UN ITED 'STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR REPORT OF THE UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION HOUSES, SITE-PLANNING, UTILITIES 3tl|aca, Nruj ^avk COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE LIBRARY 3 1924 061 770 651 Al Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924061770651 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL HOUSING AND TRANSPORTATION WAR EMERGENCY CONSTRUCTION (HOUSING WAR WORKERS) REPORT OF THE UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION VOLUME II HOUSES, SITE-PLANNING, UTILITIES WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OPPICB 1919 -"• '■'■■ - ■ - w H W w O h4 2; o H o pa o « Pi TABLE OP CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. P^ge Introductory 15-18 The present iousing shortage not new, but accentuated by the war — Some causes of inadequate housing before the war — How the situation was aggravated by the war — It becomes the province of the Government to handle housing as a war emergency — First investigations and reports — Government action — ^The United States Housing Corporation. CHAPTER II. Investigating the Trouble, Choice op Remedies, Designing the Devei For a more complete idea of the technical details of these investigations see Instructions (Appendix, p. 437). INVESTIGATION AND DESIGN. 21 this work under so much pressure, that very seldom has the corporation afterwards repented of the de- cision of its investigating team. THE COMMITTEE OF DESIGNERS, When, after hearing the report of the second in- vestigation team for a project, the corporation had determined what sites to choose and what housing and transportation to provide, the next move was to appoint the committee of designers. This com- mittee consisted normally of an architect, an engi- neer, and a town planner.' The architects were chosen by the general man- ager of the Housing Corporation, the engineers and the town planners by the Engineering and Town Planning Divisions, respectively, subject to the ap- proval of the president of the corporation, for their professional qualifications for the particular job, and as far as possible to supplement each other, and among them to cover the whole field. One of them was made chairman, and held responsible for the quick and efficient working of the committee. In effect they were made a firm with a senior partner, responsible jointly for a complete solution of the problem set before them. They were called to Washington and given all the information which the corporation had gathered on their particular project. Also they received the "standard" or type plans and directions issued by the corporation for engineering, town planning, and architecttual work, and definite printed directions as to the procedure of the committee and the re- sponsibilities of each designer.^ Each designer re- ported to the corporation division in charge of his particular work, and was initiated into the ways of the corporation as far as possible in a day or so, before the committee returned to their offices to begin work. Either the town planner or the engi- neer, according to the particular case, was made responsible for securing a topographic map of the site, as quickly as could possibly be done. In the few cases where we had no bomidary plan of the land, the surveyor usually ran the boundary lines first, so that the Real Estate Division could accu- rately appraise the land, on the basis of a plot ap- proved by them and by the Town Planning Divi- sion. •See "Instructions to Committee of Designers" (Appendix, p. 444) for the exact functions of each, of the designers. ^ For standard plans, see pages 51-63, 471-491, .501-504. For standard instructions, see Appendix. The committee of designers were required to pre- pare preliminary plans and estimates showing the development which they proposed, and to submit them personally at Washington so that any con- flicting opinions or doubtful points might be dis- cussed and settled there and then. The Engineer- ing Division appointed from its staff district engi- neers, each responsible to the chief engineer for the work of the Engineering Division on a certain group of projects. The Town Planning Division similarly appointed district town planners. The Architect- ural Division, however, divided its work into vari- ous branches such as heating and ventilating, elec- trical work, plumbing, specifications, construction, and design, and different men in the division were primarily responsible each for some one of these branches. The representatives of the various divi- sions in the corporation who were concerned with the same project thus saved a great deal of time by knowing whom to ask for any particular kind of information on any job. When the committee of designers came in with their preliminary plans and estimates, each designer first checked over his own plans with the representative of his own divi- sion. Then the endeavor was made in general con- ference to be sure that there were no inconsist- encies, overlaps, or omissions between the work of the respective designers. When the preliminary plans and estimates had been approved, after having been changed as much as the corporation saw fit, the designers went back to their offices, to work up the plans in detail, and to report again in Washington for a similar final inspection and approval, after which the plans were ready to go to contract. On a few projects all the designing was done by the staff of the corporation without using outside offices. On some others cer- tain features were designed in this way because special circumstances made it more convenient. In the meantime the Real Estate Division had sent out a negotiator from its staff, who, keeping in touch with the committee of designers, began the acquisition of the land which proved to be necessary for the design as finally approved. THE PROJECT MANAGER. The corporation appointed, at about this stage in the progress of each job, a project manager whose business it was to be fully informed on all matters pertaining to his project, to discover and eliminate causes of friction and delay, and in gen- 22 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. eral to see that the office organization of the cor- poration and the designing and construction of the project were kept in efficient cooperation. LETTING THE CONSTRUCTION CONTRACT. Contracts for construction were let by the Con- struction Division of the corporation on the basis of competitive bids for the whole job, by general contractors. The form of this contract, Uke that of the contracts with designers and the other legal agreements entered into by the corporation, was determined by the Legal Division so as to be in accord with the provision of the Housing Act and to meet the desires of the corporation divisions concerned in each case. These contract forms were simplified and standardized as far as practicable.' In a few minor cases it was found practicable to let lump-sum contracts, but usually the contractors would not bid in this way except at prohibitive figures, on account of the uncertainty of labor and material costs. Our usual procedure was that the contractor stated his estimate of the total cost of the work, including all expenses; his bid for his fixed fee, covering his own time, skill, and organ- izing abiHty; interest on capital; profit; the organization with which he was prepared to do the work, with a schedule of salaries; his bid for plant rental and the plant to be fur- nished; and the length of time within which he agreed to finish the job. Low estimate of cost of work, low fee, good reputation, good equipment and personnel, short estimate of time to complete work, each counted a certain number of points toward a total which determined the selection of the contractor. In the meantime the Requirements Division of the corporation had prepared an item- ized estimate of the cost of the proposed buildings, which was used as a standard to check up the bids. The materials, at a fixed price, were usually pur- chased through the Construction Division of the Army, the prices being stated to the bidding con- tractors. The contractor usually agreed further, that if the final cost exceeded his estimate, his fee should be reduced by one-quarter the amount of such excess, though not below a minimum of one-half the fee first agreed on; but on the other hand, in all cases, if the cost was less than his estimate, his fee was increased by 25 cents for ' For form of construction contract see Appendix, p. 519. For further details see also Vol. I of this report. each dollar he saved, up to the limit of an extra pay- ment of one-half his fee, provided that the time hmit, as originally fixed or later extended, had not been exceeded. His expenses, as per carefully checked vouchers and pay rolls, were reimbursed to him by the corporation. PROCEDURE OF DESIGNERS IN CONSTRUCTION— THE WORKS SUPERINTENDENT. When the work was actually started in construc- tion, the committee of designers nominated a works superintendent, who, when approved and appointed by the corporation, became the representative of the corporation on the job, supreme in authority as to construction. The committee of designers acted toward him thereafter in an advisory capacity as to design, giving no orders themselves on the work, but in cases of important disagreement, reporting the case to Washington for settlement. On every important job each designer was required to have a personal representative on the ground to help the works superintendent in carrying out the plans and to keep the designer in touch with the work. The works superintendent had tmder him a force of inspectors and checkers through whom he issued instructions to the contractors. In many cases, especially in engineering work, the designer's repre- sentative was used also in the capacity of inspector by the works superintendent. The designer him- self was supposed to pay personal visits to the work frequently enough to be thoroughly informed of what was going on.^ SUMMARY. It might seem from the above short and incom- plete statement of the procedure of the corporation that all this machinery was carefully set up before- hand, and that it always worked as set up, without friction. Such was not the case. Much of the pro- cedure was worked out as we went along, and came to its full form only after some time, which we be- Heve made it better for its purpose. There were occasional misunderstandings, conflicts of authority, and dupUcation of fields of work, but on the whole one of the most striking accomplishments of the corporation was that through a necessarily com- plicated cooperation of many hundreds of people who, for the most part, had never worked together 2 For corporation Instructions to Field Staff see Appendix, p. 515. The details in regard to the methods of disbursement, accounting, and control of contractors' operations are fully covered in Vol. I of this report. J J w o H Q Z; < w o o Pi INVESTIGATION AND DESIGN. 23 before, with almost no delay due to personal fric- tion, it produced in 109 days, from July 25, 1918, to November 11, 191 8, completely worked out plans and specifications for 83 projects, for 60 of which, involving an estimated expenditiure by the Housing Corporation of $63,481,146.65, construction con- tracts had already been let on November 1 1 , AFTER THE ARMISTICE. With the signing of the artnistice the whole out- look of the Housing Corporation changed. In a considerable number of projects the demand for houses would persist after the war. When this was the case and we were already well along in construc- tion, it would save money to go on and complete the houses for rent or sale. In some projects, however, the demand for houses would cease with the war and on all these work was promptly stopped. In such places we had usually planned temporary houses, knowing that they must ultimately be scrapped. In many other projects we had not proceeded far with our construction, and it saved money to stop, scrap what we had done and take our loss, rather than to go on and try to get back from sales or rent after the war the cost of houses built at the abnor- mally high prices of war times. How far this stopping of house building was desirable in a broad way, in towns which still very much needed houses, is another question; but it should not be forgotten that the Bureau of Industrial Housing was created and organized to meet a war emergency, not to solve the general problem of industrial housing in the United States, however desirable this latter result may be. DATA COLLECTED— VALUE OF THIS REPORT. The United States Housing Corporation, in serv- ing its war purpose, has produced and compiled, as a by-product of its activities, a collection of data which, with the similar material in the hands of the United States Shipping Board, is by far the largest and best organized collection of information in exis- tence on contemporary American industrial housing, town planning and related matters. This volume of the report of the corporation sets forth in brief com- pass one aspect of what the corporation has done in a war emergency ; but it also calls attention to this collected data so that the public may have access to it for use in attacking again the housing prob- lem, no less important in the coming times of peace. CHAPTER III. MUNICIPAL UTILITIES. Our present standards in municipal utilities are of very recent growth— These utilities the result of scientific study and exper ience — Fitting the utilities of a new development into the general scheme of the community — ^Negotia- tions for public utility contracts — Corporation engineering standards and formulated directions. Within the memory of men now Hving there have been developed in the modem urban and suburban community many new domestic conveniences almost if not entirely unknown in the past. So complete a change has been made in habits of life, standards of comfort, and methods for convenient living that it is difficult for the present generation to appreciate that the larger part of this advance has come about well within the last 50 or 60 years. There was a time when every man's house was his castle — dark, damp, foul, unheated, ill. lighted, and entirely shut off from the outer world. To-day, the thoroughly modern urban dwelling is, so to speak, only one biological cell in the larger pulsating organism of the community, every dwelling in com- mon throbbing with light waves at night and power current by day; having a wellspring of pmre running water in any room that needs it; connected by instant speech with every neighbor within hun- dreds of miles, provided with means for the instant removal of all offensive wastes and their final proper disposition; perhaps even heated from a common civic source; and having well-lighted, hard-sur- faced local carriageways for engine and horse driven transportation, as well as convenient foot- ways, — all this being provided through the agency of the municipality or through skillfully planned central production; and having also long-distance transportation so cleverly adjusted to its work that commodities and services from all over the world are conveyed to and from each house without care or anxiety to the owner, and at an expense far less than he could personally provide them, were it possible for him to provide them at all. Even in the United States for a long time after the Civil War the smaller cities and towns of the country were generally unprovided with public water stipplies or sewer systems; streets were un- paved, and wooden sidewalks were a luxury; cess- pools were common; only a few of the wealthy knew the advantage of a bathtub; and public lighting was 24 generally by kerosene lamps in the larger cities, or by the flicker of sparsely provided gas lamps. About 1850 modem systems of water-carriage sewers began to be scientifically studied and intro- duced, at first only in the larger cities like lyondon. New York, and Chicago. But early progress was slow, and the smaller towns of the United States and Europe did not generally provide facilities of this kind until after 1880 or 1890. Public water supplies although ancient in origin, for example, those of Rome, were, nevertheless, ordinarily confined to a few of the larger and more wealthy cities of the Old World for many centuries. The four or five largest cities of the United States introduced public supplies only in the first part of the last century, and the rapid growth of com- munity water supply as now practiced did not take place in this country until after about 1880. Gas for street lighting came into use early in the last century, but only for the larger cities. Kero- sene street lamps were common in the United States up to 1890 and even 1900, and in some localities still surAdve. Electric light was intro- duced in 1885 to 1890, but did not become general until after 1900. The telephone was invented about 1877 and was not extensively introduced until after 1900. Elec- tric transportation has coincident origin. The rise in the common use of these facilities has been well- nigh marvelous. The automobile, with its insistent demand for good roads and pavements, was bom with the twentieth century. Good pavements were not usual in the smaller cities of this country much before 20 years ago, and while now largely intro- duced, are still the greatest need and the largest single item of constmction expense of the modem town. To-day the small town of two to five thousand population, and over, that does not have an up-to- date system of water supply, a scientifically devised MUNICIPAL UTILITIES. 25 sewer system, a sewage treatment plant when needed, a system of garbage removal, electric lighted streets and alleys, telephones, modem pave- ments, cement curbs, sidewalks, a "white-way," ornamental lamp posts, adequate fire protection, and police and fire alarm systems is not considered as being progressive or up-to-date. So accustomed have we become to these con- veniences in the United States, even in the smaller cities, that it is interesting to note that our average soldier boys, drav/n from modest homes in the smaller towns, villages, and country all over the United States, complain of unheated houses and lack of sanitary appliances and running water in their billets in the smaller cities and villages of France, where such conveniences appear to be not yet introduced. UTILITIES RESULT OF SCIENTIFIC STUDY. All these modem conveniences are the result of an era of intensive scientific study and invention. As we now know them, public utilities are the out- growth of expensive tests, rejected theories, experi- ment, large expenditures for obsolescence, ingenious patented and unpatented invention, discussions by technical experts, and repeated trials and failiu-es. Several generations of mechanical and municipal engineers, biologists, and public health experts, thousands in number, have devoted their lives and efforts to perfecting and completing the mechanical appliances for transportation, lighting, power, sani- tation, and minor conveniences of the modem community, and the result of their v/ork has come to be in large part standardized, although progress is constantly being made. The term utilities in connection with numicipal matters has come to mean transportation facilities, water supply and sewerage, all piping and wiring, and all such forms of improvement rendering service to the community, whether these utilities be in- stalled by the public or delegated to private enterprise. In a general way the public agency will install those utilities which are of the simpler forms and particularly those for which no direct revenue is received, while private enterprise is usually charged with the duty of installing the more highly speci- alized production,' requiring skilled management. From what has been said of the highly complex arrangement which public utiUties require, it will be perceived that it is no mean task to create central production and distribution, especially for 118791°— 19— Vol 2 3 smaller developments, for even in small towns it takes a good deal of skill and business ability to keep such utilities from being unduly expensive. It is probable that in most housing projects the cheapest form of utility service which can be obtained is that in which the business management and proper design and maintenance have been already fully established, and from which extensions can be made without undue burden on the consumer. NEW UTILITIES— NEGOTIATIONS FOR CONTRACTS. When the United States Housing Corporation came to consider the utility problems of its various developments, it was plain that a very important part of the work of the Engineering Division in the corporation would be negotiating with the municipal authorities in each case, to determine how best to fit our new construction to their existing facilities, and how most fairly to share the costs. Negotiations for public utiUty contracts have required municipal engineers who have had long acquaintance with municipal practice, customs, pre- cedents, laws, special assessments and other meth- ods of financing, as well as good practical working .knowledge of proper design, sources of water sup- ply, sewage treatment and disposal, electric light production and marketing, gas, telephone service, heating, street paving, storm water removal, and other of the varied responsibilities which fall upon the designer of the modem city. These negotia- tions have been carried on for the Housing Corpora- tion by the Engineering Division direct, except in some cases where the engineer member of the com- mittee of designers or some special expert was dele- gated to do this work. In the course of the work questions of finance were, of course, important. Mtmicipal corpora- tions were asked to treat the housing developments in all respects the same, as though they were the property of private syndicates engaged in the development of housing. Even on this theory practice varied very much in different places, so that different kinds of financial aid were given and received by different localities, depending on their . custom. In the case of privately owned utilities the same principle prevailed with the exception that in their case much aid in a financial way had to be extended through loans to them from the Housing Corporation because of the war-time difficulties in the way of floating bond issues. The question of 26 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. fair rates for utility service was one which was usually settled by the established ordinances and contracts of the existing jnunicipality or through public utility commissions which already regulated, revised, and supervised such rates. The total amount raised by suggestion and negotiation of the Engineering Division from municipalities and utility companies for United States Housing Corporation requirements has been $4,702,700, or 36.2 per cent of the total requirements of $13,040,134 estimated utility expenditure. In the work of the United States Housing Cor- poration in its one himdred developments, more or less, which reached the engineering stage, it has been interesting to note the widely varied methods and precedents which exist in various localities, as to the method of apportioning utility cost, the standards of construction adopted, the rates for utility service, and the standards of operating practice. HOUSING CORPORATION ENGmEERING STANDARDS. Early in its work the Engineering Division of the Housing Corporation formulated directions ^ to the designers of its utility improvements in various localities, but at best this could only mean that it would exclude from a rather wide range of method such practice as would clearly seem to be either xuiduly expensive or improper and tmsanitary, and it was early noted that the local designer of munici- pal utilities must be allowed a rather wide range of opportimity in which he could adapt his design to the precedents and the practices of the immediate locality in which he was to operate, particularly where those practices and precedents were not seri- ously incompatible with wise sanitary regulations, economy, and good municipal practice. In a few cases where developments were located entirely outside of any municipal boundaries, original design could be introduced, and there was opportunity in some cases to install better and more scientific methods than already existed in the adjacent municipality. But in those cases where it was possible to do so municipal or private utility companies' distribution systems were extended into the development on the same basis and imder the same terms in accordance with which they were serving the adjacent municipality, for although some of the developments of the United States Housing Corporation were so extensive as practi- ' See Appendix, p. 449. cally to make towns by themselves, three was and could be in the future no incentive for the Govern- ment to engage in the utility service business or commit itself to a program which involved long continued operation of highly specialized utility management. A distinguishing characteristic of the program for utility installations was the separation of all utilities into two groups: First, those which were absolutely essential to the necessities of the house- holder, educated aS he is in the use of modem im- provements, and second, such utilities as could be deferred for the time being, on account of the war emergency. Thus, it was deemed absolutely necessary always to install water supply, and sewers, or some satisfac- tory cesspool system in a few special cases. It was highly desirable to have street lighting and side- walks, but often the natural soil and drainage were such that street paving could be deferred, and as this was usually about one-half of the total utility ex- penditure it gave opportunity for keeping utility cost temporarily down to a moderate and reasonable sum. Full-width sidewalks, full-width streets, and curbing were also utilities which sometimes could be profitably deferred. Gas was usually optional, and its introduction was somewhat dependent on the custom of the communities involved. Tele- phones were almost always left to optional intro- duction by the telephone company. Central heat- ing plants were not encountered and only occa- sionally introduced. In the negotiations and contract relations neces- sary in providing our developments with public utility service some definite principles had to be laid down both as to cost of production and effi- ciency of service. Capital cost and cost per family were the predominating factors. These matters were clearly of greater importance in many cases than the question of detailed design of the utility distribution systems themselves, although in most cases the latter had to be given careful attention, not only by the designing engineers of the corpora- tion but through cooperation with the municipal engineers of the adjacent or including municipali- ties. In the work of the Housing Corporation there were no technical engineering problems which had not been met before. No advances were called for or attempted beyond what was already ac- cepted as good engineering practice. But it was ^)!?«^K^?B>>!R^;7ri*«-r7j?7'-T^-j- - - PUGET SOUND NAVY YARD (BREMERTON), WASH. MUNICIPAL UTIWTIES. 27 essential, so far as the local circumstances of each project admitted, that detailed design should be standardized, and partictalarly that the general conception of what is good design should be con- stant throughout the work. Therefore the Engineering Division prepared and distributed a set of instructions to engineers, setting forth in a general way what we considered for our purposes good practice in design and in construc- tion of public utilities and road surfaces. These are printed in full in the appendix to this volume — pages 449 to 470. Certain measurements of utility constructions for most of the projects of the United States Housing Corporation are tabtdated with other infor- mation on the projects in Chapter IX of this volume. In connection with the plans here shown these data can be used advantageously by engineers for com- parative purposes to save time and labor in pre- liminary cost estimates of proposed schemes. CHAPTER IV. SURFACE IMPROVEMENTS. The work of the Housing Corporation in relation to surface improvements— Clearing the ground— General grading and surface drainage— Lot and block grading— Streets— Street planting— Lot and block planting— Fencing- Preparation and coordination of plans; grading, utility, and architectural plans, planting plans. It proved to be convenient, in the particular problem of the Housing Corporation, to entrust to the Town Planning Division, besides its work in general town planning design, the duty of con- sidering all surface improvements and making sug- gestions as to their appearance, and the further responsibility for the detailed designs and specifi- cations for certain of these improvements. It is evident that this required the closest coop- eration between the Town Planning Division and the Engineering Division. Road surfaces, street railways, sidewalks, curbs and gutters, street fur- niture, while they are all things to be considered when designing the general living conditions and the general appearance of a community, are all engineering structures which must fit their eco- nomic uses. Oiu: arrangement was, therefore, that such features should be checked by both divisions, the engineers being especially responsible for the construction details. In regard to the general grading, surface treatment of lots and blocks and planting strips, preparation and cultivation of the groimd, and planting, the detailed technical expe- rience of the landscape architects in the Town Planning Division was available. These features, then, were entrusted directly to the Town Planning Division. The more general and more important aspects of the work of the Town Plaiming Division are else- where mentioned.* In the present chapter we are discussing merely certain details of the treatment and appearance of the surface of the ground which came especially under the direction of that division and which should be more generally considered in industrial housing developments than has hitherto usually been the case. CLEARING THE GROUND. The preliminary work of clearing the ground of trees and other things which would be in the way ' See especially Chapters VI and. VII. of Operations had to be provided for carefully. A reasonable number of good-sized trees already in place when a housing development is ready for occupation make a notable difference in the attrac- tiveness and marketableness of the homes. And while it may cost little to leave such trees if they are there in the first place, it would cost altogether too much to move in trees of such a size if none were found or none left. Unless trees are protected they will almost certainly be destroyed by gnawing horses, or. hubs of cart wheels, or derrick tackles. We provided therefore that all trees of any impor- tance not directly in the way of construction should be protected, and later cut out, if at all, only by specific direction of the town planner. GENERAL GRADING AND SURFACE DRAINAGE. The general grading on any project was closely bound up with the street design. On flat and gently rolling ground the surface of the roadways was placed about even with the natural surface, and the material excavated from the street sites and the house cellars was used to allow the houses to be set well above the street for drainage. On uneven ground we had to consider how to avoid steep streets and very crooked streets. The slopes transverse to the streets had to be taken into account, so that the houses on the uphill side should not be too high above the street, and the houses on the downhill side should not be below the street, or be on a deep fill. In smaller detail the grading had also to be studied in relation to the floor levels of the pro- posed houses, so that groups and rows and single houses adjacent or on opposite sides of a street should be practically and pleasantly related. Throughout we had to avoid cutting or filling large quantities of material, and in any case we had to arrange if possible that the material which was cut, including that coming from the cellars, would be just sufficient to supply all the areas needing to be filled. :28 SURFACE IMPROVEMENTS. 29 The stirf ace grading and the design of the sewers were closely interdependent. Judicious grading might so provide for the surface flow of storm water as greatly to reduce tlie required amount of storm drains. Properly studied street profiles might save much extra length and extra depth of exca- vating for house sewers. All this modeling of the ground was intended to be so carried out that water flowing over the surface after rain should get quickly and com- pletely to a gutter or other proper means of escape, without standing in puddles, flooding cellars, or making sidewalks impassable. It seldom hap- pened that a housing site was chosen which was so wet that it needed agricultural tile drainage. Where this was to some extent the case the drying due to quicker siurface drainage in the completed development, together with the effect of the various pipe lines and trenches put in for other purposes, was usually relied on to remove any great excess of water. It had to be specified that in these grading opera- tions the fertile topsoil capable of growing grass and trees should be separately handled and replaced on top of the new grading. Sometimes, of course, the necessary sequence of operations made this inexpedient. Occasionally, indeed, there was no topsoil or loam worthy of the name, but in most cases some foresight in this regard saved buying much loam elsewhere and hauling it in at a high price. LOT AND BLOCK GRADING. The grading work on a project almost always was carried out in two operations: First, the rough grading over the whole project wherever neces- sary, including subgrading the roads, and when possible, including also digging the cellars; and, second, the finishing and detailed grading on the lots, planting strips, etc., including providing proper topsoil for lawns, shrubs, and trees. Plainly this finished grading must come after the houses are practically finished, but it must be exactly planned for at the beginning, because setting the floor levels of the houses and modeling the ground around the houses are both parts of the operation of fitting houses and lots to the topography and to the streets, and neither can be determined independ- ently without almost certainly preventing the best handling of the other. In a general way we en- deavored to set the fioor level of the houses high enough so that the ground STJrface, when properly related to the house, should slope down from the house to the street, draining the front yard across the sidewalk into the gutter. The drainage of the back yards and the interiors of the blocks depended upon circumstances. If the water ran between two adjacent houses into the street, a sufficient de- pression was made to insure that no cellars would be flooded. The gutter of a private drive often served a good purpose in this case. If the surface water ran toward the interior of the block, a public alley sometimes did good service either to collect the water to an interior catch basin or to lead it readily into the street gutter. When possible, we avoided steps in the entrance paths to the houses. Bven a little crookedness in the paths was allowed, and a slope of as much as 10 per cent, instead of steps. When steps were unavoidable we grouped them and made them gentle enough so that the bank could run parallel with them and not be too steep to be kept in turf. In most cases we preferred to avoid formal banks, particularly banks only a few feet high, and we used instead various irregular modelings of the ground as being cheaper to build and much cheaper and better looking in maintenance with the amount of care that they were likely to get. Of course, where the bank was necessarily very high and very steep, a straightforward formal slope was often the best. When, however, a site was so steep and rough that most of the houses would require' high banks or, still more costly, retaining walls in front or behind, the probable delay and expense entailed in construction of all kinds, as well as grading, was apt to be so great that some other site less pictur- esque but more available was preferable, even at greater cost for the raw land. This was especially true of our developments, because to save expense the houses had to stand close together, and there was no room to make much adjustment of grade between adjacent buildings. STREETS. The width of the streets and the amount of space to be devoted to roadway, to planting strips, and to sidewalks was a question to be settled in each case only after considering the traffic requirements, the requirements of light, air, and outlook for the houses fronting on the street, and the appearance of the street to those who were to travel on it.* ' See especially Instructions to Engineers, Appendix, p. 449; sug- gestions to Town Planners, Appendix, p. 497. 30 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. For jnotives of economy we made the roads as narrow as possible, but we placed the street trees so that the road could be later widened. We paved the roadways as cheaply as we dared, thus postpon- ing expense until after the war. The exigencies of war construction made it impossible to consider matters of color and texture of road surface. Side- walks, since they had to be made at once wide enough for all local foot traffic, were usually wide enough for any use of the immediate future. A less good material than cement concrete for side- walks was seldom advisable. Usually we had little chance to determine or to change the arrangement of such street railways as ran through our projects, for the street system or the railway system or both were already faxed. In some cases, however, we put the tracks in park- ing strips in the middle ^ or along the side of the road.^ This has the advantage of allowing some- what cheaper track construction. This arrange- ment is probably the best in appearance when the tracks are on a middle reservation, wide enough to have two rows of trees with the tracks between on turf or on a ballasted road-bed with hedges on either side. Since we made it a rule that all alleys were to be public ways, paved, lighted, and policed, it became necessary to pave them at least as well as the roads, because they were so narrow that all the traffic wear came on the same lines. We found that usually the best alley pavement was concrete, with a concave section for letting the water run in the middle of the alley. Foot traffic through the alley could usually be accommodated without any special sidewalk. In a few cases as a matter of economy — often, we hoped, only until after the war — we planned turf gutters in the planting strips to carry the surface water from the roads.^ In a sparse or rural de- velopment this is often the best practice, and the somewhat rough edges of the road are in accord with the surroundings. In a closely built up suburban development — as most of ours were — the grass gutter is likely to look too ragged, to be cut into by wheels, and to be difficult to arrange at sidewalk crossings and street comers. The cobble gutter gives a more definite line along the road, it should not wash out, and its irregular edge allows water to come into it from the road and from the planting strip without washing out a line just along- ' See Cradock, p. 273. 2 See Briarfield, p. 258. side the gutter paving. Usually when we used a cement concrete gutter we combined a cement ciurb with it. This is much cheaper than a curb and gutter separate; it makes a neat and definite line boimding the roadway, and it enables the water in the gutter to run conveniently past sidewalk crossings. It is best used Avith a road surface at least as good as bituminous macadam, for with a softer surface the joint between the road and the gutter is a weak line, washing or wearing out with great frequency. To save money by avoiding underground pipes we carried the surface water in the gutters as far as possible, up to a maximum of 1 ,000 to 1 ,500 feet.^ The Umiting factor is, of course, that the gutters, if they are made large enough to carry the flow coming into an excessive length, get so large that no one can step across them when they are full of water. We endeavored to insist, in every case, on neat and accurate curb work on straight streets, and care- ful attention to smoothness of curvature of street surface, and especially of curb lines, both hori- zontally and vertically, on curvilinear streets. Good lines cost more than poor lines only by re- quiring more careful definition on plan and more painstaking supervision, while the difference in their effect on the appearance of the whole scheme is surprisingly great. In the design and choice of street signs, lights, hydrants, etc., we have done practically nothing -new. The necessity for both economy and speed made it desirable to use stock material, and all we could properly do was to choose the simplest and best-looking form which was readily available. STREET PLANTING. We usually placed the planting strip between the sidewalk and the street, because, among other reasons, this allowed later widening of streets or sidewalks, and allowed a grass gutter or a ditch which might be later replaced by a gutter of a more permanent material with or without a curb. On broad streets, the planting strips were far enough apart to allow for the growth of trees set opposite each other, and to keep the trees far enough away from the houses, making of the whole street between house fronts three aisles, the center for the roadway, the sides for the walks and front yards. On narrower streets the trees were sometimes given more space by being staggered— (see p. 335). ' See Instructions to Engineers, p. 452. SURFACE IMPROVEMENTS. 31 The relation of street trees which particularly took study, however, was the enframing of the more important buildings, as for instance those standing at the end of a vista down a street (see p. 243), and the relation of the trees to automobile entrances present or future, without departing too far from a reasonably constant spacing of trees along the street. These considerations tended to make it desirable to choose a spacing of trees which brought them generally opposite the lot lines except where auto- mobile entrances were planned on the lot lines to serve two houses. Street trees were usually not placed on street comers, because the planting space there is often insufficient and because the comer is the best position for a street light, which would be obscured by the tree. LOT AND BLOCK PLANTING. In a sense, planting in a housing development is not essential; that is, it is possible to get to and from a house and to live in it without having to spend any money on trees or other plants. On the other hand, the natural pleasure that everyone takes in seeing something green and growing is so great that there is no expenditure which adds pro- portionately more to the desirability and so to the selling price of a development than a reasonable investment in trees and shrubs and turf. It is true that the newly planted trees will be small, but the householder, like the designer, sees them with the eye of hope, and feels that at any rate every- thing has been done that is reasonably possible in this way to make his home and his neighborhood complete. The corporation included in the con- tract for every project a sum that was thought enough to cover proper preparation of the ground, cost of plants, and planting. On streets where the. front yards were shallow the street trees were often all the trees for which there was room in front of the houses. Where the depth of the set-back of the houses allowed it, however, we often planted trees in the front yards. With all ordinary widths of lot, 40 feet or under, one tree per lot in addition to the street trees was considered enough. We thought it better to vary the kind and arrangement of trees in the front yards, thus increasing the individuality of the lots. Behind the houses there was often room for two or three trees per lot. We used some shade trees, and often a few fruit trees, making the planting different from lot to lot, and endeavoring not to put the trees in the way of future garage entrances, or so as to cast too much shade on the garden or the clothes dryer. Shrubs were set out very sparingly. We seldom concealed the whole of the base of the house with them, and we usually planted the shrubs well apart, using a considerable proportion of single "specimens" instead of shrub masses. We used a few vines on the porches of the houses, and on lattices and fences where a screen was desirable. A choice of different kinds gave an easy way of getting variety from one house to another. Hedges were sometimes called for as a means of decorating and unifying the front yards along a street, but we felt that this is easily overdone, since, among other reasons, hedges under shade trees are difficult to keep evenly trimmed and in good condition. We set out a great deal of hedg- ing, but usually we did it because it was the cheap- est acceptable way to make a necessary means of separation on a property line. Since much the larger part of the expense of planting is in getting a proper depth of soil properly prepared, we chose for a given expense to have a few plants well fed rather than a large nimaber half starved. Moreover, we thought it advisable for the corporation to do only the minimum amount of planting necessary for good appearance, and to do this so that it would be as easy as possible of upkeep for those who were not much interested in planting, leaving to those of the occupants who were more interested the chance to plant and tend as much more as their places would allow. In order to make the whole development more complete and attractive, the corporation planted the small public squares and similar places which were practically parts of the street system, just as it did the planting strip along the streets. Any larger parks, however, we usually developed only so far as was necessary to keep them in good condition. We cleared undergrowth that was too great a fire risk, endeavoring, however, to preserve good natural shrubberies which were so placed that they could form part of the permanent scheme. In some cases we cut out undesirable trees, using the limiber on the job. Beyond this we did not go, on the general principle that any work which could be postponed without great ultimate loss should be so postponed. 32 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. FENCING. The matter of proper fencing between lots and along streets and alleys proved to be more of a problem than might at first appear. Where some of the people at least have gardens, where there are many children, where clothes are hung out to dry, some effective barrier along the lot lines is usually an essential to amicable living, and the total cost of all this fencing is no small item in a development. Board fences we did not allow because they offered too much temptation for accumulation of rubbish. Good wooden picket fences were too expensive, lyight wooden posts and stringers with "chicken- wire" netting were cheap, but so short-lived as to be, in our opinion, a bad investment. As a general policy we omitted all fencing where local cus- tom or the particular use of the area made this practicable. We planted hedges instead of fences when this could reasonably be done. This was not advisable when the lots were very narrow, as the hedges take up too much room. We thought that it was not advisable to hedge all the front yards along all the streets in any large community, because it gave an unpleasant monotonous and institutional effect to the development. Sometimes we used hedges in front of the houses oh corner lots, or in other chosen places, so as to strengthen the corner and prevent cross-cutting, but we omitted any hedge or fence along the middle of the block, letting the informal shrubbery, carefully placed, mark the property line and decorate the front yards. In many develop- ments we omitted all fences and hedges in front of the houses. Where fences were essential we pre- ferred on the whole an open iron fence, with posts, rails, and pickets, or a chain-link wire fence with steel posts and a top rail, which was inconspicuous, reasonably permanent, neat and decent in appear- ance, and, considering the general war prices, fairly cheap. PREPARATION AND COORDINATION OF PLANS. In all the designing of the surface of the ground, and the locating of houses and utilities, in which at least three different professional men usually had a hand, all working under great pressure, there was great risk of failing in coordination. The designers might each work out the same thing, or omit something altogether because each designer thought another designer was attending to it, or they might make designs for different constructions which, while each might be good in itself, did not fit to- gether into one consistent scheme. The general function of the Town Planning Division in this regard, and the special responsi- bility of the chairman of the Committee of Designers, we have already explained (see p. 28 and p. 21). To further reduce this danger of over- lap and discrepancy and omission we adopted a general system of preparation of plans which was intended to show all the necessary information for the contractors which should appear on plans, without confusing one set of information useful to one branch of the construction force by adding to it another set of information valuable only to another branch. In the first place, the topographic maps, upon which all the utilities plans and grading plans were based, were plotted in relation to cross-section stakes accurately set in the ground and accurately related to each other and to a number of fixed points, especially to the existing streets, houses, and boundaries of the property. Since all the governing measurements of the proposed plans were related to these fixed points, all the plans necessarily bore the same relation to the actual ground. Of course, the surest way, theoretically, to check discrepancies among the engineering, town planning, and architecttural fields of design for a given proj- ect would be to put all the plan information on one drawing. This was usually impossible, at any reasonable size and scale of plan, and in any case would usually be undesirable because of confusion among the different construction branches. This essential check was commonly made by putting the various tracing-cloth plans from the engineer and the town planner down one over the other and so making sure, both that things shown on two plans were the same on both and that the relations of things shown only on one plan to things shown only on another were also correct. The grading plan and the main utiUties plans showing sewers, water, and pole-lines were all at the same scale. On such grading plans as were worked out in full detail were shown the surface grading, with i-foot contours and curb and gutter elevations, especially at street comers; the roads, sidewalks, planting strips, street trees; electric- light poles and telphone poles; hydrants, catch basins and drain inlets; houses and other buildings with first-floor elevations, and usually designations referring to the architect's plans and telling just SURFACE IMPROVEMENTS. 33 TOPOGRAPHIC MAP. 34 l^BPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. CHARLES ST. QUINCY, MASS., RIVER STREET TRACT. Plans showing location and character of test pits. SURFACE IMPROVEMENTS. 35 <; o pq 36 REPORT UNITET) STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. SURPACB IMPROVEMENTS. 37 3S REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. GRAHAM QUINCY. MASSACHUSETTS RlVEf? STREET TRACT aANITARY SEWERS PILGRIM PARKWAY ' ABBEY ROAD GRAHAM STREET Mn run. LIIKU ■-'li ^^^SCALE imt Hj^ J*MC* e DCSIONERS aarm. El II ■^j^;*rA^ AfTyp ./v.tir tkohctho^ /■ ,_/>y(ii uei^~ 62 SURFACE IMPROVEMENTS. 39 118791°— 19— VOL 2- 40 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. R IVER STREET Sc/ALE OF Feet QUINCY, MASS., RIVER STREET TRACT. Planting plan, three typical lots. SURFACE IMPROVEMENTS. 41 42 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. what house was to be built in each location ; paths and entrance roads, and in general anything of importance that is visible on the surface of the ground.^ The center lines of the roads were shown on the grading plan, and properly related by designated "stations" to profiles and t5^ical cross-sections showing this surface in its relation to some selected horizontal datum plane. These profiles of the road surface formed a part also of the engineer's profiles which accompanied his plans for the water supply and sewerage. Grading plans were made on all projects. The degree of detail, however, varied with the character of the topography. On some rough and steeply sloping sites a complete grading plan, as just ex- plained, was necessary. On other flat or gently rolling sites the profiles of the roads and the ele- vations of the first floors of the buildings, with a general statement of the relation desired between the first-floor level of the house and the ground around it, of course carefully studied in relation to an accurate topographic map, were enough to record. Much effort was made to save labor and simplify plans, showing nothing unnecessary, and not specifying construction more minutely than we hoped to be able to superintend it. We knew, however, that we should save time by carrying the plans into detail enough while we had all sides of the subject in mind and before construction began, so that we were reasonably smre that we should not later have to change or spoil our., scheme on ac- count of some unforeseen difficulty. The water supply and sewerage designs and gas supply design, if any, were when practicable shown together on one plan, to save time and errors. The above-ground features of these designs were shown also on the grading plan, as has been said. The electric services, poles and wires, were all shown on one separate plan, the poles appearing also on the grading plan. Careful cross checking was necessary between the pole-line plans and the plans of house locations and lot lines, especially when the pole lines ran within the blocks and not entirely along the streets. Separate detailed plans of special features of the utilities were made when necessary, usually at a large scale. The house plans and elevations, when complete, took into account the grading about the house in its * See p. 36, Quincy grading plan, butcompare alsop. 139, Butler grading plan. relation to the floor level, as shown on the grading plan in cooperation with the architect. As far as the house itself was concerned, we allowed for differences in grading about any given house plan, when the plan was repeated on several sites, by notes on the architectural drawings in some cases, and in others by drawing sketch elevations of the basements of the hduses only and showing on these sketches the line of the finished grading against the foundation. The planting plans for the various developments were usually different from those which would be made by a landscape architect for small private work. This was because of the comparative sim- plicity and cheapness of the planting required, and because it was possible to save much time and labor, both in the office and in the field,, by making a cer- tain number of typical planting plans for the lots, and using these, with proper variations to suit the circumstances, throughout the development. Usually there was one general planting plan, at the scale of the grading plan, showing the street trees, such little planting of parks and public open spaces as there was, and perhaps hedges along streets if certain streets only were consistently so treated. This plan served also as a guide for the lot planting, referring, by ntmiber and letter for each lot (as, for instance, A6-1 on pages 44 and 45), to a set of larger-scale lot plans each one of which was used many times, with minor varia- tions only, for lots of a similar kind. For particular corner lots or other unusual cases special planting plans still had to be made, but these cases were few. Each typical large-scale planting plan was usually based on a particular type of house, and was used where that house occurred. To produce more vari- ation, however, which was usually desirable, several further methods were practiced. For example, in some cases each typical planting plan had its plant locations numbered, referring to a planting list as usual; but a number of different lists of plant groups were used, as designated by letters on the general planting plan, or on a tabulated memo- randum, so, according to the planting list desig- nated, a repeated house plan might have any one of eight or more different sets of shrubs or trees grouped about it. (See p. 43.) Those various precautions, together with the further variations which will be made by the plant- ing superintendent for the sake of further interest or to meet'local conditions, will, we believe, give as SURPACB IMPROVEMENTS. 43 much diversity between one lot planting and the next as is desirable, without multiplying plans or confusing the man in the field or tying his hands by a multitude of directions. The specifications and estimates of cost accom- panying the various plans were checked over in the same way as the plans. There was always the danger, for instance, that on account of a varia- tion from the typical procedure for some local reason the subcontractor excavating the cellar might make an estimate on disposing the material, and the gen- eral grading contractor might also have this same material included in his estimate for filling, thus counting it twice. "Show plans" were not authorized to be made by the designers. Their time and effort were con- centrated on speeding those plans necessary to the actual construction of the job. After the armis- tice the general plans and diagrams used to illus- trate this report vv^ere drawn up in the office of the corporation, this being the cheapest and quickest v/ay to produce them in a comparable and con- sistent form. MUSKEGON, MICH. (m'gRAFT, SMITH, AND SCHOENBERG TRACTS), HOUSING PROJECT NO. 997. The following is a list of the different groups of plantings to be used on the lots. Group (b). 1. Philadelphus avalanche. 2 . Diervilla floribunda. 3. Viburnum opulus. 4. Clematis paniculata; Vitis coignetiae. Group (d). 1. Berberis Thunbergii. 2. Spirea Van Houttei. 3. Hibiscus syriacus (white, pink). 4. Actinidia arguta; Pueraria thtmbergiana. Group (a). I . Symphoricarpus racemosus. ■z. Diervilla floribunda. 3. Syringa vulgaris. 4. Clematis paniculata; Loni- cera halleana. Group (c). I. Rosa rugosa rubra. -J.. Hydrangea paniculata grfl. 3. Philadelphus coronarius. 4. Ampelopsis quinquefolia; Akebia quinata. Group (e). i . Rosa rugosa alba. 2 . Forsytliia intermedia. 3. Viburnum dentatum. 4. vitis coignetiae ; Akebia quin- ata. Group (g). jL. Berberis Thunbergii. 2 . Forsy thia intermedia. 3. Syringa vulgaris. 4. Ampelopsis quinquefolia; Pueraria thunbergiana. Group (f). Syringa persica. Hydrangea paniculata grfl. Comus paniculata. Actinidia arguta; Lonicera halleana. Group (h). 1. Symphoricarpus racemosus. 2. Spirea Van Houttei. 3. Lonicera tatarica grfl. 4. Lonicera halleana; Actinidia arguta. The following is a tabulated memorandum showing distribution of groups of plants on various lots: Group (a). Lot. Block V i,9 Block VII 5 Block VIII 3 Group (c) Block V 3 Block VII 3 Block VIII • 5 Group (e). Block V 5 Block VI 2 Block VIII 7 Group (g). Block V 7 Block VI 5 Block VIII 1,9 Group (b). Lot. Block V 2, 10 Block VII 4 Block VIII 4 Group (d). Block V 4 Block VI 4 Block VII 2 Block VIII 6 Group (f) Block V 6 Block VI 3 Block VIII 8 Group (h). Block V 8 Block VI I Block VIII ^, 10 Total number of times each group is used. — Group (a) 4; group (b) 4; group (c) 3; group (d) 4; group (e) 3; group (f) 3; group (g) 4; group (h) 4. 44 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. < > J o (Q u IJ Q. 3nW3AV 1 1 — ; 1 1 I II fOl 11 1 I . awv-i ^nki3 AV PQ ^3 jO T aooA^^^vo h^ _ h II 1 ] ; 8 U ^ 3 \r '■ 5£ i/J 1 . 1 r? r M ! LLj ^ •' 1 u, -. 1 n t hd" ^K, 1 J-, at^i 1- l- 1 f^ * 1 r=C k N U- 1 < u f <0 (n i J ^-. O T , h g s6 'a ■oEI- 10 1 ■ s I 10 £ ni . o - 1- < < U < < J. < o x" 7 s. surface; improvements. 45 s - 1. 1, i '' \ •'Ij V 10 .< f 1 I I o ,1 ,1, ..®®«p - ^5' 4'r t i : p. f - -© To® ..SI — 1 1 i J I o '1 i i ' e ^ r-J , L ,_|„.,Ji ,,,!■ I'®" 1 1 '^ ©_ 4r3 1 •r L^@^ J (flS 3s li i ^2 III! < 3 .l' 3 3 p CHAPTER V. DWELLINGS AND OTHER BUILDINGS. Early studies — ^Names of house types — "Standard plans:" bungalows, detached houses, semidetached houses, two- flat houses, semidetached two-flat houses, dormitories, convertible houses, apartments, cafeterias, schools, stores, recreation buildings, hospitals — "Standard details" — Later architectural developments of the Housing Corpora- tion's work — Ideals and results — Comparison of Corporation requirements with current methods — Influence of locality — ^Materials substituted for economy, conservation of war material and rapidity of construction — Plan dispo- sition — General observations. EARLY STUDIES. In creating an organization to design and con- struct houses for workmen as a Government func- tion, one of the many questions to be settled was the method of procedure in design. Two main lines of policy were open — the corporation might act as architect for all work, or might employ architects in private practice. The latter course was adopted. But before the time when such employment should begin and while legislative authority to build was awaited, a great amount of preparatory work was undertaken. The difficulty of this work, and the need for it, in face of the large program in view, was increased by the lack of experience in this country in regard to housing on a large scale. Modem workmen's villages of England and the Continent, while usually excellent in design as to appearance were not suited to our living conditions and methods of construc- tion. Tittle information was available concerning the few private developments and the work of speculative builders, which ranged in quality from good houses offered on fair terms down to anything that could command a market. So that the archi- tects from all parts of the country who very gener- ously complied with requests for drawings of houses which they had built, approximately suitable for the proposed housing developments, furnished the real basis upon which this preliminary architectitfal work was done. A conference called by Mr. Eidlitz of a number of prominent architects, town planners, sociologists and men interested in industrial problems resulted in a report issued in March, 191 8, as a bulletin by the Department of Tabor under the title "Standards recommended for permanent industrial housing de- velopments, " ^ which later became a sort of accepted ' Reprinted in this volume, p. 505. description of normal types and standards for all developments. On the basis of the standard re- quirements established in this report all the plans collected were compared, and the most promising types selected for study and revision. The resulting plans were called for lack of a better name "standard plans. ' ' They were intended to serve as condensed practical guides to architects employed, rather than as hard and fast forms. The architect, while held to a proper limitation, and given a tentative solution, was free to exercise his own ingenuity in the im- provement of the plan, in the design of the exterior, and in its execution. He was told in a letter of instruction issued that "we must depend upon simplicity of design, the avoidance of unnecessary variety in types, and plain common sense in the choice of materials, to get our cost down to rock bottom. Our problem is to build houses which workmen will like to live in and which they can afford to rent and buy * * *. " As the standards developed, many types were discarded which were too large in area or cubage or which did not give a relatively large ratio of room area to total area. Thus a great deal of experience was gained beforehand which otherwise would have been gained only with much greater expense and delay during the actual progress of the work. Origi- nally conceived to represent minimum requirements, the imperative need of securing as many houses as possible with a limited sum of money often turned the standards into maximum requirements, and altliough a write-off of abnormal "war costs " Avas contempla- ted, any excessive expense incurred entailed the danger that workmen might still be unable to afford the houses. Almost before the standard plans were finished increasing cost of building had rendered many of the larger types impracticable for our pur- poses. Some types also, though correct as to size 46 DWBIvWNGS AND OTHER BUIIvDINGS. EXPLANATION OF NAMES OF HOUSE TYPES. 47 To insure uniformity in nomenclature of house types in the report the following names have been adopted (matter in parenthesis is explanatory only and not intended as precise definition): / / ITom- / I L. Detached house. — (The "single house," one family in a building.) z / ^Qf IFam- Ifarn L / Semidetached hoiise. — (A one-family house having one party wall only in common with an adjacent house. Each half of the building is a "Semidetached house," the whole building is a pair of semidetached houses.) Q iram Ifam- /_ iram- ifam- / / Row house. — (A one-family house attached with two or more others to form a con- tinuous row or group in which the several houses are separated from adjacent houses by party walls.) This type may be divided according to location in the group or row into : Row end houses and row inside houses. L / tram- iTam- / / / 1 Ifam- IraiTi: Iram- iram- / L Ifam- / Ifam- Ifam- Ifam- Ifam- if 6m- / / Detached two-flat house.- the other.) -(The " duplex house, " two families in a building, one over Semidetached two -flat house. — (A two-flat house having one party wall only in common with an adjacent house; normally one-half of a building containing four families, one in each story in each half.) Row two-flat huuse. — (A two-flat house attached with two or more others to form a con- tinuous row or group, in which the several houses are separated from adjacent houses by party walls.) This type may be divided according to location in the group or row into: Row end two-flat houses, and row inside two-flat holies. Ifam- Ifam' Ifam- 77 1 1 Ifom- [^ Ifam- ; ^ Ifum- ■3 Ifom- / Ifam- X Ifam- 4 Apartment house. — (The "tenement house," containing three or more families, nor- mally one or more families on each of three or more stories, served by a common hall or stairs.) 48 REPORT XJNITBD STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. of units, were discarded because certain other quite uniform arrangements of plan worked better. It developed also that bathrooms and kitchens, es- pecially in tlieir relation to each other in the matter of plumbing, could advantageously be arranged according to plans so constant as to become practi- cally standard. All the standard plans are published, however, with the thought that they will prove interesting in comparison with the plans which were finally developed from them by the architects to meet special local conditions. STANDARD PLANS. The following notes descriptive of standard plans, and covering a few buildings for which there were no standard plans, are intended to state briefly the less apparent points of advantage and some of the faults which developed in their use. BUNGALOWS. Types A, D, and H — called semipermanent — ^were designed to have a high salvage value or to be readily converted into permanent houses in case of continued demand after the war, by the sub- stitution of permanent fotmdations and brick chimneys, and by plastering the interior walls. Types B, C, E, F, and G were designed as per- manent houses. DETACHED HOUSES. Type I is a convenient and compact plan, but the two-story detached house is not as economical a form of combining four rooms as the semide- tached or the row house 6r apartment. It was used, eventually, however, where required for special conditions. Type J can be made into a full two-story house at slightly greater cost, increasing the size of the bedrooms, but at the expense of its cottage character. Types K and h have not the economical rec- tangular plan, but they were designed for use in giving variety to a street which might otherwise be very monotonous. Type M, a variation of this type built at Water- bury, Conn, Type Ai, has proved one of the best six-room houses, very economical and adaptable to variation in elevation and to grouping as semi- detached houses. Type N is shown by the percentage chart Ho be a cheaper type and one adaptable to use as a semi- detached house. A fireplace could be placed in the living room using the single chimney. Type O has a higher wall percentage; ^ but its size and its simple framing reduce labor cost. Type P, the plan of the second floor with four bedrooms, while very economical in other respects, gives rather too generous first-floor rooms. SEMI-DETACHED HOUSES. Types R and RR were designed for the somewhat unusual though reciuring case of a wide and very shallow lot. The same space could have been more economically inclosed had the plan been more nearly square. Types Q and QR, six-room semi-detached, can also have the bathroom directly over the kitchen plumbing. Types S and SR are a variation of Type M. Types Ti and T2 show an attempt to better a type which had been erected in certain sections of the country to permit very low rentals. The rooms are so small, however, that it was not finally built by the Housing Corporation, but the addition of 3 feet in depth makes it a satisfactory plan, and it was used in this improved form. In tjrpes.U and UR, a six-room row house, the front hall partition can be eUminated and the additional space thrown into the living room. Type V is the end house of a row or group. TWO-FLAT HOUSES. Type W is so arranged that the front and rear entrances for each family are entirely separated and the lot can be divided front and rear. An adaption of this plan is used in Bridgeport, Conn. The elevations for Type W show an interesting departure from the usual two-family house. SEMI-DETACHED TWO-PLAT HOUSES. Types X and XR proved too expensive for general use in spite of their good plan. A variation of this plan is shown in Florence, Ala., page 92. DORMITORIES. Originally dormitories were planned for men and for women with bedrooms about 1 1 feet by 7 feet 6 inches and 8 feet high, for a single occupant. In the dormitories for women a living room, ' See chart on p. 399. DWELLINGS AND OTHER BUILDINGS. 49 laundry, and special toilet arrangements, and a room and bath for the matron were required. None of these were provided in the dormitories for men, the caretaker using the general baths. Bedroom closets increased the size and cost of the building, so open shelves having hook strips below were used with provision for curtains of washable material. No dormitory over two stories high was contemplated, but later an exception was made in the case of the Washington, D. C, dor- mitories with the use of noninfiammable outside walls, because of inadequate available land. Trans- verse fire partitions with self-closing fire doors divided long buildings, and fire escapes were pro- vided at the ends of corridors. It soon became apparent that in most communi- ties dwellings were especially needed for men with families or dependents, as quickly as an adequate number of suitable dwellings could be constructed. The single men could largely be cared for as board- ers, 'and the single women were thus generally the only class to be continuously housed in dormitories. It seemed probable that dormitories originally used for a sudden influx of men workers would revert eventually to women. Therefore, it was decided that all dormitories should be built so that they might be made available for women. The standard dormitory as illustrated accommo- dates 57 or 59 men, S 27 accommodates 93 men and has a small loimging room and an office, but no liv- ing room. The outside porch is glazed and screened to serve as a living room in winter and summer. CONVERTIBLE HOUSES. The so-called convertible type house is of per- manent construction, designed to be used for a period as a boarding house or dormitory and to be altered by slight changes in partitions and the addition of bathroom and kitchen fixtures for use as semidetached or row dwellings. This type is illustrated by houses at Alton, Ilion, Aberdeen, and Indianapolis. APARTMENTS. A limited number of apartment houses were projected by the corporation as at Staten Island, Bridgeport, Bethlehem, Perth Amboy, Puget Sound Vallejo, Erie, and Washington, D. C. They were housekeeping apartments having three to five rooms each, usually with brick walls and wooden floor construction. A number of these apartments furnish an interesting basis for compari- son on the special requirements due to local custom and climate. CAFETERIAS. The cafeteria on the scale required for our develop- ments was practically a new problem. Little accu- rate information could be obtained until various schemes of kitchen, counter, and seating arrange- ments had been tried by Government departments. The Quincy Cafeteria (cf. p. 62), while specially designed to meet certain local conditions, shows an arrangement which has been in very successful oper- ation and is typical of oxur practice. In order to give light and ventilation to large spaces monitors have been generally adopted. Tables with chairs, seating not more than eight, have proved generally preferable to the arrangement of benches shown. The tables should be 2 feet 6 inches wide and spaced not less than 4 feet apart. Passages at the ends of tables should not be less than 3 feet. Hat and coat hooks should be provided, and where the entrance and exit are at the same point it is sometimes advisable to provide a check room. The emergency exits are necessary in case of fire. Dry storage in addition to the kitchen storeroom is generally pro- vided for supplies purchased in large quantities. For convenient checking all kitchen supplies should be delivered at a single entrance, and there should also be a single entrance under control for em- ployees. The bakery is a valuable adjunct in case of inadequate local supply, as it developed that pastry, breadstuffs, and cakes are among the most popular foods supplied. The cafeteria was fomid to be so much more efficient and its operation so much cheaper than the restaurant for feeding the occupants of dormitories, that there is only one case, Washington, D. C, in which the restaurant plan is being used. There, owing to the character of the patrons, principally women clerks from Government offices, it was felt that the cafeteria would not prove satisfactory. In the cafeteria at Quincy the selective meal has been displaced by the set meal, permitting a much larger number of workers to be fed satisfactorily with a saving of cost to the individual. SCHOOLS. In so many instances the schools had to fulfill the mission of day nursery for older children, because mothers as well as fathers were working, that the 50 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. double session recreation corridor type was recom- mended by the Bureau of Education. The type was not, however, finally adopted as standard and was built only in a few cases, but it is of such interest that it seems worthy of publication, with key plans showing numerous possible compositions. Page 63 illustrating "Special Schools" gives a typical ar- rangement shown at larger scale together with key plans of smaller buildings. The traditional school- house plan was used with modifications. STORES. Stores already existing in the neighborhood of most developments made it difiicult to apply any rule for determining the number of stores required for each project. In cases where the projects are isolated, one store for each 40 families was estimated to be sufficient. They are generally grouped at civic centers or placed in rows on opposite sides of a street. They are planned in small units and so constructed that two or more of these units may be combined for a single larger store. Exterior walls are generally of brick, but stucco on wood frame is used in several developments where the houses are of frame. One floor of apartments is generally provided over the stores. These apart- ments have always independent entrances, so that the apartments may be let separately, although often in demand by the storekeepers. RECREATION BUIIvDINGS. In projects of not less than 500 families or where there are large numbers of men in dormitories withotit convenient access to other places of recrea- tion the Housing Corporation undertook the con- struction of recreation buildings of various types and in several cases of isolated projects separate moving-pictture theaters were planned with an aver- age of one seat for each family in the community. HOSPITALS. The requirements for hospitals did not differ widely from those of the usual clinical hospital, ex- cept that the dispensary service was given more emphasis. STANDARD DETAILS. Soon after the work on the standard plans was started it was realized that the more common arti- cles of millwork should be standardized, because economy and maximum speed in production would natiu-ally result from the manufacture of large quan- tities of a limited number of types. The existing standards in the forms used by the so-called " stock mills " did not offer a solution, as there was no uni- formity of design in various parts of the country and the number of types was too great. In develop- ing these details economy of labor in installation was studied as well as economy of labor and mate- rial in manufacturing, with the result that some of the details seemingly extravagant are justified by reduced cost in installation. An example is the interior wall base where scribing to the wall and fitting the floor against the base are avoided. The War Industries Board, with its power to stop building for all but Government purposes and its control of all industries for war work, gavethe need- ed opportunity and authority to introduce these details into all the mills of the country. They were adopted by the "War Industries Board and approved in conference with representatives of the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps, Treasury Department, Panama Canal Commission, Emergency Fleet Cor- poration, and the Railway Administration. The War Service Committee on Mill Work was brought into existence to purchase all the millwork used by the Government departments. This gave the greatest flexibility in ordering, as supplies for any project could be drawn from mills in different parts of the country where labor and transportation con- ditions were favorable, with the assurance that they would "fit," as well as enabling the mills to devote their energies to manufacturing in large quantities. An example of the savings that would have re- sulted had the armistice not occurred before the system was in complete operation is afforded by the following seemingly petty economy. On the initial program of 25,000 houses of the Housing Corpora- tion, the saving made by the reduction of i inch in the width of the usual stock inside architrave and wall base v/ould have built 50 complete houses, to say nothing of the time and money saved by larger quantity production. LATER ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENTS OF THE HOUSING CORPORATION'S WORK. Forced economy and the conservation of war ma- terials left its mark on practically all projects of the Housing Corporation. Many well-designed houses lost their distinction by the unavoidable substitu- tion of materials and by the elimination of all non- essential details, such as blinds and lattices. The DWELLINGS AND OTHER BUILDINGS. 51 FLOOR PLAN FIVE ROOM BUNGALOW U 5 H C STANDARD TYPE E SCALE . 5 IP I? so ss FEET ljiJlji-]LjljlJljljLj xj-d •^•^•=-' FRONT ELEVATION BIDE ELEVATION FRONT ELEVATION ' SIDE ELEVATION FRONT ELEVATION WITH REARRANGEMEWTOF WfTH REARRANGEMENT OE ALTERNATE DESIGN ALTERNATE DESIGN PORCH AND ENTRANCE I n H i fREARR ANGEMENTOF REARRANGEMENT OF PORCH AND ENTRANCE PLAN REVERSED PORCH AND ENTRANCE PORCH AND ENTRANCE LIVING ROOM PLAN SHOWING REARRANGEMENT OF PORCH AND ENTRANCE FLOOR PLAN FOUR ROOM BUNGALOW U S H C STANDARD TYPE A SCALE , ,,.?,,, IP, _ If _ _g , ° , , B|= FEET ULJLjLJI-jLjLJLjLJLjULJrJ UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION 52 REPORT UNITED STATICS HOUSING CORPORATION. FRONT ELEVATION SCALE , , 'O 20 30 -10 50 FEET U u U u u tj^j Ll u u Lj-g^d-n-utj- u UljuLulIuuI SIDE ELEVATION WITH REARRANGEMENT OF PORCH AND ENTRANCE FRONT ELEVATION ALTERNATE DESIGN FLOOR PLAN FIVE ROOM BUNGALOW PLAN SHOWING REARRANGEMENT OF PORCH AND ENTRANCE USHC STANDARD TYPED FRONT ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION REAR ELEVATION UVtNG ROOM IJO /^^°M QtD F FLOOR PLAN FOUR ROOM BUNGALOW USHC STANDARD TYPE C SCALE , 10 IS so 2s FEET UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DWEIvWNGS AND OTHER BUILDINGS. 53 FRONT ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION ALTERNATE DESIGN WITH REARRANGEMENT OF SCALE, ip 20 30 FEET WfTH REAHRANSEMENT q? POBCH AND ENTRANCE t nrU u d L J U u u t nntTTirl • PORCH AND ENTRANCE ^r-1 PLAN SHOWING REARRANGEMENT OF PORCH ENTRANCE AND LIVING ROOM SCALE . ? '° '? =,° = p FEET FLOOR PLAN FOUR ROOM BUNGALOW U S H C .STANDARD TYPE B SIDE ELEVATION FRONT ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION WITH REARRANGEMENT QF ' scM£ - '^^JZ^^^;^Suau u^g u-.±.,,^g...^^ ° ''^^^ ALTERNATE DESIGN PORCH AND ENTRANCE WITH REARRANGEMENTOF PORCH AND ENTRANCE FLOOR PLAN PLAN SHOWING REARRANGEMENT OF PORCH AND ENTRANCE SIX ROOM BUNGALOW U S H C STANDARD TYPE H 10 IS ao aa FEET ef A1 c; B 10 15 ao aS UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION 54 R;ePORf UNITED STATES HOtrsiNG COrporaTiok'. FRONT ELEVATION SC ALE I , 1° , g° , 3° ^ s o FEET ALTERNATE DESIGN REARRANGEMENT OF PORCH AND ENTRANCE SIDE ELEVATION -REARF?ANOEMENT OF PORCH AND ENTRANCE PLAN SHOWINO REARRANGE/AENT OF PORCH AND ENTRANCE FIVE ROOM BUNGALOW U S H C STANDARD TYPE F FRONT ELEVATION ALTERNATE DESIGN SIDE ELEVATION SCALE, lo 2o 3o 40 so FEET L U U U U b LTd-p^L uUuuLuLl uuUuJ Lr cr| FRONT ELEVATION FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM BUNGALOW U S H C STANDARD TYPE G SC'^'-E ^^ U°^^'L^^=^.=i° ,,, ^ . = FEET UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DWEI.I.INGS AND OTHER BUILDINGS. 55 "" SIDE ELEVATION FRONT ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION SCALE lO 20 30 -40 5, FEET ( j u J LiTj b ~ u ~ Li - u U JJ a"[J " tJ 'B~ lj u ul U U JJ u U u^ LIVING nOOl«i PORCH PORCH FIRST FLOOR PLAN SCALE SECOND FLOOR PLAN B 10 IS 20 25 FEET UljlJljljLjljlJ-i^UljlJ FOUR ROOM HOUSE U S H C STANDARD TYPE I M --'^"TT - J^ mj 7-0' SIDE ELEVATION FRONT ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION / /""- /Wr\ f HALL BATH X X 3" FIRST FLOOR PLAN SCALE l-J l_i U LJ LJ SECOND FLOOR PLAN 10 IS ao SB FEET =SJ=SJ FIVE ROOM HOUSE U S H C STANDARD TYPE J UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION 118791°— 19— VOL 2 5 56 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. SIDE ELEVATION FRONT ELEVATION- SIDE ELEVATION SCALE lo 20 30 40 50 FEET 20 -_o" b uJuuLuLluuLuU uubuUuubuLluui FIRST FLOOR PLAN S'=ALE ^ ^ J l. ^'u l. u^l. l.=£ ^ 3 = ""^^T SECOND FLOOR PLAN FIVE ROOM HOUSE U S H C ^STANDARD TYPE K 3+-2 FIRST FLOOR PLAN .SCALE SECOND FLOOR PLAN S 10 IS BO HS F"EPT ta ~ P "' lJi— II— iLjLJidujLjLji— i" cj SIX ROOM HOUSE USHC STANDARD TYPE L UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DWEI/LINGS AND OTHER BUILDINGS. 57 SCALE . . '9 . =° , ^ , "y , sp FEET Jj i ZMZfflS SIDE ELEVATION FIRST FLOOR PLAN BED ROOW ICLO/ BED ROOM ^^m SECOND "FLOOR PLAN SCALE , 5 If _ If . , g|° ^ p FEET SIX ROOM HOUSE U S H C STANDARD TYPE M SIDE ELEVATION FRONT ELEVATION SCALE to 20 3o 4p 50 FEET budLJuLmJuuLmJuuLuUuuLmUuLT l SIDE ELEVATION DrWING ROOM LIVING ROOM ROOf'' FIRST FLOOR PLAN epALF 5 ro 15 2<_ 3= FEET li t r li >> ^ SECOND FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM HOUSE USHC STANDARD TYPE N UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION 58 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. Q FIRST FLOOR PLAK Q Reverse SECOND FLOOR PLAN SEMI-DETACHED HOUSES USHC STANDARD PLANS Q AND QR QJ ^nN m ii I - CLO. BED noau I I FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM HOUSE USHC STANDARD PLAN O SCALE S 10 IS 20 2! |_ii_i'iJi^ljLjljiJi-jljLjljlJ T rwT OININS ROOM — r^^ \ hal\ FIRST FLOOR PLAN SEVEN ROOM HOUSE SECOND FLOOR PLAN USHC STANDARD PLAN P UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DWElvWNGS AND OTHER BUII.DINGS. 59 SIDE ELEVATION "'Jl^t^, " FRONT ELEVATION 25- o" 25- O' SIDE ELEVATION SCALE '° 20 30 40 so FCET 13 LIVING ROOM ^ FIRST FLOOR PLAN R R EVER5E SCALE s IP IS zp LjljlJljljLjljlJljljLjlji-I SECOND FLOOR PLAN FEET FOUR ROOM SEMI-DETACHED HOUSES USHC STANDARD TYPES R AND RR FRONT ELEVATION. " SIDE ELEVATION SCALE . IP . gp . 3,o . -^P . 5p FEET _ Iq" ZI'-IO" uuLluubuijuuL u-d u u L mJ u"u L w U m jj 1" \ / DINING. ROOM ^ KITCHEN ^ — l^a LIVING ROOM ■* FIRST FLOOR PLAN BED" R'OOW S Reverse SECOND FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM SEMI-DETACHED HOUSES USHC STANDARD TYPES S AND SR UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION 6o REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. i^h/^ FRONT "ECEVATION SCALE , , '° . gp' .30^ 5 FEET SIDE ELEVATION my^ OININCFTOOM -LMMG TlOQia h ■ I I £ SECOND FLOOR PLAN SCALE . 5 IP I? a.° g .= FEET I ULJULJLJl-JLJ Ul-JLJUL-^ ^ J '^'=-'=-' TWO FLAT HOUSE USHC STANDARD TYPE W t; FIR St- AND SECOND FLOOR PLANS SCALE 5 10 IS so 3S FEET U Lj lJ- uj ljL^i_jlJljlj Lji^U FlRSTiAND SECOND FLOOR PLANS FOUR ROOM ROW HOUSES USHC STANDARD PLANS Tl AND T.2 UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DWELWNGS AND OTHEiR BUILDINGS. 6l X Reverse FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN SEMI-DETACHED TWO FLAT HOUSES U S H C STANDARD PLANS X AND X R 50'- O" DrNtNG ROOM go'- o" "porch \\^ -— fffl LIVING BOOM BED ROOW V Reverse FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN SIX AND SEVEK ROOM ROW HOUSES USHC STANDARD PLANS V AND U SCALE,, ,,, f, , ^'^^]f ^ ^^ £ ^ 3^ FEET UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION 62 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. 1 J I M r^ ^ ' OJROOM B. R. 1^ 1 I„ il, 1. I I. €E Ljii I I SECOND FUOOR PLAN Mpj^h ' ' ' ' I ' ^ LLI JEL^ matron b. R. _EI1Z_PLE TJ ¥■ I CORRIDOR LIVING ROOM r^ , I I I m- DORMITORY FIRST FLOOR PLAN U S H C STANDARD PLAN gg'-'j* liiO -ae- - J ' ^ - ja LOCKER r'm. |^'5C0...HV'^ n i;s;sBaal~ 1 iioii,mi y izzr 1 — bdhihi — m X C£ CAFETERIA U S H C STANDARD PLAN SCALE , . '9 20 30 40 so FEET b-U U u u b u-d-B-g-LrH-Td-u u b u J mj- b u U u u I UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DWECUNGS AND OTHER BUILDINGS. 63 IE 13s en -ji:"~i ' >TaLE PT/tnUHL. 23-0 .TRAINING I ] _J.i vVT'3'ktiK- GYMNASIUM AUDITOR rUM 4'I'Jl'?l'-J'f I BOYS 11 I J G'RLS I X TOILtT t I II TOILET J fg'il'iuj L- ^^ w J, ImitftJ ••HT- ""* *^ <-" r35~n f^ECBEATION CORRIDOR za'-o" IT' !fiT i=ir gcUSSBMJ: ^IfnTTF DCLASS R'M-ly I DCLASS R'mJ ., ' •■ t - f CLASS RMj CLA55 r'm. FLOOR PLAN SCALE 10 ap JO AO so ep 70 ep 90 to o FEET SPECIAL SCHOOLS rtl Fl ® qpompicnn^ - H i © — 1 = n — n — n — n — iit?rn — n — n — im i-yuj ^-"-IM T ^ i^C -^i-fi ! @ Sh Jni.ii iLp^^^ t — 1 1 1 "1 f- — ® ^1 1 rH IT 11 H, 1 |l II II IMII II II 1 ■' M'" ti £E:£L^a=H, II II 11 II p J M ^ r^ REY PLANS 5CALE 50 (Op 'BO ago gso ago feet ft-| ® ri toa=r UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION 64 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. effect of this economy is illustrated on p. 65, a drawing of a street in one of the Housing Corpora- tion projects, where the houses are well designed and grouped, lacking only the finish and color which the addition of these details would have given. The future owner can supply these things, however, and do some additional planting at very small cost.* The lower drawing on p. 65 shows a group of houses built by the corporation as they may appear at the conclusion of the present construction contract. The upper drawing shows them as they may appear after some minor additions, extra planting, and a few years of care. The Architectural Division cooperated with the employed architects in the design of all houses so that they could more quickly be brought to the standards adopted. Many excellent designs sub- mitted suffered revision because of the war econo- mies already outlined, and fall far short of the ideals of their architects. The type of house which might have been built, however, if architects had not assisted with the housing program, is illustrated by a builder's design for a row house of the South Philadelphia type submitted with one of the first requests for Government aid. It was redesigned by the Architectural Division, and the changes were made at a small additional cost per house, the increased frontage being possible because of low land value. The two designs are shown on p. 66. The upper drawing was the one submitted and the lower the one erected. COMPARISON OF CORPORATION REQUIREMENTS WITH CURRENT METHODS. In the standards of the Housing Corporation, types well established in certain localities were omitted because they did not afford satisfactory living conditions or because they might be economi- cally replaced by better types. The most notable omissions were the "three-deckers" or detached wooden tenements of New England, the three-room- deep row house of Philadelphia, and the two-flat house found in New London, Conn. Although it is possible that a "three-decker" might have been designed overcoming some of the worst faults of the type, it would have still remained a serious fire hazard. The same density per acre at the same or lower cost per family with a proper division of yard space can be obtained in the row or group house, the ' In several cases some of these omitted details were replaced after the Armistice to Increase the salability of the house. two-flat house, or the two-room-deep apartment house used at Bridgeport. In the cases where indi- vidual houses did not offer a satisfactory solution the apartment was used. The Philadelphia row type, generally three rooms deep, has two badly lighted and badly ventilated middle rooms and a bathroom with only a skylight. These faults are remedied in the two-room-deep house. An ingenious scheme of plan avoiding the disadvantage of the deep row house was developed in the Washington, D. C, South Capitol Street project, where light and air for the deep houses was insured by alternating with a shallower type of two-family house. The New London two-flat type, which has an extra room in the attic for each family, was rejected because of the common stairways resulting. In cases like Briarfield, Newport News, Va., and Elizabeth, N. J., where spacing of 4 feet or less between semide- tached houses was customary, a row type was adopted as land costs prohibited the use of the semidetached house throughout the project with proper spacing. The closest spacing actually used was at Truxtun, Va., where detached two-room- deep frame houses were placed 1 1 feet apart. This spacing does not look too close as actually con- structed. AH buildings, except apartments, were set back from the street line and separate rear yards were provided for all dwellings except tene- ments. INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY. In addition to the effect of cUmate on the design of houses, there was the important influence of local custom. Investigation of the requirements of workmen in different localities showed generally a preference for established local types. In the Middle West and on the Pacific coast it was the bun- galow; in the smaller towns, single or possibly semidetached houses; while the workmen in the Philadelphia Navy Yard would consider nothing but the row house. As the houses were to be occu- pied by these workmen, their wishes were complied with so far as their earnings indicated their abiUty to pay for them. In order to lessen the burden on transportation facilities, materials available in local markets were given preference, even at increased cost in some in- stances. Where brick and terra cotta were manufac- tured in quantity they were used for exterior walls; slate sometimes replaced the usual asphalt slate- coated shingles, and plaster board the usual spruce lath. DWEI.LINGS AND OTHER BUII^DINGS. 65 lli n ill l mil mil lull i.Ti. 1(111 ri.iii, iMtitini „„,ii i.i. III. .1111 .1.1 ml 111 mill mil ■■m iiiii », .^ .j | jj^( nmnfl uniiii 111 .T-|. m.ii .LIU. iiM ..■„ ,i|HII|t!'""""" U 1-'"'H .\ ..^. X^^.V..'. fi*5^;; *" ''^ U-iti" UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION EXAMPLE OF EFFECT OF PLANTING AND MINOR ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS 66 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. Z < o o a z o in 5 Q Z o u tn tt m a tt (•■a ,z o i S-1 H Z o 0.1 o < o o u o Z o UJ CO Q UJ Z 3 or o o o: DWBI.WNGS AND OTHHR BTJILDINGS. 67 In congested localities where the row house and the apartment house were the predominant types, brick was generally used for the exterior walls. It reduced fire risks, and where smoke would make a stucco surface unsightly and necessitate the fre- quent painting of wood, the use of brick reduced maintenance charges. MATERIALS SUBSTITUTED FOR ECONOMY. CONSERVA- TION OF WAR MATERIALS, AND RAPIDITY OF CON- STRUCTION. The rulings of the War Industries Board restrict- ing the use of metals and other building materials, the tirgency of speed in construction, and the neces- sity for using materials available in quantity, or capable of quantity production, sometimes forced the adopton of materials and methods of construc- tion not customary in the best practice. The restriction in the use of metals, which at first affected only copper and lead, later limited the use of steel and of zinc, which had been adopted as a flashing material after tin and galvanized iron were no longer available. This required the avoidance of flashing by special details of frames and the use of asphalt-coated flashing in many cases. Gutters and downspouts were made of wood where they could not be omitted entirely, and deck roofs, ordi- narily tin, were covered with canvas or more fre- quently with some prepared roofing. The conservation of metals became a most vital question. Plumbing was arranged for the mini- mum use of pipe, even at the expense of some fea- tures in the plan. All fixtures were arranged to have the shortest possible runs to the stack and the kitchen range with the hot-water tank was placed so that the runs of supply pipe were reduced to a minimum. In all dwellings, except where superim- posed bathrooms occurred and where fixtures were more than 10 feet from the stack, all venting of traps was dispensed with and cast-iron drum traps were adopted. After thorough tests had proved that the seal could not be destroyed by syphoning,' a special fitting was adopted for bathroom waste connections by which all the connections to the stack were made with a single fitting. Galvanized wrought-iron pipe was used for all waste pipes. An example of very economical plumbing is furnished by the Waterbury (Conn.) project, where the ar- rangement of fixtnres is excellent in the individual houses, and where in addition the pipe for every ' See record of plumbing tests, p. 512. house in the project was cut from one set of rough- ing-in measurements. For houses of the size generally built hot air of- fered a thoroughly satisfactory system of heating. It was adopted because of small initial cost and economy of metal. Klectric wiring was reduced to one outlet in each room with switches for the hall light only. The use of white paint except for exterior trim was prohibited because of the shortage of lead and zinc oxide. Chrome yellow and green were held for the exclusive use of the Army for camouflage purposes. Interior woodwork was given one coat of an oil stain for protection until such time as the supply of materials would allow finishing with var- nish or paint. Shingles without paint or stain were used for exterior walls in many cases where the climate gives a good color from weathering. PLAN DISPOSITION. As has been suggested, the selection of a particular type of house was often influenced by the desires of the workers, even though the type desired had no particular material advantages over some other possible types. In many places mechanics in- sisted that they would be contented only in de- tached houses, and very reluctantly admitted even the possibility of the semidetached house. It was however often the fact that they could not afford more than the rent of the latter. Kconomy of con- struction would therefore have dictated nothing lower in density per acre than the semidetached two-flat house or the row house. So that in the selection of type plans a proper balance had to be struck between the workman's desires, the need for large numbers of houses from a limited appropria- tion, and the future value and salable qualities of the house, as seen by the local real estate dealer. The largest factor determining the price of a dwel- ling, after a reasonable writing off of excessive war cost, was the prospective tenant's salary. The actual cost of the finished dwelling was made up of the land cost, affected by the density per acre, the cost of utilities and other improvements outside of the house, and the construction cost of the house. The question of the costs of all the construction entering into the town plan is discussed in Chapter VII. In the present chapter we are considering costs of the house alone. 68 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. The cheapest dwelling constructed was the row two-flat house, a close second was the semidetached two-flat house. Next came the row house, which indeed was cheaper than the semidetached two-flat house in cases where land values or utility costs were especially high. Ordinarily not more than eight houses were used in a continuous row — the open spaces between these short rows avoiding the dreary monotony generally associated with row houses. It became evident that apartments and large tenement houses could not be built as cheaply as any of the foregoing tj^es, as general construction, plumbing, and heating were necessarily more elaborate. Next in line was the detached two-flat house and the semidetached house for one family, costing about the same, the latter more desirable for families with children. Reference to the standard row house brings out a problem which developed in a num- ber of cases, i. e., service entrances from the front, where there were no alleys. Examples are shown in the houses at Bridgeport, Ridley Park, Alton, and Bethlehem. For economy and rapidity of construction it was advisable to limit the munber of types in a project as far as possible. In grouping the houses variety was obtained by reversing plans, by rotating the plans 90'^, by changes in roof and porchds, and by composing different tj^pes, as semidetached houses. This variation was carried so far in some projects that in a whole street frontage no two silhouettes appeared the same in spite of the small number of plan types. This extreme variety, however, was not satisfactory in effect, and the projects which are most pleasing in appearance show a repetition of houses of similar size and character with modifications at intervals for accent. Semi- detached houses, in general, produced a better effect than detached, because the units were longer, more pleasantly proportioned, and had better roof lines. Interest can be lent to a suc- cession of houses by change in wall materials and by variety in the detail of porches and doorways. Unquestionably the changing of details between neighboring houses and in general variety in design entail some increase in cost. Neverthe- less, if it is done intelligently, this cost may not be great, and it is certain that the real value of the development is increased by the more attrac- tive appearance.' ' See also Chapter VI, p. 73. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. Under the necessities of war, certain forms of construction were decided on which in peace time would not have been resorted to. The War Industries Board was the final arbiter in nearly all cases as to forms of construction and materials. Naturally, the policies which they determined from the point of view of general economy of material and transportation did not always produce results which were satisfactory from the point of view of our particular housing developments. In the Kght of our experience it is obvious also, now that the war is over, that, as was inevitable, some errors were made and that some construction, though it aimed at economy, did not so result. In the descriptions of the dwellings for each project, certain feattires particular to the project have been noted. The general faults, however, if faults they may be called under the circum- stances, common to all or at least to a great many of the Corporation's developments, are sufficient in number and importance to be discussed here, so that the prospective builder may be warned against using the so-called Government standards (both design and construction) without careful con- sideration of those deficiencies which were com- pelled by the war. In speaking of these defects in connection with the Government housing, we are in many cases calling attention to faults com- mon also to a very large percentage of prewar houses built privately, — houses which though cheap to build are costly to own because of the repairs consequent to inferiority of construction, or incon- venient to live in on account of poor design. For example, let us consider the plans generally. We note many rooms which, while perfectly livable, lack in size just the few square feet required to give real comfort. These few feet save a large amount of money in the aggregate of all the houses built, but the money would be well spent under ordinary circumstances in providing the extra accommodations . The same comment is applicable in many cases to porches. Similarly a large saving was effected by omitting the finish in attics, where oftentimes there was sufficient space for an extra room which if Ughted by a dormer window wotild have been at least as comfortable as a small room on the second floor. DWEIvWNGS AND OTHER BUIIyDINGS. 69 But the greatest savings were made in materials, lumber, and millwork, including both the quaHty and kind; also in the design of moldings. Attention should be called to the many roofs which have insufficient pitch to drain properly. A roof with insufficient pitch will leak imless the roof covering is such as is usually placed on flat roofs. With such materials as slate, asphalt shingles, and wood shingles, a roof with a pitch of less than 30° is bad. In the case of wood shingles it is specially bad, as, besides the consequent decay to the con- struction of the roof, the shingles themselves rot so quickly as to require renewal in a few years. Flashings in many of the Government projects are of other materials than metal, for metal was the scarcest of all war material and most requisite for the war. Flashings should be of tin or, better yet, lead or copper, as those last two materials are practically everlasting. For flat roofs, too, copper is much to be preferred. Many of the projects are built on sites of such soil formation as would ordinarily require that the cellars be waterproofed, but in no case has this been done. Where cellars are dug in clay or rock or shale, it is advisable to waterproof not only the outside of the cellar walls but also under the cellar floors. Tile drains at the footings are of great value, but where water pressure is likely to exist the tile drains are not always sufficient. It is inadvisable to stucco walls down to the grade level, as was done on some projects. Capil- lary attraction causes moisture from the earth to permeate the stucco and frost cracks it off of its backing. When a chimney flue is required to be 8 by 8 inches or 8 by 12 inches no part should have less than that area. It seems almost unnecessary to state this, but the error occurred sufficiently often among the thousands of houses built for the corpo- ration, and it occurs in common practice to such an extent as to be worthy of note. The millwork on moldings furnished for the corporation's houses is, generally speaking, coarse in detail and poor in quality. There are but few exceptions. It was considered necessary as a war measure to use stocks on hand with the mills rather than to cut the moldings anew. As a result many of the cornices of houses and many of the other molded parts, such as porches, are too heavy in appearance, by no means as good as the details made by the architects in these cases. This is as true of interior millwork as it is of the exterior. But, all in all, except where a few houses depended upon their millwork for their refinements, there is no very glaring fault in the general design due to the conditions stated. The quality of material, however, is quite another matter, and there is so much inferior quality of wood- work that it would almost seem that a great part of the second-grade wood trim and boarding in certain parts of the country must have been used up on the Government's housing. We find siding of such poor quality as to raise the question of the advisablity of using it, even in war times, and floor- ing which proved to be more economical to discard than to use because of the great cost of laying. Lengths less than 3 feet, as a rule, might better be discarded or used in closets. Exception may be justly taken to the design of many of the knobs and fancy plates with which the doors are fitted. They would have looked much better had they been perfectly plain rather than highly ornamented. They are evidently stock which had existed for some time and the best that can be said for them (as well as the inferior wood used) is that by their use the market is purged to that extent and therefore houses built in future will not have them because they are cheap. As a rule it is wise to have too much heating capacity in a house rather than too Uttle, but in most of the Government houses the question still arises whether smaller furnaces would not have been sufficient. In connection with the heating, exception may well be taken to the positions of the wood lattice coverings of the cold-air returns in the floors. They should have been placed in side walls, as was done at two of the projects. It would, of course, have helped matters had metal grilles been used, but even in this case the openings might be at comers of rooms rather than in places over which persons are required to pass. The uniformly high-grade designs of the houses and the care with which they were worked out by the architects leave little to be said in general criticism of them. The few minor details which might be noted are, however, worth consideration for future building. In many houses headroom on stairs could be bettered by beveling the header beam of the stair- case well. In all the houses, except in the development at Newport, R. I., no provision has been made for 70 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. access to attic spaces. At Newport a ladder was constructed between the studs directly beside the opening in the attic floor. This is a very simple way of getting to the attic. A great majority of the houses have wooden gutters and down spouts. In cases where the wood gutters are built into the cornice the appearance is much better than in cases where they are hung like a metal gutter. The wooden down spouts or leaders should always receive a coat of asphalt paint on the inside to preserve the wood. The foregoing criticisms apply to certain in- stances of the work of the United States Housing Corporation. In relation to building generally many warning notes could be sounded in the hope of raising the standard of house construction, but this would be out of place in the present report. It is hoped, however, that with the foregoing notes the "housing standards" as used in the work of the Housing Corporation may be of value after the war in suggesting certain economies in the use of materials, and general saving for the house builder, and better housing for the vast number of home makers whose right it is to get a return of a dollar's worth for a dollar spent. CHAPTER VI. THE HOUSING PROJECT: ITS GENERAL APPEARANCE. Good appearance a financial asset — More easily obtained in an isolated or large development — Depends on: Elements, grouping and harmony generally of these elements, relation of whole layout to surroundings — Examples of some simple ways of obtaining consistent good appearance: vistas, enframed open areas, balance of buildings on opposite sides of street, points of interest set off by areas where attention is not strongly attracted, treatment of street intersections, civic centers, districting giving variety and minor unity, color — Examples of some ways of getting variety: form, placing, combining, fronting, and orientation of buildings — ^Taking advantage of natural features-special importance in Housing Corporation's work of effects to be got from relation of buildings to one another. GOOD APPEARANCE A FINANCIAL ASSET. The Housing Corporation was well aware that good appearance would be a financial asset in the housing developments; that is, we knew that up to a certain point every householder would be wilUng to pay something extra for good-looking surrotind- ings. But we realized also that in communities of people of modest means, such communities as the Housing Corporation was dealing with, the householders simply can not afford very much expense, over and above what they must pay for the absolute necessities of life, purely for enjoyment of the appearance of their home neigh- borhood, however much they might desire this enjoyment. This fact makes it very difficult for any small development of houses scattered among those of an existing large community to do much without financial loss to raise itself above the mediocrity or ugliness which too often surrounds it. But in a large development or an isolated devel- opment the case is entirely different. Here all the attractiveness of harmonious btiildings pleasantly related, of street systems which have a general unity and a sensible fitness to the ground stirface, of avoidance of the mutual nuisances which arise when buildings, often for different uses, are jumbled together in inconvenient relations, — all this can often be had for no extra expense at all over the cost of houses and streets built without considera- tion of these relations. If it is thus possible to get a community which has an air of well-being of its own, it is much more likely that the householders will make effort enough to maintain and better its appearance, each in his small way on his own lot. And of course the general pride of the householders in the 118791°— 19— VOL 2 6 attractiveness of the neighborhood is the force by which, in the long run, the appearance of the com- munity will largely be determined. In this chapter we have set down some of the ways in which we have found that it was possible to obtain some degree of order and attractiveness of appearance without incurring thereby an expense which the kind of people whom we were serving could not afford. ELEMENTS IN PRODUCING GOOD APPEARANCE. Of course the good appearance of a neighborhood depends mostly on three things : First, the appear- ance of the several houses and streets and fences and plantings in themselves, according as they are each well designed and well kept; second, the group- ing together of these things to make a good-looking whole; and third, the pleasant relation of this whole layout to the smroundings into which it is set. The first of these points we have touched on in Chapters IV and V. The second and third we will discuss briefly here, as they are more particularly matters of town planning and general design. We are not endeavoring here to write a treatise on town planning esthetics, but merely to cite a few exam- ples to show some of the general principles which we have found most important in our work. WAYS OF OBTAINING CONSISTENCY. It will evidently go a long way to help the appearance of a town if as anyone goes along the streets he feels that each new view that he gets, each new neighborhood that he goes through, has some consistent character of its own. The simplest way to make a street present a consistent "picture" is to have it form a vista. Anyone's natural tendency when in a straight 71 72 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. street is to look down it. There should be some- thing at the end to look at not too far away. In this respect the regular gridiron plan of streets of indefinite extent fails to be satisfactory. Every street in the gridiron is a vista, but no vista has any terminus. In many cases we planned streets with slight angles, or ctn-v^ed, or (in the case of purely local streets) ending abruptly against a transverse street; and arranged the buildings and plantings so that there should be pleasant views along the streets, both toward and from the build- ings at the vista ends. A section of street may be made distinctive by setting the houses close to the street at each end of the section and farther back in the middle, so forming or suggesting an inclosed space into which the houses look and each side of which is a con- sistently designed group or continuous row of houses. Sometimes where there was land enough we carried this idea so far as to make a neighbor- hood park or a village green with two roadways and a central grass space (see Bath and Indian Head, pages io6 and 193). The arrangement proved worth while, however, in many cases where the roadway was continuous and the differ- ence in setback of the houses was less than 10 feet (see Truxtun and Aberdeen, pages 290 and 83). An examination of the executed work, however, shows that in designing such variation in setback the tendency has been almost invariably to overdo the amount of the setback. The effect can often be quite adequately secured by a variation in set- back of no more than 2 to 6 feet. Generally speaking, where front porches are used, a variation in setback of less than the width of the porch is more agreeable in every respect than where the porches of the recessed houses fall wholly behind the wall line of the more advanced houses. The amount of recessing which has proved desirable as a matter of appearance depends of course upon the length of the recessed portion; the shorter it is the less can it be recessed, the controlling principle being that the building fronts of the recessed por- tion should not entirely disappear from sight in the raking views along the street which are ordi- narily those of most importance. In these views all projections and recessions from the normal building line count for their full dimensions in depth, whereas their lengths are extremely fore- shortened. A strong effect of consistency of design can be got by balancing a building or a group of buildings on one side of the street by a similar building or group on the other side. In monumental designs where two public buildings can reasonably be made alike there are, of course, many good examples of this. In dealing with small dwelling houses, on the other hand, we felt that a rigid similarity in a balanced composition is apt to spoil the individu- ahty and homelikeness of the private dwellings, and to make the whole street look stiff, set, and institutional. We found that on the whole in the work that we were doing it was better not to strain after obviously designed effect on every street, but to choose here a retired street for a quiet open space, there a street intersection for a more monumental treat- ment, and to have a large proportion of more ordinary streets leading up to the points of interest. At Bfiarfield (p. 258), if the scheme were carried out according to the tentative house location plans as shown, the avenue from the store center to the school, having so much of interest at either end, would probably be better if along its length the houses were more similar and less interesting. Street intersections are natural places for the designer to put some particular feature of interest, and this was the easier for us to do because we could economically put a larger building on a comer, where it got more Hght. We found on study, how- ever, that when we were using single or semi- detached houses the only effect that could be got was a pleasant grouping of four buildings about the intersection, and not an inclosure of the intersection Hke a court. The buildings were too small and the streets too wide to make the latter possible. When we did endeavor to get the effect of a space inclosed on all sides or at one end, we used stores or row houses to make the larger architectural masses needed, and so arranged them around an open area that there was sufficient inclosing house-front pro- portionally to the openings made by the entering streets. Where the people to be housed needed pubUc or semipublic buildings Uke stores, schools, a moving- picture theater, or a community building, and the structures were grouped at an important road inter- section, as a matter of appearance this was a very good thing. It gave a definite center and dominant point to the whole design, and the bioildings, being (.^.i1— ^^ PUGET SOUND NAVY YARD (BREMERTON), WASH. The housing project: its generaI/ appearance. 73 larger and all serving a pubUc purpose, could be more reasonably arranged for their general effect, perhaps inclosing a "square," as just suggested, or perhaps in a more open group. VARIETY. When a project was large enough, and different districts in it were designed for different purposes, this, if rightly done from the point of view of use, gave also natvirally a consistency of appearance in each district and variety in the whole project. (See Eddystone, p. 153.) Even when no particular districting was needed, and no difference in the ground made a variety of appearance, something of the same effect was possible by marking the difference between the larger thoroughfares and the quiet local streets, and giving one street, for instance, elms for street trees, wide planting strips and front-line hedges, and giving another street sugar maple street trees, with narrower planting strips and open front lawns. The choice of the color of paint for the houses, the choice of stucco or brick or wood as a material, and the choice of material and color of the roofs, we attempted to use as a means of making various neighborhoods different and each one consistent. We attempted to use differences of color in a subordinate way to multiply the variation due to differences in form between the houses of a given group. We were convinced that an attempt to get variety by using different colors of paint on houses which were all alike in form was likely to look forced, and that it was better to- accept the similarity of house form as making the whole neighborhood consistent in appearance. We could still relieve the houses by different minor details of color of trim or form of porch or roof, and especially by planting of different vines to grow on the houses and different trees and shrubs, and by the use or omission of hedges or fences, and informal shrubbery along the front boundaries. It was probably in respect to color and texture of roofs that the limita- tions on material imposed by war conditions most conspicuously and unfavorably affected the appear- ance of our projects, as notably in the case of Cradock. Much variety can be and was obtained with little or no expense by repeating the same house plan, but placing it with its side or with its end to the street, by reversing it right for left, by ringing a series of changes on the location of porches, and finally by using more than one shape of roof. A consideration of all the projects, when they were sufficiently near completion to indicate their final appearance, made it veiry clear that an unpleasant monotony among the houses of a large project can be avoided by the skillful use of architectural variations surprisingly few in number and sur- prisingly limited in their range of architectural character (as, for example, at Watertown and at Aberdeen) ; and that any effort at a greater variety in the houses than can easily be obtained by such simple methods is apt to result in one of three unfortunate ways. The least unfortunate is a mere waste of effort and expense in producing a needless number of different plans all of an excellent sort, when two or three, with a few interchangeable variations, would accomplish the purposes. The second is the admission of confessedly inferior designs, of otherwise harmonious and acceptable sort, under the mistaken impression that the num- ber of type designs must be increased. The third is the mingling of designs so different as to appear restless and forced, or even so different as to appear clashing and inharmonious. The introduction of such striking differences between the houses of any group or neighborhood, especially if the same striking difference is repeated several times, does not overcome the most serious aspect of monotony in a housing development, namely, the suggestion of institutionalism. It rather emphasizes the repeti- tive character of the work by appearing too loudly to deny it; whereas if the differences are not very striking, if there is no noticeable effort at dift'er- entiation, the fact that the modest and pleasant variations often repeat is not conspicuous. taking advantage of natural features. When there was any existing natural beauty, either on our own land or visible from it, of course we did what we could to preserve it and display it to the best advantage. We endeavored to preserve as parks and public spaces of various kinds, where these were needed, the most attractive bits of landscape that we foimd. Fortunately, the roughest land, and that with brooks and large trees, is likely to be both the most interesting to look at and walk through, and the most expensive to build on, and so on both counts best fitted for public reservations. We also studied carefully the distant views from our property, and where possible arranged that the best of them should be enjoyed not only from house windows 74 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. but from some public resting place. (See Quincy, p. 326.) Similarly, if there was some ugly object near our development, we endeavored to screen it with planting, or turned the back of the layout upon it, if this was practicable. Smaller natural features also we preserved where we could reasonably do so, even diverting a road to save a picturesque group of trees. (See Bridgeport, p. 125, Forest Court; Niles, p. 267, junction of La Fayette and B Streets.) This can be carried too far, however, for if a road is permanently made crooked to save a tree, when the tree dies — as it will, and probably all the sooner for the presence of the development — ^the crook in the road appears un- reasonable. It is especially difficult, where the houses have to be close together, to save many existing trees or other natural featiures, and for this reason we chose open and rolling areas for our housing sites where possible, in preference to more beautiful broken or wooded areas, for we knew that the greater natural beauty would prove only an added construction expense and be lost in the end when the project was completed. IMPORTANCE OF GENERAL EFFECT OF BUILIfINGS. Our experience has led us to recognize two errors, which are especially to be avoided by the designer in planning the appearance of a community, — im- portant errors, which may spoil the sale of the development. First, in seeking a unified effect the designer should not make all the houses and lots so much parts of one set and formal design that they look like a penal or charitable institution. Second, in seeking interest and picturesqueness he should not make all the houses so different, and each so unusual, with so much done evidently for effect, that the whole looks like a village on the stage. Neither kind of development would find a ready market, and the reason in both cases would be at bottom the same: that people in this country want to live in independentj self-sufficient homes of their own in a real, complete American town, which they understand and run in their own way, and they do not want their houses to be, or to look like, parts of an artistic or sociologic experiment. This is an example of the money value of what is indefinitely called the "tone" or "character" of a development, that is, the total effect made on the observer by its appearance. We were aware that it is possible to produce an unattractive character by overemphasized design, but we were convinced also that the character of our developments would be still more unattractive without the consistency of appearance due to simple and reasonable design. This belief had some influence in our avoidance of certain sites in a few localities where, because of existing structures, no consistency of design was possible in the new development. The houses v/hich can now be built for people of modest means are smaller than in the past, and in the less expensive suburban communities they have to be set close together to economize land and utilities. The relation of one house to another in appearance is therefore especially important in this kind of development, and there is an evident advan- tage from the point of view of appearance in plan- ning a development not scattered among existing houses but all in one piece, so as not to have small houses dwarfed by large ones, simple houses over- powered by ornate ones, or decent houses spoiled by shabby ones, and the whole spirit of the new work frittered away and lost by being mixed with buildings of another kind. CHAPTER VII. THE HOUSING PROJECT: SOME CONSIDERATIONS AS TO COSTS AND TYPES OF DEVELOPMENT. Few communities before the war planned completely — Few satisfactory figures for general cost estimating available — ^Housing Corporation needed some system of rapid preliminary estimate of cost of projects — Division of cost factors into classes according to unit with which they vary — Tabulation of estimates — ^Notes from the experience of the Housing Corporation on: Street systems, alleys, sidewalks and front house-walks, lots — Use of Housing Corporation's data. In this country, up to the time of the war, few communities or considerable parts of communities had been planned in any complete or comprehensive way, with a consideration and balancing of all the various factors which together make the commu- nity a desirable or an undesirable place in which to live and a good or a bad investment of the money spent to construct it. In almost all cases communities have grown by private initiative, piecemeal, each addition of a house or a street or a newly subdivided area being considered for itself alone, with the scantiest thought of its relation to its surroundings or of its effect on the welfare of the community as a whole, and this has been almost inevitable, for the private lot owner, and even the large land development company, could not afford the time or the money to determine what should be the best development of the whole community, nor could they be assured in any way that such development would occur, if they could know what it should be; nor could they usually in any case afford to add to the essential costs of their own development all the expense which might be required to make it serve best as a part of an ideal general scheme. Even in those cases where a new development was to stand alone and was not compUcated by the existence of a previous commimity, it has almost always been built by private interest to serve a private end, and was studied for itself alone without any particular attempt to evolve a method of pro- cedure or a standard of judgment which would have much general application. There were of course in the minds of some people concerned with town plan- ning some general principles in this regard, but there was very little available information about actually constructed and estimated communities to which a designer could refer. PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATING. It was necessary for the Housing Corporation to determine on some system of estimate whereby alter- native schemes for the same project might be com- pared with one another as to probable cost, and this system must be applicable to preliminary plans, for we had no time to draw up detailed plans and esti- mate them in detail before finding out which of sev- eral alternative schemes would be best in a given case. Of course the question of appearance and the still subtler question of fitness to the desires and predjudices of the expected householders could not be stated in figures and had to be judged in each case in the light of the experience of the designers applied to all available information. Also the ques- tion of upkeep — what would be the annual cost directly to the community of maintenance of the public holdings, and what would be the cost to private owners for house and lot maintenance — could be judged only in a general way. It was always a question how far the future community would pay in money for good upkeep and how far it would pay by tolerating shabbiness and bad upkeep. But the first cost — the other side of the account to be balanced against the predictable desirability of the development — -had to be estimated with some approximation to accuracy and compared with the available appropriation before even the preliminary plans for a development could be honestly approved by the Housing Corporation. For the purpose of these estimates of preliminary plans, then, we divided the various construction costs of a com- munity into the following classes, dependent in 75 76 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. each case on measurements and figures which could quickly be obtained from the preliminary plans : COST FACTORS. First, there are those costs which can be con- veniently calculated roughly according to the total acreage oi the land to be developed. These are, mainly: first cost of the land acqtiired; cost of general clearing the ground, general forestry, tree cutting, etc. ; cost of general grading, surface drain- age, special storm sewers, and subdrainage, if any. Even if some of these operations do not cover the whole of the land to be developed, still they are more or less a benefit to the whole of the land, and therefore in estimating the whole development they are the same land of cost as the cost of the raw land. That is to say, they are gross acreage charges. Second, there are those costs which can be calcu- lated roughly according to the length of the streets. These are, mainly: cost of road surface, planting strips, sidewalks, cturbs, and gutters, all these de- pending also on the typical cross section of the street ; cost of street lighting ; cost of water distribu- tion, mains and fire hydrants and fire connections within the development, of street sewers within the development, and of gas mains, all exclusive of house connections. Where any of the utilities are not laid out in the streets they will usually have to be estimated by themselves. Third, there are those costs which can be calcu- lated roughly according to the number of famihes housed. These are, mainly: total cost of houses (but, of course, there must also be known the different house types and the cost of each type) ; cost of lot development, including grading, plant- ing, fences, paths, and garage entrances, if any (but there must also be known the average size of the lot and the type of development) ; cost of water connections and sewer connections (but there must also be known the type of layout and thus the average distance between tlie main and the house) . Fourth, there are those costs which, while they occur outside of the development, must be charged in whole or in part to the development as a whole; that is, must be ultimately pro rated on the famiUes in the development. Such costs are, for instance, roads necessary to connect the development with the town or with a factory or railroad station, sewer outfalls, sewage treatment facilities, water mains, reservoirs, pumps, or tanks necessary for adequate water supply and fire protection. On these things especially, but on all public utilities in general, the question of sharing expense between the new com- munity and any other community will be one of careful general estimate and negotiation. Some costs are covered by annual charges against the householders and therefore form no part of the capital value of the development chargeable against cost of lots. Such costs are mainly and usually gas, telephone, house lighting, and water for private use, also such other things as may be built by the munici- paHty and paid for out of the tax rates, for in- stance, schools, public buildings, the improvement and maintenance of public parks, provision for street cleaning, garbage collection, policing, and fire protection. Variations in cost of installation of such elements due to differences in the town plan, provided they are within the limits which will be absorbed by the public utility companies or munici- pality without affecting the established rates, do not affect the economy of the plan for the householders. But in case the peculiarities of a town plan involve an extra capital cost in such installations, which will not be absorbed and carried by the established rates, this extra cost must be prorated as a part of the general development cost chargeable against the lots, and is not to be justified unless the extra value is worth more than the cost to those for whom the development was intended. Having determined in a general way by some ex- perimental figuring what would be reasonable unit costs to use in each of the above cases, it was com- paratively a simple matter to figure two or more preliminary plans and determine if any one showed a marked saving in cost in comparison with what it offered in desirable living conditions. "When the detailed plans were figured before the contract was let, of course the estimates were made in more de- tail, but seldom was any new or unduly large cost discovered at that time which could not be re- duced by some change in specification or merely minor change in plan. TABULATION OF ESTIMATES. We have set down in tabular form the most im- portant measurements of 128 jobs more or less completely planned by the Housing Corporation, including 45 executed wholly or in part. The purpose for which these tables were pri- marily compiled is to show what were the amounts of construction of various kinds — per acre, per ' "rj|ii-~T-'°°^ 76 — I ALLIANCE, OHIO. NORFOLK DISTRICT, CRADOCK, VA. THE HOUSING PROJECT: COSTS AND TYPES OF DEVELOPMENT. 