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A LIFE OF 
 THE GREAT 
 
 LOED FAIEFAX 
 
 COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE ARMY OF 
 
 * 
 
 THE PARLIAMENT OF ENGLAND 
 
 BY 
 
 CLEMENTS E. MAEKHAM, F.S.A. 
 
 ATJTHOB OP 
 ' THE HISTOKT Of THE ABySBINIA.N EXPEDITIOII ' 
 
 WITH PORTRAIT, MAPS, PLANS, AND ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 partisan 
 
 MACMILLAN AND CO. 
 
 Am] AT 
 
 63 BLEECKEE STREET, NEW YOEK 
 1870 
 
 T 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 A Life of Fairfax has not previously been written, for 
 the brief notices in the ' Biographia Britannica ' and 
 in Coleridge's 'Northern Worthies' only profess to be 
 summaries, and were pubhshed before the Fairfax Cor- 
 respondence and other indispensable materials were ac- 
 cessible. The present endeavour to supply this deficiency 
 in some measure is made, not with any hope of doing 
 adequate justice to the subject as a biography, but with 
 a view to furnishing a connected narrative of those 
 important events in the great general's life which have 
 hitherto been either passed over or, as the present writer 
 conceives, misunderstood and misrepresented. In the 
 first class is the opening Yorkshire campaign, which led 
 directly to the decisive action on Marston Moor. There 
 are materials for a history of it in Fairfax's own ' Short 
 Memorial,' in the Memoirs of Warvdck, Shngsby, Hodgson, 
 Lister, and the Duchess of Newcastle, in Eushworth, and 
 in the pamphlets and newspapers of the time. But no 
 detailed account has been written of the actions, marches, 
 and sieges in Yorkshire which had a direct and important 
 bearing on the result of the Civil War, while they were 
 the school which formed one of our ablest generals. In 
 the preparation of the present narrative of those events 
 
iv PBEFAGE. 
 
 all accessible authorities have been consulted, and the 
 scene of every action, including Winceby in Lincolnshire, 
 has been visited and carefully examined. It is hoped 
 that the general map of the Yorkshire campaign, with the 
 plans of Leeds and Bradford as they were in 1642, the 
 plan of York, and that of the battle of Marston Moor, 
 wiU suflSciently illustrate the text. 
 
 In histories of the organization of the New Model 
 ■ariny, and of the campaign of 1645-6, Fairfax has never 
 received his proper position ; and Cromwell has always 
 been coupled with him as an equal, or even spoken of as 
 the real moving spirit of the war. This erroneous view, 
 based on the untrustworthy authority of such writers as 
 Clarendon and Holies, is easily accounted for by the 
 natural tendency there always is to ante-date the great- 
 ness of a genius such as Cromwell. Because he was the 
 foremost man in the country in 1650, and the greatest 
 sovereign England ever had during the subsequent years, 
 it does not follow that to him is also due the credit of the 
 previous Parliamentary successes in the Civil War. It was 
 Fairfax who organized the new army, without the smallest 
 assistance from Cromwell. It was Fairfax whose genius 
 won the fight at Naseby, and whose consummate general- 
 ship concluded the war and restored peace. Cromwell 
 was his very efficient general of horse, but nothing more ; 
 and indeed he was usually employed on detached duties 
 of secondary importance. In preparing this part of the 
 work, pains have been taken to discover all extant 
 authorities who write at first hand, and the ground at 
 Naseby battle-field, the fine of defences at Bristol, and 
 the scenes of other actions have been examined. The 
 
TEEFAGK 
 
 map showing the Somersetshire campaign, and the plans 
 of Naseby fight and of the Bristol defences,* will serve to 
 illustrate the text. The writer of this work, when stand- 
 ing on the very spot, a few hours after the action of 
 Arogy^ in Abyssinia in 1868, and asking questions from 
 eye-witnesses who. were undoubtedly good authorities, was 
 much struck with the extraordinary discrepancies in their: 
 evidence. If absolute accuracy was unattainable then,, 
 there can be no hope of achieving it in narrating events 
 which took place 200 years ago. The nearest possible 
 approximation to the reality is all that can be hoped for ; 
 and care has been taken, in describing the events of each 
 action, to trust only to the evidence of eye-witnesses,; 
 occasionally adding facts related by authors who received; 
 their infortnation from persons actually present. 
 
