V" C3^ CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY FROM President Farrand »JUN 1 1 194|j DATE DU& MARi 1 194B APR «-g-«ffyS-3i i|ij|^ ij_i k\f^^' i . Cornell University Library F 776 C32 Colorado, top of the world, by Andrew Ca olin 3 1924 028 878 282 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924028878282 z o o I o D < O o u RADIANA The Light of Life IMEIM)l])l!ll!M!ls!liffl|MIMMM[|p!ll!Ii!lil!liH Colorado Top of the World By Andrew Carlisle Carson President of the Ohio Society of Colorado, and first President of the Colorado Interstate Society, including the Sons of Colorado, the Southern So- ciety of Colorado and the State Societies of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri and Kansas. DENVER THE SMITH-BROOKS C O., P ublis h ers 1912 pppj^|pl!PEIMIMIMIMIMllllMllPIMIlIlMlllllMli!llJlMfl^ CopyriBht, 1912 by ANDREW CARLISLE CARSON PROEM. The Sun — Radium — Omnipotence. The thought staggers the mind. Thought transcends the commonplace and leaves the world behind when it strives to comprehend the Infinite. In all ages man has groped in vain to fathom the creative, dominant force of the Universe. The conviction has forced itself upon him that where there is a design there must be a Designer; and so he has deified and worshiped the Sun. Modern science knows that the Sun is the source of all animate creation; that without it there would be no light, no heat, no life on this or any other planet. In the best mental illumination of the twentieth century, the new world-force. Radium, is the Sun: therefore, the ancients, in worshiping the Sun, worshiped Radium. After all the exhaustive researches, all the lucubrations, all the agony of thought, in his efforts to locate and comprehend the incomprehensible being we call God, the nearest man has ever come is the Sun. ' Science now says that radioactivity, created by Radium, is omnipresent and omnipotent. Radioactivity has been discovered in the human brain; therefore, its action upon the brain produces thought: and thus thought, contemplating itself, discovers itself. Radium is Life. We stand face to face with the Secret of the Universe. From these premises it is deduced that the miraculous State of Colo- rado, having more Radium and radioactivity in its mineral composition than any other division of the earth's surface, — and therefore being rightfully en- titled to and invested with the name. The Radium State — is the First of all principalities and powers, the supreme of all kingdoms and empires. The wealth of this vast commonwealth in this resource alone exceeds that of any other state or country. When to this overpowering superiority we add about two hundred (or more) other points, in which it surpasses all America or the world, it almost paralyzes our mental accommodation. \ The author of this small volume has been astonished at the revelation of his researches, and he confidently expects his readers to be surprised. He offers this monograph^ not as a work of genius on his part, but as a thesau- rus of existing facts. IThe Creator made Colorado, and man is now awak- ening to the conviction that He bestowed upon it His special favor and left it on the Seventh day of creation to stand for all time as His Masterpiece This volume is the author's personal tribute to his beloved City of Denver and State of Colorado. He feels that he has but lightly touched upon the marvels of Colorado. In giving fifty pages of illustrations, he has merely begun to unfold the illimitable. He could print thousands of pic- tures, — all of them wonderful, all marvelously beautiful,^and still not do justice to his subject. This book is only a suggestion — only an impression- istic idea — of the originals. And so, in the work of developing the State's resources, her heroic, loyal and indefatigable sons and daughters have only scratched the superficies of the great plains, only tickled the old man of the mountains. A future no human mind can fathom lies ahead. Denver, February 7, 1912. RADIUM. By Professor G. Montague Butler, Assistant Professor of Geology and Mineralogy, Colorado State School of Mines. Radium ! Nature's Magician ! Energy so concentrated that 35/lOOOths of an ounce of radium bromide will raise the temper- ature of an ounce of water over 6° F. in an hour, yet its power is only half dissipated in 1 760 years ! So rare that a pound is worth over $25,000,000.00; yet so widely disseminated that it is prob- ably the cause of a considerable proportion of the internal heat of the earth! If present in the sun in the proportion of only 2Yz parts in 1 ,000,000, it accounts for the hitherto inexplicable maintenance of solar radiation, which is a prerequisite for organic existence ! Its use in medicine and surgery has only begun, but marvelous results have already been attained, and still more wonderful cures may confidently be expected. No one dare predict the extent of its use as an illuminant when it shall be more cheaply produced. Its prop- erties have confounded the illiterate and scientists alike, and, as a result of the investigation of radioactivity, it is now an admitted fact that some elements can transmute or change into others. No one can prophesy what the future holds in this line. MIRACLE OF THE CENTURIES COLORADO. Over one hundred years ago. Lieutenant Zebulon M. Pike, "discov- erer of the Rocky Mountains," dumbfounded and dazed by "the vast tract of untimbered country between the Missouri and Mississippi rivers and the western ocean," and the "endless mountain ranges;" after his frightful adventures and agonistic sufferings during his explorations eight hundred miles beyond the Ultima Thule of civilization, amid thousands of hostile savages and the terrors of a Rocky Mountain winter; after his little band of heroic followers had fallen one by one in their tracks, disabled by hunger and frost, scattered for leagues amid the desolate snow-fields of the Sangre de Cristo; after he had made repeated attempts to climb the great "Blue Mountain" of his ambition, and had the conviction thrust upon him that it could never be scaled by mortal man; after he had fortified himself in a stockade on the Conejos river, on the site of a great prehistoric lake, now the beautiful San Luis Valley, where he was captured by the dragoons of Don Ignatio Saltelo and dragged before the Spanish governor in Santa F"e — after all this, is it any wonder that the intrepid explorer and hero sat down and wrote: ' ' These vast plains of the western hemisphere may be- come in time equally celebrated with the sandy deserts of Africa?" The only prospect he could discern was that "from these immense prairies may arise one great advantage to the United States; viz., the restriction of our population to some certain limits, and thereby insure a continuation of the Union. Our citizens being so prone to rambling and extending themselves on the frontiers, will, through neces- sity, be constrained to limit their extent on the west to the borders of the Missouri and the Mississippi, while they leave the prairies, incapable of cultivation, to the wander- ing and uncivilized aborigines of the country. ' ' Daniel Webster was one of America's greatest men, and the view he expressed of this western territory, the magnificent empire of today — -the 'TIS BUT A STEP FROM EARTH TO HEAVEN (Lookout Mountain.) 10 THE GARDEN OF LIFE greatest miracle of the centuries, — is fraught with tremendous interest as we read it, line by line, under the calcium light of the Twentieth Century: "What do we want of that vast and worthless area, that region of savages and wild beasts, of deserts, of shift- ing sands and whirling wind, of dust, of cactus and prairie dogs? To what use could we ever hope to put those great deserts and those endless mountain ranges, im- penetrable and covered to their very base with eternal snow? What can we ever do with the western coast, a coast of 3,000 miles, rockbound, cheerless and unin- viting?" How could one expect Lieutenant Pike or Daniel Webster to know the location of the Garden of Eden, any more than millions of others who have supposed it was in the eastern hemisphere? If, by some supernatural agency. Pike and Webster could be brought back out of the Infinite and set down in the Denver of today, what a mighty surge of emotion would overwhelm them! The views they expressed in those early days of the nation's history — before the magic hand of civilization had touched the West, wrapped in the slumber of untold ages — were genuine and natural. Uninspired by prophetic vision, so far as they could discern, the West was truly a meas- ureless waste of alkali, a dreary, forbidding, uninhabitable chaos of noth- ing — the remnant and refuse of creation, left over after the Almighty had finished making the useful and ornamental parts of this "sublunary sphere." Pike and Webster lived their little day and passed on to a more mysterious country, while another and another generation came out of the Unknown to succeed them, to discover the undiscoverable, to make something out of nothing and to push the war of conquest to the limit of a continental edge, where the arid desert quenched its thirst and drowned itself in a greater world of waters. If the Coloradans of today did not actually see and know the mar- vels of this great division of the North American continent, they would hardly believe them. But the magical transformation is not mythical but real ; not ephemeral, but permanent as the granitic base on which this proud commonwealth is founded. The greatest of all books says the foolish man built his house upon the sand, but the habitation of the wise man was founded upon a rock. Colo- rado is the crowning glory of the American Republic, for it is built, geo- graphically and literally, on top of the United States — the diadem and THE REALM OF ROMANCE On the Rim of the World— Grand Lake. 12 THE LAND OF INSPIRATION masterpiece of the nation. And it is built upon a rock, where it will stand forever, unmoved by tide or cyclone or temblor. ' The Creed of the Coloradan reads: America is the greatest country on earth. Colorado is the greatest state in the Union. Denver is the greatest city of the greatest state of the greatest Nation in the world ! He believes the sun rises at the west line of Kansas and sets before it gets to Utah. And he does not hide his light under a bushel. He is full of the sparkling aerial champagne of Ozonia. His heart is so big he has to keep his vest buttoned, and he wants everybody to come and help drink the finest refrigerated ozone that ever tickled a pair of lungs into ecstasy?! He is posi- tive that "Colorado Beats the World;" and he can prove it, because he has the arguments. That is the reason this book is published. Its aim is to concentrate facts heretofore sporadic and desultory. Colorado is after world's records. It has captured many in bygone years. More were wrested from competition in Nineteen Eleven. The end is not yet: in fact, Colorado is just beginning. Time was — not long ago — ^when eastern people believed Coloradans were a pack of Indians on a pile of rocks in the midst of a desert. Upon a time it was suspected that silver was concealed somewhere within the state boundaries: suspicion developed into discovery, and discov- ery disclosed the proof that it had enough silver to outclass all the states of the Union for a full third of a century. Like a hideous Nemesis came the "slump" in silver in 1 893. This inspired the search for gold, while silver was relegated; and in less than five years, in 1 898, all the other states of the Union took a back seat and watched Colorado dig up the world's prize package of the most precious money metal. The world rolled on, and somebody suggested harnessing the moun- tain streams to the plow of agriculture. Forthwith waste waters became creative of electric force to move the wheels of industry. All over the state they began to revolve. One power company alone was capitalized at twenty- two million dollars. Millions of tons of living water, as if inspired vsnth a 14 THE RADIUM STATE— RADIANA new motive, leapt into the irrigating ditches, and a new era of farming — real, scientific farming, the greatest the world had ever seen — was born. Presto! — the United