties of a Medical Officer in any climate. His physical fitness will be determined by a Board of Medical Officers, who ai-e to certify that his vision comes up to the requii'ed standard, which will be ascertained by the use of Snellen's Test Types. He must also attest his readiness to engage for general service, and to proceed on foreign service when required to do so. He must be registered under the Medical Act in force at the time of his appointment, as licensed to practise Medicine and Sm-gery in Great Britain or L-eland. Examination for Admission. — Candidates are ex- amined by the Examining Board in the following subjects : — Anatomy and Physiology. Surgery. Medicine, including Therapeutics, and the Diseases of Women and Children. Chemistry and Pharmacy, and a Practical Knowledge of Drugs. (The examination in medicine and surgery will be in part practical, and will include operations on the dead body, the application of surgical apparatus, and the examination of medical and surgical patients at the bedside.) The eligibility of each candidate for the Naval Medical Sei-vice will be determined by the result of the examinations in these subjects only. Candidates who desire it will be examined in Comparative Anatomy, Zoology, Natural Philosophy, Physical Greography, and Botany, with special reference to Materia Medica ; also in French and German ; and the number of maj.-ks gained in these subjects 14 suiig:eons. will be added to the total number of marks obtained in the obli- gatory part of the examination by candidates who shall have been foimd qualified for admission, and whose position on the list of successful competitors will thus be improved in proportion to their knowledge of these branches of science. Successful Candidates. — After passing the foregoing examination, every candidate will be required to attend one entire course of Practical Instruction in the Medical School at Netley on Hygiene, Clinical and Naval and Military Medicine, Clinical and Naval and Military Surgery, Pathology of Diseases, and Injuries incident to Naval and Military Service. At its conclusion the candidate wiU be requu'ed to pass an examination in the subjects taught in the School. If he give satisfactory evidence of being qualified for the practical duties of a Naval Medical Ofiicer, he will be eligible for a commission as surgeon. Pay of Ifaval Surg'eons. — During the period of his residence at the Netley Medical School, each candidate receives an allowance of 5s. per diem with quarters, iDr 7s. per diem without quarters, to cover all costs of maintenance ; and he is required to provide himself with uniform (viz. the Regulation imdress uniform of a surgeon, but vrithout the sword). The Full pay of a Surgeon in the Royal Navy is lis. per day, increasing Is. 6d. per day after each three years of service. After completing three years' FuU-pay Service, Surgeons are allowed to be examined for the rank of Staff-Surgeon ; but no Surgeon can be promoted to the rank of Staff-Surgeon until he shall have served five years, two of which must have been in a ship actually employed at sea. The pay (on promotion to such rank) of a Staff- Sui'geon is 18s. per day. The following is the Form of Declaration, &c., required to be filled up by Candidates for Commissions in the Medical Service in the Royal Navy, and returned to the Medical Department of the Admiralty, Spring Gardens : — ASSISTANT CLERKS. 15 Becommended by S OS 1 1 S) Years of age in last — vide accompanying S la 1 Certificate — a Candidate for appointment as a Medical Officer in the gto'-.lRoyal Navy, do hereby engage for General Service, and attest my readiness to proceed on duty abroad whenever required to do so. I declare that I labour under no mental or Constitutional Disease or weakness, nor any other imperfection or disability which can inter- fere with the most efficient discharge of the duties of a Medical Officer in any climate. (Signature) (Date) (Flace of Residence) Schedule of Qualifications. I have in my possession the following Degrees, Diplomas, and other Qualifications in Medicine, Surgery, and in Arts :— I wish to be examined in the following Voluntary Subjects, viz. : — Assistant Clerks (Paymastees' Bkanch). nXode of Admission. — By nomination of the Lords Com- missioners of the Admiralty, who reserve to themselves a discre- tionary power as to the number of candidates to be nominated to compete for each vacancy. Two examinations for Assistant-Clerk- ships are held annually at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, under the direction of the Admiralty Examiners, viz., on the second Wednesday in Jime and the third Wednesday in No- vember. The appointments of the successful candidates date from the 16th July or 15th January follovring. . Qualifications for Admission, — No candidate is eligible for examination in November whose age will not be within the prescribed limits on 16th January following, or for examination in June whose age will not be within the pre- scribed limits on the 15th July foUovring. Candidates must 16 ASSISTANT CLERKS. not be under fifteen or above seventeen years of age. All candidates are required to pass the medical examination, accord- ing to the prescribed regulations, before the Medical Director- General of the Navy, and must be found physically fit for the Royal Navy before going up for the educational examination. They must be in good health, and free from any physical defect of body, impediment of speech, defect of sight or hearing, and also from any predisposition to constitutional or hereditary disease or weakness of any kind, and in all respects well developed and active in proportion to age. Candidates are further required to produce (1) a Registrar's certificate of bii'th or declaration thereof made before a Ms^gistrate ; (2) a certificate of good conduct from the masters of any schools at which they may have been educated within the two previous years, or, if educated at home, from Tutors or the Clergyman of the parish in which they reside ; and (3) a certificate of good health. Examination for Admission. — The examination con- sists of two parts : {a) Test ; (6) Voluntary, for competition. The prescribed subjects for each are as follows, viz. : — Test Examination. Marks. (1) Writing from dictation in a legible hand . . . 100 (2) Writing a Letter on a given subject .... 75 (3) Writing the substance o{ a chapter, or portion of a cliapter, read out, taking into consideration the time in which this exercise is performed ... 75 (4) French. — Reading and translation from French into English, and from English into French, and Grammar ... .... 150 (5) Addition, Simple and Compound, with reference to time 50 (6) Arithmetic, generally 250 (7) Modem Geography and English History . . . 150 (8) Scripture 100 (At least four-tenths of the marl^ required in each subject in order to pass the test.) Voluntary Competition. (9) Elementary Mathematics, viz. Algebra, including quad- ratic equations and problems producing them, and &st Three Books of Euclid 200 ROYAL MARINE ARTILLERY. 17 Marks. (10) Latin. — Translation of passages from books usually read at schools, translation of English into Latin, and grammatical questions 200 (11) The German, Spanish, or Italian Languages, as in French 100 (12) Elementary Physics, viz. chemistry, heat, properties of solids and fluids, electricity, and magnetism . . 150 (13) Drawing, freehand, and from models .... 100 Not more than three of these subjects may be selected, unless Drawing be one, when four may be selected. Not less than one-fifth of the marks assigned must be obtained in any one of these subjects selected, in order that they may be reckoned towards the total. If the candidate fails to pass the test of qualification, he will be considered as ineligible to appear again ; but if a candidate pass the test of qualification, and yet be not one of the successful competitors, he will be allowed to compete once again at the following examin- ation, notwithstanding that at the second examination he may exceed the limit of age, Assistant-Clerks are ordinarily appointed to sea-going or harbour ships within a short time after their passing the examinations for appointment. Pay of Assistant-Clerks. — The pay of an Assistant- Clerk in the Royal Navy is £45 12a. 6c?. per annum, and that of a Clerk £73 per annum. The Eoyal Marine Ahtilleky. Itlode of Admission. — Admission to the Royal Marine Artillery as Probationary Lieutenants is now offered to the suc- cessful candidates in order of merit (according to the number of vacancies) at the half-yearly open competitions for admission to the Royal Militai'y Academy at Woolwich. Candidates who have received permission from the Horse Guards to attend the examina- tion (held twice a-year, namely, in July and December, and con- ducted by the Civil Service Commissioners), and who are desirous of obtaining appointment to the Royal Marine Artillery, must send in their names to the Secretai'y of the Admiralty to whom all preliminary inquiries on the subject are to be addressed. c 18 BOYAL MARINE AMTILLERY. Qualifications for Admission. — The limits of age are from sixteen to eighteen, candidates being required to be within these limits on the 1st day of January next following for the winter examination, and on the 1st of July for the summer exam- ination. The standard of height is at present 5 feet 5 inches. Candidates are required further to produce the following papers : (a) An extract from the register of birth, or in default a declaration made by a parent or guardian giving exact age ; (6) a certificate of good moral character, signed by the tutors or heads of the schools or colleges at which a candidate has received his education from his twelfth year to the date of his application to appear at the examina- tion, or some other satisfactory proof cjf good moral character. All candidates will be examined by a Medical Board ; and no candidate will be allowed to proceed to examination by the Civil Service Commissioners, unless certified by the Board to be free from bodily defects or ailments, and in all respects, as to height and physical qualities, fit for Her Majesty's Service. Examinations for Admission. — The subjects of exam- ination are the same as those prescribed for admission to the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich (see pp. 22 and 23). Successful Candidates. — The successful candidates will be appointed Lieutenants on Probation. They will proceed to the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, either on the 1st October, or after the Easter Vacation. Two examinations of Probationary Lieu- tenants Royal Marine Artillery are held in each year at the College. Those who pass a satisfactory examination at the end of the first session after entry will remain at the College for another session ; at the end of which they will be again examined, aud if they pass satisfactorily will receive Commissions in the Royal Marine Artil- lery in order of merit, bearing date from the time they received their probationary appointments. Probationary L;eutenants who do not pass a satis-factory exam- ination at the end of the first session after entry, will be finally ex- cluded from the Royal Marines. Those who, after pa.ssing the first examination, finally fail to qualify for the Roval Marine Artillery, may receive Commissions in the Royal Marine Light Infantry, bearing the same date as the Infautn' Officers who passed the Army Examiai.tions at the sajne time, but will be posted below them. ROYAL MARINE LIGHT INFANTRY. 19 Each successful candidate, at the Examination for entry, mu.st deposit the sum of £80 with the Accountant-General of the Navy, before he can be appointed Lieutenant on Probation for the Koyal Marine Artillery, to provide for his equipment at the Royal Naval College, and on joining his Division. The Uniform for Officers on Probation wiU be Blue Patrol Jacket, Blue Working Jacket, Blue Mess Jacket, and Scarlet Waistcoat, Undress Trousers, Sword, Sword Belt, and Forage Cap. Fay of Probationary laleutenants. — Officers of the Royal Marine ArtiUry on Probation receive 5s. Zd. a-dsy. Those who are permitted to remain after the first session are allowed 1«. Qd. a-day Mess Allowance, until the expiration of their period of study at Greenwich. The Royal Marine Light Infantry. nXode of Admission. — Admission to the Royal Marine Light Infantry is offered to the successful candidates in order of merit (according to the number of vacancies) at the Open Com- petitive Examinations for admission to the Royal Military College at Sandhurst. Candidates who have received permission from the Horse Guards to attend the examination (held twice a-year in the months of July and December), and who are desirous of obtaining an appointment in the Royal Marine Light Infantry, must send in theii' names to the Secretary of the Admiralty to whom all pre- liminary inquiries on the subject must be addressed. Qualifications for Admission. — The limit of age for candidates foradmission by competition is fromseventeen to twenty ; for Students of the Universities, who shall have passed the Interim Examination, from seventeen to twenty-one ; for Graduates of the Universities who shall have passed the Examination for the Degree of B.A. or M.A., from seventeen to twenty-two ; and for Lieutenants from the Militia, who are eligible for Commissions in the Army as Lieutenants, and are recommended by the Horse Guards, from nineteen to twenty-two. Candidates must be 5 ft. -j in. in height. Candidates must be within the prescribed limits of age on the following dates : — 20 ROYAL MARINE LIGHT INFANTRY. Candidates for admission by Competition Lieutenante from the Militia On the first of January next following the Win- ter Examination, and on the first of July for the Midsummer Examina- tion. On the first of May of the year in which they are recommended for a . CommisBion. The usual certificates of Birth and good Moral Character are required from candidates, who before examination ai'e inspected by a Medical Board ; and no candidate wiQ be considered eligible for a Commission unless certified by this Board to be free from any bodily defects or ailments, and in all respects, as to height and physical qualities, fit for Her Majesty's Service. Examinations for Admission. — The subjects of ex- amination are the same as those prescribed for admission to the Militaiy College at Sandhurst (see pp. iJ8 and 29). Successful Candidates. — The successful Candidates will be appointed Lieutenants in the Royal Marine Light Infantry, and will be posted on the list of their Corps in the order in which they passed their examination. They wiE join their respective divisions at once, and be instructed in their Drill and Military duties for service ashore and afloat. They will also undergo a course of Gai'rison or Military Instruction. Each successful candidate at the examination for entry must deposit the sum of £80 with the Accountant-General of the Navy, before he can be appointed Lieutenant in the Royal Marine Light Infantry, to provide for his equipment on joining his Division. Pay of Iiieutenants Royal marine Xiig'ht Xnfantry. — The pay of a Lieutenant in the Infantry Division of the Royal Marine Corps is &3. 3d. a-day. THE ARMY. The principal divisions of the Army in order of precedence may be stated as follows, namely : the two Scientific Coi-ps, that is to say, the Royal Artilleiy and Royal Engineers ; the IJrigade of Household Cavab-y, and the Cavalry of the Line ; the Brigade of Foot Guards, and the Infantry of the Line ; and the Auxiliary Forces. The Rotal Artillery and Royal Engineers. Appointments to these corps are made from the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich, which is maintained for the pui-pose of affording a preparatory education to candidates for Commissions in the Royal Artillery and Royal Engineers. This education is chiefly technical, and in no obligatory subject is it carried beyond the point useful to both corps alike. The regulations for appointments to cadetships at the Royal Militaiy Acadsmy are as follows : — mode of Admission. — By application in writing, in the first instance, to the Military Secretary, War OfSce, not less than one month before the date fixed for the half-yearly open competitive examinations, such application being accompanied by the following papers, viz. : — (a) An extract from the register of the birth of the applicant, or, in default, a declaration made by one of his parents or guardians before a magistrate, giving his exact age. (b) A certificate of good moral character signed by the tutors or heads of the Schools or Colleges at which he has received his education from his twelfth year to the date of application, or some other satisfactory proof of good moral chai-acter. It is to be borne in mind that aU candidates are examined by a 22 ROYAL ARTILLERY AND ENGINEERS. Medical Board; and no candidate is allowed to proceed to ex- amination before the Oivil Service Commissioners unless certified by the Board to be free from bodily defects or ailments, and in all respects, as to height and physical qualities, fit for Her Majesty's Service. Oases of exceptional shortness of stature are ordinarily referred to the War Oifice for special consideration. Qualifications for Admission. — Admission to the Royal Military Academy is granted to the successful candidates at an open competitive examination. The limits of age are from sixteen to eighteen ; the candidate is required to be within thes-i limits on the 1st day of January next following for the Winter Examination, and on the 1st of July for the Summer Examina- tion. Examinations for Admission. — These are held twice a-year, namely, in December ajid July, and are conducted by the Oivil Service Commissioners. The number of trials allowed to a candidate will in no case exceed three. A candidate is required to satisfy the Oivil Service Com- missioners in the following subjects : — (1) Mathematics, viz., (a) arithmetic, and the use of common loga- rithms ; (i) algebra, including equations, progressions, permuta- tions and combinations, and the binomial theorem ; (c) geometry, up to the standard of the sixth book of Euclid ; {d) plane trigo- nometry, including the solution of triangles. (2) French, German, or some other modem language, the examination being limited to translation from the language and grammatical questions. (3) Writing English correctly and in a good legible hand, from dicta- tion, and English composition. (4) The elements of geometrical drawing, including the construction of plane scales and the use of simple mathematical instruments. (5) Geography. A thorough knowledge of each of the four branches of mathe- matics is required. The Commissioners may, however, if they think fit, dispense with this preliminary examination, except as regards mathematics, English composition, and geometrical drawing, in the case of any candidate who has satisfied them on a previous occasion. No marks are allotted for the above preliminary examination, ROYAL ARTILLEMr AXD ENGIXEEM.'^. 23 excepting for mathematics (2000), for English composition (500), and for geometrical drawing (300). The 'further examination' is proceeded with immediately on the conclusion of the ' preliminary examination.' Candidates who fail in the preliminaiy examination are informed of their failure as soon as possible, and are released from further attend- ance Tiie subjects of the further examination and the maximum number of marks obtainable for each subject are as follows : — Marks, (1) Mathematics, * viz., further questions and problems on the subjects of the qualifying examination, and tlie elements of the following subjects : theory of equations ; analytical geometry ; conic sections ; solid geometry ; differential and integral calculus ; statics ; and dynamics 4000 N.B. — In all the subjects great importance is attached to accuracy in mwierical results. (2) En^lisli ; English literature, limited to specified nuthors ; and English histoiy, limited to certain fixed periods ; the authors and periods being noti- fied beforehand ... t(3) Ckssics, viz. ( ^^^'^ ... . . I Greek (4) French ; the examination to be partly colloquial (5) German ; the examination to be partly colloquial (6) Any one of the following languages at the option of the candidate, viz.: Italian, Russian, Spanish, or Hindustani ; the examination to be partly collo- quial §(7) Experimental sciences, viz., (a) chemistry and heat ; or (i) electricity and magnetism (8) General and physical geography, and geology . (9) Drawing, free-hand .... t2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 1000 * See detailed Syllabus. t Including 500 allotted to English composition in the preliminary ex- amination. I Classics are divided into two sections, Latin and Greek, either or both of which the candidate may take up as one subject. § Subjects (a) and (5) are alternative ; a candidate will not be allowed to take up both. 24 ROYAL AUTILLERY AND ENGINEERS. Of. these nine subjects candidates are not allowed to take up more than four, exclusive of drawing. A certain number is deducted from the marks gained by a candidate in each subject, except mathematics, and the remainders are added to the marks gained by the candidate in the preliminary examination in mathematics, English composition, and geometrical drawing. The resulting total determines the candidate's plate in the competitive list ; the successful candidates being those/ who stand first on the list up to the number of vacancies conipeted for. Optional examination in mathematics. Detailed sjllabus. Further questions and problems on the subjects of the quidifying examination : — Theon' of equations : first principles. Analytical geometry : problems on straight line and circle. Conic sections : elementaiy properties, with easy problems, both on the analytical and geometrical methods. Solid geometry : first principles, with easy exercises. Differential calculus. Differentiation of functions of one independent variable. Taylor's and INIacIaurin's theorems ; applications. Maxima and minima of functions of one independent variable. Method of ininitesimals ; first principles with easy applications. Tangents and normali to curves. Points of inflection. Curvature of curves. Involutes and evolutes. Integral calculus. Elementary integrations. Integration considered as summation. Eectification and quadrature of plane curves. Statics ; equilibrium of forces and couples in one plane. Friction ; Centre of gravity ; Mechanical powers. Problems on elementary statics : the gra- phical or geometrical method of treating such problems should be studied as well as the analytical. No applications of the differential calculus to statics will be required. Dynamics ; elementary principles ; Projeoticles ; Motion of i heavy par- ticle on a smooth curve ; Centrifugal force ; Simple pendulum. Problems and exercises. No applications of the differential calculus will be required. Expenses of Cadets. — The payment annually to be con- tiibuted on behalf of a cadet during his residence at the Royal Militai-y Academy is as follows : — £ Queen's cadets (if any) Nil. For the son of an officer of the Army or Navy who has died in the Service, and whose family is left in pecuniary distress 20 ROYAL AUTILLERY AND ENGINEERS. '25 £, For the son of an officer below the rank of colonel or regi- mental field officer in the Army and captain and commander in the Navy 40 For the son of a colonel or regimental field officer in the Army or of a captain and commander in the Navy . 60 For the son of a general officer who is not a colonel of a regiment or of a vice or rear admiral .... 70 For the son of an admiral, or of a general officer who is colonel of a regiment, or in receipt of Indian colonel's allowances 80 For the son of a private gentleman 125 Each cadet on first joining is required to pay, in addition to the regulated contribution, a sum of £25 to cover the expense of uniform, books, &c., and to bring with him the articles of clothing of which he receives notice, and which must afterwards be kept up at his own expense. He is also required to pay the regulated con- tribution in advance, for each half-year of the time during which he remains under instruction ; and a deposit of £5 on account, for contingent expenses, which latter sum he will be required to make up on returning to the Royal Military Academy after each vacation, to cover any expense that may be incurred on his account during the en8uing;_ half-year. Pay of CadetSi — The pay of a Cadet at the Royal Militai-y Academy is 3s. a-day. It is issued to cover the expenses of regi- mental clothing, messing, washing, and other contingencies. Course of Instruction at the Royal ItXilitary Academy. — The following subjects form the course of obligatory studies which must be completed within two years and a half : — (1) Mathematics, including a thorough knowledge of plane trigonome- try ; practical mechanics, with the application of mathematics to machinery. (2) Fortification, field and permanent; such a course as is suitable to Cadets qualifying for the Artillery, and the requisite amount of geometrical drawing. (3) Artillery ; such a course as is suitable to Cadets qualifying for the Engineers. (4) Military drawing, with field sketching and reconnaissance. (5) Military history and geography. (6) French or German, at the student's choice. (7) Elementary chemistry and physics. (8) Drills and exercises. 21} CAr-iLRY AXD ISFAXTRT OF THE LIXE. In addition to the oblicratory course, everr Cadet will be p.Uo-wed, at his option, to take up certain Toluntary subjects viz. : — (1 ) Higher mathematics. (2; Higher portions of fortification. (3) Any of the following languages : — German or French, Italian, Russian, Spanish, or Hindustani. (4> Free-hand, figure, and landscape drawing. (5> Higher chemistry. (6) Latin ) Instructions in these subjects to be given by the Chap- (7) Greek J lain. If any Cadet fail to come up to the required standard at two f xaminations, or be found unable to qualify in his studies for a commission within three years, to be counted from the commenee- raent of the term in which he first joins, or to acquire a sufficient proficiency in mUitary exercises, he is removed. Xo extension of the above period of three years is granted on account of absence from any cause excepting illness. Commissions. — Commissions as Lieutenants in the Eoyal Artillerv or Royal Engineers are conferred upon Cadets who pass the required examinations at the Royal Military Academy in the foregoing subjects. Cavalry and Infantry of thb Line. Cimdidates for First Appointments to the Cavalry and Infantry of the Line are, with the exception of Lieutenants of Militia, and Xon-Commissioned Officers recommended for promotion, required to p;\ss through a coui-se of instruction as Cadets at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, which is maintained for the purpose of affording a special military education to candidates for com- missions in the Cavalry and Infantry. The regulations for ad- mission to the Royal Military College are as foHows : — mode of Admission. — By application in writing, in the first instance, to the Militai-y Secretary, War Office, not later than the loth October or 15th May, respectively (according to the half- yeai'ly examination which the candidate proposes to attend — see below"), which appUcatiou must be accompanied by the following p.ipers : — CAVALRY AND INFANTRY OF THE LINE. 27 (n) An extract from the register of his birth ; or, in default, a declaration made by one of his parents or guardians before a magis- traie, giving his exact age. (b) A certificate of good moral character, sigTied by the tutors or heads of the Schools or CJolleges at which he has received his education, from his twelfth year to the date of application, or some other satisfactory prodf of good moral character. All candidates are inspected by a Medical Board ; and no can- didate is consiJered eligible for a Coniniifsion unless certified by the Board to be free from any bodily defects or ailments, and in all respects, aa to height ahd pliysical qualities, fit fur Her Majesty's Service. Oases nf exceptional shortness of stature are ordinarily referred to the War Office for special consideration. Qualifications for Admission.— Admission to the Royal Militai'y College is granted, — (ff) To a successful candidate at a rorapetitive Examination in general subjects held under such regulations as may be from" time to time issued. (6) To a graduate in Arts of the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge, Durham, London, J'lilinburgh, St. Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen, and the Queen's University, Ireland, or a student who lias passed ' Moderations ' at Oxford, the ' Previous Examination ' at Cambridge, the 'Final Examination of the Senior Freshman year ' at Dublin, the ' First Year's Examination ' at Durham, the 'First University Examination in Arts or in Engineering' at Queen's University, Ireland, the 'Examinatitm for Candidates for the Army ' at Scotch Universities, and the First Examination for the degrees of U.K., LL.B., B.Sc, or M.B., at London University, subject in each case to the competitive examination (see below). (ff) To Cadets styled ' Queen's Cadets ; ' ' Honorary Queen's Cadets ;' ' Indian Cadets ;* and to Pages of Honour. The limits of age for candidates for admission to the Royal Military College by competition, for Queen's Cadets, Queen's Honorary Cadets, Indian Cadets, and Pages of Honour, are from seventeen to twenty ; for Students of the Universities who have passed the Interim Examination as specified above, from seventeen to twenty-one ; and for Graduates of the Universities who have passed the examination for the degree of B.A. or M.A., from seventeen to twenty-two. as CAVALEV AND INFANTRY OF THE LINE. Competitors desiring to obtain Commissions in West India Eegiments ave admitted up to the age of twenty-four. This ex- tension of the limit of age does not however apply to University candidates. Candidates must be within the prescribed limits of age on the following dates : — Candidates for admission by competition, (On the fest of January next Queen's Cadets, Queen's Hono-i following the Winter Ex- rary Cadets, Indian Cadets, and \ amination, and on the first Pages of Honour. I of July for the Midsummer ^ Examination. ^ , ^ ,„,_., ». TT • f-*s specified below ('Exami- Graduates and Students from the Uni- 1 f. . tt • -^ ^ ' nation of University Can- -{ versities. , ,., . ,, didates.') Examinations for Admission. — These are held twice a-year, in the mouths of July and December, and are conducted by the Civil Service Commissioners. Notice is given from time to time of the day and place of the examinations, and of the number of vacancies open to competition at each periodical examination. The number of trials allowed will in no case exceed two in the case of University candidates, and three in that of other can- didates. AH candidates are required to satisfy the Civil Service Com- missioners in the following subjects : — (1) Mathematics, — viz., (a) arithmetic, including vulgar and decimal fractions, proportion and simple interest; {b) geometiy, not beyond the standard of the first book of Euclid. (2) French, German, or some other modern language ; the examination being limited to a translation from the language and grammatical questions. (3) Writing English correctly, and in a good legible hand, from dicta- tion. (4) The elements of geometrical drawing, including the construction of scales, and the use of simple mathematical instruments. (5) Geography. No marks are allotted for the above preliminary examination, excepting for geometrical drawing, the maximum number for which is 300. The preliminary examination is dispensed with in all other CAVALRY AND INFANTRY OF THE LINE. 29 subjects in the case of candidates who have passed it at previous examinations. The ' further examination * is proceeded with immediately on the conclusion of the ' preliminary examination.' Candidates who fail in the preliminary examination are informed of their failiire as soon as possible, and they are released from further attendance. The subjects of the further examination, and the maximum number of marks obtainable for each subject, are as follows : — Marks. (1) Mathematics, viz., algebra up to and including qua- dratic equations ; tile theory and use of logarithms ; geometry ; plane trigonometry ; and mensuration . 3000 (2) English composition, tested by the power of writing an essay, letter, or precis ; English literature, limited to specified authors ; and English history, limited to certain fixed periods ; the authors and periods being notified beforehand 3000 (3) Latin 30OO (4) Greek 2000 (5) French ; the examination to be partly colloquial . 2000 (6) German ; the examination to be partly colloquial . 2000 *(7) Experimental sciences, viz., (a) chemistry and heat ; (J) electricity and magnetism 2000 (8) General and physical geography, and geology . 2000 (9) Drawing, freehand 1000 Of these nine subjects candidates are not allowed to take up more than four nor less than two, exclusive of drawing. Examination of University Candidates. — ^A Gra- duate or Student of one of the Universities who, having obtained his University qualification while within the maximum limit of age, is debirous of becoming a candidate for a Oadetship at the Koyal Militai-y College, must send an application to the Military Secretary, War Olfice, in the month of May or October, with a view to his appointment under the provisions of the following paragraph ; but no such application will be admitted before the candidate has actually attained the age of seventeen, nor later than the 3l3t of May or 31st October, next following the date of his attaining the maximum limits of age prescribed for Graduates and ♦ Subjects (a) and (5) are alternative ; a Candidate is not allowed to take up both. 80 CAVALItr ANB INFANTRY OF THE LINE. Students, respectively. The application must be accompanied by papers (a) and (6), described under the heading ' Mode of Ad- mission,' and by a certificate from the proper authority that he has taken his degree in Arts, or has passed the University ex- amination specified under the heading, 'Qualifications for Ad- mission.' Notice is given, from time to time, of the number of Oadetships ■which will be allotted half-yearly to University candidates. In case there should be more candidates than vacancies, the required number will be selected by competition among the said candidates at the ensuing July or December examination, but without a pre- liminary examination except in Geometrical Drawing which is obligatory. University candidates who have been unsuccessful are allowed a second opportunity of competing, provided that ' Students ' have not exceeded their twenty-second year, and ' Graduates ' their twenty-third year of age at the time of such second examination. Examination of Queen's and Indian Cadets and Pag'es of Honour. — Queen's Cadets ai-e sons of officers of the Army, Royal Navy, and Royal Marines, who have fallen in action, or died of wounds received in action, or of disease con- tracted on service abroad, and who left their families in reduced circumstances. They are appointed by the Secretary of State on the recommendation of the Cummander-in-Chief or First Lord of the Admiralty. Honorai'y Queen's Cadets are sons of officers of the Army, Royal Navy, and Royal Marines, who were killed in action or who had died of wounds received in action within six months of such wounds having been received, or of illness brought on by fatigue, privation, or exposure incident to active operations in the field before an enemy, within six months after their having been first certified to be iU. Applications for Queen's Cadetships should be addi-essed to the Military Secretary if the candidate is the son of an officer of the Army, or to the Secretary of the Admiralty if the candidate is the son of an officer of the Royal Navy or Royal Marines. Indian Cadets are the sons of persons who have served in India in the Military or Civil Ser\-ice of Her Majesty, or rf the Entl India Company, and are nominated by the Secretary of State for CAVALHY AND INFANTRY OF THE LINE. 31 India in Council. Applications for Indian OadetBhipB should be addressed to the Military Secretary, India Office. A Queen's Cadet, Honorary Queen's Cadet, Indian Cadet, or Page of Honour, must send the papers mentioned under headinfj ' Mode of Admission ' to the JNIilitary Secretary immediately on receiving an order from him to do so. Queen's Cadets, Honorary Queen's Cadets, Indian Cadets, and Pages of Honour, are required to pass a qualifying entrance ex- amination only, i.e., after having passed the pieliminary exami- nation ; and to obtain such an aggregate of marks as may indicate in the judgment of the Civil Service Commissioners a competent amount of general proficiency. A Queen's Cadet, Honorary Queen's Cadet, Indian Cadet, or Page of Honour, who can produce a University certificate, ia exempted from the qualifying entrance examination. Expenses of Cadets. — The payment to be contributed on behalf of a Cadet during his residence at the Koyal Military College is as follows : — £ Queen's Cadets Kil. For an Indian Cadet. By special arrangement with the Indian Office. For the son of an oiBcer of the Army or Navy who has died in the service, and whose family is left in peouniaiy distress 20 For the son of an officer below the rank of colonel or regi- mental field officer in the Army and captain or com- mander in the Navy . 40 For the son of a colonel or regimental field officer in the Army or of a captain or commander in the Navy . 60 For the son of a general officer who ia not colonel of a regiment, or of a vice or rear admiral ... 70 For the son of an admiral, or of a general officer who is colonel of a regiment or in receipt of Indian Colonel's allowances °^ For the son of a private gentleman 125 Each Cadet, other than a Queen's or India Cadet, on first Joining, is required to pay, in addition to the regulated contribution, a sum of £25 to cover the expense of uniform, books, &c., and to bring with Lim the ai-ticles of clothing of which he receives notice, and 32 CAVALUr AND INFANTRY OF THE LINE. whicli must afterwards be kept up at Us own expense. He will be required to pay the regulated contribution in advance, for each half-year of the time during which he remains under instruction, and a deposit of £5 on account, for contingent expenses, which latter sum he will be required to make up on returning to the Royal Military College after each vacation, to cover any expense that may be incurred on his account during the ensuing half-year. Pay of Cadets.— The pay of a Oadet at the Royal Military College is 3s. a-day. It is issued to cover the expenses of regimental clothing, messing, washing, and other contingencies. Course of Instruction at the Royal ItXUitary Collegre. — Candidates for first appointments in the Army who are successful in the examinations already specified, join the Royal Military College as Cadets for one year, which is divided into two terms, dming which the course of instruction lasts. The College terms are ; — (a) From 10th February to 15th July, with suspension of study during a fortnight at Easter. {b) From 1st September to 20th December. The intermediate periods constitute the vacations. The following subjects form the ordinary course of obligatory studies : — (a) Queen's Regulations and Orders tor the Army ; regimental interior economy, accounts, and correspondence, (i) Military law. (e) The elements of tactics. (d) Field fortification, and the elements of permanent fortification. (e) Military topography and reconnaissance. (/) Infantry and field artillery drill, riding, and gymnastics. CommlsslonSi — At the end of the course Cadets are required to pass an examination in the field and on paper ; and those who pass a satisfactory examination become entitled to commissions in the Army as second lieutenants, and are gazetted accordingly. Pay of Officers In the Army. — The daily rates of pay of lieutenants and second lieutenants of the cavaliy, infantry, and colonial corps of the army, are as follows : — Life Guards, Horse Guards, and Foot Guards. — Lieutenants, FIRST APPOINTMENTS TO THE MILITIA. 33 cavalry, 10«. 4(?. ; infantry, 7s. 4rf. Second lieutenant, cavalry, 8s. ; infantry, 6s. Qd. Ditto after three years' service, cavalry, 10s. 4d. ; infantry, 7s. Ad. Cavalry and Infantry of the Line and West India Regiments.— Lieutenant, cavahy, 9s. ; infantry and West India Eegiments, Gs. 6rf. Ditto, after ten years' service as Ueutenaut or second lieutenant, cavalry, 9s. ; infantry, &c., 7s. Qd. Second lieutenant, cavalry, 8s. ; infantry, &c., 5s. Sd. Ditto, after three years' service, cavalry, 9s. ; infantry, &c., 6s. Qd. If on-Eifective Pay.— The daily rates of half -pay of lieu- tenants and second lieutenants in the cavahy and infantry of the Army are as follows : — Lieutenant, cavalry, 3s. Qd. ; infantiy, 3s. ; after three years' service in that rank, cavalry, 4s. %d. ; infantry, 4s. ; after ten years' service in that rank, cavalry, 4s. 8rf. ; infantry, 4s. Qd. ; second lieutenant, cavalry, 3s. ; infantry, 3s. First Appointments to the Militia. DXode of Admission. — Candidates for first appointments as subalterns in the Militia are recommended to the Secretary of State for War, for submission to the Queen, by the Lord Lieutenant of a county. Qualifications for Admission.— Candidates must not be less than seventeen years of age, and are required to produce certificate of fitness in point of health for the appointment, as well as evidence of good moral character. There is no educational examination to be passed on admission, but a subaltern appointed to the Militia, unless he has served in the Army for one year, must within twelve months after his appointment be attached to a regiment of the Army for two months, or receive some other satis- factory instruction in drill, and pass an examination in the under- mentioned subjects : — {a) The duties of regimental orderly officers, of officers commanding guards, and of subaltern officers of guards under officers of supe- rior rank. (J) The various exercises and evolutions prescribed in the first two parts of the ' Field Exercises of the Infantry:' rifle drill and practice. (c) Those parts of the Queen's Regulations and Orders for the Army which relate to the duties and conduct of a subaltern officer. 