 From the close of the first Civil War in 1646 to his 
 resignation in 1650 Fairfax was necessarily mixed up in 
 the political events of a very momentous period in our 
 history, and it was impossible for him to confine himself 
 exclusively to those military duties for which he was best 
 suited. As a public man of strict honour and without 
 personal ambition, his position was one of extreme dif- 
 ficulty ; and it is no easy matter to give a clear and 
 satisfactory account of the intrigues and negotiations of, 
 that troublous period, which includes the EoyaUst insur- 
 rection of 1648 and the trial of the King. . The conduct 
 
 ' When I prepared the plan of tte Bristol defences I had not seen the plan 
 accompanying the memoir on the military history of Bristol (printed in the 
 JroluBologia for 1803) by Edmund Turnor Esq., descendant of the Eoyalist 
 treasurer of Bristol garrison. My plan agrees well with that of Mr. Tumor, th& 
 only difference being that he places the water fort inside Lime-kiln lane instead . 
 of close to the river. 
 
 a2 
 
vi PBEFACE. 
 
 of Lord Fairfax" was ever guided, by a patriotic single- 
 minded devotion to the service of his country. He passed 
 through such an ordeal as few public men have been 
 subjected to, without a stain upon his honour, and without 
 a suspicion of having ever been influenced by personal 
 motives in his public conduct. This part of his life-history 
 is very difficult to write, and has, it is felt, been very in- 
 adequately treated in the present work. The narrative 
 of the siege of Colchester is illustrated by a plan show- 
 ing aU the positions mentioned in the text, which has been 
 prepared after a detailed examination of the ground. 
 
 The events in Yorkshire which led to the Eestoration 
 are fully described in the ' Iter Boreale ' of Brian Fairfax, 
 the manuscript of which is preserved at Leeds Castle. 
 We now know that the Eestoration was due not so much 
 to that worthless renegade Monk as to Lord Fairfax, 
 without whose co-operation Monk could never have 
 advanced from Scotland, and would probably have been 
 crushed by Lambert, M. Guizot, alone among modern 
 historians, has given due prominence to the straight- 
 forward patriotic action of Lord Fairfax at this period. 
 
 No ancient house in England was more careful than 
 that of the Fairfaxes in preserving and handing down its 
 archives ; .and for four generations there was always an 
 eminent scholar and antiquaiy in the family. At last 
 however, the Fairfax papers at Leeds Castle were scattered. 
 Fortunately, a large quantity of correspondence fell into 
 the hands of Mr. Bentley, and was published in four 
 volumes in 1848— two edited by Mr. George W. Johnson 
 and two by Mr. Eobert Bell, author of a Life of Canning' 
 The curious account, given in these volumes, of the way 
 
PBEFAGK vii 
 
 the papers first came into the hands of Mr. Hughes, a 
 banker at Maidstone, who sold them to Mr. Bentley, is 
 not, it appears, strictly accurate. Most of the original 
 letters were afterwards purchased by the British Museum.^ 
 It is from this source that our knowledge of the private 
 and family life of Fairfax is mainly derived. The Family 
 Bible and some Fairfax manuscripts are still preserved 
 at Leeds Castle.. The letters in the Tanner Collection, in 
 the Bodleian Library, are nearly all on public matters ; 
 but there is a most interesting manuscript volume there, 
 containing about 600 pages of poetry in the great general's 
 own handwriting, specimens from which are given in an 
 Appendix. In another Appendix an attempt has been 
 made to give a complete notice of the portraits, engravings, 
 seals, medals, &c., of Lord Fairfax ; and a third contains 
 his will. 
 
 The quotations from Clarendon, Whitelock, May, and 
 Sprigge are from the Oxford editions ; and those from 
 Eushworth, Ludlow, and Mrs. Hutchinson are from the 
 editions of 1721, 1771, and 1808 respectively. 
 