77 linear foot of street, per family, or in any other relation that anyone may care to work out for 128 projects of various sizes, and of various types of design according to location, topography, and use, and to show approximately the relative weight of each of the items for average local conditions. The prices used by the Housing Corporation in estimating, as well as the actual costs of the work, are of no value whatever directly as data for future work, since the conditions under which they came about were very unusual, confused, and variable not only between one job and another but from day to day on the same job. For purposes of comparison, however, we have applied to the actual measurements of quantities in the tables certain assumed unit costs identical for all the projects; not because these were the real costs, for they are not — often the real costs are widely different, being sometimes more, some- times less than these figures — but merely to serve as a unit of comparison between one plan and another, because there is no measiure but that of cost, real or assumed, which can be used for the summation of the diverse construction items that go to make the completed jobs which were to be com- pared. The unit costs thus assumed for purposes of comparison are beUeved at all events to give ap- proximately the proper relative weight to the sev- eral items of cost. We have drawn certain general conclusions based on the facts which are expressed in these tables. Anyone using the tables to help in estimating the cost of similar plans will, of course, determine first what the unit costs probably are for the new case that he is considering, and then adapt our quantities and conclusions to fit his own problem. Since he would be obliged to do this in any case, however we obtained our figures, our assumed cost figures are as good as any others for this special purpose. NOTES FR6m housing CORPORATION'S EXPERIENCE. These figures of relative cost, taken in conjtuic- tion with our opinions as to the relative desira- bility of the several kinds of projects to the xilti- mate occupants and to the public generally, seem to support certain conclusions as to the value of different types of development. Some of these conclusions we have here set down. By fmlher study of the tables in conjunction with the plans many other important conclusions can be derived, and it is very desirable that there should be a much more thorough analysis of the facts here tabulated than could be made between the prepa- ration of the tables and the sending of this docu- ment to press. STREET SYSTEMS. While on a flat or gently sloping topography the gridiron system of streets obviously gives the least area in streets, the most economical shape of blocks to be cut into lots, and the least length of utilities, it is a fact that under conditions as they usually occur it is possible to depart considerably from a gridiron, even on a reasonably flat ground, with- out appreciably increasing cost. On hilly ground some layout other than a gridiron is almost certain to be less expensive, because it saves cut and fill, avoids steep gradients, leaves lots more accessible, and may provide street lines better adapted to an economical sewerage system. (See Butler and Mare Island, pages 138 and 215 in comparison with Briarfield and New Brunswick, pages 258 and 233.) This does not take into accoimt the advantages that other systems have over a gridiron in appearance and in the possibility of fitting the roads to the best directions of traffic. A street system on straight lines broken by moderate angles often has an advantage over one of flowing curves. If a development has its houses far apart, and is on an undulating ground, so that the fitting of the road to the natural surface can be seen and appreciated, then the flowing cm-ves may be well worth their cost, and indeed may save their extra cost in sxurface construction by better fitting the ground. But when the houses are close to- gether, so that they are the main things to be seen from the road, and especially v/hen, because the road curves are of short radius in relation to the length of the house units, the line of house fronts does not in effect form a curve parallel to the street, the smooth continuous curves of road, planting strip and cturb, and sidewalk may look out of place. And they cost more in laying out the work, parti- cularly in setting forms for curbs, gutters, and side- walks, and in describing and recording property lines, often making this last process several times more expensive as compared with a rectilinear street system. A careful study of the amount of traffic to be ex- pected and an adaptation of the road widths to this traffic should be attempted in each case. When it can be shown that certain streets need never, as far 78 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. as can be predicted, carry anything but local traffic, it is possible to save money, to make a better looking development, and to help in keeping -undesirable through traffic away from residential neighbor- hoods, by reducing these road widths to the mini- miun practicable for local traffic only. (See street sections, p. 501.) In general, it has seemed best in our projects to make the road surfacing only wide enough for the traffic of the immediate future and, where it is likely that this may increase, to plan the whole street so that the roadway may then be widened. ALLEYS. The question of alleys caused more discussion than any other one item of general plan. The faults which in the past have given the alley a bad name are principally that it has been a place of conceal- ment on account of high board fences and angles behind buildings, which collect rubbish and which can not easily be policed; that being partially out of sight and often not imder public control its paving and general construction and upkeep is neglected and apt to become insanitary and otherwise de- fective, tending to infect the neighborhood with the spirit of neglect and disorder; that when land increases in value there is a temptation to turn the alley into a low-class residence street, with all its attendant disadvantages. If for practical reasons of access to the backs of houses an alley is needed, it is plain that all the above disadvantages can be overcome by enough expenditure in construction and upkeep. We started with the attitude that since alleys were an extra expense we would not use them unless they were plainly needed, but that if we used them they must be publicly owned and sufficiently paved, lighted, and policed. There has been nothing in our later experiences to change this conclusion. This meant that we would not construct alleys in a town which would not accept them as public ways, and that where a town had certain require- ments as to alleys before acceptance these must be met. This last was not difficult, for our own requirements were usually more exacting than those of the town. We required, ftirther, in most cases that all parts of an alley should be visible from either one end of the alley or the other at the street, that alleys should be 14 feet wide, and that no board fences or other solid screens should be bu-lt along them. Except where alleys were forced upon us by a preexisting street plan or by municipal ordinance they were introduced only where they appeared necessary either as a means of access to the rear doors of row houses or in a few cases as a means of access to garages not accessible from the fronts of the lots. When provided, alleys were also used as locations for electric pole lines in order to keep the latter off the streets as much as possible. In most cases where the construction of alleys appeared to be tmnecessary and inadvisable, easements were laid out for carrying the pole lines through the interior of blocks. Such ease- ments, restricted against occupation by build- ings but not open to public travel, are capable of being converted into alleys and opened to traffic at some future time if necessary; but in the absence of an insistent public demand for alleys, the land covered by such easements is more useful and far better kept if treated as a portion of the individual back yards than if set apart as a strip of no-man's- land like the ordinary submrban alley. The reason for the alley with row houses is of coturse mainly that it makes a convenient way of taking away ashes and garbage. Of the alternatives to an alley for accomplishing these purposes the cor- poration venttired experimentally upon two. One, requiring an unusual house plan, provides in each house a separate door on the street front for such purposes, accessible directly from the kitchen and cellar without going through the living room or front hall. (See Bethlehem and Bridgeport, pages 117 and 129.) The other, justifiable only on the score of maximum economy, involves taking the garbage and ashes out through the front door. (See Bridgeport, page 124.) It is obviously uneconomical to introduce an alley for the sole purpose of giving access to the rear doors of row houses unless there are in the block enough "inside" row houses (exclusive of the end houses of each row, which have access to the rear by the side yards) to absorb the entire cost of the alley at a reasonable figure per house. This is one of the strong economic arguments against the tendency on artistic grounds to insert occasional short rows in a block largely occupied by detached or semidetached houses, and against the use of very short rows, especially those containing only three or four houses each. W W « o M I— ( Q < p O 2: o o h4 W H > <: > >< W 2; .o w H 78-1 THE HOUSING PROJECT: COSTS AND TYPES OF DEVELOPMENT. 79 SIDEWALKS AND FRONT HOUSE WALKS. As most of the householders in our developments go to and from their homes on foot, — at least as far as the nearest street cars, — good sidewalks were essential. Cement concrete surfacing proved usu- ally the most advisable, both because nothing cheaper was nearly so good and because its almost universal use in private land developilient schemes has made the lack of a cement sidewalk a sort of badge of inferiority, in the minds of' niany people. Usually, as we have said, we placed the planting strip between the sidewalk and the street.^ When the houses are close together and the population large, the question of house paths and paths from sidewalks to street becomes increasingly important. Since every house must have at least one entrance path, while, particularly where few automobiles are kept, only a few paths in a block from sidewalk to roadway are essential, it saves walk-paving to widen the planting strip at the expense of the front yards, and put the sidewalks nearer the houses. Sometimes, particularly when row houses were set back in groups from the street, we planned a sepa- rate common entrance walk, serving all the house entrances in the group, both saving construction and improving the general appearance as compared with a large number of long parallel front walks close togethear. (See Bridgeport, Crane, p. 125.) LOTS. The essential unit of the population which we were attempting to house being the individual family, the essential unit of our subdivision of the land for housing was the private house-lot. This was not the case with the dormitories, boarding houses, and apartments, but the dormitories were largely temporary, and the boarding houses and apartments occupied only a small fraction of the area which we developed. Our economic problem in the layout of our proj- ects was, then, to arrange our design so as to produce the maximum of land in good accessible house lots at a minimum of expense. Evidently, the smaller we made the average lot, the more families we could house per acre, and the less would be the expense per family for land and development. The limit to this crowding was set by our decisions as to the amotmt of light, air, and clearance between houses, front, back, and sides, ' See p. 30 and Suggestions to Town Planners, p. 500. 118791°— 1&— VOL 2 7 which we would tolerate as a minimum, and by the amount of room, if any, that was taken up by entrances, garages, gardens, and such things re- quired Vjy the householders and within their means in each locality. In a general way, the reasonable density of families per acre and the consequent type of development could be determined when we knew tlie average sum which each family could afford per month for rent or toward purchase of house and lot.^ But the density of population might be produced in various ways. For instance, the population might Uve in row houses on small lots, but enjoy wide streets with planting strips, and frequent small parks, or they might live each family in a detached house with a considerable lot, but ■H'itli narrow streets and no public open spaces. Our figiures of density of population, therefore, should be compared only after a study of the plans and tables to determine the type of development as well. In figuring these densities we took into account in all cases streets, lots, and public open spaces provided by us, but we did not take into account any public parks or playgrounds outside of ovac developments even though they served our residents; this, too, should be borne in mind in making comparisons. We found that it was gen- erally possible, tmder our self-imposed restrictions, to house 18 families per gross acre in row houses; 9 families in semidetached houses; 5 families in detached houses. Our ordinary developments, con- sisting of semidetached and detached houses mixed, with no row houses, averaged 6.4 families per gross acre. In determining the location of the whole de- velopment in relation to a community already existing, various sites will probably be available, with conflicting and diverse claims to considera- tion. Usually the alternative locations are of two kinds: (i) a sufficient number of vacant lots, scattered and grouped among lots already built up, or (2) a unified area of vacant land, where the designer may have a more free hand, but where almost all the work is still to be done. The choice between these two alternatives is in effect that between the advantages, economic and esthetic, coming, in the latter case, from a self-contained and unified development, and the advantages coming from detailed and immediate adaptation to existing conditions and use of existing facilities ' See Table i, p. 390. 8o REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. in so far as they can in any way be used. This decision between the "inside" and "outside" development has been the subject of published discussion, and for this the reader is referred to the bibliography appended to this report, under the sec- tion "Planning and Development" (pp. xiii-xiv). USE OF HOUSING CORPORATION DATA. It would be valuable to those concerned in industrial housing in the immediate futiure if we might have made a careful analysis of the com- piled data presented herewith and recorded ovir conclusions in detail in the Hght of oiur experience. It was impracticable to do this in the press of other work more directly and immediately neces- sary, in the time between the final collection of the data and the publication of this report. We chose rather, therefore, to present, as completely as possible within the time available, the actual results of our work, stating those factors which are the most important and arranging them so that they may be compared, both to give a clearer con- ception of what we actually planned and executed and to leave our results in such form that in the future the deductions for use in new design and construction may still be drawn. CHAPTER VIII. PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS, (NoTB. — Not all the Housing Corporation projects are illustrated and described in this chapter. the tables, Chap. IX.) Aberdeen, Md. Alabama Nitrate District. Alliance, Ohio. Alton, 111. Bath, Me. Bethlehem, Pa. Bridgeport, Conn. Butler, Pa. Charleston, S. C. Charleston, W. Va. Chester, Pa. Dayton, Ohio. Erie, Pa. Hammond, Ind. Ilion, N. Y. Indianapolis, Ind. Indianhead, Md. Dahlgren, Va. (Indianhead). Kenilworth, N. J. Lowell, Mass. Lyles (Wrigley), Tenn. Mare Island Navy Yard (Vallejo), Calif. Muskegon, Mich. Neville Island, Pa. Newark District, N. J. New Brunswick, N. J. New London, Conn. New Orleans, La. Newport, R. I. Newport News, Va. Niagara Falls, N. Y. Niles, Ohio. ABERDEEN, MD. (PROJECT NO. 56). For general data on all projects see Norfolk District, Va. Pensacola, Fla. Perth Amboy, N. J. Philadelphia District, Pa. Port Penn, Del. Portsmouth, N. H. (Kittery, Me.). Puget Sound Navy Yard (Bremer- ton), Wash. Ouincy, Mass. Rock Island District, Iowa and 111 . Seven Pines, Va. Sharon, Pa. Staten Island, N. Y. Washington, D. C. Waterbury, Conn. Watertown, N. Y. Area planned: 26.53 acres. Housing planned: Detached houses, 65 iamllies; convertible donnltories, 60 persons. Housing constructed: Detached houses, 65 lamilies; row houses, 3 iamilies; total, 68 families. (For further information see tables, Chap. IX.) When the United States entered the war we had to have new and extensive proving grounds for test- ing cannon, bombs, detonators, and other explo- sives, and for practice in trench warfare. The Gov- ernment at once started to construct such facihties, having seciu-ed about 35,000 acres of land skirting along the Chesapeake Bay near the village of Aber- deen, Md., 30 miles northeast of Baltimore, on the main line of the Pennsylvania Railroad. While temporarily several thousand men were carried daily on trains from Baltimore to Aberdeen, great diffi- culty was encountered in securing and holding men because of the lack of permanent housing. The principal officials could be accommodated in houses built upon the reservation, but it was not advisable to house the civilian population there. Accordingly at the request of the Ordnance Department a hous- ing investigation was made by the United States Housing Corporation and a site selected about 3 miles from the proving grotmds, adjoining and part- ly in the rural village of Aberdeen. A government-owned branch raihoad carried em- ployees free of charge from the town to the proving grounds. Village stores, a bank, and a good school are less than a quarter of a xnile from the housing site. Aberdeen had about 600 population, and natu- rally very few houses were available there. The men to be housed were the skilled workmen em- ployed on the proving groimds, well paid, and wish- ing to own their own homes and to have their lots large enough for a garden, according to the custom in Aberdeen. The site selected was a tract of about 26X acres of rolUng, open cornfields, sloping from the Post Road to a small brook which runs into the bay near- by. The soil is gravelly clay, with little or no top soil and no ledge near the stirface. The Post Road is an important thoroughfare be- tween Baltimore and Philadelphia. The county road is the main vehicular route from the village and freight yards to the proving ground. Since greater width was needed on this road, a second 1 8- foot pavement was added, with a 30-foot strip of grass between, which we have called Church Green. Belair Avenue, the continuation of the county road, has now a dangerous grade crossing at the railroad. It is proposed to eliminate this, leaving the road 81 82 rBport united states housing corporation. with a dead end at the track, but with a foot passage under the tracks. The new county road would then pass across a corner of our tract, and take traffic on good hnes to the proposed bridge over the rail- road. The raihoad was, however, unable to under- take this construction at once, owing to the pressure of all its other war activities. Two alternative locations of the bridge and approaches are shown on otur plan, one cheapest to construct, the other more direct for traffic. The road system of the development was based on these main lines of traffic, with more indirect local streets, arranged to subdivide the property conveniently and to offer good orientation for the houses and good lines and grades for the sewers. The streets of the project are paved with a gravel pavement with a bituminous binder, and concrete gutters carry the storm water at the side. The sidewalks are of cement and will be used on all streets on which houses are bmlt. Besides Chtirch Green and the small triangular park at the comer of New County and Osborne Roads, there are no public open spaces. The de- velopment Hes so much in the country that further provision of tliis sort is not now necessary and could in the future be made elsewhere. Water supply for the housing development is furnished from the village plant at Aberdeen at the nearest point to the village and taken through the Housing Corporation's mains to the houses. Rates will be collected by the village authorities. At the time our work commenced the village of Aberdeen had no sewerage system, so it was deemed advisable to lay out and design a system for our development that would be available also for the use of the village. On account of there being no ' See photograph opp. outlet for the sewage except in the small spring brook adjoining, the Maryland State board of health agreed with the Housing Corporation that there must be complete sewage purification before empt5ang any sewage into the brook. This re- quires a long outlet sewer and a sewage-disposal plant composed of two separating tanks with a sludge digester and a sprinkling filter plant. In order to secure a location where sufficient difference in ele- vation could be had to operate a sprinkling filter plant it was necessary to run a considerable distance down the creek. The disposal plant tanks are built of concrete and the sprinkHng filter of crushed stone. The whole is a complete modem plant. ^ A notable characteristic of the houses at Aber- deen is that in the complete design only three types are used. The convertible houses, as illustrated, planned for development into 3 and 4 room houses, were so laid out that with the insertion of temporary partitions they made practical boarding houses. Because of the early approach of peace, two of the six groups of this type were finished up at once as four-room houses. If the central structture of the three dormitory convertible buildings facing Church Green had been set back 2 feet (shallow rear lots would have pre- vented more) a far more agreeable arrangement would have resulted, breaking the monotony of the present straight Une. The two types of detached houses with a few variations of roof, form, and exterior material and the use of rights and lefts produce an entirely suffi- cient variety of appearance besides being good individually. The restrained variations in set back on the Post Road and Osborne Road are very agreeable. p. 84, and plan p. 83. ^ PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 83 84 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. ABERDEEN, MD., SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 85 J I z ■ ■0 ■0 5 1-T±I~J [ 1 G FILTER rrV-i.Z [ti-J -; 1 SPRINK L- iJlj ^ II n f^ ^ r s REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT ABERDEEN MD ARCHITECTS. SILL BUCKLER AND FENHAGEN PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 87 ■CHEN ^ / DINING ROOM UVING ROOM :n_, SECTION FIRST FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM HOUSE SCALE UljJujl-i'Lii-ilIPi-ii-i SECOND FLOOR PLAN TYPE E =£o=zid= ^"^ UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT ABERDEEN MD ARCHITECTS SILL, BUCKLER AND FENHAGEN 88 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. FRONT ELEVATION r- SIDE ELEVATION FIRST FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM 'HOUSE SECOND FLOOR PLAN TYPE B "*■', — ij';>>"ii. 1, ILIIJI IrrtH =Fi:^^ ^.^-^.^ FIRST FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM HOUSE SECOND FLOOR PLAN TYPE C SCALE . ;■ ip 'S =° a s FEET b-LiiJ L-j L-i tnj^ U u u U u U UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT ABERDEEN MD ARCHITECTS SILL BUCKLER AND FENHAGEN ALABAMA NITRATE DISTRICT (Florence, Sheffield, and Tuscumbia, Ala., Projects Nos. 185, 597, 1165). FLORENCE. — ^Area planned : 25.49 acres. Housing planned: Detacbed houses, 95 families; semidetached two-flat houses, 28 families; total, 123 families. SHEFFIELD. — ^Area planned: 27.65 acres. Housing planned: Detached houses, 85 families; semidetached two-flat houses, 28 families; total, 113 families. TUSCUMBIA. — Area planned: 13.78 acres. Housing planned: Detached houses, 52 families. (Project discontinued. For further information see tables, Chap. IX.) Laborers for construction work on the nitrate plants were living in cantonments, tents, stables, and garages, a condition which would be relieved to an extent when the plants went into operation, but per- manent houses for the operatives remained to be furnished. The Housing Corporation undertook an initial program of houses and apartments for the higher class employees, about equally distributed in the three towns. The custom of the locality was fol- lowed in building larger rooms and porches and higher ceilings than usual. Heating plants were used only in the two-story houses and apartments, stoves and fireplaces in the bungalows, which con- stitute the larger part of the development. The plans of the btmgalows are simple and con- venient and arranged for economical framing, and the elevation is a great reUef from the usual house of this type. 89 90 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. la': J". , <^ A ^^.^^^ FLOOR PLAN SIDE ELEVATION FIVE ROOM BUNGALOW TYPE 5 A v^ *i^ SIDE ELEVATION i ^ y i pLOOR PLAN FIVE ROOM BUNGALOW TYPE 5B UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT FLORENCE ALA ARCHITECTS WARREN AND KNIGHT PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 91 FRONT ELEVATION FOUR ROOM BUNGALOW FLOOR PLAN TYPE ^A SIDE ELEVATION FRONT ELEVATION FOUR ROOM BUNGALOW T^Bjr FLOOR PLAN TYPE 4B SCALE s 10 IS ao 25 FEET UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT FLORENCE ALA ARCHITECTS WARREN AND KNIGHT 92 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN SEMI-DETACHED TWO FLAf HOUSES TYPES 1-e A UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT FLORENCE ALA ARCHITECTS WARREN AND KNIGHT ALLIANCE, OHIO (PROJECT NO. 621). NORTHWEST SITE.— Area planned: 9.29 acres. Housing planned: Detached bouses, 52 families. Project discontinued. SOUTHEAST SITE. — Area planned: 62.10 acres. Housing planned: Detached houses, 213 families. Housing constructed: Detached houses, 89 families. (For further information see tables, Chap. IX.) Alliance, Ohio, a rather recent railroad town within whose bounds is the old college community of Mount Union, is located in the east central part of the State. Its railroad facilities are very good, including two main lines of the Pennsylvania sys- tem and a branch of the New York Central. The entire district is developing very rapidly with new industries or expansion of existing industries. The population in 191 8 was estimated at from 26,000 to 30,000, a very large proportion of the workers being skilled mechanics. One of the principal factories was that of the Morgan Engineering Co., which was con- structing a plant for the manufacture of gun car- riages, limbers, transport wagons, etc. One of the largest of the existing factories was the Transue- Williams Co., which had been awarded the contract for the manufacture of motors and tract- ors, ordnance materials, and equipment for the Emergency Fleet Corporation. Other factories were also doing very important work for the Army and Navy. As the principal industries were in two groups east and west of the built-up center, two housing sites were chosen, the larger serving the principal war industries, being southeast and comprising 62.10 acres of high, level, undeveloped land closely adjoining the limits of the built-up city. Other tracts were more remote, or less desirable owing to the disagreeable surrotmdings. The most suitable tract near the western indus- tries was found to be a partially developed, platted area where a sufficient number of lots could be obtained in a block. This tract, though somewhat separated from the built-up section, was easily accessible, and its even topography facilitated con- struction. On this northwest site no changes of street plan were made, but certain groups of eight lots as originally platted were divided into nine, as the lesser width was sufficient for the type of housing used. On this site are no special facilities, 118791°— 19— VOL 2 8 the number of houses being insufficient to warrant any such provision. On the southeast site, part of the tract had been previously laid out on a rectangular system which we modified to produce lots somewhat shallower than those in the original plat. In the northern part of this site the only attempt at irregularity in the whole plat was the introduction of Grace Street, which tiums at right angles and produces a secluded group of dwellings. This arrange- ment adds a certain interest to the neighborhood but the arrangment of houses arotmd the bend is not entirely satisfactory. They would have looked better and probably had a higher value if they had not been set back so far and if the side spaces between them had been less than elsewhere instead of more. The arrangement of Grace Street gives one less lot than if it had carried through to Liberty Avenue and it may fairly be questioned whether the pictiu-esque possibilities of the elbow street are sufficiently well realized to justify this loss. The four houses which form the vista points of the two parts of Grace Street just miss coin- ciding in the axes of the street, an unfortunate result of adhering almost rigidly to a uniform lot width and to the exact alignment of lot lines. Another imfortunate result of this practice is the production of transverse lanes or accidental vistas between buildings extending across several blocks. Near-by is the only store center. Some stores are very desirable, since the nearest stores of any size are at the business center of the town, about a mile and a half away. The set-back grouping of houses on Wade Avenue is pleasant, although here as elsewhere a slighter set-back would have accom- plished the result better. The entire south end of the tract, which was found to be obtainable as a part of a property purchase without much extra cost, is suitable for park purposes only, being for the most part low and all below the level of the sewer system. This would, tmder ordinary con- 93 94 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. ditions, be an unduly large area to allocate for park purposes, but in view of its low cost and the fact that it faces a public school site and that there are no other parks whatsoever in the city of Alliance, it is a very desirable feature of the plan. The city is cooperating in making a park of it. The principal approach to the business center of Alliance is' by I/iberty Avenue along the west side of the tract, but the principal approach to the works is by Morgan Avenue, which intersects the tract from south to north. The possibility for future car service for this section of the city was con- sidered and it was decided that Liberty Avenue, along the north end of which a car line now runs for a short distance, would not be the best loca- tion as it is only one-half mile from the present car line to the southern part of the city. Morgan Avenue was selected as most desirable for a futiure car line, because it was more central to the future population not within reach of the existing car line, and was therefore made of extra width between property lines. In the vicinity of the site the existing houses are nearly all two full stories, of wood or brick and wood, with cellars and all modem conveniences, and would cost from $3,500 to $4,000. Public schools are from one-quarter to one-half mile from the site, but the city owns land for a new school opposite the south end of the tract. On the signing of the armistice the northwest site development was at once canceled. Shortly after, 40 houses of the 129 contracted for on the southeast site were canceled, together with the sidewalks and utilities serving them. The other 89 houses are being completed. Individually the houses are good, fulfilling ad- mirably all that is required of them. The plans are all well worked out from the corporation standards, the only difference being slight variations in size, for the piurpose either of adding a room or varying the exteriors, of which there are six different sorts. Some of the houses are of brick while others are shingle or clapboards. But even with this number of varieties of design and material there is a monotony of appearance, which is due entirely to the repetition of the several kinds of houses in rows, each house exactly like its next-door neighbor in design as well as in color. The brick houses are in one row; the shingle houses in another; the clapboard houses in still another, the color of the last mentioned being either so dark as to be somber or entirely too yellow to be agree- able. Had a more delicate color scheme been used, as at Cradock or Watertown, the clapboarded houses themselves might have aided in Ufting the development out of its somewhat institutional aspect. The use in some of the houses of this project of a special hollow-face brick much larger in size than is usual should be noted. This brick is very good in color, and as it is capable of being laid quickly it is well worthy of being considered for rapid construction. PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 95 3nn U]^ nr-i(— ir •KEY-PLAN- ALLIANCE-OHIO ■U-SDEPARTAIENTOFLABGR, • •BUREAUOF-INDUSTRIAL-HOU5ING&TRANSPGR.TATION- •US-HOUSING CORPORATION • I SHOW5 HOUSING PLANT O FEET 5oo 96 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. ® b*; WA[/G7f A VENUE GRACE ST. ' — — IMhuh — t :gE ■MMHH —- DEVINE u -1 ■ 1 J ■ ■ ■ m ■ ■ n m ^m. a 1 — '• 1 — XX i n 1 a rr u n !^ a n "^ a n D P ■ t^ M 4 ■1 i H ■ a tt n n n n ^ a n B ■ ■ ■ « n STREET m n no onnnn n rr L. J . 1 — . i_ u L.J n n n i gUilHD X -*- 1- ■*- ^* ■*■ -COLLEGE -* -*-•* i St STREET STATE STREET HOUSING PROJECT ALLIANCE, OHIO. U • S • DEPARTMENT- OF- LABOR. BUREAU OF INDUSTRAL- HOUSINGS' TRANSPORTATION U-SHOU5ING- CORPORATION LEGEND ■ BUILDINGS UNDER, ^ CONSTRUCTION ■ • □ BUILDINGS CONTEM " PLATED ® STORE (g) SCHOOL WALKER. S-'> VEEK3 : ARCHITECTS A-S-DE FOR'! ST:TOWN PLANNER, R.-W-P ATT:ENGINEER. I9I8 600 W ALTON, ILL. (PROJECT NO. 554.) BROADWAY SITE. — Area planned: 6.62 acres. Housing planned: 273 single workers in convertible dormitories. EAST ALTON SITE. — Area planned: 2.61 acres. Housing planned: 15 families in detached houses. MILTON HILL SITE. — Area planned: 36.67 acres. Housing planned: Detached houses, 17 families; semidetached houses, 82 families; row houses, 86 families; apartment houses, IS families; total 200 families; 485 single workers in convertible dormitories. (Project discontinued. For further information, see tables, Chap. IX.) The city of Alton is in the southern part of Illinois on the Mississippi, at the apex of the alluvial plain where the high land touches the river bank. In the town the industries are generally located on the plain, the residences on the higher and more healthful land. The population of the city is about 30,000. The chief industry needing housing help was the Western Cartridge Co. in the eastern part of Alton, emplojdng about 3,000 and expecting to employ 4,500, all on war work. The people especially needing housing were women workers and skilled men with families. There were three developments proposed in Alton by the Housing Corporation: a block of convertible dormitories for about 300 girls on Broadway, a block of foremen's houses at East Alton, and the Milton Hill site, here illustrated. This last site is 2 miles from town and on the most conveniently located high land in the vicinity of the Western Cartridge Co. Any development nearer the cartridge works would be on low ground and in an undesirable neighborhood without recre- ation facilities. The tract chosen was bounded on the east by the Chicago & Alton Railroad tracks. Train service via the Chicago & Alton and street car service via Milton Road were proposed to connect it with the cartridge works and with the town of Alton. The land was mostly undeveloped, though some of it had been sold in single lots. Milton Road is the only through road serving the site. Going southeast and then northeast along it for about a mile one comes to the works of the Western Cartridge Co. Turning to the west from it, either north or south of the project, one finds a road leading to the center of Alton, over a mile away. A footbridge was proposed over the tracks of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, the traffic to go thence either over the Chicago, BurUngton & Quincy tracks also and so to the cartridge company ijy an indirect way, or directly along the right of way of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy if this could be arranged. The proposed road system of the development fitted the ground most readily by running east and west parallel with the length of the high fiat area in the center of the site, and converged for traffic convenience at the nearest angle of Milton Road, which lay at the western end of this high groimd. This point being the natural traffic center was treated as a plaza and site for stores and public buildings. In cutting up the land between the six radial streets into reasonable blocks, two streets were produced running around the plaza as parts of concentric irregular octagons. The broken vistas and the traffic lines thus brought about are good. The incomplete formality of the layout, whether good or bad, is apparent only on plan. A flaw in the design which perhaps might have been elimi- nated if the plan had gone beyond the preliminary stage, is the awkward connection from the plaza to the road running westward across the low-lying park. This road could not leave the plaza exactly on the western side both on account of the grades and because the waiting room was best located in this place. Another doubtful point, which could easily have been changed if it seemed desirable on further study, is the continuation of the radial axis toward the northeast from the plaza by a path across the broken groimd terminating in the house group overlooking the Chicago & Alton Railroad. The irregular ground, sloping to the north and to the south from the main upland, is developed as economically as possible, with larger lots, only those houses most easily put on the grotmd being shown on the plan. The irregular groimd to the west of the plaza is a park, and the waiting room between them overlooks them both. The main open tree-planted mall connecting the plaza with the athletic field is the backbone of the scheme and would be a good promenade, but hurried foot traffic to and from the footbridge over the railroad would mostly be confined to the parallel roads north and south of the mall. 97 98 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. The buildings proposed sit Milton Hill comprised, besides detached and semidetached houses, 2 1 dor- mitories, each convertible into four six-room houses, a building containing a fire-engine house, a waiting room and public comfort station, stores with apart- ments over them, and a recreation building or commtmity house, with reading rooms, meeting rooms, and a large auditorium. A cheap and simple form of wood frame con- struction was proposed, and a design of a more or less English character, permitting freedom in its handling to insure large window openings. For the exterior, stucco and patent sheathing to obviate the necessity of board sheathing was used. Case- ment windows were adopted to conform with the design and because weighted sliding windows would require metal essential to important war industries. A characteristic of the layout was the placing at street comers of houses designed with the main wall at 45° and the ends following the street lines. This arrangement makes the street-intersection area more ample, and faces good house-fronts upon it. In the store-apartment buildings a clever arrangement of stairs to the second floor permits of access to th-e apartment from the store, or from the street by a possible tenant not connected with the store. At the Broadway site 2 1 convertible houses were proposed, to be used first as dormitories or board- ing houses during the period when single women or men workers are numerous, but they could have been transformed into family dwellings simply by the closing of a door in the party wall and the installation of necessary kitchen fixtures. No arrangement other than a straightforward, effi- cient, and economical placing of the houses in a row was attempted on the Broadway site, as the land called for this disposition on account of its size and shape. At East Alton the group of 15 houses proposed were of the same types as at Milton Hill, laid out along a straight street, but varied in setback for added interest in appearance. The row houses are planned with service entries from the front, in addition to the main entrances, thus eliminating the necessity for alleys. PROTECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 99 J J t30 Q> ^ O J z o i o o. ""™ ojzz ^ — or: Soz ^=6 "SB Si-o «■ ■ o s oa lOO REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. Aie AIS Reverse SECTION FIRST FLOOR PLAN ■ SECOND FLOOR PLAN SEMI-DETACHED SIX ROOM HOUSES TYPES AIS AND AIS R SCALE, B Ip IS' 20 2s FEET UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT ALTON ILL ARCHITECTS MAURAN RUSSELL AND CROWELL PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. loi: I SIDE ELEVATION A 8 FRONT ELEVATION A lO FRONT ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION SCALE . IP . g° , 3° -y . so FEET Liuduubud-guLmJuuLuJuuLuLluul A S A lO ^^ / HALL \ BATH w BED ROOM L^M \cLO. CLO./ jlLL SECOND FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN PORCH FIRST FLOOR PLAN FIVE AND SIX ROOM HOUSES =*% LIVING ROOM / PORCH FIRST FLOOR PLAN TYPES AS AND A lO SCALE . B '° '^ = 1 ° ^ P FEET lzr-c3-d- u Lj L-i LJ U Lj LJ Li-u-id UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT ALTON ILL ARCHITECTS MAURAN RUSSELL AND CROWELL I02 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. A AK ATR AR FRONT ELEVATION An AH Reverse SIDE ELEVATION SCALE 'O 20 "30 -40 FEET LuUuuLuUuuGuJ uuUuJuu-l A Reverse; FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN FOUR ROOM ROW HOUSES GROUP 4-^4 TYPES ,A AND AH SIDE ELEVATION, SCALE , SIDE ELEVATION FRONT ELEVATION SECOND FLOOR PLAN FIRST FLOOR PLAN FIVE ROOM HOUSE TYPE 1-5 SCALE', "s V u CONTOUR-5-FOOTINT I gfi G PARK-AND-OPEN-SPACE j "" L HOUSINGDEVELOPMENT-AT BATH -MAINE us- DEPAR.TMENTOFLABOR BUREAUOF-lNDUSTRIALHOUSINO-iTRANSfORTATION U-S- HOUSING-CORPORATION DESIGNERS PARKER- THOMAS-&-RlCE:ARCHTS LORlNG-UNDERWOOD:TOWN-PLANNER WEST0N-i-SAWPSON:ENCINEERS PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 107 FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM HOUSE TYPE A UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT BATH MAINE ARCHITECTS PARKER THOMAS AND RICE lo8 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. LIVING ROOM-. -PORCH i iFlRST FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM HOUSE _SECOND FLOOR PLASl' TYPE B SCALE , f 1° If go g. s FEET LjljUljljLjljlJljljUljU *-' UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT BATH MAINE ARCHITECTS PARKER THOMAS AND RICE PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 109 SEMI-DETACHED TWO FLAT HOUSES TYPES D AND D R SCALE . s 10 IS 50 a s PEET Lj L-l U L- l L^ Lh LJ U U LJ U -p-d UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT BATH MAINE ARCHITECTS PARKER THOMAS AND RICE 118791°— 19— VOL 2 9 no REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. C ALTERNATE AR FRONT ELEVATIONS BR T FRONT ELEVATION. T 7-8' i: T 1-S' i T S-o' 1 T r SIDE ELEVATION SCALE , s lo 15 SO 2s FEET L-J lJ UJ LJ Ll ' LJ lJ CT ' I—I I— I LJ 1— I B ■^N- T 3E BATH [Ql FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN FIVE ROOM HOUSE TYPE C UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT BATH MAINE ARCHITECTS PARKER THOMAS AND RICE BETHLEHEM, PA, (PROJECT NO. 24). Area planned: 170.80 acres. Housing planned: Detached houses, 32 families; semidetached houses, 230 families; row houses, 931 families; apartment houses, 65 families: total, 1,258 families. (Project discontinued. For further i Bethlehem, in eastern Pennsylvania, is a com- pactly built group of five boroughs now being con- solidated in a single city with a population of about 70,000, lying on both sides of the Lehigh River. The Bethlehem Steel Co., in the southeastern part of the town south of the river, is the only large industry. It had in 1918 $75,000,000 in war con- tracts from the Navy and $50,000,000 from the Army, not including its own steel business. The company employed approximately 28,000 men, but with a tmnover of 40 per cent a month it was neces- sary to bring in about 400 new men every day. In 191 7, the Bethlehem Steel Co., realizing the great need for housing, especially in order to retain the services of machinists and other high-grade employees, began to make provisions to improve the situation. The Saucon Land & Improvement Co. was organized, a tract of land purchased, a town site plan was prepared by Alexander Potter, consult- ing engineer, assisted by L. J. H. Grossart, engineer for the steel company, the contract was let, and several barracks were built for housing workmen to be employed on the construction. It is reported that the passage of the war-revenue act and a lack of funds for the financing of such an enterprise led to the cancellation of the contracts and the payment of damages. In April, 191 8, the Housing Bureau, follow- ing various preliminary investigations and a final report on the site, determined that Government aid for housing was essential at Bethlehem and sought for a site adequate for possibly 2,000 houses. The mountainous character of the country south of the river did not afford any single large housing tract there short of 3 miles away. North of the river there was sufficiently level land in all direc- tions, but the built-up portion of Bethlehem already occupied all but scattered small areas of the land to the west, making the open land too far from the plant in this direction. To the east, however, were 1,000 acres of available land including the site already bought by the Bethlehem Steel Co. for housing, as we have said. ■ information see tables, Chap. IX.) This site appeared to the bureau's investiga- tors to be the best available for so large a project, though its precise boundaries might have been fixed differently had the property not already been pur- chased for the purpose. It is the only large area of reasonably level land which is both near the works and near the town center of Bethlehem. It is within I X miles of the principal works gate via the Minsi Trail and bridge. On the west toward the city there is a narrow belt of vacant land which might have been included, had it not been held at a high price. The tract consists of several old farms sloping for the most part gently to the southwest, though the more distant portions, which were not used for the building project, slope gradually to the southeast and to the north, necessitating a separate drainage system. Near the southeast boundary of the tract Pembroke Road is an existing highway into the city; along the north boundary William Penn High- way also leads in the same direction. On the lower west side Minsi Trail is an unopened through street connecting with Washington Avenue, leading as a circumferential highway around the city to the northwest. There had already been platted through the tract one main diagonal artery, Newton Avenue, on which a car line was planned. This led through its extension across an adjacent tract directly to the end of Broad Street, Bethlehem's principal thorough- fare, from which point Minsi Trail passes over the Minsi Trail Bridge to the Steel Works. For the present Pembroke Road is the principal approach, but ultimately Newton Avenue and Broad Street will probably become more important. The town plan recognized existing street condi- tions, retaining Newton Avenue widened, and ex- tending Washington Avenue through to Pembroke Road. A reasonably direct secondary route to the north is also provided in Roland Street. Otherwise the streets were designed primarily to give access to the various portions of the tract, and to provide well-shaped building lots. The reasonable arrange- ment of streets according to topography and traffic 112 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. produced a main jtmction at Washington Avenue and Newton Avenue. Since practically all the foot traffic between the development and the plant went by this place, we located the stores and the moving- picture theater here, giving importance to the cross- roads open space as a minor civic center. On the main line between this center and the Minsi Trail Bridge, Newton Avenue, which should eventually serve as the main entrance to the devel- opment, runs through a valley the sides of which were not controlled by the Housing Corporation. We were planning to come to some arrangements with the owners of this land to avoid the possibility of a poor development of this street which would distinctly injure the value of all our holdings. Near the center of the tract a somewhat rough block with an old quarry site and knoll was set apart for a park. Diagonally across the street cor- ner from this, to the southwest, a school site was planned, and was to be developed by the city school board in conjunction with the house building pro- gram. A second school site was planned to the northeast in conjunction with the future extension of the project. These school sites, while not central to the Housing Corporation's tract, did serve in each case a district of the future city. A second smaller store center was planned for the future on the extreme eastern edge of our initial development to serve its surrounding area when this should even- tually be built up. There are no alleys, since the row houses have their service entrances in the front. " Blockways," that is, easements through the blocks, have been planned in every case, however, so arranged that they could be opened as alleys if at some future time this should be necessary, which we did not anticipate or desire. There were various local cir- cumstances and unexpected changes of policy which made the plan of these blockways just what it is. We believe that ideally the blockways should have been designed with less attention to the shape of the lots, and with more attention to continuous straight runs and connections from one block to the next, both for their possible later service as alleys and for their important immediate service as locations for pole lines. As the property lies in a gentle valley, with its outlet near the southwest corner of the site, draining more area than that which we were to develop, the surface drainage problem was a diffi- cult one. The nm-off from this area, which had to be taken through the heart of our development, was so great that it was inexpedient to undertake the work or to pay the cost at this time of con- structing underground pipes sufficient to take the predictable maximum flow. We therefore planned for these large conduits only where the develop- ment made it necessary, elsewhere carrying the water, where concentrated, in open ditches run- ning across the blocks, in such locations that at some future time the pipes could be put in, the ditches filled, and the easement used also as an alley if necessary, as it was from the first used also as a "blockway." The Bethlehem Steel Co. beHeved that the dwellings to be built by the United States Housing Corporation would be in permanent demand after the war. As a difficulty of the industry is to hold its highly trained and in consequence better pa^"d workers, the proposed buildings were to be of good materials, well laid out with all possible . modem conveniences in units for occupancy by single families. A canvass of workmen's families was made to determine the desirable type of house and, unlike many other projects, it was found that the six to eight room house was most in demand . It is a local custom when a house is taken by one family and one or two rooms rented to single persons to have the extra two rooms in a high attic, toilet and wash basin accommodations being provided there. As the site chosen was difficult of access for delivery of materials by raihoads, under the condi- tions prevailing at the time when construction was to start, those materials available in the immediate locality were planned to be used — brick, cement, and slate. A style of design somewhat Dutch in character was chosen as conforming to local tradi- tions and the preferences of the workers. The architectural interest of the Avhole project is focussed at the civic group. This group is com- posed of four store-apartment blocks at the en- trance to the village and two apartment houses standing one on either side of Newton Avenue at the other end of the little common. Two rows of tliree houses each and one pair of semi-detached houses complete the group. The store-apartment build- ings are in block form, extending in unbroken line around the street corners and back along the entering streets. Incorporated in one block is the public auditorium; in another is incorporated a fire-engine house and a village belfry. PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. "3 The apartment buildings have stores on the street floor and two stories of apartments over them. These apartments are of the foiir-room type extend- ing through the building from front to rear with front and rear entrances. The houses were planned in nine types, the great majority with six rooms, lo per cent having two extra rooms in the attic. Only a very small num- ber are detached houses. These types are grouped in many combinations to insure variety. A general characteristic of the designs is the use of high pitched roofs which permit the attic rooms where called for, and the large porches. Perhaps too great a diversity of designs and com- binations of houses was used at Bethlehem. The use of porches with flat roofs at short intervals along a block of houses already broken in outline tends to an uneasiness of composition. (Note per- spective group, type B.) Interest might have been more simply obtained in some cases by a variety in grouping rather than by a variety in type of houses. ■aoN3-ONixnnsNOD:H3xioJX3iv ■a33 NION3 : jfa V sso^o ■ H • r 1 ^3NNV1<1 • NMOi: SW3S-MSVW0HX SiHO^v : ADva3vv • ? • smoa • -asoNiziNV? NoiivnojaoD-ONisnoHsn NOuvi'>iojsNv>ii-30NisnoH ivimsnaNijonvH^na ■aoaviJOiNawi^vaaasn VINVAlASNNHd WHHHlHlHa JuNIWdOlHAHQ ONISnOH 91GI •NOIXVHOdHOD ONISnOH S^iViS aHXINH. IHOdHK •^11 PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. "5 "vvr ■•■ ' 1. - y ; ^, T , n in 7^//Mi'M0 J37J/10 > ^J. R=^ a "• - ssn H '-' 5 d5 O ^1 ii6 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. FIRST FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM HOUSE SECOND FLOOR PLAN TYPE B .SCALE I . . . ? . '? ■ 'f g | ° = p FEET UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT BETHLEHEM PA ARCHITECTS ZANTZINGER BORIE AND MEDARY PROJECT DRAWINGS AND D3SCRIPTIONS. 117 D I D 1 R FRONT ELEVATION FIRST FLOOR PLAN A I Reverse SECOND FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM ROW HOUSES GROUP 250S TYPES A 1 AND D 6- o- rr^'^''^'^'"^ "1 ■■'^fii E2 R I R I, R front ELEVATION SCALE 10 20 30 -40 so FEET LulIuuLl^lIuuLulJu^LuJu w h ulluu^ E2 R. ROOF ath/ , ffllT FIRST floor PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM ROW; HOUSES GROUP 2S09 TYPES E2 AND Rl UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT BETHLEHEM PA ARCHITECTS ZANTZINGER BORIE AND MEDARY i.n REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION, COM.B I NATION ■ THEATRE STORES AND APARTMENTS UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT BETHLEHEM FA ARCHITECTS ZANTZINGER BORIE AND MEDARY PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 119 FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECTION SECOND FLOOR PLAN FIRE HOUSE SCALE . B ip IS ao sg FEEr ■ LjljlJljljUlj lJljljI-ii-jU UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT BETHLEHEM PA ARCHITECTS ZANTZINGER BORIE AND MEDARY BRIDGEPORT, CONN. (PROJECT NO. 102). Bridgeport, Conn., is a good illustration of the men's houses, but construction cost and the over- wholesale way in which some of our manufactur- whelming demand soon became more than any ing towns adapted their various industries to war private investor could meet. service. Besides the great plant of the Reming- After many conferences with representatives of ton Arms Co. there were in Bridgeport before the the industries and of the Connecticut Company war its textile manufacturies and a multitude of which operates the trolley system in this territory smaller industries tiuming out a great diversity of it was decided that the transportation problem goods. When the Housing Corporation investi- could be met best by improving the facihties of the gated conditions in 191 8 it was reported that the Connecticut Company by track extensions and the workers still employed in "nonessential" industries purchase of additional cars. were relatively so few in number that if they were Under date of July 31, 191 8, an agreement was all turned to war work the war-labor situation would made between the United States Housing Corpora- not be materially changed. tion and the Connecticut Co. for the loan of Bridgeport is on the northern shore of Long approximately $1,350,000 for additional rolling Island Sound, about 56 miles east of New York stock and track extensions as follows: City. The population had grown from about twenty i-man "safety "cars $140, 000 1 15,000 in 1910 to about 200,000 in 1918. In the Fifty Connecticut Co. type of suburban cars 800, 000 larger industries there were over 43,000 men and Addition A, a double track extension on Housatonic 1 J J 1 J. Avenue from, the company's tracks on Congress over 10,000 women employed, and about 10,000 o* ** 4.1, 4. 1 ^ ,j tih o^ .. ' f J ' > street to the tracks on Golden Hill Street. more workers were hoped for. Addition B, a double track extension on Water The Bridgeport manufacturies had in 191 8, Street from Fairfield Avenue through the so-called $50,000,000 worth of work under contract for the P^^^^ ^.^^ established by the city in State street , , „ , . ^ ^^ „, connecting with the existing tracks at Main and Army, and $10,000,000 worth for the Navy. The gtate streets. housing shortage in Bridgeport was one of the first Fstimated cost, Additions A and B 174, 000 to come to general notice. It was specially re- Addition C, a double track extension from the vicinity of ,-,.,, _!. r iU /^ -j-x T 1 e ^^ Remington Arms Co. 's plant through Boston Ave- marked m the report of the Committee on I.abor of ^^^ ,„ ,„„^^<^, ^.,^ ^^ ,^^.^^^^ ^^"^^ ^, g^^^^ the Council of National Defense, in 191 7, long before Avenue 150, 000 the Housing Corporation was organized. Addition D, a single track connection on Boston Avenue Both sHlled labor in special trades and common from East Main street to North Avenue 50,000 labor were entirely inadequate to the demand. On August 29, 191 8 the traffic committee of the The typical conditions of overcrowding, high rents, Chamber of Commerce of Bridgeport entered a unsanitary living and intolerable waste and delay protest to the Connecticut Co. against Addition C, from labor turnover were found here in an aggra- stating their belief that the existing trackage would vated form. take care of the situation. Addition C, was finally In one respect the conditions were not as re- abandoned by common consent. Double tracking pugnant to men with families as in many other was the main feature of the construction work ; this towns, namely in regard to schools. There was a being the only means by which congestion in the great shortage of grammar schools, and 1 5 per cent center of the city could be properly relieved, of the pupils were on part time; but the schools were The United States Housing Corporation examined well distributed, and a strong bxiilding program was and considered in detail about 20 housing sites, and under way, supported by a i-mill tax and a heavy finally decided upon 7 (two of which, for temporary bond issue. There were several well equipped housing, were abandoned on the signing of the junior high schools. armistice) , so located and distributed as to bring The Bridgeport Housing Company had under- the greatest practicable number of workers within taken at the beginning of the war to do what they walking distance of their work. (See p. coo.) could to finance the building of proper working- The ruling land values in and near Bridgeport were 120 [21 high as compared with other cities where we operated, except Philadelphia and Washington, making the development more intensive than usual. PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 2% miles from the center of the city, conveniently accessible from many plants in the western manu- facturing district, and adjacent to the Govemment- KEY MAP BRIDGEPORT CONN. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU or INDUSTRIAL HOUSING & TRANSPORTATION US. HOUSING CORPORATION I9I8 , Black Rock Tract. Area planned: 6.77 acres. Housing planned and constructed: Apartments, 216 families. Central heating plant. For further information see tables, Chap. IX. This site is on Fairfield Avenue, the main thor- oughfare and street railway line to the west, about owned "Bullard" plant. It is on the summit of a gentle rise in a very fiat area and included a num- ber of large trees, most of which were utilized to good advantage by ingenious planning. The high land value and a strong local demand led to the adoption of the apartment-house type in a series 122 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. of more or less connected units, each consisting of a three-story, six-family, two-room deep, brick apartment house with living porches and service entrance on the side opposite the main entrance with a central heating plant for the entire project, but with each unit so arranged as to make possible independent ownership and the installation of a separate heating unit. Several stores existed in the neighborhood, others were likely to spring up, and the stores, amuse- ments, and other features of community life in the central district and elsewhere are so easily acces- sible as to make special provision for them unnec- essary in the project. Taking full advantage of the irregularities of the site, and unhampered by any supposed necessity for subdividing the property into conventional lots of standardized depth adaptable to various possible uses, the general plan disposes 33 rectangular building units of two closely similar types and three units of a special "comer" type in a manner which gives a density of population (31.9 families per acre gross) which compares favorably on an economic basis with the density of typical "three- decker" districts, while providing ample light and air and a pleasant outlook for every room and every apartment, and also a surprisingly picturesque and attractive general appearance. The U-shaped groups of three units, housing 18 families about a wide court open to the street, are adaptable to use on ordinary lots 100 feet in depth, although with a rather cramped space in the rear; the units in row parallel with the street are used on lots about 50 feet deep. The spaces inside of the two loops of service road are intended for joint use by the occupants of the surrounding apartments as small private parks or play spaces, in part shaded by trees and in part open. Brewster Street, an old cross-town highway of some prospective importance, is likely to be widened by the city, and the normal setback for planting in front of the buildings was therefore increased to provide for this widening. The kind of apartment buildings constructed for the United States Housing Corporation at Bridge- port are new to that city, both in scheme or layout and in appearance. Heretofore apartments have been built in Bridgeport and indeed generally else- where with at least one if not more rooms facing either a shaft or a small court or side yard, but the ones under consideration have neither shaft nor court and every room has direct outside lighting and ventilation. This is obtained by making the apartments only two rooms deep. The entire layout is a repetition of only three different plans of three, four, and five room units, so simple as to allow of their being placed in many relative positions and giving great flexibility in solving problems resulting from an odd-shaped plot of ground. The plan, also, because of its repetitive character, makes for economy in construction. The idea evolved is one of marked value and worthy of greatest consideration for any similar development. HOUSING PROJECT "BLACK ROCK' BRIDGEPORT. CONN U 5.DEPARTMEHT OF LABOR BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL HOUSING G TRANSPOHTATION U S.HOUSINC CORPORATION ■ R C STURCIS ARCHITECT A A SHUHTLtrr TOWN PLANNER A H TERRY ENGINEER I9IA Each type plan will bear close inspection, and one fails to find any serious flaw but many good points. It would be difficult even in so large an undertaking to improve the plan either in detail or as a whole. The simplicity of the layout is reflected in the exteriors, which are of common brick so laid and jointed as to produce an effective though plain de- sign without other relief than is given by the oft- PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 123. repeated bay windows of living rooms, by the spe- cial treatment of certain windows in the five-room type, and by the entrance porches. One would prefer to see these porches a more integral part of the building (which they could have been made had their inclosure walls been of brick instead of wood) , and it would have looked better if over the bay windows the flashing had been less visible; but these are details. Viewing the buildings in mass these faults* seem very slight. It is at this project that a system of plumbing has been installed which for economy of material and labor siurpasses anything of its kind done on so large a scale. It is a system which omits back vent- ing and where nonsyphoning traps are used.^ Connecticut Avenue Tract. Area planned: 3.02 acres. Housing planned and constructed: Apartments. 108 families. Central heating plant. (For further information see tables. Chap. IX.) This site is on one of the main thoroughfares to the east, one block from the main car line, about a CONNECTICUT AVENUE TRACT a mile and a half from the center of the city and conveniently accessible from many plants in the 1 For detailed account of plumbing system, see p. 512. eastern manufacturing district. It is perfectly flat and backs up at the north against a large ordnance plant. The development is similar in type to that of Black Rock, but smaller and on a less interesting- site, and also as compared with Black Rock it lacks the pleasing facade of the five-room apartment units, six of which add much to the interest of that development. Otherwise the building units are identical with those at Black Rock. A somewhat more economical general plan for this tract would have been possible without introducing the public street called Ordnance Court, the purpose of which, was to give two street approaches to the interior of the property and avoid making Wilmot Avenue a "dead end" street, which could not have been legally accepted by the city as a public way. The circular ttim beyond the north line of Ordnance Court, which in fact forms the end of Wilmot Street,, will remain a private courtyard. Crane Tract. Area planned: 24.72 acres. Housing planned: Semidetached, houses, 6 families; row houses, 259 families; semidetached two-flat houses, 28 families; row two-flat houses, 84 families. total, 377 families. Housing constructed: Semidetached houses, 6 families; row houses,. 185 families; semidetached two-flat houses, 12 families; row two- flat houses, 54 families. Total, 257 families. (For further information see tables. Chap. IX.) This tract is immediately adjacent to the plant of the Crane Co., near many other plants in the west central manufacturing district of Bridgeport. The only existing streets were on two of the boun- daries. Iranistan Avenue, an asphalt paved thor- oughfare of some importance, leads northwest to- ward street cars, stores, amusements, and most of the factories, and southeast to the neighboring Seaside Park, a fortunate municipal possession of considerable acreage on the waterfront. Across Iranistan Avenue is a residential development, in part of a rather high class, both in detached houses and apartments, and in part of a poor class of wooden three-decker tenements. South Avenue, also paved, leads to the Crane plant and carries a steam freight track from a point a short distance southwest of Iranistan Avenue. Its opposite frontage is occupied by a factory, by back yards, storage yards, etc. The ground of the site was almost level and just enough above tide water to clear itself of storm water when properly graded and provided with storm sew- ers. It has a few groups of trees which were carefully utilized in the plan. The types of houses needed here to meet the requirements of the workers were among the smallest and most economical attempted by the corporation, the land was rather high in value be- cause of its convenient location, although by no 124 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. means so costly as the apartment-house sites at Black Rock and Connecticut Avenue. These con- ditions called for an intensive development mainly with row houses small in scale and on small lots. In spite of having land as flat as a piece of paper, the designers deliberately chose to meet these re- quirements in an extremely irregular and pictur- esque and accidental-seeming plan instead of in something on the order of the Philadelphia grid- iron or a smooth curvilinear system of layout. They followed in this respect a precedent often set in recent European town planning work but seldom boldly attempted here. It is a difficult thing to do with entire artistic success, even if the costs of construction can be kept at all on par with those involved where the same repetition of small units is made in a monotonous way, but where it is as well done as in this case the result is strikingly attractive. So far as the general plan goes, little, if any waste of land or of street and utilities con- struction can be charged against the irregularities of the plan, and there is no question that in point of picturesque interest, attractiveness, and charm this development takes a very high rank. In the grouping of the houses into rows and into linked-up building masses so irregular that they can hardly be called rows, and in the grouping of these rows and building masses themselves into larger com- positions; in the deflections of angle, in the relation of the road and sidewalk lines to the building masses, and apparently in the placing of the trees, an artistically dangerous and difficult thing has been done with notable artistic success. From almost any point of view within the development the houses look well and we may credit this to the unusually careful study given to the problem by both architect and landscape architect and the complete harmony of their work. Had the houses not been given the kind of setting which their de- sign seems to demand; had their picturesque qual- ity been overlooked and the streets laid out with greater regularity of plan, much would have been lost as far as beauty is concerned. It is interesting to note in this connection that this is one of the few cases where delay in securing the final decision to start on the work enabled the de- signers to prepare block models of the building masses and study their relations to each other from every point of view in three dimensions, a precau- tion of the utmost value in getting such results as were here secured. There are numerous examples at this project of short rows, containing three, four and five houses. As pointed out elsewhere the special economies of row houses become much more real with longer rows while the difficulties and expenses of access to the rear for garbage, ashes, etc., arise as soon as three houses are joined together in a row. In this case with small low priced houses, the difficulty is met by putting the sunken garbage receptacle at the front and removing the ashes through the front door, so that in passing from a pair of semi-detached houses to a row of three or more there is no extra cost for alley or other rear-access device. There is in fact a reduction of unit cost per house in every respect, offset merely by a certain inconvenience. The very peculiar arrangement of the two courts on the northwest side of Sims Street requires a word of explanation. The reason for subbstituting these courts for what would have been the normal arrange- ment of one row of lots fronting on South Avenue and one on Sims Street, was the occupation of South Avenue by a freight track and an unattractive out- look across the street except near Iranistan Avenue, so that houses fronting on South Street would have seemed to be "left out." One can not help but be impressed by the simi- larity in feeling between the houses in the Crane tract and some of the old towns familiar to those who have motored through rural England. The old houses have, of course, the advantage of time and the elements. The Crane houses have, and will have, for years to come, a new look. Nevertheless, the Crane houses have an air of domesticity — a look of comfort — due to several causes. In the first place they are comparatively low — they seem to cling to the ground and to each other in neighbor- liness; they have a look of solidity for their materials are of a permanent nature, being brick with slate roofs. They are pleasant to the eye, being of a soft red tone and they appeal to good taste because of their simple long lines, and the delicate moldings of doorways and cornices and their general propor- tions. There is a distinct similarity in the houses, yet nowhere is the view of any row monotonous. An examination of the interiors reveals a straight- forward comfortable plan, diversified in layout so as to suit the convenience of almost any small family. The absence of furnaces is notable. The heating is from the kitchen stove, sometimes supplemented by a stove in some other room, trusting to the cir- culation from them to heat sufficiently the rest of the house; but the houses are so planned that at reason- able cost furnaces can be provided in case the occu- pants want to pay the price. PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DXiSCRIPTlONS. 125 118791°— 19— VOL -10 126 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. HOUSING PROJECT "GRASMERE" BRIDGEPORT, CONN. U.S.DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL HOUSING 6 TRANSPORTATION • U.S.HOUSINC CORPORATION H.C.STURGIS-ARCHT.-AH.HEPISUaN ASSOC. A. A.SHURTLEFF :TOWN PLANNER A.H.TEER.Y; ENGINEER 1918 Giasmere Tract. Area planned: 9.77 acres. Housing planned and constructed: Detached houses, i family; semidetached houses, 40 families, row houses, 20 families; detached two-flat houses, 40 families. Total, loi families. (For ftu-ther information see tables. Chap. IX.) This site is just outside the western city limits of Bridgeport in the town of Fairfield, and is just be- yond the end of the single fare and frequent service zone of the street railway and end of the jitney service. It is accessible to the industries in the western part of the city and relatively low in land value. The streets were already platted. Grasmere Avenue, which leads toward an attractive develop- ment of the Bridgeport Housing Co., beyond the railroad was partly improved and had numerous houses on it. The corporation acquired vacant lots among these houses in addition to the entire front- age on Roanoke Avenue and Plum Street, which were wholly unimproved and vacant. The almost perfectly symmetrical grouping on Plum Street is interesting and successful, especially as seen looking down from the Grasmere Avenue end toward the wide axial mass formed by a row of four houses. The house selected to terminate the vista of Plum Street at the Grasmere Avenue end and that terminating Roanoke Avenue at the north- west end are not of a size and shape to do so quite successfully, but after the narrowing of the vista by the growth of street trees they should be more effective and in any case the vistas are pleasanter than one which does not fall squarely on any build- ing mass, but just off one comer of a building as at the southeast end of Roanoke Avenue. As at other projects the tendency has been to overdo the desir- able variation of setback, and to enlarge the front yards too much at the expense of the back, except on Longview Avenue where the steep hillside forced the houses forward fairly close to the street. It is interesting to note that one of the incidental advantages expected from building on the scattered lots among the other houses in Grasmere Avenue failed to result.'^ It was thought that the addition of our reasonably good looking and substantial brick houses would improve the appearance of the street and make it much more attractive as an approach to the bulk of our holdings. But owing to the dis- harmony between otur brick houses and the previous PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 127 wooden ones not only is Grasmere Avenue much less attractive than Plum Street and Roanoke and Long view Avenues, but it is less attractive than before we built and probably less agreeable than it would have been if its blanks had been filled up by wooden houses of inferior architecture but not so contentious with their neighborsi' These houses are discussed in more detail with those at Mill Green. Mill Green Tract. Area planned: 20.23 acres. Housing planned and constructed: Detached houses, 4 families; semidetached houses, 56 families; row houses, 41 families; detached two-flat houses, 54 families; semidetached two-flat houses, 52 families. Total, 207 families. (For further information see tables. Chap. IX.) This site in the northeast part of the city, within one-half mile of the great Remington plant, within walking distance of several other plants, and within a mile and a half by trolley of the center of the city, faces upon Mill Green, a long, narrow common in the old Boston post road. It is composed of three adjacent parcels known as the old Mill Green site, the Judson site, and Cemetery Extension site. (In the tables the first two are grouped as Mill Green, and the last tabulated separately.) It is of comparatively gentle topography except for abrupt outcropping ledges on the northerly part of the Judson site, but the parcels are either irregu- lar in shape or of awkward dimensions for subdivi- sion. Except to the east of Asylum Avenue there were numerous good trees to which the plan was carefully adjusted. The lotting is irregular but nor- mally approximates 90 feet in depth except for the small row houses, which have extremely shallow lots, in some cases about 55 feet. The general appearance, especially of the Mill Green and Judson sites, is picturesque and attrac- tive. Except in the rectangular portion east of Asylum Street there has been Uttle reliance on sys- tematic variations of setback in house grouping. There are a few cases of marked variations in setback, as in two instances on Boston Avenue where a pair of detached houses is set back 30 feet from the general building line, bringing its front in line with the back wall of the adjacent detached house. These extreme setbacks, for which large existing trees in the front yards were the special motive, have the effect not of mere variations in the general building Une of the street but of distinct comls. They contribute to the interesting and attractive appearance of the whole layout, but it remains to be determined whether there is not a reduction in value of the recessed houses offsetting the increases in value for the other houses. The grouping around the junction of Bradley and Hadley Streets is agreeable, although the composition might have been still more agreeable if the side spaces between buildings had been reduced sufficiently to house at least two more families on the same area. In the block between Goddard A ^enue and Asy- lum Street the normal method of subdivision would have been to extend Hadley Street right through, leaving one row of lots north of it and two south. But because of rock outcrops the cost of con- structing this extension of Hadley Street would have been more than the value of the limited amount of additional frontage developed by it, especially as the lots to the north would have been very rocky. Under these circumstances the most economical plan for using the interior of the block appeared to be a relatively deep coiurt opening off Boston Ave- nue flanked by a row of five houses on either side with another row of five houses at the end, the rough ground fmlher north being reserved as a small local park. The type of "court" here used, much more common in English developments than in this country, is attractive in appearance as com- pared with an ordinary street lined with the same type of row houses, and in a case like this has pecu- liar economic advantages. East of Asylum Street is a late addition to the tract forced by the shape of the land into a rather commonplace rectangular development. Standish Street has a definitely chosen and placed vista point, but the other vista ends are not satisfactory. It is noticeable that the vista down Colony or Plymouth Street to the bend connecting them would be very much more agreeable if the buildings on the outside of the bend were closer together or had longer frontages, or both, and more positively suggested the bend as seen from a distance. The houses on both Grasmere and Mill Green tracts are of brick, with slate roofs, the effect being one of stability and unity of color. One is impressed not alone by their characteristics but also by the satisfactory grouping and the pleasant relation of one house to another in the views one gets of the street vistas. The details of millwork are similar and all architecturally refined. The developments in their entirety are most pleasing while individually the buildings are equally so. The plan types are partly from corporation standards. 128 rBporT united states housing corporation. PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 129 Particular attention is called to the manner by which access is gained to the cellar in some of the houses. In these cases there is at the front of the house a lattice door opening upon a large landing of the stairs which lead from the kitchen to the cellar, permitting ashes and garbage to be conveniently removed. A noticeable feature of some of the houses at Grasmere is the unsymmetrical spacing of windows in elevations otherwise S3nnmetrical. It would seem that some alteration of the plans of the houses could have been made in order to avoid this. Many of the houses have very small porches — almost too small for comfort — and. though larger porches might cost a little more, yet, as a rule they return their investment in rent. The details, too, of the porches are somewhat too delicate in design. Nearly all of the houses of the Grasmere site are well worked out from the corporation's types, but in a few cases where side entrances occur either the chimneys have been placed in unforttmate positions or else the houses are too small, there being insuf- ficient headroom at the entrances imder the main stairs. At Mill Green and Cemetery Extension the faults mentioned in connection with Grasmere are absent. At both of these sites the houses are simple and straightforward and no attempt has been made to force too much into them either on plan or eleva- tion. The result therefore is more satisfactory. The plan types used are from corporation standards, in many cases the same as at other Bridgeport sites. They are very well worked out. In spite of such criticisms as have been made, the Bridgeport developments are peculiarly attrac- tive, and the fact that they are all of brick makes them especially worthy of future study with a view to determining their true worth as a marketable real estate development. Temporary Flats. (Project 102a.) C^METBRY SITB. Area planned: 8.69 acres. Housing planned: Apartment houses, 212 families. HILLTOP SITE. Area planned: 8.45 acres. Housing planned: Apartment houses, 188 families. (Projecta discontinued. For further information see tables, Chap. IX.) These two projects for temporary housing were to meet a very serious need for a largely increased force of employees at the Remington plant. Only pre limin ary work had been done at the time of the armistice and the work was at once canceled. Only one house type was. contemplated, a 2-story, 2 -room-deep building with 4 families to a unit. ^ I30 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. FIRST FLOOR PLAN TWO FLAT HOUSE TYPE H 2 SECOND FLOOR PLAN SCALE h-cJ-d-i-i LJ Lj u U- lo IS g.o g.B FEET UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT BRIDGEPORT CONN ARCHITECT R CLIPSTON STURGIS PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 131 FIRST FLOOR PLAN •■rf GROUP OF FOUR ROOM HOUSES TYPES K S-K ©-K 1 O-K 12 UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT BRIDGEPORT CONN ASSOCIATE ARCHITECTS R CLIPSTON 5TURGIS A H HEPBUR,N 132 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. SECTION UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT BRIDGEPORT CONN ARCHITECT R CLIPSTON STURGIS PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 133 in'- k" a' s" y \ 10" 7' s" a' o* e' 2' SECTION SECOND FLOOR PLAN SEMI-DETACHED TWO FLAT HOUSES 'SCALE' . ?' 1° . 15 gp g.5 FEET UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT BRIDGEPORT CONN ASSOCIATE ARCHITECTS R CLIPSTON STURGIS A H HEPBURN 134 i^.p^'tS5J!!iStBiIliW^ REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. rtinnTTninii?'**^ ..,,n.llllllill|lillll"i)^^-£= SECTION se'-G SECOND AND THIRD FLOOR PLANS APARTM'ENT HOUSE G3 s lo IS 26 2S FEET • L3 ~ lJ '~T — I I— lUl— ILJLJLJ ' I— ILJ '-EJ SCALE. UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT BRIDGEPORT CONN ARCHITECT H CLIPSTON STURGlS PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 135 FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN FIVE ROOM SEMI-DETACHED HOUSES TYPES K. IS UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT BRIDGEPORT CONN ASSOCIATE ARCHITECTS R CLIPSTON STURGIS A H HEPBURN 136 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. ,^ ^'-^-W-. .■A- ALTERNATE DESIGN FRONT ELEVATION TRONT ELEVATION FIRST FLOOR PLAN CORNER APARTMENT HOUSE SECOND AND THIRD FLOOR PLANS TYPE G I SCALE, ? 10 15 2o ?s FEET UuUi-i- LjUuUuubLJLd UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT BRIDGEPORT CONN ARCHITECT R CLIPSTON STURGIS BUTLER, PA. (PROJECT NO. 456). Area planned: 21.46 acres. Housing planned: Detached houses, 29 families; se^iidetached houses, 133 families; total, 167 families. (Project discontinued. For further information see tables, Chap. IX.) Butler is 30 miles north of Pittsburgh, in the valley of Connoquennessing Creek and extending up the steep and irregular slopes north and south of the stream. Its population in 1910 was about 11,000; in 1917 about 29,000, including many foreign bom. Two industries asked the Housing Corporation for relief: Spang & Co., doing 97 per cent war work, making 700 shells daily, with 1,100 employees, and hoping to make 1,500 shells daily if help were available; and the Standard Steel Car Co. doing 80 per cent war work, with a recent order for 10,000 cars, employing 5,600 workers and needing i ,500 more. However, shells were rated by the War Department as much more tirgent than railway material and after extensive investigation of the very few feasible sites it was decided to con- centrate on a single site lying on the less steep upper slopes of the valley immediately south of the Spang plant. The site chosen was in the southern part of the cit)'' within a quarter of a mile from the Spang Co.'s plant and about 200 feet above it, and about a mile and a half from the plant of the Standard Steel Car Co. Schools and stores, churches and amusements, were within a half mile to the north. In this project no public groimds were included, the whole tract being developed with houses. This was because of lack of land for public purposes within the tract, and because of the probability that in the futtire other land near by, which is unfit for building because of the rough topography, would be de- veloped as park areas. The site lay on an irregu- lar hillside, that in some districts would have been considered almost prohobitively steep, but which was in this generally rugged region a very satis- factory building site. The tract had already been laid out in a rectangu- lar system of streets with little regard to the topog- raphy, but not all of them had been constructed. Our street arrangement changed that previously plotted to get better gradients in the roads and less steep and inaccessible lots. Christie Avenue, which was partly built up on its western end, was radically changed, so as to go down the hill on a reverse curve at a reasonable gradient, connecting with the former streets again at the east boundary of the property. From Muntz Avenue to Christie Avenue a slightly curving street was easy to lay out. From Christie Avenue to Patterson Avenue, however, the slope was very steep for a street, so we carried the line of traffic with a path only, at least for the present, at a gradient of 1 7 per cent, and required such little local wheeled traffic as there might be between these points to go around by easier gradients via Christie Avenue. The roadway of Christie Avenue, where it turns sharply on a steep gradient, is not evenly crowned, but is "banked," the highest part of the crown being within 5 feet of the gutter of the downhill side of the street in order to minimize the danger of sideways slip to traffic. Most of the streets were thus necessarily treated as sidehill streets, with the lots on one side sloping down from the street grade, and on the other side rising rather steeply. The grouping of the houses had to be designed to take the best advantage of the grades. On the downhill sides of the streets the houses were set sometimes as close as 1 2 feet to the street lines, the floor grades being at an elevation high enough to permit a slight slope from the house down to the sidewalk. At the rear of these houses the ground was, sloped down as quickly as feasible to meet the natural grade. On the uphill sides of these streets, however, the opposite of this treat- ment was followed. Here the houses were set as far as 28 or 30 feet back from the street line, in order to permit the placing of the entrance walks and steps at reasonable slopes, and to avoid the imstable appearance of a house set too near the street on an excessive slope. Where semidetacned houses were on such steep lots that it was impossible to approach them except by steps, it made a better looking and less steep approach to nm one common flight of steps directly toward the middle of the double building, and then to turn the paths right and left, with more steps to each private house entrance. Where the lots were very steep and the house floor as much as 10 feet above the street, we built the approach paths in this way. Where the lot was not very steep, however, we built two independent paths to the street, pre- ferring to make some sacrifice in appearance and expense to avoid the differences so likely to arise from the use, cleaning, and repair of walks serving two families in common. 137 138 REPORT .UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 139 140 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. ■^ @ — iB~x LE.GE,ND V///\ PAvmo CUE.BING WALICS TYPICAL SECTION £0 FOOT ROADWAY TYPICAL PLAN PAVING, CURDING AND WALKS BUTLER., PA. U.S. DE.PARTMENT OF LABOR. BUREAU or INDUSTRIAL HOUSING & TRANSPORTATION. U.S. HOUSING CORPORATION. ENOIMECRJNG . CHARLESTON, S. C. (PROJECT NO. 565), Area planned: 30.74 acres. Housing planned: Detached houses, 136 families; apartment houses, 20 families; total, 156 families; 30 single workers in dormitories. (Project discontinued. For further information see tables. Chap. IX.) The city of Charleston, S. C, located at the junc- tion of the Ashley and Cooper Rivers, had a popula- tion of 59,ooo in 1910, which had risen to about 100,000 in 1918, a great number being colored. At this time the rapid growth of population, includ- ing the soldiers stationed at Sullivan Island near Fort Moultrie, the marines and workmen at the navy yard, the soldiers and workmen at the embar- kation camp, and their dependents, had utiUzed practically all the available housing and had outnm the development of the local railroad lines and trolleys. The navy yard is located on the Cooper River about 6 miles north of Charleston. Next to the navy yard is a large naval camp, while 3 miles farther north up the river are the Army embarka- tion camp and docks. There were about 4,500 employees — almost all white — in the navy yard in May, 1918, including about 1,100 women in the clothing factory. A considerable part of these workers might be regarded as permanent since the navy yard was undoubtedly to be maintained after the war. New construction in the yard was in prog- ress and the Government had appropriated money for a 40-foot channel in Charleston Harbor. Some private speculative building of houses had been carried out near the navy yard, but it was utterly insufficient, and most of it was poor and expensive. Since early in the war, transportation between the navy yard and Charleston, either by railroad or by trolley, was insufficient. The Navy had been paying for a railroad train which carried about 900 women back and forth from Charleston. The trolley company was eventually helped by the Housing Corporation to get 16 more cars. It was proposed also that the clothing factory be moved to Charleston to relieve the transportation difficulty, but this suggestion was not acted on. In any case there was great need of additional reasonably good housing, and so long as this housing did not exceed the predictable postwar demand it was better to build it near the navy yard. Up to August, 191 8, the housing needs of other navy yards in the country were so much more pressing that no definite housing plans for Charleston were under- taken. By that time, however, the need at Charles- 118791°— 19— VOL 2 11 ton was so great that it was determined to proceed at once. The city of Charleston offered to the Housing Corporation a tract of land adjacent to the navy yard — the best piece of land available — for a nominal price, about a tenth of that for which similar land was selling. This land is gently rolHng, about 30 feet on an average above high tide, cov- ered over most of its area with second-growth yellow pine 10 to 12 inches in diameter, interspersed with many seedling oaks from 10 to 12 feet high. The soil is sand, overlying marl 1 5 or 20 feet below. A water main was in the northern bounding street, a sewer 300 feet farther away, and electricity close at hand. There are no schools, churches, or fire protection within reasonable distance of the site. To meet the cHmatic conditions and the require- ments of the people, a bungalow type of house was planned, the same as that decided on for the projects at New Orleans and at Pensacola. These were all detached houses, as there was a strong local preju- dice against the semidetached type. These bunga- lows covered a greater ground area than two-story houses would have done, but the size of the lots was not proportionally increased, because we allowed a minimum clearance between buildings of 14 feet instead of 16 feet on account of the low eave lines. The street system as planned was a simple meet- ing of the existing conditions. A main avenue leads from the community building on the park toward the apartment houses and railroad station, and so to the navy yard. The residential streets purposely do not invite through traffic, though they connect with existing streets. On some of them the houses are set back to form groups surrounding a little quiet open space. An unusual feature of the plan is the cutting back of the lot corners along the main avenue, for greater amplitude and interest. In order to save as many of the existing trees as possible, shade being especially valuable, the gravel sidewalks were planned to be set practi- cally on the existing surface in most places, any difference between sidewalk and road being taken up in the planting strips. The planting strips, 141 142 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. _ ,-J =&; = O g X HZce 2°S2 PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 143 too, were held as near the natural surface as possible, and trees saved in them wherever this could be done. No formally arranged street trees were planned for, the scheme being to fill in the open spaces among existing trees and produce ultimately the effect of houses standing in an open woodland. Owing to the considerable rainfall, and occasional torrential rains, the surface water could not eco- nomically be carried off by underground pipes. We planned gutters in the planting strips, becoming ditches where the predictable flow of water war- ranted it, carrying the water finally to the existing open ditch on the southeastern boundary. We believed the soil was porous enough to make it easy to avoid mosquito nuisance from standing puddles in the ditches on the necessarily flat gradients. We used vitrified pipes to carry the water from the ditches under the sidewalks where necessary. This last is not a scheme to be recommended for its beauty, nor, in a cold climate, for its practicability. Bids had been taken on this project and work was about to start when the end of the war caused its complete cancellation. For the permanent uses of the navy yard it is possible that the construction may at some future time be taken up again. ^ CHARLESTON, W. VA. (PROJECT NO. 18). Area planned: 16.28 acres^ Housing planned: Detached houses, 47 families; semidetached houses, 40 families; total, 87 families. Housing con3tructed: Detached housss, 4S families; semidetached hous3s,40 families. Total, 85 families. (For further information S3e tables, Chap. IX.) The city of Charleston, W. Va., on the north bank of the Kanawha River, had grown from a popula- tion of about 1 1, coo in 1900 to about 40,000 people in 191 8. This industrial growth, due to natural resoiurces of coal, oil, gas, and clay and excellent transportation facilities, while much stimulated by war conditions, seemed likely to be for the most part permanent. The town had spread along the river, the manufacturing plants on the lower river bank land, the dwellings for the most part on the broken higher land back from the stream. South Charleston, on the south bank of the river and sKniileswestof the business center of Charles- ton, had in 191 5 47 houses, in 1918 there were about 2,000 inhabitants, and the town was reason- ably provided with schools and stores. The Naval Ordnance Works, consisting of a naval projectile plant, a naval gun-forging plant, and a Government armor plant, being under erec- tion early in 191 8, and it being evident that there would not be by any means sufficient housing for its prospective employees, the Navy Department called upon the Housing Corporation to investi- gate and to expend such sums as might properly be allotted for housing in connection with this plant. The Navy Department offered without cost a perpetual lease of a tract of land of 16.3 acres adjacent to the ordnance plant on the river bank. Though this tract was open to the objections that it was on land which at some future time would naturally be devoted to manufacturing rather than to residential uses, and that it was near the plant, which was bound to be to some extent noisy and smoky, after investigation of other sites, and in view of the generally inflated real estate values elsewhere in the neighborhood, this was chosen as a matter of convenience economy and speed of construction. In addi- tion to the housing site, about 17 acres of land across Eighth Avenue was chosen as a park play- ground. Near Eighth Avenue there is a level area and then a wooded valley, the trees on the farther slope of which serve to screen the armor plate plant on the hill beyond from the park and 144 from the houses on the river bank. The housing site is open and fairly level, lying about 45 feet above the river at ordinary stages of the water. The river bank is steep and broken, with scattered trees. The soil is heavy red clay. The common and semiskilled labor was obtain- able locally, and for them the housing difficulty was not so acute. The skilled labor was to be imported from Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and Cin- cinnati. As it was desired to employ men exempt from draft, the proportion of married men and older men would be high. Since it was impossible to offer higher wages to these men than were paid in other cities, better houses were an essential attraction, and dormitories would not meet the situation. Considerable congestion and delay being found in the trolley transportation from the site to Charles- ton along Eighth Avenue, the corporation aided the trolley company in procuring cars and material for double tracking the road. Although this work was held up by a question of franchise it will ulti- mately result in cutting the running time to Charles- ton from about 40 minutes to perhaps 20 minutes. The street and block system of the develop- ment was arranged with the fact in mind that no through traffic need be provided for within the development, that the streets should lead easily to a stop on the car line in Eighth Avenue, and that the view over the Kanawha River was worth preserving and enhancing. Toward the plant on the east the backs of the lots form the boundary, keeping the houses as much away from the plant as possible. On the west, however, there was built on account of previous arrangements a road common to our development and to the proposed private development adjacent. The Navy Department has agreed to carry a main water supply line up to the eastern bound- ary of the project. The storm and sanitary sew- erage is provided for in a combined system, dis- charging direct into the river. Electricity for houses and streets comes from the lines now sup- plying the ordnance plant. Since it has been the custom in Charleston to use natural gas, and the PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 145 supply is still available and cheap, it will be used in this development for both cooking and heating purposes. Since the land was free the lots were jnade a little larger than common. The houses were care- fully arranged so that as far as possible the service sides of two adjacent houses should face each other, and, therefore, the living sides should enjoy the best available outlook. The use of certain house plans "reversed" facilitates this as well as giving general variety. On account of the size of the lots a sufficiently good fence around each lot would be more than ordinarily expensive. We therefore substituted hedges, but along the fronts we placed hedges on certain lots only where they were most needed to stop short cutting and to give variety of appearance. We felt that using hedges consistently along every lot front would tend to give the development in the eyes of the prospective householders a cut and dried and paternalistic appearance, especially to be avoided in this case where at best some dissat- isfaction might arise from the necessarily perma- nent governmental land ownership. The houses are of terra cotta, stuccoed. The first impression which the houses give is that of too great similarity and a certain barrenness. Had there been a greater variety of types and color the appearance would have been improved. Much of the difficulty arises, however, from the fact that the house designs were among the first that were submitted to the corporation, and that before being constructed several minor details, such as blinds, very important in the appearance of the houses, were omitted for economy. Some of these may later be replaced. The houses are, however, very well designed and the plans carefully worked out. 146 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. RIVSI^- £1.' 5SOS H0U6ING PROJECT •SOUTH'CHARLESTONW'VA' ■us DEPARIjWENT- oflabor. ■BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL HOUSING $ TRANSPORIAHON ■ US HOUSING CORPORAnON GODLEY,HA5KELLf. SEDGWICK- ABCHT3 JAME5-L GREENLEAF ■■ TQ-WN PUNNER PHILIP BURGESS'ENGINEER. PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 147 SECTION FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM HOUSE TYPE D SCALE,,,,, f ,,,, -°_^^^^^S^3 = FEET UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT CHARLESTON W VA ARCHITECTS GODLEY HASKELL AND SEDGWICK 148 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. f^^'^'^^^^^^^^pigwwiS &^v,iiTiisr»!!iw;:^;n7T7 . 29^10' FIR ST, 'FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM HOUSE SECOND FLOOR PLAN TYPE E SCALE I ...?.... IP If = 1 ° = 1= FEET LjljlJljljLjljlJljljLjljlJ UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT CHARLESTON W VA ARCHITECTS GODLEY HASKELL AND SEDGWICK PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 149 ^^'f-'^ J.-W'-Uj8^' ■•»1M SECTION FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN FIVE ROOM SEMI-DETACHED HOUSES TYPES BAND BR SCALE , i 10 IS so as FEET i^ljUi -JlJljljUljiJ UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT CHARLESTON W VA ARCHITECTS GODLEY HASKELL AND SEDGWICK I50 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. A Reverse FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN FOUR ROOM SEMI-DETACHED HOUSES TYPES A AND AR SCALE. f 1° If = 1 ° ^ p FEET UljUljljLjljlJljljLjljlJ SIDE ELEVATION FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN EIGHT ROOM HOUSE TYPE G SCALE . ,,,?,,, 'P. , , If. , , ,^,° , , gs FEET UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT CHARLESTON W YA ARCHITECTS GODLEY HASKELL AND SEDGWICK CHESTER, PA. Eddystone Site (Project No. 163S); Ridley Park Site (Project No. 2947). Chester is now practically a suburb of Philadel- phia constituting a part of its southwestern indus- trial district and lying along the Delaware River. Greater Philadelphia is the largest ship building center in the world and Chester includes some of the large plants of the Emergency Fleet Corporation and that of the Sun Ship Building Corporation. There also are the great works of the Eddystone Rifle Plant of the Midvale Steel & Ordnance Co., the Eddystone plant of the Baldwin Locomotive Works, manufacturing locomotives, and the Eddy- stone Mimitions Co., manufacturing shells. All the latter are at Eddystone, a borough in the east environs of Chester. In 1910, Chester had a popu- lation of 38,537. By September, 1918, it had 80,000 to 100,000 with 2,000 to 3,000 in the environs It was, however, still to all intents and purposes an overgrown country town, and reckoning five people to a house, it had housing for only about 53,000 people. Of course the congestion was ex- treme. One house with six bedrooms registered 54 men in the last draft. A former movie house re- modeled as a lodging house had 87 rooms with 100 beds, 43 of these rooms dark interior cubicles impos- sible of ventilation. There were buildings where lodgers occupied beds throughout the day in three eight-hour shifts. Conditions surrounding many houses were grossly insanitary. Some streets were without sewers and the conditions about many of the houses facing them were indescribably foul. Drink- ing water was furnished by a private company by meter and in many houses the supply was cut off. When houses were without water, it was sometimes purchased from neighbors at 5 cents to 25 cents per bucket. Because of Chester's total inability to meet the situation it was evident that the Government should come to the rescue. The Emergency Fleet Corporation aided 3,736 shipyard workers by building houses, apartments, boarding houses, and other housing. It double tracked one of the street railroads from Philadelphia so that 18,000 instead of 600 people could be handled per hour in one direction and thus enabled that increased number of men to live in Philadelphia. It financed the piurchase of 22 more cars so that 2,200 more men could live where congestion was less acute. The Housing Corporation came on the ground much later, and in the time which we had before the signing of the armistice all we were able to accomplish was to prepare, ready or practically ready for contract, plans providing about 1,600 houses on the two sites here illustrated, for the particular benefit of the workers in the Eddystone plants. The Eddystone site was in part for com- mon labor and in part for better paid workers, the Ridley Park site for high-class mechanics. On September 26 in accordance with the deci- sions based on the preliminary investigations, the committee of designers brought in their preliminary sketches for Eddystone and Ridley Park. Meantime, the housing situation had become still more press- ing, and as it was generally belived that this country must and would put forth its greatest effort early in the year 19 19, the Housing Corporation felt, more than had been the case before, that sacrifice of hous- ing permanence and attractiveness to speed was in this emergency justified. The committee of de- signers were therefore directed to proceed at once to Chester, to find sites for such temporary develop- ment as was possible of quickest execution, and to report on this with a scheme of procedure. They reported on September 30 as follows: First, that temporary dormitories, which had been before dis- cussed but not on the whole considered an effective use of funds, be started at once for 500 people, on Eddystone Avenue and that the portion of the Eddystone site between Chester Turnpike and the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad be developed at once with about 221 permanent houses; this all for un- skilled workers. Second, that the portion of the Eddystone site immediately north of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad be developed for 261 houses for higher paid workers. Third, that the Fairview Avenue part of the Eddystone site be next de- veloped, the remainder of the Eddystone site next, and the Ridley Park site last. By November 11 the plans for the dormitories handled by the Housing Corporation had been completed and contracts let, and plans for the first section of the Eddystone site were complete 151 152 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. and in the hands of the bidders. On this date, the need for maximum industrial eifort being sud- denly at an end, all the Chester projects were abandoned. Eddystone (Project No. 1635). Area planned: 167.43 acres. Housing plarmed: Detached houses, 2 families; semidetached houses, 134 families; row houses, 922 families; apartments, 70 families; total, 1,128 families.^ Single workers in dormitories, 608. Project discontinued. For further information see tables. Chap. IX. (Except in Table 2, tabular data covers 580 families only.) The series of sites which for convenience we called the Eddystone project lay as close to the industries to be served as under the circumstances it was practicable to put them. On account of the differ- ences of topography, location, and land value on the one hand, and difference in the kind of people to be housed on the other, the whole plan divided itself into several different units. First, the area west of Bullen's Lane and south of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad and adjacent to the Eddystone Rifle Co. plant, an intensive de- velopment of row houses for lower-paid workmen. Second, north of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, west of the park, and south of Parker Avenue, an area of larger lots and row houses spaced more openly and interspersed with some semidetached houses, for workmen who are higher paid. Third, east of the park, on both sides of Parker Avenue a development similar to the second, some- what simpler, cheaper and less ample. Fourth, west of the park, north of Parker Avenue, an area on cheaper land, offering the largest lots, and semidetached houses, to those who would pur- chase room and greater privacy by a somewhat higher payment and a longer walk or ride to their work. Fifth, temporary dormitories on Eddystone Avenue (not shown on the accompanying plan). The valley of Crum Creek, too steep and too low to be developed for housing, was planned as a park, an improvement very desirable immediately for our development, and in the future for the whole siUTOunding neighborhood. On the site, as we found it, the street car line crossed Crum Creek by the cheap and narrow Parker Avenue bridge, making an unfortunate detour from Seventeenth Street, northwest, along Bullen's Lane, and thence to Parker Avenue. Our plan called for a new bridge across Crum Creek, cutting out this detour, and giving an opportunity to develop a center at the bridgehead, with stores, theater, and other community facilities. The old bridge was to become of minor importance, carrying no car line. Most of the streets of this district are paved with a bituminous macadam, and it was proposed to use this type of paving in the principal streets of the two developments. The secondary streets would have been paved with water-bound macadam. All the sidewalks would have been of concrete construction. The water and gas supply offered no unusual difficulties, although in both cases the existing facilities and resources of the supplying companies had been outrun by the growth of the population, and the Housing Corporation arranged to advance money to start work at once, to be repaid from future earnings. The natural drainage for the Eddystone site would have been into Crum Creek, but as the Springfield Water Co. takes its supply from a point farther up, the flow has been greatly reduced, and also, as there is a dam below Chester Pike within the plant of the Baldwin Locomotive Works, it was found that if the sewage was emptied into Crum Creek, it would have to be treated. A short distance west of this site is Ridley Creek, a stream of much greater flow and sufficient to dilute the sewage which would come from the Eddystone site. It was found that, by careful layout of the streets north of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, the sewage from this entire site could be drained into Ridley Creek with small additional cost for sewer mains and without any cost for sewage purification works. The dormitories and cafeterias of temporary con- struction are of the types shown in standard draw- ings. The permanent row houses in the Bullen's Lane site are designed in groups of from four to seventeen, with stucco and terra-cotta block walls and slate roofs. All the houses are 16 feet wide, and have the same basic four- room plan,buttheend houses and the gabled houses which are placed at intervals in the long rows have five rooms. This additional room is gained by increasing the depth of the house 2 feet and dividing the front bedroom. In the interior houses, type A, these bedrooms are so small that the plan should have been used only for a house 18 feet wide. There are no alleys and the width of lot does not warrant the use of a service passage as at Ridley Park, so the inside houses are provided with area stairs in front and rear as well as an inside basement stairway. The exteriors are very simple, but have variety enough in the composition of groups. PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 153 154 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. SECOND FLOOR PLAN FOUR AND FIVE ROOM ROW HOUSES TYPES A AND D SCALE, s 1° If g,° 3 ,s FEET UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT EDDYSTONE PA ARCHITECTS RANKIN KELLOGG AND CRANE PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 155 EL BR A AR CR FRONT ELEVATION AR EL END ELEVATION D R END ^ELEVATION SCALE "o 20 30 -40 so FEET fa- ^lJ^^^^J^^J[J^ ■ ^^^J^J^J J|JuL^JLl^J^' ^4U FIRST FLOOR PLAN FIVE ROOM ROW END AND ROW HOUSES TYPES A R AND DR SCALE = '° 15 g.° g.B FEET UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT EDDYSTONE PA ARCHITECTS RANKIN KELLOGG. AND CRANE 156 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. Ridley Park (Project No. 2947). Area planned: 54.19 acres. Housing planned: Semidetached houses, 60 families; row houses, 483 families; apartments, 22 families; total, 565 families. (Project discontinued. For further information see tables, Chap. IX.) The Ridley Park site was about 2 miles from the benefited industries, but connected with them by the Philadelphia and Chester turnpike, a paved main street with water, gas, and electricity and with a trolley hne, which passed along the south border of the site. The property to the north is a well-devel- oped suburb of Philadelphia; the property to the east, south, and west is sparsely settled or vacant. The value of the land was high, and the develop- ment therefore had to be intensive to be at all economical. There were not in the neighborhood any local stores, schools, or churches at all sufficient to serve the proposed additional population. The main line of the Pennsylvania Railroad, to Wash- ington, has a station near the north side of the site, and runs through the Baldwin locomotive plant with a station within its bounds, thus giving good transportation to the industries and to Philadelphia. Most of the housing site slopes gen- tly down to the Chester turnpike. The northwest- erly portion, however, falls quickly in the opposite direction to Stony Creek. The soil is a sandy clay, but is fairly well drained. Below is a gneiss, which in places would have to be excavated in the sewer trenches. There is at the present time a 15 -inch outfall sewer running from a point on Stony Creek and almost adjacent to the development down to tide- water at Darby Creek. This outfall had been con- structed by Ridley Park Borough, and was of sufficient size to include the Ridley Park develop- ment. It was found that all that would be neces- sary was to construct the sewer mains and laterals within the development. The street plan is for the most part a modified gridiron, with the longer streets running north and south, both to afford an east and west aspect for the row houses and to provide direct access to the Chester turnpike. Dianthus Avenue, from the store group on the turnpike to the green with its stur- rounding pubHc buildings in the heart of the devel- opment, is the main approach. It was unfortunate that the profile of this street was so rounded that looking from the turnpike the lower portion of the stores north of the green would have been invisible behind the hill. We considered whether we should not shift the whole town center forward to remedy this defect, but decided that on the whole the gains did not outweigh the losses. Opposite the main entrance to the property we planned to acquire and reserve a small area to pre- vent the loss of value in our development which would come if cheap stores or undesirable houses were built in this location. A similar precaution would have been desirable in this regard in other comparable cases, such as our Dayton develop- ment. In almost every case the vistas down the streets were planned to be effectually closed by buildings of sufficient importance. The diagonal relation of the two pairs of semidetached houses to the central green is unusual, but we believe that it would be pleasant. The projection of these houses as shown beyond the line of frontage of the buildings on Dian- thus Avenue is advisable. The space between each of them and the row house next to the south is, how- ever, probably too great for the best appearance. The economical location of the moving-picture theater is worth noting. The auditorium occupies the cheaper land within the block, only the entrance taking up valuable street frontage. The houses, principally of brick, were planned in groups. The laying out of the site without alleys required a service entrance for kitchen and base- ment for all the interior houses, a problem which has been very satisfactorily solved. The houses are practically uniform in plan, but a sufficient and very pleasing variation in elevation has been accom- plished by skillful grouping and taking advantage of change in grade. Semidetached houses of wood are introduced for variety and for placing at street terminations. PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 157 •LEGENfi- nBLDG5CONTEk--. • PLATED-NCV1118- DEXI5TGBLDGNOT' b^ PARTOFCONTRACr- h ©INDICATESCHURCH- ' GARJkGE' jj 5TORE5- ■ THEATER-- ?> ©PKS-frOPEN- SPACES ■ ©CONTOURS -S'- INT' f' ©INDICATESSCHOOL- i I ■USDEPT-.OFLABOR.- , •BUREAUOF- INDUSTRIAL' HOU5ING&TRANSPOR1A.TION ■US-HOUSING- CORJPORATION- • GENERAL- PLAN • •FOR-HOUSINGPROJECT-AT- ■RI D LEY- PARK -PA- •1918- •DESIfcNERS- •EDW.V-SEELER.:ARCHT- . • J NOLENITOWN-PLANNER.- ■C-F-MEBUS; ENGINEER.- 118791°— 19— VOL 2 12 158 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. SCALE s '° 'S S,* =.= FEET LIVING ROOM « >^ FIRST FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM ROW HOUSES SECOND FLOOR PLAN TYPES G AND H UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT RIDLEY PARR PA, ARCHITECT EDGAR V SEELER DAYTON, OHIO (PROJECT NO. 243). EDGEMONT TRACT. — ^Area planned: 107.95 acres. Housing planned; Detached houses, 175 families; semidetached houses, 296 families; row houses, 34 families detached two-flat houses, 122 families; low two-flat houses, 160 families. Total, 737 families. LEO STREET TRACT.— Area plaimed: 3.34 acres. Housing planned: Semidetached two-fiat houses, 40 families. (Projects discontinued. For further informatioti see tables, Chap. IX.) Dayton, Ohio, is located in the southwestern part of the State on moderately level land backed by broken hills, at the confluence of the Mad and Stillwater Rivers with the Miami. Its population in 1 910 was 132,000 and in 191 8 was estimated at 175,000. Of this number 160,000 was considered permanent. There were over 200 industries in the city, 50 of which were on war work. The manufacturies were making tractors, small tanks, airplanes, gas shells and fuses for the Army, gun mounts and sights for the Navy, and engine parts for the Shipping Board. In 47 industries it was found that there were 38,000 employees, and the increase needed for these fac- tories was over 7,000. One of the principal indus- tries for which housing was required was the Dayton-Wright Airplane Co., where the number of employees was at that time 2,800 and it was pro- posed to increase that number to 4,000. Two housing sites were selected, one known as the Edgemont tract, located in the southern part of the city, and the other, known as the Leo Street tract, in the northern part, near the Maxwell plant and McCook Aviation Field. The Edgemont site was chosen as the most con- venient and economical tract suitable to a consistent development of the required size. It is within walking distance of two of the Ohmer plants and that of the National Cash Register Co., while a car passing the Cash Register plant runs to the Wright Airplane factory. Another car goes to the plants in North Dayton in 35 minutes, while transfers will take one to the east and west in the same time. The site Ues between Cincinnati Avenue, Stewart Street, and the new Miami levee, extending also for a block and a half north of Stewart Street. The land is mixed river deposit, generally sloping down toward the levee, but irregular as the water currents of former floods have left it. A consider- able portion is high enough to offer no particular development difficulties. The part next to the levee, however, is low, and most of the site was inundated by the flood of 191 3. It was expected, however, that if the housing were first biailt on the higher ground, by the time that the lowest land was developed the levee in Dayton and the dams in the Miami River would have been far enough completed to protect the houses from damage by high water. Some of this low area was planned to be used, without much regrad- ing, as a playgrotmd; the rest could be devel- oped for housing at the cost of additional sewer construction. As the material for this fill could come most cheaply from the adjacent higher land, the street layout and profiles and the grading plan generally were adjusted to provide this material. Thus it was economical to develop the whole tract south of Stewart Street at once, but not any part of it separately. Since there arose difficulty in obtaining all of thi.« land which was necessary for economical develop- ment, it was decided to develop first the land on both sides of Stewart Street only, this being capable of being handled as a unit, and being nearest to the Cash Register plant by way of Stewart Street; nevertheless, the whole area which it was desired to obtain was planned as one development. The general layout plan recognizes the triangular shape of the site. Curved roads parallel to the levee carry local traffic between Cincinnati Avenue and Stewart Street, leaving in an economical shape the low strip of park land next to the levee. The junction of Cincinnati Avenue and Stewart Street is the natural focus of the development, through which all traffic from the site to the center of Dayton nat- urally goes. Here were to be located the necessary stores and public buildings, and a main avenue was to run from here through the center of the develop- ment to the schoolhouse. It would have been de- sirable, from the point of view of appearance, and perhaps from the point of view of preservation of our created real estate values, to acquire and de- velop all the land around this main entrance to the project, but the extra immediate cost outweighed in this case the less concrete future benefits. An unusual arrangement was planned in order to include a proportion of row houses without great change in the character of the whole development and without extra expense for access. In the middle of certain blocks there was to be a group of two rows of houses facing each other at right angles to the streets, on a little covut of their own, served by 159 i6o REPORl' UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. footpaths in front and alleys in the rear. The ap- pearance of the street was not much affected by this arrangement, except as it made a pleasant point of interest when seen from opposite the court entrance. The row-house groups north of Stewart Street were reinforced by rows facing south into the cotirts across Smith Street. This made a more complete architectural composition, but necessitated an alley north of Smith Street, necessary only for the few interior row houses. Under the circumstances, however, this was excusable, as the adjoining prop- erty, not owned by the Housing Corporation, would probably require an alley in any case, in accordance with local custom. The path between the row houses north of Tjme Street continues the foot-traffic line of the street where a continuation of the street itself was tmnec- essary. Such an arrangement is economical in street construction and offers no real difficulties in use, but it is so different from local custom in most places that we introduced it only occasionally under specially favorable circumstances. The smaller lyco Street site was on land already plotted and to some extent sold in private lots though not much built upon. A new lotting scheme was made for that part of the site which was to be immediately developed, and a simple layout scheme for a larger area was planned, but the armistice put an end to all activity on both sites. The demand was for houses and apartments of a wide variety of sizes. Because of the large size of the project, 14 different types of houses were de- signed, 50 per cent of the five-room type, 25 per cent of the six-room type, and the rest of the three and four room types. On the Edgemont tract all 14 types of detached and semidetached houses and 12 units of row houses were proposed. The latter houses contain flats of three and four rooms about equally divided. An architectural arrangement of one entrance to serve four families helps to simplify the exterior mass of the buildings, though reducing the privacy of the individual dwellings. Wood framing was proposed in all the houses, wood shingle and stucco exteriors being intermixed. Slate, which was easily procurable in the locality, and also demanded by the building laws, was used. The variation of sizes of houses occurred gen- erally throughout the project, detached and semidetached houses being in random rows. Not only do the houses vary in size and t5rpe, but there is a corresponding variety of design. This has perhaps been overdone, by planning some houses with little or no projection of cornices, alternating with some of wide projection; and a simple blocky mass of house immediately contrasting with a broken mass. The row houses as planned at Dayton also do not bear any studied resemblance to many of the smaller types. ^ PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. i6i 1 62 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. E Reverse CLO\ DININGBOOM, I KITCH LTVINQ ROOM SCALE , ■ f 'o '5 FEET U ' U U LJ LJ Li LJ-ci CLol BED,ROOM FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN SECTION FIVE ROOM SEMI-DETACHED HOUSES TYPES E AND ER FRONT ELEVATION scm.z ^ , , , J^ , ^ „ Jg , ^ , ,3g, ^ , j-g , ^ , = |° feet SIDE ELEVATION ROW GROUP ES SAME PLANS AS SEMI-DETACHED TYPES E AND ER UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT DAYTON OHIO ARCHITECTS SCHENCK AND WILLIAMS PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DBSCRIPTIONS. 163 lilllUllll miutlllt uiilliHiifi,! af o- 17 e- I 70- -N=l- SECTION FIRST FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM HOUSE SECOND FLOOR PLAN TYPE B ^f*Ai F 5 10 15 SO as FEET UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT DAYTON OHIO ARCHITECTS SCHENCK AND WILLIAMS 164 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. la.. C^l FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN FOUR ROOM ROW HOUSES GROUP HS TYPES A AND B SCALE , a 19 IS a o ss prn-y UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT DAYTON QHIO ARCHITECTS SCHENCK AND MEAD PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 165 r::^ "ir^^ i^^ pKiiwiiii ■ nil FRONT ELEVATIONS SCALE 10 20 30 '40 50 FEET L juJuuUuLjuuLuUuuLjujLiuLuLlLju l yi BATM / HALL '" I I0 r* ■ 1 1 I I I Ml FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN FIVE ROOM HOUSE TYPE D A A R FRONT ELEVATIONS B' R e;rALE 10 20 30 40 50 FEET °^ b- uJuubuiJuuLuUuuLuLjuuLjuJuu l SIDE ELEVATION ^:, OF A TYPES B AND BR ARE DETACHED HOUSES A ' REVERSE '-"SIDE ELEVATION OF B R FIRST FLOOR PLAN ' SECOND FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM. SEMI-DETACHED HOUSES TYPES A ANDAK cpAi F 5 10 15 SO 25 FEET UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT DAYTON OHIO ARCHITECTS SCHENCK AND WILLIAMS i66 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN ROV/ TWO FLAT HOUSES GROUP X12 TYPES I-II-III SCALE 5 ip 15 SO SS 30 FEET Um u m y b u U u u U u'^ u y i: VI VI R FRONT ELEVATION FIRST FtOOR PLAN VI Reverse SECOND FLOOR PLAN' ROW TWO FLAT HOUSES GROUP Y 12 TYPES JV-V-VI SCALE , B '? . '? =,° ^? =? f^ET tFOqduu|ju Juu LulIumI UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT DAYTON OHIO ARCHITECTS SCHENCK AND WILLIAMS ^m 01 SILm:^^J are-pjoo sv^i SmjaAoo S30t:^i.bi pooAv 31^:^ JO uop3Tu:;suoD l■BI:^u■B:^sqns puB jadojd 9rii. SI 3Jn:^B3j ajq'eq.ou b puB 'saiod SmSuBq ^^.m pat^i; 3JB s:^^soQ -pooS Xjsa si iisiuij jotj3:^ui aqx •paBoqdB]o jo ajSuiqs p sastioq on ajB ajaqx "apysui paxmj uaaq aABq 'oo:^ 'asaqi. puB 'a^i^. qoui-g jsao ooDn:is jo 3JB SJOU3:^x3 J^^l:^o '^pisra pajanj puB 3[Dijq m.o\\o\i jBpads B JO p^:^^^^^suo^ 3jb sjaqt^o an^l-Ai '^l^wq UOmXUOD P3J33U3A JO 3JB S3snoq XuBiu :jb3jS y •3§jBj oo:^ Xpjptia 3ioo^ -qpuiM. 'saifojod pajqBS sq^. jo atu;. 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'AjloB^vso xa%vei aq^. ui asoip JO auo SI pafojd aug; aqx ■a:^BlS puB ^^auq q:^oq aABq aaAvaj jn^s puB 'SnuaAoo jooj a^-B^s aABq Maj XpAi:^BJBdraoo isjouar^xa :^auq aABq si.uaradopAap s^uopBjodJOD aqi. jo sasnoq Maj XpAit^BJBdraoQ •^.saM aqi. no ^.uaoBCpB iCp:|.B -ipararai a:).is jooqos b SuuinboB sa^.Bl;dra^:^uo^ pjBoq looqas aqj^ ■raaq:^ Suipnpui :^ubxibav o^. wevas oo^. si %OBj\ aq:). sb 'sajni.B3j Aimmmnoo jaqp ou 'jaAaA^oq 'a JB ajaqj^ •s:).naravBdB puB saao^-S Jiaj b joj apiSB ps pBo^a a^jBi i-SBg^ uo aSB^-uojj aq^. puB '>iiBd b sb paAjasaj uaaq SBq ^laajo qBras b qi.iM BajB m.o\ y ■sasnoq jo :|.uaraa§aBJj[B snoaSBt^uBApB l-sora aqq. a5.BporaraoooB 01 UBjd aq^. ui pa^aaAip ajaM Xaq:; spai:(.s qSnojq:). a:^Biparaja:).ui Aub jo uoisua:(.xa aq:i. sq-uaAaad ^.UBjd siq:). sy •:(.SBa aq:|. 0% s^too^q Aiaj B :).nB^d oupa^g^ pjauoQ aq:>. o:^ ssaooB jo suBara ^.UBqaodrai we aq 0% paui^-Sap :^nq 'pauadoim :^aX sb 'qi.nos aq:). uo :)aaJ5.Q q:)U3j^ puB ':(.SBa aq^. 05. Suiuuru ajBjqSnojoq^. pdiauud aq:). mou 'q:)aou aq^. uo pBo-g a^iBl :).SB3; 'saxBjqSnoJoq:). om^. uaaAv^aq spua5.xa PBX) aqj^ 'sasodjud Suisnoq joj Xiredraoo stq:). .iCq pajinboB X|snoiAajd BajB ub jo uoi:)jod b si puB 'sSuipjmq JO uoi:)onx)SuoD aq:) joj pajBdajd puB pauiBjp XjiSBa 5.Du:)sip pAa^ jaqq.Ba b si ^.j ■X:)p aq:) puB ^.UB^d aq^. uaa^pq ''o;) oiX)aa^g; ^BjauaQ aq^. JO i.UB]d aq:). jo X:).rapiA aq:) ui si 'auQ^ jo uot)oas dn -^.^inq uiBTO aq:) xuojj sa^tra pjaAas 'a:)is :)SBa aqj^ ("XI 'dBii^ 'saiqc; 33S iiopBimojm aaqynj jo^) •saiXTOBj 09 '\e-iOi isaiiiniBj g 'sasnoq jaoi Isaijira-Ej gz 'sasnoti paqoB^apiuias isanra^J 9^ 'sasnoq paqoBrjad ipapnxisnoo Smsnoji ■sajiiinBj £zz 'jB^orj Isai^itnBj g£ 'ajuatn^jredB isaiximrBj 88 'sasnoq aioj isaijTinBj 09 'sasnoq paqo-Btjapiuias '.S3}ixum} l£ 'sasnoq paqoB^aQ; :pauiiE]d Suisnoji 'sajaB gz-Lz :pautrB|d -Bajy •ajIS JsBa •jadoid X:)p aq^. oi.ui raaq^. a:)BJodj03Ui o:) Xbja. Japim ajaM sSutpaaoojd :)nq 'sauBpunoq a:).BJodjoo aq:) jo apis^-uo ajaM sa:)is aajq^. ^y "saiiiTUBj ool araos pa:)BporaraoD3B qoiqM 'sa:)is :)saA\. puB :)SBa aq:) uo A\iio unSaq uaaq pBq ^fjoM uor) -DnJ5.suoo a3r)sratiB aq:;. jo arai:) aq^. :)b q.nq 'saqraiBj GO?' I SBAV sa:)is aajq:) asaq^. jo .^:)pBdBD Suisnoq jBp:) aqX ■q:)nos aq:) uo auo puB ':)saM aqq. uo auo ':)SBa aq:) uo auo 'sa:)is aajq:) pajnoas asodjnd siq:) JOJ puB 'sasnoq §mp][mq Aq uoi:)Bn:)is aq^. aAaipj o:) pappap uoi:)BJodjo;3 Suisnojj sa:)B:)Q pa^.TUfi^ aqj^ "snouas XiaA auiBoaq ap^ ui Suisnoq JO Xouapijgnsui 'A-^p aq:) :)noqSnojq:) saTj:)snpuT JO saojoj Sui;:5ij;oA\. aq:) o:) suoi:)TppB jaq:)o snojaranu jo puB asBajoui aSjB^ stq:) jo asuBoaq puB 'aojoj jbtojou Jiaqi. sarar) aajq:) :).SBa^ :;b sbm qaiqM 'uara ooo'os araos paXo^draa Aaq^. raaq:) Suoray '03 aSjo^ aijg; aq:) puB ''oq aoqg a5[Bja; UBOijaray aq:) '-03 oix)oa0 jBjaua^ aq:) ajaM saix)snpui jbm :)saSjBy aqx ■-I'B.M^ aqi- Suunp jaqpuB Jo pui^i auo jo Suun:) -OBjnuBra uopiunra 0% paiun:) qorqAi jo qB iCqBoi:) -DBjd 'saij:)snpui snojaranu jo A%p b si h •ooo'oi i :)noqB :^b pa:)Brapsa a\.ou si puB 01 61 jo snsuao aq:) 0% SuipjoooB 000' 8^ SBM aug; jo uor)B]ndod aqj^ •(OT -OW lOafOHd) 'Yd 'aiHS 1 68 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATIOI^. □ ■0®@ □DDDDD DDDDDD PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 169 lyo REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. I* LEGEND C3 SHOWS BUILDINGS COS.- TEA\PLATED NOVEMBER 11.1916 ©APARTMENTS O STORES ©SCHOOL® COMMUNITY BLDC OPARltS AND OPEN SPACES HOUSING-PROJECT ERIE. PA. WEST SITE U.S.DEPARTAAENTOFLABOR BUREAUOFINDUSTRIAL- HOUSING 6 TRANSPORTATION US.HOUSINC CORPORATION A. H.SPAHR.; ARCHITECT C.D.LAY;TOWN PLANNER, CHESTER. I FLEMING ENGINEERS West Site. Area planned: 71.99 acres. Housing planned: Detached houses, 95 families; semidetached houses, 172 families; row houses, 200 families; apartment houses, 32 families; total, 499 families. Housing constructed : Detacliedhouses, 3ofamilies; semidetached houses, 66 families; row houses, 161 families; total, 257 families. (For further information see tables. Chap. IX.) The west site is located west of the city limits directly opposite the east site and about 5 miles distant. It is situated in the vicinity of the American Brake Shoe Co., which manufactures shells and employs 7,500 men, and of the Erie Forge Co., which employs from 3,000 to 5,000 men. It is now reached by West Lake Road, along its north boundary, but the future highway of greater importance is Twelfth Street, which will extend the maiQ backbone of the Erie street system directly through the middle of the tract. It will at once become the means of principal access to the fac- tories served by the project even before it is opened as a highway. A grade crossing elimination is, however, involved before the opening can be com- pleted. This has been contemplated for some time, plans have been drawn, and it is in the class of public works which can be properly carried out as part of the campaign to relieve imemployraent. Access across the tract was planned by Argonne and I/incoln Avenues and the other streets were placed where they would give the maximum num- ber of usable lots of the desired size. The ravine makes a very attractive informal park between the two transverse streets. Roadways are designed to go along the crest on either side. It is hoped these will eventually connect with an extension of this parkway the length of the creek. The store center occupies two blocks in the center of the tract on the north side of Twelfth Street. Opposite it sites for a church and one originally intended for a school were reserved. However, it v/as found that the school district commissioners took a very progressive viewpoint and desired a larger area for a new west side high school to serve both sides, of West Lake Road; therefore the area previously laid out as three resi- dential blocks in the north part of the tract was finally used for school purposes. Alleys are used only where there are group houses. For economy these were concentrated on two streets in the less valuable section of the tract, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Streets, except that groups of three houses were used at several street comers with access from the middle rear yard to the side street in each case by an extension of this yard across the rear of the comer lot. This seems a very desirable expedient to avoid the use of alleys, yet getting a certain number of three- house groups into the plan. The difference in appearance between the east and west tracts is so great as to deserve special mention. In the east development the houses are PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 171 semidetached and single in about equal propor- tions while in the west the great preponderance of buildings are groups of four and six houses. Use has been made of the same house designs for both developments, with the unfortunate result that the gabled porch already mentioned as too large is repeated so often that, looking down the street as one walks along the sidewalk, one sees very little else than slate and lattice. The bodies of the houses are quite lost to view and the spaces be- tween them are entirely obliterated. Had sloping porch roofs been used instead of the gabled roofs the effects mentioned would have been much less apparent. As a matter of fact, none of the groups containing more than two houses has retained the simplicity of character so much to be desired. Strangely enough the rears of the four-house groups are appreciably better in appearance than are their fronts. South Site. Area planned : 115.62 acres. Housing planned: Detached houses, 123 families; semidetached houses, 376 families; row houses, 240 families; apartment houses, 86 families; total, 825 families. (Project discontinued. For further information see tables. Chap. IX.) The south site is directly south of the center of the city and is approximately 4 miles from either of the other sites and between them. It lies in the direction of the largest natural growth of better-class residences and was intended to serve the industries of the conununity generally. The topography of this site is generally rolling, and it undoubtedly would have been an exceedingly pleasing develop- ment. However, the south site never got beyond the plan stage. All of the sites are intended for the occupation of rather highly skilled workmen and their families, and, with the exception of the south site, are readily accessible by means of street railway service. It was intended, in the case of the south site, to revise the street railway lines leading in that direction and to do considerable construction on the streets outside of the city in order to make this part of the project convenient of access for workers. All of the sites being outside of the city proper, it was necessary to construct all utilities, consisting of water-supply mains, sewers, electric lights, pave- ments, sidewalks, and other minor facilities. It was practical, however, to connect both the water and sewer with the mains of the city of Erie, and particularly in the case of water advantageous arrangements were made with the city to bear part of the expense. The sewers are of the separate system. The sanitary sewers in the case of the west site would have connected to a small private sewer; in the east site, to a sewer built by the General Electric Co. for their own development; and in the south site, to the city sewers. Ultimately all of the sewers would have been a part of the Erie system. The city of Erie is served by two electric-lighting companies, one of which, however, does all the street lighting. This company contracted, without cost to the Housing Corporation, to extend its street-lighting mains and to install lights of the same character as those provided for the rest of the city. These lights are to be of the standard magnetite arc, and the Housing Corporation is to pay a yearly rental for them at the same rate as is paid by the city of Erie. All street walks are to be of cement-concrete; house walks of gravel. The street paving is to be ptirely of a temporary character, consisting of cinders of granulated slag to a depth of 6 inches. -9 172 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. FRONT ELEVATION 'SIDE ELEVATION REAR" ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION SCALE . IP . g° . 