34 FIMST APPOINTMENTS TO THE MILITIA. (d) The Regulations for the Militia in regard to pay and messing, and the various articles of the soldier's kit, arms, accoutrements, and ammunition. («) In the Artillery Militia, the drill of one description of gun used by the regiment. If he fails in obtaining a certificate, he will be examined again within six months, and, in the event of a second failure, will be required to resign his Commission. First Appointments to the Army of Xileu- tenants of Militia. — Officers commanding Militia regiments are under existing regulations permitted to recommend a lieutenant for a Commission in the Army ; probably one in each year for a battalion of ten companies, and for other battalions in proportion. Before a Lieutenant of Militia can be granted a Commission as Lieutenant in the Army he is requii'ed :— (a) To have received such instruction in drill, and to produce such a certificate of qualification in drill as may be prescribed by the Secretary of State for War. (i) To have served tor two annual trainings with his militia regiment. (c) To be recommended by his commanding officer, the recommenda- tion being confirmed by the General Officer Commanding the District ; and to produce a certificate from a Board of Examina- tion that he is thoroughly acquainted with the subjects above specified, excepting the fifth. (d) To produce a Certificate of Qualification from the Civil Service Commissioners, similar to that hereinbefore prescribed for Queen's and Indian Cadets.* (e) To be within the limits of age, that is to say, between the ages of 19 and 22, on the first of May of the year in which he is recom- mended for a Commission. A Lieutenant of Militia recommended by his Commanding officer, who is within the limits of age, is permitted to go up for his qualifying examination at either of the periodical entrance examinations, on application to the Military Secretary, and for- warding to him certificate of his exact age, and a statement of the subject in which he desires to be examined. * Queen's and Indian Cadets are required to pass a Qualifying Entrance Examination only. — See ' Examination of Queen's and Indian Cadets (Cavaliy and Infantry of the Line).' THE ARMY MEDICAL DEPARTMENT. 35 Commissions in the Abmy Medical Department. mode of Admission. — Admission to the Army Medical Department is by public competition, application for leave to com- pete being made in the first instance to the Under Secretary for War, who will cause to be forwarded to the candidate a Form of Declaration required to be filled up and returned to the War Office one month before the date fixed for examination. Qualilicatioiis for Admission. — Eveiy candidate de- sirous of presenting himself to compete for a commission in the Army Medical Department must be twenty-one years of age and not over thirty-two years at the date of commencement of the competitive examination. He must produce an extract from the register of his birth, or in default a declaration made before a magistrate by one of his parents or guardians, giving his exact ag'e. He must also produce a recommendation from some person of standing in society — not a member of his own family — to the effect that he is of regular and steady habits, and likely in every respect to prove creditable to the Department if a commission be granted ; and also a certificate of moral character from the parochial clergyman, if possible. The candidate must sign a declaration upon honour that both his parents are of unmixed European blood, and that he labours under no mental or constitutional disease, nor has any hereditary tendency thereto, nor any imperfection or disability that can in- terfere with the efficient discharge of the duties of a Medical officer in any climate : also, that he does not hold, and has never held, any commissioner appointment in the public services. His physical fitness wiU be determined by a Board of Medical Officers, who are required to certify that the candidate's vision is sufficiently good to enable him to perform any sm'gical operation without the aid of glasses. A moderate degree of myopia will not be considered a disqualification, provided it does not necessi- tate the use of glasses during the performance of operations, and that no organic disease of the eyes exists. The Board must also certify that he is free from organic or other disease, and from constitutional weakness, or tendency thereto, or other disability of any kind likely to unfit him for military service in any climate. 36 THE ARMY MEDICAL DEPAMTMENT. Examinations for Admission. — Candidates will be examined by the examining Board in the following compulsory subjects, and the highest number of marks attainable will be dis- tributed as follows : — Marks, (o) Anatomy and Physiology 1000 (J) Surgery 1000 (c) Medicine, including therapentics, the diseases of wo- men and children . . , 1000 (d) Chemistry and pharmacy, and a practical knowledge of di'Ugs 100 N.B. — The examination in Medicine and Syniery will he in part p^-actical, and iffill include operations on the dead body, the application of surgical apparatus^ aiid the examination of medical and surgical patients at the bedside. The eligibility of each candidate for the Ai-my Medical Service will be determined by the result of the examinations in these subjects only. Examinations will also be held in the following voluntary subjects, for which the maximum number of marks will be — Marks. French and German (150 each) 300 Katural Sciences ■ . ■ 300 The knowledge of modem languages being considered of great importance, aU intending competitors are urged to qualify in French and German. The natural sciences will include comparative anatomy, zoology, natural philosophy, physical geography, and botany, with special reference to Materia Medica. The number of marks gained in both the voluntary subjects wiU be added to the total number of marks obtained by those who shall have been found qiialified for admission, and whose position on the list of successful competitors will thus be improved in proportion to their knowledge of modern languages aud natural sciences. Successful Candidates. — After passing the examina- tion, every candidate is required to attend one entire course of practical instruction at the Army Medical School at Netley, on COMMISSARIAT DEPARTMENT. 37 (1) Hygiene, (2) Clinical and Military Medicine, (3) Clinical and Military Surgeiy, (4) Pathology of Diseases and injuries incident to military sei-vice. A successful candidate having proved after examination that he possesses a competent knowledge of those sub- jects will receive a commission as Surgeon for a limited term of ten years' service on full pay. Pay, &.C. of Army Surgpeons. — From the date of join- ing at Netley, and up to that of passing his final examination, a candidate will receive 6s. a-day. The pay of a surgeon on appoint- is 250/. a-year. On the completion of ten years' commissioned service, unless the surgeon be specially selected for further employment in the Medical Department of the Army, or, if he be unwilling to con- tinue to serve therein, his services are dispensed with, and he is entitled to receive in lieu of all pension or retirement, pension for wounds excepted, the sum of one thousand pounds. The Commissariat and Ohdnance Store Department. (Late Control Department.) The regulations for entiy into these departments are at present under consideration with the view of effecting some very import- ant changes in the existing mode of filling up vacancies. THE HOME CIVIL SERVICE. Befohe proceeding to give in detail the existing regulations for admission to the Home CiTil Seryice it will be convenient that we should explain its present organization. This may be said to be baaed upon the recommendations embodied in the recent reports of Dr. Lyon Playfair's Civil Service Inquiry Oommission. Under Oi'ders in Council now in force, dealing with the organization of the Civil Service, of which the iirst bears date antecedent to the appointment of the above Commission (4th of June, 1870), and the last subsequent to the publication of its Reports (12th of February, 1876), competitive examination has been made the only door of entry to the general Civil Service. The effect of these Orders, as administered by the Treasury, may be briefly stated thus : — The work of the various public departments is carried on by staff officers who may be appointed either from the general body of the Clerks, or from outside an oifBce, or the service ; and by established Clerks of the Higher Division (at present known as Class I.); and Men and Boy Clerks of the Lower Division of the Civil Service. Under the Order in Coimcil of 12th of February, 1876, — with the provisions of which the majority of candidates for appoint- ments are now chiefly concerned, because it, in fact, is the master- Icey to almost any position in the Home Civil Service, — it is enacted as follows : — 'A Lower Division of the Civil Service shall be constituted. It shall consist of Men Clerks and of Boy Clerks engaged to serve in any Department of the State* to which they may from time to time be appointed or transferred. ' No Department throughout Her Majesty's Civil Service shall * The Outdoor Establishments of the Inland Eevemie and Cnstoms are excluded from the operation of this clause. THE HOME CIVIL SERVICE. 39 be permanently increased or regulated afresli without providing for the introduction of a system whereby such of its duties as are of a suitable character shall be performed by members of the Lower Division.' No vacancies are in future to be filled up, nor are any new appointments to be made, in any department except by appoint- ing clerks of the Lower Division, until the Commissioners of the Treasury have been satisfied that the number of Clerks serving in such Department with higher salaries than those of the Lower Division is not in excess of the number sufficient to perform superior duties. By this provision, which promises to prove the most eificacious plan yet devised for improving the position and prospects of Civil Servants, the line of demarcation between the Higher and Lower Divisions wiU be made distinct. At present appointments to the first-mentioned Division (known as Class I.) have almost entirely ceased to be made, except in respect of ofiices requiring special and technical qualifications ; and no new regula- tions with respect to this Division, based on the recommendations of Dr. Lyon Playfair's Commission, have yet been promulgated. The Civil Service Commissioners are now empowered at fixed intervals, or whenever they may, with the approval of the Treasury, declare it to be necessary, to hold competitive examinations for Men Clerks of the Lower Division in the subjects included in the scheme of examination hereafter given, and for Boy Clerks of the Lower Division in a more limited number of subjects. Before any such examination is held the number of permanent clerkships likely to fall vacant within the next six months wiU be estimated by the Civil Service Commissioners. This number, increased by 10 per cent, will be submitted for the approval of the Treasui-y- "When it has been approved, the Civil Sei-vice Commissioners will deduct from it the number of unappointed persons (if any) quali- fied for appointments by previous examinations of the same kind (including examinations of ' Boy Clerks ' for promotion to ' Men Clerks 'of the Lower Division); and the remainder wiU be the number of persons to be selected at the next ensuing examina- tion. The number decided upon by the Civil Service Commissioners win be published in the newspapers as part of the notice of such examination. At its close a list of the competitors will be made 40 TKE HOME ClVIL SERVICE. out in the order of merit up to the published number, provided so many are foimd by the examination qualified for appointments in the Civil Service. Each competitor named in a list will remain thereon until he attains the age (if a man) of twenty-five years, and (if a boy) of nineteen yeai'S unless in the meantime he has been appointed to a situation in some public office. Men on com- pleting their twenty-iif th year, and boys on completing theu- nine- teenth year, or on receiving appointments, wiU be removed from the list. On the application of Departments having vacancies the Civil Service Commissioners may supply from these lists on probation the requisite clerks, whether for permanent or temporary duty. Selections will, as a general rule, be made by the Civil Service Commissioners according to the order of the names on the lists ; but the Civil Service Commissioners may select any clerk who in his ex- amination has shown special qualifications for any particular subject, if special application for such a clerk be made by any Department. No clerk will be permitted to remain more than one year in any Department unless at the end of that time the Head of the Depai't- ment shall signify in writing to the Civil Service Commissioners that the clerk is accepted by the Department. If he is not accepted the Department wiU report to the said Commissioners the reasons for not accepting him ; ' and such Commissioners,' runs the Order in Council, — to the more important clauses of which we are now directing the reader's attention, — 'shall thereon supply another clerk in his room, and shall decide whether the name of the rejected clerk shall be struck oS the list as unfit for the Service generally, or whether he shall be allowed a trial in another Department.' Boy Clerks are not to be retained as such in any Department after completing their nineteenth year ; but they may after two years (or if admitted after seventeen years of age, one year) of good service, to be certified in writing by the Head of their Department to the Civil Service Commissioners, compete among themselves for so many Men Clerkships of the Lower Division as shall not exceed one-fom'th of the number of competitors. The number of Men Clerkships reserved for such limited com- petitions will be reckoned as part of the total number to be pub- lished in accordance with the provisions already cited above. THE HOME CIVIL SERVICE. 41 The Order in Council of 12th of February, 1876, further pro- vides as follows : — ' The salaries of men clerks in the Lower Division shall com- mence at 80/., and shall rise by triennial increments of 15/. to 200/. Provided that in any office in which a regular attendance of seven hours a-day is required, the commencing salary may be 90/. and the maximum salary may be 250/. ' The triennial increments of salary to men clerks shall not be allowed in full without a certificate from the immediate superior of each clerk, countersigned by the Head of the Department, or by such officer as he may designate for the purpose, to the effect that the clerk's conduct has been in all respects satisfactory. In cases of demerit, a part, or the whole of the increment may be withheld, or deferred, according to circumstances. 'The salaries of boy clerks shall begin at 14s. per week, and shall rise by Is. per week per annum as long as they are employed. ' Extra pay, not exceeding 100/. pei* annum, may be attached to certain situations open to clerks of the Lower Division whose duties involve the superintendence of other clerks, or are otherwise of a more distinctly responsible character than such as the generality of their colleagues have to perform. ' Situations carrying extra pay shall be conferred strictly ac- cording to positive merit, and not according to seniority. ' Promotion from the Lower to the Higher Division of the Service shall not be made without a special certificate from the Civil Service Commissioners, to be granted exceptionally, after not less than ten years' service, upon a special recommendation from the Head of the Department, and with the assent of the Treasury ; and every such promotion, including such recommenda- tion, certificate, and assent, shall be published in the London Gazette, and shall take effect only from and after the date of such publication. ' Below the Lower Division of ordinary clerks (including boy clerks) men and boy copyists may be employed for mere copying, and for routine work under direct supervision, on the same condi- tions of service as those at present in force for Civil Service writers (men and boys). Whenever it is possible, they shall be paid by piece-work, at rates to be fixed by the Civil Service Commissioners, 42 BOr CLERKSHIPS. ■with the consent of the Head of the Department, and of the Com- missioners of the Treasmy.' Having; thus stated the present organization of the Home Civil Service, and the prospects of advancement open to candidates who may hereafter desire to compete for clerkships in the Lower Division, we may now consider the Regulations made by the Civil Service Commissioners respecting competitive examinations for each class of appointment. Boy Oleekships in the Lower Division of the Civil Service. mode of Admission. — By application to the Secretaiy, Civil Service Commission, London, S.W., not later than fourteen days previous to the date fixed for examination. This date is always advertised in the leading newspapers, following which advertisement the prescribed form of application may be had on wiitten request being made to the Secretary, addressed as above. The competitive examinations are held from time to time at such places as maj' be deemed expedient. Qualifications for Admission. — The examinations are open, with such exceptions, and under such conditions as may be laid down, to all natural born subjects of Her Majesty being of the prescribed age, and of good health and character. The appointed limits of age are ' over fifteen and under seventeen years.' A fee of 10s. is required fi-om every candidate admitted to the examina- tion. Subjects of Examination. — These are as follows : — 1, Handwriting ; 2, Orthography ; 3, Arithmetic (including Vulgar and Decimal Fractions) ; 4, Copying MS. (to test accuracy) ; 5, English Composition ; 6, Geography. No candidate wiU be eligible who does not satisfy the Civil Service Commissioners of his com- petency in Handwriting, Orthography, and Ai'ithmetic. Selected Candidates. — A list of the competitors is made out, in the order of merit, up to the published number of vacant clerkships to be competed for, if so many are foimd by the exam- ination to be qualified for appointments in the Civil Service. Each competitor named in a list will remain thereon until he BOY CLERKSHIPS. 43 attains the age of nineteen years, unlees in the meantime he has been appointed to a situation in some public office. Boys on completing the nineteenth year of their age, or on receiving appointments, wiU be removed from the list. From these lists the Civil Service Commissioners, on the appli- cation of Departments having vacancies, will supply, on probation, the requisite clerks, whether for permanent or temporary duty. Selections will, as a general rule, be made by the Civil Service Commissioners according to the order of the names on the list ; but the Civil Service Commissioners may select any clerk who, in his examination, has shown special qualiiications in any par- ticular subject, if special application for such a clerk be made by any Department. No clerk will remain more than one year in any Department unless at the end of that time the Head of the Department shall signify in writing to the Civil Service Commissioners that the clerk is accepted by the Department. If he is not accepted, the Department wiU report to the said Commissioners the reasons for not accepting him ; and such Commissioners will thereon supply another clerk in his room, and will decide whether the name of the rejected clerk shall be struck off the lists as unfit for the Service generally, or whether he shall be allowed a trial in another Department. Boy clerks will not be retained as such in any Department after completing their nineteenth year ; but they may, after two years (or, if admitted after seventeen years of age, one year) of good service, to be certified in writing by the Head of their Department to the Civil Service Commissioners, compete among themselves, for so many Men Clerkships of the Lower Division as shall not exceed one fourth of the number of competitors. Separate lists will be made out of the competitors successful in the limited competitions, and selections for appointments to Men Clerkships will be made alternately from these lists and from the list of competitors successful in the open competitions. Salaries of Boy Clerks. — The salaries of boy clerks begin at 14s. per week, and will rise by Is. per week per annum as long as they are employed. 44 LOWER DIVISION OF LowEB Division of thb Civil Seevice. Mode of Admission. — By application to the Secretai-y, Civil Service Commiasion, London, S. W., ten days at least before the day appointed on the preliminary examination ordinarily held at such centres as London, Edinburgh, Dublin, Bristol, and Leeds. Following is the form to be filled up by candidates for preliminary examination. It may be obtained immediately after the advertised notice of the examination in the newspapers upon application to the Civil Service Commission. Sir, I request that you will send me an Order tor Admission to the Preliminary Examination appointed under the Regulations of 22nd of May, 1876, to be held at* on the of 1878. I beg to inform you that I -wast Examined before the Civil Service Commissioners in the month off in the year 18 , as a Candidate for the Situation of I am. Sir, Your obedient Servant, Name in full Address to which it is desired that the Order for Examination should be sent The Secretary Civil Service Commission. Qualifications, ico., for Admission. — Candidates must be natural-born subjects of Her Majesty, being of good health and character, and over seventeen and under twenty years of age on the first day of the Competitive Examination. The following classes of persons are ineligible : — (a) Persons actually serving in the Army and Navy. (5) Per- sons who have commuted under the Act 32 and 33 Vict. cap. 32. or the Act 34 and 35 Viet. cap. 36 (the Pensions Commuta- tions Acts, 1869 and 1871), any pension other than Naval Retired * State the place at which you wish to be examined, i.e., London, Edin- burgh, Dublin, Bristol, or Leeds. t If you have never been examined, insert here the word ' never.' X If you have been examined, give the date, &c., of the last occasion. THE CIVIL SERVICE. 45 Pay, either alone or in conjunction with a Pension for Wounds, or a Pension for Wounds alone either in the Naval or Military Service, (c) Persons who have previously succeeded at an examination for the same situation or class of situations. The following classes of persons will not he eliphle unless they shall have produced to the Civil Service Commissioners, at least one week hefore the date of the competition, the written permis- sion of the authorities of their department to attend the examina- tion : viz. («) Persons holding situations in the Civil Service, (6) Members of the Royal Irish Constabulaiy, of less than twelve years' service, (c) Engineer Students in Her Majesty's Dockyards. Persons who have been trained in Normal Schools at the public expense will not be qualified to receive appointments until the consent of the Committee of Council on Education, England, or the Commissioners of National Education, Ireland, as the case may he, given in conformity with rules sanctioned by the Lords of the Treasury, has been notified to the Civil Service Commissioners. In reckoning age for competition the following allowances wiU continue to be made as heretofore, viz., (1) Members of the Mili- tary and Naval Services (whether commissioned or non-commis- sioned) may deduct from their actual age any time during which they have served ; (2) persons who have served for two full consec- utive years (a) in any civil situation to which they were admitted with the certificate of the Civil Service Commissioners, (J) in the Royal Irish Constabulary, or (c) as Registered Copyists in connexion with the Civil Service, may deduct from their actxial age any time not exceeding five years which they may have spent in such service. Examinations for Admission. — The subjects of the competitive examination ai'e as follows : — (1) Handwriting. (2) Orthogi-aphy. (3j Arithmetic. (4) Copying MS. (to test accuracy). (5) Englisli Composition. (6) Geogi'apliy. (7) Indexing or Docketing. (8) Digesting returns into summaries. (9) Englisli Histoiy. (10) Bookkeeping. 46 HIGHER DIVISION OF No candidate will be admitted to the competition who has not previously satisfied the Civil Service Commissioners that he possesses the requisite amount of proficiency in Handwriting, Or- thography, and Arithmetic (including Vulgar and Decimal Frac- tions). With this view, Preliminai-y Examinations in these subjects are held at such times and places as the Commissioners may appoint. Application for permission to attend one of these Pre- liminary Examinations should be made in the writing of the candidate at such times, and in such manner as may be fixed by the Commissioners. Notice of the time and place of holding such Preliminary Examinations is from time to time made in the news- papers. A fee of 15s. is required from every candidate attending a Preliminary Examination, and a further fee of 5s. from eveiy Candidate admitted to the Competition. HiGHEH Division of the Civil Sbbvicb. (At present known as Clerkships Class I.) mode of Admission. — It has been already stated in the introductory part of this chapter that few appointments are at present being made to this section of the CivU Service. Notice of any intended examination will be given in the newspapers. Appli- cation for permission to compete should then be made to the Secretary, Civil Service Commission, London, S.W. Qualifications, &.C., for Admission. — Candidates must be natural-born subjects of Her Majesty of good health and character. The limits of age are eighteen and twenty-four, and persons desiring to compete must be of the prescribed age on the first day of the competitive examination. The following classes of persons are ineligible for appointment to the Higher Division of the Civil Service : — Persons actually serving in the Army or Navy, Engineer Stu- dents in H. M. Dockyards unless they obtain the express consent of the Lords of the Admiralty to their presenting themselves as candidates. Members of the lioyal Lish Constabulary of less than twelve years' service, until they have resigned their appointments in that force, unless the Inspector-General of Constabulary shall otherwise recommend. Persons who have commuted under the Pensions THE CIVIL SERVICE. 47 'Jommutations Acts, 1869 and 1871, any pension other than Naval Retired pay, either alone or in conjunction with a Pension for Wounds, or a Pension for "Wounds alone, either in the Naval or Military Service. Any person who after succeeding in any examination held under these Regulations may have declined to accept the situation offered him in accordance with their provisions, or who may have accepted such a situation, and passed into actual employment in the Civil Service, will be disqualified for admission to any subse- quent competition for the same situation or class of situations. Persons already in the Public Service will not be eligible un- less they shall have produced to the Civil Service Commissioners, at least one week before the competitive examination, the written permission of the authorities of the department in which they are serving to attend the examination. Candidates who have served as Pupil Teachers or Schoolmasters in Schools under inspection by the Committee of Council on Edu- cation, England, or by the Commissioners of National Education, Ireland, will be reported specially to those Departments ; and such of them as have been trained in Normal Schools at the public expense will not be qualified to receive appointments in the Civil Service until the consent of those Departments, given in conformity with rules sanctioned by the Lords of the Treasury, has been notified to the Civil Service Commissioners. In reckoning age for competition the following allowances are authorised to be made, viz., (1) members of the Militai-y and Naval Services (whether commissioned or non-commissioned) may deduct from their actual age any time during wliich they have served ; (2) persons who have served for two full consecutive years (a) in any Civil situation to which they were admitted with the certificate of the Civil Service Commissioners, (6) in the Royal Irish Constabulary, or (c) as Registered Writers in connexion with the Civil Service, may deduct from their actual age any time not exceeding five years which they may have spent in such service. Examinations for Admission. — At the competitive examinations of clerks of the Higher Division (Class I.) exercises will be set in the following subjects only ; the maximum of marks for each subject being fixed as follows, viz. : — HIGHER DIVISION OF THE CIVIL SERVICE. English Composition (including precis writing). History of England (including that of the laws and consti- tution) English Language and Literature Language, Literature, and History of Greece „ „ „ Rome „ „ „ France „ , „ Germany » ), ,. Italy Mathematics (pure and mixed) . Natural Science, that is, (1) Chemistry, including Heat (2; Electricity and Magnetism ; (3) Geology and Mineralogy; (4) Zoology; (5) Botany . *#* The total (1000) marks may he obtained hy adequate pi'ojiciency in any two or more of the jive branches of Science included Txnde}' this head. Moral Sciences, that is. Logic, Mental and Moral Philo- sophy Jurisprudence Political Economy Marks. 500 500 500 760 750 375 375 375 1250 1000 500 375 375 Candidates are at liberty to offei- themselves for examination in any or all of these subjects. No subjects are obligatory. No candidate ■will be allowed any marks in respect of any sub- ject of examination unless he shall be considered to possess a com- petent knowledge of that subject. No candidate will be admitted to the competition who has not previously satisfied the Civil Service Commissioners that he possesses the req^uisite amount of proficiency in the following sub- jects : — (1) Handwriting. (2) Orthography. (3) Arithmetic (to Vulgar and Decimal Fractions). (4) English Composition. With this view Preliminary Examinations in these subjects are held at such times and places as the Commissioners may appoint. Application for permission to attend one of these Preliminary Examinations should be made in the writing of the candidate at such times and in such manner as may be fixed by the Commis- sioners. Notice of the time and place of holding such Preliminary HER MAJESTY'S DIPLOMATIC SERVICE. 49 Examinations is from time to time made in the newspapers. A fee of £1 is required from every candidate attending a Preliminary Examination, and a further fee of £5 from every candidate who may be admitted to the competition. Hee Majesty's Diplomatic Service. Mode of Admission! — Exclusively by nomination of the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. Qualifications for Admission. — Candidates nominated for Attach^ships in the Diplomatic Service must pass an exami- nation before the Oivil Service Commissioners, and at the time of presenting themselves for it they must have completed the twen- tieth year of their age and must not have exceeded the twenty- sixth. They must be prepared to present themselves for exa- mination within three months from the date of their nomination. Examination for Admission. — Subject to the ex- ceptions hereinafter stated, candidates must satisfy the examiners in respect to the following points : — (1) Orthography. (2) Handwriting. (8) Precis Writing. That they are well grounded in Latin grammar, and are able to construe and parse a portion of some good classical Latin author, and to give the derivation of words. That they are acquainted vrith the first four rules of arithmetic and decimal fractions, as given in Colenso's Arithmetic, and with the first book of Euclid. That they have a general knowledge of geography. That they have a general knowledge of French gi-aramar ; that they can converse fluently in the French language on ordinary topics, and translate correctly from French into English and from English into French. That they have a general knowledge of the constitutional history of England, to be acquired from Blackstone's Commentaries (Ker's edition, 1862), and Hallam's Comtitvtimal History of England. That they have a general knowledge of the political history of 50 SES MAJESTY'S DIPLOMATIC SERVICE. Europe, and of the TTnited States of Xortli America, from the Treaty of Paris, in 1815, to the Treaty of TiUafranca, in lSi30, comprising an acquaintance with the most important international transactions dvuing that period. That they have a general knowledge of political economy, to be acquired from Adam Smith's Wealth of Xations and Mill's Political Economy. That they are generally intelligent, as evinced by the manner in which they acquit themselyes under esamination, and speci- fically by the qmckness they may show in seizing the points in papers read by them, or read over to them, once or twice. Candidates who, after statutable residence, have taken a degree in one of the Uuirersities of the United Kingdom will be exempted from examination in all the aboTe-mentioned subjects, except hand- writing, precis, and French. Candidates who hare passed the first public examination in Classics at one of the Uniyersities in Great Britain or Ireland, or at the Royal Academy at Woolwich, or one of the public exami- nations for the Army or Xavy, will be exempted from being examined in Latin ; but candidates claiming this exemption must, on going up for examination, exhibit to the Ciyil Service Com- missioners a certificate from the duly constituted authorities, examiners, or others, under whom they have been examined, that they have passed the first public examination in Clas^ios, in what- ever maimer their examination may have been conducted, and to whatever point directed. Selected Candidates. — The sei-vices of Attaches will reckon from the date of the certificate granted by the Civil Servii-i,' Commissioners, and will be considered as probationary for two years from that date, during which period the Attaches must have been employed for six months in the Foreign Office, and mnst also have actually resided at one of Her Majesty's Embassies or Missious abroad, or have been actually employed in the Foreign Office for such a time as in the aggregate will make up a further period of eighteen months, exclusive of any leave of absence, during- either period. The time, however, necessarily employed in jomnevs to and from Missions out of Em-ope will be allowed to count towards the completion of the required leria. If these conditions as to employment and residence have not been fulfilled at the expiration HEE MAJESTY'S DIPLOMATIC SERVICE. 61 of two years from the date of the certificate of the Ciyil Sei-vice Commissionei'S, the probationary period ■will be prolonged until they have been fulfilled. Commissions as Third Secretaries under Her Majesty's Sign- Manual will be granted to Attache, on the termination of the probationary period, and on the fulfilment of the conditions speci- fied in the present regulations, together with a salary at the rate of £160 a-year, provided that their general character and conduct, during the time they have served, have been satisfactory, and that the Minister under whom they have last served certifies that, as far as he has the means of forming an opinion, they understand and speak French well, and also one other foreign language. Third Secretaries who may after examination satisfy the Civil Service Commissioners that they possess a competent knowledge of public law, wiU receive while serving in that class an additional allowance of £100 a-year. Third Secretaries who desire a certificate of having satisfactorily passed an examination in public law, wiU be required to show a competent general knowledge of the ordinai-y rights and obliga- tions of sovereign states in time of peace, and of belligerents and neutrals in war. They will also be expected to be able to give an account of — (1) The Nature and Authority of International Law. (2) Tlie sources from which it is derived, the leading authorities (British and Foreign) on the subject, and the manner of referring to and applying those authorities. (3) The political constitution of the several States and Unions of States in Europe and America, so far as the constitution of each may affect its interaaLional relations. (4) The Status, Duties, and Privileges of Public Ministers and Diplo- matic agents. (5) The General Principles of the Law of Nationality and of Domicile. The books recommended are' Wheaton's Elements of Inter- national Laio; Heflfter, -Dos Europaische Volherrecht der Gegen- wart, either in the original German or in the French translation of Jules Bergson, and for (6) Westlake's Treatise an Private Inte)-- national Law, Chapters I., II., III., with the Naturalization Acts, 33 Vict. c. 14., and 35 & 36 Vict. c. 39. A Third Secretary or Attach(5 on probation, who shall be reported 52 FOREIGN OFFICE. by the head of the Mission in which he is employed to possess a competent knowledge, colloquial or otherwise, for ordinai-y purposes, of the Russian, Turkish, Persian, Japanese, or Chinese language, while serving in any conntly where such language is vemacnlar, shall receire a special allowance of 100/. a-year over and above any other salaa-y or allowance which he may be in receipt of. Znterchang'e of Duties, dec. — The Secretary of State, should he see occasion, will for the advantage of the Public Service allow Second and Third Secretaries, and Attaches to interchange for a time their duties with Clerks of the three Junior Classes in the Foreign Oifice ; the several parties being bound, for the whole period through which the interchange extends, in every respect to perform the duties and to submit to the obligations attaching to the situation which they may temporarily occupy. The Secretary of State will, moreover, if he sees reason to do so, direct such temporary interchange of duties to be made, irre- spective of the wishes of the parties, between Second or Third Secretaries, or Attaches, and Clerks in the Foreign Office ; or he will direct such persons to be employed for a time, at home or abroad, without any interchange, making in either case any allow- ance to such parties that he may consider just and reasonable. In the case of temporary interchanges between Secretaries and Clerks, they will respectively rank, in the Embassy or Mission, and Foreign Office, as the case may be, during the period for which the interchange shall last, after the Junior in the class of Secretaries or Clerks to which either of them belongs. A First-class Junior Clerk who may be permanently transferred to the Diplomatic Service will receive a Commission as Second Secretary ; a Second or Third Class Junior Clerk will similarly receive a Commission as Third Secretary. Junior Clerks in the Foreign Office temporarily employed in a Special or in an Ordinary Embassy or IMission, wiU in like manner receive, according to their class. Acting Commissions as Second or Third Secretaries. FoKEiGN Office. Following are the regulations for the examination of candidates before the Civil Service Commissioners for appointments in and FOREIGN OFFICE. 53 under the Foreign Office, settled by Earl Granville with the Commissioners, and approved by the Treasury, September 15th, 1871.* SUBJBCTS FOR EXAMINATION. Ohligatmy. (1) Orthography and Handwriting. (This should include, besides correct spelling, writing a good bold hand, and forming each letter distinctly, proof that the Candi- dates can write quickly and correctly from dictation.) (2) Arithmetic (including Vulgar and Decimal Fractions). (3) English Composition. (4) Precis Writing. (5) French (translation from and into, wi'iting from dictation, and con- versation, payiny particular attention to accent, genders, and (6) Latin (paying especially attention to parsing, as in the examination for Attaches). (7) General Intelligence exercises (as in the Attache's Second Examma- tion). Optional. (8) German (translating into, writing, speaking, and reading MS.) (9) Geography and History of Europe, from 1783 to 1847, inclusive. (10) Constitutional History of England (Hallam and May). (11) Geometry (Euclid I. -IV.) (12) Ancient Greek. (13) Italian or Spanish. The limit of age for Candidates is between eighteen years com plete and twenty-four years complete, except in the case of those who may not reside with relatives, or have an established and respectable home in the metropolis, or in its immediate neighbour- hood ; in this latter case, the minimum of age is twenty yeai-s complete. Appointments to the Foreign Office are made according to the result of a competitive examination. » It will be noticed that this date is subsequent to the publication of the Order in Council of 4th June, 1870, but antecedent to the appointment of Dr. Lyon Playtair's Commission and the publication of recommendations contamed m the First Beport 54 STUDENT INTERPRETERS. Consuls and Vicb Consuls. Appointments are made by the Secretary of State for Foreign Affaii's. Tlie limits of age are between twenty-five and fifty years. The subjects of examination are as follows: — (1) English Composition and Writing from Dictation. (2) French (-written and spoken).