 The hero of this biography has been called the ' great 
 Lord Fairfax ' to distinguish him from others of his name, 
 many of whom are also met with in history.^ There is 
 a difierence between placing the epithet before or after 
 the name. Alexander the Great implies that that con- 
 
 • See Additional MSS. 18 — 979. A portion of the Fairfax letters was bought 
 at Sotheby's sale of April 14, 1851, but the greater part at another sale in 
 June 1852. Some additional letters were bought from Messrs. Boone, Messrs. 
 Waller, and Mr. Bell; and a few from a sale at Puttick & Co.'s in January 
 1853. 
 
 ' There have been twenty-one Lord Fairfaxes (viscounts and barons), of whom 
 eight were Thomas Lord Fairfax. There have been thirty Thomas Fairfaxes of 
 this family, of whom six were knighted, and three were generals. 
 
viii PBEFAGE. 
 
 queror was pre-eminent among men, or at least among" 
 kings. But the great Lord Fairfax, or Lord Peterborough, 
 or Lord Chatham merely denotes pre-eminence among 
 the Lords of those names. With this limitation, our hero 
 is undoubtedly entitled to the name of the great Lord. 
 . BTe was the greatest ornament of a most distinguished 
 family — ' an illustrious house — a house that for learn- 
 ing and valour has no peer among the families of 
 Yorkshire.' ^ 
 
 ' Canon Eaine, in Test. Ebor. (Surtees Society for 1855), p. 124, note. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 PASB 
 
 THE PAIBFAX FAMILY 1 
 
 CHAPTER H. 
 
 EARLY TEARS OF THOMAS FAIRFAX 10 
 
 CHAPTER HI. 
 
 MAREIAGT3 OF THOMAS FAIRFAX AND ANNE VERB . . . 19 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 THE FIRST SCOTTISH CAMPAIGN . . . .^ . . 24 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 SECOND SCOTTISH CAMPAIGN, AND DEATH OF THE FIRST LORD 
 
 FAIRFAX 33 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 THE ETE OF THE CIVIL WAR 42 
 
 CHAPTER Vn, 
 
 THE THEATRE OF WAR IN TORKSHIRB — EQUIPMENT OP AN 
 
 AKMT IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY .... 56 
 
 CPIAPTER Vni. 
 
 TADCASTER FIGHT 65 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 SIE THOMAS FAIEFAX'S FIESI VICTOET AT LEEDS ... 78 
 
 CHAPTEE X. 
 
 THE FLANK MAECH TO LEEDS, AND THE BOUT ON SEACEOFT 
 
 MOOE .......... 91 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 THE TICTOET AT WAKEFIELD, AND BATTLE OF ADW ALTON MOOE . 99 
 
 ! CHAPTER Xn. 
 
 CATALET ACTIONS AT SELBT AND wiNCEBT, AND SIEGE OF HULL . Ill 
 
 CHAPTER Xni. 
 
 BATTLE OF NANTWICH, AND SIEGE OF LATHOM HOUSE . . 124 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 THE VICTOET AT SELBT, AMD SIEGE OP TOEK .... 135 
 
 . CHAPTER XV. 
 
 MAESTON MOOE — MARSHALLING OF THE AEMIES . , .151 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 MAESTON MOOE — THE BATTLE 
 
 " • ' . . .165 
 
 mTE ON THE AUTHORITIES FOB THE BATTLE OF MARSTON MOOR 176 
 
 ■ CHAPTER XVII, 
 
 SUEEENDEE OP TOEK— TICKHILL CASTLE— SIEGE OF HELMSLET— 
 SIE THOMAS PAIEPAX DANGEEOUSLT WOUNDED— SIEGE OP 
 POMPRET— DEATH OF SIE WILLIAM FAIEPAX 
 
 ■ • • 17" 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 SIE THOMAS PAIEPAX COMMANDEE-IN-CHIEP OP THE AEMIES OP 
 
 THE PAELIAMENT-OEGANIZAXION OP^ THE .NEW .MODEL AEMY 188 
 
OONT:e!NTS, XI 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 PAOlt 
 
 NASEBT — FfiBLIMINAET MANCEUTKES AND SESCEIPTION OF THE 
 
 GEOmrD 205 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 NASEBT — THE BATTLE 213 
 
 NOTE ON THE AVTHOJRITIES FOR THE BATTLE OP NASEBY, . 228 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 THE BATTLE OF LANQPOET AND STOEMESG OP BEIDGEWATEK . 231 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 THE STORMING OF BEISTOL 243 
 
 CHAPTER XXm. 
 