3.0 . •'O . =,0 . FEET buJuuLuUuuLuLluuLjuJuuLu J LTcH 1. 1 1 1 1 1 laundpyJIt PORCH DINfNG ROO 1 tivmff ROOM' FIRST FLOOR PLAN FIVE ROOM HOUSE SECOND FLOOR PLAN type: loi b ^^^"-^ u-M^a^^L ^ ^fu u^a ,^5 " "^^^^ FRONT ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION REAR ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM HOUSE TYPE 102.B SCALE, ....?... '?. ; . .'?. . = 1 ° , . = P FEET UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT ERIE PA ARCHITECT ALBERT H SPAHR PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 173 SECTION FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM HOUSE TYPE 103 B SCALE 5 '° '? gp g,3 FEET =''-^'-'^ l=|- L-l U l-J LJ U l-J L-J -LJ- LJ U L-J lJ UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT ERIE PA ARCHITECT ALBERT H SPAHR 118791°— 19— VOL 2 13 174 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. SECTION FIRST FLOOR PLAN r SIX ROOM SEMI-DETACHED HOUSES TYPES 20 3 P UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT ERIE PA ARCHITECT ALBERT H SPAHR PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 175 / K e' 0"" s is' o- a.' 8 s" ■0" r 0" SECTION I I FIRST FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM ROW HOUSES SCALE , LjUi-jb-iLjLw JLjLj g- SECOND FLOOR PLAN TYPE 3 O 1 P 2,o 5s FEET UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATJON DEVELOPMENT AT ERIE PA ARCHITECT ALBERT H SPAHR 176 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. FIRST FLOOR PLAN FIVE ROOM ROW HOUSES SCALE, s -lo IS ao bs fc-c-t Li LJ U L^ l_j bj-cr-cJ- LJ L^ U u 6 d "^EET SECOND FLOOR PLAN TYPES -402 AND 402 R UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT ERIE PA ARCHITECT ALBERT H SPAHR PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 177 UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT ERIE PA ARCHITECT ALBERT H SPAHR HAMMOND, IND. (PROJECT NO. 457). Aiea planned: 19.55 acres. Housing planned and constructed: Detached houses, 86 families, 7 of these being in boarding houses; semidetached houses, 36 families^ 4 of these being in boarding houses convertible into two semidetached dwellings each; row houses, 52 families. Total, 174 families. Seventy-eight single persons housed In boarding houses. (For further information see tables, Chap. IX.) Hammond, Ind., is in the center of a large manufacturing district, including the steel town of Gary, and Bast Chicago, Whiting, Holliston, etc. There are no visible lines of demarkation between these northern Indiana and adjacent Illinois towns, in fact the sanitary and utility problems are very closely united. The poptdation within the corpor- ate limits of Hammond was approximately 30,000 in 1918. There is a very large foreign element in the population. The Standard Steel Car Co. and the works for the Ordnance Department are located near the west ■edge of the city of Hammond. While the general transportation both by interurban electric cars and by steam line was not particularly insufficient throughout the northern Indiana industrial district, the Standard Steel Car Co. was poorly supplied by .any transportation for workmen. The United States Housing Corporation was 'instrumental in making several improvements in transportation in the Hammond district. A special train was put into operation on the " Nickle Plate " Railroad between the Standard Steel Car Co. plant ;and Englewood, Chicago, with no expense to the Housing Corporation. A loan of approximately $315,000 was made by the Housing Corporation to the Hammond, Whiting and East Chicago Railway Co. to enable them to imdertake six separate sections of track construc- tion, and to buy 10 double-track four-motor passen- ger cars. Orders were placed for these cars, which are now tmder construction. The work on the additional trackage and repairs as specified in the contract is well under way. When the construction is completed, it is believed that with the new cars, the joint operation over the tracks of the two street car lines in Hammond, and the routing of cars to avoid the down-town district of Hammond, all trafl&c congestion will be elimi- nated. There were no particular problems, for the time being, in housing the common labor of the foreign type, who were quite willing and even preferred to 178 live in the cheaper type of buildings, such as bar- racks or tar-paper covered shacks of their own con- struction. The difiiculty was to meet the more serious problem of providing a home and living quarters for skilled mechanics of the higher grade. The housing development at Hammond was started as a private proposition by the Standard Steel Car Co. For several years prior to the war this company had operated a housing development for common labor on land adjacent to the housing site with which the housing corporation was later concerned. This private development consists of some three blocks of large two and three story wooden tenements closely crowded together, without any pretension or effort at attractiveness in appear- ance, surroundings, or particular cleanliness. At the outbreak of the war the Standard Steel Car Co. was awarded a contract by the Ordnance De- partment involving the construction of shrapnel and 9-inch guns. The car company undertook to make provision for the increased number of war workers. The Ordnance Department assisted in the planning of the housing and there appears to have been some understanding with the Ordnance Department as to future Government assistance. Early in the summer of 191 8 the Standard Steel Car Co. had completed the erection of a large brick hotel building and the construction of concrete paved sidewalk, the necessary grading, and a sys- tem of combined sewers upon the selected tract of land, just north of their above-mentioned tenement houses and adjacent to the car company's plant. The Hammond development is located adjacent to a main thoroughfare known as Columbia Road and in close proximity to the car works. It is half or three-quarters of a mile from any store centers. The surrounding territory to the east is sparsely covered with small newly-built houses put up by real estate speculators. The buildings occupied by workmen of higher order, in and about Hammond, consist mainly of one and two story frame detached houses and bmigalows. The prices of these ran from $2,200 to $5,000, including land. PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 179 ■:i A V JtfVTd OX t N o jL-y o w IS vs tt ^ » * %- -1 p> m * * * « ^ ■p hi <15 a 1- ■ « ' • ". * « • ■ V • ^ * w « • fr^ * ■jAy ais/j ■3AV nn?f3W ■ } A « « ■ ■ « tf 1 ft m * ■ ■ . it /a V ^ >-* if SIHTtOW ^i JiSaNVlHOIH l8o REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. oIbath to V ,peo ROOM t ^ CLO. \ ^. HALL IclIcL. BED ROOM iN fc^! B£D ROOM FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN WHEN CONVERTED TO SIX ROOM SEMI-DETACHED HOUSES ^ ■,sf--"rv4 ■ SCALE s '? '? s,° =5 FEET LiuUuL-lLlLJlJ LJubLj d FRONT ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION SCALE . 10 20 30-40 5.0 .FEET REAR ELEVATION BCD ROOM A I . - 11 to .^ LAV 1 * y ■^CLO. CLO. It. HALL ^ I I SECOND. FLOOR PLAN TO ENLARGE DININS ROOM . ,M,„„„i„„ INDICATES PARTITION TO BE REMOVED :";zi:"::: INDICATES FARTITION TO BE ADDED ^. 5 lO 15 20 ES FEET UulJuuUuU.ulj U_j-lU FIRST FLOOR PLAN FOURTEEN ROOM BOARDING HOUSE TYPE G CONVERTIBLE TO SEMI-DETACHED HOUSES UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT HAMMOND IND ARCHITECT JOSEPH C LLEWELLYN PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. I»I The ground of the housing site is slightly rolling and very Uttle above the elevation of Lake Michigan, so that surface water is close to the ground and drainage is a serious problem. The soil, except for a few inches of black loam, is water-bearing sand and quicksand. The water supply at Hammond is under munici- pal ownership and management. The city, at its own cost, installed all the water mains required for the housing development. These mains were laid sometimes in the street, but generally at the rear of the lots. A system of combined sewers was built by the Standard Steel Car Co., consisting mostly of vitri- fied pipe laid in water-bearing sand which required the use of well points for installation. Likewise, the Steel Car Co. graded up and laid a complete system of paving within the development. This paving is of a very high grade, 20 feet in width, of concrete with combined curb and gutter. Con- crete sidewalks were built adjacent to the cturbs. Contrary to the practice throughout this section of the country, no alleys were provided for in the rear of the lots. Hammond and the adjacent territory is supplied 'With gas and "electricity by the Northern Indiana Gas & Electric Co. Prior to the war it was the uni- versal custom for this company, as well as all gas and electric companies, to extend their mains and make house connections free of charge to prospec- tive customers. The financial conditions brought about by the war were particularly severe on these private utiHty companies. The demand for their services maintained itself or even increased, but the fixed rates before established by the public utility companies of the State did not increase to meet the pace of the rapidly rising cost of labor, cast-iron pipe, and other materials. In the neigh- boring State of IlUnois this condition was recog- nized in part by the State Utilities Commission, which commission passed an order in 191 8 requir- ing consumers to pay for these house connections. While no such provision was made by the Indiana Public Utility Commission, the Northern Indiana Gas & Electric Co. insisted that extension of mains to the house connections be paid for by the con- sumers, although the company agreed to reimburse the consumer in five annual payments. Protests were filed with the Housing Corporation at Wash- ington against this action of the public utiUty com- pany, maintauiing that this action of the company stopped a very considerable amount of house con- struction of the cheaper grade of workmen's dwell- ings. As a result of negotiations between the repre- sentatives of the United States Housing Corporation and the Public Service Co. of Northern Indiana, extending over a period of several weeks, it was finally agreed that the Northern Indiana Co. would, with the assistance of the War Finance Board, issue its notes to the extent of $17,000 and would install for the Government, within the Hammond Steel Car Co.'s development, all of the mains and house connections free of charge. Inasmuch as the mains for water, gas, and elec- tricity, and sewerage to some extent were located at the rear of the lots, and as the town plan pro- Added no alleys, contrary to the usual custom, there immediately arose the question of providing, in a legal and satisfactory manner for both parties an easement for these utiUties. The mayor of Hammond agreed to waive, in behalf of a Government war development, the general local preference for alleys and local customs of garbage collection, providing adequate legal right of way was granted for the water mains which the city had installed. The Northern In- diana Gas & Electric Co. have insisted on a written right-of-way agreement for the installation of their gas mains and pole lines. A form of agree- ment providing for a 12 -foot easement was prepared by the Legal Division of the United States Housing Corporation to meet this peculiar condition. The first impression one gets of this project is its sombreness, due to the fact that all the wood- covered houses are stained gray instead of being painted in the colors generally applied to clap- boards. All the roofs, too, are of one color — green — this covering being asphalt shingles. There are a few red brick houses, but even these as well as the white trim of the houses do not greatly improve the dullness of the effect as a whole. A great im- provement would result if color were introduced. We have here four type plans of two-story houses (three six-room and one seven-room), also semi- detached houses and bungalows, all so developed as to produce different elevations. There are also boarding houses. The plan types are quite sufficient in number to give interest, and the exteriors are harmonious, the grouping giving variety without any feeling of unrest. The project has not been rigidly subjected to the rulings of the War Industries Board, for here we have I82 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. window-box details of good construction, a good quality of trim and flooring, and cold-air returns to the furnaces covered with metal register faces in- stead of the comparatively flimsy wood lattices used elsewhere. The exterior design of these houses is exceedingly simple, the cornices and overhangs of roofs and porches being sufficient, yet not too heavy. The windows as a rule are larger than is usually found in houses of this type, giving to the rooms a maxi- mum of light and ventilation. Kitchens and living rooms are of good size, the fixtures being well placed and not the least cramped. The general aspect of the houses on the long streets is pleasing, especially the variety introduced by the curving streets. ILION, N. y. (PROJECT NO. 578). Area planned: 17.11 acres. Housing planned; Detached houses, 90 families; semidetached houses, 40 families; total, 130 families; 168 single workers in convertible RP/>sp.Ty ^z>v^- ilrtj Fl^l|p|Tkplrtr CROSS |iiiiiiiiiiii3p /|«PiK^P^4^ap«K S T. 111^ to «*»fF TVO D L A N D m ta ri m « ph li p » vi hP w m M P P > «k P » q II ■In k DSCilli "=> i Qj j f f •+■■ h P .1 ■* ft *Mt PP D ■ r I F T H ■: DJG ■A V E .■ T r n P ,/■ □ r LEGEND □ EXISTING BLDING. — PROPEIUY LINE .HOUSING PROJECT ILION. NEW YORK. U.S.DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU or INDUSTRIAL HOUSING 6 TRANSPORTATION U.S.HOUSINC CORPORATION WALKER tCILLETTE:ARCHT5. U.5.H.C-i.CHILD:roWN PLANNER H.C.WELLER.:ENGINEER 1918 O 50 100 ISO i86 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM HOUSE TYPE B 2 UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT ILION N Y ARCHITECTS WALKER AND GILLETTE PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 187 SECTION FIRST FLOOR PLAN j SECOND FLOOR PLAN SEMI-DETACHED SIX ROOM HOUSES TYPES C2 AND C2 R SCALE' , ,,,,-? !£ i£ g.o ■ a s FEET Ui-jlJi-jljL-iljUl--] ljU i-j -p j ■^=■'=•1 UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT ILION N Y ARCHITECTS WALKER AND GILLETTE REPORT UNITED STATES EOUSING CORPORATION. FIRST FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM HOUSE SECQND FLOOR PLAN TYPE B:3 FRONT ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION E Reverse FIVE ROOM SEMI-DETACHED HOUSES TYPES E AND ER FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN SCALE. 5 i p IB g | ° g .s FEET UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT ILION N Y ARCHITECTS WALKER AND GILLETTE INDIANAPOLIS, IND. (PROJECT NO. 1314). Area planned: 3.85 acres. Housing planned; 193 persons in convertible donnitories. (Project discontinued. For further infortaation see tables, Chap. IX) USKIWMEKTlFUKin BUDEAU0ritinj5IRULHDUSIK JNOTBAnSPCrailOll USl HOUSING CORPOflATlon GENERAL PLAN For Housing Development At Indianapolis , Indiana DESIGnWS usBousiriGaiimRAiion-Mcili l)5nt-CJtBiH5D[lL-T0mi PlAflnEB AnHOQRE-ENGINECR The Stenotype Co.'s factory, which was engaged diiring the war in the manufacture and loading of small bombs for aeroplane and trench use, is located at Mars Hill, which is a subtu-b 5 nules from the center of Indianapolis, owned by the Greater Indianapolis Industrial Association as a private venture and an adjunct to the activities of the association. Three thousand lots have been plotted, but only about 100 small houses have been constructed. The Stenotype Co. employed about 1,200 women, who came mostly from the siurrounding country, from homes of some refinement, and who had gone into the work as a war duty. The housing facilities in the neighborhood of the factory being poor and the transportation to 118791°— 19— VOL 2 14: Indianapolis being inadequate, it was difficult to keep sufficient help. The Housing Corporation, having been appealed to and having investigated the situation, chose a site of about 6)4 acres on the level land within 500 feet of the factory. On this site there was a large bam, exceptionally well built as a fancy stock bam. This site had been reserved by the Industrial Association for factory purposes, but there was no serious objection to it for war-time residential uses. The bam was to be remodeled as a cafeteria and clubhouse. The housing provided was to be in dormitories, each convertible into two semidetached houses. For better appearance and greater compactness, these buildings were to be arranged around a court, the open space serving as a general recreation ground. The general contract had been let and work was proceeding when, on the signing of the armistice, the project was abandoned. 189 190 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. FRONT ELEVATION ALTERNATE FRONT ELEVATION SCALE . . 19 . gp . 30 .y s o FEET TWENTY ROOM DORMITORY U S H C TYPE A CONVERTIBLE TO SIX ROOM SEMI-DETACHED HOUSES DiNrNG ROOM \ KrrCHEN V La >fcd LIVING ROOM FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN DORMITORY U S H C TYPE A CONVERTED TO SIX ROOM SEMI-DETACHED HOUSES SCALE . s 10 IS ao as pFFT 1-1 U L-1 LJ U LJ -Cd LJ LJ Ll LJ Ed UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT INDIANAPOLIS IND U S H C INDIANHEAD, MD. (PROJECT NO. 496). Aiea planned; 180.80 acres. Housing planned: Detached houses, 146 families; apartment houses, 44 families; total, 190 families; temporary dormitories, 1,400 persons. Housing constructed: Detached houses, 100 families; temporary dormitories, 99 persons, (For further information see tables, Chap. IX.) The proving ground, and the smokeless-powder works of the United States Navy are both located at Indianhead, a peninsula at the junction of Matta- woman Creek and the Potomac River, 25 miles south of Washington on the Maryland shore. There is a straggling village of about 40 houses here, lo- cated mostly on land owned by the NaAry Depart- ment. The smokeless-powder works occupy about 600 acres, south of Charles County Road, extending for three-quarters of a mile to Mattawoman Creek. The gun proving is carried on from emplacements and other equipment on the river front near the older dock. Headquarters and official residences of the commandant and his principal assistants are near by. When the Housing Corporation first became con- cerned with the project there were three kinds of workers needing housing. First, there were the permanent employees of the powder works, about 1,100, over 400 of them being skilled raechanics, chemists, and the hke; the remainder common la- borers, a large number of whom were Negroes. Over half of these permanent employees were married, and the existing housing conditions were such that many of them came daily by jitney or otherwise from points 15 or 20 miles away. This permanent force was to be increased to 4,000 within a year. Second, there were the men permanently employed in the proving of guns: 175 civilians and something over 200 enlisted men, including officers. Third, there were the laborers employed in con- structing an addition to the powder works, about 1 ,000, mostly single men living in temporary' bunk houses, nearly half of them being Negroes. For the housing site there was chosen about 180 acres of Government-owned land within three- quarters of a mile of both the powder works and the proving ground. The site is a partly wooded up- land, north of Charles County Road, averaging 100 feet above the Potomac, well drained and fairly level. The western portion is indented by several steep-sided ravines, heavily wooded. A small rec- tangular street development had already been started upon the bits of level woodland lying be- tween these ravines and north of Charles County Road. East of this was the area to be newly de- veloped, although the scheme included completing the grading and utiHties for this earlier develop- ment also. The existing utilities installed by the Navy could be readily extended into the new work. In the matter of water supply there is some departure from the ordinary situation in that it was necessary to install a double system of water mains, for fire protection and domestic consump- tion. The reason for this is that the powder fac- tories require such a large amount of pure water which must be obtained from artesian wells that the amount left for domestic consumption is limited. Potomac River water, however, could be obtained in large quantities, and as the powder factories require a large and high-powered fire pump outfit, this could easily supply the fire pro- tection for the houses also. Building materials can be delivered conveniently, being received from the Government-owned railroad and switch tracks less than half a mile from the site. These connect with the docks at the river and cars are brought by Government-owned tugs on car floats from the Washington Navy Yard. A 14-mile branch con- necting Indianhead with the Pennsylvania system is under contract. Charles County Road crosses the Government reservation from east to west, running nearly level and about 100 feet above the Potomac, which bor- ders the reservation at the north and west. Just outside the reservation and south of Charles Comity Road are the few stores, the post office, and a bank. Not far away is a chiurch and a very inadequate school building. Other than the strag- gling village, the area for miles around is farming land, com and tobacco being the principal crops. After investigation and consultation in detail with the Navy officials concerned, the Housing Corporation planned for the following facilities: (a) Post office, to be built by Navy Department; (b) school; (c) 100 or more detached houses with ample yards, for homes for skilled workers in the powder works, some of whom it was expected would take at least one boarder; (d) eight or more four- family apartment houses of a type already in use in 191 192 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. the little village, for skilled workmen with small families; (e) six or more dormitories for single men, 34 to a building, for unskilled labor of powder works; (/) two large brick barrack buildings of a type selected by the Navy Department, to be occupied by marines; {g) several acreage lots to be developed in the future as homes of commanding ofl&cers and administration officials; Qi) a fire sta- tion; (*) a band stand. The design of the new development is simple. On the available area nearest to the powder plant and proving grotmd, but removed from the through public road, was placed the "village green" sur- rounded by houses, and connected with the previous housing scheme. The green occupies the broadened upper portion of the little valley which farther to the west becomes a wooded ravine. At the lower western end of the green, and so in the center of the whole development and well connected with all parts of it, are the post office and fire station. A large tree which was saved between these two buildings furnished a chance for variety and in- terest without making the road scheme any less practical. At the eastern end of the green on a gentle knoll is the school, next to the playground. The main architectural structitres of the scheme are thus concentrated in one composition for use- fulness and for appearance as well. The rest of the upland between the rectilinear scheme of the green and the river bluff is more uneven. It is laid out in gently curving roads fitting the rolhng ground surface and giving lots increasing in size as they get farther from the village center. All the streets except Earlesway are 50 feet wide. The pavement in most cases is 18 feet in width; Jiedge allowance, 2 feet; sidewalk, 4 feet; planting strip, 10 feet. Earlesway has a total width of 70 feet with a central mall 14 feet wide, 16-foot road- ways on either hand, bordered by 6-foot tree lawns, 4-foot walks, and 2-foot allowance for hedging. The roads and walks are built of local gravel with road oil. Street trees in the planting strips are approximately 40 feet apart. Eots facing the village green are to have privet hedges on the street line and on division lines as far back as the house lines. Sample lots, 10 in number, are to have shrubbery groups; and 7 other lots are to have sample orchards to encourage the lot holders to develop their own places. Most lots have a frontage of 75 feet and a depth of from 150 to 200 feet. All the steeply sloping land of the ravines and bluffs, most of which is now covered with beautiful forest growth, including oaks, gum trees, holly, and native shrubbery, is to be set aside for a natural park. The only houses constructed are detached six- room houses of two different plan types, from corporation standards. There are four different exterior designs. These houses are constructed of frame with all side walls of shingles and all painted white. The roofs are covered with slate-surfaced asphalt shingles, in some cases green and in others reddish-brown. Slight changes in appearance have been given the houses by varying the designs of the porches and by painting the outside blinds dif- ferent colors. Viewing the project as a whole, we find too much similarity. The houses individually are of good design though somewhat stilted in appearance — a fault which could readily have been overcome by making the front windows of the second story somewhat less in height and lowering the roof. Referring to other projects, where more varieties of exterior designs have been used, we see with certainty how much better the project would look if some of the houses were of a more distinctly different type — if, for instance, a gambrel-roofed house had been introduced at certain points. Then, too, an improvement would have resulted if, instead of all houses being v/hite, some of them had been of different tone. The dormitories are the corporation's standard type. Rigid economy in the expenditure of funds neces- sitated the abandonment of the well-conceived schoolhouse first designed, the central hall of which (the village hall) was to have had for its motif the south fagade of Mount Vernon. This would have been a far more fitting, not to say beautiful, terminal building for the village green than the present structure. Then, too, the first plans for the post office at the other end of the green were abandoned for a cheaper design pre- pared by the Bureau of Yards and Docks, the Navy- Department fimiishing the funds for this building. As the village green was designed with these two buildings as first planned particularly in view, there is a material loss in effect. PROTECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 193 194 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 195 FRONT ELEVATION gs- a' Bath SIDE ELEVATION I I £D ROOM FIRST FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM HOUSE JL^:| a I I SECOND FLOOR PLAN TYPE AS FRONT ELEVATION 4, iila:_ clqIclK p SIDE ELEVATION = U'lTCUC-M u. T DINING ROOM LIVING ROOM a. I I ■t^ l I I I. -% FIRST FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM HOUSE SECOND FLOOR PLAN TYPE Bl SCALE . s 19 15 gp 5 5 FEET b- LjUuu LiLjJuuLjuiJ UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT INDIAN HEAD MD ARCHITECTS DONN AND DEMING 196 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. PORCH ,r > [ □□a i DINING ROOM KITCHEN S; m LIVING OOOM i 71^555 ^ z ^ ]L BED ROOM u fir FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM HOUSE TYPE A 1 SCALE , LJlJljljUi-iUi-il-i L^r -p-lJ ' UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT INDIAN HEAD MD ARCHITECTS DONN AND DEMING PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 197 SECOND FLOOR PLAN ■ i- PORCH ^TOrLEH SR I IEJ "H-^ zi -A FIRST FLOOR PLAN DORMITORY SCALE, ^ ' 9 ■ 2.0 ■ 3.0 . ^ 9 . SO FEET IT SECTION UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT INDIAN HEAD MD ARCHITECTS DONN AND DEMING 198 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. FLOOR PLAN SCHOOL SCALE , 10 go 30 ip . so FEET UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT INDIAN HEAD MD ARCHITECTS DONN AND DENAING DAHLGREN, VA. (INDIANHEAD) : NAVAL PROVING GROUND LOWER STATION (PROJECT NO. 496-A) . Area planned: 166.S0 acres. Housing planned: Detached houses, 38 tamiles; semidetached houses, 40 families; apartment houses, 4 families. Total, 82 families. 460 persons in dormitories. (For further information see tables, Chap. IX.) The facilities for gun proving at the Indianhead Station have become so inadequate that the Navy Department is estabhshing a new proving ground about 20 miles farther down the river on the Virginia shore where Machodoc Creek enters the Potomac. Here the department owns several htmdred acres of low-lying lands, the easterly por- tion of which is to be set aside for gun proving work; and when present plans are completed facili- ties as regards range, equipment, convenience, and effectiveness will be the best in the world. The work here will be administered from the Indian- head office and the proving of small gtms and experimental work will still continue at Indian- head. Upon the westerly part of the tract, about half a mile from the gtm emplacements, the new village of Dahlgren is to be so located that danger from accident will be reduced to a minimum, all build- ings being out of the way of the fragments of burst- ing guns or shells. Plans and advice only were requested of the United States Housing Corporation, the Navy De- partment furnishing the ftmds and intending to carry out the project a little at a time as circum- stances may require. The town is to be created de novo. The construction force in their tem- porary barracks comprise the present population. The population to be housed, as the plans now stand, includes the following Hst, although it is expected that as the station develops and the gun proving at Indianhead is more completely discon- tinued the number of employees of the various grades will be materially increased at Dahlgren, and it was especially requested that our plans provide opportunity for considerable expansion : (a) Commandant of station; (b) 20 or more commis- sioned officers with families, part of whom would be jtmior commissioned officers, who would prefer semidetached houses, some without children pre- ferring apartments; (c) 20 or more married warrant officers, some of whom would prefer semidetached houses and some without children preferring apart- ments; (d) 20 or more unmarried commissioned officers; (e) 20 or more unmarried warrant officers; (/) 75 or more immarried civilians, two-thirds of whom would be skilled workers ; (g) 6 or 8 married officers of marines; (h) an uncertain number of civilian laborers ; (i) 300 marines in barracks. About 200 acres of the Government-owned land is available for housing and recreation. It is low- lying, with slight changes in elevation, the highest point being but 18 feet above tide level. There are four long narrow marshy areas extending into the property from the river. These are to be filled to a level of 3 or 4 feet above tide with material dredged for the new dock and its ap- proach channel. Except for this, the required grading operations will be very slight. These low areas are fringed with trees and shrubs. There is very Httle good topsoil; the subsoil is clay and hardpan, with no ledge. On the whole, the land is well adapted to subdivision and building. The Potomac River, which at this point is nearly 4 miles wide, borders the tract on the east ; Machodoc Creek is the southern boundary, and the reservation extends north to include several hundred acres, with a right of way nearly a mile in length to the nearest highway. North and west are great areas of open Virginia farms. Fredericksburg, the near- est city of any size, is 25 miles west. Access is at present entirely by water. The Navy Department has built a modem dock with facilities for handling car floats and freight, and cars are towed down the river from Washington or up from Norfolk. There is now a system of trackage on the property, with sidings half a mile or less from the projected development. There are no utiUties at present, and the differ- ences in elevation are so sHght that while surface- water drainage can readily be directed into bays, creek, or river, house sewerage will require two to three small separate disposal plants. Drinking water is obtained from an artesian well, and an electric-Ught plant has been installed in connection with the water- works plant. At present all traffic originates at the dock and all streets are residential. When the road over the 199 200 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. right of way to the State highway north and west is completed, Sampson and Welsh Roads might be termed arterial streets. Streets are in general 50 feet wide between property lines, with an 18-foot roadway of oiled macadam, 12-foot planting strip (permitting pavement widening) with trees 40 to 50 feet apart, and 4-foot sidewalks with no hedge allowance. All land being Government-owned, hedges, if planted, could be inside the property Hne. While the differences in elevations are sHght there has been a careful adaptation of road profile to existing topography. Paved alleys 18 feet wide will serve the rear entrances of the post office, stores, Colonnade Row, and the hospital, with a branch to the community garage and stable. The dock being the starting point of all traffic from the water, " Dock Square " is provided for con- venient distribution and handling of freight and troops. To the east Sampson Road and the rail- road tracks lead to the proving grounds. To the west Sampson' Row and its inclosing stieets give sites for the group of village stores and a "movie hall," and for the post office and the fire station, while between the "Row" and the water front in a 3-acre park is the headquarters building. The ample area, the ability to secure good up- keep and poUcing, the need of some large open space for men inarching and drilHng, made it reasonable to design a number of large formal tree- framed spaces which offer good vistas. These are: Sampson Row west to Sampson Square with its bandstand; Village Green south to the water tower in Dock Square, the tower to be well designed and to serve as a look-out: and Marines Parade, enframed by foxu: rows of trees with the large brick barracks for marines at the north and broad stretches of the Potomac River at the south. All of one of the, minor headlands, about 4 acres, is reserved for the commandant's home. Next north a larger level area, "Cafifee Crescent," offers a neighborhood of homes for married com- missioned officers. Further north beyond "Cove Park," Holden Road and Holden Circle serve an- other neighborhood, the married warrant oificers. Near the marine barracks are the sites for homes of officers in charge of marines. Since all the land is under Government owner- ship there is not the usual distinction of public parks from private property, but obviously ample area for outdoor rest and recreation is provided which will be held safe from any further conges- tion or use for incongruous purposes. House walks will be determined later when archi- tectural plans are developed. Every home is given land enough for flower and vegetable gardens to be developed by the residents. Platting of lots will be informal. Detached houses are given lots with frontages of from 75 to 100 feet, and depth varying from 150 to 250 feet. Semidetached houses are on lots with frontages averaging 75 feet and depths of from 150 to 250 feet. In general, houses are from 30 to 35 feet from street lines. There is considerable variety in the orientation of houses, partly for the purpose of giving each home a water view. Besides the vari- ous buildings already mentioned sites were set aside as requested for a small hotel and a hospital. The apartment house and the bachelors' quarters are proposed to be of harmonious if not uniform architecture. Colonial in style, each with a colon- naded porch, whence the name Colonnade Row. Northwest of the marines' barracks much of the large area of open land is to be developed for a community farm with a house for the farm super- intendent facing Crossways Park. Directly north of the marines' barracks several acres of the nearly level land could be used for football, polo, aviation, or camp grounds on occasion. PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 20I sg)@@@@9s@@@oeoe0BO -d^yifsr D^ivoj.od ox KENILWORTH, N. J. (PROJECT NO. 607). SITE C— Area planned: 0.67 acre. Housing planned: Dormitories, 78 persons. SITE D.— Area planned: 0.29 acre. Housing planned: Dormitories, 26 persons. SITE E.— Area planned: 5.25 acres. Housing planned: Semidetached houses, 52 families. (Project discontinued. For further information see tables, Chap. IX.) The village of Kenilworth, which had about i ,500 inhabitants before the war, is situated some 6 miles westerly of the city of Elizabeth. The plant of the American Can Co., in Kenilworth was princi- pally engaged in shell loading and had 1,600 em- ployees in July, 1 91 8, a large number of them being girls living in the nearby towns, and some foreign labor, single men mostly, for whom no reasonable accommodations were to be had in this small village. The Housing Corporation planned to build 52 semi-detached houses for the families of the better class of skilled labor and for foremen, and in addi- tion boarding houses for foremen and clerks, for common labor, and for negro labor. The village has trolley connections with the city of Elizabeth and is an attractive semirural district which would have made residences at this point not undesirable. This development, being located in a small village, has no general utilities with the exception of water supply. The utilities, therefore, are of as simple a character as possible. No pavements are to be con- structed. The village is served by a private water company, which readily agreed to extend the small amount of mains required. These will be 6 inches in diameter. The water is filtered, and the pressure is high, so that the fire protection will be of the best. As there is no general sewer system and the soil is of a sandy character, cesspools were designed for each house and for each boarding house. The village of Kenilworth is part of a sanitary district which is still in its preliminary stage, and when this is completed Kenilworth will have adequate sewers to which this development would have been con- nected, thus obviating the necessity of cesspools. From the sites as chosen it was about a mile to the railroad station, one-half a mile to the churches,. 2 miles to the high school, a short walking distance to the factory and to a grade school, and a 5-cent fare by street car to Elizabeth. No particular distinction was obtainable by grouping the houses, but there was something gained in appearance by giving a greater setback to the central houses of the blocks. Each yard was to be planted with shrubbery with a fruit tree and surrounding hedge, and vines upon the house. SECTION B-B SECTION A-A Nofe: Casapool designed ("o serve 26 persons U.S.DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OFINDUSTRIAL HOUSING 6 TRANSPORTATION U.S.HOUSiNG CORPORATION ENGINEERING CESSPOOL FOR SINGLE DORMITORY AS PROPOSED FOR KENILWORTH, NEW JERSEY LOWELL, MASS. (PROJECT NO. 398). BOSTON & MAINE RAILROAD SITE Area planned: 3.57 acres. Housing planned: 170 single men in dormitories. HIGH SCHOOL SITE.— Area planned: 2.23 acres. Housing plaimed; 202 single women in dormitories. HIGH SCHOOL EXTENSION SITE.— Area planned : 9.18 acres. Housing planned: detached houses, 19 families; semidetached houses, 60 families; apartments, I families; total, 83 families. LIVINGSTON SITE. — ^Area planned : 6.01 acres. Housing planned : detached houses, 16 families; semidetached houses, 24 families; total, 40 families. (Project discontinued. For further information see tables, Chap. IX.) Lowell, Mass., one of New England's oldest indus- trial communities, had among its many manufac- turing plants several that were engaged in produc- ing munitions or their accessories. These war in- dustries had absorbed a large number of employees from local nonessential industries and had brought in many additional workers, of whom a large per- centage were unmarried women. The sudden in- crease of War Department orders to these con- cerns with the ensuing labor increase entailed a serious housing problem, for the city's other varied interests were already experiencing housing diffi- culties. Investigation showed that the city was not badly underbuilt and could readily furnish lodging for a considerable percentage of the un- married workers. There are many large cotton mills here and a large foreign population, which includes Greeks and Armenians in great numbers. The grades of workers to be served by the United States Housing Corporation projects included skilled and semiskilled mechanics. The problem resolved itself into building a comparatively small number of houses with a few stores, building dormitories with cafeterias for unmarried workers, and provid- ing additional cafeteria service for workers lodged in private houses. The problem of sites was complicated by the fact that the industries concerned were located in two or three districts ; no one of them was far from the center of the city, but the built-up area made it difficult to find sufficient land near them. The dormitories were planned for two sites, one of three buildings for men and one of four for women, each site with a cafeteria. The wo- men's group was provided with a clubhouse with caf^ service. Houses were planned of four, five, and six rooms, single and semidetached types, situated on two widely separated tracts. The largest tract chosen, "High Street extension," is directly east of and less than half a mile from the principal industrial district. Here a platted and accepted street layout was followed with little change. ■9 The Livingston tract is a little over a mile west of the industries concerned. Part of this tract slopes steeply, with a short unopened street. Lupin Street, planned diagonally across the slope. As thus located, this street would have involved heavy grading and very steep gradient. Further- more, it came at such a point that the lots facing it would have been unduly deep. It was therefore diverted to follow more along the slope, thus reduc- ing the gradient and producing better shaped lots. At the east end of this street, across the already paved Livingston Street, was another piece also deeper than necessary. In its center along Liv- ingston Street were some very fine oak trees. The plan, therefore, provided a secondary roadway embracing these trees in a small park and provid- ing access to a larger number of building sites of reasonable depth than could have been arranged along the straight frontage of Livingston Street. On the north along the main thoroughfare, Middlesex Street, a group of extra deep lots were dedicated for a local playground, much needed in this section. It will be seen, therefore, that al- though the tract provided for but 40 houses a maxi- mum of interest was secured. The northern boundary of the tract is Middlesex Street, a main thoroughfare leading to town. Liv- ingston Street, already paved, crosses the tract from north to south and is quite steep, for a portion of its length 10 per cent. The tract is nearly a mile from the store center, but schools are within half a mile. The topsoil is good loam nearly a foot in depth with gravelly subsoil. The character of con- struction required was permanent wooden detached and semidetached houses. The surrounding devel- opment is residential of medium class, with some even better. For developments of the size of the High Street and Livingston sites, the types are too numerous and varied in treatment, and the roofs too complicated for pleasing grouping. These faults are intensified by the size of lots, which were rather smaller than in other developments of similar char- acter. Plans, however, are generally very good. 203 204 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. HOUSING PROJECT LOWELL.MASSf LIVINGSTON; U.S.DEPARTMENTOFLABOR BUREAUOFINDUSTRIALHOUSING&TRANSPORTATION US.HOUSINGCORPORATION JAMES.H.RITCHIE:ARCHITECT WARREN.H.MANN1NG--TOWN PLANNER GEORGE BOWERS: ENGINEER 1918 PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 205 rij J Reverse l?>'-9" / \ ^ !^' 7 s" NN. 0" 9 e' 0' s' 7 4" SECTION FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN SEMI-DETACHED FIVE ROOM HOUSES TYPES J AND J R LJ U LJ LJ Li L-l Cd UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT LOWELL MASS ARCHITECT JAMES H RITCHIE 118791°— 19— VOL 2 15 2o6 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. FRONT ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION REAR ELEVATION FIRST FLOOR PLAN [^ SCALE lO 20 30 AO 50 FEET E, Reverse -4 SECOND FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM SEMI-DETACHED HOUSES TYPES E AND E'R FRONT ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION REAR ELEVATION FIRST FLOOR PLAN F Reverse ^ T f SECOND FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM SEMI-DETACHED HOUSES TYPES F AND FR cpAi ir 5 10 IS 20 E= FEET UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT LOWELL MASS ARCHITECT JAMES 'H RITCHIE PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 207 FRONT ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION FRONT 'ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION =<=^^ l„.j„^'l„j„ 'e...j..j¥..j..-T ''^" ALTERNATE DESIGN FIRST FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM HOUSE TYPE Q SECOND FLOOR'PLAN 3" 4 ><^f I SIDE ELEVATION. FRONT ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION SCALE" ^ 20 30 rfo so FEET ^"^ puUuuLuLluuLoJuuLuJuuLuJuu l FIRST FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM HOUSE SECOND FLOOR PLAN TYPE B SCALE . B 19 's g,° g, = FEET Lj-ljUi- ii-jLjljlJljljLjlji-I UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT LOWELL MASS ARCHITECT JAMES H RITCHIE LYLES, TENN. (PROJECT NO. 2972). Area planned: 53.66 acres. Housing planned; Detached houses, 110 families; boarding house, 40 persons. Colored Development. — ^Area planned: 7.42 acres. Housing planned; Detached houses, 15 families. (Project discontinued. For further information see tables, Chap. IX.) A mile south of Lyles, 50 miles southwest of Nashville, Temi., the Bou Air Coal & Iron Corpora- tion were increasing their wood distillation plant and manufacturing calcium acetate and wood alcohol used in the fireproofing of airplanes, with charcoal as a by-product. The Bon Air Corpora- tion had already put up a 20-room hotel and four small houses. To house the needed employees necessitated the creation of a complete new village in the heart of the Tennessee Mountains, since no group of habitations was in the vicinity except Lyles, which is only a small village. A branch of the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railroad runs through Lyles, and a sptir leads to the plant. The plant is in a narrow valley through which runs a stream. The best available housing'site lies on the uneven ground above the steep slope of the valley, and close over the plant. School, store, and fire protection had to be supplied. The workers are mostly laborers, both white and colored, but some skilled help and superintendents were also to be housed. Their Kving requirements are simple. The land, owned by the plant, but to be turned over to the Housing Corporation, was very cheap, and therefore the chief restrictions on the size of the lots and the type of layout were the topographical difficulties, the cost of utilities, and the limited amount of available land near the plant. The soil is a heavy clay, full of limestone pebbles, and nearly impervious to water. The colored workers were to be housed in a little group of 15 houses across the valley. The development here described was for the white population only. Two streets already existed on the site: Maple Street (running north and south nearest the easterly edge of the property), which is the county road, leading to Allen's Creek and to Lyles, and "Warren Street running westerly from Maple Street steeply down hill to the plant. The county road formerly ran through the valley, but was diverted here so 208 as not to interfere with the plant. The road gradient is in places as steep as 12 per cent, but this is not unusual in the country thereabout. In order to arrive at a consistent and economical scheme the area was studied on the ground and the tentative road layout worked out on a sketch topographic map of the site. These road center lines were staked on the grotuid, the location of houses roughly staked, and the scheme adjusted on the ground so that the best gradients of the roads, the saving of grading, the balance of neces- sary cut and fill, the accessibility of the houses, the convenience of each house site, and the reasonable shape and size of the lots were all considered, as far as the good of the whole scheme made it practicable. Were the village to be enlarged from what the plan shows, additional streets could be run off from Maple Street to the northeast, connecting with the land along the eastern boundary of the present property,' which is separated from the present development by a deep valley, except for the narrow ridge upon which Maple Street lies. There is a store and eommissary and boarding house where the main road leaves the plant. The hotel and the better houses of the proposed develop- ment overlook the valley. There was to be a com- bined school, church, and community building at the northeast comer of the project, but if the village were enlarged this building would be near the cen- ter. AU this affects somewhat the location of the road system. The roads were to be of gravel, the sidewalks concrete. The houses follow the direction of the streets with such setbacks as the topography permits. There is some heavy grading, but both streets and houses generally fit the ground. Every yard is efnced, as it is the Tennessee law that stock may overrun such property as is not fenced. The yards and streets are planted with trees, shrubbery, and vines, and each yard has its vegetable garden though sometimes on land of considerable slope. PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 209 •LEGEND- nil • BLDGS ■ DEFINITECl'- PRO- • ■POSEDORUNDER-CON-- ■STRUCTIONNOVU 1918- □ -EXISTING-BLD'GS- NOT ■ •PAR.T rOF ■ PRDUECT- B -IMDICArES-BQARDINGHSE- W •• COMMISSARY- + ■•■ DR'S-OFFICE- G GARAGE- ri HOTEL Ea -PARKS-60PEN-SPACE5 ■ E3 • CONTOUR 5' INTERVAL • r -INDICATES- - -SCHOOL- 100 zoo 300 400 500 -HOUSING • DEVELOPMENT • AT- •LYLESTENN- -U-S-DEPARTMENT- OF-LABOR- •BUREAUOFINDUSTRIAL HOUSING & TRANSPORTATIOil • ■US HOUSING- CORP ORATION- ■ GARDNER.- i-DOUCHERTYiARCHTS- ■U-S-H-C-P-WYMAN- C-HRjiMiDELL -TOWN PLANNER. -B HARCRX3VE-KLYCE-EN01NEER- 2IO REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. LEGEND SEWERS ■< MANHOLE WATER MAIN _ ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION STREET LIGHT HOUSING • DEVELOPMENT • AT LYLES, TENN. GENERAL- LAYOUT- FOR.- UTILITIES U 5. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL HOUSING £, TRANSPORTATION US. HOUSING CORPORATION ENGINEERING MARE ISLAND NAVY YARD (VALLEJO), CALIF. (PROJECT NO. 581). SITE FOK HOUSES.— Area planned: 55.52 acres. Housing planned: Detached houses, 231 families; semidetached houses, 36 families; semidetached two-flat houses, 152 families. Total, 419 families. Housing constructed: Detached houses, 83 families; semidetached houses, 24 families; semidetached two-flat houses, 120 fam- ilies. Total, 227 families. SITE FOR DORMITORIES. — Area planned: 7.32 acres. Housing planned and constructed: Dormitories and cafeteria accommodating 400 men. (For further information see tables. Chap. IX.) The Mare Island Navy Yard is situated at the extreme northerly end of San Francisco Bay and separated by Mare Island Strait from the main- land and the town of Vallejo. The greatly aug- mented force at the navy yard that the advent of the war made necessary could find accommodation neither on Mare Island nor in the adjacent town of Vallejo. The conditions became so bad that even the more responsible men frequently requested their discharge because unable to obtain proper accommodations within their means. The workers needing housing included (a) chief petty officers and petty officers whom it was pro- posed to care for within the navy yard itself by a special appropriation of the Navy Department; and (6) civilian employees who were to be housed across the Mare Island Strait near Vallejo. Housing these civilians was the task of the Housing Corporation. Transportation of labor from the neighborhood of San Francisco would take too long to be prac- ticable. Buying scattered lots in Vallejo would be too slow and too expensive, particularly as the utili- ties of the town, especially the water supply, were already largely outgrown. The nearest available site not held at lot prices was on the rather steeply sloping hillsides north of Vallejo facing southwest across Mare Island Strait, near the end of a pro- posed causeway connecting with the navy yard. Two tracts were secured, one of about 7.32 acres for dormitories and the other of about no acres for houses, the former on the outskirts of the town of Vallejo, the latter less than half a mile farther north. Of the no acres only 55.52 were developed, though all were planned. The dormitory site has a rise from south to north of 45 feet. The site for houses is a steep hillside slope with a beautiful outlook toward the moimtains of Marin County. The site now being developed Ues on the hillside facing Mare Island Strait, and rising to two rolHng rounded sum- mits with a dip between them. The rest of the site slopes in the opposite direction, though more gently, and offers no especial local difficulties to develop- ment,. The whole site is open pasture land with neither houses nor trees. Surrounding the development is open ranch land, although toward Vallejo a rectangular layout for streets and lots has been projected and placed on the maps, and land set aside on one of the hill- tops for a cemetery, while northwest of the prop- erty is an abandoned brickyard. The stores and schools of Vallejo are nearly 2 miles from the project, and in any case are inade- quate. Approach to the site is by Wilson Avenue, along the shore, which leads to Vallejo and to the future causeway which is planned to connect the navy yard and the town. For the present there has been built a pier in front of the development, whence a ferry runs to Mare Island. This pier was built as an unloading pier so that most of our materials might come by water, making a substantial difference in the cost of the work. Estimates showed that the probable saving in handling the work would about equal the cost of the construc- tion of the pier, while at the end of the job we should still have the pier for dock purposes. Provision is made in the plan for sites for two schools, a commtmity hall and small group of stores, but none of these have been, built. One school and the community hall were to occupy a portion of the triangle where Daniels Avenue leaves Wilson Avenue, and this area is sufficiently large to permit a small recreation ground north of the school building. There is also opportunity for other commtmity groups, including churches, movie halls, and stores. The main lines of the street system consist of the approach street, Wilson Avenue, along the water front, and the main arte- rial street, Daniels Avenue, leaving Wilson Avenue at a narrow angle to minimize gradient, and rtm- ning between the two roimded hill summits to the northern botmdary of the property. There are also two other lines leading back from the shore, Sims Avenue, nmning on easy curves over and around the hill where the slopes are less steep, and a series of streets near the southern boundary of the property, climbing the steep hill in a series of zig- zags to obtain possible gradients, and even then being in places as steep as 12 per cent. The rest 211 212 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. of the streets run for the most part parallel to the hillsides. No alleys, as such, were employed, but several of the longer blocks are crossed by public paths laid out 15 feet in width with walks 5 feet wide and steps at the steeper slopes. There are also a number of instances where advantage is taken of the steep slopes and the considerable area between parallel streets to pro- vide sites for groups of neighborhood garages, the buildings to be cut into the hillside. These have com-ts and approach drives to the near-by streets. There is an interesting vista looking northwest on Wilson Avenue to be terminated by the Com- munity Hall in the triangle where Daniels Avenue branches, but most important is the inspiring view west and south across the narrow Strait, low-lying Mare Island, and the upper waters of San Francisco Bay to the moimtains of Marin County and the summit of Mount Tamalpais only about 20 miles to the southwest. The trend of most of the residential streets is east of south and west of north and, as they are arranged in tiers along the hillsides, houses facing them not only get morning and afternoon sun but either the front or the rear rooms and porches command an excellent view. Because of the somewhat isolated location of the project and the fact that it was just beyond the present limits of the plants of the various utility companies, and outside of the city limits of Vallejo, it was necessary to consider the project as an inde- pendent town-site development for which original provision for all utilities had to be made. These were planned in conjunction with the general layout as a comprehensive whole, and they are here more fully described than for any other project. The first problem to be considered was that of the general character of the utilities in their rela- tion to permanence of construction. The project being one which was regarded as an adjunct of the Mare Island Navy Yard its permanency was assured, and the type of construction adopted was of a more durable character than that which might otherwise have obtained. At the same time it was necessary to keep in view the fact that costs would have to be held within limits determined by the value of the project as an investment. The side hill loca- tion of the streets necessitated heavy grading and the street paving demanded was of a type that would withstand moderately heavy traffic on fairly steep gradients, with adequate provision for heavy surface storm drainage. As in all of the projects, the location of all houses being definitely known it was possible to plan and construct simultaneously the utilities and house services for water, gas, and electricity, so that when the street paving is completed and the project cleaned up there will be no immediate necessity for experiencing the later tearing up process for the installation of additional utilities, which is so common in most municipalities. The width of streets between curbs ranges from 20 to 30 feet, with 24 feet as the standard width for all average streets. The type of paving selected is that of a 5-inch concrete base finished with a half- inch surface of screenings and asphaltic oil thor- oughly rolled. Street curbs throughout are of con- crete with standard cross section and finish. The sidewalks vary in width from 3K to 5 feet and are of standard cement construction. Owing to the great range in elevation of the houses on the upper and lower sides of most of the streets the sidewalks are elevated above the street curbs or depressed in some cases below them to conform to the lot eleva- tions in front of the houses. This elevation of the walks in some places is as much as 10 feet. The curb line is connected with the sidewalks by flights of cement steps. Construction of all house entrance walks and steps and tradesmen's walks will be carried out simultaneously with the construction of the street sidewalks. This project being an adjunct of the Mare Island navy yard the water supply is obtained through and delivered by the navy yard. At the present time the navy yard is obtaining its water supply from a series of wells and pumping plants some miles dis- tant near Cordelia. This water is pumped into the mains to the supply main which crosses Mare Island Strait from Vallejo to the navy yard. This navy- yard supply main has been tapped on the Vallejo side of the Strait and water is delivered to the project from this source. At the point of deliv- ery a normal water pressure of 70 pounds per square inch is available, but this is not sufficient to afford complete fire protection. The elevation of the houses in the project ranges from 20 feet to 120 feet above sea. The volume of water assigned to the project for domestic consumption is 100 gallons per capita per day for all famiUes, and 40 gallons p^r capita for the occupants of the dormitories. The entire tract is piped with class "C" cast-iron PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 213 pipe of sufficient size to guarantee ample fire service and to provide for future extensions of the project. Fire protection is assured by the con- struction of a 500,000 gallon storage reservoir on the highest point of the property at an elevation of 210 feet. Water will be delivered to this storage reservoir from the supply mains by means of a duplicate pumping plant, each pumping unit of which will have a delivery capacity of 600 gallons per minute under a maximum head of 250 feet. These pumps are controlled both by hand and by very interesting automatic electric control appa- ratus. Standard two-way fire hydrants are in- stalled throughout in such a manner as to enable four 250-gallon fire streams to be delivered at any one point at the same time with a minimum length of hose. A motor hose-reel wagon equipped with chemical fire-fighting apparatus is also provided. Service pipes are installed from the mains in the streets to each house. These services are of stand- ard construction, with goose-neck connections, and are equipped at the curb line with water meters. All water entering the project is metered after leaving the supply main through a Venturi meter equipped with a recording apparatus. Individual meters measure all water from the distributing mains to the consumers. The entire tract is sewered in conformance with the most modem practice. All house services are connected with the mains as they are constructed. The dormitory and house sections of the project each have separate outfall sewers extending into the tidal water of Mare Island Strait. The main outfall sewers are built sufficiently large to provide for any future extensions of the project which might be served by them. A complete system of 4-tnch and 6-inch gas mains has been installed throughout the project for the distribution of low pressiure gas for heating and lighting. All gas services have been carried to the houses as in the case of the other utilities. Indi- vidual gas meters are installed in each house. For the most part of the water and gas pipes have been carried in the same trenches. The system of street lighting adopted is that of single globe electroliers placed along the curbs at intervals determined partly by the curvature of the streets. The maximum spacing of standards is 250 feet with an average spacing of about 190 feet. Each standard is equipped with two 400-watt lamps. The wiring for the street Hghting system is carried throughout in underground conduits laid in the sidewalk area between the curb and the walk. All electricity for house lighting and such uses is carried by means of aerial circuits upon pole lines placed at the rear lot lines between the houses, with aerial drops from the poles to the houses. All street crossings of the house Hghting system are made by carrying cable through undergroimd conduits from the nearest adjoining poles. The average length of these underground crossings is about 250 feet. At no point is there an overhead wire crossing on any of the streets. Flectric current is furnished from the central switch-board of the Mare Island Navy Yard to the transformer station of the project, which is located at the pumping station. All Hght- ing circuits for the dormitory section, both for street and house Hghting, are carried in underground con- duits. For this section there are no pole Hnes or aerial circuits of any kind. With the exception of Bath, Me., this is the only project of the Housing Corporation in which undergroimd wiring was laid. Telephone service will be provided throughout the project. The aerial cables will be carried upon the poles at the rear of the lots with aerial drops to the houses. All telephones will be carried across the streets in underground conduits. A very interesting planting scheme is being exe- cuted, which includes a considerable variety of street STOCKTON ■y T 20 O n I hous:ncproject / .1 'MARE. ISLAND,CAL.DdR.MlTORIES US.DEPARTMENTOFLAD0R BUREAUOFINDUSTBIAL HOUSING 6 TRANSPORTATION USHOUSINCCORPORATION C.W. KELHAM . ARCHITECT PERCY R JONES. TOWN PLANNER 5.£.K.IE,FFEK ENGINEER. 1918 214 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. trees, many of them evergreens, not spaced regu- larly, however, but arranged quite informally in connection with groups of shrubbery and such hardy ground cover as Mesembrianthemum. Care is taken to employ only such plants as when once established will care for themselves with but a minimum amount of maintenance and no irrigation, and will best withstand the strong winds, which are continuous throughout the summer months. Lots for detached houses have normally a front- age of 40 feet and depth of 100 feet, some hillside lots being 150 feet deep. For semidetached houses a frontage of 35 to 40 feet is allowed. The four- family apartment buildings are on lots averaging 80 by no feet. All the slope, varying from 50 to 100 feet in width, between Wilson Avenue and the water is reserved for park purposes. There is a parked area where Daniels Avenue leaves Wilson Avenue, part of which is to be utilized for a school and community hall. Very interesting advantage is taken of the topography in planning for Benson Avenue, two sharp cxurves being necessary that leave two comer lots too steep for buildings but adapted to neighbor- hood parks of about half an acre each. A generous playground — 4 acres — is set aside for the proposed upper school. All of these open spaces are to be treated informally as to paths and planting. Through cooperation with the Navy Department, which is compelled to dredge the straits to permit the passage of navy yard vessels, it is hoped to fill in the flats immediately in front of the Housing Corporation's property, and this filled ground would eventually be turned into a park or v/ater front playground. In the color scheme of the houses the endeavor is made to hold one unifying tone, by allowing all the roofs to weather naturally, and by painting all the trim white and having all the chimneys an even gray. All the blinds are to be a light green ; but the walls of the houses are to be of various colors, pink, gray, green, and brown. The project in its entirety is, because of its situa- tion and topography, one of the most picturesque of the Corporation's developments. The successful result is due to the correct conception of the kinds of houses suitable for the site and to skillful adjust- ment of the streets and house locations to the steep and rolling hillside. It has been found that the attempt to group houses bnilt on steep grades by any of the devices obvious merely in plan is not apt to accomplish the desired result, the different levels and the lines of roof often defeating the ends sought. At Vallejo whatever grouping has been done appears to be accidental and not the result of a study of balance in design. Varying though they do in design, there is still not so great a diversity as to cause an appear- ance of unrest. The houses are so designed and placed that they look well individually and collectively whether viewed from front or rear, and the rears are dis- tinctly visible from many points of view. Some houses are clapboarded while others are shingled and a few are stuccoed either partially or entirely. Wood shingles have been used for all roofs. In many of the houses built elsewhere under war conditions there is a certain paucity of ornamental woodwork. Projection of eaves has been cut to a minimum and piazzas made as small as possible. At Vallejo the absence of porches in many of the houses is noticeable, houses which under ordinary conditions seem to require this appendage. The eaves, however, are about as they should be as a matter of design, though some of the cornices are meager; the details of entrances are all very inter- esting in appearance. ■9 PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 215 2:l6 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 217 M003£ FLDOR. H OUSL FLOO^ TYPICAL SIDE-HELL STREETS AS ARRANGED AT VALLEJO, CAL. MARE ISLAND NAVY YARD U.S. DEPAR.TMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL HOUSING AND TRANSPORTATION US. HOUSING CORPORATION. ENGINEERING. 2l8 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. O.e. SOCiter 'f^roo ^~ O' OI.0B£ /iOt.B£m SECTIONAL VIEW U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL HOUSING AND TRANSPORTATION US. HOUSING CORPORATION. ENGINEERING. ELECTRIC STREETLIGHT VSEI> AX VALLEJO CAL. MAKE ISLAND NAVY YARD PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 219 10 C.I. SUCTION TYPICAL ELEVATION ELECTRIC PUMPING PLANT USED AT VALLE, JO. CAL. MARE ISLAND NAVY YARP M.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL HOUSING AND TRANSPORTATION U.S. HOUSING CORPORATION. ENGINEERING. 220 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. Il l I W SIDE ELEVATION SCALE, lo BO 30 40 =0 FEET puLluubuiJuuLuLluubuJuuLuJ Lra-| ^ Hi LIVING ROOM i I I I I Bl Reverse FIRST FLOOR PLAN jjj \ SECOND FLOOR PLAN' SEMI-DETACHED TWO FLAT HOUSES TYPES BI AND BI R SCALE , = '° 1= g.° g. 5 FEET FRONT ELEVATION SIDE "ELEVATION &r'>ir'r;:z: j=- PORCH I / HALL FIRST FLOOR pCANI H >i W I - UVtNG ROOM ^tsd BAT hi -P— Jl HALL, J , ^^ \ rm^' C2-. Reverse \ HALL, A^ C^ HEFT/ ^= r i i I V ROOF IsECOND TLOOR PLAN FIVE ROOM SEMI-DETACHED HOUSES TYPES C2 AND C2 R SCALE , 5 '9 '^ gp g= FEET. CJ LJ lJ i—i I— I Li ~ i— [ lJ LJ LJ Lj -- lu ' lJ UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT MARE ISLAND CALIFORNIA ARCHITECT GEORGE W KELHAM PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 221 - . — -^r a' r (i FRONT ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION SCALE 'O 2° 3° "^^ ^° FEET T LIMNS. ROOM -i_ I i r ii r - 1 1 I I hal\ posc" -^^ J. FIRST FLOOR PLAN FOUR ROOM HOUSE SECOND FLOOR PLAN TYPE F I SCALE s 'o IS so 2S FEET FRONT ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION iCALE -1 SIDE ELEVATION SCALE io 20 30 AO 5p FEET 1 > DINING ROOM OR f BES3 room! y/ /. PORCH ly^ C3t i rTO VcLO-i B/ ?: "gED ROOM \ CLQ I' eta ¥ ROOF FIRST FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM HOUSE SECOND FLOOR PLAN TYPE D I er"AI F B lO IS ao 3S FEET UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT MARE ISLAND CALIFORNIA ARCHITECT GEORGE W KELHAM 118791°— 19— VOL 2 16 MUSKEGON, MICH. (PROJECT NO. 997). McGRAFT TRACT— Area planned: 45.60 acres. Housing planned: Detached houses, 248 families. SCHOENBERG TRACT.— Area planned: 5.19 acres. Housing planned: Detached houses, 30 families. (Project discontinued. For further information see tables, Chap. IX. Plan shows revision, giving 269 lots.) Muskegon, Mich., is located on the southern shore of Muskegon Lake, a body of water 5 miles long and 2 miles wide, separated from Lake Michigan only by a ridge of sand dunes which its outlet pierces. Muskegon Heights is located inland about 3 miles south of the business district of Muskegon. The two cities have grown together and there is no boundary line between them recognizable on the ground. Muskegon has increased in population from about 20,000 in 19 13 to about 40,000 in 1918, and Muskegon Heights has increased from about 3,000 to about 10,000. There was a shortage of houses even before 1914 and the war work has greatly aggravated this. There are three groups of industries, one located in the western part of the city, one in the north- eastern, and one in the southern part. It was first expected that three housing sites would have to be chosen. The principal industrial plants are Con- tinental Motor, Linderman Steel & Machinery Co., Brunswick, Balke, CoUender Co., and the Campbell Wyant Foundry. All of these were doing more or less war work. The total number of employees, including a number of smaller plants, was about 9,000 and the additional help needed was about 1 ,500. The first site chosen was that known as the McGraft farm tract, which includes a piece of the McGraft farm and one or two additional properties. This site is located in the western part of the city about three-quarters of a mile back from the lake shore. The most of the land is flat, there being, however, a precipitous slope about 20 feet high along the western side. The soil is a pure sand for a depth of from 5 to 50 feet, tmder which is an impervious clay. The electric street railway line passes near one side of the development and gives very good trans- portation to the business district and most of the industries. There are good schools in Muskegon, but for the houses proposed for this tract it would probably have been necessary to increase the school facilities in this district. All other facilities were ample within the city. The second site chosen was one on plotted land in Muskegon Heights known as the Schoenberg tract. The ground here is perfectly level, there being not i foot variation from one end to the other. The soil here is also sand for variable depths. There are good transportation facilities, schools, churches, and stores in the vicinity. The Schoenberg tract development accepted the existing streets of the town. The street arrange- ment of the McGraft tract also continued the existing streets, there being little excuse for any other layout on the flat upper ground; but along the edge of the valley a curved street carried through traffic on pleasant lines. The corporation bought a part of this valley and it was proposed to turn this over to the city as a park, thus contributing to connect the existing McGraft Park with our develop- ment, bringing considerable benefit both to the city and to the housing project. The plans and estimates had been carefully "worked out in detail, and work was about to proceed when halted by the armistice. We show planting plans from this set of drawings as an example of one way of representing wholesale planting which is simple and to be often repeated with minor varia- tions. (See pages 44 and 45.) PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 223 LAftETON «!6.S AVEMl/Z ■JEAJJNETT "■'^ AVENl/E, % 's; ? N =5 Cl t> oi 1 s S^ ^ t^ youNG — 1 I r 632.0 ...., to ^ s *; '1 OJ 'q ■>, TO c/ ry TO PCANT ' HOUSING PROJECT MUSKEGON . MICH . "McGRAFT U.S.DEPARTA\ENT • OF ■ LABOR BUREAUOF1NDUSTRIALHOUSING-6TRANSPORTATION U.S.HOUSI NO-CORPORATION U.S.HOUSING C0RP0R,AT10N:ARCHT A.D.TA.YLOR,-.TOWN PLANNER W.J. SHERMAN- ENGINEER, 1918 NEVILLE ISLAND, PA. (PROJECT NO. 880). Area planned: 500 acres. Housing planned for 2,000 families. CORAOPOLIS.— Area planned: 15.16 acres. Housing planned: Detached houses, 32 families; semidetached houses, 34 families; row houses, 9 families. Total, 75 families. (Projects discontinued With the opening of the war it was soon deter- mined that it would be advisable to construct a large gun foundry and shell finishing plant to be owned by the Government. Accordingly an agree- ment was entered into with the United States Steel Corporation to construct such a plant, which would produce cannon of the largest size for use either in Europe or for coast protection at home. On account of the enormous size aind weight of these guns and the amount of material needed a centralized but protected location was necessary, which on general principles would be established and maintained in the heart of the iron and coal region a safe distance from the coast and available for either railroad or river transportation. Accord- ingly Neville Island, adjacent to Pittsburgh, Pa., was selected as a site for the plant. Neville Island comprises a township of Alle- gheny County, Pa., and is an island 6 miles long and from one-third to one-half mile wide, lying in the Ohio River 2 mile's from the corporate lines of the city of Pittsburgh, Pa. The principal housing site recommended by the investigating committee lies adjacent to and paral- leling Neville Island on the south bank of the Ohio River and comprises the greater part of Kennedy Township and the northwest comer of Stowe Town- ship, all in Allegheny County. Among the reasons for selecting this site was the fact that the Neville Island factory was to be a permanent industrial plant, demanding a permanent town serving the plant, but independent of it and comfortable and convenient; a city that would be capable of attracting and holding first-class labor and having all modem conveniences and facilities, with a sufficient area for the location of 5,000 to 10,000 houses and a possible population of 100,000 people. The only site of sufficient area meeting these conditions within available distance of Neville Island was the adjacent high ground which, while presenting some seeming difficulties from the point of view of construction, is not mate- 224 For further information see tables, Chap. IX.) rially different from the sites on the northern side of the river where many attractive developments have been made. In fact, the site is not more difficult than the average land around Pittsburgh. The site has a one and a half mile frontage on the Ohio River but is high above it, the elevation of the high water being 725 feet above sea level, and of the main part of this tract about 1,200 feet. The tracks of the Pittsburgh & Lake Erie Rail- road Co. occupy the immediate water front and the front of the site rises 75 to 100 feet in a rock cliff at the right-of-way line and then in an abrupt slope for about 200 feet more to the first bench. The frontage is cleft by four principal small water courses, named in order: Shane Hollow, Neville Run, Porter's Hollow, and Brightwood Hollow along the Ohio River front. Moon Run Hollow is a much deeper and more marked gulch to the rear of the property on the west and south sides, up which the Pittsbiu-gh & Moon Run Railroad runs, which for the present at least is the main means of transportation. The surface of the site is a rough rolUng plateau and while not adapted for industrial pturposes is a beautiful tract from the aesthetic standpoint, and would make an ideal city of homes. In its present state it is not "accessible to Neville Island or practically any of the adjacent cities by foot, auto, or railroad, except from the south or rear at an elevation 400 or more feet above the Ohio, and from the northeast comer where a grade of 300 feet must be overcome to reach the first bench; therefore in the utilization of the site the paramotmt question is seen to be the transportation to and from the city site. In the street system as proposed the main ap- proach from the plant starts with the existing Neville Island Bridge. Two hundred feet away the road intersects the main road from Pitts- burgh, whence it climbs the slopes by a gradual rise not exceeding 5 yi per cent until it reaches the plateau above where it makes a short abrupt PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTION. 225 o < 1 cOH ,■ Q<;_i — k3 Ph zSO l:,2o ^2& OboW 00^ 3t^Z 226 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. turn and generally skirts the edge of the hill until it reaches the main store center represented by the rectangular street plan to the west. From there it continues almost directly to the railway station at the southwest comer of the project. To the east halfway between the station and store center the road divides and indirectly seeks the abrupt turn at the top of the slope mentioned above. These two branches of the main road leading in both directions from the sharp turn to the store take the form of a warped ellipse and together with their branches to the station and bridge constitute the main artery of the street sys- tem. Lesser arteries extend out from the ellipse by as direct lines as possible to exterior points of the table-land and become the backbones of minor street systems. They with the minor street system within the ellipse are made to wind with the grades, but only to the extent necessary. This method of street arrangement ftnnishes building sites with the least cost for street and lot grading and the laying of utilities. Except for the projection of the table-land to the northwest, the store center is, gen- erally speaking, at the highest level of the project, the more important streets of the project leading to it. The open square featuring the store center is the only park affecting the arrangement of the street system, as others occupy whole and partial blocks too steep for building purposes. The stretch of road from the bridge via the sharp turn to the nearest point of the road system above is too long and inconvenient for pedestrian use so that a cross path, not shown on the plan, from the bridge to this point is taken for granted. The same is true of the small branch of the plateau to the east. The street plan as here illustrated grew natiurally from meeting the necessities of the case; access to the upper land from the plant and from the city of Pittsburgh, and utilization of all the land possible in the upper area for housing without excessive street grading or lot grading. The topographic con- ditions were so severe that no regularity or apparent design of street layout on plan was practicable or reasonable. The kind of aesthetic excellence to be sought was plainly that of picturesqueness, of unex- pectedness, of careful and interesting adaptation of means to ends in a multitude of individual cases. To get even tolerable results, economic or aesthetic, under these circumstances, particularly when speed is essential, the work must be studied at first hand on the ground. The Housing Corporation appointed its committee of designers, constructed offices for them on the ground, authorized them to collect their office and field forces, and the design had come to the general conception here shown, and some actual preliminary construction work and shipping of materials was under way when the armistice suddenly ended the whole venture in midcourse. To call the Neville project a housing develop- ment would be to use too limited a name. The magnitude of the necessity called for the construc- tion of a first-class city. The engineering construction problems of Neville City were of such size that the whole proposition became an engineering operation of great magni- tude in which all other phases sank to minor impor- tance. Transportation, both steam and electric, was the prime factor, both in the construction of the city and in its future operation. River trans- portation also was to be provided. A spur track for construction pturposes was to be run from the Pittsburgh and Moon Run Railway, a distance of about i % miles up through the city. It was fotmd that electric railway service would have to be provided or the city would be a failtwe. This was to be accomplished by an extension of the lines of the Pittsburgh Railway Co., which prima- rily would have had to have been built by the Housing Corporation, but ultimately would have been turned over to the local railway. Highway transportation to and from the site by motor truck and for general auto purposes was necessary, and arrangements were made whereby the county authorities were to macadamize the main highway between Pittsburgh and Neville City at their expense. River transportation for heavy materials was available, and a dock located at the junction of the Moon Run Raibroad with the Pennsylvania Rail-, road was to transfer materials from boat to cars, and it was also proposed to unload barges and transport material up to the heights by overhead cableway. For a city of this size in this locality it would be necessary to put in a waterworks system, which if independently constructed would cost several mil- lion dollars, but negotiations had been started whereby the Housing Corporation would have only had to spend a small portion of this, and the major part of the cost was to be borne by the city of Pittsburgh, and the water itself would be taken from the city, thereby insuring a safe, pure, and constant supply. PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 227 A complete sanitary sewer system would have had to be constructed for the city, and a modem sewage- disposal plant, if the laws of the State of Pennsyl- vania were compHed with. Owing to the character of the ground and the large area involved, it would have been necessary to construct a considerable amount of storm sewers to avoid wash in the streets and to carry off the large amount of water accumulated at certain points. Neville being in the heart of the natural gas dis- trict it was supposed that gas would be easily avail- able, but it was fornid that, owing to the large de- mand for natural gas in the factories working on war supplies, the supply was limited. But the district being accustomed to the use of gas almost entirely, the question was seriously considered of constructing a coal-gas plant to supply the demand. The decision had not been reached on the point when the armistice was annoimced. Street lighting was to be furnished by the ordinary incandescent system in series, using overhead con- struction, except on the main business street. So far as possible, the location of all pole lines was to be in the rear of the lots and house services were to be taken from the poles to the rear of the houses. The local electric companies were ready to enter into an agreement to furnish the electric service. The Bell Telephone Co. were prepared to fiumish the telephone service on their usual basis. CORAOPOLIS. Coraopolis is a borough or town of 18,000, situ- ated on the Ohio River in Moon Township, Alle- gheny County, Pa., about 2 miles below the lower end of Neville Island. The housing proposed here was to be an adjunct of Neville, and it was contemplated to place about 65 houses here as a measure of quick relief for an tu-gent demand for houses to accommodate the superintendents and foremen of the plant who would need accommodations immediately. The site comprises 65 lots in the east part of the borough, on a well-drained side slope, with sewer, water, light, telephone, and gas on the adjoining streets. The street in front of the property is paved, and the sides are curbed and cement walks down. The whole lies on a side hill slope in a pleasing locality and immediately adjoining a large new school house. As the borough had already constructed the main lines and all utilities around this property there were but a few short extensions and connections to be made, and it was immediately available. By the time of the armistice plans had been made for such utility extensions as were to be constructed. House plans had been prepared and bids taken and accepted. The city had started a little grading on the roads and work would have been in progress in a few days. ^ NEWARK DISTRICT (PROJECT NO. 17). We include the following statement of the trans- portation activities of the Housing Corporation in the Newark district, as a striking example of the interrelation of our housing projects with trans- portation relief. In this district, where local housing shortage so seriously limited the output of war materials most urgently needed, the remedy applied was largely transportation, and this remedy was evidently, as far as it went, cheaper and much more immediate than constructing new housing. JERSEY CENTRAI, TRACTION CO. After an investigation with a view to improving transportation to Perth Amboy and east to Key- port, as requested by the Gillespie Loading Co., (a shell-filUng factory at South Amboy, N. J.) , an agree- ment was executed between the United States Housing Corporation and the Jersey Central Trac- tion Co. and the American Railways Co., providing for a loan to be expended as follows : For specified repairs on bridges, alterations on cars and repair of telephone system, $51,000; for three second-hand interurban cars, $12,000; and for possible contingencies, approximately $5,000. Also an agreement was made with the American Railways Co., and the Monmouth Lighting Co., a subsidiary company f lumshing the electric power for the operation of the Traction Co.'s cars, whereby the Housing Corporation advanced the sum of $37,136 for additional construction to the power house and a new 500-horsepower boiler. The power-house addition is under construction and the boiler has been delivered. The repairs specified in the contract with the Jersey Central Traction Co. are in various stages of completion. ASBURY PARK TRAINS. In Jmie, 191 8, the Transporation Division of the Housing Corporation investigated the transporta- tion facilities for employees of the Gillespie Loading Plant near Morgan, N. J., and the Singer Sewing Machine Co. at Elizabeth, from Asbury Park and Long Branch, as there were available at the latter places jnany vacant all-the-year houses and hotels. 228 It was foimd that the transportation of war workers from these localities appeared feasible, but existing commutation rates were prohibitive. There- fore, the question of special rates for war workers was taken up with the United States Railroad Ad- ministration, and a rate of six-tenths of a cent per mile plus 5 cents was estabUshed, with a niinimum guaranty of $3 per xnile per train. On this basis the fare from Asbury Park to South Amboy would be 21 cents one way, or 42 cents for a roiuid trip of about 54 miles. As this was considered more than the war workers could afford to pay, it was decided that the Housing Corporation would purchase tick- ets from the railroads at the established special rate and sell the same to war workers through the various manuf actming plants at a tmif orm price of 30 cents per round trip and absorb the difference charged by the raihoads. On Jtdy 18, 1 91 8, a train for the Gillespie Load- ing Plant was put on from Bradley Beach to South Amboy. This train started with 82 passengers, and inside of a week was carrying between 300 and 400 employees. On July 29, 191 8, a second train for the Gillespie Loading Plant was inaugurated from Asbury Park to the Gillespie Co.'s connection near Emston, stopping at Long Branch and Red Bank. These two trains also served indirectly the Cahfomia Loading Co. and other smaller war plants. At the request of officials of the Standard Air- craft Corporation at EUzabeth, an excursion train to Asbury Park was arranged for on Sunday, July 28, 1 91 8, in order that men with famiUes might have an opportunity to find houses at Asbury Park. The regular round-trip fare was 70 cents for adults and 35 cents for children. The Housing Corpora- tion purchased the tickets at the regular fare and sold them to the employees of the Standard Aircraft Corporation at 30 cents for adults and 15 cents for children. The excursion train carried over 2,300 passengers. On August 19, 191 8, a special train for the Stand- ard Aircraft Corporation employees was put on from Asbury Park to Bayway, stopping at Long Branch. Tickets for this train were purchased by the Housing PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 229 Corporation at 56 5/6 cents per round trip, based on the special rate established, and sold through the Standard Aircraft Corporation to their em- ployees at 30 cents per round trip. The nunimum guaranty on this train was $234 per day, the total distance being 78 miles. On November i this train was extended from Bayway to EHzabethport in order to serve other war industries at that point. Efforts were made to have the employees of the Singer Sewing Machine Co. use the Asbury Park- Ba)rway train, but the United States Railroad Ad- ministration would not permit of this, as the Singer Sewing Machine Co. plant was not engaged 100 per cent on actual war work. From' time to time the terminal points for the trains were changed and intermediate stops rearranged as conditions war- ranted, thereby changing the minimum guaranty and the cost of tickets to the Housing Corporation, but the tickets were sold to employees at the uni- form rate of 30 cents per rotmd trip, regardless of the distance traveled. Ample housing facilities were thus made immediately available for the workers, thereby saving valuable time and great expense which would otherwise have been necessary for building houses near the plants. Shortly after the signing of the armistice the travel on these trains decreased materially and after November 30 the Standard Aircraft train was discontinued and one of the Gillespie trains ex- tended to Bayway. On January 31 one of the Asbiury Park-Gillespie trains was discontinued. It had been planned to take off both trains on this date, but owing to representations of the Supply Division of the Ordnance Department, which had taken possession of the Gillespie plant and were continuing loading, one train was continued in order to give them time to readjust some of their labor supply. The special-ticket privilege for the Standard Aircraft Corporation was discontinued after Feb- ruary 15, and after March 17 single-trip tickets were sold to the Gillespie plant at 24X cents each, thereby relieving the Housing Corporation of any fiirther differential. Arrangements were made to discontinue the last Asbury Park-Gillespie train after April 30, 19 19. The attached table gives as an illustration infor- mation in regard to the operating results from one of these trains : Asbury Park-Gillespie No. 2, Pennsylvania Railroad, started July i8, igi8, ended Jan. jr, iQig. ROUND TRIP FIGURES. July 18-27, 56 miles. July 29-Sept. 3, 61 miles. Sept. 4-Oct. 4, 6s miles. Oct. s-Jan. 31, 59 miles. Tickets bought. . . Tickets sold Differential cost. Daily guarantee. . $0.42! ■30 •I2f 168. CXJ $0.46% •30 •I6M 183.00 $0.49 •30 .19 195.00 $0.49 ■30 .19 177.00 Average number of employees eadl way. Total cost to bureau. Cost to bureau per employee. Total cost to employees. Cost to employee per em- ployee. Total revenue to railroad. Revenue per train- mile. Total for July Daily average Total for August Daily average Total for September , Daily average Total for October Daily average Total for November. . Daily average Total for December . . Daily average Total for January — Daily average Total period Total daily average. . 2,729-5 227.5 7,829.0 290.0 12, 762.0 510. s 13, 794. o 541.0 14,981.5 554-9 13, 107- 5 524-3 10, 532-5 405-1 75,736-0 448.0 1,469.89 122.49 2> 530- 25 93-71 2,453-57 98.10 3, 125- 01 122- 55 2,871.97 106.37 2, 496. 20 99-85 2,057-35 79-13 17, 003. 24 loo- 6z 818.8s 68-24 2,348.70 86.99 3,828.65 153- IS 4, 138. 20 162. 28 4,494-45 166. 46 3,932-25 157-29 3, 159- 75 121-53 22, 720. 85 134-44 3-60 •30 8. 10 •30 7- SO •30 7.6s ■30 8.10 ■30 V-SO ■30 7.80 •30 so- 70 ■30 3-08 4, 965- 04 3.01 6, 362- 62 3-93 7, 490. 59 4.90 7,854-18 4-93 6, 466. 48 4-38 5,667.96 3-69 40,873-53 4.10 241. 86 NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J. (PROJECT NO. 271). Area planned: 42.99 acres. Housing planned: Detached houses, 41 families; semidetached houses, 150 families; row houses, 206 families; total, 397 families. Housing constructed: Detached houses, 28 families; semidetached houses, 68 families; row houses, 96 families ; total, 192 families. (For further information see tables, Chap. IX.) The city of New Brunswick, a manufacturing community in eastern New Jersey on the south bank of the Raritan River at the head of navigation, had in 191 8 a population of 40,000, double its popu- lation in 1 910. Seventy per cent of the people were American bom. A fourth of the population were industrial workers. Of the war workers about 10 per cent were women. New houses would be of greatest assistance to the delayed war production if they were occupied by the more skilled of the industrial population. The Wright-Martin Air- craft Corporation and other war industries most needing housing were in the southwest of the town along the main line of the Pennsylvania Railroad. The Wright-Martin plant was equipped in such a way that it could be readjusted, even at short notice, to the manufacture of sewing machines, cash registers, and similar products. Therefore, the greater part of their war force of 2,500 to 3,000 ^^ workers could be considered as permanent. A footbridge over the raihoad was built at San- ford Street for employees of the Wright-Martin plant living across the tracks. The Housing Cor- poration assisted the contractor in obtaining priori- ties on material for this. Arrangements were made to have the through train leaving New Brunswick at 6.15 p. m. stop at Manhattan Transfer for em- ployees living in Jersey City. As the regular trains between Trenton and New Brunswick arrived too late and left too early a special workmen's train was arranged for. A special rate of 30 cents per round trip was made to the workmen, the Housing Corporation absorbing the differential of 10%^ cents from the regular fare. Since the armistice there are fewer workers em- ployed near the project who demand housing, there- fore we are now considering the construction of a street extension of about 2 ,400 feet and the loan of approximately $30,000 to the Public Service Rail- way Co. so that the housing development will be more accessible to the center of New Brunswick. The price of available land was 'comparatively high, because most of the outlying property, though largely undeveloped, had been lotted and held for 230 sale on easy payments, and scattering houses had been built. Of the several tracts considered for a housing development, the one shown on om: plan was chosen because it was no higher than others in price, of gentle slope and ea,sy to subdivide, close to city utility mains, and but one-third of a mile distant from the Wright-Martin plant via Jersey Avenue with no intervening grade crossings. Its nearness to the railroad made the deUvery of building material easy. The natural slope is just sufficient to give good surface drainage into the creek without large expenditure for storm sewers. On one side it adjoins Somerset Street, which forms part of the main automobile road from New York to Philadelphia, known as the Lincoln Highway, so that this project when completed will be interesting to tourists along this thorough- fare. Mitchel and Quentin Avenues are the arteries of the project, leading traffic from the other streets, which are short and wholly local, directly to Jersey Avenue and the iiidustries. The central portion of the plan is on a rectangular basis, which if carried out mechanically over the whole tract would form a "gridiron" of 60-foot streets with blocks 700 by 200 feet. This gridiron is successfully modified in several ways for reasons of economy as well as for attractiveness. Mitchel, Quentin, and Baker Avenues make a bend to enter Somerset Street at right angles. Quentin and Baker Ave- nues are curved to avoid an expensive fill in the steep-sided creek valley, and to preserve it as a narrow park, with an open brook channel instead of a costly storm sewer. The street vistas are reduced to a reasonable length and generally terminate very pleasantly within the development. The island of planting at the main entrance is important for this reason. The roadways, all with light gradients, are of bituminous macadam with curbs along the gutters. The pubUc alleys were introduced partly for access to the rear of the row houses, but also as rights of way for the electric pole lines, which would otherwise, under local regulations, have had to be located in the streets. PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 231 The island in front of the store group, sur- rounded by roadways, marks the entrance to the project. Following the creek is a long parkway bordered by the two roadways of Baker Avenue. Langley Green is on the northeast axis of the school- house, and a playground, hardly large enough taken by itself, is on its southwest axis. At the south- west comer of the project is another playground bordered by a roadway. The houses are generally well oriented, northeast and southwest. The symmetrical groups of build- ings on Baker Avenue and Langley Green are espe- cially effective. In execution the framing of the outside of the bend of Lufbery Avenue is not as successful in closing the two vistas of this street as the plan suggests, because the spaces between build- ings occupied by the two alley entrances are too wide and two detached buildings on the bend be- tween these openings have their gable ends toward the street. If they had been turned with the length of the houses and of their roof ridges follow- ing the street curve, the effect of the entire street would have been greatly enhanced, the more so because the vista down the street from the north- west comes through the gap to an ugly factory in the distance. It is such refinements as these, im- portant in their total effect, that the designers of all our projects were precluded from makiag by the pressure of speed in getting out the plans. They can seldom be recognized in advance on plan with- out time for staking and revision on the grotmd. The house grouping is also on the whole good at the intersections of Mitchel Avenue with Curtis Place and Wright Place. This sort of diagonal grouping around a street intersection, which can be successfully attempted in town planning only when all four buildings are selected for the purpose as in this case, gives a very pleasant variation in a rectangular system, but in execution suggests the thought that it would seem forced and restless if used more than very rarely, and that it would be better if the buildings had been longer, with their comers projecting slightly beyond the building line of the rest of the street, and if there had been a much narrower space detaching the diagonal build- ings from their nearest neighbors. The carefully studied variations in the setback of the houses from * the street lines, made with systematic reference to the composition of the building masses, and espe- cially of the roof lines, give a very pleasant relief from the usual flatness of btdlding alignment v/hile preserving the good qualities of a vista along a frankly straight axis. The designers and the Town Planning Division are agreed that slighter varia- tions in the depth of the setback in relation to the lengths of the recessed portions would have accom- plished the result even more pleasantly. The better houses with larger lots, including both detached and semidetached types, are located mainly on the higher ground, some of them facing on Somerset Street. The row type groups of houses, having smaller private lots, are located mainly in the center of the project surrotmding Langley Green. A hedge is planted along the front lot lines, and shrub groups are placed against porches and in lot comers. To obtain some housing relief as soon as pos- sible, dormitories planned for 200 women and 100 men were located in the southern comer of the de- velopment. At the time of the signing of the armistice, six weeks after work was started, these dormitories were over 70 per cent complete, and would have been ready for occupancy inside of two weeks more. Work was stopped at once on this temporary development. The 150 carpenters working thereon were placed upon permanent houses, the dormitories were demolished, and all the material that had been used in them was used in the completion of that part of the permanent work which was already far advanced. The existing schools in New Brxinswick nearest to our site being already full to capacity, except the high school, it was necessary to make grade- school provision for all our contemplated popula- tion. As it was too inconvenient to get to the center of the town, a motion-picttire theater and some stores had to be provided on the site. The utilities are extensions of the existing utili- ties of the city. Their design within the develop- ment reflects the compactness and adaptability of the general plan of the project. Excavations are chiefly of rock, or hard shale requiring the same handling as rock excavation. Water is secured from the city, which at its own expense extended mains throughout the development and will collect water rates. A sanitary sewer system of 8-inch and lo-inch pipe is carried out to the project boundary, from which the city provides a 500-foot outlet to a trunk sewer. The main sewers are large enough to serve an area twice that of the present development, because they were constructed before the size of the project was reduced. 232 REPORT UNITED. STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. One piece of storm sewer 200 feet long was necessary to carry storm water to the creek from a point where the gutters would otherwise be over- loaded. More would have been necessary if the originally planned larger area had been developed. The creek, regulated and planted, serves as an open waterway. Gas is supplied by the Public Service Co., of New Jersey. Street lighting is furnished by the ordinary in- candescent system in series, using all overhead con- struction, with lighting units supported on metal brackets attached to round wooden poles, painted. So far as possible the location of all poles is not in the streets, but along the alleys, the low-tension wires being allowed along the rear lot Unes. House services are taken from the poles to the rear of the houses. This development is composed of semidetached houses and houses in groups, with a sprinkling of detached houses. The happy combination of the row houses in groups of four, five, and six room houses tmder long imbroken roofs gives the town layout the effect of large scale, of dignity without monotony, of variety without unrestfulness. The color effect, too, of the green roof slate used through- out, and the general uniformity in the tone of the stucco add to this pleasing effect. Though the stucco is uniform in tone, yet it varies slightly in color due to the different aggregates used, all stucco being livened by a mixture of broken quartz which sparkles in the stmUght. The house designs individually are as excellent as is the whole scheme, all their details being good except where war neces- sity required the substitution of inferior material and coarse moldings. No better example of this type of development has been erected for the cor- poration. A single criticism of the exteriors is possible in connection with the window spacing of some of the houses, where an improvement might have resulted had the windows of the first story been directly beneath those of the second story instead of being in combination as a mullioned window beneath the pier between the two windows above. Especially is this noticeable in the semidetached houses at the intersection of the two cross streets. One house type is faulty as to plan also, in that for the sake of separating the front porches the principal rooms become interior rooms. The same criticism applies to the end houses of the six and eight room house rows. This project is notable for the small number of plan types used (from corporation standards) , there being only four, five, and six room houses with but slight variations in each. The position of the stairs, however, is radically different in the end houses of the four-room house rows from that in the interior of the group. The six-room houses only are built detached, while the four and five room houses (as well as the six room) are built semidetached and in groups. The end houses of the four-roo'm type have the staircase between the front and the rear rooms and parallel to the front of the house, making the living room too narrow for its length, a proportion not so good as in the case of interior row houses of four rooms, where stair space is taken from the end of the living room. A foot or so added to the shorter dimension of the living room, had this been possible, would have been a decided improvement not only in the Hving room, but also in the room above. In the five and six room end houses the Hving rooms are in excellent proportion. The houses are all semifixeproof construction, all outside walls being built of 8-inch hollow tiles. Ftirring has been omitted. This is bad practice, for unfurred walls generally result in condensation on the inside walls and make it imwise to use wall paper on the rooms. Instead, they must be painted, though even this is often unsatisfactory. It also necessitates the constant heating in winter of unoccupied houses. The cellar areas are plastered on the inside with cement over terra-cotta blocks. In this there is the danger of frost throwing the cement by reason of the groimd moisture leaking through the blocks andfreez ing. It might have been better to construct these walls of concrete or to omit the cement plastering. Owing to the shale rock in which cellars have been dug, these cellars should have been water-proofed. Instead of plastering the extension pantries it would have been better to finish both side walls and ceiUng in wood. PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 233 • HOUSING PROJECT AT- NEW- BRUNSWICK- NJ- ■ U- SrDEPARTMENT- OF-LABOR - •BTOEAIK)F-MD0STKIAL-HOUSINC-£-TRAN5PORTAnON • •US -HOUSING- C0RP0RAHON- ■TR0WJRIDGB*LIVlNCSrON:ARCHT5 - ■CHASNLOWIUElTOWNPLANNEJl- •WAOD-ENG-CORP 'ENGINEERS- 234 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. HOUSING PROJECT AT NEW BRUNSWICK, N.J. GENERAL LAYOUT OF UTILITIES U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL HOUSING & TRANSPORTATION U.S. HOUSING GORPORATION ENGINEERING ^ PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 235 FIRST" rCGOR ' PLANT SECOND FLOOR PLAN FOUR ROOM ROW HOUSES GROUP 6-4 SCALE . ? to IS 20 gg pEET u ~ i-C U p u U ~ l3 ~ lJ lj lj u l^ d ■ UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT NEW BRUNSWICK N J ARCHITECTS TROWBRIDGE AND LIVINGSTON 236 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. FIRST FLOOR^PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN ROW OF SIX ROOM HOUSES GROUP e-S ^'■^^^ 1 , '° , 20 30 -lo SO FEET LULJuubuLJi-mL,iiUi-.uU u. JuLjL,i iil B -n-| L UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT NEW BRUNSWICK N J ARCHITECTS TROWBRIDGE AND LIVINGSTON PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 237 =:'P&.*V-' w ' .'. I,-" h 'ii.'i . .'^'' 111"', ^ 'JSi^^^s iS^ ^ ^^^^i*^'^*'^ FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN SECTION FIVE ROOM SEMI-DETACHED HOUSES TYPE 2-5 A SCALE 5 .0 ig 2o 25 FEET . Ulj-^ljuUljiJ Lj-cj-ta- i_i' d UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT NEW BRUNSWICK N J ARCHITECTS TROWBRIDGE AND LIVINGSTON 118791°— 19— VOL : -17 238 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION 1 "^i I FIRST FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM ROW HOUSES SECOND FLOOR PLAN GROUP 6-6 TYPES I-fl-ni FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN FIVE ROOM ROW HOUSES GROUP S-5 TYPES C2-S'-¥I-YII SCALE w? , ao . 3,0 . 4o . so FEET t ^ u U Lj [^Vip-tfi-p-iaTJ Lj d Lj u Li u' iJ u-u u mJ w -lj I UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT NEW BRUNSWICK N J ARCHITECTS TROWBRIDGE AND LIVINGSTON PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 239 ■J 'sT'-^tT^^ FRONT ELEVATION FIRST FLOOR PLAN FIVE ROOM HOUSE SIDE ELEVATION SECOND FLOOR PLAN TYPE 1-6 R FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN FIVE AND SIX ROOM SEMI-DETACHED HOUSES TYPE 2-5-6 SCALE ? 19 ? =.° g.s FEET UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT NEW BRUNSWICK N J ARCHITECTS TROWBRIDGE AND LIVINGSTON 240 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. SECTION COMBINATION THEATRE STORES AND APARTMENTS UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT NEW BRUNSWICK N J ARCHITECTS TROWBRIDGE AND LIVINGSTON NEW LONDON, CONN. (PROJECT NO. 157). NKW LONDON SITE..— Area planned: 20.14 acres. Housing planned: Detached houses, IS families; semidetached houses, 148 (amllies. Total, 163 lamilles. Housing constructed: Detached houses, 12 families; semidetached houses, 104 families. Total, 116 families. GROTON SITE.— Area planned: 3.01 acres. Housing planned and constructed: Detached houses, 7 families; semidetached houses, 18 families. Total, 25 families. (For further information The harbor of New London at the mouth of the Thames is one of the best between Boston and New York, and has brought a number of naval indus- tries to the city and to Groton, which is opposite on the east shore of the river. There is also a sub- marine base located two miles up the stream. New London had in 1910 a population of 20,557 while Groton had only 1,500 at that time. In 1918 the combined population had increased to about 45,000. New London had in 1918 a number of good-sized industries doing war work, but the largest were the two in Groton, the New London Ship & Engine Building Corporation, manufacturers of Diesel engines for submarines, employing 1,500 men and requiring the highest class mechanics, and the Groton Iron Works, 2 miles south, a shipbuilding corporation having Navy contracts and expecting to employ a maximum of 2,500 men. A few of the workers lived in Groton, which had little in the way of public improvements except two primary schools, but except for those drawn from more distant towns, most of the workers came from New London, which has the facilities customary in cities of that size. There was a municipal ferry to Groton, but this had to be supplemented by ferries operated for the plants. The housing shortage was very acute and only a little relief was afforded through improved transportation by putting on a railroad train between New London and Saybrook. Out of 1 6 housing sites examined and reported on, 2 were chosen, i in New London and i in Groton. The site in New London is designed to serve mostly high-class mechanics. It is in the western part of the city, west of Jefferson Avenue near Lincoln Street, a little less than a mile from the city hall and within half a mile to a mile of most of the indus- tries to be served in New London. It is connected by trolley with the center of the city and the ferries to Groton. There are foiu: schoolhouses within a half mile of the site. Churches, stores, playgrotmd, and amusements are accessible. All required utili- ties were near at hand. Except for the lots fronting on Jefferson Avenue, which was already improved, the property is reached see tables, Chap. IX.) by a single entrance street in continuation of Lin- coln Avenue. Additional entrances, which under normal conditions would be expected opposite Pleasant and Fuller Streets, were omitted because the steep slope rising about 25 feet from Jefferson Avenue to the level of the rolling plateau would have involved cost and delay because of heavy- grading in and near these streets. The extension of Lincoln Avenue was already partly graded; but even here in order to minimize the area of heavy grading the exceptionally steep gradient of loj^ per cent was permitted on the lower portion of the entering street. To offset these peculiarities of plan, the single entrance was made attractive by a central park strip and by a small oval at the top of the slope, whence the interior streets branch off. Moreover, direct access to the car Hne for the south- erly part of the property was provided by a footway with steps on the axis of Pleasant Street without sacrifice of lots. The streets are on straight lines but in no case are the straight nms over 500 feet in length, thus maintaining a good scale for the street vistas of a strictly residential district. The oval is the only park and the only special center of interest. Stores and recreation facilities already existed within half a mile, including a large unimproved public park. Alleys are provided as a means of access to garage sites on the rear of certain lots not otherwise readily accessible on account of the steep slope of the ground. Lots for semidetached houses are normally 25 to 30 feet wide, and for detached houses 40 to 50 feet wide, the side space between houses varying from 16 to 25 feet. The normal depth of lot is about no feet. Minor inequaUties of surface required a considerable amount of cut and fill between the street lines and the rear lines of the houses; and in the rear of the Jefferson Avenue houses a heavy cut was necessary so as to give a level area 20 feet deep immediately behind the back doors, leaving the rear parts of the lots in their natural condition, 8 feet or more above the floor grade, available for gardens and garage sites. The difference in 241 242 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. level is taken up by a slope of about i on iM, planted with honeysuckle to avoid the problem of maintaining grass at such an angle. The variations in the setback of the houses seem in execution, as at many projects, greater than necessary or even desirable, and do not sufficiently take into account the forms of the porches and house roofs, and the size of the porches. The sort "[C M6 D S I ^ R. E E T PROPEP.rr L/flJE k i i • 1 ■ ■ 11 ) I HOUSING PROJECT NEW LONDON, CON N."GROTON" u.s.departa\entof labor bureau of industrial housing & transport atiom u s.h0us1nc corporation HOPPIN CKOEN ARCHITECTS C N.LOWRIE TCWN TLANNER. TRI^US (,• MASJAtNGI.VEERS 1918 of quadrangle formed by the setting back of the three pairs of semidetached houses around the junction of West Pleasant Street and Colver Street is less effective in appearance than it might have been if the side spaces between the buildings had been minimized (instead of being greater than in the other portions of the project) and if the depth of the setback had been less in proportion to the length of the recessed portion. At least two more families could have been housed around this inter- section with an improvement in the general appear- ance and without excessive crowding. The grouping of houses around the oval is pleas- ant but would have been still more effective if the houses, especially those next Lincoln Avenue and Colver Street, had been advanced nearer to the oval, reducing the spaces between the comers of the houses framing the oval and emphasizing the cmrve which they define. The houses opposite the ends of Marshall Street provide excellent formal vista points, but the large set-back of these houses as compared with their neighbors does not appre- ciably increase their value as vista points and when seen close at hand is decidedly too deep. In the cm-tailment of the project after the signing of the armistice the construction of Marshall Street and the six houses facing on it was omitted, the space being treated as a temporary interior block playground for the neighborhood. The development in Groton, only a quarter the size of that in New London, was made on streets already laid out. Little of special interest could be done in the general design. The houses are the same as some of those used at New London. The houses of this project are extremely simple both in plan and exterior design, the plans having been exceedingly well worked out from the corpo- ration standards. Ample space is given for all requirements, there being no sense of confined area. So, too, the exteriors are frankly designed, with no attempt to be more than the plans indicate. As is generally true, the pairs of semidetached houses are better in appearance than the detached house of the same plan, the "B-i-a" house (semi- detached five-room) being particularly good. The A2 type (single six-room) which, on account of the roof coming down to the columns of the front porch, is given the effect of lowness which the other detached single six-room type house does not pos- sess, is therefore the best of the single houses in appearance. If there is any criticism of the design of the houses, it would apply to the sizes of the porches which, in most cases, might well have been made lower, with lattices smaller in scale; otherwise details are re- fined and of good character. The carefully thought out use of color on these houses makes them particularly attractive. Some of them are white, while others are a very light gray or colonial yellow. All the houses are clapboarded. They are well built and show few, if any, construction defects, in spite of the war conditions under which the work was started. ^ PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 243 LEGEND □ BLDG5, DlriNlTLLY PRO- ■ • POSED OR. UNDER. CON- • ■ JTRUCTION NOV. II.I916 n BLDGi CONTEMPLATED El PAI!.^5 6. OPEN SPACED na CONTOUR sir, interval T ■■^^-p L ''^C3=afQ)=Q|G^CJfQ? r; |!^e3e!ar|5{| H rv+i*^ s -C:? 1^ QRSsas^i^ 5^=^-i^=U'=L;FGf^jMJ)^C^^^ ^SPQ)<;2r w ivrovr.;\- ^l u o so ion "'-.i.'iO HOUSING PROJECT AT NEW LONDON. CONNECTICUT. U.i. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF 1NDU5TRI AL HOUSING 61TKANSPORTATION US. HOUSING CORPORATION HOPPIN iltOEN.ARXiHITECTi C.N.LOWRJE.'TOWN PLANNER. TR.1BUS 8,/AAiSA.ENGlNEER,S •1918- 244 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. SECOND FLOOR PLAN FIVE AND SIX ROOM SEMI-DETACHED HOUSES TYPES B 4 UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT NEW LONDON CONN ARCHITECTS HOPPIN AND KOEN PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 245 ^.j. TciiL . „ BIA BI A Reverse / X 11' s' I "$ fi'-o" is' J,. -s" J, SECTION FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN FIVE ROOM SEMI-DETACHED HOUSES TYPE B 1 A SCALE ^ 5 10 IS 2o E5 FEET j_[[_jt-ji— il— iljUljljLjlji-I UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT NEW LONDON CONN ARCHITECTS HOPPIN AND KOEN NEW ORLEANS, LA. (PROJECT NO. 722). Area planned : 42.90 acres. Housing planned: Detached houses, 209 families. (Project discontinued. For further information see tables, Chap. IX). The New Orleans Naval Station is located across the Mississippi River from New Orleans, approxi- mately 4 miles from the main business section of the city, but still within the city limits, in the subiurb of Algiers. The naval station employed a force of i ,700 men and was equipped to handle ship repair work and construction of small craft such as tugs, barges, and submarine patrol boats. It is the only repair station in the eighth naval district and with the progress of the war was rapidly expanding in the lines of work handled, so that in order to fulfill the demands upon it the labor force increased very rapidly, and it was essential to keep this force at high efficiency. The transportation at this point is very poor owing to the fact that the only communication with the city of New Orleans is by ferry, and while quite a large number of extra ferry boats were put on they gave no material relief at the rush hours and had little effect on the housing situation. By ferry and street car it took many of the workmen an hour and a half to reach their horaes. As a night shift was being worked at the naval station it was especially desirable that some of the better-paid men and superintendents at least should live near their work. From the reports of the special investigators sent out by the Housing Corporation it was determined that there was an acute demand for housing at the station and that at least 100 workmen's houses should be built together with foremen's houses, cafeterias, and, possibly, a small business and recreation center. The tract of land at first recommended for pur- chase for the village site was immediately west of the United States Naval Station, comprising ap- proximately 15 city squares with two squares fronting on the Mississippi River, and extending to the south an average of 7 squares. The tract was bounded by Patterson, Hendee, and Newton Streets and Behrman Avenue, the long axis of the property running north and south. The tract had no defined streets or roadways, and was fliat and below extreme high water of the Mississippi River. But these features being 246 characteristic of the whole locahty could not materially affect the choice of the site. It is to be borne in mind that all of this surrounding territory is a flat river bottom requiring artificial drainage, sewerage, and pumping of all water over the dike into the river. Convenience to the naval station and the river were the features in its favor. The total area of the plot was about 39 acres including streets. The value of this property was given in the assessor's office as $91,260, but when the actual purchase was attempted the price asked was more than double this. On July 31, 1 9 1 8 , it was decided , pending fvirther negotiations, to proceed at once with the field surveys and the formulation of plans. A preliminary sketch being submitted by the de- signers and the work now having arrived at the point where the land must be purchased, negotia- tions were pushed to acquire it. The owners still held the price so much above what the officials of New Orleans and the Commercial Club, the Hous- ing Corporation's appraisers, had estimated it, that the corporation refused to ptu-chase. The site was abandoned and a second site on which options had been taken was recommended and approved. This site was south of the naval reservation and imme- diately adjoining it and about one-quarter of a mile farther east than the site first selected. As far as the physical features of the second site are concerned, they were very nearly as favorable as those of the first site. The land could be bought very much cheaper, and the utilities would only cost a slight amount more, so the surveys and the designs proceeded for this site. There were no topographic variations in the site sufficient to make one street layout better suited to the surface than another. There was a row of fine live-oak trees, scattered specimens, near the northwestern comer of the site. All the traffic from the site naturally sought the north, and mostly the northwest comer, this being the nearest way to town and to the naval station. The design of streets was therefore based on an entrance at the northwest comer, with stores on each side, community building facing down the short entrance road, and a simple curvilinear devel- opment, self-contained but not interrupting the PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 247 . ■ LEGEND • ■IBLD'CS DEFINITELY PROPOSED OR UNDER CONTRACT N0V-11WI8- — BUILDINGS CON- TEMPLATED NCW-ll«a- ~ PARK 6 OPEN SPACE- S INDICATES CHURCH- SCHOOL- STORES - COMMUNITY BLDG- • HOUSING-PROJECT • -NEW'ORLEANS-LA- •U-S-DEPARTMENTOFLABOR- ■BUREAU-OF-INDUSTRIAL-HOUSINC-a-TRANSPORTATLON •U-S-HOUSING-CORPORATION- ■ FAVROT-OLIVAUDAISiARCHTS-OTOWN-PLANNERS • - JAMES-W-BILLINCSLEY^ENGR - U-SNAVAL ■ STATION 248 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. future street system of the neighborhood. Sites were set aside for a school and for churches, where they would be both convenient and effective in the general composition. The houses were the same type of bungalows planned for Charleston, S. C, and Pensacola, Fla. In this particular locality the utilities service is of such a peculiar nature owing to the tracts being below the level of the dikes and high water in the Mississippi River, that it became practically a necessity to derive a greater part of the utilities from the city of New Orleans. The Housing Cor- poration took the question up with the water and sewer boards of New Orleans and other ofl&cials and secured a promise from them to construct the water and sewer mains and drainage ditches and to assist in constructing the roadways and to bear about two-thirds of the expense. Water supply was to be secured from the city of New Orleans by the extension of a 20-inch main into the project, the large size of this main being due to the fact that the city would eventually have to extend into this territory and they wished the pipe to be of sufficient size to take care of the local- ity when fully developed. As they were bearing such a large portion of the expense, it was a desir- able proposition from the point of view of the Housing Corporation. As this tract of land is fiat and the rainfall is very heavy, it was necessary to provide for carry- ing off the storm water as far as possible over the surface or through open ditches. A small propor- tion of pipe drains were planned, especially through the principal community centers. Sanitary sewer- age was provided by extension of the city mains into the project. The project was still in the design stage when the end of the war came. It had been delayed to a very considerable extent by the serious complica- tions that had arisen in regard to the purchase of real estate. If it had not been for these delays, it is probable that the project would have been ad- vanced so far that the Housing Corporation would have completed it. NEWPORT, R. I. (PROJECT NO. 382). NEWPORT SITE.— Area planned: 7 acres. Housing planned: Semidetached houses, 68 iamilies. Housing constructed: Semidetached hourjes, 48 families. JAMESTOWN SITE.— Area planned: 2.38 acres. Housing planned: Detached houses, 10 families. (For further infortnation see tables, Chap. IX.) Newport lies on the southern end of the island of Rhode Island, near the easterly shore of Narra- gansett Bay. It is one of the old towns of New England, and the town center still retains much of its old-time appearance. The city has a permanent population of about 33,000, which is increased by the summer residents to about 40,000. The United States torpedo station on Goat Island, at the mouth of the harbor, is the oldest and largest torpedo manufactturing plant in the United States. It also assembles and distributes the torpedoes manufactured elsewhere in the country and repairs and rebuilds those used in practice, and manufac- tures mine mechanisms and gun primers. Two thousand seven himdred men, mostly highly skilled mechanics, were employed early in 191 8 on the torpedoes, and from 1,000 to 2,000 more men would soon be needed. Three hundred and forty women were employed temporarily on the piimers. More work was expected in the future after the war than was going on at this time. Most of the men lived in Newport, 100 in Jamestown, and the balance in surrounding towns. It was impossible to get skilled mechanics in Newport, as there were almost no other industries. There were no houses obtain- able, and workmen, therefore, refused to come from other towns, or would not stay when they had been induced to come. Two housing sites were chosen for the benefit of the employees of the United States torpedo station. The larger was in the city of Newport, as Goat Island is only five minutes away from Newport by a ferry in constant operation. The other was to be at Jamestown, on Conanicut Island, 25 minutes away by a ferry which was likely to be irregular in winter because of ice. Jamestown, too, had neither 249 250 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. parks, playgrounds nor amusements and only one grammar school, while the site selected in New- port had park, playgrotmd, amusements, and shops half a mile away. The Newport site is near the comer of Old Fort Road and Bateman Avenue, a block from a car line which leads directly to the Government landing on Thames Street and the ferry to the torpedo station. Drainage of the site is easy, the slope gradual, and sewer, water, and electric mains are in adjoining streets. The arrangement of the interior streets is the obvious and probably the best method of sub- dividing the given triangular plot. The small tri- angular interior park may seem to be a waste of space in this regard, and the scheme calls for more than the minimum in road construction, but it was impracticable to produce more good lots by any street arrangements which threw the park area into lots, and it seemed that it would add more to the total value of the development to raise the value of about 24 lots by fronting them on a park than to attempt to add to the value of about the same number of lots by making them deeper when they were already deep enough. The climate of Newport being especially suitable for the growth of privet, the lots were separated and the streets bounded by privet hedges in ac- cordance with rather general local custom in the newer parts of the city. This would have been tmduly monotonous in a larger development, but served to give this small scheme a pleasant tmity. The symmetrical groupings of seven pairs of houses on Old Fort Road from Norman to Palmer Streets and of four pairs of houses on Norman Street between the park and Old Fort Road are agreeable, and it is interesting to note that although the interior houses of these groups are set back of the end houses as much as at some other projects where the setback seems excessive, the form of their roof lines, sweeping down to the front of the porches from the main ridge, in contrast to the strong vertical comers of the end houses, makes their setback seem much less. The turning of the four pairs of semidetached houses at the comers of Morgan Street and Gilroy Street to face on those streets, instead of oii Palmer Street, although it gave much better side yards, was injudicious. The houses would be worth more facing toward the rest of the development and the park, and they stand, as placed, at a slight but unpleasant angle with the general line of Palmer Street. The general appearance of the project is de- cidedly good, and the fact that there is no variation from the use of semidetached houses, nearly uniform size, shape, and architectural treatment does not in fact produce any unpleasant feeling of monotony. But three types of plan have been built at the Newport project; viz: One 5-room and two 6-room types. One of the 5 and one of the 6-room types has been used singly and semidetached, while the other type of 6-room house has been used only de- tached and has two different exterior designs. They are all of shingle with slate roofs, thus pre- senting a uniform appearance, so far as color is concerned. The general character of the designs taken as a whole is in harmony with the old houses which abound in and near the city and the refined details of porches and other millwork contributes much to the appearance of the development. The best house is the A-i , a semidetached house with six rooms for each family. Particularly good are the pitches of the roof as shown by the gambrel ends, though from the front the long stretch of wall in the second story does not help the design. But aside from this feature (a necessary one for the plan) the house is conspicuously good. The A-2 and B-2 houses have the same refine- ment, of detail as the others, but the roof lines are not so good as in A-i. The small gable of A-2 detracts from the appearance of the house and the manner of introducing dormers in the B-2 house is not especially good. The B-i house is attractive in design. The projection of the eaves and cornices through- out adds much to the appearance of all the houses, and the building in of the wood gutters is a, dis- tinct improvement over those houses where they have been hung as though they were hanging gut- ters of metal. The plans have been well worked out. The houses have been built well out of ground, thus giving abundant light in the cellars, where the laundry tubs have been placed, without making the houses appear too stilted The kitchens are abundantly lighted, having windows entirely across one end. ^ PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS SECTION SECOND FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM HOUSE TYPE C 1 SCALE , B ip IS go BS FEET UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT NEWPORT R 1 ARCHITECTS CLARKE AND HOWE 252 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. FRONT ELEVATION FRONT ELEVATION FOUR AND FIVE ROOM SEMI-DETACHED HOUSES TYPES B\ AND Al Bl DINING ROOM ^ "O lO i^ UVING ROOM P B=» "— i Bl R J_£ A FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT NEWPORT R I ARCHITECTS CLARKE AND,. HOWE NEWPORT NEWS, VA. The city of Newport News had grown, up to the beginning of the war, coincidently with the growth of the Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co. With the entrance of the United States into the war, however, the advantageous position of New- port News as a port brought a sudden and enor- mous increase of activity, as it did to Norfolk and Portsmouth across the bay. The Army built an embarkation camp, an avia- tion camp, great storage and shipment yards for supplies, storehouses, and yards for horses and mules to be shipped overseas. The Navy and the United States Shipping Board placed large orders with the Newport News Shipbuilding Co., which was greatly extending its facilities. The demand for labor for all these activities was very great, and the different Government activities foimd them- selves bidding against each other for men. The existing faciUties of the town such as water supply and sewers, and all provisions for amusements as well as housing, were completely outrun by the in- flux of population, until presently the living con- ditions became so intolerable that practically no inducements would bring in each week more men than went away. The better men sought less abom- inable living conditions elsewhere, and there were toward the last a large number of men who had never been much better than loafers, drawn in from all over the country, and further demoralized by high pay and irregular living, who floated from job to job and did very little work anywhere. The Shipbuilding Co. had built a few houses and apartments for their employees ; the Shipping Board was building some apartments and had under way the town of Hilton, of about 500 houses, 3 miles up the James River from Newport News, for higher- paid employees of the shipyards. The Housing Corporation, being called in at this point, planned four developments to relieve four different phases of the situation: An extension of the Shipping Board's project of Hilton for higher- paid workmen; Briarfield, for colored workers (a large development near the shipyards); a number of row houses on Virginia Avenue; and a group of dormitories almost adjacent to the shipyards, with cafeteria and clubhouse for single men workers. The signing of the armistice stopped work on these projects just as construction was about to 118791°— 1&— VOL 2 18 begui. There is still a need for housing at New- port News, but it must now be done by some other agency than the Housing Corporation as at present authorized. Hilton Extension (Project No. 57a). Area planned: 78.32 acres. Housing planned: Detached houses, 158 families; semidetached houses, 146 families; row houses, i6i families. Total 465 families. (Project discontinued. For further information see tables. Chap. IX.) The land on which Hilton is built and on which Hilton Extension was planned lies on the James River 3 miles north of Newport News. The site of Hilton Extension was partly open farm land along the river. The rest of the area was covered with a thick mixed growth of trees, largely pines. The soil is clay underlaid with sand. The surface of the groimd is about 26 feet above the James River, and, curiously enough, after rising from the river in a steep bank, slopes for the most part very gently away from the river, draining naturally, as far as it drains at all, into the swamp land to the east except as this condition is reversed by several surface ditches leading to the James. One ditch is on the north boundary of Hilton. This discharges into a small brook which flows through Hilton into the James, cutting through the high bank of the river. This brook has two branches, north and south, the north branch running more or less par- allel to the river and 500 feet from it, from the property of the Housing Corporation into that of the Shipping Board. Into this brook the surface drainage of all the site of Camp Morrison had been discharged by a large ditch, which ran for part of its course at right angles to the river along the north boundary of Hilton Extension as here shown. It was planned to continue this ditch directly into the river instead of discharging it into the brook, thus abolishing the brook within Hilton Extension. A railroad station was already arranged for at Hilton, and the electric railroad was extended along Warwick County Road to Hilton and later with our aid through the extension. The awkward curves of Warwick County Road, as shown on plan, quite unnecessarv in a flat topography, were already fixed. It was evident that Hilton Extension and Hilton should cooperate in water supply and sewerage. 