* (3) The Language of the Port at which the candidate may be appointed to reside.* t (4) British Mercantile and Commercial Law. [Text book, Smitli's Compendium of Mercantile LawJ] (5) Arithmetic (including Vulgar and Decimal Fractions). Studbnt Interpbetees in China, Japan, and Siam. Appointments are made after Open Competition, under special regulations which are advertised from time to time (as vacancies occur) in the daily papers. The limits of age are between eighteen and twenty-four years. The subjects of examination are as follows : — Ohligatory, (1) Handwriting and Orthography. (2) Arithmetic (including Vulgar and Decimal Fractions). (3) English Composition. Candidates failing in any of these subjects will be informed of their failure as soon as possible, and will not proceed further with the examination. OpiionaZ, (4) Precis. (5) Geography. (6) Euclid (Books I. to IV.) (7) Latm. * A candidate for appointment as Second Vice-ConsuI at New York was examined in Nos.' 1, 4, and 5 only. + In the cage of Denmark, Norway, and the Baltic ports, German. In the case of ports on the Mediterranean, and some of the Black Sea ports, Italian. For Mazagan, Spanish ; for Mosul, Arabic ; and for Galatz, French have been prescribed. Consuls for the United States and Polynesia have been examined in French only. PUBLIC WORKS OF CEYLON. 55 (8)' French. (9) German. ' (10) The Elements of Civil and Criminal Law. [The text-books being Smith's Mercantile Law and Archbold's Pleading and Evidence in Criminal Cases.'] "Wbitebs in Ceylon, Hong Konh Cadets, and Straits Settlements Cadets. Appointments are made after Open Competition under special regulations which are advertised from time to time Cas vacancies occur) in the daily papers. The limits of age are between twenty and twenty-three years. The subjects of examination are as follows : — A. — Ohliyatory. (1) Exercises designed to test Handwriting and Orthography. (2) Arithmetic (including Vulgar and Decimal Fractions). (3) Latin, and one of the following languages, — Gieels, French, Ger- man, Italian. (4) English Composition (including Precis Writing).' B. — Optional. (5) Pure and Mixed Mathematics. (6) Ancient or Modern History and Geogi'aphy. (7) Elements of Constitutional and International Law and Political Economy. (8) Geology, Civil Engineering, and Surveying. Every candidate must show a competent knowledge of the first four subjects, and may select any two of the optional subjects. Supebnttmbbabies in the Public "Wobks Depabtment of Ceylon. Appointments are made after Open Competition under special regulations which are advertised from time to time (as vacancifis occur) in the daily papers. The limits of age are between twenty and twenty-five years. The subjects of examination are as follows : — (1) Handwriting and Orthography. (2) Arithmetic (including Vulgar and Decimal Fractions). (3) English Composition. (4) Practical Geometry. 56 STUDENT DRAGOMANS. (5) Algebra to Quadratic Equations. (6) Practical Trigonometry (heights and distances). (7) Taking out Quantities and'Estimating. (8) Chain Surveying and Levelling. (9) Plan Drawing and Tracing. [jS'o person will be eligible who has not served a pupilage of three years in the office of, or on works conducted by, a member of the Institute of Civil Engineers who was at the time in active practice.] Student Dbaqomans. The Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs has de- cided with a view to the reorganization of the Consular Service in Turkey, Persia, and Egypt, to institute a corps of Student Dragomans, to be selected by open competition, and instructed in Oriental languages at the public expense. It is intended that the Dragoman and Consular Services in those countries should eventually be amalgamated, and that admission to them should be obtained by passing through the grade of Student Dragoman. The office of Student Dragoman has been instituted to supply Her Majesty's Missions and Consulates in Turkey, Persia, and Egypt with persons versed in the languages of those countries, and competent to discharge the duties of Interpreters and Con- sular Officers. mode of Admission. — ^By open competition, after exami- nation by the Civil Service Commissioners, who will give public notice beforehand of the subjects of such examination, and of the time when it wiU be held. Qualifications for Admission. — Candidates must be unmarried and will be required to satisfy the Civil Service Com- missioners — (o) That they are natural-born subjects of Her Majesty. (J.) That their age on the first day of the Examination is not less than eighteen or more than twenty-four. (c.) That they are duly qualified in respect of health and character. Subjects of Examination. — The examination will be in the following subjects, viz. : — STUDENT BRAGOMANS. 67 Ohliyatory.—Ra.niymiXxig, Orthography, and Reading aloud ; Arithmetic, including vulgar and decimal fractions; English Composition; French; Latin. Optional. — Ancient Greek, Italian, German. Selected Candidates.— The Student Dragomans, as soon as possible after their appointment, will proceed to their appointed destination where they will be under the orders of Her Majesty's Ambassador, and of a member of the Embassy specially appointed to superintend them. They will be provided, at the public expense, with lodgings, and also with instruction in languages. The Salary of the Student Dragomans is fixed at the rate of £200 a-year, commencing ten days previously to the date of their departure from England. A passage is provided for them at the public expense. Student Dragomans will be required, before leaving England, to execute a bond for the payment of £500 to Her Majesty's Government in the event of their leaving the service of their own free will, or being discharged from it for misconduct or incom- petence within five years. The Student Dragomans are to devote themselves, in the fli'st place, to the study of the Turkish, Persian, and Slav languages, and of Mussulman law ; and in the next place, they are to qualify themselves for the public service. They will, when qualified, be eligible for employment as Dragomans, and in the Consular Service in the East; as vacancies occur ; but they must clearly understand that their retention and advancement in the Service will depend entirely on the ability which they may show, and on their general steadiness and good conduct. 68 NATIONAL EDUCATION OFFICE {IRELAND). Depahtmbnts not included in Schedule A op the Oedee IN Council op 4th June, 1870, oe specially excluded ebom THE OPEEATION OF THE CLAUSES IN THE OeDEE IN COUNCIL OE 12th op Febeuaey, 1876, creating a Highee and Lowbe Division of the Civil Seevicb. § 1. Education Depaetment. Assistant Secretaryships, Inspectorships of Schools, and Ex- aminers. In these cases the Civil Service Commissioners grant certificates in respect of health only. § 2. National Education Office (Ireland). Inspectors of Scliools. — The limits of age are between twenty-three and twenty-four years. The subjects of examination are as follows : — iglish : Marks. Marks Penmanship . . . 200 Orthography .... English Composition Uuiyatory) ^2 Grammar and Language . ^ t- 300 English Literature {optional) . . 500 1500 Literature to consist of Bacon's Essays ; some of Ed- mund Burke's Works — American Taxation, Concili- ation mth America, and Address to the Electors of Bristol; Macaulay — *Essays on Clive and Hast- ings; Shakespeare — HamUt and As You like It; MUton — Sonnets, L'Allegro, 11 Fenseroso, Gomns, and Books I. and II. of Paradise Lost. Geography {ohligaiory) — Sullivan's Geoyraphy Generalized .... 500 (3) History {optional) — English ■> Greece (Smith's) L gOO Home (Liddell's) J * The Essays and Plays may be changed from year to year. NATIONAL EDUCATION OFFICE {IRELAND). 50 (4) Elementary Mathematics (obligatory)— Jlfarks. Marks. Arithmetic 600 Euclid (1st, 2nd, 3i-d, and 6th Books) . . 400 Algebra (including Quadratic Equations) . 400 Trigonometry, to solution of Plane Triangles only 300 1700 Higher Mathematics (optional) — Spherical Trigonometry, Theory of Equations, Ele- ments of Differential and Integral Calculus . . 600 (5) Physical Science (obligatory) — Mechanics, with any two of the following subjects : — Hydrostatics, Pneumatics, Optics, Heat, Electricity 600 (6) Logic (optional) — Walker, omitting chapters on Induction and Fallacies ; and Whately's Easy Lessons on Reasoning . . 300 (7) Political Economy (optional) — Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations (Books I., II., III., and v.), with either of the following: — J. S. Mill (Books I., II., III., and V.) ; or Fawcett's Manual (Books I., II., chaps. 3, 4, 5, III., chaps. 1, 2, 5, 6, and 8) 300 (8) (a)» Latin— Livy (Books I., II., and III.) ; Sallust; Virgil (Books I., II., and III. of ^neid ; Horace, The Odes (not to include their metrical construction). . . . 500 (b)* Greek— Xenophon (Book I. of Anabasis or Cyroptsdia) ; two Books of the Iliad and a Book of Sei-odotus . . 500 (<•)* French — Translations, Composition, Oral Questions . . . 500 Latin and Greek : An extended course (optional) . 600 (d) German (optional) 500 (e) Italian (optional) 600 (9) Education (obligatory) — Tracts of Ascham, Milton, and Locke ; Joyce's Hand- book of School Management ; Robinson's Manual of Method and Organization ... . 400 * A candidate may take these three languages, but must take at least two of them. 60 CADETS— ROYAL IRISH CONSTABULARY. § 3. CorNTT SrEVETOHS (Ireland). Candidates are examined under 25 and 26 Vict. c. 101. The limits of age are between twenty-six and forty years. The subjects of examination are as follows : — Ma^mom of Ttfa-yVB Mathematics (including Geometry, Trigonometry, Algebra, Differential and Integral Calculils, and Geometrical Optics) ......... 100 Mechanical Phflosophy (including Statics and Dynamics, Hydrostatics and Hydraulics, Pnemnatics, and Heat regarded as a source of Power) 100 Experimental Science (including Inoiganic Chemistry, Heat, Electricity, and Magnetism) 100 Geology and Mineralogy 40 (No candidate will be eligible who does not show some proficiency under one at least of the heads included in Part I.) PabtII. Strength and other Properties of Materials, and the Calcula- tion of Strains 100 (A) Railway and Canal Engineering 140 (B) Marine Engineering (including Harbour, Dock, Sea, and Reclamation Works) ... ... 140 (C) Hydraulic Engineering (including Water Supply, Sewage, and Irrigation) 140 (D) County Works (including Architecture, Roads, Drainage, and River Works) 140 1000 *,* Each of the groups lettered A, B, C, D, to include Designs, Estimates, Specifications, and the mechanical contrivances cormected with it ; and can- didates will be required to show that they have been engaged in the practice of their profession on adequate works for a sufficient time, or have had in some other way satisfactory opportunities of becoming acquainted with the practice of their profession in some one of the branches thus indicated. § 4. Cadets — EoTAi Irish Constabulabt. The limits of age are between twenty-one and twenty-six years. Any candidate presenting himself within two months after attain- ing the prescribed age is eligible for examination. OUTDOOR OFFICERS OF CUSTOMS. 61 The subjects are as follows : — Wa-riTnnm of Marks. (1) Handwriting and Orthography | J^ ( 150 (2) Arithmetic (including Vulgar and Decimal Fractions and Fer-centages) 200 (3) English Composition 200 Intelligence in Dictation and Orthographical Paper . 100 (4) Geography of the British Isles (especially that of Ire- land) 150 (5) British History 200 (6) Precis Writing 150 Departments excluded from the operation of the Clauses in Order in Council of 12th February, 1876. § 1. Secom) Class Assistants op Excise. The limits of age are between nineteen and twenty-two years. The subjects of examination are as follows : — (A) Ohligatory: jj^^^^ (1) Handwriting 400 (2) Orthography 400 (3) Arithmetic, to Vulgar and Decimal Fractions . 400 (4) English Composition 400 (B) Optional: (5) Higher Arithmetic (including Mensuration, Square and Cube Root, &c.) .... 400 (6) Geography, especially that of the British Isles . 400 Candidates mast be unmarried and without family. [Examinations to be held half-yearly, in June and December.] Fee, £1. § 2. OlTTBOOB OfFICEHS OF CUSTOMS. The limits of age are between nineteen and twenty-two yeare. The subjects of examination are as follows : — Marks. (1) Handwriting 200 (2) Orthography 200 (3) Arithmetic, to Vulgar and Decimal Fractions . . . 300 (4) English Composition ... . . 200 Fee, 15». THE CIVIL SERVICE OF INDIA. The advantages of a career in the Civil Service of India are now so well known, and generally recognised, that it is not necessary to dwell upon them here. It is to be presumed that every candidate before entering upon the arduous course of preparation for the pre- liminary competition and periodical examinations prior to appoint- ment to that Service understands well, and fuUy appreciates, the nature and value of the prize he is contending for. That prize, in point of fact, is one chance out of forty, on the average, of secur- ing an honourable social position and comfortable independence for life. The attempt to gain it is in itself a laudable ambi- tion, and affords an ample guarantee on the competitor's part of his being possessed of scholarly attainments of a very high order. Whether a candidate be successful or not, he, at least, has the satis- faction of knowing that he has borne a part in an examination which is admitted to be at once the most comprehensive and seaj'ching of any outside the Honour Schools of the Universities. Xeither is it necessary, even if it were possible to do so in a manner that would be in any sense satisfactory, to indicate any special course of study -n-hich it might be advisable for candidates to pursue in preparing for the various examinations for the Indian Civil Service. The range of study essential to success in a scheme of examination, wbich embraces in its first stage alone, Classics, Mathematics, English Language, History, and Literature, the Sanscrit, Arabic, French, German and Italian Languages, and Moral and Xatural Science, is necessarily so extensive that a can- didate's reading must be of the widest kind to foreshadow a prospect of his succeeding in the preliminary competition. With few exceptions it seems to be the case, that those who have ultimately become selected candidates for the Civil Service of India have long had that object in view. For the most part, they have first THE CIVIL SERVICE OF INDIA. 63 entered at a public school upon that training best calculated to meet the requirements of the first competition, and after leaving school have passed at once either to a University to complete their studies, or to the care of some competent tutor specially engaged in preparjng young men for the Indian Civil Service examinations. In either case the success of the candidate must be held to have depended gi'eatly upon the quality, and sound- ness of the instruction imparted to him while at. school. To venture an opinion then, which should be of any value, as to the best course of study which it might be judicious for intending competitors for the Civil Service of India to follow, it would be necessai-y to begin at the beginning and consider ihe fittest system of education for a boy. To do so would be wholly outside the purpose and scope of this work, which is solely one of reference for oflicial regulations, and does not profess to tender advice to can- didates for this examination, or any other which may happen to be mentioned in these pages. It v^iU be conceded, we think, that the kind of candidates most needed for the service of India are young Englishmen of gentle birth (or those who have early won the confidence of their fellows by habits of self-control, great industiy, and general good conduct) and of exceptionally good phvusique, who have until their eighteenth or nineteenth year received the best education which it is in the power of the Public Schools of this country to impart. If this book had been intended for boys instead of for their seniors in life, the most suitable advice, probably, that we could have offered them — to such of them as will look forward by-and-by to entering the Civil Service of India — would have been to gain admission to one or other of the great schools of England. And we might perchance have added, that one of the surest signs of their prospective success in the Indian Civil Service open competition would be the fact of their having earned admis- sion to one of those schools through their own individual efforts by means of an open scholarship. But while submitting that it would be out of place to enter here upon any discussion having reference to the studies of intend- ing candidates for the Indian Civil Service, we believe that we may be doing them a service, if we consider for a moment what are the obligations to be entailed upon them in future examinations. And for this purpose we can do no better than have recourse to 64 THE CIVIL SERVICE OF INDIA. the most valuable and instructive series of papers lately published in the shape of a Parliamentary Blue Book.* This Blue Book contains the much-discussed minute of Lord Salisbury, and com- prises, besides a most exhaustive report from the Civil Service Commissioners themselves, a number of elaborate papers from present members of the Government and Civil Service of India. Most of these papers are written by gentlemen of acknowledged ability, and high official position, whose appointments to the Service, in the first place, were due to success achieved in the annual open competitions. It will be admitted that the opinions of these alone are entitled to great consideration, even if they were not supplemented by ' Minutes ' of leaaing members of the govern- ments of each Presidency. It must be a satisfaction to future Indian Civil Servants to know, if indeed they are not abeady aware of the fact, that the opinions expressed in this Blue Book, whethor on the part of old competitors themselves, or by members of the administrative councils of India, with scarce an exception, are in favour of the complete maintenance of the principle of open com- petition for admission to the Civil Service of the Empire. Of its success as a mode of selecting candidates for the Indian Civil Service no doubt is expressed in the various papers embodied in the Parliamentary Report. Various suggestions have been made as to alterations which it may be desirable to effect in the scheme of examination for the preliminary competition ; and it may be that these have not been without weight in bringing about the alteration in the distribution of marks noticeable in the regulations issued to candidates for 1878, by the Civil Service Commissioners. With the exception here noted, and it is to be observed that it is by no means an unimportant one, the scheme of examination as regards the branches of knowledge which a candidate may elect to take up for the competition, is retained in its entirety. The regulations referred to, applicable to the year ] 878, will be found fm'ther on. The most important change which was heralded in the Blue Book is contained in the weU-known despatch of Lord Salisbury about which, at the time of its publication, considerable controversy arose. Into the merits of that controversy we do not * ' The Selection and Training of Candidates for the Indian Civil Ser- vice.' Presented to both Houses of Parliament, by command of Her Majesty. 1876. THE CIVIL SERVICE OF INDIA 65 herft propose to enter. It will be sufficient, perhaps, if we remind future candidates that the terms of that minute concern them ijreatly ; and it might be well for them to give some consideration to the opinions it expresses. Probably before this work issues from the press important modifications will have been introduced into the arrangements comprised in the General Instructions as to the course of study to be pursued by candidates selected in the preliminary competition. It may be remembered that in the Despatch to the Secretary of State, summarizing the various opinions expressed by members of the government of India and by Civil servants on the selection and training of candidates for the Service, the late Governor General (Lord Northbrook) wrote as follows : — ' I therefore recommend that it shall be a condition in future competitive examinations that the successful candidates shall, so soon as the necessaiy arrangements have been made with the Universities, reside at some University for the pm'pose of con- tinuing their studies in the additional subjects required.* I would permit them to choose the University to which they should be attached, provided that such University possesses colleges or other arrangements whereby students can enjoy the benefit of associa- tion with other students, and be subject to University, or collegiate discipline.' After discussing, generally, the advisability of bringing the selected candidates together as far as possible into some one place where they may have the advantage of close daily contact. Lord Salisbury's minute thus replied to the foregoing recommendation : 'In view of the strong preponderance of Indian opinions, Her Majesty's Government confidently agi'ee with your Excellency that the candidates should be encouraged to receive a University education.' The detailed arrangements by which this result might best be effected. Lord Salisbury admits to have been a subject of some discussion. After careful consideration of the various opinions and agreements that were recorded, 'Her Majesty's Government,' writes the Secretary of State, 'have come to the conclusion that the view I'ecoramended by the Uni- versities in common is to be preferred.' That view consisted in * Law, Classical Languages of India (Sansbit, Arabic, and Persian), Vernacular Languages of India, History and Geography of India, Political Economy. — En. 66 THE CIVIL SERVICE OF INDIA. the recommendation that the limits of age should be between seventeen and nineteen years for the competitive examination, and that University education should be accessible after the compe- titive examination. It will be noted, on refening to the oifioial regulations hereafter given, that the maximum limit of age for the competition of 1878 is nineteen years instead of twenty-one as heretofore, in accordance with the above stated recommendations ; and that in future ' University education ' is to be considered as compulsory on all selected candidates who desire to obtain the annual subsistence allowance of £150 during the two years of their probation in England. The late system of training ' selected candidates,' regulated by the Civil Service Commissioners, was such as almost to preclude a candidate from receiving a University education. The age at which candidates had to compete was so fixed that they could not, according to ordinary arrangements, receive their University edu- cation if they desired it, either before, or after competition. The consequence was, that, as a rule, the selected candidates spent their intermediate two years of preparation studying by themselves in lodgings in London. This feature of the late system, which ceased with the competition of 1S77, was generally condemned in India. ' It is obvious,' writes the Secretary of State, ' that, if the theory upon which Lord Macaulay and others founded the competition is right, the exclusion of University education cannot be defended. If the object be to obtain Civil senrants who have received the ordinary education of English gentlemen, it is not reasonable to omit the part of that education which is most peculiarly English, and which exerts the most powerful influence in the formation of character. But the absence of it in this case has evils of a special kind. The peculiarity of a civilian's cai'eer, during all its earlier years, is its isolation. As far as European society is concerned, there is scarcely any seclusion more complete than that of an up- country station, to which a young civilian is usually appointed ; and it is a seclusion which often lasts till he has reached to middle age. It is to him, therefore, more important than to the members of other professions, that his education should not be solitary, but that, in the company of others of his own class, he should receive the invaluable training which consists in the knowledge of the thoughts, and characters of other men. If he does not obtain it THE CIVIL SERVICE OF IXDIA. 67 at that time, he has not the chance which is open to others of repairing the omission kter.' Having pointed out the reasons which might possibly have weight with selected candidates in inducing them not to resort to a University before the competition, Lord Salisbury is of opinion that no difficulty hinders a residence at the University after selection. The further examinations through which a candidate has to pass are not competitive ; the special subjects are such as can be studied there with peculiar advantage ; ' and a powerful encouragement can be offered to a University residence by restricting to those selected candidates who frequent the University the sub- sistence allowance given by the Government.' It may be desirable that we should here mention a consideration of material intei-est which induced the Government to attach much importance to the recommendations for altering the limits of age made by the Univer- sities of Oxford and Cambridge. ' Out of the number who present thoraselves for competition,' writes Lord Salisbmy, 'it is certain that four-fifths must fail, because the candidates are usually more than five times as many as the vacancies ; and no prudent parent, in selecting a profession for his son, wUl leave this certainty out of consideration. Some professions are absolutely closed, others are almost impossible, to a man who thinks for the first time of entering them at the age of twenty-two. A man, therefore, who competes for the Indian Civil Service at that age, undoubtedly strives for a valuable prize, but does it at a formidable risk. He stakes, in a measure, his chance of self- support upon the result of a competition in which it is certain that four-tifths must fail. It is more thaa probable that such a risk must weigh strongly with parents, and diminish the field of competition, especially among the professional class. But no ^uch apprehension will be possible if the limit of age is fixed at nineteen.' Having thus attempted to epitomise the more important changes that have been sanctioned by the Government in respect of future examinations fur the Indian Civil Service, we hereunder give the regulations now in force for the Open Competition for admission to it. The examination begins this year on the 25th of June, and the number of appointments to be competed for will probably be about half the usual number. 68 THE CIVIL SERVICE OF INDIA. Qualifications for Admission. — Any person desirous of competing must produce evidence to the Civil Service Commis- sioners showing — (a) That he is a natural-born subject of Her Majesty. (S) That his age, on the first day of the year appointed for the Com- petition, will be above seventeen years and under nineteen years. N.B. — In the case of Naiives of India this must he certified iy the Government of India or of the Presidency oi' Province in which the Candidate tnay have resided. (c) That he has no disease, constitutional affection, or bodily infirmity unfitting him, or likely to unfit him, lor the Civil Service of India. (d) That he is of good moral character. He must also pay such fee as the Secretary of State for India may prescribe.* Should the evidence upon the above points he prima facie satis- factory to the Civil Service Commissioners, the candidate will, upon payment of the prescribed fee, be admitted to the examination. The Commissioners may, however, in their discretion, at any time prior to the gi'ant of the certificate of qualification hereinafter referred to, institute such further inquiries as they may deem necessary ; and if the result of such inquiries, in the case of any candidate, should be unsatisfactory to them in any of the above respects, he will be ineligible for admission to the Civil Service of India, and, if ah'eady selected, will be removed from the position of a probationer. Applications from persons desii'ous to be admitted as candidates are to be addressed to the ' Secretary to the Civil Service Commissioners, London, S.W.,' from whom the proper form for the purpose may be obtained. Subjects of Examination for the Open Compe- tition. — The examination will take place only in the following branches of knowledge : — Marks. tEnglish Composition 300 * The fee payable is ordinarily five pounds. t Marks assigned to English Composition and Mathematics will be sub- ject to no deduction. THE CIVIL SERVICE OF INDIA. 69 •History of England (including a period selected by the Candidate) . 300 ♦English Literature (including books selected by the Can- didate) 300 Greek ...-.•... 600 Latin 800 French 5OO Gei-man .... 500 Italian 400 tMathematics (pure and mixed) 1000 Natural Science, that is, the Elements of any two of the following Sciences : — Chemistry, 500 ; Electricity and Magnetism, 300 ; Experimental Laws of Heat and Light, 300 ; Mechanical Philosophy, with Outlines of Asti-o- nomy, 300. Logic 300 Elements of Political Economy ... . 300 JSanskrit 500 lArabic . . 500 Cdndidutex are at lihefiy to name any or all of these branches of knowledge. No subjects are obligatory. The merit of tlie perBona examined will be estimated by marks and the number set opposite to each branch in the preceding re- gulation denotes the greatest number of marks that can be obtained in respect of it. The mai'ks assigned to candidates in each branch will be subject to such deduction as the Civil Service Commissioners may deem necessary, in order to secure that a ' candidate be allowed no credit at all for taking up a subject in which he is a mere smatterer.' * A considerable portion of the marks for English History and Literature will be allotted to the work specially prepared. In awarding marks for this, regard will be had partly to the extent, and importance of the periods or books selected, and partly to the thoroughness with which they have been studied. t The Examination will range from Arithmetic, Algebra, and Elementary Geometry, up to the Elements of the Differential and Integral Calculus (in- cluding the lower portions of applied Mathematics). J The standard of marking in Sanskrit and Arabic will be determined with reference to a high degree of proficiency, such as may be expetted to be reached by a Native of good education. 70 THE CIVIL SERVICE OF INDIA. The examination -will be conducted by means of printed questions and written answers, and by vivd voce examination, as may be deemed necessary. The marks obtained by each candidate in respect of each of the subjects in which he shall have been examined, wiU be added up, and the names of the candidates who shall have obtained a gi-eater aggregate number of marks than any of the remaining candidates wiU be set forth in order of merit, and such candidates will be deemed to be selected candidates for the Oivil Service of India, provided they appear to be in other respects duly qualiiied. Should any of the selected candidates become disqualified, the Secretary of State for India wiU determine whether the vacancy thus created shall be filled up or not. In the former case, the candidate next in order of merit, and in other respects duly qualified, shall be deemed to be a selected candidate. A selected candidate declining to accept the appointment which may be offered to him will be disqualified for any subsequent competition. Further Examination of Selected Candidates. — Selected candidates before proceeding to India wiU be on probation for two years, during which time they wiU be examined periodically with a view of testing their progress in the following sub jects : — * Marks. (1) Law 1250 (2) Classical Languages of India : — Sanskrit 500 Arabic 400 Persian 400 (3) Vernacular Languages of India (each) . . 400 (4) The History and Geography of India .... 350 (5) Political Economy . 350 In these examinations, as in the open competition, the merit of the candidates examined will be estimated by marks, and the number set opposite to each subject denotes the greatest number of marks that can be obtained in respect of it at any one examina- tion. The examination will be conducted by means of printed ques- tions and written answers, and by vivS voce examination as may be * Full instructions as to the course of study to be pursued are issued to the successful candidates as soon as possible after the result of the open competition is declared. THE CIVIL SERVICE OF INDIA. 71 deemed necessary. The last of these examinations will be held at the close of the second year of probation, and will be called the ' Final Examination,' at which it will be decided whether a selected candidate is qualified for the Civil Service of India. At this exa- mination candidates will be permitted to take up any one of the following branches of Natural Science, viz. — Botany, Geology, and Zoology, for which 360 marks will be allowed. Any candidate who, at any of the periodical examinations, appears to have wilfully neglected his studies, or to be physically incapacitated for pursuing the prescribed course of training, will be liable to have his name removed from the list of selected candidates. The selected candidates who, at the final examination, are found to have a competent knowledge of the subjects last specified, and have satisfied the Civil Service Commissioners of their eligi- bility in respect of age, health, and character, will be certified by the said Commissioners to be entitled to be appointed to the Civil Service of India, provided they shall comply with the regulations in force, at the time, for that Service. The Civil Service Commissioners are authorized by the Secre- tary of State for India in Council to make the following announce- ments : — (1) Selected candidates will be permitted to chooae,* according to the order in which they stand in the list resulting from the open competition as long as a choice remains, the Presidency (and in Bengal the Division of the Presidency) to which they shall be appointed, but this choice will be subject to a different arrange- ment should the Secretary of State or Government of India deem it necessary. (2) The Probationere, having passed the necessary Examinations, will be required to report themselves to their Government in India not later than the close of the fourth of December after their selection. (3) The seniority in the Civil Service in India of the selected candidates shall be determined according to the order in which they stand on the list resulting from the Final Examination. » This choice must be exercised immediately after the result of the open competition is announced, on such day as may be fixed by the Civil Service Commissioners. 72 TSE CIVIL SERVICE OF INDIA. (4) An allowance of £150 a-year will be i^ven daring each of the two years of their probation to all Candidates who pass their proba- tion at some University to be approved beforehand by the Secre- tary of State, provided such Candidates shall have passed the required Examinations to the satisfaction of the CiWl Service Commissioners, and shall have complied with snch rules as may be laid down for the goid^ice of selected Candidates. (5) All selected Candidates will be required, after having passed the second periodical Examination, to attend at the India Office for the purpose of entering into an agreement binding themselves, amongst other things, to refund in certain ca=e5 the amount of their allowance in the event of their failing to proceed to India. A surety will be required. (6) After passing the Final Examination, each Candidate will be re- quired to attend again at the India Office, with the view of entering into covenants. The stamps payable amount to £1. THE CIVIL SERVICE OF INDIA. 73 Form of Application to be filled up Ity Candi- dates, — Date Sib, Beino desirous to offer myself as Candidate at the Examination for the Civil Ser- vice of India, which is appointed to commence on (1) If ft Gen oral Eogistcr Office certificate cannot be obtamed, the inntruotionB printed else- whore will show what evidence should bo sapplied. If evidence is already in the hands of the Gommisflloners, strike out ' A certificate of my birth,' and in- sert ' Evidonoo Is already In the possession of the Oommlssloners.' (2) The terms indicated by the marks of quotation must appear In the certificate, which must be ?lven after personal examina- ion, and bear date not earlier than the first of the month next but one preceding the month appointed for the Examination. (3) Two testimonials must be sent bearing date not earlier than the first of the month next but one preceding the month ap- pointed for the Examination. One of thorn should be given by an Intimate acquaintance (not a rehitlve) of not less than three or four years' standing; the other. If the Candidate na» re- cently left school, should bo given by his late schoolmaHtor, of If ho has had employment of any kind, bv his late employer. If the Candidate has been at any University, he should send a certificate of good conduct from his ooUege tutor. (4) If Mathematics be named, state whether pure and mixed, or both are Intended) If Natural Science bo mentioned, state j ^ j j^ j^j^ .^^^ reference to Section which two branches. If the His- ,, , , , ,, J, , ^. ^v » t tory of England or Enghsh 2, Clause (o), of the Regulations, that I am a Literature be named, the an- natural-bom subject of Her Majesty, nexed schedule should be filled ' I transmit herewith, as required by the Rcffula- tions. (1) A certificate of my birth, showing that I was bom on the day of 18 , and tliat therefore my age on January 1, will be alj'ive Keventeen years (complete) and under nineteen years, (2) A certificate signed by of my having 'no disease, constitutional affection, or bodily infirmity unfltting mo for the Civil Service of India.' (3) Proof of my moral character, viz. : — (1) A testimonal from (2) A testimonial from (4) A statement of the branches of linowledge in which I desire to be examined, viz. : — up. To the Seerdary, Civil Service Commisiion. I am. Sir, Your obedient Servant, Name in full Address 74 THE CIVIL SERVICE OF INDIA. Evidence of Agre to be required ftova. Candidates for the Civil Service of India. — I. Every Candidate bom in England or Wales should produce a Certifi- cate from the Registrar-General of Births, Marriages, and Deaths, or from one of his provincial officers. This Certificate may be obtained at Somerset House, or from the Superintendent Registrar of the District in -which the birth took place. II. A Candidate who is a Native of India must have his age certified by the Government of India, or of the Presidency or Province in which he may have resided. III. Every other Candidate not producing the Cerfijlcate mentioned in Clause 1, must prove his age by Statutory Declaration, and should also, if possible, produce a record of birth or baptism from some official register ; under which term may be included the parochial registers of baptisms, the non-parochial registers of baptisms and births deposited at Somerset House under Acts of Parliament, the register kept at the India Office of persons bom in India, &c. This regulation applies — (1) To all Candidates not bom in England or Wales. (2) To Candidates, who, though bom in England or Wales, cannot produce the Registrar-General's Certificate. The Civil Service Commissioners reserve to themselves the right of deciding in each case upon the sufficiency of the evidence produced, but they subjoin the following general rales for the guidance of Candidates : — (a) The Declaration should specify precisely the date and place of birth, and should, if possible, be made by the father or mother of the Candidate. If made by any other person, it should state the circumstances which enable the Declarant to speak to the fact. If an entry in a Bible or other family record be referred to, the Bible or other record must be produced at the time of making the Declaration, and must be mentioned in the Declaration as having been so produced. ({) If the Candidate was born in England or Wales the Declaration must contain a statement, that after due inquiry no entry has been found in the books of the Registrar-General ; or a sepa- rate Declaration must be made to that effect. (c) It no extract from any Register is produced, the Declaration must contain a statement, that after due inquiry no such Record is believed to exist ; or a separate Declaration must be made to that effect. (rf) Statutory Declarations must be exactly in the form prescribed by the Act of 5 & 6 Wm. IV., c. 62. A printed Form, if required, will be supplied on application to the Civil Service Commis- sioners. 'S.B.— Clergymen, as such, are not pialified to take Declarations. TSE CIVIL SERVICE OF INDIA. 7o Schedule. — History of England.