States hustled into the rear seats while gold and silver became back numbers, and King Apple and King Beet mounted the throne as joint rulers from the fruit and vegetable dynasties. Now the world wonders: "What will Colorado do next?" The medical profession wanted a cure for cancer, for which its disci- ples had cudgeled their brains from the dawn of civilization. Colorado stepped forward and said: "Here is the world's richest and greatest sup- ply of pitchblende, vehicle of the new world force. Radium — most precious of minerals — source of all celestial and terrestrial life, heat and power." Anon, agriculture and horticulture, and the hitherto so-called "pre- cious" metals, faded before the effulgence of the new god, worth more than two and one-half million dollars an ounce! The Surgical and Gynecological Society American Institute of Homoeopathy sat in New Orleans in Nineteen Eleven and endorsed the su- perlative curative qualities of Almighty Radium! London has its Radium Institute. Paris is wild over it. Germany is radium crazy. What next? Science yearned for means of telephoning along a ray of light, and to transmit sounds and photographs from one place to another by means of a telegraph or telephone wire. Science held its breath. Colorado arose. She held in her hand a nugget of peculiar mineral — Selenium (spelled with a capital). The problem was solved. The Age of Steel: the titanic Steel Trust paused for something to harden the tremendous product of their mills. Genius dug up tungsten — vanadium ; and it was Colorado that came up again with 80 per cent of all the tungsten and unmatchable riches of vanadium; metals that make all the brightest incandescent electric lamps and give mankind thrice-hardened steel of thrice-tensile strength; indestructible steel, the armor of the great battleships of the future — realization of the manufacturer's fondest dream! Age of Miracles past? — not yet; and Colorado greatest magician of all time! It has been stated previously that the Coloradan has the arguments — the proofs of his state's superiority. Colorado holds innumerable national and international championships. The author does not claim to give a complete list, but here are some of the things in which Colorado excels either the United States or the world : — COLOKADO, THE SUGAR BEET STATE The Havemeyer $1,000 Silver Cup, Won by Colorado at the American Land and Irrigation Exposition, New York, November, 1911— Colorado Won First Five Prizes Over One Hundred Competitors. COLORADO NONPAREIL OF STATES. NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL RECORDS. Minerals. Colorado's supremacy has never been questioned. The state has an array of over fifty producing minerals and the entire output in 191 1 was $100,000,000. Total product since 1858 of the five metals, gold, silver, copper, lead and zinc, $1,200,000,000. Gold. Precious metal. Record held without interruption since 1 898. Total production since 1 859, $5 1 2,40 1 , 1 36. Silver. Precious metal. Record held for one-third of a century. Total production since 1859, $428,807,661.96. Radium ores. Colorado holds the sweepstakes for radium ore. Pitchblende. Radium Ore. Contains radium and uranium. World's largest and richest supply. Carnotite. Radium Ore. Very costly. Contains radium, uranium and vanadium. First discovered in western Routt County, Colo- rado. Tungsten. The "Black metal." Colorado produces eighty per cent of the world's supply. Zinc. Colorado holds the sweepstakes record. Zinc dust. Output, 1911,$! 8,900. Coloradoite. This is a telluride of mercury, and is found in many places in Colorado, including the Smuggler Mine, near Telluride, and may be used as a mercury ore. Mercury is very valuable. Zunyite. A mineral of scientific interest, found in Anvil Mountain, Silverton and elsewhere. Kentsmithlie. A vanadium ore. Found at Naturita. Roscoelite. A vanadium mica; rather plentiful in Boulder County, but not mined to any extent. Bismuth. Invaluable in medicine, dental surgery and many manufac- tures. OTERO COUNTY'S HEARST TROPHY CUP For Best Agricultural and Horticultural Display Made by Any County in the United States. 18 THE MINERAL STATE Fuller's earth. Wolftonlte. Hydrophane. Topaz. Kaolin. Fire clay. Brick and other clays. Pottery. China. Building stone. Paving stone. Granite. Marble. Marble mill Coal. Steam coal. Metallurgical clay wares. Fire clay brick. Colorado the only producer in the United States. A new mineral discovered in 1911 in the Wolf tone Mine, Leadville. Qualities unknown at beginning of 1912. A white opal, the finest known. It has the quality of adher- ing to the tongue because of its absorption of water. Specimens have been obtained excelling any found in the United States. Fine clay for pottery. World's record for quantity. Ribbon variety. At Golden. Fire clay is abundant, also, in Gunnison County. Inexhaustible. The Van Briggle pottery, made in Colorado City, won first prize at the St. Louis World's Fair. It is claimed that it surpasses any American product and is equal to the finest imported. Highest grade. Made at Golden. Durango has kaolin that makes China equal to Haviland. Quality and quantity. Quality and quantity. World's finest monumental granite, both quantity and quah- ty. Quarries at Salida. Inexhaustible. Sohd mountains of it — enough to supply the entire world for 1 00 years. Quality equal to or surpassing the world-famous Carrara product, the world's standard for 2,000 years. At Marble; largest and best-equipped in existence. Bituminous and anthracite. Enough to supply the entire world for three hundred years. For use by the United States Navy and on railroads — largest and best supply known to exist anywhere — discov- ered in Yampa field, Routt County, by U. S. Geological Survey. The government official report gives its extent as 1 1 60 square miles — the finest, densest and cleanest west of the Mississippi, and Colorado will have the entire naval sup- ply for the Pacific coast. This is one reason for the great activity of the Hill Roads. It is a gigantic industry in itself. Made in Denver. Awarded gold medals at World's fairs in Paris, Chicago and St. Louis. Sold all over the world. United States Government award. DELTA COUNTY CHAMPIONSHIP AWARDS Up to 1911, Delta County, Colorado, Captured Four-fifths of All Prizes for Apples Wherever It Exhibited, 20 THE RED EMPIRE Assay furnaces. Sulphuric acid. Red rocks. Mineral springs. Gold camp. Gold county. Uranium pro- ducing county. Coal county. School of Mines. Mill for rebellious ores. Climate. Air. Scenery. Altitude. Made in Denver. Columbia University, New York, is us- ing 72 of them. Educational institutions in China, Japan, Russia and other foreign countries are supplied with them. Made in Denver by the largest plant on this continent. Scenic. Colorado is The Red Empire. Number and Variety. Many of them radioactive. Cripple Creek, world's record for a httle camp. Output of precious metals, 1911,— gold, $12,989,184; silver, $42,- 500: total $13,031,684. Grand total since 1891, $288,- 805,337 — nearly three hundred millions! Gilpin. Holds county record for its size — 125 square miles. Product of metals since 1858, $130,000,000. Product, 1911, $1,730,261, of which $1,375,825 was gold. Montrose. Near Naturita is the world's greatest deposit of this metal. President Victor C. Alderson, of the Colorado State School of Mines, says: "There is more coal in Routt County, Colorado, alone, than there is now or ever has been in the entire state of Pennsylvania. Routt County is as large as the state of Massachusetts." Area, sixty miles wide and 1 25 miles long. Probable available tonnage of coal in the Yampa (Routt) field, 39,000,000,000 tons. Colorado State. Excels all others in attendance and advan- tages. Nine foreign countries, Canada, Alaska and 27 states are represented among the students, including 1 3 stu- dents who are being educated by the Chinese government; besides 31 colleges, universities and technical schools, Amer- ican and foreign. The Hudson mill, at Idaho Springs, at the beginning of 1912, is advertising for three-dollar rebellious ores for re- duction. This is a triumph of the metallurgy of gold-copper ores, as this is the only plant in the world making a bid for such material. All-the-year. General healthfulness and inspiration. Best quality and more of it. Colorado is more than six times larger than Switzerland. Average elevation greater than any other state in the Union — 6,800 feet. It is nearest Heaven. AL A. NEALE'S NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL CHAMPIONSHIP PRIZES Repeated Victories Won ty Montrose County, Colorado, Over the Stockmen of the World. 22 THE NEAREST HEAVEN STATE Number of mountain peaks. Highest city. Highest village. Highest railroads. Highest wagon road. Pleasure resort. Highest large mountain lake. Yacht club. Pike's Peak. Pike's Peak cog road. Pike's Peak hotel and observatory. Mt. McClellan. Joe palace. Colorado has 120 peaks over 13.500 feet, 35 of 14,000 feet upward — about ten times as many as the whole of Eu- rope. Leadville. Population, 13,000; altitude 10,190 feet. Altman. Population, 650; altitude 10,736 feet. The highest village in Europe is Avers Platz, 7,500 feet, in Switzerland. The highest inhabited point in Europe is the Hospice of St. Bernard, 8,200 feet, in Switzerland. The Argentine Central Railway, near Denver, carries pas- sengers to an altitude of more than 1 4,000 feet. The Den- ver, Northwestern & Pacific, the "Moffat Road," crosses the Continental Divide at Corona at an altitude of 1 1 ,660 feet. The Colorado and Southern Railway, at Alpine Pass, also reaches 1 1 ,660 feet, while the Colorado Midland reaches the crest of the Great Divide at 1 0,944 feet, at Ivanhoe. The road over Mosquito Pass is 1 3,700 feet. The highest wagon road in Europe is the Stelvio road, 9, 1 70 feet, in Switzerland. President Roosevelt christened Colorado, "The Playground of America." Grand Lake. Elevation, 8,400 feet. Source of the Grand River. Covers 1 300 acres. Supposed to be in the crater of an extinct volcano. It is so deep the bottom has never been found. Grand Lake — highest in the world. Holds a wonderful regatta every August. The Club has an admiral who every summer gives his annual ball. Most celebrated of American Mountains and the greatest of monuments to an American explorer and hero. Reaches an altitude of 14,147 feet and is nine miles long. It discounts the cog roads of Switzerland in every particular and is one of the greatest achievements of railroad engineer- ing. Highest in the world. Formerly a United States weather station. Highest point reached by a non-cog road. Mt. McClellan. Only ice palace ever operated as a silver mine. This was the first silver mine to be opened in Colo- rado. The ice palace is electric lighted, decorated with CHAMPION WHEAT OF AMERICA On Exhibition "by the Denver Ghamher of Commerce. 24 THE ELYSIUM OF THE OZONIANS Mountain trout streams and fishing. Trout producing lake. Mountain lakes. Water for irrigation. Water for power. Railroad engineering. Naval target practice. Ancient cliff dwellings. Prehistoric seed corn. Bear hunting. Pheasant farm. Medicinal mud. frost flowers and ice diamonds, and is one of the marvels of the state. Six thousand miles. In the canon of the Gunnison river are the largest rainbow trout in America. Rio Blanco County. Not long ago there were so many trout in Trapper's Lake, source of the White river, that the state game warden was compelled either to adopt means for feeding them or to reduce their numbers by removal. Trap- per's Lake is in the midst of the big game hunting grounds, and was given its name because of the fur-bearing animals abounding there. Five hundred. In addition to its streams and lakes, the subterranean reser- voirs underlying all agricultural lands are practically un- touched ; but the era of pumping by electric and other power has arrived, and great advancement will be made in 1912. Edison says electric power, generated by the mountain tor- rents, will revolutionize agriculture in the so-called "dry farming" districts in the near future. Artesian wells are flowing in many places and the subterranean reservoirs are everywhere. Two million horse power. The world is challenged to equal Colorado's mountain rail- road building. The gunners of the Battleship Colorado broke all previous records of the U. S. Navy, 1911, at battle practice, their score being 65.076%, all the other crews being below 37%. Mesa Verde National Park, Southwestern Colorado. Three hundred acres. Famous around the globe. CHff Dwellers; 1,000 years old. Found in sealed jars eight feet underground. Archuleta County, in the neighborhood of Pagosa Springs — ^"Carlsbad of America," — challenges the United States to equal it as the greatest bear country. Here roam in large numbers all the species of the temperate zone, from the small, black bear to the huge grizzly, including the cinnamon and silver-tip. Denver. Chinese and other imported variet'es. Even the mud of Colorado has extraordinary curative prop- erties, and is shipped by thousands of carloads all over the world. CHAMPION OATS OF AMERICA On Exhibition by the Denver Chamber of Commerce. 