253 254 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. There was a complete sewerage system under con- struction for Hilton, with a septic tank discharging its effluent into the river. This would have to be much enlarged, however, if it were to accommodate twice the population of Hilton, as planned, and both projects would naturally share this expense. The water situation was very bad throughout New- port News, both on account of inadequate present storage capacity and inadequate main pipe lines as well as service lines. The Army was installing an- other main parallel to the one which ran by both developments, but no arrangement satisfactory to all consumers could be reached except by the Gov- ernment's imdertaking some broad solution of the water problem of the whole congested region. This was under way when the armistice was signed. The street plan of Hilton Extension was closely related to the plan of Hilton, indeed a part of the site near the railroad along and south of Post Street, which was first planned by the Shipping Board, was turned over for construction to the Housing Corporation. River Road, planned as a pleasure drive, where it nms through Hilton, was continued for the same traffic through Hilton Extension, the purpose being to make eventually a shore drive which would, at least for some distance, remove the pleasure traffic from the general and commercial traffic of Warwick County Road. The minor streets parallel to the river, instead of some of them being developed with little neighborhood parks, as in Hilton, were given variety by a slight deviation from a straight line, which came about naturally in any case from the shape of the site. At right angles to the river, midway of the long blocks between James Street and Post Street, we planned a shaded path, crossing Warwick County Road where the cars were to stop, and running from the school site to the park, making a pleasant direct way by which people could walk from their homes to the electric cars or toward the railroad station. Where this path crossed the various roads little open spaces were made with the houses set back around them. The angle in the roads at these open spaces tended to make the spaces seem more complete and inclosed. Additional sites for churches were provided. The stores of Hilton were to serve both developments. The school facilities were to be divided, Hilton to accommodate the higher grades, in the school and community house at the end of its central avenue, and Hilton Extension to provide for most of the lower grades. The density of population of Hilton Extension was to be somewhat greater than that of Hilton to reduce expense per house. This produced a greater per cent of row houses, which were located on the more accessible but otherwise less desirable land between Warwick County Road and the railroad. The architectural effect was planned to be similar to that of Hilton, but simpler with fewer types of houses, and on account of the row houses, more of the larger building masses. On both developments the most desirable land, that along the river bank, except that used as a park, was set aside in larger lots for purchase by such people as could afford the greater cost. ^ PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 255 '^^3 A / 71 g 3 W V r 256 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. Block Ends. Area planned: 10.69 acres. Housing planned: Row houses, 253 families. (Project discontinued. For further information see tables, Chap. IX.) Thirteen ends of blocks were acquired on which row houses were to be built fronting on the west side of Virginia Avenue. Certain of these houses in each row were to be occupied by a family providing jneals for the workers living in the row. Some of the workers were to room with families, and some were to occupy small apartments or single rooms. Dormitory Site (Project No. S7b). Area planned: 7.41 acres. Housing planned : 1,092 persons in dor- mitories. (Project discontinued. For further information see tables. Chap. IX.) For rapid construction and maximum service to the shipyards the group of dormitories was planned west of Virginia Avenue, near the shipyards. Direct railroad service to the storage and kitchen of the cafeteria was easily provided. The cafeteria, too, was near enough to the shipyards to be available during the lunch hour. Briarfield, Va. (Project No. S7c). Area planned: 96.03 acres. Housing planned: Detached houses, 150 families; semidetached houses, 164 families; row houses, 236 families. Total, 550 families. (Project discontinued. For further information see tables. Chap. IX.) The Briarfield site was chosen for housing the colored workers because it was cheap enough for its" purpose and was the nearest land available to the shipyards, lying in the line of expansion of an existing Negro neighborhood. Its disadvantages are that the mapcimum differ- ence in elevation, between northwest and south- east comers, is only about 15 inches; the water level in the soil is high, and the land lies 18 feet lower than the crest of the shore at the shipyards. It was also necessary to eliminate the grade-crossing of Briar- field Road across the railroad yards. However, the railroad was pledged to bear all or most of this expense. These houses were not designed for the lowest paid of the Negroes. It was expected that Briar- field would become the most popular Negro neigh- borhood, attracting the most prosperous and de- sirable families, whether or not already housed, but none the less relieving the general shortage of housing, through a general shifting of population. To produce a house and lot, having proper con- veniences, which would be within the means of the colored workmen there were two alternatives. We could build a very cheap shell for a house, having only the most essential conveniences, but with a lot large enough for a considerable garden, or we could build row houses, each dwelling well constructed and well provided with all utilities but set on a lot of minimum size. The first of these alternatives would make it neces- sary to some extent to scatter the development, placing the houses farther from the shipyards, and this type of dwelling would appeal to only a few of the shipyard workers. Most of them had neither leisure nor desire to care for a large plot of ground in addition to doing their work in the shipyards. The second alternative, the row-house, as a dwelling for colored people in southern cities is generally looked on as undesirable. It is — as usually built — tmsanitary and dark, and the whole row of dwellings is usually the property of some one white owner, living elsewhere and getting the maximum of rent for the minimum expense of upkeep. The row houses as designed for this project, however, were conveniently planned, with no dark rooms, and modem in all appointments. We were convinced that these dwellings could readily be rented to the colored laborers. We be- lieved that, either through the well to do members of the colored population or through the manage- ment of the shipyards, owners could be foimd for these rows of houses who would keep them in proper condition and foster a general pride in the appearance of the community. Some of these row houses were to face on a neighborhood park without roadways, being served in the rear by an alley, but in front only by the walk boimding the turfed area. When the alley serves two rows of houses this rather unusual scheme . is not particularly uneco- nomical, but there is a waste of alley construc- tion where the type of development changes to the more normal arrangement at that point, for the alley is necessary on one side only. The use of a similar neighborhood park in the area devoted to de- tached and semidetached houses in Briarfield, as shown on this plan, is open to the objection of in- creasing the cost of roads and utilities by using available street frontage on open space. Usually it would be better to concentrate this open space where it entails less utility expense and occupies PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 257 land of less value as building lots. These six little open spaces were shown for the purpose of dis- cussion, but house lots might have been sub- stituted for them if the plan had come to the stage of final discussion before construction. It is to be noted that in spite of the varied house ar- rangements and the number of open spaces, the gridiron street system remains an element of mo- notony. A more pleasant appearance could have been attained with less apparent effort and no more expense, if it had seemed proper under the circum- stances to fit the streets to local traffic lines and to the disposition and shape of areas for local needs, rather than to the accepted standard city street layout. The arrangement of the buildings on Fifty-fifth Street, between the square and the school, is probably too varied. We believe that it would have been better to make these houses more tmi- form, thus concentrating attention on the objects of interest terminating the vista at each end of the street. It was planned to carry the water in grass gutters or open ditches beside the roads as far as possible, to save expense and to minimize gradient, keeping the whole storm water system higher. This would ' not have been desirable if any large number of the lots were to have private garages. ^ 258 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 259 P NIAGARA FALLS, N. Y. (PROJECT NO. 404), Site A.— Area planned: 23.08 acres. Housing planned: Detached houses, 45 families; semidetached houses, 56 families; row houses, 32 families; total, 133 families. (Project discoutinued. ) Site B.— Area planned: 21.75 acres. Housing plaimed: Detached houses, 4 families; semidetached houses, 46 families; row houses, 150 families; total, 200 families. Housing constructed: Semidetached houses, 46 families; row houses, 150 families; total, 196 families. Site C. — ^Area planned: 8.40 acres. Housing planned: Semidetached houses, 20 families; row houses, 48 families; total, 68 families. (Project discontinued.) (For further information see tables, Chap. IX.) With the application of water power to the pro- duction of electricity, the city of Niagara Falls, to which tourists had been coming for generations for the beauty and wonder of the Falls, became also the greatest center of hych-oelectric power in America and a thriving manufacturing town with industries depending upon electrical energy. The products of Niagara Falls were varied, but most of them were found to be valuable for war piUTJOses. Those establishments producing nonessentials were closed. Ninety-five per cent of the ferrosilicon and ferromolybdenum, essential to the manufac- ture of guns, was produced here. In 191 8 the city had a population of between 50,000 and 60,000. It had been growing very rapidly, and with every increase in the industries and corresponding influx of workmen the housing facilities had been getting more and more inade- quate. It was estimated in 1918 that there was need for more than 2,000 additional houses. The higher paid men were largely American born, but fully two-thirds of the workmen were foreign born, including Italians, Poles, and Slovaks. They Uved for the most part in districts according to their nationality. Although they were willing to tolerate worse surroundings than the American-born work- men would do, their living conditions were fast becoming impossible. In a Polish district from two to five families were found occupying houses built for one family. In general there are four industrial centers in Niagara Falls. One, known as the upper district, is above the Falls in the southeastern part of the city, the middle district is above the Falls in the southern part, the milling district below the Falls in the west, and the lower district in the north. Because of this distribution of the industries it was decided to construct three developments, two of which should serve the middle and upper dis- tricts and one the lower district. In locating these sites it was necessary to take into account that some of the industries making chemicals give off poison- ous fumes, killing vegetation, and injurious, or at any 260 rate unpleasant, to human beings. This made resi- dence undesirable near these industries in the path of the prevailing winds, which were from the south- west, thus ruling out some otherwise possible sites. The lower district was chiefly in need of hous- ing for common labor, and the north site (site C) was planned on this basis. Of the other sites, near ecah other, one was for the higher class of Ameri- can-bom skilled labor and foremen (site A) . The other was for the better class of common labor, one end being adjacent to the present Italian quarter and the other adjacent to the Polish quarter (site B) . Some objection was raised to this segre- gation of races as being un-American, but the fact remained that the workers desired it and the Housing Corporation therefore felt that it was better not to go counter to this desire, as far as our immediate purposes were concerned. Further, it was an open question whether the amalgamation of the various kinds of Americans could be forced, or whether it could not better take place by more gradual intermingUng on individual initiative. In all three sites the environment is residential, of medium verging into low class. Site A is just within a mile of the industries to be benefited, site B somewhat nearer, site C within half a mile of the works in the northern district. All three sites are upon accepted or projected streets the lines of which could not be materially changed. They were all within the city limits, and utilities were already planned by the city, so the sites readily could become parts of the existing system. The topography, being fiat and iminteresting, offered no engineering difficulties. Site A is very near a new public school and playground, and is also con- venient to stores, movies, and the like. Site B is a trifle farther from schools, and the intensive develop- ment proposed necessitated provision for local stores. After the armistice sites A and C were abandoned and site B alone completed. On site B the attempt was made to produce houses which should be rentable almost as cheaply as the typical two-flat tenement, but which should PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 261 KEY MAP NIAGARA FALL^ NY. U.&DE,PALTMMT OFLAftOH. BUUAUOI IrtDUJTHIAL HOUSiy^Q ANP TJiA/fiSPOlTATIO/T U.5.HOUSWQ COILPOLATIO/J 262 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. offer considerably greater advantages in air, light, and appearance. The houses were arranged in simple Unes along the streets, a recessed setback between Orleans and Ferry Avenues and a setback of opposite row houses between Walnut and Pine Avenues being the only variations. In the latter case the length of the recessed portion is too short in relation to the depth of the setback. The large six-house row on Pine Avenue at the head of Twenty-fourth Street, with its strongly marked central gable, is unfortunately off axis of Twenty- foin-th Street, just failing to give a satisfactory vista point. With the size of building units adopted this could have been avoided only by sacrificing a lot. To use to best advantage the deep blocks on each side of Twenty-fourth Street between Orleans and Ferry Avenues, we introduced allotment gardens, believing that at least this amount of land would be so used by some of the people housed in the development, or would later be useful as a block playground. There were on the site a number of houses already built, which were quite good enough to be used tmder the existing conditions. We planned to move most of them to outlying portions of the site to allow free space for our new development. We had two reasons for this: First, as it happened. the row houses which we were building of fixed dimensions could not be fitted into the blocks with the existing houses without wasting much space. Second, the new houses were so different in appearance that even in so economical a develop- ment we felt that the gain in appearance and rentable value of the neighborhood was itself nearly worth the price of moving the old houses. On the south side of Pine Avenue where Twenty- fourth Street jogs to the east it was originally planned to introduce a little square, produced by extending the roadway of Twenty-fourth Street from the north straight across for a distance of about 60 feet south of Pine Avenue and then turn- ing east into the continuation of Pine Avenue as platted, facilitating traffic at this awkward jog and leaving a green island that would add to the interest of the development. It was intended to provide for stores on the south side of this square, but our real estate experts felt that to set back the stores so far from the general building line of Pine Street, a car-line street destined to be largely occupied by stores, would decrease their value, and the square was abandoned. On site B the houses were planned on the assump- tion that they would be occupied by Americans of foreign birth and by later arrivals not yet Ameri- t T y/ E M r Y-rtrTM */• r r set J'"||'"'J'L!U" I mm D EXISTING BLDG. Ui sra.O TWEt'/TY-FOi/R.TH lT T R. E E T S7&.0 TO PLANT — 573.a I 1 T WE N TY -T H / B. P J" T g. E E T HOUSING-PROJECT titlfl+iltit i ir NIAGARA FALLS, N.Y. SITE B. US.DEPARTMENT • OF • LABOR BUREAUOFINDUSTRIAL- HOUSINGS-TRANSPORTATION US.HOUSINCCORPORATION DEAK a DEAN :AR.CHITECTS JOHN.NOLEN^TOWN PLANNER W. M<=CUaOH :ENOINEEa 191& Hi PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 263 canized, the class of labor ranging from medium grade to the lowest-paid type, but all men with families. This seemed to necessitate a variation in plan running from houses with four, five, and six rooms, in which there is a parlor as well as a combination living room and kitchen, down to houses with two bedrooms and bath above the first story and what is, for all practical purposes, one room on the groimd floor, so arranged as to separate the part containing the plumbing from the part to be used as a living room by a portion to be used as passage. The assumption as to these minimum houses was that new arrivals, having been accustoned to cer- tain conditions in their native lands would not make effective use of housing arrangements more than a certain degree better than the old if sud- denly transported into them. Whether the scheme was justifiable is not here discussed, but should the plan of these houses prove unsuccessful, or should the original conditions as then understood change by reason of the ending of the war, this type of house, of which there are but few in the present development, can easily be converted to a four- room house by the building of a partition, so as to make two rooms on the grotmd floor, one to be used for cooking and eating and the other as a parlor, or one as a kitchen and the other as a living room and dining room. A peculiar feature, which marks the plan of the Niagara Falls row house as different from any others in the corporation's developments, is the position of the bathrooms. Instead of being at the second- story level they are halfway above the second story and are reached from it by means of a short flight of stairs. The advantages claimed for this position are primarily that in houses having no fmrnaces the warm air rises to the bathroom and prevents the freezing of pipes, whereas, in the second-story bathrooms with outside walls in houses without furnaces the pipes are Ukely to freeze. Additional warmth is obtained in bathrooms in houses without a furnace by means of a drum of metal which is placed in the bathroom and through this drum passes the hot smoke from the kitchen range. Another point to be noticed is the position of the furnace on the first floor iu close proximity to the kitchen. This position obviates the necessity of a cellar, coal and wood storage being provided in a one-story shed, of ample proportions, at the rear of the buildiag. The stairs of the houses described have no platforms. They have double " winders, " which are made necessary by the using of space for the fiumace in the center of the house. This is the only development of the corporation where such stairs occur. There is no doubt that considerable saving in construction results from this type of plan and also that the heating costs less than in the house which has a cellar containing the regulation furnace, but the type of house described is more suited to what is generally called "foreign labor" than to any people who have become accustomed to more ad- vanced modes of living with more spacious accom- modation. The plans lend themselves more to grouping than they do to detached building. At Niagara Falls all the houses constructed are of this kind, the smallest building being two houses, semidetached. The use of part of a third story for a bathroom required a special design of roof and the extra bedrooms in some of the houses required that a full attic story be added. Thus there has resulted a design of building peculiar to this development with extensive roof lines carrying across four and even six houses. 264 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. i-WATLR ■TStWtlt TYPICAL PLAN OF SEWER AND WATER CONNECTIONS , , I H''^H h' I I too- irMtET »H i''r \ ,1 \ Sao- JMMT I [lA pyaK. eSLLAfc TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT OF WATER SERVICE AND HOUSE CONNECTIONS PLAN AS USED AT NIAGARA FALLS. N.Y. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL HOUSING AND TRANSPORTATION. U.S. HOUSING CORPORATION. ENGINEERING. PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 265 rsc^f FRONT ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION SCALE . . 19 z.° ^ 3o ■« 30 FEET REAR ELEVATION 25 A Reverse FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN FIVE ROOM SEMI-DETACHED HOUSES TYPE 25 A SCALE * 1° B =.° » FEET LiulJlji-jLiljJljljLjuU 7f *^ BED ROOM ClO. BED ROOM tm *-# BED ROOM BED ROOM -+- ROOM p" "v II I I I.-- Iv- FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN THREE AND FIVE ROOM ROW HOUSES THIRD FLOOR PLAN GROUP 635 A SCALE 10 zo 30 40 so FEET b-uUuuLu iJuubuJuutjuiJ uubuUuut UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT NIAGARA FALLS N Y ARCHITECTS DEAN AND DEAN NILES, OHIO (PROJECT NO. 481). Aiea planned: 23.29 acres. Housing planned: Detached houses, 103 families; semidetached houses, 14 families; total, 117 families. Housing constructed: Detached houses, 75 families; alsoold house renovated, 1 family. (For furtJier information see tables, Chap. IX.) Niles, Ohio, near the Pennsylvania Hne, is one of the series of very active industrial communities along the Mahoning River. It had a population of 8,740 in 1910 and about 11,000 in 1918. Many industries in and near Niles having war contracts were limited in their production by the shortage of housing, notably the Engel Air Craft Co., which needed to increase its employees from 700 to 2,600 in order to meet the requirements of the War Department. The Housing Corporation put on a special chartered car to operate between Warren and Niles, and arranged other improvements in the transportation service, and also undertook house construction. The site selected as the most available is in the northeastern part of the town, not far from a public school and within a mile of the principal industries and the stores and railroad station. The soil is stiff and underlaid by rock at from 2 to 10 feet; the site is rolling, with a good slope for drainage, but receives much surface and ground water from higher land; conditions which made the storm drainage and sewerage costly. The street plan is in part an acceptance of the existing gridiron street system, already built upon up to the borders of the property, and in part is an adjustment of that system to the angle of an existing diagonal thoroughfare, Vienna Avenue, to the topography and to the property lines. The curving deflections of the roads near the junction of Lafayette and B Streets were made in order to preserve a number of fine large trees which add greatly to the attractiveness of the project. The exceptional lot depth of 180 feet, with alleys, estabUshed by the old gridiron plan, applies to nearly half the lots in the project. The present relatively low land values make such deep lots possible, and they are locally popular, but with increasing pressure of population such a plan will invite the evil of alley dwellings except as con- trolled by arbitrary restrictions on the part of the 266 Housing Corporation or by drastic municipal regu- lations. On the areas not controlled by the old street plan the lots are about 130 feet deep, without alleys, and in one deep block of irregular outline a small interior block playground has been provided. The side space between houses is generally kept down to the standard minimum of 16 feet, but the use of a large proportion of bungalows makes the average lot width about 50 feet, and since the cost per foot of utilities proved to be rather high and there was a good deal of grading, lots when charged with street improvements are dispropor- tionately costly for the houses, in spite of the moderate initial cost of land. The grouping of the houses is generally good, some of the more extreme variations in setback being accounted for by the existence of large trees in the front yards which entirely justify and explain them; although on Lafayette Street the variation in setback, not accotmted for by trees, seems rather forced. It is noticeable that where the building line on the west side of Lafayette Street forms a reentrant angle at the bend of the street it would have looked much better to have bluated the angle by turning the houses on each side of it so as to parallel the curve of the street. The development as constructed is composed entirely of bungalows of four, five, and six rooms each. Whatever is of interest from the standpoint of design is given by the details of porches which are the sole ornament of these houses. The gen- eral type is in every case about the same, the houses being turned in some cases, so that their long axis is parallel to the street. The plan is simple and economical. The houses aie constructed of frame with clapboard side cover- ing, and the roofing is of asphalt shingles. The interior walls have been covered with a wall board of improper quaUty for the purpose and as a result defects in the interior are likely to appear very soon. The framing work, however, as well as the masonry, is first class. ^ proje;ct drawings and descriptions. 267 * * T R. £ £ T « M m . « « ^ m * « m ^ « ■ M m ■S T A £ £ Mas 268 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. ■ 1 s>'- o" J\ // S' y lo' s' a' -4-" i 3" 1 2 Reverse LIVINS ROPM ll eta SECTION FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN FIVE ROOM SEMI-DETACHED HOUSES TYPES 12 AND 12 R SCALE . 5 ■ '9 's ap sb FEET U LJ U LJ -' L-J Lii— /UujljI-ji— ilJ UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT NILES OHIO ARCHITECT GEORGE H SCHWAN PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 269 SECOND FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM HOUSE TYPE 7 SCALE , s 19 's gp gs FEET UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT NILES OHIO ARCHITECT GEORGE H SCHWAN 118791°— 19— VOL 2 19 NORFOLK DISTRICT (NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH, VA.). The great advantage of Hampton Roads as a harbor and shipping point led to an enormous development of these facilities by the Government along various lines. The largest undertakings were the additions to the plant and to the work of the United States navy yard, the naval operating base, and the United States magazine, these being for the Navy, and the Pig Point ordnance stores, the Tatmer's Creek general stores, the Engineer depot at Norfolk, and the Norfolk & Western Railroad pier, these developments being for the Army. Between May i, 1917, and January i, 1918, 20,000 people came into the district — about 7,000 white workers, with 7,000 members of their fami- lies, and about 3,000 colored workers, with 3,000 members of their families. In November, 1917, complaints began to be heard of the housing short- age; by January, 191 8, it was obviously very serious. In prewar times the United States navy yard and the United States magazine, the only two large employers of labor, had about 8,400 white and colored workers. In January, 191 8, the various industries employed over 18,000, and the work in prospect called for at least 40,000, with a possible peak load of 52,000. The permanent after-war population of workers was estimated at 22,275 — 14,775 white and 7,500 colored. On January 31, 191 8, the interdepart- mental housing committee, consisting of repre- sentatives from the housing committee of the Council of National Defense and of the representa- tives of the Army and of the Navy, after studying the results of investigations, suggested to the Secretary of War that permanent housing be pro- vided for 3,535 white workers and 2,880 colored workers, and temporary accommodations for 6,000 white and 14,025 colored. 270 Bven figuring three workers to a house in the permanent houses, which is more than usual, the housing for these 26,400 men was estimated to cost $10,000,000. As the total operations of the Army and those of the Navy were of about the same size in this district, it was suggested that each pay one-half of this amount from its available funds. The housing sites were chosen early in the history of the Housing Bureau, before the machinery of preliminary investigation and systematic discus- sion had been perfected. The situation was so complicated, the needs to be served so various, the available sites presented such different advantages and disadvantages, that there has been much dis- cussion of alternatives and much balancing of different opinions even after work on the sites was well begun. There were three sites — Glenwood (originally called Glenwood Park) , in Norfolk, on Boush Creek, near the site of the 9ld Jamestown Exposition, serv- ing the Navy operating base and the Army operat- ing base; Truxtim, for colored workers, just outside of Portsmouth, serving the navy yard; and Cradock, for white workers, south of Ports mouth, on Paradise Creek, also serving the navy yard. The Housing Bureau was satisfied that Truxtun was well located and suitably designed to serve its purpose inexpensively. Both Glenwood and Cradock, however, were open to serious objections, the first on accotmt of real-estate complications and some engineering difficulties, the second on accoimt of its difficulty of access and the engineering diffi- culties inherent in its low and flat site. It is true, however, that all other alternatives offered disad- vantages of other kinds which might well have proved more objectionable. PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 271 272 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. Cradock, Va. (Project No. ISOa). Area, planned: 310.60 acres. Housing planned: Detached houses, 801 families; semidetached houses, 170 families; row houses, 160 families; row two-flat houses, io4families. Total, 1,235 families. Workmen in barracks (planned to be used by Navy after con- struction of Cradock), 2,000. Housing constructed: Detached houses, 417 families; semidetached houses, 144 families; row houses, 94 families; row two-flat houses, 104 families. Total, 759 families. (For further information see tables. Chap. IX.) The area chosen for this development was mostly open farming land, bounded on the north and cut into from the east by arms of Paradise Creek. The shores of these tidal water areas were bor- dered in many places with a good growth of timber, stopping at a definite line where the fiat land was cultivated and falling into very pleasant groups. There was also a patch of woodland, some areas of more scattered trees, and a low area, almost a fresh- water swamp, in the southern part of the site near the Tidewater Railroad. The land was almost absolutely fiat, the greatest difference of elevation in the surface, except on the creek banks, being about 3 feet, and the average surface being only about 10 to 12 feet above mean low tide. The soil had a very high water plane, ranging from the surface of the ground in wet weather to about 3 feet below the surface in dry weather. The tidal variations of the water in Paradise Creek introduced a serious problem, because though the creek is very attractive at high tide it is largely a mud flat at low tide. It was at one time pro- posed to fill most of these flats, in connection with large dredging operations farther downstream, but this did not then prove practicable. At pres- ent it is proposed merely to do such filling and cleaning as will prevent the standing of any fresh water to breed mosquitoes. To provide reasonable access from Cradock to the navy yard on the shortest line, and thence to Portsmouth, two bridges are necessary, one post- poned for the present, to carry Gilmerton Boule- vard on a continuous line across the creek, the other, already built by the Housing Corporation, connecting Gilliss Road with Gilmerton Boulevard, as extended. Also it was necessary to construct and properly pave the extension of Gilmerton Boulevard from the creek to the navy yard, both for the future traffic to and from Cradock and for the convenience of the present construction of the town, for the existing roads, poor enough at best, were turned into a slough in wet weather by heavy trafl&c. In arranging the street system of the project a long diagonal, GilHss Road, was run to the further comer of the scheme from the bridge over Paradise Creek. A main trafific boulevard, Afton Parkway, was laid but generally east and west through the heart of the development, and a spur of the trolley line runs through the town upon it. A main resi- dential and promenade parkway, Prospect Parkway, was built at right angles to the main part of Afton Parkway, from the wooded area of Afton Park to the schoolhouse site on Prospect Field. The town center is in the heart of the scheme, with all these main trafific Hnes passing through or near it. The particular form of the street layout as shown on the plan came about from the adaptation of these main requirements to the existing topography and the determined lot and block sizes. The choice of street names and their arrangement was carefully worked out. The two main inter- secting thoroughfares with central planting strips are called Afton and Prospect Parkways. The main encircling thoroughfares are called Dahlgren and Alden Avenues. The diagonal thoroughfare is called Gilliss Road. The rest are called streets, with the exception of those which are not direct through ways and are only one block long, which are called places. All the street names are those of men of note in the United States Navy. The names of the streets are arranged alphabetically from northwest to southeast. The names of the places are ar- ranged more or less alphabetically in a circumfer- ence, beginning at Prospect Field and rimning contraclockwise, but also they are so located that for the most part where they are parallel to streets their names begin with the same or the next letter as the name of the street. The orientation of the streets and consequently of the houses is less important here than at Truxtun because the houses are farther apart. At Cradock most of the houses face northwest and southeast. The central portion of the street scheme is almost absolutely a gridiron, and the lack of satisfactory terminations for many of the street vistas is un- pleasantly noticeable on the ground. In the case of the streets tra.nsv6rse to Afton Parkway, for example, both the designers and the Corporation feel that it would have looked better to deflect PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 273 n 274 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. them all from the rectangular system at a distance of one block from that central thoroughfare, as was done in the case of GilUss Road and Burtis Street. Also the regularly repeated arrangement of the houses on consecutive blocks produces a series of unintentional vistas across the blocks. These are imdesirable, and at present, the planting not being grown, they are very conspicuous, but later they will be mostly stopped by foHage in the summer, and at least interrupted even in the winter, partic- ularly as there will be some small btdldings such as garages in the interiors of the blocks. Cradock being so far from Portsmouth, it was necessary to provide most of the commimity facili- ties, such as schools, stores, fire-engine house, a small hotel, commtmity recreation building, and market. Some of these may be now provided only sufficiently to serve the present development, for instance only a few stores will be. btiilt at once, the rest to be built by private enterprise as they are needed. Similarly a temporary school is planned to be built at once, the permanent buildings being postponed until construction is relatively cheaper. The hospital as shown serves not only Cradock itself but also accident cases from the navy yard. Only a srtiall part of it, for present uses, is now to be built. Sites for churches were proAdded, to be tiu-ned over to responsible church societies at a low or nominal charge. A group of wooden row two-flat houses for 104 families, arotmd a central court, was built to offer some housing relief at the earliest possible moment. For the same reason a district of 112 ready-cut temporary houses was planned and 93 were built between Gilliss Road and Virginia Road. The armistice occurring at ths point in this construc- tion, the rest were not erected. It was intended that the barracks erected for the men who were building Cradock should, when the town was finished, serve some of the single work- men employed in the navy yard, but this vvfill now presumably prove to be unnecessary. The water supply for Cradock is to be obtained from the existing water system located in Portsmouth. This necessitated carrying a 1 6-inch water line from the Goodwin Street Pumping Station to the Belt Line Railroad and a 12-inch main from this point to the housing development, the total length of 16- inch and 1 2 -inch pipe aggregating slightly more than 2 miles and costing approximately $85,000. The distribution system within the development is made up of 12, 8, 6, and 4 inch mains, with suffi- cient hydrants to provide necessary fire protection. All services are to be metered. The entire cost of the water-distribution system has been borne by the Housing Corporation. A contract is now being negotiated with the city of Portsmouth whereby they will probably take over and maintain either part of all of the water con- nections and distribution system. The water- distributing mains have been placed with a 2 J^-foot cover of earth. Cast-iron pipe has been used throughout for the distribution mains while gal- vanized wrought-iron pipe was used for the house services. The meters are all placed outside in a well-protected vitrified sewer-pipe housing with cast-iron top and cover. The most difficult utilities to provide at Cradock were the sanitary and storm-water sewers. Sepa- rate systems are to be installed, the storm-water draining into the nearest little valley or ravine, while the sanitary sewers drain to a sewerage-pump well. This is located in the central parking, at the intersection of Harris Street and Afton Parkway. The outfall sewer discharges into deep water in the southern branch of the Elizabeth River. The storm-water drains have been reduced to the very minimum in order to reduce expense. In general, these will care for i inch of rainfall, and vary in size from 1 2 inches to 30 inches. Samtary sewers vary in size from 24 inches to 8 inches. The minimum grade for the 8 -inch laterals has been fixed at 0.25 of i per cent. This grade is not sufficient to furnish a 2-foot velocity, but owing to construction difficulties this minimum was estab- lished, and it is felt no trouble will follow. As previously stated the ground-water plane varies from zero to a maximum of 3 feet below the surface. At an approximate depth of 4 feet a blue, running sand is encountered. The minimum depth allowed for samtary sewers has been held to 3 feet. This means that practically all of the trenching required in connection with the sewer system must be tightly sheathed, freeing the ground of water. The maximum depth for the sewers is 13 feet. The material of construction is vitrified clay sewer pipe, except sewage outfall, which is of wood stave pipe. All houses, including barracks and tempo- rary houses, are provided with sanitary sewers and water. PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 275 1= ipBpZiZs: "W S] ^ t/1 q o z p i O 2 ■-t ^ ^ ^ [ P n < z o 1- l f 1 r m: s: s: iSi -S.Z.-S'- SEWAGE PUMPING STATION CRADOCK, VA. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL HOUSING £, TRANSPORTATION U.S. HOUSING CORPORATION. ENGINEERING 276 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. Js-l ''" - f i-^\- '$. [^ anaoi 5" - T-f 1~- 1 .1' 1 ^ 4-1 — F _ -.a- •.'•iV'.-l i s H O s o ii ■^ g 3 Z s z o o z E '^ D, H O o o Q < 11 -' .' - .".-i PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 277 Srot/nii Line^^ /6 " Wood Sfave Pipe Mean low wotmr — Pf>.OF/L£ COHTINU£0 PRESSURE OUTFALL 5EWER FOR CRADOCK,VA. .U. S. DEFAKTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF IMDUSTRIAL HOUSING AND TRANSPORTATION U. S. HOUSING CORPORATION ENGINEERING The sewage-pump well is 47 feet by 15 feet in plan, inside dimensions with a depth of 19 feet. The house for the pumping units and transformers will be approximately 18 feet by 22 feet in plan, and surmounts this well. This building will accom- modate three motor-driven vertical shaft, centrif- ugal pumps and the necessary electric control board and transformers. Each of the three pumps is to have a capacity of 1,000,000 gallons per 24 hours against an average total head of 1 7 feet with a maximum of 32X feet and a minimum of 10 feet. These pumps will discharge into a 16-inch wood stave pipe, which has its outlet, as previously stated, in the southern branch of the Elizabeth River. The electric lighting system will consist of that required for street lighting and for the furnishing of lights in the residences. Electricity is to be fiu"- nished by the Virginia Light & Power Co., which in turn will operate and maintain both the street lighting and house distribution system. The rates charges are to be identical with those now in force in the city of Portsmouth. A contract has been consummated between the United States Housing Corporation and the Virginia Light & Power Co. whereby the Virginia Light & Power Co. is to acquire the extensions which have been made at an appraised value which is to be made one year after the close of the war. The distribution Knes have been placed so far as possible upon easements or rights of way located on the rear lot lines, thus eliminating the pole-and-wire construction so far as possible upon the streets. The original plans for street improvements pro- vided only a concrete pavement in Afton Parkway. This was to extend, in the original plan, from the Shell Road to the Gilmerton Railway Line. Under the modified building program a concrete roadway is to be built on Gilliss Road from the bridge at Paradise Creek to Afton Parkway, and a concrete pavement in Afton Parkway to extend only from the intersection at Gilliss Road to Shell Road. The material which has been used as ballast imder the temporary railway spurs, that have been used for construction purposes, is to be removed and appUed to the streets connecting with Afton Parkway. The question of providing sufi&cient material to macadamize these roads with an 8 -foot driveway of 9-inch depth is now under consideration. A 3>2-foot concrete sidewalk is to be constructed in all of the streets where buildings are located. The labor question in constructing this develop- ment was a very serious one. Scouts were sent all 278 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. over the country, into Missouri and as far as Texas to bring in labor, and a maximum labor force of over 3,000 was employed. In addition to the labor camp for white workers a labor camp for Negroes, housing approximately 500, was erected. These men are housed and fed by means of a commissary operated by the construction division of the cor- poration. The meals furnished by the construction division were of excellent quality, and a welfare building and other inducements were provided ; but the labor secured was largely of the floating type and the labor tiumover was approximately 30 per cent per month. When the armistice was signed this condition was changed to a considerable extent. A part of the program was the erection of ap- proximately 95 ready-cut bungalows which were built to provide housing facilities more speedily than could be expected from the permanent houses. An interesting thing in this connection was that, considering the large number of houses of a more permanent type which were to be erected, we could put up a permanent house almost as quickly as we ,could put up a portable house. Upon starting the work it was determined that approximately 4,000 cars of material had to be handled, coming in at certain times at the rate of 60 or 70 per day, and sometimes more. A raihoad track was therefore installed on the property, with a double Hne at one part, making in all a loop of 2.7 miles. This provided faciUties for unloading the cars directly at the storehouses, which were erected alongside the car track, so that the material could be handled quickly and efficiently. Approximately 9,000,000 feet of lumber were required by the various buildings. A central concrete plant was erected for mixing concrete for the foundations and utility work. This plant was next to the railroad track, and carloads of cement were run up alongside the plant, unloaded at the storehouse, and then placed on an escalator and carried to the bins at the top of the plant where the cement was mixed with the sand and gravel, and thus a continuous stream of concrete was going from morning to night. Sand and gravel came in by the carload and were emptied by means of a clamshell which operated rapidly. The material was swung around and dumped in piles, sometimes from two to three stories in height, and, when it came time to mix, the clamshell would deposit the amount in correct proportion into the bin through which it passed to be mixed with the cement. The water was poured into the mixture from a tank erected at the top of the plant. Caterpillar tractors hauled special wagons carry- ing the concrete to whatever place was desired throughout the square mile of the project. These tractors were only about 7 feet long, but most powerful. An elbow arrangement with a blade was fastened to the wheels of the wagons so that while the concrete was being carried from the central plant to where it was to be used, it was being con- stantly stirred to keep it alive. The method of erecting the buildings was to build the project in sections, by forming gangs of workmen to perforjn a certain fixed kind of work, and by repetition make them more efficient. Port- able sawmills were erected on the site to take care of and cut all framing lumber, and door and window frames. The amount of material required for each house was all sorted and stacked in a pile near where it was to be used. All the framing for the houses was cut at the mill so that all that had to be done was to assemble it in the field. The walls of the houses were erected on the ground and then Hfted up into place. Key plans were made where- by each piece of framing lumber was noted and readily assembled. A temporary hospital, which will at some time form a part of the permanent hospital group, was erected to take care of the emergency cases. Fire engines were purchased and a fire force was organ- ized. Owing to the intense desire for speed, which ■ seemed to permeate the very atmosphere, and the tension imder which everyone was living, it was necessary to provide a guard to protect the property and prevent quarrels. The guard consisted of 1 50 marines, and access to and egress from the property was had by means of a pass. The guards made periodic inspection of the negro labor camps and after each inspection came away with a small arsenal of arms. Upon entering the precincts of Cradock, one is first struck by the size of the project, which is the largest which the United States Housing Corpora- tion completed. The next feature to impress itself on the visitor is the monotonous expanse of slate- surfaced asphalt shingle roof covering, all of one color. But whatever one's impression is of this latter feature, it gives way, as he walks up and down the streets, to admiration of the individual houses. Unlike the houses of many of the Cor- PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 279 FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM HOUSE TYPE C 8 SCALE. 5 10 If ^ , g .s FEET LjljUljljUljUljljLji-ilJ UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT PORTSMOUTH VA ARCHITECTS GEORGE B POST AND SONS 28o REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. S-i-g.^ i ■ Vr-JU_ —:^^m^-^'': G2 G 2 Reverse LIVING ROOM BED flOOM SECTION FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN FIVE ROOM SEMI-DETACHED HOUSES TYPES G2 AND G2R SCALE, ....?....'?.. .'f . .^ 1 °. .^ 1= FEET UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT PORTSMOUTH VA ARCHITECTS GEORGE B POST AND SONS PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 281 FIRST FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM ROW HOUSES SECOND FLOOR PLAN GROUP J 6 cpAi c s 10 IS 20 2S FEET UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT PORTSMOUTH VA ARCHITECTS GEORGE B POST AND SONS 282 REPORt UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. SIDE ELEVATION FRONT ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION FIVE ROOM HOUSE, TYPE B2 r^ I I J I '^ T^ FIRST FLOOR PLAN ' !-] LJ U LJ LJ ta-l-J U LJ L J L] L^ lJ " = 1 ° = p FEET SECOND FLOOR PLAN SIDE ELEVATION FRONT ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION BATH J ^ I I SED ROOM ^^^j^^ :i BED ROOM FIRST FLOOR PLAN FIVE ROOM HOUSE SCALE SECOND FLOOR PLAN TYPE B4 , s 10 15 SO as FEET UuuluuLiuUuu U-i-LjJ UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT PORTSMOUTH VA ARCHITECTS GEORGE B POST AND SONS PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 283 FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM HOUSE SCALE. TYPE CI FIRST FLOOR PLAN SEVEN ROOM HOUSE TYPE D4 SCALE . s 19 If = 1 ° = p FEET LjljUuiljLjljlJlj lj - U lj U UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT PORTSMOUTH VA ARCHITECTS GEORGE B POST AND SONS 284 ke;port united states housing corporation. SIDE ELEVATION FRONT ELEVATION F:3. SCALE ,,, .^ _,,"?,,,.'?,, , = °FEET FIRST FLOOR PLAN SIDE ELEVATION SCALE , ' . 1° ■ g.° . 3° 10 , so FEET iF3 Reverse second FLOOR PLAN FIVE ROOM SEMI-DETACHED HOUSES TYPES FS lAND F3 R SIDE ELEVATION FRONT ELEVATION J. a-o" G-4T FIVE ROOM SEMI-DETACHED HOUSES I TYPES G4 AND Q4 R FIRST FLOOR PLAN ISIDE ELEVATION SCALE 'O 20 30 Ao So feet' LuUuubuUuuLu JuuLiu JuubuLl-crcri G!^ Reverse SCALE . LJ U U LJ Ll LJ U LJ LJ [- 1 , SECOND FLOOR PLAN UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT PORTSMOUTH VA ARCHITECTS GEORGE B PGST AND SONS PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 285 poration's developments, the Cradock houses are specially ample in size, statable for the very, highest paid tj^e of worker. Admiration is aroused by the imiform beauty of all the types, of which there are some 50 designs, made up of about 40 different plans. It would be difficult to select one type as better than another. The greatest single element of this beauty lies in the roof lines. On account of the sizes of the houses it was possible for slopes to be used without cutting off too much of the room areas. The sloping roofs give very desirable effects of lowness. The details of cornices and railings and the colors have all been worked out with great nicety. Here we have shingled, clapboarded, and stucco houses as well as some with stucco in combination with shingles or clapboards. The project was designed before the stringent rules of the War Industries Board went into effect and before the standard plans had been formulated, and though in many particulars the desire for economy affected the development there was enough leeway allowed to make it more easily possible to design and construct in such a manner as to pro- duce a very satisfactory architectural result. There are, however, a few details which might be improved upon, but they refer to construction rather than design, and many of these details were done in the interests of conservation when the later rulings of the War Industries Board forced themselves upon the project. In order to save material, a great many of the houses have been set rather too low, being but one step from the grade level to the piazza floors. This gives but little space for ventilation tmder the first story beams, as there are no cellars tmder the houses because of the height of the normal ground water level. The usual construction^ f or houses of this type is to place the sill on the foundations, painting that part of the sill which rests ^n masonry, in order to protect it from moisture. But in the present in- stance, the first story floor beams rest on the foun- dation and the sills on the floor beams. This was found to be questionable practice,, not only because the ends of the floor beams are embedded in con- crete and therefore have a tendency to rot, but also because of the cost of finishing the water table against the ends of the floor beams. This required the setting of strips back of the water table to make it come straight, a considerable total expense. 118791°— 19— VOL 2 20 The omission of cellars made necessary the use of heaters placed in the living room, with piping run to the radiators in second story rooms, the heater itself warming the living room. The series of apartment houses at the westerly end of the project is well planned except so far as the kitchens are concerned, which are entirely too small for the use of coal ranges instead of gas ranges. The United States Housing Corporation has erected here, as elsewhere, a great many portable one-story houses which is the name given to a bunga- low made in sections at the mill and put up without the necessity of doing any framing at the site. In principle the idea is good, but perhaps on ac- count of the haste used in constructing the different sections at the mill, or perhaps by reason of the necessity of using green material, the fitting of the parts was, in the case of Cradock, rather difficult and required more than an ordinary amount of labor and care, thus defeating the object sought — economy of time in erection. On the whole, though the interior is very rough in character, these houses serve their limited uses well. Glenwood Park, Va. (Project No. ISOb). Area planned: 79.27 acres. Housing planned: Detached houses, 136 families; semidetached houses, 374 families; row houses, 138 families. Total, 648 families. (Project discontinued. For further information see tables. Chap. IX.) The land which we had decided to acquire as the "Glenwood Park " site had already been laid out into streets and lots, and a considerable number of the lots sold to private owners. On most of these lots only partial payments had been made. Four houses only stood on the land which we were to acquire, three recently built on house lots, one an old house built before the land was subdivided. The terms of sale of the house lots apparently pledged the development company to do certain street construction and consequent grading. We prepared alternative estimates to determine whether it would be better to accept the platted street system or to construct another which should be more economical of land and in construction. We decided on the latter alternative. It was evi- dent that this entailed a difficult and complicated piece of real estate negotiation, though any dealing with this land as a whole would have been difficult in this respect. Since the land along Jamestown Boulevard was more expensive, and might soon in any case come 386 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. l"._Li ^ 1_ X r;t-QgSo z3 SOh o D 03 iiii go TQ I 1 >nojaoN oi — 1 r PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 287 to some commercial use, we planned to acquire only a reasonable outlet to this street, developing instead the back land, which was less expensive. The problem of surface drainage was particularly difficult, on accotmt of the slight elevation of most of the ground above tide. The water was to be carried in gutters as far as possible, and then in open ditches along the back lines of the lots to allow of the flattest possible gradient. The water supply is owned by the city of Norfolk. Arrangements were made whereby the United States Housing Corporation would construct its own mains and connect with those belonging to the city and purchase the water from them. The natural flow of the sewage would be toward Boush Creek, and on accoimt of the slight flow and the danger of contaminating this small stream it was thought desirable to join in with the Army base and pump the sewage into Hampton Roads. A contract was entered into with the City Gas Co. wherein the Housing Corporation would con- struct the gas mains. The gas company would at the end of three years purchase the mains at an appraised value, paying interest at the rate of 5 per cent. The Virginia Railway & Power Co. operates in this district. Arrangements were made for the United States Housing Corporation to construct the necessary lines for the development. The Virginia Railway & Power Co. would at the end of from three to five years purchase the equipment at an appraised value and would pay interest at the rate of 5 per cent. The street system which we adopted gave shal- lower lots than the previous scheme, with a greater density of population, and fitted the topography much better by avoiding cuts and fills along the shore and in the swales and gullies leading down to the water. We placed the stores just within our develop- ment, rather than on Jamestown Boulevard, for convenience to our project and to conserve values. The streets were arranged to lead readily to this center, and so to the boulevard, the electric line to Norfolk, and the plants where the workmen were to be employed. This street system recognized also the future diagonal traffic through the center from the bridge over Boush Creek, southeast of the development. As the plan stood at the time that the project was abandoned, the placing of the houses on the ends of some of the blocks was unfortunate, since it pre- vented a straightforward layout of pole lines along the backs of the lots. The resulting poles in the streets would have been particularly bad in a scheme of such small-scale buildings as this would have been. The reason this was allowed was that we hoped that at some future time the density of the development would admit of putting all the wires imderground without too much cost per house. On a group of lots in the southeast portion of the development we started the construction of "ready-cut" houses, in order to produce some housing facilities with the utmost possible speed. This building was going on at the same time as the work on the construction camp, which was on the land across the boulevard from Glenwood Park. At this juncture the armistice caused all work on the project to be abandoned. Truxtun (Project No. ISOc). Area planned: 43.22 acres. Housing planned: Detached houses, 203 families; semidetached houses, 50 families. Total, 253 families. Housing constructed: Detached houses, 200 families; semidetached houses, 50 families. Total, 250 families. (For further information see tables, Chap. IX.) The site of Truxtun was a proper one for a negro development, since the land between it and the navy yard was already occupied by Negroes where built up at all, and this class of occupancy would natiurally in any case expand toward Truxttm and eventually include it. This, too, was a desirable arrangement of population from the point of view of Portsmouth, as it did not force the colored people to traverse a white neighborhood on their way to work or to town, nor did it force much white pedestrian traffic through the colored neighborhood. Key Road gives access to the navy yard about three-eighths of a mile away. Deep Creek Boule- vard runs with reasonable directness to the center of Portsmouth, about a mile away. The land acquired for the development at Truxtun had been in part plotted in streets, and a few improve- ments constructed, but it was still practically a stretch of open field, with only three or four houses. The site slopes toward the south so gently as to appear flat, but is high enough above the creek on the southeast for surface drainage; in fact it is possibly the highest of any land in the vicinity, being almost i6 feet above mean low water. The soil is heavy, but not impervious. The water level 288 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. in the soil stood in wet weather within two or three feet of the surface. The intersection of Deep Creek Boulevard and Key Road is the natural center of the community, since these highways extend far into the outlying cotmtry, and they will be the main arteries of future development. Around this cross-roads the church, community house, and school were planned to be grouped. The small local stores were placed along Deep Creek Boulevard, as being sufificiently con- venient of access while leaving the three most im- portant sites for the most important and largest buildings. The Norfolk & Portsmouth Belt Line Railroad may in the futiure serve the neighborhood TYPICAL STIEET SET BACK NORFOLK DISTRICT VA. TRUXTUN U5DEPARTMENT OF LABOU. tUHEAUOEINDUSTOIftL HOUSING 6-TR.ANJPOII.TATlON U 5 HOUSING COR.P0RAT1ON ILE MITCHELL ARCHITECT ILEMtTCHELL W fUU TOWW PLAy^A'ER. UOHC HPXQJEY W WfLT TOWN PU/J/JLR. ■ UlLLOrikOllSON DLOIGAII^G MOEJ GC6AtWHEELtH. SUPLfLVISl/JO LUbU. for passenger transportation. When this occurs a small railroad station could well be placed on the west side of the railroad between Deep Creek Boulevard and Key Road. The large triangle be- tween the main streets in the heart of the town was planned as a public open space. This whole central arrangement is out of scale for the few houses at first to be constructed, but will be undoubtedly in time the center of a colored development of several thousand houses. The minor streets are run east and west parallel to Key Road, to ofTer the best exposure of the houses to the wind, a very important matter in the climate of Portsmouth, especially when the houses are close together along the street. On Hobson and Manly Streets a sHght extra set back of some of the houses and a special treatment of the planting strip make a variation from the straight row, and give some of the advantages of a neighborhood open space. (See detail plan.) The planting on these streets of an alternation of two small trees and one large tree is unusual, but was thought to be a pleasing variety, in scale with the size of the houses and the type of the develop- ment. The simplicity of the block system lent itself to arranging the pole lines in a reservation along the back boundaries of the lots, which was done, but some long-distance pole lines already on the main streets must remain, at least for the present. The average space between houses, 1 1 feet, is less than was required in other projects, but it is very much greater than is customary locally in similar housing, and the houses being small it looks suffi- cient as actually constructed. The water supply is to be obtained from the existing distribution system located within the city of Portsmouth. A very limited sewer system has been provided. This includes only that neces- sary to care for the storm-water flow. The sewage disposal problem here was a difficult one, no existing sewer being so located that it could be used. The length of outfall sewer which would have to be built to any point of discharge was so great as to entail a prohibitive cost. It was therefore decided to install cesspools for the houses, with tile drains to discharge the liquid into the sur- rounding soil. (Cf. diagram, p. 295.) The sewage passes into the first concrete tank which is 2 feet 6 inches in diameter with an over- all depth of 4 feet 4 inches. From this it passes into the second concrete tank which is 2 feet in diameter and 3 feet deep, after which it is distributed through the 100 feet of farm drain tile. The heavy solids practically all precipitate out in the first tank where bacterial action takes place, the second being used only as a final treatment. The success of this type of construction depends entirely upon the elevation of the ground-water plane and the nature of the subsoil. Vent holes have been placed in the elbows connecting the two circular tanks for the purpose of preventing any siphon action and at the same time affording means whereby gas can escape either into the drain tile or back through the cast iron riser vent pipe PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 289 located in the building. The tops of the circular tanks are placed at the ground level. The ground- water plane varies from 6 inches below the surface to 3 feet. It is felt that no trouble will arise from the presence of ground water unless it reaches an elevation sufficiently high to cause the tanks to overflow. A special effort has been made to locate the tanks in such a way that the possibility of this occurring has been reduced to a minimum. The lines of farm drain tile are located 16 inches below the surface of the ground. These are surrounded by broken stone of 12-inch width and 10- inch depth. Under the original plan, the streets were not to be improved with permanent road material. This decision was reached on account of the scarcity of all building material in this locality. Since the signing of the armistice has relieved somewhat the heavy demands for building material, it has been decided to surface with gravel the east and west streets connecting with Deep Creek Botdevard which is the main road leading to Portsmouth. This gravel siurface is to be 8 feet in width and 9 inches in depth. The sidewalks are all to be constructed of gravel. The houses of this project have been so designed from one five-room plan type, that they present four different elevations: three for the single-house type and one for double houses. The single types are somewhat modified as to porches to vary the design still further. Viewing the houses along the streets, they present a very interesting appearance though possibly a little unrestf ul because of the variety of the roof lines. Had the houses been so grouped as to present a greater number of houses with similar roofs, the effect would have been improved. The colors selected for the finish of these houses are in the main satisfactory though possibly a little dark in shade, but in their entirety they look well, being relieved by reason of the few houses which have been painted white and by the white of the blinds and porches. As already stated, but a single plan type was adopted by the corporation — a plan as suitable for detached as for semidetached houses. This plan provides for a chimney in the kitchen, back of the stairs, stairs with winders at the top and ample space at the foot of the stairs. In the semidetached houses the chimney is in the center wall of the building. Most of these houses were constructed in this way, but some were built in error with two chim- neys instead of one and with stairs too far forward. The single house has a door leading from the kitchen to the Uving room, while the semidetached houses have a door between the kitchen and the rear room on the first floor. An improvement might have been made if in every case there had been an opening between the kitchen and front room, for ventilation as well as to give direct access to the kitchen without passing through the rear room. Then, if occasion demanded, the rear room might have privacy as a bedroom. In this plan it would have been possible to enter the house at the foot of the stairs, and by walling off the stairs from the living room this room could be made private. Where dormers occur, a heightening of their roofs would have improved ventilation in the room with- out disturbing the design of the house. The general construction of the houses, though inexpensive, is good. The foundations are con- structed with piers, between which are 4-inch brick curtain walls, giving on the outside the appear- ance of a continuous foundation. Instead of using the No. 4 quality siding, which, as it comes from the mill, is about 25 per cent waste and full of knots, it would have been better to have used No. 2 siding, which has but Uttle waste and fewer knots. What was saved in original cost of lumber was generally more than made up in labor and in loss of material. In these houses there is no basin in the bathrooms and no provision was made for hot-water supply, the latter omission specially being questionable. The finished houses and the development as a whole are noteworthy as being of high class for their purpose of housing the colored families of the dis- trict, but still, with careful avoidance of imdesira- ble expense. 290 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 291 PENSACOLA, FLA. (PROJECT NO, 60). Area planned: 35.30 acres. Housing planned: Detached houses, 135 families; dormitories, 50 persons. (Project discontinued. For further information see tables, Chap. IX.) The Navy Aeronautic Station at Pensacola is in a Government reservation of some thousands of acres on Pensacola Bay, 6% miles by trolley from Pensacola, a city of 30,000 inhabitants. Preliminary investigations were made by the Housing Corporation in April, 191 8. At that time over 3,000 men were employed at the station, of whom about 1,000 were civilians, and the number was rapidly increasing. The housing accommoda- tions at Pensacola were poor and the journey from the city to the naval station was long, and there were no houses available nearer the station. Never- theless, as the conditions were worse at other naval stations, action was postponed. On September 24, 191 8, the work was taken up again. Alternative sites were discussed. A site was chosen and the work of surveying and clearing the ground started at once. About this time ttie epidemic of influenza broke out, and was so severe at Pensacola that no laborers could be had for about 30 days. In the meantime the plans had been completed in detail, and work was beginning when with the signing of the armistice the project was abandoned. The chosen site was on the naval reservation, half a mile north of the naval station, on well- drained sandy ground 18 to 24 feet above high tide. Along the west side of the site it is proposed to build a concrete road carrying a trolley Ime, leading north from the naval station gate to an existing highway and shortening the distance to Pensacola. This road would be unshaded, at least for a long time to come, and generally undesirable as a street on which to face houses. On the east of the site is the steep bank of a shallow tidal basin. At the foot of this bank runs the railroad from Pensacola 292 to the naval station, and in the future there might be a passenger station serving the site on this line. Between the site and the naval station is a little valley, draining out to the east. The large amount of shallow brackish water in the vicinity made the mosquito nuisance a very real consideration, but it was believed that with the careful and systematic control which could be exercised by the Navy Department this could be reduced to a point where there would be little or no danger of malaria and little annoyance. The resultant triangular shape of the site and the obvious lines of traffic suggested the layout of the street system. There is a store center on the con- crete road, through which all wheeled traffic would naturally pass. Foot traffic tends to the south part of the triangle and thence by a footpath across the valley to the naval station. An open center is provided in the development, with space for churches and a school. The dormitory, with space for additions, is placed where the foot traffic to it from the station is not thrown very much through the rest of the development. An tmusual feature of the design is the use of "Greenways." Shade is very desirable here, land is plenty, there are some existing trees which should be saved, and there is very little wheeled traffic. It seemed desirable under these circum- stances, on the short, purely residential streets, to face the houses upon broad spaces of trees and ground cover, with footpaths only for access, and to build behind the houses narrow roads for service traffic. The houses were to be of the low, spreading, bungalow type used also at Charleston, S. C, and New Orleans. ^ PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 293 — I LEGEND I — □ BLDCS UNDER CONSTRUCT'N OR DEFINITELY PRO POSED NOV 11.1918 □ SHOWS BLDG5 CONTEMPLATED NOVEMBER II, 1918 ®SHOWS CHURCH ® ■• SCHOOL ; •• STORES ® dormitory ®. community Ofarkopen space ©contours at 5 foot interval HOUSING. PROJECT PENSACOLA. FLORIDA. us.departau;nt of labor bureau gf industrial housing c transportation us.housing corporation favrot i livaudais. archts. £. town planners arthur pew. engineer 294 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. Cutu g w O -J tC O < < L U > « t I S" h a ° z z 3 o ^ in X A£ b. < !i3' PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 295 3an3r=ai PLAN ALTERNATE PLAN TYPICAL CESS POOL WHERp SEWERS ARE, NOT AVAILABLE. AS DESIGNED FOR. PENSACOLA, FLA. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOlt BURPAU OT INJDUSTiyAL HOUSING AND TR^SPOIOATION. U.S. HOUSING CORPOI?ATION ENGINEERING. PERTH AMBOY, N. J, (PROJECT NO. 471). Area planned : 6.57 acres. Permanent housing planned: Detached two-flat houses, 4 families; row two-flat houses, 152 families; total, 156 families. (Project discontinued. For further information see tables, Chap. IX.) Perth Amboy, N. J., is located about 25 miles from New York City at the intersection of the Raritan River and Staten Island Sotmd. The population in i9iowas32,oooandini9i8wasestimatedfrom45,ooo to 50,000. A very large portion of the population is foreign born, from middle and southern Europe. Besides the great munitions plants in the neigh- borhood of South Amboy, which were to be accom- modated by the temporary housing at Emston, there were about 15 manufacturing companies in or near Perth Amboy which were doing from 50 to 100 per cent war work, such as the American Smelting & Refining Co., Barber Asphalt Co., Cheseborough Manufacturing Co., C. Pardee Works, Raritan Copper Works, Standard Underground Cable Co. The number of employees in 191 5 was about 7,800. This had increased to 13,000 and the further increase needed was about 3,000. At the time of preliminary investigation, every house and boarding house in the vicinity of Perth Amboy was filled to capacity and many houses had three or four beds in a room which were occupied by both day and night shifts. An unusually high percentage of the workmen in these plants could afford only very low rates. The housing needed was largely for common labor, but to some extent also for foremen and better paid workers. Two sites were chosen. The first, known as the Arnold tract, is located in the northern part of the city. Upon this it was pro- posed to construct two-flat four-room dwellings in rows, of frame construction, and brick apartment buildings with five-room apartments. The city park occupies a little valley to the north of the site. This is unimproved except that a little had been leveled for a playground. Much of the ' ' park " was a dump. The Pennsylvania Railroad is at the foot of the hill below. The locality generally is occupied by a poor grade of houses occupied by common labor. Land in Perth Amboy is expensive because so much is of a clay valuable for terra cotta and because the location of the clay beds is such that a bad congestion is created. The other site is located partly on private land and partly on Government property at the Govern- ment Ordnance Works between Perth Amboy and New Brunswick. On this site it was proposed to construct two temporary dormitories for men and two for women, with cafeteria, and 20 six-room houses of bimgalow type. The soil throughout this district is clay and gravel. Both sites are fairly level. The Arnold tract within the city of Perth Amboy is within reasonable distance of schools, churches, stores, and amusement facilities. The other tract is located on an electric railway line. Because the land available for the row dwellings was in a neighborhood of congested development and high price, a permanent construction seemed advisable, since the community promised to con- tinue demand for houses after the war activities ceased. Terra cotta, which was available in quan- tities in the neighborhood, was adopted for outside and party walls. Flat composition roofs were used, plumbing was reduced to a minimum, heating by stoves adopted, and all features which might have given character to the exterior were necessa- rily sacrificed to keep the costs and the resulting rents to the minimum. The dwellings were well arranged and offered entirely adequate accommo- dations for the class of prospective tenants. em zm int 80.4 *-Ta J'Z^/VT. P/NE STREET % % % t 42 3 f K, F "0 — t 1 v^W 69.4 MEREPrTH STREET s6,o HOUSING PROJECT PERTH AMBOY, N.J. U.S.DEPARTMENTOF LABOR BUREAU or INDUSTRIAL HOUSING 6 TRANSPORTATION U.S.HOUSINC CORPORATION DENNISON' 5. HIR.ONS:ARCHTS. F.B.HINCHMAN : TOWN PLANNER REMINGTON tVOSBURY: ENCRS. 1918 nlN^fr s^ 296 PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 297 iJi-^-, I.WaA' FTRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN END COMBINATION ROW TWO FLAT HOUSES TYPES Al AND All SCALE, 5 1° 'f g | ° g. s FEET UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT PERTH AMBOY N J ARCHITECTS DENNISON AND HIRONS PHILADELPHIA DISTRICT, PA. Philadelphia, third in population of the cities of the country, with great and varied activities, turned a large proportion of its industrial powers to win- ning the war. The influx of new workers, and the collection of workers closely around the larger plants, brought the use of housing in niany dis- tricts to the saturation point. One of these dis- tricts was toward the southern limits of the city in the vicinity of the great League Island Navy Yard. Another was 8 or lo niiles northeast of the city's center and near the Frankford Arsenal, the Tacony Ordnance Co., and the Tacony Steel Co. Works. I/Cague Island lies at the south end of Broad Street 4 niiles south of the City Hall. The older and central portion of the navy yard was used in repair work and in the construction of small boats. At the east end was a new naval aircraft factory employing 1,400 men. At the west end new dry docks, piers, and shipways for the construction and repair of the largest ships were under way, one ship to cost $19,000,000 being under construction. Before our entry into the war, the number of em- ployees was 2,600. By March 21, 19 18, there were 7,288. In 1 9 19, 15,000 were expected. Single men were sufficiently provided for, both on the Island and elsewhere, but there was an utter lack of houses for men with families within one hour and a half by trolley of the navy yard. Probably a few hundred houses could be found for sale, but all were rented. Many houses occupied formerly by one family now had one family to a room. The percentage of labor turnover at League Island was large and was complicated by the fact that the Hog Island and Cramp shipyards near by offered very high wages and were near where many of the men lived. A large majority lived 10 miles from the navy yard, though perhaps one-third of them lived between Oregon Avenue, one and one-half miles away, and a line one mile north of it. For the partial reHef of the transportation diffi- culty of the League Island Navy Yard, and also to help the Baldwin, Eddystone, and Westinghouse war industrial plants between Chester and Philadel- phia, the Housing Corporation advanced $1,740,000 to the Philadelphia Rapid Transit Co. for 90 cars, additional substation capacity, additional direct current feeders, and tracks. 298 For the benefit of the navy yard employees, the Housing Corporation made plans for two sites. One of 36.5 acres lay along Oregon Avenue, and was iK miles north of the yard, all the land be- tween the two being very low and needing heavy filling. The site selected is a portion where filling had been completed, just east of Broad Street, the main thoroughfare, leading across the lowland to the navy yard. A recently improved trolley line leads through Broad Street to the yard. This development was carried through substanti- ally as planned, and completed after the signing of the armistice. The other site for navy yard em- ployees comprised an area of 94 acres at Penrose Avenue and Hoyt Street about i mile northwest of the yard. Tacony had two industrial regions, both on the Delaware River in the northeast part of Phila- delphia, some 8 miles from the City Hall. The chief plant of one region was the Frankford Arsenal, with 5,400 present employees and 2,000 men ex- pected as fast as they could be secured. The two in- dustries comprising the other were the Tacony Ord- nance Co. and the Tacony Steel Co., together em- ploying 1 ,100 men and needing 350 additional. To improve transportation to the Frankford Arsenal the Housing Corporation advanced to the Phila- delphia Rapid Transit Co. $554,007 for track exten- sions, power supply, and 20 new cars. For the em- ployees of these two regions one housing site was selected by the Housing Corporation, a tract of 16.5 acres about three-quarters of a mile from the ordnance company and the steel company plants. This project was abandoned on the sign- ing of the armistice. Oregon Avenue Site (Project No. 503). Area planned; 36.58 acres. Housing planned: Row houses, 696 families. Housing constructed: Row houses, 650 families. (For further information see tables, Chap. IX.) The League Island Navy Yard is at the south end of Broad Street, and the built-up portion of the city in that direction stops with Oregon Avenue. South of Oregon Avenue the land is generally too low for building unless filled, but immediately south of Oregon Avenue it had already been filled to the PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 299 300 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. extent necessary. There is a double-track car line on Broad Street passing through the plaza at the intersection of Broad Street and Oregon Avenue to the gate of the navy yard. The proposed subway on Broad Street will have stations both at the plaza and the navy yard. The tract selected was a logical one and was liked by the workmen con- sulted. Adjacent to and west of this site is located the plaza, a small park which has been dedicated and improved by the city. There is also a large park, which the city has begun to fill and improve, located immediately north of League Island and approximately i mile from the housing development. Since the site is within the city and adjacent to a section which has been entirely built up, stores, chxu-ches, and amusement facilities are to be ob- tained at no great distance, but a school was needed. The surrounding developments are of a very poor class. The existing houses are all constructed upon very shallow lots and in long rows. The conditions are not ideal, but the site as selected was the best available under the circumstances. The Oregon Avenue site being a former dump, the soil is mostly ashes and trash with some clay at its east end. Good soil for lawn areas and tree pits had to be suppUed. The new street arrangement is based on Broad Street although not actually touching it, Oregon Avenue and Johnston Avenue being east and west streets at right angles to it. The manner of sub- division departs somewhat from the monotony and stiffness of the usual row-house subdivision. The Philadelphia Bureau of Surveys had made a change in the street arrangement from Oregon Avenue south. It did not object to another change in the blocks lying between the northern and southern street systems provided we kept open and con- tinuous the wide north and south streets of the southern system, namely. Seventh, Darien. Tenth, Marvine, and Thirteenth Streets. With the opportunity for developing larger tracts than the typical Philadelphia blocks, each space between the wide streets named was worked out as a unit and a series of row houses was made to group around a central open space, minor streets and alleys providing local commimication. The central open space of each group was developed as a neighborhood playground. There are three types of houses in this project. In each case the ground floors have the same plan, slight variations having been made in the second floor. Some few of the houses (generally end houses) have a third floor with two bedrooms and a storeroom. The plans are all simple and straight- forward, and whether the house is i6 feet or i8 feet wide, it is comfortable, the rooms being ample and the appointments complete for the uses of a small family. The heating system is more than adequate in size. In these houses, the cold air return, unlike those in most other projects, is through a register face in the wall instead of one in the floor. All the houses are built of brick, the face brick being red in color and each has a good sized front porch, under which is the storage for coal. The houses are well constructed throughout. The out- side walls are furred. The designs of the houses are good, there being a sufficient number of different exteriors to avoid the monotony of appearance that is usual in an un- broken row of houses. While these buildings are very much better than most of their kind, they do not compare in appear- ance with distinguished examples of colonial houses, which are to be found in groups, hidden away in the older sections of Philadelphia. A study of the exterior design of these old houses would be of value to those who contemplate the erection of buildings of this kind. Penrose Avenue Site (Project No. 503a). Area planned: 94.21 acres. Housing planned: Semidetached houses, 68 families; row houses, 959 families; apartments, 78 families; total, 1,105 families. Project discontinued (For further information see tables, Chap. IX.) The Penrose Avenue site is Avithin walking dis- tance of the navy yard but was planned also to have street car connections along Pattison Avenue. These already extend northeast to the city proper. The land is higher than the surrounding property, being on an average about 25 feet above mean tide level, requiring no hauling in of material for .fill, and, being less expensive than the Oregon Avenue site, it is possible to develop it less inten- sively. Utility lines could be laid without difficulty. This is a more rural neighborhood than the Oregon Avenue tract, the land somewhat rolUng, with a rich black topsoil underlaid with clay. Owing to the isolation from the built-up portion of the city, schools, stores, and local amusement facilities will have to be provided. The site is just west of Pen- rose Avenue, which is a diagonal thoroughfare PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 301 II O 50 100 150 \ \ I I ENLARGED BLOCK - Tp ,Ano^jf J7-. g- jsr^^ yy JC4Jgz> 1 1 | | ' | | 1 1 | o 100 ioo 300 BLOCK PLAN HOUSING PROJECT PHILADELPHIA PENNA. OREGON AVENUE U.S.DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU or INDUSTRIAL HOUSING & TRANSPORTATION U.5.HOU5ING CORPORATION RANKIN KELLOGG & CRANE :AR.CHT3 U.i. H.C .-TOWN PLANNER H.M. FULLER l ENGINEER 118791°— 19— VOL 2 21 302 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. FIRST FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM ROW HOUSES SECOND FLOOR PLAN GROUP 1^2 TYPES BI-C-C3 FIRST FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM ROW HOUSES SECOND FLOOR PLAN GROUP S2 TYPES B2-A1 UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT PHILADELPHIA PA ORIEIGION AVE ARCHITECTS RANKIN KELLOGIG AND CRANE PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 303 304 r^EporT united states housing corporation. leading northeast from the bridge nearest the mouth of the Schuylkill River to and across Broad Street. The street system is based on Penrose Avenue, which Hes along its east and south boundary. Twenty-eighth Street is its westernmost street and Hartranft Street its northern hmit. Twenty-sixth Street crossing the center was fixed by the Bureau of Surveys as the north and south axial street, and Hoyt Street the east and west, with the store center at the intersection marked by a semi- circular park. Otherwise than this the corporation was allowed a large freedom in subdividing the tract both as to street location and as to fitting the streets to the ground to save grading. One necessity was the proposed car line running south in Twenty-sixth Street to the store center, then tiunitig toward the navy yard gate by way of Pattison Avenue. The balance of the arrange- ment was to provide the row houses needed with as good grouping as the space permitted. Two school sites and playgrounds and two small squares affected the street arrangement, as did the use of several enlarged blocks with small interior play- grounds. The grouping around the square is expressive of the center of a considerable community, which this development would have been when completed. While a number of the minor streets are parallel to the main thoroughfares, three small parks or greens well distributed are made the nuclei for different local arrangements. This diversity in the street layout gives an interest lacking in a purely rectangu- lar system of streets. The greens at the store center and the several other small parks, greens, and playgroimds of various classes provide a considerable opportunity for recreation. Tacony (Project No. 1S36). Area planned: 16.55 acres. Housing planned: Semidetached houses, 26 families; row houses, 242 families; total, 268 families. Project discontinued. (For further information see tables. Chap. IX.) The Tacony site is within walking distance of the Tacony Steel & Ordnance Works. It is just north of and contiguous with the village of Tacony and west of a main thoroughfare, Torresdale Avenue, with a street car line giving good transportation to the Frankford Arsenal 2^ miles away, and to the center of Philadelphia. The land is high, slightly rolling, and well drained. The soil is clay for a depth of 4 or 5 feet, overlying sand and gravel. All the necessary utility mains were .in Torresdale Avenue. Very good schools, churches, stores, and amusement facilities are located in Tacony adjacent to the development. An excellent city park four blocks in extent lies diagonally opposite the site at the intersection of the principal avenues. No suitable land was to be found near the arsenal except where a separate sewer outfall would be needed and at a prohibitive price. JJ JJ IL G -iC £: /^^OCf^ •3 7- /i £: i JJ j-y/V^ aj' ^^K£^OfA1£yvr~ s n nH^mn SHKS JBHiiff HI ij / Tyvi ^ Jv a T K.JS ^ J~ PLAYGROUND ■ «« ^^^1 ^^^T "^^^^j ^^^ Al ^^ /^ ^ LJ CiV -■]#Wl^frH#l#fr fJic/^jsA-T-y z.^A^£~- ^mm awmt Mmmw m .40.2 ^|#|»|#W . SJ.3 — roA T7-OJi.Ji.£:'SD^I,£ 49.7 = =w i^ £:j^ l/^ = tt XACOffV OUVMMCVv 41.^ = =nf? so 100 ISO ' HOUSING PROJECT TACONY PHILADELPHIA,.PA. 0. 5. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL HOUSING TRANSPORTATION' U. 5. HOUSING CORPORATION U5iaC.TB.LIPPINCOTTi ARCHITECT U&H.C. R.A.OUTHET:TOWN PIANNEB flM,rULLER!ENCINEE|l 19IB =il fr PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 305 B-e' ^ 13' 9' • / \ s" f^ e- s" e s' r . o" SECTION FIRST FLOOR PLAN EIGHT ROOM SEMI-DETACHED HOUSES TYPES F3 AND F3 R ZCALE^_^_^_^ '? , , , ^-^ ^^£ ^ 5 = FEET UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT TACONY PA ARCHITECT THOMAS B LIPPINCOTT U S H C 3o6 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. FIRST FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM ROW HOUSES UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT TACONY PA ARCHITECT THOMAS B LIPPINCOTT U 5 H C PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 307 The city arteries, Torresdale and Cottman Avenues, control the street layout. The streets already platted in the city plan were adopted un- changed except for the omission of a short block of Friendship Street between Ditman and Marsden Streets. This enabled the previously accepted street profiles in the vicinity of the omitted street to be changed to save grading and made a pleasant variation from the stereotyped street layout. A series of interior playgrounds made an unusual alley system on varying grades necessary. An interesting house grouping was made by the spacing between buildings and a variety of set- backs. The rolling character of the ground and the heavy street grading made a considerable variety of lot elevations.. The houses, unlike the types already established in the Philadelphia district, were arranged in groups of from two to nine units, and in all cases were only two rooms deep, with ample front and rear yards. This arrangement was warranted by the comparatively cheap land, as was also the sav- ing of land for playgrounds. There was no demand for stores, as the develop- ment is part of an established community. All the houses are of brick, have simple wood cornices and porches, and are sufficiently varied in design. The flat-roofed groups are relieved by the introduction of semidetached, gabled houses with slate roofs at intervals. The plans are superior to the usual Philadelphia row house plan. PORT PENN, DEL. (PROJECT NO. 2990). Areas proposed to be acquired: Site 1, 500 acres; Site 2, 410 acres; Site 3, 478 acres. Areas planned: Site 1, 300 acres; Site 2, 325 acres; Site 3, 372 acres. Minimum housing plaimed (same for each site): Detached houses, 600 families; dormitories, 3,000 persons. (Greater accommodations than this are shown by the plans and tables.) (Project discontinued. For further information see tables, Chap. IX.) In the fall of 191 8 the Marlin-Rockwell Loading Co. had under contract a loading plant for heavy aerial bombs, to have a capacity of 5,750 bombs per day, on the Delaware River near the village of Port Penn, 24 miles south from Wilmington. There were ultimately to be eight units employing 3,000 people, half of them women, but at first there were to be four units employing i ,400 people. Rail- way communication was by a spur from Mount Pleas- ant, 8)4 miles west. The surrounding country in the immediate vicinity could fiumish but few possi- ble employees or houses, so that a new town was necessary, with all community facilities, utilities, and open spaces. The ground in the vicinity varied generally from flooded marsh to farm land and woodland 2 5 feet above mean low water. The contract date for the completion of the first bomb-loading unit was October, 191 8, and the entire plant was to be completed in February, 191 9. By September i actual construction of the plant had not comnienced, though workmen's accommo- dations were nearly complete. The number of operatives to be employed was uncertain. It was decided to proceed on the assumption of housing 2,000 operatives less what might be recruited or housed in the neighborhood, but to provide land enough to house 3,000 or more. From 50 to 70 per cent of the workers were assumed to be men. On September 10 the project engineer, the pro- ject town planner, and the corporation representa- tive in charge of temporary and especially rapid construction met on the ground, and chose a housing site, proceeding on the assumption of the need of the following accommodations (these assumptions were slightly modified from time to time during the work) : Railroad station, with platform of sufficient length, located on track separate from main track of the plant. Additional spur track near station for delivery of village freight and supplies. Buildings near railroad station: Commissary warehouse and refrigerator. Quartermaster's oflfice and repair shop. Stable and storage shed for sprinklers. Laundry. Five-car garage. <2old storage. Bakery. 308 Buildings at Civic Center or near by: One Y. W. C. A. Two Y. M. C. A's. One 60-room hotel. One retail general store. Two semidetached stores with apartments over. One community building. One pool room and bowling alley. One drug store. One post office. One short-order restaurant. Dormitories in three groups, 10 buildings in a group: Twenty men's dormitories, capacity 100 men in each. Ten women's dormitories, capacity 100 women in each. Three cafeterias, one at each- dormitory group, seating capacity 600. Houses : One hundred executives' houses, six and eight rooms. Five htmdred bungalows, five and six rooms. Other buildings: One eight-room school. Twelve two-car garages at rear of executives' houses of first class. Eight five-car garages grouped in housing section. One hospital group. Hose-reel houses as required. Since the whole development was for the benefit of an industry that would in all probability cease with the war's end, the buildings and utilities were to be as cheap as consistent with decent living con- ditions, and everything which would increase speed in construction was especially at a premium in the design. In the plans prepared, as indicated in the tables, room for greater accommodations than the above was provided for, there being no certainty that the stated figures might not be exceeded. The site first chosen and approved by the Ord- nance authorities was that marked as No. i on the key plan. The difficulty here was principally the flat and low ground, which made the sewerage lay- out difficult, and restricted the site because certain parts practically could not be sewered without an expensive pumping plant. On October 1 2 the topo- graphic map of the area had been made, the streets, blocks, house sites, and utilities studied, and the layout plan completed with preliminary estimate. It was then decided, in view of the disastrous explosion which had just taken place at South Amboy, that it would be better to move the town site farther from the plant. A site was chosen PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 309 (site 2) reasonably satisfactory to all concerned, though the question was at once raised whether the distance to the plant and the accompanying transportation expense were not too great. In order to save time while this and the question of sewage disposal were being settled, however, the town planner proceeded with the layout plans on the basis of a topographic map which had been begun as soon as the second site was tentatively decided on. On October 21, the second layout plan was finished. On that date it was determined that it was not necessary to keep the housing so far away from the plant, that site No. 3 would be safe, and that the question of water supply and sewerage were much more easily solved for this site. With the written approval of the Ordnance Department this site was then chosen. Topographic maps were again started, and on November 1 1 the third preliminary town plan was complete. The signing of the armistice then caused the whole project to be abandoned. We have, as the result of all this rapid and efficient but seemingly wasted work, three town plans, based on practically the same requirements as to housing, but fitted to three different sites. They are here reproduced as they were received from the town planner, hastily drafted in form for first estimate in each case. For each site the layout was influenced more than it would have been in a permanent development by the necessity of speed and economy in first construction, especially econ- omy in the utilities. These were relatively expen- sive in any case. It is instructive to compare these plans with one another and observe that the fundamental relations of parts have been kept largely the same throughout, though the forms and the appearance of the three layouts are quite different. Also it is interesting to compare these plans with the plan for Seven Pines, a similar proj- ect by another designer, and observe how different is the appearance of the grouping, though again the practical relations are not fundamentally different. The houses being mostly standard stock bunga- lows were reasonably cheap. The utilities, in spite of the use of wood-stave pipe, were more nearly comparable in expense to those of a permanent development. KEY PLAN PORT PENH DEL. u-sdepar.tment;oflabor ■INDUSTRlALHOUSINGftTRANSPORTATlON U-5HOU5ING-CORPORAT10N 3IO REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 3" 312 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 313 OPtRATrHG ADMINISTRATION <■') :r^l^l B.rv. eB k-J>- ADMINISTRATION BUILDING HOSPITAL GROUP SCALE ^ ^ r . . . T. ^ '11, L^rT "^^^ UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT PORT PENN DEL ARCHITECT CHARLES BUTLER PORTSMOUTH, N. H. (PROJECT NO. 604). (KITTERY, ME.) Area planned: 20.52 acres. Housing planned: Detached houses, 16 lamilles; semidetached houses, 48 families; total, 64 families; 150 single workers in hotels. (Project discontinued. For further information see tables, Chap.. IX.) Portsmouth, N. H., was founded about 1630. The original navy yard dates from about 1800. The U. S. S. Kearsarge was built here, and in the Peace Building in the present yard was held the peace conference between Russia and Japan. The city had a prewar population- of 1 1 ,500. Although Portsmouth is credited with the navy yard, this is actually located on the northerly portion of Seavey Island in Portsmouth Harbor, over the line in the adjoining State of Maine. The yard is connected by a bridge with the small village of Kittery on the northerly shore of Portsmouth Harbor, this town having a prewar population of 3,500. The war ac- tivities of the navy yard included the fabrication of submarines. January i, 1918, 3,200 people were employed and i ,000 more needed. Two other ship- building plants were also developed in the vicinity. Housing was scarce and profiteering was beginning. The situation was in part relieved by the Housing Corporation's purchase and renovation of two hotels — the Pepperell and the Champemowne — accommodating 1 50 people, both located at Kittery Point, about 3 miles from the navy yard but with good transportation facilities. These hotels were provided with heating plants and additional plumb- ing, and represent a much higher salvage value than the usual temporary dormitory. No location for housing ■\yithin the limits of the city of Portsmouth being at all suitable, after careful investigation 140 acres were selected in Kittery within half a mile of the navy yard and of the village of Kittery, i mile from Portsmouth, only a short distance from the post office, and 500 feet from the Portsmouth trolley. One hundred acres are low and swampy, worth little and costing little, 314 but the remaining 40-acre area is typical New England pasture land, with fair topsoil underlaid in part by rock which approaches within a few feet of the surface of the ground. Much of the land is wooded. The character of development most fa- vored by the workers was detached houses upon half-acre lots, but when the cost of utilities was made clear, the decision was that most of the build- ings must be semidetached to make the project more compact and so less expensive. The houses were designed following a local farm- house type, which has weathered shingles or, white painted clapboard Walls and has usually a simple, well-designed doorway. The project is located on two main roads, the State road and Government Street, a part of the main thoroughfare between Portsmouth to the south- west and the navy yard to the east. The tract is crossed at its southerly end by the York Harbor & Beach Railroad. There is a trolley car line and water and electricity available in nearby streets. Sewage disposal had to be completely provided, but would cost little more than cesspools. The street plan is closely adapted to the topogra- phy and the requirements of the utility mains, re- sulting in the interesting layout shown, with its two "dead ends," the streets being placed on the tops of the low ridges. There is the minimum of grading for both streets and lots, a particularly important consideration on accotmt of the under- lying ledge. No schools, parks, or playgrounds were provided, since the project was surrounded by open land and the village and schools of Kittery were near. e PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 315 3i6 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. PROJBCT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 317 CAy*^ J ■' W fctfc^ ' «>■.■>" Illf SCALE. IS BO = s FEET |_| LJ t-l Lj LJ lJ yi II LIVING ROOU J3H \SZ B'Reverse /hall \ ur^ FIRST FLOOR PLAN. > SECOND FLOOR PLAN SECTION FIVE ROOM SEMI-DETACHED HOUSES TYPES B AND BR BI- SECTION FRONT ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION TYPE B2 SAME PLAN AS TYPE R='"^ i„x.j ^buduuLuju Jgu juuLulju J i' .'?■... I ■. ^P ■ ^1° •^ ■ °.° P'EET UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT PORTSMOUTH N H ARCHITECTS ALLEN AND COLLENS 118791°— 19— VOL 2 ^22 3i8 REPORT tTNlTED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM SEMI-DETACHED HOUSES TYPES A AND A R 7p CI CI , ALTERNATE DESGN FRONT ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION FRONT ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION SCALE n so 3p AO BO FEET FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN FIVE ROOM HOUSE TYPE C cpAL E s lO IS 20 25 FEET UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT PORTSMOUTH N H ARCHITECTS ALLEN AND COLLENS PTJGET SOUND NAVY YARD, (BREMERTON) WASH. (PROJECT NO. 141). INSIDE DEVELOPMENT.— Area planned: 41.76 acres. Housing planned: Detached bouses, 2S0 families; apartment houses, 4S families; total, 29S families. Housing constructed: Detached houses, 245 families; apartment houses, 45 families; total, 290 families. OUTSIDE DEVELOPMENT. — ^Area plaimed (as shown on map), 63.45 acres. Housing plaimed: Detached houses, 286 families. (Area extended and plan in course of revision when abandoned at signing of armistice.) (Outside development discontinued. For further information see tables, Chap. IX.) Bremerton, Wash., is located in the northwest- em part of the State on Puget Sound, and about 2o miles by water from the City of Seattle, and is the location of the Puget Sound Navy Yard. The navy yard is the most complete on the Pacific coast. It is used for the construction of destroy- ers, battleships, and many other types of naval vessels, and also has a plant for the manufacture of ammunition. In and near Seattle there are also other large shipbuilding industries requiring large numbers of men. Bremerton, and Charleston, adjacent to it, have no other basic industry than the navy yard, and their growth has been almost wholly in response to or in anticipation of the demands of navy yard workers, and any anticipation of their needs has mainly taken the form of land speculation rather than of constructing houses. Under these circum- stances, in face of the most urgent need for a great increase in the output of the yard, the output was seriously limited by the shortage of housing facili- ties. Transportation from other commxmities was wholly by water, subject to uncertainties, making it unsatisfactory as the main reliance, apart from the fact that the running time from Seattle, the only large commimity, was over an hour, and that there was also a very serious housing shortage in Seattle. Local response to the increased demand took the form of room crowding, of the erection of tents and shacks, and of the exaction of high rents. It did not make it possible for more than a small fraction of the necessary additional employees to accept positions at the yard. It seemed to be certain that the yard would tmder any circumstances, and irrespective of the war, remain one of the principle yards of the coast with a permanent need of more workers than Bremerton could now house, and an allotment was therefore made by the Housing Corporation for permanent housing. In response to urgent requests of the naval authorities a hotel for 350 with a large cafeteria was constructed on a site (at H on plan) already partly owned by the Government, adjacent to the yard and so situated that it could have direct con- nection therewith by means of a subway, and an apartment house for 45 families was constructed on a site about four blocks from the yard (at A on plan) . It was apparent also that a large program of individ- ual house building was desirable. The naval authori- ties urged the purchase of a number of contiguous parcels on and near the north shore of the peninsula about a mile from the yard, and the creation of a distinct new suburban community there. The land was very attractive and well suited for the purpose, the principal objection being the delay and extra labor involved in the installation of wholly new sewers, water mains, and other street utilities. The alternative, urged by many citizens of Bremerton, and favored by our own Real Estate Division, was the erection of houses on some of the, numerous vacant lots nearer to the navy yard and to the shipping center, on streets aheady supplied with utilities in whole or in part. After considerable delay, due to conflicting reports and opinions and the difhculties of communication between Washington and Bremer- ton, it was decided mainly as a matter of speed to erect 250 detached houses as an "inside" develop- ment on the most available sites on existing streets in Bremerton and Charleston provided with water and sewers. The district is rough and hilly, its actual development has been very "spotty," and a great deal of work was involved in the tentative selection of these scattered vacant lots, with due regard to the estimated going market value of each, to the cost of putting in the necessary im- provements for each, and to the value of the fin- ished house and lot for a navy-yard employee; and after the tentative selection an immense amount of work was involved in negotiations for their ptn-chase at fair prices, resort to arbitrary requisition proceedings being held in reserve, so that the method did not save as much time as was hoped. By the time work was well underway on the 250 houses of the "inside" development it became ap- parent that a much larger measure of rehef would 319 320 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. be necessary, and the "outside" development was authorized in addition. The surveys and plans for this '' outside " develop- ment had been completed and adopted, providing for the immediate construction of a village of 286 houses with room for expansion to several hundred more. The portion proposed for immediate con- struction is shown on the map. At the signing of the armistice the plan here shown was being altered, so as to make the main entrance through some additional land from Warren Avenue near the "inside" houses instead of from Chestnut Avenue, and work was proceeding rapidly on the contract for grading and utilities. The signing of the armistice caused the cancellation of all work on the "outside" project and return of the land to the owners, but the work on the "inside" development was com- pleted. In the "inside" project, on the lots within the city limits, practically all utilities had been previously installed, but on investigation by the engineers of the Housing Corporation it was found that the water service for fire protection purposes would be entirely inadequate to properly protect the houses, as the water system of Bremerton was composed chiefly of 4-inch pipe and in such great lengths that the pressure for fire purposes would be almost noth- ing. The question was accordingly taken up with the city of Bremerton, and the city agreed to con- struct through the center of the city a 16-inch force main which would act as a backbone to the water system, providing a main feeder pipe of sufficient size, and also to construct additional side mains of sufficient size on the other streets where needed. This work was to be done at the expense of the city of Bremerton. The houses erected by the corporation in some cases are isolated from each other and in other cases are arranged in small clusters ranging from two to twenty or so, mixed in with houses quite different in design and character. There is, therefore, no designed harmony in the general aspect of the com- munity. Among the corporation's houses them- selves, there is a unity of expression which makes it possible to single them out and yet they are not so radically different as to look out of place, as in the case of the isolated brick houses in part of the Grasmere development at Bridgeport. We find in the corporation's houses a refined quality, as a rule, which is lacking in their neighbors. Individually the Bremerton houses are excellent, though the use of such delicate columns to support the large porch roofs in many cases is questionable architecturally. Nowhere atnong the corpora- tion's developments have bungalows been designed better. ^ PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 321 322 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. SIDE ELEVATION afc-o' FRONT ELEVATION SCALE 'O 20 3P -^P ^° FEET ^ uJuuL^ ^^^uL^LJ^u L u U u u L u U u-gi FIRST FLOOR PLAN FIVE ROOM HOUSE SECOND FLOOR PLAN TYPE 204 A 5T FRONT ELEVATION SCALE lo 2° 3° "^^ ^P FEET SIDE ELEVATION REAR ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION FLOOR PLAN THREE ROOM BUNGALOW TYPE 200 3 B CpAl C 5 lO IB 20 S5 FEET UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT BREMERTON WASH PUIGET S:0'U,ND NAVY YARD ARCHITECT .A, H ALBERTSON QUINCY, MASS. (PROJECT NO. 62). At Quincy, a city about 7 miles southeast of be for lower paid labor, and that in view of the Boston, are located the great Fore River Shipyards, street-car difficulties and the congestion of street- a subsidiary enterprise of the Bethlehem Steel Co. car traffic near the shipyards the housing should be Quincy has been until recent years a residential within walking distance of the yards. For speed suburb with but comparatively little manufactur- of construction the housing should be in consider- ing and no very important industries except the able unbroken areas, but should also be near exist- well-known granite quarries. The prewar popu- ing utilities. After a detailed consideration of all lation was about 40,000. The present population sorts of alternatives, the Housing Corporation chose is about 50,000 people, of whom fully 18,000 are for development four sites, the most distant being foreign bom. Before the war the shipyards em- about a half-mile from the plant, separated from ployed about 4,000 men. Navy Department and each other by Umited areas aheady occupied in Shipping Board contracts increased this number large part by detached wooden houses on small lots, nearly four fold, producing a most serious housing shortage and entailing an enormous labor ttumover Arnold Street Tract. with limitation of output; 3,000 men had to be ^^^ planned: 18.30 acres. Housing planned and constructed: hired in one month to secure an addition of 1,000 Detached houses, 77 families; semidetached houses, 50 families. to the force. Unhealthy conditions due to over- Total, 127 families. Also one old house repaired and used. crowding were common. A portion of the work of (For further information see tables, Chap. IX.) the shipyard continued night and day, being con- ^^^ ^^^^ Parkway was extended through this ducted on a three-sh^t basis, and m some of the ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^.^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ improved boardmg houses beds were used on a three-shift ^^^ g^^^^ ^^^^^^^ g^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^.^^ basis also. . „ , , portions of Commonwealth Avenue, Fifth Avenue, The Fore River works were practically the only j a u oi .l tm- j JT, • , ij 3,nd Arnold Street are new. The curves were de- war industries m the town. Their workers could ^^j^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^ ^^^ topography, partly to be roughly classified as follows: ^^^ convenient "leads" toward the plant via 1. Foreign-born both skilled and un- go^^j^ Street, and partly for the sake of appearance. 2. American-L™ unskilled,' about.' .' f^ ^^ execution, the general effect, especially on Rug- 3. High paidoutdoor workers, about. . 4,500 gles Street, is very pleasant. Where an attempt 4. High paid skilled mechanics, has been made to vary the straight building line of ^^°"* '^•-^°° the Pilgrim Parkway by differences of setback, the Approximate total 16.000 variation has perhaps been overdone, as far as The Housing Corporation studied the situation appearance goes, as at many other projects. The very carefully before determining on a policy. depth of setback here is due also, however, to Some relief could be obtained by improving the saving expense in cutting high banks. The ar- street-car transportation, but workers were ahready rangement of houses on the south side of Common- coming from Boston, and from towns farther away, wealth Avenue en echelon instead of parallel with so that any considerable improvement in transpor- the street, although almost forced by considerations tation for them would involve large changes in of lot sizes and shapes, is distinctly unpleasant in a comphcated metiopohtan system; hardly a prac- appearance; whereas the arrangement en echelon ticable expedient. Some local street-car and other in the Baker Basin tract looks well, apparently traffic improvements had already been made. because it there forms a terminal incident of a long Washington Street near the shipyards had been line of houses which are parallel with the street, widened, the car hne double-tracked, and a terminal The easterly part of the tract across the Parkway built just outside the shipyards. A jitney bus line provides a site for a few more houses, for a school, was also in service. a-nd. for a park on the rocky hill, which serves also It was evident that a large amount of housing was the good purpose of cutting off the noise of the ship- imperatively needed, that some of it at least should yards from the houses. To the south of the hill we 323 324 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 323 had jnade an arrangement with the landowner and with the city whereby South Street was relocated as a continuation of Des Moines Street in accord- ance with the new street plan recommended by the Quincy City Plan Commission, thereby furthering a civic improvement and raising the frontage value of the property concerned, part of which we were planning to acquire. This arrangement was stopped by the armistice, as far as the corporation was concerned, but the improvement will probably be carried out at some future time. Baker Yacht Basin Tract. Area planned: 21.78 acres. Housing planned and constructed: Semi-detached houses, 18 families; detached two-flat houses, 218 families. Total, 236 families. Also two detached houses moved and remodeled, and one detached house repaired and used on original site. (For further information see tables, Chap. IX.) This tract, intended to provide for tmskilled workers, had to be planned with a density of about 13 families to the acre in order to keep down the cost for lots, the presence of the seashore park offsetting the relative density of population. Row houses were considered, but the detached two-flat house was adopted as the principal type because ot local custom. The side space between buildings is never less than the standard minimum of 16 feet, but seldom much exceeds the preferred minimum of 20 feet. These spaces are sufficient to provide light and air, but they are none too much in the case of three-room deep two-flat houses. The lots are generally 90 feet deep. Streets had been platted and rough graded in this tract when the Housing Corporation bought it, including Baker Avenue, another street parallel to it only a short distance east, and two transverse streets so spaced as to give a row of lots backing toward the shore. This street system left the very deep lots along Washington Street and thus made the rest of the lots very shallow. In our develop- ment of the whole area from Washington Street to the shore, every interior street was changed except Baker Avenue, the street near Baker Avenue and parallel to it being omitted as not worth its cost. The advantage of fronting houses along Avalon Avenue toward the shore park and the harbor view, together with the advantage of increasing the lot depths to 90 feet, was added to the advantage of the gain of one row of lots. Provision was made for the future extension of Lawn Avenue (an offset continuation of Curtis Avenue) into adjacent open land east of Dee Road so as to tie our plan into the general street system of the city. Several old houses existed along Washington Street. These, being unfit for use, were removed and new houses are being built on each side of the entrance roads, giving the development a reason- ably good appearance from Washington Street, the main approach. The other vacant lots are held for future development. A deep "pot-hole" which could not be immediately built on in any case, was filled with material from cellar excavations and set aside as "Whiton Park." The steep bank along the water-front was graded down, furnishing sand for house-construction and concrete walks, and for street-filling on the other tracts. This shore-front will be a permanent local park and bathing beach. River Street Tract. Area planned: 9.17 acres. Housing planned and constructed: De- tached houses, 13 families; semidetached houses, 46 families. Total, 59 families. Also one old detached house moved and re- paired, and two detached houses bought and used on their orig- inal site. (For further information see tables. Chap. IX.) An opportunity was used here to make the housing development aid in carrying out an im- provement already projected in a preliminary way as part of the city plan of Quincy. The site lay in the course of the proposed Pilgrim Parkway, an extension of the Metropolitan park system intended to carry pleasure traffic from Boston past the con- gested business center of Quincy toward Plymouth. Asstnning the widening of Bay View Street to the northwest as proposed on the city plan, the Pilgrim Parkway was laid out 70 feet wide between prop- erty lines and no feet wide between buildings, but with only a 24-foot roadway at present, connecting on curving lines across Washington Street with the end of North Street, which runs through the Arnold Street tract. The extra width of this street and its location, in connection with the irregular shape of the tract, involved the sacrifice of a few lots which could have been obtained with a street plan designed wholly for local purposes; but in a devel- opment intended for skilled workmen the spacious- ness of appearance obtained from the wide street and the higher values likely to result when the connecting parkway is opened seemed to justify the adopted plans as a business proposition, apart from the duty of assisting rather than obstructing a general public improvement. 326 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 327 The houses along Pilgrim Parkway, mostly pairs of semidetached houses with their length following the gently curving building line, without variation of setback or any attempt at variety other than is given by the curve of the street itself, are very pleasant in their general effect. Cleverly Court Tract (Dormitories, Project No. 62a). Area planned, 12.80 acres. Housing planned and constructed, 21 dormitories, 966 men; kitchen and mess hall; and recreation hall. (For further information see tables. Chap. IX.) This tract, nearest to the plant and least attrac- tive for residential purposes, was devoted to tem- porary housing for unskilled single men. There is a considerable area for recreation ground. The long open spaces between the rows of dormitories, without inclosure at the ends, are not agreeable in appearance, but provide good opportunity for stop- ping a fire. The addition of planting would much improve the appearance. The utilities problems for the four housing sites were very similar. The water supply for the city of Quincy is obtained from the Metropolitan Water District. Since the housing development is located within the corporate limits of Quincy, the city has entered into an agreement with the Housing Cor- poration to extend without cost to the Housing Corporation the necessary water distributing mains. This will afford an excellent supply of water both for domestic use and fire protection. Separate storm-water and sanitary sewers are installed in Quincy. The storm-water sewers have their outlet in the nearest running stream or body of water. The sanitary sewers all drain into the Metropolitan sewerage system. The city of Quincy awarded a contract for the installation of the nec- essary sanitary and storm-water sewers to accom- modate the housing development. Under the terms of the contract with the Housing Corporation the cost of this work is to be divided equally be- tween the Housing Corporation and the city. In the three permanent developments there are five, six, and a few eight room single houses, semi- detached houses, and 2 -flat houses. They are in accordance with the corporation standard plans. In each case the plans have been well worked out, and by careful study full value has been given to the Limited sizes determined upon by the corpora- tion. In the Arnold Street and the River Street tracts some of the houses are of brick, while others are of shingle or clapboard. In the Baker Basin tract shingle or clapboard only have been used as an outside covering. Most of the houses are roofed with asphalt shingles, green in color, while a few have slate roofs. All the developments are similar in appearance, the houses of one being repeated at the other two sites; but each development shows special study to suit such differences of conditions as prevail. The houses are of colonial type, as befits the district in which they exist, and all are very good examples of their kind. Here, as at a few other of the corporation's developments, the details of cornices and porches are nicely proportioned and of simple and re- fined character quite in keeping with the style of the houses themselves. The doorways, too, especially in semidetached houses, are very well designed. The A-6 houses of the Arnold Street tract, as well as the brick houses, are particularly attractive, the gabled dormers of the former being much better in appearance than houses of similar design which have flat roofs on the dormer windows. In the Baker Basin tract, the small gable with the circular head doorway at the second story porch is an attractive feature of the 2-flat house as is the entire entrance porch; the steps of these entrances, however, should face the front of the house in every case. The size of the 2-flat houses is such that the roof might well have been made more effective by being a little higher in pitch or else the eaves might be made greater in projection. The bulk of these buildings being large it causes the single houses close by to appear diminutive by comparison. But all in all, these three developments are v,rell handled. The variety in the designs is quite sufficient and yet the unity of appearance has not been lost and the houses compose well as viewed along the streets. ^ 328 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN SECTION SIX ROOM SEMI-DETACHED HOUSES TYPES BOA AND BQA R S^ALE ^^ J^^.^^ j^^^^a ^ ^= FEET UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT OUINCY MASS ARCHITECT J E MCLAUGHLIN PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 329 ALTERNATE DESIGN .A 5 A ASA FRONT ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION FRONT ELEVATION SCALE . . 10 . go 30 40 50 FEET UuUuuUmJuuLuJuuLuJuu L-o-iJtt ' FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN VE ROOM HOUSE TYPE ASA ALTERNATE DESIGN FRONT ELEVATION SIDE' ELEVATION ASA FR'ONT ELEVATION A6 A SIDE ELEVATION SCALE 10 so 3o 40 so FEET b-uUuuLuLluuLuUuubuJuuLuLjuul FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM HOUSE TYPE A6A cf^Al F 5 10 IS SO 25 FEET UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT QUINCY MASS ARCHITECT J E MCLAUGHLIN 330 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. FRONT ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION SCALE, . 19" . g,° . 3° . "P . =° FEET, REAR ELEVATION B:5A Reverse FIVE ROOM SEMI-DETACHED HOUSE'S TYPES B5A AND B5A R; FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR' PLAN SIX ROOM SEMI-DETACHED HOUSES TYPES B©B AND B©B R 'SCALE . l-l U LJ lJ LJ LJ U L-I -LJ '^'=-^' UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT QUINCY MASS ARCHITECT J E MCLAUGHLINt PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 331 FRONT ELEVATION i_ SIDE ELEVATION I6-0' . SIDE ELEVATION REAR ELEVATION to IT SCALE . g) . zp . ■3.0 . ^ . =0 FEET LTJJ U U L T U p |JUU U O J - Q - q |j U |J U U U ULTLTU l Aec FIRST FLOOR PLAN SCALE. 5 '?....'