— Penni selected by the undersigned Candidate:— English Literature. — Books selected by the undersigned Candidate : — Signature, Selected Candidates. — It having been already pointed out, that, under existing regulations, it is the intention of the Government to restrict the allowance of £150 a-year ' to candi- dates, who pass their probation at some University, to be approved beforehand by the Secretary of State,' it might be well, perhaps, if we attempt to sketch the course which it is not impossible the Government may pursue in caiTying this regulation into effect. In doing so we labour under this disadvantage, that we have to refer to the Blue Book, already quoted from, alone for information, without the aid of any more authoritative opinion than may be found expressed in its pages. Lord Salisbury's Despatch recites that ' The selected candidates will be required, as heretofore, to become probationers for at least two years, and to pass peiiodical examinations in special subjects of study to be prescribed to them. Attendance at Law Courts will still be required, and probationers win be examined in respect to that attendance ; ' but he proposes, in conformity vrith an opinion expressed by the late Governor General of India, and by many of those whose reports he had studied, to introduce modifications into the arrangements in force at the time of the despatch being written. It may be fairly inferred, then, as, under the old regulations, selected candidates were required ' at once to commence their special preparation,' that under the new they will be made to go into residence at a University as soon as possible after being informed of their success in the competition. The competition 76 THE CIVIL SBRVICE OF INDIA. taking place in June and July, it follows that Michaelmas Term succeeding wOl probably be the academical period at which University residence must begin. The ten weeks of that term may possibly be employed in attending lectures on political economy, and Indian histoi-y, and receiving instruction in lan- guages and law. Attendance at lectures will, perhaps, be made compulsory. No doubt, during the intervals of vacation, when the Law Courts in London are sitting, candidates vdll have to attend them, and take the required notes of the proceedings as heretofore. The periodical examinations will, doubtless, be held after the end of the University term, i.e., in June, December, June, and the final examination in the month of December two years and a half after the open competition — the regulation provid- ing, that Probationers having passed the required examinations must report themselves to their Government in India ' not later than the close of the fourth December after their selection.' Schemes are at present under the consideration of the Univer- sity authorities of Oiford and Cambridge providing for the training of selected candidates. Statutes have been framed at the first-mentioned University for retaining the services of a, Teacher of Hindustani and Persian, a Teacher of Telupru and Tamil, a reader in Indian History, and a reader in Indian Law. A syndicate, appointed by the University of Cambridge to report upon the steps which should be taken to give fm'ther facilities for the residence, and education there of candidates for the India Civil SeiTice, have advised important provisions being made to that end. Careful teaching and lectures on Sanscrit, Arabic, Persian, and Hindustani, are ah-eady provided in that University by the present professors of Arabic and Sanscrit, and by the Lord Almoner's Reader. Instruction in Telugu is to be provided in case any selected candidates requiring it are in residence at the Uni- versity. Adequate facilities, therefore, may be said ah-eady to be at hand in each University for affording the proper instruction in the Languages stated in the scheme of ' Further Examination ' of the Civil Service Commissioners. The present cumculum of legal and historical studies at Oxford and Cambridge, both, provides every facility for the student in ' Law ; ' and ' Political Economy ' is amply, and specifically provided for, as well by professional, as by inter-coUegiate lectures. At Cambridge a Readership of the THE INDIAN MEDICAL SERVICE. 77 Laws of India will be established. As regards the University of Trinity College, Dublin, we believe that for some time past a special training for candidates for the Civil Service of India has been provided by the University for those who may care to avail themselves of it ; and the same may be said of the University of Edinburgh. But it is a question whether these two Universities are not too remote from London to make it probable that the Secretary of State will sanction either as desirable for selected candidates to reside at. The Indian Medical Service. mode of Admission. — Candidates must subscribe and send in to the Military Secretary, India Office, Westminster, so as to reach that address at least a fortnight before the date fixed for the examination, a declaration as hereunder given. This declaration must be accompanied by the following docu- ments : — («.) Proof of age either by the candidate's own Declaration, form of which can be obtained at the India Office, pursuant to the Act 5 and 6 Wm. 4, c. 62, or by extract from the register of the pai'ish in which he was born. (A certificate of baptism which does not afford proof of age will be useless.) (5.) A certificate of moral chai'acter from a magistrate or a minister of the religious denomination to which the candidate belongs, who has personally known him for at least the two years preceding the date of his application. (c.) A certificate of registration in accordance with the Medical Act of 1858, of the degrees, diplomas, and licenses possessed by the candidate. Qualifications for Admission. — All natural-born subjects of Her Majesty, between twenty-two and twenty- eight years of age at the date of the examination, and of soimd bodily health, may be candidates. They may be married or unmarried. They must possess a Diploma in Surgery, or a license to practise it, as well as a degree in Medicine, or a license to practise it in Great Britain or Ireland. The physical fitness of candidates will be determined previous THE IXBIAy MEBICAL SERVICE. to examination by a Board of Medical Officers, who are required to certify that the Candidate's vision is sufficiently good to enable him to perform any surgical operation without the aid of glasses. A moderate degree of Myopia would not be considered a disquah- iication provided it did not necessitate the use of glasses during the performance of operations, and that no organic disease of the eyes existed. Every candidate must be also free from organic disease of other organs, and from constitutional weak- ness or other disability likely to unfit him for Military Service in India. Declaration and Schedule of Qualifications. — To he filed up by Candidatet. W : ^ -: = ;; I yeare of age in last, vide accompanying i -J ^ [Certijicate^ a Candidate for employment as Surgeon ia Her iMajesty's ^ Indian Medical Service, do hereby attest my readiness to engage for that Service, and to proceed on duty immediately on being gazetted. I declare that I labour under no Mental or Constitutioual Disease, nor any imperfection or disability that can interfere with the most efficient discharge of the Duties of a Medical Officer. I have the Degree of A.M. or A.B from the_ I have the Degree of M.D. or M.B. from the _ - i ~ I have a License to Practise Medicine from the _ I I have a Diploma in Su]^ry from the_ ?^ I have a License to Practise Surgerv from the {Signature at full length)^ {Date) (Place of Residence) _ The Candidate should here state " whether he has served in the Sfpdi- cal Department of _ the Army or Xavy, or in the Subordinate Medical Department in India. THE INDIAN MEDICAL SES VICE. 79 Candidates, who desire to undergo the voluntary Examination, are to sign the following Declaration : — It is my intention to undergo the voluntary Examination in* N.B. — This paper, when filled up, is to be returned, under cover, to The Militart Seceetaht, India Office, London, S. W. Examination for Admission. — The examinationB for admission to tlie Indian Medical Service usually take place twice a-year, viz., in February and August. (An examination for twenty-five appointments will be held in February, 1878.) The compulsory subjects of examination, and the highest number of marks attainable in each subject are as follows : — Marks. (a) Anatomy and Physiology 1000 (i) Surgery . 1000 (c) Medicine (including Therapeutics and the Diseases of Women and Children) 1000 {d) Chemistry and Pharmacy and a practical Imowledge of Drugs 100 The examination in Medicine and Surgery will be in part practical, and vrill include operations on the dead body, the appli- cation of surgical apparatus, and the examination of medical and surgical patients at the bedside. The eligibility of each candidate for the Indian Medical Service wiU be determined by the result of the examinations in these subjects only. Candidates who de- sire it will be examined in French, German, and Hindustani, Compai-ative Anatomy, Zoolosy, Natural Philosophy, Physical Geography, and Botany, with special reference to Materia Medica. The number of marks obtainable in these subjects will be added to the total number of marks obtained in the obligatory part of the examination by candidates who shall have been found qualified for admission, and whose position on the list of successful compet- itors will thus be improved in proportion to their knowledge of modem languages and natural sciences. * State what subjects will be talsen up. so THE INDIAN MEDICAL SERVICE. The maximum number of marks allotted to the voluntary sub- jects will be as follows : — Marks. French, German, and Hindustani (160 marks each) . . 450 Natural Science 300 The subjects for this part of the examination will be taken from the foUowing books : — Animal Kingdom, by W. S. Dallas, F.L.S. Outlines of the Structure and Functions of the Animal Kingdom, by Rymer Jones ; or Cours EUmentaire d'Histoire Naturelle, par Milne Edwards. Lindley's School Botany, Lindley's Medical aud Economic Botany, Henfrey'a Elementary Course of Botany. Elements of Natural Philosophy, by Golding Bird and C. Brooks. Physical Geography, by Mrs. Somerville. Selected Candidates! — The Examiners in London will prepare a list in order of merit, with the marks affixed in the different subjects, to be transmitted to the Director General, and communicated to the Professors of the Army Medical School. If any candidate is found to be deficient in any particular subject, this win be stated, in order that he may receive special instruction on the point at Netley. After passing his preliminaiy examination, candidates will be required to attend one entire Course of Practical Instruction at the Army Medical School, before being admitted to examination for a Commission, on — (1) Hygiene. (2) Clinical and Militaiy Medicine. (3) Clinical and Military Surgeiy. (4) Pathology of Diseases and Injuries incident to Military Service. These courses are to be of not leas than four months' duration ; but candidates who have already gone through a course at Netley as candidates for the Army or Navy Medical Service may, if thought desirable, be exempted from attending the School a second time. Examination at ITetlejr. — At the conclusion of the course, candidates will be required to pass an examination on the THE INDIAN MEDICAL SERVICE. 81 subjects taught in the school. The examination will be conducted by the Professors of the schooL The Du-ector General, or any Medical Officer deputed by him, may be present and take part in the examination. If the candi- date give satisfactory evidence of being qualified for the practical duties of an Army Medical Officer, He will be eligible for a Com- mission as Sm-geon. The position of the candidates on the list of Surgeons wiU be determined by the combined results of the preliminary and of the final examinations, and, so far as the requirements of the service will permit, they wiU have the choice of Presidency in India, ac- cording to their position in that list. Pay ivhile at Netley. — During the period of his residence at the Army M edical School, each candidate -wiU receive an allow- ance of 5«. per diem with quarters, or 7s. per diem without quar- ters, to cover all costs of maintenance ; and he wiU be required to provide himself with uniform (viz., the Regulation undress uniform of a Surgeon of the British Service, but without the sword). All candidates will be requii-ed to conform to such rules of discipline as the Senate may from time to time enact. Pay and Allowances. — Officers who may hereafter be appointed to the Indian Medical Service will receive pay in India according to the following scale : — Eahk. Yeabs' Sbbtices. Pay and Allow ancbs PEK Mensem. K. A. P. Surgeon-Maj or . . . 25 888 12 „ . 20 852 S 7 „ 15 677 6 11 „ 12 640 14 6 Surgeon 10 410 9 5 6 392 5 2 ,, 5 304 14 2 " vinder 5 286 10 On fii'st appointment they wiU only come into receipt of Indian pay and allowances from the date of their amval within the limits of the Presidency to which they have been gazetted. 82 INDIAN PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT. Wlien provided with passages on the troop ships, they draw Indian pay and allowances from date of disembarkation at Bombay. The Indian Public Wobks Dbpaetment. The first step towards obtaining' an appointment under this department of government is to secure admission to the Royal Indian Engineering College at Cooper's HiU, which is maintained for the purpose of affording a special education to candidates for the profession of Civil Engineer in the Service of the Public Works Department of India. The regulations for admission to the College are as follows : — mode of Admission. — By application in writing (not later than one month before the advertised appointed date of the annual Open Competitive Examination), to the Civil Service Com- missioners, fm'nishing satisfactory evidence as to age, moral fitness, and health. Qualifications for Admission. — Admission to the College is granted to the successful candidates at a Competitive Examination, oidinarily held at the latter end of June, or beginning of Jidy, and conducted by the Civil Sei-vice Commissioners. The limits of age are from seventeen to twenty years, and candidates must be British-bom subjects. Examination for Admission. — The Competitive Ex- amination will embrace the following subjects : — Marks assigned (1) English (Composition, History, and Literature ; the examination in the last two subjects being limited to fixed periods and certain specified authors) . 750 (2) Mathematics (pure and mixed) 2500 (3) Latin (translation from, and into) .... 1000 (4) Greek „ „ .... 1000 (5) French (translation from, and into, and dictation) . 750 (6) German „ „ „ . 750 *(7) Inorganic Chemistry . . . . , 7OO *(8) Heat and Light 700 *(9) Electricity and Magnetism 700 *(10) Geology and Physical Geography .... 700 * No candidate may take up more than three out of these four sub- jects. INDIAN PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT. 83 Marks assigned (11) Mecnanical Drawing of Geometrical Figures (plane and solid), Use and Construction of Scales, Per- spective . . .-.■■'. 500 (12) Freehand (figure and Undscape drawing) . . . 500 Of these subjects two are compulsory, viz. ; (1) English Com- position to the extent of a candidate's being able to wiite gi-am- matically, and with con-ect spelling, and from dictation ; (2) The following branches of Mathematics, viz., arithmetic, algebra, geometry (first four and sixth books of Euclid), mensuration, plane trigonometry, and the elements of statics and dynamics, in each of which the candidate must show competent proficiency. The "candidates who, qualifying in the obligatory subjects, obtain the highest aggregate number of marks, will be eligible for admission to the College, according to the advertised number of vacancies. Successful Candidates. — The College course extends over three years, and all the students who pass through it success- fully, including such of them as, instead of entering the Cooper's Hill College, prefer to undergo their course of preparation else- where,* and succeed in passing the same final test of qualification as the students of the College are appqinted to the Indian Public Worlfs\ Department as Assistant Engineers ; nine-tenths as Assist- ant Engineers, Second Grade, the salaiy of which grade is Ra. 4200 per annum, and the remaining one-tenth as Assistant Engineers, Third Grade, the salary of which grade is Es. 3000 per annum. Any student, however, may be appointed to the second grade in the event of his being certified to have passed a sufli- ciently creditable College and Practical Course Examination. * It is not essential that successful candidates who prefer to pursue their studies elsewhere should enter the CoUeye. Candidates not entering are required to produce satisfactory testimonials of good moral conduct during tlie interval between their passing the competitive examination and the final qualifying one ; they must be in a sound state of health ; and have passed a certain period of pupilage under a civil or mechanical engineer. 'Ihis con- dition must not be held to be a mere formal one. A'o person is admitted to the iinal examination who does not satisfy the Secretaiy of State that he has served the required time under an engineer who is engaged in practice adapted to afford his pupils opportunities for gaining practical experience of a really useful kind, and, further, that he has turned those opportunities to proper account. 84 INDIAN PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT. Passed Students are provided with a free passage to India, and are allowed to choose the Province and branch of the profession in which they desire to be first emplo3'ed, according to their standing, and within the Umits of the available vacancies. Expenses, dkC, of Students at Cooper's Kill Colleg'e. — An annual chai'ge of £150 is made for each student in three payments of £50 per term, to be paid in advance. But, in the case of a Student whose parents or guardians may represent their inability to defray the whole of this charge, payment of a part not exceeding £20 per term, or £60 per annum, can be deferred and effected by deductions from the Student's salary during the first three yeai'S after his admission to the Government Service. Tn such cases the Student's own consent must be given to the arrangement, and security will have to be given for payment of the deferred portion of the College fees in the event of the Student failing to enter the Government Service. The College fees include all charges for tuition, board (ex- cluding wine and beer), and lodging, with washing, but not for medical attendance. Students are required to provide their own class-books and dravsdng instruments. Drawing paper, drawing boai'ds, and surveying instruments, are provided by the College. Each Student is provided with a separate room furnished, and with fuel and light, also with the necessary attendance. He is required to supply his ovra bed, Unen and towels. Meals ai-e taken in hall. Wine and beer are not included in the ordinary fare, but are supplied from the CoUege cellar. Students are required to wear academical dress under regida- tions prescribed by the President of the CoUege. Course of Instruction at Cooper's Kill Colleg'e. — The obligatory subjects of study at the College are, — (1) Mathematics (pure and applied), with the Mechanics of Engineer- ing. (2) Theory and Practice of Construction. (3) Elementary Principles of Architectural Design. (4) Surveying. (5) Mechanical Drawing and Descriptive Geometry. (6) Chemistry, Physics, and Geology. (7) Hindustani, and History and Geography of India. (8) Accounts. FOREST DEPARTMENT IN INDIA. 86 The optional subjects taught are, — (1) Higher Mathematics, in extension of the obligatory course. (2) Natural Science, „ „ (3) Architecture, „ „ (4) Freehand Drawing. (5) Photography. The proficiency of the Students in the studies pursued is tested by periodical examinations. Of the nine terms into which the College course is divided, a part of the third year is passed by the Student under a civil or mechanical engineer. The fees to the engineers under whom the Students are thus detached are paid by the Secretary of State in Council, and an allowance of five shillings a-day is made to the Student, for lodging money and in lieu of commons while absent from the College dm-ing term time. Note. — There are various scholarships and prizes available to Students of the College in their second and third years of resi- dence. Pay of Civil Eng-lneers of the Indian Works Department. — The pay of Civil Engineers in service of the Government of India ranges from 30,000 rupees per annum in the case of a Chief Engineer First-class, to 1200 rupees per annum attached to the rank of Apprentice in the Department of Public Works. Forest Department in India. mode of Admission. — Application should be made not later than one month previous to the date appointed for the holding of the examination, to the Revenue Department of the India Office. Applicants must state : — 1. Their names and parentage, and send a certificate, or other satisfactory evidence of their birth, and, if under age, of consent from parents and guardians. SJ. They must also forward a statement of the places of edu- cation at which they have been since they were nine years old, accompanied by testimonials of good conduct during the last two years, and proof of their having attained a certain standard of pro- ficiency in the following branches of knowledge : — 86 FOREST DEPARTMENT IN INDIA. (1) English Writing from Dictation and English Composition. (2) Arithmetic in all its branches. (3) Algebra, up to, and including the Binomial Theorem. (4) Geometry (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 6th Books of Euclid) and Plane Trigonometry. (5) Freehand Drawing. (6) Surveying, Land Measuring, Plan Drawing, and the Use and Adjust- ment of Instruments. (7) A good colloquial knowledge of French (to be tested partly by dic- tation), with the facility of translating from that language. A preference -will be given to those candidates, who, in addition to the above, show proficiency in translating into French, in the elements of Mechanics, and Physics, Chemistry, Botany, Geologj', and Mineralogy. The date appointed for the Periodical Examina- tions is always advertised in the leading newspapers. Qualifications for Admission. — Applicants must be natural-born British subjects above seventeen and under twenty- one years of age on the day appointed for examination before the Civil Service Commissioners. Active habits, and a vigorous physical constitution, are indispensable. They must be unmarried, and if they marry before leaving England they wiU forfeit their appointments as Junior Assistants. Examination of Candidates. — Such applicants as are admitted to be candidates will be directed to appear for medical examination before the Indian Medical Board. A strong constitu- tion with good hearing and vision are indispensable. Those who are passed by the Board will be examined in the various branches of knowledge mentioned above by the Civil Service Commissioners. There will also be an examination with a view to testing the physical capabilities of the candidates. From among the candi- dates who attain the acquired standard Her Majesty's Secretaiy of State wiU select those whom he deems best adapted to the Service. Selected Candidates. — The candidates accepted by the Secretary of State will be required to undergo a regular course of training of two years and a half in the management of forests and the science of foresti'y, in surveying, road-making, and the natural sciences. For this piu'pose the selected candidates will be directed to proceed to France to undergo a course of training there. Early FOUEST DJEPARTMEXT IN IXDIA. 87 in the rear following their selection, successful candidates will be required to attend at the India Office to receive theii- letters of introduction before starting- for the Continent. During the course of ti-aining the candidates will be expected to conduct themselves throughout in a proper and gentlemanlike manner, to obey the injunctions of the officers and professors appointed to instruct them, to use due diligence in the prictieal work and in their studies, and zealously to improve everv oppor- tunity for learning that may be offered to them. Candidates who do not conduct themselves in a proper and gentlemanlike manner, or do not show satisfactory progress in their studies, or who may in other respects not be found fit for the duties of a Forest Officer in India, will be removed from the list of candidates on the report of the officer intrusted with the general direction of their studies. After completing the coui-se prescribed, an examination wiU. be held by the officers and professors intrusted with the instruction of the candidates. Those who give proof of a satisfactory progress in the subjects in which they have been instructed will be required to appear again before the !Medical Boai-d, and if theii' report is satisfactory, will be nominated Junior Assistants in the Forest Department of India. Cost of Training', &.c. — According to the estimates framed, the cost of this training will amount to about £600. This sum will, it is believed, cover the cost of board, lodging, journevs, and instruction for the whole term of two vears and a half. To those candidates whose conduct and progi"ess are satisfactory, Her Majesty's Secretary of State engages to pay a stipend at the rate of £50 for each half-year. This stipend will ordinarily be paid half-yearly, on the recommendation of the officer intrusted with the general direction of the studies and training of the can- didates; the first payment is usually made after eight months. One half of the stipend, or £2o for each half-year, will be retained for payment of the fees and remuneration to the appointed Instructors. Period of Probation in Scotland. — In the interval between the conclusion of the course of instruction on the Continent and the departure for India, the candidates will be required, if they have not had the opportunity of doing so before, to pass some 88 FOREST DEPARTMENT IN INDIA. time, probably not less than a month, ■with one ot more appproyed foresters in Scotland. Fay, ^c, on Appointment. — Within a month of his nomination as Junior Assistant, each nominee must sign articles of agreement, describing the terms and conditions of his appointment; and he mnst embark for India when required to do so by the Secretary of State, who will provide for the expenses of his passage. Any nominee not embarking when required will forfeit his appointment. Otherwise he will be allowed pay, at the rate of 250 rupees a-month, from the day of his aniyal in India. Arrival in India. — On arrival in India, the nominee will be required to report himself to the Government of India (or to the Government of Bombay or Madras, in case he should be sent to one of those Presidencies), and he will then be posted to such part of the forests as the service may require. On reaching the place to which he may be appointed, the nominee will become entitled to all the rights and privileges, in respect of pay and promotion, and to the leave of absence and retiring pension, accorded to officers of the Forest Department by the rules and regulations for the time being. No rise of pay or promotion will, however, take place before he has passed an exam- ination in such one of the Native Languages as may be prescribed by the Government under which he is serving. ADMISSION TO THE BAE. Following are the consolidated Regulationa of the several so- cieties of Lincoln's Inn, the Middle Temple, the Inner Temple, and Gray's Inn, as to the Admission of Students, the Mode of Keeping Terms, the Education and Examination of Students, the Calling of Students to the Bar, and the taking out of certificates to practise under the Bar. Admission of Students. — Every person, not otherwise disqualified, who has passed a public examination at any University within the British Dominions, is entitled to be admitted as a Student of either of the Inns of Court without passing a preliminary examination subject to the following rule i — ' No Attorney-at-Law, Solicitor, Writer to the Signet, or Writer of the Scotch Courts, Proctor, Notary Public, Clerk in Chancery, Parliamentary Agent, or Agent in any Court original or appellate, Clerk to any Justice of the Peace, or person acting in any of the5.e capacities, and no Clerk to any Barrister, Convey- ancer, Special Pleader, Equity Draftsman, Attorney, Solicitor, Writer to the Signet, or Writer of the Scotch Courts, Proctor, Notary Public, Parliamentary Agent, or Agent in any Court original or appellate. Clerk in Chancery, Clerk of the Peace, Clerk to any Justice of the Peace, or to any officer in any Court of Law or Equity, and no person acting in the capacity of any such Clerk, shall be admitted as a Student at any Inn of Court until such person shall have entirely and hondjide ceased to act or practise in any of the capacities above named or described ; and if on the Rolls of any Court, shall have taken his name off the Rolls thereof.' Every other person applying to be admitted as a Student must be prepared to pass a PreUminary Examination in the following subjects : (1) the English Language; (2) the Latin Language; (3) English Histoi-y. 90 ADMISSION TO THE BAR. There are no fixed Text-books. There is an examination on paper in all cases, and a vivA voce examination at the discretion of the examiners. The examination in Latin consists of translations from one or more classic authors. A form of Admission (to be obtained from the Treasurer of one of the Inns of Court, for which a fee of a guinea is charged) must be signed before being admitted as a Student. The DXode of keeping" Terms. — Students who may at the same time be Members of any of the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge, Dublin, London, Durham, the Queen's University in Ireland, St. Andrews, Aberdeen, Glasgow, or Edinburgh, are enabled to keep Terms by dining in the halls of their respective Inns of Court any three days in each Term. Students who may not at the same time be Members of any of the said Universities are enabled to keep Terms by dining in the halls of theii' respective Inns of Court any six days in each Law Term. No day's attendance in Hall is available for the pui-pose of keeping Term, unless the Student attending has been present at the grace before dinner, during the whole of dinner, and until the concluding grace has been said, unless the acting Treasurer on any day during dinner think fit to permit the Students to leave earlier. Education and Examination of Students. — Systematic instruction is given by appointed professors to Students of the several Inns of Court in the following subjects, viz. : — (1) Jurisprudence. (2) International Law (public and private). (3) Roman Civil Law. (4) Constitutional Law and Legal History. (5) Common Law. (6) Equity. (7) The Law of Real and Personal Property. (8) Criminal Law. The educational year at the Inns of Court in London is divided into three terms, one commencing on the 1st of November, and ending on the 22nd of December ; the second on the Ilth of January and ending on the 30th of March ; and the third on the 15th of April and ending on the 31st of July. ADMISSION TO THE BAR. 91 Instruction is further given by means of Lectures, but the attendance of Students at such Lectures is not compulsory. Each Student is required to pay on admission a sum of five guineas, ■which will entitle him to attend the Lectm'es of aU the Professors as long as he is a Student ; and each Student has the further privilege of attending the private class (if any) of each Professor on payment of the fee fixed by such Professor. The subjects of examination at the termination of the Student's course of instruction before his call to the Bar are as foUovrs : — (1) Jurisprudence (including International Law, public and private). (2) The Roman Civil Law. (3) Constitutional Law and Legal History. (4) Common Law. (5) Equity. f6) Tlie Law of Beal and Personal Property. (7) Criminal Law. No Student will receive the Certificate of fitness for call to the Bar required by the four Inns of Court unless he shaU have passed a satisfactory examination in the following subjects, viz., (1) Roman Civil Law; (2) The Law of Real and Personal Property; and, (3) Common Law and Equity. No Student will be examined for call to the Bar until he shall have kept nine Terms ; except that Students have the option of passing the examination in Roman Civil Law as above, at any time after having kept four Terms. Calling' of Students to th? Bar.— Every Student must have attained the age of Twenty-one years, and have kept Twelve Law Terms before being called to the Bar, unless any Term or Terms shall have been dispensed with, and must further have passed to the satisfaction of the Council of Legal Education the public examination hereinbefore stated. Certificates to Practise under the Bar.— No Student is allowed to take out a certificate to practise under the Bar without the special permission of the Masters of the Bench of the Inns of Court of which he is a Student; and no such permis- sion will be granted to any Student unless he is qualified to be called to the Bar. 92 SOLICITOUS OF THE SUPREME COURT. Faymefnts on Admission and Call. — These are as follows : — £ s. d. Annual Duties 10 Lincoln's Inn, on Admission . . . . *140 „ on Call 94 Middle and Inner Temple, on Admission . . . *140 6 3 on Call . . . . 99 10 Gray's Inn, on Admission *134 8 6 „ „ onCaU . 77 2 4 Fees for the Ibish Bar only amount to £10 Is. Zd. but a Certificate of having paid the Stamp Duty at King's Inns must be produced. Members of the Scotch Bar, and Members of any of the Universities before specified are exempt from paying Deposit Money on production of a Certificate of Membership ; but before Call a degree must be taken, or two years' terms kept at the University, otherwise interest at the rate of 4 per cent, will be charged. Students who are exempted from the deposit of £100 will be required to execute, on admission, a Bond in £60, which must also be signed by either two householders or barristers, as sureties, who must attend in person to execute the Bond. Note. — There are various ' Scholarships ' ranging in value from Fifty Guineas to One Hundred Guineas awarded by the Inns of Court to Students. The conditions under which Students are permitted to compete for these may be ascertained on application to the Under Treasurers of the several Societies. Admission op Solicitobs of the Supbemb Coubt. Following are the rules and regulations as to the Preliminary, Intermediate, and Final examination and admission of persons intending to become solicitors of the Supreme Court, framed by the Judges under the Solicitors' Act, 1877. Qualifications for Admission. — Every person in- tending to become a solicitor must, before being bound under * These sums are subject to a deduction of £100 Deposit Money paid on Admission, but returnable on call to the Bar, death, or withdrawal of the Student. SOLICITORS OF THE SUPREME COURT. 93 articles of clerkship to a solicitor, pass a Preliminary Examination in general knowledge; and after becoming bound under articles, and during his service under such articles, is required to pass an Inter- mediate Examination to ascertain the progress made by him in acquiring the knowledge necessary for rendering him fit and capable to act as a solicitor of the Supreme Court. The Preliminary Ex- amination is excused to persons having taken the degree of Bachelor of Arts, or Bachelor of Laws in the Universities of Oxford, Cam- bridge, Dublin, Durham, or London, or in the Queen's University in Ireland, or the degree of Bachelor of Arts, Master of Arts, Bachelor of Laws, or Doctor of Laws in any of the Universities of Scotland (none of such degrees being honorary degi-ees), or who have been called to the degree of Utter Barrister in England, or who have passed the first Public Examination before Moderators at Oxford, or the previous examination at Cambridge, or the Ex- amination in Arts for the second year at Durham, or who have passed one of the Local Examinations established by the University of Oxford, or one of the Non-Gremial Examinations established by the University of Cambridge, or one of the Examinations of the New Oxford and Cambridge School Examination Board, or one of the Matriculation Examinations at the Universities of Dublin or London (notwithstanding the candidate for admission may not have been placed in the first division of such Matriculation Examination), or the Examination for the First-Olass Certificate of the College of Preceptors incorporated by Royal Charter in 1849, or the Junior Students' General Examination in Owens College, Manchester. Any person claiming to be exempt from the Preliminary Ex- amination must, before he is entitled to such exemption, produce to the Secretary of the Incorporated Law Society a testamur, certi- ficate, or other satisfactory evidence, showing his right to such exemption. The Preliminary Examination. — The Preliminary Examinations take place at four periods in each year, viz., in the months of February, May, July, and October, on such days as the Examination Committee from time to time appoint ; and they are conducted either by Examiners, in the Hall of the Incorporated Law Society of the United Kingdom, in Chancery Lane, London, or by, and under the supervision of two local solicitors appointed 94 SOLICITORS OF THE SUPREME COURT. by the Examination Committee in the following towns, or some of them : — Birmingham Durham Newcas tie-on- Tyn Bristol Exeter Oxford Cambridge Lancaster Plymouth Cardiff Leeds Salisbury Carlisle Lincoln Shrewsbury Carmarthen Liverpool Swansea C;hester Manchester Worcester York The Subjects of tbe Freliminary Examination, etc. — These are as follows : — (1) Writing from Dictation. (2) Writing a short English Composition. (3) Arithmetic : The first four rules simple and compound ; the Rule of Three and Decimal and Vulgar Fractions. (4) Geography of Europe and History of England. (5) Latin : Elementary. (6) Any two Languages to be selected by the candidate out of the fol- lowmg six : — Latin, Greek, French, German, Spanish, Italian. Evei-y person applying to be examined is required to give one calendar month's notice in writing to the Secretary of the Incor- porated Law Society of his desire to be examined in the subjects specified, and must state in such notice the two languages in which he proposes to be examined, and the place at which he wishes to be examined, and his age, and residence, and place, or mode of education. The Xntermediate Examination. — Four intermediate examinations will be held in each year (that is to say), one in each of the months of January, April, June, and November, on such days in those months respectively as the examination committee may appoint. Every person serving under articles of clerkship is required to present himself for examination within the six calen- dar months next succeeding the day on which he shall have com- pleted half his term of service, in such elementary works on the laws of England as may be selected by the Examination Com- mittee. The names of the books selected for examination in each year are furnished by the Examiners to the Secretary of the Incor- SOLICITORS OF THE SUPREME COURT. 