26 THE SCIENTIFIC FARMING STATE Hanging lake. Thorad-X. General scientific farming. General farm crops. Number of irrigated acres. Irrigating ditche Sugar beets. Beet sugar. Sugar beet king. Wheat. Oats. Near Glenwood Springs ; a scenic marvel. Dr. E. Stillman Bailey, of the Hahnemann Medical College, Chicago, as the result of fourteen-months' experiments with pitchblende, found in Colorado, has told the medical profes- sion about thorad-x, which, he stated, would revolutionize the practice of surgery. His analysis of Colorado pitch- blende was made at the request of the Chicago Board of Trade. Colorado has no equal in this respect. It is enlightening the world in agriculture by hitherto unheard-of achievements. Total value agricultural crops, 1911, $37,500,000. Colo- rado crops compared with the yield for the entire country — per cent, in Colorado above the National average: spring wheat, 107.0; winter wheat, 21.6; all wheat, 51.2; bar- ley, 38.1 ; hay, 81.8; oats. 43.4. Three millions. Completed irrigation systems can supply 4,050,000 acres. Number of acres that will eventually be irrigated, 4,500,000. Total cost of irrigation systems, $55,500,000. Irrigation projects under way to cost $73,- 000,000. Total irrigated area will soon be 7,000,000 acres. The new High Line ditch, to be constructed on the western slope by the United States Government, will water 83,000 acres. Number of miles, 40, 1 00. First five championship prizes at the New York Land Show, 191 1, including the $1,000 Havemeyer Silver cup. Money invested in factories, $19,250,000. Farmers received for 1911 crop, $5,362,080. Acres of beets harvested, 86,- 900. Colorado leads the United States both in quality and quantity. Colorado beets are the best in the world, in the opinion of the judge at the New York Land Show. Annual production of refined sugar 1 00,000 tons. Product in 191 1, 225,000,000 pounds; wholesale value, $10,687,- 500. Bob Bransom, of Loveland, is the largest individual grower of sugar beets on either continent. Official report of the United States Department of Agricul- ture: average bushels per acre, winter and spring wheat, in Colorado, 18.9; average of the United States, 12.5. Average bushels per acre in Colorado, 35.0; average of the United States, 24.4. PERFECT PEACHBLOW POTATOES Five Hundred and Fifty-seven Bushels to the Acre — Raised on the Sweet Ranch, Carhondale, Colo- rado. The Average Yield in the United States is Ninety-three Bushels per Acre. 28 THE AGRICULTURAL STATE Barley. Hay. Wheat raising county. Oats raising county. Potatoes. Eugene H. Grubb, potato wizard. Agricultural county. Agricultural and horticul- tural county. Average bushels per acre in Colorado, 29.0; average of the United States, 21.0. Average tons per acre in Colorado, 2.00; average of the United States, 1 . 1 0. Montrose claims the national record with 7 1 - 1 /8 bushels average per acre, for a large number of acres. Eagle claims the record with 1 25 bushels of 46-pound oats per acre up to 1 58 bushels per acre, for a large number of acres. Greeley, Carbondale, Del Norte and elsewhere — famous on both continents. Average yield of potatoes per acre in the United States for ten years is less than 93 bushels. The average yield on a number of ranches in the Carbondale dis- trict in 1911 was 400 bushels per acre of the finest quality the skill of man has ever produced. A yield of 600 bushels per acre is not unusual. R. A. Chisholm, of Del Norte, raised 847 bushels and 32 pounds on one acre. Eugene H. Grubb, member of the Colorado State Board of Agriculture, consulting agriculturist of the Kuhn Land & Irrigation projects in Idaho and California, special commis- sioner of the United States Government for potato investiga- tions in Europe, intimate friend of Burbank, the California wizard, and producer of the Perfect Peachblow potato, is one of the prominent Coloradans who have brought fame to the State. For twenty years he studied and developed the Peachblow potato, until today the United States Govern- ment experts pronounce it to be the finest baking potato in existence. President W. C. Brown, of the New York Cen- tral Lines, wrote Mr. Grubb a letter regarding the general use of his potatoes on this great railway system, in which he said: "I have no hesitancy in saying that they are the best potato we have ever used in our dining car service." Mr. Grubb has written a book of five hundred pages, entitled "The Potato," that is warmly endorsed by the United States Department of Agriculture. Veld. Output, 1911, $7,000,000. Pitkin County took the agricultural exhibit sweepstakes at the National Stock Show in 1910. Otero. Winner of Hearst trophy cup, 1910, at the 1 8th National Irrigation Congress, for best agricultural and horti- cultural display made by any county in the United States. < 2 9 "O < I O 3 O ^ 1-1 o! O S 30 THE LIVE STOCK PRODUCING STATE Celery. Field peas. Cantaloupes. Honey. Richest undeveloped county. Horticultural county. Red raspberries. Live stock production. Feeder cattle. Pueblo and elsewhere. A young industry, but finest quality in the world. Shipped by the carload to eastern centers. Finest grown. Rocky Ford — famous on both continents. Colorado alfalfa honey holds first place. Mild and white, thickened by the dry atmosphere, it is remarkably heavy in body, its water content being 5 per cent below the minimum prescribed by the pure food law. Colorado is the second honey producing state, California (at present) holding first place. Routt County is the richest undeveloped area of land in the United States. Delta. Up to 1911 this county took four-fifths of all premi- ums offered on the various fruits at all fairs where it was a competitor. Production, 191 1 , $3,050,000. Delta Coun- ty was awarded a diploma and gold medal at the World's Industrial Exposition in St. Louis, and also at the Trans- Mississippi Exposition in Omaha, for the best display of apples. At the National Apple Show in Denver, 1911, a box of Winter Banana Apples, grown by E. E. Bull, of Cedaredge, and packed by the noted packing expert. Mayo E. Lenardson, took first prize for the highest scored box of apples, the score being 124 1/5 out of a possible 125. A beautiful box of Newtown Pippins, grown by George W. Dyer, of Cedaredge, scored 1 24 out of a possible I 25. Loveland ships more than any other city. It has a $1,500,- 000 beet sugar factory, using 1 ,500 tons of beets per day. By virtue of the February, 1912, estimate of the United States Department of Agriculture, Colorado claims to be the first live stock producing state of the Union, having an official aggregate valuation of $70,000,000. Colorado won first and second World's Grand Champion- ship prizes for carload lots of feeder cattle at the Interna- tional Live Stock Show in Chicago in December 1911. Murdo MacKenzie's Trinidad Herefords took first prize and Al A. Neale's Montrose Shorthorns were awarded the re- serve grand championship prize. Neale won the world's grand championship twice in succession, in 1 909 and 1910 — the only time this feat has ever been achieved. The sec- ond time his cattle won they were better stock than in 1 909, and the competition was stronger. Eugene H. Grubb 32 THE WORLD'S STOCK MARKET was the first Coloradan to capture a world's championship for feeder cattle. This was at the St. Louis World's Fair in I 904, when his carload of range-bred and range-grown steers took the stveepstalies prize over all ages and all breeds. Mr. Grubb took this same carload to the International Live Stock Show in Chicago, also in 1 904, where they won the world's championship for two-year-olds. They were the all- around undefeated world's champion stock. With his fa- mous blue-gray, cross-bred Angus-Shorthorn heifer, "Euge- nie Grubb," Mr. Grubb won first prize in the two-year-old fat steer class, at the International Live Stock Show in Chi- cago, December, 1907. Mr. Grubb broke a world's rec- ord, also, in having this heifer take a championship over steers. Three years prior to this unparalleled event, at a banquet in Chicago, he predicted that some day a heifer would win over steers, and he was pooh-pooed by the ban- queters and the press. To show the intense determination of the man, he went back to his Mt. Sopris farm, and thirty- six months later came back with a two-year-old heifer that opened the eyes of the live stock world. The carload of two-years-olds in 1 904 were perfect types of the standard Shorthorn, the marvel and envy of all who saw them. Mr. Grubb imported bulls, bred them for several years and fixed his ideal, perfect type of Shorthorns. The St. Louis-Chicago champions were of this remarkable stock. The average steer in the United States sells for $40. Hunter, Casteel & Hunter's carload of grand champion feeders at the National Show in Denver, January, 19n, were sold to Peter Hopley & Son of Lewis, Iowa. The Hopleys took the lot to their Iowa farm, fed them until De- cember, 1911, shipped them to the International Live Stock Show in Chicago and captured the world's prize for cham- pion carload of fat cattle ! Hopley & Son bought the steers in Denver for $63 per head, and sold them in Chicago the following December for $ I 83 per head. It does not cost any more to raise this kind of steers than it does to raise "Pennyroyal" stock. The stock raising world is at last get- ting its eyes open. Healthy cattle. The percentage of tuberculosis in Colorado cattle is lower than that of any other state — 2% or less. Government figures show that 22 grade Holsteins on a 40-acre farm made in one year an average of $133.43, or $77.37 net ON TOP OF THE WORLD Mountain-climbers on the Summit of Mt, McOlellan, Colorado, 14,007 Feet Above the Sea. 34 THE HEALTHY CATTLE STATE Heallhy milk. Cattle raising county. Champion cow. Champion bull. Pea- fed hogs. Pea-fed lambs. Wild elk county. per COW. There are in the United States, exclusive of milch cows, 37,260,000 cattle, worth $790,064,000. By reason of best feed, purest water, best air, more sun- shine and healthier cows, Colorado produces the best milk, butter and dairy products. Montrose. In eleven years Montrose County Shorthorns have won the grand championship in feeder cattle at the In- ternational Live Stock Show three times. No county or state in the Union has ever equaled this. In 1 909 Mr. Neale sold off the range on the Chicago market one carload (20) six-months' calves at $50.50 per head. Montrose County has the United States government six-mile $3,000,000 Gunnison tunnel, opened in September, 1 909, by President Taft, and under this irrigation project proudly claims the only perpetual water system, insuring perpetual crops — for it is figured that the soil will never wear out with proper ro- tation of crops and Colorado's incomparable scientific farm- ing. Under this government irrigation system are 1 40,000 acres of marvelously productive land. Several apple orchards averaged $1,000 per acre. Sugar beets ran 26 tons per acre, 16.8 per cent, in sugar. Montrose County has 30 school houses, I 4 churches and no saloons. With these ad- vantages Montrose should not be long in getting the 1 0,000 industrious families she desires. "Financial Countess," a Jersey cow, produced 943 pounds, 13 ounces of churned butter in one year; also 13,249 