?' ^ 1 ° ^ 1= FEET SECOND FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM HOUSE TYPE A6C FRONT ELEVATION ^\°' SCALE ''°' 2° 3° ^° =0 FEET^ ■— i... juu{juiJuu|juJuuLuhlL^ubu,LJuu i FIRST FLOOR PLAN TWO FLAT HOUSE SECOND FLOOR PLAN TYPE FSA SCALE 5 to Lj LJ L-lT LJ-L-I L] 10 1 3 SO g,3 FEET " 1 LJ LJ Li LJ LJ UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT QUINCY MASS ARCHITECT J E MC LAUGH LIN ROCK ISLAND DISTRICT (PROJECT NO. 246). (Includes Rock Island, Moline, and East Moline, The five cities raentioned above are located on the banks of the Mississippi River, which here flows from east to west. Disregarding poHtical bounda- ries these form one industrial community with over 100,000 population, and the center is the island of Rock Island, with its important Government arse- nal. Topographically the five communities are similar; first the comparatively flat land by the river side; next the steeper slopes of the bluffs, on the Illinois side, often too precipitous for building, and then the gently rolling upland above the bluffs, here and there broken by sharp ravines. The district is well served by three railroads ; the main line of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, and important branches of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy. Most of the industrial plants are on the lowlands near the railroads. The principal war industry is the varied work of the great United States arsenal on the island, em- ploying 1,800 prior to the war, 50 per cent married; Taut in April, 191 8, 12,000, 80 per cent married. Most of the employees could be classed as semi- skilled. In addition to the arsenal and other plants in the central part of the district there is at East Moline the agricultural implement plant of the John Deere Manufactming Co. and the Root & Vandervoort Co., making guns for the Navy, shells for the Army, and other war products, and, at Bettendorf , the Bettendorf Car Works, making steel freight cars. It was early decided that the housing shortage at the small town of Bettendorf was least serious and could well be taken care of by houses in Davenport. For the plants at East Moline, several miles from the arsenal, local housing was provided. The balance of the new housing was to serve the arsenal only. As no site could be found within walking distance it was necessary to use the local street railway system, which was assisted by the cor- poration in improving its service. On account of the location of the mdustries to be served, and the available street railway lines and utilities, ten separate housing sites were chosen. On the north side of the river in Davenport three sites were chosen, the Park Lane and King tracts i3^ in Illinois; and Davenport and Bettendorf, in Iowa.) north of the city and the McManus tract, south- west. The first two of these, it was anticipated, could help solve the housing situation of the neigh- boring smaller town of Bettendorf. Except at the McManus tract no considerable open areas were provided, but existing public grounds were de- pended upon. On the south side of the river in the city of Rock Island there are four groups, three of them (B, C, D) almost contiguous, and the fourth (A) six blocks west, all in the outskirts of the built up section of the city. In Moline there is one site slightly far- ther out from the town, and in East Mohne two sites, the Deere tract east of town and the Highland tract, south. Most of these tracts are on the bluffs away from * smoke and dirt, but not so far removed that they lose the benefit of town utilities. The soil is fertile loam, tmderlaid by impervious clay subsoil and stratified limestone, particularly on the sites nearer the edge of the bluffs, which are largely composed of this rock. The character of construction required was de- tached and semidetached wooden houses of per- manent character. All but one of the tracts were so comparatively well served by existing stores and schools that none were contemplated in our projects. The surrounding development was either residential of a medium class or open lands. The houses are single and semidetached and of small size, and generally facing on existing or previ- ously platted straight streets, so that there was little opporttmity for variation from the common method of building and arrangement, though some effort toward it was made in the selection of build- ing types and setbacks. City of Davenport, Iowa. Park Lane Tract. — Area planned; 15.66 acres. Housing planned: Detached houses, 79 families; semidetached houses, 12 families. Total, 91 families. Kjng tract. — Area planned: 20.23 acres. Housing planned: De- tached houses, 100 families; semidetached houses, 20 families. Total, 120 families. (Projects discontinued. For further information see tables. Chap. IX.) The location of the Park Ivane tract in Davenport (H) is a favorable one, on the edge of an existing PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 333 118791°— 19— VOL 2 23 334 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. neighborhood of a good type of workmen's houses and capable of easy development. It is six short blocks from the car line but with a prospect of the car coming nearer. It is accessible to water and sewer, though on the limit of extension of the latter, as it is on gently rolling land draining to the north. It is almost contiguous with the city's one large developed park, Vandevere Park, and in line with the general city growth. The rectangular street arrangement of the vicin- ity was followed, as producing the maximum num- ber of rectangular lots with Scott Street as the basic arterial street leading to the car line. The King tract (I) was an open level site, except for a rapid rise in the northeast comer, with sewer, gas, and electricity on its south border and a car line in Brady Street a short distance to the west. The tract is a rectangle bisected in each direction by a street, producing four blocks. It is connected with Brady Street by South Avenue on its south line. The McManus Tract (J). — ^Area planned: 47.24 acres. Housing planned: Detached houses, 247 families; semi-detached houses, 20 families. Total, 267 families. Housing constructed: Detached houses, 169 families; semi-detached houses, 20 families. Total, 189 families. (For ftuther information see tables, Chap. IX.) This is by far the largest of the tracts developed by the Housing Corporation in the district, compris- ing an area of open, level land, 50 to 60 feet above the Mississippi River, on Telegraph Road on the west side of the city. Sewer, water, gas, and pav- ing were in contiguous streets. A branch line of the Rock Island Railroad is close by to the south, with trains running direct to the arsenal. A school is adjacent to the east. The strong local preference for alleys could not be overruled; a city ordinance prevents the collec- tion of ashes and garbage except from such rear ways. They serve in addition for the- location of poles and wires. An entire block adjoining a small school already built on a small piece of land was dedicated for recreation purposes, the city park commission assuming obligation for maintenance. Otherwise no commtmity feattures were developed, though a triangular block at the intersection of Bowditch and Telegraph Roads was reserved for possible future stores. The street system is essentially a modified grid- iron with the long dimensions of the blocks north and south. There are no through streets in this direction, on account of the railroad yards on the south, except for Blmwood Avenue, which was extended in cooperation with the city as a direct connection across the Rock Island Railroad. Through trafl&c on east and west lines was pro- vided for by the extension of Hancock Avenue and Bowditch Street through the property. The curve of Hancock Avenue will be a pleasant varia- tion from the neighboring straight streets, but it is not effective now, and never will be entirely effective because the houses face upon and are parallel to the minor streets, and thus there is no curving line of house fronts to reinforce the Curve of the roadway. The same is true of the ctu-ving Blackhawk Street. It would have been inadvisable to front houses on Blackhawk Street because of the presence of the railroad on the opposite side, even though a narrow park strip was created against the railroad for planting it out and to prevent use of Blackhawk Street as a teaming outlet from freight sidings. There were obvious practical ob- jections also to a lotting plan that would provide for houses fronting on Hancock Avenue. But the net result is that these two curving streets do not now in execution noticeably alter the appearance of the development from that of a regular gridiron plan. The curved portions of the transverse streets, north of Bowditch, will be very effective in time, but they are hot built on in the initial development. If, after looking at the houses built at Bath, Me., we view those constructed at Davenport, we note the extreme cases of a most important element of designing on an extensive scale. At Bath the houses tend toward too great uniformity of exterior; at Davenport the houses are too dissimilar in appearance, due to the fact that with 8 plan types, 23 different exteriors face the streets. There are two types each of four and five room bungalows, two types of one-and-one-half-story five-room houses, and a type of six-room house, as well as a four-room house, semidetached. Then, too, the great variety of colors used tends to in- crease the general unrestfulness. Whatever the necessity for houses containing different numbers of rooms may have been, there should have been greater similarity in exterior. This with uniformity PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 335 HOUSING PROJECT ROCK. ISLAND DISTRICT "M^MANUS: DAVENPORT, IOWA. U.5.DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL HOUSI NG & TRANSPORTATION U.5.HOU5ING CORPORATION TEMPLE U BURROWS : ARCHITECT G.E.KESSLER:TOWN PLANNER. W.S. SHIELDS lENGlNEER, - 1918 - 336 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. ■>*''%i''iy. FRONT ELEVATION FRONT ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION BED ROOM FLOOR PLAN .1— S « i LIVING ROOM FOUR ROOM BUNGALOW TYPE 5 SO 4 FLOOR PLAN L FIVE ROOM BUNGALOW TYPE 553 3 SCALE . 5 1° IS ao g p FEET UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT DAVENPORT IOWA ARCHlTECt$ TEMPLE AND BURROWS PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 337 SIDE ELEVATION FRONT ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION FIRST FLOOR PLAKI- FIVE ROOM HOUSE BED ROOM *N K- SECOND FLOOR PLAN TYPE 5 54-6 "I'-j: r SIDE ELEVATION FRONT ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION' SCALE . . 19 ■ g,° . 30 10 , s.o FEET uyuuyUuLjLjuUujuuUmj u u U u J-u gl FIRST FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM HOUSE SECOND FLOOR PLAN. TYPE 5 56-3 SCALE , 5 10 IS BO g s FEET UljU ljljLjljlJljlj LjljU ^'-' UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT DAVENPORT IOWA ARCHITECTS TEMPLE AND BURROWS 338 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. in cornice and roof line would have given a greater sense of repose to the development. Finding that one or two types of a distinctly different style might be necessary these should be used sparingly or even better, partially segregated and their details changed so as to avoid monotony. One does not expect unity in a number of houses erected by different owners, but it is expected to some extent in groups designed by the same hand in a development which has been studied in its entirety. This, however, must be said, that the custom of the vicinity seems to lean toward dis- similarity rather than uniformity in the design of rows of detached houses. The individual houses themselves are excellent; the No. S554 house with the gambrel roof being specially good in its proportions, with the little bimgalow (No. S551) a dose second, and had it not been for the miserable-looking mouldings substi- tuted, perhaps under war necessity, for those drawn by the architects, all the designs would have proven to be most admirable. Closing one's eyes to these details, one is impressed by the careful study which has been given to the houses. No attempt has been made to compress more into the houses than the houses required. Stucco, shingles, and clapboards have been used to good effect on the exteriors. The absence of washtubs in an otherwise com- plete equipment of plumbing fixtures is noticeable, but this is because of the general use in the district of the automatic washing machine, provi- sion for which has been made in cellars by suppl3dng a waste in the floor, hot and cold water, and an electric outlet. The criticism of the general design of the Daven- port project is appHcable to the development at Rock Island, MoUne and East MoHne. The houses lack unity of appearance. There are four and five room bungalows (two types of the latter) ; two types of five-room one and one-half story houses, a six-room house and a sepa- rate type of five-room semidetached house — eight types in all and seventeen different elevations facing the streets. Individually the houses are good, the semide- tached houses being specially interesting. As at Davenport, these houses are of clapboard, shingle or stucco, and in some cases stucco and shingle or clapboards in combination. All are set low and in most cases without water tables. Had they been built somewhat higher from the grade, a saving of cost for excavation would have resulted without harm to appearance. City of Holine, 111. Area planned: 19.60 acres. Housing planned and constructed: Detached houses, 103 families; semidetacked houses, 14 families. Total, 117 families. (For fiuliier information see tables. Chap. IX.) The tract in Moline (E) is in the line of dty growth, even though a little far out from the center. By way of Twenty-fifth Street, which crosses the tract, it is but two blocks from the Sixteenth Street car line leading to the arsenal. Twenty-third Avenue to the south has sewer, water, and a brick pavement. The street system, which is newly designed, fol- lows closely the trend of surrounding: streets and is dependent especially on Twenty-third Avenue on the south and Twenty-fifth Street at the center. City of East Moline, 111. Deere tract. — Area planned: 3.52 acres. Housing planned, and constructed: Detached houses, 17 families; semidetached hottses, 10 families. Total, 27 families. Highlands tract. — Area planned: 19.99 acres. Housing planned and constructed: Detached houses, 79 fajmiUes; semidetached houses, 20 families. Total, 99 families. (For further information see tables. Chap. EX.) The Deere tract in East Moline (E) is a some- what scattered development on lowland, but within easy reach of the factory of John Deere & Co. by way of Seventh Avenue. The streets had sewers, water, and sidewalks. The houses already in the locality were those of smaU-wage workers. The Highlands tract in East Moline (G) is on the edge of the bluff, only one-fourth mile from the Root & Vandervoort factory by way of Seventh Street, which leads to it directly. Sewer, water, gas, and pavement are in Seventh Street. A good grade of workmen's houses are to the north. The street system is based on Seventh Street, the east boundary of the tract, while Sixth Street, on the west side, follows the edge of a wooded valley. None of these developments on the south side of the river are particularly interesting in general lay- out, because in most instances existing or proposed straight street lines and rectangular blocks were followed. PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 339 City of Rock Island, 111. Area planned: 34.55 acres. Housing planned and constructed: Detached houses, 183 familes; semidetached houses, 34 families. Total, 217 families. (For further information see tables, Chap. IX.) Tracts B, C, and D are practically contiguous, but A is six blocks directly west on similar ground. All are on high ground, not far from the edge of the bluff, and on property with the streets already de- veloped. The neighborhood is excellent. In most of the nearby streets are sewers, water, sidewalks, and electric Hght. The Fourteenth Avenue car is four blocks away. The development consists of scattered groups and blocks of houses, because it seemed that if located farther south where an unbroken develop- ment could be built, much special construction of utilities would have been necessary, some time would be lost, and not enough gained in better appearance. ^ 340 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. FRONT ELEVATION C 1 SIDE ELEVATION ALTERNATE DESIGN FRONT ELEVATION SCALE 1 ° , .30 . 3° 1° . 5 FEET FLOOR PLAN FOUR ROOM BUNGALOW TYPE C.I H 2 I FRONT ELEVATION H 2 I SIDE ELEVATION 10 20 30 AO 50 buUuubuUuubu Ll u u b Li U u u U u U-n-nH ALTERNATE DESIGN FRONT ELEVATION FIRST FLOOR PLAN FIVE ROOM HOUSE SECOND FLOOR PLAN TYPE H 2 SCALE, 5 10 IS so ss PEET UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT MOLINE ILL ARCHITECTS CERVIN AND HORN SEVEN PINES, VA. (PROJECT NO. 1368). Area planned: 252.17 acres. Housing planned: Detached houses, 863 {amities; dormitories, 3,230 persons; hotel, 60 persons. (This provides for 103 families in detached houses, contemplated at one time but not represented on the general plan.) (Project discontinued. For further information see tables, Chap. IX.) In the spring of 191 8 E. I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co., under Government contract, began to erect a great "bag-loading plant," for placing in bags carefully standardized explosive charges, about 7 miles east of the city of Richmond, Va., and situ- ated in the vicinity of a famous battle field of the Civil War, known as Seven Pines. The trees are still standing from which the place was named, and across the site selected for the munition plant the lines of the old trenches could still be traced. The plant was supposed to be ready for operating by September, 191 8; 3,000 women and 1,000 men were to be employed. There were no existing accommodations nearer than Richmond. Investigation showed that there was a con- siderable amount of available housing in Richmond, but the transportation to the plant was very inade- quate. The Housing Corporation later purchased the Richmond & Seven Pines Street Railway line, and made arrangements for its operation by the Virginia Railway & Power Co., which began operat- ing the railroad on September 11 and much improved the service. When the construction of the project by the Housing Corporation was tmder way there was also installed a special train service from Richmond on the Southern Railroad, the Housing Corporation paying the fares of the work- men. Housing near the plant was in any case necessary because there might be two or even three shifts of workers, most of them women, and the long journey, partly by night, back to Richmond was too great a difficulty. The site acquired for the development of the bag-loading plant and for the building of the houses for the workers consists of some 1,700 acres of flat land. It is situated on top of a divide between the Chickahominy and James Rivers, but because of the extremely fine silty soil and level topography, it was practically a swamp when it rained, before our construction began. It was necessary to ditch and drain to a very- considerable extent. The soil is not such as encourages a heavy growth of grass or verdiire and much of the land was covered with a sparse tmder- growth which had to be removed. The housing site lies on both sides of the WilHamsburg Road and extends from the village of Seven Pines to the village of Fair Oaks. Part of it is in a fairly dense growth of pines, the rest on cleared land. When those living in Richmond and elsewhere who were to be transported to the plant had been allowed for, it was still necessary to provide hous- ing for approximately 3,000 workers. A very- considerable number of these would be women and girls, who could best be housed in dormitories. Some 500 houses were to be built for foremen. Government inspectors, and the higher class of skilled workers. Some of the houses were to be of permanent construction, because it was at the time thought by the Ordnance Department that the Seven Pines bag-loading plant would be continued after the war. On July 1,2, and 3, pursuant to requests from the Army, an investigation of the site was made by representatives of the Housing Corporation, including the district engineer and the project town planner. Since it was evident that the houses constructed would be mostly temporary and as the maximum speed was necessary, the engineer- ing work, and the architectural work and general superintendence, were done respectively by the Engineering Division and by a special division of the corporation for rapid design and carrying out of mostly temporary house construction. A site north of the Williamsburg Road was recommended for the permanent housing and one south of that road for temporary housing. Preliminary plans of houses were submitted by the Dupont Co., which were revised by the Housing Corporation. On August 8 100 temporary ready-cut bunga- lows were requested for immediate use by the Dupont Co. On August 10 a contract was let for these houses. The general layout plans and specifications being completed, the general contractor's bids were asked on August 23. The contract was let on September 11. The general plan for operation was first to erect the 100 houses for immediate occupancy of the Dupont Co.'s employees, who were working at 341 342 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING . CORPORATION. PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 343 the bag loading plant. These were temporary bungalows and were designed for occupancy only during the war, while the balance of the village might be considered as permanent. This tem- porary portion was to have all pubhc utilities, although the installation of these was held up until let with the general fixed fee contract. To facilitate action on the lOO houses of the first contract, where duplication occurred all material was bought "ready-cut" at the factory, and shipped ready to be assembled on the ground. Utilities and housing started at practically the same time. The demands of the plant being uncertain, and being differently estimated by the Ordnance Department at different times the plan was made to provide for more housing than was surely needed. Indeed at one time the scheme covered more than is shown on the plan here given. The following facilities were definitely tmdertaken, however, when the construction work began. Be- sides the dwelling houses in the village, which con- sisted of 375 bimgalows and 24 supervisors' houses, there were 10 large dormitories, housing 95 each, men's hotel with 60 rooms, large cafeteria, short- order restaurant, quartermaster's shop for general village repairs, and a retail commissary for general village use, 8 five-car garages, i post office, i drug store, Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A. for recreation purposes, and an 8-room schoolhouse — in all, 427 buildings. Besides these there were erected construction buildings consisting of mess hall, bunk houses, and warehouses. A large number of workm^en and the office force made use of the mess hall. About 150 of the workmen made use of the bunk houses, but many lived in Richmond. These men were hauled back and forth from Richmond in the early days of the project on the work train used by the Foun- dation Co., which was building the bag-loading plant, but later a special train was put on to take care of our own workmen. Two railroad sidings were installed for the use of this passenger train and for handling freight. The water supply for the housing site was to come from two driven wells, one of which had been already sunk in order to determine the amount and con- stancy of the underground supply. For reservoir purposes a steel tank holding 100,000 gallons was to be built. Investigation showed that, because of the ex- tremely fine character of the subsoil, subsurface drainage was impossible. Because of the flatness of the topography rain water falling on the surface of the grotind only slowly drained away, mak- ing an almost impassable mire, which took days to dry out. It was therefore determined that a system of combined sewers would be the proper one for this location. These combined sewers were designed on the basis of i inch of rainfall per hour. The rainfall in this district at times is very heavy, Richmond having rates as high as 6 inches per hour for 20 minutes or more. However, as stated before, the topography was very flat, the rim-off very slow, and practically no cellars were to be provided for the housing development. It was considered, therefore, that the sewers as installed could without any inconvenience to the people living in the houses rim under pressure, and that while there might be short periods of inconvenience because of flooded conditions of the streets, still the very great expense involved in designing the sewer system on a higher basis than i inch rainfall would not be justified. The road system is based on the existing Williams- burg Road, Ordnance Road, the railroad, the site of the railroad station, and a reasonable grouping of the public buildings near it. Long, straight streets were avoided, because they gained nothing in general directness of access from the site to the plant, and because, especially with the simple bungalows, the long, open vistas would be very monotonous. The houses were small and without much archi- tectural variety, but, as they did not require very close approach by vehicles and as the land was cheap, it was possible and desirable to get variety by different groupings of the houses, even at some cost of space. There is a question, however, whether it is desirable to place so many houses broadside to the street, as was done, for instance, in the south- eastern part of the project, since it increases the necessary length of sewer and water mains and the length of streets. The arrangement of the bunga- lows around interior courts is worthy of notice. There is no doubt, of course, that this, together with the occasional ample frontage of the bungalows on the street, added much to the pleasant appear- ance and general " liveableness " of the develop- ment. It should be borne in mind in considering this scheme, too, that the houses looked about as well from the rear as they did from the front. 344 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. Good irregular arrangements and small local open spaces were therefore the more readily obtained. The dormitory buildings lent themselves better to regular grouping, but with them, too, some free- dom of arrangement seemed desirable, for we did not believe that these obviously cheap and largely temporary buildings were good material out of which to make a rigidly formal design, even where the local circumstances might otherwise suggest such an arrangement. P'or convenience and for appearance we arranged the dormitories about considerable open spaces, and in most cases we managed not to use the roads or paths of these spaces for much through traffic. SHARON, PA. (PROJECT NO. 138). Area planned: 48.26 acres. Housing planned: Detached houses, 199 families; semidetached houses, 16 families; total, 215 families. (Project discontinued. For further information see tables, Chap. IX.) Sharon, Pa., is located in the Shenango Valley, 50 miles south of Lake Erie and close to the Ohio State line. The population was about 25,000 in 1918. Sharon is in the midst of an industrial dis- trict of five or six towns with an aggregate popula- tion of about 45,000. In this district are located 23 or more factories which were doing from 50 to 100 per cent war work. With the exception of two brick concerns all of the factories were employed in the working of iron or steel. The industries are nearly all located in the lowlands adjacent to the Shenango River. There were employed about 17,500 men and it was desired to increase that number by 2,000. The district was already perhaps i ,700 houses short of its proper number for its population. Workers were sleeping in three shifts in the same room. The labor turn- over per month was about 20 per cent. There was unusually little difficulty in fixing on a site. The one chosen was much the best of all alternatives, and indeed had practically all the advantages and very few disadvantages. It is located in the eastern part of the city on the uplands. More land could be acquired for extension of the development if necessary. All utilities came within a short distance of this site. The surface is rolUng and has good drainage to a small stream known as Pine Run, which passes along the north side of the •development. The soil is a clay mixed with shale and some sandstone. The rock comes near the surface at some points. The ground-water level is low. The site is adjacent to the city and within reasonable distance of schools, churches, stores, and amusement places, and it was not considered neces- sary to construct any of these facilities. The street system assumed its form almost inevi- tably, since it was plainly desirable to have streets parallel to the east and west boundaries of the property, streets running generally along the hill- side, a curved road leaving a reasonable park area along Pine Run, and a general system so that there should be direct routes to the plant. The source of supply of the waterworks system of Sharon is the Shenango River, and there has teen sufficient quantity for all needs. A large storage reservoir is being constructed about 25 miles above Sharon primarily for the purpose of flood prevention. This will insure a sufficient supply of water for Sharon for many years to come. The water is contaminated by the discharge of oil, acid, and sewage of the adjacent towns, but after filtering and treatment with alum, lime, iron, and chlorine, the water is apparently quite satisfactory. The Sharon Water Works Co., a private corporation, proposed to construct all water-main extensions at their own expense. Storm-water sewers would not have been re- quired. The present system in Sharon is a com- bined one, but the city has been notified by the State board of health that provisidn for a separate system must be made for all future work. The city at the time of the investigation was construct- ing a large outfall sewer which would give an out- let for the development. The sewage is dis- charged into the Shenango River without any treatment, but the State board of health had issued orders that a sewage-disposal plant be con- structed to safeguard the water supply for towns and cities situated farther down the river. The city would pay the cost of storm sewers and for sanitary sewers over 8 inches in diameter laid in the development. Natural gas is supplied by the United Natural Gas Co. The high-pressure regulator is located near one comer of the site, and extension to the development would have been easy. The company was prepared to make necessary exten- sions of mains and to construct the connections, at their own expense, up to 50 feet for each house owner. It was customary for the owners of property to advance the cost of the electric lighting extensions, which would be refimded in part during the five- year period following the construction. Practically all the pavements within the city are of brick on concrete base. It was thought, however, that an asphaltic macadam would be acceptable within this development and could be constructed at a less cost. Sidewalks were to be of concrete. This project was well rnider way when the signing of the armistice caused its abandonment. ; 345 346 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. STATEN ISLAND, N. Y. (PROJECT NO. 130). SITE FOR APARTMENTS.— Area planned: 0.77 acre. Housing planned: Apartment house, 36 families. SITE FOR HOUSES.— Area planned: 9.2S acres. Housing planned: Semidetached houses, 78 families. (Project discontinued. For further information see tables, Chap. IX.) At Staten Island the sites allowed for the placing of the houses on practically level lots. There was no change from the existing street system, and no practical opportunity for special interest in house grouping. As in the case of most projects where skilled indus- trial married workers were employed a preference was made in providing housing for this class. The demand was greatest for the six-room type of house, a demand corroborated by a canvass of the workmen, which resulted in having more than the full projected number spoken for while plans were in process of making. A further demand was for small apartments. Five types of semidetached houses with six rooms each were planned. Besides these an apartment house with apartments of three, fotir, and five rooms was planned for a separate site near by. The houses were to be of the simplest construc- tion, with wood frame, and stucco exterior on patent sheathing. Efficient use of space has been made throughout the arrangement of the interiors. In design they were normal, a characteristic being the high roofs, long gable Hnes, and the total eUmina- tion of flat roofs or decks. This elimination of decks makes for a tighter house and the consistent similarity of roof line gives harmonious simplicity of grouping. Another characteristic of the design is the general incorporation of the porches in the body of the house, thus magnifying the impression of size of the house while simplifying the mass. TMffJifflw; -;.,%fei/ iim YORK.. HOUSING PROJECT StAt'EN ISLAND. NEW YOl! ' u. Sl department of labor BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL HOUSING G TRANSPORTATION U. 5. HOUSING CORPORATION DELANO 6 ALDRICH' ARCHITECTS A r. BWNCKERHOFF.TOWN PLANNER C D.POLLOCICENClNLEIt 1018 . ^ ..J'.' fel LtCE.SD ©EXtSTlNG SCHOOL ® APARTMtVIS O PLAYCKOUNO —• FROPLMY \Mt 347 348 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. ^^F^P''^''^^^*'^''-'^^:.' T^^- A Reverse ,• II' s" / \ / o" i" B' \i a' o" y o' SECTION FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM SEMI-DETACHED HOUSES TYPES A AND AR SCALE lo IS go g.s FEET. ■ - U I J l-l LJ Lj LJ iJ UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT STATEN ISLAND N Y ARCHITECTS DELANO AND ALDRICH PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 349 SECTION FIRST AND TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN APARTMENT HOUSE SCALE 1 19 2o 30 AO 50 FEET LiuiJquuuJMMMUi-JuMUi-ii-|uuLmUuu-| UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT STATEN ISLAND N Y ARCHITECTS DELANO AND ALDRICH 118791 —19— VOL 2 24 WASHINGTON, D. C. The city of Washington suffered more than did most of the industrial towns by overcrowding diu-ing the war. The war emergency had increased enormously the number of civilian employees of the Government. Government offices came to occupy not only Government buildings but build- ings all over town wherever space was available. The Housing Corporation for instance occupied the three upper floors of a large garage building. Living quarters and eating places in town were almost intolerably congested, and transportation from the outlying residenti^-l districts was swamped by the increased demand, so that thousands of employees had to lose from an hour to two hoiu-s per day over the normal time spent on the street cars. The Civil Service Commission did a large amount of advertising, but much of their effort was wasted because the story of Wa,shington's predicament had preceded it. Even after appli- cants had passed their examinations a large pro- portion of them declined places, and many who had actually come to Washington later resigned and returned home. Governmental and local organizations set to work to Overcome these difficulties by making existing housing available, but they found that the point of saturation was already nearly reached. The great- est need was for homes fdr married civilian employees and married officers ordered to Washington. Hous- ing for the unmarried women war workers came next, on account of the inhospitable attitude of householders, who felt that while they were obliged to open their houses, men war workers would cause them less labor and annoyance. Then men of means who came for war work and others who came only "to see the game" offered exorbitant prices for ordinary quarters and encduraged the flagrant profiteering already prevalent. In the housing bill passed by Congress $10,000,000 of the appropriation made on June 4, 1918, was to take care of the housing situation in Washington. The powers given the Housing Corporation by law in- cluded the right of commandeering either the tem- porary use or the permanent ownership of houses and land, as well as the building of new houses. The signing of the armistice, however, insured that con- ditions would grow no worse, before the corpora- tion had gone to the full extent of its power. 350 The regular work of the Homes Registration Division did much to relieve the situation. The commandeering of some houses which were being held vacant or not fully occupied gave a little re- lief directly, but had a considerable effect also by influencing other reluctant house owners. Mr. John A. Beeler, consulting engineer for the Public Utilities Commission of the District of Columbia, reported on June 10, 191 8, a plan for extensions and connections of the tracks comprising the present two competing trolley system.s of the city. This report was accepted by the Utilities Commission as the basis for the proposed immediate improvements, with the implied protest of nonin- dorsement on the part of the two railway companies concerned. In a conference on Jtme 24 of repre- sentatives of the Navy Department, the Public Utilities Commission, and the United States Housing Corporation it was agreed that no steps shoruld be taken for the solving of the traction difficulties which did not have the approval of Mr. Beeler. Mr. Peeler's proposed plan included the so-called " Belt Line. " The United States Housing Corpo- ration had its engineer confer with Mr. Beeler with the result that arrangements were made to start im- provements on a section of this line on Seventeenth Street NW, This short link from Seventeenth and H Streets to Seventeenth and Pennsylvania Avenue NW. was designed to alleviate the great congestion in trans- porting employees from the north side of the city down to the new temporary war buildings near Potomac Park in the neighborho'od of B Street. The proposition of the Housing Corporation to finance these extensions, to cost approximately $150,000, wa:s accepted by the Washington Railway & Electric Co. Housing construction as planned for Govern- ment employees took two forms, first, temporary buildings chiefly for single workers, and, second, per- manent houses, chiefly for families. There was a prospective permanent demand for these latter houses after the war, both on account of the asstired permanent growth of the city, not paralleled by building construction, and because of the number of houses to be vacated and destroyed imder the provisions of the alley dwelling law. PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 351 SDnG23S0[ jtlUtjDLrciDteb's^i nDna^nni^aDaffi ^^sa\ rQgSDg DgnnSU aanoR BDtsa "^□mmai iflOEaooc^rfnf^aizziDD^aa, DBag □ CZIEDDDI gnnSaa gaDDDD outs IDDDB iE3t=iD DIIIZID DD IDDi □ t^DDia BQbL^ lUutis BUDDe DDDQSL DDDC DDDL icS- ,^ □DDBar ____ , r — ^l| ^rinnrt""'~'l^~'ncs==l':nnnnnnnn? KEY MAP WASHINGTON D.C U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL HOUSING 6 TBANSPOETATION U.S. HOUSING CORPORATION 1918 LEGEND ® BUREAU OF STANDARDS RESIDENCE HALLS ■ 2|ST & B SJS. ® RESIDENCE HALLS -STA- TION PLAZA-- ® SOUTH CAPITOL ST. STEEL 6- ORDNANCE NAVY YARD INCLUDING EXTENSION -SEE GENER- AL PLAN FOR AREA DE- FINITELY PROPOSED OR UNDER COtJSTRUCTlON NOV. 11,1916.. 352 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. " RESIDENCE HALLS." Capitol and Union Station Sites (Project No. S4a). Area planned : 16.61 acres. Housing planned and constructed : 12 dormitories for 162 women each; total, 1,944 women. (For further information see tables. Chap. IX.) Twenty-first and B Streets Site (Project No. 54c). Area planned: 11.87 acres. Housing planned: 336 families in apartments; 1622 single workers in dormitories. (Project discontinued. For further information see tables, Chap. IX.) It was desired that temporary housing should avail itself, so far as possible, of existing Govern- ment property, and preference was early expressed by those in authority for the tmdeveloped blocks acquired as part of the Union Station improvement some years ago. These are within walking dis- tance of many Government offices. Utility mains and paving were provided in the streets, and the blocks were about at grade. Several locations for a third group were con- sidered. The Twenty-first and B Streets site was finally chosen in preference to one between the White House and the Washington Monument be- cause it is convenient to the many permanent and temporary Government offices in the vicinity of the White House, because of its location on higher ground, its shape for the pturpose, and the presence of utihty mains. This site is north of the new lyincoln Memorial on private property which has been but little built upon. The groups between the Capitol and the Union Station were almost completed at the time of the armistice, and have since been occupied. The group at Twenty-first and B Streets was not so far advanced, and was abandoned. THE CAPITOI^ AND UNION STATION SITES. The Capitol tract buildings occupy two blocks on each side of North Capitol Street with the main entrances leading from two straight walks across the blocks. The plan for the Union Station site buildings fits the existing block layout. Each group houses 972 persons, with common rooms, cafeteria, TTmrr -Bl Us fe„ , M H O H o 2; 3 73 r-1 2; a o 2 < W w o w o w o o S ■< o o o PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 353 fc, 1 «_ -^ . rr ^ o -vV ADMINISTRATION BUILDING AND DORMITORIES FIRST FLOOR PLAN TYPICAL PLAN OF DORMITORIES UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT WASHINGTON D C ARCHITECT WADDY B WOOD 354 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. and clubhouse for each group, but a single heating plant and power station, laimdry, and infirmary for both groups. While compact, the arrangement is not unduly congested, considering its temporary nature. The quality of the plan design of these two groups is best proven by those living in the build- ings and by those running them, who pronounce them extremely comfortable and agreeable places of residence. - Accommodation in the buildings was sought even before they were completed and there has been no vacancy since. The individual plans show the extreme simplicity of the layout. There is in each wing a series of bed- rooms either side of a corridor, each room containing a good-sized closet and a washbasin, and each floor containing the requisite number of toilets and shower baths, conveniently placed, to accommodate comfortably all the occupants of the floor. The individual rooms are each fitted up with simple furniture specially made for these buildings, and rugs, curtains, and clothes boxes, also electric wall plugs for desk lamps. All the walls are prettily papered. Besides bedrooms there are sitting rooms for each floor in which small groups of the girls may gather for recreation, without disturbing those in the bedrooms: There is a central office on the grotmd floor of each pair of dormitories. Then there are such conveniences for the residents as places for washing and ironing and for trunk storage. And there are yet other common rooms central to the several groups of dormitories. These are large enough for dancing and other commimity pleasures. The dining halls complete the conveniences, these being large enough to accommodate without crowd- ing all those who live in the dormitories. There is also a small infirmary building for obser- vation and emergency cases. The construction of the buildings is excellent for their purposes, the outside walls being of terra- cotta blocks stuccoed, the roofs being covered with sheet asphalt while the floor construction is of wood. Being nonfireproof , the bmldings are provided with fire exits and are protected by an adequate water system. The buildings are simple but dignified in design and it is hoped that the cheap and quick-growing planting of trees, shrubs, and vines provided will materially enhance their appearance dtiring their life. The buildings stand, however, on land ac- quired by the Government to be used in the general dignified development of the Capitol, of which the Union Station Plaza is a part. The present dormi- tories are not in any way adequate to stand where they are in such a scheme. They were built for an emergency, and when that emergency is passed they should be removed. TWENTY-FIRST AND B STREETS SITE. The Twenty-first and B Streets site was created by the elimination of upper Water Street between Twenty -first and Twenty-third Streets NW. and of Twenty-second Street from upper Water Street to C Street NW. plus the south half of C Street from Twenty -first to Twenty -third Street, and util- izing part of Potomac Park north of B Street extended. Under the proposed arrangement a service drive crosses from Twenty-first to Twenty- third Street back of the cafeteria with a branch to C Street and there are four north and south cross- walks Avith a drive entrance to the administration building. There was to be an infirmary on the public triangle where C Street meets New York Avenue. It was planned to provide a very intensive ' development of temporary apartment buildings and dormitories spaced with very long wings but 30 feet apart and wooden fences connecting them along the street. Bureau of Standards (Project No. S4f). Area planned: g. 03 acres. Housing planned: Apartment houses, 102 families. Dormitories, 166 single persons. (Project discontinued. Forfurther information see tables, Chap. IX.) In the proposed housing for the Bureau of Standards one peculiarity was the large proportion of very small families, many of the employees being young married men with not more than one child, One reason for this is that the salaries are so low that many of the scientific men leave after a few years. The Bureau of Standards is located 3X miles northwest of the White House on a hill near Connecticut Avenue, the principal artery of this district, and is in a region very much cut up by deep ravines. Land values have increased here to a very high point, so that the difficulties of finding a suitable piece of property were unusual. Immediately in front of the bureau along Connecti- cut Avenue an otherwise satisfactory site was found to be so underlaid with rock as to make economical development impossible, especially when the very PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 355 high land value was also considered. West of the bureau, however, a reasonably level tract was found, the comer of which was but 1 50 feet from the comer of the bureau's property. It necessitated running both sewer and water for more than a block each through imdeveloped property, but this was more than counterbalanced by the relatively reasonable figure for the land and possible economy in con- struction. The plan is complicated by the fact that the present street, Pierce Mill Road, is not planned as one of the streets ultimately to be developed when this district is built up. Van Ness Street is now laid out on paper to extend diagonally through the south part of the tract and had to be con- sidered of more ultimate importance in the plan. Other streets have also been shown on the official street plan adopted by the District of Columbia, including an important future thoroughfare, Reno Road, cutting through the eastern part of the tract, and Warren Street boimding it on the north. These roads, however, are laid out at considerably lower grade than the relatively fiat central portion of the tract. It was, therefore, decided not to attempt to use them as means of access. Pierce Mill Road is left as the only present approach road. From it a broad path aroimd the backs of the buildings was planned to provide for the occasional service needed. The plan provides three courts, flanked by dormitories and apartment buildings, leading through to a lower roughly semicircular court with two other apartment buildings. Two very large trees occur on the tract, one a magnificent tulip tree of 66 inches diameter, which was made the dominant feature of the eastern court, the other anequally fine tupelo dominating the wes- tern court. When Van Ness Street is constructed. Pierce Mill Road will imdoubtedly be eUminated, and it is possible that the rather informal group of apart- ments and dormitories might then be extended across it. At the southeast comer nearest the bureau a large cafeteria was located, readily reached from all parts of the project by direct paths, but at the same time near enough to the bureau for people coming to lunch. A power and heating plant was located under the cafeteria. All the buildings were intended to be of perma- nent brick construction. The dormitories were to have common rooms. No other community fea- tures were provided by the plan. W A R R. E N j T R E E T • (pROPoseDJ W (W9I8H) E HOUSING PR.OJECT FOE_ BUR.EAU OF STANDAR.DS WASHINGTON DC 1 us DEPARTMENT OF LABOR.- I'. -BUREAU OF IMDUSTRIAL- HOUSING CTRAMSPORTATION- -U5-HOUS1NC CORPORATION -DONN 6 DEMINO : ARCHTS ■ -U-SHC-ACC0MEY:TOWN PLANNER. •J-H iTAH.KEY:EN'GlNEER. - LEGEND - SHOWS CAPETERIA- " DORAMTORY- ■■ APAR.TMENTS- CONTOURS 5FT1NT- 356 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. South Capitol Street Site (Project No. S4g). Area planned: 7.09 acres. Housing planned: Row houses, 52 families; apartment houses, 149 families; total, 201 families. (Project discontinued. Forfurther information see tables. Chap. IX.) Another site, for the present accommodation of civilian war workers with families, was chosen east of South Capitol Street between N and M Streets. It was also to serve another purpose. The BUen Wilson Homes Co., formed before the war, was contem- plating the provision of proper housing for those about to be dispossessed by the alley dwellings law. The operation of this law was deferred during the war, so that it seemed particularly opportune that dwellings should be built to be ultimately suitable for housing the dispossessed tenants, but during the war to be occupied by Government war workers. The site selected was a large block inter- sected by a minor street, about five blocks from the car line on Four-and-a-half Street SW. The dis- trict north of this property, while not particularly attractive, is not such as to deter temporary home seekers from coming to it. On the south there is a fairly solidly built area of Negro homes. As most of the alley dwellers are Negroes it was desirable that these houses should be not far from the present Negro district. The plan contemplated a very dense development of one family and two-family (two-flat) houses in rows, relieved by two small reservations connecting with each other across the center of the tract and reached by archways from the principal streets. On one of these reservations a small recrea- tion building was to be built. Back yards provided are very small but sufficient for drying space in every case. The plan fits into the established plan of the city of Washington, which absolutely con- trols its main features. There are four stores at the end of Van Street. The units are very small, generally three or four rooms. There are about 8 per cent each of two. 3^^^^ [5) (S « V i-i. SOUTH C A P J r L STREET ^ 1^ ffX^3M2rf^£^^^3] [Q^ gM^^X S^v^gKg^ ^^ HOUSING PROJECT SOUTHCAPITOL ST WASHINGTON, D.C. N<3^ U-S-DEPARTMENT-Or- LABOR. BUR.EAU0F1NDUSTRIALH0USINC6TRANSP0RTAT10N USHOUSING-CORPORATION SCHENCK 6 MEADARCHITECTS 1918 50 lOO PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 357 FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN ROW TWO FLAT HOUSES TYPES C AND CR WITH SIX ROOM' HOUSE TYPE F UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT WASHINGTON D C SOUTH CAPITOL STREET ARCHITECTS 5CHENCK Af^D MEAD 358 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. SECOND FLOOR PLAN _ oc-i-i-'iNU' I- LUUR PLAN ROW TWO FLAT HOUSE TYPE G AND ROW FIVE ROOM HOUSE TYPE F SCALE. 5 lo IS =o =., „„ ^> ' II^C n. UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT WASHINGTON D C SOUTH CAPITOL STREiET ARCHITECTS SCHENCK AND MEAD PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 359 8 i i i ffl H K □D DD DD DD SIDE ELEVATION FRONT ELEVATION FIRST FLOOR PLj^N I SECOND FLOOR PLAN FOUR ROOM ROW HOUSE TYPE L FIRST FLOOR PLAN. FRONT ELEVATION SECOND FLOOR PLAN CORNER STORE AND APARTMENT TYPE H SCALE . 5 'P. . . .'f . . . .^ 1 ° .= P FEET UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT WASHINGTON D C SOUTH CAPITOL STREET ARCHITECTS SCHENCK AND MEAD 360 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. A B BR FRONT ELEVATION 1 ■; u , u I' , SECOND FIRST FCOOR PLAN FLOOR PLAN FIRST FLOOR PLAN ROW TWO FLAT HOUSES TYPES A-B-BR-D UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT WASHINGTON D C SOUTH CAPITOL STREET ARCHITECTS SCHENCK AND MEAD PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 361 five, and six-room dwellings. They have proper sanitary arrangements and are in every way cal- culated to avoid the bad living conditions that exist in the present alley dwellings. The plan (p- 356) shows the arrangement of houses two rooms deep alternating with two-flat houses three and even four rooms deep to avoid the dark middle rooms of the usual deep plan. The facades are exceptionally well designed and show a pleasant variety in eleva- tion gained by the change in roof balustrade, porches, and doorways. "Washington Navy Yard (Projects No. 27a, apartments, 27b, houses, 27c, dormitories). Area planned: For apartment houses, 14.33 acres; for row houses, 22.73 acres; for dormitories, 18.84 acres; total, 55.90 acres. Housing planned: Apartment houses, 308 families; row houses, 274 families; dormitories, 540 persons. Housing constructed: Dormitories, 540 persons. (Projects 27a and 27b discontinued. For further information see tables, Chap. IX.) A site for the navy-yard workers was selected in the southeast part of Washington about a mile and a quarter from the navy yard, between Potomac Avenue and East Capitol Street and between Seventeenth and Nineteenth Streets SE., because though cheaper land was available both immedi- ately west of the yard and across the Anacostia Tliver less than a mile away, these sections were not as attractive to the employees. The site com- prised 10 city blocks as already laid out in the offi- cial plan of Washington and had not been built upon except for a few small houses near the north- west comer, of which only three are really of value. Most of the streets had been graded to the estab- lished grade of the city, and B Street already had a macadam pavement and walks. The built-up section of the city came at all points to within a block or so of the western edge of the development along Seventeenth Street. There is a car line at Fifteenth and East Capitol Streets, two blocks from the comer of the property, which can at any time readily be extended along East Capitol Street. The reluctance of the two city railway companies to make the concessions recommended in February in a report of the Transportation Division of the Housing Corporation long delayed the reUef for the navy-yard workers. The leading feature of this report was that it required no outlay of money to remedy the situation on the eastern side of the city. The effective remedy lay solely in permit- ting passengers of East Washington Unes of the 118791°— 19— VOL 2 25 Washington Railway & Electric Co. east of Eighth Street to transfer to and from the Eighth Street line of the Capital Traction Co. leading to the navy yard. Finally on November 14, 1918, at a hear- ing before the public utilities commission, an agreement was reached by which the Washington Railway & Electric Co. and the Capital Traction Co. undertook to give reciprocal transfers at three points requested by this corporation. The com- mission fully granted all that was asked by the United States Housing Corporation, and the navy- yard employees were brought to within two blocks of the housing site for the payment of one fare. On the north side of East Capitol Street opposite the housing site the city is planning to erect a large high school on a tract four city blocks in extent which it has acquired for the purpose. From B Street south the property is flanked on the east by reservation 13, property of the District of Columbia, eventually to accommodate a large hos- pital group. The street plan was thus substan- tially fixed. It provided two small triangular parks at Massachusetts Avenue and Seventeenth Street; and Potomac Avenue and Seventeenth Street, respectively, and a very large proportion in streets throughout, as all the streets are 80 feet or more in width and the avenues 1 60 feet. It should be remembered, however, that this is to the build- ing line and that front yards are included according to the Washington custom. One new street was planned by the Housing Corporation to be cut through between B and C Streets as this block had originally been laid out much too wide for the type of development contemplated. It was decided at the outset to confine the tem- porary dormitories or barracks for navy-yard employees to two blocks at the south end of the tract and nearest to the navy yard. Two more blocks adjoining these were not needed for the initial development, and therefore were planned as recreation areas. On a small triangular block near these it was proposed that there should be a rec- reation building. Subsequent plans for the ex- tension of the navy-yard project, which were in hand at the time of the armistice, contemplated reducing the area of the ball field by one row of lots along Seventeenth Street. The rest of this extension would have spread the initial tract into the adjoining blocks to the west, and over vacant areas to the north and east as far as a proposed 362 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. monumental circle and entrance to the new Ana- costia River Park on the axis of East Capitol Street. This addition would have more than doubled the number of permanent dwellings in the project. The plans as completed contemplated dividing the northern part of the initial tract into three apartment blocks and five blocks for houses, apart- ments being concentrated along East Capitol Street and Massachusetts Avenue. They were so disposed upon each of the blocks as to leave a playground in the rear with an alley on all sides of it and space for garages. Along the sides of the block a very excellent type of apartment house, only two rooms deep, was used. In the two apartment buildings on Seventeenth Street provision was made for 1 6 stores. The larger buildings along East Capi- tol Street were designed with courts open to the south, narrower than the standards adopted by the corporation. In this case, however, it was felt that the desirability of concentrating the maxi- mum number of families and economizing in expense owing to the saving of halls and stairs possible with such a plan more than counterbal- anced the advantages of the more open tj^pes of buildings. The blocks used for houses were over 300 feet deep, which, had there been no lots on side streets or "key" lots, would have provided an unneces- sarily large nvimber of very deep lots. Therefore, the blocks were laid out with rows on all four sides and a unique alley system running diagonally toward the centers of the blocks, where a space was reserved for garages. This arrangement avoided the right-angle turns usually introduced where there is a row of houses across the center of the block ends, and at the same time made the alleys more visible from the street, open metal fences being contemplated. As this project would become an integral por- tion of the city of Washington, no other community features than those mentioned were provided. This housing being designed for permanent occupancy of the better paid employees it formed, with stores and the houses which were to be erected adjoining, a high-class community in the neigh- borhood of the yard. The comparatively low land values made possible the open development of apartment houses indicated in the plan, the ar- rangement allowing ample playgroxmd inside each block and giving an agreeable outlook from the rather generous porches provided with each apart- ment. The apartments are well planned and rather more generously than usual in the practice of the corporation. The grouping is excellent as is the simple treatment of the exterior design. As shown, the plan has the fault of using an identical disposition of building masses on succes- sive streets of the rectangular plan, so as to leave continuous narrow openings extending in direct line of sight across several blocks. This fault could have been corrected by changing the relative po- sitions of the long and the short rows on some of the streets. The Commissioners of the District of Columbia had no funds available for the water and sewer extensions and pavements needed for the housing development, but offered to have their engineering department prepare plans, specifications, and es- timates for these utilities on this and most of the other Washington projects. The engineers of the various departments cooperated readily in preparing these promptly when furnished plans showing the requirements on each project. The Engineer Commissioner desired that these works be constructed by the District departments. It was arranged that the Housing Corporation should deposit with the District of Columbia col- lector of taxes the estimated amounts necessary for the construction of pavements, sidewalks, sewers and water mains, as a fund to be used by the District of Columbia departments as a working capital for the installation of these utilities. Any unexpended balance was to be returned to the corporation. As soon as appropriations for these utilities could be sectired, by act of Congress or other usual procedure, the adjacent property was to be assessed according to the existing laws and the portion of cost usually borne by the District of Columbia returned to the Housing Corporation. To provide facilities for bringing construction material to the site, permits were obtained from the District Commissioners to construct about 4,800 feet of standard gauge railroad, mostly over public reservations and through public streets from an existing siding of the Pennsylvania Rail- road south of Pennsylvania Avenue through Seven- teenth and Eighteenth Streets to East Capitol Street. Surveys were made and contract for con- struction let about the middle of September. The cost of this railroad was approximately $20,000. PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 363 7 O J. f d r o ■ s gilS" lOOHOS" HOIH n 364 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. FRONT ELEVATION C 4 A 4 Xr SCALE . 19 . g° ■ 30 y BO FEET C 4 A 4 FRONT ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION rt= I 8-0 I I . L I 18'- 5" FIRST FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM ROW HOUSES SECOND FLOOR PLAN GROUP T TYPES C. 4 AND A. 4 SCALE . ? 10 IS ap a s FEET UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION PROPOTED DEVELOPMENT AT WASHINGTON D C NAVY YARD ARCHITECTS WAG G A MAN AND RAY PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 365 SECTION °' ROW APARTMENT HOUSE GROUP A APARTMENTS E-ER-GANDF" UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT WASHINGTON D C NAVY YARD APARTMENTS ARCHITECTS YORK AND SAWYER 366 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. ^^i^r^Sr- I ■=*'-«- 3 -2° \ lO" 1. o'-s 1 ss' .1, 1 ..■ ■|i! G F r s F r ! a F h r G r A D |;:.E ■ r R.-:! D R D E e; n 1 D F? A R •e s> ^^ "h^ ■ — ■ ■s >! w u — n (ROUPBL GROUP A GROUP B BLOCK PLAN SECTION 33'-0" C R SCALE, s ip iS ao ss FEET 3 R FIRST FLOOR PLAN D FLOOR PLAN ROW APARTMENT HOUSES GR'OUP B L APARTMENTS C R - B R UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT WASHINGTON D C NAVY YARD APARTMENTS ARCHITECTS YORK AND SAWYER PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 367 Washington Steel & Ordnance Co. Site (Project No. 549). Area planned: 10.50 acres. Housing planned: Detached houses 12 families; semidetached houses, 38 families; total, 50 families. Convertible dormitories, 164 single workers. (Project discontinued. For further information see tables, Chap. IX.) In addition to Government clerks and navy- yard workers, it was found necessary to provide a small amomit of housing for Washington's only large industrial plant, the Steel & Ordnance Co. on Portland Street, south of Anacostia River. A favorable tract of 10 acres was laid out for 50 detached and semidetached houses and 4 dormi- tories convertible into 6 row houses each. As the previously adopted city street system provided very large blocks, interior spaces were reserved for playgrounds or gardens. ^ 368 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. ■^ I FIRST FLOOR PLAN I SECOND FLOOR PLAN GROUP E 1 WHEN CONVERTED TO SIX SIX ROOM HOUSES SCALE . ^o ao , 30 AO FEET LiuLJLj i-iLmuLJLjLiuuuu Liu u g-nj i=^ 1=1 FIRST FLOOR PLAN FORTY FIVE ROOM BOARDING HOUSE GROUP E I CONVERTIBLE TO SIX SIX ROOM HOUSES UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT WASHINGTON D C PORTLAND STREET ARCHITECTS MILBURN HEISTER S. CO WATERBURY, CONN. (PROJECT NO. 380). CHASE SITE.— Area planned: 11.39 acres. Housing planned: Detached houses, 47 families; semidetached houses, 22 families; over store, 1 family; total, 70 families. (Project discontinued.) SYLVAN AVENUE SITE.— Area planned: 18.11 acres. Housing planned: Detached houses, 68 families; semidetached houses, 66 families; over store, 1 family; total, 13S families. Housing constructed: Detached houses, 29 families; semidetached houses, 26 families; total, 5S families. (For further information see tables, Chap. IX.) Waterbury, Conn., is in the valley of the Nauga- tuck River. The city is built in a basin sur- rounded by high hills. On July i, 191 7, the popu- lation was about 87,000. On June 14, 191 8, it was estimated at 11 5,000. The usual difificulties of high labor turnover were prevalent, and called for housing as one necessary remedy. Several sites were considered in detail for use in our housing development. Owing to the insuffi- ciency of the transportation system of Waterbury it seemed essential to have the housing within walking distance of the industries. This restricted the choice to land which was steep, rocky, and hard to develop economically. Two sites were selected; the Chase site to serve the plants in the northern part of the city, and the Sylvan Avenue site to serve the plants of the central section, particularly the Scovill Manufactur- ing Co. The Chase site was patriotically offered to the Government as a gift. Water, gas, and electricity were available, but a sewer had to be provided. The land was a bowldery sidehill of 15 per cent slope in considerable parts. For this reason our estimates of construction cost showed that this site was about as expensive per family as the other site, in spite of the saving in land cost. Complete plans were made for the development of the Chase site, and work was started, but aban- doned after the armistice. While rather steep and very bowldery the Sylvan Avenue site is less rocky and steep than much residential land in Waterbm-y and was the first choice among many housing sites considered. A prime advantage was that it was within walking distance of the Scovill Manufacturing Co.'s works and those of the American Brass Co. It faced on two established streets, Sylvan Avenue and Madison Street, the latter of which leads to the car line on Baldwin Street close by. A school, a fire station and utilities were near. A city park was within a few hundred feet. Although largely dictated by existing streets and property lines, by the topography, and by adherence to the local standard of lots roughly approximating one hundred feet in depth, the street plan has certain interesting features. It gives good outlets both for traffic and drainage toward Baldwin Street. The vistas are all of a pleasant length for picturesque effect. The pre- viously existing Madison Street has a curve of about 900 feet radius only 500 feet long connecting two long tangents; but partly owing to its curving profile, gradually increasing in steepness after reaching the first houses of the project until it dips out of sight by coming to a flatter gradient, and partly owing to the arrangement of the houses, the street seems rather to be one continuous curve. The abrupt reverse in curvature of Laval Street between North and South Places, while motived by the topography, is too sudden to be pleasant in relation to the smooth easy curvature of the adjacent portion. The difficulty of getting houses to fall into an agreeable succession of com- positions along such a line was increased in execu- tion by surveyor's errors which turned several houses at a considerable and unintentional angle with the street line. It is at least questionable whether it would not have been better to make Laval Street straight from North Place to South Place with two distinct but very slight angles, and to introduce similar straights and angles in Lounsbury Street. Several of the streets have gradients as high as 9 per cent, unavoidable on any economic basis under the limitations of boundary and topography, and not seriously objectionable in such purely local streets except on the score of maintenance of road surface. Both roadways and walks are of gravel, the former to have an oiled surface. Gutters are of cobble stones with curbs around corners. The normal lot width is 40 feet. The side spaces between detached houses normally vary from 20 to 25 . feet and between semi-detached 369 370 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. houses 25 to 35 feet, but in both cases this space is frequently encroached upon by porches. No two pairs of semidetached houses were placed adjacent to each other. The block from Baldwin Street to South Place, 780 feet long, approaches the limit reasonably permissible where there is no serious topographical obstacle to cross streets. The block north of Lounsbury Street from Fair- moimt to Sylvan Avenue, 1,100 feet long, exceeds that limit, but the omission of any opening reserved for a future cross street is excusable because of the abrupt slope separating the Lounsbury Street lots from the undeveloped land to the north. A footway is possible on the school land. Apart from the larger grouping which results almost inevitably from the curving street lines and the irregular grades, there is a frequently repeated symmetrical grouping of a pair of semidetached houses flanked at each end by a detached house, in most cases without variation in setback from the street. In gently sloping grotmd it is very effective and in general it produces a pleasant distribution of the longer and shorter building masses, given the nmnbers of each that were asstnned to be econom- ically desirable. In comparison with similar group- ings, to be seen at some other projects, where the central building is set back considerably further from the street than the flanking buildings, the effect produced here by placing the front walls all on the same line, and relying for the effect of projection and recession upon the positions and forms of the porches and of the roof lines, is pleasanter from the artistic standpoint, and as a commercial proposition avoids the objection which some purchasers have to a house set further back than its neighbors. On the steeper slopes their grouping, symmetrical in plan, does not cotint as such in fact, and while the irregular compositions of roof line and building mass are often very pleasing, this appears to be due more to the admirable de- sign of the individual buildings, their simplicity of treatment, and their general harmony of architec- tural quality than to any studied grouping. In viewing this development as a whole, one notices particularly the effect of the shingle roofs. which, coming down to form the cover of the projecting porches, give to the houses the com- paratively low appearance so much to be desired in houses of small plan area. One is also impressed by the fact that while but two type plans (five and six room houses) have been designed, nevertheless the variations of the exterior designs are such as to impart individuality to each different kind of house. The five-room type gave six different street fronts, four for single houses and two for semidetached, and the four-room type, three street fronts, making a total of nine different street frontsfor the two types of plan. But all the houses are stuccoed, and in spite of the number of variants there is a sufficient uniformity of general style. The groups of houses have individuality which is emphasized by the color selected for the wood- work of each group. One does not miss the lack of projection of the roofs along the gables, since the projections along the horizontal eaves are sufficient to cast a shadow on the face of the buildings. A noticeably good departure from general prac- tice is the omission of the trim on the outside of the window and door openings. This omission, besides being an economy, has the desirable effect of making the windows appear larger in scale. The idea seems to be generally applicable to houses where outside covering is stucco. The plans of the houses are excellent adaptations of the corporation's standards, the staircases and hall being particularly well worked out in con- nection with the secondary entrance which, by its position, obviates the necessity of outside cellar area. The construction of the houses is also excellent and the general finish as good as war conditions would allow. Moldings, both inside and outside, are simple and refined. Inside stair railings are of proper proportions. Cellar windows have been provided with stone sills, and chimney flashings are well and neatly done. Altogether the houses of this project are very attractive in design and the construction thoroughly good. They rank among the best work done for the cor- poration. ^ PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 371 372 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. ror ^^ I — I LIVING ROOhT B2 Reverse \ I' X X It r' e' 17 ei o" - t o" SECTION FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN FIVE ROOM SEMI-DETACHED HOUSES TYPES B2 AND B2 R SCALE, ? 1° If = 1 ° g | = FEET UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT WATERBURY CONN ARCHITECTS MURPHY AND DANA PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 373 FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN SECTION SIX ROOM SEMI-DETACHED HOUSES TYPE A3 SCALE ^^^^^^ ^.^ ^ ^".. , , " , ° , , ^ = FEET UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT WATERBURY CONN ARCHITECTS MURPHY AND DANA 374 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. --IS sv»- / lo ,- la' 7 6" 3 2' t ,. * SECTION FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN COMBINATION STORE AND DWELLING TYPE E SCALE , 5 lo 15 20 as. FEET ljUljljUlj iJljljLjljlJ *"-' UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT WATERBURY CONN ARCHITECTS MURPHY AND DANA WATERTOWN, N. Y. (PROJECT NO. 389). Area planned: 47.94 acres. Housing planned: Detached houses, 226 families; semidetached houses, 76 families; total, 302 families; dormitoiies, 205 persons. Housing constructed: Detached houses, 85 families; semidetached houses, 30 families; total, 115 families. (For further information see tables, Chap. IX.) The city of Watertown, N. Y., is located on the Black River about lOO miles north of Utica, and a few miles from the shore of Lake Ontario. It is a typical manufacturing city with approximately 40,000 inhabitants. The homes are of an attractive type, neither elaborate nor poor, and the city is generally inhabitated by a good class of people who own their own homes and expect to spend their lives in the community. The principal industry is the New York Air Brake Co., which during the war has been engaged in the manufacture of munitions. There were numerous other industries, particularly those manufacturing brass and bronze goods, which were more or less directly engaged in war work. Because of the rather isolated situation of the city, the labor problem was very acute. It was early decided that a considerable number of houses should be built at Watertown. A num- ber of alternative sites were considered in detail, since all had disadvantages. Finally a site was selected on the northeast side of the city and west of the New York Air Brake Co. Some 60 acres ^ of land were available, already in large part sub- divided for building purposes and with a consid- \ erable nimiber of scattered houses already con- structed. The site is entirely within the city limits and is not far from the down-town district by way of well paved and completely developed streets. 1 It is also partially served by a street car line a -i short distance to the east. It was intended that this development should be . occupied by foremen and highly skilled workmen and their families, most of whom would be em- ployed by the New York Air Brake Co. The site is gently rolling for the most part but with an abrupt steep slope near the southeast comer and a low area near the northwestern boundary. The topsoil is a fair loam overlying gravel with some ledge in places not more than five or six feet below the surface. The entire plan is of interest, showing first how an existing haphazard street system can be related ,,jto a larger district, and second, showing the much greater opportunities to secure the benefits of town planning on open land as compared with that already platted. Several different and conflicting street and lot arrangements for the southern por- tion of the tract had been filed, and in fact officially accepted by the city, resulting in very unsatis- factory and confused conditions. It was not considered wise therefore to follow any of the earlier subdivisions exactly, an entirely revised scheme being substituted, making the best of:/ conditions as they existed. A great deal of skill and patience was necessary in the real estate negotiations, and much time was necessarily ex- pended both by the negotiator and by the design- ers, on account of the hampering effect of these existing conditions. Kathreine Street, which runs / on lower groimd from Mill Street to the plant, east and west through the center, is the axial street of the project. The resulting plan is not an ideal one, but it improves previous conditions in several re- spects, notably by carrying through Kathreine Street, with width enough for a future car line, to"' carry east and west traffic through the tract. Also, by buying and rearranging lots, Cleveland Street was opened at the foot of the hill at the southeast, thus connecting on easy grades the ends of Francis, St. Charles, and Stuart Streets and giving them a/ practicable outlet toward the air-brake plant. The old platting dedicated these streets through to Lillian and so to Grant Street on a simple rectangu- lar plan regardless of topography, and would have involved climbing from 15 to nearly 60 feet by grades of 14 to 17 per cent, only to descend again by a grade of 9 per cent, all at the expense of heavy grading and without developing lots fit to build upon. It was the opinion of our real estate experts that the opening of Cleveland Street as shown added sufficiently to the value of our own lots on Francis, St. Charles, and Stuart Streets (about 80 per cent of the total lots on those streets) to more than pay for the acquirement of land for the street, including two houses, and for its construction, thus offering a striking instance of the economic advantages of a street layout adapted to topography as against con- ventional hit-or-miss rectangular platting on hilly ground. 375 376 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. The steep hillside above the Cleveland Street loca- tion was acquired cheaply; was used as a borrow pit to obtain filling material, and will be dedicated T to the city as a park. The triangle left at the junc- tion of Kathreine and Seymour Streets adds con- siderably to the interest and attractiveness of the development, and the site reserved for school and playground completes a good distribution^of neigh- borhood public grounds. The normal lot depth is loo feet, according to local custom. The side space between houses in a few cases is the minimum of i6 feet, nowhere en- croached upon by porches, but in most cases is 20 feet or more, giving a normal lot width of 40 feet for semidetached houses and 50 feet for detached houses. Some detached houses, especially those on abnormally deep lots, are given a lot width of only 45 feet, and a few lots from 70 to 90 feet deep are given a little more than a 50-foot frontage. Much pains have been taken, in the completed portion, with the development of the individual lots. A hedge following the lot lines surrounds each building, whether single or semidetached. Each lot has its apple tree, shrubs, and vines. The portion of this project nearer to the town having been begun first, since its utilities could be first completed, was for the most part so near to completion on November 11, 1918, that it was or- dered finished. The rest of the project was canceled. The grouping of the houses, in connection with their excellent design, affords probably the most "t agreeable solution to be found among the executed projects of the corporation of the difficult prob- lem of small detached houses with a Umited number of semidetached. They are frequently arranged in symmetrical groups of three, four, or more, some without variation in setback and others with the central portion of the group moderately recessed. In very few instances is the variation in setback overdone. There is one unfortunate instance on Hoard Street of a long grouping of houses sym- metrical in its plan but badly related to the profile of the street, which forms a valley approximately symmetrical about a center just one lot distant from the center of the house grouping. There is also an awkwardness in the placing of the four houses on the south side of Kathreine Street at its important entrance from Mill Street. The pair of semidetached houses at the obtuse angle of Kath- reine and Seymour Streets should have been tiu^ned so as to bisect the angle and carry the building Hne around the bend, and the house on the comer of Mill and Kathreine Streets should have been advanced nearer the comer so as to relate more distinctly to the composition that is formed by all the other houses around the triangular open space of Kathreine and Seymour Streets, and so as to reduce the conspicuousness at this point of en- trance of the old house on the next lot to the south. The first impression of the houses is that they are diminutive.^ They are. But this is not a fault. With a certain type of plan given, and governed by certain dimensions and interior requirements, it would be a fault had these standards been exceeded in order that the house might have greater bulk or more imposing appearance. The corporation set the standards as to area and number of rooms, an area about as small as comfort will allow. The architects have propor- tioned their elevations to the plan requirements. With the exception of a few more or less minox- details, the houses have been designed about as well as houses of this type and material could be. It would be difficult to pick serious flaws. Opinions may differ as to the relative values of different plans but they are in sufficient number to suit different tastes. The exteriors, too, are of pleasing variety. The Original development was to contain five plan types, Nos. i and 2 being five- room houses, and Nos. 3, 4, and 5 having six rooms. Each t)rpe has two different exterior designs, besides which there are fom- semidetached groups each formed by combining two of the above. This makes 14 different exterior designs. Unlike many of the projects there is a happy similarity in style and a certain uniformity in roof line which, with the admirable grouping, gives a very satisfactory aspect to the development as a whole. Interest is added by varying the outside finish, some houses haviiig clapboards differing in width from others, while still others are covered with shingles. Besides this the stain of the shingles and the painting of the houses differ as does the painting of porch lattices. On this project there are, however, a few points which might be improved upon. The first is the street front of the semidetached No. 3 houses, which is rather too plain an elevation. Another flaw is the position of the porch at the rear corner of the PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 377 house. These two conditions coming together in the same house (No. 3 plan), detract much from this particular building. The No. I plan could be materially improved upon by enlarging the dining room about 2 feet, taking the space from the kitchen. A slight re- arrangement of the kitchen fixttires would help accomplish this without detriment. 118791°— 19— VOL 2 26 The houses are very complete, containing con- X venient spaces for ice boxes, ample closets, easy stairs without winders, and complete pltunbing; the kitchen contains a combination soapstone washtub ^ and sink and a gas range. The construction work is excellently done, even considering the class of material furnished under war conditions. 378 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 379 — —ji- ijiiiv,!!).!.... . ■ ■■■:■:■ ■■'"^mM:,n?^T..^*tmsZ.''9>M .. «■..„ FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM HOUSE TYPE 3 A SCALE, B ip 15 so EB FEET UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT WATERTOWN N Y ARCHITECTS DAVIS MC GRATH AND KIESSLING 38o REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN FIVE ROOM SEMI-DETACHED HOUSES TYPES SECTION 1 AND 1 R FRONT ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION REAR ELEVATION TYPES lA AND 1 AR same plan as types i and ir with exception of front porches UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT WATERTOWN N Y ARCHITECTS DAVIS MCGRATH AND KIESSLING PROJECT DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS. 381 ALTERNATE DESIGN I SIDE ELEVATION FRONT ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION SCALE , 10 gp , 30

9i6 Total 292- 649 Workers to be accommodated — By saturation 71, 035 By transportation 55, 530 126, 565 Workers remaining to be housed 166, 084 Number of families to be housed S°i 35° Number of single workers to be housed 52, 850 Construction recommended by investigators: Families in houses 24, 539 Quarters for single workers 32, 651 HOUSING PROGRAM, 128 SITES. Number of families, including 3,965 families on sites for which plans were not made Number of single workers Number of families in permanent buildings Number of families in temporary buildings Number of single workers in permanent buildings Number of single workers in temporary buildings Number of families in houses Number of families in apartments Number of families in ready-cut houses Number of families in sectional houses Number of single workers in existing hotels Number of single workers in new hotels Number of single workers in dormitories Number of single workers in buildings convertible into houses Number of boarders in family houses PROPOSED NOV. 4, 1918. 24,970 12,865 men, 11,132 women. 24,218 752 2,376 men, 2,435 women. . , 10,489 men, 8,697 women . . 22,391 2.579 1,702 33(> 591 men, 815 women 382 men, 3,566 women 11,125 nien, 5,693 women. , 324 men, 1,425 women 767 men, 1,058 women REVISED APR. 18, 1919. 6,148. 4,932 men, 3,375 women. 6,148. 594 men, 302 women. 4,338 men, 3,073 women. S,oS5- 1,093. 267. 93- 244 men. 350 men, 1,944 women. 4,338 men, 1,301 women. 172 women. 130 women. Tabi.es. 3^7 Table II. — Town planning data. ■Area planned : Total, including one-half of boundary streets acres. . 5, 033. 40 Per cent physically suited for lots and streets 88. 38 Per cent in residential lots 54- 04 Per cent in lots for other buildings 4. 49 Per cent in public grounds on land suited for lots and streets 5. 97 Per cent in public grounds on land not suited for lots and streets 11. 62 Per cent in streets and alleys 23. 88 Lengths: Total length of streets linear feet . . 942, 628 Total length of alleys do. . . . 168, 729 Families: Total number planned to be housed, including 7,155 families on sites for which plans were not made 28, 160 Per cent in detached houses 43. 44 Per cent in semidetached houses 17. 99 Per cent in row houses 22. 99 Per cent in other buildings 15. 58 Number of single persons not in family houses 28, 745 Total number of people housed (basis, 5 per family plus boarders) 172, 987 Estimated number of workers per family (including boarders) i. 7 Total number of workers to be housed 72, 553 Number of families per gross acre 5. 6 Average lot area (per family) souare feet. . 4, 208 Table III. — Number of families in dwellings of various types: In i-family houses: Detached 9, 543 Semidetached 3, 996 Row 5, 057 In 2-flat houses: Detached 440 Semidetached 368 Row 693 In apartment houses i, 887 In 2-room dwellings 34 In 3-room dwellings 970 In 4-roora dwellings .'....., 4, 404 In 5-room dwellings 4i 837 In 6-room dwellings 10, 143 In 7-room dwellings 277 In 8-room dwellings 306 Undetermined ,. 1, 009 Total, including 97S families on sites for which plans were not made 21, 983 Table IV. — Data on family dwellings and other buildings illustrated. Number of plans: Houses 178 Specials Total number of families in houses illustrated 5, 160 Number of stories high 1-3 Number of rooms per family 2-8 Average measurements (per family): Cubical contents (excluding porches) cubic feet. . 14, 533. 2 Area at first story (excluding porches) square feet. . 505. 2 Porch floor area do. ... 89. 6 Area of all stories (excluding porches) do. . . . 953. 6 Average percentages of total area: Per cent in walls 16. 34 Per cent in closets 3.19 Per cent in halls 10. 84 Per cent in kitchen 11. 68 Per cent in dining room 7. 72 Per cent in living room 16. 37 Per cent in bath room 4. 10 Per cent in bed rooms 29. 76 Table V. — Buildings for individuals and community buildings. Boarding house Number 34 Number of lodgers 612 Dormitory do Hotel do. Cafeteria do. Recreation building do . Y. M. C. A., K. of C, etc do. Y. W. C. A., etc do. Total do... 473 Number of lodgers 26, 886 Number of lodgers 446 388 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. Table VI. — Auxiliary buildings. Theater Number Chiirch do . . . Library do . . . School do . . . Hospital do . . . Store do . . . Warehouse do 8 17 2 18 8 254 Garage Railroad station Power house Fire station Post Office Miscellaneous buildings. . Number 63 .do .do.. .do.. .do.. .do.. Total do. 3 S S I 9 395 Table VII. — General improvements directly chargeable to project (including previous improvements). Quantity. Cost per family. Clearing Heavy grading, at $1 per cubic yard Storm drains, at $3.50 per linear foot Combined sewers, at $3 . 50 per linear foot Inlets, at $20 each Manholes, at $40 each Sanitary sewers, 8-inch, at $1 per linear foot Sanitary sewers, over 8-inch, at $1.50 per linear foot. Manholes, at $40 each Public grounds development, at $600 per acre Roadways: Class A, at $3 per square yard Class B, at $2 per square yard Class C, at $1 per square yard Alleys, at $2 per square yard Curbs, at $0.80 per linear foot Gutters, at $0.50 per linear foot ! Sidewalks, at $2 per square yard Planting strips, at $0.25 per square yard Street trees, at $6 each I, 75i>899 108,421 130. 78s i>333 83 s 3°6, 338 123, S49 I. 995 341- 79 125.301 627, 187 782, 030 122, 410 528, 014 141, 934 555. 192 I, 174. 648 23,330 $47. 747- 00 i> 751, 899. 00 379. 473- 50 490, 307- 50 26, 660. 00 33. 400. 00 329. 363- 00 185,323-50 79, 800. 00 205, 074. 00 375. I, 254, 782, 244, 422, 70, 1, 168, 293, 139, 903. 00 374- 00 030. 00 820. 00 412. 00 967. 00 863. 00 662. 00 980. 00 Total, 97 sites, 21,005 families. $2.27 83.40 18.06 23-34 I. 27 1-59 15-68 8.82 3.80 9-79 17.89 59-72 37-23 II. 64 20. II 3-38 55-65 13.98 6.66 8, 282, 058. 50 394- 25 Table VIII. — General improvements within project, cost to be refunded by annual charges. Quantity. Cost. Cost per family. Water mains: 6-inch, at $0.90 per linear foot Over 6-incli, at $2 per linear foot Hydrants, at $40 each Hydrant connections, at $1 per linear foot. Valves, at $20 each Gas mains, at $1.50 per linear foot Electric wire: House lighting, at $0.04 per linear foot. Street lighting, at $0.04 per linear foot. Poles for wires, at $30 each Street lights, at $20 each Total, 97 sites, 21,005 families. 422, 907 190, 222 I, 171 14, 229 1,786 429, 290 I, 880, 975 796, 525 6,411 1.556 $406, 116. 30 380, 444. 00 46, 840. 00 14, 229. 00 35, 720. 00 630. 435- 00 74, 567- 94 26, 764. 84 193, 618. 00 31, 120. 00 I, 839, 855. 08 $19- 33 18. II 2.23 .68 1. 70 30.01 3-53 I. 27 9. 22 I. 48 87-59 TABLES. 389 Table IX. — General improvements outside of project. Outfall sewers: Storm, at $3.50 per linear foot Sanitary, at $1.50 per linear foot. . Combined, at $3.50 per linear foot . Manholes, at $40 each Sewage disposal plant Water mains, at $2.50 per linear foot . . Water pumping plant Gas mains, at $1.50 per linear foot .... Miscellaneous Total, 97 sites, 21,005 families. Quantity. 5.241 28,370 i>598 SS S 41, 402 4 5.3°8 13 Ii8, 343. 50 42, 555- 00 5. 593- 00 2, 200. 00 39, 800. 00 103, 505. 00 40, 500. 00 7, 962. 00 71, 165. 00 331:623. 50 Cost per family. $0.88 2.03 .26 . II I. 90 4-94 1.88 -39 3-39 15-78 Table X. — l^ot improvements , excluding huildirtgs . Quantity. Cost per family. Common roadways, at $2 per square yard Common walks, at $2 per square yard House walks, at $1.50 per square yard House connections: Sewer, at $0.40 per linear foot Water, at $0.50 per linear foot Preparing lawns, at $0.25 per square yard Lot trees, at $2 each Shrubs and vines, at $0.50 each Hedge, at $0.30 per linear foot Fence, at $0.75 per linear foot Clothes driers, at $7 per family, rate based on 18,297 families . Total, 97 sites, 21,005 families 17, 831 25, 183 282, 576 691, 802 789, 114 4, 322, 009 20, 337 254,393 359, 639 IZi, 445 18, 297 $35, 662. 00 50, 366. 00 423, 866. 50 280, 124. 80 394, 557- °o , 105, 502. 35 40, 674. 00 127, 196. so 107, 891. 70 390, 083. 75 128, 079. 00 3, 104, 420. 00 3!>i. 70 ^■44 20. 79 13-34 18.78 52-63 1-94 6.06 5- 14 18.57 (7- 00) 147. 80 Table XI. — Summary of costs assumed for comparison of projects for housing families . • Cost. Cost per family. A. Land planned for development $4, 498, 503- 00 $214. 16 4,035,900.00 8,282,058.50 3, 104, 420. 10 91, 890, 653. 45 192. 14 394- 25 147. 80 4, 374- 7° C. General iinprovements directly chargeable (including previous improvements) (Table 7). . . . D. ITiunic-*moai B a s 1 •a III o o aj a wo J j -i •5.SS3 III o o ■^ PI l-H oo ^31 8 8 »0 CO g g ! cs" i iiiui 1> ■* U 5- g c^r oS III : 1 o».|.3o| o o o 8 1 g 8_^ gs ISi hi S^3 8 O o g i ^^ s__ g O 8 g o g § 1 a, 1 i 1 a> 5 ■a o 3 o 8 8 O 00 in" in" o g o" 3 of>o" 1 1 g 1 m' -4- 4 - R - - s o . ■ |o i n t-f 6S 5 M o 1^- 1- ° i o m" IN o i o . CO N i IN cC t^ III 6^ S 8 •- i 5 "a !- c 1 5 'a c E i i § i FC 1 1 ; 1 S a S § s g S 1 i 1 I ^ TABtES. 391 § K S 8 000 S v-s ss 8 S 8 8 .a iBqcqcq •Ills I ID 3 ^ d ^i So fix a 1^ JfiWo! m S !« §58 t a 392 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. -I SS5 S.2 3 S ON (D GOIO OiOO (M t— CD .1^ ri a> U 3 g a o B m °^ S3 a) P fv.— o PH^ j-l 88 ■g| t~«o OS 8100 lOO 13 §2-|^£-S| 8 S 88 gSS8 ■tf NN-* g S i ° 2?-^ w o o O I^ C^ CO S 8 288i a. e t^ ►J CQ o c3 , C8 Ot5 »0©QCg t-ooo W3COOC5 130 Sim I" IS s e 8 "=!< M i-H 00 coo 88 S S Olg 1^ CO 8 8 W3 «0 Hi ,28 ^ r !5 >i i«5j Ph . (^"^Ph 0.2 sa Wit- 3 n H tH^ A a> v «,£3 PnpLiP-ifMPH s i 5SS3 hJ so" at J3 S §88 10 -H a 5 CO -^ •g i2 1 ri i § 2 I h Ph TABI^ES. 393 Stoo Ml CO S 1."- o t* 00 IS oo ® s ooo O lOO t^iOO o»no cfl cq o gOOS (MOO MM cno> (NNN OOO o m low o 1^- -^CN O CO of >-? cT 11 OOOa OO TJ" Tji too r-o eoN goo moo « lOO ooo lo oo CO ON ^ ft S^ s S3 il S « O an Ml-H §1 fa A bo .1-9 B '■4J H Ol COOO T-. f- lO OS 0St-0>tHOt^ OOO S5: osooraMtoo ■«**cq i-H"*tO coo CO-tJlCO OTfl OOUS Wr- OMOT<0tH-J<'0>0 t^ioooi>eoco«oio eocccocQ"'<3i'icri-ri-^ Ni-HOioswooNm Tf CVI IC i-ltO •* (Si <0 (D lO (O -^ CO .-I lO i-l .-I tH '*^-00O'. lOOOOsM 00io to kou:>io tou3 io»oou:ito T-i tH W* rH tH loioioioimo wiioiomom oo i-< rH 1-5 r-4 N r-H COCO tCliO tC>OU3 IQIOUSO^IO O lOiOO QiO eo»0«DlOlOO OJ T-HcocD ■^to r^i-~oooai~Qs CO eOiON NO M "tt<"tJ*i-iM o o lo lo m o 00 ■rt* 00 O lO CO o to 00 lo ira ^ oooiooom i>N-* »oo ooo OOSCOQOOi"* -■'— - inmioooooooo ..., _ _,_,_, th ca o3 -rj" 1-1 ci CO i— i-< 03W eaioCM i-t ^ ■cT' OS CO i-i TP 00 COtOOO t- pqsoo CO '60 f5 ~ B» ■33- ■36 -SS • +^ bD'ti S OS'S t;g QCOW N CO 3 :s; ,-1 00 10 CD 10 00 CMOO CO-* 00 ■* 05 10 rH l~ ,-( Ot t- j-i «5C^NN .-HCq gooQ ^ 0000 (D CO ■^ O --I 00 OOCO 0-* ■* t-^00 OOCO 00 ooeo (ocnoco t-N r-< .-I '»";*< SSS8 COiOOS-rfH O C4 cvicn r-co CO00 CDCi-4 -^OOOi-HOOS 000 • oor-o ec "* i-~ 1-1 CO i- — iftco N wo COi-l .-I H .— I QDr~OTt< tJ* COO"* c^cot^ rpOOift N NN -l-*Oi r-<- ■« 88g gsg (Othoo eooco - cc 010 ;o tabi.es. 395 3,359 3, 735 8,368 4,705 m '• C001COOlNOiO{NCO(N"tt< «5os»ot^tDtoino(00)»i3 s 0.-( 5,116 2,893 5,381 6,705 §S3 rHrH i-ToTf-T 5,518 4,994 11,724 4,383 •^jHOJ05QOQOiricn'00-= t-o cOOiCOrdcO D(0--i r-i r-I rH 1-5 lom icous U5lO»OU3 lO lO ITS lO >0 >0 lO ON looom »oo (DQO ■'i^iraoiovnoioioooo t— o i-Hpjoit- o>o osc5co (D (D o r- 00 i-H .-I N lo ^ ira i-HCa ■* lO OTjt COi-ICO CO 1-H O CO OC Oi OO i-H rH CO »ooo»o r- 00 »o o »n >o 00 cDC'TfOO O !>- CO O C;- N -^ (DOecio w o cfl CO "* t^ i> owoiniflOON 00M^0»Oin OCO IQOO coeo^ »o lOlOlQiOtOOO CO OS CO O i- (^ CO rH -^OcDOinos 83 CO 00 omo or-u3 io»noo Ir-OiOW3 "*»OOrH hO"** 0> I-t-l> rH iHrH P3 W rH COOCOO cDOO OS OOCOO W3 coo CO O CD rH (O -^ lO 1-1 w 1-t eScoN loeo t'-cC'O ^O CD in HN 00 d5 N 00 C4 OS rH lO .cor- -O CO iWO 'O 00 •!> •- 'OO . «00 • OO OS OS coco OOi N o o mo I— I rH OS in r- I— o D»000-'j' Os-*-^ rH tDOSi- OO "OO OiCDCq CO ■*OS W 00 oooo ^COCO iO-^CO w »ococq T-H o mo o«00 ooin 00 CD l>i-(l^t^ NO eOT)< CT -* N CO >Oy-i Ncooo rHoooinocooicmo OOiCD l>OOOC>r-"DOOj-ctHmrHCO cO»Oi-< l> lOOlOOi iOCicO OON Co" COrJ0CN'0(re0"cO ©"cfrH rHrHOON OOStJI CO-^-Tj-O rHOr- OsOt- O COOt- ooo OSCC' u^ mO':P t--oo N coos lOC^OO COOOO OS lOi-Hi-H C--(D tN CO I>-COOrH COOOCDi-H CD'Tf'N O Oi-H-^0(M»no cOO '^iQNrHOSOrH 001^ »o t^ 1-H i>- pq Tf uo cDoo OOON (Dir- r OOrHlOTf^ 1-H-: O-^ COO ^ CvlCOrH Oi-HOcooicoo "nio <:0 iO Oi -^ Oi 00 ^ OOTft OCMCnN CMQC-^oJ-^OOO lOci «^ /*rt fM «i^ fNs ^1 /»o zij csi r^ _j 7^ I COCONcO OQ0I>O 8S »rai> mcom mmoic S9J 0«l>C' -OCD Mr s- CQQQCQCQCI 03.Q ® e3 coco COOOOOrHkOCO NN w CO i-< CO fi ■^ »0 lO OJ Oi "^ C^ CC W ^ CO 00«O O M -n* lOOOeo 1-1 04 CD C4 a >n inio u3 U3 iooio»o oooo»o»o OS Ol CO to o •<*• T-* lOiOlOO t-i-Hi-'Oeri CO t~ I^«D OJ l-lr-l U3 OCfl N CO lr-r~CS CD 0>03CDtH Q 1-'a< r-t^ ooo goo ow ooo W o ■*oo lOCDMcOCDN .-H Oil^OiOO ocooosoooo H'CO ^ f-* W M- »-i M oco-^mooo 1-hOCO lOOOO 3OCS)0C4t> ■^CDOcOt- CO »0 ■* ert ■* CO l> COCOON SOQOOO OSQcDOC OOOOM lOOOCOC SgSSgg g8SSS§ ojco o r- 2?a2S ^^-oo^oif-o ^H06I^«^ !5^ §1 ::§le^ •" b-" S3 >^ » OS'S- o-bP WOQCQ ®OQQ « «^ ,e3 cd 09 o ^ ^^^^ 22 >OM «(-(« ^ TABLES. Table III. — Number of families in dwellings of various types. 397 The total for all types on each project is normally the same as piven on Table II. The total of the numbers of femilies listed in dwellings of various numbers of rooms also equals the total on Table II. Those listed as ** undetermined" are on projects where the plot pLin indicated a greater number of houses than were actually fixed as to tj^, or in a few cases where there were a few existiag houses within the project. Project. Type. Number or rooms per family. No. In 1-family houses. In 2-flat houses. In apart- ment houses. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Unde- De- tached. Semide- tached. Row. De- tached. Semide- tached. Row. ter- mined, 56 65 95 85 52 52 213 15 10 72 60 23 31 37 14 26 74 70 20 185 Alabama nitrate district: Florence 28 28 697 Sheffield 16 1165 5 27 55 ■ 48 7 122 54 953 10 621 Alliance, Ohio: Southeast 84 654 Alton, lU.: 48 East Alton. 15 17 74 32 8 96 20 21 42 MiltOTi Hill . 82 170 15 66 ■■"■43' 156 96 266 8 8 59 Bath, Me 16 16 8 18 12 60 8 21 Bethlehem, Pa 230 931 66 216 108 233 102 Bridgeport, Conn.: Houses- Black Rock (1) Crane (4) 1 6 40 34 22 259 20 21 20 40' 54" 28 84 51 29 85 78 Grasmere (12) 1 4 56 18 14 1 --- Mill Green (5) 52 MiU Green Cemetery Extension Temporary Flats- Cemetery Site 4 102a 212 188 212 188 42 131 20 174 17 96 muTop «S6 Butler, Pa 29 136 47 138 83 15 20 87 387 40 18 28 20 89 169 "u 42 10 37 565 Charleston, S. C 20 18 Charleston, W. Va 40 22 62 296 10 1635 Chester, Pa.: Eddystone (Sections I and II) Eidiey Park 490 481 34 68 22 30 6 80 289 2947 477 170 66 243 Dayton, Ohio: 175 122 40' 160 54 Leo Street 244a EEzabeth, N. J.: Site A 60 32 76 30 58 166 70 140 22 100 22 51 34 5 Sit«B 104 SiteD 50 60 172 36 40 22 10 Erie, Pa.: East '. 37 95 86 90 88 200 62 38 32 8 68 164 79 West 457 22 578 Ilion, N. Y. 24 1314 Indianapolis, Ind 496 ludianhead, Md 146 44 44 '"'22' 28 6 50 46 607 Kenilworth, N. J. , site E 52 60 24 8 398a Lowell, Mass., Houses: High Street Extension 19 16 110 15 231 12 64 248 30 32 41 20 15 7 209 4 2 2 2972 Lyles ( Wrigley ), Tenn 60 1 4 Colored 15 64 581 Mare Island, (Vallejo), Calif., Houses Milton, Pa.: Hepburn Street 36 152 12 12 232 93 7 2 55 10 22 138 12 101 25 31 56 30 17 18 115 20 53 183 28 62 381 SiteB 6 40 997 Muskegon, Mich.: McGraft 78 Schoenberg 880 Neville Island, JPa., Coraopolis 34 150 10 148 18 9 206 16 271 New Brunswick, N. J 76 1371 New Castle, Del 6 157 New T/OndOTi, Cnnn Groton 722 New Orleans, La 58 9 12 10 279 72 41 60 18 46 783 245 111 382 Newport, R. I 68 10 158 150 45 4 57a Newport News. Va.: Hilton Extension 146 164 66 46 20 14 170 374 60 161 236 32 160 48 127 392 "■"68" 24 5 192 64 20 86 68 68 26 66 197 222 253 12 20 19 57o Briarfleld 404 Niagara FaUs.N.Y.: 16 3 SiteB 4 SiteC 481 Nlles, Ohio 103 801 136 203 135 150a Norfolk district: Cradock, Va 160 138 104 43 112 20 6 ISOb Glenwood Park, Va 150c Truxtun, Va 60 62 156 3 58 471 Perth Amboy, N. J 4 152 503 PhUadelphia, Pa.: 6C6 242 689 242 15 1,024 8 140 7 26 1536 2125 Pompton Lakes, N. J 26 2990 Port Fenn Del. (third site) 15 1,024 16 192 604 Portsmouth, N. H. (Kittery, Me.) 2728 Portsmouth Ohio (second site) . . 48 56 62 141 Puget Sound, Navy Yard (Bremerton), Wash., Inside 398 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. Table III. — Number of families in dwellings of various types — Continued. Project. Type. Number of rooms per family. No. In 1 -family houses. In 2-flat houses. In apart- ment houses. 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 Unde- De- tached. Semide- tached. Row. De- tached. Semide- tached. Row. ter- mined. 62 Qumcy, Mass.: 250 77 45 IS 69 132 71 70 88 1 72 113 66 37 4 69 161 5 60 18 46 20 20 12 14 10 20 34 56 2 River Street 218 148 Rock Island district: Davenport, Iowa— ' tring 13 100 247 79 105 17 ■ 79 183 863 199 920 186 25 67 18 29 14 22 1 246c 30 47 21 68 23 15 25 McMamis 78 Moline, III 246b East Moline, 111.— Highlands 15 41 865 246e Rock Island, 111 1368 Seven Pines, Va 6 2 138 Sharon Pa 16 113 65 37 471a South Amboy (Emston), N. J 882 49 25 38 1535 South Bend, Ind 39 98 2708 Stamford, Conn., Site A 130 Staten Island, N.Y.: 36 8 24 4 Houses 78 76 129 6 25 ""274" 3 1367 TuUvtown, Pa 129 32 35 118 Warren, Ohio: 20 12 36 22 173 11 Southeast 27a Washington, D.C., district: Na-s-y Yard- 308 90 42 3 27b 274 54c Residence Halls— Twenty-flrst and B Streets 336 102 ....... 336 .64 69 641 36 94 12 8 27 28 48 189 30 54g 549 South Capitol Street 52 24 149 14 47 41 86 111 61 Steel & Ordnance Co 12 47 68 226 55 38 22 66 76 36 380 Waterbury, Conn.: Chase 1 1 1 1 389 2 151 Watervllet (Troy), N. Y Total, 21,983 families ' 9,543 3,996 .6,057 440 368 693 1,887 34 970 4,404 4,837 10,143 277 306 1 Includes 978 on sites that have not been planned. ^ TABLES. 399 Table IV. — Data on family dwellings and other buildings illustrated. " Measurements per family" In the case of tuildings for more than one family were found by dividing the tot al for the huilding by the number of families. "Cubioalcontents"gives the actual cubage, measured to the outside of the walls and roof, including all gables and dormers, and including the cellar to a depth of3 inches bolow its floor level. Porches are normally excluded because in most cases they can be varied in size or omitted from the house proper without otherwise altering its service value. However, in a few cases, as noted, enclosed porches which are an integral part of the house have been included. Plan designa- tion. Total num- ber of fam- ilies. Classification. Type. Num- ber of stories high. Num- ber of rooms per family. Measurements (per family). Cubical contents, excluding porches (cubic feet). Area at first story, ex- cludmg porches (square feet). Porch floor area (square feet). Area of all sto- ries, ex- cluding porches (square feet). Percentages of total area. Per cent walls. Per cent closets. Per cent in halls. Per cent kitch- Per cent in dining room Per cent in living room. Per cent in bath room. Per cent. bed rooms. STANDARD HOUSE PLANS. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q E S Tl T2 U V w X Detached . .do .do., .do., .do.. .do.. .do., .do.. .do.. .do., ....do ....do ....do ....do do do Semidetached. do do.. Row. .do.. do Row end Detached 2-flat Semidetached 2-flat . 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 6 1 6 2 4 2 5 2 5 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 7 2 6 2 4 2 6 2 4 2 4 2 6 2 7 2 5 2 4 1 8,600 12,600 13,760 1 10, 500 14,900 15,400 18,700 111,900 10,400 9,600 14,000 16, 240 14, 250 15,000 12,500 17,960 14,275 10, 550 15,295 8,650 8,660 17,370 20, 340 14, 636 14, 565 616 616 672 753 727 753 915 852 360 470 680 583 634 629 493 578 605 412 618 284 284 587 644 604 473 60 68 105 72 80 90 82 80 105 81 22 146 73 92 75 84 80 66 117 616 616 672 753 727 753 915 862 708 852 907 1,140 1,038 1,067 976 1,238 875 785 1,036 567 667 1,147 1,267 12.5 14.5 13.0 13.5 14.5 14.7 13.6 13.6 16.0 15.6 16.2 14.9 16.0 11.2 14.1 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 18.0 16.7 15.5 15.0 14.1 13.5 2.0 2.5 2.0 3.0 2.6 3.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 1.6 5.3 2.6 1.5 3.0 2.1 3.0 2.6 1.6 2.5 2.3 1.5 3.0 2.6 2.5 2.9 3.0 8.0 7.0 2.0 6.0 5.0 6.0 5.5 7.2 11.6 11.5 13.0 13.0 14.2 9.1 9.7 11.0 12.0 14.2 10.2 10.0 12.6 14.2 11.3 15.8 16.6 13.5 27.0 12.5 14.5 12.8 11.2 10.0 17.8 10.5 2 12.0 7.2 10.2 10.0 9.7 9.5 8.0 18.0 10.0 18.2 18.6 8.5 6.8 10.2 15.1 12,0 12.0 11.0 12.5 10.2 11.3 11.3 11.2 11.2 11.5 "'ii.'o' "ii.'e' 11.5 13.9 23.0 20.0 17.0 19.5 17.5 19.7 19.0 16.5 19.7 19.6 17.5 18.0 13.7 15.0 19.7 13.8 19.5 20.0 12.8 17.5 19.0 15.0 15.6 18.2 19.7 5.0 6.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 4.3 3.3 3.5 4.3 6.0 2.8 3.2 3.0 3.6 4.1 3.5 4.0 3.5 4.0 4.8 4.6 3.5 2.5 4.2 4.0 38.0 36.5 30.0 44.5 26.5 40.5 33.0 37.0 34.0 25.5 22.2 31.0 32.3 31.8 30.0 34.3 28.5 30.0 30.5 29.0 29.0 30. S 32.0 25.6 29.0 ABERDEEN, MD. B C D E Detached do Row (converted) Detached 6 6 4-5 G 15,318 14,916 11,918 14, 432 549 628 407 528 40 40 106 45 1,065 1,066 833 1,066 14.5 14.5 14.8 14.8 3.0 4.0 2.2 10.6 9.7 9.6 9.8 8.7 8.4 17.8 8.4 10.6 11.3 11.3 18.7 17.4 19.0 17.4 4.7 4.0 4.5 4.0 29.2 30.7 32.1 30.5 ALABAMA NITRATE DISTRICT. 4a 56 43 28 39 28 Detached .... 1 1 1 1 2 4 4 5 5 4 112,365 112,200 115,105 114,270 12,560 710 716 910 857 400 131 100 104 104 112 710 716 910 857 784 14.8 15.1 14.8 15.0 17.3 3.3 3.8 4.5 3.4 5.0 3.1 6.2 7.2 5.6 13.3 15.7 14.6 12.2 11.7 11.6 "u.'i 25,3 23.1 18.9 20.9 19.3 4.8 4.4 4.3 3.8 4.4 33.0 32.9 38.1 26.2 29.2 4b 5a 5b do do do .... 16 a Semidetached 2-flat ALTON, ILL. 1-5 1-6-A 12 1-fi 2-5-A18 4-6-A 1 6-4-A14 1S2 30 Detached .....do do , Semidetached. . Row ....do 2 5 2 5 2 6 2 5 2 6 2 4 10,470 477 92 911 15.8 0.6 10.8 9.5 10.6 18.8 4.8 •12,947 485 64 907 15.4 3.9 10.4 11.6 11.2 18.6 3.6 15,166 613 88 1,000 15.4 2.8 6.7 11.2 13.2 14.0 3.2 11,620 462 74 892 14.7 3.0 8.8 10.4 12.2 18.8 5.9 15,290 600 110 1,052 15.1 5.0 13.2 9.0 12.7 13.6 3.7 9,940 331 57 663 16.0 2.0 13.0 19.8 16.0 4.0 29.1 25.3 33.5 26.2 27.7 29.2 BATH, ME. A B C D Detached do .....do Semidetached 2-flat 16,048 14,692 13,024 9,531 544 121 1,088 15.8 2.4 15.1 8.2 9.6 15.0 3.5 512 52 1,024 16.0 2.9 14.7 8.3 11.0 13.4 4.6 914 86 457 14.7 4.7 11.2 8.9 12.5 15.8 4.2 306 62 584 15.3 3.8 14.6 15.9 24.9 6.5 30.5 30.1 28.0 I9i.O BETHLEHEM, PA. Al Dl E2 Rl 130 364 195 149 Row end, do... Row Row end. 17,700 16, 800 18,300 20,240 536 543 586 572 142 182 228 186 1,072 1,086 1,172 1,716 19.0 17.6 17.3 19.6 2.1 1.6 2,2 <7.8 12.7 12.1 14.4 14.5 9.0 9.2 10.2 6.3 11.1 12.8 12.0 • No cellar. s Includes pantry. ' Includes inclosed porches. * Includes attic storage space, 5.9 per cent. 12.3 13.4 11.7 8.4 4.1 3.7 3.2 4.5 29.7 29.7 29,0 30,6 400 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. Table IV.— Da^a of family dwellings and other buildings illmtrated— Continued. Total num- ber of fam- ilies. Classification. Measurements (per family). Percentages of total area. Plan designa- tion. Type. Num- ber of stories high. Num- ber of rooms per family. Cubical contents, excluding porches (cubic feet). Area at first story, ex- cluding porches (square feet). Porch floor area (square feet). Area of all sto- ries, ex- cluding porches (square feet). Per cent in walls. Per cent in closets. Per cent in halls. Per cent in kitch- en. Per cent in dining room. Per cent in living room. Per cent in bath room. Per cent in bed rooms. BEIDGEPOBT, CONN. Gl 30 252 42 6 20 4 84 5 } ^ 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 6 5 4 4 3-4 4 4 8,299 10,900 12,098 14,570 11, 572 10,678 10,222 12,660 12,060 226 294 328 536 428 443 380 456 462 59 20 26 202 15 21 17 30 27 678 878 983 1,072 856 493 761 868 860 21.0 19.8 19.0 17.7 18.9 18.5 19.5 19.8 19.0 1.7 3.0 2.8 3.0 3.1 4.1 3.2 4.0 3.9 15.7 13.5 13.7 10.9 16.5 10.8 17.5 16.0 14.7 115.8 1 12.6 114.0 9.8 17.1 19.2 19.8 18.2 17.7 "'iio' 11.8 22.6 19.3 13.2 16.1 5.6 4.3 3.7 4.3 4.4 4.2 5.5. 4.0 3.8 17. S G2 G3 12-fami1y apartment . .do 27.5 21.6 H2 26.4 H6 K9 Semidetached 2-flat 40 13.0 30.2 H 5-5-6 34.5 K 8-10-8-10-12 Row 6.2 10.5 31.8 K 9-8-10- 12-12-8-10 do 30.4 CHARLESTON, W. VA. A 20 20 12 8 6 2 2 2 2 2 4 5 6 6 8 8,908 14,986 13,000 15,360 20,550 364 486 664 663 765 116 32 160 120 207 727 1,075 1,128 1,179 1,530 18.1 17.6 18.1 20.8 17.6 1.4 5.5 4.4 3.7 3.0 10.9 7.2 6.0 10.5 10.0 18.2 14.7 8.0 8.9 11.1 "io.'s' 9.6 18.2 17.5 19.9 12.7 11.1 4.6 3.9 3.8 3.4 3.7 28.7 B D do Detached 33.6 29.0 E do 30.4 G do 43.5 CHESTER— EDDYSTONE, PA. A 101 23 34 9 Row. inside 2 2 2 2 4 5 5 6 13,770 16,238 16,013 15,623 448 480 495 495 86 85 135 117 896 960 1,061 1,005 17.1 17.8 19.3 19.8 2.4 2.1 2.5 2.2 10.3 11.2 10.6 10.8 18.5 17.2 15.5 16.3 18.5 20.3 18.3 19.3 4.2 3.4 3.6 3.6 29.0 B D do 28.0 30 2 E do 28.0 CHESTER— RIDLEY PARK, PA. C F G H Row inside. Row end .. . do Row inside. 16,860 16, 700 16,670 16,250 525 540 548 525 100 90 140 90 1,406 1,080 1,096 1,050 18.7 19.7 19.5 18.6 3.1 2.4 2.1 3.4 10.6 8.5 8.7 10.4 8.2 9.1 8.3 10.7 11.5 10.9 12.3 19.2 18.2 16.4 2.3 3.2 3.6 3.2 39.1 27.5 28.2 28.1 DAYTON, OHIO. AA B 36 26 26 88 16 48 48 Semidetached Detached 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 6 5 6 4 4 3 15,920 15, 770 13,988 13, 360 11,442 10,736 9,390 445 546 476 468 410 360 324 66 123 45 44 40 36 36 1,022 1,092 952 906 794 8 736 S690 16.4 15.0 15.7 16.3 16.2 14.8 16.6 4.9 2.5 3.3 3.2 2.9 3.3 2.3 12.9 11.0 10.0 11.0 11.4 9.2 8.9 7.3 8.1 9.5 8.7 19.3 13.1 16. 5 10. 14.3 13.3 11.7 14.9 15,3 13.3 16.8 17.8 23.0 22.1 3.8 3.6 4.6 3.7 4.5 5.0 6.8 29.3 30 2 D do 30 4 EB Semidetached 29! 6 27.9 2 31.6 »28.8 H 8 Row . . X 12 Row 2-flat Y12 do ERIE, PA. 101-B 102-B 103-B 201-B 202-P 203-B 204-B 301-B 402-B Detached do do Semidetached. do do do Row do 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 5 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6-6 2 6 15,888 18,644 17,648 13,855 16,090 18, 932 17,316 17,262 16,230 581 630 544 604 642 612 560 608 538 110 102 120 122 88 136 112 92 1,156 1,260 1,088 1,170 1,080 1,224 1,166 1,180 1,075 17.5 17.6 17.9 16.9 16.5 15.5 16.4 17.2 14.7 3.0 2.7 4.9 2.2 4.0 3.0 3.4 3.1 12.4 8.2 12.6 13.3 9.5 8.5 13.0 12.7 8.2 8.7 8.3 7.7 10.3 8.6 8.6 8.7 10.3 11.6 12.3 12.0 12.0 12.2 10.8 10.9 12.0 12.3 15.0 17.7 14.1 15.4 17.0 20.3 14.1 16.8 16.4 6.1 3.8 3.7 3.9 3.7 3.3 3.7 4.0 25.4 28.8 28.7 26.9 29.6 29.0 30.3 26.2 30.1 B 1-2-3 C2 Dl El Al A8 Bl ILION, N. Y. Detached Semidetached Row Semidetached 14,094 16,615 17, 7or, 13,864 485 500 484 94 105 135 65 1,001 1,022 1,160 955 15.0 13.2 13.4 15.2 2.5 2.7 2.3 4.0 10.6 7.2 13.0 13.2 7.3 9.7 11.2 14.2 3.6 33.2 10.9 16.4 3.2 37.8 11.0 17.8 4.4 30.8 11.6 13.8 4.4 28.2 INDIANHBAD, MD. Detached do...- do.... 11,100 11,720 10,920 480 480 620 125 102 200 985 1,040 16.6 14.9 16.7 1.9 1.7 6.0 8.3 8.2 8.4 12.9 12.6 10.1 13.5 13.4 12.0 13.6 14.3 14.5 3.7 3.6 4.1 1 Includes pantry. 3 Includes area of inclosed porches, 3.6 percent. ' Includes area of inclosed porches, 7.45 per cent. 30.5 31.3 29.2 TABlvBS. Table IV .• — Data on family dwellings and other buildings illustrated — Continued. 4or Total num- ber of fam- ilies. Classification. Measurements (per family). Percentajjes of total area. Flan designa- tion. Type. Num- ber of stories high. Num- ber of rooms per family. Cubical contents, excluding porches (cubic feet). Area at first story, ex- cluding porches (square feet). Porch floor area (square feet). Area of all sto- ries, ex- cluding porches (square feet). Per cent in walls. Per cent in closets. Per cent in halls. Per cent in kitch- en. Per cent in dining room. Per cent in living room. Per cent in bath room. Per cent in bed rooms. LOWELL, MASS. B 4 5 8 30 14 5 Detached 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 6 6 6 5 6 14,000 14, 796 14,343 14,800 13,035 16, 180 487 525 512 500 508 502 96 83 72 85 60 80 1,043 1,042 1,002 1,040 936 1,046 14.3 15.1 16.3 15.6 15.8 16.4 2.4 2.1 3.2 2.3 3.2 2.1 10.4 10.1 15.1 12.5 11.0 12.3 8.3 10.0 S.9 9.0 10.9 9.1 10.5 13.4 10.8 10.8 12.3 10.8 17.2 14.6 12.9 13.5 15.4 13.0 4.8 4.2 4.0 3.6 4.8 3.7 32.1 C do 30.5 E 28. S F do 32.7 J do 26.6 Q Detached 32.6 MARE ISLAND, CALIF. B 40 24 30 83 2 2 2 2 3 5 6 4 9,650 13, 740 13,085 11,644 372 622 544 473 30 85 88 50 744 1,082 1,066 946 14.2 14.7 15.7 16.0 7.1 3.8 2.7 3.5 21.1 13.8 12.7 14.6 18.1 15.2 9.1 15.6 24.1 17.2 19.2 18.6 4.0 3.4 3.5 15.4 C Semidetached 31 3 D Detached , . 37 2 F do 28.2 NEW BBUNSWICK, N. J. 1-6 and 1-6 R 2-5 A and B 2-5-6 2-6 A and B 6-4 6-6 8-4 8-5 8-6 40 Detached Semidetached. do do Row do do do do 2 6 2 5 2 6-6 2 6 2 4 2 6 2 4 2 6 2 6 15, 164 13,363 13,910 13,970 11,360 15, 738 11,344 13, 225 14,843 536 464 495 525 395 518 393 454 520 103 100 101 92 78 86 77 86 82 1,046 902 964 1,024 772 1,010 767 887 1,012 18.8 18.1 16.7 17.7 21.6 16.5 21.6 16.6 16.4 2.7 2.8 3.3 3.4 4.1 3.1 4.3 3.0 3.0 10.3 10.4 9.7 9.4 13.2 11.0 13.0 11.2 10.9 9.0 10.3 9.7 9.1 17.5 9.4 17.4 10.3 7.9 10.3 10.8 10.4 10.5 10.8 11.6 10.6 17.4 16.2 17.1 18.0 13.1 17.7 13.5 14.1 16.9 4.1 3.5 4.1 3.9 3.4 28.2 27.6 29.5 28.6 26.5 28.0 26.2 29.3 30.9 NEW LONDON, CONN. A A-2 A-3 B-l-A B-4 Detached do do Semidetached - do 6 6 5 5 5-6 13,000 13, 180 13, 100 13,370 14, 175 480 480 480 484 515 64 150 76 60 104 960 984 960 944 1,018 15.8 15.9 15.7 15.9 13.5 3.3 3.3 3.4 4.5 11.0 10.7 11.1 15.6 9.7 12.6 12.0 12.5 11.7 12.9 15.8 16.6 15.7 13.3 17.7 4.0- 4.0 4.7 28. 6 30.7 28.9 26.7 29.5 NEWPORT, R. I. A B-1 C-1 Semidetached do Detached 15,280 11,075 14, 900 649 470 493 60 1,064 907 1,035 14.2 14.8 16.0 2.2 2.5 2.4 12.2 7.8 9.2 10.5 11.9 8.0 11.9 12.1 10.9 13.3 15.9 15.5 5.1 4.5 4.4 30.6 30.6 33.6 NILES, OHIO. 5 7 12 Detached do Semidetached 12, 600 15,300 12, 694 458 605 448 916 1,0.57 895 15.5 15.6 15.3 2.8 4.3 3.1 11.2 12.3 11.3 8.1 7.6 8.4 12.1 12.1 12.3 16.8 13.8 15.7 4.7 4.7 4.0 29.8 29.7 29.9 NORFOLK DISTRICT— CRADOCK. VA. B-2 B-4 C-1 C-8 D-4 r-3 G-2 G-4 J-6 Detached do do do do Semidetached - do do Row 2 5 2 5 2 6 2 6 2 7 2 4 2 6 2 5 2 6 10,740 11, 490 12, 180 12, 580 14, 717 8,800 11,100 11,116 12,250 483 485 656 656 618 360 530 468 506 1 177 U99 1187 1253 1255 1156 1182 1134 1144 953 970 1,097 1,097 1,266 715 941 921 16.8 15.8 16.1 16.4 15.6 17.4 15.9 15.5 14.3 3.8 3.7 3.0 4.7 3.0 1.7 1.5 2.6 2.8 10.8 9.8 10.4 10.0 10.2 10.3 11.8 8.2 9.1 11.7 17.8 10.0 10.6 10.9 20.0 13.7 9.4 9.4 9.6 9.7 11.0 12.0 11.8 15.1 20.5 19.4 14.8 14.1 19.3 15.3 16.9 18.8 4.3 3.3 3.4 3.2 2.9 4.4 4.1 4.4 2.8 29.0 29.1 27.9 30.5 33.6 26.9 26.7 31.0 31.0 PHILADELPHIA— TACONY, PA. A-3 78 116 26 Row 2 2 2J 6 6 8 13,350 13,050 19,290 472 462 565 70 90 114 944 924 1,513 19.9 17.6 20.1 2.3 2.4 6.4 6.8 7.0 9.9 7.9 8.1 4.9 11.9 12.3 9.3 17.7 18.3 14.0 3.6 3.6 2.8 29.9 D-1 do 30.7 F 3 1 Includes summer kitchen. 402 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. Table IV. — Data on family dwellings and other buildings i7te«raand drainage is not separately itemized, as in the Housmg Corporation's projects only ditchmg, mcluded under "Heavy gradmg". and storm drains were resorted to. ,,, ^ r *+••*■ j-i_ i j . , , i- The unit cost lor development of public grounds contemplates simply the imtial development of puttmg m a few paths, lawns, and simple plantings. 56 IM 697 621 102 102a Project. Unit cost Aberdeen, Md.: Quantity Cost Cost per family Alabama nitrate district: Florence — Quantity Cost Cost per family Sheffield- Quantity Cost Costjjer family Tuscumbia — Quantity Cost Cost per family , Alliance, Ohio: Northwest — Quantity Cost Cost per family Southeast — Quantity Cost Cost per family Alton, 111.; Broadway — Quantity Cost Cost per family East Alton^ Quantity Cost Costner family Milton Hill- Quantity Cost Cost per family Bath, Me.; Quantity Cost Cost per family Bethlehem, Pa.: Quantity Cost Cost per family Bridgeport, Conn.: Houses- Black Rock (1)— Quantity Cost Cost per family Connecticut Avenue (14) — Quantity Cost Cost per family Crane (4)— Quantity Cost Cost per family Grasmere (12) — Quantity Cost Cost per family Mill Green (.'i)— Quantity Cost Cost per family Mill Green Cemetery Extension- Quantity Cost Cost per family Temporary Flats- Cemetery Site- Quantity Cost Cost per family Hill Top- Quantity Cost Cost per family Clearing. 19.0 3,000.00 S24. 39 X $250. 00 S2.19 X 11,0.50.00 $3. 73 X S152. 00 SI. 69 X $300. 00 X S50. 00 SO. 50 X 850. 00 80.45 Heavy grading. Cubic yardx. SI. 00 1,725 81, 726. 00 821. 56 22,250 822,250.00 8180. 09 26, 627 S26, 527. 00 S232. 69 4.160 $4, 1.50. 00 879. 81 9. ,500 89. 500. 00 $182. 70 13. 500 813, 500. 00 8,900 S8,900.00 8185. 42 400 8400. 00 S28. 67 28. 600 828,600.00 8100. 73 3,997 83,997.00 844. 41 146, 593 8146. 593. 00 8116. 50 2,395 82,396.00 811. 09 3,110 83,110.00 828. 80 3", 067 83,067.00 S8.14 3,705 83, 705. 00 836. 68 2,285 $2, 285. 00 820. 69 81,980.00 820. 63 275 8276. 00 SI. 30 525 8525. 00 82.79 Storm drains. Linear f eft. S3. 50 943 83,300.50 841. 25 1,995 S6, 982. 50 861. 79 5,056 S17, 696. 00 883. 07 2.003 87,010.00 877. 89 6,660 823,310.00 S18. 63 172 8602. 00 82.78 362 SI, 267. 00 Sll. 74 400 81, 400. 00 S3. 71 677 82,369.50 823. 46 230 880.5.00 87.25 146 S511. 00 85.32 140 8490. 00 82.31 Combined sewers. Linearfeef. S3. 60 4,930 817. 265. 00 S140.28 1,365 84, 777. 50 822.12 162 8567. 00 S5.25 3,416 Sll, 956. 00 831. 71 3,213 811,245.60 SlOl. 31 2,170 87,595.00 879. 11 1,626 85, 687. 50 826.83 820. 00 5 8100. 00 81.25 11 8220. 00 81.79 18 8360. 00 $3.19 30 8600. 00 82.81 24 S480. 00 85.33 81,600.00 81.27 11 8220. 00 81.02 11 8220. 00 82.04 30 8600. 00 $1.59 5 8100. 00 80.99 28 8560. 00 85.06 10 8200. 00 S2.08 9 8180. 00 80.84 Manholes. $40.00 $120. 00 81.50 18 $720. 00 $5.85 $160. 00 $1.42 19 8760. 00 $3.56 15 8600. 00 86.67 10 S400. 00 80.32 11 8440. 00 82.04 2 880. 00 80.74 30 8200. 00 $3.18 2 $80. 00 $0.79 23 $920. 00 $8.29 10 $400. 00 $4.17 7 $280. 00 $1.32 Sanitary sewers. Linear feet. 81.00 3.408 3, 408. 00 842. 60 6.482 86, 482. 00 857. 36 1. 250 $1, 250. 00 824. 04 5,061 $5,061.00 $23. 76 1,384 81,384.00 $62. 91 1 SI, 125. 00 $75. 00 7,650 87, 650. 00 823. 42 1,767 $1,767.00 $18. 96 24,100 824, 100. 00 $19. 16 2 $3, 675. 00 $36. 39 Over 8 inches. Linear feet. $1.50 1,434 $2,151.00 $40. 98 210 8315. 00 814. 32 4,666 86, 849. 00 824. 12 895 51,342.50 814. 91 13,200 819, 800. 00 816. 73 Manholes. $40.00 15 $600. 00 $7.50 22 $880. 00 $7.79 S320. 00 $6.16 21 $840.00 83.94 7 $280. 00 $12. 73 39 81, 660. 00 85.49 17 8680. 00 87.55 184 87,360.00 $6.85 ' 15 cesspools. 870 .... 8870.00 ....1 84.63 ' 49 cesspools. PubUe grounds develop- ment. Acrfi':. 8600.00 .56 8336. 00 $4.20 .04 824. 00 80.20 .49 $294. 00 82.68 1.30 $777. 60 814. 95 17.02 810,212.00 $47. 94 .84 8604. 00 81.77 .15 890. 00 81.00 11.03 ;6,618.00 85. 26 . 59 8354! 00 $1.64 .16 $96. 00 $0.89 .34 $204. 00 $0.64 3 $120.00 $0.64 .40 8240. 00 $2.16 TABLrES. 407 to project {including previous improvements). Eoadways are divided into three classes aooordini! to cost. Class A comprises those costing over $2.50 per square yard exclusive of heavy grading, such as asphalt, brick, and bituminous concrete on concrete base. Those in Class B range from $2.60 to SI. 50 per square yard, such as bituminous macadam and uncoated cement concrete. Class C includes dirt, gravel, and light waterbound macadam, costing under $1.50 per square yard. Alleys if constructed at all are normally required to be paved with Class B pavement. Paved gutters are listed separately only where they are not included in the roadway area. Combined curb and gutter is spht up and part of the cost entered under curb and part under gutter. Dirt and grass gutters are included imder planting strips. No. Project. Roadways. Class A. Class B. Class C. Alleys. Curbs. Gutters. Sidewalks. Planting strips. Street trees. Total. 597 554 59 24 102 102a Unit cost Aberdeen, Md.: Quantity Cost Cost per familv Alabama nitrate district: Florence- Quantity Cost Cost per family Sheffield- Quantity Cost Cost per family Tuscumbia— Quantity Cost Cost per family Alliance, Ohio: Northwest — Quantity Cost Cost per family Southeast- Quantity Cost Cost per family Alton, 111.: Broadway — Quantity Cost Cost per family East Alton — Quantity Cost Cost per family Milton Hill- Quantity Cost Cost per family Bath, Me.: Quantity Cost Cost per family Bethlehem, Pa.: Quantity Cost Cost per family Bridgeport, Conn.: Houses— Black Eock (1)— Quantity Cost Cost per family Connecticut Avenue (14)— Quantity Cost Cost per family Crane (4)— Quantity Cost Cost per family Grasmere (12) — Quantity Cost Cost per family Mill Green (5)— Quantity Cost Cost per family Mill Green Cemetery Extension- Quantity Cost Cost per family Temporary Flats— Cemetery Site- Quantity Cost Cost per family Hill Top- Quantity Cost Cost per family Square yard $3.00 Square yard. $2.00 5,227 $10,454.00 $84.99 $6,924.00 $144. 24 27, 542 $82, 626. 00 $290. eo Square yard. $1.00 6,738 $6, 738. 00 $84. 23 10, 637 $10,537.00 $85. 67 14, 363 $14, 363. 00 $125.99 7,616 $7,616.00 $146.46 4,183 $4, 183. 00 $80. 44 26,464 $26,464.00 $124.24 820 $820. 00 $16. C6 3,297 $3,297.00 $219. 66 4,371 $8,742.00 $41.24 4,827 $9, 654. 00 $51.35 5,372 $5, 372. 00 $59. 69 96, 300 $96, 300. 00 $76. 65 5,280 $5,280.00 $24.44 3,233 $3,233.00 $29. 94 19, 920 $19, 920. 00 $52.84 7,170 $7, 170. 00 $70. 28 8,446 $8,446.00 $76. 09 7,026 $7,026.00 $73.19 Square yard. $2.00 447 $894. 00 $11.18 1,101 $2,202 $17.90 1,009 $2,018.00 $17. 70 1,493 $2,986.00 $57.42 Linear foot. $0.80 Linear foot. $0.50 7,228 $5,782.40 $47.01 11,964 $9,571.20 $83. 96 5,564 $4,451.20 $85. 60 1,446 2, 892. CO $13.58 $666. 00 $11.79 569 $1,138.00 $75. 86 177 $354. 00 $1.25 1,560 $1,248.00 $26. 00 1, 140 $312. 00 $60. 80 16, 386 $13, 108. SO $46.16 1,668 $3,316.00 $2.64 66,000 $52, 800. 00 $41.97 3,420 $2,736.00 $12. 67 2,000 $1,600.00 $14. 81 12, 648 $10,038.40 $26.62 5,080 $4,064.00 $36.61 3,468 $2,774.40 $14.76 6,988 $3,494.00 $28.41 9,524 $4,762.00 $41.77 4,596 $2,298.00 $44.19 1,660 $780. 00 $16.25 1,140 $570. 00 $38. 00 12, 724 $5, 3:2. 00 $22.40 1,090 $545. 00 $5.04 12, 648 ;8,274.00 $16.64 Square yard. Square yard $2.00 2,621 $5,242.00 $65. 53 4,097 $8, 194. 00 $86. 62 3,848 $7, 696. 00 $S7. 51 2,236 $4,472.00 $86. 00 1,593 $3,188.00 $61.27 $13,992.00 $65. 69 $1,734.00 $36.19 670 $1,140.00 $76. 00 7,595 $16, 180. 00 $53.49 $3, 932. 00 $43.-69 29,700 $59,400.00 $47.22 1,875 $3, 750. 00 $17.36 984 $1,968.00 $18.22 6,618 $11,036.00 $29. 27 • 1,913 $3, 826. 00 $37. 88 2,991 $5,982.00 $63. 89 1,845 $3, 690. 00 $38. 44 2,093 $4,186.00 $19.75 1,332 $2,664.00 $14.17 $0.25 2,310 $677. 50 $7.22 7,067 $1, 766. 75 $14. 36 8,197 $2,049.26 $17.97 3,938 $984. 50 $18.93 3,999 $999. 75 $19.23 14, 788 $3, 697. 00 $17.35 693 $173. 25 $3.62 697 $174. 25 $11.62 16,517 $4,129.25 $14. 54 3,167 $791.75 $8.80 91,484 $22,871.00 $18.18 2,027 $506. 75 $2.36 1,052 $2C3. 00 $2.43 13, 344 $3, 336. 00 $8.84 3,270 $317.60 $8.09 3,038 $769. 50 $6.83 3,470 $867. 50 $9.04 2,036 $509. 00 $2.40 3,256 $814. 00 $4.33 $6.00 180 $960. 00 $12. 00 226 $1, 350. 00 $10. 98 271 $1, 626. 00 $14.26 122 $732. 00 $14. 08 92 $552.00 $10. 62 190 $1, 140. 00 $5.35 $228. 00 $4.76 30 $180.00 $12. 00 378 $2,268.00 $7.99 113 $678. 00 $7.53 1,591 $9, 646. 00 $7.59 42 $252. 00 $1.17 35 $210.00 $1.94 200 $1,200.00 $3.18 58 $348. 00 $3.45 58 $348. 00 $3.14 85 $510. 00 $6.31 124 $744. 00 $3.61 110 $660. 00 $3.51 $24,001.00 $300. 02 $87, 249. 15 $708. 54 884, 000. 95 $738. 17 $28,467.30 $547.44 $22,141.75 $425. 44 $36, 854. 00 $454. 67 $23,362.25 $634. 75 $S, 936. 75 $595. 61 $170,260.25 $595. 99 $26,892.25 $298. 12 $474, 014. 00 $377. 78 $13, 159. 00 $121. 84 $6-3,531.40 $187.06 $22,141.00 $218. 61 $35,485.00 $321. 66 $22,779.50 $237.29 $21,093.50 $99. 50 $18,051.40 $96. 18 4o8 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. Table VII. — General improvements directly chargeable Project. Clearing. Heavy gradtng. Storm drains. Combined Inlets. Manholes. Sanitary sewers. 8 inches. Over 8 inches. Manholes. Public grounds develop- ment. 565 18 1635 2947 243 457 Unit cost Butler, Pa.: Quantity Cost Cost per family Charleston^ S. C: Quantity Cost Cost per family Charleston, W. Va.: Quantity Cost Cost per family Chester, Pa.: Eddystone — Quantity Cost Cost per family Eldley Park- Quantity Cost Cost per family Dayton, Ohio: Edgemont— Quantity Cost Cost per family Leo Street- Quantity Cost Cost per family Elizabeth, N. J.: Site A— Quantity Cost Cost per family Site B— Quantity Cost Cost per family Site D— Quantity Cost Cost per family Erie, Pa.: East- Quantity Cost Cost per family West- Quantity Cost Cost per family Hammond, md.: Quantity Cost Cost per family Ilion N. Y.: Quantity Cost Cost per family Indianapolis, Ind.: Quantity Cost Cost per family Indianhead, Md. : Quantity Cost Cost per family Kenilworth, N. J.: Site E— Quantity Cost Cost per family Lowell: Hous&s — High Street Extension- Quantity Cost Cost per family Livingston- Quantity Cost Cost per family LyIes (Wrigley), Tenn: guautify DSt Cost per family Colored- Quantity Cost Cost per family Mare Island (Vallejo), Calif.; House.?— Quantity Cost Cost per family Acres. 7.0 S525.00 S3. 37 12.0 $2,400.00 $4.14 10.0 $2,000.00 $3.54 X $100. 00 $2.00 X $100.00 $0.96 X $1,480.00 $29.60 X $1,500.00 $6.73 X $1,720.00 $3.45 X $100.00 $0.63 10.0 $600.00 $3.16 2.5 $375.00 $3.41 Cubic yards. $1.00 22,695 $22,695.00 $135.90 15, 120 $15, 120. 00 $96.92 20,390 $20,390.00 $234.37 37,000 $37,000.00 $63.79 40,000 $40,000.00 $70.79 82,143 $82, 143. 00 $104.37 784 $784.00 $19.60 4,356 $4,356.00 $87.12 15,600 $15,600.00 $150.00 1,343 $1,343.00 $26.86 8,600 $8,600.00 $38.57 46,951 $46,951.00 $94.09 13,180 $13,180.00 $75. 75 500 $600.00 $3.14 1,990 $1,990.00 $00.45 30,000 $30,000.00 $157.89 3,517 $3,517.00 $67.63 10,000 $10,000.00 $120.48 7,000 $7, 000. 00 $175. 00 12,360 $12,360.00 $112.27 Linear feet. $3.50 Linear feet. $3.50 $20.00 X $40.00 X 3,965 $13,877.50 $159.48 1,724 $6,034.00 $10.40 4,670 $16,345.00 $28.93 10,163 $35,570.50 $45.07 1,120 $3,920.00 $78. 40 1,330 $4,655.00 $44.76 920 $3,220.00 $64.40 1,910 $6,685.00 $29.98 7,350 $25,725.00 $51.55 7,887 $27,604.50 $158.65 850 $2,975.00 $61.98 2,371 $8,298.60 $43.67 2,940 $10,290.00 $257.25 53,150 $53,150.00 $126.84 $2,912.00 $6.95 Linear feet. $1.00 4,550 $4,550.00 $27. 31 $3,835.00 $24.58 Linearfeet. $1.60 2,523 $3, 784. 50 $24.26 $40.00 21 $840.00 $5.03 23 $920.00 $6.90 Acres. $600.00 22 $440.00 $5.06 12 $240.00 $0.41 25 $500.00 $0.88 $1,720.00 $2.18 20 $800.00 $9.19 2 $40.00 21 $420.00 $1.88 55 $1,100.00 $1.12 33 $660.00 $3.79 1 $20.00 $0.42 15 $300.00 $1.67 $440.00 $1.05 8,226 $320.00 $8,226.00 $0. 65 $14. 18 19 $760. 00 $1.35 57 $2,286.00 $2.89 6 $240.00 $4.80 12 $480.00 $4.62 $120.00 $2.40 4 $160.00 $0.72 19 $760.00 $1.52 28 $1,120.00 $6.44 2 $80.00 $1.68 17 $680.00 $17.00 13,900 $13,900.00 $17.66 900 $900.00 $22.50 5,390 $5,390.00 $24.17 13,278 $13,278.00 $26.61 4,275 $4,275.00 $27. 76 11,494 $11,494.00 $60.49 5,755 $5, 765. 00 $52.32 760 $760.00 $50. 70 13,010 $13,010.00 $31.06 4,981 $7,471.50 $12.88 10,450 $15,675.00 $27. 74 4,330 $6,495.00 $8.26 2,169 $3,253.50 $81.34 65 $220.00 $0.38 4.28 $2,568.00 $16.46 2.23 $1,338.00 $15.38 16.53 $9,918.00 $17. 10 1,020 $1,630.00 $3.07 3,460 $5,190.00 $61.06 650 $825.00 $1.97 41 9.00 $1,640.00 $5,400.00 $2.90 $9.56 134 $5,360.00 $6.81 16 $640.00 $16.00 $1,160.00 SS.20 57 $2,280.00 $4.67 9 $360.00 $2.34 32 $1,260.00 $15.06 25 $1,000.00 $9.09 $120.00 $8.00 86 $3,400.00 $8.11 26.52 $15,312.00 $19.43 1.88 $1,128.00 $5.06 6.50 $3,900.00 $7.82 .41 $248.40 $1.56 $234.00 $10.64 53.10 $31,860.00 $167.36 $288.00 $3.47 .90 $640.00 $13.50 22.95 $13,770.00 $125. 18 6.14 $3,084.00 $7.36 Tabi.es. 409 to project (including previous improvements) — Contiaued. No. Project. Roadways. Class A. Class B. Class C. Alleys. Curbs. Gutters. Sidewalks. Planting strips. Street Total. 1635 2947 578 Unit cost . . . Butler, Pa.: ■ Quantity Cost Cost per family Charleston, S. C: Quantity Cost Cost per family Charleston, W. Va.: Quantity Cost Cost per family Chester, Pa.: Eddystone— Quantity Cost Cost per family - Kidley Park- Quantity Cost Cost per family-. Dayton, Ohio: Edgemont — Quantity Cost Cost per family. Leo Street — Quantity Cost Cost per family. Elizabeth, N. J.: Site A— Quantity Cost Cost per family. Site B— Quantity Cost Cost per family. Site D— Quantity Cost Cost per family. Erie, Pa.: 581 Quantity Cost Cost per family West- Quantity Cost Cost per family Hammond, Ind.: Quantity Cost Cost per family lUon, N. Y.: Quantity Cost Cost per family Indianapolis, Ind.: Quantity . . : Cost Cost per family Indianhead, Md.: Quantity Cost Cost per family Kenilworth, N. J., Site E: Quantity Cost Cost per family Lowell: Houses- High Street Extension- Quantity Cost Cost per iamlly Livingston — Quantity Cost Cost per family Lyles (Wrigley), Tenn.; Quantity Cost Cost per fomily Colored- Quantity Cost Cost per family Mare Island (Vallejo), CaUf.: Houses — Quantity Cost Cost per family 118791°— 19— vol. 2- Square yard. $3.00 Square yard. $2.00 2,635 $7,905.00 $10. 04 2,200 84,400.00 $28.21 $15,932.00 $183. 13 032,933 $65,866.00 $113. 46 10,032 $20,064.00 $35.76 54,414 $108,828.00 $138. 28 1,130 $2,260.00 $56.50 3,t'54 $7,908.00 $158. 16 4,280 $8,560.00 $82.31 4,942 $9, 884. 00 $197. 68 17,070 $34,140.00 $153. 09 SqvAire yard. $1.00 10,456 $10,456.00 $62. 49 11,700 $11,700.00 $75. 00 Sqwire yard. $2.00 Linear foot. $0.80 8,930 $7, 144. 00 $42. 78 Linear fotyt. $0.50 15,979 $15,979.00 $27. 55 9,728 $9,728.00 $17. 22 736 $1,472.00 $2.54 1,618 $3,236.00 $4.11 477 $477. 00 $11. 93 2,373 $4,746.00 $45. 63 6.240 $4,992.00 $57. 38 23,952 $19, 102. 00 $33. 04 24,016 $19,213.00 $34. 01 5,256 $4,205.00 $5.34 960 $368. 00 $19. 20 500 $400. 00 $8.00 2,040 $1, 632. 00 $15. 69 2,220 $1,776.00 $35.52 28,908 $14, 454. CO $18. 37 37,670 $37,670.00 $75. 49 3,520 $7,040.00 $31. 57 4,128 $8,256.00 $16. 55 18,508 $37,016.00 $212. 74 12,732 $10, 184. 60 $58.53 13, 228 $13,228.00 $83. 19 631 $631. CO $28.68 40,896 $81,792.00 $430.48 33,542 $67,084.00 $160.09 3,904 $3,904.00 $75. 08 5jl20 $5,120.00 $61.69 $4,968.00 $124.20 12, 706 $12,706.00 $115.45 - 2,021 $2,021.00 $134.73 230 $184.00 $2.21 $315.20 $7.88 2,543 $5,086.00 $12.14 21, 320 $17,056.00 $40.71 Square yard. $2.00 4,107 $8,214.00 $49. 19 .5,854 $11,708.00 $75. 05 ..1,266 $2,532.00 $29.10 12,292 $24,584.00 $42. 39 12, 678 $25,356.00 $44.88 18,348 $36,692.00 $46. 62 715 $1,430.00 $35.75 982 $1,964.00 $39.28 $1,806.00 $17. 37 1,161 $2,322.00 $46. 44 6,828 $13,656.00 $61.24 13,195 $26,390.00 $52. 89 13,500 $27,000.00 $155. 17 3,957 $7,914.00 $49.77 238 $476. 00 $21. 65 15,822 $31,644.00 $166. 55 987 $1,974.00 $37.96 1,426 $2,852.00 $34.36 1,356 $2,712.00 $67.80 4,316 $8,632.00 $78.47 $918.00 $61.20 10,580 $21,160.00 $50.50 Square yard. $0.25 10,663 $2,665.75 $15,96 20,080 $5,020.00 $32.18 5,624 $1,406.00 $16. 16 20,266 $5,064.00 $8.73 16,310 $4,078.00 $7.22 30,012 $7,503.00 $9.53 567 $142.00 $3.55 2,247 $561. 75 $11.24 1,657 $413. 00 $3.97 2,165 $541. 25 $10.83 17,898 $4,474.50 $20.07 33, 194 $8,298.50 $16. 63 7,195 $1,798.75 $11.31 1,403 $350. 75 $15.94 40,913 $10,228.00 $53.83 2,294 $573. 50 $11.03 2,786 $696.50 $8.39 1,821 $455.25 $11.38 14,211 $3,553.00 $32.30 1,493 $373.00 $24.87 13, 956 $3,489.00 $8.33 $6.00 195 $1, 170. 00 $7.01 150 $900. 00 $5.77 188 $1,128.00 $12.97 565 $3,390.00 • $5.84 600 $3,600.00 $6.37 $4,188.00 $5.32 23 $138. 00 $3.45 49 $294. 00 $5.88- 49 $294. 00 $2.83 30 $180. 00 $3.60 351 $2,106.00 $9.44 523 $3, 138. 00 $6.29 165 $990. 00 $5.69 176 $1,056.00 $6.65 30 $180. GO $8.18 420 $2,520.00 $13. 26 50 $300.00 $5.77 150 $900.00 $10.84 50 $300.00 $7.50 230 $1,380.00 $12.55 15 $90.00 $6.00 470 $2,820.00 $6.73 $57,734.75 $349. 67 $60,480.50 $387. 70 $62,835.50 $722. 22 $207,346.50 $357. 38 $164,359.00 $291.15 $349,797.50 $444.27 $10,392.50 $269.82 $19,783.75 $395. 68 $38, 286. 00 $368. 14 $20,866.23 $417.33 $86,459.50 $387. 72 $147, 093. 60 $361.65 $117,755.00 $676. 76 $29, 480. 15 $186. 35 $6,936.75 $239. 62 $181,736.50 $1,098.26 $10, 268. 50 $197. 47 $26,480.50 $317.56 $27,260.45 $681.51 $59,521.00 $441.04 $4,282.00 $285.50 $193,516.00 $461.83 -28 4IO REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. Table VII. — General improvements directly chargeable Project. Clearing. Heavy ■grading. Storm drains. Combined sewers. Inlets. Manholes. Sanitary sewers. PubUc grounds develop- ment. No. 8 inches. Over 8 inches. Manholes. Acres. Cubic yards. $1.00 Linearfeet. $3.50 X Linearfeet. $3.50 $20.00 X $40. 00 Linearfeet. $1.00 520 $620.00 $21.67 498 $498.00 $7.66 6,448 $6,448.00 $26.00 ■ 1,798 $1,798.00 $69.93 2,830 $2,830.00 $37.73 11,603 $11,603.00 $2.92 2,715 $2,716.00 $59.02 3,578 $3,678.00 $21. 95 1,456 $1,466.00 $58.20 7,760 $7, 760. 00 $37. 13 1,540 $1,540.00 $22. 65 670 $670.00 $67.00 X Linearfeet. $1.60 $40.00 2 $80.00 $3.33 13 $520.00 $17. 88 30 $1,200.00 $4.84 6 $240.00 $8.00 12 $480.00 $6.40 81 $3,240.00 $8.16 40 $1,600.00 $34.78 21 $840.00 $5.15 X Acres. $600.00 381 Milton, Pa.— Hepburn Street— Onantitv dost Site B— Quantity 2,460 $2,450.00 $37.13 11,700 $11,700.00 $47.18 1,010 $1,010.00 $30.67 X X 1,617 $2,276.50 $34.48 260 $390.00 $1.68 2.25 Cost $1,360.00 $20.45 997 Muskegon, Micli.: McGraft— Ouantitv . . .73 cSt . .^:;:::;;;::::;;;::::: $438.00 Cost per family 1.77 Schoenbera; — Qnantfty Cost Cost per family &S0 Neville Island, Pa., Coraopolis; Quantity 920 $1,380.00 $18.40 326 $487.60 $1.23 3,920 $5,880.00 $127. 83 1.29 Cost $774.00 Cost per family $10.32 271 New Brunswick, N. J.: Quantity 43,400 $43,400.00 8109.32 2,610 $2,610.00 $56. 74 IS, 641 $18,541.00 $113. 74 600 $600.00 $24.00 120,000 $120,000.00 $574. 11 12,100 $12,100.00 $177.96 3,540 $3, .640. 00 $354.00 X 600 $2,100.00 $6.29 4 $80.00 $0.20 3 $120.00 $0.30 4.41 Cost $2,646.00 6.65 Cnst pnr ffimily 1371 Newcastle, Del.: Quantity 0.163 Cost $98.00 Cmt pfir ffiTnily .. , . . $2.13 167 New London, Conii.: 1,710 $5,985.00 $36. 72 X X 9 $180.00 $1.10 X 5 $200.00 $1.23 X 0.27 Cost $162.00 Cost per family . . $0. 994 Groton— Quantity . . X Cost 722 New Orleans, La.: X $440.00 52.11 9,613 $33,645.60 $160.98 X X 87 $1,740.00 $8.33 X 35 $1,400.00 $6.70 X 155 $232. 60 $1.11 790 $1,186.00 $17.42 X 36 $1,400.00 36.70 10 $400.00 $6.88 4 $160.00 $16.00 X 1.56 Cost $366. 00 $1.75 382 Newport, R.L: X 0.38 Cost $228. 00 Tn-^t pfir ffiTnily $3.35 Jamestown — X X X X Cost ....;::::::::::::;:::::::;:: r,nstpp,rffl.Tm"lv 57a Newport News, Va.: Hilton Extension- Quantity 78.0 .511,700.00 $26.16 X X 2.07 Cost $1,242.00 $2.67 Cost per family 57c Briarfleld— Quantity 20,742 $20,742.00 $37.71 11,661 $11,661.00 $87.68 6,772 $6,772.00 $33.86 6,678 $5,678.00 $83.60 27,889 $27,889.00 $238.30 83,720 $83,720.00 $67.75 11,140 $11,140.00 $17.15 18.427 $18,427.00 $72.83 2,600 $2,500.00 $18.52 2,240 $2,240.00 $4.07 14,000 $21,000.00 $38.20 57 $228. 00 $4.15 24.19 Cost $14,614.00 $26. 39 404 Niagara Falls, N.Y.: Bite A— Quantity 5,160 $18,060.00 $135.79 6,440 $19,040.00 $95.20 2,140 $7,490.00 $113.09 22 $440.00 $3.31 20 $400. 00 $2.00 9 $180. 00 $2.65 21 $420.00 $3.68 43 $860.00 $0.70 19 $760.00 $5.71 16 $640. 00 $3.20 6 $240.00 $3.50 11 $440. 00 $3.86 22 $880.00 $0.71 Cost Cost pfir family Site B— Quantity .03 Cost $21. 00 $0.10 Site C- cost....^:;:::::::;;::::;:;;; $144 00 r.nst, pnr fa.mi1y 481 Niles, Ohio: X $1,000.00 $8.66 X $4,200.00 $3.40 2,620 $9, 170. CO $80. 43 9,710 $33,985.00 $27.56 3,050 $3,050.00 $26.76 45,375 $45,375.00 $36.80 14,210 $14,210.00 $21.92 (') I $18, 975. 00 $76.00 6,698 $5,598.00 $41. 47 600 $900.00 $7.89 11,681 $17, 621.. 60 $10.20 2,377 $3,566.60 $5.60 20 $800.00 $7.02 264 $10,660.00 $8.66 74 $296. 00 $4.74 .37 $222.00 $1.90 49.54 $29,784.00 $24.12 10.53 $6,318.00 $9.75 4.05 $2,436.00 $9.63 2.10 $1,260.00 $9.33 Cost 150a Norfolk district: Cradock, Va.— Cost 150b Glenwooa Park, Va.— Cost 160c Traxtun^Va. — 1,126 $3,941.00 $15.68 8 $160.00 $0.63 5 $200.00 $0.79 Cost Cost per family 60 Pensacola, Ffa.: 9.0 $2,381.00 $17.64 1,266 $1,897.60 $14.56 29 $1,160.00 $8.59 Cost Cost per family 1 263 cesspools. TABLES. 411 to project {inclvding previous improvements)- — Continued. No. Project. Roadways. Class A. Class B. Class C. Alleys. Curbs. Gutters. Sidewalks. Planting strips. Street trees. Total. 381 997 1371 722 57a S7c 150a 150b 150c 60 Unit cost , Milton, Pa.: Hepburn Street- Quantity Cost Cost per family Site B— Quantity Cost Cost per family Muskegon, Mlcli.; McGraft— Quantity Cost Cost per family Scboenberg— Quantity Cost Cost per family Neville Island, Pa., Coraopolis: Quantity Cost Cost per family New Brunswick, N. J. : Quantity Cost Cost per family NewCasfle, Del.: Quantity Cost Cost per family New London, Conn.: Quantity Cost Cost per family Groton — Quantity Cost Cost per femily New Orleans, La.: Quantity Cost Cist per family Newport, E. I.: Quantity Cost Cost per family Jamestown- Quantity Cost Cost per family Newport News, Va.: Hilton Extension- Quantity Cost Cost per family Briarfleld— Quantity Cost Cost per family Niagara Falls, N. Y.: Site A— Quantity Cost Cost per family Site B— Quantity Cost Cost per family SiteC— Quantity Cost Cost per family Niles, Ohio : Quantity Cost Cost per family Norfolk district: Cradock, Va.— Quantity Cost Cost per family Glenwood Park, Va. — Quantity Cost CostiJ)er family Tnixtun,Va.— Quantity Cost Cost per family Fensacola, Fla.: Quantity Cost Cost per family Square yard, S3. 00 Square yard. $2.00 2,467 S4,934.00 $205.58 9,644 119,288.00 S292.24 22,389 $44,778.00 $180.56 2 544 $5,08^.00 $169.63 Square yard. $1.00 Square yard $2.00 !. Linear foot. $0.80 442 $884.00 1,325 $1,060.00 $44.17 6,260 $5,008.00 $75.88 Linearfoot. $0.50 1,325 $663.00 $27.63 Square yard. Square yard 5,968 $11,936.00 $30.07 900 $1,800.00 $39.13 7,464 $7,464.00 $99.25 22,245 $22,245.00 $56.03 2,816 $2,816.00 $61.21 649 $1,298.00 $43.27 3,196 $6,392.00 $85.23 6,277 $12,554.00 $31.62 1,840 $1,472.00 $49.07 820 $656.00 $8.75 16,099 $12,879.00 $32.44 4,855 $2,428.00 $6.12 $2.00 605 $1,210.00 $50.42 2,071 $4,142.00 $62.76 6,992 $13,984.00 $56.39 960 $1,920.00 $64.00 2,770 $5,640.00 $73. 87 11,930 $23,860.00 $60.10 5,100 $15,300.00 $93.87 $5,055.00 $202.20 622 $1,244.00 $7.63 27, 407 $27,407.00 $131.13 6,616 $13,232.00 $194.59 1,471 $2,942.00 $294.20 $57,976.00 $124.68 5,400 $4,320.00 $26.60 1,220 $976.00 $39.04 17,660 $14,128.00 $67.69 $2,582.40 $37.97 23,514 $23,514.00 $42.75 14,478 $28,956.00 $217.71 14,894 $29,788.00 $148.94 6,585 $13,170.00 $193.67 26,961 $53,902.00 $43.64 7,467 $14,934.00 $23.06 13,866 $13, 866. 00 $118.51 82,408 $82,408.00 40,018 $40,018.00 $61.76 9,000 $9,000.00 $35.57 27,051 $27,051.00 $200.38 2,476 $4,952.00 $10.65 1,235 $2,470 $4.49 2,047 14,094.00 $30.78 3,126 $6,252.00 $31.26 694 $1,388.00 $20.41 2,178 $4,356.00 $37.23 7,960 $15,920.00 $12. 89 7,668 $6,134.00 $46.12 $6, 134. 00 $30.67 3,432 $2,746.00 $40.38 8,360 $6,688.00 $6.42 760 $608. 00 $0.94 5,440 $10,880.00 $66.74 642 $1,084.00 $43.36 $15,698.00 $75. 11 3,014 $6,028.00 $88.64 779 $1,658.00 $156.80 9,909 $19,818.00 $42.62 21,389 $42,778.00 $77. 78 4,260 $8,620.00 $64.06 4,176 $8,352.00 $41.76 $3,766.00 $55.38 5,111 $10,222 00 $87. 37 50,328 $1,006.66 $81.50 14,584 $29,168.00 $45.01 8,140 $16,280.00 $64. 35 7,284 $14,568.00 $107.91 $0.26 590 $148.00 $6.17 4,195 $1,049.00 $15.89 16,687 $4,147.00 $16.72 1,652 $413. 00 $13.77 3,440 $860.00 $11.47 20,087 55,022.00 $12.65 2,800 $700.00 $15.22 6,044 $1,511.00 $9.26 1,220 $305. 00 $12.20 17, 340 $4,336.00 $20. 74 2,385 $596.00 $8.76 $273.00 $27. 30 36,811 $9, 202. 75 $19. 79 50,026 $12,601.50 $22. 73 8,395 $2,099.00 $15. 78 7,345 $1,836.00 $9.18 2,198 $549. 60 $8.08 12, 169 $3,042.00 $26.00 130, 289 $32,672.25 $26.37 28,747 $7, 186. 75 $11.09 20,147 $5,037.00 $19. 90 24,058 $6,016.00 $44.66 $6.00 20 $120.00 $5.00 40 $240.00 $3.64 300 $1,800.00 $7.26 40 $240.00 $8.00 424 $2,644.00 $6.41 40 $240.00 $5.22 $1,128.00 $6.92 46 $276.00 $11.04 405 $2,430.00 $11.63 67 $402.00 $6.91 30 $180.00 $18.00 520 $3,120.00 $6.71 527 $3, 162. 00 $6.75 275 $1,650.00 $12.41 300 $1,800.00 $9.00 150 $900.00 $13.24 246 $1,476.00 $12.61 $10,806.00 $8.75 1,454 $8, 724. 00 $13.46 235 $1,410.00 $5.57 224 $1,344.00 $9,619.00 $400.80 $36,820.50 $567.90 $84,885.00 $342.30 $13,479.00 $446.34 $26,376.00 $351.42 $157,144.50 $96.60 $18,459.00 $401.28 $63,869.00 $391.80 $9,751.00 $390.04 $230,982.00 $1,105.12 $38,293.40 $563.12 $9,323.00 $932.30 $108,010.75 $232.28 $143, 149. 50 $64.06 $82,374.00 $619.35 $81,035.00 $405.21 $36,251.50 $536.02 $76,853.00 $660. 11 $430,188.31 $425.05 $136,168.25 $214. 