96 porated Law Society in the month of July in the previous year, and may be obtained from such Secretary by applicanta at any time afterwards. A candidate who fails to present himself at, or to pass an intermediate examination within the period before mentioned, may present himself at any subsequent intermediate examination ; but, if he fails to pass an intermediate examination within twelve months next after the date of the expiration of one-half his term of service, his final examination wiU be postponed for a period equal to the period intervening between the expiration of such twelve months and his passing such intermediate examination, or for such shorter period as the committee may, on the ground of iUnesa, or on other special grounds, direct. Every candidate, at least thirty days before the date of the intermediate examination at which he proposes to be examined, must give to the Secretary of the Incorporated Law Society, or to such other officer as the Council may direct, written notice of his desire to be examined, and must leave with the Secretary or such other officer the articles and any assignment thereof, or supple- mental articles duly stamped and registered, under which the candidate has served, or is serving his clerkship, or any portion thereof, together with a certitioate of his having passed a pre- liminary examination (unless he shall have been exempted there- from), and together with answers to the questions in that behalf specified, signed by the candidate, and by the solicitor or solicitor's London agent, barrister, or special pleader with whom he has served, or is serving his clerkship, or any porton thereof, or with whom he has been, or is a pupU. The Secretary of the Incorporated Law Society, or such other officer as aforesaid, may, in any case where he thinks proper, refer such answers to the committee ; and if the committee, after such further inquiries as they see fit, are of opinion that any of such answers are unsatisfactory, they will certify the same to the Council, and the candidate will not be permitted to present himself for examination : provided that the Council may in any case, on special gi'ounds, allow the candidate to be examined notwith- standing such answers. Certificate. — If the committee are satisfied as to the pro- ficiency and fitness of a candidate at an intermediate examination, 96 SOLICITORS OF THE SUFREMi: COURT. they will certify the same in the foi-m of a report to the Council of the result of such examination, and the Council may thereupon resolve that a certificate signed by the president or vice-president of the Society, shall be delivered to such candidate. The Final Examination. — Four final examinations will be held in each year (that is to say), one in each of the months of January, April, June, and November, on such days in those months respectively as the examination committee may appoint. The final examinations will be held in the Hall of the Society, or in such other place as the committee may from time to time appoint. The subjects of the Final Examination. — The final examinations will be on the following subjects, namely : (1) Principles of Law and Procedure — (n) In matters usually determined or administered in the Chan- cery Division of the Higli Court of Justice. (6) In matters usually determined or administered in the Queen's Bench, Common Pleas, and Exchequer Divisions of the High Court of Justice. (2) Principles of the Law of Real and Personal Property, and the Prac- tice of Conveyancing. (3) The Law and Practice of Bankruptcy. (4) Criminal Law and Practice ; Proceedings before Justices of the Peace. (5) The Law and Practice of the Probate and Divorce Division of the High Court of Justice. Every candidate, at least forty-two days before the date of the final examination at which he proposes to be examined, must give to the Secretary of the Incorporated Law Society or to such other ofiioer as the Council may appoint, written notice of his desire to be examined, stating his place or places of residence and of service under articles for the last preceding twelve months, together with the name or names and place or places of residence of the person or persons with whom he has served during the continuance of his articles : and must also leave with the Secretary or such oflScer the articles and any assignment thereof, or supplemental articles, duly stamped and registered, under which the candidate has served or is serving his clerkship, or any portion thereof, together with certificates of his having passed a, preliminary and intermediate examination (unless he shall have been exempted therefrom), and together SOLICITORS OF THE SUPREME COURT. »7 ■with answers to the questions in that behalf specified, signed by the candidate, and also hy the solicitor or solicitors, London agent, barrister, or special pleader, with whom he has served his clerkship, or any portion thereof, or with whom he has been a pupil. The secretary of the Incorporated Law Society, or such other ■officer as aforesaid, may, in any case where he thinks proper, refer such answers to the committee ; and, if the committee, after such further inquiries as they see fit, are of opinion that any of such .answers are unsatisfactory, they wiU certify the same to the council, and the candidate will not be permitted to present him- self for examination ; provided that the council may, in any case, on special grounds, allow the candidate to be examined notwith- standing such answers. Certificate. — If the committee are satisfied as to the pro- ficiency and fitness of a candidate at a final examination, they will certify the same in the form of a report to the council of the residt of such examination, and the council may thereupon resolve that a certificate signed by the president or vice-president of the society, shall be delivered to such candidate. The committee may, in their report, recommend any candidate for honourable distinction as they may see proper. General Xtegrulations. — If any candidate for examination does not present himself at, or fails to pass any examination at which he has given notice of his intention to present himself, he wUl be entitled, on giving at least fourteen days' written notice to the secretary of the Incorporated Law Society, or such other •officer as the council may direct, and otherwise complying with the requirements of these regulations, to present himself at any subsequent examination. Any person claiming the benefit of any exemption or exception in respect of any examination under the SoHcitors Acts, 184.'3, 1860, and 1877, or under any regiUations made in pursuance thereof, must, before he shall be entitled to the benefit of such exemption or exception, produce to the secretary, or such other officer as the coimcil may direc*, a testamur, certificate, judge's order, or other satisfactory evidence showing his right thereto. Any person (not being entitled to exemption from the pre- liminary examination) who enters into articles of clerkship must, before, or at the time of producing his articles to the Eegistrar of 08 SOLICITORS OF THE SUPREME COURT. Solicitors pursuant to section 7 of the Solicitors Act, 1860, produce- to the registrar a certificate of having passed a preliminaiy exami- nation. Where any allegation is made hy the registrar as to the moral unfitness of any candidate at a final examination to he an ofiicer of the Supreme Court, it is the duty of the secretary, or such other officer, to refer such allegation to the committee, who will talie such steps for inqxiiring into the matter referred to them as they may deem necessary and proper. If the allegation referred to the committee is in their opinion proved, the committee will report the same to the council, and the- council may, in their discretion, refuse to grant a certificate to the candidate. Intermediate examination. Questions as to due service of articles of clerkship. Questions to be answered hy the clerk. (1) What is now your age ? (2) During what period have yon served under your articles ? Did such service take place at the office where the solicitor or solicitors to- whom you were articled or assigned carried on his or their busi- ness ? and if not, state the reason. (3) Have you been at any and for what time l)cm$,fide employed as a pupil by a practising barrister or special pleader ? (4) Have you, at any time since the date of your articles, been absent without the permission of the solicitor or solicitors to whom you were articled or assigned, or of the barrister or special pleader, with whom you may have been as pupil ? and if so, state the- length and occasions of such absence. (5) Have you, since the date of your articles, been engaged or con- cerned in any profession, business, or employment, other than your professional employment as clerk to the solicitor or solici- tors to whom you were articled or assigned, or as pupil to a barrister or special pleader ? Signature, Present Address,_ Dated the day of , 18 . Questions to he answered hy the solicitor or agent with -whom tho clerk may have sened any part of the time under his articles (with such adaptations, if put to an agent, as may he necessary). SOLICITORS OF THE SUPREME COURT. 99 (1) During what period has served under his articles at the office where you carry on your husiness ? If lie has not served for any portion of the period which has elapsed between the date of his articles and the present time, state the reason. (2) Has the said , at any time during his service under articles with you, heen ahsent without your permission ? and if so, state the length and occasions of such absence. (3) Has the said , during his service under articles with you, been engaged or concerned in any profession, business, or employment, other than his professional employment as your articled clerk ? (4) Has the said , smce the date of his clerkship, with the exceptions above mentioned, been faithfully and dili- gently employed in your professional business of a solicitor ? (5) Has he hitherto, as regards character, shown himself to be a fit and proper person to be admitted, at the end of his service, a solicitor of the Supreme Court ? Signature, A ddress, Dated the day of , 18 . Questions to be answered by the barrister or special pleader. (1) During what period has been hand fide employed by you as your pupil ? (2) Has the said , at any time during his pupilage, been absent without your permission ? and if so, state the length and occasions of siich absence. (3) Has the said , during his pupilage, been engaged or concerned in any profession, business, or employment, other than his employment as your pupil ? (4) Has the said , during his pupilage, with the ex- ceptions above mentioned, been faithfully and diligently em- ployed as your pupil ? Signature, _ Address, Dated the day of , 18 . Final examination. Questions as to due service of articles of clerkship. Questions to be answered by the clerk. 100 SOLICITORS OF THE SUPREME COURT. (1) What is now your age ? (2) Have you served the whole term of your articles at the office where the solicitor or solicitors to whom you were articled or assigned carry on liis or their business ? and if not, state the reason. (3) Have you been at any and for what time bond, fide employed as a pupil by a practising barrister or special pleader ? (4) Have you at any time during the term of your articles been absent without the permission of the solicitor or solicitors to whom you were articled or assigned, or of the barrister or special pleader with whom you may have been as pupU ? and if so, state the length and occasions of such absence. (5) Have you, at any time during the term of your articles, been en- gaged or concerned in any profession, business, or employment other than your professional employment as clerk to the solicitor or solicitors to whom you were articled or assigned, or as pupil to a barrister or special pleader ? (6) Have you, since the expiration of your articles, been engaged or concerned, and for how long a time, in any and what profession, trade, business, or employment, other than the profession of a solicitor ? Na'me,_ Present Address, Dated the day of , 18 . Questions to te answered by the solicitor or agent with whom the clerk may have served the whole or any part of the time under his articles (with such adaptations, if put to an agent, as may he necessary). (1) During'what period has served under his articles at the office where you carry on your business ? If he has not served for any portion of the term of his clerkship, state the reason. (2) Has the said , at any time during his service under articles with you, been absent without your permission ? and if so, state the length and occasions of such absence. (3) Has the said , at any time duruig his service under articles with you, been engaged or concerned in any profession or business, or employment, other than his professional employ- ment as your articled clerk ? (i) Has the said , during the whole term of his clerk- ship, with the exceptions above mentioned, been faithfully and diligently employed in your professional business of a solicitor ? SOLICITORS OF THE SUPREME COURT. 101 (5) Has the said , since the expiration of liis articles, been engaged or concerned, and for how long a time, in any and what profession, trade, husiness, or employment, other than the profession of a solicitor ? (6) Is the said , as regards character, a fit and proper person to he admitted a solicitor of the Supreme Court ? Xame. Address, _ Dated the day of , 18 . Questions to be answered by the barrister or special pleader. (1) During what period has heen bon&Jide employed by you as your pupil ? (2) Has the said , at any time during his pupilage, been absent without your permission ? and if so, state the length and occasions of such absence. (3) Has the said , during liis ijupilage, been engaged or concerned in any profession, business, or employment, other than his employment as your pupU ? (4) Has the said , during his pupilage, with the excep- tions above mentioned, been faithfully and diligently employed as your pupil ? Signature, Address, Dated the day of , 18 . Fees in respect of Examinations. — There must be paid to the Incorporated Law Society, by persons applying to be examined at a preliminary, intennediate, or final examination, the following fees : — By every person applying to be examined at a Preliminary examination, a fee of £2. By every person applying to be examined at an Intermediate examination, a fee of £■'!. By every person applying to be examined at a Final exam- ination, a fee of £5. Every such fee is payable to the secretary of the society, or such other oiBcer as the council may from time to time direct, by 102 SOLICITORS OF THE SUPREME COURT. the candidate, on giving notice of Us desire to te examined at tlie examination in respect of which the fee is payaHe. Where a candidate, after giving notice of his desire to he examined at a preliminary, intermediate, or final examination, has not presented himself at or lias failed to pass such examination, one-half only of the prescrihed fee shaU he payahle by him on applying to he examined at a subsequent examination of the same class. iLdmission after four years' service of persons who have passed certain Examinations. — Any person who has passed the first puhKc examination hefore moderators at Oxford, or the previous examination at Cambridge, or the exami- nation in arts for the second year at Durham, or who has passed in honours at the entrance examination at the University of Dubhn, or the matriculation examination at the University of London (being placed in the fii-st division of such matricidation exami- nation), or the legal students' higher examination in the Owens College, Manchester, may be admitted and enrolled as a solicitor, after service under articles of clerkship to a practising solicitor, for the term of four years.. THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. 'The first and most important points for tlie consideration of a per- son who is desirous of entering the Medical Profession are the following : — (0) The Regulations of the various Medical Examination Boards of the United Kingdom as to ohtaining qualifi- tions to practice, and degrees. (6) The selection of a School of Medicine at which the person is to pass the appointed period of studentship. (c) The advantages offered by the various Medical Schools in regard to scholarships and appointments, &c., and espe- cially m respect of the means and facilities possessed by each for imparting the reqmred instruction. (d) Matters of expense, such as fees for lectiu'es and attendance on the practice of a hospital. We have endeavoured to afford necessary information upon -each of these heads in the present chapter. As all persons in- tending to enter the medical profession must have previously undergone a course of preliminary general education, it will be convenient that we shoidd here state the scheme of examination .appointed by the Eoyal College of Surgeons as a test of a candi- date's fitness to enter upon the practical course of trauiing required for the Diploma of Member of that College. We select this test .as affording a fair view of the standard of education to be reached by all candidates previous to commencing medical study. The following are the subjects of examination referred to : — Part I. — Compulsoby Subjects. (1) Writing from Dictation. (2) English Grammar. 104 THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. (3) Writing a short English Composition ; such as a description of a. place, an account of some useful or natural ijroduct, or the like. (4) Arithmetic. — No candidate wiU be passed who does not show a, competent knowledge of the first four rules (simple and com- pound), of Vulgar Fractions and Decimals. (5) Questions on the Geography of Europe, and particularly of the British Isles. (6) Questions on the outlines of English History, that is, the succession of the Sovereigns and the leading events of each reign. (7) Mathematics. — Euclid (Books 1 and 2), or the subjects thereof Algebra to Simple Equations inclusive. (8) Translation of a passage from the second book of Csesar's Commen- taries, De Bella OalUco. Paet U. — Optional Subjects. Papers ■will also be set on the following six subjects ; and each Candidate will be required to offer himself for examination on one subject, at least, at his option ; but no Candidate will be allowed to offer himself for examination on more than four subjects : — (1) Translation of a passage from the First Book of the Anabasis o Xenophon. (2) Translation of a passage from X. B. Sauitine's Picciola. (3) Translation of a passage from Schiller's Willielm Tell. Besides these [translations into English, the candidate will be- required to answer questions on the Grammar of each subject, whether compulsory or optional. (4) Mechanics. — The questions will be chieily of an elementary char- acter. (5) Cliemistry. — The questions will be on the elementary facts of Chemistry. (6) Botany and Zoology. — The questions wiU be on the classification of Plants and Animals. Tlie quality of the handwriting and the spelling will be taken into- account. The Council of the College of Siu-geons receives as evidence of a Candidate's proficiency a certificate of his having passed one or other of certain examinations held by various educational bodies- specified in the recommendations of the General Medical Council.- These educational bodies, and the nature of the examinations- referred to, may be ascertained on application to the Secretary of THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. 105 the Royal College of Sui-geons. It may be remarked that in eveiy case the test required is not below that of the ordinary ' Matricu- lation Examination ' at one of the Universities. A qualification to p;ractise in Medicine or Sui'gery may be con- ferred by the license or diploma of a College of Physicians or Surgeons; but a degi'ee may be obtained only at a University. A degree in Medicine, or the degree of Master in Surgery, is a legal qualification to practise ; and the degrees in Medicine and Surgery at the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge, London, Durham, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Aberdeen, St. Andrews, the Uni- versity of Trinity College, Dublin, and the Queen's University in Ireland, give the right to practise in every branch of the Profession in any part of the United Kingdom on due registration being made. ABSTRACT OF REGULATIONS OF THE MEDICAL EXAMINING BOARDS OF TIIE UNITED KINGDOM. 1. THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. § 1. Degeees. For the Degree of Bachelor of Medicine. — Can- didates must have been admitted to the degree of Bachelor of _Arts. They must have had their names on the books of a College or Hall, or on the register of imattached Students for twenty-six terms, and must have entered on the twenty-seventh Term. They must have spent four years in the study of Medicine, either at Oxford or elsewhere, from the time of their passing in any one School the Second Public Examination. They must have passed two examinations at intervals of two years ; and as one of the conditions of the second of such exami- nations, they must produce certificates, to be approved by a majority of the Examhiers, of having attended some Hospital of good repute. They must pay to the University (1) a fee of £9, after passing both their examinations ; (2) a fee of £0 10s. on the occasion of taking their degree. Bachelors of Medicine who wish to have the license of the- 106 THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. University to practise Medicine, must produce testimonial letters from the Regius Professor, and one other Doctor of Medicine, or from three Doctors of Medicine resident at Oxford ; the consent of the University must then be obtained in the same way as in the case of ordinary degrees ; after this has been given, a license is issued under the seal of the University. For the Degree of Doctor of medicine. — Can- didates must have completed three years from the time of their admission to the degree of Bachelor of Medicine. They must read pubUcly, within the precincts of the Schools, and in the presence of the Itegius Professor of Medicine, a disser- tation composed by themselves on some medical subject approved by the Professor, and must dehver to him a copy of it. They must pay to the University a fee of £40. AH who have been admitted as Doctors of Medicine have ipso facto the license of the University to practise Medicine. § 2. Examinations for B. M. Degeeb. The First Examination for B. 91. Degree takes place annually in Michaelmas Term, on a day of which notice is given in the University Gazette. Candidates must have complied with the following con* ditions : — (1) They must have completed eight Terms suice tliey passed the Second Public Examination for the degree of B.A., in at least one school : unless (a) they were placed in either the first or the second class in the Honour School of Natural Science, and (6) obtained from the Examiners in that School a certificate of special proficiency in Physics, Chemistry, or Botany, in which case they may offer themselves for Examination at tlie earliest subsequent opportunity. (2) They must give ia their names to the Eagius Professor of Medicine at some time, not less than a fortnight, before the week fixed for the Examination, and must pay a fee of £X to the Curators of the University Chest. Subjects and Order of the Examination. — The ■subjects of the Examination are (1) Human Anatomy and Physi- THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. 107 •ology, theoretical and practical, (2) the Elements of Comparative Anatomy and Physiology, (3) Physics, Botany, and Chemistry, so far as they subserve Medicine. But those candidates who produce the certificate of special proficiency mentioned above are excused from examination in the subject to which the certificate refers. The Examination continues for four or five days : it is held in the University Museum, and is conducted partly in writing, partly viva voce. Those candidates who satisfy the Examiners receive a certificate to that effect. The Second Examination also takes place annually in Michaelmas Term on a day of which notice is given in the JJniversity Gazette. Candidates must have complied with the following con- ditions : — (1) Tliey must have passed sixteen Terms since they passed the Second Public Examination in at least one School, and eight Terms since they passed the First Examination mentioned above. (2) They must satisfy the Regius Professor of Medicine that they have attended some Hospital of good repute, which must be approved by the majority of the Examiners. (3) They must give in their names to the Begins Professor at least a fortnight before the week fixed for the Examination, and must pay a fee of £\ to the Curators of the University Chest. Subjects and Order of tlie Examination. — The subjects of the Examination are, (1) the Theory and Practice of Medicine, including the diseases of women and children^ (2) Materia Medica, (3) the Principles of Surgery and Midwifery, (4) Medical Jurisprudence, (6) General Hygiene, (G) Two Medical Authors, either (a) two of the four ancient authors, Hippocrates, Aretfeus, Galen, and Celsus, or one of these and one modem author, approved by the Regius Professor. The Examination is held partly in the University Museum, partly in the Badcliffe Infirmary : it is conducted partly in writing and partly viva voce, vsdth a considerable proportion of practical work in each subject, and lasts four or five days. Those candidates who satisfy the Ex- aminers receive a certificate to that effect. Copies of the Examination-papers both of this and of the First Medical Examination are to be seen at the Eadchffe Library. Scholarships. — It is unnecessary to give in detail the 108 THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE. schplai'ships open to Students in Medicine at the University. It is obvious, that, inasmuch as candidates proceeding to the Degree of B.M. must have heen first admitted to the Degree of B.A., all scholarships open to undergraduates of the University for pro- ficiency in general are also open to undergraduate Students in Medicine. Tbe Radclilfe Travelling' Fellowships. — These are three in numher. One fellow is elected every Hilary Term : the emoliunents are £'200 per annimi for three years, subject to the condition that not more than eighteen months of that period shall be spent in the United Kingdom. Candidates must be Bachelors of Arts (or at least have passed all the necessary examinations for that degree), who have either been placed in the First Class in one of the Public Examinations of the University, or have gained a University Prize or Scholarship. They are further required to declare that they intend to gradiiate in Medicine in the University, and to travel abroad with a view to their improvement in that study ; but if either no candidates are willing to make this declar- ation, or having made it are found not to be of sufficient merit to be elected, the competition is thrown open to all Graduates of the University, subject only to the restriction as to a First Class or University Scholarship mentioned above. In no case, however, can any one be elected who is ah-eady legally authorised to practise as a Physician. The subject of the examination is Medicine. II.— TIIE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBPJDGE. § 1. Degeees. For tbe Degrree of Bachelor of medicine, — A candidate must have resided in the University for nine terms either as a collegiate, or non-coUegiate student. He must have passed the ' Previous Examination.' He will be required to pursue Medical study for five years ; unless Honours have been obtained in the Mathematical, Classical, Moral Sciences or Natural Sciences Tripos, in which case four years only are required. Of this period of five years he must spend six terms in medical study at the University after passing the Previous Exami- nation, unless Honours have been obtained in one of the above- THE UNIVJEHSITY of CAMBRIDGE. 109 mentioned Triposes, in which case four tenus only are required. A Student who has not graduated in Arts is requii-ed before keep- ing the terms of medical study, in addition to passing the ' Previous Examination,' to pass in Algebra either in the Examination for the Additional Subjects of the ' Previous Examination ' (which he may do in his second term of residence or in any subsequent term), or in the General Examination for the B.A. degree. For the Degree of Doctor in Kedicine.— This may be taken by a Bachelor of Medicine in the ninth term after his mauguration (this occurs on the Commencement day next following the admission to the degree). He is required to produce certificates of having been engaged five years in medical study, to keep an Act similar to that for M.B., and to write a short ex- tempore essay on some one (at his choice) of four topics relating severally to Physiology, Pathology, Practice of Medicine, and State Medicine. He pays ten guineas to the Professor of Physic for this Act. A Master of Arts may proceed to the degree of M.D. in the twelfth term after his inauguration as M.A. without having taken the degree of M.B. He must pass the three examinations for M.B., and keep the Act for the M.D. degi-ee. He must produce certificates of having been engaged five years in medical study, and the same certificates of attendance on Lectures on Hospital practice as are required of the candidate for the degree of M.B., but he is not required to have kept medical terms in the Uni- versity. § 2. Examinations fou B.M. Degree. There are three examinations for the degree of Bachelor of Medicine conducted partly by written questions and partly viva voce. The examinations also include chemical analysis, the recog- nition and description of specimens (healthy, morbid, and micro- scopical), dissections, and the examination of patients. The First Examination. — The subjects are (1) Mech- anics and Hydrostatics ; (2) Chemistry, with Heat and Electricity; (3) Botany. The Second Examination. — The subjects are (1) Ele- ments of Comparative Anatomy; (2) Human Anatomy and Physiology; (3) Pharmacology. Before presenting himself for 110 THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE. this examination the student must have completed two years of medical study, the time of medical study rec[uired to be spent in the University heing included in these two years. He must have attended Hospital practice during one year, have practised dissec- tion during one season, and must produce certificates of having- diligently attended a prescribed course of Lectures. The Tbird Examination. — The subjects of the third examination are (1) Pathology and the Practice of Physic, two papers ; (2) Clinical Medicine ; (3) Medical Jurisprudence. Before presenting himself for this Examination the student must have completed the course of medical study, must have at- tended Hospital practice, during three years, and must produce certificates of attendance on lectures, and also of having been Clinical Clerk for six months at least, at a recognised Hospital. § 3. The Deghee of Masteb in Suegeey. The subjects of the Examination for this Degree are (1) Sur- gical Anatomy ; (2) Pathology and the Pi-inciples and Practice of Surgery ; (3) Clinical Surgery ; (4) Midwifery. Before admission to this examination the candidate must have passed all the examinations for the degree of M.B., and must pro- duce certificates of having attended the Surgical Practice of a Hospital for three years, of having been House Surgeon or Dresser for six months, and of having attended a prescribed coui-se of Lectures. The examination takes place at the same time as those for M.B., and in a similar manner. The candidate is requh'ed to- perform operations on the dead body, and to examine patients in the Hospital. § 4. iNSTRtrCTIOXS TO CANDIDATES. The Examinations for Medical and Surgical degi-ees take place twice annually at the end of the Michaelmas and the Easter terms.. Notices are published early in the Michaelmas and Easter Terms, stating the dates when candidates are required to send to the Kegius Professor of Physic notice of their intention to offer them- selves for examination and the necessary certificates. AH the certificates both for M.B. and M.C. are to be sent to the Kegius- Professor of Physio. THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE. Ill Each candidate sends three guineas to the Professor -nith the- notice of his intention to offer himself for his first examination. On the students commencing medical study in accordance yn\h the requirements of the University, a certificate to that effect in the form prescribed by the Medical Council, and signed by one of the Professors or Teachers, must be sent to the Registrar of the Medical Council, 32 Soho Square, London, within fifteen days of the commencement of the Medical Courses. ^ The form for registration above mentioned, the schedules de- fining the range of subjeots in the examinations, forms for the requisite certificates, a list of the Schools of Medicine recognised by the University, and other papers, may be obtained, on applica- tion, from the attendant at the Anatomical Museum. § -■). Fees. The examinations passed and the acts kept, the student may be at once admitted to the degrees. The fee for M.B. is £8 to the University (in the case of a B.A. £2), and a siun to the College varying from £4 to £16; for M.D. £10 to the University, and a sum varying from £6 to £17 10«. to the College. The fees for M.C. are £18 when no previous degree has been taken, £12 in the case of a B.A. or M.B., £6 in the case of a B.A. and M.B., £1 in the case of a M.A. or M.D. Scholarships, etc. — The direct inducements in the way of pecuniaiy rewards, to the study of Medicine in the University, are but few. In Cains College a Scholarship, tenable for three years, is given to the student who after his seventh term displays the greatest proficiency in Anatomy and Physiology; and a Scholarship is given to the student who answers best in an ex- amination in Chemistiy. There are four Tanched Studentships in Medicine, each of the anmxal value of £113 8«., tenable for eight years. Candidates for these are examined in Classics and Mathe- matics at Caius or Christ's College ; and the residt of the examin- ation, together with the circumstances of the candidates, is taken into consideration by the electors. The successful students must enter at Caius College within a month of the election, or remove to it if they be members of any other College, and must take the degree of Bachelor of Physic as soon as they are of sufficient 112 THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE. standing for the same. Information respecting vacancies, and the mode of application for these valuable studentships, may be ob- tained from B. J. L. Frere, Esq., Nevf^ Square, Lincoln's Inn. The electors are the Masters of Caius and Christ's Colleges, the Pre- sident of the College of Physicians, the Ti-easurer of Lincoln's Inn, the Master of the Charter House, and the Governors of Greenwich and Chelsea Hospitals. The statement made respecting open Scholarships at Oxford applies also to Cambridge. All scholar- ships open to undergraduates of the University for proficiency in general are also open to undergraduate Students in Medicine. m. THE UNIVERSITY OF LOXDON. § 1. Degrees. Students who propose to graduate in Medicine or Sui'gery at London University must pass certain examinations as follow : — the Preliminary Scientific Examination ; the first M.B. examina- tion ; the second M.B. examination. § 2. Examinations fob, B.M. Degeee. Tbe Preliminary Scientific Examination. — This takes place once in every year, commencing on the third Monday in July. The candidate must have completed his seventeenth year, and have either passed the Matriculation Examination or taten a degree in Arts. Fourteen days' notice of his intention to present himself must be given to the registrar pre\-ious to the examination. Candidates are examined in the following subjects : Experimental Physics ; Inorganic Chemistry ; Botany and Vege- table Physiology ; Zoology. Candidates will not be approved by the examiners unless they show a competent knowledge in all the subjects of examination, and also in Practical Chemistry. Fee for this examination, £5. The First IH.B. Examination. — A candidate is ad- mitted to this examination on producing the following certifi- cates : — (1.) Of having completed his nineteenth year. (2.) Of having passed the Preliminary Scientific Examination at least one year previously. (3.) That subsequently to having taken a degree THE UNIVjEMSITY OF LONDON. 113 in Arts or passed the Matriculation Examination he has been a student during two years at one or more of the medical institu- tions or schools recognised by this University ; and that he has attended a course of lectures on each of three of the subjects in the following list : Descriptive and Surgical Anatomy, General Anatomy and Physiology, Comparative Anatomy, Pathological Anatomy, Materia Medica and Pharmacy, General Pathology, General Therapeutics, Forensic Medicine, Hygiene, Obstetric Medicine and Diseases peculiar to Women and Infants, Surgery, Medicine. (4.) That subsequently to having passed the Matricu- lation Examination he has dissected diuing two winter sessions. (5.) That subsequently to having taken a degree in Arts or passed the Matriculation Examination he has attended a course of Prac- tical Chemistry, comprehending practical exercises in conducting the more important processes of General and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, in applying tests for discovering the adtilteration of articles of the materia medica and the presence and nature of poisons, and in the examination of mineral waters, animal secre- tions, urinary deposits, calculi, &c. (6.) That he has attended to Practical Pharmacy, and acquired a practical knowledge of the preparation of medicines. These certificates must be trausiuitted to the Registrar at least fom-teen days before the commencement of the examination. Candidates are examined in Anatomy, Physiology, Materia Medica and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and Organic Chemistry, partly by written papers, and partly viva voce, and by experiments and demonstrations. The Fee for this examination is £5. The Second M.B. Examination. — No candidate is admitted to this examination within two academical years of the time of his passing the first examination, nor without producing certificates — (1.) Of having passed the First M.B. Examination. (2.) That subsequently to having passed the First M.B. Examina- tion he has attended a course of lectures on each of two of the subjects specified, and for which he had not presented certificates at that examination. (3.) Of having conducted at least twenty labours. (Certificates on this subject will be received from any legally qualified practitioner in medicine.) (4.) Of having at- tended the surreal practice of a recognised hospital or hospitals 114 THE UNIVERSITY OF LONBON. during two years, with clinical instruction, and lectures on Clinical Surgei-y. (5.) Of having attended the medical practice of a recognised hospital or hospitals during two years, with cUnical instruction, and lectures on Clinical Medicine. (6.) Of haying, subsequently to the completion of his attendance on surgical and medical hospital practice, attended to practical medicine, surgery, or obstetric medicine, with special charge of patients, in a hospital, infirmary, dispensary, or parochial union, during six months. (7.) Of having acquired proficiency in vaccination. (Certificates on this subject will be received only from the authorised vaccinators appointed by the Privy Council.) Candidates must also produce certificates of moral character from a teacher in the last school or institution at which they have studied. These certificates must be transmitted to the Registrar at least fourteen days before the examination. Candidates are examined in General Pathology, General Thera^ peutics and Hygiene, Surgery, Medicine, Obstetric Medicine, and Forensic Medicine. The examinations include questions in Sur- gical and Medical Anatomy, Pathological Anatomy and Patho- logical Chemistry ; and are partly in writing and partly oral. They also include examination and report on cases of medical patients, demonstrations from specimens and preparations, practical examinations in Forensic Medicine and on the use of instruments and apparatus, and writing prescriptions in Latin without abbrevia- tions. The fee for this examination is £5. § 3. Bachelob op Surgf.ey. Candidates for this Degi-ee must have passed the second M.B. examination, and must have attended a com-se of operative sm'gery with operations on the dead bod}'. The subjects of exami- nation are Surgery and Surgical Anatomy. The Fee is £5. § 4. Master in Suegeey. Candidates for this Degree must have passed the examination for the Degi-ee of Bachelor of Surgery, and must have been sub- sequently further engaged in the study of Surgery, or have been engaged in the practice of the profession for five years. The sub- jects are Logic, and Moral Philosophy, and Surgery. The Fee is £5. THE UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM. 115 § 5. Doctor of Medicine. Candidates for this Degree muat have passed the second M.B. examination and must have been subsequently further engaged in the study of medicine, or have been engaged in the practice of the profession five years. The subjects are Logic and Moral Philosophy, and Medicine. The Fee is £5. Scholarships, etc. — Three entrance exhibitions of the re- spective values of £30, £20, and £10 per annum tenable for two years, are annually awarded upon examination by written papers to gentlemen who are about to commence their first Winter's attend- ance in a Medical School. According to the directions of the Will of the late Mr. Atkinson Morley, a scholarship may be awarded every year ' For the promotion of the study of Surgery amongst the Students of University College, London.' The Scholar- ship amounts to £45 per annum, and is tenable for Three Years. A Scholarship, established by the Subscribers to the Sharpey Memorial Fund, ' for the promotion of Biological Science, especially by the encouragement of the practical study of Physio- logy in the College.' The annual income of the Scholarship Fund is about £70. A Prize of £30, awarded annually in July, founded ' For the encouragement of proficiency in Pathological Anatomy.' IV. THE UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM. Candidates for Registration as Students in Medicine must have passed the Medical Registration Examination appointed by the University, or such other Examination as the Warden and Senate may deem equivalent thereto. Any Arts Examination recognised by the General Medical Council is accepted by the University. Two licenses and three Medical Degrees are confeiTed by the University of Durham, viz.. Licenses in Medicine and Surgery, and the Degrees of Bachelor of Medicine, Master in Surgery, and Doctor of Medicine. § 1. The License in Medicine. 1. The candidate must produce certificates of registration as a student in medicine, of good moral conduct, of having attained 116 THE UNIVERSITY OF BURHAM. the age of twenty-one years, and such certificates of attendance on lectures and hospital practice as the Warden and Senate shall require. 2. The candidate must have been engaged in medical and surgical study for four years after registration as a student in medicine. One of the four years must be spent at the University of Durham OoUege of Medicine, Newcastle-on-Tyne, the other three may be spent either at Newcastle-on-Tyue, or at one or more of the schools recognised by the licensing bodies named in Schedule (A) of the Medical Act, 1858. There are two Professional Examinations. The first is held at the end of the second winter session ; the final at the end of the fom'th year of medical study. § 2. The License in Surgery. The regulations are the same as those for the license in medi- cine, except that the Final Examination is directed more particu- lirly to surgery, and may or may not be passed at the same time as the Final Examination for the license in medicine. § 3. The Degree op Bachelor of Medicine. 1. The candidate must produce certificates of Registration as a Student in Medicine, of good moral conduct, of having attained the age of twenty-one years, and such certificates of attendance on Lectures and Hospital Practice as the Warden and Senate shall require. 2. The candidate must have obtained a Degree in Arts of the University of Durham, or must have passed the Arts Examination for Graduation in Medicine of the University, or must produce one or other of the following certificates : — (A) A certificate of Graduation in Arts at any of the following Univer- sities, viz. :— Oxford, , Cambridge, Durham, London, Queen's University (in Ireland), Edinburgh, Glasgow, St. Andi-ews, Aberdeen, Calcutta, Madras, Bombay, McGiU College (Montreal), and Queen's College (Kingston). (B) A certificate of having passed the preliminary or extra professional examination for Graduation in Medicine of any of the following Universities, viz. :— London, Edinburgh, Glasgow, St. Andrews, Aberdeen, Queen's University (Ireland) ; the Arts Examination, qualifying THE UNIVERSITY OF DUUHAM. 