pounds of finest milk; and 24 pounds of butter in seven days. The government reports show that the average cow in the United States produces 1 70 pounds of butter annual- ly. There are in the United States 20,699,000 milch cows, worth $815,064,000. Financial Countess was a better cow than twenty million other cows in the United States, holding world's record, certified by the American Jersey Cattle Club. Dr. DeWitt's "The Heir" captured the world's two-year- old championship at the St. Louis World's Fair, and was National Champion in 1906 and 1907. Represent the acme of quahty in pork. The San Luis Val- ley is famous for these. Represent the acme of quahty in mutton. In Rio Grande County alone, 200,000 lambs are fattened yearly. Routt. The Colorado State game warden reported in Jan- uary, 1912, that from 2,500 to 4,000 elk had come into ill ' ' f, , #' -/ ■'''? ' * rf ' '^: -ii ; , ' ' ; ,' i ' ¥ r h 'i/'/V ':JM\ CO I o » w » a 2 3G THE IDEAL DAIRY STATE this county from Utah and Wyoming during the winter. The United States official report on big game, made by the Biological survey at the close of 191 1, gives the total num- ber of wild elk in all states to be approximately 4,000. The animals from Wyoming and Utah have been driven by heavy storms into Routt County, where they have found good feeding grounds and shelter. If the government can only count 4,000 in all states, and the Colorado game warden can enumerate from 2,500 to 4,000 new arrivals in Routt County alone — besides the large herds already there — the reader is left to draw his own inference. Colorado wants the last great herd of elk on the American continent. The poor, starving, storm-beaten creatures find a haven of rest in the "Empire of Routt," and having once tasted of the finest grazing nature 4ias ever produced, are not likely to leave it. One of the greatest duties now incumbent upon Colorado is to jealously preserve its wild animals and birds of all kinds, as one of the most valuable assets of the state. Model Dr. T. F. De Witt, a retired United States Army surgeon, Herefords. living at Colorado Springs, became interested in the breed- ing of Herefords, several years ago. He had a large, fine herd, and developed one bull which appeared to him as be- ing the ideal type to be bred in this sect'on. He proceeded to sell all of his herd except this one bull, and purchased a number of cows, of the type he wanted, from the leading herds of the country. Thereupon Dr. De Witt took his herd into Middle Park, on a new ranch, at an altitude of 8,000 feet. At the National Show in Denver, 1912, he exhibited a complete herd of Hereford cattle, every one of which was sired by "The Heir," his typical bull. The De Witt herd of Herefords were the sensation of the big show, taking over half of the prizes against the best eastern herds. The De Witt stock is so pronounced in type that a novice can pick the animals out of any herd. "The Heir" has strongly stamped his characteristics upon each one of them. Model -^ fsw years ago, in Routt County, State Senator John S. Shorthorns. Cary and his brother, Robert J. Cary, started a pure-bred herd of Shorthorns with the intention of breeding better stock for their immense ranch. Neither of them was very well posted in Shorthorn history, but they consulted a num- ber of experts, and gradually collected a herd that for breeding was equal to any in the United States. In 19n 38 THE NATIONAL STOCK SHOW STATE Greatest stockman. National stock show. World's fastest horses. they bred 1 2 1 cows and registered 1 1 6 calves. These calves represent four different families, and here, also, as in Dr. De Witt's experiment, an effort is being made to de- velop a distinct type of Shorthorns. This group of cattle is the largest and best herd of registered Shorthorns in the United States. Murdo MacKenzie, former president of the Western Na- tional Live Stock Show, is the only live stock breeder who won international renown by receiving a salary of $50,000 a year for conducting a cattle ranch. In 1 9 1 1 , he was se- lected by a $5,000,000 company of capitalists to manage a gigantic stock raising project in Brazil. The National Western Live Stock Show stands second only to the International at Chicago. It has the world's largest carload exhibits of cattle, sheep and hogs, and is greater in this respect than even the International. The Denver Show, also, is stronger than the International in its commercial as- pect. During the one week's show in Denver in January, 1912, five million dollars' worth of live stock was sold, half of it in the auction ring. At this show Colorado cattle have been taking the championships every year since it was organ- ized, seven years ago, winning over all the mountain states of Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, Utah and New Mexico; also over Kansas, Nebraska and South Dakota — in fact winning over all the entire world, because the mountain cat- tle have no successful competitors under the sun. Since the commencement of the National show in Denver, Colorado breeders have so developed their cattle — principally Here- fords and Shorthorns — that the big eastern breeders come to Denver for their foundation stock for their herds, having discovered that the environment of these mountain districts has a tendency to completely change the type. This change is in the direction of better development and larger girth around the heart and lungs, insuring better health in the ani- mals. The eastern breeders have noted, also, that Colorado animals are entirely free from tuberculosis, that now infects about 90 per cent of the eastern herds! The greatest string of fast trotters and pacers in the world are stabled at Overland Park, Denver, at the beginning of 1912. This brilliant galaxy of speed kings and queens is owned by Mr. George H. Estabrook, of Denver, who has made more world's records in two years, 1909 and 1910, 40 THE LIGHT HARNESS HORSE STATE than any man living. In the Overland stable are 1 2 thor- oughbreds who have stepped a quarter in 30 seconds; one who has done a quarter in 28 seconds (Gold Dollar) ; one who has gone a quarter in 28-3/4 seconds, in a race (Colo- rado E.) ; four also have gone a quarter in 29 seconds; six who have made a half-mile in one minute ; and ten who have finished a mile in 2:10 or better ! The array speaks for itself: — Colorado E. Five-year-old ; beautiful bay trotting stallion. World's champion three-year-old, 1910. Colorado E. holds the world's record for fastest single heat, 2:04-3/4; fastest two heats; and for the fastest green stallion. On October 26, 1911, at Lexington, Ky., as a four-year-old, he stepped a half-mile in one minute. In defeating the fastest three- year-olds of the twentieth century, Oct. 15, 1910, Colorado E. passed the wire with slack rein and without the whip, leaving his four competitors far in the rear, all the way back to the distance flag. In taking the world's championship, Colorado E. traveled at the rate of 44 feet a second. To beat Harvester's record of 2:01 he must go 4 seconds faster, or gain 1 76 feet. This horse represents the net results of twenty centuries of horse breeding. When he took the world's championship he trotted faster than 20,508,000 other American horses can trot. Colorado E. was bred not only for bone, sinew, muscle and wind, but also for his men- tality. It is this latter quality that enables him to so concen- trate his thoughts that he will not "break." Country Jay. Sixteen-year-old trotter. Holds five world's records: At Kalamazoo, Mich., 1910, world's three-heat record, 2:04-14, 2:05-!4, 2:05-1/2- At Cleveland, O., reduced the world's record for 13-year- old trotters from 2: I 4- 14 to 2 : 10-'/^. At Syracuse, N. Y. taking world's record to saddle, re- duced his own record to 2:08-!4. Took world's record for 1 4-year-old trotter. At Lexington, Ky., Nov. I, 191 1, became world's cham- pion 15 -year-old trotter; 2:09-%. Spanish Queen. 2:04-!4. Trotter. Took world's record for six-heat race, at Lexington, Kentucky, Oct. 13, 1910. Time: 7'/4, 7'/4, 4%, 7%, 7%, 2:12-^2- Made the fastest three heats ever trotted at Columbus, O., September 11, 191 1 — 4 '4, 4%, 4%. Won $31 ,000 in one year. H t> O w » -ti w ^ <1) M -J=! t> P P4 u N a g ^ r! rt <•-• ^ i-i i-l o M 1 ^ o M n1 [H O o O s S ft> H ^ 5 s 1 Ul 1 ■a «! al 42 THE DRY FARMING STATE Gold Dollar. C — The Limit — Soralta. Dorothy Axworthy. Redlock. The Wanderer. Countess Marie. Zarrine. McKinney, Mac. The Ideal Lady. Tulita. Zomba. Estarodo. Hoi Wiss. Denver. Six-year-old chestnut gelding. Record, 2:06-J,4- Ed Geers said of Gold Dollar: "He is the fastest horse that stands on iron." Either Colorado E. or Gold Dollar are expected to be the next 2-minute trotter. Gold Dollar stepped a 2-minute clip at Overland in April, 1911. 2:04-!/4, bay pacer, 8-year-old; a wondrously perfect and beautiful horse, of wonderful lineage. Sire, Searchlight, 2:03-!/4 ; by Darknight, by Alcyone; dam Bertha, the only mare to produce five 2:10 performers, by Alcantara, 2 :23, at 4 years old ; dam of 1 2 in list and 20 foals, five of which made 2:10 or better ; Bertha the greatest dam in the world. Mr. Estabrook expects this horse to make a 2-minute clip in 1912. Sorrel mare; trotter: 7-year-old; has twice trotted the last half of a mile in 1 :01-%. 7-year-old; trotter; 2:21-'/4 as a two-year-old. Chestnut gelding; trotter, 2:17-!/^; 7-year-old. Bay gelding; trotter; 7-year-old. Bay filly; five-year-old; pacer, 2: 14- J/4 at three years. Four-year-old; brown filly; trotter; two-year-old record, 2 : 1 9-% ; has gone one mile in 2 :09, in work-out. Brown colt; trotter; 3-year-old; yearling record, 2:27-%; entered in 1912 futurities. Sorrel filly; pacer; 3-year-oId; sire. Lord Direct; dam. Fu- ture Princess Ideal, by Chimes; entered in several futurities in 1912. Sorrel filly; trotter; 2-year-old; sire, Senator Axworthy, 2:28-)/2; dam, Delia W., by Hummer, second dam, Flaxey, dam of three of the fastest credited to one mare — Andubon Boy, 1 :59-!4, Royal R. Sheldon, 2:04-%, and Easter Lily W., 2:06-'/4- Entered in 1912 futurities. Brown filly, 1910; sire Zombro; dam Baroness Bonnie, by Baron Wilkes. (No. 55,504) Sorrel colt, foaled April 7, 1911; sire, Colorado E., dam, Dorothy Axworthy. Bay gelding; pacer; foal 1903; sire, Stambrose; dam. Jay- foot, by Jay Bird; trial, 2:05-]4- Iron-grey. At National Western Stock Show, Denver, 1 909, Denver took the sweepstakes for the champion driv- ing horse over 1 6 competitors. Has been sold to Nathan Strauss, of New York City. 44 THE ALFALFA STATE World's greatest two-year-old. Light harness brood mares. Government breeding station. Radium state. Dry farming state. Alfalfa state. Braden Direct. Bred by J. M. Herbert and owned by J. H. Elspass, of Denver. Braden Direct took the futurities in 1911. J. M. Herbert, Denver, owns the world's greatest string of extreme speed-producing mares, of extreme speed-producing ancestry. The first breeding station ever established by the United States Government was opened at the Colorado Agricultural College at Ft. Collins in 1905, with six western mares and twelve mares selected in the Middle Western States, and the standard-bred stallion, Carmon (2291 7). The object was to produce an American carriage horse from the standard- bred trotter, Morgan, and the American saddle horse breeds. This station was established through the efforts of Dean W. L. Carlyle, Eugene H. Grubb and Fred P Johnson, and is under the supervision of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture. Carmon was bred by former Governor Coleman, of Missouri, first Secretary of Agriculture, and was one of the wheel-horses of miUionaire Thomas Lawson's $40,000 Boston park four. A total of fifty mares were finally bought. Two of Carmon's colts are shown in this book. World's center of greatest force in nature. In competition with the world, Colorado holds first place, winning the championship for best wheat, best alfalfa and display of vegetables at the International Dry Farming Con- gress, in 1911. Colorado has 2,000,000 acres of irrigated alfalfa, giving a normal production of 6,000,000 tons of hay and a normal farm value of $42,000,000. By introducing the new and improved hardy alfalfa, Colorado can increase the produc- tion and value of the hay 1 per cent. C. H. Hinman, Su- perintendent of extension, Colorado Agricultural College, in an article in the Mid-Continent, estimates that if it shall be increased only 1 per cent, this increase would in farm value amount to $4,200,000 each year. If it shall be in- creased I 5 per cent (in the Experiment station Relds the in- crease has averaged 35 per cent) , the farm value would be increased $6,300,000 annually. The alfalfa plant is the basis of crop production in Colorado. It is the oldest plant known to man, and the most valuable forage plant ever dis- covered. It grows in every state in the Union. Horses, cat- 46 THE APPLE STATE tie, sheep, hogs and chickens eat alfalfa hay or green alfalfa the year round. It is the richest hay food known, eleven pounds of it being worth as much for feeding purposes as bran. Delta County, in 1911, averaged five tons of alfalfa per acre. The average of hay in the United States is a frac- tion over one ton per acre. Apple state. Production. 