37 $75,866.00 $299.85 $63,774.50 $472.92 412 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. Table VII. — General improvements directly chargeable No. 471 503 1536 2125 604 2728 62 Project. Unit cost Perth Amboy, N. J.: Quantity Cost Cost per family Philadelphia, Pa.: Navy Yard, Oregon Avenue — Quantity Cost Cost per family Tacony— Quantity Cost Cost per family Pompton Lakes, N . J. : Quantity Cost Cost per family Portsmouth, N. H. (Klttery, Me.): Quantity ■ Cost Cost per family Portsmouth, Ohio (second site): Quantity ■ Cost Cost per family Puget So. Navy Yard (Bremerton), Wash., Inside: Quantity Cost Cost per family , Quincy, Mass: Arnold Street- Quantity Cost Cost per family Baker Yacht Basin — Quantity Cost Cost per family Elver Street- Quantity Cost Cost per family Eock Island District: Davenport, Iowa— Klne- Quantity Cost Cost per family McManus— Quantity Cost Co.5t per family Park Lane — Quantity Cost Cost per family Moline, 111. — Quantity Cost Cost per family East Molme, 111.- Deere — Quantity Cost... Cost per family , Highlands- Quantity Cost , Cost per family . - , Eock Island, ill. — Quantity , Cost Co.st per family . Va.: Seven Pines, Quantity Cost Cost per family Sharon, Pa.: Quantity Cost Cost per family South Bend, Ind.: Quantity Cost Cost per family Staton Island, N.Y.: Apartments- Quantity Cost Cost per family - Houses — Quantity Cost Cost per family . Clearing. X S400.00 S2.56 1.0 $100.00 SI. 66 32.8 ;7,000.00 S8.ll X $500.00 S2.33 X 84,030.00 $31.92 Heflvj' grading. Cubic yards. $L00 7,189 $7,189.00 $46.08 150,000 $150,000.00 $216.61 29,246 $29,246.00 $109. 13 4,443 $4,443.00 $69.42 20,460 $20,460.00 $161. 10 49,390 $49, 390. 00 $208.89 5,401 $5,401.00 $90.02 4,667 $4,607.00 $38.89 15,830 $15,830.00 $59. 29 4,600 Si, 600. 00 $30. 65 9,212 $9,212.00 $78. 73 4,165 $4, 165. 00 $42.07 33,490 $33,490.00 $38.90 46,424 $45, .424. 00 $211.27 22, 610 $22,610.00 $121. 56 100 $100. 00 $2.78 8,860 $8,860.00 $113.69 Storm drains. Linearfeet $3.50 10,332 $36,162.00 $51.96 $3,104.00 $48.81 1,664 $5,824.00 $45. 85 3,020 $10, .570. 00 $44.79 872 $2,042.00 $34.33 1,800 $6,300.00 $53.85 4,610 $16,135.00 $75. 05 Combined sewers. Linearfeet. $3.60 2,120 $7,370.00 $47.24 $13,712.00 $61.16 X 2 $32, .560. 00 $110. 37 9,216 $32, 252. 50 $120. SO 1,220 $4,270.00 $158. 15 40,900 $143,160.00 $166. 88 $26,704.00 5148. 41 Inlets. $20.00 4 $80.00 $0.51 108 $2,160.00 $3.10 21 $420.00 $1.57 Manholes. $40.00 10 $400.00 $2.57 30 $120.00 $0.17 13 $620.00 $1.94 10 $200.00 $3.13 19 $380. 00 $2.99 18 $260. 00 $1.10 $140. 00 $2.33 42 $840.00 $3.15 6 $120. 00 $4.44 70 $1,400.00 $1.62 $520. 00 $2.42 72 $1,440.00 $7.74 Sanitary sewers. 8 inches. Linearfeet. $1.00 i$37- 10 $400.00 $6.25 7 $280.00 $2.20 12 $480.00 $2.03 1 $40. 00 $0.67 40 $1,600.00 $5.99 6 $240.00 $8.88 90 $3,600.00 $4.17 4 $160.00 $0.74 45 $1, 800. 00 $9.57 ;75.00 $26.00 2,221 $2,221.00 $34.70 2,686 $2,685.00 $13.93 Over i inches. Linearfeet. $1.60 11,900 $17,860.00 $25.66 Manholes. $40.00 92 $3,680.00 $5.29 3,864 $3,864.00 $30.42 2,748 $2,748.00 $11.64 2,700 $2, 700. 00 $46.00 3,826 S3, 825. 00 $31.88 1,960 $1,960.00 $21. 64 6,620 $5,520,00 $47. 18 3,440 $3,440.00 $34.55 7,370 $7,370.00 $33.96 6,000 $6,000.00 $27.91 2,139 $2, 139. 00 $27. 42 2,734 $4,101.00 $21.36 620 $930.00 $7.32 1,216 $1,824.00 $7.73 870 $1, 305, 00 $14. 34 4,210 $6,31.6.00 $63. 79 1,820 $2,730.00 $12. 68 2,976 $4,464.00 $20. 76 320 $480. 00 $13. .33 16 $640.00 $10.00 33 $1,320.00 $6.87 17 $680. 00 $5.36 IS $720. 00 $3.06 13 $520. 00 $8.67 18 $720. 00 $6.00 11 $440. 00 $4.84 17 $680. 00 $5.81 13 $520.00 $6.25 41 $1,640.00 $7.66 > 5 cesspools. 37 $1,480.00 $6.88 1 $40.00 $1.11 10 $400. 00 $5.13 Public grounds develop- ment. Acres. $600.00 1.76 $1,056.00 $1.61 1.56 $936.00 $3.49 .00 $48. 80 $0.75 2.64 $1,584.00 $6.71 .71 $426.00 $1.69 35.66 $21,396.00 $24. 79 S.90 $3,540.00 $16.47 .47 $282. 01 $10. 60 ' Total cost for sower, inlets, and manholes. tabi.es. 413 to project {including previous improvements) — Continued. No. 471 603 1536 2125 604 2728 241 246b Project. Unit cost Pertli Amboy, N. J. : Quantity Cost Cost per lamily PMladelphia, Fa.: Navy yard, Oregon Avenue — Quantity Cost Cost per lamily Taoony — Quantity Cost Cost per lamily Pompton Lakes, N. J.: Quantity Cost Cost per family Portsmouth, N. H. (Klttery, Me.): Quantity Cost Cost per lamily Portsmouth, Ohio (second site): Quantity Cost Cost per lamily Puget Sound Navy Yard(Bremerton), Wash., Inside: Quantity Cost Cost per lamily Quincy, Mass.: Arnold Street — Quantity Cost Cost per femily Baker Yacht Basin— Quantit y Cost Cost per lamily Elver Street- Quantity Cost Cost per lamily Rock Island district: Davenport, Iowa — King- Quantity Cost Cost per lamily McManus — Quantity Cost Cost per iamily Park Lane- Quantity Cost Cost per family Moline, 111. — Quantity Cost Cost per family East Molme, 111.— Deere — Quantity Cost Cost per family 1368 1535 Quantity Cost Cost per family. Rock Island, 111.— Quantity Cast Cost per family Seven Pines, Va.: Quantity Cost Cost per family Sharon, Pa: Quantity Cost Cost per family South Bend, Ind.: Quantity Cost Cost per family Staten Island, N.Y.: Apartments- Quantity Cost Cost per ftoiily Houses- Quantity Cost Cost per lamily Roadways. Class A. Square vard, 13.00 Square yard $2.00 33,335 S100,005.00 $143. 68 13,359 $40,077.00 $149. 54 10,064 $30,192.00 $113.09 Class B. Class C. Square yard. $1.00 5,351 $5,351.00 $34.30 1,975 $6,926.00 $50.64 16,614 $33, 228. 00 $173. 06 26,501 $51,002.00 $172.88 9,941 $19,882.00 $166.66 12,169 $24,318.00 $103.40 6,726 $13,452.00 $224.20 6,129 $10,268.00 $85.48 15,770 $31,540.00 $118.13 7,758 $15,516.00 $170.51 3,862 $7,724.00 $66.02 6,280 $10, 660. 00 $105. 67 18,306 $36,612.00 $168. 72 27,887 $55,774.00 $269. 41 37, 260 $74, 500. 00 $400. 54 1,820 $1,820.00 $121.33 7,000 $7,000.00 $109. 37 1,317 $1,317.00 $48.78 95,843 $95, 843. 00 $111. 06 708 $708. 00 $19.67 6,191 $6, 191. 00 $79.37 Alleys. Square yard. $2.00 2,619 $5,238.00 $33. 58 $19,416.00 $27.88 3,095 $6,190.00 $23.10 6,290 $12,580.00 $42.64 2,213 $4,426.00 $36.88 6,000 $12,000.00 $44.94 1,924 $3,848.00 $42.27 3,200 $6,400.00 $54.70 444 $888. 00 $32. 89 1,271 $2, 542. 00 $25. 68 3,215 $6,430.00 $29. 63 7,126 $14,250.00 $76. 61 Curbs. Linear foot. $0.80 2,825 $2, 260. 00 $14.49 23,651 $18,84L00 $27. 01 8, 115 $6,492.00 $24.22 3,400 $2, 720. 00 $42. 60 9,240 $7,392.00 $38. 60 18,431 $14,744.80 $49.98 1,040 $832.00 $6.55 924 $739.20 $3.13 797 $637.60 $10.63 6,648 $5,318.40 $44.32 5,650.00 $4,620.00 $16.93 5,186 $4,148.80 $45.59 7,184 $6,747.00 $49.12 1,175 $940. 00 $34. 81 4,781 $3, 824. 80 $38.59 12. 174 $9,739.20 $44.88 21,993 $17,594.40 $20.39 17,436 $13,948.80 $64. 88 14,175 $11,340.00 $60. 97 410 $328. 00 $9.11 4,220 $3, 376. 00 $43. 28 Gutters. Linear foot. $0.50 2,825 $1,413.00 $9.06 124 $62.00 $0.21 21,993 $10,996.50 $12. 74 14, 175 $7,087.60 $38. 10 4,220 $2, 110. 00 $27. 05 Sidewalks. Square yard $2.00 1,243 $2,486.00 $15. 94 13,724 $27,448.00 $39.43 4,500 $9,000.00 $33.68 434 $868. 00 $57. 87 1,805 $3,610.00 $56.40 5,160 $10,320.00 $53. 75 10, 081 $20,162.00 $68.35 3,193 $6,386.00 $50.29 3,700 $7,400.00 $31.36 1,923 $3, 846. 00 $64.10 3,164 $6,328.00 $52.73 8,478 $16,956.00 $63. 51 2,822 $5,644.00 $62.01 2,965 $6,910.00 $50. 51 511 $1, 022. 00 $37. 85 2,220 $4,440.00 $44.85 2,158 $4,316.00 $19. 89 46,003 $92, 006. 00 $106. 61 7,778 $16, 656. 00 $72. 35 7,775 $15, .'150.00 $83.60 228 $466. 00 $12. 68 2,311 $4, 622. 00 $69. 26 Planting strips. Square yard. to. 25 2,289 $572. 00 $3.67 17,607 $4,401.75 $6.32 4,869 $1,217.25 $4.54 533 $133. 25 $8.88 3,865 $966. 25 $15. 09 7,975 $1,993.75 $10. 38 24,553 $6,138.25 $20.81 5,649 $1,412.25 $11. 12 5,687 $1,396.75 85.92 4,334 $1,086.00 $18. 10 7,343 81, 835. 75 $15.29 23,717 $5,929.25 $22.21 8,848 $2,212.00 $24. 19 8,017 $2,004,25 $17. 13 1,440 $360. 00 $13.33 5,897 $1, 474. 25 814. 87 14, 301 $3, 675. 25 $16. 47 65,663 $16,415.75 $19. 02 19, 136 $4,784.00 $22. 25 12,666 $3, 166. 50 $17. 02 320 $80. 00 $2.22 4, 556 $1, 138. 75 $14. 60 Street trees. $6.00 104 $624.00 $4.00 $4,716.00 $6.77 180 $1,020.00 $3.81 21 8126. 00 88.40 8156. 00 $2.43 200 $1, 200. 00 $6.25 367 $2,202.00 $7.46 174 $1,044.00 $8.22 234 81,404.00 $5.95 87 $522.00 $8.70 120 8720.00 $6.00 238 81,428.00 $6.49 91 $.546.00 $6.00 90 $540.00 $4.61 27 $162. 00 86.00 99 $594. 00 $6.00 180 $1,080.00 $4.98 2,060 $12,300.00 814. 26 294 $1,764.00 $8.20 260 $1,660.00 $8.39 10 $60. 00 $1.67 82.00 $492. 00 $6.31 Total. $33,383.00 $214.00 $385,855.75 $554.28 $108, 830. 25 $406.08 83,322.25 $221.48 $25,608.25 $400.41 $82,239.75 $324.10 $139,389.67 $472.70 $61,974.25 $487.96 $102,833.95. $435. 71 $30, 386. 60- $508. 55- $38, 098. 15 $317.41 $163,513.75 $575.12 $40,219.80 $441.84 $55,962.25 $478.30 $9,319.00 $346.13 837, 875. 05 8382. 32 $73,492.45 $338. 67 $456, 191. 65 $527.55 $170,049.80 $790.92 $180,008.00 $972. 51 $2, 534. 00 $73. 18 $33,378.75 $427. 93 414 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. Table VII. — General improvements directly chargeahle No. 27a 54c 54f Project. tJniteost Warren, Ohio: Northeast- Quantity , Cost Cost per family , Southeast- Quantity Cost Cost per family "Washington, D. C, district: Navy yard- Apartments— Quantity Cost Cost per family Houses- Quantity Cost Cost per family Eesidence halls — Twenty-first and B Streets- Quantity Cost Cost per family Bureau of Standards- Quantity Cost Cost per familv South Capitol Street- Quantity Cost....". Cost per family Steel & Ordnance Co.— Quantity Cost Cost per family AVaterbury, Conn.: Chase- Quantity Cost Cost per family Sylvan .Vvenue— Quantity Cost Cost per family Watertown, N.Y.: Q uantit y C0i!t Cost per family Watervliet (Troy), N. Y.: Quantity Cost Cost per family Total 97 sites, 21,005 families (where quantities are unknown, X, averai?e of all others is added); Quantity Cost Cost per family Clearing. .09 $136. 50 SI. 34 .07 S87. 50 $1.18 $47,747.00 S2.27 Heavy grading. Cuhk yards. $1.00 825 $325. 00 $15. 87 876 $876. 00 $18. 64 83,800 $83,800.00 $272. OS 32,362 $32,362.00 $118. 18 5,26S $5,268.00 $51. 65 in, 700 $10, 700. 00 S144. 59 13,620 $13,620.00 $194.57 18, 406 $18,406.00 $136. 29 17,970 $17,970.00 $59. 50 2,900 $2,900.00 $31.88 1,751,899 $1,751,899.00 $?3. 40 Storm drains. Linearfeet. $3.50 270 $945. 00 $18. 17 880 $3,080.00 $65. 53 1,200 $4,200.00 $13. 64 220 $770.00 $11.00 $6,590.60 $48. 81 3,870 $13,545.00 $44.85 108,421 $379,473.50 $18. 06 Combined sewers. Linearfeet. $3.50 Inlets. 2,250 $7,875.00 $25.57 5,900 $20,650.00 $75.36 4S9 $1,711.50 $5.09 3,120 $10,920.00 $.54.33 1130,785 $400,307.50 $23.34 $20. 00 $60.00 $1.15 $100.00 $2.13 22 $440. 00 SI. 43 10 $200. 00 $0.73 4 $80.00 $0.21 Manholes. 7 $140. 00 $0.70 6 $120. 00 $1.71 12 $240. 00 $1.78 34 $680. 00 $2.25 $26,660.00 $1.27 $40.00 1 $40.00 $0.77 4 $160.00 $3.40 17 $680. 00 $2.21 21 $840.00 $3.07 1 $40.00 $0.11 Sanitary sewers. 8 inches. Over 8 inches. Linearfeet. Linearfeet. $1.00 $1.50 980 $980. 00 $18.85 12 $480. 00 $2.39 2 $80.00 $1.14 $320.00 $2.37 10 $400.00 $1.32 835 $33,400.00 81.50 ],''60 $1,890.00 $39.38 Manholes. $686. OO $8.72 1,615 $1,615.00 $23. 67 $3,679.00 $27. 26 3,200 $3,200.00 $10. 59 1,700 $1,700.00 $18. 68 306,338 $329,363.00 $13.68 $40.00 5 $200.00 $3.85 4 $160.00 $3.40 2,059 $3,088.60 $9.19 143 $214. 50 $2.10 2,838 $4,257.00 $57.53 920 $1,380.00 $19. 71 1,700 $2,560.00 $8.43 123,549 $185, 323. .50 $S.S2 $360. 00 $1. 08 5 $200. 00 $1.96 $320. 00 $4.32 16 $640.00 $9.14 18 $720. 00 $5. 33 19 $"60.00 S2.52 6 $240.00 $2.64 1,995 $79,800.00 $3. SO Public grounds develop- ment. Acres. $600.00 $492.00 $9.46 2.14 $1,284.00 $4.17 .34 $204.00 $1.01 3.19 $1,914.00 $6.34 341.79 $205,074.00 $9.75 1 Quantity for Puget Soimd not included. 2 Includes 322 cesspools. TABLES. 415 to project (including previous improvements) — Continued. No. 118 27a 27b Mo S4f S4g 549 380 151 Project. Unit cost Warren, Ohio: Northeast — Quantity Cost Cost per family Southeast- Quantity Cost Cost per family Washington, D. C, district: Navy Yard- Apartments— Quantity Cost Cost per family Houses — Quantity Cost Cost per family Besidence halls— Twenty-first and B Streets- Quantity Cost Cost per family Bureau of Standards- Quantity Cost Cost per family South Capitol Street- Quantity Cost , Cost per family Steel & Ordnance Co.— Quantity Cost Cost perf amily Waterbury, Conn. : Chase- Quantity Cost Cost per family Sylvan Avenue — Quantity Cost Cost per family Watertown.N.Y.: Quantity Cost , Cost per family Watervliet (Troy), N. Y.: Quantity Cost Cost per family Total, 97 sites, 21,005 families (where quantities are unknown. X, aver- age of all others is added) : Quantity Cost Cost per family Square yard. $3.00 Roadways. Class A. 2,211 $6,633.00 $21.54 3,446 $10,338.00 $51.43 3,133 $9,399.00 $127.01 125,301 $375,903.00 $17.89 Class B. Square yard. $2.00 $9,862.00 $189. 65 3,620 $7,240.00 $154.04 7,060 $14,120.00 $45.84 14,526 $29,050.00 $106.02 $9,732.00 $28.66 630 $1,260.00 $12.35 2,460 '$24!47 $1,856.00 $25.08 11,611 $23,222.00 $2a5.19 627, 187 $1,254,374.00 $59. 72 Class C. Square yard. $1.00 1,456 $1,456.00 $19.68 5,360 $5,360.00 $76.57 13,242 $13,242.00 $98.09 32,600 $32,600.00 $107.95 782,030 $782,030.00 $37.23 Alleys. Square yard. $2.00 5,421 $10,842.00 $35.20 9,907 $19,814.00 $72.31 1,328 $2,656-00 $7.90 2,272 $4,544.00 $22.70 122, 410 $244,820.00 $11.64 Curbs. Liner foot. $0.80 3,425 $2,740.00 $52.69 2,586 $2,068.80 $44.02 4,860 $3,888.00 $12.62 8,196 $6,566.80 $23.93 2,756 $2,204.80 $6.56 3,300 $2,640.00 $13. 13 120 $96.00 $1.37 460 $368.00 $2.72 700 $560.00 $1.85 5,368 $4,294.40 $47.19 528,014 $422,412.00 $20. 11 Gutters. Linear foot. $0.50 435 $217.50 $2.94 4,248 $2,124.00 $30.34 8,656 $4,328.00 $32.06 141,934 $70,967.00 $3.38 Sidewalks. Square yard. $2.00 1,732 $3,464.00 $66.62 1,426 $2,852.00 $60.68 3,384 $6,768.00 $21.97 5,491 $10,982.00 $40.08 $7,072.00 $21.04 111 $222.00 $2.18 1,940 $3,880.00 $19.30 1,361 $2,702.00 $279.76 2,493 $4,986.00 $71.23 8,190 $16,380.00 $121.34 9,474 $18,948.00 $62.74 2,270 $4,640.00 $49. 46 656,192 $1,168,863,00 $55.65 Planting strips. Square yard $0.25 2,763 $688.25 $13.24 2,338 $584.50 $12.44 14,117 $3,529.25 $11.46 15,279 $3,819.75 $13.94 828 $207.00 $0.61 244 $61.00 $0.60 3,741 $935. 25 $4.65 10,567 $2,641.75 $36.70 3,012 $753.00 $10.76 5,304 $1,326.00 $9.82 21,318 $6,329.50 $17.71 17,270 $4,317.60 $47.50 1,174,648 $293,662.00 $13.98 Street trees. $6.00 39 $234.00 $4.50 53 $318,00 $6.77 108 $648.00 $2.10 182 $1,092.00 $3.99 50 $300.00 $1.49 76 $456.00 $6.16 105 $630.00 $9.00 171 $1,026.00 $7.60 331 $1,986.00 $6.68 64 $384.00 $4.22 23,330 $139,980.00 $6.66 Total. $20,530.25 $394.82 $19,329.30 $693.64 $144,707.25 $469.83 $125,366.55 $457.61 $27,161.30 $80.45 $8,048.00 $7«.90 $34,381.25 $195.60 $34,092.73 $703.95 $32,174.00 $460.21 $66,625.50 $493.47 $100,442.50 $332.63 $41,597.90 $456.76 $8,282,058.50 $394.25 4i6 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. Table VIII. — General improvements within project, cost to be refunded by annual a Unit costs aie assumed for comparison only. See remarks introductory to these tables. On many projects where no gas mams are tabulated they weie to be put in by private companies, but no plans were made. Quantities under "Electric wire" indicate total linear feet of wire, not ol pole hnes. . , , Street lights are assumed to be 500-watt tungsten fixtures, though in a few cases arcs costing twice the amount per fixture were used to conform to local city practice. Underground conduits are not figured, as they were used by the United States Housing Corporation on only two projects, owing to the wax-tune prohibition on materials used in conduits. Project. Water mains. Hydrants. Hydrant connec- tions. Valves. Gas mains. Electric wire. Poles for wires. Street lights. No. 6-inch. Over 6-iuch. House lighting. Street lighting. Total. Lin. ft. $0.90 2,776 $2,497.50 $31.22 X Lin.ft. $2.00 470 $940.00 $11. 75 X $40.00 6 $240.00 $3.00 X Lin.ft. $1.00 57 $67.00 $0.71 X $20.00 7 $140.00 $1.75 X Lin.ft. $1.50 Lin.ft. $0.04 13,965 $558. 60 $6.98 X Lin.ft. $0.04 3,820 $162. 80 81.91 X $30.00 46 $1,380.00 $17.26 X $20.00 10 8200.00 $2.50 X 56 Aberdeen, Md.: Cost $6,165.90 $77.07 185 Alabama nitrate district: Florence — Quantity Cost Cost per family 597 Sheffield- Quantity X X X X X X X X X Cost Cost per lamily 116S Tuscumbia— X X X X X X X X X Cost Cost per family 621 Alliance, Ohio: Northwest — Quantity. 2,520 $2,268.00 $43.62 2 944 $2,649.60 $27.34 705 $634. .50 $28.84 1,160 $1,044.00 $69.60 8,325 $7, 492. .50 $29.90 2,390 $2,151.00 $23.90 22,000 $19,800.00 $15.73 4 $160.00 $3.08 19 $760.00 $3.66 X 40 $40.00 $0.77 288 $288. 00 $1.35 X 12 $240.00 $4.62 45 $900.00 $4.22 X 1,748 $2, 622. 00 $50.42 8,646 $12,969.00 $60.88 30,000 $1,200.00 $23.08 88,000 $3,620.00 $16. 62 X 3,000 8120.00 $2.31 9,600 8384.00 $1.80 X 44 $1,320.00 $25.00 134 $4,020.00 818. 92 X 4 880.00 $1.64 21 $420.00 $1.97 X Cost . $8,150.00 $154.44 Southeast^- '. 4,192 $8,384.00 $39.31 Cost $34,294.60 8175.87 Cost np.i faTTiily 554 Alton, 111.: ' Broadway- Cost 8634.60 828.84 Cost per family EastAlton — Quantity 465 $930.00 $62.00 2,580 $5,160.00 $18.17 760 $1,500.00 $16.66 14,000 $28,000.00 $22.40 2,190 $4,380.00 $20.23 1,298 $2, 696. 00 $24.04 4,420 $8, 840. 00 $23.46 2,532 $6,064.00 $50. 14 3,440 $6,880.00 $61.99 2,660 $5,320.00 $55.42 1,076 $2,150.00 $10.14 800 $1,600.00 $8.61 2 $80. 00 $5.33 24 $960.00 $3.38 9 $360.00 $4.00 73 $2,920.00 $2.33 8 $320.00 $1.48 2 $80.00 $0.75 8 $320.00 $0.85 8 $320.00 $3.17 7 $280.00 $2.52- 7 $280.00 $2.91 4 $160.00 $0.75 4 $160.00 $0.85 24 $24.00 $1.60 288 $288.00 $1.01 85 $85.00 $0.94 1,100 $1,100.00 $0.87 80 $80.00 $0.37 15 $15.00 $0.14 39 $39.00 $0.10 38 $38.00 $0.38 69 $69.00 $0.62 74 $74.00 $0.77 40 $40.00 $0.19 40 $40.00 $0.21 3 $60.00 $4.00 22 $440.00 $1.65 17 $340. 00 S3. 77 119 $2,380.00 SI. 89 10 3200.00 $0.93 7 $140.00 $1.30 20 $400.00 $1.06 16 $360.00 $3.56 9 $180.00 $1.62 11 $220.00 $2.29 5 $100.00 $0.47 5 8100.00 $0.53 X X X X Cost 32,138.00 8142.53 Cn^t ripr family Milton Hill- Quantity X X 44,700 $1,788.00 $6.30 . 4,650 $186. 00 $2.06 63,300 82, 632. 00 32.01 600 $24.00 $0.11 320 $12. 80 $0.12 3,000 $120. 00 80.32 960 $38.40 $0.38 1,180 $47.20 $0.43 800 $32.00 $0.34 1,000 $40. 00 $0.19 800 $32.00 $0.17 113 $3,390.00 311.94 39 $1,170.00 313.00 404 $12, 120. 00 $9.63 8 $240.00 $1.11 3 890.00 $0.83 30 $900. 00 $2.39 10 $300.00 $2.97 14 $420. 00 $3.78 17 $510.00 $6.31 9 8270.00 $1.27 8 $240.00 $1.2S X Cost 819, 518. 60 $72.25 Cast per family . . . . 59 Bath, Me.: Quantity 3,664 $5,496.00 $61. 66 X 3,950 $158.00 $1.75 327,500 $13,100.00 SIO. 41 800 832. 00 $0.15 320 $12. 80 $0.12 3,600 $144.00 $0,38 1,000 $40.00 $0.39 1,200 $48. 00 $0.43 1,500 $60.00 $0.62 1,200 $48.00 $0.23 800 $32.00 $0.17 25 $600.00 85.65 90 31, 800. 00 $1.43 4 880.00 $0.37 2 $40.00 $0.37 9 $180.00 $0.48 5 $100.00 $0.99 7 $140.00 81.26 6 $120.00 $1.25 4 $80.00 $0.38 2 $40.00 $0.21 Cost $9,816.61 $133.29 Crvjt per fqinily . . 24 Bethlehem, Pa.: Quantity Cost * $83,752.00 $66.70 Cnqtpp.r family.., . 102 Bridgeport, Conn.; Houses— Black Eock (1)— Quantity 1,080 $1,620.00 $7.50 610 8915.00 $8.47 5,720 $8,680.00 $22.76 960 $1,440.00 $14.26 3,472 $5,208.00 $46.92 1,800 $2,400.00 $26.04 1,550 $2,325.00 $10.92 810 $1,215.00 $6.41 Cbst..... 86,976.00 $32.25 Cost per family Connecticut Avenue (14)— Quantity Cost $3,901.60 $36.14 Crane (4)- Quantity Cost..... 819, ,523. 00 $51.79 Grasmere (12)— Quantity Cost $7,700.40 Cost per family. . . Mill Green (5)— Quantity 688 $619.20 $5.49 Cost Mill Green Cemetery Exten- sion- $125. 06 $9,016.00 102a Temporary flats- Cemetery Site- $94. 96 $5,213.00 Hill Top— Quantity $24.54 $3,459.03 $18.04 TABLES. Table VIII. — General improvements within project, cost to be refunded by annual charges — Continued. 417 No. Project. Water mains. 6-lnch. Over 6-incli. Hydrants. Hydrant connec- tions. Valves. Gas mains. Electric wire. House lighting. Street lighting. Poles lor wires. Street lights. Total. 456 565 1635 2947 244a 457 578 1314 496 607 2972 £81 Unit cost Butler, Pa.: Quantity Cost Cost per family Charleston, S. C: Quantity Cost Cost per family Charleston^ W. Va.: Quantity Cost Cost per family Chester, Pa.: Edaystone— Quantity Cost Cost per family Eidley Park- Quantity Cost Cost per family Dayton, Ohio: Bdgemont — Quantity Cost Cost per family Leo Street^ Quantity Cost Cost per family Elizabeth, N. J.: Site A— Quantity Cost Cost per family Site B— Quantity Cost Cost per family Site D— Quantity Cost Cost per family Erie, Pa.: East- Quantity Cost Cost per family West- Quantity Cost Cost per family Eammond, Ind.: Quantity Cost Cost per family Ilion.N.Y.: Quantity Cost Cost per family Indianapolis, Ind.: Quantity Cost Costper family Indian H^ad, Md.: Quantity Cost Cost per family Kenilworth, N. J., Site E: Quantity Cost Cost per family Lowell, Mass.: Houses- High Street Extension- Quantity Cost Cost per family Livingston- Quantity ." Cost Cost per family Lyles (Wrigley), Tenn.: Quantity Cost Ccst per family Colored- Quantity Cost Cost per family Mare Island (Vallejo), Calif.; Houses: Quantity Cost... Cost per family Lin. ft. SO. 90 858 S772. 20 S46. 24 7,164 S6, 447. 60 S41. 33 4,280 $3,852.00 $44. 25 9,178 $8, 260. 20 $14. 24 Lin. ft. S2.00 3,055 $6, 110. 00 $36. 68 1,390 $2, 780. 00 $17.83 120 $240. 00 $2.76 4,542 $9,084.00 $15. 66 $40. 00 4 $160. 00 $0-96 16 $640. 00 $4.10 12 $480. 00 $5.52 24 $960. 00 $1.65 Lin. ft. $1.00 47 $47.00 $0.28 192 $192. 00 $1.23 216 $216. 00 $2.48 180 $180. 00 $0.31 11,055 $9 949. 50 $12. 64 1,600 $1, 440. 00 $36. 00 $567. 00 $11.34 1,280 $1, 152. 00 $11. 08 880 $792. 00 $15. 84 7,200 1, 480. 00 $29. 66 13,550 $12,195.00 $24. 44 6,650 $5, 985. 00 $34.34 5,095 $4,585.50 $29. 78 300 $270. 00 $5.63 20, 968 $18,871.20 $99. 32 1,428 $1, 285. 20 $24. 72 1,931 $1, 737. 90 $20. 44 1,100 $990. 00 $24. 72 6,645 $5,980.50 $54.37 676 $608. 40 $40.56 4,960 $4,464.00 $10.66 9,297 $18,594.00 $23. 60 30 $1,200.00 $1.53 360 $360. 00 $0.46 750 31,500.00 830. 00 1,080 $2, 160. 00 $4.33 2,400 $4,800.00 $27. 59 2,410 $2,820.00 $33. 18 2,000 $4,000.00 $100. 00 660 $1,320.00 $12. 00 7,102 $14,204.00 $33.92 4 $160. 00 $3.20 4 $160. 00 SI. 54 $120. 00 $2.40 17 $680. 00 $3.05 24 $960. 00 $1.92 10 $400. 00 $2.29 10 $400. 00 $2.60 2 $80. 00 $1.68 31 $1, 240. 00 $6.53 50 $50. 00 SI. 00 60 $50. 00 $0.49 30 $30. 00 SO. 60 140 $140. 00 $0.63 150 $150. 00 SO. 30 100 $100. 00 $0.67 120 S120. 00 SO. 78 20 S20. 00 $0.42 $20. 00 16 $320.00 $1.92 19 $380. 00 $2.44 10 $200. 00 $2.30 7 $140. 00 $0.24 26 $520. 00 SO. 66 6 S120. 00 $2.40 $120. 00 31.15 5 $100. 00 $2.00 20 S400. 00 $1.76 35 $700. 00 $1.40 15 $300. 00 SI. 78 15 $300. 00 $1.95 2 $40. 00 $0. 84 28 $560. 00 32.95 Lin. ft. $1.50 7,800 $11,700.00 $70. 06 Lin. ft. $0.04 Lin. ft. $0.04 1,625 $65. 00 SO. 39 $30. 00 $1, 140. 00 $6.71 $20. 00 14 $280. 00 $1.68 4,000 $6,000.00 $69. 00 11,660 $17, 340. 00 $29. 90 9,290 $13, 935. 00 $24. 84 19,000 $28,500.00 $36. 22 1,866 S2, 799. 00 $70. 00 1,160 $1, 740. 00 $34.80 1,300 $1,950.00 $18. 75 890 $1,335.00 $26. 70 17. 000 $680. 00 $7.82 5,000 $200. 00 $2.30 34 $1,020.00 $11. 72 $180. 00 $2.07 76.000 $3,040.00 $3.86 3,000 $120. 00 $3.00 8,001 $320. 00 $6.40 9,700 $388. 00 $3.73 11,000 $440. 00 $8.80 40,570 SI, 622. 80 S7.28 92,000 S3, 680. 00 $7.37 27.900 31, 116. 00 $6.41 4,827 $7,240.50 347. 02 2,790 $111. 60 $2.33 25,800 $1,032.00 31.31 2,000 $80. 00 $2.00 2,400 $96. 00 $1.92 4,250 $170.00 $1.63 6,500 $220. 00 $4.40 12,270 $490. 80 $2.20 17, 675 $707. 00 $1.42 11,600 $484. 00 $2.67 4.300 $172. 00 $1.12 1,100 $44. 00 $0.92 216 $6,480.00 38.23 7 $210. 00 $5.25 12 $860. 00 37.20 20 $600. 00 $6.76 25 $750. 00 $15. 00 100 $3,000.00 $13.45 214 $6,420.00 $12.87 70 S2, 100. 00 $12. 28 37 31,110.00 $7.21 17 $510. 00 $10. 63 48 $960. 00 31.22 4 880.00 32.00 8100. 00 $2.00 5 3100.00 30.96 S60. 00 $1.25 21 8420.00 31.89 33 S660.00 $1.32 18 8360.00 82.07 11 $220.00 81.44 6 $120.00 $2.60 5 $200. 00 $2.47 $320. 00 $8.00 14 $560. 00 $5.09 60 $60. 00 $0.71 $96. 00 32.40 230 $230. 00 $2.09 $100. 00 $1.18 12 $240.00 $6.00 17 $340. 00 $3.09 2,000 $3,000.00 $35. 29 2,280 $3,420.00 $85.50 22 $880.00 $2.10 202 $202.00 to. 48 72 $1,440.00 $3.44 12,218 $18,327.00 $43.74 8,400 3336. 00 $3.93 6,720 $268. 80 $6.72 15,020 $600. 80 $5.46 1,864 $74.56 $4.97 21,749 $869.96 $2.08 6,280 $251.20 $2.96 3,480 $139. 20 3.48 10,490 $419. 60 $3.81 1,416 $56.64 $3.64 12,740 $509.60 $1.22 31 $930.00 $10.94 32 8960. 00 $24.00 101 $3,030.00 $27. 54 7 $210. 00 $14. 00 64 $1,920.00 $4.58 13 $260. 00 $3.06 $180.00 34.60 20 $400.00 $3.63 2 $40. 00 $2.67 $1,360.00 $3.25 $20, 594. 20 $164.82 $10, 439. 60 $66. 93 $13,068.00 $160. 22 $35, 964. 20 $62. 00 $13,935.00 824.84 $70, 635. 50 $89.63 $4,729.00 $118. 25 $5, 513. 00 SIOO. 26 $4,690.00 $45. 09 $3,847.90 $76. 60 $13,233.60 $69. 91 $27. 632. 00 $55.37 $15,625.00 $90.00 S14. 148.00 391.90 31.195.60 824. 95 $20,671.20 $108. 80 $1,286.20 $24. 72 $9, 695. 10 $114. 16 $10,614.00 $266.32 $12,880.80 $117.01 $989. 68 $65.84 84,176.56 $105.47 4i8 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. Table VIII. — General improvements within project, cost to be refunded by annual charges — Continued. Project. Water mains. Hydrants, Hydrant connec- tions. Valves. Gas mains. Electric wire. Poles for wires. Street lights. No. 6-Incb. Over 6-inch. House lighting. Street lighting. Total. Lin. ft. $0.90 710 $639. 00 $26. 63 2,008 $1,807.20 $27.38 7,200 $6,480.00 $20. 13 927 $834.30 $27. 81 3,170 $2,863.00 $38.04 5,800 $5,220.00 $13.15 6,575 $5,917.50 $128.64 2,834 $2,550.60 $15.65 1,430 $1,287.00 $61.48 8,560 $7,701.00 $36.86 2,510 $2,259.00 $33.22 910 $819. 00 $81.90 4,300 $3,870.00 $7.90 2,300 $2,070.00 $3.58 4.870 $4,3*3.00 $32.96 3,090 $2,781.00 $13. 91 2.1.30 $1,917.00 $28. 19 4,620 $4, 158. 00 $38.47 36,469 $32,822.10 $26.62 12,953 $11, 6.57. 70 $17.83 6,892 $6,301.80 $20.96 5,470 $1,923.00 $36.47 Lin.ft. $2.00 $40. 00 1 $40.00 $1.67 2 $80. 00 SI. 21 19 $760. CO $3.07 2 $80.00 $2,67 9 $360,00 $4.80 23 $920.00 $2.32 20 $800, 00 $17,39 14 $.560.00 $3.44 X Lin. ft. $1.00 15 $15.00 $0.62 24 $24. 00 SO. 36 204 $204. 00 $0.S2 24 $24. 00 $0.80 100 $100.00 $1.43 228 $228.00 $0.57 240 $240.00 $5.22 159 81.59. 00 $0,98 X $20.00 1 $20.00 $0.84 Lin. ft. $1.50 385 $577.60 $24.66 1.540 $2,310.00 $35.00 X Lin. ft. $0.04 X Lin. ft. $0.04 X $30.00 X $20.00 X 381 Milton, Pa.: Hepburn Street — Cost 81,291.50 S64. 42 Cost per family. . SiteB— X X X X Cost $4,221.20 $63. 95 ■997 Muskegon, Mjch.: McGratt— Quantity.... 36 $720.00 $2.90 4 $80.00 $2.67 12 $240.00 S3. 20 50 $1,000,00 $2, 52 17 $340,00 $7,39 49 $980, 00 $6.02 X 22,300 S892.00 $3.59 12,235 $489. 40 $16.31 16,000 $640.00 $8,53 13,866 $5.54. 60 $1.40 28,500 $1, 140. 00 $4.51 8,375 $335. 00 $11.17 7,480 $299. 20 $:j.99 14,428 $577.12 $1.45 4,000 $160.00 $3.4S 4,950 $198.00 $1.21 X 112 $3,360.00 $13.60 49 $1,470.00 $49.00 30 $900. 00 $12.00 172 $5,160.00 $13.00 40 $1,200.00 $26.69 .54 $1,620.00 $9.94 X 15 $300.00 $1.21 3 $60.00 $2.00 9 SISO. 00 $2.40 52 $1,040.00 $2.02 16 $300.00 $6.07 14 $280.00 $1,72 X Cost $13,856.00 Schoenbere— Qu-intity X Cost $3,372.70 Cost per family S80 Neville Island, Pa., Coraopolis: Quantity 2,800 $4,200.00 $56.00 10,331 $15,496.60 $39.63 670 $1,005.00 S21.S5 X Cost..... $9,772.20 $130.39 271 New Brimswick, N. J.; Quantity 5,236 $10,470.00 $26.37 Cost... $40,666.22 1371 Newcastle, Del.:' Quantity Cost $9 962. ,50 Cost per family $■217 33 157 New London, Conn.: Quantity 1,238 $2,476.00 $15. 19 3,900 S156. 00 SO. 96 X Cost Cost per family $53. 11 Grotoii — Quantity X Cost $1, 287. 00 $51 48 Cost per family 722 New Orleans, La.: Quantity 4,815 $9,630.00 $46.08 23 $920.00 $-1.40 3 $120.00 $1.76 1 $40.00 SI. 00 28 SI, 120. 00 $2.31 20 $800.00 $1.46 10 $400.00 $3.01 8 $320,00 $1,60 4 $160, 00 $2,36 12 $480,00 $4,21 109 $4,360,00 $3,64 37 $1,430.00 $2.29 22 $880.00 $3.44 $800,000 $25.92 270 $270,00 31,29 60 $60,00 $0,88 20 S20.00 $2.00 280 $280. 00 SO. 58 30O $300.00 $0.65 60 $60.00 $0.45 .50 $60.00 $0.26 30 $30.00 $0.44 150 $160.00 $1.32 1,417 $1,417.00 $1.14 437 $4,37,00 $0.67 400 $400.00 $1.58 480 $480.00 $3.56 17 $340.00 $1.63 6 $100. 00 $1.47 4 $80.00 $8.00 40 SSOO.OO $1,65 X X X X Cost $18,864.00 $90 26 Cost per family 382 Newport, R. I.: Quantity 2,440 $3,660.00 $53. 82 X 3,200 $128.00 $1.88 X 1,600 S64.00 $0.94 X 22 S660.00 $9.71 X 3 $60. 00 SO, 88 X Cost 57,111.00 $104, 56 Cost per family Jamestown- Quantity.... Cost....: $959 00 Cost per lamily §95 9Q 57a Newport News, Va : Hilton Extension- Quantity 1.500 8.1,000.00 $6.19 13,610 $27,020.00 $■19. 13 X X X X X Cost..... $9,070.00 $18.72 Cost per family 670 Briartield— Quantity 32 $640, 00 $1,16 18 $360,00 $2.08 23 $460.00 $2.30 11 $220.00 $3.23 16 $320. 00 $2.81 220 $4,400.00 $3.57 57 $1,140.00 $1.76 30 $600.00 $2.37 53 $1,060.00 $7.86 16,910 $13,815.00 $25. 12 X X X X Cast $44,645.00 581 00 Cost per lamily 404 Niagara Falls, N. Y.: Site A— Quantity 4,300 $172.00 $1.29 .5,600 $224.00 $1,12 2,3.50 $94,00 51,39 36,000 SI,4-t0.00 $12.03 34,200 $1,368.00 $1.11 34,638 $1,825,32 $2.82 68,600 $2,744.00 $10.85 13, 500 $540.00 $4.00 34 $1,020.00 $7.67 43 $1,290.00 $6.45 20 $600.00 $8,82 83 $2,490,00 $21.84 933 $27,900.00 $22.70 285 $8,550.00 $13.19 211 $6,330.00 $25. 02 100 $3,000,00 $22,22 7 $140,00 $1,00 9 $180, 00 $0.90 4 $80.00 SI. IS 24 $480.00 $4.21 228 $■1,560.00 $3.70 71 $1,420.00 $2.19 40 $800.00 $3.16 25 $500.00 $3.71 Cost....: $6,535.00 $49.12 Cost per family SlteB- Quantity 2,3.50 $4,700.00 $23.50 9,640 $4,820.00 $24. 10 6,600 $224.00 $1.13 2,000 $80.00 $1.18 14,600 $.580.00 $5.09 108,000 $4,320.00 $3.54 12,571 $602.84 SO. 78 13,900 $666. 00 $2.19 30,960 $1,238.00 $9.17 Cost.... $15,049.00 $76.25 Site C- Quantity Cost $3,181.00 $46.79 481 Nlles, Ohio: Quantity 3,470 $6,940.00 $60. 88 l.S,214 $36,428.00 $29.54 4,002 $8,004.00 $12.35 3,348 $6,696.00 $26.47 2,635 $6,270.00 $39.04 Cost $17,038,00 $149.46 Cost per family Norfolk district: Cradock, Va.— Quantity 93,944 $80,916.00 $65.62 18.298 $27,447.00 $42.36 21,.580 $32,370.00 $127.95 $198,581.10 150b Glenwood Park, Va.— $161.08 Cost per family. $62,463.86 150c Truxtun, Va.— $96.24 Cost Cost per family $56,677.80 $223.99 60 Pensacola, Fla.: Cost CfWt per family $17,811.00 $131.95 TABI^ES. Table VIII. — General improvements within project, cost to be refunded by annual charges — Continued. 419 No. Project. Water mains. 6-incli. Over 6-mcli- Hydrants. Hydrant connec- tions. Valves. Gas mains. Electric wire. House lighting. Street lighting. Poles for wires. Street lights. Total. 47i 503 1530 604 2728 241 62 Unit cost PerthAmboy, N. J.: Quantity Cost , Cost per family Philadelphia, Pa.: Navy yard, Oregon Avenue — Quantity 246c 246b 1368 138 1S35 130 Cost per family Taoony — Quantity Cost Cost per family Pomuton Lakes, N. J.: Quantity Cost Cost per family Portsmouth, N. H. (Kittery, Me.): Quantity Cost Cost per family Portsmouth, Ohio (second site): Quantity Cost Cost per family Puget Sound Navy Yard (Bremer- ton) Wash., Inside: Quantity Cost Cost per family .* Quincy, Mass.: Arnold Street — Quantity Cost Cost per family Baker Yacht Basin: Quantity Cost Cost per family Elver Street — Quantity Cost Cost per family Eock Island district: Davenport, Iowa — King- Quantity Cost Cost per family McManus — Quantity Cost Cost per family Park Lane — Quantity Cost Cost per family Mollne, 111. — Quantity Cost Cost per family Bast Moline. HI.— Deere^ Quantity Cost Cost per family Highlands — Quantity Cost Cost per family Eock Island, 111.— Quantity Cost Cost per family Seven Pines, Va.: Quantity Cost Cost per family Sharon, Pa. : Quantity Cost Cost per family South Bend, Ind. : Quantity Cost Cost per family Stateu Island, N. Y.: Apartments — Quantity Cost Cost per family Houses- Quantity Cost Cost per family Lin. ft. $0.90 1,902 tl,711.80 110.97 5,446 $4,901.40 $7.04 290 $261.00 $0.97 484 $439.60 $29.04 2,067 $1,860.30 $29.07 5,304 $4,773.60 $24.86 '$25,500.00 $86.44 3,572 $3,214.80 $25.31 3,724 $3,351.60 $14.20 2,256 $2,029.40 $33.82 3,850 $3,465.00 $28.88 6,600 $5,940.00 $22.25 3,160 $2,844.00 $31.26 5,800 $5,220.00 $44.62 1,600 $1,440.00 $53.33 4,320 $3,888.00 $39.28 7,670 $6,903.00 $31.81 30,000 $27,000.00 $31.29 8,320 $7,488.00 $34.83 6,360 $5,724.00 $30.76 304 $273. 60 $7.60 Lin. ft. $2.00 5,888 $11,776.00 $16.88 $8,198.00 $30.69 1,929 $3,858.00 $20.09 940 $1,880.00 $14.80 640 $1,280.00 $5.42 756 $1,512.00 $25.20 680 $1,360.00 $11.33 $1,820 $3,640.00 $13.63 550 $1, 100. 00 $12.09 624 $1,248.00 $10.67 330 $660. 00 $24.44 1,460 $2,900.00 $13.34 8,000 $16,000.00 $18.54 1,935 $3,960.00 $18.42 1,120 $2,240.00 $12.43 $40. 00 $240.00 $1.53 11 $440.00 $0.63 11 $440.00 $1.64 2 $80.00 $5.33 Lin. ft. $1.00 $60.00 $0.38 180 $180. 00 $0.26 164 $164.00 $0.61 32 $32.00 $2.13 $20. 00 7 $140. 00 $0.89 49 $980.00 $1.41 18 $360. 00 $1.34 2 $40.00 $2.67 Lin. ft. $1.50 Lin. ft. $0.4 Lin. ft. $0.04 $30. 00 11.000 $16,500.00 $23.71 60,000 $2,400.00 $3.45 6,000 $240.00 $0.35 35 $1,050.00 $1.52 10 $400.00 $2.09 $88.00 $0.46 12 $240. 00 $1.25 1,744 $3,433.00 $44.72 12 $480.00 $3.86 11 $440.00 $1.87 7 $280.00 $4.67 $360.00 $3.00 17 $680.00 $2.54 $320. 00 $3.62 13 $520.00 $4.44 $240.00 $8.88 $320.00 $3.23 21 $840.00 $3.87 40 $1,600.00 $1.85 16 $640. 00 $2.98 16 $640. 00 $3.44 1 $40.00 $1.11 7 $280. 00 $3.59 124 $124.00 $0.98 $98.00 $0.42 82 $82.00 $1.37 110 $110.00 $0.92 240 $240.00 $0.90 100 $100.00 $1.10 160 $160. 00 $1.37 70 $70. 00 $2.59 160 $150. 00 $1.62 252 $252.00 $1.16 500 $500.00 $0.58 188 $188. 00 $1.14 256 $256. 00 $1.38 24 $24.00 $0.67 39 $39.00 $0.51 14 $280.00 $2.20 $180.00 $0.76 15 $300.00 $5.00 5 $100.00 $0.83 11 $220.00 $0.82 5 $100.00 $1.10 $160. 00 $1.37 $160. 00 $5.92 5 $100. 00 $1.01 15 $300. 00 $1.38 90 $1,800.00 $2.08 18 $360.00 $1.68 $160.00 $0.86 4,510 $6,766.00 $53.27 4,150 $6,226.00 $26.38 4,416 $6,624.00 $110. 40 1,600 $2,400.00 $88.88 28, 560 $1,062.40 $8.85 48,300 $1,932.00 $7.24 25,240 $1,009.60 $11.09 28,900 $1, 156. 00 $9.88 13,500 $540. 00 $20.00 30, 200 $1, 208. 00 $12. 20 56, 020 $2, 240. 80 $10. 33 4,198 $167. 68 $1.32 3,802 $152.08 $0.64 2,864 $114.56 $1.91 7,040 $281.60 $2.36 16,000 $640. 00 $2.39 7,280 $291. 20 $3.20 7,200 $288. 00 $2.46 6,100 $244. 00 $9.04 5,760 $230. 40 $2.33 9,200 $368. 00 $1.70 45 $1,350.00 $10. 63 40 $1,200.00 $6.09 30 $900.00 $15.00 44 $1,320.00 $11. 00 120 $3,600.00 $13.49 58 $1,740.00 $19. 12 $2,790.00 $23.85 30 $900. 00 $33.33 74 $2,240.00 $22.63 123 $3,690.00 $17.00 6,182 $9,273.00 $49.74 10 $200.00 $2.57 3,012 $4, 518. 00 $57.93 2,815 $112.60 $1.44 8,560 $342. 40 $1.84 232 $9.28 $0.26 2,112 $84. 48 $1.08 85 $2,550.00 $13.71 22 $660.00 $8.46 $20.00 $120.00 $0.17 17 $340.00 $2.68 22 $440.00 $1.87 9 $180.00 $3.00 7 $140.00 $1.17 17 $340.00 $1.28 $160.00 $1.75 12 $240. 00 $2.05 6 $120. 00 $4.44 10 $200.00 $2.02 25 $500.00 $2.30 13 $260.00 $1.39 3 $60.00 $1.67 14 $280.00 $3.69 $2,161.80 $13. 77 $38,587.40 $55.42 $9,423.00 $35.15 $587.60 $39.17 $1,860.30 $29.07 $9,359.60 $48.75 $25,500.00 $86.44 $14,601.48 $115.05 $13,366.68 $56.65 $12,021.46 $200.37 $8,199.00 $68.33 $17,232.00 $64.54 $7,664.80 $84.22 $11,782.00 $100.71 $6,774.00 $250.85 $8,336.40 $84.22 $17,993.80 $32. 89 $46,900.00 $54.34 $12,636.00 $59.05 $21,445.40 $115.55 $406.88 $11.31 $9,662.08 $123,849 1 Includes all water pipe and fixtures. 420 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. Table VIII. — General improvements within project, cost to he refunded by annual charges — Continued. Project. Water mains. Hydrants. Hydrant connec- tions. Valves. Gas mains. Electric wire. Poles tor wires. Street lights. No. 6-inch. Over 6-inch. Hou.se lighting. Street lighting. Total. Unit cast Lin.ft. $0.90 1,616 $1,4,54.40 $27. 97 1,320 $1,188.00 $25. 25 600 $540.00 $0.18 1,740 $1, .566. 00 $5.72 1,344 $1,209.60 $3.60 611 $549. 90 $5.39 3,320 $2,988.00 $14.87 2,420 S2,178.00 $29.43 1,762 $1,576.80 $22.53 561 $504. 90 $3.74 8,600 $7, 740. 00 $25.63 3,120 $2,808.00 $30.86 Lin. ft. $2.00 $40.00 4 $160.00 $3.08 3 $120. 00 $2.55 8 $320.00 $1.04 8 $320.00 $1.17 5 $200.00 $0.60 2 $80. 00 $0.78 6 $240. 00 $1.19 5 $200.00 $2.70 5 $200. 00 $2.86 5 $200.00 $1.46 14 $560. 00 $1.85 5 $200.00 $2.20 Lin. ft. $1.00 48 $48.00 $0.92 36 $36.00 $0.77 160 $160. 00 $0.52 160 $160. 00 $0.68 102 $102. 00 $0.30 $20.00' 2 $40.00 $0.77 2 $40. 00 $0.85 20 $400.00 $1.30 16 $320.00 $1.17 10 $200. 00 $0.60 2 $40.00 $0.39 6 $120.00 $0.60 8 $160. 00 $2.16 3 $60. 00 $0.86 10 $220.00 $1.63 22 $440. 00 $1.45 10 $200. 00 $2.20 Lin. ft. $1.50 X Lin. ft. $0.04 X Lin.ft. $0.04 X $30.00 X $20.00 X 118 Warren, Ohio: Northeast — Cost... $1,702.40 $32.74 Southeast— 1,268 $1,902.00 $40.62 2,700 $4,050.00 $13. 15 3,830 $5,746.00 $20.97 1,144 $45. 76 $0.97 13 $390. 00 $8.30 5 $100.00 $2.13 Cost $3, 821. 76 $81.44 27a Washington, D. C, district: Navy yard — Apartments- 3,230 $6,460.00 $20.97 4,430 $8, 860. 00 $32.66 1,664 $3,328.00 $9.90 223 $446. 00 $4.37 ■ Cost... . . . $11, 930. 00 Cost per family Houses- Quantity. . . $37.16 27b Cost $16,971.00 Cost per family Residence Halls— Twenty-first and B Streets- Quantity.... $62. 27 54c 2,429 $97. 16 $0.29 X X 48 $960. 00 $2.80 Cost.., $6,096.76 $18.09 Cost per family Bureau of Standards — 54f Cost.. $1,116.90 Cost per family... $10.93 54g South Capitol Street— 90 $90.00 $0.45 50 $50.00 $0.67 50 $50. 00 $0.71 61 $61. 00 $0.46 200 $200. 00 $0.66 105 $105.00 $1.15 3,100 $4,650.00 $23. 13 Cost $8, 088. 00 $40. 24 549 Steel & O'rdnance'Co.- 970 $1,940.00 $26. 22 925 $1,850.00 $26.43 2, .570 $5,U0.00 $38.07 Cost... $4, 628. 00 Cost per family. . . . $61. 18 380 Waterbury, Conn.: Chase— Cost $3, 736. 80 $53.39 Sylvan Avenue— , Quantity. ... Cost... $6,125.90 Cost per family... . $45. 35 389 Watertowii,N. Y.: 11,800 $17,700.00 $58.61 3,200 $4,800.00 $52. 75 Cost... $26, 640. 00 $88. 20 151 Watervliet(Troy),N. Y.: 3,600 $144. 00 $1.58 3,600 $144. 00 $1.58 24 $720. 00 $7.91 5 $100.00 $1.10 Cost... $9, 221. 00 rnpt. ppT family. $101.33 Total 97 sites, 21,005famUies(wliere quantities are unknown, X, average of all others is added): Quantity.... 422,907 $406,116.30 $19. 33 190, 222 $380,444.00 $18.11 1,171 $46,840.00 $2.23 14,229 $14,229.00 $0.68 1,786 $35,720.00 $1.70 420, 290 $630,435.00 $30. 01 1,880,975 $74,567.94 $3.63 796,626 $26,764.84 $1.27 6,411 8193,618.00 $9.22 1,656 $31,120.00 $1.48 Cost... . . . . $1,839,855.08 $87. 59 tabi.es. Table IX. — General improvements outside of project. Unit costs are assumed lor comparison only. Only such Improvements are Included as were actually planned by the Corporation, etc., are figured at actual or estimated cost, as the size varied in eaoh project. 421 Disposal plants, pumps, reservoirs. No. Project. Outfall sewers. Sewage disposal plant. Water mains. Water pumping plant. Gas mains. Miscellaneous. Total. Storm. Sanitary. Combined. Manholes. Unit cost Lin. ft. 13.50 Lin. ft. $1.50 Lin. ft. $3.50 $40.00 Lin.ft. $2.50 Lin.ft. $1.50 58 Aberdeen, Md.; 1 $12,800.00 $160.00 Cost: .. .:::'.::::::'.::: $12,800.00 $160. 00 185 Alabama'mtrate (flstriot: Florence— Quantity S:: ..::.: ::: Cost per family 597 Sheffield- Quantity Cost....'. Cost per family 1165 Tuscumbia— Cost..... Cost perfamily e21 Alliance, Ohio: Northwestern- Quantity 1,640 $4,100.00 $78.84 Cast $4,100.00 Cost per family — S7S.84 Southeastern- Quantity 836 $2,926.00 $13.74 S>st..... $2,926.00 Cost per family $13.74 554 Alton, 111.: Broadway- Quantity Cost-...- Cost per family. East Alton- Quantity Cost...- Milton Hill- Quantity . S)St--.. 59 Bath, Me.: Quantity 455 $1,592.50 $17.69 1,450 $3,625.00 $40.27 4,160 $10,400.00 $8.27 Cost $5, 217. 50 Cost per family $57.96 24 Bethlehem, Pa.: 4,800 $7,200.00 $5.72 1 $18,000.00 $14.31 1 $25,000.00 $19.88 Water tower $12,500.00 $9.94 dost.......:.:.'..:'.::'.'.:'.:.::: $73,100.00 Cost per family $68.12 102 Bridgeport, Conn.: Houses— Black Eock (1)— Quantity Cost Cormecticut Avenue (14)— Quantity Cost- — . Crane (4)— Cost Cmt ppr family _, Grasmere (12)— Cost Cost per family Mill Green (.5)— Cost Cost per family Mill Green Cemetery Ex- tension- Quantity S)st-. .....: Cost perfamily 102a Temporary Flats- Cemetery Site- Quantity Cost..... Hill Top- Cost 422 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. Table IX. — General improvements outside of project — Continued. No. Project. Outfall sewers. Sewage disposal plant. Water mams. Water pumping plant. Gas mains. Miscellaneous. Total. Storm. Sanitary. Combined. Manholes. Unit cost Lin.ft. $3.60 Lin.ft- $1.50 Lin.ft. $3.50 $40.00 Lin.ft. $2.60 Lin. ft. $1.60 456 Butler, Pa.: Quantity Cost..... 565 Charleston, S. C: OnaTititv 3,820 $5,730.00 $36.73 8 $320.00 $2.06 StT. $6,050.00 $38.79 18 Charleston, W. Va.: Ouantitv 188 $658.00 $7.56 S^ : :::: $668. 00 Cost per family $7.56 1635 Chester, Pa.: Eddystone— Quantity 624 $2,184.00 $3.77 685 $1,027.60 $1.77 7 $280. 00 $0.48 $3,491.50 $6.02 rn^T faTTiily 244a Elizabeth, N.J. : Site A— Cost per family . Site B- Cost Site D— Quantity Cost Post per fflrnily 10 Erie, Pa.: East- 240 $840.00 $3.78 700 $2,450.00 S4.ll $840.00 $3.87 West— Quantity 210 $315.00 $0.63 3,660 $9, 125. 00 $18.29 SX... $11,890.00 $23 03 Cost per family 457 Hammond, Ind.: Cost 578 Ilion,N.Y.: Quantity Cost Cost per family 1314 Indianapolis, Ind.: Quantity Cost 496 Indianhead, Md.: Quantity Cost Cost per family 607 Kenilworth, N. J., Site E: Quantity Cost Cost per family 398a Lowell, Mass.: Houses — High Street Extension- Quantity Cost Cost per family Livingston — Quantity Cost Cost per family 2972 Lyles (Wrigley), Tenn.: Quantity 3,040 $4,560.00 $41.00 180 $270.00 $10.67 1 $3,000.00 27.20 210 $626.00 $4.77 684 $1,460.00 $97.33 2,530 $6,325.00 $16.10 Cost $8,085.00 $72.97 Cost per family Colored- Cost "'$i"m66 $108.00 581 Mare Island (Vallejo), Calif.: Houses- Quantity 1 $7,600.00 $17.90 Eeservoir. $5,600.00 $13.37 Sbst.... "ii9,'425.'66 $46.37 Cost per family :...;..! TABI.ES. Table IX. — General improvements outside of project — Continued. 423 Project. Outfall sewers. Sewage disposal plant. Water mains. Water pimiping plant. Oas mains. Miscellaneous. Total. No. Storm. Sanitar.v. Combined. Manholes. Lin. ft. $3.50 Lin.ft. $1.50 Lin.ft. $3.50 $40.00 Lin.ft. $2.50 Lin. fi. $1.60 381 Milton, Pa.: Hepburn Street- Cost Site B- ebst 997 Muskegon, Mich.: McGraft— Cost Schoenberg— 880 Neville Island, Pa.: Coraopolis— Cost 271 New Brunswick, N. J.: Qnn.Tit.it.y 660 $840.00 $4.94 3 $120.00 $0.30 388 $970. 00 $1.47 2,308 $3,462.00 $8.73 Cost $5, 392. 00' $15.44 Cost per family 1371 New Castle. Del.: Cn^t jiP.T fa,Tni]y 157 New London, Conn.: 180 $630.00 $3.86 243 $364.50 $2.23 $994. 50 $6.09 Groton— Ouantitv Cost 722 New Orleans, La.: 2,700 $4,050.00 $19.38 1 $500.00 S2.39 1 $3,000.00 $14.36 Cost $7,550.00 $36. 13 382 Newport, R. I.: Quantity Cost Jamestown — Quantity Cost 57a Newport News, Va.: Hilton Extension- Quantity Cost 57o Briarfield— Quantity 1,090 $1,635.00 $2.97 5,460 $13,650.00 S24. 82 Cost $15,28.5.00' Cost per family $27. 79 404 Niagara Falls, N.Y.: Site A— Cost Onst, pp.r family SiteB— Cost Cost per familv SiteC^^ ^ 450 $675. 00 $9.92 600 $900.00 $7.89 2,779 $4,168.50 $3.38 816 $1,224.00 $1.89 430 $1,075.00 $15.80 $1,750.00 $25.72 Cost per family , 481 Niles, Ohio: 100 $350.00 $3.07 Cost $1,250.00 $10.96 150a Norfolk district: Cradock, Va.— 12,192 $30,480.00 $24.72 Cost . . $34,648.50 $28. 10 Cost per family 150b Glenwood Park, Va.— Cost $1,224.00 $1.89 150c Truxtun, Va.— 3,998 $9,995.00 $39.51 3,000 $4,500.00 $17.79 $14,495.00 $57. 30 60 Pensacola, Fla.: Ouantitv 520 $780.00 $5.78 1 $5,000.00 $37.04 Water tower, etc.i $16,065.00 $119.00 $21,845.00 Cost per family 1 $161.82 1 Includes water tower, one 8-inch well, four 1-inch test wells, air compressor, power house, transformer. 424 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. Table IX. — General improvements outside of project — Continued. No. Project. Outfall sewers. Sewage di-sposal plant. Water mains. Water pumping plant. Gas mains. Miscellaneous. Total. Storm. Sanitary. Combined. ManhGle.s. Unit cost Lin. ft. $3.50 Lin. ft. $1.60 Lin. ft. $3.50 $40.00 Lin. ft. $2.50 Lin. ft. $1.50 471 PerthAmboy, N. J.: Cost - 503 Philadelphia, Pa.: Navy Yard, Oregon Avenue— 1536 Tacony— 2125 Pompton Lakes, N. 7.: 604 Portsmouth, N. H. (Kittery, Me.): 1 35,500 $85.94 Cost $5, 500. 00 $85.94 2728 Portsmouth, Ohio, (secondsite): Cost 241 Puget Sound Navy Yard (Bremer- ton), Wash., Inside: Cost 62 Quincy, Ma-ss: Arnold Street- Quantity Cost Baker Yacht Basin- Quantity 220 $770.00 $3.26 Cost $770. 00 $3.26 Biver Street- Quantity Cost Cost per family 246c Rock Island district: Davenport, Iowa- King— Quantity Cost McManus — Quantity 1,766 $6,181.00 $23. 15 9 $360.00 SI. 35 Cost 86,541.00 $24. 50 Cost per family Park Lane- Quantity Cost Cost per family 246a Mollne, ni- cest per family 246b East Moline, 111— Deere— Cost Cost per family Highlands- Cost Cost per family 246e Rock Island, Ill- Quantity Cost Cost per family 1368 Seven Pines, Va.: Quantity Cost Cost per family 138 Sharon, Pa.: Quantity Cost Cost per family 1535 South Bend, Ind.: Quantity 560 $1,960.00 $4.52 Cost $1,960.00 $4.52 Cost per family 130 StatenlsTand, N. Y.; Apartments — Quantity Cost 1 Cost per family 1 Houses- Quantity 813 $1,219.60 $15. 62 4 $160.00 $2.05 1,684 $4,210.00 $53. 97 Cost 1 $5,589.50 $71.64 Cost per family 1 Tabi.es. Table IX. — General improvements outside of project — Continued. 425 No. Project. Outfall sewers. Sewage disposal plant. Water mains. Water pumping plant. Gas mains. Miscellaneous. Total. Storm. Sanitary. Combined. Manholes. Unit cost Lin. ft. $3.50 Lin.f1. $1.50 Lin. ft. $3.50 $40.00 Lin. ft. $2.50 Lin.ft. $1.60 118 Warren, Ohio: Northeast- Quantity Cost Southeast- Quantity Cost Cost per family 27a Washington, D. C, district: Navy Yard- Apartments- Quantity 850 $2,975.00 $4.14 Cost...-.:..:...:.::.. $2,975.0 Cost per family $4.14 27b Houses- Quantity Cost 54o Eesidence Halls- Twenty -first and B Streets- Quantity Cost..... Cost per family 54f Bureau of Standards- Cost.... i..::...'.:::::::. Cost per family 54g South Capitol Street- Quantity Cost 549 Steel & Ordnance Co.— Quantity 1,000 $2, .500. 00 $33. 79 1,590 $3,975.00 $56. 79 436 $1,090.00 $8.03 Cost..... $5,000.00 $67.57 $7,500.00 $101. 36 fln«!t. pftr fnniily . .... 380 Waterbury, Conn.: Chase- Quantity 4,378 $6,567.00 $93.81 306 $459. 00 $3.40 22 $880.00 $12.57 2 $80.00 $0.59 Cost $11,422.00 $163. 17 Sylvan Avenue- Quantity Cost $1, 629. 00 Cost per family $12. 02 389 Watertown. N. Y.: Qilsi.Tlt.ity Cost :::::::::;:: ::: 151 Watervliet, (Troy), N. Y.: Cost Total, 97 sites, 21,005 families: Quantity 5,241 $18,343.50 $0.88 28,370 $42,555.00 $2.03 1,598 $5,693.00 $0.26 55 $2,200.00 $0.11 6 $39,800.00 $1.90 41,402 $103,505.00 $4.94 4 $40,500.00 $1.88 6,308 $7,962.00 $0.39 13 $71,165.00 $3.39 Co Bate based on 18,297 families. TABLES. 431 Table XI. — Sumviary of costs assumed for comparison of projects for housing families. The cost of " Land" (A) is the actual price where it was purchased or contracted for, and the appraised value in all other cases. On certain projec ts as noted, where the land either already belonged to the Government or was donated for the housing, an assumed vahie for the land has been set in accord with prevaihng values of ununproyed land. Incases where the land purchased or contracted for did not coincide with the land planned, the cost of the "Land planned lor development" (A) was found by adding to the price of those parcels wholly used proportionate values for the fractions of parcels partly used. Obviously the value of local improvements made previous to t ne purchase of the land is reflected in the land value; therefore the value of these, determined m the same way as other improvements, is deducted to get the value of the Bar e To facilitate the comparison of different project plans the cost assumed for "Houses" (E) is found by multiplying the total cubage of all houses planned by a ujiiform cubage rate. In arriving at the grand total or gross cost the cost assumed for "Buildings other than houses" (I) is also based on uniform cubage rates for each type ol buildmt. No. 5Q 185 597 1166 621 59 24 456 565 18 1635 2947 Project. Aberdeen, Md.: Cost Cost per family Alabama nitrate district: Florence — Cost Cost per family Sheffield— Cost Cost per family Tusoumbia— Cost Cost per family Alliance, Ohio: Northwest — Cost Cost per family Southeast — Cost Cost per family Alton, 111.: Broadway- Cost Cost per family East Alton — Cost Cost per family Milton mu— Cost Cost per family Bath, Me.: Cost Cost per family Bethlehem, Pa.: Cost Cost per family Bridgeport, Conn.: Houses— Black Eock (1)— Cost Cost per family Connecticut Avenue (14)— Cost Cost per family Crane (4)^ Cost Cost per family Grasmere (12)- Cost Cost per family Mill Gr..en (5)— Cost Cost per family Mill Green Cemetery Extension- Cost Cost per family Temporary Flats, Cemetery Site — Cost Cost per family HiJl Top- Cost Cost per family Butler, Pa.: Cost Cost per family Charleston, S. C: Cost Cost per family Charleston, W. Va.: Cost Cost per family Chester, Pa.: Eddystone— Cost Cost per family Ridley Park- Cost Cost per family A. Land planned for develop- ment. $13,830.00 172.88 38,000.00 308.94 30,000.00 263.16 3,750.00 72.11 11.760.00 ■ 226. 15 S3, 500. 00 392.01 20,587.00 428. 75 3,200.00 213.33 48,080.00 169. 29 7,750.00 86.11 2,56,200.00 203.66 62,850.00 290.97 28,978.00 268.31 105,000.00 278.61 46,350,00 461.09 46,410.00 409.09 27,000.00 281.25 17,000.00 80.19 15,900.00 89.90 41,450.00 248.20 34,170.00 219,04 148,840.00 561.40 118.467.00 204.25 65,000.00 115,04 B. Bare land, excludmg value of previous improve- ments. $13,830.00 172.88 38,000.00 308.94 1,000.00 263.16 ,750.00 72.11 11,760.00 226. 15 83,500.00 392.01 20,687.00 428.76 3,200.00 213.33 48,080,00 169. 29 7,140.00 79.33 256,200.00 203.66 60,575.00 280.44 27,467.00 264.32 99,476.00 263.86 41,464.00 410.53 42,631.00' 384.06 27,000.00 281.25 15,374.00 72.52 16,900.00 89.90 41,450.00 248.20 34,170.00 219.04 45,946.00 628. 11 115,501.00 199. 14 63,922.00 113.13 C. General improve- ments directly chargeable (including previous improve- ments) (Table 7). D. Lot improve- ments, excluding buildings (Table 10). J24,001.00 300.02 87, 249. 15 708.54 84,000.95 738.17 28,467.30 547.44 22,141.75 425.44 96,854,00 454.67 23,352.25 634. 78 8,936.25 595. 61 170, 250, 26 595. 99 26,892.26 298. 12 474,014.50 377. 78 21,313.25 13,159,00 121.84 69,531.40 187.06 22,141.00 218.61 36,465.00 321.66 22, 779, 60 237.29 21, 091,. 50 99,50 18,081,40 96.18 57, 734. 75 349.67 60, 480. 50 387. 70 62, 835. 50 722.22 207, 346. 50 357.38 164,359.00 291. 16 $16,181.30 189.77 36,864.00 291.65 39, 746, 50 349,10 17,339.00 333.44 9,334.76 180.27 36,360,50 166.00 11,121.50 266.27 6,227.70 348.51 57,076.00 200.93 21,369.06 237.43 263,088.00 209.23 E. Houses (assumed at 30 cents per cubic foot). $453,914.20 6,673.93 500,466.60 4,068.84 456,256.00 4,037, "' 210,925.00 4,066.30 240, 815. 70 4,631.07 988,980.00 4,642.00 968,118.40 19,960.80 66,976.60 3,798.44 1,166,029.60 4, 102. 22 378.638.40 4,207.09 6,633,664.50 273.18 11,571, 53.57 6,483.40 60.11 69,817.75 158. 65 17,689.00 175.21 28,379.66 246.65 15,933.06 166.39 10,700.00 50.47 11,474.00 61.03 34,987.25 209.48 19,547.00 126.90 16,623.60 178. 73, 180. 85 142.38 85,817,00 151.89 F. Total for land and improve- ments directly chargeable (B.,C.,D., and E). $506,926.50 6,336.60 661,579.75 5,377.97 610,096.50 6,388.03 260,481.30 5,009.29 284,052.20 6,462.93 1,204,694.50, 5,664.68 1,013,179.15 21,189.60 74,340,55 4,955.89 1,440,434.85 5, 068. 43 434, 039, 70 4,822.47 7,626,967.00 6,063.85 707,369.40 3,274.-" 341,796.40 3,183.30 , 359, 430. 80 3,606.00 503,448.60 4,984.64 ,509,062.60 4, 490. 56 442,311.60 4,607.42 508, 446, 80 2,388,90 449,113.20 2,388.89 823,487.40 4,930.80 787, 270. 00 5,046.80 361,843,20 4, 159. 10 2,484,800,00 4, 284. 10 800,829,45 3, 707. 55 390,905.80 3,619.57, ,588,266.961 4,216.57 584, 742. ( .5,788.! 615,528.23 5, 442. 93 608,024,16 5,292.36 551,614.30 2,611.39 495,568.60 2,6,36.00 957,659.40 5,738.16 901,467.60 5,779.44 486,248.20 5,588.09 5,880,828.35 4,983.00 G. General improve- ments, cost to be refunded (Table 8). 2,750,462,70 3,039,660,70 4,8S8,08l 6,424.25 $6,165.90 77.07 ,150.00 154.44 ,294.60 175.87 634.50 28.84 2,138.00 142.63 19,518.50 72.25 9,816.51 133.29 83,752.00 66.70 6,976.00 32.25 1,901, 36, ;,469, 18, H. General improve- ments, outside of project (Table 9). $12 800.00 160.00 4,100.00 78.84 2,926.00 13.74 5, 217. 50 67.96 73,100,00 68.12 40 35, 964, 20 62.00 13,915,00 24.84 I. Build- ings other than houses (assumed at uniform cubage rates). $185,940.00 654. 72 522,422.00 415.29 i, 060, 00 38,79 668.00 7.66 3,491.50 6.02 Gross total $625,892.40 6,573.07 661,579.75 5,377.97 610,096.60 5,388.03 260,481.30 6,009.29 301,311.49 5,596.21 1,241,915.10 5,844.29 1,013,813.65 21,218.44 76,478.66 5,098.42 1,645,893,35 5,795.40 449,073.71 5,013.72 8,306,241.00 6,603.96 28,250.00 181.09 807, 805. 3,739. 394, 807, 3,655. 1,607,778. 4,267.i 592,443.1 5, 865. : 629, 419, 1 6,567.i 617,040. 6,387.; 558,827.; 2,635.1 499,027, 2,654. 978,253. 5,902. 946, 207. 6,066, 499,974. 5, 745. 268, 000, 00 462.07 288,427.00 510.49 45 95 34 3,188,284.05 5,513.09 3,341,922.70 6,959.58 1 Nominal cost. 432 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. Table XI. — Summary of costs asmmedfor comparison of projects for housing families — Continued. No. 243 244a 457 578 1314 496 607 581 381 271 1371 157 722 382 Project. Dayton, Ohio: Edgemont— Cost Cost per family Leo Street — Cost Cost i)er family Elizabeth, N. J.: Site A— Cost Cost per family Site B— Cost Cost per family SiteD— Cost Cost per family Erie, Pa.: East- Cost Cost per family West- Cost Cost per family Hammond, Ind.: Cost Cost per family Ilion, N. Y.: Cost Cost per family Indianapolis, Ind.: Cost Cost per family Indianhead, Md.: Cost Cost per family Kenilworth, N. J., Site E: Cost Cost per family Lowell, Mass.: Houses— Hight Street Extension- Cost Cost per family Livingston — Cost Cost per family Lyles (Wrigley), Tenn.: Cost Cost per family Colored- Cost Cost per famllj; Mare Island (Vallejo), Calif., Houses: Cost Cost per family Milton, Pa.: Hepburn Street- Cost Cost per family Site B— Cost Cost per family Muskegon, Mich.: McGraft— Cost Cost per family Schoenberg — Cost Cost per family Neville Island, Pa., Coraopolis: Cost Cost per family New Brunswick, N. J.: Cost Cost per family New Castle, Del.: Cost Cost per family New London, Conn.: . Cost Cost per family Groton: Cost Cost per family New Orleans, La.: Cost Cost per family Newport, E.I. : Cost Cost per family Jamestown- Cost Cost per family A. Land planned for develop- ment. S186, 14, 12, 39, 22, 31, 166, 31, 31, 1. 180, 10, 22, 000.00 236.34 ;,530.00 363.25 600.00 252.00 1,120.00 376.16 755.00 456. 10 200.00 136.24 000.00 332. 67 880. 00 183.20 314. 00 203.33 671.00 73.95 130.00 421. 70 7S0. 00 207. 31 076.00 265.98 ,972.00 374. 30 i, 830. 00 213. 90 , 710. 00 247. 33 , 452. 00 51.20 ,933.00 497. 21 i, 600. 00 231.52 760. 00 160. 32 250. 00 17.5. 00 070. 00 494. 27| 1,600.00 97.23, , 520. oo; 76. 62, 650. 00 194. 15 000. 00 400.00 500.00 98.09 160.00 163.97 625.00 262.50 B. Bare land, excluding value of previous improve- ments. }144,996.00 184.23 9,740.00 243.50 6,234.00 124.68 18,612.00 178.96 19,415.00 388.30 18,882.00 84.67 163,032.00 326. 72 31,880.00 183.20 14,136.00 91.79 1,040.00 47.27 63, 778. 00 351.46 10, 780. 00 207. 31 13,746.00 165. 61 8, 185. 00 204. 62 26, 830. 00 243. 90 3, 710. 00 247. 33 21,452.00 51.20 6, 779. 00 282.46 10,026.00 151. 91 39, 760. 00 160. 32 5, 2,50. 00 175.00 34, 710. 00 462. 80 38,600.00 97.23 2, 020. 00 56.95 31,650.00 194. 15 10, 000. 00 400.00 15,660.00 74. 92 7,966.00 117.15 1,659.00 165.90 C. General improve- ments directly chargeable (including previous improve- ments) (Table 7). S349, 797. 60 444. 27 10, 392. 50 269.82 19,783.75 395.68 38, 286. 00 368. 14 20,866.23 417.33 86,459.50 387. 72 147,093.50 361. 63 117,775.10 676. 76 29, 480. 15 186.36 6,936.75 239.62 181,736.60 1,098.26 10, 268. 50 197. 47 28,480.60 317. 56 27,260.46 681.51 59,521.00 441.04 4,282.00 285.60 193, 516. 00 461.83 9,619.00 400. 80 36,820.50 667. 90 84, 13, 26, 167, 18, 63, 886. 00 342. 30 479. 00 446.34 376.00 351.42 144. 50 395. 60 459. 00 401. 28 869. 00 391.80 1,751.00 390.04 230, 1, 38, 982. 00 106. 12 293.40 663.12 1,323.00 932. 30 D. Lot improve- ments, excluding buildings (Table 10). $85,680.00 108.86 4,776.00 119.40 13,713.80 274.28 15,787.00 151.73 13,490.30 269. 81 E. Houses (assumed at 30 cents per cubic foot). 47, 101, 317, 22, 12,748,506.70 3,492.38 134,176.80 3,354.42 209,780.40 4,196.61 373,386.80 3,590.26 209,867.40 4,197.36 F. Total for land and improve- ments directly chargeable (B.,C.,p., andE). 65 1, 086, 267. 71 i 4,871 $3,228,979.20 4,229.40 I 159,085.30 3,987.14 249,511.90 4,990.25 446,071.80 4,289.09 263,638.93 5, 272. 79 90 1, 239, 161 5, 118.50 2,203,611.602,614, 199. 8, 608. 70 1,181. 216. 1,447. 162. 9, 865. 26 117. 72 4,181.75 104. 54 45,249.00 412.35 4,910.00 327. 33 39,320.25 124. 25 5,528.00 230.34 10,119.00 153. 21 772, 202. 4, 515. 1 663,865. 4,310.; 124,010. 5,636.1 713,620.1 3, 755. 1 207, 394. 1 3,989. 352, 712. 40 4,249.55 174, 862. 00 4,371.30 426,4.69.01 3,876.90 39,312.00 2,620.80 1,446,039.30 3)451.17 107, 752. 20 4, 489. 67 286, 120. 00 4, 335. 20 1,002, 6, 238, 4, 58, 1,. 506. 691 101. 05 3,934.00 131. 14 4, 240. 00 189. 87 ,861.60 148. 28 5,936.00 129.05 2,261.30 136. 56 3, .631. 00 141.24 9,996.00 191. 36 0,719.00 157.62 2,525.00 252. 50 ,434 330.1 5,783.( 170, 331. ( 5,677.: 394,021.) 6,263.( ,625, 325. ( 4, 094. ( 225, 795. ( 4, 799.! 708, 979. ! 4, 349. ) 176, 940. ( 4, 423.; ,093,970.1 6, 234. ' 263,596.1 3,876.' 45,254.' 4, 525. ' 953, 5, 729, 4, 052.06 556. 26, 855. 60 304. 04 631. 20 594. 10 926. 35 731. 79 I,. 396. 15 1, 279. 40 215.54 421. 54 891. 05 558. 37 403, 804. 15 4,850.44 214, 479. 20 5,361.97 558, 069. 00 4,974.19 52,214.00 3, 480. 96 1,700,327.55 4,088.45 129,678.20 5, 403. 27 343, 085. 60 5,208.22 1,570,481.69 6, 387. 27 192.994.60 6, 430. 20 469 347. 50 6,257.71 1,879,931.70 4, 735. 73 252, 810. 00 6,387.18 826, 760. 10 5,072.00 200,222.00 5, 354. 78 1,380,608.00 6,605.80 320, 675. 20 4,714.30 68,761.40 5,876.14 G. General improve- ments, cost to be refunded (Table 8). $70,635.50 89.63 4,729.00 118.25 H. General improve- ments outside of project (Table 9). I. Build- ings other than houses (assumed at uniform cubage rates). 6,513.00 100.26. 4,690.0o'. 45.09'. 3,847.0o'. 76.99 . 13,233.60 59.91 27,632.00 55.37 15,625.00 90.00 14', 148. 00 91<90 1,195.60 24.95 20,671.20 108. 80 1,285.20 24.72 9,695.10 114.16 10, 614. 00 265.32 12, 880. 10 117. OS 989.58 65.84 44, 176. 66 105. 47 1,291.60 54.42 4,221.20 63.95 13, 856. ( 55.1 3, 372. ' 112.. 9, 772. ; 130.; 40,666.; 103.1 9,962.1 217.; 8, 979. 1 56.: 1,287.1 51.' 18,864.1 90. 7,111. 104. 959. 95. $32,990.00 41.93 Gross total (F.,G.,H., and I). 840.00 3.78, 11,890.00 23.03, $24,223.00 108.62 30,432.00 60.98 S\332,604.70 4,360.96 163,814.30 4,106.39 255,024.90 5,090.61 450,761.80 4,334.18 267,485.93 5,349.78 1, 277, 5, 348.65 728. 57 8,045.00 72.97 1,730.00 108. 00 19, 425. 00 46.37 6.3,996.00 681.78 5,392.00 15.44 131,420.00 331.03 29, 000. 00 630. 43 994. 50 6.09 7, 550. 00 36.13 1,809.60 1,393.42 1,256.20 1,684.10 744, 4, 074. 35 823. 69 ,791.75 1,304.35 1,022, 238, 4 886. 74 530. 34 176.25 581. 09 402,804.15 4,864.60 225, 093. 20 5,627.29 642,680.10 5,746.02 54,933.58 3,654.80 1,763,929.11 4,240.29 130,969.70 5, 457. 69 347,306.70 5, 272. 17 1,584,337.69 6,443.10 196,367.30 6,642.63 479,119.70 6, 388. 10 2,057,409.92 5, 185. 28 291,772.50 6, 234. 94 836, 734. 20 5,133.20 201, 509. «0 5,406.26 40,000.001,447,022.00 191.39 ' Nominal cost. 6,923.58 327,686.20 4,818.86 59, 720. 40 5, 972. 04 TABIvES. Table XI. — Summary of costs assumed for comparison of projects for housing families — Continued. 433 No. o7a 67c 404 481 150a 150b 1500 60 471 603 1636 2125 001 2728 241 Z46c 246a 246b 246e Project. Newport News, Va.: Hilton Extension- Cost Cost per family Briarfield— Cost Cost per family Niapara Falls, N. Y.: Site A— Cost Cost per familv Site B— Cost Cost per family Site C- Cost Cost per family Niles, Ohio: Cost Cost per family Norfolk district: Cradock, Va.— Cost Cost per family Olenwood Park, Va.— Cost Cost per family Truxtmi, Va. Cost Cost per family Pensaeola, Fla.: Cost Cost per family Perth Amboy, N. }.: Cost Cost per family Philadelphia, Pa.: Navy yard, Oregon Avenue — Cost Cost per family Tacony— Cost Cost per family Pompton Lakes, N. J.: Cost Cost per family Portsmouth N. H. (Kittery, Me.): Cost Cost per family Portsmouth, Ohio (second site): Cost Cost per family Puget Sound NavT Yard (Bremer- ton) Wash., Inside: Cost Cost per family Qnincy, Mass.: Arnold Street- Cost Cost per family Baker Yacht Basin- Cost Cost per family Kiver Street- Cost Cost per family Rock Island district: Davenport, Iowa — King- Cost Cost per family McManus— Cost Cost per family Park Lane- Cost Cost per family Moline. 111.— Cost Cost per family East Moline, III— Deere — Cost Cost p«r family Highlands- Cost Cost per family Rock Island, 111.— Cost Cost perfamily A. Land planned for develop- ment. $28,990.00 62.35 40,110.00 72.92 57,653.00 433.48 77,860.00 389.30 12,625.00 185.66 21,400.00 182.90 85,600.00 69.27 168,000.00 259.25 33,600.00 132. 81 17,060.00 52.30 44,000.00 282.05 355,600.00 610.91 49,480.00 184.63 4,375.00 291.67 17,000.00 265.62 106,540.00 867. 40 160,287.00 543.35 34, .520. 00 271.81 91,987.00 389. 78 40,512.00 675.20 30,742.00 256. 18 78,244.00 293.05 15,479.00 170.10 49,702.00 424.80 10,230.00 378.89 37,000.00 373. 74 93,551.00 431.11 B. Bare land, excludmg value of previous improve- ments. 124,724.00 53.17 40,110.00 72.92 49,988.00 375.85 60,860.00 304.30 12,625.00 185.66 20,072.00 171.56 77,267.00 62.67 168,000.00 259 25 27, 160. 00 107.35 7,060.00 52.30 44,000.00 282.05 355,600.00 510.91 40,476.00 151.03 4,375.00 291.67 17,000.00 265.62 121,822.00 634.50 53,707.00 182.06 29,422.00 231.67 86,851.00 368.01 34,786.00 579.77 30, 742. 00 256.18 78,244.00 293.05 12,649.00 139.00 38,283.00 327.20 9,208.00 341.04 30,880.00 311.82 87,206.00 401. 41 C. General improve- ments directly chargeable (including previous improve- ments) (Table 7). $108,010.75 232.28 143, 149. 60 264.06 82,374.00 619.36 81,035.00 405. 21 36,261.50 636.02 76,853.00 660.11 430,188.31 425.05 136,168.25 214. 37 75,866.00 299.85 63,774.50 472.92 33,383.00 214.00 385,856.75 554.28 108,830.26 406.08 3,322.26 221. 48 25,608.25 400.41 62,239.75 324. 10 139,389.37 472. 70 61,976.25 487. 96 102,833.95 435. 71 30,386.60 606.55 38,098.13 317.47 153,513.75 675.12 40,219.80 441.84 55,962.25 478.30 9,319.00 346.13 37,875.06 382.32 73,492.45 338. 67 D. Lot improve- ments, excluding buildings (Table 10). $14,580.75 207.19 46,405.50 84.36 44,056.20 350.50 42,267.00 211.30 16,895.00 248. 48 19,804.00 170. 43 $1,802,040.00 - 883.10 1,840,087.80 3,345.61 116,548.75 94.43 54,473.00 84.06 68, 465. 25 270. 61 21,848.00 161.84 10,652.20 67.64 4,461,000.00 3, 612. 10 2,084,340.90 3, 216. 10 615,107.40 2,431.25 679,750.00 6,035.20 433,213.80 2, 777. 01 41,077.00 69.00 28,133.00 104.97 3,145.15 209.87 ,6,984.20 109. 12 25,931.26 135.00 41, 751. 25 141. 19 19,349.00 152. 36 24. 159. 25 102.38 8,511.00 141. 85 18,302.50 152.52 36,911.06 137.94 13,866.00 162.26 17,869.75 144.08 4,775.00 196.82 13,525.00 136. 63 31,796.25 146.68 E. Houses (assumed at 30 cents per cubic foot). 543,975.00 4,090.10 763,040.00 3,815.20 258,188.40 3,795.40 482,629.20 4,125.02 3,249,065.00 4, 668. 19 1, 130, 173. 20 4, 194. 53,863.50 3, 657. 57 288,604.80 4,509.46 691,200.00 3,600.00 1,076,750.00 3,660.00 629,842.90 4,172.30 1,017,955.80 4,313.38 276,260.40 4,682 509,010.90 4, 241. 75 1,076,250.00 4,030. 10 368,974.50 4,064.60 480,676.70 4, 107. 49 111,458.40 4,128.10 403,278.90 4,073.53 F. Total for land and improve- ments directly chargeable (B.,C.,D., and E). $1,949,355.60 4,376.74 2, 690, 752. SO 3, 766. 95 720,393.20 5, 435. 947,202.00 4,736.01 323,959.90 4,765.56 599,358.20 5, 127. 12 5,085,004.06 4, 194. 15 2,442,982.15 3, 772. 78 786,598.65 3,109.06 772,432.50 5,722.26 521,149.00 3,340.70 4,031,697.75 5,792.38 1,307,012.45 4,856.74 64,705.90 4,380 338, 197. 25 5,284.60 901,193.00 4,693.60 1,311,097.62 4, 445. 95 640,689.15 6,044.29 1,231,800.00 5, 219. 48 349,944.00 5,910.66 596, 153. 53 4,967.92 1,344,918.80 5,036.21 436, 700. 30 4, 787, 70 592,681.70 5,057,07 134,760.40 6,011.09 486,558,95 4,904.30 924,210.601,116,705.30 4,259.05 5,145.71 G. General improve- ments, cost to be refunded (Tables). $9,070.00 18.72 44,646.00 81.00 6,535.00 49.12 15,049.00 75.25 3,181.00 46.79 17,038.00 149. 46 198,581.10 161.08 62, 463. 86 96.24 56,677.80 223.99 17,811.00 131. 95 2, 161. SO 13.77 38,587.40 65.42 9,423.00 35.15 687.60 39.17 1,860.30 29.07 9,369.60 48.75 25,500.00 86.44 14,601.48 115.05 13,366.68 56.65 12,021.46 200.37 8, 199. 00 68.33 17,232.00 64.54 7,664.80 84.22 11,782.00 100.71 6,774.00 250.85 8, 336. 40 84.22 17,993.80 82.89 H. General improve- ments outside of project (Table 9). $15,285.00 27.79 1,750.00 25.72 1,250.00 10. 96 34,64S..'iO 28.10 ■ 1,224.00 1 "- 14,495.00 57.30 21,845.00 161.82 5,500.00 85.94 770.00 3.26 6,641.00 24.50 I. Build- ings other than houses (assumed at uniform cubage rates). $205,847.00 443.97 452,856.00 823.37 $2,164,272.50 4,838.43 3,203,538.80 4,699.11 676,000.00 647.21 36,000.00 64.01 280, 640. OO 1, 109. 26 28,000.00 207. 41 32,984.00 47.39 Gross total (r.,G.,H., and I). 726,928.20 5,484.92 962,261.00 4,811.26 328,890.90 4,838.07 617,646.20 5.287.54 6,994,233.66 4,930.54 2,641,670.01 3,924.92 1,138,411.45 4,499.60 840,088.50 6,223.40 523,300.80 3,354.47 4, 103, 169. 15 6, 895. 19 1,317.036.45 4; 891. 89 65,293.60 4,419.76 346, .557. 55 5,399,61 910,562.60 4,742.35 1,336,697.62 4,532.39 666,190.63 5,159.34 1,245,«36.68 5,280.39 381,965.46 6, 110, 92 604,352.53 5,036.25 1,368,691.80 5,125.25 443,366.10 4,871.92 604,463.70 6,157.78 141,534.40 6,26L94 493,896.35 4,988,52 1,134,699.10 5,228.60 1 Nominal cost. 434 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. Table XI. — Summary of costs assumed/or comparison of projects for housing families — Continued. No. 1368 138 1535 130 118 27a 27b 54c 64( 54g 549 380 Project. Seven Pines, Va.: Cost Cost per family Sharon, Pa.: Cost Cost per family Soutli Bend, Ind.: Cost Cost per family Statenlsland, N. v.: Apartments — Cost.. Cost per family Houses — Cost Cost per family Warren, Ohio: Northeast — Cost Cost per family Southeast — Cost Cost per family Washington, D. C, district: Navy Yard — Apartments — Cost Cost per family Houses- Cost Cost per family Residence Halls^ Twenty-first and B Streets- Cost Cost per family Bureau of Standards- Cost Cost per family South Capitol Street- Cost Cost per family Steel & Ordnance Co. — Cost Cost per family Waterbury, Conn.: Chase- Cost Cost per family Sylvan Avenue — Cost Cost p3r family Watertown, N. Y.: Cost Cost per family Watervliet (Troy), N. Y.: Cost Cost per family Total, 97 sites, 21,005 families (in- cluding prorated costs where quan- tities are unknown, X ): Cost Cost per family A. Land plarmed for develop- ment. 826,494.00 30.68 19,597.00 91.15 61,150.00 328.76 6,750.00 187.50 18,000.00 230.77 12,500.00 240.38 13,150.00 279. 79 73,544.00 238.78 86,216.00 314. 68 100,560.00 32, 270. 00 316. 37 23,048.00 114. 67 13,208.00 178. 42 6,585.00 94.67 27,845.00 206.25 79,939.00 265.62 25,750.00 282.96 4,498,503.00 214. 16 B. Bare land, ■ excludmg value ol previous improve- ments. $26,494.09 30.68 19,597.00 91.15 48,877.00 262. 78 5,178.00 172.60 15,725.00 201.60 12,500.00 240.38 13,150.00 279. 79 70,771.00 229.13 63,757.00 232.69 90,282.00 268.69 31,010.00 304.02 11,790.00 58.66 6,486.00 87.65 6,585.00 94.67 27,846.00 206.25 78,277.00 259.20 12,409.00 136. 36 4,035,900.00 192.14 C. General improve- ments, directly chargeable (including previous improve- ments) (Table 7). $455,191.65 627.56 170,049.80 790. 72 180,008.00 972. 51 2,534.00 73.18 33,378.75 427.93 20,530.25 394. 82 19,329.30 693.64 144,707.25 469. S3 125,366.55 457. 61 27,151.30 80.45 8,048.00 78.90 34,381.25 195.60 34,092.75 703.95 32,174.00 460.21 66,625.50 493.47 100,442.50 332.63 41,597.90 456.76 !, 282, 068. 60 394.25 D. Lot improve- ments, excluding buildings (Table 10). $93,858.25 108.83 32,881.95 152.93 34,874.60 187. .50 1,110.30 30.84 14,206.10 182. 12 6,393.00 122. 95 7,179.26 152. 75 8,453.50 25.61 48,530.70 177. 11 11,220.35 33.39 6,532.90 64.04 15,459.00 76.91 12,254.25 165. 58 13,420.40 191.72 20,427.00 151.31 81,693.00 270.13 13,859.50 1.52.81 3,104,420.10 147.80 E. Houses (assumed at 30 cents per cubic loot). $4,110,946.50 4,698.20 947,800.00 4,408.40 1,064,955.60 6, 725. 57 84,672.00 2,352.00 234,991.85 3,012.70 219,200.00 4,216.40 202,978.80 4,318.70 1,604,013.40 4,883.16 1,555,069.80 5,675.44 957,600.00 2,850.00 430,601.10 4,221.58 427,632.00 2, 127. 64 369,902.40 4,998 326,859.00 4,669.41 628,428.90 4,656.03 1,256,227.50 4,169.69 366,727.50 4,029.97 91,890,653.45 4,374.70 F. Total for land and improve- ments directly cliargeable (B.,C.,D., and E). $4,685,490.40 6,365.26 1,170,328.76 6,433.20 1,328,715.20 7, 148. 36 93,494.30 2,628.62 298,301.70 3,824.35 258,623.25 4,973.56 242,637.35 5,444. 1,727,945.15 5,607.73 1,792,724.05 6,542.85 1,086.253.65 3,232.53 476,192.00 4,668.54 489, 262. 35 2,458.71 422,735.40 5,965.87 379,038.40 6,416.01 743,326.40 5,506.06 1,516,640.00 5,021.65 434,593.90 4,775.90 107,802,932.05 5,108.93 G. General improve- ments, cost to be refunded (Tables). $46,900.00 54.34 12,636.00 59.05 21,445.40 115. 55 406.88 11.31 9,662.08 123.84 1,702.40 32.74 3,821.76 81.44 11,930.00 37.16 16,971.00 62.27 6,096.76 18.09 1, 115. 90 10.93 8,088.00 40.24 4,628.00 61.18 3,736.80 53.39 6,125.90 45.35 26,640.00 88.20 9,221.00 101.33 H. General improve- ments outside of iroiect 'able 9). pr( (Tal 1,839,855.08 87.59 $1,960.00 4.52 6,589.50 71.64 2,975.00 4.14 7,500.00 101.36 11,422.00 163.17 1,629.00 12.02 331,623.50 15.78 I. Build- ings other than houses (assumed at uniform cubage rates). $570,043.00 660.53 8,100.00 40.29 1,085.00 15.50 1,085.00 8.04 Gross total (E.,G.,H., and I). $5,303,433.40 6,080.13 1,182,964.75 5,502.26 1,362,120.60 7,268.43 93,901.18 2,639.93 313,553.28 4,019.83 260,325.65 5,006.29 246,459.11 5,526.32 1,742,850.15 5,649.03 1,800,696.05 6,606.12 1,092,360.41 3,260.62 477,307.90 4,679.47 505,450.35 2,539.24 434,763.40 6,118.41 395,282.20 5,648.07 752,166.30 5,571.47 1,543,280.00 5, 109. 85 443,814.90 4, 877. 23 3,903,750.00 185.85 112,388,260.63 5,398.11 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR APPENDIXES I TO XV REPORT OF BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL HOUSING AND TRANSPORTATION UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION 435 APPENDIX I. INSTRUCTIONS TO " SECOND INVESTIGATION " COMMITTEE FOR THE COLLECTION OF GENERAL INFORMATION ON SITES FOR INDUSTRLA.L HOUSING DEVELOPMENTS. DEPARTMENT OP LABOR. BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL HOUSING AND TRANSPORTATION, TOWN PLANNING DIVISION, MAY 20, 1918. NOTE. — Investigators are to report also in accordance with instructions to investigators for the collection of engineering information, and suggestions for investigators* report for use of Estimating Department in making final estimates. Investigators should familiarize themselves with the bureau's instructions to engineers, instructions to town plaimers, and standards for permanent industrial housing developments. (1) DATA AS TO AVAILABILITY OF SITE. (To be filled in by the Investigators of the Production Division ' as far as is necessary for decision as to site and kind of housing and to be completed by the designers after site is chosen.) (If there is more than one site, use separate schedule for each. If area reported upon is larger than is needed, indicate the portion preferred, making a separate report on that portion if necessary. Accompany schedule with report, giving further detail where necessary.) A. Location. 1. Area, gross available acres. Area physically suitable for lots and streets acres. Area not suitable for lots and streets acres. This is unsuitable because 2. Cost, gross, of available area (estimated) (appraised) by Real Estate Division $ Cost, per gross acre, of land needed for total of houses $ Cost, per square foot, of area suitable for lots and streets $ 3. Topography; Maps filed as checked below: District at scale of i inch to i mile (U. S. G. S. sheet). Better map of vicinity of site (if obtainable). Best map of site and boundaries available. Photographs of site. To be followed, as soon as possible after site is chosen, by topographic maps of site, scales 2oo'=i''' and 4o'=i", as per bureau's Instructions to Stu-veyors. 4. Relation to surroundings (shown as far as possible on small-scale map): Relation to 1 ., , _, . \ city plan. There is no | -^ ^ There is (is no) city plan commission. Relation to adjoining towns Relation to transportation system , steam and electric Relation to State and county highways Provision for present or future through trafiHc across develop- ment is (is not) necessary. A street plan has (has not) been proposed for site. The following (No.) streets on the site have been dedicated. Relation to playgrounds and parks existing or projected Relation to factory sites Relation to water front * That is, the architectural, town planning and engineering divisions, as they Fvere later designated. 4. Relation to surroundings — Continued. Distance from center of site to nearest railroad station , post office , shops , churches , fire house , high school , grade school , movies other amusements (locations of these and of industrial and residential areas shown on map). Accessible grade schools can accommodate additional pupils. Accessible high schools can accommodate additional pupils. New housing will probably require, in addition to these existing facilities : Type of adjoining development Type of development to be expected in neighborhood Usual size of lots Local custom as to alleys Preferred types of houses , number of rooms. Local peculiarities of design Customary building materials 5. Accessibility: Distance from on highway, miles. Condition of highway Grades of highway Present highway can (can not) be developed, estimated cost $ New highway is (is not) necessary, estimated cost $ Distance of center of property from trolley line on Street or right of way, feet. Fare to cents. Trolley line can (can not) be run through property, estimated cost $ Financed by Distance of center of tract from freight siding on R. R feet. Capacity of siding Freight siding can (can not) be carried to property, at a cost of $ B. Physical Condition op Site. I. Grading: Site requires (does not require) extensive cut (fill). Available material 1 . f is ^ Place of disposal . . | There are (are not) steep slopes 437 438 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. 2 . Clearing : Present surface cover 3. Soil: Nature of top soil depth 4- fertility Nature of subsoil Approximate depth to rock where soil is shallow Nature of rock .' Water: Water table is feet below surface. It indicated on plan where water will interfere with cellars. Natural surface drainage is to Soil is (is not) pervious If necessary, water table may be lowered by Character ofl _,, } running water streams There are no ) Frost: Maximum depth in ground Winds: Direction and characteristics as affected by topography and other local conditions : Cold winter winds Prevailing summer winds Hot weather night breeze or drift Nuisances, occurrence and possibilities of abatement : Mosquitoes Smoke Objectionable views Existing features worth preserving if possible : Trees, shrubs, and plants Ledges, streams, ponds, and other natural features Structures, to be utilized Good views ^ APPENDIX II. SUGGESTIONS TO INVESTIGATORS FOR INFORMATION TO BE TRANSMITTED TO ESTIMATING DEPARTMENT FOR USE IN MAKING FINAL ESTIMATES. DEPAKTMBNT OF LABOR. BTIREATJ OF INDUSTRIAL HOUSING AND TRANSPORTATION, REQUIREMENTS DIVISION, ESTIMATING BRANCH ,{A8 LATER ORGANIZED). 1. LOCATION. (d) Get list of local subcontractors who in your opinion would (a) Give location of project with reference to nearest supply ^^ qualified to successfully handle work in their respective lines centers °^ ^ job of this size, as follows: Plumbing, heating, electric wiring and installation, painting, plastering, roofing, etc. (b) Give distance to nearest railroad terminal, stating number of cars per day such terminal can normally handle. , ^ Ar>r.n This is an important item and should be investigated thoroughly. (c) If terminal is any distance from job, report if there are any (") Interview the local secretary of the building trades union plans for extending spurs to job, and if so will same be ready for and get his opinion of general conditions as far as supply and handling material for same. demand for labor is concerned. Also interview at least two general contractors, one subcontractor in each trade, and a business man in this connection. (d) If necessary to dray material from terminal to job give a thorough report on road conditions, in both dry and wet weather. Also investigate as to teaming facilities. Whether it will be possible (6) State definitely if there is an apparent shortage of construe- to hire sufficient teams in neighborhood to readily handle material, tion labor in the District. or if there is an apparent scarcity of such. (c) Are building operations in district active to such a degree as (e) Give population and character of nearest community to absorb all normal local labor in the various trades ? centers. (d) Is nearest community such as to care for a large influx of con- 2. MATERIAL SUPPLY. struction labor without resort to a construction camp ? An influx , , T . Y< <, , Y . . of 3,000 or 4, ooo? (a) List all reputable supply houses in nearest community cen- ters, giving your personal opinion as to their ability to furnish ordinary miscellaneous supplies on a project this size. As far as (^) " '^^^"^'^ ^^^ *° ^^^P ™^^ '"^ "^^^^^ t°^' "^^^^ ^°"'d be practicable give their normal stock capacity. "°^<^ satisfactory way of getting them to job ? Does car system or railroad run within reasonable distance? If so, are such cars at present unduly crowded during rush hours on account of other "(ii'Locateas near' as' possible the' nearest local' supply of sand ""^^'^y operations? If no such systems, would trucks be neces- and gravel or crushed stone, advisingif same is nearenoughto dray ^^^ °'' ^""^"^ ^^'^ ^^ ^^*^" ^''^'^^g distance? or whether railroad transportation will be necessary. State maxi- mum capacity in each instance. (/) Taking above conditions into consideration, would you deem it advisable for contractor to erect barracks on job and take care of (c) Get in touch with at least two reputable contractors in nearest °^^^ '"^'^ ' community and get their personal opinion, as far as possible, in re- gard to the condition of the local material market. Also get opinion (g) Is there any apparent labor unrest in district ? As far as you of some good business man who is in more or less close touch with can gather, is there any feeling in district against imported labor? local material supply along same lines. Not necessary to inquire Or are conditions in district such that outside labor could have for prices unless especially requested to do so. any objections to going there? 439 44° REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. (h) Is nearest community union or open shop? 4_ CONSTRUCTION. /■\ -re • 1 r J. 1 c t, 4. J ill 4. iLu (^) M^ke test borings to determine character of soil in excava- (i) If union get from secretary of each trade the exact number .. „ ^ . . - , ,. , , . , •ij-ii.j.ij "°'^- "-any same to depth of 12 feet unless solid rock is sooner en- of men registered m that trade. ^jj ,„... ,. counterea, and report definitely character of various soils encoun- tered. (j) Get scale of wages in all trades as per labor schedule attached herewith. (2) gtate general weather conditions that are likely to be en- {k)U community nonunion get above information as far as countered in the six months following this report. Would locality practicable. possibly be subjected to spells of prolonged rain or other weather unsuitable for working at certain periods during this period of six months. Would weather due to this time of year Tae excessively (I) Has local labor been accustomed to working overtime or re- hot or cold, or would it be more or less temperate? General infor- ceiving bonus or premiums of any kind ? mation only wanted in this connection. APPENDIX III. INSTRUCTIONS TO INVESTIGATORS FOR THE COLLECTION OF ENGINEERING INFORMATION ON SITES FOR INDUSTRIAL HOUSING DEVELOPMENTS. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. BTTRBAU OF INDUSTRIAL HOUSING AJSTD TRANSPORTATION, TOWN PIiAKTNXNG DITTSION. A. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS AFFECTING THE SELECTION OF SITES. INSTRUCTIONS FOR INVESTIGATORS. 1. Drainage. — It is important to notice that the site can be well drained to ample depths required for cellars. High, slightly roll- ing or gently sloping land at least 15 to 20 feet above an available outlet in the immediate vicinity is highly desirable and ideal. 2. Low lands available. — Low marshy land with no marked drainage lines is not to be entirely avoided, because it can prob- ably be developed, but at considerable expense for grading or pumping the sewage and drainage, which expense must be added to the land and should be kept in mind for comparative purposes. 3. Marked natural drainage. — Gently sloping land, with well marked natural drainage lines traversing it, is desirable, as cost for natural drainage is lessened and desirable open spaces are increased. 4. Broken land. — Very broken land, with accordingly rugged topography, all requiring a great deal of heavy grading to render it habitable, is to be avoided for present purposes. 5. Desirable sandy land. — Sandy soils, with low ground water level and good outlet, are desirable, although expensive to fully develop. The disadvantage of expensive black soil importation offsets in part the nattu-ally good drainage, dry cellars, and cheap storm water removal available. 6. Undesirable sandy land. — Sandy soils with high ground water level and poor outlet facilities are expensive for the construction of underground work. 7. Clay soils. — Close clay soils are not entirely desirable, as sur- face drainage will be largely increased, especially where steep slopes prevail. Stiff clay makes for expensive pavements im- peratively needed and often cellar drainage must be especially provided. 8. Gravels and sands. — Gravel soil: Sandy gravel even contain- ing some clay makes an excellent site, particularly when porous and combined with low ground water level. Such a site needs a minimum of street pavement or, at best, inexpensive pavement, and the drainage system will be much cheapened. Excavation is also less costly than in some other soils. g. Sites best for streets. — The topography best suited for streets will furnish grades not less than 0.3 or 0.4 per cent and not greater than 4 per cent. 10. Corporate limits. — It is important to note whether proposed housing site is inside corporate limits of the municipality and, if it is not, to ascertain possibility and terms for connections with existing municipal public utilities. B.— SEWERAGE. I. Connection to existing systems. — The available outlet for the sewers must be fully investigated. If this is through an existing 118791°— 19— VOL 2 80 sewer in a neighboring sewer system, ascertain if it is large enough, where it empties, and what, if anything, it imperils. Report type of sewer system, whether sanitary, combined, or storm water. 2. Note approximate drainage areas, direction of flow, and rela- tive sxuface elevations, with particular reference to the necessity and approximate size of storm sewers and open ditches. 3. Long outlet. — If long outlet sewers are necessary for connec- tion with neighboring sewers, ascertain the cost of same and how this may compare with other possible outlets. 4. Legal status. — Investigate if local sewers in adjacent systems can be legally used without payment. If proposed housing quarters are outside corporate limits, can connection be made with sewers in corporation? 5. Special assessment laws. — Always check general statements about the use of adjacent sewers by consultation with the city authorities, and particularly see the special assessment laws and ordinances by which such sewer districts were formed and such sewers paid for. 6. Constructive questions. — ^Ascertain soil conditions as to cost of construction on the proposed site. Will banks stand up alone? To what depth? Quicksand? Rock? Ground water, etc.? 7. Local material. — Are there local supplies of building mate- rial? Lumber? Cement? Sand? Gravel? Broken stone, etc.? Prices? 8. Local contractors. — ^Are there local contractors and builders? What equipment is available, such as trench machines, concrete mixers, grading outfits, steam shovels, teams, motor trucks? Find recent contract prices for sewers, paving, curbs, and side- walks. 9. Transportation. — What are the railroad switch and trans- portation facilities for delivery of material? 10. Local labor. — Investigate local labor situation with refer- ence to available carpenters and laborers. C— SEWAGE DISPOSAL. DATA GOVERNING THE SELECTION OP OUTFALLS. 1. Outfalls to be first considered. — As the sewerage and drainage is in many ways affected by the ultimate method of sewage dis- posal, it is essential that investigators should obtain the data for the proper solution and approval of that problem. 2. State control. — In most States tlie State board of health has control of the sanitary standards to be observed, and in some cases they issue rules, directions, and in other cases have well-defined policies which it is important to know and follow. 3. Detailed approval by State authorities. — Where State boards of health or other authority control stream pollution, it is usual to find that the law provides that they have final approval of all plans and specifications. This should be kept in mind. 441 442 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. 4. Extension of existing facilities. — In localities where sewerage facilities exist, extension of such facilities is presupposed, unless the State authority or good practice requires their revision or rejection. ■ 5. Local practice. — In developments which are contiguous to municipalities or are parts of municipalities, the practice and method of such municipality should be followed if good, and followed and supplemented by good practice where desirable. 6. Isolated developments. — Where developments are not adjacent to settled territory of any description, standards must be outlined, future expansion taken into account, and especially complete information obtained. 7. Stream pollution. — In general, streams should not receive raw sewage from isolated developments unless the extreme low water flow of the stream exceeds about 5 cubic feet per second for each 1,000 of the probable future population. 8. Provision for future tankage. — In every case where possible, outlet sewers should be at such elevation that sewage treatment by tankage can be readily introduced in the future, if required. 9. Outlets.— In the case of all considerable streams into which the contents of sewers is discharged, good practice would suggest that submerged outlets conveying the normal flow should extend out into water of such depth that the sewage will be quickly diffused and not easily observable. Overflow at the shore line may provide for abnormal flow. 10. Tidal outlets. — In cases where outlet sewers empty in tidal estuaries, special studies are necessary to be assured that freedom from offensive conditions will be obtained. In some cases where elevation is lacking, it may be necessary to store the sewage tem- porarily during high tide and in other cases it may be desirable for other reasons to release the sewage from storage reservoirs on the falling tide only. 11. Partial treatment. — In cases where the low water flow of streams available for sewage is less than about 5 cubic feet per second for each 1,000 of ultimate future population served, treat- ment works should be planned for, and if population in the near future requires, such works should be introduced more or less completely as circumstances appear to render necessary. 12. Complete treatment. — In cases where the sewage must be emptied into a stream quite insufficient in flow to properly deal with the sewage, treatment works of a reasonably complete char- acter must be introduced. 13. Complete plant for extreme cases. — No sewage or polluted storm water should be discharged into a stream used as a source of domestic water supply at any point which may possibly contami- nate such water supply, except in the most extreme cases. When it is absolutely unavoidable to divert the sewage from a stream used as a source of water supply, treatment plants of the most complete and reliable character should be introduced. A site involving the above conditions is undesirable and should not be selected if it is possible to avoid it. 14. Provision for future treatment. — Where it is likely that while the present population may safely empty sewage into streams, the future population can not probably do so. Space and elevations should be left so as to provide for the possible future installation necessary. 15. Treatment sites removed from population areas. — Sewer out- falls liable to require treatment plants should not be located in or near thickly populated or residential property, if it is possible to avoid it. 16. Long outfalls avoided. — But, on the other hand, long outfall sewers are to be avoided if possible, where the liability to intro- duce treatment works is only a future possibility. Short outfalls to the nearest outlet may be selected but at such elevation that intercepting sewers to more distant outfalls can be introduced when found necessary. D.— WATER SUPPLY. 1. Extension of existing facilities. — Available water supplies already developed should be examined in detail to ascertain that they will be satisfactory from the standpoint of (i) quality, (2) quantity, and (3) pressure. 2. Waterworks information. — Waterworks information should Include : (a) Type and capacity of pumps. (6) Average daily supply. (c) Population served. (d) Pressure near point of extension. (e) Relative elevation of proposed site. (/) Size of main supply pipes to site. {g) Reservoir and standpipe elevations for storage. 3. Cost of connecting mains. — Where connecting mains outside of the site are not sufficient in size or are deficient in pressure, the cost of supplying these deficiencies should be approximately ascertained, if possible, and also inquiry should determine if that cost will be assumed by the municipality or water company. 4. Water rates. — ^Ascertain if water is sold in adjacent territory by meter or flat rates or in part both, what these rates are, and what policy the water company or department will have in the matter of housing development, particularly if proposed housing quarters are outside of corporate limits. 5. Cost, how raised. — ^Ascertain if the extension of water mains within the housing development site will be a direct charge or will be amortized in the rates. 6. Pressure. — Find out if pressure is efficient, if new and higher pressure can be generally installed, if a, high service district is necessary, or if booster pumps or storage will be needed. 7. Fire engines. — Ascertain whether fire engines are used or if extra fire pressure is developed at pumping station for fire service . 8. Poor supply, quality. — Water supplies from surface supply unfiltered are to be looked upon with suspicion, and, generally, arrangements should be urged, if possible, for their filtration or, at least, sterilization. 9. Contamination by new housing. — Water supplies in adjacent developments should not be imperiled by the installation of the new housing developments in such manner that the sewage will reach their source. 10. Special report. — If entire new supplies must be developed, an experienced waterworks engineer should especially report on the possible source and the cost of construction and operation, and should show the resulting rates as well. 11. Pressure determination. — Determine the pressure at impor- tant points by gauging the fire hydrants. Secure, if possible, the latest fire underwriter's report on the local water supply. E.— STREETS AND PAVEMENTS. 1. Situation. — Note location of proposed housing site with refer- ence to street connections of the municipality. Is site on a main thoroughfare ? Will extensive street work be required to connect the housing site with the business and factory sections? 2. Soil and drainage. — As a well-drained site or one with gravel soil may materially reduce tlie necessity for expensive improved pavements, those features should be specially observed. 3. Grades.—the. best topography for street grades will run not less than 0.3 per cent or 0.4 per cent and not greater than 4 per cent. Note extent of grading required for streets and houses. 4. Local practice. — Observe local practice as to types of pave- ment, street and pavement widths, curb and gutters, and side- walks, particularly where there are recently built industrial hous- ing quarters or new real estate developments. Note whether alleys are used. APPENDIX III. 443 5. Local materials and prices. — For approximate or comparative estimates, note availability of local paving materials and prices; also recent contract prices for pavements, curbs, and walks. F.— ELECTRIC LIGHT AND GAS. A good description of the local electric light plant and gas com- pany should be secured. Have they capacity? How connected up to site? Cost? By whom paid? Report on local methods of street lighting. Investigate rates. Is there dissatisfaction in community? Is it reasonable or unreasonable? Hear both sides to any con- troversy. Compare rates with other similar situations. See if there is any reason for abnormal rates. Are rates governed by State or other utility commission? Is service good? Quality of gas? How determined? What ordinance requirements? Electric light: Are there breakdowns and stoppages? Why? Will companies finance complete installation and authorize through rates or expect cash cost advance and rates accordingly? What contractual relations otherwise may be reasonably ex- pected? a APPENDIX IV. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS TO COMMITTEE OF DESIGNERS. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. BTTREATT OP IIfI>TJSTRIAIi HOUSING AND TRANSPORTATION, TOWN PLANNING, ENGINEERING, AND ARCHITECTTTRAL DIVISIONS, MAY 2 lo t iS 1 T3 |S (0 ,'i 1 - — ~3 1 'S,' '« __ ._J 1 i ^= IZ .y. 1 1 Lz J 1 r- ' |s. 1 H r ,s >■ Q) |LlJ b u P 1 o 1" 3 :s u ' n I "^ f ■0 c lo iS ID 1 t z o I- h2 -7 1" z o i o 2 I £ §H3§8g ^ oodx u z o H o LJ ipEI! o I Jj^ iu lu luiulU ■a-o z o (- o UJ to APPENDIX VI. 455 ^o^p H .9;^ .9U 1 ^^ TT o 6 c ■o ^ mo* tsao --^ — - ° z 4 o 10 11 1 .s II , r -i^ / . 1 j^t .(^.^' ^ ^ji* J* T .OiSi ' 2£ Z < I- z < o Q z g 456 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. prejudices arising therefrom. Probably a good compromise be- tween these two limits is to locate the plant, if possible, so well outside of town sites that isolation is secured and yet sewage is not to exceed three or four hours old. 9. Theory of design. — Plants for fresh, or comparatively fresh, domestic sewage should be designed on the theory that the sus- pended solids should be promptly and effectively separated from the liquid and after division impounded in a separate chamber. It is further desirable that the liquid effluent after the separation from the solids should be passed on to further treatment still con- taining a considerable proportion of dissolved oxygen if possible. 10. Conforming design to physical opportunities . — To do this ad- vantage may be taken of the physical fact that in all early stages of decomposing solids in sewage much entrained gas is generated which lightens the specific gravity of coarse suspended matters and tends to raise most of the mass to surface flotation on the separating chamber. 11. Requisites of fresh sewage tank design. — Good practice would therefore indicate in plants treating fresh domestic sewage that there should be provided: (i) A separation chamber or series of chambers with ample capacity for the formation of surface floating sludge; (2) sufficiently reduced velocities in such chambers to induce suspended matter to rise and be detained in the upper ones, or fall, if they will, into a hopper bottom; (3) inlet and outlet baffles to permit defused inflow and outflow at about mid depth; and (4) no longer period of detention for the liquid than is necessary for such complete and prompt separation of the solids as can be reasonably obtained . 12. Sludge digestion annex tank. — To such a chamber should be conveniently annexed a separate tank for the digestion and decom- position of the sludge. This digestion tank should carry its water surface at a lower head or level than that of the initial separating chamber so that the surface scum and sludge from the separating chamber may be easily drawn over into the digesting tank from time to time as it is available. The hopper bottom of the separat- ing chamber should also be connected to the digestion tank by a pipe and valve so that the settled contents can be drawn over into the digesting tank at will. 13. Additional separating chambers. — If further detention of sus- pended matter is desirable a secondary separating chamber and even a third separating chamber can be introduced in all respects like the first one, the sludge content of such chamber being di- verted by the plant operator from time to time into the common sludge digesting tank. Usually this should be done once in a week or so. 14. Sludge beds. — ^Means should be provided for withdrawing the contents of the sludge digesting chamber, after its complete diges- tion and reduction, which will occur in a period of some months. This can be done through the hopper bottom by pipe and valve to sludge drying beds prepared for the purpose. 15. Effluent requirements. — As has been already said, the effluent from the separating chamber should, if possible, still contain some dissolved oxygen or, where it can be readily done, it should be aerated to increase the dissolved oxygen that further filtration where necessary can be quickly and efficiently accomplished without undue odor. 16. Old or stale sewage treatment. — The initial treatment of domes- tic sewage of an age midway between fresh and stale can properly be carried on best in tanks as above described for the reason that ample provision is or should be made both for settlement and for flotation of suspended matter, but the treatment of domestic sewage and industrial waste of an advanced stage of decomposition is probably carried on as well in double story tanks of the Travis and Imhoff type because the entrained gases having largely escaped the specific gravity of the suspended matter is such that settlement occiurs with but little flotation, hence such devices as the Travis or Imhoff slot come into play well in separating suspended matter from the body of the sewage flow. In general more storage capacity must be provided for old decomposed and finely divided sewage solids than is necessary for fresh sewage. 17. Retention period. — No hard and fast rule can be laid down for the retention period in separating chambers in the design be- cause the theoretical velocity across the chamber must always be a function of the specific gravity of the solids which in turn will vary with the age of the sewage which in tara will be different in different localities. In an illustrative way it may be said that for quite a fresh sewage a theoretical detention period of 30 to 50 minutes has been found effective in primary separating chambers and as much more in secondary chambers, and it is obvious that as the specific gravity of the solids approaches more closely to that of the liquid longer periods or more separating chambers are indicated. 18. Flexibility through the unit jy^iero.— Sewage tanks (and plants as well) must ordinarily deal with largely fluctuating conditions of flow both in quantity and quality. Moreover in a growing popu- lation not only is the quality often radically changing its character, but the quantity is constantly increasing. It is of the utmost im- portance therefore that all parts of the plant be designed on this unit basis with units out of service provided for the peak load or the future. This is not only necessary to properly take care of future growth, but also to enable the operator to throw in or throw out of service units as may be required to meet the constantly changing conditions of retention, concentration, age, and specific gravity. A plant (or its initial tanks) so provided with flexibility through the unit system avoids the danger of being improperly proportioned or of being beyond intelligent control in operation. 19. Important details. — Experience seems to show that rather deep (2 to 2K feet width) separating chambers have some advantage over long shallow ones and it would appear that it is quite desirable that hopper bottoms have quite steep sides, 60 degrees from the horizontal being desirable, that is, where it can be obtained. 20. Housing. — Good practice now avoids the flooring over of tanks with permanent materials so as to embarrass inspection and operation. It appears on the contrary most desirable to provide for easy access and observation to all parts of the tank by walks and platforms, the whole tank to be preferably housed by inexpensive and convenient building, which will afford the operator protection, prevent trespass or accident, and, in cold climates, modify tem- perature conditions. 21. Materials. — Permanent materials appear to be indicated as desirable for all sewage tanks, except those whose situation is such that it is obvious that in the near future radical changes in outlet or location or method will have to be made. 22. Water supply. — ^The introduction of clean water hose streams under pressure from the nearest public water supply is highly desirable. Such supply is useful for occasionally cleansing fouled surfaces. Flushing and stirring dense mixtures are other aids to proper operation. 23. Grit chambers. — Grit chambers may be needed in many instances, particularly in sandy subsoils where sewer leakage occurs or in treating the flow of combined sewers or partially com- bined sewers receiving street washings. SECONDARY TRBATMUNT. 1. Further requirements after tankage. — The question as to secondary treatment of tank effluent will largely be a matter of local study. If ample stream flow is available it is undesirable ordinarily to further treat the tank effluent. In some situations it may be desirable to chlorinate the tank effluent; in other cases long outlets into deep water with wide diffusion are desirable and in other cases further artifical treatment is necessary. 2. Reaion for filiration. — ^Where further treatment is required it is usually because available stream flow is insufficient or because APPENDIX VI. 457 of the necessity of aiding by sewage treatment the protection of domestic water supplies in the vicinity of the outfall. 3. Stream ratio. — ^Where stream flow falls below about 5 cubic feet per second per 1,000 of population, tankage is usually neces- sary, and if the stream flow falls below the amount necessary to neutralize tank effluent then further artificial filtration is indicated. 4. Stream, flow ratio, e'xceptions . — The ratio of 5 cubic feet per second per i ,000 population must not be taken too literally, because it is modified by the character of the stream and temperature. In small brooks, and especially objectionable places with fresh sewage, there may be found several times s cubic feet and still satisfactory conditions may not be produced. In larger but more shallow creeks 5 cubic feet may not be enough and 7 or even 10 cubic feet per second may be required; while in larger rivers and unobjectionable places the ratios may descend to 4 and even in some extreme cases 3^ cubic feet per 1,000 population. 5 . Effects of tank treatment. — It is not possible to say with definite- ness just what efiect tank treatment may have in all cases, but it may perhaps be usually assumed in a general way that with well designed tanks properly operated about one-half the stream flow necessary for raw sewage will neutralize the tank effluent. 6. Local conditions govern selection. — In deciding upon further treatment to supplement tankage the available opportunities and materials of the locality in which the plant is situated will ordinar- ily play a very large part in the final decision as to the method adopted. 7. Conditions pointing to trickling filters . — In locations where fall is available and broken stone abundant and cheap and where some odor at times is unobjectionable the sprinkling filter or the contact bed may be used economically. 8. Ordinary intermittent filtration. — ^Where sandy soil prevails and land is not especially valuable some form of intermittent filtration on prepared areas may be well adopted. 9. Intensive intermittent filtration. — Where sand is available, land expensive, and particularly in small installations (below say a quarter or a half million gallon daily flow), well designed fully underdrained and properly graded and built artificial filters oper- ated intermittently are an especially desirable and satisfactory form for yielding a high grade effluent. It is to be doubted if, for small installations where conditions are favorable, any form of secondary filtration approaches this type in reliability under ordinary care. 10. Minimum rates of flow. — ^Rates of flow for filtration beds are commonly understood and well discussed in sewage disposal text- books, but it should be pointed out that in plants dealing with fresh domestic .sewage, where the effluent from correctly designed and well-operated preliminary tanks is satisfactory, rates of filtration in any kind of following filter may be higher than where old, stale and decomposed sewage must be dealt with. In the latter case not only should liberal areas be allowed for low rates of filtration, but as well rest and rejuvenation must be provided for up to very wide limits. 11. On the other hand (to illustrate) with fresh sewage rapidly put through the preliminary separating tanks, and with well designed artificially built up sand filters composed of ample underdrainage, graded gravel, and selected sands, experience has demonstrated that summer rates of flow can be very much higher than usually stated in the textbooks and can be maintained over long periods of time with only weekly raking and other minor attentions. 12. Base of operation. — In the design of sewage treatment plants it is of great importance to so design all of the principal operations that the superintendent can guide and control its functions without coming into offensive contact with the sewage or sludge. To this end simple mechanical means of operation are warranted in every stage of the case where diversion, flushing, sludge with- drawal or other similar operations are required. Plants so designed will be well operated where any unpleasant or disagreeable task is certain to be neglected. 13. Designed for cleanliness. — Plants should be so designed as to enable the operator to keep them clean and free from undue odor. This can be done where the unit proportions are correctly designed and operation is elastic, and where the sewage to be treated is not in an advanced stage of decomposition. 14. Average rates. — For general guidance of the designer the following table of suggested practice ordinarily applicable is presented: Table showing tentative standards for sewage treatment. For fresh sewage 4 to 7 hours old, still containing dissolved oxygen. Separate sewers. Combined sewers. For old or decomposed sewage, 6 to 25 hours old, devoid of dissolved oxygen. Separate sewers. Combined sewers. Grit chambers. Separation and sedimentation compartments. Sludge digestion compartments. Sludge beds Trickling filters for about 6 feet depth. Contact beds for about 4 feet depth. Sand filters (natural conditions only artificially improved), depth about 3 feet. Sand filter (high grade selected sands and gravels fully built up along water works standard lines), depth about 3X feet. Velocity of flow, 8 inches to 2 inches per second. Capacity, 2 cubic feet per capita. About 2 cubic feet per capita (small cities 5,000 and under). o. I square foot per capita 30,000 population per acre. 3,000 population per acre 1,800 population per acre 2 , 500 population per acre Velocity of flow, 8 inches to 2 inches per second. Capacity, 3 cubic feet per capita. About 2 cubic feet per capita (small cities 5,000 and under). 0.15 square foot per capita. 20,000 population per acre. 2 , 500 population per acre 1 , 500 pop ulation per acre 2 , 000 population per acre Velocity of flow, 8 inches to 2 inches per second. Capacity, 2.22 cubic feet per capita. About 2 cubic feet per capita (small cities 5,000 and under). 0.3 square foot per capita 20,000 population per acre. 2 , 5 00 population per acre 1,200 population per acre 2 ,000 population per acre Velocity of flow, 8 inches to 2 inches per second. Capacity, 3.33 cubic feet per capita. About 2 cubic feet per capita (small cities 5,000 and under). 0.4 square foot per capita. 12,500 population per acre. 2 , 000 population per acre. 1,000 population per acre. 1,600 population per acre. The above conclusions, tentative only. Local consideration may alter the above figiures in any given case. 118791°— 19— VOL 2 31 458 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. 15. Authorities to approve. — Sewage treatment plants must be satisfactory in scope and plan to the sanitary authorities of the State and municipality where located, as well as to the Housing Bureau. 16. Preliminary sketches submitted first. — It is desirable that the designer here have preliminary conference with all those authori- ties with general sketches before proceeding to detail plans. G.— CONSIDERATIONS GOVERNING THE INSTALLATION OF WATER SUPPLY. 1. Water supplies usually on extension. — It is to be expected that in most instances the water supply of the housing develop- ment installed under the direction of the Department of Labor will be made by an extension of existing water supply facilities, or will be so nearly adjacent to them that connecting mains will be economically possible. 2. Cases where new supply is involved. — Where housing develop- ments are isolated from all other facilities or the extension of the existing supply is impracticable for good reasons, and also where the housing development is extensive enough to warrant the installation of independent water works, they must be considered. 3. New works designed by experienced water works engineers.^ Where water supply developments involving the study and devel- opment of new sources of supply are found to be neces.sary, such problems should be intrusted to skilled water-works engineers. 4. Cooperation and contractual relations. — In the utilization of existing water supplies it is desirable and necessary to work in close cooperation through contractual relations with the local department authorities where the supply is municipally owned, or where privately owned, the owners or managers. 5. Enlargement of existing plant. — In some cases it will doubt- less be necessary to arrange the enlargement, extension, or better- ment of existing water works. In such cases investigation may be necessary so as to work intelligently and in close cooperation with the technical management or engineering advisors of the existing plant to bring about enlarged and satisfactory supply. QUALITY. 6. Quality of supply. — ^Water supply introduced into any of the developments of this bureau must be at all times clear and free from sediment. Such supplies should not contain objectionable mineral constituents, and above all they must be entirely safe from a sanitary standpoint. 7. Laboratory control where doubtful. — ^To this end in cases of doubt or insufficient assurance the bureau may require that labor- atory control and check shall be introduced where needed, so as to obtain the requisite safety and potability of the supply. 8. Standards of purity. — Standards of purity and safety shall generally be those introduced and maintained by the State authori- ties or the United States Public Health Service. 9. Cooperation with State sanitary authorities. — In all cases of doubtful quality of supply, the advice, control, and cooperation of the State authorities having charge over such matters should be sought. 10. Filtered supplies. — Where surface water supplies are unfil- tered and unprotected, it will be desirable to urge that filtration of the supply be adopted and installed, unless conditions are exceptional. 11. Supplies from. Great Lakes. — In supplies drawn from the Great Lakes and other large lakes, especial studies should be made to note the disposition of local sewage as affecting the purity of water supply. 12. Rivers and streams. — In supplies drawn from rivers and streams, unless strong evidence can be adduced as to continued purity and safety, sterilization or filtration or both will be urged. 13. Impounded waters. — Supplies impounded in large reservoirs or derived from inland lakes will be studied with care. At times such water may be acceptable in natural state, but ordinarily they will be regarded as lying within a doubtful zone. 14. Artesian and ground water development. — ^The water from deep artesian wells and carefully developed ground water supplies will ordinarily be acceptable to the bureau in their natural state if mineral content is satisfactory. 15. Typhoid rate. — In deciding upon the purity and potability of water supplies in doubtful cases, it will be desirable to have studies of past health record and typhoid rates as evidence, not conclusive, but leading. QUANTITY. 16. Quantity required. — In extending existing water supplies it is desirable before entering into contractual relations to be assured that the water plant already existing or to be enlarged can, in addition to the supply of the population already served, take on the additional population of the housing development, so that the origi- nal population served shall be supplied with water up to the demand already established (if reasonable) and the additional population can be supplied at the rate of at least 100 gallons per capita with 25 per cent in addition for fluctuation. 17. Fire service. — In addition to this supply, fire protection capacity should be afforded at a rate of the square root of the popu- lation in thousands, the quotient being the rate in million gallons per day for fire service. For instance, if the population is 9,000, allow water at the rate of 3,000,000 gallons per day for fire service as a minimum in addition to 1,125,000 gallons domestic con- sumption. 18. Check on capacity and spare machinery. — The designing engi- neer should assure the central bureau by careful investigation that the requisite storage or available supply is on hand or can be produced for the above rates of delivery, and in pumping supplies that the pumping machinery is in convenient units and that spare machinery is in sufficient amount, and in all cases that the dis- tribution mains leading to or through the proposed housing develop- ment are existent or will be designed and laid so as to be of ample capacity in view of all the conditions effecting their delivery of water. 19. Rule for water-pipe sizes. — ^While no absolute rule should be laid for distribution pipe design in all cases, it will be helpful to have the following data for ordinary use: Table showing population that can be supplied by pipes of various sizes based on 100 gallons per capita per day with average amount of fire protection. Diameter of Sectional area Flat slopes Average Steep slopes and one pipe line, of pipe, and long lines, conditions, short lines, inches. square inches. V=2 feet. V=3 feet. V=4 feet. 4 13 12 27 48 6 28 61 132 228 8 50 182 392 666 10 79 42 s 900 1,500 12 "3 83 s 1,720 2,850 16 201 2,320 4,620 7,400 20 314 4,940 9,520 14, 900 24 452 8,900 16, 700 25, 5°o 20. Exceptions to tables. — This table may only be used as a very general guide, witli high per capita consumption and under bad fire conditions the sizes should be increased. Under opposite conditions they may be reduced. PRBSSURE. 21. Pressure standards. — Where extension of existing water sup- plies is necessary, it is desirable to have some reasonable standard of pressure as well as of quantity. While the housing develop- ments are largely residential, high business or other public build- APPENDIX VI. 459 ings may occtu: and proper fire protection should therefore be pro- vided capable of being increased as future growth demands. 22. In general, it may be said that 40 pounds per square inch is the least minimum desirable domestic fire pressure that ought usually to be provided ; 50 or 60 pounds should be adopted where possible, and in special locations even higher domestic pressures are desirable. 23. Fire pressure. — Where domestic pressures are so fixed, pres- sures for fire protection should be temporarily raised to at least 60 to 70 pounds and 80 to 100 pounds is about the minimum desir- able for business districts. In some cases it is desirable to have the domestic pressure the same as the fire pressure, and in territory of variable elevations these figures should, of course, apply to the greater part of the higher lands in the development. 24. Fire service. — Ample pumping machinery for the mainte- nance of good fire pressure should be provided in duplicate. 25. Fire reserve — tanks — reservoirs. — Fire pressure may be main- tained by reservoir reserve, by elevated tank or by elevated reser- voir as in each case it may be found best. Where satisfactory arrangements can be made with existing utilities to bring water to the site of the development, the local designer is charged with the duty of arranging that the distribu- tion system and its accessories are designed satisfactorily to the Housing Bureau as well as to the operating utility. Conditions Affecting the Design op Distribution Systems, material. 1. Material. — Pipe distribution systems for housing develop- ments will, as a rule, be of permanent material and usually of cast iron. Steel pipe is to be avoided except under extreme and com- pelling conditions; other war requirements render it necessary to avoid its use where possible. 2. Wood pipe. — ^Wood stave pipe of high grade may at times be considered for long lines or for large sizes of pipe in exceptional cases, especially where time of delivery is not vital, and where cost must be kept down. On the Pacific coast, however, wood stave pipe may, under proper conditions, often have preference. 3. Sizes. — In ordinary cases the size of distribution pipe should range from 6 inches diameter upward ; under certain circumstances 4-inch cast-iron pipe may be used for short lengths of main not requiring hydrants and especially where it is well connected at both ends to the larger pipe in the system. In very exceptional cases hydrants may be placed on short lengths of 4-inch main. 4. Galvanized pipe. — Street mains of galvanized iron pipe of 2 inches and upward to 3X inches, inclusive, may be used in certain situations for district supply where hydrant service is not impera- tive, where population is sparse, or where, for exceptional reasons, cost must be kept down. Such conditions are, of course, rare in the present housing developnients. 5. House service. — House service pipe from the street main to the buildings will usually be of galvanized iron imless local prac- tice, peculiar water, or abnormal soil conditions would require lead services to be used. 6. Local practice. — Local requirement and practice and the experience of the local waterworks utility will, of course, have large weight in determining the selection of materials that will have a reasonable life under the local conditions. 7. Weight. — The weight, strength, and thickness of cast iron pipe and fittings should conform to the classification and weight deter- mined in the Standard Specification of the American Water Works Association, unless local conditions should indicate that unusual practice is desirable. LOCATION. 8. Mains to be in streets. — Water mains should usually be laid in the streets as fire hydrants for the fire department service of necessity are located there. g. Mains, where laid. — ^The preferred location of mains in streets is on the east and north sides of the center and about two-thirds way out between curb and center line. Where local practice has fixed the location otherwise, however, it may be best to adopt it. 10. Mains in alley-ways. — Under some exceptional conditions water mains may be placed in alleyways, especially where hydrants are not required. On short runs and for small galvanized pipe systems, alleyway location may be preferable. DEPTH. 11. Depth. — The depth to which pipe will be laid will depend on the severity of the climate and will range from 2% feet cover in the south to 7X feet cover in the northern climates likely to be encountered. 12. Local experience. — Local experience should be studied in each case by the designer to indicate the amount of depth necces- sary in each case to avoid injury by frost. HYDRANTS. 13. Hydrant spacing. — Hydrants should be so spaced along the street length that the friction losses through fire hose are lept low; preferably not much more than 300 feet of hose is desirable. This result is often satisfactorily accomplished in well-settled districts by having a hydrant at each street comer and in the middle of long blocks. 14. Fire requirements. — ^Where the town plan is not of a uniform character, hydrants should be spaced so as to cover about 100,000 to 110,000 square feet of area. 15. Fire underwriter advice. — The reports and studies of the fire underwriters should be considered in determining the location and spacing of hydrants for any given fire hazard, particularly in congested or business districts, bearing in mind, however, that ideal conditions can not always be obtained. 16. Hydrant observable. — Hydrants should always be placed so as to be easily seen and readily accessible to the fire department. 17. Valves, how placed. — Valves should be liberally used in the distribution system up to a spacing where ordinarily two, and not usually more than three, blocks of pipe will be thrown out of service should occasion require a shut-off. Large mains up to 16 inches diameter should have valves from one-quarter to three-eighhts of a mile apart. All pipe connecting to larger mains should be valved at the connecting comer and smaller pipe than 12 inches should be provided with a valve at least every quarter of a mile. SERVICES. 18. Service material. — Services from the street main to the houses shall usually have a brass tap and gooseneck at the main and a brass corporation cock protected by a cast-iron stop box at the curb. Local practice will be a guide to these fixtures but will not always be controlling. 19. Extension to houses. — House service pipe will usually be ex- tended to within 5 feet of basements of buildings in housing devel- opments. Cooperation with house plumbing design must be observed. 20. Stubs and services. — Occasionally stub end service pipe or house services, for which there is no present use, will be laid to the curb. It will not be the policy of the Housing Bureau, how- ever, to install such stub-end services extensively. 21. Depth. — House service pipe will generally be laid at the same depth as street mains unless local conditions or practice should require otherwise. METERS. 22. Policy. — The general policy of the Housing Bureau will be to favor the introduction of house meters wherever possible. 23. Requirements. — The introduction of house meters, however, will depend chiefly upon the contractual relations with the local 46o REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. public water utility and the Housing Bureau or the local regulations of the water utility. 24. Flat rates. — ^Where the local water department or water company have flat rates and do not use meters, the Housing Bureau will not insist upon them. 25. Location. — Where meters are installed they should usually be at the curb and should be installed in iron meter boxes of good pattern, and in cold climates should be specially protected. 26. Cellars. — Where local practice indicates that it is desirable to install meters in cellars, that practice may obtain. CONSTRUCTIVE ORDER. 27. Early installation. — It is obvious that the water supply utility should be early installed in the progress of the housing development so tliat an ample supply of water for all building purposes can be assured and temporary supplies obviated where possible. 28. Water supply first. — To this end every local installation should arrange and plan to provide first for water supply if possible. MEMORANDUM AS TO FIRE HYDRANTS. To: Project Engineer. Subject: Fire Hydrants. The following information is required from you to enable our Purchasing Department in Washington to place order for fire hydrants. Yours, truly, John W. Alvord, Chief Engineer. District Engineer. Fill out following and return: 1. Diameter of Supply Pipe inches. 2 . Diameter of Barrel inches. 3. Diameter of Inlet Valve inches. 4. Depth of cover inches. (From surface of walk to top of supply pipe.) 5. Totalnumberof nozzles of all kinds (on each hydrant). 6. Fire suction (steamer) nozzles, number (on each hydrant). 7. Fire Suction Nozzles, Inside Diameter inches. 8. Fire Suction Nozzles, Diameter out to out on male threads inches. 9. Fire Suction Nozzles, Number of Threads per inch 10. Hose Connection Nozzles, Number (on each hydrant). 11. Hose Connection Nozzles, Inside Diameter inches. 12. Hose Connection Nozzles, Diameter out to out on male threads inches. 13. Hose Connection Nozzles, Number of Threads per inch 14. Is frost case required? 15. What is type and make of fire hydrant now in use? 16. Trade size of above ? 17. Must this type be adhered to? 18. Is Valve on supply pipe from main needed? 19. If so, what is size? 20. State exact size and shape of nut or nuts for wrenches. 21. State direction of turn for opening? (Clockwise or counter clockwise.) 22. Remarks. (Give sketch of Hydrant if necessary.) Place Date (Signed) , Project Engineer. To J. W. Alvord, Chief Engineer. MEMORANDUM AS TO WATER RATES. District and Project Engineers: Gentlemen: Your attention is called to the following memo- randum in regard to water rates prepared by the Engineering Division of this office : The essential principles involved in a water rate question are: 1. The gross income must be sufficient to provide for: A. Interest on investment. B. Replacement or depreciation. C. Operating expense: (a) Administration. (J) Running expenses, (c) Current repairs. {d) Insurance, (e) Taxes. 2 . Approximately the rate of return upon an investment in water works property may be taken as follows: Per cent. Interest S Replacement 2 Operating expense s Total 12 3 . The stated investment is usually made for a two-fold purpose and may be divided about as follows: Per cent. For fire service 30-40 For domestic service 70-60 4. In framing a schedule of rates which will afford proper return upon an investment in water works property at the rates herein- before stated in (2), it must be remembered that the volume of water entering the pipe system at the source of supply is consider- ably greater than the volume registered by the domestic service meters (pay water) in about the following proportion : Per cent. Pay water (meter registration) 75 Unavoidable waste 25 At source of supply 100 Water rates should be predicated upon the "pay water" basis. 5. The gross income should be derived from two independent sources: (a) For fire service (30 to 40 per cent of income) from a general tax assessed against the taxable property of a city in pro- portion to its value; (6) for domestic service (70 to 60 per cent of income) from the individual consumer in accordance with an established schedule of charges. The rate schedule should be based upon a unit of volume of water consumed (which dis- courages waste) and never upon an annual payment per fixture in the house (which encourages waste). Moreover in order to avoid a penurious use of water, the rate schedule should provide a monthly minimum charge for a specific volume of water used or not used. 6. The fire service rate may be taken at 9 to 10 cents per linear foot of cast-iron pipe, or 6 to 7 cents per linear foot of wood pipe at present prices of labor and material. 7. The consumer's rate may be based upon an average annual consumption of about 20,000 gallons per capita of "pay water" at a charge $3.25 to $3.75 per year per capita when cast-iron water pipe is used or a charge of $2.30 to $2.60 per capita when wood pipe is used. These figures are based upon average waterworks layout. 8. The foregoing charge per capita is based upon a uniform meter rate for all consumers, large or small. Where a sliding scale downward is desired in favor of the large consumer, the domestic rate for the individual householder should be increased proportionately. This can be accomplished by classifying or APPENDIX VI. 461 grouping consumers and adapting a rate to each group which in the aggregate produces the desired income. 9. The minimum montlily rate is particularly applicable to the domestic consumer using a ^-inch service and under present-day cost of labor and material should raige : For cast-iron pipe installa- tions $1.35 to $1.60 per month; for wood-pipe installation $1 to $1.10 per month. (Signed) John W. Alvord, Chief Engineer. H— CONSIDERATIONS GOVERNING THE INSTALLATION OF GAS SUPPLY. 1. New gas works. — It is not to be expected that the Houfing Bureau will in any case create a gas supply where none available exists. 2 . Extension, by contractual relations. — The extension of existing facilities therefore is all that can be contemplated in any given case. This extension will be usually by such contractual rela- tions with existing utility companies as will insure standard gas service throughout each development at reasonable rates. 3. Adjustment rates. — Where the rates for gas from existing utilities companies have been fixed by ordinance in the community or adjusted by the State utility commission such rates shall usually prevail. 4. Cost of mains, by whom borne. — In cases where full and proper rates are fixed by contractual relations, it is to be expected that the gas company will extend its pipes throughout the development under the general direction of the Housing Bureau and bear the cost thereof. 6. Material. — Distribution systems for gas should be of perma- nent and enduring material, particularly where laid under pave- ment. 7. location. — The gas mains may be laid in the streets or in the alleyways, as may be decided in each individual case; where street lighting is by gas the mains should be laid in the streets, and they should be usually placed on the west and south sides of the streets about two-thirds of the way out between the ciurb and the center line. Occasionally they may be placed in the parkways if found desirable. 8. Depth and grade. — As gas mains have to be laid to grade in order to secure drainage, their location, depth, and grade should be carefully studied in each instance by means of street profiles, so as to prevent interference with other utilities. 9. Services. — Gas services to all houses will be usually installed to the meter inside of the cellar wall in building to be served. Services shall be of such material, depth, and location as is gen- erally customary in the vicinity. Gas Appuance Consumption Table. Appliance. Gas consumption. Candle power. Home lifflit 4 cubic feet per hour 80 Gem light 2}4 cubic feet per hour 10 cubic feet per hour 80 No 20 Reflex 300 400 70 No. 30 Humphrey. . . . No. 71 Upright 13 cubic feet per hour S cubic feet per hour Gas ranges. Gas consumption. Small burner 15 cubic feet per hour. 20 cubic feet per hour. 4 cubic feet per hour. 40 cubic feet per hour. Large bunjer Simmer burner . . No. 425 Vulcan water heater, 60 cubic feet per hour, heats about 12 gallons water to 120° in 15 minutes. instantaneous water heaters. The number of the heater indicates the gas consumption per minute, and the water flow in gallons, thus: No. 2}4, 2% cubic feet per minute and 2K gallons water per minute. No. 3, 3 cubic feet per minute and 3 gallons water per minute. No. 4, 4 cubic feet per minute and 4 gallons water per minute. No. 6, 6 cubic feet per minute and 6 gallons water per minute. SERVICE PIPE SPECIFICATIONS. Aj^-inch pipe will supply about 88 cubic feet per hour. A i-inch pipe will supply about 180 cubic feet per hour. A i>^-inch pipe will supply about 310 cubic feet per hour. A i^-inch pipe will supply about 490 cubic feet per hour. A 2-inch pipe will supply about 1,000 cubic feet per hour. Service pipes should be iX inches through and just inside of foundation wall of building ready for meter connections, laid so as to fall toward the street mains; where this is not possible, drip toward meter and provide a short piece of pipe at end with a tee connection looking down before entering the meter. Do not set any meter less than 5-light high-class B. For a 7 to 10 room house use no less than i inch riser pipe — same as for a gas range. Lay all street mains by a 2-foot spirit level falling to drip pot at some central point. I.— CONSIDERATIONS GOVERNING THE INSTALLATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENT SUPPLY AND LIGHTING. 1. Installed only where available. — It is to be expected that usually the housing development will introduce electric light and current only when adjacent utilities are available and can extend their service into the district. i!. Creating plant. — It is possible in exceptional cases that plant for this purpose may have to be created. If so, experienced electrical and mechanical engineers should be engaged to design and construct them. 3. Contractual relations. — ^When existing utilities are available, some form of contractual relation must be entered into by which rates and service standards are defined. 4. Overhead distribution. — Under ordinary conditions overhead distribution is contemplated, preferably by pole lines installed as far as possible in alley-ways. See standard specifications for overhead distribution lines dated September 25, igi8. (P. 462.) 5. Modifications. — Under conditions where frequent street lighting is afforded by electric current, modification of this method may be necessary and desirable in some cases. 6. Materials and construction. — Standard of materials and con- struction will, as a rule, be similar to that adopted and defined in the existing ordinances in the community where they are installed. I-l.— ELECTRIC STREET-LIGHTING SYSTEM. SUPPLEMENTARY INSTRUCTIONS TO ENGINEERING DESIGNERS. The following general considerations should govern the design of electric street-lighting systems, unless local practice or other special conditions indicate that some change or deviation will be desirable. These considerations particularly apply to cases where the Housing Corporation will have to install or maintain the street- lighting system. In cases where the utilities are to install and maintain the street lighting, they may safely be allowed to specify all details, pro- vided they contemplate installing a system that will be adequate and that will meet our approval as to appearance. 462 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. (i) A combination of overhead and underground conductors as part of the same series circuit is undesirable. It renders the system liable to excessive lightning trouble with consequent inter- ruption of service and will mean high cost of maintenance. (2) Metal posts and underground conductor cables are exces- sively high in cost and it is almost impossible to get the latter. In general, it will be necessary to use wood posts with some form of fixture attached, the same to be fed by means of overhead wires because of availability and lower cost. (3) It will probably be economy to use lighting fixtures that are designed to give the maximum illumination value and to space them reasonably far apart rather than to use cheaper fixtures with closer spacing. Fixtures that throw the greatest amount of light in a plane 15 degrees below the horizontal and with a minimum of upward or downward distribution should be specified. (4) Wherever it is contemplated that the house-lighting lines will be placed at the rear of the houses in alleys or along the divid- ing property lines, it will usually be practical to place the street- lighting wires on the same poles, bringing them out to the street only at the points where lights are to be placed, the idea being to have few if any wires along the streets. (5) Wherever the plan suggested above is not feasible, the fol- lowing is offered as a suggestion for making overhead wiring as inconspicuous as possible and also to prevent the wires from com- ing in contact with trees. Lamp posts and other poles for sup- porting the street lighting wires may be located in the planting space slightly offset toward the street from the tree line. The wires may be attached to the poles by means of metal brackets with slight projection and be supported at a height that will allow them to pass underneath the lowest tree limbs. This will prob- ably be about 16 feet above the ground level. When neces- sary to cross a street the wires can be supported high enough to give the required clearance. (6) Lamp sizes and spacings within the following limits will give reasonably good street illumination: Size. Spacing. Business districts: Feet. 100-200 200-400 100-300 200-400 400 candle power Residence districts: MEMORANDUM AS TO RATES FOR ELECTRIC SERVICE. To all District and Project Engineers: Gentlemen: Your attention is called to the following memoran- dum, prepared by the Engineering Division of this office: In cases where it is intended that the Army, Navy, or war indus- try shall supply electricity to the tenants in adjacent housing projects, the question of rates must be settled. In most cases the cost of production is about i cent per kilowatt hour. To deliver eletricity to and distribute it within the project will make tlie total cost about 3 cents per kilowatt hotir. In making retail rates the following considerations should be borne in mind: If current is supplied to the consumers by meter, it will involve: J.. Purchasing the meters. 2. Maintenance of the meters. 3. Reading the meters. 