117 for the membership of the Royal College of Physicians of London ; the Arts Examination, qualifying for the Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 3. The candidate must have been engaged in medical and surgical study for four years after registration as a Student in Medicine. One of the four years must be spent at the University of Durham College of Medicine, Newcastle-on-Tyne ; the other three may be spent either at New- castle-on-Tyne or at one or more of the schools recognised by the Licensing Bodies named in Schedule (A) of the Medical Act, 1858. There are two professional examinations. The first is held at the end of the second winter session, the final at the end of the foui'th year of medical study. The subjects are the same as for the License in Medicine, but the examinations are more stringent. § 4. The Degree op Master in Surgery. The regulations are the same as for the degree of Bachelor of Medicine except that the final examination is directed more par- ticularly to Surgery. § 6. The Degree op Doctor op Medicine. The candidate must have obtained the Degree of Bachelor of Medicine, must be of the age of twenty-four years, and must have been engaged, subsequently to his having received the Degree of Bachelor of Medicine, for at least two years in attendance on a hospital, or in the Military or Naval Services, or in Medical and Surgical Practice. 2. The candidate must write an essay, based on original research or observation, on some medical subject, selected by himself, and approved of by the Professor of Medicine, and must pass an examination thereon, including the Collateral Medical Sciences involved in the subject of the essay. Scholarships, etc.— One of the value of £25, open to all candidates who have been duly registered at Durham as Students in Medicine, and tenable for four years. The Dickenson Memorial Scholarship of £16 tenable for one year. The ' Tulloch ' and ' Charlton ' Scholarships of about £25 each reserved exclusively for students in Medicine. 118 THE UNIVEBSITY OF EDINBUEQH. V. THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH. Three Medical Degrees are cnnfen-ed by the University of Edinbui-g'h, viz., Bachelor of Medicine (M.B.), Master in Surgery (CM.), and Doctor of Medicine (M.D.). The Degi-ee of Master in Sui-gery is not confen-ed on any person "vrho does not also at the same time obtain the Degree of Bachelor of Medicine. An examination in Arts by any corporate body whose exami- nation has been recognised by the General Medical Council ex- empts from preUminaiy examination in Arts at Edinburgh, in all subjects comprised in the said examination of the said corporate body. § 1. Dbgbbb of Bachelob op Medicine oe Master IN Stjbgeiiy. No one is admitted to the Degree of Bachelor of Medicine or Master in Surgery who has not been engaged in Medical and Sur- gical study for four years — the Medical Session of each year, or Annus Medicus, being constituted by at least two com'ses of not less than one hundred lectures each, or by one such course, and two com-ses of not less than fifty lectures each; with the excep- tion of the Olinical Courses, in which lectures are to be given at least twice a-week during the prescribed periods. Every candidate must produce certiiioates of attendance on the lectm-es comprised in the ordinary curriculum ; of having attended for at least two years the medical and surgical practice of a general hospital ; of having been engaged for at least three months in compounding and dispensing drugs ; of having attended for at least six months the out-practice of a hospital or the practice of a dispensary, physician, surgeon, or member of the London or Dublin Society of Apothecaries. § 2. Examination fob the Dbgeees of M.B. and CM. Each candidate is examined, both in writing and viva voce — (1.) On Chemistry, Botany, and Natural History. (3.) On Anatomy Institutes of Medicine, Materia Medica (including Practical Pharmacy), 9nd Pathology. (3.) On Surgery, Practice of Medi- cine, Midwifery, and MedicalJurisprudence. (4.) Clinically on Medi- THE UNIVERSITY OF EBINBUMGH. 119 cine and on Surgery in'a hospital. The examinations on Anatomy, Chemistry, Institutes of Medicine, Botany, and Natural History (and Mateida Medica and Pathology), are conducted, as far as possible, by demonstrations of objects placed before the candi- dates. Students who profess themselves ready to submit to an exami- nation on the first division of these subjects, at the end of their second year, may be admitted to examination at that time. Students who have passed their examination on the fii'st division of these subjects, may be admitted to examination on the second division at the end of their third year. The examination on the third and fom-th divisions cannot take place until the candidate has completed his fourth Anmis Medicus. Candidates may, if they choose, be admitted to examination on the first two of these divisions at the end of their third year, or to the four examinations at the end of their fom-th year. If any candidate at these examinations be found unqualified, he cannot be again admitted to examination unless he has studied, during another year, two of the prescribed subjects, either in the University, or in some other School of Medicine. § 3. Dbgreb of Doctor op Medicine. The Degree of Doctor of Medicine may be conferred on any candidate who has obtained the degree of Bachelor of Medicine, and is of the age of twenty-four years, and has been engaged sub- sequently to his having received the degree of M.B. for at least two years in attendance on a hospital or in medical and surgical practice. The candidate must submit to the Medical Faculty a thesis certified by him to have been composed by himself, and which shall be approved by the Faculty, on any branch of know- ledge comprised in the professional examinations for the degree of M.B. which he may have made a subject of study after having received that degree. The Fees are — For the Degree of M.B., three Examinations £5 5s. each, £15 15s. For the Degree of CM. £5 5s. additional. For the Degree of M.D. £5 5s. additional to that for M.B., exclusive of £10 Government stamps. 120 THE UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW. Scholarships, etc.: — Tho Neill Amott Prize confisting of the annual proceeds of a sum of £1000 to be awarded to the can- didate who shall pass with the greatest distinction the ordinary examination in Natural Philosophy for the degree of M.A. with such additional examinations in Experimental Physics as the examiners may require. The successful candidate must continue to prosecute his Medical Studies in the Winter Session succeeding the award, failing which the prize will be forfeited and assigned to the competitor next in merit. The Hope Chemistry Prize of £100, the EUis Prize for Physiology, the proceeds of a sum of £500, and the Ettles and Sibbald Scholarships, value £50 and £40 respectively. Besides the foregoing, there are numerous Scholar- ships and Bursaries open for competition among students in Arts. For particulars of these reference should be made to the Edinburgh University Calendar for the year current. VI. UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW. § 1. Degbees. Three degrees in Medicine are granted — viz., Bachelor of Medicine, Master in Surgery, and Doctor of Medicine. The curricula of study and the examinations for the several deg)'ees conferred are nearly the same as in the University of Edinburgh. The annual term for confemng medical and surgical degrees is the 1st of August. The Preliminary Examinations of medical students in branches of general education take place on 30th of March, 1878, and in the month of October following. The fees for the degrees are the same as in the University of Edinburgh. The regulations under which ihe above degreed are granted, and the notices of the subjects of examination, may be obtained by application to the registrar of the University. Bursaries tenable by medical Students. — The Brisbane Bursary, of £50 yearly, held fur four years by a student of medicine who is a Master of Arts. The Walton Bursary, of £36 yearly, held by a medical student (a native of England being prefen'ed) for four years. The Lngan Bursary, of £16 yearly, tenable by a medical student for four years. Two Rainy Bursaries, TUB VXIVERSITT OF ABERDEEX. 121 value £'20 per annum each, open to medical students who hare just completed the second year of professional study, and tenable for two years. The Armagh Bursaries, three in number, amount- ing each to £'2o yearly, for three years, open to students of Divinitv, Law, and Medicine, who have taken the degree of M.A. The Macfarlane Bursary, Talue £40 per annum, and tenable for three years, open to students who liave attended the first session of their professional study in the University of Glasgow, and who have' passed in all the seven subjects of the Preliminary Examination for M.B. The Marshall Bursary, value £17 per annum, and tenable for four years, open to studenta entering the Medical Faculty, and awarded by competition on the subjects of the Preliminai-y Ex- amination. Vn. UNIVERSITY OF ABEEDEEN. § 1. Degbees. The University of Aberdeen grants the following degi-ees in the Faculty of Medicine, viz., M.B., CM., and M.D. The cmTicula for the several degrees conferred are nearly the same as in the University of Edinburgh. Professional Examinations are held twice in each year — namelv, in April and July, directly after the close of the winter and summer sessions. The fees for gi-aduation are the same as in the University of Edinburgh. Matriculation fee, including all dues, for the winter and summer sessions, £1 ; summer session alone, 10s. Candidates who commenced their medical studies before No- vember, IMjI, are entitled to appear for examination for the degree of M.D. after four yeai-s' study, one of which must have been in the University of Aberdeen. Students may combine with theu- last Session in Arts attendance on One Class in the Faculty of Medicine, which, together with a Summer Medical Session, constitutes an Annus Medicos. Medical Students may thus obtain the Degree of M.A. (which exempts them from all extra-professional examinations), by taking, before entering on their strictly professional education, what is virtually a course of three years, or, if they pass at the outset into the second year of the Arts Curriculum, of only two years. 122 THE UNIVERSITr OF ST. ANDREWS. Bursaries. — Upwards of Two Hundred Bursaries or Scholar- ships, amounting in all to about £3500 per annum, are held by Students in the Faculty of Arts. They are mostly tenable for Four Years, so that, on an average, more than fifty are vacant every year. About two-thirds of them, varying in amount from £10 to £35 per annum, are in the gift of the University, and are awarded by Public Competition. Besides these, the Town Council of Aberdeen has been in the habit of awarding several Bursaries in its gift according to merit, as ascertained in the same competition. Vni. THE UNIVERSITY OF ST. ANDREWS. § 1. Degrees. Three degrees in Medicine are granted — namely, Bachelor of Medicine (M.B.), Master in Surgery (CM.), and Doctor of Medicine (M.D.). The curricula for the two former degrees, and the regu- lations under which they are conferred, are the same as those of the University of Edinburgh. The degree of Doctor of Medicine may be conferred by the University of St. Andrews on any registered medical practitioner above the age of forty years, whose professional position and ex- perience are such as, in the estimation of the University, to entitle him to that degree, and who shall, on examination, satisfy the medical examiners of the sufficiency of his prof essional knowledge ; provided always that degi-ees will not be conferred, under this section, to a greater number than ten in any one year. The examinations are held yearly, towards the end of April. Candidates must lodge with the Dean of the Medical Faculty the following certificates along with application for admission to examina- tion : — 1. A certificate of age, being a baptismal certificate or an affidavit of age. 2. Holograph certificates from at least three medical men of acknowledged reputation in the medical profession or in the medical schools, recommending the candidate to the Senatus for the degree, and testifying to his professional skill and position. As only ten can graduate yearly, candidates will be selected whose sei-vice and certificates seem to the Medical Faculty to present the highest professional claims, and where these seem equal, preference will be given to age and priority of application. THE UNIVERSITY OF BUBLIX. 123 3. Candidates, when notified for examination, must remit a portion of the p-aduation fee (viz. £15 15s.). This sum will be forfeited should the candidate fail to appear, or to graduate, at the time appointed. 3. A satisfactory examination, written and viva voce, must be passed in the following departments — viz., Materia Medica and General Therapeutics, Medical Jiui.»prudence, Practice of Medicine and Pathology, Surgery, Midwifeiy and Diseases of Women and Children. IX. THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINITY COLLEGE, DUBLIN. Students are entitled to matriculate in Medicine on payment of a fee of five shillings without passing any preliminary examin- ation. Candidates for the License to practise Medicine or Surgery are required to keep two years at least in Arts. § 1. Degrees. Bacbelor in Itledicine. — A candidate for the degree of Bachelor in Medicine must be a graduate in Arts, and may obtain the degree of Bachelor in Medicine at the same commencement as that at which he receives his degree of B.A., or at any subsequent commencement. The medical education of a Bachelor in Medicine is of four years' duration, and comprises attendance on a single course of each of the following lectures : — Anatomy, Practical Anatomy, Surgeiy, Chemistry, Materia Medica and Pharmacy, Institutes of Medicine, Practice of Medicine, Midwifery, Botany, Medical Jurisprudence, Heat, Electricity, Magnetism, Comparative Anatomy. Three courses of nine months' attendance on the clinical lectures of Sir Patrick Dun's or other metropolitan hospital recognised by the Board of Trinity College. Six months' instruc- tion in Practical Midwifery, includinff Clinical Lectures. A certificate of personal attendance on Fever cases, with names and dates of cases. Six months' Dissections are required. Three months' laboratory instruction is required. Any of the above- named courses may be attended at any medical school in Dublin recognised by the Provost and senior Fellows. The 124 THE UNIVEMSITY OF DUBLIN. fee for the Liceat ad Examinandum is £5 ; for the M.B. degree, £11. Doctor in. Medicine. — A Doctor in Medicine must be M.B. of at least three years' standing, or have been qualified to take the degree of M.B. for three years, and must perform exercises for the degree before the Regius Professor of Physic, in accordance with tne rules and statutes of the University. Total amoimt of fees for this degree, £13. Bachelor in Swrg'erjr. — A Bachelor in Surgery must be a Bachelor in Arts, and have spent four years in the study of Surgery and Anatomy. He must also pass a public examination in the Hall before the Professors of the School of Physic, having previously completed theprescribed curriculum of study. Candidates are required to perform surgical operations on the dead subject. Candidates for the degree of Bachelor in Surgery, who have abeady passed the examinjition for the degree of Bachelor in Medicine wiU be examined in Anatomy and Surgery only. Fee for the Liceat ad Examinandum, £5; for the degree, £11. ItXaster in Surgrery. — A Master in Surgery must be a Bachelor in Surgery of three years' standing, or have been qualified to take the degree of Bachelor in Surgery for three years ; and must read two theses publicly before the Regius Professor of Surgery, or undergo an examination before the Regius Professor according to regulations to be approved by the Provost and senior Fellows. Fee for the degree of Master in Surgery, £11. ITniversity Ziicenses. — Candidates for the Licenses in Medicine or Surgery must be matriculated in Medicine, and must have completed two years in Arts and four years in medical studies. Ziicentiate in medicine. — The medical course and ex- amination necessary for the License in Medicine are the same as for the degree of M.B. A Licentiate in Medicine, on completing his course in Arts, and proceeding to the degree of B.A., may become a Bachelor in Medicine, on paying the degree fees, without further examination in Medicine. Fee for the lAceat ad Examin- andum, £5 ; for the License in Medicine, £5. Ziicentiate in Surg'ery. — The surgical course and exam- ination necessary for the License in Surgery ai'e the same as for ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS OF LONDON. 125 the degree of Bachelor in Surgery. Fee for the Liceat ad Examin- andum, £S ; for the License in Surgery, £5. Scholarsbips. — Two Medical Scholarships are given annually, tenable for two years, with a salary of £20 per annum, on the condition of the successful candidates proceeding regularly for two years with the medical course in the University. More extended regulations respecting Scholarships, Exhibitions, Honours and Prizes, the courses of Study in the Professional Schools of Medicine and Surgery, the charges for Rooms and Commons of Resident Students, the amount of College's Fees, &o., are given in the University Calendar. ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS OF LONDON. § 1. Examination fob the License. There are two Examinations for the License of the College of Physicians. Candidates for the First Examination are required to have completed the second winter of professional study at a recognised Medical School. The subjects are — (1) Anatomy; (2) Physio- logy. The fee is five guineas. Under certain circumstances exemption may be claimed from this examination. Candidates for the Second or Pass Examination are required to have completed four years of professional study, of which three winters and two summers must have been parsed at a recognised hospital or hospitals. They must also present certificates of having attained the age of twenty-one years; of proficiency in the practice of vaccination ; of having attended not less than twenty labours ; and of having discharged the duties of Clinical Clerk and of Dresser for respective periods of not less than three months. The subjects of the Examination are — (1) Medicine and Medical Anatomy ; (2) Surgery and Surgical Anatomy ; (S) Morbid Anatomy ; (4) Midwifery and Diseases of Women ; (6) Materia Medica, and Chemistry in its application to Pathology ; (6) Pharmacy and Toxicology. The fee for the license is fifteen guineas. 126 ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS, LONDON. ROYAL COLLEGE OP SURGEONS, LONDON. § 1. Examinations for Membership. There are two examinations for the Membership of the CoUeg-e of Surgeons. Candidates for the First or Primary Examination are required to have completed the second ■winter session of professional study at a recognised Medical School. The subjects are — (1) Anatomy ; (2j Physiology. The fee is five guineas. Candidates for the Second or Pass Examination will be required to produce the following certificates, viz. ; — (1) Of being twenty- one years of age ; (2) Of having been engaged subsequently to pass- ing the preliminary examination during four years, or sessions, in the acquirement of professional knowledge. The following wiH be considered as the commencement of professional education : — 1, Attendance on the practice of a recognised hospital or other public institution : 2, Instruction as the pupil of a legally qualified Surgeon, holding the appointment of a Surgeon to a Hospital, General Dispensary, or Union Workhouse ; 3, Attendance on lectures on anatomy, physiology, or chemistry, by recognised lecturers. A candidate will further be required to have attended the usual courses of lectures delivered at medical schools, the practice of surgery dm-ing three winter and two summer sessions, and to have been dresser at a recognised hospital during not less than six months. The subjects of the examination are — (1) Surgical Anatomy; (2) Principles and Practice of Surgery; (3) Medicine. Under certain conditions, exemption from the examination in Medicine can be claimed. The fee for the membership is £22 including the fee of five guineas, paid prior to the primary examination. § 2. Diploma op Fellowship. There are two professional examinations for this diploma. The subjects of the primary examination are — (1) Anatomy ; (2) Physiology ; and the student is required to have dissected during three winter sessions. The fee is five guineas. The subjects of the Second or Pass Examination are — Pathology, Therapeutics, Principles and Practice of Sm-gery, Principles and SOCIETY OF APOTHECARIES, LONDON. 127 Practice of Medicine. It includes the examination of patients and operations on the dead body. Candidates must be twenty-five years of age, and must present certificates of additional hospital study, and of having attended a course of operations on the dead subject. The fee is twenty-five guineas, or five guineas to those who are members. SOCIETY OF APOTHECARIES, LONDON. § 1. Examinations fob the License. There are two examinations for the License of this Society. Candidates for the First Examination are required to have completed their second winter session, and to have attended three months' practical pharmacy. The subjects are: — (1) Physicians' Prescriptions and Pharmacy ; (2) Anatomy and Physiology ; (3) General and Practical Chemistry ; (4) Botany and Materia Medica. Candidates for the Second or Pat^s Examination are required to have completed four years' medical study, including the period spent at the hospital, and to have attained the age of twenty-one years. The subjects of the Second Examination are — Principles and Practice of Medicine, Pathology and Therapeutics ; Mid- wifery, including the Diseases of Women and Children ; Forensic Medicine and Toxicology. The fee for a certificate of qualifica- tion to practise is six guineas, half of which is to be paid at the first examination. Modified Examinations are held for candidates possessing other medical degrees, qualifications, or certificates. Other Medical Examining Boards issuing Licenses, Diplomas, or Letters Testimonial to Students in Medicine, are the Royal OoUege of Physicians, Edinburgh ; the Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh ; the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow ; the King and Queen's College of Physicians in Ireland, and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. The various regulations framed by these Colleges may be ascertained on application in writing to the respective secretaries of each. 128 ST. BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL. THE METROPOLITAN SCHOOLS OF MEDICINE. § 1. St. Bartholomew's Hospital and College. The clinical practice of the Hospital comprises a service of 710 beds. Of these 227 are allotted to medical cases, 322 to surgical cases, 26 to diseases of the eye, 70 to the diseases of women, and 81 to the syphilitic ; while 34 are at the Convales- cent Hospital at Highgate. Scale of Fees. — Fee for pei-petual attendance on lectures and hospital practice, 105 guineas payable in the following instal- ments : — First winter, 35 guineas ; first summer, 35 guineas ; second winter, 35 guineas ; or a single payment of 100 guineas. Fee for general subjects for Students of Dental Surgery, £52 10s. Pupils' Appointments. — Four house-physicians and four house-surgeons are appointed annually without fee ; each is pro- vided with rooms and a salaiy of £25. Resident Midwifery Assistant and Ophthalmic House-Surgeon appointed every six months and provided with rooms. The Assistant Chlorof ormist is appointed annually, and receives a salaiy of £25 with rooms. The clinical clerks, the obstetric clerks, the clerks to the medical out-patients, the dresseiB to the surgical out-patients, and the dressers in the special departments are chosen from the diligent students. No fee is required for any of these appointments. Sixteen ward-dresserships are given annually to the students (of the second year) who pass the best examination in the subjects of ptudy of the first and second year, or who may be otherwise es- pecially recommended for such appointments. Other ward-dresser- ships may be obtained by payment of the usual fees. Exhibitions, Scholarships, etc. — Two open Scholar- ships in Science, value £100, tenable for one year ; Jeaffreson Ex- hibition, value £20, tenable for two years ; Preliminary Scientific Exhibition, value £50, tenable for one year; three Junior Scholar- ships, of £50, £30, and £20 respectively ; Treasurer's Prize for Practical Anatomy ; Foster Prize for Practical Anatomy ; Senior Scholarship, value £50, for Anatomy, Physiology, and Chemistry; Wix Prize ; Hichens Prize ; Lawrence Scholarship and Gold Medal, value 80 guineas, for Anatomy, Physiology, Medicine, and -ST. GEOBGE'S HOSPITAL. 129 Sui'gery ; two Brackenbury Scholarships in Medicine and Surgery ; Bentley Prize, for reports of Surgical cases; the Kii'kes Gold Medal for Clinical Medicine. § 2. Chaeing Cross Hospital. The Hospital contains 180 beds, and admits on the average 800 in-patients for treatment annually. Scale of Fees. — Composition Fee on Matriculated Students, £80 8s., payable in five instalments ; or first year's fees, £36 15s. ; second year's fees, £33 12s. ; third year's fees, £14 14s. Composi- tion Fee for the course of Dental Surgery, £42 2s. Pupils' Appointments. — Bledical and Surgical Eegistrars each with a salary of £40 a-yeai-, and various resident appoint- ments with rooms and commons in the hospital. Scholarships. — Two Scholarships are open for competition among the Matriculated Students ; the Llewellyn Scholarship of £25 for Students who have just completed their second year ; and the Golding Scholarship of £15 for Students who have just com- pleted their first year. § 3. St. George's Hospital. The Hospital contains 853 beds, of which 148 are allotted to Medical, and 205 to Surgical cases. Scale of Fees. — Composition fee for perpetual pupils, £105. For attendance on the hospital practice and lectures re- quired by the examining corporations, £42 for the first year, £42 for the second year, and £10 10s. for each succeeding year. The latter scale of payment does not entitle the pupil to become house- physician or house-surgeon, or to compete for the WiUiam Brown exhibitions. The fee for the full course of Dental Surgery is £45. Pupils' Appointments. — House-Physicians and House- Sm'geons, with board and residence in the Hospital, free of all expense ; Assistant House-Physician ; Assistant House-Surgeon ; Obstetric Assistant, with a yearly salary of £100, and board and residence in the Hospital ; Pathological Curator, vsdth a salai-y of £50; Medical and Sm-gical Registrars, each with a salary of £50 130 GUTS HOSPITAL. per annum ; Assistant Medical Kegplstrars ; Assistant Surgical Registrars ; Ophthalmic Assistant ; Demonstrator of Anatomy, ■with a salai'y of £60 ; Senior Assistant Demonstrator, with a salary of £20. Exhibitions, etc. — The William Brown Exhibitions : one of £100 per annum, tenable for two years, and open to perpetual pupils possessing a registrable diploma ; one of £40 per annum, tenable for three years, and open to Students in their third year. The Brackenbury Prizes : one each in Medicine and Surgery. § 4. Guy's Hospital. The Hospital wards contain accommodation for 695 in-patients, including 50 beds for Ophthalmic cases, and 26 beds for the Dis- eases of Women. Scale of Fees. — For the entire course of Lectures and Hospital Practice, £105, payable in two equal instalments at the commencement of the first winter, and of the following summer, session ; or payment may be made by instalments of £40, £40, and £30, payable at the beginning of the first, second, and third yeai's respectively. Fee for the Dental Course, £62 10s., payable in two annual in- stalments of £31 10s. and £21. Pupils' Appointments. — House-Physicians and House- Surgeons, Obstetric Residents, Dressers, Clinical and other Clerks, are selected from the Students according to merit, and without payment. The House-Physicians hold office for a period of six months each — three months as junior, and three as senior. They are provided with rooms, and boarded at the expense of the Hos- pital. The House-Surgeons hold office for a period of four months, and are provided with rooms and board in the Hospital. The dressers are selected from those gentlemen who have completed their third winter session, and who have been sm-gical ward- clerks. They hold office for six months each. Three are attached to each Surgeon. During their week of special duty they reside in the Hospital, and board with the House-Sm-geons free of ex- pense. The Obstetric Residents, two in number, reside and are boarded in the Hospital. Each holds office for two months — one month as junior, and one month as senior. KING'S COLLEGE HOSPITAL. 131 Scholarships, etc. — Two Entrance Scholarships, each of £105; Sands Cox Scholarship, of £16, tenable for three years (next awarded in 1880) ; three Prizes, of £50, £26, and £10 10s. respectively, for first year's Students ; the Joseph Hoare Prizes, of £26 and £10, and the Michael Harris Prize, of £10, for second year's Students ; two Prizes, of £25 and £20, for Students in their third year ; the Gumey-Hoare Prize, of £25, for Students in their fourth and fifth years. § 5. KjNG's COLLEflB HOSPITAX. When the additions now being made to the building are com- plete. King's College Hospital will contain about 200 beds. There are separate wards for ophthalmic cases, for children's diseases, for the diseases of women, and for chest affections ; and henceforth two wards will be devoted to cases treated on the antiseptic method. Scale of Fees. — Payment for the entire course of Hospital Practice and College Lectures may be made in one sum, viz., £100 on entrance, or by the following instalments : — £52 10s. on entrance ; £42 at the beginning of the second winter session ; and £10 10s. at the beginning of the third winter session. Fees for the Dental Course, £96 Is. Qd. Pupils' Appointments. — The Physicians' Assistants, the Physician-Accoucheur's Assistants, the Clinical Clerks, and the Plouse-Surgeons and Dressers, are selected by examination from among those matriculated Students of the College who are pupils of the Hospital. They are supplied with board and residence in the Hospital on payment of £80 each. Scholarships, etc. — "Warneford Scholarships : Two of £25 per annum, for three years, and one of £25 for two years. Science : One of £60 for two years. College Scholarships : One of £40 per annum, for two years ; one of £30 for one year ; three of £20 for one year. The Daniell Scholarship of the annual value of £20. Sambrooke Registrarships, of the annual value of £60 each, and tenable for two years, are open to all matriculated Stu- dents who have filled any one of the higher appointments at the Hospital, or who have become Associates. The Loathes Prizes, value £7, and the Warneford Prizes, value £40, are given annually amongst the matriculated Medical Students. 132 LONDON HOSPITAL. § 5. London Hospital. The London Hospital contains about 800 beds, approximately allotted as follows : — Accidents and surgical cases, 334 ; medical cases, 300 ; diseases of women, 26 ; children, 68 ; ophthalmic cases, 12 ; ' out-door ' wards, 60. Scale of Fees. — Perpetual Fee for Lectures and Hospital Practice, £94 10s. in one payment, or three instalments of £42, £36 15s., and £26 5s., payable at the cpmmencement of the first second, and third years respectively. The fee for the General Hospital Practice and Lectures is for Dental Students, £42. Pupils' Appointments. — Four Plouse-Surgeoncies, ten- able for three or six months, and Dresserships to in-patients, open to all. Dresserships to out-patients, with the privilege of com- peting for the prizes above mentioned. Five House-Physicianships, tenable for six months. Medical Assistantships, held for three or six months. .Two Maternity Assistants reside in the Hospital. Resident Accoucheurship, tenable for six months. (N.B. The holders of all the resident offices are provided with rooms and board free of expense.) Three Clinical Assistants in the Medical out- patient department, at a salary of £80 each. Medical Registrar, salary £100. Surgical Registrar, salary £100. Prosectors of Ana- tomy, Ward Clerks, and Post-mortem Clerks, according to merit. Scholarships, etc. — Two Entrance Science Scholarships of £60 and £40 respectively. Two Scholarships of £30 and £20, to the Students who pass the best and second-best examinations in the subjects required at the Preliminary Examinations. A Scholar- ship, value £20, in Human Anatomy, for first-year's Students. A Scholarship, value £25, in Anatomy, in Physiology, and Chemistry, for iirst or second-year Students. Three Hospital Scholarships, value £20 each, for Clinical Medicine, and Clinical Surgery, and Clinical Obstetrics ; in connexion with the latter a prize of £5 wiU be awarded to the Student who has attended most Midwifery cases for the Hospital during the preceding twelve months. The Duckworth Nelson Prize, value £10, for Practical Medicine and Surgery (biennial). Money prizes to the value of £60 given annually by the House Committee for zeal in dressing out-patients and knowledge of Minor Svu'gery. MIDDLESEX HOSPITAL. 133 § 7. St. Mahy's Hospital. The Hospital contains 165 beds, 76 being for ^Medical, and 89 for Surgical cases. Scale of Fees. — For unlimited attendance on Lectures and Hospital Practice, £105 if paid by instalments, or 95 guineas if paid in one sum. Fee for Hospital Practice and Lectures required by the Examiaing Bodies, £89 6s. in instalments, or 80 guineas in one sum. Fee for Dental Students, £!i'2, 10». Pupils' Appointments. — There are fourEasident Medical Officers, three of whom are appointed for twelve months, and one, the Oljstetric Officer, for six months ; all of them live, free of every expense, in the Hospital. Two Prosectors, appointed annually ; a Demonstrator of Anatomy, a Medical Tutor, and a Resident Registrar, with salaries of £100 a-year, appointed annually, and eligible for re-election. Clinical Clerks and Dressers. Scholarships, etc. — Two Scholarships in Natural Science, tenable for three years ; an Exhibition in Natural Science of £20, tenable for one year ; a Scholarship in Anatomy of £20, tenable for one year; a Scholarship in Pathological Anatomy of £40, tenable for one year. At the end of each session prizes ranging in value from £2 2s. to £4 43. are given for proficiency in particular subjects. § 8. Middlesex Hospital. The Middlesex Hospital contains 300 beds, of which 180 are devoted to surgical, and 120 to medical cases. There is a special depai-tment for cancer containing 38 beds. Scale of Fees. — General fee for the entire course of Hospital Practice and Lectures, £00 ; if paid in one sum on entrance, or by instalments of £35, £36, and £20, payable at the commencement of the first, second, and third years respectively, and £10 for every additional yeai''s attendance. Course of Dental Sm-gery, £42, payable in two instalments of £25 5s. and £15 16s. Pupils' Appointments. — Two House-Sm-geons, three Resident Physician's Assistants, Resident Obstetric Physician's Assistant. The above officers have residence and board in the 134 ST. THOMAS'S HOSPITAL. Hospital free of expense, but they pay on appointment fees varying according to circumstances from ten to thirty guineas. Clinical Clerks and Dressers, Obstetric Physician's Clerk, Ophthalmic Dressere, Out-patient Clinical Clerks and Dressers. Scholarships, etc. — Two Broderip Scholarships of £30 and £20 per annum respectively, tenable for two years, for Medicine and Surgery ; two Entrance Scholarships of £25 and £20 per annum respectively, tenable for two years ; John MmTay Medal and Scholarship, awarded every third year ; the Govei-nor's Prize of £21 ; Clinical Prize of £10 10s. ; Class Prizes in particular subjects. § 9. St. Thomas's Hospital. There is accommodation in the wards of this Hospital for 608 in-patients. The number of these ordinarily treated in the wards in the course of a year exceeds three thousand. Scale of Fees. — For the entire course of Hospital Practice and Lectures £100 paid on entrance, or 100 guineas paid in two moieties, one on entrance and one at the beginning of the next session ; or three instalments of forty guineas, forty guineas and thirty guineas, at the beginning of the fcst, second, and third yeai-s respectively. The fee for the two years' course of Dental Sm-gery is £45, or by instalments, £42 for the first year and £10 for the second. Pupils' Appointments. — The house-physicians, house- surgeons, and resident accoucheur ai'e chosen from gentlemen who have obtained then- professional diplomas, according to merit, and with the dressers, ai-e provided with rooms and commons. Two hospital registrars, at £40 per annum each, will be selected from gentlemen distinguished for merit. Ophthalmic Clinical Assistant with salary of £50, Clinical Clerks and Dressers to in- patients and out-patients. Obstetric Clerks, Assistants in the Dis- secting-room, Prosectors, and Pathological Assistants. Scholarships, etc.^-For first year's students two entrance Scholarships in Natural Science of the value of £60 and £40, after an examination in Physics, Chemistry, Botany, and Zoology ; the William Tite Scholarship, founded by the late Sir William Tite, F.R.S., the proceeds of £1000 Consols (£30 per annum), is awarded each year ; also prizes of £20 and £10 ; summer, £15, £10, and UNIVERSITY COLLEGE HOSPITAL. 135 £5. For second year's students : the College Scholarship of forty guineas, and the Musgrove Scholarship, founded by Sir John Musgrove, Bart., the President of the Hospital, and endowed with £1400 Consols, producing forty guineas per annum, are awarded biennially to the student who shall take the highest place in the first-claas list in the examinations at the end of the second winter session ; they are tenable for two years, provided the holder obtains a place in the first class in the subsequent examinations : making the winter prizes, £42, £20, and £10 ; summer, £15, £10, and £5 ; with the dresserships and the Clinical Clerkships. For third-year's students : Prizes of £20, £15, and £10, and the Prosector's Prize of £6. Clinical Clerks and Dressers are selected according to merit. The Grainger Testimonial Prize of £20, awarded biennially to third or fourth year's students, for the best Physiological Essay, to be illustrated by preparations and dissections. § 10. Univbhsitt College Hospital. The number of beds in this Hospital is at present 154, and the daily average of in-patients during a year has been 131. Scale of Fees. — The fees for Lectm-es and Hospital Practice required by the College of Physicians and Surgeons and the Society of Apothecaries during the students' entire course amount to £10.i 15s., which may be paid as follows : — First winter, £30 5s. ; first summer, £11 lis. Second winter, £32 Is. ; second summer, £7 7«. Third winter, £7 ; thii-d summer, £7 7s. Fourth winter, £4 4s. Pupils' Appointments. — ^Physicians' Assistants, House- Surgeons, Midwifery Assistants, Physicians' Clerks, Sm'geons' Dressers, Ward Clerks, Ophthalmic Surgeons' Assistants. The Physician's Assistants, the Obstetric Assistant, and the House Surgeons, reside in the Hospital paying for their boai'd. Scholarships, etc. — Three Entrance Exhibitions, of the respective values of £30, £20, and £10 per annum, tenable for two years, are annually awarded, upon examination by printed papers, to gentlemen who are about to commence their fii'st winter attend- ance in a medical school. The subjects of the examination ai'e — Classics, Elementary Mathematics, Natural Philosophy, and either French or German at the option of the candidate. Atkinson- 136 THE QUEEN'S COLLEGE, BIRMINGHAM. Morley Surgical Scholarship of £45, tenable for three years ; Sharpey Physiological Scholarship, value about £70 ; FilUter's Exhibition of £30. § 11. Westminster Hospital. The "Westminster Hospital now contains about 200 beds. Scale of Fees. — For the entire coui-se of Hospital Practice and Lectures, £84 if paid in one instalment on entrance, or two instalments of £45 each, payable on entrance and at the com- mencement of the second year respectively, or three instalments of £44 2s., £34 13s., and £15 15s., payable at the commencement of the first, second, and third years. Fees for the Dental course, £38 17s. in one payment on entrance, or in two payments of £27 10s. and £14 10s. Pupils' Appointments. — A Medical and a Surgical Registrar, each with a salary of £40, appointed annually ; a House- Physician and a House-Surgeon, and Resident Obstetric Assistant, each appointed for six months, and provided with rooms and commons in the Hospital ; an Assistant House-Surgeon provided with commons at the Hospital table; Physicians' Assistant, Surgeons' Assistant, Ophthalmic Assistant, and Assistant in the Skill and Oral Departments, In-Patient Clerks and Dressers, and Out-Patient Clerks and Dressers. Scholarsbips, etc. — The Fence and Houldsworth Entrance Scholarships, each of £50 per annum, and tenable for two years ; two Entrance Scholarships of £10 per annum each, tenable for two years ; an Exhibition of £10 for first year's students ; a Scholarship of £21, tenable for one year, for second year's students. PROVINCIAL MEDICAL SCHOOLS. § 1. The Queen's College, Birmingham. The General and the Queen's Hospitals in Birmingham are, for the purpose of Clinical instruction to the students of the College, amalgamated under the direction of the Birmingham Clinical Board. These Hospitals have a total of upwards of 400 beds. Scale of Fees. — The composition fee for the entire course LEEDS SCHOOL OF MEBLCINE. 