1911, 7,680 cars, sold for $6,350,000. Crop the finest and most reliable of any state in the Union. In the Grand Valley 1 00,000,000 apples were grown in 1911 — an apple for every man, woman and child in the United States. A single acre in Colorado has produced in one season over $2,000 worth of fruit, and fruit land has been sold for $2,000 per acre. Hog state. Colorado has the qualifications to become the greatest h'og- producing state. With three great crops of alfalfa each year, on which the hog may be reared up to the final finish in fattening; with barley, the greatest feed grain, produced in Colorado more cheaply than is corn in the corn-producing states; and with other conditions absolutely ideal, this state has the greatest possible future in this line of stock raising. From barley-fed hogs comes the world-famous Danish ba- con. Fred P- Johnson, organizer and secretary of the Colo- rado Stock Growers' Association and organizer and secre- tary of the Western Stock Show Association, aims to raise 1 ,000,000 hogs in Colorado, and believes it will be the center of the hog industry. Hogs can be raised for 2 cents per pound in Colorado. Barley state. The grand champion barrow at the International Live Stock Show, 1911, was barley-fed. Colorado can produce bar- ley more cheaply than the corn-belt can produce corn, and barley is worth 10 per cent more per bushel to feed than corn. Draw your own conclusions. Colorado Fifteen significances — more than any other state flag. state Hag. an n Most prosper- With 800,000 people the state has no equal in prosperity. ous state. When it is settled as thickly as Massachusetts it will have a population of 40,000,000 — nearly half the present popula- tion of the United States. Best dairy state. Colorado has the advantage over all other states in raising dairy cattle, in the opinion of the Colorado State Dairymen's Association, in session in Denver, week of January 15, 1912. President C. B. Frink, in advancing this view, said that "Wisconsin, the greatest dairy state, ships in Colorado WORLD'S FINEST ELECTRIC LIGHTED BUILDING The Denver Gas & Electric Company's "Miracle of the Centuiies. THE NATION'S IMPREGNABLE FORTRESS Wild bird state. Fortified slate. Colorado. Scenic city. Highest state capitol. World's greatest treasure-house. City of ■one hundred millionaires. Ideal con- vention city. alfalfa at $18 to $20 a ton. Land there is worth from $200 to $300 an acre. If the farmers of Wisconsin can afford to use our feed, why cannot our farmers raise dairy products more cheaply here, where the feed and the price of land are cheaper? Other advantages of Colorado are: cattle of all classes can be raised with less expense than by eastern farmers; Colorado has the finest dairy lands; Colo- rado cattle do not require shelter except in extreme weather; tuberculosis is not spread by keeping cattle in warm barns, as in the East; the percentage of tuberculosis in cattle is lower than that of any other state. Of 300 cattle examined in 1911, only one showed signs of tuberculosis. Colorado is the center of the wild bird population of North America, having 400 species and varieties. The Nation's Impregnable Fortress. It is Governor John F. Shafroth who says: "Of the entire Union, the mountain State of Colorado is the best protected territory from foreign invasion. Even without a navy or fortifications, no hostile power could ever devastate our fair commonwealth." Have you, dear reader, ever stopped to think of that? World's Grand Championship Sweepstakes for unlimited advantages. Home of the Radians. Denver excels all other cities in its magnificent panoramic view of 200 miles of the successive ranges of the Rocky Mountains. A $3,000,000 Civic Center, or plaza, facing the capitol — the focus of a superb park and boulevard sys- tem — is one of the great improvements planned for 1912. Denver is 5,280 feet above sea level — exactly one mile. United States Mint, Denver, the "Cold Cii^." Contained, January, 1912, in gold coin and bullion, four hundred and fori^ million dollars — largest reserve in the world — besides silver and copper. Denver is Uncle Sam's pet thesaurus — the custodian of his war chest — because it is the safest place in his domain. A list of ninety Denver capitalists was pubhshed January 31, 1912, all of whom are credited with being millionaires. It is stated that there are enough other millionaires in the city to bring the total over one hundred. This outclasses any other city of Denver's size. Denver with its always-cool summer nights when people sleep under blankets ; its daily excursions into the world's 50 THE WORLD'S GREATEST TREASURE HOUSE City auditorium. Denver manufacturing World's live stock market. grandest mountain scenery; its trout fishing; its snowballing frolics on its streets in July and August ; its superb City Au- ditorium seating 1 2,000 people — these and many other ad- vantages make it ideal and unapproachable. Denver. Cost $550,000; seats 12.000. First building of its kind to be erected and owned by any city in the United States. "Greatest inland manufacturing center." To make it such has been determined by the Hill system of railroads, by plac- ing it on a line of railway, 2,800 miles long, that will join the Gulf of Mexico and Puget Sound. Between the Pacific and the Gulf the only city of more than 100,000 popula- tion is Spokane. Fort Worth, Dallas and Houston, com- bined, have only 244,000 population. All freight for Seat- tle carried by water and rail from the eastern cities over the Hill lines, must go via Denver. This gigantic project means the expenditure of $50,000,000 in Colorado in the next few years in the extension of the Hill lines and development of , the state's resources tributary to them. In the ensuing five years, the Denver & Rio Grande Railway proposes to ex- pend another $50,000,000 in Colorado and Utah. On au- thority of official government figures, Denver surpasses Kan- sas City, Seattle and Portland in amount of capital invested in manufacturing plants, having $47,534,000 against $42,- 128,000 in Kansas City; $46,000,000 in Seattle and $38,000,000 in Portland, and Denver's investments exceed those of Omaha and Salt Lake City combined, although these two cities have a total population exceeding that of Denver. In Denver, one person in every fourteen works in a manufacturing establishment, the city having 1 6,25 1 fac- tory employes in a population of 213,381. Denver facto- ries produce $250 per annum for every person in the 21 3,- 381 population — the total product being a million a month, or $52,71 1,000 a year. In order that no prejudice may creep into the statements of this book, the author will quote, under this caption, the state- ment of J. A. Shoemaker, traffic manager of the Union Stockyards Company, of Omaha. Mr. Shoemaker made this statement in Denver, January 19, 1912, after visiting the National Western Stock Show. Mr. Shoemaker says: "Denver can become the World's Market for feeder cattle. Colorado and Wyoming cattle can be raised to the point that f^ a n » 3^ - ■^ >..2 O -! M w "3 _ m S '^ o E W SO o .3 o THE SUGAR BEET STATE Apple center. Home of the presidents. will make them almost thoroughbreds while on the range. For this reason they will be in big demand by feeders and bring top prices. Omaha will boost for Denver as a stock market." Denver will become the world's live stock market. It has all the requisites. Fred P. Johnson. Fred P. Johnson, Secretary of the Colorado Stock Growers' Association, and Secretary of the Western Stock Show Asso- ciation, organized both bodies, the former in 1 900 and the latter in 1905. The value of his unceasing labors for the live stock interests of Colorado is beyond calculation. The State should reward him in some substantial way for his masterful work. Denver, headquarters of the American Apple Congress. A permanent and entirely unique and original mountain palace on a peak of the Front Range of the Rocky Moun- tains, 1 6 miles from Denver, is promised in the immediate future. It will be a gift from Colorado as a summer home of the chief executives of the nation. Two sites have been offered free by their owners — one on the crest of Mt. Falcon, at Morrison, by John Brisben Walker, and the other on Lookout Mountain, at Golden, by Rees C. Vidler. Both sites command magnificent views of Colorado's incompara- ble mountain scenery and of the city of Denver. Denver. The world is challenged to equal it. Denver con- sumes 18,000,000,000 gallons a year— 90,000 gallons per person. The daily consumption is 49,350,000 gallons. Lake Cheesman. Most perfect reservoir for the storage of water for domestic purposes ever built. Its watershed, of 1,152,000 acres, is larger than that of any other artificial reservoir used for domestic water service. The lake is 50 miles from Denver, 23 miles from a railroad, in an inac- cessible mountain district. Height of dam, 236 feet; con- tains 3,831,000 cubic feet of masonry; weight, 600,000,- 000 pounds; length of dam and spillway, 1,365 feet. The average per capita consumption of water in 24 leading cities in the United States is 106.04 gallons; in Denver, 220 gallons. The world is challenged to equal Denver, "City of Lights." In its business center is the most brilliantly lighted territory on earth. City water supply. Storage reservoir Electric lighting. 54 THE IRRIGATION STATE Electric lighted business building. Telephone service. Street car service. Postoffice business. Model street cleaning. Model federal building. Mid-summer snowballing frolics. College men's militia. Electric fountain. Electric theatre scenery hoist. Denver Gas and Electric Light Company's block. Out- shines any other in existence, having 1 3,000 incandescent lamps on two street fronts — 200,000 candle-power. The world is challenged to equal it. There are 400,000 miles of wire connecting 165,000 telephones in the state. Denver is headquarters for the Mountain States Telephone and Telegraph Co., capital $10,000,000, covering eight states — Colorado, Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Utah, New Mexico and Arizona. A similar challenge. A total of 88,000,000 passengers were carried in 1910. Average rides for each inhabitant, 400. Miles of track in Denver, 202. The three hundred cars are washed inside and out every night and fumigated three times a week. There are no soiled dresses on Denver cars. Denver has more miles of track to the number of citi- zens than any other American city. It has less accidents and gets better service. Denver's "sight-seeing" cars have no equals on either side of the Atlantic. In 1911 Denver led all cities of her class, making an in- crease in business of 4 per cent, while the others decreased. The American Civic Association selected Denver's street cleaning service as its model for the United States, in a special pamphlet issued in 1912. The $3,000,000 United States Postoffice and Federal Building, now being built of Colorado marble in Denver, is pronounced to be the chef-d'oeuvre of its kind. The officials in charge unhesitatingly pronounce the Colorado structural marble to be unequaled in this country. Cassius M. Day, President of the Festival of Mountain