4. Billing and collecting. The use of meters will insure the proper use of current, prevent waste, and is the most equitable method. Current sold on a flat monthly charge will eliminate the purchase, maintenance, and reading of meters. If the flat rate for current is included in the property rental, the billing and collecting will also be eliminated. The disadvantages of a flat rate are: 1. Unfairness — ^the large user paying no more than tlie small user. 2. Wasteful and improper use. 3 . Expense of supervision and control to reduce waste and abuse to a minimum. If a meter rate is adopted the price should not be less than 5 cents per kilowatt hour, and in most cases should be very close to the rates charged in nearby towns for obvious reasons. If a flat rate is made, it should not be less than 50 cents per month for a room in a dormitory, and not less than $1 per month for small houses, and proportionately more for larger houses. In some cases where flat rates are used it may be advisable to "bury' ' the lighting rate in the rental price of the room or house. In other words, determine the rental and also the lighting rate, add the two to- gether, and state the sum as "rent includiag lighting." (Signed) John W. Alvord, Chief Engineer. 1-2.— CONSTRUCTION OF OVERHEAD ELECTRIC DISTRIBUTION LINES. Scope. — The following standard specifications cover approved materials and methods of construction. They should be used as a guide when making up specifications for projects where the Housing Corporation will have to build the electric distribution lines. Plans. — Plans should be prepared showing tlie location of pri- mary, secondary, and street lighting circuits, poles, street lights, guys, transformers, substations, and other important feattires. The source of supply, either existing or to be built, should also be shown. Details. — ^The plans and specifications should clearly explain construction details; for example, type of street-lighting fixtures, size of street lamp, location of poles relative to curbs or trees, kinds of poles, apparatus, etc., contemplated. Approval. — Completed plans and specifications must be sub- mitted for approval to the chief to^vn planner and chief engineer. Standard Specifications for the Construction op Overhead Electric Distribution Lines. Pole specifications. — Wood poles shall be purchased under and conform to National Electric Light Association standard specifica- tions for poles. Class A poles shall be used for all heavy line con- struction, and Class B poles for all distribution lines having the usual number and sizes of conductors. Preservative treatment. — All poles shall be given a preservative treatment before being set. Any preservative material of known value and method of application that is generally recognized as good practice will comply with the intent of tliese specifications. Other material. — All construction material of whatever nature shall conform to the standard specifications of the National Electric Light Association, except in cases where tliey conflict with the reqviirements of regulating bodies having jurisdiction; in such cases the requirements of the controlling body shall govern. Location of poles. — The location of poles will be as shown on plan No. . It is intended that tliis plan shall show only the general location, and it is understood that some variation may be necessary to meet conditions. Poles shall be set opposite lot lines as far as possible, but in all cases so as to avoid obstructing doorways, windows, porches, gates, coal holes, and runways, and be at least 4 feet away from any fire hydrant. Pole spacing.— T^he. maximum span shall be 130 feet, and then only where the wires are few and light. Span length of not over 100 or 125 feet are preferable. Heavy poles. — The heaviest poles shall be placed at line termi- nals, comers, street crossings and other points of special strain, and APPENDIX VI. 463 at such points tlie depth of pole setting shall be increased at least 6 inches over standard depth. Standard depths are as follows: Feet. 3S-foot poles 5. S 40-foot poles 6 4S-foot poles 6. 5 So-foot poles 6. 5 60-foot poles 7 Clearing obstacles. — To clear obstacles, such as buildings, foreign pole lines, bridges, etc., poles shall be used of ample height and so located that there will be at least 3 feet measiu-ed horizontally and not less than 8 feet measured vertically between the obstacles and the nearest line wire. Line level. — The length of poles shall be so proportioned to con- tour of country or adjacent poles of exceptional height that abrupt changes in the level of the wires will not occtu:, especial care being taken to avoid upward stresses. Pole setting. — Poles shall be set to stand perpendicularly when the line is completed except that poles may be slightly "raked" against strain at points where it is impracticable to guy against the strain. Holes shall be thoroughly tamped while being filled, using three tamping bars to one shovel. Self sustained. — ^AU poles located at ciurves, corners and terminals or other places of excessive strain where guying is impracticable, shall be self-sustained by means of crib bracing. Pole steps. — All poles carrying section fuses or switches, trans- formers or other attachments requiring frequent attention shall be stepped. Commencing 2 feet from the ground line the steps shall be located 32 inches apart on each side of the pole, steps on one side being spaced midway of the steps on the other side. The first four steps shall be removable and only the sockets left on the pole, the rest to be standard galvanized pole steps. Pole steps shall always be placed on the line with the street in which the pole is located. Cross-arms. — Each cross-arm shall be fitted with two braces of proper length. They sliall be attached to poles by through bolts of proper length. The back of the poles shall never be cut out to allow the use of a shorter bolt, and bolt ends that protrude more than I inch shall be sawed off. Cross-arms shall invariably be placed either at right angles or parallel to the line of the street on which the pole is set. They shall always be placed on the opposite side of the pole from that on which the maximum strain comes. On straight lines where the strains are approximately equal, the cross- arras shall be placed alternately on succeeding poles, first in one direction and then in the other. Double arms. — ^At all line terminals, corners and other places where there is excessive strain on the crojss-arm, pins and insula- tors, the poles shall be double armed. All poles on which two or more wires are dead-ended shall be double armed. Buck arms. — Buck arms are regulation arms set at right angles to the line arms usually midway between the line arms. There is no objection to the use of one single or double buck arm when the line arms are spaced 2 feet or more on centers. But if more than one buck arm is necessary the line-arm spacing must be increased to meet the climbing and working-space requirements of the United States Bureau of Standards Overhead Line Specifications. Where more lines lead off at right angles than can be carried on one arm, two-pole angle construction is preferable. Pins. — Each cross-arm shall be fitted complete with pins and no holes shall be left vacant. Each pin shall be fastened to the cross-arm by a six penny nail driven not quite home, but projecting about one-eighth of an inch. Guys. — Guys shall, in general, be installed when the wires tend to pull the pole or cross-arm out of place. The guys shall be placed to counteract the strain of the wires attached to the pole or cross- arm and prevent it from being pulled from its proper position. In addition, guys shall be placed on poles that owing to their location are unduly exposed to heavy winds. Line-terminal poles shall be guyed against the strain of the lines. Perferably the pole next to the terminal pole shall also be guyed from its top to a point near the base of the terminal pole. Comer poles shall be both head and side guyed. Poles on steep hills shall be head guyed to take the down-hill strain of the line off the poles. Guy attachments. — All guy wires shall preferably be attached to poles, guy stubs, trees, or other ungrounded supports, and when so attached shall not reach within 8 feet of the ground. Where this can not be done, guy anchors may be installed . Anchor guy wires that are so close to the street as to offer in any way an obstruction to traffic should be protected with an anchor shield. This shield may consist of 2-inch pipe or larger or a wood box or wood moulding. This shield shall extend to the ground from a height of about 8 feet and shall be painted a conspicuous color. Whenever the strain on the guy is excessive (10,000 pounds and over), guy shims and guy hooks shall be used where the guy wire is wrapped around the poles. Location of guys. — The guy anchor shall be so located that the angle between the guy and the pole shall be from 30 to 45°. In no case shall the distance from the foot of the pole to the foot of the guy be less than one-fourth of the height from the ground to the point of attachment of the guy on the pole. Tree guying. — Where guys can not be conveniently attached to pole or guy stubs, trees may be used if there is no objection on the part of the owners or the proper authorities, whose permission must first be obtained. Guys shall be attached to trees by means of fetter-threaded eyebolts five-eighths by 4 inches, or if wrapped around the trunk or limb same must be protected by hardwood tree blocks. The first method does not injure the trees and is preferable. Clearance of guys. — Guys shall be attached to poles so as to inter- fere as little as possible with workmen climbing or working thereon. Every guy which passes either over or under any electric wires other than those attached to the guyed pole shall be so placed and maintained as to provide a clearance of not less than 3 feet between the guy and such electric wires. As changes in temperature will affect the sag of the wires more than of the guy, the latter being imder strain, allowance must be made therefor at the time the guy is installed. Strength of guys. — Anchorages, guy wires, strain insulators, and attachments shall be able to meet the tensile strength requirements of the United States Biureau of Standards Overhead Line Speci- fications. Guy insulation. — All guy wires attached to poles for carrying electric wires shall be insulated by the insertion of two porcelain ball strain insulators. They shall be so located that if the guy should break the upper insulator would clear any wires below it as much as 6 inches, and the lower one would be at least 8 feet above the ground line. Clearance. — ^The clear space between the crown of the road and the wires crossing the same shall always conform to local ordinances or rules, but in no case shall it be less than 20 feet. The clear space between sidewalk and wires shall not be less than 15 feet. All guys crossing a roadway shall be carried at an elevation of not less than 20 feet above tlie crown of the roadway, and not less than 15 feet above the footway. Wires of all kinds shall clear railroad tracks, sidings, etc., not less than 28 feet. • These clearances apply for 15,000 volts or less. For higher voltages up to and including 22,000 add 2 feet to the above figures in every case. No soft-drawn wire shall be used in crossing railways except that No. 4 or larger can be used in short span secondaries (less than 150 feet). Line wires shall clear all roofs by not less than 8 feet, and they shall be so run that they can not be readily reached from any portion of any other building or structure. If conditions require that they be 464 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. attached to structures as, for example, in running under a bridge, they should be protected, with sufficient insulation for the voltage carried, for the entire distance where attached to the structure and to a point on either side of the structure that will be beyond the reach of anyone working thereon. Transformers. — Transformers shall preferably be located ap- proximately in the middle of each block unless for special condi- tions requiring short secondary runs. They shall be so located with reference to size and length of secondary circuits that the line drop from the secondary transformer terminals to any end of the secondary circuits shall not be greater than 3 volts. Trans- formers should never be located on angle or comer poles if it can be avoided. Each transformer shall be protected by lightning arresters located on the same pole. Services. — From i to 5 circuits of a lighting load may be fed with No. 8 wire on 2-wire services and up to 9 circuits on 3-wire services. No. 6 wire will feed from 6 to 9 circuits 2-wire and up to 13 circuits on 3 wires. No. 4 wire will feed 13 circuits on 2 wires. SIZES OP WIRE TO USE FOR MOTOR SERVICES 220 VOWS. 0-2 horsepower, single-phase. No. 8. 3-5 horsepower, single-phase. No. 6. 0-15 horsepower, three-phase, No. 8. 15-25 horsepower, three-phase. No. 6. 25-35 horsepower, three-phase. No. 4. 35-50 horsepower, three-phase. No. 2. Larger conductors must be used than given above if necessary to make the number of horsepower capacity of the motor, multi- plied by the number of feet from the beginning of the service to the motor, not greater than the amounts given in the following table. 220 ■volts. Size wire. Horsepower-feet. Single-phase. Three-phase. No 8 1,000 1,500 2,250 3,150 5,000 2, 000 3,000 4, 5°0 6,300 10, 000 No 6 No. 4 No. Note. — This table is based on average motor efficiencies and power factors and single conductors with usual open spacing. If all conductors are placed in conduit or if multiple conductor cables are used, these values may be exceeded. Example. — A lo-horsepower three-phase 220-volt motor is to be connected 400 feet away from the pole line. 10X400=4,000 horse- power-feet. Referring to the table in the three-phase column, we find that No 4 wire will be required. Grounding. — Ground connections shall be made at the following points on all distribution systems: One side of each no- volt 2-wire secondary circuit. The neutral wire of iio-220-volt 3-wire single-phase secon- dary circuit. The ground terminal of each lightning arrester. < Secondary grounds.- — At least one secondary ground shall be made for each transformer or bank of transformers whose secondary voltage is less than 150, as near them as practicable but not on the transformer pole. Additional grounds should be made for secondary lines over 500 feet in length. Grounds made to metallic water pipes in the street or to service pipes on the street side of the water meter are preferable to any other kinds and should be made where practicable. Where this method is impracticable, driven pipe grounds should be made as follows: Two i-inch galvanized pipes or larger, approximately 8 feet long, shall be driven into the ground about i foot apart and i foot away from the pole until the tops are practically level with the ground line. A short piece of sewer or drainage tile shall be placed around each, the top of the tile being flush with the ground lines. This tile should then be filled with salt crystal and the ground wire attached to the pipe. To keep this ground in good condition it will be necessary to add periodically a few handfuls of salt crystal. The ground wire shall not be less than No. 6 soft drawn T. B. W. P. wire and, in some cases, larger on heavily loaded secondaries. This wire is to be soldered to the line to be grounded and thoroughly taped and then run down the pole and protected by wooden molding throughout the entire length of the wire, and securely attached to the ground pipe. The joint should be thoroughly painted with black asphal- tum paint, as otherwise the salt will corrode it. Arrester grounds. — Grounds for lightning arresters shall always be kept entirely separate from secondary grounds and shall be at least 20 feet away from any other artificial grounds. Low impedence is more important than low resistance for lightning arrester grounds, and water-pipe grounds might not necessarily be the best grounds for lightning arresters. The best method is the one that will give the shortest and straightest path from the arrester to the ground and will in most cases be a driven pipe ground, as described for secondary grounds. Only one pipe is necessary for grounding arresters, whereas two are required for grotmding secondaries. Sectionalizing lines. — Fuse switches or cut-outs should be located at points where branch lines of any considerable importance take off from main feeders, so that trouble at one point will interfere with service over as small an area as possible. Such switch or cut-out should have ample capacity to carry the maximum current and voltage without heating or breaking down, and should be capable of frequent opening and closing at full load without danger to the operator and without deterioration of the current-carrying parts. J.— TENTATIVE INSTRUCTIONS TO DESIGNERS FOR THE STREET IMPROVEIMENTS OF INDUSTRIAL HOUSING DEVELOPMENTS. Considerations Affecting the Design of Streets and Pavements. 1. Policy. — The general policy of the Housing Bureau will be to introduce street pavement of a reasonably permanent character where it is necessary but not to the detriment of the budget allow- ances for houses in locations where good subsoil drainage is naturally available and where the surface soil is easily compacted. Street pavement, particularly in residence sections, can, under some con- ditions, be omitted altogether and in other cases can be materially lessened in cost. Some street pavement is almost always desirable in business and through traffic streets. In the proposed develop- ments and in particularly wet or muddy districts, street pavement is a necessity which can not ordinarily be neglected. 2. Classification. — In most of the housing developments there will probably be two types of streets, (o) the main thoroughfares of travel leading to the adjacent towns, cities, or industrial works, and (6) the lateral streets serving the residents. As a basis for design in adopting types of pavement, the following classification of streets is suggested: Class A.— Main thoroughfares and first-class business streets, provision for two car tracks. Class B.— Secondary thoroughfares and secondary business streets, provision for one car track. Class C— Main residence streets. Class D.— Minor residence streets. (See § 19, Type and width of streets.) APPENDIX VI. 465 3. Location. — Primarily, the location, arratigement, and class of streets and thoroughfares is a matter to be determined by the town planner, based upon his investigation of the service required for the existing or probable population. There are a number of physi- cal factors in the Ideation of streets which affect engineering, such as the cost and speed of construction and type of pavement to be adopted. The factor, second in importance only to the service requirements, which governs the economical location and arrange- ment of streets is usually the topography. Streets should ordi- narily be located to fit the ground, so as to conform to permissible grades with the least amount of earthwork. To illustrate: A curved or diagonal roadway between high and low ground will often reduce the grade and amount of excavation and serve traffic purposes just as well as a street running directly up a steep hillside. 4. Relation of streets and sewers. — Sewers are of necessity laid in the public streets or alleys. The location of streets in many cases may be adjusted to meet drainage requirements in obtaining direct routes and to reduce the depth of trench excavation without inter- fering with their service. (See § 8, "Grades," and § 12, "Drain- age".) In some situations it may be necessary to locate a street to serve primarily as a right of way for an outlet sewer or a storm overflow. 5. Location to be avoided if possible. — It is obvious that streets located across ravines, ditches, and the lines of drainage cost more for culverts and grading than the streets which parallel the line of drainage. 6. Pocket avoided. — Wherever possible, streets should not be located where the grade line makes a depression or pocket, on account of the additional cost and difficulty of securing adequate surface drainage. 7 . Relation of street surface to the general level. — It is desirable to have street surfaces below the elevation of adjacent property rather than above, as it reduces the depth of excavation required for sewers and house connections and generally adds to the appearance of the street. This consideration is of especial importance on streets near the upper end of the drainage area. 8. Grades. — While it is true in some locations that street grades exist as steep as 17 per cent or even 20 per cent, the ordinary grade should, however, seldom exceed 7 per cent where it can be controlled. In general, the maximum grades should not, if possible, exceed the following slopes: Class A streets, 3 per cent; Class B streets, 4 per cent; Class C streets, 4 per cent; Class D streets, 7 per cent. g. Ruling grade. — The ruling grade partially governs the type of pavement to be selected. The following are the usual maximum grades for different pavements: Wood block, 3 per cent in general, 4 per cent maximum; asphalt, 4 per cent; asphalt block, 6 per cent; vitrified brick, 8 per cent; concrete, 6 per cent; macadam, 5 per cent; bituminous macadam, 5 per cent; bitulithic, 5 p"^"" cent. (Note. — It is difficult to roll macadam properly or to prevent wash on steeper grades.) 10. Vertical curves. — Vertical curves should preferably be made at points of abrupt change of grade. 11. Street intersections. — In platting street grades on hillsides it is suggested that the grade at intersection of streets be made as nearly level as possible. At crossings where different classes of improvements intersect on hillsides, the higher class street should have the preferred treatment, thus preference should be given to Class A or B street over Class C or D. 12. Drainage. — A fundamental requisite for the maintenance so any road is good underdrainage. In the inspection of a site dtiring dry season a roadway may be apparently located on a. firm founda- tion which will turn out to be a mire or even be overflowed in wet periods. 13. Underdrains. — ^Where no storm water sewers are to be pro- vided, underdrains, running from the center of the road to the side ditches, should ordinarily be laid in cuts where the grotmd is soft or in pockets or depressions in the grades. The use of 6-inch open joint tile or blind drains of 12 by 12 inch cross section, filled with broken stone, laid just below the pavement is suggested. Underdrains should be laid at right angles to the road in level country and diagonally when the road is on a slope, so as to increase the fall. 14. Side ditches and drains. — Open ditches or tile drains may be required on one or both sides of the road to drain depressions in the grade or to take care of the surface drainage from any considerable drainage area. Whether open ditches or tile or other form of covered drain should be used should depend not only upon the size of drainage area but also upon the number of dwellings existing on the street. 15. Size of ditches and drains. — It is often desirable that the size of open ditches and side drains should be determined by computing the run-off according to the method of rainfall intensity specified under storm water sewers. In general, if the drainage area exceeds 2 acres or if the water runs deeper than the top of the curb, some type of lateral drain or storm sewer is required. (See also § 24, "Gutters," and § 25, "Inlets.") 16. Culverts. — Culverts are naturally required at certain points to prevent water from gutters flowing over the surface at street intersections, on hillsides, and at points where the streets cross ditches, small streams, or lines of surface drainage. 17. Sizes of culverts. — Such culverts should be of capacity sufficient to carry the water from the drainage area as computed by the method of determining run-off for storm sewers but, unlike sewers, the size of culverts may be computed on the basis of flowing under presstue with any available head that will not seriously overflow the street or adjacent property. 18. Culvert material. — While permanent materials are usually desirable culverts should be made of local materials most available Vitrified tile, concrete pipe, concrete box or even in some cases wood box, may be properly used. Cast iron should not be used except when it is impossible on account of insufficient cover under traffic to use less strong material. I9t. Type and width of streets. — The following list of four standard classes of streets is suggestively presented as a guide for reference , but the designer is not to be restricted by these dimensions where local circumstances indicate other or intermediate widths of either street or pavement is desirable : Width of pave- Width Width Width Class. ment of park- of side- of between ing. walk. street. curbs. Class A. — Main thoroughfares and first-class business streets; pro- Feet. Feet. Feci. Feci. vision for 2 car tracks '54 12 ' 12 ICO Class B. — Secondary thorough- fares and secondary business streets with provision for i car track '42 I32 7 8K ' 6 70 60 Class C. — Main residence streets . . 4K Class D: Minor residence streets 20 53^ 3H 4°. Alleys 16 16 ^ Maximum Sidewalks are usually set i foot from private property. See cross sections of "Standard streets" (p. 473 arid p. 501). 20. Basis for widths. — The basis for the tentative pavement widths in the foregoing table is made on the assumption that a double-track street car line occupies 20 feet, and that each line of traffic occupies 8 feet of width. A vehicle backed up to the 466 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. curb occupies 13 or 14 feet and ordinarily a vehicle can pass another one closely in 7 feet of width. Thus: 54=8 X 4+20+2 feet leeway. 42=8 X 4+10. 32=8x4. 20=13 + 7. Ordinarily a 16-foot alley will allow two vehicles to pass and still permit of space for electric pole lines. In the adoption of street widths consideration should be given to the possibility of increased widths of pavement in future de- velopment. 21. Crown and cross section. — It should be noted that as the crowning of street pavements is for the sole purpose of drainage, less crowning, at least on impervious surfaces, is required on steep grades than on level streets. Likewise less crowning is required at summits than at sewer inlets or near the lower points where the surface water of a considerable area is collected. Ordinarily an impervious pavement surface requires less crown than does a dirt road. 22. Standard crowning. — In the absence of special local govern- ing conditions, the following crowning is suggested; Earth and gravel roads, ^ inch per foot of width from center to edge of road- way or curb. Water-bound macadam X inch per foot. Bituminous macadam }4 inch per foot. Concrete pavement. . .}i to j4. inch per foot. Vitrified brick on sand yi inch per foot. Vitrified brick, monolithic. -X inch per foot. 23. Crown to conform to parabola or arc of circle. 24. Gutters. — It is suggested that a gutter with grade of i per cent (on the assumption of a cross section of about 6 inches deep and 4 feet wide) will carry the drainage of about 2 acres on a length of street not exceeding 1,500 feet. In territory not supplied with storm water sewers, this indicates that some form of protected ditch is often required in flat country for runs of over 1,500 feet. 25. Inlets. — In territory where quite flat slopes prevail, inlets should preferably be placed as often as one in 200 or 2 50 feet. For steeper street grades inlets 300 to 350 feet of street length. (See "Storm Water Drains," p. 453.) If the street grade is not quite level the topography will usually govern the best location of inlets. 26. Gutter grades. — In most cases of sloping topography the street grade and gutter grades will be parallel. If the street is fairly level, it will be usually desirable to give some fall to the gutters between inlets in order to avoid collection of water in any minor irregularities and to assist run-off. In these cases a grade of 2 per cent from a summit midway between manholes is suggested where possible. (See "Curbs," §§ 11-16.) 27. Usually it is best to keep the center of the street to grade line and let the amount of gutter grade reduce the height of crown to a minimum of one-fourth inch per foot. 28. Cross section with ditches. — Where open ditches are used, it is desirable to grade down from the edge or shoulder of roadway on a I to 2>2 slope for a distance up to 2 >^ feet before establishing any steeper side slope. 29. For paved roadways adjacent to ditches, it is desirable to make the width of roadway not less than 2 to 3 feet greater than the width of the paved surface on the side adjacent to the ditch in order to maintain a firm shoulder under rolling. Standard PAveMBNTs. I. Local conditions. — The type and thickness of pavements out- lined here are presented as suggested standards in the absence of exact knowledge of local conditions, such as availability of special materials and unusual soils or foundations, which may require a change in adopted standard thickness of pavement. 2. Earth roads. — The cross section of the roadway should usually be graded in accordance with standard crown of three-fourths inch per foot (on half road width) and ditches. (See p. 475-) 3. Gravel roads. — For ordinary gravel roads the gravel should be placed 6 inches for average compacted thickness, and the crown should ordinarily be three-quarters inch per foot. 4. Water-bound macadam. — For ordinary water-bound macadam the suggested final thickness is about 6 inches, composed of broken stone or slag rolled in two courses. The bottom course is to be spread 5 inches deep with stone, 2 to 3K inches in diameter, and the top course spread 3 inches deep with stone, iX to 2X inches in diameter. Finished surface, if rolled with screenings composed of dust to one-quarter inch size, is to have a crown of one-half inch per foot. Note;. — When the stone or slag has a French coefficient of wear of nine or more, the top course should consist of stone three- fourths to i>2 inches diameter. 5. Bituminous material. — It is probable that bituminous binding material and asphalts will not be available generally. Therefore, no standard is presented. In such places as local stock may be used the following procedure is suggested. 6. Bituminous macadam {penetration method). — Final thickness suggested, 7 inches. Rolled in two courses of broken stone or slag. Bottom course spread 5 inches deep with 2 to 3^2 inches stone. Then sand or screenings rolled in. Upper course compacted 2 inches deep with i to 2 inches stone and covered with bituminous material spread with a pressure distributor. Bituminous material heated to 225 to 350° F., and ordinarily about 1.7 gallons used per square yard. Then flve-eighths to i inch stone rolled in to fill voids. After which a. coat of bituminous material applied at rate of about 0.6 gallon per square yard. Final coat of screenings without dust rolled in. Crown for bituminous macadam three- eighths inch per foot. (For half road width.) 7. Kentucky rock asphalt. — Kentucky rock asphalt may be avail- able for Ohio Valley localities. 8. Concrete. — For ordinary concrete pavement it is suggested that Portland cement concrete be used in proportions of i cement to 5 of aggregate. Thickness 6 inches at outside edges or gut- ters. Base flat. Crown one-fourth to three-eighths inch per foot, all in surface. (See standard drawing, p. 476.) 9. Vitrified brick. — For brick pavement make foundation of Port- land cement concrete in proportion T-3-6 and at least 5 inches thick. Bed of sand one-half to three-fourtlis inch thick. Brick laid on edge and treated twice with cement mortar mixed i to i or I to 1%. Expansion joint along edge of curb composed of bitumin- ous material. When the street grade is over 23^ or 3 per cent, the use of sand- cement cushion is desirable. ' When car tracks exist, or in the case of extra heavy traffic, the use of monolithic or semimonolithic construction is preferable. 10. Rolled foundation. — Ground generally to be compacted by rolling for standard macadam, concrete, and brick pavements. 11. Use of curbs. — Curbs are not essential for any of the standard types of pavement. Brick pavement on sandbed, without curb, however, must have shoulders of concrete built up from the fotm- dation concrete to level with the top of brick. The use of curb is dependent upon the character and number of houses along the street and the general character of the development. Curbs serve to define traffic from the parking and sidewalks and make for better drainage of street surfaces, especially where storm water sewer inlets are provided. They add greatly to the appearance of the street. 12. Curb elevation. — It is suggested that the tops of curbs should be from 5 to 8 inches for ordinary height above gutter and be parallel to the street grade. Standard combined curb and gutter to be imiformly 6 inches above the gutter grade where possible. APPENDIX VI. 467 [13 omitted.] 14. Curb section. — ^The standard curb should be in accordance with the specifications of the National Association of Cement Users, 6 inches thick at top, 12 inches thick on bottom and batter on street side of i to 4. Made of concrete mixed one part cement to four parts aggregate, joints 5 to 8 feet apart. 15. Combination curb and gutter. — The standard combination curb and gutter should be in accordance with the specifications of the National Association of Cement Users, 12 inches high and 24 inches wide; six inches thick on the top, which is uniformly 6 inches above the gutter grade. . (See p. 477.) 16. Stone curb. — The use of stone curb is suggested when local material makes this economical. 17. Selection of type pavement. — The type of pavement to be selected is governed by: (a) Amount of traffic; (6) character and number of houses and residences on street; (c) character of soil, foundation, and grades; (d) cost and availability of local and other paving material. Considering the standard types, class A and B streets ordinarily call for brick, concrete or bituminous concrete surfaces; class C streets, bituminous macadam, bituminous surface treated or macadam; and class D streets, macadam, gravel, or earth surfaces. 18. Local conditions to govern. — This selection is only conven- tional. Local circumstances, such as availability of materials and relative costs of construction, will govern selection of pavement type. In some situations, especially with firm or gravel-filled ground and good surface-drainage conditions, pavement may be omitted or deferred on class C and D streets. It is to be noted that grades have some influence on selection of type. It is obvious that brick stands surface wash on streets with steep grade better than macadam and also usually furnishes bet- ter foothold than a concrete surface. When local material will furnish a special type of economical pavement, it is to be used in place of these standards. Local availability of material is prac- tically the main consideration in selection of type of pavement. ig. Standard sidewalks. — Ordinarily concrete walks should con- sist of concrete 5 inches thick 1-3-6, finish ^ inch thick 1-2 . Slope on grade i inch in 3 to 4 feet from top of curb, or from elevation at which curb would be placed, except at points near intersections where steep street grades otherwise govern. Expansion joints should be used at curbs. See standard specifications for concrete walks dated September 27, igi8. 20. Cinder and other walks. — In some situations it maybe desira- ble to spread cinders for a cheap walk at proper grade which can be later used as the base for a concrete walk, and under certain condi- tions the ordinary width of concrete walks (6 feet) can be reduced. 21. Brick walks. — The selection of kind of sidewalk to be used depends mainly on the money available and the necessities of residents, considerations which of necessity modify the selection of many municipal improvements. Brick can be and often is useful for sidewalks, as well as other material. 22. Street intersections. — It is suggested that curb lines on street intersections be made on radius of about 5X feet. 23. Crossings. — It is suggested that where location of inlets and gutter drainage will permit (so that little or no surface water need pass comer) the crown of pavement opposite ends of sidewalks be reduced to a minimum of X inch per foot to reduce height of step to top of curb or walk. 24. Alleys. — Five inches concrete mixed i to 5. Dish section. For ordinary situations, a gravel roadway should answer. MEMORANDUM AS TO USE Olf BLAST FURNACE SLAG FOR ROAD SURFACING. To all District and Project Engineers: Gentlemen: Your attention is called to the following mem- orandum prepared by the Engineering Division of this ofiice: Blast furnace slag may be used successfully for surfacing streets. However, there are what are termed acid and basic slags. The acid slag is not satisfactory to be used in wearing surface without an artificial binder, as it has no cementing qualities of its own. The basic slag is satisfactory for such purposes, as it has cementing qualities. To use slag for such purpose it should be crushed in a regular stone crusher and screened to sizes, similarly as stone. In constructing the street surface the slag should be spread and rolled similarly as crushed stones. The following specifications are suggested: General. — The broken slag shall consist of angular fragments, reasonably uniform in density and quality, free from metallic iron, thin or elongated pieces, dirt, or other objectionable matter. Physical properties. — The slag shall meet the following require ments: Weight in pounds per cubic foot, each size specified, not less than 70. French coefficient of wear, not less than 5. Screenings. — That portion of the product of the crusher, includ- ing the dust of fracture, which, when tested by means of laboratory screens, will meet the following requirements: Passing i-inch screen, not less than 95 per cent; total passing ^-inch screen, 40 to 80 per cent. Coarse slag. — That portion of the products of the crusher which when tested by means of laboratory screens will meet the following requirements: Passing 3-inch screen, not less than 95 per cent; total passing 2-inch screen, 25 to 75 per cent; retained on i-inch screen, not less than 85 per cent. Method of testing. — The tests of the physical properties and sizes of the slag shall be made in accordance with the following methods: (i) Weight per cubic foot, United States Department of Agri- culture Bulletin 555, page 32 (6); (2) French Coefficient of Wear, United States Department of Agriculture Bulletin 347 ,page 5; (3) Grading, United States Department of Agriculture Bulletin 5SS. page 32 (8). SPEaPicATioN FOR Surfacing a Street with Crushed Blast Furnace Slag. subgrade. The subgrade, or that portion of the street upon which the sur- facing material is to be laid, shall consist of good earth brought to the proper elevation, alignment, and cross section, and shall be rolled, until firm and hard, with a roller of the macadam type weighing not less than 10 tons and not more than 15 tons. Shotdd earth be encountered which will not compact by rolling, so as to be firm and hard, it shall be removed and replaced with suitable material, and that portion of the subgrade shall be again rolled. When the rolling is completed, the surface of the subgrade shall conform to the cross section shown on the plans and shall have the proper elevation and alignment and shall be so maintained until the surfacing material is in place. CRUSHED SLAG SURFACE. On the subgrade, prepared as herein specified, shall be con- structed a crushed slag surface of the cross section and number of courses shown on the cross section drawings, and each course when compacted shall have the thickness shown on the drawings. CRUSHED SLAG. The crushed slag used in this work shall be clean, sound, durable, sharp angled, and of uniform quality throughout, and shall meet the following requirements for sizes and quality : Slag sand. — All that portion of the product of the crusher which will .pass through a screen having one-quarter inch circular open- ings, including the dust of fracture. No. 2 slag. — All that portion of the product of the crusher which will be retained on a screen having iX-inch circular openings and 468 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. will pass through, a screen having circular openings 3 inches in diameter. No. I slag. — All that portion of the product of the crusher which will be retained on a screen having circular openings zK inches in diameter, and will pass through a screen having circular openings 4 inches in diameter. A sample of the slag when subjected to the toughness, abrasion, and cementing value tests, as described in United States Depart- ment of Agriculture Bulletin No. 347, shall satisfactorily meet the following requirements: Toughness, not less than 6; per cent of wear, not more than 7 ; and cementing value not less than 3 5 . The weight per cubic foot of the crushed slag shall be not less than 65, nor more than 80 pounds. FIRST COURSE. The first course shall consist of a single layer of No. i slag, spread uniformly to such depth that when compacted it will have the thickness shown on the cross-section drawings. The slag shall be spread by hand from dumping boards or by spreading wagons of a type that will distribute the slag evenly over that part of the sub- grade to be covered by the load. To secture a proper thickness of the layer the contractor shall, if required by the engineer, set wooden blocks about 6 inches square and of a height equal to the required depth of the loose layer on the subgrade and shall spread the slag flush with the tops of these blocks. After the slag has been spread, as above specified, it shall be rolled until it is thor- oughly compacted and firm. The rolling shall begin at one edge of the course, and shall progress gradually to the center of the street in such, a manner as to insure the uniform compacting of the course of slag. The rolling shall then begin at the opposite edge and proceed as above. All irregularities and depressions that may develop shall be corrected immediately with No. i slag, which shall be thoroughly compacted by rolling, so that when the course is completed it shall be well compacted and firm and shall conform to grade and cross section. It shall be so maintained tmtil the second course of slag has been spread. SECOND COURSE. After the first course has been rolled as specified, a second course of slag consisting of a single layer of No. 2 slag shall be spread uniformly to such a depth that when compacted it shall have the thickness shown on the cross-section drawings. The methods specified for spreading, rolling, and correcting irregularities and depressions in the first course shall apply to this course. Applying slag sand, sprinkling, and rolling. — ^After the second course of slag has been rolled and compacted, as above specified, slag sand as herein specified shall be spread thereon with shovels to a imiform depth of about one-half inch from piles along the street, or from dumping boards or carts. In no case shall the slag sand be dumped from wagons directly upon the second course. The slag sand shall then be rolled dry tmtil the voids of the second course are well filled, more slag sand being spread as needed to fill the voids, and shall then be sprinkled with water from properly constructed sprinkling wagons and rolled with a power roller of the same type and weight as specified for the first course. The amount of water used diall be sufficient to wet the slag thoroughly, but shall not be put on in such quantity and manner as to wet and soften the subgrade. Additional slag sand shall be added and sprinkling and rolling shall be continued until the street surface ceases to show the marks of the roller and a grout of water and slag dust flushes ahead of the roller. The entire surface shall then be given a final light coat of slag sand and may be opened to traffic after 24 hours. MAINTENANCE. The contractor for street surfacing shall maintain tlie roadway surface in first-class condition during the entire period of his contract. If after the roadway is opened to traffic and during the period of the construction of the project, there appears any deterioration, or any injtiry or damage occurs, whether the same be due to defective work or materials or action of the elements, ordinary or extraor- dinary wear or tear, or to any other cause whatsoever, the roadway shall be kept constantly in first-class condition in accordance with the directions of the engineer, and upon completion of the project the roadway shall be left in a finished condition as required by the specifications for its completion. MEMORANDUM AS TO MAINTENANCE OF PAVEMENTS. To all District and Project Engineers: Some of the heaviest traffic and wear to which the pavements of a development will be subjected will occur during the period of construction on account of hauling of construction material by heavy motors, etc. In order to maintain such streets in the de- velopment so that they will be in usable shape at the time the development is completed, you will please insert the following paragraph in all specifications: "The contractor for street surfacing shall maintain the roadway surface in first-class condition during the entire period of his contract. "If after the roadway is opened to traffic and during the period of the construction of the project, there appears any deterioration or any injury or damage occurs, whether the same be due to de- fective work or materials or action of the elements, ordinary or extraordinary wear or tear or to any other cause whatsoever, the roadway shall be kept constantly in first-class condition in accord- ance with the directions of the engineer, and upon completion of the project, the roadway shall be left in a finished condition as required by the specifications for its completion." Very truly yours, (Signed) John W. Ai,vord, Chief Engineer. STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONCRETE SIDE- WALKS—GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS— MATERIALS. United States Housing Corporation, Washington, D. C, September 27, IQ18. 1. Cement walks. — ^The cement shall meet the requirements of the current standard specifications for Portland cement of the American Society for Testing Materials. Concrete for sidewalks shall consist of cement, clean pure water, and fine and coarse aggregate. 2. Fine aggregate. — Fine aggregate shall consist of natural sand or screenings from hard, tough, durable crushed rock or gravel consisting of quartz grains or other hard material graded ifrom fine to coarse, with the coarse particles predominating. Fine aggregate, when dry, shall pass a screen having 4 meshes to the linear inch; not more than 25 per cent shall pass a sieve having 50 meshes per linear inch, and not more than 5 per cent shall pass a sieve having 100 meshes per linear inch. Fine aggregate shall not contain vegetable or other organic matter, nor more than 5 per cent, by weight, of clay or loam. Fine aggregate shall be of such quality that mortar composed of I part Portland cement and 3 parts fine aggregate, by weight, shall, when made into briquets or cylinders, in accordance with the methods and specifications for testing cement recommended by the American Society for Testing Materials, meet said re- quirements. 3. Coarse aggregate.— Coaxse. aggregate shall consist of clean, dturable, crushed rock or pebbles graded in size, free from vege- table or other organic matter, and shall contain no soft, flat, or elon- gated particles. The size of tlie coarse aggregate shall range from I inch down; not more than 5 per cent passing a screen having APPENDIX VI. 469 from 4 meshes per linear inch, and no intermediate sizes shall be removed. Crusher-run stone or bank-run gravel shall not be used. 4. Reinforcement. — When reinforcing metal is necessary it shall meet the requirements of the current Standard Specifications for steel reinforcement of the American Society for Testing Mate- rials. It shall be of such size and weight and so placed as the engineer shall specify. 5. Joint filler. — The joint filler shall be a suitable elastic water- proof compound that will not become soft and run out in hot weather, nor hard and brittle and chip out in cold weather; or prepared strips of fiber matrix and bitumen as approved by the engineer. The strips shall be one-half inch in thickness, their width shall be at least equal to the full thickness of the slab and their length shall at least equal the width of the slab at the joint. SUBGRADE. 6. Preparation. — All soft and spongy places shall be removed and all depressions filled with suitable material which shall be thoroughly compacted in layers not exceeding 6 inches in thick- ness. The subgrade shall be thoroughly tamped until it is brought to a firm, unyielding surface parallel to the finished surface of the walk. It shall have a slope toward the street curb preferably of one-quarter inch per foot. When the concrete sidewalk is to be constructed over an old path composed of gravel, crushed rock, or cinders, the old path shall be entirely loosened, the material spread for the full width of the subgrade and compacted as specified. The subgrade or sub-base shall be thoroughly moistened by sprinkling immediately before concrete is placed. 7. Deep fills. — All fills shall be made of good granular material. The use of muck, quicksand, soft clay, spongy or perishable ma- terial is prohibited. The top of all fills shall extend beyond the walk on each side at least i foot, and if fill is 18 inches or more shall extend 2 feet, and the sides shall have a slope not greater than I on lyi- 8. Sub-base. — In general no cinders or similar material will be required for a sub-base, but, if necessary in a particular case, sand or cinders, etc . , may be used if ordered by the engineer. FORMS. 9. Materials. — Forms shall be free from warp and of sufficient strength to resist springing out of shape, and the upper edges set to line and grade. 10. Division plates. — Suitable metal division plates shall be pro- vided to completely separate adjacent slabs during construction. 11. Treatment. — All wood forms shall be thoroughly wetted and metal forms oiled or coated with soft soap or whitewash before depositing any material against them. All mortar and dirt shall be removed from forms that have been previously used. CONSTRUCTION. 12. Size of slabs. — The slabs or independently divided blocks when not reinforced shall have an area of not more than 24 square feet and shall not have a dimension greater than 6 feet, nor shall the length of any such slab be greater than i}i times the width. Larger slabs shall be reinforced as directed by the engineer. 13. Thickness of walk. — The total thickness of the walk shall not be less than 4 inches in residence districts, 5 inches in business districts, and where the walk crosses driveways the total thickness shall be increased to 6 inches. 14. Expansion joints. — A joint shall be provided at each inter- section of sidewalk and street curb and at such other points as may be designated by the engineer. Sidewalks in business dis- tricts shall be separated from abutting buildings by a one-half inch joint. MEASURING AND MIXING. 15. Measuring. — ^The method of measuring the materials for the concrete or mortar, including water, shall be one which will insure separate and uniform proportions of each of the materials at all times. A sack of Portland cement 94 pounds net shall be considered I cubic foot. 16. Machine mixing. — All concrete shall be mixed by machine except when the engineer shall otherwise permit under special conditions. A batch mixer of an approved type shall be used. The ingredients of the concrete or mortar shall be mixed to the specified consistency and the mixing shall continue for at least one minute after ail materials are in the drum. The drum shall be completely emptied before receiving material for the succeeding batch. 17. Hand mixing. — When it is necessary to mix by hand, the materials shall be mixed dry on a water tight platform until the mixture is of a uniform color, the required amount of water added, and the mixing continued until the mass is of uniform consistency and homogeneous. 18. Retempering. — Retempering of mortar or concrete which has partially set, that is, remixing with or without additional materials or water, shall not be permitted. PROTECTION. 19. Protection. — The freshly finished walk shall be protected from hot sun and drying winds until it can be sprinkled which shall be done at frequent intervals for seven days, as directed by the engineer. The concrete surface must not be damaged or pitted by rain drops, and the contractor shall provide and use when necessary sufficient tarpaulins to completely cover all sections that have been placed within the preceding 12 hours. All new walks shall be protected by proper barriers until notified to the contrary by the engineers. 20. Frost. — If at any time during the progress of the work the temperature is, or in the opinion of the engineer, will within 24 hours drop to 30° or lower, Fahrenheit, the water and aggregate shall be heated and precautions taken to protect the work from freezing for at least three days. Under no conditions can frozen material be used in the concrete, nor will it be permitted to place concrete upon a frozen subgrade or sub-base. 21. Name stamp. — The contractor shall mark ia the walk at each end of every block fraction thereof, either by stamping or by inlaying an approved metal plate, his name and the year in which the walk is constructed. The stamped letters shall be at least I inch high and one-quarter inch deep. If a metal plate is used, the top of the plate shall be flush with the top of the walk. 22. Street name. — The contractor shall mark in the walk at each street intersection the names of the intersecting streets. The stamped letters shall be 3 inches high and one-quarter inch deep. Two-course Sidewalk, concrete base. 23. Proportions. — The concrete shall be mixed in the proportions by volume of i sack of Portland cement, 3 cubic feet of fine aggre- gate and 6 cubic feet of coarse aggregate. 24. Consistency. — The materials shall be mixed wet enough to produce a concrete of a consistency that will flush readily under slight tamping, but which can be handled without causing a separation of the coarse aggregate from the mortar, 25. Placing. — After mixing, concrete shall be handled rapidly and the successive batches deposited in a continuous operation completing individual sections to the required depth and width. 470 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. The forms shall be filled and the concrete struck off and tamped to a surface the thickness of the wearing course below the estab- lished grade of the walk. The method of placing the various sections shall be such as to produce a straight, clean cut joint between them so as to make each section an independent unit. The joints shall be at right angles to the surface and line of the walk. Workmen shall not be permitted to walk on the freshly- laid concrete. Any concrete in excess of that needed to complete a section at the stopping of work shall not be used. WEARING COURSE. 26. Proportions. — ^The wearing course shall be mixed in the proportions of i sack of Portland cement and i cubic foot of fine aggregate. 27. Consistency. — The mortar shall be of the dryest consistency possible to work with a motion of the strike board. 28. Placing. — The wearing course shall be placed immediately after mixing. It shall be deposited on the fresh concrete of the base before the latter has appreciably hardened, and brought to the established grade with a strike board. In no case shall more than 45 minutes elapse between the time the concrete for the base is mixed and the time when the wearing course is placed. 29. Finishing. — After the wearing surface has been brought to the established grade by means of a strike board, it shall be worked with a wood float in a manner which will thoroughly compact it and provide a surface free from depressions and irregularities of any kind. In no case shall dry cement or a mixture of dry cement and sand be sprinkled on the surface to absorb moisture or to hasten hardening. The division plates shall be removed as soon as the concrete has sufficiently set. The slab markings shall be made -with a groover in the wearing course where the division plates were removed. The edges of the walk shall be rounded to a radius of one-half inch. One-course Sidewalk. For one-course walks the following will apply in addition to the general requirements in all the above paragraphs: 30. Proportions. — The concrete shall be mixed in the propor- tions of I sack of Portland cement to not more than 2 cubic feet of fine aggregate and 3 cubic feet of coarse aggregate. 31. Consistency. — The materials shall be mixed with sufficient water to produce a. concrete which will hold its shape when struck off with a strike board. 32. Finishing. — After the concrete has been tamped and brought to the established grade with a strikeboard it shall again be tamped with a special grilled tamper to force all coarse aggregate a distance of at least one-half inch below tlie surface. It shall then be floated with a wood float in a manner which will thoroughly com- pact it and provide a surface free from depressions or irregularities of any kind. Approved : John W. Alvord, Chief Engineer. UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION STANDARD DRAWINGS TO ACCOMPANY INSTRUCTIONS AND SPECIFICATIONS OF THE ENGINEERING DIVISION. No. Title. 1. Standard filing title. la. Standard lettering. 2. Cross sections of streets. 3. Location of utilities. 4. Cross sections of roads. 4a. Cross sections of roads. 5. Curbs and gutters. 6. Standard manholes. 7. Catch basin and inlet. 8. Sewage separator and digestor. 9. Standard sewer profile. 10. Location of water mains, valves, and hydrants. 1 1 . Tap for house connections. 12. Fire-hydrant installation. 13 . Lawn-meter setting. 14. Basement-meter setting. 15. Concrete walks. 16. Grease trap for kitchen wastes. 17. Catch basin grate and frame. 18. Manhole cover and frame. 19. Gas supply details. These standard drawings were prepared mainly with the idea of standardizing material to be ordered and were not made up with the idea that they must be conformed to rigidly, but were to be used as a guide by the project engineers in the preparation of their plans. The drawings represent standard practice in the installation of the various utilities. In the general instructions to the project engineers, it was pointed out that they must meet the local condi- tions, but were to also adhere, where possible, to these standards in order to save time and money by using materials of construction which were obtainable during the period of war. APPENDIX VI. 471 «0 o «2 oc-j z p i K<< ■ I- *D O zzr iti Q C5 *•■.... 6 CXI r .<^ !i£ C> z: K') & z 0. V9 z < oe ' ;■■■: ■•■A-' Id 3 t;:.:-:::t h : a: a §Ns fez 22 — '' cc III lU J ul 1 25iS< 5 >i«S5 -t' CORPORi -'■••• < / a: A....... i v-n. ui 1 1: * 1 1 1 1 i-ii h.< ■■' ..• : : : cc Q 00 3 Z I- C 472 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. U.5.0EPARTMEMT OF l-ABOR BUREAU OF (NOUSTRIAL HOUSIM© AMD TRArtSPORTATJOft U.S. Housine corporation SPE-crAu Titles. Sizes of Sheets .and Types OF Letterin© for Map5 and Plans Standard Sizes of Sheets Standard Types of Lettering 36" . 48" 24" • 36.' I 8" « 24" • 2" « I 8" , ^, . a" » ioJ4" (Letter 5i5e) Profile 1 8" Wide ' (See Sample for Sewer Profile) A BCDEF6I1 a b c d ef 5 h i j k ad cdef^hijk BlacH River y. S. OEPARTMEMT OF LABOR BUREAU OF IMOUSTRIAU HOUSIMG AMD TRAtlSPORTATION U.S. HOUSING CORPORATIOH ENGINEERING Tdpographical Map of WILLIAMSTOWN. MAINE For Housing Site Tract" 40 60 ao 100 Scale r=40' Geo. Johnson - Civil Engineer May 16,1918 1120 W.Street, Bosfon.Moss. u. s. departmemt of labor BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL HOUSING AND TRANSPORTATION U.S. HOUSING CORPORATION Valle jo-Calif. Imdustrial Ho.usiMe Development Mare Islahd Navy Yard. GENERAL PLAN Scale I" = 100' 50 —I — 100 I 200 I 300 —I 400 1 GEORGE KELHAM R R.JONES S.E.KIEFFER ARCHITECT TOWN PLANNER ENGINEER San Francisco. Calif. May 25JL9I5. NOTE: Variation of style and sise of above title may be made in accordance with appearance of plon. Standard filing title (See Housing Bureau 5tandard5-5heet lio. I.)nnust.beused on all plans larger fhon IZ'-'IS". Typical titles here shown are to be used in addlf ion to the filing title only when nature of the plon clearly demands j-t. Approve 1/M^ Chief Engin... ^ ^^j (Engineering Division) ^-c^£y?M^4^^ Manager (Town Planning Division) APPENDIX VI. 473 f q: o a w z < a: a.\- OqZ LAB AN ATIO < U-Ogo oe£z m d 5^ Z O '^<^z g^^^ q5^ (/jQ w DZ=i oo U _l _1 < Z o I- o (0 (0 I to o q: iJ kJ a z < I- D (0 +- o Z 118791°— 19— VOL 2 32 474 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. to T. O < cr o a (O occ. OQh- T. < 0) (0 O O CO cu O !_ O o a u_ • ' 1- 4r. standard concrete curb. ( ' 5°"^ cushion '4 'to ^^"thick- 5 Portland cement concrete foundation, 1 : 3 • 6 mix. Approved b^ Chief Engineer APPENDIX VI. 477 478 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. to I g V) fe H a- J b; z z O LABO RATIO TMENT OF HOUSING NG CORPO si: DEPAR TRIAL HOUSI m g !n n rf Z » z b < H S (ft 1<1 I I <0 I I r^ u (0 APPENDIX VI. 479 48o REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. U. S. DEPARTM ENT OF LABOR BUREAU. OF INDUSTRIAL HOUSiriG AND TRAM SPORTATION U. S.MOUSmG CORPORATION ENGlMEERmG 8 >//^^^^^W/^///^/////^///^/^^^^^y//^^y/yy77777. vvyyy^yyyyyyyyyyyyyyy/'. I2ZZ Plan Scum Weir Pipe Cross-section Typical Positive: Sewage Separator And Diqestor For Fresh Sewage 1000 House Delvelopment Following Principles Propoaed by John W. Alvord- Consulting Engineer. APPENDIX VI. 481 Quantities mz'of 6" Tile 5eiver-AverCut.74' U. S. DEPARTM E NT OF . UASOR BUREAU OF IHDUSTTRI-AL HOualHS AtiO TRANSPORXiWIDH u.s.HouarNG corpofwhon Prohi-e of Samitarv. Sewer MiLWAu fSEE , Wis. . STANDARD SEWER PROFILE SHEET I8""W[DE 7^S7 Tj.se ElBYOHon of 3ewer lii' - > —)— n > ) — > — t—i — *—. ;-?— ) >-9 f f A— ^t >!, > >> > > > 11 fT Mackinac Av, IS'!^ Av. 482 REPORT UNIIHD STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. CO r— < h- 1 T. 1 < cr -^ <"^ -^ 1 >- ^^ ^ • z: 1 > a > S 1" 5!3 PORTATI y r E E "c 2; \ 51 / \ 3> —J _J n < to cr< \y -11 Is N , .^ ^^ ! u ;i 1 fe P <-> 1 -5^t ,-cqI —o z ^ < < z: ^ li s « 1 "^ 00^ <^ 1 ■-* >^\ °-^ cr ^ ?o E E s »: > _ 3 £ < ] 1- coz: , — 1 f < (O j / ^go CQ E 10^ ll_ r ° / ^ 1 0) •a £§ ^ CO (/3 1- :^ Q. Q_r: Q_ < APPENDIX VI. 483 z. o I- < I- cc o d CO T. d:< z: < I- COc a _j Duj < ^\'Av^^^^^'vV^v\'v7r^ r^Bent Coupling .Coupling Reducer CO a o ■ c a i_ CD H- tu D- -18" A 0) CO o cu Q. ;! M Service Box Curb ^^^^ / t. Q) L_ a-4--o i CO 3 4- CU a !;_ cu ■0 4- 13 4- ■ x: h -t— 4— CLI r— V) f- 4- 4--0 1 +- t 5 ID CO ^ . 1_ O QJ • CJ 1/)JC CO 00 o Q z: < CD LU CO cr uJ CJ 486 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. h- cc o a. (o z cr< OCT CD I- zi h- OC-J << a.— ^2 z: o cr cc — OiiJ llJ coz: o i: «o D O < LJ Cd CO -7- ^ '- — ' APPENDIX VI. 487 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL HOUSING AND TRANSPORTATION U.S. Housme corporation ENGINEERING 15 Curb Pavement Two Course Concrete Sidewalk '/£"Wearing Course I- 1 Mixture '/2"Radius, Slope 'A" Per Foot-. { 1 I 9'^ "" Base Course "1-5- 6 Mixture -*-Ni-r7-iTTT ' ~ " ^^ 77;^ Curbpv- Pave merit ^ Compacted Sub Grade Properly Drained One Course Comcrete Sidewalk Slope 'A" Per Foot->^ '/a "Radius^ +- ' L- ' . ^At Point to be Selected by Engineer H- Variab e '/e" Bituminous Expansion Joint ^Curb C = Contractor's Name and Date -Optional S = Street Nome Approved by^^^c^cje Standard Plans for Concrete Walks Chief Engineer 488 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. U S DE.PARTME1NT OF LABOR BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL HOUSING &. TRANSPORTATION 1g U. S. HOUSING CORPORATION *^ ENGINEERING «- Not less l-han \Z" Population Served Dimensions A B Total Capacity (Z6als. per capita) 6 a Is. 400 600 800 1000 fe-6 10- 10'- 9" 13'- 4" 4-0 4.-0 5-0 s'-d' 600 1200 1600 2000 Inlet -►S Not less than \Z" Sewage from water-closets and urinols, also surface drainage must be excluded from trap. Grease should be removed bij skinimlng at l eost once per week. Sediment, once per month , r Removable plank cover with vent stack 3 high /5 f-Open _ ^ ;,, V/A \ .C.I. Soil pipe U Lead joints Lina of inverts— -5 15. ""T a Gleanout o i-TS C.l.Soil pipe^ rS' Plank Partition ^/////////////////////)/////A^'/////////////^^^ To sewer Not less than 6" Longitudinal Section on (^j. GREASE TRAP FOR KITCHEN WASTES AS PROPOSED FOR NEWPORT NEWS, VIRGINIA. APPENDIX VI. 489 U.S.DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 17 BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL HOUSING AND TRANSPORTATION U.S. HOUSING CORPORATION ENGINEERING ^1' izz 5' 4- rsisiiisisiDi izzi S-^ t 4." i'-.g3" A". r^ SECTION A-A MO"- i'Xi:. cn- A V.-- t - rrr ^ nnmnn nnnmnnn nnnmnnn nnnmnnn nnnmnnn CO- A .J '# S -w 1^ S ^3" ^ CO CQ 2 o UJ CO PLAN 5 cede i"«r-o:' NOTE: Place short flange on curb side to permit curB opening if required. STANDARD CATCH BASIN GRATE AND FRAME Approved ^y '^■^^ U/:t7^^7y>//y October 10, 1918. <^ Chief Engineer 118791°— 19— VOL 2 33 490 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 18 BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL HOUSING AND TRANSPORTATION U.S. HOUSING CORPORATION ENGINEERING Checkered Top Z2" Minimum Weiqh-f- 500 lbs. 24" .. «^ 350 lbs. NOTE: Any Cover of Approximately these Dimensions may be Used. Cover with ^4" Lid and Similar Design may be Used When Required. Approved by ^^^25&_^^2Zi^^>«i' (y Chief Enaineer STANDARD MANHOLE COVER AND FRAME Sept.20,l9ia. APPENDIX VI. 491 a> z o i z o H z i CO Q Z < g s < i z I— I o < D z Q go C/3 O \9^ v^J 1 4l ti \ Hbh ' V ^L^v S If 1 1 kXV^M 1 "0 1* 492 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. o o k kl <0 ^ ^ 1 1 1.0 >! K S 1 1 1 Illl IS K. 1 Is 1^ 1 II II III 1 Illl 1 1 1 { 1 I Hi! II* KRlf III 1 5 :> || ^ K.Kg 1 05 S 1 > >; 1 1 1 1 15 »5 II 15 lit* III 1 III 1 w K 1 1 5 5 III « 1 ^8 1*1 1 illl 1 |5 1 II II III 1 III 1 till Illl 1 t 1 5 II 8,8, ^ » = 5 1 1 1 ' Illl Ills 1 II II II Illl ll^lll mil Illl II III 1 * 5 II 1 *? II M 1 Illl 1 1^ 1 1 goo ^S5 "II 1 k C c sis: » 1 II Illl 15 W«^ 1 III Il^lll iiiii mil II Sieve III k 5 55 1 1 Sll 1 Illl 1 1 ^8 Is 1 i su II l> mil KISKISKI! Il^lll tii K K Ws^viv:^ III mil II III 1 1 1 II «! 1 II 1! O "1 ■a Kieieie R Illl 1 ■< 1 1 J5 lis III 1 : iS«if»! Illl Hi s5 II i us II NS II SRRl! Illl mil llslll IIIII iilll 15H II SHie 55S k 1 S §11 S s V Ill 5»^ Sl Ul! II Si! II mill mil riiiiiiiiiiii leieVt^lsRRlS « 1 1 i. k < i 1 15 1 >l 1 ^ 5 1 1 ^^'S II 5 ? Illl 11" 1^ 1 II 1^ II Illl 1 151^ Kis II II 1 i 1 S * ^ ^ S S ^ ^ *=) ^ & S 1 mill 1 i le 1 \ »1 kl < n >1 t) « § "1 1 1 III 1 S 1 tats II '1 Ill ll**" 1 II »4W II »SltlS • Illl 1 " Hill llglllSSll^^Sl mill Is « l5 1 ^ 5 "^ -0 ID >J 1 * >. 1 5 § 1 III II 1 II SI III 1 • 1 II »5R II 65W II Kit II Wt^Kllt*^ III 1 i il lllllpH II 11 lei^wwieisieiei llllllll' t* ■<1 It a 1. ^ ^ 1 ?l II? I 10 >l ts ^ K 1 5 II 1 «0 as H II 5 1 *) II ^ 1 II II iPl S5 1 R NK le 1 II 1 It 1 15 1 k V5 K 2 1 k 1 J 1 1? i i 1 tl? (its Q "5 5 9 R 1 ^) ' ta»s« III! 1 II sSLte II Illl III 1 II II ii II ft WWKtS |!Mi?MW null K »«. H »! S5 K t! S VS K « X« W lllllllllllll ^t^ llllllll 1 K ^i ^ Ss Q: 1 -ii II -1 1 ip 1 6tK II § 1514 m^^^^ M nil 1 ll'llllllllsl 1 iilllM 5 ^ 1^ 1. t. 5 a 6 11 . i ^ 1 k. <; 111 ^ i >4 1 5 i| ^ 11 •1 ? 1 1 ts »; ts M K sa 1 1 1 « J 01 III 1 l»l => III. III « II II §s till 1 ^11 iiliii |||§5§|% |||. 1^ ^1 1 -J i tl p 'J u V: III i ■5* b i II 11 :5 ..,«,>■ HI 5-S Ii li"ri I r < o 1 NO t»4 to 'l-'OW'f Mil Oftj * If ■0 k r^ r< ts "a Q O ■« 9V If) v, u^ l^ lO Wi y S inches square or 5 inches diameter; (c) an iron pin or pipe three- fourth-inch diameter and not less than 36 inches long. Top of monuments at elevation of sidewalk grade. Base of stone or concrete monuments 4 feet deep. Each project engineer shall write a brief report of the history and progress of the development, directed to the chief engineer, with particular attention to difficulties encountered and overcome or any underground features of future use. Note. — Unit costs if readily available and clearly representative would be inscructive and of general interest. ^ APPENDIX IX. SUGGESTIONS TO TOWN PLANNERS. DEPARTMENT OP LABOR. BTTREATJ OP INDtJSTRIAL HOTTSUSTG AND TRANSPORTATION, TJNITED STATES HOTJSING CORPORATION, TOWN PLANNING DIVISION, AUGUST. 26, 1918. Note. — Many of the preliminary points suggested herein will have been already considered by the investigators and the staff of the United States Housing Corporation (see Instructions to Investigators). Records of this consideration are available to the designers, usually in digested and tabulated form, but in most cases this consideration has been carried only far enough to deter- mine tentatively the choice of site, the general type of develop- ment, and the amount of appropriation. It is the duty of the designers to inform themselves further, wherever necessary, by investigation on the ground, on all matters bearing on the design, and to report the fact to the corporation at once if in any important respect the designers' conclusions, in the light of their more detailed information, differ from those of the corporation . Maps of the property. — As a basis for town planning design the following maps will be necessary : A. For the making of a contract for the acquisition of the prop- erty by the corporation, it will be necessary to have maps showing the boundaries of the land, and its relation to surrounding property and streets, with sufficient accuracy to identify the property. B. For final acquisition there must be maps showing the out- side boundaries of the property with accurate dimensions and angles or bearings, the total area, proper description of the bound stones or other landmarks, and designation of the abutting prop- erties. (See Instructions to Surveyors for the Preparation of Boundary Surveys.) C. For design in general layout and for construction work, topo- graphic maps will be necessary. (See Instructions to Surveyors for the Preparation of Topographic Maps.) "A" will sometimes be procured by the investigating committee before the designers begin their work. "B" and "C," and "A" if not already provided, are to be furnished by a surveyor reporting to the engineer or to the town planner, as the corporation may direct. The degree of detail, etc., will be determined by the engineer or the town planner, as the case may be, under the direc- tion of the corporation. It is essential that these maps be begun at the earliest possible moment, and pushed with the greatest speed consistent with sufficient accuracy. Type or types of development. — These will depend on the type of labor which must be housed in order to provide a balanced work- ing force where now there is a labor shortage. They will depend on (i) the wages earned by each group of workers, (2) their nation- ality, race, and customs, (3) the local customs as to building, what kind of construction is cheapest locally to construct and maintain, what the local contractors are used to doing, and especially what kinds of houses and lots the local market will absorb, particularly what kinds will be salable after the war without producing bad living conditions. (See also Districting, later.) Completeness of development. — The people housed must be able in some way to obtain all the necessary facilities for effective self- respecting living and work. In so far as these facilities are already provided by the community in which the new housing is being placed, and are sufficient in kind and amount and accessible from the new housing, these facilities should be accepted and the design related to them as far as may be necessary. If some of these facili- ties are lacking, steps must be taken to assure their provision, so that when the houses are ready for occupancy, the schools, play- grounds, amusements, stores, etc., shall also be ready in reasonably sufficient amount and reasonably accessible. How far these are to be provided by the city or other local body, how far they are to be provided by the United States Housing Corporation, and how far, if provided by the latter, their cost is to be apportioned as a capital charge against the houses and lots, so raising the pur- chase price or the rental required to meet the cost of each dwelling, will be ascertained or determined in each case by the corporation, Co.fi of development. — The total cost of the development is fixed by the appropriation made by the corporation. Fifteen per cent of this appropriation is set aside by the corporation to cover design- ers' fees and expenses, bureau overhead, and contingencies. The number of houses is roughly determined at the same time, in the light of the corporation's decision as to what types of people are to be housed, and the knowledge of the corporation as to the cost of houses of the appropriate types. The devising of a kind of development of land, utilities, and buildings, such that the people shall be properly accommodated at the least possible total cost per family, is the task of the com- mittee of designers. Test estimate of cost, based on preliminary plans. — Costs of land and development per family housed may be divided into the following classes: (i) Those costs which depend on total size of lot, e.g., cost of land, of clearing the ground, etc. ; (2) costs of those facilities which, while provided only in certain locations in the development, are for the general benefit and so should be assessed in some equitable way upon every family, e. g., cost of playgrounds, sewage treatment works, water main leading to the whole develop- ment, sewage or water pumps, etc.; (3) those costs which vary largely with the total length of streets or the frontage of lots, e. g., cost of land devoted to streets, cost of water mains, sewers, and gas pipes in streets, street paving, sidewalks, etc.; (4) those costs which vary with the number of lots, and depend on the size, shape, and arrangement of the house and lot, e. g., houses, water, sewer and gas connections to houses, walks to front and back of houses, side-line fences, lot planting, etc. It is plain that the worth of a general-layout plan can be deter- mined intelligently only in the light of some estimate of cost. It is suggested that, in estimating preliminary sketches of general layout, the various items of cost be figured with such accuracy as is at the time possible and advisable, grouped in the following classes: (i) Items calculated per acre of land in lots, in streets, etc. (2) Items calculated as separate units, chargeable to the whole 497 498 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. development. (3) Items calculated per linear foot of streets (comiting each intersection only once). (4) Items calculated per house lot (indicating assumed normal lot sizes). In case of semidetached houses each half of the double house and double lot is reckoned as one house and lot, and similarly for row houses. When this has been done, the quantities on a preliminary plan need to be estimated only to the extent of showing the total area of land, the length on center-line of streets of each kind, and the number of house lots of each kind. With the above data it is possible roughly to figure the total cost of the proposed scheme. Such rough estimates of alternative studies should be preserved, for comparison in discussion with the scheme recommended by the designers. For the recommended scheme, the estimates should be itemized according to the General Instructions to Committee of Designers. (Seep. 445). Reduction of costs. — The designs should be such as to cut the costs to the minimum consistent with reasonable satisfaction to the occupants and reasonable economy in use and upkeep. There are limits of size and quality in each case, both in the houses and in the lots and utilities, below which it is not economical to go. On the other hand, any work which can be postponed until after the war without too great loss in present efficiency should be omitted or postponed, e. g., expensive fences, garages, complete improve- ment of park areas (though park areas should be set apart at once). Often cheaper road surfaces can be used temporarily; curbs or paved gutters or both may be postponed ; sidewalks on minor streets and house walks may be made of gravel or cinders instead of con- crete, etc. Street planting, and where possible park planting, should be part of the immediate development. Planting on private lots should generally be minimized or postponed except for planting which entails a small initial cost and depends upon time for its efiect, i.e., trees, good vines on the houses, and hedges where their use permits a net saving by the omission of otherwise necessary fences. Relation to plan of surrounding area. — The street system, the size and shape of blocks and lots, the types of development, should be studied in relation to conditions, existing and proposed, of the community in or near which the development is constructed. Especially any officially accepted city plan is to be taken into account. Districting. — Differentiation of various areas according to their functions is important to fit the blocks and lots in each area to their use, to tend to stabilize the use of land, to allow an organized system of thoroughfares, and to present an orderly appearance through reasonable design. Convertibility of houses and lots. — Where permanent houses are proposed, the districts for such houses should be designed to remain in the same type of use for the probable life of the houses, at least. When convertible houses are proposed, the districting should provide for the ultimate use of the dwellings, even at some diminu- tion of fitness for their present temporary use. When temporary houses are proposed, care should be taken that their lower type does not react too unfavorably on the development of the neighboring land, and that they do not tend to become in effect permanent, perhaps imder a still lower type of use. The general arrangement of the development itself, the roads, the public buildings, the relation to the general city plan, should be planned for reasonable permanence even though the uses of some of the property may change. I.OT,S AND BLOCKS. Residential lots. — Determine the minimum width ' of lot from the width of the house of the type in question plus the necessary width of side yards for light, air, and access to the back. A two -story single or semidetached house, or the end house of a row, should have at least 16 feet clearance between it and the house beside it. A 20-foot clearance should be provided when possible, and between the ends of rows a clearance of at least 25 feet is highly desirable, as a matter of appearance as well as of air and light. Determine the maximum width of lot by the possible expendi- ture for land and especially for all charges varying with the street frontage of the lots indicated on plans, e. g., pavement, gutters, sidewalks, and underground utility mains. Determine the minimum depth of lot by adding the desirable .setback between the house and the front lot line, the depth of the house, and the required depth of back yard. Five feet is about a minimum setback from lot line to porch, even in very densely built developments; 10 feet is better; 15 feet is not too much when it can be afforded. In any event, the space between house fronts should be at least 60 feet 2 and between the rears of houses at least 50 feet. Where a garage is allowed in the back yard it must be 15 feet from the house, and therefore 35 feet is about the minimum distance from house to back lot line, and 40 to 50 feet is preferable. When a garden is to be provided this dimension will normally be increased. The maximum depth of lots is controlled either by land cost or by the improbability that a large garden space will be efficiently utilized. A total lot depth of more than 130 feet is seldom likely to be efficiently used in an industrial community. A density of less than six or seven families per gross acre, in- cluding streets but excluding parks and playfields, even in single- family houses, is seldom economical or necessary for proper li ving. By the use of semidetached one-family houses (jr (usually less desir- able) detached two-family houses (two-flatters) the density may normally be increased to about 12 families to the gross acre. High land values may in special cases require a higher density of families per gross acre, obtained by the use of row houses, semidetached two-family houses (four flats under one roof), or even rows of two- family houses and apartments. Residential blocks. — The normal block width being twice the normal lot depth (in some cases plus an alley or otlier interior development), irregular blocks which are much greater in width than this are uneconomical unless some special use is found for the land in the interior, or unless there is a saving in construction cost which more than offsets the waste of land. Blocks or portions of blocks having a width of less than two normal lot depths, espe- cially narrow pointed block ends, are still more uneconomical, be- cause costly street construction as well as land area is thus in- efficiently used. The normal block length is determined by traffic and topographic considerations. Six hundred feet is a reasonable average. An/ block over 800 feet long is likely to be inconvenient, but in local residential neighborhoods, where topography makes adherence to this rule difficult, such as on steep hillsides, a footpath tlirough the block may serve the cross traffic well enough, thus allowing the block under exceptional circumstances to become 1,200 feet long. Blocks should not normally be le.ss than 400 feet in length. Aspect and orientation of blocks should, so far as possible, be ^uch that both front and back of the houses .shall receive some sun- light, and that the summer fair-weather breeze shall blow through the houses and not along the street onl}^ In the case of row houses, the length of the rows should therefore not run east and west if it can be avoided, and yet should be as nearly as possible transverse to the summer wind. If both these relations are not possible at the same time, tlie relation to the sun- light is likely to be the more important in northern climates, the relation to the summer night wind in soutliem climates. These 1 See Standards Recommended tor Permanent Industrial Housing Develop- ments, p. 6 [p. S06, as here reprinted.] ^ A revision in the light of further experience over an earlier standard of 50 feet. APPENDIX IX. 499 same considerations are true, to a less degree, of semidetached or free-standing houses in lines with minimum side clearance. Community faciliiies. — Besides the dwellings, each community should in most instances have access to locations for approximately the following facilities, or some substitute therefor, either already existing and accessible or to be provided in connection with the development: 1. Stores, post office, etc. 2. Elementary schools, high school, playground for little chil- dren, playgrounds for boys and girls, playfields for young men, open areas for rest and recreation. 3. Buildings for community activities and recreation, including theaters, moving pictures, dancing, and other indoor amusements; buildings or rooms for Y. M. C. A., Y. W. C. A., K. of C, or other societies and organizations; buildings providing for meetings, lec- tures, entertainments, etc., including special provisions, such as gymnasiums, swimming pools, reading rooms, etc. 4. Hospitals, churches, transient hotels, restaurants. 5. Accommodations in buildings and work yards for various necessary community services: policing, fire protection, public- health service, cleaning, maintenance, and repair of streets and sewers, and of other public works and public grounds ; removal of ashes, garbage, and rubbish; general administrative offices. Note as to outdoor recreation facilities: Parks and playgrounds. — Some playgrounds for little children may be provided in the interiors of blocks, preferably with sufficient accessi- bility from the streets to allow of supervision by the regular police force of the community. It will be necessary, however, in playgrounds of any size, to provide also some responsible person to oversee the children. There should be a little chil- dren's playground next the grade and primary school, where there is such a combined school. Within the square mile tributary to this school, if so much populated area is tributary, there should be about three more playgrounds, or four in all, presumably each in connection with a primary school, as it is found that little children will not go much over a quarter of a mile to school or play. Larger children may go a half mile. Assuming 4 per cent of the population to be little children, a (maximum) density of population of 50,000 people per square mile gives 500 children per playgroimd. On this basis two-thirds of an acre is a sufficient minimum for each playgrotind. For the population of any community of 1,000 people or over there should be a playfield of at least 6 acres on reasonably flat land for baseball, football, etc. This area need not, perhaps, be fully developed at once, but it should be acquired and set aside at once, since its need will be greater and its cost higher with the future growth of population. Though access to large out-of-town parks, present or future, must be considered, it is no part of the contemplated development to provide such parks, but rather a function of the whole local community. There should be provided, however, in so far as they do not already exist, smaller parks and open spaces usually aggregating at least 8 per cent of the total gross area of the land developed. These "parks," "squares," and other open spaces should take advantage, in their location, of topographic opportunities, such as stream banks, and of land not better available for other purposes, such as cliffs and broken ground, but they should in any case pref- erably be so disposed as not to leave any compact building areas of more than 50 acres without some such provision, large or small. When these open spaces exist in greater amount than is required, either through previous provisions or for topographic reasons, it may sometimes be possible to diminish the amount of other open spaces, but open space not suitable for play does not replace play- ground space. The town planner should investigate and should see that the committee of designers reports to the corporation, in connection with the preliminary plan for a development, the conditions as to general facilities of the sorts indicated, just what and how extensive and satisfactory facilities exist of each kind, what facilities are lacking, which of those that are lacking can probably be supplied best by existing local agencies, municipal or otherwise, and what steps should be taken to assure the necessary action. No negotia- tions looking toward the establishment of any kind of contractual relations with a municipality or public utility corporation or other local agency for furnishing any community facilities may be con- ducted except under the direction of the legal division of the corporation. Grouping of community facilities . — Certain recreational and other public facilities may be suitably centralized and grouped for greater economy of construction, maintenance, and operation, and to give a dominant point of definite effect. The combination of various community activities in a few buildings gives larger architectural masses, more economical, and more important. STREETS. Thoroughfares. — Determine or predict what lines of through traffic, if any, there are to be considered, related to the presentand future development of the surrounding areas, to the various centers of adjacent towns, railroad stations, industrial plants, etc. Tentatively lay out these and such specialized thoroughfares as are necessary (e. g., street railroad routes, commercial traffic thor- oughfares, automobile roads, parkways) which shall carry traffic through or past the property as efficiently as possible. Avoid cutting the property into unusable or ill-related parts. Similarly locate secondary thoroughfares, particularly with regard to the industrial plant served by the property, but without unnecessarily opening residential areas to through traffic, especially commercial traffic. Street-car tracks. — These should usually be confined to thorough- fares. A single track line with tinnouts, and with car traffic in both directions, is seldom desirable except in surburban districts, since its capacity is very limited. Single lines in loops, returning on adjacent parallel streets, all traffic one way, are commonly better, and are used when unavoidable on narrow streets. Single line loops returning by a distant route are not desirable. Two tracks on one wide street are usually the best arrangement. (See typical cross sections of streets.) Width of roadways for thoroughfares. — Eight and one-half feet width of roadway per line of traffic in often used in determination of thoroughfares widths, giving 2 s>^ feet, 34feet,and sifeetasde sirable widths of usable pavement. Five lines of traffic is seldom a good arrangement, as the central line can not efficiently be used. A roadway width of beyond six lines is hardly likely to be needed. A surface street car requires 10 feet of street width, including clearance for passing. A two-track line requires, including the clearance between the two cars as well as between them and vehi- cles, a total of 20 feet. (See typical cross sections of streets.) LOCAL STREETS. Width. — Determine width of usable paved roadway by predict- able traffic, commonly making the roadways as narrow as this traffic will allow (8 feet, or even about -jyi feet, is often used as the width of a line of traffic on local streets, giving 16 feet and 22 or 24 feet as desirable widths of roadway). There must be considered also the desirability of turning auto- mobiles at street corners without crossing the street and so inter- fering with all lines of traffic, and the possibility of using private entrance drives without splaying the mouths of these drives un- 500 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. duly. A 20-foot paved way with 15-foot radius curves is about tlie minimum to meet these conditions. Where no private en- trances occur, however, a 16-foot way is enough if the traffic frequency demands no more, but street intersections on such a road should be made sufficiently large for the turning of auto- mobiles. Determine total width between property lines by necessary clearance between house-fronts, and summation of necessary widths of roadways, sidewalks, planting strips, and setbacks. Fifty feet between two-story house fronts is a minimum ; 60 feet is better. Since part of this distance may be taken up by set- backs of the houses, the street width may be less than 50 feet, but less than 40 feet is seldom advisable. Planting strips. — These are usually best placed between a side- walk and the street for the following reasons: they give a more spacious appearance to the street; future widening of the road may be done cheaply at the expense of the planting strip ; private en- trances may splay in the planting strip without unduly interrupt- ing the sidewalk; differences of elevation of sidewalk and street may be taken up; sometimes curbs may be eliminated, using a sod edge or even a sod gutter; a space for piling snow is thus provided; and mud spatter of pedestrians by automobiles is reduced. Water and sewer pipes may be laid in the main planting strip, between the trees and the street. (See Instructions to Engineers.) A strip from i foot to 3 feet wide may be left between the side- walk and the property line to allow for future widening of side- walk and for spreading of boundary hedges, etc., without inter- fering with pedestrians. Trees and turf are usually all the vegetation that will be decently maintained in planting strips. The trees should be, when possible, 6 feet from the curb line of the pavement, to allow of pipe laying and future street widening, if the design is such that this widening may later be required. This makes a minimum desirable width of planting strip under these circumstances of 7 feet, and a better width, 9 feet. (See street cross sections, p. 501.) Sidewalks. — These should usually have a smooth waterproof quickly drying surface, e. g. cement-concrete, asphalt or tar- concrete, brick, stone slab. Three and one-half feet may betaken as a minimum width, this giving room for two pedestrians, or room for one pedestrian and a baby carriage to pass. A width of 4X feet is usually enough on local residential streets, being room for one pedestrian to pass two, or for two baby carriages to pass. (See pp. 501 and 502.) Gutters, curbs, and drain inlets. — Drain inlets should not be placed directly where pedestrians cross the streets. If they make a break in the gutter gradient, they should preferably not be on comers where wheeled traffic will strike them . They should not be unduly conspicuous through excessive size . (See standard details. ) Gutters should not carry past the sidewalk crossing such an amount of water, in an ordinary rain, as to be difficult to step across. The gutter gradient should normally parallel the gradient of the road, but should only exceptionally be less than 0.5 per cent even with a smooth concrete surface; 0.7 per cent is better if obtainable. The curb reveal may vary from 4 to 9 inches or more in exceptional cases. Six inches is sufficient where the volume of flow does not require more. Alleys. — Alleys should be used behind row houses, stores, etc., which must be served from behind, but otherwise only where local custom very strongly demands them. When used, they should be public ways, lighted, paved over a width of at least 7 feet, with at least 12 feet between boundaries; 16 feet is better. If fenced, fences should be of metal or similar open material only. When possible, alleys should be laid out so as to have no portion entirely concealed from some point on a street. Alleys running in a straight line from street to street are preferable. (See pp. 501 and 502.) Street furniture. — The appearance of street signs and of mail, police, and fire-alarm boxes should be considered by the town planner, and although stock forms should almost always be used, he should suggest to the committee of designers which of the available types seem to him most desirable. Notes on utilities. — (See also, especially. Instructions to Engineering Designers.) Water supply and fire protection. — Since fire hydrants should be accessible from the street, the water-pipes are usually most economically laid under the planting strip or under the roadway, and not behind the houses. Hydrants are well located close behind the street curb. Hydrants should be simple in design. Sanitary sewers. — These may be laid under the roadway or under the planting strip or along the back lines of the lots. Considerations determining the choice of these locations are the lot depth, street width, house setback, and house plan, which determine whether the plumbing stacks in the house are nearer the backline of the lot or the center line of the street; and the use of the back yard, which determines how much of a hardship it will be upon the owners to keep sufficiently unencumbered the necessary right of way, 6 feet wide or more, for the pipes. Very wide streets are sometimes more economically sewered with one sewer on each side. Steep slopes may best have one sewer in the street, and another on the back line of the lots. Where the gradient of a sewer slopes in the same direction with the center line of street, sewer gradient to outfall must be considered in determining street gradient, and therefore street locations, to minimize depth of cut for sewers. Storm sewers and combined sewers. — Since these take water from the street gutters, they must usually run either under the road- ways or under the planting strips. The second is the better loca- tion when sufficient clearance of the trees may be obtained, since it minimizes the cutting up of the roadways for sewer repairs. Gas. — These pipes are usually laid under the streets, but in some cases may be better laid between the sidewalks and the property line if streets are very broad, or along the back lot line, to minimize danger to tree roots, especially when the gas mains must be laid rapidly or in recently filled ground. Electric light and telephone. — Normally one pole line for street lighting, house lighting, and telephone would best be located on the rear lot line, the overhead wires crossing as few and as unim- portant streets as possible. It is not desirable, on account of maintenance difficulties, to install a wire system partly overhead and partly underground. If in an exceptional case the develop- ment warrants the expense of light standards, the town planner should suggest to the committee of designers which of tlie available stock forms seem to him best. If the development warrants under- ground wires for street lighting, these wires should form an inde- pendent system laid from standard to standard, and the lighting wires and telephone wires for the houses may be on another circuit carried on poles on the back lines of the lots, so minimizing the number of poles in the streets. APPENDIX IX. 501 ■ ■? -I 502 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. 1 : ^ J '/ 5 01 .,., ^, . ^^^ toz II oo nv/vi3QI£' ONIMtib'^ kj ^ i >. ii I ^ ^ 5 Q : ^=>- 1^ ■5 to APPENDIX IX. 503 e -ouc^ 504 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. ^ APPENDIX X. STANDARDS RECOMMENDED FOR PERMANENT INDUSTRIAL HOUSING DEVELOPMENTS. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. BT7RBATJ OF INDUSTRIAL HOUSING AND TRANSPORTATION, MARCH, 1918. ACKNOWLEDGMENT. The following standards for permanent buildings to be con- structed for the housing of industrial war workers were adopted by the Bureau of Industrial Housing and Transportation of the Depart- ment of Labor, in consultation with Mr. Lawrence Veiller, secretary National Housing Association, on March 7, 1918. The original draft was prepared by Mr. Veiller. It was discussed and modified in a series of conferences in the course of which the following persons took part and offered helpful suggestions: Grosvenor Atterbury, architect, member of the Committee on War-time Housing of the National Housing Association. Alexander Bing, secretary of the Housing Committee of the Emergency Fleet Corporation. Charles B. Ball, chief sanitary inspector, Chicago. Owen Brainard, architect and engineer. Arthur C. Comey, landscape architect. Francis Dykes, real estate department, Bethlehem Steel Co. Otto M. Eidlitz, civil engineer and builder. James Ford, professor of social ethics. Harvard University. Philip Hiss, architect, chairman Section on Housing, Committee on Labor, Council of National Defense. John Ihlder, housing investigator. Harlean James, executive secretary Section on Housing, Com- mittee on Labor, Council of National Defense. Walter H. Kilham, architect. Robert D. Kohn, architect, member of the Housing Committee of the Emergency Fleet Corporation. Joseph D. Leland, 3d, architect. Perry R. MacNeille, con.sulting architect to the Emergency Fleet Corporation. Horace B. Mann, architect. Marcia Mead, architect. John Nolen, landscape architect, member of the Committee on War-time Housing of the National Housing Association; member of the Housing Committee of the Emergency Fleet Corporation. Frederick Law Olmsted, landscape architect, member of the Committee on Emergency Construction, Council of National Defense. E. L. Palmer, jr., architect. William C. Post, architect. Lincoln Rogers, Bureau of Yards and Docks, United States Navy. I. N. Phelps Stokes, architect. George S. Welsh, architect. Lawrence Veiller, secretary National Housing Association; mem- ber of the Committee on War-time Housing of the National Housing Association. HOUSING STANDARDS FOR PERMANENT CONSTRUCTION. These standards are not intended as inflexible requirements, but any plans which fail to conform to them are not likely to be accepted unless supported by very strong reasons. Local build- 118791°— 19— VOL 2 34 ing codes, housing laws, and similar ordinances are to be followed: Provided, however, That in case such local regulations permit or require anything not permitted by these standards the express approval of this bureau is to be obtained before departing from the standards as here outlined. Types op houses. (Principal types only.) Type I. Single-family house. Type 2. Two-family house. Type 3. Single-family house with rooms for lodgers or boarders. Type 4. Lodging house for men. Type 5. Hotel for men. Type 6. Lodging house for women. Type 7. Hotel for women. Type 8. Tenement house. Type 9. Boarding house. I. GENERAL PROVISIONS. All types of houses to conform to these general provisions and, in addition, to certain special provisions as later indicated. 1. Arrangement. — Row or group houses normally not to be more than two rooms deep . 2. Basements. — No living quarters to be in basements. 3. Closets. — Every bedroom to have a clothes closet, opening from the room. Built-in wardrobe dressers will not be accepted. Normally such closets to be not less than 22 inches deep and with door. Closets to be supplied with rods to take coat hangers. 4. Cooking. — Gas preferred, but flue for coal stove to be provided ; all flues to be lined. The question of whether or not cook stoves are to be provided with the house to be considered at the time materials are being ordered. 5. Fences. — Board fences will not be accepted. Hedges or open metal fences desirable. Suitable arrangements for drying clothes to be provided. Where there are open metal fences the fence standards can be designed for this purpose. 6. Furniture space. — Beds to be indicated to scale on plans (double beds, 5 feet by 6 feet 6 inches; single beds, 3 feet by 6 feet 6 inches). Location of beds not to interfere with windows, or doors. It is recommended that beds be free standing and not located in a comer or with the side against a wall. Space to be provided for two pieces of furniture in addition to bed. Halls, stairs, and doors to permit easy moving of furniture. 7. Gardens. — Allotment gardens, conveniently accessible , prefer- able to increasing the size of the lot to provide for individual back- yard vegetable gardens. 8. Lighting. — Electricity preferred. 9. Materials of exterior. — Materials dependent on local supplies; brick, terra cotta, stone, or concrete preferred. Outer walls to be insulated against dampness and condensation. Rat nogging tb be provided. Roof to be fire resisting; leaders and gutters not essen- tial unless drip will do harm. 505 5o6 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. 10. Open spaces. — Side-yard space between adjacent buildings to be preferably 20 feet; minimum, 16 feet; such space to be in- creased proportionately for each additional story, or part of story, above two stories. If this space is not obtainable because of lot sizes or land values, houses should be built in rows or groups. Rear-ycrd depth not to be less than height of building, nor in any case less than 20 feet. Minimum distance between backs of houses to be 50 feet. Consideration to be given as to whether sites should be provided for garages. When not an integral part of the house, garages should preferably be at the rear of the lot, should not be located closer than 15 feet to the nearest part of house, and should not exceed one story in height. Front yards or setbacks desirable where practicable; minimum distance from front of house to front of opposite house to be 50 feet. Covered porches to be considered part of building. 11. Plumbing. — House drain under house and 5 feet outside to be extra heavy cast iron. Vitrified clay pipe, with proper joints, may be used where ordinance permits. It is recommended that soil and waste pipes be extra heavy cast iron or genuine wrought iron. Soil and waste pipes to be extended through roof. A 3-inch soil stack preferred where not more than two water-closets are placed on one stack. Water-closets to be porcelain and wash down, siphon, or siphon- jet type, with individual flush tank. Open-front seat recom- mended. Outdoor water-closets will not be accepted. Privies will not be accepted. Cellar water-closets not permitted except where supplementary to accommodations herein required. Access to water-closet compartments to be from hall or vestibule, never solely from a room. Plunger, pan, long-hopper, and range closets will not be accepted. Hot and cold water to be provided to all fixtures, with proper drains and shut-offs. Wooden sinks and wash trays will not be accepted. All fixtures to be separately trapped except in batteries of wash trays and combined sink and wash tray, where one trap is sufficient. Venting of traps to conform to approved practice, except that the back venting of the top or only fixture on a line is not required. Sink and lavatory traps to be connected direct to the vertical wastes, and not to floor branches. Exposed pipes preferred, and, when exposed, wrought iron preferred. Where possible, lines to be concentrated and kept from outside walls. 12. Porches. — Desirable. To be of durable construction, par- ticularly the foundations; to be restricted from encroaching on minimum side yard or unduly darkening rooms. 13 . Rear entrances. — In the case of row or group houses there may be access to the rear through minor one-way public streets. Such streets to be not less than 12 feet wide; to be properly paved, curbed, drained, and lighted. Private alleys will not be accepted. 14. Roof air space. — In every house there shall be a minimum clear space of 8 inches between the ceiling and the roof; this space to be provided with adequate waterproof openings for ventilation, at both ends if practicable. 15. Rooms, number of. — Bathrooms are not to be counted as rooms. 16. Stairs. — Risers to be not more than 8 inches high and treads to be not less than 9 inches wide. Winding stairs will not be accepted except in types 1,2, and 3. Not more than 2 winders will be allowed in series. Treads must measure at least 9 inches wide 18 inches from rail. 17. Ventilation. — Every room to have at least one window open- ing directly to the outer air. Two windows in each room generally preferred ; one window sufficient in small bedrooms. Each room to have a window area of not less than 12 square feet. Cross ventilation as direct as possible to be provided for all rooms through windows, transoms, or doors; communicating door recom- mended between front and rear bedrooms in row houses. Every bathroom to have window of not less than 6 square feet in area opening directly to the outer air. Every water-closet compartment to have a window of not less than A^i square feet in area opening directly to the outer air. A skylight in the roof, with an equal amount of glass area and provided with adequate ventilators, will be accepted in lieu of such window, but skylights are not desirable. 18. Windows. — Minimum area to be measured between stop beads. Window head to be as near ceiling as practicable. Win- dows may be double-hung, pivoted, or casement. If double-hung, upper and lower sash to be the same size. In cities with soft-coal smoke nuisance, minimum area to be increased. Window frames to be designed to accommodate screens and out- side shutters. In cold climates, weather strips are recommended. n. SPECIAI, PROVISIONS FOR TYPES I, 2, AND 3. In addition to compljdng with all general provisions, types i, 2, and 3 are to comply with the following special provisions: Type I. Single-family house. Type 2. Two-family house ("Two-flatter," one family up- stairs, one down. For "double house," see single-family house, semidetached.") Type 3. Single-family house with rooms for not more than three lodgers or boarders. 1. Arrangements. — Types i and 3 not to be over 2X stories high. Type 2 not to be over 2 stories high. When detached or semidetached, types 1,2, and 3 normally not to be over 3 rooms deep ; when in rows or groups, not to be over 2 rooms deep except that the end house of row may be 3 rooms deep. 2. Cellar. — To be well lighted, cross ventilated, dry, and paved or cemented. Minimum clear height under joists, 6 feet 6 inches. When hot-air furnaces are used, minimum height 7 feet. Cellar not essential imder whole house . Where climatic or soil conditions make cellar inadvisable it may be omitted, in which case adequate provision is to be made for storing fuel. Where cellar is omitted, house to be set up on masonry piers or walls 2 feet clear from ground ; space to be drained, inclosed, and ventilated. 3. Grouping. — Single-family houses of the more expensive type preferably to be detached houses, but may be semidetached or even attached in rows or groups. In other cases where land values per- mit, detached or semidetached are desirable ; otherwise attached in rows or groups. 4. Heating. — Provision to be made for heating houses. If not otherwise heated, bathroom to be heated from kitchen stove. 5. Materials of exterior. — Brick, terra cotta, stone, or concrete preferred; but wood frame clapboarded, shingled, or stuccoed permitted for detached or semidetached houses not over 2}4 stories high. Party walls to be of brick, terra cotta, stone, or concrete. 6. Plumbing. — Bathtub (shower is not sufficient). Lavatory, to be preferably in bathroom. Sink to be in kitchen; rim 36 inches above floor. Washtubswithcovers, preferably two, rim 36 inches above floor, to be set in kitchen or in well-lighted, dry, and ventilated cellar! Water-closet to be inside the house in well-lighted and ventilated compartment, with window of 4% square feet minimum area to outer air, and preferably with impervious floor not of concrete. 7. Rooms, height of. — Minimum, 8 feet. Sloping ceilings and " knee walls' ' will be accepted only under the following conditions: Roof space above flat portion of ceiling to be of ample size and adequately ventilated; spaces between rafters of sloping portion to be adequately ventilated into roof space; bedroom to have greater window area and better cross ventilation than the minimum permissible for a standard flat- ceiling room; bedroom to have a minimum height of 8 feet over an area of at least 40 square feet with a minimum flat-ceiling width APPENDIX X. 507 of 3X feet, and a clear height of not less than 6 feet over an area of at Icabt 80 square feet with a minimum width of 7 feet. 8. Rooms in attic. — As a rule, in aX-story hoiises, only one bed- room to be provided in the attic. 9. Rooms, number and use of. — In types i and 2: For higher- paid workers, five-room type preferred, with parlor, large kitchen, 3 bedrooms, and bathroom. Dining room and kitchenette may be provided in place of the large kitchen. Four-room type to be provided sparingly for higher-paid workers. Six-room type, with 4 bedrooms, or 3 bedrooms and parlor convertible into fourth bedroom, suited for abnormally large families only, and should be provided sparingly. Six-room type should normally have parlor, dining room, kitchen, 3 bedrooms, and bathroom. For lower-paid workers, four-room type desirable, with parlor, kitchen, 2 bedrooms, and bathroom. Any house having more than seven rooms to be treated as type 3. In type 3, in addition to family quarters indicated above, single rooms for lodgers to be provided. In addition to the family water- closet accommodations, a water-closet compartment containing lavatory to be provided for the sole use of the lodgers. Lodgers to have access to their bedrooms and to their water-closet com- partment without going through rooms designed for use of family. 10. Room!, size of. —One large bedroom to be provided, size 10 by 12 to 12 by 14 feet. Small bedrooms, minimum area, 80 square feet; minimum width, 7 feet. Parlor, 10 by 12 to 12 by 14 feet. Dining room, 9 by 12 to 12 by 14 feet. Kitchen (where there is no separate dining room), 10 by 12 to 12 by 14 feet. Kitchenette (only where there is a separate dining room), mini- mum width, 6 feet; minimum area, 70 square feet. m. SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR TYPES 4 AND 5. In addition to complying with all general provisions, types 4 and 5 must comply with the following special provisions: Type 4. Ivodging house for men. Type 5. Hotel for men. J. Arrangement. — Provision to be made for 75 men or more. Height limited to 4 stories, except in large cities. 2. Cellar. — Minimum height, 7 feet; to be well lighted, cross ventilated, dry, and paved or cemented. Cellar not essential under whole building. Where omitted, building to be set up on masonry piers or walls 2 feet clear from ground; space to be drained, inclosed, and ventilated. 3. Fire protection. — If over 4 stories high, to be fireproof through- out. If over 3 stories high, and not over 4, first-floor construction to be fireproof. If over 2 stories high, a nonfireproof building the area of which exceeds approximately 3,000 square feet to be divided by fire walls of brick, terra cotta, stone, or concrete into areas not exceed- ing approximately 3,000 square feet each. All openings in such walls to be provided with fireproof self-closing doors. Adequate means of egress to be provided to street or yard by an additional flight of stairs, or by fire tower or stair fire escape (fire escape less desirable). All such additional means of egress to be remote from the main stairs and .separated therefrom and from the other parts of the building by walls of brick, terra cotta, stone, or concrete, with fireproof self-closing doors at all openings. Such additional means of egress to be so located that no room shall be more than 40 feet from a means of egress. All main egress doors to swing out. .Ml stairs and stair halls to be not less than 3 feet wide in the clear and to be inclosed in walls of brick, terra cotta, stone, or concrete, with fireproof self-closing doors at all openings. AH doors to stair halls to swing into stair hall without obstructing free passage. Dumb-waiters and elevators will not be accepted in stair in- closure; they should be inclosed in fireproof shafts with fireproof doors, those for dumb-waiters to be self-closing. Inside cellar stairs to be inclosed with walls of brick, terra cotta, stone, or con- crete, with self-closing fireproof doors. Standpipes with hose reels 0.1 each floor to be so located that any point can be reached with 7S feet of hose. 4. Heating. — Except where connected with a central plant, pro- vision to be made for independent heating. 5. Materials of exterior. — To be brick, terra cotta, stone, or con- crete, except that wood frame will be accepted for i-story buildings. 6. Plumbing. — Minimum provision: One water-closet per 12 men; one urinal per 16 men; one lavatory per 8 men; one shower per 10 men; one bathtub per floor, provided there is not less than one per 50 men. Ratio to be increa.sed where there are less than 50 men per floor. Floor and base of toilet rooms to be waterproof not of concrete. Sufficient water-closets to be provided in the cellar of basement for the accommodation of engineers, firemen, and laundry workers. 7. Rooms, height of. — Height for public rooms, 9 to 12 feet; mini- mum for bedrooms, 8 feet. 8. Rooms, number and use of. — Each lodger to have separate room. Two-men rooms not permitted. (Cubicles and dwarf par- titions will not be accepted.) Each floor to have a general bathroom containing required show- ers, tub, and lavatories. Each floor also to have a. general toilet room containing required water-closets and urinals. Each of the two rooms to have windows opening directly to the outer air, and to be separate but adjoining and communicating. Service closets with slop sinks and space for brooms and pails to be provided on each floor. Smoking room, reading room, billiard room, physician's room, laundry for washing clothes, superintendent's office and adequate quarters for superintendent to be provided. Unless provided else- where in the community, bowling alleys to be in basement. Hotel (type 5) also to have dining room and cafeteria with out- side access thereto, and with pantry, service rooms, kitchen, and toilet facilities for men and women employees. An additional general toilet room is to be provided conveniently accessible. 9. Rooms, size of. — Single bedrooms to have a minimum area of 70 square feet and minimum width of 7 feet. 10. Ventilation. — Bedroom doors preferably to be placed oppo- site each other and to have transoms or slat panels. 11. Windows. — One window in each room to have minimum area of 12 square feet between stop beads. IV. SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR TYPES 6 AND 7. In addition to complying with all general provisions, types 6 and 7 must comply with the following special provisions: Type 6. Lodging house for women. Type 7. Hotel for women. 1. Arrangement. — Pro vision to be made for 75 to 1 50 women (with less than 75 the unit is not economical; with more than 150 there are difficulties in management and supervision). Height limited to 4 stories, except in large cities. 2. Cellar. — Minimum height, 7 feet; to be well lighted, cross ventilated, dry, and paved or cemented. Cellar not essential under whole building. Where omitted, building to be set up on masonry piers or walls 2 feet clear from ground; space to be drained, inclosed, and ventilated. 5o8 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. 3 . Fire protection. — If over 4 stories high, to be fireproof through- out. If over 3 stories high, and not over 4, first-floor construction to be fireproof. If over 2 stories high, a nonfireproof building, the area of which exceeds approximately 3,000 square feet, to be divided by fire walls of brick, terra cotta, stone, or concrete into areas not exceeding approximately 3,000 square feet. All openings in such walls to be provided with fireproof self-closing doors. Adequate means of egress to be provided to street or yard by an additional flight of stairs, or by fire tower or stair fire escape (fire escape less desirable). All such additional means of egress to be remote from the main stairs and separated therefrom and from other parts of the building by walls of brick, terra cotta, stone, or concrete, with fireproof self-closing doors at all openings. Such additional means of egress to be so located that no room shall be more than 40 feet from a means of egress. All main egress doors to swing out. All stairs and stair halls to be not less than 3 feet wide in the clear and to be inclosed in walls of brick, terra cotta, stone, or concrete, with fireproof self-closing doors at all openings. All doors to stair halls to swing into stair hall without obstructing free passage. Dumb-waiters and elevators will not be accepted in stair inclos- ure ; they should be inclosed in fireproof shafts with fireproof doors, those for dumb-waiters to be self-closing. Inside cellar stairs to be inclosed with walls of brick, terra cotta, stone, or concrete, with self-closing fireproof doors. Standpipes with hose reels on each floor to be so located that any point can be reached with 75 feet of hose. 4. Heating. — Except where connected with a central heating plant, provision to be made for independent heating. J. Materials for exterior. — To be of brick, terra cotta, stone, or concrete, except that wood frame will be accepted for one-story buildings. 6. Plumbing. — ^Minimum provision: One water-closet per 10 women, one lavatory per 6 women, one body shower per 10 women, one bathtub per 25 women. Ratio to be increased where there are less than 50 women per floor. Floor and base of toilet rooms water- proof, not of concrete. Dwarf partitions between lavatories to extend at least 6 feet above the floor and have curtains. Sufficient water-closets to be provided in the cellar or basement for the accommodation of engineers, firemen, and laundry workers. 7. Rooms, height of. — Height of public rooms, 9 to 12 feet; mini- mum for bedrooms, 8 feet. 8. Rooms, number and use of. — Each lodger to have separate room. (Cubicles and dwarf partitions will not be accepted.) Rooms for two women not permitted. Each floor to have a general bathroom containing required body showers, tub, and lavatories. Each floor also to have a general toilet room containing required water-closets. Each of these two rooms to have windows opening directly to the outer air, and to be separate, but adjoining and communicating. Service closet, with slop sink and space for brooms and pails to be provided on each floor. First floor to have matron's office so placed as to oversee the single entrance and access to sleeping quarters; to have reception parlors or alcoves (one for every 20 women), or large parlor with furniture arranged for privacy in conversation; also assembly hall with mov- able partitions and set stage. Kitchenette, sitting room, and sewing room to be provided on at least alternate room floors. Matron's quarters, physician's room, and infirmary, laundry in which lodgers can wash their clothes, and trunk room to be provided. Hotel (type 7) also to have dining room and cafeteria, with out- side access thereto, with pantry, service rooms, kitchen, and toilet facilitiesfor employees. An additional toilet room is to be provided, conveniently accessible. 9. Rooms, size of. — Single bedrooms to have a minimtxm area of 70 square feet and minimum width of 7 feet. 10. Ventilation. — Bedroom doors preferably to be placed opposite each other, and to have transoms or slat panels. 11. Windows. — One window in each room to have minimum area of 12 square feet between stop beads. v. SPECIAI, PROVISIONS POR TYPE 8. Type 8. Tenement house (including flats or apartments), a building occupied in whole or in part by three or more families. Tenement and apartment houses are considered generally unde- sirable and will be accepted only in cities where, because of high land values, it is clearly demonstrated that single and two-family houses can not be economically provided, or where there is insistent local demand for this type of multiple housing. In any case, they will be accepted only where the Bureau of Industrial Housing and Transportation is convinced that local conditions require or justify their use. They must conform in general to local building ordi- nances, to the general provisions of these standards, and to other special provisions to be issued by the Bureau of Industrial Housing and Transportation. VI. SPECIAI, PROVISIONS FOR TYPE 9. In addition to complying with all general provisions, buildings of type 9 must comply with the following special provisions: Type 9. Boarding house. Where more than 3 and less than 25 rooms for lodgers are provided, building to be classed as boarding house. If 3 lodgers or less, building to be classed as type 3; if 25 or more, to be classed as type 4, 5, 6, or 7. I. Access. — Lodgers to have access to their bedrooms and to their water-closet compartments and bathrooms without going through rooms designed for use of family. Separate outside entrance for lodgers recommended. ■^. Arrangement. — ^Not to be over 3 stories high. Not to be over 2 rooms deep, except that the end house of rows may be 3 rooms deep. 3 . Cellar. — To be well lighted, cross ventilated, dry, and paved or cemented. Minimum clear height under joists, 7 feet. Cellar not essential under whole house; where omitted, house to be set up on masonry piers or walls 2 feet clear from groimd ; space to be drained, inclosed, and ventilated. 4. Fire protection. — If frame, not to be over 2 stories high. If over 2 stories high, adequate means of egress to be provided to street or yard by an additional flight of stairs, or by fire tower or stair fire escape (fire escape least desirable). All such additional means of egress to be remote from the main stairs and separated therefrom and from the other parts of the building by walls of brick, terra cotta, stone, or concrete, with fireproof self-closing doors at all openings. Such additional means of egress to be so located that no room shall be more than 40 feet from a means of egress. All stairs and stair halls to be not less than 3 feet wide in the clear and to be inclosed in walls of brick, terra cotta, stone, or concrete, with fireproof self-closing doors at all openings. Dumb-waiters and elevators will not be accepted in stair inclo- sure ; they should be inclosed in fireproof shafts with fireproof doors, those for dumb-waiters to be self-closing. 5. Heating. — Except where connected with a central plant, pro- vision to be made for independent heating. 6. Materials of walls. — Brick, terra cotta, stone, or concrete pre- ferred , but wood frame clapboarded , shingled , or stuccoed permitted for detached or semidetached houses not over 2 stories high. 7. Plumbing. — Family living quarters to have: Bathtub (shower is not sufficient). Lavatory, to be preferably in bathroom. Sink to be in kitchen; rim 36 inches above floor. Washtubs with covers, preferably two, rim 36 inches above floor, to be set in kitchen or in well-lighted, dry, and ventilated cellar. APPENDIX X. 509 Water-closet to be inside the house in well lighted and ventilated compartment, with window of 4X square feet minimum area to outer air, and preferably with impervious floor not of concrete. In addition to above , a water-closet compartmen t containing lava- tory to be provided for the sole use of the lodgers. Floor and base of toilet rooms to be waterproof, not of concrete. The followirig minimum provisions to be made: For men, i bathtub per 24 lodgers, i water-closet, and i lavatory per 8 lodgers, i shower per 10 lodgers; for women, i: bathtub per 16 lodgers, i body shower per 10 lodgers, i lavatory per 5 lodgers, I water-closet per 8 lodgers. Dwarf partitions between lavatories for women to extend at least 6 feet above the floor and have cur- tains. 8. Rooms, height of. — Minimum, 8 feet. 9. Rooms in attic. — No lodgers 'rooms in attic accepted. 10. Rooms, number and use of. — Each lodger to have separate room. Rooms for two lodgers not permitted. (Cubicles and dwarf partitions will not be accepted.) Building to contain more than 3 and less than 25 rooms for lodgers. In addition to living quarters for one family, lodgers' bathrooms and toilet rooms containing showers, tubs, lavatories, and water-closets to be provided; prefer- ably, bathroom containing showers, tub, and lavatories to be sepa- rate but adjoining and communicating with water-closet compart- ment. One of each such rooms preferably on each floor. Each of these two rooms to have windows opening directly to the outer air. Lodgers to have a common room, also dining room: the latter to be located near family kitchen; the common room to be con- veniently accessible from the outside. 11. Rooms, size of. — Single bedrooms for lodgers to have a mini- mum area of 70 square feet and minimum width of 7 feet. Size of common room and dining room each to be proportionate to the num- ber of boarders. 12 . Ventilation. — Bedroom doors preferably to be placed opposite each other and to have transoms or slat panels. ^ APPENDIX XI. STANDARD ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS: EXPLANATORY NOTES, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. BUREATJ OF INDTJSTRIAIi HOUSING AND TRANSPORTATION, UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION, ARCHITECTURAL DIVISION. BASIC PLANS AND THEIR DESCRIPTION. In reducing many variant plans to the following basic types, minor differences, especially placing the closets, door, and window locations, etc., are disregarded, and only the essentials in plan arrangements are considered. Nearly every one of the basic plans is capable not only of being reversed right for left but of being turned 90° in relation to the street front. The center stair types are capable of being reversed go° in either direction, the entrance in one case being at the foot of the stairs to the second floor with the stairs to the basement opening off the kitchen, and in the other case being at the head of the basement stairs with the stairs to the second floor accessible through the living room. The plans as represented below are for four, five, and six room houses, as these were the most popular types constructed, and are intended to represent only essential points. FO0R-ROOM fi^an: type a. This plan, with staircase at the side, admirably admits of its use as a row house, but is not so well adapted if used as a semi- detached house, due to the fact that an economical arrangement of combining this plan should call for chimneys and plumbing together. This would place the staircases to both apartments in the center, thereby giving combined porches. With stairs ar- ranged as in this type, if a first floor hall is desired, it is a little wasteful, as the hall would naturally run the entire length of the staircase. This also gives a little larger second floor hall space. It will be noted by reference to the dotted lines on this plan, representing a front hall, that the living room becomes narrow. Also, on accotmt of stair location in the average depth used for houses of this type, it does not admit of an economical closet arrangement, as the space over stairs on the second floor could not be iitilized but for one closet. FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN FOUR ROOM HOUSE TYPE A FOUR-ROOM plan: TYPE B. The B type plan as illustrated, with the stairs in the center of the building, is best fitted for either single or semidetached houses, as it admits of separated entrances and porches if used as semi- detached, with a minimum of hall space both upstairs and down. With this arrangement of stairs, it also allows for sufficient closet area for both bedrooms over the staircase, and best utilizes this space. We feel that of the two types plan B is more econom- ical in arrangement, but is apt to be less economical in construc- tion, especially on account of the requirements of two girders and bearing partitions. This plan, however, would have less partition area and would also give a larger living room if a hall is used, and a better front bedroom. CAN ISC ■ rnTBAMSE HERE DINING ROOM t } ^^ +■ i FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN FOUR ROOM HOUSE TYPE B 510 APPENDIX XI. 511 ifive-ROOM plan: types A-I, A-2, b. On the five-room type A-i and A-2, the same general advantages apply as to the four-room type A. On the five-room type B the same advantages apply as on the four-room type B, but this type does not admit economically of developing a second floor with three bedrooms as per type A. ■^ ts* a. J- 1 I FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN FIVE ROOM HOUSE TYPE B M w Wi. .BED ROOM ^ ^ FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN FIVE ROOM HOUSE TYPE A I FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAM FIVE ROOM HOUSE TYPE A 2 SIX-ROOM plan: type a. The same general descriptions apply to this plan as to the pre- vious A types. The B type (or center stair) plan again would not adapt itself so economically with the area of three bedrooms on the second floor, due to increased second floor hall which would be necessary. An excellent variant of the side stair type applicable to five- room houses with three rooms downstairs, and to six-room houses, is the double-run comer stair type. Excellent examples of these types might be seen under the Waterbury, Conn., project. Many monotype houses which would really not come under the basic plans as represented above have been used to meet special condi- tions for the individual project in which they occur. They may be found under the various projects, as illustrated. FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN SIX ROOM HOUSE TYPE A -9 APPENDIX XII. PRELIMINARY REPORT ON RESULTS OF TESTS OF PLUMBING IN TYPICAL BUILDINGS OF DIFFERENT GROUPS OF HOUSES CONSTRUCTED BY THE UNITED STATES HOUSING COR- PORATION AT BRIDGEPORT, CONN., MADE FEBRUARY 25, 26, 28, AND MARCH 1, 7, AND 8, 1919. New York, March 13, IQIQ. To the President op the United States Housing Corporation. Washington, D. C. Dear Sir: In response to your request the following preliminary report on the plumbing in the buildings of the United States Housing Corporation at Bridgeport, Conn., is submitted by the Committee appointed to test the plumbing. This report is officially concurred in by all the members of the committee. Committee. — The members of the committee, appointed by the United States Housing Corporation to conduct the tests, are: Mr. Albert L. Webster, Consulting Engineer, N. Y. City, Chairman. Dr. W. Paul Gerhard, Consulting Engineer, N. Y. City, Secretary. Mr. Chas. B. Ball, Chief Inspector, Division of Sanitation, Department of Health, Chicago, 111. Mr. Nelson S. Thompson, Chief Mechanical Engineer, Super- vising Architect's Office, Washington, D. C. Mr. J. W. McCarthy, Plumbing Contractor, Washington, D. C. Purpose of tests. — The ptirpose of the tests was to determine if the plumbing installed in the buildings constructed by the United States Housing Corporation in Bridgeport is safe, in the opinion of the Committee. The committee was also asked to express its opinion of the character of the plumbing, viewed as a war necessity and designed and installed under restrictions imposed by the War Industries Board. Types of buildings tested. — Four types of buildings were tested. These were stated to represent all the different designs of plumbing in the several groups of buildings constructed by the United States Housing Corporation at Bridgeport. The types tested were as follows : Type G-2, Black Rock group. — Three story, double apart- ment house, providing accommodations for two families on each floor — six families in all. Type J-2 Mill Green group. — Pair of two-story, semi- detached houses, providing accommodations for two families, each family occupying half of building separated by a party wall. Type H-i , Mill Green group . — Two story 2-flat house, pro- viding accommodations for two families (super-imposed apartments), one family on each floor. Type H-3 Mill Green group, — Two story 2-flat house, pro- viding accommodations for two families (super-imposed apartments), one family on each floor. Critical type. — The type of building in which the plumbing will be subjected to the most severe service is Type G-2, Black Kock group, three-story apartment, housing six families. The committee, therefore, applied extensive tests to this type of building. 