137 of College Lectures is fifty g'uineas, payable half at the beginning of the first year, and the other half at the commencement of the second year. Pupils' Appointments. — At the General Hospital — Resident Medical Assistant, Resident Surgical Assistant, and two Resident Dressers. At the Queen's Hospital — Resident Obstetric Assistant and Resident Dresser. Scholarships, etc. — The Bands-Oox Prize, value £20, open to students who have completed their cm'riculum ; the Warden's Prize, value three guineas ; two Ingleby Scholarships, awarded annually for Obstetric Medicine and Sm'gery, and Diseases of Women and Children. § 2. The Bristol Medical School. [University College, Bristol.] The Bristol Royal Infirmary is one of the largest provincial hospitals in England. It contains 250 beds, and has wards appro- priated to ophthalmic cases, and to children's diseases. Scale of Fees. — For unlimited attendance on all the Lectures (except those of Comparative Anatomy) with instruction by the Medical Tutor, £63, Hospital Practice may be attended either at the Bristol Royal Infirmary, or at the Bristol General Hospital. Pupils' Appointments. — House-Surgeon, Assistant House-Surgeon, Clinical Clerks and Dressers. Scholarships. — At the Bristol General Hospital — Lady Haberfield's Prize, two Sanders scholarships, Martyn Memorial Scholarships, Clarke Surgical Scholarship. § 3. Leeds School op Medicine. The Leeds General Infirmary has generally more than 200 beds occupied in its wards. Scale of Fees. — The composition Fee for attendance upon all the required courses of School Lectures is £46 4s. to be paid on entrance ; or £24 3s. on entrance, and a second sum of £24 3s. twelve months afterwards. 138 OWENS COLLEGE, MANCHESTER. Pupils' Appointments. — Hoiise-Physician, House-Sur- geon, Fom- Resident Assistants, who are provided with Board and residence in the Infirmary free of charge, Clinical Clerks and Dressers. Scholarships, etc. — The Hardwick Clinical Prize, value £10, is conferred annually upon the most deserving student who exhibits a satisfactory proficiency in Clinical Medicine. The Surgeons' Clinical Prize, value £10, given by the surgeons of the hospital, is conferred annually on the most deserving student who exhibits proficiency in Clinical Sui-gery. In addition to the Silver Medal awarded in Medical Jurisprudence, there is a prize of £10, for which a special examination is aimuaUy held. § 4. LivEHPOOL BoYAL Infiemaby School op Medicine. The Royal Infirmary contains nearly 300 beds. Scale of Fees. — A payment of 41 guineas on entrance, or in two equal instalments (one-half on entrance, and the remainder within twelve months), entitles the student to attendance on all the necessary Lectures and Demonstrations. Pupils' Appointments. — Two House-Physicianships and three House-Surgeonships, tenable for six months, and open to pupils of the school who have obtained a legal qualification ; Clinical Clerks and Dressers ; Post-mortem Clerks. Scholarships, etc. — Two Eoger Lyon Jones Scholarships each of £21 for two years. § 5. Owens College (Manchester) School op Medicine. The Manchester Royal Inflrmai-y provides accommodation in its wards for about 300 in-patients. Scale of Fees. — Composition fee for the four years' course of lectures £48, if paid in one sum, or two instalments of £25 each, payable at the commencement of the first and second winter sessions respectively. Pupils' Appointments. — A senior house-surgeon, two junior house-surgeons, a house-physician, and four physicians' assistants, all receiving board, residence, and salary. Clinical clerks and dressers. SHEFFIELD SCHOOL OF MEDICINE. 139 Scholarships, etc.— The following scholai-ships and prizes are open to students of tlie Medical School :— 1. A Scholar- ship and Prizes are awarded at the end of each academic year to students of the first, second, and third year. 2. A Piatt Physio- logical Scholarship of £60 a-year for two years is offered annually to the student who, having studied for one entire session in the physiological laboratory of Owens College, has prosecuted the best original investigation in Physiology, and has passed a satis- factory examination in Physiology. 3. A DumviUe Sui'gical Prize of £20 is offered annually for proficiency in Clinical Surgery. 4. Medical and Surgical Clinical Prizes, each of the value of six guineas, are open to competition each year for the best reports (with comments) of cases which have occuiTed in the wards of the Infirmary. § 6. College of Medicine, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. The Newcastle Infirmary contains 230 beds. Scale of Fees. — Composition fee for aU the lectures, qualifying for the License in Medicine and the Mastership in Surgery of the University of Durham, the License and Member- ship of the Royal College of Physicians, the Membership of the College of Surgeons, and the License of the Apothecaries' Society, and payable on entering to the first winter session, £52 10s. For further information see the Regulations of Medical Examin- ing Board of the University of Dm-ham. § 7. Sheffield School op Medicine. The Sheffield Public Hospital contains 104 beds. Scale of Fees. — For perpetual attendance on aU Lectures, £43. It is not considered necessary to give detailed information respecting the Scottish and Irish Hospitals and Sledioal Schools, as these latter in every case are recognised adjuncts of the Uni- versities ali'eady dealt ^vith. THE PROFESSIONS OF CIVIL ENGINEEE, ARCHITECT, AND ARTIST. It would be extremely difficult to prepare any well-defined rules for the guidance of a person who might be desii-ous of entering one of the professions treated of in this chapter. Each of the three dealt with is what is known as an ' open profession ' in the widest meaning of the term. As regards the first two, there are no regulations framed by authoritative bodies which give a clear idea of the educational quaUfioation necessary to commence practice in either. Two important public associations — the Insti- tution of Civil Engineers, and the Royal Institute of British Ai'chitects — were established for the purpose of promoting the acquisition of that species of knowledge which constitutes the profession of a civil engineer and of a civil architect ; but neither institution exercises any positive control over the preliminary, general, or theoretical education of persons seeking to become members of these professions. In point of fact, a person may enter into practice as a civil engineer, or an architect, and obtain any standing his merits may entitle him to without once coming under the cognizance of these institutions named, although, in reality, each exercises a kind of moral authority over the general body of members of the profession which it represents. In admit- ting young men as incorporated students of their respective socie- ties, these Institutions have, however, indicated in a general way a standard of proficiency which it would be desirable for young men to reach before devoting themselves to Engineering or Archi- tecture as professions. In the case of the Institution of Civil Engineers the association reqiures, that candidates for admission as students ' must be persons not under eighteen years of age, who are, or have been pupils of Members or Associates of the Institution, and who have the object or intention of becoming PliOFHSSIOlVS OF CIVIL ENGINEER, 8fc. 141 civil engineers.' This seems to imply that candidates must already have passed through a course of theoretical instruction, such as uiijjht entitle them to be classed as useful pupils in an engineer's olllce, and must besides, to a great extent, have completed their general education. As the period of studentship may continue until ' the age of twenty-six years but not longer,' it follows, that at about that age, a person, in every respect qualified, might hope to enter upon practice as a Civil Engineer on his own account with some prospect of gaining a livelihood. It is much to be regretted that no definite information exists as to the standard of education, general or theoretical, to be attained by persons desiring to enter the professions under discussion. We have en- deavoured to collect whatever information seemed to bear on this important subject; but it is in mere outline, and will only serve to indicate a com'se of instruction which it might be useful for students to follow, without the advantage of an authoritative opinion as to its being the best. Such an opinion might be forth- coming from the Institutions which have been named, in the shape of general instructions to students, and this could not fail to be of great importance and advantage to the public generally. And if the Institution of Civil Engineers and the Institute of British Architects would lay it down as a rule that no Engineer or Architect should take a pupil without adequate scientific training a fixed standard of profloienc;y would soon be forthcoming for students in each profession. If those Institutions do not at present possess the power to frame any such rule, it might be desirable for them to seek it. It would manifestly be to the great advant- age of both professions if the necessary authority were forthcoming, and would be an additional guarantee that no one was elected to either Institution without his having reaUy the qualifications of a Civil Engineer or Ai-chitect. As it is, parents desiring to bring up sons to follow these pursuits work, comparatively speaking, in the dark, with only that light which is afforded them by a collection of University Calendars and other papers got together from colleges and schools. This is the only portion of this work in which the Editor has ventured to express any opinion on the facts which were before him. He has done so, in the present instance, because of the great difiiculty which he himself has experienced in collecting the information (deficient in many respects) given in this chapter. It 142 FjROFHSSIOJV OF A CIVIL ENGINEER. would be proper to add that his obligations are due to the secre- taries of the Institutions herein mentioned for placing' books and documents at his disposal, -without which it would have been im- possible to present the information given. In a general way it may be stated, that the first essential step towards entering the profession of CivU Engineering, or Archi- tecture, is to commence a period of pupilage m the office of a Civil Engineer or Architect. Such a pupilage is the only means by which a student can obtain a thorough knowledge of the practical details of his profession, and in fact is the sole passport to it. Theoretical teaching is of paramount importance in enabling those who have availed themselves of it to take fuller advantage of the opportunities aiiorded during professional pupilage. As to what should be the precise nature of that 'theoretical teaching,' the student unfortunately has in the present condition of things to seek for himself. The period of professional pupilage must, how- ever, be considei'ed the all-in-all to the young man who intends to become a Civil Engineer or Civil Architect. It is to be presumed that a person before he elects to follow Art as a profession — by which we mean Art in its widest significa- tion, Industrial Art and Fine Art — has not only the special quali- ties requisite to make an artist ; but has undergone a course of sound elementary instruction in the various principles of Art, and has attained besides a considerable degree of proficiency in di'aw- ing, designing, and modelling. AU that we have attempted in the present chapter under this head has been to point out the best available means for a person to continue his education in the best schools set apart for instruction in the higher branches of Art, and in the knowledge of its scientific principles. Elementary in- struction may always be had in the various excellent schools under the direction of the Art Department at South Kensington. With these, however, it is not thought necessary to deal. THE PROFESSION OF A CmL ENGINEER. We believe that we cannot do better than print at length the following opinion of Sir John Rennie, F.R.S. communicated to the Council of the Institution of Civil Engineers as to the fittest educa- FJiOFESSION^ OF A CIVIL ENGINEER. 143 tion for a Civil Engineer. It is taken from a very instructive work* prepared under the direction of the Council, and published for private circulation among the members of the Institution. Sir John Eennie was of opinion that any person intended for the pro- fession of a Civil Engineer should be educated as foUows : ' In the first place he should be sent to some good school until about twelve years of age, whei-e he may be thoroughly grounded in reading, writing, composition, arithmetic, algebra, geometry, English, Latin, and Greek. I mention the two latter,' wrote Sir John Rennie, ' because it will enable him hereafter to acquire with facility European or other languages as occasion may require, particularly French, German, Italian, Spanish,' &c. ' From about twelve to sixteen the student should be sent to one of the junior universities, such as King's College, the London, Edinburgh, Glasgow, or Dublin Universities ; here he should attend the different classes of mathematics, algebra, geometry, plane and spherical, trigonometry, astronomy, natural philosophy, zoology, geography, chemistry, electricity, and drawing, assisted by private tutors, who, by frequent examinations, should make him thoroughly understand what he has learned, and enable him to pass with credit the several public examinations which he must under- go. At the age of sixteen, if he has been dUigent and weD. looked after, he ought to have obtained a sound general education, par- ticularly as regards the scientific department connected with the Profession of a Civil Engineer. ' At sixteen he should be apprenticed to some practical manu- facturing engineer of eminence where he should commence work- ing with his hands, and go through all the departments of pattern- making, founding, tm'ning, fitting, and erecting steam-engines, marine, locomotive, and fixed, and all the variety of machinery connected with them, and railways, and a general knowledge of ship-building, whether of iron or wood, also the mechanical draw- ing and calculating departments connected vsdth them. After having been well employed in this manner for three or fom- years, combined vrith his previous education, he ought to be weE versed * The Education and, /Status of Civil Engineers in the United Kingdom and Foreign Countries^ compiled from authentic documents supplied to the Council of the Institution of Civil Engineers, 186S to 1870. London : Pub- lished by the Institution. 144 PROFESSION OF A CIVIL ENGINEER. or grounded at least in Mechanical Engineering, whicli forms one of tlie most important parts of the education of a Oivil Engineer. Having completed tHs he should be sent to some good scientific and practical nautical and land surveyor for a short time, where, if diligent, he -will soon be able to acquire a knowledge of levelling, laying out lines of roads, railways, canals, drainage, and mapping large districts of countiT" and sea-coasts. ' He should then study practical hydraulics upon a great scale, such as the principles and management of rivers, embanking, draining, sewage, water-supply, irrigation, the planning and con- struction of harbours, docks, bridges, lighthouses, masonry, car- pentry, earth-work, &c., with a thorough knowledge of the use, and best method of applying materials of all kinds ; and having previously obtained a knowledge of working iron and timber he should do the same with stone, cements, and other materials. He should hkewise practise himself in drawing up detached reports, plans, specifications, and estimates of the various works. In these departments he will be greatly assisted by reading and carefully studying the reports and plans of Smeaton, Telford, Stephenson, Brunei, Watt, Renuie, and other eminent engineers. ' He should also study Architectm-e so as to be able to design and construct aU the buildings connected with Civil Engineering, such as railway- stations, sheds, and warehouses. Public buildings and ornamental architecture, strictly speaking, are rather out of his hue ; nevertheless, if he has time and taste for it he can do so at his leisure. 'With regard to Languages it certainly is desirable that an Engineer should know well German, French, and Itahan ; having previously laid the foundation of these he can easily acquii-e them at his leisure. ' With regard to the higher branches of Physics and Mathe- matics, these although not absolutely necessaiy for the practice of OivU Engineering, stO no doubt they form a most valuable accom- plishment in those who have taste and time to acquii'e them. With regard to the honours conferi'ed by pm-ely scientific societies they are open to any one who chooses to qualify himself for them, and desires them ; and if either his executed works or vnitings are worthy of these distinctions he wiU. have no difficulty in obtain- ing them. UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON. 145 ' After a candidate for Civil Engineering has creditably gone through the above education, he will have arrived at about the age of twenty-three or twenty-four years; he may then confi- dently present himself to any Engineer in large practice as an assistant at an adequate salary, or he may practise upon his own account ; but he must always bear steadily in mind that nothing but constant industry, and hard work, combined with a thorough determination to overcome all obstacles in his progress, can make him a good engineer.' The above scheme of education was in Sir John Eennie's view the best adapted for a person studying to become a Civil Engineer. It will be seen that it comprises two kinds of education, theoretical and practical. This latter is gained by a simple course of ap- prenticeship (usually with a premium), to a practising engineer. During the apprenticeship the pupil is supposed to take part in the ordinary business routine, to become gradually familiar with the practical duties of the profession, so as at last to acquire com- petency to perform those duties alone, or, at least, after some further practical experience in a subordinate capacity. The theoretical knowledge is obtained either by private reading or by attending at the scientific classes established at various educational institutions in London and elsewhere. We have selected the following information as affording illustrations of the courses of instruction offered by some of these institutions to Engineering Students. § 1. Univbbsity .College, London. Course of Instruction (Eng'ineering' Depart- ment). — The complete Course extends over three Sessions, in which the subjects are taken as follows: — 1st Year.— Junior Mathematics, Division A (Algebra, Trigonometry, and Conies), Modern Geometry and Geometrical Drawing, Junior Physics, Theoretical and Practical Chemistry, Geology, and Surveying. 2nd Year.— Senior Mathematics, Dynamics, Senior Physics, Theory of Machines, and Engineering Drawing. 3rd Year.— Higher Senior Mathematics, Mathematical Physics, Physi- cal Laboratory, Architectural Constructions, Civil and Mechani- cal Engineering, with Drawing and Design. 146 UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH. The College grants a General Certificate of Engineering to those Students who have attended the three years' Course de- scrihed above, and ohtained Certificates in all their ordinary Class Examinations at the end of each of the three Sessions. § 2. King's College, London. Course of Instruction (Department of Applied Sciences). — The following suhjects are taught in this depart- ment: (1) Mathematics. (2) Natural Philosophy in its various tranches (including Practical and Experimental Physics). (3) The Arts of Construction in connexion with Civil Engineering and AxcMtecture. (4) Manufacturing Art and Machinery. (5) Land Surveying and Levelling. (6) Drawing. (7) Chemistry. (8) Geology and Mineralogy. (9) Photography. Examinations are held and certificates are given. A few of the students exhibiting most proficiency are elected ' Associates.' § 3. Univisesity of Edinbtjbgh. Courses in Eng'ineering' (Civil and Mechanical). — The ohject of the Course is to show the practical application of Science to some tranches of Engineering. The Series of Lectures form a Two Years' Course, so arranged that Students can enter on the Course at the heginning of either year, and should they attend for one year only, wiU receive instruction in the four following suhdivisions of the subject-matter : — (1) Applied Mechanics. (2) One branch of Civil Engineering. (3) One branch of Mechanical Engineering. (4) A series of Examples of the Application of Machinery to Manu- facturing purposes. UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH. 147 The following Synopsis ■will give an idea of the Lectures delivered in a session : (1) The Application of Statics to the Determination of Frictional Sta- bility and to Hydrostatics. (2) Hydrodynamics. (3) The Construction of Waterworks. (4) The Construction of Harbours. (5) The Application of Kinematics to Machinery, illustrated by mill- wright work. (6) The Construction of the Condensing Steam Engine, especially with reference to Pumping Engines. (7) The Construction of Water-wheels and Turbines. (8) Flax-spinning Machinery. Heads 3 and 6 are treated in considerable detail, imder the belief that it is rather desirable that the Students should learn to apply fuUy the principles of Science to a few branches of Engi- neering, than that they should attempt to pass rapidly over the vast field in which the profession now labours. Four Examinations are held during the Session, and each week, wben Examinations are not held, voluntary exercises are given to be worked at home. The questions in these exercises are such as are met with in the practice of Engineering, and being returned annotated and corrected to the Students, form a body of examples for subsequent reference. Engineering Works and Factories are visited by the Class, under the guidance of the Professor. Students are at liberty to attend the Class of Mechanical Drawing between ten and two each day. The examples given to the students are of a practical character, consisting chiefly of actual working Engineering Drawings. They are also taught to make drawings from the details of actual machines. A course of Practical Siu-veying, including Levelling and Setting Out, is given in the Summer Session. Lectures on the instruments employed are delivered, and these lectures are followed by a fort- night's practical work in the field. The following course of study is recommended by the University of Edinburgh to Students in Engineering : 148 ROYAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE FOR IRELAND. FiEST Year. (1) Mathematics (first class). (2) Geometrical Drawing. Second Year. (1) Mathematics (second class). (2) Natural Philosophy. (3) Engineering. (4) Mechanical Drawing. Third Year. (1) Snrveying and Levelling. (2) Natural Philosophy (advanced class). (3) Engineering. (4) Chemistry. § 4. Tbinitt College, Dublin. School of Eng'meering'. — A Candidate for Entrance into tlie School of Engineering must matriculate in Arts, and pass an Examination in Arithmetic, Algebra, EucUd, and Plane Trigo- nometry. Course of Instruction. — The Course commences in Michaelmas Term, and extends over three years, during which the Student is required to keep his name on the Books of the CoUege, and he subject to its discipHne, although it is left to his option to keep Terms in Arts or not. If the Candidate for Entrance is able to pass a further Exami- nation in Mechanics, Hydrostatics, the Elements of the Differen- tial and Integral Calculus, and of Descriptive Geometry, he -will be permitted to join the Middle Class directly, and thus reduce his Course in Engineering to two years. § 5. EOYAL COLLBGB OF SCIENCE EOE IRELAND. [Stephen's Green, Dublin.] The Royal College of Science supphes, as far as practicable, a complete course of instruction in Science applicable to the Indus- trial Arts, especially those which may be classed broadly under the heads of Mining, Agriculture, Engineering, and Manufactures. Course of Instruction. — The course of instruction ex- QUEEN'S COLLEGE, CORK. 141 1 tends over three years, eacli year being divided into two Terms. In the first two years the instruction is general. In the last year it i? specialised under the heads of Mining, Agriculture, Engineering, and Manufactures. Division C. — Engineering comprehends : (1) Mechanism and Machinery. (2) Mechanical Drawing, Engineering, and Surveying. (3) Geology and Palaeontology. Division D. — Manufactures. (1) Applied Mechanics. (2) Applied Chemistry and Technical Analysis. § 6. Qtteen's College, Cobk. This College grants a degree in Civil Engineering, to obtain which students must matriculate in Engineering, complete the pre- scribed course in one of the Queen's Colleges, and pass the Univer- sity Examinations. The Course for the Degrree In Civil Zing'lneer- Ing'. — The course extends over three Sessions and comprises attendance on the follovring curricxdum : First Session. (1) Mathematics (first course). (2) Chemistry. (3) Modern Languages. (4) Geometrical Drawing. (5) Office Work. (6) Mineralogy, Geology, and Physical Geography. Second Session. (1) Mathematics (second course). (2) Experimental Physics. (3) Civil Engineering. (4) Office Work. (5) Field Work. Thibd Session. (1) Natural Philosophy (Applied). (2) Mathematical Physics. (3) Civil and Mechanical Engineering. 150 OWENS COLLEGE, MANCHESTER. (4) Office Work. (5) Field Work. (6) Engineering Excursions. § 7. Queen's College, Galwat. This College also grants a Diploma in Civil Engineering, to gain which Candidates are required: (1.) To have been admitted Matriculated Students of one of the Colleges of the Queen's University in the Department of Civil Engineering. (2.) To have studied in the Colleges of the Queen's University the course herein prescrihed. (3.) To have passed two University Examinations. The Course for the Diploma. — The course usually extends over three Sessions and comprises attendance on the following curricidum: — First Session. (1) Mathematics (first coiu-se). (2) Chemistry. (3) A Modem Language. (4) Geometrical Drawing. (6) Office Work. Skoond Session. (1) Mathematics (second course). (2) Mathematical Physics. (3) Experimental Physics. (4) Civil Engineering. (5) Office Work. (6) Field Work. Thibd Session. (1) Natural Philosophy (Applied). (2) Civil and Mechanical Engineering. (3) Mineralogy, Geology, and Physical Geography. (4) Office Work. (5) Field Work. (6) Engineering Excursions. § 8. OyrKss College, IIanchbstbe. A Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering is attached to this College. WHITWORTH SCHOLARSHIPS. 151 Course of Instruction. — The complete course of In- struction extends over three years and embraces the following subjects : First Year. (1) Mathematics. (2) Natural PhUoaophy (Mechanics). (3) Chemistry. (4) Geology. (5) Geometrical and Mechanical Drawing. Second Year. (1) Mathematics. (2) Natural Philosophy (Physics). (3) Chemistry. (4) Mechanical Engineering. (5) Civil Engineering. (6) Drawing and Surveying. Third Year. (1) Mathematics. (2) Natural Philosophy (Mathematical). (3) Mineralogy. (4) Engineering (third class) (5) Drawing and Surveying. Successful attendance on the course, the College Faculty points out, will furnish a thorough scientific groundwork for the attain- ment of the knowledge requisite for the prosecution of the higher branches of the Engineering profession; but it is not intended to supersede the practical training which can only be obtained in the office of a Civil or the workshop of a Mechanical Engineer. Certificates in Engineering are granted by the College. The examination for these certificates comprises all the subjects recited above. § 9. Whitwobth Scholaeships. The foregoing information would be incomplete without men- tion were made of the regulations and conditions under which the Scholarships founded by Sir Joseph Whitworth, F.E.S., are held. These Scholarships are of the annual value of £100, and 152 WHITWORTH SCHOLAMSHIPS. are tenable for three years.* They are open for competition to all her Majesty's subjects — whether of the United Kingdom, India, or the Colonies, who are of soimd bodily health, and who have not completed the twenty-second year of their age on the 1st of May in each year. The competition is usually held in the month of May, and the number of Scholarships to be competed for in a given year can be ascertained on application to the Secretary, Science and Art Department, South Kensington. The examina- tions are partly in practical workmanship and partly in theoretical subjects. Subjects of Examinatioii — First Fart of tbe Competition. — Candidates wiU compete in the following theo- retical subjects, viz. : (1) Practical Geometry. (2) Machine Drawing. (3) Piure Mathematics. (4) Theoretical Meclianics. (6) Applied Mechanics. (6) Acoustics, Light, and Heat. (7) Magnetism and Electricity. (8) Inorganic Chemistry. (9) Metallurgy. (10) Steam. (11) Freehand Drawing. The competition each year is complete in itself. No previous success in any subject except Freehand Drawing can count. It is therefore absolutely necessary for candidates to be examined each year that they compete in all the essential subjects, except Free- hand Drawing. The relative marks in the several subjects, and stages, and the method of awarding them, are as follows : — The maximum nimaber of marks obtainable in each subject, except mathematics, will be in the — • The purpose of Sir J. Whitworth in founding these scholarships is explained in the following paragraph : — ' To be applied for the further in- struction of young men, natives of the United Kingdom, selected by open competition for their intelligence and proficiency in the theory and practice of mechanics and ts cognate sciences, with a view to the promotion of engineering and mechanical industry in this ommtry.' WHITWORTH SCHOLARSHIPS. 153 Marks, Elementary stage 100 Advanced stage 200 Honours 400 In mathematica the numlDers -will te in the — First stage Second stage Tliird stage Fourth stage Fifth stage Sixtli stage Seventh stage Marks. 100 200 300 150 300 300 400 In freehand drawing the marks will he- For good For excellent . Honours 500 Honours 500 Honours 600 Marks. 45 75 But in each case the numher of marks gained in the Elemen- tary Stage (or in the 1st stage in mathematics) will he diminished hy the minimum numher required to pass in that stage, and the number of marks gained in each of the other stages wiU he dimin- ished by 20 per cent of the marks obtainable in that stage. The remainder will then be added together to determine the candidate's position. No candidate can obtain a Scholarship who has not shown satisfactory knowledge of practical geometry, elementary mathe- matics, elementary mechanics, and freehand drawing. That is to say, he must obtain at least as many marks in practical geometry as are required for a second class in the elementary stage of that subject, in mathematics as many as are required for a second class in the second stage, in theoretical or in applied mechanics as many as are required for a second class in the elementary stage, and a 'good' in freehand drawing. The marks may be obtained in Honours or in either stage of the subject. A special paper in free- hand drawing may be set each year for Whitworth candidates. Subjects of Examination — Second Part of the Examination. — The second part of the competition wiU be in practical workmanship. 154 RULES OF THE WSITWORTH SCHOLAMSSIPS. This competition -sviU embrace — (a) One or more of the following handicrafts : — (1) Smith's work. (2) Turning. (3) Faing and Fitting. (4) Pattern Making. (5) Moulding. (i) One or more of the following classes of tools : — * (1) The axe and adze. (2) The saw and plane. (3) The hammer and chisel. (4) The file. (5) The forge. (6) The lathe for metal turning. No candidate can obtain a scbolarsliip wlio has not worked in a mechanical engineer's shop or in the drawing oiBce of a mechan- ical engineer's shop for at least two years consecutiYely. Candidates selected to compete in the practical examination are permitted to take up as many of the prescribed handicrafts or classes of took as they wish. A deduction, however, of 20 per cent of the total possible number of marks in each handicraft or class of tools for which they enter, will be made from the total number of marks obtained by them in the practical examination. In deciding on the number of marks to be awarded for work- manship the examiners wUl, as a guide in framing their awards, assign the following relative values to the classes of tools men- tioned : — Marks. Marks. The forge . 10 Lathe The file . 10 Saw and plane Hammer and chisel . 8 Axe and adze The number of marks assigned to each handicraft will be the same. § 10. EtTLBS Governing the Tenure op the Whitwoeth SCHOLAESHIPS. Each holder of a Scholarship wiH be required to produce satis- factory evidence at the termination of every year, that he has made proper advances in the science and practice of mechanical * The number of marks to be given to the use of tools will be 20 per cent of the total number obtainable for practical workmanship. THE PROFESSION OF AN ARCHITECT. 155 engineering, by coming up for an examination similar to that which is prescribed for the competition both in theory and practice. The Scholarships may be held for three years, but may be withdrawn at the end of each year, if the scholar has not made satisfactory progress. At the end of each year's tenure of the Scholarship, the scholars appointed will, as before stated, be examined in theory and in practice in the same manner as in the competition for the Scholarships. On the results of this examination the following payments, in addition to the £100 before mentioned, will be made among each year's set or batch of scholars. To the scholar who does best in the examination, £100 ; to the second, £60 ; to the third, £50 ; to the fourth, £40 ; to the fifth, £30 ; and to the sixth, £20 ; provided that each scholar has made such a progi'ess as is satisfactory to the Department of Science and Art, which will determine if the sum named, or any other sum, shall be awarded. At the expiration of the three years' tenure of the Scholar- ships a further sum of £300 will be awarded in sums of £200 and £100 to the two scholars of each year's set or batch who have done best during their tenure of Scholarship. In this way it wiU be possible for the best of the scholars at the end of his period of tenure of the Scholarship to have ob- tained £800, and the others in proportion. THE PROFESSION OF AN ARCHITECT. It has been already stated that there is no fixed rule governing admission to this important profession beyond that which is implied in the all-important preliminary pupilage in the office of a practising Architect. The Royal Institute of British Architects has, however, insti- tuted certain volimtary examinations which are open to young men studying in, or for the profession, and these may be accepted as indicating a standard of proficiency which it wiU be desirable for persons to attain before commencing practice in it. We propose to consider the nature of these examinations in their proper order. 166 THE PROFESSION OF AN ARCHITECT. The first is the ' Preliminary Examination ' so called, held at the Institute and open to aU students who have heen at least one year in an architect's office. General Reg'ulations. — The Preliminary Examination is held biennially during the month of May, provided that five candidates present themselves to be examined. Candidates are required to send in their applications (accord- ing to a form to he previously obtained at the Institute) six clear weeks before the first day of the examination, which is duly advertised. A fee of two guineas is required of the candidate when his appHcation paper is delivered. Successful candidates are entitled without fee to the privileges of a student of the Institute for two years from the date of each examination. The full complement of marks to be awarded by the examiners will be 1000, of which number the student must gain at least 600 in order to pass. Subjects of Examination. — These are as follows : — First Day. — Maximum of Marks 300. (a) Freehand Drawing from the round, as, for instance, a vase or orna- ment. (J) Freehand Drawing from memory of any similar subject. (c) Drawing from memory of any of the distinctive featiu-es of styles at the choice of the student, as, for instance, Egyptian capitals, Greek capitals, Roman cornices, Mediceval windows. Second Day. — 300 Marks. (a) Arithmetic (including Decimal Fractions and Square Root). (b) Algebra, as far as Simple Equations. (c) Euclid (1st, 2nd, and 3rd Books). (d) Practical Geometry (including diagrams from examples given on black board). MateriaZs, how employed in Building.—iOO Marks. f As the employment of Stone, Brick, Timber, Iron,&c. , (a) Masonry, \ in Building ; Sketches of Masonry, Walls, Ashlar (5) Brickwork, J Staircase, &o.; Construction of the Arch; Bond in (c) Woodwork, J Brickwork and thickness of Brick Walls ; Wood (d) Metalwork, / Floors, Roofs, Trusses, Sections of Iron Girders, ^ Colunms and Stanchions, Iron Trusses, &c. THE PROFESSION OF AN ARCHITECT. 167 Third Day.— 100 Marks. (a) English History generally (the student to be allowed the choice of any century from a.d. 1000 to a.d 1700). (b) Art History (the student to give the dates and principal character- istics of some of the leading examples of the Architecture of any country he may choose to select). Extra Subjects. All additional half day will be devoted to the Examination of Students on the following extra subjects. 100 Marks. (a) Modem Languages. (b) Figure Drawing from the Cast. (c) Coloured Decoration. (d) Perspective. Students to have the choice of any two of these four subjects. The second examination is entitled the ' Examination in the Olaas of Proficiency.' It ia held once in every second year during one week in the middle of May, and is open to all persona studying or following the profession of Architecture. General Regulations. — Candidates are required to send in their applications (according to a printed form to be previously obtained at the Institute) six clear days before the first day of the examination, which is duly advertised. A fee of four guineas is required from each candidate, whether he presents himself in one of the undermentioned sections or both. In case the candidate does not pass, the fee is not returned to him, but he will be allowed to present himself at the next examination without further payment. A certificate will be given to those who pass in both Sections, whether taken together or in two separate years ; ' and such certificate shall be regarded as a diploma of professional qualification.' Every passed candidate will be entitled forthwith to a free Studentship of the Institute for four years, subject to the usual regulations, and subsequently (or if he prefer it, forthwith) to the consideration of the Council for his nomination at their instance as an Associate. Every passed candidate when a member of the Institute is entitled to the designation of ' Graduate of the Koyal Institute of British Architects.' 168 THE PROFESSION OF AN ARCHITECT. Subjects of Sxamlnation.^ Artistic Section. Probationary Work (to be done at home, scheduled, and delivered with the application). A measured sketch of some existing building or portion of a building ; a perspective sketch of some existing building or portion of a building; a drawing of some ornament from the round or relief; and a perspective view, with plan and elevation, of a design for a building by the candidate. Work to be done in presence of the Moderators. First Day. — Monday, from 10 tiZl 5. Marka. Design. — A design of some building or portion of a buUd- ing, in the style named by the candidate, the sub- ject being given by the Examiners . . (&i hours) 400 Second Day. — Wednesday, from 10 till 5. Geometrical Dravring. — Subjects to be set by the Modera- tors (2 hours) 150 Perspective. — Subject to be set by the Moderators (4J hours) 200 Thied Day. — Friday, from 10 tiU 2. History and Literature. — An outline of certain characteris- tics of the principal historical styles of Architecture ; with particular characteristics and history of any one style named by the candidate (following a defi- nite mode of treatment to be set by the Examiners for the occasion) . . . . (i hours) 250 Scientific Section. Probationary Work (to be done at home, scheduled, and delivered with the application). A set of working plans and a complete specification of the works for a building designed by the candidate, together with a specimen detail drawing to one-inch scale of a portion of the work in each trade, and an equal number of full-size drawings to correspond ; all showing the structural design minutely. Work to be done in presence of the Moderators. FrasT Bay.— Tuesday, frmn 10 till 5. jj^^ ^ Mathematics. — Arithmetic (including square root); Alge- bra (including quadratic equations ; Euclid (Books 1, 3, and 4) (3 hours) 150 THE PROFESSION OF AN ARCHITECT. 159 Marks. Mensuration (1 hour) 100 Physios. — Elements of Mechanical Philosophy; with Heat, Light, and Ventilation . . . . (2^ hours) 150 Second Day. — Thwrsdauy, frtm, 10 tiU 5. Professional Practice.