 PACIFICATION OF THE WEST, AND SUKEENDER OF OXFOED . . 257 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 THE PAELIAMENT AND THE AEMY 273 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 THE PAELIAMENT AND THE AEMY (continued) — DEATH OF 
 
 FEEDINANDO SECOND LOED FAIEFAX ..... 293 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 INSUEEECTION IN KENT — MAIDSTONE FIGHT — DESCEIPTION OF 
 COLCHESTBE, AND MAESHALLING OF THE BESIEGED AND 
 .BESIEGING FOECES 305 
 
 CHAPTER XXVII. 
 
 THE SIEGE OF COLCHESTEE 318 
 
 NOTE ON THE AUTHORITIES FOB TBE SIEGE OF COLCHESTER . 334 
 
 CHAPTER XXVHI. 
 
 EXECCTION OF THE KING ....... 336 
 
xii CONTENTS. 
 
 RESIGNATION OF LOED FAIBFAX 
 
 CHAPTER XXX. 
 
 BETIEEMENT AT NmUAPPLETON . 
 
 CHAPTER XXIX. 
 
 PASS 
 
 353 
 
 363 
 
 CHAPTER XXXI. 
 
 THE RESTORATION . 375 
 
 CHAPTER XXXII. 
 
 DEATH OP THE GREAT GENERAL .... .386 
 
 CHAPTER XXXHI. 
 
 OONOLUSION 403 
 
 APPENDIX A. 
 
 SELECTIONS FROM THE POEMS OF THOMAS THIRD LOED FAIRFAX . 415 
 
 APPENDIX B. 
 
 PICTURES, ENGRATINGS, MEDALS, ETC., OP THE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX 428 
 AND HIS KINDRED 
 
 APPENDIX C. 
 
 WILL OF THOMAS THIRD LOED FAIRFAX 440 
 
 INDEX 447 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 • POETEAIT. 
 
 POETEAIT OF THE GK]^T LOED TAIEITAX (FROM A MmiATUEB BY 
 
 HOSKINS), WITH A FACSIMILE OF HIS HANDWEITING . Frontispiece 
 
 MAPS AND PLANS. 
 
 PAGB 
 
 THE TOEKSHIEB CAMPAIGN 64 
 
 THE SIEGE OF TOEK .... ... 140 
 
 PLAN OF THE BATTLE OF MAESTON MOOE 164 
 
 PLAN OF THE BATTLE OF NASEBT . . . to face 213 
 
 THE SOMEESETSHIEE CAMPAIGN .... „ 233 
 
 BEISTOL DEFENCES „ 243 
 
 THE SIEGE OF COLCHESTEE „ 311 
 
 WOODCUTS. 
 
 NUNAPPLETON (tHE SEAT OF LOED FATEFAX) . . . 363 
 
 LOED FAIRFAX'S CHAIE 391 
 
 TOMB OF LOED FAIRFAX IN BILBEOUGH CHUECH . . . .396 
 
 COATS OF ARMS ON THE TOMB OF LOED FAIEFAX . . . 397 
 
 FACSIMILE OF THE MONOGEAM SIGNATUEE OF THOMAS THIRD LOED 
 
 FAIRFAX 402 
 
LIFE 
 
 OF 
 
 THE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX. 
 
 CHAPTER I, 
 
 THE PAIEPAX FAMILY. 
 
 The life of a public man of genius and ambition, wbose 
 career, though grand as a whole, is stained by many doubt- 
 ful acts and much self-seeking, is that which attracts most 
 attention ; for such a biography is generally as much the 
 history of a stirring and momentous period as the story of a 
 great man's life. But, after all, the true and honest public 
 servant, who has been drawn into a prominent position by 
 the force of circumstances, and who has simply followed 
 whither his sense of honour and duty led him, with single- 
 minded zeal, and without one thought for self-interest, is the 
 man whose memory should be most cherished in England, 
 and upon whose career Englishmen should most love to 
 dwell. 
 