512 TEST OF three-story APARTMENTS, TYPE G-2, BI,ACK ROCK GROUP, HOUSING SIX FAMILIES. Comparison of anti-siphon traps and vented traps. — ^The commit- tee had two similar buildings of the group equipped with different systems of plumbing — one represented the United States Housing Commission's system, using anti-siphon traps without back venti- lation pipes (as shown on blue prints attached hereto) and the other represented the Bridgeport system of vented traps, known as "P" or "X-S" traps. Controlling limits. — Although there were minor differences in the two installations, the committee is convinced that the installa- tions were comparable, and the committee is also convinced that the results of the tests of the two buildings permit fair conclusions to be drawn as to the safety of the United States Housing Corpo- ration system. In regard to the three story apartment type of building, (G-2), the committee emphatically limits its conclusions to buildings in which the plumbing design is like that in the United States Housing Corporation building tested, the essentials of which are as follows ; Buildings three stories high, with cellar beneath; Two stacks of 4 inch diameter soil pipes, one for each half of building. Soil stack not over 42 feet high, with one group of fixtures on each living floor and one sink in the cellar. Each group of fixtures consisting of i water-closet, i bath tub, i lavatory, i kitchen sink, i laundry tray. All fixtures grouped close to soil stack. The developed length of any waste or soil branch not exceeding 4 feet from soil stack to seal of trap. One rain leader, 4 inches in diameter, for the entire roof area, not exceeding 1,800 square feet. The main drain in cellar, beyond junction of the two soil pipes and the rain leader, not less than 5 inches in diameter; no house trap, or fresh air inlet, on the house drain. Individual discharges from fixtures not exceeding the following rates: Water-closets, 35 gallons per minute (3 gallon flush). Baths, 14 gallons per minute. Combination sink and laundry tray 18 gallons per minute. Lavatories, 6 gallons per minute. Anti siphon traps of the two kinds installed in the United States Housing Corporation buildings, as shown on the blue prints hereto attached. Bend traps (P traps) of the kind installed in the Bridgeport building. With the above restrictions limiting its conclusions, the com- mittee finds for three-story buildings of the Black Rock group (G-2). Results at Black Rock group. — (a) The critical floor, under all kinds of test, is the first floor. APPENDIX XII. 513 (6) The United States Housing Corporation system resists siphonage better than the Bridgeport system. (c) The Bridgeport system resists back pressure better than the United States Housing Corporation system. (d) In the committee's opinion, failure through siphonage is more serious than failure through back presstu-e. (e) The United States Housing Corporation system in the Black Rock group should be corrected to resist back pressure by the addition of a 2 -inch air-relief pipe at each stack, properly connected to the water-closet and bath fixtures on the first floor and extended to the roof, with 4-inch increased diameter before passing through the roof. Tests severe. — The committee realizes that the tests applied to both buildings were severe and searching, and, perhaps, subjected both systems to stronger strain than will occur often in actual service, but it believes that any system of plumbing should have a sufficient factor of safety, and it believes the tests applied were not too strong to ensure such safety. Effect on fouling on both systems. — The committee realizes that both systems would show modified results when the two systems have fouled in actual service, but in its opinion the extent of fouling will not reduce to danger point the trap seals of the two kinds of anti siphon traps used in the United States Housing Cor- poration system, nor does it believe that the fouling of the Bridge- port system traps and vent pipes will be suflBcient to endanger that system. Recommends tests for fouling . — The committee thinks this ques- tion of the effect of fouling on both antisiphon and bend traps of suflBcient importance to warrant actual tests and experiments, and it recommends that these be made under competent super- vision. Patented articles. — The committee is satisfied that no traps, or plumbing fittings, used in either of the Black Rock buildings tested, were controlled by patent or other proprietary restraint, and that any manufacturer of plumbing goods can make them. TESTS OP TWO-STORY BUILDINGS. Two-story buildings. — The tests of two-story buildings were con- ducted at the Mill Green group. Type J-2 is arranged for one family in each half of the building, separated by a party wall. Each half of the building has a 4-inch soil stack extending through the roof, with water-closet, bath, and lavatory close to the soil stack on the second floor, and a combina- tion sink and laundry tub on the first floor, distant from the soil stack about 11 feet 6 inches. The two soil stacks drop under the cellar floor, unite in a 4-inch main drain which passes out of the front of the building and connects with a 6-inch tile house sewer. There is no house trap or fresh-air inlet. The waste of the com- bination fixture is not extended to the roof. Type H-i and H-3 buildings are two-flat houses, that is, superim- posed apartments, arranged for one family on each floor. There is one 4-inch soil stack, extended through the roof, and one 2-inch waste stack, extended through the roof without enlargement at roof. The base of the 2-inch waste extends across the cellar ceiling, and connects with the 4-inch soil stack. The soil stack drops under the cellar floor, passes out of the building at the front wall, and connects with a 6-inch tile sewer. There is no house trap or fresh- air inlet. General, for two-story buildings. — In all of the two-story buildings the lavatory traps are the same kind of antisiphon traps used in the lavatory in the Black Rock group building. The bath and com- bination fixture traps are antisiphon, 4 by 5 inch drum traps, made up of stock fittings. In all of these buildings the water-closets have flush tanks. There is no rain water connected with the plumbing drains. Outside leaders are used. At the second floor, in some of the buildings, a special combina- tion fitting is used for the water-closet and bath tub. RESULTS OP TESTS OP PLUMBING IN THE DIFFERENT TYPES OP TWO- STORY BUILDINGS. Results of tests in two-story buildings. — No traps were siphoned so as to endanger the water seal of the traps. No back pressure was shown that endangered the water seal of the traps, but the committee thinks it advisable to increase the 2-inch waste vents to 4 inches before passing through the roof, or that they be other- wise protected against frost closure. CONCLUSIONS. I. In the buildings examined and tested the committee finds the work well done and the workmanship good. II. Having in mind the war standards and the restrictions im- posed by the War Industries Board for conserving metal, the com- mittee finds the design, workmanship, and material of the plumb- ing are justified, and the plumbing is reasonably safe for a limited number of years, and is not a menace to health. III. The three-story apartment building at Black Rock (type G-2) showed insuflScient protection against back pressure at the water-closet and bath on the first floor, under the most severe conditions of the test applied, which conditions would be of very infrequent occurrence in actual service. This defect, however, should be remedied, and can be done most cheaply by installing a 2-inch back-pressure relief pipe at each stack in these buildings, as hereinbefore specified. This pipe is not recommended to prevent trap siphonage, but is required to prevent back pressure. If the plumbing is improved as above specified, the committee would consider it safe. IV. In the two-story, two family buildings of types H-i and H-3, having a 2 -inch vent to the roof from combination fixture of sink and laundry tray on two floors, the committee recommends that the 2-inch vent be increased to 4 inches before passing through the roof, or be otherwise protected against closure by frost. If the plumbing is improved as above specified, the committee would consider it safe. Future report. — This report will be followed in time by a full statement of the committee's work. Respectfully submitted. Albert L. Webster, Chairman. Dr. W. Paul Gerhard, C. E., Secretary. ^ APPENDIX XIII. INSTRUCTIONS TO NEGOTIATORS. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. BTJRBAT7 OF INT>TTSTRIAlj HOtTSING} ANU TRANSPORTATION, TTNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION, BEAZi ESTATE, TOWN PLANNING, AND LEGAIj DIVISIONS. I. After the bureau has passed upon the report of the committee on sites, the Town Planning Division shall furnish the Real Rstate Division with a description of the properties proposed to be acquired. In some cases this description may be a complete legal description accompanied by an accurate survey of the metes and bounds; otherwise it is to be a sufficient description to enable the Real Estate Division through its negotiator to identify the properties approved by the bureau so as to obtain the legal de- scription thereof after his arrival at the locality. The general manager will give the negotiator the name of tlie man who will be locally in charge of surveying parties for the bureau. ■2. The Real Estate Division shall then designate a representa- tive or negotiator, who shall have the discretionary authority to take options or make contracts for the purchase of real estate, subject to the limitations set forth below and supplementary instructions from the chief of the Real Estate Division in any specific case. 3. Such options as may have been taken by the representative of the Real Estate Division on the committee on sites shall be turned over to the negotiator for his use, together with a copy of the official appraisal on each parcel of property to be acquired. In the absence of such official appraisal the negotiator shall, as soon as possible, furnish the Real Estate Division with information and data upon which an official appraisal can be based. 4. The negotiator shall so far as possible enter into contracts with owners for the purchase of properties at prices not to exceed the official appraisal, holding the power of commandeering in reserve. These contracts should normally include tlie right of immediate entry upon the property subject to payment for any damages which may be caused by such entry in case the sale is not completed; the form of contract to be furnished by the Legal Division. 5. If unexpected difficulties in purchase, or the surveys and studies of the committee of designers, suggest the advisability of modifying the boundaries of the approved acquirements or of considering alternate sites: (a) In case of minor modifications the negotiator may proceed without waiting for specific approval from the bureau, but for the bureau's records, in all such cases, a report signed jointly by him- self and the town planner is to be sent promptly by mail to the bureau explaining the modifications agreed upon and tlie reasons for them. S14 (6) In case of radical changes of location the joint recommenda- tions of the negotiator and the town planner are to be submitted to the director and his approval secured before closing contract for purchase. In view of the probable desirability of such changes, the nego- tiator should keep in close touch 'n'ith the town planner and the development of his plans. 6. If the negotiator is unable promptly to reach an agreement with the owners for the ptirchase of specific properties to be acquired, he is to form an opinion in consultation with the attorney and the town planner as to the most expedient procedure in respect to each, whether to file a requisition for taking without a previous contract for purchase, or whether to contract to pay tlie mininmm price for which the parcel can be bought, even though in excess of the official appraisal, or whether to abandon the acquirement of the parcel or substitute another. A joint report of tlie opinion of the negotiator, the attorney, and the town planner on these cases is to be sent to the bureau. Where the joint opinion of the negotiator, town planner and attorney is in favor of requisitioning a parcel within the tract approved by the bureau, the negotiator will proceed as indicated below. Where such joint opinion is in favor of purchasing at a higher price than the official appraisal, the negotiator shall so report to the Real Estate Division furnishing evidence that the price pro- posed to be paid is within the limits of a "just compensation" as permitted by the act. The Real Estate Division will thereupon reconsider the official appraisal in the light of the new evidence and instruct the negotiator -whether or not the parcel may be purchased thereunder. The test to be applied in determining just compensation is the fair market value of the land in 1916 (thus eliminating war inflation), plus such increment as may be due to subsequent physical changes or permanent improvements on the land or in the environment, less any permanent depreciation since igi6. In the appraisement of houses, the reproduction cost at the present time should be considered. It is probable that all of the properties purchased by contract will also be requisitioned under the act for the purpose of further assurance of title. [Sections 7, 8 and 9 refer to technical legal details of procedure for the requisitioning of real estate by right of eminent domain under the special war-time legislation of 1918, and payments for real estate. 1 ^ APPENDIX XIV. INSTRUCTIONS TO FIELD STAFF CONCERNING OPERATIONS. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL HOUSING AND TRANSPORTATION, UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION, CONSTRUCTION DIVISION. This manual is to be considered as confidential infonnation to the field ofiice force, and should be so treated and not issued except to those actually interested in the work and under the jurisdiction of this bureau. The primary aim of these instructions is to insure a correct understanding of the functions of the various employees on the field staff, and their relation to this bureau; also the preliminary development of the project in collaboration with the contractor. More detailed instructions to the various members of the staff will be issued during the progress of the work, and as occasion will warrant in the future. I. THE BUREAU ORGANIZATION. (i) The Bureau of Industrial Housing and Transportation was created by act of Congress approved May i6, 1918, for the purpose of providing houses for workers engaged in war industries. (2) It functions through the United States Housing Corpora- tion, organized, so far as housing contracts are concerned, as follows: 1. The president. a. The vice president. 3. The general manager. 4. The manager of Architectural Division. 5. The manager of Engineering Division (Chief Engineer). 6. The manager of Town Planning Division. 7. The manager of Construction Division. (3) The Construction Division has charge of the award of con- tracts and has jurisdiction over the field forces who are concerned in the execution of the work; establishes rules and regulations governing their actions and issues instructions concerning opera- tions. (4) All reports from the field forces are to be sent direct to the construction manager; instructions from the bureau will be trans- mitted through the construction manager to the works superin- tendent. (5) The bureau has authority over the entire work and may suspend or dismiss any or all members of the field organization and appoint successors at any time, should it appear in the judg- ment of the director tliat the best interests of the work demand such action. II. DESIGN ORGANIZATION. (i) The designing force for a project consists of the architect, the engineer, and the town planner. (2) They are selected by the bureau, and are responsible to it for the proper design and execution of the whole project, collaborat- ing as a committee during the evolution and perfecting of the scheme. III. DUTIES OF THE FIELD STAFF. (i) The duties of the members of the field staff can only be outlined. It is intended in these pages to describe briefly the duties and functions of the principals, with such suggestions for their guidance as may seem pertinent. It is not intended to pre- scribe hard and fast rules governing all conditions that may arise in the execution of the work. Successful execution depends upon judgment, energy, alertness, and integrity of individuals, and cooperation and teamwork of the whole force, the contractor's as well as our own. (2) Every member of the field organization is, therefore, required to exert himself to the utmost limits of his ability to discharge the duties imposed upon him and to be a real live, able, and potent factor in the work. (3) The committee of designers will appoint a works superintend- ent, subject to the approval of the manager of the construction division. (4) If it be deemed necessary the bureau will appoint one repre- sentative each of the architect's, the engineer's, and the town planner's organizations, who will cooperate with and advise the works superintendent in the field in connection with supervision of the particular work severally allotted to them. IV. THE ARCHITECT. (i) The architect or his representative has charge of all construc- tion work covered by the architectural plans and specifications. (2) He shall cooperate with the town planner and engineer where the work in charge of the latter meets with the work under his supervision. (3) The directions of the works superintendent as to the proper sequence of work must be carefully followed. (4) The architect, directly or through his representative in the field, will advise the works superintendent as to the intention of the architectural plans and specifications. He is to be consulted by the works superintendent whenever changes of any consequence seem to be desirable in the architecttiral plans. If he can not agree with the decision of the works superintendent in any important matter, he may report his dissenting opinion to the manager of the architectural division, who will advise with the construction manager as to the proper policy. V. THE SUPERVISING ENGINEER. (i) The engineering force has charge of all the construction work relating to streets, walks, sidewalks, curbs, gutters, sewers, sewage disposal, water, gas, and electricity, and other public improvements and utilities. He will locate and stake out the work on the ground and his field force will supervise the construction of these works tmder the works superintendent. 515 5i6 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. (2) In planning the field operations the engineer must arrange his work to tie in with other departments, in order that the whole work may proceed in an orderly manner and without confusion. (3) The field force of the engineer shall perform their work in such sequence as the works superintendent shall direct. (4) The engineer, directly or through his representative in the field, will advise the works superintendent as to the intention of the engineering plans and specifications. He is to be consulted by the works superintendent whenever changes of any consequence seem to be desirable in the engineering plans. If he can not agree with the decision of the works superintendent in any important matter he may report his dissenting opinion to the chief engineer, who will advise with the construction manager as to proper policy. VI. THE TOWN PLANNER. (i) The town planner supervises the general landscape treat- ment — ^fixes the grading of the lots, the grade relations between houses and streets, and, with the architect, the grade relations between houses and grounds, plans for parks and for trees, shrub- bery, lawns, etc. In general he coordinates the work of the architect and the engineer. (2) Since the greater part of his activities are concerned with the general planning of the project, it follows that the results of this planning are in a large measure incorporated in the plans of the architect and the engineer. (3) The town planner, directly or through his representative in the field, will advise the works superintendent as to the intention of the town planner's plans and specifications. He is to be con- sulted by the works superintendent whenever changes of any con- sequence seem to be desirable in the town planner's plans. If he can not agree with the decision o£ the works superintendent in any important matter, he may report his dissenting opinion to the man- ager of the town planning division, who will advise with the construction manager as to proper policy. VII. THE WORKS SUPERINTENDENT. (i) The works superintendent is the principal executive in the field and is responsible to the bureau in Washington for the suc- cessful execution of the work as a whole. As representative of the president, he interprets the contracts and determines policy and methods of procedure; receives instructions from the bureau and transmits them to the contractor and makes reports to the bureau at stated intervals showing progress and costs. He certifies all bills and pay rolls, duly approved by auditor for payment, and must know, before certification, that they are correct and are just and proper charges against the work. (2) He engages inspectors, and such other assistants as may be required to make sure that all work on the project is properly and efficiently performed, and that all the moneys are wisely expended with the utmost regard to economy consistent with the scope of the project. (3) He shall assist the auditor in the selection of time and mate- rial checkers, making particular efforts to obtain skilled, efficient, and reliable men for this work. (4) He must coordinate the activities of the several departments under him and bring them into complete harmony; keep in close touch with the contractors; inform himself as to material deliv- eries; see that the workmen are organized into efficient gangs and make every effort to meet the time schedule and avoid waste. (5) The works superintendent is under the direct authority of the corporation and reports to the manager of the construction division. Vin. THE FIELD AUDITOR. (i) A field auditor will be appointed by the btu'eau, whose duties will be to audit all pay rolls, invoices, or other indebtedness for the payment of moneys in connection with the project, to see that they are in order, that the claims are just, and that all the terms and conditions of the original orders or contracts have been fully complied with. (2) Upon the auditor rests the responsibility of ascertaining that all bills, vouchers, and orders for the payment of money in con- nection with the work in the field have been properly checked •and certified and that they are in order for payment. (3) He must be thoroughly informed as to the conditions and requirements of all contracts and agreements relating to the work, and must keep himself posted on all modifications of same. (4) He must maintain his books and records continually up to date; each day all matters pertaining to the business of the pre- ceding day must be duly approved and entered in the record. (5) Bills of the contractors and vendors must be promptly audited and passed for payment. (6) Time and material checkers report to the auditor; he must see to it that they discharge their duties promptly and efficiently. (7) The auditor shall have access to all the records of the con- tractor relating to the work and shall establish such regulations as may be necessary for the proper checking and verifying of the contractor's accounts. (8) He shall establish such regulations as may be necessary to secure proper records of all expenses incurred; to prevent undue extravagance; and to insure the utmost economy compatible with the .urgency of the work. (g) He must cooperate with the cost reports engineer by giving him all required information concerning costs. IX. COST REPORTS ENGINEER. The duties of the cost reports engineer consist of: 1 . Ascertaining labor costs as applied to the units of materials used. 2. Keeping records of progress. These duties require accuracy, concentration, and speed; the records must be continually up to date and must be transmitted to the bureau at stated intervals or whenever required. Cost. — The bureau has prepared an oificial estimate of the labor cost of the project and also of the material costs. The compilation of actual costs must be made on exactly the same basis as this estimate, in order to make possible a comparison between estimated and actual costs. It is incumbent upon the cost reports engineer to adhere strictly to the requirements of the estimate sheets and not deviate in the slightest degree from them. Material costs are determined by the bureau from the contractors' requisitions, but the labor costs and labor distribution must be ascertained and fixed by the cost reports engineer in tlie field and given to the works superintendent who will send a copy to the bureau for further analysis. The works superintendent requires this infor- mation at fiarst hand and at frequent intervals to enable him to judge how his cost is running. Progress.— The bureau has prepared a chart showing the differ- ent stages of completion of the several parts of the project and the estimated dates on which these stages must be completed in order to complete the entire project within the specified time. The cost reports engineer must keep an accurate record of the actual progress of the work in such shape as to be easily comparable with the estimate chart, in order that the works superintendent may always know how near to schedule the job is running. X. Disbursing agent.— A disbursing agent will be appointed by the bureau for each project, whose duties will be to make payment for all bills, vouchers, and orders after they have been properly audited and certified. APPENDIX XIV. 517 Corporation representative. — A corporation representative ap- pointed by the bureau will be stationed on each project, whose function it will be to observe the progress of the work and report his findings to the construction manager. He has no executive authority of any kind, but he shall have access to all divisions of the organization and shall receive from any source within the field organization of the contractor or the corporation such information as he may desire for the purpose of making reports. He will confer with the contractor and with the works superin- tendent concerning methods of procedure, and may offer advice when required, using his best offorts to promote harmony of action and speed and efficiency in execution, without, however, reliev- ing the contractor or the works superintendent of their respective responsibilities . Traveling supervisors . — The bureau may appoint such traveling supervisors, traveling cost engineers, and traveling auditors as may be required to properly tie this bureau and field organizations; and may vest them with such authorities as may seem desirable in the circumstances. XI. Inspectors. — Inspectors will be engaged by the works superin- tendent and by the engineer to see that the contractor conforms to the requirements of the plans and specifications. They will in- spect and pass upon the work as it is placed, see that efficient tests are made at the proper times, and report their findings to the super- intendent. They will also keep accurate records of the progress of the work under their jurisdiction and report same to the cost reports engi- neer for charting. Checkers. — The auditor will engage such assistants as may be re- quired for the purpose of checking the contractor's timekeeping and materials forces. It is not intended that these checkers shall duplicate the similar forces employed by the contractor, but they must be so organized as to insure against errors and satisfy the works superintendent that pay rolls and bills as rendered are just and correct. XII. THE GENERAL CONTRACTOR'S ORGANIZATION. (i) The general contractor will place in the field a complete operative force capable of carrying out all of the work within the scope of his contract. He shall place at the head of this force a responsible member of his organization who shall direct all the work pertaining to the contract and who shall receive instructions from and report to the works superintendent. (2) The contractor shall employ such estimators, traffic men, ex- peditors, and material men as may be necessary for the purchase of and securing the delivery of materials; and such superintendents, engineers, foremen, timekeepers, and workmen both skilled and common, as may be required in the performance of the work. He may sublet such work as may seem desirable, but no subcontracts shall be made without first obtaining the consent and approval of the bureau. (3) The contractor shall purchase all materials required and see to its delivery and shall verify the bills and deliver them to the works superintendent for certification and payment. (4) The contractor shall employ all labor required, conditional upon the works superintendent's approval; shall pay all pay rolls and deliver them to the works superintendent for certification. (5) The contractor's organization will work in harmony with that of the works superintendent, and will comply with all instructions issued by the works superintendent relating to the work. (6) The methods of inspection, timekeeping, and accounting must conform to the requirements of the bureau and the forms issued by the bureau must in all cases be used. (7) No bills for materials shall be paid until they have been duly passed by the auditor. XIII. PLANNING THE WORK. (i) As soon as the contract for the work is let, the works superin- tendent, the contractor, and a bureau representative shall make a careful, detailed plan of the work to be performed — listing in detail all the materials required, where and how to be purchased; deter- mine the sequence of deliveries and the daily requirements for each kind of material; determine the storage requirements, track- age facilities and all things necessary in connection with materials and their delivery at site ready for use. (2) They shall also fix and determine the labor requirements to put the materials in place when they are received. (3) The number of men required in the different trades, where to get them and accommodations for them at or near the work. If bimk houses and commissary are needed, provision for same must be made, together with maintenance, sanitation, etc. (4) Investigate the hospital facilities at or near the site through the medical section of the Council of National Defense, and make such provision as may be necessary to utilize local facilities. Should it be necessary to provide a temporary hospital the necessary ar- rangements should be done at once with the sanction of the medical section above named. (5) The proper study of the above requirements resolves itself into the making of three definite schedules, viz: (i) Of materials; (2) of deliveries; (3) of time. (6) The facilities for delivery and distribution of materials are matters of great moment. It, therefore, becomes necessary to make a thorough investigation of this matter and determine exactly how much material can be handled daily and how it can best be distributed on the work. This involves the matter of railroad sidings and spurs and the number of cars that can be accommodated ; the trucking distance to the work and the number of teams and trucks required for hauling; the location, size, and extent of store- houses required; and the building of temporary roads. (7) Material schedule. — The material schedules must be made up in detail covering the whole operation, in such order that the re- quirements committee can determine where materials can best be piu-chased. This schedule must be further broken up to show the sequence in which the various materials vrill be required on the work, so that the vendors will ship material for which there is immediate need at the time needed, in order to maintain time schedule. Schedule must also show all items reduced to carload lots in or- der to adjust and determine car service and transportation. (8) Delivery schedule. — The delivery schedule must be made up with a due regard to the distance of the shipping point from the project and the time required for preparation and fabrication of materials — and must be nicely adjusted and balanced with the time required for erection. Copies of these schedules will be given to the purchasing, prior- ities, and traffic departments of the bureau, and these departments will, when required, cooperate with the contractor and arrange through the various governmental bodies having jurisdiction such details as are necessary to enable the contractor to secure the purchase and dispatch of materials. (9) Time schedule. — In laying out time schedules bear in mind that the horizontal dimensions of a job have comparatively little influence on time, it being merely necessary to employ more men and materials as the area of the project increases. In order to determine accurately the time required to finish a project, it becomes necessary to subdivide it into groups and op- erations and then to break down each operation into the number 5i8 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. of men and the amount and kind of material involved, where and how it coordinates with the other operations that precede or follow it, and then adjust the time in the schedule. Remember that in order to deliver the project on time it is absolutely necessary to supply plans, materials, and labor to the job at such periods as will anticipate the start of each operation. The time schedule, therefore, resolves itself into a definite pro- gram which fixes the date of starting and completing each part of the job, tying in with the date on which each kind of material necessary for the work must be delivered at the job. It is important to remember that the subcontractors are also sub- ject to the program and that, therefore, they must schedule all of their operations, both as regards labor and materials, and definitely fix the time of startinf; and completion and the date for mate- rials deliveries, to coordinate exactly with the general time schedule. When this schedide has been determined and fixed, it must be taken as absolute law by the contractor and his subs and by the field organization, and all things necessary for its accomplishment must be done at the appointed time. (10) It is suggested that the houses be started in groups of con- venient size, say 50 houses per group, preferably according to type, and each group have its trade organizations with its work so designed and balanced that there will at all times be work ahead for each gang of workmen. (11) Nonperishable materials should be distributed direct from the cars to the building sites. Cement, lime, etc., should be stored in sheds alongside the tracks and distributed as required. APPENDIX XV. CONTRACT FOR GENERAL CONSTRUCTION WORK. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. BTJREAXr OP INDUSTRIAL HOUSING AND TRANSPORTATION, UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION, LEGAL DIVISION. This contract made and concluded this day of , 19 . . , by and between (name and address of contractor; and if corporation, state place of incorporation and address), party of the first part (hereinafter called the Contractor), and the United States Housing Corporation (hereinafter called the Owner); acting by authority of the Presi- dent and the Secretary of Labor, party of the second part, Witnesseth: Whereas the President, by Executive order dated June 18, 1918, directed that "the Secretary of Labor shall have and exercise all power and authority vested in me by the act of Congress entitled 'An act to authorize the President to provide housing for war needs,' approved May 16, 1918, and the act of Congress entitled 'An act making appropriations to supply additional urgent defi- ciencies in appropriations for the fiscal year ending June 30, igiS, on account of war expenses and for other purposes,' approved June 4, 1918, in so far as the same relates to 'Housing for War Needs, ' ' ' and the said United States Housing Corporation having been createdpursuant to said acts and said authority; and Whereas proposals were asked from and submitted by responsible competing contractors for the work herein mentioned, and the bid of the above Contractor was thereupon duly accepted in accordance with law, and a formal contract is to be entered into in accordance with such acceptance; and Whereas the Contractor has had experience in the execution of similar work, has an organization suitable for the performance of such work, and is ready to undertake the same upon the terms and conditions herein provided; and Whereas the Owner, wherever necessary, has engaged an archi- tect, engineer, and town planner, to furnish designs, engineering services, and town planning and all necessary details required for the proper execution of the work herein contracted for; Now, therefore, in consideration of the premises and of the pay- ments to be made as hereinafter provided, the Contractor hereby covenants and agrees with the Owner to do and perform all the work herein enumerated, within the time agreed upon; to furnish such labor, materials, tools, machinery, equipment, facilities, and supplies as may be necessary and covered by this agreement; to do all things necessary and in accordance with the drawings and specifications enumerated herein, which form a part of and the basis of this contract, and which are fully numbered, described, and identified herein; to accept and abide by the following terms and provisions of this contract, and to do all things necessary for the completion of the following described work, to wit: Work to be done. — "A." The work to be done by the Contractor is as follows Location. — " B. " The location of the project is Plans, drawings, etc. — "C. " The plans, drawings, and specifica- tions are made by "D." The plans, drawings, specifications, and addenda thereto are Cost of work. — "E. " The estimated cost of the work, including plant rental, Contractor's fee, and overhead expenses is Plant rental. — "F." The plant rental agreed upon is Contractor's fee. — "G." The Contractor's fee, subject to the provisions of Article V, shall be Time. — "H." The time within which the work contracted for herein shall be completed is Bond. — " I. " The bond required of the Contractor shall be in the sum of Work to be done by Contractor. — "K." The work which the Con- tractor shall do with Contractor's own forces consists of Work to be sublet. — "L." The work which the Contractor shall sublet consists of " M. " Further requirements Schedule A. Detailed list of minimum plant equipment which the contractor agrees to furnish. Scheule B. Number, position, and salary of members of con tractor's field force. The terms and conditions of this contract are as follows: Article I. Title to work — Subcontracts — Changes in specifica- tions. — Title to all work completed or in course of completion, shall be in the Owner; and the Contractor agrees to execute the work contracted for with the Contractor's own forces, except such por- tions as the Contractor undertakes to sublet. Any portion of the work under this contract so sublet, shall be in accordance with Article III, and if on a fee basis, the fee of the subcontractor shall include the salary of a resident superintendent who shall be main- tained on the work at all times until the completion thereof; the furnishing and maintenance of all plant equipment and tools; the services of the subcontractor and all expenses of his home office; and shall be based in all respects on the requirements of Article II. It is understood and agreed that the drawings and specifications are not complete, and that completed drawings and specifications will be made by the architect, engineer, or town planner from time to time during the progress of the work herein. The Owner, by written instructions or drawings issued to the Contractor, may make changes in said drawings or specifications, issue additional instructions, drawings, and specifications, require additional work, or direct the omission of work previously ordered; and the provisions of this contract shall apply to all such changes, modifications, and additions with the same effect as if they were embodied in the original drawings and specifications. The Con- tactor shall comply with all such instructions, drawings, and- specifications. Article II. Plant equipment. — The Contractor shall furnish all plant equipment, which shall include all machinery, appliances, wheel and road scrapers, and tools of every description that may be S19 520 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. required for the speedy and efBcient execution of the work, and shall at his own expense, maintain same in a high state of efficiency for the duration of the work. Teams, wagons, and motor vehicles shall not be considered as plant equipment. All materials and labor which do not enter into the permanent work shall be con- sidered as plant equipment, except as otherwise provided in the specifications above mentioned or in a schedule hereto attached. The Contractor shall pay all costs for transporting, loading, un- loading, and handling said plant equipment and all upkeep and maintenance charges, fuel, oil, etc. The necessary labor charges for the operation of machinery, boilers, etc., shall be considered as part of the cost of the work. Upon completion of the work and when directed so to do, the Contractor shall remove from the site at his own expense all plant equipment furnished by the Contractor. Plant rental. — The Contractor agrees to accept a fixed price as rental for the use of all the plant equipment required in the execu- tion of the branches of the work which will be done with his own forces and as stated imder " F, " page 2 hereof, which shall be pay- able in installments as the work progresses. The minimum of equipment which the Contractor will furnish is shown on Schedule A filed herewith, and the Contractor agrees to furnish such addi- tional plant equipment as the work may require, or which he may be directed to furnish, without further compensation. Teams and trucking. — The Contractor shall furnish all drivers, chauffeurs, teams of horses and wagons and all motor trucks that may be required on the work for the purpose of hauling and dis- tributing materials or for the transportation of employees. The Contractor shall be paid the net amotmt of the hire or employment thereof; provided, however, that where the Contractor furnishes his own teams, wagons, and motor trucks, he shall be paid the prevailing rate for same. The number, character, and cost of such vehicles to be employed shall be subject to the approval of the Owner. AjrTici,B III. Material, labor, and subcontracts. — ^All materials shall be purchased by the Contractor upon orders submitted to and approved by the Owner. All such purchases shall be in con- formity with the rules and regulations of the War Industries Board or other body or bodies authorized by the Federal Government and having competent jurisdiction. The Owner will, so far as the Owner may deem wise, cooperate with the Contractor in the purchase of materials required in the work, in the allocation of same, in the seeming of priority certifi- cates, and also in securing car service and routings and in the ex- pediting of shipments. The Contractor, however, will be held responsible for the delivery of material, and must employ the necessary traffic men for this purpose. All listing of materials and planning of the operation of the work shall be done by the Contractor prior to the organization of the field forces, and shall be submitted to the Owner for approval. The expenses in connection with this and other initial work, however, shall be paid by the Contractor, and for such expenses the Contractor shall not be entitled to any reimbursement. The Contractor will furnish and provide all labor, skilled and common, as may be required for the execution of the work, subject to the approval of the Owner. The Contractor shall make no de- parture from the standard rate of wages being paid in the locality where said work is being done without the prior consent and approval of the Owner, and shall not attempt to secure labor at the expense of other Government work; and shall otherwise comply with Articles XIV, XV, and XVI hereof. The Contractor shall make such subcontracts as the Contractor may deem necessary for work which can not be executed profitably or expeditiously by the Contractor's own organization. In making such subcontracts, however, the approval of the Owner shall first be obtained, and said subcontracts shall contain the provisions prescribed by (e), (/), (;), and (fe) of Article IX hereof, and be subject to the provisions of Articles XIV, XV, and XVI hereof. Article IV. Cost of the work — Reimbursement of Contractor. — The Owner shall make payments in the manner hereinafter de- scribed in Article VII for such of the Contractor's actual net expenditures or obligations incurred in the performance of said work as may be approved or ratified by the Owner, and as are included in the following: (a) All materials purchased for permanent use and incorpora- tion in the work, including exceptions to plant equipment as mentioned in specifications for this work, or in an attached schedule, and including the transportation charges thereon. (6) All labor employed on the work, except for handling, maintenance, etc., of plant equipment provided for in Article II. (c) All payments made to subcontractors in accordance with the provisions of this contract. (d) Transportation and expenses to and from the work of the necessary field forces for the economical and expe- ditious prosecution thereof; procuring labor, and expe- diting the production and transportation of material; said expenses not to exceed the amount, if any, pre- scribed by law. But no such expenses shall be incurred without first securing the consent in writing of the Owner. (e) Salaries of engineers, assistant superintendents, foremen, timekeepers, material men, and other employees at the field offices of the Contractor in connection with said work and in accordance with Schedule B attached here- to. In case tlie full time of any field employee of the Contractor is not applied to said work but is divided between said work and other work, his salary shall be included in this item only in proportion to the actual time applied to this work. No increase in the salaries of the field forces shall be made without the approval of the Owner. (/") Buildings and equipment required for necessary field offices, storehouses, commissary, and hospital, not a part of or included in plant equipment and the necessary cost of maintaining and operating same. {g) Permit fees, deposits, royalties, and other similar items of expense incidental to the execution of this contract and necessarily incurred; all to be subject to the approval of the Owner. {h) Such bonds, public liability, workmen's compensation, and other insurance as the Owner may require or ap- prove, and such losses and expenses, not compensated by insurance or otherwise as are found by the Owner to have been actually sustained by the Contractor in con- nection with said work, and including settlements made with the consent and approval of the Owner. (i) Such other items as in the opinion of the Owner should properly be borne by the Owner. The Contractor shall not be reimbursed for expenses incurred in conducting Contractor's main office or regularly established branch office, for salaries of the Contractor's executive offices, or for any other overhead expense of any kind. Neither shall the Contractor be reimbursed for the salary or living expenses of the Contractor's representative on the work who shall act as chief superintendent and who shall receive and execute instructions issued by the Owner. The Contractor shall take advantage to the extent of the Con- tractor's ability of all discounts available. The Contractor shall transmit to the Owner all bills for supplies and materials incurred APPENDIX XV. 521 by the Contractor in ample time to enable the Owner to take ad- vantage of such discounts as may be available. All revenue from the operations of the commissary, hospital, or other facilities, and from rebates, rents, refunds, sale of temporary buildings, etc., shall be accounted for by the Contractor and applied in reduction of the cost of the work. The Contractor shall assume responsibility for the proper and correct installation of all materials required in the works. All costs for labor and materials incurred in rectifying errors due to carelessness or incompetency of the Contractor, or of the Con- tractor's employees or subcontractors, shall be paid by the Con- tractor, and he shall not be reimbursed for same. Article V. Contractor's fee. — The Owner agrees to pay and the Contractor agrees to accept in full payment for services as Con- tractor in the execution of this work the sum stated under "G" page 2 hereof. This fee is based on the amount of work described herein and in the drawings mentioned herein. One-half thereof shall be due and payable as the work progresses, and the remainder shall not be considered as earned until the completion of all of the work required by this contract. If the Owner shall materially increase or decrease the work so described by reason of additions, changes, or modifications, then the fee of the Contractor shall be accordingly increased or decreased by the Owner on the basis of the relation of the above fixed fee to the work so described, or on a basis as determined by the Owner, and in accordance with the requirements of the act of Congress of May 16, 1918, governing this work. In the event that the Contractor, by reason of skill in executive management and organizing ability, shall reduce the total cost of the work below the estimated cost stated under " E" page 2 hereof then the Contractor shall receive in addition to the sum herein provided a proportion of the savings thus effected equal to one- foiu-th (X) of the amount of such savings, such additional fee, however, not to exceed in amount one-half {}4) of the fee men- tioned in "G" above: Provided, however, That if the completion of the whole work is delayed beyond the completion date provided in this agreement, then the Contractor shall not receive any such additional fee unless it can be clearly established to the satisfac- tion of the Owner that said delay was due to conditions beyond the control of the Contractor and not preventable by any action of the Contractor; but all claims arising from such delay shall be made at the time such delay occurs. In the event that the total cost exceeds the estimated cost, there shall be deducted trom the Contractor's fee one-fourth (X) of the amount of such excess cost, such deduction, however, not to ex- ceed in amount one-half {%) of the Contractor's fee stated in "G" above. If, however, the Owner is satisfied that the excess cost over said estimate was due to no negligence or mismanagement on the part of the Contractor, but to conditions later arising and be- yond the power of control or of prevention by the Contractor, the Owner may remit said deduction or any part thereof. But no payment made or withheld under this article shall affect or prejudice any right which the Owner may have under the bond required by Article XIII hereof. Article VI. Time of completion. — It is mutually understood and agreed that time is of the essence of this contract, and that the whole of this work shall be completed ready for use as stated under "H " above. Any delay in the completion of the contract beyond said time shall be considered a breach thereof, unless it shall clearly appear to the satisfaction of the Owner that such delay was due to conditions beyond the control of the Contractor and in no wise preventable by any action of the Contractor. Article VII. Payments by owner. — ^The Owner will maintain at the work a works superintendent, an auditor, and a disbursing agent, and will pay direct upon proper audit and certification: (o) To the vendors for all materials received and accepted. 118791°— 19— VOL 2 35 (6) All subcontractors under contracts made in accordance with the provisions of this agreement, (c) Monthly payments to the Contractor for the use of plant, based upon the percentage of work completed on the last day of the preceding month, as provided in Article II and as determined by the Owner. {i) Monthly payments to the Contractor for services as pro- vided in Article V, and to the subcontractor, where the subcontract so provides, based upon the percentage of work completed on the last day of the preceding month, and as determined by the Owner, (e) Such general and specific expenses of the Contractor not included in the above, but which are clearly chargeable to the cost of the work as provided in Article IV. (/) For net hire of teams of horses and wagons and motor trucks as provided in Article II of this Contract. The Contractor will pay all wages on labor pay rolls when they become due, and will be reimbursed by the Owner when pay rolls are duly certified to and verified by the Owner. Thirty days after final completion and acceptance of the work the Owner shall pay the Contractor the unpaid balance due the Contractor, and upon satisfactory evidence that the Contractor has fulfilled all obliga- tions up to said time. Article VIII. Inspection and audit. — The Owner shall at all times be afforded proper facilities for inspection of the work and shall at all times have access to the premises, to the work and material, and to all books, records, correspondence, instructions, plans, drawings, receipts, vouchers, and memoranda of every de- scription of the Contractor pertaining to said work; and the Con- tractor shall preserve for said purpose for a period of two years after the completion or cessation of work under this contract, all the books, records, and other papers above mentioned. Any duly authorized representative of the Contractor shall be accorded the privilege of examining the books, records, and papers of the Owner relating to said work for the purpose of. checking up and verifying the cost of said work. The forms and system of accounting to be employed by the Contractor shall be such as are satisfactory to the Owner. All machinery, equipment, material, supplies and the like used in the performance of or furnished under this contract, and construction of facilities, equipment, machinery, and tools of the Contractor and all workmanship shall be at all times subject to inspection by the Owner, and the Contractor shall furnish reason- able facilities and assistance for all such inspection, and whatever of such buildings, facilities, machinery, tools, and equipment, apparatus, lighting, heating, and ventilating apparatus, piping, etc., does not in all respects fulfill the requirements of this con- tract shall be rejected, and the decision of the Owner as to such facts shall be final. The Contractor agrees to immediately replace at his own expense all materials and the articles so rejected. Article IX. Special requirements. — The Contractor hereby agrees — (a) To begin the work herein specified at the earliest time practicable , and diligently proceed so that such work may be completed at the earliest possible date. (6) To promptly pdy for all labor or other service rendered, (c) To procure and thereafter maintain such instu-ance in such forms and in such amounts and for such periods of time as the Owner may approve or require. {d) To prociu-e all necessary permits and licenses, and obey and abide by all laws, regulations, ordinances, and other rules applying to such work, of the United States of America, of the State or Territory wherein such work is done, of any subdivision thereof, and of any other duly constituted public authority, (e) Unless this provision is waived by the Owner, to insert in every contract made for the furnishing to the Contractor, 522 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. of services, materials, or supplies, for the purpose of the work hereunder, a provision that such contract is assign- able to the Owner; will make such contracts in the Con- tractor's own name, and will not bind or purport to bind the Owner. (/) 1° every subcontract made in accordance with the pro- visions hereof, to require the subcontractor to agree to comply fully with all the undertakings and obligations of the Contractor herein, excepting such as do not apply to such subcontractor's work. (g) At all times to keep at the site of the work a duly appointed representative who shall receive and execute on the part of the Contractor such notices, directions, and instruc- tions as the Owner may desire to give. (h) At all times to use the best efforts in all acts hereunder to protect and subserve the interest of the Owner. (i) To make good any defects of construction or materials which may develop within one year from the date of completion of the work, the actual net cost of labor and materials only to be paid by the Owner. No default of inspection or supervision on the part of the Owner shall relieve the Contractor from the obligation to furnish ma- terials and workmanship of the kind and quality specified. (j) To waive all liens for labor or materials and insert a similar waiver in all subcontracts; and further not to create, record, file, or cause to be created, recorded, or filed, any lien, mortgage, attachment, order, or other encumbrance against the aforesaid premises, or the improvements erected or intended to be erected thereon; the Contractor to be responsible for any lien, attachment, order, or other encumbrance so filed or created on account of any claim against said Contractor or any subcontractor. The Owner, however, reserves the right to relieve the said Contractor of the obligation under this clause in so far as it applies to liens other than those which might be created by the Contractor upon the furnishing of a sufficient bond by the Contractor, in addition to the bond required by Article XIII, and such other security as the Owner may require. But nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the property of the Owner may be at any time subject to any liens or claims whatsoever. (k) To take such precautions as may be necessary to prevent the start and spread of fires in the works in which the Contractor is engaged under this contract. Rules and regulations shall be established and maintained pro- hibiting smoking and the lighting of fires in the vicinity of combustible material, and prohibiting the accumula- tion of waste, shavings, oily rags, and such other material as may cause or accelerate the spread of fire. Store- houses, material sheds, workshops, and lumber yards shall be supplied with fire-extinguishing apparatus of approved type and in such quantity as may be required. All regulations in regard to fire prevention shall be subject to the approval of the Owner. (/) To furnish as and when required by the Owner a list snow- ing the names of all persons employed in any capacity to aid in carrying out the provisions of this contract by the Contractor, the service rendered by each aiid the amount of compensation. Article X. Right to terminate contract. — Should the contractor at any time refuse, neglect, or fail in any respect to prosecute the work with promptness and diligence, or in a maniier satisfactory to the Owner, or default in the performance of any of the agreements herein contained, the Owner may, at the Owner's option, afterfive days' written notice to the Contractor, terminate this contract, and may enter upon the premises and take possession, for the purpose of com- pleting said work, of all materials, tools, equipment, and appliances, and all options, privileges, and rights, and may complete or em- ploy any other person or persons to complete said work. The Con- tractor shall be paid for said plant equipment in accordance with Article II, less the cost of maintenance and repair thereof. Upon the completion of said work and when so notified by the Owner, tlie Contractor shall remove, at the Contractor's own expense, said equipment, and upon failure to do so after ten days' notice, the Owner shall have tlie right to dispose of the same at public or pri- vate sale and to turn over the proceeds thereor to the Contractor. In case of such termination of the contract, the Owner shall pay to the Contractor such amounts of money on accotint of the unpaid balance of the cost of the work and of the fee as will result in fully reimbursing the Contractor for the cost of the work and the pro- portion of the fee earned up to time of such termination. The Con- tractor hereby agrees that the judgment of the Owner as to the amount of such fee, cost, and plant rental shall be final, and that such payments when made shall constitute full settlement of all claims of the Contractor against the Owner for money claimed to be due to the Contractor for any reason whatsoever. In case of such termination of the coatract the Owner shall further assume and become liable for all such obligations, commitments, and unliqui- dated claims as the Contractor may have theretofore in good faith undertaken or incurred in connection with said work, and the Con- tractor shall, as a condition of receiving the payments mentioned in this article, execute and deliver all such papers and take all such steps as the Owner may require for the purpose of fully vesting in the Owner the rights and benefits of the Contractor under such obligations or commitments. When the Owner shall have per- formed the duties incumbent upon the Owner under the provisions of this article, the Owner shall thereafter be entirely released and discharged of and from any and all demands, actions, or claims of any kind on the part of the Contractor hereunder or on account hereof. Article XI. Abandonment of work by the Owner. — If conditions should arise which in the opinion of the Owner, make it advisable or necessary to cease work under this contract, the Owner may aban- don the work and terminate this contract. In such case the Owner shall assume and become liable for all such obligations, commit- ments, and unliquidated claims as the Contractor may have thereto- fore, in good faith, undertaken or incurred in connection with said work; and the Contractor shall, as a condition of receiving the payments mentioned in this article, execute and deliver all such papers, and take all such steps as the Owner may require for the purpose of fully vesting in the Owner the rights and benefits of the Contractor under such obligations or commitments. The Owner shall pay to the Contractor on such abandonment such an amount of money on account of the unpaid balance of the cost of the work and of the fee and for the plant equipment as will result in the Contractor receiving full reimbursement for the cost of the work, a proper proportion of the whole fee specified in Article V and "G" above, and of the rental of the plant equipment, specified in Article II and " F' ' above. When the Owner shall have performed the duties incumbent upon the Owner under the provisions of this article, the Owner shall thereafter be entirely released and dis- charged of and from any and all demands, actions, or claims of any kind on the part of the Contractor hereunder or on account hereof. Article XII. Indemnification of Owner and protection of persons and property. — To the extent of liability insurance authorized by the Owner, the Contractor undertakes to indemnify and save harmless the Owner, and for and on account of the Owner to make defense against all claims for damages to persons or to property alleged by claimants to have been caused through the negligent performance of any part of the work herein, whether such default be asserted to have been by the Contractor or by a subcontractor, APPENDIX XV. 523 or to have been in the perforinance of a duty to employees, to owners of property, or to members of the public. The Contractor shall maintain adequate protection of all of the Contractor's property and work, and of the property of the Owner involved in or under this contract; and shall further see that all necessary precautions are taken for the protection of adjoining property, sidewalks, curbs, streets, etc., and of all persons lawfully on or near said property. The Contractor further agrees to hold the Owner or the Owner's officers, agents, or employees harmless against any claim for any violation or infringement by the Contractor or any subcontractor of any letters patent in the course of any work done or material furnished hereunder. Article XIII. Bond. — The Contractor shall prior to commenc- ing the said work furnish a bond, with sureties satisfactory at all times to the Owner in the amount as stated under "I" page 2 above, conditioned upon the full and faithful performance of all the terms, conditions, and provisions of this contract by the Con- tractor and upon the prompt payment by the Contractor of all bills for labor, material, or other service furnished to the Contractor in so far as this contract so requires, and the satisfaction of all liens or charges against the property or claims against the O'svner arising through any act or omission of the Contractor or of any subcontrac- tor or employee of the Contractor. Before final payment under this contract shall be made to the Contractor, he shall execute and de- liver to the Owner a certificate, duly verified, stating that no liens or claims exist by reason of any work performed under this contract which may be chargeable to the Owner and that all financial obligations on the part of the Contractor and arising out of the work performed hereunder have been satisfied. Article XIV. Laws and restrictions relative to labor. — All work required in carrying out this contract shall be performed in full compliance with the laws of the State, Territory, or District where such labor is performed: Provided, That the Contractor shall not employ in the performance of this contract any minor under the age of 14 years or permit any minor between the ages of 14 and 16 years to work more than eight hours in any one day, more than six days in any one week, or before 6 a. m. or after 7 p. m. Nor shall the Contractor directly or indirectly employ any person undergoing sentence of imprisonment at hard labor which may have been imposed by a court of any State, Territory, or mtmicipality having criminal jurisdiction: Provided, however. That the President of the United States may by Executive order, modify this provision with respect to the employment of convict labor and provide the terms and conditions upon which such labor may be employed. This provision shall be of the essence of the contract. Article XV. Eight-hour basic day; time and one-half for over- time; damages for violation. — Wages of laborers, operatives, and mechanics, doing any part of the work contemplated by this con- tract, in the employ of the Contractor, shall be computed upon a basic day rate of eight hours' work, with overtime rates to be paid for at not less than time and one-half for all hours in excess of eight hours. Compliance by the Contractor with the provisions of the article shall be of the essence of the contract. Article XVI. Labor disputes. — In the event that labor disputes shall arise directly affecting the performance of this contract, and causing or likely to cause any delay in making the deliveries, the Secretary of Labor may settle or cause to be settled such disputes, and the parties hereto agree to accede to and to comply with all the terms of such settlement. If the Contractor is thereby required to pay labor costs higher than those prevailing in the performance of tiiis contract immediately prior to such settlement, the Secretary of Labor or his representative, in making such settlement and as a part thereof may direct that a fair and just addition to the estimated cost in Article V shall be made therefor; but if such settlement re- duces such labor costs to the Contractor, the Secretary of Labor or his representative may direct that a fair and just deduction be made from the said estimate. No claim for addition shall be made, unless the increase was ordered in writing by the Secretary of Labor or his duly authorized representative, and such addition to the estimate was directed as part of the settlement. Every decision or determination made tmder this article by the Secretary of Labor or his duly authorized representative shall be final and binding upon the parties hereto. Compliance with the provisions of this article shall be of the essence of this contract. ArticleXVII. N onparticipation of officials. — It is hereby agreed that no member of or Delegate to Congress or Resident Commis- sioner, nor any officer or employee of the United States, is or shall be admitted, directly or indirectly, to any share or part of this contract, or to any benefit that might arise therefrom; but this article shall not apply to this contract so far as this contract may be within the operation or exception of section 116 of the act of Con- gress approved March 4, igog (35 Stat., nog), or of section i of the housing act above mentioned. Article XVIII. Right to transfer. — Neither this contract nor any interest therein shall be assigned or transferred by the Con- tractor. (See sec. 3737, R. S., U. S.) Article XIX. Settlement of disputes. — This contract shall be interpreted as a whole, and the intent of the whole instrument, rather than the interpretation of any special clause, shall govern. If any doubts or disputes shall arise as to the meaning or inter- pretation of anything in this contract, the Owner's decision shall govern, and if the Contractor shall consider itself (himself) preju- diced by any decision of the Owner made under any provision hereof, the Contractor shall have the right to submit the same to the Secretary of Labor, whose decision shall be final and binding upon both parties hereto. But said reference shall be taken within fifteen days after said decision of the Owner. Article XX. Owner's control of work. — The Contractor shall, in the performance of this contract, comply with and be bound by all directions, instructions, and decisions of the owner or of the Owner's authorized representative, who shall have general supervision and control of the work; and compliance by the Contractor with any such directions, instructions, or decisions shall be a jiistifica- tion of and protection to the Contractor for any action so taken. The Owner shall have the right to suspend or dismiss any of the Contractor's assistants or employees in said work at any time, should the Owner deem it to be to the best interest of the work or of the Owner so to do. Article XXI. Warranty against commissions. — The Contractor expressly warrants that the Contractor has employed no third person to solicit or obtain this contract or to cause or procure the same to be obtained upon compensation in any way contingent in whole or in part upon such procurement; and that the Contractor has not paid or promised or agreed to pay to any third person in consideration of such procinement or in compensation for services in connection therewith any brokerage, commission, or percent- age upon the amount receivable by the Contractor hereunder; and that the Contractor has not, in estimating or fixing the contract ■price herein, included any sum by reason of any such brokerage, commission, or percentage ; and that all moneys payable to the Con- tractor hereunder are free from obligation to any other person for services rendered, or supposed to have been rendered, in the pro- curement of this contract. Tlie Contractor further agrees that any breach of this warranty shall constitute adequate cause for Ihe annulment of this contract by the Owner, and that the Owner may retain from any sums due or to become due hereunder an amount equal to any brokerage, commission, or percentage so paid or agreed to be paid. Article XXII. Inurement and definition. — This contract shall bind and inure to the Contractor and its (his) successors. It is understood and agreed that wherever the word "Owner" is used herein, the same shall be construed to include the Director of the 524 REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. Bureau of Industrial Housing and Transportation in his ofiBcial capacity, or his duly appointed representatives or successor in office, or any agency which may be designated or created to carry out the provisions of the housing act above mentioned, and this contract may be formally assigned to such agency. Witness the hands of the parties hereto the day and year first above written, all in triplicate. Witnesses : (i) (2) By Attest: United States Housing Corporation, By Secretary. Approved : Manager Construction Division. President. Approved as to form by: Legal Division. Know all men by these presents, That we, (a corporation organized and existing under the laws of of the city of and State of principal, and (a corporation organized and existing under the laws of ) surety, are held and firmly bound unto the United States Housing Corporation in the penal sum of dollars, law- ful money of the United States, for the payment of which, well and truly to be made to the United States Housing Corporation, we bind ourselves, our heirs, executors, administrators, successors, and assigns, jointly and severally, firmly by these presents. The condition of the above obligation is such. That whereas the said principal has entered into a certain contract, hereto attached, with the United States Housing Corporation (therein called the Owner) dated , now. If the said principal shall well and truly perform and fulfill all the undertakings, cove- nants, terms, conditions, and so forth, of said contract during the original term of said contract or any extension of said term which may be granted on the part of said owner without notice to said surety, or during the life of any guaranty required under said contract; and shall also well and truly perform and fulfill all the undertakings, terms, conditions, and so forth, of any and all duly authorized modifications of said contract which may hereafter be made, notice of which modifications to said surety being hereby waived; and shall promptly make payment, as and when required by said contract, to all persons supplying labor, materials, or other service in the prosecution of the work provided for in said conuact and any such authorized extension or modification thereof, and shall satisfy all liens or charges against the property, or claims against the Owner arising through any act or omission of the Con- tractor or of any subcontractor or employee of the Contractor, then this obligation to be void; otherwise to remain in full force and virtue. In testimony whereof. The said principal and surety have signed, sealed, and delivered this bond this^ day of , A. D. 191.. Witnesses: In -55 ^ o <» ® d o fl a y •2J IH C3 M (i) (2) (i) (2) 1 Note. — This date must agree with, or be earlier than, the date of the certiii- cate on the following page. (If Contractor is a corporation, this certificate must be furnished and must be executed as of the same date as the bond, or a date subsequent thereto.) CERTIFICATE OF AUTHORITY OF CORPORATE CONTRACTOR'S OFFICERS. (City and date.) I hereby certify that and (Names of executing officers.) of (Titles.) (Name of corporation.) have been duly electe d to their said respective offices, and that as said officers they were authorized, as shown by certified copy of minutes hereto attached, to execute on behalf of said corporation the attached contract and bond as of the dates of execution appearing thereon. [Corporation seal.] Secretary. (Or other title of certifying ofTicer.) (Attach hereto certified copy of minutes of board of directors showing authority of officer to sign foregoing contract and bond.) UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF INDUSTRIAL HOUSING IN AMERICA AND GREAT BRITAIN DURING AND AFTER THE WAR REPORT OF BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL HOUSING AND TRANSPORTATION UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION PREFATORY NOTE. This bibKography represents primarily published material to which members of the United States Housing Corporation staff had access in the corporation's reference library, together with some additional references from the Department of Labor Library, the Library of Congress, and the Library School of the University of Wisconsin, all of which libraries have compiled unpublished bibliographies relating in whole or in part to industrial housing during the war. There have been selected from a thousand or more articles, pamphlets, and books — ^mostly issued prior to April 15, 1919 — ^about 250 references, which seem to have practical value to students of this subject. The limited scope of the list did not permit the inclusion of many useful references on rural housing less closely associated with war-time problems, although undoubtedly a part of the necessary program of future reconstruction. In making the selection, division and section heads among the Housing Corporation's staff were freely consulted in connection with the various titles for subject matter coming v/ithin their respective jurisdictions. Theodora KimbaIvL, Librarian, School of Landscape Architecture at Harvard University, Consulting Librarian, United States Housing Corporation. Washington, D. C, May 10, 1919. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF INDUSTRIAL HOUSING IN AMERICA AND GREAT BRITAIN DURING AND AFTER THE WAR. SUMMARY. G^NBRAIv. Housing Agencibs. Government: Federal. — State and Municipal. Private Capital: Industrial Corporations. — Cooperative Societies. War Emergency Problems: Labor and Housing, Labor Turnover. — Real Kstate Acquisition and Commandeering, Requisitioning and Billeting. — Registration Bureaus and Room Renting. — Landlord and Tenant Relations, Rent Profiteering. — Transportation. Pi/ANNiNG AND DEVELOPMENT OP HOUSING SCHEMES: General. — ^Technical Methods of United States Government Designers. — Housing Standards. — ^Types of Community Development. — Construction of Housing Schemes. Houses: House Types and Types of Construction: House Types. — Building Materials and Types of Con- struction. Home Ownership and Management Problems: Home Ownership. — Renting and Management. — Special Com- munity Facilities. Housing Finance: General. — Governmental Aid. Land Values and Taxation. GENERAL. For a background of the subject of industrial housing develop- ments, the reader is referred to numerous pre-war publications: — e. g. City Planning, a series of essays by seventeen experts, 1916, edited by John Nolen, containing papers on Residential and in- dustrial decentralization, etc.; City Planning Progress in the United States, 1917, edited by George B. Ford, containing local items on housing in cities throughout the United States; and, Town Planning for Small Communities, by the Walpole (Mass.) Town Planning Committee, 191 7, containing a section: Housing. Current references to industrial housing developments and to literature on housing may be found in the Monthly Labor Review (U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics) ; Housing Betterment, quarterly, (National Housing Association) and other serial publications of the association. The Survey (weekly), American Contractor (weekly), American City (monthly), the Record and Guide, and other real estate magazines. Ackerman, Frederick L. The real meaning of the housing problem. (Journal of the American Institute of Architects, May 1918, V. 6, p. 229-232.) Read at the Annual Convention of tiie Institute in Philadelphia, May 25, 1918. S!cetches a " liberal " program of housing and town planning in " terms of philosophy, of science, of education, of art, of the technique of government. '' Adams, Thomas. Housing and social reconstruction. {In Na- tional Conference on Housing, Housing problems in America, 1918, V. 7, p. 3-37.) Abridged in Landscape Architecture, Jan. igig. Mr. Adams discusses American after-war housing problems and concludes by advocating a govern- mental housing program in which the Federal Government is the advisory agency and the states and municipalities the constructive agencies. . The housing problem and production. (Conserva- tion of life, July 1918, v. 4, p. 49-57- illus.) Lessons to Canada from experience of Great Britain. Community planning for war-time indtistries. (City plan, Apr. 1918, V. 3, no. 4, p. 6-14.) Brief addresses by Messrs. Olmsted, Adams, Goodrich, Whitaker, and Childs at war-time meeting of American City Planning Institute (Philadel- phia, Feb. 26, 1918) on war-housing policy, finance, and management, Ihlder, John. War-time-housing in America. (National municipal review, Nov. 1918, v. 7, p. 553-560.) Omits discussion of Housing Industrial Workers, which is covered in a section by that title in the following article in the same number of the maga- A review of city planning in the United (National municipal review, Nov. 1918, Kimball, Theodora. States, 1917-1918 V. 7, p. 605-613.) Includes account of work of United States Housing Corporation. Nolen, John. A good home for every wage-earner; an address delivered at the Twelfth Annual Convention of the American Civic Association, Washington, D. C, Dec. 15, 1916. Wash- ington, American Civic Association, April 1917. 23 p. (Series II, no. 9.) Contains list of low-cost housing developments based on Davison list referred to later in section: Housing by Industrial Corporations. The supplement to this publication contains a statement prepared for the War Shipping Com- mittee of the Chamber of Commerce of the United States. National Conference on Housing. Housing problems in America. Vol. 6. Proceedings of the National Conference on Housing. 1917. New York, National Housing Association. This volume is partly devoted to war-housing problems, including papers by Mr. C. H. Whitaker, Mr. Philip Hiss, and Miss Harlean James. . Vol. 7. 1918. A large number of the papers (some of them separately noted in this list) deal with war-time housing problems in the United States, especially with Goiremmental action and with the future of the Government's wiar-housiug developments. VI RE^PORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. National Housing Association. War-housing problems in America. A symposium on war housing held under the auspices of the National Housing Association, February 25, 1918, Philadel- phia. (New York, The Association, 1918.) 141 p. The discussions (by Mr. Veiller, Mr. Olmsted, Mr. Ackennan, Mr. Adams, Mr. Hiss, Mr. Ihlder, Miss Mead, Miss Musson, Mrs. Wood, and others) center aroimd the urgent need for governmental action in housing workers in war industries, and the character of the accommodations to be provided. Southern Pine Association. Homes for workmen. A presentation of leading examples of industrial community development. New Orleans, The Association (1919). 250 p. illus. plans. A useful compilation of articles (most of them reprints) by well-known writers on hou^in.^, including discussions of general principles, as well as typical recent housing developments, fully illustrated. Veiller, Lawrence. Industrial housing developments in America: Part VI. Housing after the war. (Architectural record, Aug. 1918, V. 44, p. 141-151. illus.) British reconstruction proposals cited as significant of magnitude of whole after- war housing program. Vincent, George Edgar. Housing and reconstruction. (In Na- tional Conference on Housing, Housing problems in America, 1918, V. 7, p. 38-49.) The point of view of the President of the Rockefeller Foundation that "American private enterprise and initiative in voluntary associations, and public opinion created by these agencies, can accomplish a great deal and perhaps solve the problem." Whitaker, Charles Harris, and others. The housing problem in war and in peace. Washington, The Jotimal of the American Institute of Architects, 1918. 116 p. illus. plans. All of the material with the exception of a few illustrations is reprinted from the Journal of the American Institute of Architects, issues of September 1917 to February 1918, inclusive. Cfmtejtts; What is a house? I-III, by Charles Harris Whitaker. IV, by Frederick L. Ackerman. V, by Richard S. Childs. VI, Constructive housing legislation and its lesson for the United States, by Edith Elmer Wood. Government housing scheme; Well Hall, Eltham, Kent. Eastriggs; an industrial town built by the British government. Housing by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Small-house reconstruction in France. Appendix: The New York City tenement-house law. — The need of town- planning legislation and procedure for control of land as a factor in house- building development, by Thomas Adams. Great Britain. The following references have been chosen as representing the more general discussions of British housing problems. For other British material the reader is referred to later sections of this list, especially : Government Housing, Planning and Development, and Governmental Aid. Adams, Thomas. Reconstruction in Great Britain. (National municipal review, Mar. 1919, v. 8, p. 118-125.) Rochester Reconstruction Conference address. Includes housing problems . Aldridge, Henry R. Housing and town planning in 1917; a review of record progress. (Municipal jotumal (London), Jan. 4, 1918, V. 27, p. 11-12.) Housing after the war. {In Dawson, W. H., ed. After-war problems. London, G. Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1917, p. 233-250.) A brief comprehensive discussion. Calls for building of homes for retiuned soldiers according to sound town planning principles. Childs, Richard S. The new garden cities of England. (Out- look, Mar. 6, 1918, v. 118, p. 364-366.) Also reprinted by Committee on New Industrial Towns. Article describes new war towns and makes comparisons with American conditions. . .. Great Britain. Local Government Board. Annual reports. Part 2. Housing and town planning. 1914 to date. The Local Government Board is the agency charged with promoting the development of housing schemes by Local Authorities and with passing on their conformity to the Housing and Town Planning act of 1909. See also weekly reports of progress in Municipal Journal (mentioned below) and items imder section: Governmental Aid. . Ministry of Reconstruction. Reconstruction prob- lems. London, H. M. Stationery Off., 1918. The following numbers of the series relate to housing: 1. The aims of reconstruction. 18 p. 2. Housing in England and Wales, 24 p. 4. Housing in Scotland, aj p. . . . . Housing in England and Wales. Memorandum by the Advisory Housing Panel on the emergency problem . . London, H. M. Stationery Off., 1918. 15 p. (Cd. 9087.) Housing after the war. Some current notes on salient aspects. (Town planning review, Apr. 1918, v. 7, p. 219-242.) A most valuable summary of the war-time and after-war situation in Great Britain. Reviewed in Landscape Architecture, July, 1918, in article: Our British allies and reconstruction. Joint Committee on Labour Problems After the War. A million new houses after the war; a statement on the housing prob- lem as affected by the war and some suggestions. London, Cooperative Printing Society, Ltd., 1917. 8p. An historic document. It should be compared with section XVI of The Resolutions on Reconstruction of The British Labour Party, in which the following appears: " That it is essential that the ' Million Cottages of the Great Peace,' to be erected during the first two or three years after the war ends by the local authorities, with capital supplied by the National Govemtnent, free of interest, and a grant-in-aid in one or other form at least sufficient to pre- vent the schemes involving any charge on the rates, should be worthy to serve as models to other builders; and must accordingly be, not only designed with some regard to appearance, not identical throughout the land, but adapted to local circumstances, and soundly constructed, spacious, and healthy; including four or five rooms, larder, scullery, cupboards, and fitted bath, but also suitably grouped not niore than ten or twelve to the acre; and provided with sufficient garden ground. ' ' Mtmicipal Journal. (London.) Weekly. One of the best sources of current information on British housing. The file from March 22, 1918, contains many expressions of views on the Govern- ment State Aid proposition, as put forth in the Circular of Mar. 18, 1918. National housing and national life; discussion at the 12th informal Conference, held at the Royal Institute of British Architects, March 13, 1918. Mr. W. R. Davidge in the chair. (Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects, June 1918, v. 25, p. 169-178.) Reiss, Richard L. The home I want. London, Hodder & Stough- ton, [1918.] 17s p. illus. Deals with the main facts of the present British legislative situation in regard to housing as well as with town planning. An authoritative publica- tion. Scotland. Royal Commission on Housing in Scotland. Report of the Royal Commission on the housing of the industrial pop- ulation of Scotland, rural and urban. Edinburgh, H. M. Sta- tionery Off., 1917. 460 p. (Cd. 8731.) A comprehensive report outlining conditions and remedies. No illustrations, but numerous tables showing shortage of houses in Scot- land. Summarized in Monthly Review of U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Dec., 1917. Spensley, J. Calvert. Urban housing problems. (Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, March 1918, v. 81, pt. 2, p. 161-228.) Relates especially to London, but has section: Housing after the war (p. 205-209). Pp. 211-223 are discussion. SELECTED BIBWOGRAPHY. VII HOUSING AGENCIES. GOVERNMENT. FedBeal. UNITED STATES. In general, more recent articles have been selected for this section, except for a few standard items of historic interest. The volume of Proceedings of the National Conference on Housing, igi8 (referred to above) should also be consulted. A number of the articles in the three following sections, relating more specifi- cally to the work of each of the three Government housing agencies contain some general discussion of the war housing problems in the United States. Space does not permit the inclusion of references to numbers of the Official XJ. S. Bulletin nor to the Congressional Record con- taining the discussions in Congress on war housing needs and appropriations for both Shipping Board Housing Division and the Housing Bureau of the Department of Labor, nor to the hearings on the subject before congressional committees preceding passage of the bills and after the signing of the armistice. Exact references to the Official Bulletin and Congressional Record may be found in the volumes of the Public AfEairs Information Service Index, and to the hearings so far as they relate to the Department of Labor housing activities in the first volume of the Report of the United States Housing Corporation (to be issued). Ackerman, Frederick L. Government housing — Federal, State, municipal — ^is it desirable? {In National Conference on Housing, Housing Problems in America, 1918, v. 7, p. 70-81. With discussion p. 292-296.) — -■ What is a house? IV. (Journal of the American Institute of Architects, Dec. 1917, v. 5, p. 591-639. illus. plans.) Also published in Whitaker, C. H. and others. The housing problem in war and in peace . Also reprinted separately. This important document comprises the results of Mr. Ackerman's study (undertaken at the instance of the Council of National Defense and the American Institute of Archi- tects) of British Government "war housing and his diagnosis of the situation in the United States. A brief popularized statement by Mr. Ackerman appeared in the American City, Feb. 1918; and the report is reviewed by the U. S. Btureau of Labor Statistics in its Monthly Review for the same month. Childs, Richard S. What will become of the Government hous- ing? The Government's principal permanent housing proj- ects. (National municipal review, Jan. 1919, v. 8, p. 48-52.) Includes a descriptive list of the Goverimient's housing projects and advo- cates futm-e cooperative ownership. A similar article by Mr. Childs: A brief record of progress in the Government's war housing program, appeared in the Journal of the American Institute of Architects for Sept. igiS (also reprinted); and an illustrated article, in The Survey for Feb. i, 1919, advo- cating a permanent Housing Bureau. Federal housing. (U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Monthly review, Feb. igi8, v. 6,. p. 456-460.) Early history of movement for Government housing. Gove, George. Housing the workers — an unfinished job; the present status of Government housing projects — a challenge to local chambers of commerce to meet an emergency which Congress seems unwilling to face. (American city, Jan. 1919, V. 20, p. 23-25.) Kaowles, Morris. What about the Government housing program ? Engineers should be active in study of housing in general and of solution of the problem of disposing of those Government projects already under way. (Engineering news-record, Feb. 13, 1919, V. 82, p. 329-331.) Urges that Government housing projects should be made into "going concerns" before relinquishment by the Government. laFarge, C. Grant. The case of (Sovemment housing. (New Republic, Jan. 18, 1919, v. 17, p. 335-337-) A somewhat similar article by Mr. LaFarge appeared in the American Architect for Jan. 8, with thetitle: Government bousing: What will follow? Both articles deal with the work and ideals of the United States Housing Corporation and the problems of housing confronting the country calling for post-war measures. Lasker, Bruno. Thehousingof war workers: Lessons from British experience for the fulfillment of an urgent task. (Survey, Jan. 5, 1918, V. 39, p. 390-397. illus. plans.) Argument for Government housing. National Housing ^. :sociation. Housing and the war — a letter to President Wilson. (Housing betterment, Dec. 1917, v. 6, p. 1-8.) Also reprinted as a National Housing Association pamphlet. Urging action by the Federal Government to meet the war emergency in the Uousing situation. Pope, Robert Anderson. Governmental housing. (New Republic, Nov. 24, 1917, V. 13, p. 93-95.) A rejoinder by Mr. John Nolen was published in the New Republic for Dec. 22, and two further articles by Mr. Pope in the issues for Jan. iz and Feb. 2, 1918. A proposed Federal agency tO' deal with housing, town planning and other municipal affairs. (American city, Feb. 1919, V. 20, p. 179.) Brief report, signed by Andrcjw Wright Crawford, of the Philadelphia Conference, Jan. 3, 1919, called by representatives of the American Civic Asso- ciation and the American Federation of I.abor. Stein, Charles S. Housing and reconstruction. (Journal of the American Institute of Architects, Oct. 1918, v. 6, p. 469-472.) Discusses future possibilities' of Government hotising, especially of the Housing Bmeau of the Department of Labor. _ -War housing in the United States. (Housing betterment, Feb. 1919, V. 8, no. I, p. 6-13.) A smumary containing tables of projects. Woodworth, Leo Day. The public housing problem viewed from another angle . . . some serious phases of problem of Govern- ment and municipal housing. (Current afiairs, Boston, June 10, 1918, V. 9, no. 6, p. 2, 5.) In opposition to governmental housing. Mr. Woodworth's views were extensively printed in newspapers throughout the country. United States. — Department op Labor — Bureau of Indus- TRiAi< Housing and Transportation (United States Housing Corporation). In addition to these articles on tlie work of the United States Housing Corporation as a whole and on the separate projects,~the reader should consult the following sections of this List: under Planning and Development, Technical Methods of U. S. Govern- ment Designers, and Housing Standards; under War Emergency Problems, the sub-sections: Real Estate Acquisition, Registration Biu'eaus, Rent Profiteering, and Transportation. Official Documents. The official comprehensive report of the United States Housing Corporation is to be comprised in two volumes, in the Appendix to which this List is being issued. U. S. Dept. of Labor. Bureau of Industrial Housing and Trans- portation. Report of the United States Housing Corporation, Dec. 3, igi8. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1919. I26p. Sunvmarized in Monthly Labor Review, Feb. 1919. U. S. Secretary of Labor. 6th annual report, for year ending June 30, 1918. Contains report of Bureau of Industrial Housing and Transportation, p. 130-136. (Oct. 10, last date mentioned in report.)' VIII REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. Represeniative Articles. Eidlitz, Otto M. The housing of munitions workers; what the Bureau of Industrial Housing and Transportation is doing to help. (American city, June 1918, v. 18, p. 499-501.) A preliminary article, before the housing appropriations were secured. . Priority orders for housing developments. (American city, Oct. 1918, v. 19, p. 266-267.) Syndicated item, indicating procedure for private house-building enter- prises. . Getting work and worker together. Handling the deepest of human instincts, homemaKu:;, the Housing Corporation redraws our industrial map, besides designing cottages, shifting population, building towns. (Nation's business, Dec. 1918, v. 6, p. 29-30, 48. illus.) Extent of the operations of the U. S. Housing Corporation. (Municipal and county engineering, Nov. 1918, v. 55, p. 176-177.) Ford, James. Housing for workers engaged on army and navy contracts. (Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Sept. 1918, v. 79, p. 270-274.) AUo reprinted. The housing question — Government aid in war- time America. {In Proceedings of United States League of Local Building and Loan Associations, 26th, 1918, p. 121- 126. With discussion p. 139-140.) Includes a statement of the reasons why the United States Housing Corpora- tion did not form local housing companies. LaFarge, C. Grant. See preceding section. Leland, Joseph D., 3d. What the Federal Government has done to house the industrial army. {In National Conference on Housing, Housing problems in America, 1918, v. 7, p. 50-69. With discussion, p. 287-291.) Olmsted, Frederick Law. Lessons from the housing develop- ments of the United States Housing Corporation. (Monthly labor review (U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics), May 1919, v. 8, p. 27-38. illus. plans.) Also reprinted. By the Chief Town Planner of the Corporation. Wilson, William B. Housing our industrial army. (National service, August 1918, v. 4, p. 1-6. iUus.) A description by the Secretary of Labor of the formation and aims of the U. S. Biueau of Industrial Housing and Transportation. Wood, Charles W. Housing the workers; the Government close- up. {In The great change. N. Y., Boni and Liveright, 1918, p. 81-89.) Substantially reprinted from N. Y. World, July 21, 1918. An interview with Mr. J. D. IvCland, 3d, Vice-President of the Housing Corporation. Projects. Bath, Me. The United States Housing Corporation. Project no. 59 at Bath, Maine. (Architectural record, Jan. 1919, v. 45, p. 21-25. illus. plans.) Bremerton, Wash. Ford, James. Government housing at Bremerton, Washing- ton. (Architect and engineer of California, Jan. 1919, v. 56, p. 50-56. illus. plans.) Bridgeport, Conn. ShurtlefE, Arthur A. The development of a street plan for an industrial housing project. (Landscape architectiu-e, Jan. 1919, V. 9, p. 67-75. plans.) The Crane development at Bridgeport, of which Mr. Shuttlefi Was tciwu planner. Bridgeport, Conn. — Continued. Baxter, Sylvester. The Government's housing at Bridgeport, Connecticut. (Architectural record, Feb. 1919, v. 45, p. 123-141. illus. plans.) Charleston, W. Va. May, Charles C. Housing development for the United States Naval Ordnance Plant near Charleston, W. Va. (Architec- tural forum, Nov. 1918, v. 29, p. 131-135. illus. plans.) Hammond, Ind. The work of the United States Housing Corporation: Project no. 457 — Hammond, Indiana. (Architecture, Feb. 1919, V. 39, p. 52-54, 55. illus. plans.) Neville Island, Pa. Government housing in Pittsbtirgh. (Municipal journal. New York, Oct. 19, 1918, V. 45, p. 311.) Announcement of Neville Island project, abandoned after armistice. New Brunswick, N. J. Housing development at New Brunswick, New Jersey, for the United States Housing Corporation. (Architectural forum, Dec. 1918, V. 29, p. 163-165. illus. plans.) Portsmouth, Va. Housing construction at Cradock; building a project near the Portsmouth Navy Yard to provide homes for five thousand workers — distributing railroad — central concrete plant — con- crete delivered by tractors — ^progress clock. (Municipal journal. New York, Jan. 25, 1919, v. 46, p. 61-63. illus.) Quincy, Mass. Development for the United States Housing Corporation at Quincy, Mass. (Architectural review, Jan. 1919, v. 8, p. 21-23. illus. plans.) Baxter, Sylvester. The Government's housing project at Quincy, Mass. (Architectiu-al record. Mar. 1919, v. 45, p. 242-261. illus. plans.) Vallejo, Calif. Hays, William C. The Vallejo housing scheme; United States Housing Corporation's project no. 581. (Architect and en- gineer of California, Jan. 1919, v. 56, p. 39-49. illus. plans.) Includes data on utilities by Stephen E. Kieffer. Washington, D. C. Causey, Edward H. Housing war workers at Washington. (National builder, Nov. 1918, v. 60, p. 39-43. illus.) Housing war workers in Washington. (American architect Dec. 4, 1918, v. 114, p. 661-665. illus. plan.) Union Station Plaza Hotels. Watertown, N. Y. An housing development at Watertown, N. Y., for the United States Housing Corporation. (Architectural review, Dec. 1918, v. 7,p. 129-131. illus. plans.) United States Shipping Board (Emergency Fleet Corpora- tion). In addition to these articles, see the article by Mr. Taylor in the section of this List: Transportation, under War Emergency Problems, and the article on E. F. C. hotels, in section: House types. Official Documents. Under the editorship of Mr. F. L. Ackerman a complete official technical report on the work of the Housing Division of the Ship- ping Board has been prepared and vdll probably be issutd. SELECTED BIBWOGRAPHY. IX Representative Articles. Ackennan, F. L. Houses and ships. (American city, Aug. 1918, V. 19, p. 85-86.) Describes the housing work of the Shipping Board. . Note on Shipping Board housing policy. (Jn Pro- ceedings of United States League of Local Building and Loan Associations, 26th, 1918, p. 131-133.) Includes form of loans of Shipping Board to subsidiary corporations for housing purposes. How shipyard housing work is organized and operated. Division of Fleet Corporation has developed an organization in which engineers play a large part — sixteen projects under way. (Engineering news-record, July 18, 1918, v. 81, p. 122-124.) Diagram shows organization of Division of Passenger Transportation and Housing. Projects. Bristol, Pa. Taylor, C. Stanley. Bristol, America's greatest single indus- trial housing development. (American architect. May 15, 1918, V. 113, p. 599-615. illus. plans.) Camden, N. J. Childs, Richard S . The first war emergency Government towns for shipyard workers. I. "Yorkship Village'' at Camden, N. J. (Journal of the American Institute of Architects, May, 1918, V. 6, p. 249-251. see illus. p. 237-244 and frontis.) An illustrated article by the same author appeared in the Independent for June 22, 1918, and articles by Mr. C. C. May and Mr. R. F. "Wamerre- spectively in the Architectural Forum for June, 191S, and the Architectural Review for the same month. Litchfield, Electus D. Recent Government housing devel- opments: Yorkship Village, Camden, N. J. {In National Conference on Housing, Housing problems in America, 1918, V. 7, p. 82-93.) Mr. Litchfield was the architect of Yorkship Village. Groton, Conn. The first war emergency Government towns. IV. Groton, Conn. (Journal of the American Institute of Architects, Nov. 1918, V. 6, p. 510-517. illus. plans.) Hilton, Va. Note: Compare the publication of the Committee on New Industrial Towns proposing a co-partnership scheme for Hilton, noted in section of this I^ist: Cooperative Societies. Hubbard, Henry V., and Francis Y. Joannes. The first war emergency Government towns. II. Hilton, Va. (Jour- nal of the American Institute of Architects, July 1918, V. 6, p. 333-345- illus. plans.) Practically the same article, unsigned, was pubUshed in the American Architect for Aug. 7, heavily illustrated. See also the article in Land- scape Architecture including Hilton by Mr. Hubbard noted in the sec- tion of this List: Planning and Development. Hog Island, Pa. Shepherd, Richard. Emergency Fleet housing in Phila- delphia: 3,000 homes for the Hog Island shipbuilders of permanent construction, 2-story row type. (American builder, May 1918, v. 25, p. 28-29, i4°- iHus. plans.) Blood, W. H., jr. New E F C hotel at Hog Island. (Stone & Webster journal, Nov. 1918, v. 23, p. 344-346. illus.) Port Jefferson, L. I. Bossom, Alfred C. The Emergency Fleet Corporation project for the Bayles Shipyard, Inc., at Port Jefferson, Long Island. (Architecture, Sept. 1918, v. 38, p. 255-l-plates 151-155. illus. plans.) Portsmouth, N. H. The first war emergency Government towns. III. Atlantic Heights. (Portsmouth, N. H.) (Journal of the American Institute of Architects, Sept. 1918, v. 6, p. 427-434. illus. plans.) Another illustrated article, by Mr. W. R. Greeley, associated in the design of the town, appeared in the American Architect for Oct. 16, 1918. Kilham, Walter H. Recent Government housing develop- ments : Atlantic Heights at Portsmouth, N. H. {In National Conference on Housing, Housing problems in America, 1918, V. 7, p. 94-100.) Mr. Kilham's firm were the architects of the development. Wilmington, Del. Note: A general report to the Chamber of Commerce of Wilmington on War-time housing and community development (1918, 24 p.) was pre- pared by Mr. Nolen, the town planner of the project named below. Groben, William E. Union Park Gardens; a model garden subiurb for shipworkers at Wilmington, Del. built for the United States Shipping Board, Emergency Fleet Corpora- tion. (Architectural record, Jan. 1919, v. 45, p. 45-64. illus. plans.) An earlier description by the same writer appeared in Architecture for Sept. 1918. Perrot, Emile G. Recent Government housing developments: Union Park Gardens, Wilmington, Delaware. {In National Conference on Housing, Housing problems in America, 1918, V. 7, p. 101-117.) Mr. Perrot's firm, with which Mr. Groben (above) is also associated, were architects of the development. United States. Ordnance Department. Projects. Muscle Shoals, Ala. Warner, Ralph F. Muscle Shoals — a new industrial town in Alabama. (Architectural review, Jan. 1919, v. 8, p. 18-20. illus. plans.) Perryville, Md. The town of Perry Point, Md. : a development by the U. S. Ordnance Department. (Architectm-al review, Feb. 1919, V. 8, p. 45-50. illus. plans.) An earUer illustrated article on " Perryville" appeared in the American Architect for Oct. 30, rgiS. Shefaeld, Ala. May, Charles C. Housing development for the Air Nitrate Corporation, Shefiield, Ala. (Architectural forum, Sept. 1918, V. 29, p. 69-74-l-plates 46-48. illus. plans.) GREAT BRITAIN. Official Documents. The Housing Acts of 1914 and 1915 and Defense of the Realm (Acquisition of Land) Act of 1916 gave authority for the war housing schemes. A new Housing Bill has been presented to Parliament providing state aid for after-war housing, and intervention by National authority in case of remissness on the part of Local Author- ities in promoting housing schemes. Further references to British state aid proposals will be found in the section Governmental Aid near the end of this List. Great Britain. Ministry of Munitions. Memo, regarding housing carried out by the Ministry of Munitions or housing in con- nection with which financial assistance has been given by the Ministry. (Appendix to Report of Great Britain. Committee of Public Accounts, 1917, p. 216-222.) Financial statistics given. REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING COIiPORATION. Representative Articles. Ackeiman, Frederick L. The housing question — Government aid in war-time England. {In Proceedings of United States League of lyocal Building and Loan Associations, 26th, 1918, p. 127-140. Discussion p. 139-140.) Cf. Mr. Ackerman's report of Dec. 1917, noted in section of this List; Govern- ment, Federal. United States (above). Culpin, Ewart G. The commimity sense. (Garden cities and town planning, Oct.-Nov. 1915, v. 5, p. 198-200.) Principally a description of the Government housing scheme at Woolwich (Well Hall). Magnusson, Leifur. War housing in Great Britain. (U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Monthly review, Dec. 1917, v. 5, p. 1292— 1301.) General account, with descriptions of schemes. Another article by Mr. Mag- nusson in the Jime 1918 Monthly Review deals with the financial aspects and gives figures of British Government appropriations. Schemes. Descriptions of Well Hall in Kent, the housing scheme for the Woolwich Arsenal (Cf. article by Mr. Culpin noted above) and for Eastriggs appeared in the Journal of the American Institute of Architects for Sept. and Oct. 1917, reprinted in: The Housing Problem in War and in Peace. Views of Gretna appeared in the same publications and also in the American City for May 1918. In addition to these illustrated and readily accessible articles should be noted also: Baines, Sir Frank. Roe Green village scheme, Kingsbury, Eng- land. (Monthly labor review (U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics), Oct. 1918, V. 7, p. 1087—1093.) Sir Frank Baines was principal architect of the British Office of Works, under whose direction the scheme was designed and carried out. StaTB and MUNICIPAI. The dearth of published matter on American state or municipal housing indicates our lack of such enterprises. The Massachusetts Homestead Commission has made a small beginning for industrial workers in the Lowell project described in Bulletin No. 7 issued by the Commission. The California Durham experiment is for agriculturists. The State of South Dakota by recent legislation has made housing part of the State's program.. Municipal housing, however, has not yet been introduced in this country. A discus- sion of its legal aspects by F. B. Williams, Esq., of New York City, entitled: Must we await constitutional amendments before cities can engage in housing, appeared in the American City for Feb. 19 19. In Great Britain, housing schemes by njunicipalities have been in operation for some time. A record of progress of these may be found in the section: Housing of the Working Classes, in the Municipal Year Book of the United Kingdom, published by the Municipal Journal, London. Recent reports for such schemes proposed in connection with the Reconstruction period have been published by Dundee, Scotland (1917) and by Birmingham, England (igi8). In the latter, a chapter is devoted to the subject: Municipal building vs. private enterprise. The new national scheme of state aid places the burden of action on the Local Author- ities. For discussions of this scheme see the section of this List: Government Aid. PRIVATE CAPITAL. Housing enterprises ttndertaken by private capital might be divided roughly into four groups: those financed by industrial corporations to increase their own efficiency through the benefit of good housing to their employees; those financed by cooperative or copartnership societies, in which the tenants are shareholders, and profits turned into community improvements; those undertaken by limited dividend corporations, in which profit to investors has been subordinate to the purpose of providing good living accommo- dations whether the houses be rented or sold; and, most preva- lent of all, those launched by the so-called " speculative builders" in which their own personal gain has been the dominant motive. Some references to published material relating to the two first- mentioned groups of housing agencies employing private capital are given in the following sections; and for the third, limited dividend corporations, the reader is referred to the items on this subject in the Davison list referred to in the next section, to the references in the section of this List: Housing Finance, General (two of which include discussion of the limited dividend corporation), and to the annual reports of the corporations them- selves, e.g., the City and Suburban Homes Company of New York City. INDUSTRIAC CORPORATIONS Brief descriptions of housing developments undertaken by Industrial (Corporations may be found in the Davison list (Archi- tectmral Review, Apr. 1917, illustrated) already referred to, and in the Magnusson report mentioned below. In addition to the housing developments mentioned in these two publications, the reader might sectire the following pamphlets descriptive of recent undertakings: Eclipse Park Homes (Eclipse Home Makers, Inc. Beloit, Wis.); Sawyer Park (Williamsport Realty Co., Williamsport Pa.); A modem Industrial Suburb — Morgan Park, Duluth, Minn, (reprint from U. S. Btu-eau of Labor Statistics Monthly Review); also consult Publication no. 7 of the Harvard Department of Social Ethics (Low-cost cottage construction, by W. A. Hamlin), referred to in the section of this List: House Types. Allen, Leslie H. Industrial housing problems. Boston, Aberthaw Construction Company (1917). 31 p. illus. plans. Although general in its conclusions, the text deals principally with the experience of industrial corporations. Forster, H. Walter. Industrial housing. {In Proceedings of the Engineers' Society of Western Pennsylvania, Dec. 1917, v. 33, p. 610-620. With discussion, p. 620-642.) The paper and discussion relate largely to employers' problems, including references to Mr. Magnusson's investigations. Groben, William E. Modern industrial housing. Philadelphia, New York, Ballinger & Perrot, 1918. 24 p. illus. plans. Primarily on industrial employers' policy and procedure. Magnusson, Leifur. Employers' housing in the United States. (U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Monthly review, Nov. 1917, V. 5, p. 869-894.) Also reprinted as Housing by em- ployers in the United States. This is a summary of a forthcoming book by the same writer with the latter title, which will be the authority on this subject. A second article entitled; Sanitary aspects of company housing, was published in the Monthly I.abor Review (U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics) for Jan. 1919, with tables, and a third article: Methods of sale of company houses, in the Review for April. United States Steel Corporation. Bureau of Safety, Sanitation and Welfare. (New York City) Bulletin No. 7, December 1918. , 106 p. illus. plans. Description and illustrations of various United States Steel Corporation's housing developments. COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES Committee on New Industrial Towns. (8 W. 9th St., New York City) Publications (most of which have been reprinted by the (Committee), as follows: A memorandum to the U.S. Steel Corporation. A plan for the conservation of future increments of land values at Ojibway and for conversion of the same into additional revenues for community purposes. The unearned increment in Gary, by Robert Murray Haig. (Political science quarterly, March 1917.) SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY. XI Committee on New Industrial Towns — Continued. The new garden cities of England, by R. S. Childs. (Out- tlook, March. 6, 1918.) How shall the Government dispose of its industrial hous- ing, by R. S. Childs. (Reprint of article entitled: Group ownership of housing, New Republic, March 30, 1918.) A self-owning town. A report to Mr. F. P. Palen, Vice President Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company, regarding "A copartnership scheme for Hilton." Copartnership in England, a. review of the British move- ment for group ownership of small homes, by H. S. Swan. (Journal of the American Institute of Architects, April 1918.) The unearned increment in Lackawanna, by H. S. Swan. (National municipal review, March 1919.) Note: A series of syndicated articles Self -owning Towns, of Tomorrow appeared in the press under the auspices of this Committee. Purdy, Lawson. Own your own town. {In National Conference on Housing, Housing problems in America, 1918, v. 7, p. 273-284. With discussion by Richard S. Childs, p. 324-325.) An earlier article on self-owning towns by Mr. Purdy was published in the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science for July 1918. Stabilizing labor. (Public, Apr. 6, 1918, v. 21, p. 427-428.) Proposes cooperative housing companies, following the proposals of the Conunittee on New Industrial Towns. Taylor, C. Stanley. The future and influence of American war housing developments. (American architect, Dec. 18, 1918, V. 114, p. 721-725.) After pointing out dangers to housing progress of possible unfortunate mistakes in administration of Government towns and of indiscreet "un- loading" of Government realty holdings, Jlr. Taylor offers as a solution the taking over of the entire industrial housing projects of the Government by a copartnership organization rtnder Government supervision. Great Britain. In addition to the references following, see the article by Mr. Swan published by the Committee on New Industrial Towns mentioned above, and also the British report on government aid to public utility societies mentioned in the section of this List: Governmental Aid. A considerable number of pamphlets on copartnership housing were published in England prior to 1914. The case of utility societies. (Municipal journal, London, Dec. 6, 1918, V. 27, p. 1197.) An earlier article (Aug. g) presented the main facts of the situation to that date. Culpin, Ewart G. An after-the-war policy for public utility societies. (The architect, Oct. 20, 1916, v. 96, p. 240-242.) Also reprinted. Mr. Culpin was active in the movement to secure Govemmeat recogni- tion of the usefulness of pubhc utility societies in meeting the after-war situa- tion. See the reprint of letter addressed by the Garden Cities and Town Planning Association to the local housing authorities of Great Britain urging the formation of or cooperation with a society of pubhc utiUty, pubhshed in Garden Cities and Town Planning, Dec. 1917. Lander, H. Clapham. A proposal for the establishment of a new town. London, National Labour Press, 1918. 15 p. Abstract published in Garden Cities and Town Planning, Mar. 191S, and in the Survey for Aug. 10, 1918. The proposal is for a complete cooperative town. ' National housing after the war, by L. G. C. (In Cooperative Wholesale Societies, Ltd. Annual, 1918, Manchester, p. 251- 261.) Reviews present and future British housing situation, selfishness of specu- lative builders, and advocates that the Cooperative Wholesale Society should finance building after the war, either by initiating building departments in suitable areas or enlarging its existing building department, in addition to the governmental program. Public utility societies, England. (Monthly labor review (U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics), Nov. 1918, v. 7, p. 1422-1425.) Gives a draft report of the Federation of British Industries on pubUc utiUty societies for the Housing Committee, Apr. s, 1918, in which the advan- tages of this form of cooperative housing society are enumerated. Suggested regulations for the constitution of such a society are also given. WAR EMERGENCY PROBLEMS. LABOR AND HOUSING— LABOR TURNOVER. In addition to the references here noted, it will be found useful to consult the files of the Monthly Labor Review (U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics) where studies and notes on labor turnover have appeared regularly. The data from the files of the Industrial Relations Division of the United States Housing Corporation when published will also add materially to the available information on the subject of labor turnover. Ackerman, Frederick L. The Government, the architect and the artisan in relation to Government housing. {In Proceedings of the American Institute of Architects, 51st, 1918, p. 86-89.) On the need of providing something worth Hving for and an environment worth living in, as a reward of labor. Allen, Leslie H. The workman's home: its influence upon pro- duction in the factory and labor turnover. (Jotunal of Ameri- can Society of Mechanical Engineers, June 1918, v. 40, p. 453- 458-) Also reprinted with a few illustrations for Aberthaw G>nstruction Co., Boston, 1918. 23 pages. This paper presents results of a questionnaire on means of reducing labor turnover, with quotations from replies of employers, stating facts of relation of turnover and housing. A similar paper was given by Mr. Allen before the American Concrete Institute and published in its Proceedings for 1918; and another, before the National Conference on Hous- ing, pubhshed in its Proceedings for 1918. Fisher, Boyd. Good housing as a reducer of labor turnover. (In National Conference on Housing, Housing problems in America, 1918, V. 7, p. 147-174.) Epitomizes some of the turnover reports of the field agents of the United States Housing Corporation in their preliminary investigations of war-time conditions. Housing in the reconstruction program of Labor. (Housing better- ment, Oct. 1918, V. 7, no. 3, p. 46-48.) British and German programs. Compare the quotation from the British I^abour Party's program given as note in section of this I^ist: General, Great Britain. Ihlder, John. Housing and transportation problems in relation to labor placement. (In Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Jan. 1919, v. 81, p. 51-55.) Good city planning shown to be essential to the kind of living conditions that attract labor and reduce labor turnover. WoU, Matthew. Labor's attitude on housing. (In National Con- ference on Housing, Housing problems in America, 1918, v. 7, p. 192-200. With discussion p. 297-302.) Calls for a Government program to encourage house-building, including improved system of credits and taxation. In the discussion, by another labor representative, the sentim.ent of organized labor is stated as for housing as a governmental function. xn REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. REAL ESTATE ACQUISITION AND COMMANDEERING, REQUISITIONING AND BILLETING Billeting of civilian war workers in England. (Monthly labor review (U. S. Bxireau of Labor Statistics), Nov., 1918, v. 7, p. 1425-1426-) An act of 1917 gave the British govern jnent power to billet persons engaged in work of national iniportance. Shannon, William E. The Bureau of Industrial Housing and Transportation of the Department of Labor. (National real estate journal, Aug., 1918, v. 18, p. 26-27.) The work of the Keal Estate Division and the cooperation with the Gov- emnient of the National Association of Real Estate Boards are described. The succeeding nuniber of the sajne magazine had an article continuing this descriptiou; and a somewhat similar article appeared in Buildings and Build- ing Management for Aug., 1918, imder the title; How the Government con- ducts its realty business. ■ — . Preliminary report of the Real Estate and Com- mandeering Division, Bureau of Industrial Housing and Transportation, United States Housing Corporation, Depart- mentof Labor. (Nov. 15, 1918.) (/m U. S. Congress, Hearings before the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds, House of Representatives, on S. J. 194, Jan., 1919, p. 247-251.) I^ater printed as Appendix V. in Report of United States Housing Cor- poration, Dec. 3, 191S. The procedure is comprehensively described. REGISTRATION BUREAUS AND ROOM RENTING Housing bureaus and room registries. (Survey, Nov. 9, 1918, V. 4r, p. 166-167.) On the Conference in New York oa Housing for Girls. Newark's efforts in homes registration and prevention of rent profiteering. (New Jersey municipalities, Sept. 1918, v. 2, p. 203-204, 222.) Proposal for a municipal biu'eau of vacant houses in cities. (Con- servation of life, Canada, Jan. 1918, v. 4, p. 8.) Schaub, Edward Leroy. The house, the community, and the United States Homes Registration Service. (Chicago Real Estate Board bulletin, Mar. 1919, v. 27, p. 221-227.) . The U. S. Homes Registration Service as a civic asset. (American city, Apr. 1919, v. 20, p. 327-329.) On its war-service and after-the-war usefulness in helping soldiers to re- acquire homes and in furnishing data for house-building campaigns. Veiller, Lawrence. The "Take a Roomer" campaign. (American city, either edition. May 1918, v. 18, p. 451, 453.) Summarizes Mr. Veiller's opinion of the dangers of such a campaign. , and others. Shall we encourage or discourage the "Take a Roomer" campaign? Discussion. (In National Housing Association, War housing problems in America, 1918, P- 93-103-) LANDLORD AND TENANT RELATIONS. RENT PROFITEERING. For this subject the reader should consult especially the hearings in 1918 on the bills to prevent rent profiteering in the District of Columbia, where conditions were particularly acute, as follows: Before the Subcommittee on the District of Columbia of the Senate on the bill H. R. 9248; before the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives on the bill H. R. 12443; before the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds of the House of Rep- resentatives on the bill H. R. 12818 (also H. R. 12835). The British Increase of Rent and Mortgage Interest (war restrictions) Act of 1915, to restrict increases of rent during the war, is also of interest. Adjustment of rent profiteering cases by the Department of Labor. (Monthly labor review. Mar. 1919, v. 8, p. 899-901.) Gives statistics of work on cases by local anti-profiteering committees, under supervision of Housing Bureau. Ellis, John C. Rent profiteering. (In National Conference on Housing, Housing problems in America, 1918, v. 7, p. 140-146.) Describes especially the "New I^ndon" anti-profiteering method. Field, S. S. Power of city council to deal with rent profiteering. (American city, either edition, Aug. 1918, v. 19, p. 147, i49-) Substantially reprinted from the Baltimore Mimidpal Journal, June 21, 1918. Ford, James. Rent profiteering. {In National Conference on Housing, Housing problems in America, 1918, v. 7, p. 128-139.) A statement of the work of the United States Housing Bureau to prevent rent profiteering. Great Britain. Committee on Increases in Rental ... in Scot- land. Minutes of evidence taken before the committee. Edinburgh, Neill & Co., 1916. 72p. With appendices. Followed by Report of Committee. Housing Betterment. Quarterly. A number of news items relating to rent profiteering and methods of dealing with cases may be found in the issues for May and Oct. 1918. Newark's efforts etc. See reference in preceding section of this List. Philadelphia. Federal Fuel Administration. Report of Housing Bureau of Federal Fuel Administration. Philadelphia, Dec. 31, 1918. i8p. Relates especially to work against rent profiteering. Resolutions adopted at National Real Estate Conference on rent profiteering. (National real estate journal, Aug. 1918, v. 18, P- 49-) TRANSPORTATION. Taylor, A. Merritt. Electric railways help win the war: how elec- tric cars were piurchased, electric roads extended, etc. (Elec- tric railway journal, Jan. 4, 1919, v. 53, p. 13-14.) Deals with work of the Passenger Transportation and HousLug Division of the Emergency Fleet Corporation, of which division Mr. Taylor was manager. A map shows places where transportation was improved. Wells, Gardner F. Transportation work of the United States Housing Corporation. Under supervision of the Transporta- tion Division 300 or more cars have been purchased and iruch work undertaken to facilitate housing of war workers. (Elec- tric railway journal, Jan. 4, 1919, v. 53, p. 7-11. illus.) Mr. Wells was manager of the Housing Corporation's Transportation Division. PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT. GENERAL. The technical reports of the Shipping Board (Emergency Fleet Corporation) Housing Division (referred to above) and of the United States Housing Corporation (with which this List is to be issued) together contain the greatest mass of data on Planning and Devel- opment in the United States yet available. In addition to the references on the general considerations of plaiming and develop- ment, the reader should consult the sections of this List: House Types; and Special Community Facilities. Abercrombie, Patrick. The basis of reconstruction; the need for a regional survey of national resources. (Town planning re- view, Apr. 1918, V. 7, p. 203-210.) Fundamental to planning for both housing and transportation. Adams, Thomas. Community development in wartime. (Land- scape architecture, Apr. 1918, v. 8, p. 109-124.) Reprinted as: House and town development in war time (National Housing Association publication). Favors the garden city as a solution of the housing problem. Culpin, Ewart G. The remarkable application of town planning principles to the war-time necessities of England. (Journal of the American Institute of Architects, Apr. 1917, v. 5, p. 1577159-) Discusses types of schemes and types of houses, and the relaticm of the house to the larger design. SEIvECTED BIBUOGRAPHY. xni Great Britain. Local Government Boards for England and Wales, and Scotland. Report of the Committee appointed by the President of the Local Government Board and the Secretary for Scotland to consider questions of building construction in coimection with the provision of dwellings for the working classes in England and Wales, and Scotland, and report upon methods of securing economy and despatch in the provision of such dwellings. London, H. M. Stationery Off. igi8. 97 p. illus. plans. (Cd. 9191.) Known as the "Tudor-Waltefs" report. Mr. Rayjnond Unwin is largely responsible for the technical conclusions set forth. The report is called by the Garden Cities and Town Planning magazine "the rnost important [British] Government pubhcation on housing that has yet appeared." It is reviewed by Mr. H. R. Aldridge, Secretary of the National Housing and Town Planning Council, in the Municipal Journal, I^ndon, Nov. 15 and 22, 1918. Hubbard, Henry V. Some preliminary considerations in Govern- ment industrial war housing. (Landscape architecture, July 1918, V. 8, p. 157-168. illus. plans.) Discusses especially "inside" vs. "outside" developments. Hilton, Va., is used as an example of the "outside" community. The article contains a table prepared by J. D. Leland 3d, showing typical earnings of workers in relation to house costs as figured for the Hilton scheme. LaFarge, C. Grant. Regional surveys — ^their aim and importance in war and in peace. (Jotimal of the American Institute of Architects, Aug. igi8, v. 6, p. 402-404.) An address before the Home Registration Service Committee of the State Council of Defense, Aug. 5, 1918, at Chicago. Mr. LaFarge deals notonly with the need of a Chicago siun^ey, but (like Professor Abercrombie, above) with the fundamental character of surveys in relation to planning. Maintenance costs. (Housing betterment, Oct. 1918, v. 7, no. 3, P- 37-) As a consideration in planning and development. Nolen, John. The industrial village . New York, National Housing Association, Sept. igi8. 22 p. plans. (Publica- tion no. 50.) Similar articles on industrial village planning by Mr. Nolen appeared earlier in 1918 in his pamphlet entitled: Industrial housing — better homes for less money; and in the Architectural Forum for April, rgi8. Six typical de- velopments designed by Mr. Nolen are used as illustrations in both pamphlets. Onniston, Edward. The public control of the location of towns. (Garden cities and town planning, Feb. 1919, v. 9, p. 23-30.) This article is reprinted from the Economic Journal, Dec. 1918. A part is also reprinted in Landscape Architecture for April 1919. An important article from point of view of economic and "social design", which bears out the garden city theory as the solution of the housing problem. Southern Pine Association. Homes for workmen. See entry under first section of this List: General. Thompson, F. Longstreth, and Ernest G. Allen, The town plan and the house; an opportunity for national economy. London, The Garden Cities and Town Planning Association, (1916?) 4ip. illus. plans. Bniphasizes the relation of the individual house to the whole scheme. Wilk, Benjamin. Planning a housing development for an indus- trial plant. (Industrial management, Oct. 1918, v. $6, p. 282-283.) The experience of a large company in Pennsylvania showing questionnaire used and tabulation of results. The previous issue of Industrial Management (Sept.) contained an article not definitely relating to housing, but of interest in connection with Mr. Wilk's data: How to determine the cost of living in an industrial community, by Ray M. Hudson. TECHNICAL METHODS OF U. S. GOVERNMENT DESIGNERS. Although, most of the references in this section will be super- seded by the official instructions of the Design Divisions of the United States Housing Corporation as printed in volume II of its 118791 °— 19— VOL 2 36 comprehensive report, it nevertheless seems worth while to include these references because they appeared in periodicals perhaps available to users of this List in its separate form who may not have the complete report. Of course, the instructions as published fortuitotisly in periodicals represent only incompletely the techni- cal methods employed. These will be covered fully respectively in the reports of Housing Corporation and Shipping Board. Of interest also in connection with this section is the article by Mr. A. A. ShurtlefE (already noted in this List), describing the succes- sive stages in the development of a street plan for the Crane tract at Bridgeport (Housing Corporation project). Alvord, John W. What part the engineer played in Government housing. Report of chief engineer of the United States Housing Corporation outlines work of his division . ( Engin eer- ing news-record, Jan. i6, 1919, v. 82, p. 147-148.) Engineering data required for a housing project. Federal Bureau of Housing issues instructions to be followed by preliminary investigators. (Engineering news-record, June 13, 1918, v. 80, p. 1141-1143.) Frequency of excessive rainfalls; Data compiled by U. S. Housing Corporation from records of the Weather Bureau showing average frequency of rainfalls at various high rates. (Munici- pal jotimal, New York, Sept. 14, 1918, v. 45, p. 204-206. diagrs.) Hubbard, Henry V. Notes on grading and planting plans for Government housing projects. (Landscape architecture, Apr. 1919, V. 9, p. 131-140.) Public utilities and housing projects: notes concerning the general policy of the United States Housing Corporation with regard to arrangements with Utility Companies for serving the several housing developments — alternative methods — urates. (Munic- ipal journal. New York, Oct. 5, 1918, v. 45, p. 267-268.) Some instructions issued by the Bureau of Industrial Housing and Transportation, Department of Labor. (Landscape architec- ture, Oct. 1918, V. 9, p. 9-23.) Includes those to Committees of Designers and to Preliminary Investi- gators. Street improvements in housing developments. Tentative in- structions to designers issued by the Bureau of Industrial Housing and Transportation of U. S. Department of Labor. (Good roads. May 25, 1918, v. 15, p. 262, 264. Editorial note on p. 263.) These instructions were later published in the American City for Nov. 1918. Suggestions to town planners. Department of Labor, Bureau of Industrial Housing and Transportation, United States Hous- ing Corporation, Town Planning Division. (Landscape archi- tecture, Jan. 1919, V. 9, p. 79-89.) Surveying for housing projects. Instructions by Bureau of Indus- trial Housing and Transportation for making topographical surveys and maps of sites for housing developments. (Mu- nicipal journal. New York, July 13, 1918, v. 45, p. 28-29.) Town planning lessons from Government housing operations, American City Planning Institute, Philadelphia, 1919. 24 p. Contents: Housing operations of Emergency Fleet Corporation, by B. Antrim Haldeman, Chief Town Planner. — United Staces Housing Corpora- tion, by F. ly. Olmsted, Chief Town Planner. — Summary, by John Nolen. — Discussion. Wood, N. Montgomery. Housing project schedule. (Architec- tural record, Feb. 1919, v. 45, p. 118-122.) Form adopted and used by U. S. Shipping Board Housing Division, illustrated and explained. The schedule is for tabulating information to answer questions at all stages of the project. XIV REPORT UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION. HOUSING STANDARDS. In addition to the references in this section, the reader may consult the articles on standardization in house planning in the later section of this List : Building Materials and Types of Con- struction. UNITED STATES. Official Documents. U. S. Dept. of Labor, Bureau of Industrial Housing and Transpor- tation. Standards recommended for permanent industrial housing developments, Mar. 1918. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1918. IS p. Reprinted in full or in part in American Builder and American Contractor, and widely commented on in the daily and periodical press. (See several of the following items.) Representative Articles. Crawford, Andrew Wright. Standards set by the new Federal war suburbs and war cities. 24 p., ill us., plans. (American Civic Association, Oct. 1918, Series II, no. 12.) A critical general consideration by a leading town pla n ning lawyer of the standards in governmental housing, more particularly the Shipping Board projects, but also the Housing Bureau "Standards." Nolen, John. The housing standards of the Federal Government. IJn National Conference on Housing, Housing problems in America, 1918, v. 7, p. 118-127.) This paper was also printed in the American Architect for Dec. 25, 1918. Permanent housing standards of U. S. (Fire protection, July 1918, v. 61, p. 16-17.) Possible results of war housing. (Housing betterment, May 1918, V. 7, no. 2, p. 33-34-) Raising of standard in the United States. Veiller, Lawrence. Industrial housing developments in America. Part II. The Government's standards for war housing. (Ar- chitecttiral record, Apr. 1918, v. 43, p. 344-359.) Also published in Housing betterment, May 1918. GREAT BRITAIN AND CANADA. Official Documents. Great Britain, Local Government Board. The housing of the working classes acts, i8go to 1909: Memorandum for the use of Local Authorities with respect to the provision and arrange- ment of houses for the working classes. London, H. M. Sta- tionery Off., 1917. 7 p. +12 plans. A similar publication was issued in 1918 by the Local Government Board for Scotland. Great Britain. Ministry of Reconstruction, Advisory Council. Women's Housing Sub-Committee. First interim report. London, H. M., Stationery Off., 1918. 7 p. (Cd. 9166.) The Conunittee was appointed to visit specimen houses already erected by the British Government and to advise on plans received from th e Archi- tect's committee, with special reference to the convenience of the housewife. Several unofficial articles by members of the Committee in regard to housing from the women's point of view appeared in Labour Party publications, especially by Mrs. Sanderson-Fumiss. This Interim Report was reviewed in the Municipal Journal (London) for Oct. 18, 1918, and in the Monthly Labor Review (U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics) for Dec. 1918. A similar committee was appointed for Scotland, which has also reported. The Scot- tish Council for Women's Trades, Glasgow, has also issued a pamphlet on the subject. ■ . Final report. 1919. 21 pages. (Cd. 9232.) Summarizes all conclusions. A Iso reprinted as Supplement to the Joiunal of the American Institute of Architects, May, 1919. Ontario, Canada. Housing Committee. Report of the Ontario Housing C^Dmmittee, including standards for inexpensive houses, adopted for Ontario and typical plans. Toronto, Printed by Order of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, 1919. 187 pages, illus. folded plans, details, etc. Standards to which home builders in Ontario must conform in order to secure a loan through the Provincial Govermnent from the $25,000,000 Cana- dian fimd. (Cf. section of this List; Governmental Aid.) Representative Articles. England adopts housing standards. (Housing betterment, May 1918, V. 7, no. 2, p. 18-20.) Standards adopted by Housing and Town Planning Council. TYPES OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT. Many of the references already given under the section of this List: Planning and Development, General, contain discussion of types of community development; e. g., articles by H. V. Hubbard and Thomas Adams. Mr. Lander's proposals referred to in an earlier part of this List, under Cooperative Societies, are also of interest in this connection. Goodrich, Ernest P. War housing by rejuvenating blighted dis- tricts. (Landscape architecture, Apr. 1918, v. 8, p. 125-132.) A plea for the building up of in-town vacant lots, for which utilities are already provided, and the rehabilitation of the vicinity. State preparation: a model village in London. (Municipal jour- nal, I