— The Principles of Estimating; the Law and Custom relating to Accident, Agency, Contracts, and Dilapidations . . • (3 hours) 100 Materials. — The General Nature and Properties of Build- ing Materials (including their decay, preservation, quality, and strength) . . . ■ (3J hours) 200 Third Day. — S possess a competent knowledge of Arithmetic, Exchanges, Calcu- lation of Seamen's wages, and of Cubing Cargo, &c.' They must also possess a conversational knowledge of some Foreign Language, 172 THE MERCANTILE MARINE. and a preference is given to Candidates who can speak the French, Spanish, and Portuguese Languages. All Candidates for whatever appointments are required on entry to insure their lives, and to pass a Medical Examination showing that they are constitutionally fitted for the Company's service. Surg'eons. — ^No Candidate can he admitted except between the ages of twenty-two and forty, and he must produce evidence of heing duly registered ; he must also pass an examination hefore a Medical Officer appointed by the Company as to his fitness con- stitutionally for the Service. Satisfactory testimonials for the whole period of professional career as regards quaUfications must he sent in with the appUca- tion, and also a certificate of moral conduct from a Clergyman. The following is the scale of pay : — At entry .... at the rate of jfil20 per annum. After three years' service . . . .£150 „ While the Surgeons are employed upon Her Majesty's Trans- port Service, the pay is doubled. Surgeons have a private sleeping cabin allowed them for their own use. The Surgeons mess in the saloon, at the Company's expense, with the passengers, captains, and senior officers ; they are provided with mess utensils, bedding, towels, and other necessaries. At entry. Surgeons are required to join the Company's vessels stationed abroad, relieving Surgeons longest out, being themselves relieved in turn by surgeons subsequently entering. All Officers entering the Company's service are required to assure their lives in the Marine Life and Casualty Mutual As- surance Society, a portion of the Premium being paid by the Company. FuU particulars of this Assurance will be furnished when the Candidates attend at the office. The recognised ranks of Executive Officers in the MercantOe Marine are the following: — Captain or Master, First Mate, Second Mate, Midshipman, and Apprentice. In large ocean-going pas- senger ships, and royal mail steamships, the officers on board doing duty, besides the Captain, are the First, Second, Third, Fourth, and Fifth Officers, the Surgeon, and the Purser. It may be here remarked that perhaps the very best course for a person to pvirsue who is desirous of entering his son in the THE MERCANTILE MARINE. 173 Mercantile Marine is to bind him Apprentice for a couple of voy- ages or so in the service of some reputable firm of shipowners. Ill this way a hoy will best secure that practical training which is of all things the most essential, if he intends to follow the pro- fession of a seaman. Having ventured upon this advice it may be useful to some into whose hands this book perchance may fall to know that the only persons authorised to engage or supply mates, seamen, midshipmen, and apprentices to ships of the Mercantile Marine, are the following : — The owner, the master, or the mate of the ship, or some person who is the hand jide servant and in the constant employ of the owner ; the Superintendent of a Govern- ment Mercantile Marine Office, or an agent licensed by the Board of Trade. The Merchant Shipping Act is very strict in its provisions against any infraction of this rule. It is declared by the Act as follows : — 1. If any unauthorised person engages or supplies any Mate, Seaman, Midshipman, or Apprentice to be entered on board any ship in the United Kingdom, he will be liable to be prosecuted, and, if convicted, to a penalty of £20 for each offence. 2. If any person employs any unauthorised person, he will be liable to be prosecuted, and, if convicted, to a penalty of £20 for each offence. 3. If any person knowingly receives or accepts to be entered on board any ship any Mate, Seaman, Midshipman, or Apprentice illegally engaged or supplied, he wUl be Hable to a prosecution, and, if convicted, to a penalty of £20 for each offence. And that — Any person, other than the Superintendent of a Government Mercantile Marine Office, who demands or receives, directly or indirectly, any remuneration whatever from any Mate, Seaman, Midshipman, or Apprentice, for obtaining them employment, will be liable to a prosecution, and, if convicted, to a penalty of £5 for each offence. Parents cannot be too earnestly warned against employing and paying persons by law unauthorised to procure employment on board ship for boys. Mode of admitting Apprentices. — This is done by the ordinary method of indenture. In nearly every case a premium .174 THE MERCANTILE MARINE. is required by the shipowners receiving the hoy, which varies in amount, generally spealdng, according to the respectahihty and standing of the firm to whom the lad is apprenticed. The sum required to he paid seems to depend altogether on the prestige and respectability belonging to the shipping firm into whose service it is desired to enter the apprentice. In some cases, as high as £200 is demanded, in others as low as £30. Kidshipmen. — This rank in the Mercantile Marine implies that the lad rated to it has already received some sort of prelim- inary practical training in the various branches of a sailor's pro- fession, either in a sea-going ship, or onboard a Training Ship, such, for instance, as the ' Worcester,' stationed off Greenhithe. It wUl be convenient to borrow from the Prospectus of this ' Nautical College ' the information it supplies as to the course of instruction given on hoard that ship. ' The especial object in view is the training of Boys for a sea- faring life, under an able Commander and Schoolmasters, with efficient subordinate officers ; they are exercised in all the duties of a first-class ship; are taught Practical Seamanship, such as knotting, spHcing, reefing, furling, heaving the lead, management of boats, swimming, &c. ; also Navigation and Nautical Astronomy. They are practised in Gunnery, and so prepared, that after practical experience at sea, they may become thorough masters of their profession. 'Besides the usual branches of a sotmd English Education, Algebra, Geometry, Trigonometry, Mechanics, Steam Engine, Ma- rine Surveying, Free-hand Drawing, Chart Drawing, and the French Language, are taught to aU on board.' Certain advantages are conferred by various departments of Government on boys who have passed out from the ' Worcester,' as for example by the Board of Trade, which allows two years passed on board the 'Worcester' to count as one year's sea service. Thus, a Cadet having been two years on board the ' Worcester,' can pass an examination as Second Officer after three years' service at sea. The Lords of the Admiralty also take an interest in the education of the Cadets on board the ' Worcester,' by presenting annually to the most proficient among them, Ten Commissions as Blidshipmen in the Royal Naval Reserve. Second Slate. — This is in reality the first important position THE MERCANTILE MARINE. 175 ■which a young oiScer in the Mercantile Marine is called upon to fiU. It may be said to correspond in rank to that of Navigating Sub-Lieutenant in the Royal Navy, and may only be assumed under a Board of Trade Certificate of Competency. Such Certi- ficates of Competency, which may be viewed in the light of Mer- cantile Naval Commissions, are only granted to persons who have passed the requisite examinations held under the supervision of the Board of Trade. The nautical knowledge necessary for passing these examinations is acquired more readily in a saUing ship than in a steamer. Testimonials of character, and of sobriety, experience, ability, and good conduct on board ship, are required of all applicants for examination. Without such certificates no candidate is permitted to present himself before the Board of Trade Examiners. Qualifications for the Rank of Second Kate. — A Second Mate must be seventeen years of age, and must have been four years at sea. (1.) In Navigation. He must wiite a legible hand, and under- stand the first five rules of Arithmetic and the use of Logarithms ; he must be able to work a day's work complete, including the bearings and distance of the port he is bound to, by Mercator's method ; to correct the Sun's declination for Longitude, and find his Latitude by meridian altitude of the Sun ; and work such other easy problems of a like nature as may be put to him ; he must understand the use of the Sextant, and be able to observe with it and read off the arc. (2.) In Seamanship. He must give satisfactory answers as to the rigging and umigging of ships, stowing of holds, &c. ; must understand the measurement of the Log line, glass, and lead line ; be conversant with the rule of the road, as regards both steamers and sailing vessels, and the lights and fog-signals carried by them. First mate. — This rank is next in importance to Second Mate, and may be said to correspond with the rank of Navigating Lieutenant in the Eoyal Navy. Qualifications for the Rank of First Mate.— A First Mate must be nineteen years of age, and have served five years at sea, of which one year must have been as either Second or Only Mate, or as both. (1.) In Navigation. In addition to the qualification for a 176 THE MERCANTILE MARINE. Second Mate he must te able to observe, and calculate tlie amplitude of the sun, and deduce the variation of the compass therefrom, and he ahle to find the longitude by chronometer by the usual methods. He must know how to lay off the ship on the chart, both by hearings of known objects and by latitude and longitude. He must be able to determine the error of a sextant and to adjust it ; also to find the time of high water from the known time at full and change. He mxist also be able to observe azimuths and com- pute the variation ; to compare chronometers and keep their rates, and find the longitude by them from an observation of the sun ; to work the latitude by single altitude of the sun off the meridian ; and be able to use and adjust the sextant by the sun. (2.) In Seamanship. In addition to the qualification required for Second Mate he must know how to moor and unmoor, and to keep a clear anchor ; to carry out an anchor ; to stow a hold ; and to make the requisite entries in the ship's log. He will also be questioned as to his knowledge of the use and management of the mortar and rocket hues in the case of the stranding of a vessel, as explained in the ofiicial log-book. Besides which, a more extensive knowledge of seamanship will be required as to shifting large spars and sails, managing a ship in stormy weather, taking in and making sail, shifting yards and masts, &c., and getting heavy weights, anchors, &c., in and out ; casting a ship on a lee-shore ; and securing the masts in the event of accident to the bowsprit. Captain or Master. — This, of course, is the senior rank in the Mercantile Marine. We have considered it desirable to allude to the qualifications required for a Master's Certificate of Competency from the Board of Trade, because, in many instances, that certificate is held by First and Second Ofiicers of ocean-going steamers and passenger ships. Qualifications for the Rank of Master. — A Master must be twenty-one years of age, and have been six years at sea, of which at least one year must have been as First or Only Mate, and one year as Second Mate. In addition to the qualification for a First Mate, he must be able to find the latitude by a star, &c. He will be asked questions as to the nature of the attraction of the ship's iron upon the compass and as to the method of determining it. He will be examined in so much of the laws of the tides as is necessary to enable him to THE MERCANTILE MARINE. 177 shape a course, and to compare his soundings with the depths marked on the charts. He will be examined as to his competency to construct jury rudders and rafts ; and as to his resources for the preservation of the ship's crew in the event of wreck. He must possess a suiRcient knowledge of what he is required to do by law as to entry and discharge, and the management cf his crew, and as to penalties and entries to be made in the official log ; and a knowledge of the measures for preventing and checking the outbreak of scurvy on board ship. He wiU be questioned as to his knowledge of invoices, charter-party, Lloyd's agent, and as to the nature of bottomry, and he must be acquainted with the leading lights of the channel he has been accustomed to navigate, or which he is going to use. In cases where an applicant for a certifioate as Master Ordinary has only served in a fore and aft rigged vessel, and is ignorant of the management of a square-rigged vessel, he may obtain a cer- tificate on which the woi-ds 'fore and aft rigged vessel' will be written. This certificate does not entitle him to command a square-rigged ship. This is not, however, to apply to Mates, who being younger men, are expected for the future to learn their biisiness i3ompletely. An Extra Master's examination is held by the Board of Trade : bvit it is voluntary, and is intended for svich persons as wish to prove their superior qualifications, and are desirous of having cer- tificates for the highest gi'ade granted by the Board of Trade. (1.) In Navigation. As the vessels which such Masters will command frequently make long voyages, to the East Indies, the Pacific, &c., the candidate wiU be required to work a lunar obser- vation by both svm and star, to determine the latitude by the moon, by Polar star off the meridian, and also by double altitude of the sun, and to verify the resiUt by Simmer's method. He must be able to calculate the altitudes of the sun or star when they cannot be observed for the purposes of limars, — to find the error of a watch by the method of equal altitudes, — and to correct the altitudes observed with an artificial horizon. He must understand how to observe and apply the deviation of the compass ; and to deduce the set and rate of the current from the D. K. and observation. He will be required to explain the nature of great circle sailing, and know how to apply practically N 178 THE MERCANTILE MARINE. that knowledge, Ijut he -will not he required to go into the calcula- tions. He must he acquainted with the law of storms, so far as to know how he may prohahly hest escape those tempests common to the East and West Indies, and known as hunicanes. (2.) In Seamanship. The extra examination will consist of an inquiry into the competency of the applicant to heave a ship down, in case of accident hefaUing her abroad ; to get lower masts in and out; and to perform such other operations of a like nature as the examiner may consider it proper to examine him upon. The foregoing regulations set forth the quaHfications required for the Board of Trade Certificates of Competency for the ranks of Master, First Mate, and Second Mate in the Mercantile Marine. In connexion with this particular subject, it may be mentioned that ten officers of the Mercantile Marine may, with special permis- sion from the Admii-alty in each case, be admitted annually to the Koyal Naval College at Greenwich for study. They are required to pass an examination on entry, and the course of study at the College is for one term, at the end of which a second examination is held. Officers of the Mercantile Marine reside outside the precincts of the College, and are admitted as Honorary Members of the Royal Naval Officers' Mess. In considering applications from officers of the Mercantile Marine the claims of officers of the Royal Naval Reserve are first admitted. The following list of some of the leading shipowners, besides such as are included under the head of the more important steam- ship companies, may be found useful for reference by parents desiring to ' apprentice ' boys in the Mercantile Marine. Messrs. R. & H. Green. ,, George Marshall & Sons. ,, Gilmore, Rankin, Strong, & Co. J. & G. Bullock & Co. „ Devitt & Moore. „ W. H. Tindall & Co. Merchant Shipping Co. (Limited). Messrs. Shaw, Savill, & Co. ,, Anderson, Anderson, & Co. ,, George Thomson, jmi., & Co. ,, Adarason & Ronaldson. ,, Robertson & Co. THE MERCANTILE MARINE. 179 Royal Exchange Shipping Co. (Limited). Messrs. John Patton, jun. & Co. ,, George Lidgett & Son. „ Geo. Crowshaw & Co. „ Stephens & Sons ; and W. Lund, Esq. Surgreons Superintendent of Emigrant Ships. — These appointments in the Mercantile Marine Service are made as occasion may require by the Government Emigration Board. As a general rule, a preference is given to those gentlemen who have already been at sea in their service, and have discharged their duties in a satisfactory manner. The Surgeon's remuneration consists of a payment per head on the Emigrants landed alive. This payment increases in proportion to the number of voyages made by the Surgeon in the service of the Board, according to the following scale.* For the 1st and 2nd voyages 10*. per head. 3rd „ 4th „ 12s. 5th „ 6th „ Ms. 7th „ 8th „ 16«. 9th „10th „ lis. 11th and suhseqiient, Ws. Where, however, there are more than 400 Passengers in the Ship, or where two Surgeons are appointed, the payment will be a gross sum to be fixed by the Emigration Board, and not a rate per head. In every case the payment will be contingent on the good conduct of the Surgeon, and on the Colonial Government being satisfied that he has discharged his duties zealously and efficiently. In addition to the above remuneration, the Surgeon will receive a free cabin passage outwards, with suitable diet at the Captain's table, including not more than a pint of wine and a bottle of malt • This scale applies only to voyages to Australia. To the Cape (when the Commissioners are sending ships to that colony), besides the free cabin passage, diet at the captain's table, and space for luggage as above, the gratuity is 7s. a-head for the 1st and 2nd voyages, 8s. for the 3rd and 4th, 9s. for the 5th and 6th, and 10s. for the 7th and subsequent voyages. The back passage allowance is jfiSO, and the time for claiming it is limited to sir calendar months after arrival in the colony. 180 THE MERCANTILE MARINE. liquor daily. He will also be allowed forty cubical feet of space iu the hold for luggage ; hut no member of his family, if accompanying Mm, -win be entitled to the benefit of this arrangement. Towards the expense of his return passage from Australia to England, he will be allowed the sum of £60, subject to the following con- ditions : — (1) That he returns to England, and makes application for it at the- Office of the Commissioners within nine months of the day on wMch the ship arrives in the colony to which she is bound. (2) That he produces satisfactory certificates from the Colonial Govern- ment, of having discharged his duties on the voyage out in an eflEicient manner. And (3) That his conduct throughout has heen unexceptionahle. Should, however, the Surgeon not retiu'n direct to England, but go on to India or China, and be placed in charge of Govern- ment Emigrants from thence to the British West Indies, the allowance towards his back passage to England from the West Indies will be £.30, instead of £60, and tlie time for claiming it in England wiH be extended from nine to twelve months after his arrival in Australia. It may be mentioned, that the only appointments of Surgeons Superintendent made by the Government Emigration Board at present are to Coolie Ships from India to the British West Indies, The Agents of Emigration for Austraha in this countiy doubtless, however, follow the rates of remuneration, &c., framed by the Government Emigration Board. The Bengral Pilot Service at Calcutta. — Th& following conditions are prescribed for the admission of Leadsmen Apprentices into the Bengal Pilot Service : — 1. Candidates must be not less than fifteen, and not more than eighteen years of age. :?. Every candidate must produce a medical certificate of good health and physical fitness to work as a Pilot in a tropical climate, and also a certificate of good character. 3. Each selected candidate will receive a second-class passage to- Calcutta, and an allowance of £20 for outfit. 4. Each Leadsman's apprentice, on arriving in Calcutta, will report himself to the Master Attendant, and wiU receive Rs. 100 per mensem from the date of his arrival, to enable him to support THE MERCANTILE MARINE. 181 himself in Calcutta, and to pay his mess-money when on board the pilot brigs. -'). He -will have to serve for two years as a Leadsman, and then to pass an examination as Second Mate. Then he will be re- quired to serve as Second Mate of a pilot brig for one year, during which time he will receive Es. 12o per mensem, and then for another year as a Leadsman, during which time he will receive Ks. 100 per month, and 50 per cent of the lead money paid by the ships in which he does duty. 6. He wiU then be required to pass an examination as First Mate, and wiQ then have to serve another year as First Mate of a brig, after which he will be allowed to go up for examination as a Mate Pilot. 7. After passing this examination. Leadsmen apprentices will be promoted to the grade of Mate Pilot as vacancies occur. 8. After four years' service as Mate Pilots, Pilots will be per- mitted to go up for examination as Master Pilots, and on passing examination, they will be promoted to be Master Pilots as vacan- cies occur in that grade. 9. Vacancies which occur in the grade of Branch Pilots will be filled up by promotion from the Master Pilots' grade. 10. Members of the Pilot Service, who enter the Service under these rules, are not entitled to any salary while on duty. They re- ceive as their remuneration 50 per cent of the pilotage dues paid by the ships piloted by them. They are entitled to allowances while on leave, and to pensions on retirement from the Service. 11. Every member of the Pilot Service is subject to the rules made from time to time by the Government in regard to discipline, leave, leave allowances, number of officers in each grade of the Service, tonnage of ships to be allotted to the several gi-ades, &c., and in aU respects he is amenable to such orders as may be passed by Grovernment for the regulation of the Service. The following particulars are given for the information of young men who may desire to enter the Bengal Pilot Service. But it must be distinctly understood that it is entirely in the discretion of the Government to modify the rules of the Service in any way that it may think fit : — 1. — The Bengal Pilot Service consists of 70 members, of whom twelve are Branch Pilots, 45 are Master Pilots, and 13 are Mate 182 THE MERCANTILE MARINE. Pilots. It is intended that in future there shall be 12 Branch Pilots, 40 Master Pilots, and 18 Mate Pilots. At present a Mate Pilot generally becomes a Master Pilot in about 5 years, and a Branch Pilot in about 144 years from the date of his qualifying as a Mate Pilot. 2.— Pilots who enter the Service in future will receive no salary while on active duty, but will be remimerated by receiving SO per cent of the pilotage dues paid by the vessels which they pilot. At present the average earnings of each grade, calculated upon this principle, are as follows : — Mate Pilot, aboiit Ks. 450 per month. Master ditto „ 700 „ Branch ditto „ 900 „ But the Government does not in any way guarantee that any pilot shall earn these sums. 3. — Three of the Branch Pilots are in command of pilot brigs and receive fixed salaries : two of them at present receiving Rs. 9.50, and one Es. 1100 per month. 4. — The Leave Rules of the Pilot Service are now being recon- sidered, and the conditions under which leave is granted cannot therefore be stated. But it may be explained generally that Pilots are entitled, while on leave, to allowances, and (under certain con- ditions) to passage money to England. 5. — Pilots receive pensions from Government, and no pension subscriptions are required from them. They are also permitted to subscribe on liberal terms towards pensions for their widows and families. 6. — Pilots who are guilty of misconduct are liable to suspen- sion, to loss of steps, to degradation of rank, and, in aggravated cases, to dismissal. These punishments may be inflicted either in accordance with the verdict of a Court of Inquiry, or under the direct order of Government. CHINESE CUSTOMS' SERVICE. Nominations to the Chinese Customs' Service are solely in the gift of Mi\ Eohert Hart, the Inspector General of Ciistoms at PeMn. The candidate or applicant for a Nomination should address a letter to the Inspector General — under cover to Mr. Campbell, at the London Office of the Inspectorate General (8 Storey's Gate, St. James's Park, S.W.), explaining : — 1. The circumstances under which the application is made. 2. The qualifications of the candidate for employment in the Customs' Service. 3. The nature and extent of the candidate's education. 4. The social position of the candidate's family. The application should he supported by the candidate's photo- graph, and by two or three letters or certificates, bearing upon the four points above referred to ; the limits of age for admission to the service are nineteen and twenty-three. Every nominee wiU, in the first place, be subjected to a Medical Examination to ascertain that he is free from any disease, consti- tutional affection, or bodily infirmity which would be likely to interfere with the proper discharge of his official duties. Physical attributes, strong physique, good manners, and prepossessing ap- pearance, with wideness of tact, temper, and judgment — are as much considered as mental acquirements. There will be a preliminary test examination in handwiiting, dictation, spelling, grammar, punctuation, composition, and arith- metic. Any candidate who fails to pass this examination in a satisfactory manner will be disqualified for the final examination. The final examination is specially designed to ascertain the compa- rative merits of the several candidates in respect of their educational knowledge, general intelligence, and future promise, 184 CHINESE CUSTOMS' SERVICE. The subjects of the iinal or educational test examination are partly ohligatory and partly optional, viz. : 1. Obligatory. {a) English Language ; tested by original composition and the written exercises generally. (b) Outlines of general Modem History. (c) Geography. {d) Precis Writing. (f) Quotations, i.e., Classical or foreign terms or phrases of frequent occurrence in reading, "WTiting, and conversation: as a general test of intelligence. 2. OjriioHol: Tlie candidate will select subjects under two at least of the following heads, viz. : — (a) Classics (Latin, Greek, &c.) (b) Mathematics (Euclid, Algebra, &c.) (i) Modern Foreign Languages (French, German, &c.) (d) Various, i.e.. Natural Science, &c. N.B. — A thorough knowledge of a few subjects is held of greater account than a siiperflcial acquamtance with many. Every candidate who receives an appointment -will be allowed £200 for his passage expenses, &c. to Shanghai, and upon arrival there salary will be issued to him at the rate of £300 per annum. He win be provided with unfurnished quarters or with an allow- ance in lieu thereof. LONDON: Printed by John Stkansewats, Castle St. Leicester Sn. 29 Delamere Crescent, ■Westbourne Square, London, W. Mr. W. F. a. WILSON, M.A. (Oxon), F.S.A. (ClasBical and MatJiematlcal Himouys)^ AND Me. a. E. QUEKETT, M.A. (Oxox), (Classical Honours), WITH THE ASSISTANCE, IN MATHEMATICS, OF The Rev. P. N. LAWREXCE, M.A. (Cantab.), (Wranghi), Prepare Candidates for the TTniversities, Civil Service, Woolwich, the Line, Cooper's Hill, the Preliminary, Intermediate, and Final Law Examinations, Call to the Bar, the Preliminary Membership and Fellowship Examinations of the Boyal College of Surgeons, Public Schools, &c. &c., with further assistance in the following subjects of well-known Professors and Masters : — Classics. English History, Language, and Literature. French. German. Geometrical Drawing. Natural Sciences : ZOOLOGT. Botany. >, Chemistry and Heat. Geology. Jurisprudence, International Law, and other Legal Subjects. Political Economy. Book-Keeping. During the last twenty years more than 1000 Pupils have passed successfully from this Establishment for the above Examinations — the majority after competition. Arrangements can be made whereby Pupils desirous of a thorough practical knowledge of French and German may reside alternately with Professors De FoNTANiER and Otto Gerner, whose residences, in the immediate neighbourhood of Delamere Crescent, and domestic arrangements, are adapted to receive Resident Pupils :— Professor D. R. De FONTANIER, (Baclidor of Letters of the University of Paris, and for many years Professor of French at King's College, LondonJ, 5 Sutherland Gardens, Maida Vale, W. Professor OTTO GERNER, (Of the University of Thorn, Prussia), 23 Delamere Terrace, Westbourne Serly qualified Officers for Merchant Vessels induced several Gentlemen interested in Shipping, and in the increasing- Poreign Commerce of Great Britain, to institute a Nautical Training College on the Thames, with the special object of Training respectable Boys for a sea-faring life. H. M. S. 'Worcester' having been placed at the disposal of a Committee of Manage- ment by the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, the * College * was opened in 1862, and has already furnished abundant proof of its success as a School for the Training of Young Officers for the Mercantile Marine. The Cadets on board the ' Worcester ' are taught under an able Commander, and Schoolmasters, with efficient subordinate Officers, all the practical details of a sea- faring life. They are exercised in the duties of a first-class ship ; are taught Practical Seamanship, such as knottii^, splicing, reefing, furling, heaving the lead, manage- ment of boats, swimming, &c. ; also Navigation and Nautical Astronomy. They are practised in Gunnery, and so prepared, that after practical experience at sea they may become thorough masters of their profession. Besides the usual branches of a sound English Education, Algebra, Geometry, Trigonometry, Mechanics, Steam Engine, Marine Surveying, Free-hand Drawing, -Chart Drawing, and the French Language, are taught to all on board. The Annual Terms of admission in the Upper School for Cadets from 13 to 16 years of age are Fifty Guineas, and in the Lower School for Cadets from 11 to 13 years of si^e. Forty-five Guineas, payable half-yearly in advance, with a charge to each of Ten Guineas per annum for Uniform, Medical Attendance, Washing, and use of School Books and Stationery. The year is divided into thi-ee Terms, viz. : — January, May, and September. Pay- ments to be made each Term in advance, 171. 10s. per Term for Cadets iu the Upper School, and 151. 15s. per Term for Cadets in the Lower School, with a charge to each of 101. 10s. per annum for Uniform. The Uniform consists of Best Blue Jacket, "Waistcoat, Trowsers, Cap and Badge, also one pair second quality Blue Cloth Trowsers and Cap, and three Unifonn Serge Shirts. Her Majesty the Queen has been graciously pleased to grant Two Prizes to the Cadets of the * Worcester * annually. The Lords of the Admiralty present Ten Com- missions as Midshipmen in the Royal Naval Reserve, yearly. The Elder Brethren of the Trinity House award Prizes for competition among the Cadets to the amount of 211, yearly. The Secretary of State for India in Council appoints annually a limited number of * Worcester ' Cadets to Apprenticeships in the Hooghly Pilot Sei-vice. The Board of Trade allows two years passed on board the ' Worcester ' to count as one year's sea service. Thus, a Cadet having been two years on board the ' Worcester ' can pass an examination as Second Officer after three years' sei'vice at sea. Particular attention is called to this advantage of Boys remaining the two tears onboar^^btain the ' Worcester Boajd of Trade Certificate.' This however is not grajited to Cadets leaving under 15 years of age. forms and Prospectimes may he obtained on application to W. M. BULLIVANT, Hon. See. 72 Mark Lane, London, E,C. WESTMI NSTER HOSPITAL MEDICA L SCHOOL The HoBpital contams upwards of 200 beds, and has recently been improved at a cost of 15,0001, HOSPITAL STAFF. Physicians: Dr, Fincham, Dr. Btueges, Dr. Allchin. Surgeons : Mr. Cowell, Mr. Richard Davy, Mr. Macnamara, Assintant'PhyeiciaTia : Dr. Horatio Donkin, Dr. F. De Havillahd Hall, Dr. A. Hughes Besnett, Assistant Surgeons : Mr. T. OooeE| Mr. T. Bond, Mr. Keeme. Obstetric Physician : Dr. Potter. Assi^rtt Ohetetne Physician : Dr. Griqo. Dental Surgeon : Mr. Walker. Surgeon in charge of Ophthalmic Department : Mr. Cowell. Surgeon in charge of Skin Department : Mr. T. Bond. Surgeon in charge of Aural Department : Mr. Keene. Physician m charge of Throat Department : Dr. Hall. LECTURERS. Clinical Medicine The Physicians. The Surgeons. Dr. Fincham, Dr. Sturges, Mr. Cowell, Mr. Davy. Dr. Potter. Mr. Pearce Gotjld, Mr. Perry. Dr. Allchin, Mr. Murrell. Dr. DtrpRE, F.R.8. Mr. H. W. S. WoRS ley-Ben I son. Dr. Phillips. Mr. Bond. Clinical Surgery .... Medicine Swrgery and Practical Surge^'y Midmifenj Anatomy Physiology and Hidohgy Chemistry and Practical Chemidry Sotamf Materia Medica and Tlierapeutlcs Forensic Medicine .... &c. &c. There are two Tutors for the Instruction of Students, and ClasseB for the Preliminary Scientific (Univ. Lond.) subjects, open to other than Westminster Students. GEORGE COWELL, Dean. NAVAL CADETSHIPS, &c. 'EASTMAN'S' R.N. ACADEMY, Burgoyne House, Southsea. Principal (since I860)— G. EASTCOTT SPICKERNELL. More than 1000 Pupils have entered H.M. Service. The house is situated close to and directly facing the sea. Pupils have good bathing and boating, under careful superintendence. Pupils are received from 9 years of age and upwards. To make the School specially adapted for Junior Pupils, intended for the Royal Navy and the Public Schools, Senior Pupils are not now received. LAW TUTOR. — A BARRISTER- AT-LAW (Bachelor of Laws in honours), possessing several years' experience, has PUPILS BEADING with him in Chambers (also through the Post) for the BAR EXA- MINATIONS, the INCORPORATED LAW SOCIETY, and LAW DEGREES (Pass and Honours). Numerous references if desired. Address LL.B., care of Messrs. Reeves and Turner, Law Booksellers, 100 Chancery Lane, W.C. WOOLWICH, ARMY. — MORGAN JENKINS, M.A. (Wrangler), assisted by an able Staif of Graduates, in first-class honours, prepares PUPILS for the above. Has passed for Woolwich six out of the first eight sent up, including 2nd in July, 1877 ; 14th in January, 1877 ; 15th in July, 1876 ; and 15th in January, 1876 ; also three out of four at each of two Army Examinations. 50 Cornwall Road, Westboume Park, W. AD VERTISEMENTS. CHARING-CROSS HOSPITAL MEDICAL SCHOOL. LECTURES IN THE WINTER SESSION. Anatorny — B. Bellamy, F.R.C.S. Demonsbrations and Bissectifms — J. Cantlie, M.A., M.B., assisted by Messrs. Hoole, Garrett, and Jacob. Physiology — A. Silver, M.D. Practical Physiology and Histology — Di: Silver, Mr. Cantlie. Chemisti-y — C. W. Heaton, F.C.S. Medicine— a. J. Pollock, M.D. Surgei-y— E. Canton, F.R.C.S. LECTURES IN THE SUMMER SESSION. MateHa Medica — Dr. J. M. Bruce, Forensic Medicine — J, Pearson Irvine, B.A., B.Sc, M.D. Mtdwifery—S , Watt Black, M.D. Practical Chemistry— C. W. Heaton. Botany— J. C. Saunders, M.A. Pat1\ology—T. Henry Green, M.D. Comparati-ue Anatomy— J. F. Blake, M.A. Mental Diseases- L. S. Forbes Winslow, M.D. Public Health— C. W. Heaton, F.C.S., J. Pearson Irvine, M.D., and W. Eassie, C.E. Practical Surgery: Operations— E. Bellamy, F.R.C.S.; Bandaging— J. Cantlie, M.A., M.B. Sitrgicai Pathology— J. Astley Bloxam, F.R.C.S. HOSPITAL PRACTICE. Physicians — Dr. Pollock; Dr. Silver; Dr. Green. .Assistant Physicians- Dr. Bruce ; Dr. J. P. Irvine ; Dr. Lees ; Dr. Houghton. Consulting Surgeon— H. Han- cock, Esq., F.R.C.S. Surgeons— Mr. Canton; Mr. Hird ; Mr. Barwell. J.ssistant Surgeons — Mr. Bellamy and Mr. Bloxam. Physician-.4ccouch«i(r — Dr. Black. Physician for Skin Diseases — Dr. Sangster. Dental Surgeon — Mr. Fairbank. CLINICAL INSTRUCTION.— Dr. Silver and Mr. Hancock give Weekly Lectures upon Clinical Medicine and Clinical Surg-ery. All Students of the Hospital are admitted, without additional Fee, to the practice. Clinical Instruction, and Demon- strations of the (adjoining) Royal Westminster Ophthalmic Hospital. Dr. Irvine has been specially appointed to give Clinical Instmction in the Diseases of Ohildi-en, and Dr. Sangster in Diseases of the Skin. DEMONSTRATIONS AND TUTORIAL INSTRUCTION. — The Anatomical Studies are carefully supervised by the Demonstrator and his Assistants, and the knowledge, of the Students is frequently tested by examination. The Students are specially instructed in the use of all the Instruments of modern research : — The Micro- scope, the Ophthalmoscope, and the Lai'yngoscope. Tutorial Classes are formed for instruction in Case-taking and Physical Diagnosis, and a systematic Course of Demon- strations in Electro-Thei apeutics is given annually. Practical instruction in Dental Surg-eiy is given three times a-week, by the Surgeon-Dentist at the Hospital. The Students of the Class of Chemistry receive Tutorial help from the Demonstrator of Chemistry, Mr. Hooker. SCHOLARSHIPS AND PRIZES.— Two Entrance Scholarships of 301. and 201. respectively. The Llewellyn Scholarship (251.), and the Gelding Scholarship (151.), and the Pereira Prize of 51. (with Bronze Medal), are awarded annually. A Gold Medal for Clinical proficiency is given by the Governors, and Silver and Bronze Medals and Certificates of Honour are awarded in all the classes. THE APPOINTMENTS OPEN TO STUDENTS are, Medical Registrar (401. per annum) , Surgical Registrar (401. per annum) , Resident Medical Officer, Resident Surgi- cal Officer, Resident Obstetrical Officer, Assistant Medical Officer, Assistant Surgical Officer (each tenable for Six Months), Pathological Registrar, Assistant Demonstrator, Clinical Clerk, and Surgeon's Dresser. The Hospital, which is recognised by the College of Surgeons as a " Dental Hospital," is within a few hundred yards of the New Dental Hospital in Leicester Square. The Fee for the full period of Lectures and Hospital Practice required by the Examining Board is 801. 8s., which may be paid in five instalments. The Composition Fee for Dental Surgeiy is 421. 2s. Further information is to be obtained of the Dean, at the Hospital, to whom all applications are to be addressed, F. HIRD, Dea?i. AD VER TI8EMENTS. 5 ST. THOMAS'S iHOSPITAL MEDICAL SCHOOL. ALBEET EMBANKMENT, LONDON, S.E. The Winter Session commences on Oct. Ist, and the Summer on May Ist. Students can enter at either Session. Two Entrance Science Scholarships, of 601. and 401., for Pirst Year's Students, are awarded in October. In addition to ordinary prizes, amounting to 200!., the following additional Scholarships, Medals, &c., are given, viz., the ' William Tite ' Scholarship, 301. ; College Scholarship, 40 guineas a-year for two years ; ' Musgrovo ' Scholarship of same value ; ' Solly ' Medal and Prize ; ' Cheselden ' Medal; 'Mead'Medal; Treasurer's Gold Medal; 'Grainger's' Prize, &o. Special Classes for first M.B., and Preliminary Scientific of University of London, and Private Classes for other Examinations, There are numerous Hospital Appoint- ments open to Students without charge. MEDICAL OFFICEBS, etc. Co'nsvXUng Pliysiciaixs : Dr. Barker, Dr. J. Risdon Bekhett, Dr. Peacock. Conmlting Swrgeons: Mr. Le Gros Clark, Mr. J. Bimon, O.B. Physicians; Dr. Bristowe, Dr. Murchison, Dr. Stome, Dr. Ord. Obstetric Physician : Dr. G-ervis. Swrgeons; Mr. Sydney Jones, Mr. Croft, Mx*. MacCormac, Mr. Mason. Ophthalmic Surgeon : Mr. Liebbeich. Assistant Physicians : Dr. Harley, Dr. Payne, Dr. Greenfield. Assidant Obstetric Physician : Dr. Cory. Assistant Surgeons : Mr. Wagstaffe, Mr. MacKellar. Dental Surgeon : Mr. Elliott. Assistant Dental Surgeon : Mr. Ranger. Resident Assistant Physician : Dr. Shakkey. Resident Assistant Surgeon : Mr. Cldtton. Apotluxa^-y : Mr. Plowman. LECTUKERS, etc. Medicine: Dr. Bristowe, Dr. Ord. — Clinical Medicine: Dr. Bristowe, Dr. Mur- chison, Dr. Stone, Dr. Ord. — Clinical Medicine (special cou^rse) : Dr. Murchison. — Surgery : Mr. Sydney Jones, Mr. MacCormac. — Clinical Siirge)-y : Mr. Jones, Mr. Croft, Mr. MacCormac, Mr. Mason.— General Pathology : Dr. Pays-e.— Descriptive Anatomy : Mr. Mason, Mk. Wagbtaffe. — General Anaix>my and Physiology : Dr. Harley. — Ophthalmic Surgery: Mr. Liebreich. — Chemistry and Practical Chemisti-y : Dr. Bernays. — Midoci/ery and Diseases of Women and Children : Dr. Geryis. — Physics and Natural Philosophy : Dr. Stone. — Materia Medica and Tho-apeutics : Dr. Stone. — Forenjsic Medicine : Dr. Payne, Dr. Cory. — Morbid Anatomy and Practical Fatliology : Dr. Greenfield, — Potany : Mr. A. W. Bennett. — Comparative Anatomy : Mr. C. Stewart. — Mental Diseases: Dr. W. Rhys Williams.— State Medicine: Dr. Alfred Carpenter. Teacliers of Practical Subjects and Demonstrators. Practical Physiology. — Dr. Charles. — Practical Chemistry : Dr. Bernays. — Practical and Manipulative Surgo-y : Mr, Croft and Mr. MacKellar. — DemonAirations in Ana- tomy : The Ajiatomical Lecturers, Dr. Reid and Assistants. — ^Demonstration* in Microscopical Anatomy : Mr. Rainey. — ^Demonstrations in Morbid Anatomy : Dr. Green- field. — Diseases of tlie SIdn : Dr. Payne. — Diseases of the Throat : Dr. Greenfield. — Diseases of the Ear : Mr. Glutton. — Diseases of the Teeth : Mr. Elliott, Mr. Ranger. W. M. ORD, M.D., Dean. J. W. GILLESPIE, M.D., Secretary. *^*Any further information will be given by Dr. Gillespie on application. ■6 ABVERTISEMENTS. Established 1804. LODGE & SON, 53 OXFORD STREET, LONDON, W. INDIAN AND COLONIAL OUTFITTERS, Hosiers, Glovers, and Shirt-makers. India Gauze UnderclotMng. Sleeping Jackets and Pyjamas. Balbriggan Hosiery. Cotton Salf-Hose, from 12s. per doz. ^^[^^^^^^^^ l| Travelling Eugs Extra Heavy and Gauze Silk Underclotliing. Umbrellas. 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