and Plain and President of the Denver Convention League, trans- ported a carload of snow from the crest of the continent at Corona to the streets of Denver, during the national conven- tion of Eagles, and every man in the big parade was pelted with snowballs. This was never done before in America. Company K, First Infantry, National Guard of Colorado, Denver, composed entirely of college men, is said to be the only State Militia company of the kind in the United States. It embraces sixty-three men and three officers. City Park, Denver. Invented by Seth G. Bailey, Denver. Revolutionizing stage rope-pulling mechanism in use 200 years. DENVER POSTOFFICE AND FEDERAL BUILDING Built of Colorado Marble at a Cost of $3,000,000. "1 MOUTH OF THE $3,000,000 GUNNISON TUNNEL Six Miles Long: — Built by the United States Government at Montrose, Colorado, to Water 140,000 Acres, 56 THE MOST PRODUCTIVE STATE Children. Best place for students. Culture. Patriotism. The nation's Capital. Denver, educationally, socially, climatically with its all-the- year ozone, sunshine and outdoor life, is the most ideal spot in the universe for rearing children. Children brought up in Colorado, under sane regulations, never have tuberculo- sis, greatest destroyer of mankind. — educators, scientists, artists, musicians, great thinkers. Denver is the best educated, most cultured and refined city of its size in the world. United States Senator Henry M. Teller, standing on the floor of the National Senate, made this challenge, and re-iterated it, but it was never disputed. Denver has sixty square miles of perfect building sites — ample room for 2,000,000 people. Denver has the finest patriotic organization in America — a model for all others — the Denver Patriotic League, of which a typical American, Wardner Williams, is president. It embraces 33 patriotic sub-organizations. Denver is the logical, central, strategical, financial, hygienic and inspirational site for the Capital of the greatest nation ever built by God and man. 1 . It is very nearly in the center of the United States. To be exact, it is 2,025 miles from New York and 1,457 miles from San Francisco. 2. In case of war, it is the greatest possible coigne of van- tage. It could never be bombarded by the great fleet of some hostile nation, that might exceed the fighting strength of our navy, batter down our east (or west) coast defenses, raze Washington, destroy all national records and obliterate our seat of government. With vast plains to the eastward, America's greatest mountain ranges to the westward and the American armies to contest every inch of an enemy's ad- vance, what chance is there for an invasion? No foreign guns can ever shoot 1 ,500 to 2,000 miles, and no foreign armies can ever cross our mountains or our plains. 3. It is the Nation's (and the world's) greatest gold and silver producing and storage center. 4. Washington is not the healthiest place for the Nation's statesmen and intellectual giants. Therefore, it is inconsid- erate and inhospitable to offer inferior climatic and hygienic conditions to the visiting emperors, kings and great men of fore'gn powers. Our guests of the foreign diplomatic service should have our best, and Washington is not the best that their host. Uncle Sam, can offer. If Denver were the capital, all foreign visitors would have to traverse 2,000 miles of our 58 THE WHEAT, OATS, BARLEY AND HAY STATE interior, and thereby become familiar with our unparalleled resources. 5. The best legislation, the best diplomacy, the best direct- ing force, can be attained where our President, our cabinet, our senators and congressmen are not peevish, unreasonable and incompetent much of the time from ill-health. Wash- ington is "beastly hot," wet, disagreeable or marrow-freez- ing a large proportion of the year, and cannot offer any comparison whatsoever to the ideal conditions of Denver. Man is a barometer. When the weather is fine, when the glorious sun is shining and the birds are singing, and all na- ture is clapping its hands for joy — as in Colorado — his spirits go up; when it is malarious, damp, drizzly, sleety, his enthusiasm drops to low ebb. What chance have the American people for the best laws or the most cordial rela- tions with the powers under such influences? The first Na- tion on earth wants the best environment, the highest inspira- tion for its chief executive and its statesmen. City sweepstakes. Denver is the heart, the head, the brain of the Intermoun- tain body. It dominates the Intermountain coalition as the human brain rules the body. Its telegraph and telephone wires radiate to every extremity, as the nerves (nature's orig- inal telegraph and telephone system), flashing on the wings of the lightning its directing power. Its factories and com- mercial organizations extend to the periphery of a thousand- mile radius, pulsating the rich blood of trade. Denver leads, directs, dominates the Intermountain members, and always will lead, direct and dominate. No Intermountain city equals it in size or importance, and never will. The development of this family of states means the advancement of Denver. It will always be the center of finance, com- merce, influence. The money kings will always live here. The railroads will always center here. Denver is the capital of a Union within a Union. And as Colorado and Denver lead at home, they will lead abroad. America enlightens the world, and Colorado and Denver enlighten America. The Goddess of Liberty stands with her feet in the sea; the Goddess of the Mountains lifts her torch from the pinnacle of the continent. Colorado and Denver are the culmination of all that is good and elevating and ennobling — ^paragons for all time. They stand at the dawn of a New Era — on the edge of almost incomprehensible advancement. Pi 'r3 o •Th ^ ^ H >> W c V E-l ^ (H H o A l>« 0) H c: H ^ tH 'O 3 n 5 -J§ Ki :Sm o 2j< p4 B o o X i H 1 W 1 1 P4 =! W S o H -« o ;2i § w O C M o cd h o g m s S d 1 w" ^ Antimony. Autunite. Asphaltum. Barite. Bismuth. COLORADO MINERALS AND ELEMENTS. PRODUCING LIST. A gray, metallic-looking substance, used in the manufacture of various alloys, and obtained in small quantities as a by- product in the smelting of metals. Manufactured in Denver, at the rate of one caiload a month. Used medicinally and for spraying. A rare uranium mineral. Found in Rio Blanco County as gilsonite (same as the Utah elaterite) , the deposits being worth millions. The Uintah Railroad, for the transportation of this mineral, was built from Mack, Colorado, to Dragon, Utah, 54 miles, at a cost of $824,000. Sulphate of barium; colors, white, wine-yellow, blue and brown; transparent. Crystallized barite of beautiful color is found in the Smuggler Mine. Rare metal. Invaluable in medicine, dental surgery and many manufactures. Bismuth is the first substance sep- arated from the residues of the workings of pitchblende for uranium, in which the phenomena of radioactivity were observed and studied by Madame Curie. Product, 1911, in gold ores, $25,000. Bismuth occurs in many Colorado mines, but rarely as a pure metal; more commonly in combi- nation with some silver or gold bearing ores, forming what is known as "bismuthinite," found in several of the silver-lead mines of the San Juan region, and near Leadville. Bars of the metal have been produced from the metallurgy of other ores. It is in demand by doc- tors, dentists and druggists as a medicine, is also used in face and toilet powders and in making optical glass. In appearance it is not unlike antimony, silver and gray copper. It is produced in small quantity in the United States, and is often wasted in fumes and flue dust. It is estimated that 880 pounds a day are wasted in the smoke of the great o n < O o iz; l-l W O W 14 o M W 62 THE GOLD STATE Brick and tile. Building stone. Cadn Carnotite. Cement — Portland. Clay — fire. Clay — brick and other kinds. Coal. quan- brown purple Coke Washoe Smelters at Anaconda, Montana. The chromate is an orange yellow ; the oxychloride, a white pigment. Production, 1911, $6,750,000. Untold milhons in value. Unrivaled in diversity, tity and quality. The sandstones are white, red, and gray of many tints; the granite, gray pink, blue, and mottled. Included in the United States Government list are marble, granite, limestone, trappean, sandstone, quartzite, rhyolite, tuff and a great variety of volcanic stone. The Colorado Capitol, costing $3,500,000, is buih of Gun- nison granite. A rare metal. Resembles tin and may be rolled into a thin foil. Used in making alloys having a low fusing point. Made at the Globe Smelter, Denver, from flue dust from zinc ore. Cadmium sulphide is a brilliant yellow, and gives a yellow lustre to porcelain. Used by artists and also in coloring soap. The cadmium voltaic cell is one in which cadmium is used as the positive metal. It is exclusively used as a standard of electro-motive force. A radium ore. Very costly. Also contains uranium and vanadium. First found in Western Routt County, foot of Blue Mountain, formerly known as Yampa Plateau. Radium is also found in Colorado in pitchblende, uranium and vanadium. Carnotite and vanadate of copper both contain selenite. The Century Dictionary says of Carnotite : "It occurs somewhat abundantly in Montrose County, Colo- rado, as a yellow, crystalline powder, or loosely coherent masses. It contains radium and is said to be largely radio- active." Product, 1911, 14,000 tons; plaster, 20,000 tons. Value of cement, 840.000; plaster, $70,000. Superfine gold medal quality. Deposit at Golden. Stupendous beds a mile thick, in the Montana formation. Tons produced, 1911, 10,075,861. Market value, $40,- 303,444. Reserve deposits, 371,000,000,000 tons. Bi- tuminous and anthracite. In the Denver basin alone there are 1 3,590,000.000 tons. Pennsylvania, always consid- ered the great coal state, has estimated resources of only 133,574,000,000 tons. (Artificial). Tons produced, 191 1, 946,284. w w !3'° H ■3» 1 +J ^ 1 Cfi h o CD M > « gS H 50 O cd li m wS a ^" S 5 M !H •s 1-1 [H > H d g 64 THE SILVER STATE Coke. Copper. Corundum. Cryolite. Feldspar. Fluorspar. Fuller's earth. Graphite. Granite. Gold. Grindstones and "whetstones. Gypsum. (Natural). There is a mountain of natural coke — burned by volcanic fires — at Bayfield, on the Los Pinos River. Product, 1911, $1,134,141. Total product since 1859, $27,661,776.89. Found north of Salida. An abrasive, and, when transpar- ent, is the gems ruby and sapphire. Emery is a variety of corundum. An aluminum mineral, found in Cheyenne Canon. Used in the manufacture of pottery. Produced in Boulder County. For foundry use and steel making. Its wonderful purple is exhibited in Colorado's scenic rocks. Exhibits tints of yellow, blue, green, red; is often beautifully banded, and is prized for making vases, beads and brooch-stones. Used as a flux for refractory metals; hence the name, "fluor." An ancient mineral, its use having been known to the Greeks and Romans; a silicious earth having the property of re- moving from newly-made cloth the oil used in making wool pliable in wearing. Used also for filtering oils, lightening the color of cottonseed oil and in making lard clear and white. The annual consumption of this mineral in Denver is $ I 0,000, it being employed largely in the great packing houses. It is produced also in England, Saxony and Bohe- mia. Colorado deposit at Akron. Gunnison County. Industry partially developed. Also known as plumbago and black lead. Used for making pen- cils, electroplating, making crucibles and portable furnaces, for burnishing iron and for counteracting the friction of wood or metal machinery. In the United States the supply comes from Lake Champlain ; also from Siberia and Ceylon. Plum- bago is a conductor of electricity. For monuments. Superior to all others in quality and extent of deposit. Quarries near Salida. There are eight granite quarries in the state. Product, 1911, $24,127,134 (estimated). Quarries in Gunnison County. Quality the best. The crystalline foliate varieties are known as selenite (also found in Colorado). The massive varieties, satinspar, are fibrous; and the fine-grained, pure white or dehcately tinted variety, is called alabaster, used for ornamental