 Thomas Fairfax, who commanded the army of the Parlia- 
 ment of England, was such a man. Honoured and respected 
 by both sides alike, he takes rank among the very few public 
 men who, on every occasion, have placed their duty and their 
 honour before their interest. He was not a statesman, was 
 devoid of political insight, and was too fuU of scruples ever 
 to achieve great success anywhere but on the battle-field. 
 
 B 
 
2 TjIFB of the OBEAT LOBD FAIRFAX. [ch. i, 
 
 Tet his brilliant Torksliire campaigns at the commencement 
 of the civil war, his able conduct when in supreme command 
 of the Parliament's army, his learned retirement, his prompt 
 and patriotic action in the events which led to the Restora- 
 tion, and the honoured close of his days, comprise a life story 
 which deserves to be carefully studied. For it is very seldom 
 that we meet in history with a man who, with such extra- 
 ordinary temptations, has passed through a stormy life with 
 unswerving uprightness, and faced the ordeal without a stain 
 upon his honour. 
 
 The great historical name of Fairfax occurs wherever there 
 was hard fighting, all through the sixteenth and seventeenth 
 centuries ; and it is equally famous in the annals of litera- 
 ture and scholarship. It will be necessary, therefore, to 
 glance briefly at the careers of those relations of our hero 
 who had already made his name famous, before we attend ia 
 imagination at the nobly sponsored christeniag in Denton 
 chapel. 
 
 In the Ainsty of York, the country between the old city 
 and Tadcaster, bounded by the rivers Ouae and Wharfe and 
 Nidd, there have been Fairfaxes from the earliest times of 
 which there is any record. The name is Saxon, and means 
 ' fair hair,' either bright in colour or comely from the plenty 
 thereof, as old Fuller explains.' The original seat of the 
 family was at Walton, near Thorparch, and overlooking the 
 valley of the Wharfe, whence the scions of this grand old 
 family went forth into the world to seek distinction in court 
 and camp. Most famous for his prowess was that doughty 
 Sir Nicholas Fairfax, the Knight of Rhodes, who fought his 
 way through the besieging Turks and brought succour for 
 his hard-pressed brethren from Candia.^ 
 
 The senior branch of the family was for centuries of 
 Walton ; its representatives afterwards became Viscounts 
 Fairfax of GiUing Castle, and it is now extinct. But during 
 
 ' Fuller's Wormed p. 200 WMtaker's Thoresi^'s Bucatus Leodiensis p 64 
 Camden says : • That aneient and famous family from th^;^ t ■ 7, . ' ?' " ' 
 name of Fairfax.' See also Whitelook's Mem^Ms. ^^'^' ^''^' *^' 
 
 ^ Bosio ; Taafa. ' 
 
CH. i.j THE FAIRFAX FAMILY. 3 
 
 the wars of tlie Roses, a younger son, Sir Guy Fairfax, tlie 
 Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench, founded the more 
 famous junior branch. He fixed his seat at Steeton, in the 
 parish of Bolton Percy, on the right of the road from Tad- 
 caster to York, where he built a castle or embattled house, 
 and the old chapel belonging to it, which is still standing, 
 was consecrated by Archbishop Eotherham in 1473.' He 
 married one of the Eyders of Eyder, on the opposite side of 
 the Wharfe, and his son Sir William also distinguished him- 
 self as a lawyer and became a judge. This Sir William 
 Fairfax married a sister of Lord Manners of Eoos, and, with 
 four daughters, had a son and heir, also named William, who 
 was a very influential Yorkshire knight during the reign of 
 Henry VIII., and was the chief founder of the greatness of 
 his family.^ 
 