purposes. The impure, earthy kind makes plaster-of-paris. Gypsum is also employed as a fertihzer. '^''^^^s^^ Ot O -I O ■« « § 66 THE TUNGSTEN STATE Hinsdalite. Kaolin. Lead. Manganiferous iron. Marble Mica. Mineral waters. Molybdenite. Natural gas. Paving stone Petrified forest. Found in the Golden Fleece Mine and named after Hins- dale County, in 1910. It is of scientific interest and con- tains aluminum. Fine clay for pottery. The Van Briggle ware, made at Colo- rado City, took first prize at the St. Louis World's Fair. Product, 1911, $3,25 ] ,696. Total product since 1 872. $48,886,190.27. Product, 191 I, 6,000 tons. There are four companies in the state making lime. Used for making manganese steel. The Leadville product was the main supply of the United States up to the termina- tion of the Spanish war, and is now the largest in America. At the end of the war with Spain, shipments began from our island possessions. One deposit of 300 acres is 240 feet thick. Over $3,000,- 000 have been expended in developing the quarries and the product. Seven hundred men employed at Marble, with a monthly payroll of $40,000. The $3,000,000 Denver postoffice and the $400,000 Colorado State Museum are being built of Colorado marble. Value of Colorado-Yule Marble Company contracts, 191 1, $1,069,275. Found in vast quantities in many locations in Larimer, Boul- der, Jefferson and other counties. One of Colorado's resources. In the Steamboat Springs re- gion there are 73 different kinds of mineral springs. These waters afford every quality desired by physicians, who are not required to move their patients from one place to another. Colorado exported in 1911 $25,000 worth of fine mineral waters. Boiling springs abound in the Las Animas Valley and elsewhere. The first shipment was made in 1911, from Summit County. Molybdenite resembles graphite and is used as a flux for steel. It is chemically related to tungsten and uranium. Molybdenum is a silver-white metal, harder than silver. Produced and used to some extent at Longmont. Enormous contracts taken in other states, besides supplying the Colorado demand. Natural wood, petrified by silxa, is found in large quantity in South Park, and at the bases of the Mountains. A buried forest of agatized and silicified wood was found some years BALFOUR AND CAKNEGIE Sons of Carmon-U. S. Government Types of the American Carriage Horse- Colorado Agricultural College, 68 THE URANIUM STATE ago in Elbert County, having trees of many sizes, buried from 10 to 20 feet underground. Agatized logs having a diameter of several feet were unearthed by railroad laborers. Petroleum. Of the new oil wells discovered in 1911, one is in Western Rio Blanco County, 50 miles from a railroad, where many good wells have been sunk, and $250,000 is already in- vested; another near Cortez, where three companies are sinking wells; and a third near Saguache, where a well is flowing 1 00 barrels a day. The Florence field produced during the year $525,000 and the Boulder field $70,000. Several of the Fremont County wells have yielded over a million barrels each, and are still producing 30 to 50 barrels a day. Two hundred wells have recently been sunk in Rangely, Rio Blanco County, and a number in Petrolite. A half-million dollars have been invested in these two places. Oil is also found in Routt County. The oil industry in the state is as yet largely undeveloped, but frequent strikes have induced unwonted activity. The product generally is of high quality, and a great future is predicted for this indus- try, still in its infancy. Pitchblende. A radium ore. Contains also uranium. Product, 1911, $25,000 — shipped to various colleges and testing plants. A black, granular mineral, resembling pitch and exceedingly brittle. Occurs in granitic rocks and metallic ores, often with sulphides of silver, lead, cobalt, nickel, iron, zinc and copper. Precious stones. Production in 1909-10: Aquamarine, 50,000 carats; Phe- nacite, 2,000 carats; Amazonie, 2 tons; Almandine garnets, 20 pounds ; Agate, 1 00 pounds ; Amethyst, 300 pounds ; Rose quartz, 2 tons; Epidote, 100 pounds; Topaz (pre- cious), 3 pounds; Smoky topaz, 275 pounds; Rock crystal, 1 00 pounds. Aquamarine and phenacite are mined at Mt. Antero and neighboring mountains in Chaffee County. Ama- zonite is found in Teller County, four and one-half miles north of Florissant, in a coarse biotite granite. Almandine garnets occur two miles south-west of Canon City in Fre- mont County, in a hornblende, biotite gneiss. Rose quartz is found in a coarse pegmatite, 20 miles west of Canon City and 6 miles north of Texas Creek Station on main line of Rio Grande Railroad. Large turquoise depos'ts — the only ones in Colorado — exist in Conejos County, the mines hav- ing an estimated content of 5,000,000 carats. The color 70 THE VANADIUM STATE of the stone ranges from pale azure through robin's egg blue to apple green. The Indians, as well as the Oriental an- cients, awed by its changing colors, have always regarded the turquoise as a sacred stone. In 1911 large quantities of aquamarines, beryls and topaz were found near Mt. Antero. Pyritic iron. Used in manufacturing. Selenium. A rare and little known element, described by the United States Geological Survey as having its greatest use in the manufacture of certain glasses and in coloring enameled ware. Used to overcome the natural green color of ordinary glass and also in making glass of a distinct red color, such as is used on railroads for signal lights. It has the peculiar property of being a very poor conductor of electricity in the dark, and a fairly good conductor in the light, and a num- ber of electrical inventions depend on this peculiarity. It has been used in telephoning along a ray of light and for transmitting sounds and photographs from one place to an- other by means of a telephone or telegraph wire. The name of this metal comes from the Greek word meaning "moon- light," from Selene (Luna in Latin), the Greek goddess of the moon, sister of Helios, the sun, and Eos, the dawn. Selenium is produced in the Empire district, near George- town. Silica. Sand for making white glass. Unlimited deposits near Canon City, where there is also a vast supply of white quartz, adapted for the same purpose. The industry is undeveloped. Denver formerly had a glass factory, turning out a very su- perior product. At the gateway of the beautiful Las Ani- mas Valley there is a mountain of silica, 3,000 feet high, the mineral being of extreme fineness. Silver. Product, 1911, $4,771,439 (estimated). Since the de- monetization of silver, the production of this metal has been neglected in this state, but it does not lack for quantity. Soda. There are whole lakes of soda in the San Luis Valley and near Morrison, in Jefferson County — at the door of Denver. Strontium. Discovered in the "Garden of the Gods," — a dark yellow, malleable metal. Salts of strontium are used chiefly in mak- ing fireworks, imparting an intense red color to the flames. Sulphur. Colorado has two plants — one in Gunn'son County, where the product is heated and pumped out as a liquid and al- O oi " 01 ■S M T3 f^ S n 72 THE COAL STATE Sulphu Titanium. Tho Torbemite. Tungsten. lowed to cool in troughs. At Creede it is mined, there be- ing a solid mountain of sulphur. Flour sulphur is worth $60 per ton. The Vulcan Mine has the largest deposits outside of New Mexico and Louisiana. By-product from Colorado ores, worth, 191 1, $1,925,000. Manufactured in Dfenver. This is the only plant west of New Jersey, and the only one in the United States using American ores. It is the largest plant in America. The New Jersey enterprise uses foreign ores. A metal, found in Douglas, El Paso and Park Counties. It has been detected in meteorites and in the sun, and possesses the remarkable power of combining with nitrogen at a high temperature. It is found in many kinds of pig-iron, and has been used for making "titanic steel." A radioactive rare earth, yielding to Debierne another simi- lar element, actinium. It takes its name from Thor, god of thunder of the ancient Scandinavians. Produced at Mt. Rattler (home of rattlesnakes), Douglas County, near the town of Castle Rock. Thorium is the metallic base of the earth, thoria, discovered by Berzelius in 1 828, to which the name, thorite, is now given. The metal resembles nickel in color. Some varieties of thorite contain a considerable amount of uranium. Thorite, when heated in the air, burns with a bright flame. A rare uranium mineral. Boulder County. Product, 1911, $368,400. Used chief- ly for hardening steel and making tungsten incandescent lamps. The annual output of these lamps in the United States is about 1 0,000,000, and one ton of 70% tungsten will make 1 8,000,000 lamps. As previously stated, Colo- rado produces 80% of the world's supply of this mineral. Tungsten is chemically related to molybdenum and uranium. Certain compounds of tungsten have been employed as sub- stitutes for bronze powder. Tools made from tungsten steel are extremely hard. Used in automobiles, it will stand three times the twist of ordinary steel. Its use in armor-plate for battleships would reduce the cost two-thirds. The superi- ority of cutting tools of tungsten steel has, according to Mr. Frank L. Hess, of the United States Geological Survey, made tungsten mining important, economically. When these tools are used, a lathe may be run fast enough to raise the steel shavings to such a heat that they take a blue tint in 'A' CO 9 « <* s g s SI M g « .2 o -S H W 74 THE GRANITE STATE cooling. This heat would ruin the temperature of any high- carbon steel tool. The proportion of tungsten to steel in these tools is from I 6 to 20 per cent. It is readily seen what a great work Colorado is doing when it furnishes the world at large with four-fifths of the supply of this infinitely valuable mineral. Uranium. Named after the planet Uranus ; an element discovered in I 787 in the mineral, pitchblende. Uranium-yellow is an important pigment employed in coloring glass and porcelain. In Colorado, uranium is found both in pitchblende and car- notite. Vanadium. A record deposit of vanadium, worth millions, is a 1912 discovery in Custer County. The vanadium ores in Colo- rado are of three kinds — carnotite, roscoelite and kent- smithite. Carnotite carries both uranium and vanadium. Roscoelite is the principal ore used in the mill at Newmire. Kentsmithite is a new mineral discovered in 1 9 1 in the Joe Dandy mine of the General Vanadium Company, near Na- turita. Kentsmithite is black; carnotite, yellow. Kentsmith- ites averages considerably higher in vanadium than any of the vanadium ores previously discovered in Colorado. Most of the work in opening vanadium deposits has been done in Montrose and San Miguel Counties. A vanadium reducing mill is being built in Grand Junction. Vanadium steel springs have double the strength and treble the life of springs made from ordinary steel. Vanadium gears are practically indestructible, vanadium locomotive frames unbreakable, va- nadium cast iron locomotive cylinders have entire absence of porosity and wear interminably, vanadium tool steel cuts many times as much as a regular steel, while vanadium saws last longer, cut faster and withstand ill-usage better than any other saw; and vanadium protective deck-plate for our battleships proved itself to be 269 per cent better than the Krupp plate. A fine yellow pigment made from this metal is known as vanadium bronze, and is used in place of gold bronze. Vanadium and uranium output, 1911, $1,884,- 000, against $630,000 in 1910— an increase of a million and a quarter. Vanadium was discovered in 1 80 1 and named after Vanadis, a goddess of the Scandinavian myth- ology. Yttrium. But I'ttle is known of this rare metal. It is found at Mt. Rattler, and is a constituent of gadolinite. 