 A noteworthy story attaches to the marriage of this 
 second Sir William Fairfax. In the lowland, some four miles 
 away from Steeton, near the junction of the rivers Ouse and 
 Wharfe, stood the very small but very ancient Cistercian 
 nunnery of Appleton, which was then presided over by the 
 last abbess, the Lady Anna Langton. A young lady named 
 Isabel Thwaites, who was an orphan and a great heiress, had 
 been placed under the guardianship of the Nunappleton 
 abbess. She had been allowed to hunt and to visit friends 
 in the neighbourhood, and she and young William Fairfax 
 loved each other. But the scheming abbess had other views 
 for her young ward ; she forbade the Fairfax lover to approach 
 the nunnery, and confined fair Isabel within its walls. At 
 last an order was obtained from higher authorities to release 
 the girl, but even then it was necessary to make a forcible 
 entry into the nunnery, and Isabel was carried off in triumph 
 to be married to young Fairfax at Bolton Percy church in 
 
 • boss's Judges. Lodge's Peerage of Ireland. The house was enlarged by a 
 third Sir "William Fairfax in 1595; who placed a coat of arms carved in stone 
 over the door, bearing Fairfax and Thwaites quarterly, impaling Curwen. When 
 the family removed to Newton Kyme, this stone was brought there also, and is 
 now let into the wall over the haU door. 
 
 ' Fairfax Correspondence. 
 
 B 2 
 
LIFU OF THE OBEAT LOBB FAIRFAX. [ch. i. 
 
 1518.' This was a fortunate and most auspicious union; 
 and from it descended all the statesmen and warriors, scholars 
 and poets, who rendered famous the ancient house of Fairfax. 
 Long afterwards, when the family was less prosperous, there 
 was an old Yorkshire saying among the common people which 
 referred to this marriage : — 
 
 Fairfax shall regain 
 
 The glory that has fled, 
 When Steeton once again 
 
 Nunappleton shall wed. 
 
 Isabel Thwaites brought to her husband the estates of 
 Denton and Askwith in beautiful Wharfe-dale, and those of 
 Bishop-hill and Davy Hall within the walls of York. 
 
 Sir William Fairfax of Steeton lived for many years with 
 his beautiful Isabel, and was a very influential knight in 
 Yorkshire. He joined the Pilgrimage of Grace, yet long 
 afterwards Henry YIII. addressed him as his ' trusty and 
 well-beloved knight." It was a remarkable retribution that 
 Nunappleton, where fair Isabel had been so ill used by the 
 abbess, should at the Reformation have been granted to the 
 Fairfaxes. On December 6, 1542, the same hard unfeeling 
 Anna Langton had to surrender her nunnery to Thomas 
 and Guy, the young sons of Sir William and Isabel, who 
 pulled down the religious buildings, and erected a house out 
 of part of the materials. An old stone, with ' Guido Fairfax ' 
 carved upon it, now forms part of the bridge over the stream 
 that flows into the Wharfe at Nunappleton. 
 
 Sir William made his will in March 1557, leaving Steeton 
 and the manor of Bolton Percy to his younger son Gabriel 
 Fairfax,^ the ancestor of the present family of Steeton and 
 Newton Kyme, whose head is now the only representative in 
 England of the grand old house of Fairfax ; while his eldest 
 son Thomas inherited Denton, Nunappleton, and Bishop-hill 
 in York. As there was ample provision for both sons, Sir 
 William resolved to found two lines, so that there might be 
 
 • Marvel's Works. Drake's Yor7c. Thoreshy. Fairfax Correspondence 
 ' Fronde's History of England. 3 Fairfax Correspondence. 
 
CH. I.] TEE FAIRFAX FAMILY. 
 
 two Yorkshire families of repute descending from his rare 
 and radiant Isabel.' 
 
 Sir Thomas Fairfax was in the wars in Italy and Germany, 
 and formed friendships abroad, which doubtless account 
 for one of his sons, who died young, being named Perdi- 
 nando. He generally lived in the old family manor house 
 at Bilbrough, overlooking Steeton, but on the other side of 
 the York road, where his eldest son Thomas was born. This 
 first Sir Thomas died in 1599,'' leaving three distinguished 
 sons, Thomas, Charles, and Edward, and two daughters, 
 named Ursula anj^ Christiana, married respectively to 
 Sir Henry Bellasis and John Aske of Aughton. 
 