76 THE MARBLE STATE Tellurium. Salt. Epsom salt. Tin. Nickel. Natrolite and other zeolites. Carbonate of lime. Native alum. Asbestus. Diamonds. Jet. Meteoric iron. Native arsenic. Samarskite. Bragite. Native bismuth. Native charcoal. Onyx. Value of the Colorado metal produced in 1911, 53,126 tons, worth $5,973,825. Of this Leadville alone is cred- ited with $3,845,485. OVER FOUR HUNDRED MINERALS. The author, as he writes, holds in his hand a list — compiled by J. S. Randall, of the Georgetown Courier — of over four hundred minerals produced in Colorado. A few of them are noted briefly in this book, while the others are mentioned only by name. These minerals contain the elements men- tioned in foregoing lists, as well as others, in various combi- nations and proportions. Native tellurium is found in Boulder County. There is a mine of salt in West Paradox Valley, Montrose County. In 1 868 salt was produced for the market in Park County, from springs. Epsomite. Discovered, 1 9 1 I , in San Miguel County. Discovered, 1911, in San Miguel County. North Table Mountain, Golden. Of high analysis. Kalinite. Fremont and other counties. Found in Boulder, Chaffee and other counties. Forty years ago it was reported that diamonds had been found near Denver. An easterner procured some mineral m this city — said to have been discovered in a near-by district — and on examination it was found to be the genuine genl. Found in El Paso and Fremont Counties, and elsewhere. Yale College Museum has two meteorites from Colorado, each weighing between one and two hundred grams. Found in mines, Leadville District. A tantalum mineral. A tantalum mineral. Occurring in Boulder and Summit Counties and other locali- ties. Found in coal beds. In many colors. Found in Gunnison and Grand Counties and elsewhere. 78 THE SCENIC STATE Ml ineral wax. Copperas. Native lead. Ozocerite. Resembles spermaceti. Found on the Western Slope, in Routt County and other places. White and yellow. Found in Eagle County. Found in Custer County. Acanlhile. Acmite. Aclinolite. Adularia. Aegirite. Agate. Agate jasper. Agatlzed wood. Aikinite. Alabandite. Alabaster. Alaskaite. Albin. Albite. Allanite. Allophane. Almandite. Altaite. Aluminite. Alunite. Alunogen. Amalgam. Amazonstone. Amethyst. Amphibole. Analcite. Andesite. Andradite. Anglesite. Anhydrite. Annabergite. Anomite. Anorthite. Anorthoclase. Anthrophyllite. Anthracite. Anthrackonite. Antimony. Apatite. Aphrizite. Aphrosiderite. Apophyllite. Aquamarine. Aragonite. Arfvedsonile. Argentine. Argentite. Argon. Arsenolite. Arsenopyrite. Asphaltum. Astrophyllite. Atacamite. Augite. Aurichalcite. Autunite. Aventurine. Azurite. Barite. Barium. Barkevlklte. Basanite. Bastite. Bastnasite. Bauxite. Beegerite. Berthierite. Bertrandite. Beryl. Beryllium. Biotite. Bismite. Bismuthinite. Bismutite. Bituminous coal. Bole. Bornite. Boron. Bournonite. Brochantile. Bromyrite. Bronzite. Brown coal. Byerite. Byssolite. Cacholong. Cadmium. Calamine. Calaverite. Calcareous Calcile. Calcium. Caledonite. Carbon. Carnat. Carnelian. Carnotile. Cassiterite. Cataphocite. Celestite. Cerargyrite. Cerium. Cerussite. Ceylonite. tufa Chabazite. Chalcanthite. Chalcadonyx. Chalcedony. Chalcocite. Chalcomantite. Chal copy rite. Chloropal. Chlorite. Cholorphane. Chromium. Chrysoberyl. Chrysocolla. Chrysolite. Chrysophrase. Cinnabar. Citrine. Cobalt. Coloradoite. Columbite. Copiapite. Copper. Coquimbite. Corundum. Cosalite. Covellite. Crocidolite. Crossite. Cryolite. Cuprite. Cuprobismutlte. Cyanite. Cyanotrichite. Cyrtolite. Danalite. Dechenite. Descloizite. Diallage. Diapside. Diaspore. Didymium. Dolomite. Dough tyite. Dubdenite. Dumortierile. Dyscrasite. Egyptian jasper. Electrum. Elpasolite. Emboli te. Emmonslte. Enargite. Encrinal marble. Enstatite. Epidote. Erbium. Erylhrite. Essonite. Fayalite. Ferrotellurite. Fibroferrite. Fibrolite. Fire opal. Flint. Flos ferri. Fluorine. Fluorite. Fortification agate. Freibergite. Freieslebenite. Fuller's earth. Gadolinite. Gahnite. Galena. Garnet. Gearksutite. Gibbsite. Gibraltar stone. Glockerite. Gold. Goslarite. Goldschmidtite. Gothite. Graphite. Greenockite. Guitermanite. Gunnisonite. Gypsum. Halite. Halloysite. Halotrichite. Hanksite. Hauynite. Heliotrope. Hematite. Henryite. Hessite. Heulandite. Hornblende. Hornstone. Hubnerite. Hyacinth. Hyalite. Hydrocarbons, MASTER OF ARTS AND A DUCHESSE COW Colorado Ideals, Representing the New Gary Type of Shorthorns, Reared in Routt County. 80 THE CENTENNIAL STATE Hydrophane. Hypersthene. Iceland Spar. Iddingsite. Ilesile. Ilsemannite. Infusorial earth. lodobromite. Iron. Jalpaite. Jamesonite. Jarosile. Jasper. Jasperized wood. Johannite. Johnslonile. Kalinite. Kaolinite. Kobellite. Krennerite. Kustelite. Labradorite. Lanarkite. Lanthanite. Lanthanum. Laumontite. Lavenite. Lead. Leadhillite. Lepidomelane. Leuccxane. Levynile. Lignite. Lillianite. Limonite. Lionite. Lollingite. Magnesium. Magnesite. Magnetite. Magnolite. Malachite. Mallardite. Manganese. Manganite. Marble. Marcasite. Marmatite. Massicot. Malildite. Melanite. Megabasite. Melaconite. Melanterite. Melonite, Mendozite. Mercury. Mesitlte. Mesole. Mesolite. Micaceous iron ore. Microcline. Microperthite. Milky quartz. Mimetile. Minium. Mlrabilite. Mizzonile. Molybdenite. Molybdenum. Molybdite. Monazite. Monheimite. Montanite. Moonstone. Morencile. Moss agate. Muscovite. Nagyagite. Naphthalene. Native coke. Native copper. Native sulphur. Native tellurium. Natramblygonite. Natron. Nephelite. Niccolite. Nigrine. Nigrite. Niobium. Nosetite. Octohedrite. Oligoclase. Olivine. Onegite. Opal. Opalized wood. Orthoclase. Osteocolla. Ozocerite. Pachnolite. Pearceite. Petrified wood. Petroleum. Petzite. Phenacite. Phosgenite. Phosphorous. Pickeringlte. Pictotite. Picrolitamite. Pilarite. Pinite. Plasma. Platinum. Polybasite. Potassium. Prase. Prosopite. Proustite. Psilomelane. Ptilolite. Pyrargyrile. Pyrite. Pyrolusite. Pyromorphlte. Pyrope. Pyroxene. Pyrrhotite. Quartz. Radium. Ralstonite. Realgar. Resin. Rhodochrosite. Rhodonite. Ricardite. Riebeckite. Robellazite. Rock crystal. Roscoelite. Rose quartz. Rubellite. Rutile. Sagenitic quartz. Sanidine. Sapphire. Sardonyx. Satin spar. Scheelite. Schirmerite. Schwieberscite. Scolecite. Selenite. Selenium. Semi-opal. Sericite. Serpentine. Siderite. Siderophyllite. Silicified wood. Silicon. Sillimanite. Silver. Silver black. Smaltite. Smithsonite. Smoky quartz. Sodalite. Sodium. Specularite. Spessartite. Sphalerite. Spherosiderite. Sphene. Staurolite. Stephanite. Stibnite. Stilbite. Stromeyerite. Strontianite. Strontium. Stylotypite. Sulphur. Sylvanite. Talc. Tantalum. Telaspyrine. Tellurite. Tennantite. Tenorite. Telradymite. Telrahedrite. Thenardite. Thomsenolite. Thomsonite. Thorium. Titanite. Titanium. Titanomagnetite. Topaz. Torbernite. Tourmaline. Tremolite. Tridymite. Tungsten. Turgite. Turquoise. Tysonite. Uintahite. Uraconite. Uradite. Uraninite. Uranium. Valencianite. Vanadinite. Vanadium. Vandiestlte. Vescerianite. Vivianite. Voglianite. Vesuvianite. Wad. Warrenite. Wavellite. Wehrlite. Wheelerite. Willemite. Witherile. Wittichenite. KOYAL GOKGE, FROM THE TOP The Walls of this Wonderful Chasm Are 8,600 Feet Above the Arkansas River. 82 THE COLUMBINE STATE Wolframite. Wollaslonile. Wood opal. Wulfenile. Wurlzilite. Wurlzite. Xenolime. Yttrium. Ytlrocerite. Zinc. Zinkenite. Zircon. Zirconium. Zoizite. Zorgitc. Zunyite. FRED P, JOHNSON Foster-Father of the Livestock Industry. EUGENE H. G-RUBB The Colorado Potato Wizard. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. The author is indebted for highly appreciated assistance, in information, drawings, photographs and cuts, to Capt. J. T. Smith, mining editor of the Rocky Mountain News: J. S. Randall, editor of the Georgetown Courier; President Victor C. Alderson and Professor G. Montague Butler, of the Colorado School of Mines; Paul Gregg, Colorado's great artist; F. A. Wadleigh, of the Denver & Rio Grande; R. S. Ruble, of the Union Pacific; C. H. Speers, of the Colorado Midland; C. E. Goody, of the Denver, North- western & Pacific ("Moffat Road") ; F. C. Matthews, of the Cripple Creek Short Line; T. E. Fisher, of the Colorado & Southern; Fred P. Johnson, Eugene Grubb, "Municipal Facts," "The Red Book," "Mid-Continent," "Outdoor Life," Hon. S. N. Leek, of Wyoming; W. Babberger, of Canon City; Mile High Photo Co., Charles Mace, Joseph Langer, Stuart Mace, Dr. William Smedley, Harry L. Seidenstricker, the Denver Gas & Electric Co., Denver Union Water Co., Denver City Tramway Co., Chamber of Commerce, Record-Stockman, Denver Post, Denver Republican, Rocky Mountain News, Denver Times, Denver Express. TRAPPER'S LAKE, SOURCE OF THE WHITE RIVER. SUMMIT OF PIKE'S PEAK— OBSERVATORY AND COG ROAD. IN THE REALM OF ETERNAL SNO'W. THE NEW COLORADO STATE FLAG orimiKiti'd ))>■ Iit-iivrr Cliaiiter, Diinirliters of the American Itevolution. Aduijttd ]>y tlic EiiiiiU'eiitli Geiioral Assembly. May 6, 1911. Bill Intro- f]iii-ed by Scii.-Lior Sliarpley. Desiy:n by A. C. Carson. COLORADO STATE FLAG SIGNIFICATIONS. LETTER "C". GOLD. . WHITE. YALE BLUE. CORDS AND TASSELS.. . . Capital for Colorado Centennial State Columbine State Red Color — "Colorado' in Spanish. . Greatest Gold State All-the-year Sunshine One Columbine Color One color more than the U. S. Flag. . Greatest Silver State Eternal Mountain Snow One Columbine Color. .All-the-year Blue Sky One Columbine Color (Color of the D. A. R.) Two Cords of Gold and Silver . Strands Intertwined One Gold and One Silver Tassel. RADIANA (Air — "In Cellar Cool:') COL-O-RA-DO, THE ONLY ONE! THY CHILDREN ALL ADORE THEE. WE SEE THY SPLENDOR OF TODAY OUTSHONE BY FUTURE GLORY WE LOVE THY CHASTE ETERNAL SNOW, PLAINS RICH BEYOND THE KNOWING; ALL MORTAL PLEASURES WE ENJOY WHILE GROWING— GROWING— GROWING! COL-d-RA-DO, OUR GLORIOUS STATE! ALL TONGUES NOW JOIN IN PRAISING. THY MOUNTAIN PEAKS REACH IN THE SKY, THE HEAVENLY DOME UPRAISING. THY BLAZING BEACON FLAMES ON HIGH, TO EARTH GLAD TIDINGS GIVING, OF PLEASURE'S WAYS THRO' GOLDEN DAYS WHILE LIVING— LIVING— LIVING! COL-O-RA-DO, ON TOP THE WORLD, NO STATE IN ALL THIS NATION CAN MATCH THY BEAUTY OR THY WEALTH. THOU MARVEL OF CREATION! GOD BROKE THE MOLD WHEN OF PURE GOLD HE MADE THEE ALL-COMBINING! AMONG THE STARS THOU ART THE SUN, OUT-SHINING— SHINING— SHINING ! m '■^^ a ■i ^ A ^ ^^1 M^ L_ P^P^'^a ralESMsiF.- .jiissK'^.u j>^ i^- ^^ ■^^im.s^:^^ aa^-" '■ '~ . ■ 'U COLORADO'S GRANITE CAPITOL. THE DENVER AUDITORIUM. SKY-LINE DRIVE— CANON CITY ON THE PLAIN BELOW. A COLORADO GLACIER— BACKBONE OF THE CONTINENT, e<.^**, ^ A TRIP THROUGH COLORADO ORCHARDS m-^i , , COLORADO APPLE BLOSSOMS COLORADO, THE APPLE STATE A Native Variety, the Colorado Orange — An Exquisite Study in Form and Coloring-, COLORADO, THE APPLE STATE A Superb Portraiture of the Famous Arkansas Black — This Is Apple Perfection, COLORADO, THE APPLE STATE Winesaps — Colorado Eclipses the Universe in the Klchness of Quality and Coloring: of Its Prolific and Perfect Fruit, COLORADO, THE APPLE STATE Fremont County Borne Beauties — Two and a Half Dozen on Two Twigs — Colorado Sets the Pace for All Pomologrists, Both at Home and Abroad, •»';1 ■ / COLORADO, THE APPLE STATE The Wolf River Apple, a Pomoloirioal Giant — The Grand Valley Alone Raised 100,000,000 Apples in 1911, One for Every Man, Woman and Child in the United States. COLORADO, THE APPLE STATE This Shows How the Red Empire Surpasses All Competitors — The Geniton of Fremont County — Colorado Is the Permanent Address of the Goddess Pomona. S 2 w » m 5 ^ 1 SI Eh '^ (3 d O E THE SURVIVORS Inman Estimates That 31,000,000 Buffalo Were Killed hy So-Oalled Civilized Men in Thirteen Years, Beginning- in 1869 — the Greatest Slaughter in History. The Bahy Buffalo in This Picture Was Only Ten Hours Old When Photographed in Denver, 1912. '/ LIGHT OF THE W^ORLD With one exception Colorado produces the entire list of metals given in the Cen- tury Dictionary and Williams ' ' ' The Tele- scope," as having been identified in the Sun (which has 36 known chemical ele- ments). The exception is palladium. No doubt Colorado has this also, but it does not appear on the author's list. To more than make up for this deficiency, however, Colorado has Radium, silver, yttrium, zinc and zirconium, four of these being enumer- ated as solar elements in Todd's "New Astronomy." Colorado's list, therefore, includes 25; namely, aluminium, barium, cadmium, calcium, carbon, chromium, co- balt, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, man- ganese, molybdenum, nickel, Radium, sili- con, silver, sodium, titanium, platinum, uranium, vanadium, yttrium, zinc and zir- conium. OJLuHAbO OPy«e^vORLB