 The eldest son Thomas was the grandfather of our hero, 
 and, as he did not die until just before the breaking out of 
 the civil war, he takes a prominent part in the first half of 
 his renowned grandson's life story. Charles, the second son, 
 was a gallant officer of the school of Sir Francis Vere, who 
 mentions him frequently in his Commentaries. He fought 
 side by side with Horace Vere and John Ogle at Meuport, 
 and was killed at the siege of Ostend. Edward was the poet, 
 the translator of Tasso, the founder, with Spenser, of the 
 modern school of English poetry. A profound scholar and 
 a lover of country pursuits, he led a retired life at his house 
 near Eewston, in the wild moorland country to the north of 
 Wharfe-dale.* 
 
 Thomas Eaii-fax, the eldest son, saw much service as a 
 young man both in the Low Countries with Sir Francis Vere 
 and in France, and was knighted for his gallantry before 
 
 ' It is usually asserted that Sir William made his 'will in order to disinherit 
 his son Thomas, with whom he is alleged to have quarrelled for having been 
 present at the sack of Eome with the troops of the Constable Bourbon. Now 
 that this is altogether fabulous may be easily shown. Thomas was only born in 
 1521, and as the sack of Eome took place in 1527, he must have been rather a 
 precocious child to have been therS. The simple truth no doubt is that his sou 
 Thomas is not mentioned in Sir William's will because he had been already amply 
 provided for as the heir of his mother, through whom he inherited Denton, Ask- 
 with, Acaster, Nunappleton, and property in York. 
 
 " There is a portrait of him at Leeds Castle — a thin, melancholy face, with dark 
 eyes and pointed beard. 
 
 ' See an account of the translator of Tasso, by Brian Fairfax, in the Atterbury 
 Correspondence, vol. iii. p. 255. 
 
6 LIFE OF THE GBFAT LOBD FAIRFAX. [ch. i. 
 
 Eouen by Lord Essex. He also served Queen Elizabetli as 
 a diplomatist ; but eventually lie settled down as a stout old 
 Torksbire country gentleman, married Ellen, tbe daughter 
 of Bobert Aske of Aughton,' and built bimself a large family 
 mansion at Denton. Tbere are portraits of bim at Newton 
 Kyme and Leeds Castle — a genial bonest face, with a great 
 square wbite beard ; but be was hot-tempered and iaclined 
 to be despotic in bis relations with bis family and dependants. 
 His wife bore bim seven sons and two daughters, who had 
 the inestimable advantage of being brought up under the 
 careful supervision of their uncle Edward the poet. These 
 were Perdinando, the heir, born March 29, 1584, and called 
 after his father's brother who had died young ; Henry, a clergy- 
 man ; Charles, a lawyer ; and John, William, Peregrine, and 
 Thomas, who all died abroad " when still quite young. The 
 two daughters, Dorothy and Anne, married respectively Sir 
 William Constable of Plamborough and Sir Godfrey Went- 
 wortb of Woolley.^ 
 
 Sir Thomas Pairfax, who had passed his youth in foreign 
 service, during the reign of the great Queen, took a lead- 
 ing part in the affairs of Yorkshire in after life, and was one 
 of the Council of the North under the presidency of Lord 
 Sheffield. The public intercourse between Sir Thomas and 
 the Lord President led to the formation of a close private 
 friendship, which was cemented by a marriage between 
 their children. 
 
 Lord Sheffield was appointed President of the North 
 on September 19, 1602. This office had been created 
 by Henry VIII. on the suppression of the Pilgrimage 
 
 > The Askes intermarried three times with the Fairfaxes. From the time of the 
 Conquest the Askes were settled at Aske (Saxon, ' ash-tree'), in Easby parish which 
 after being their family seat for centuries, was sold in 1630, and now belongs to 
 Lord Zetland. A jimior branch of the Askes settled at Aughton, on the riyer 
 Derwent and one of its number led the rebellion caUed the Pilgrimage of Grace. 
 Eobert Aske of Aughton married first Elizabeth, daughter of Eichard Lord Latimer, 
 and had a son John married to Christiana Fairfax, and a daughter EUen, the wife 
 of Sir Thomas Fairfax of Denton. Eobert Aske married secondly Anna, dangler 
 
 tl^'^jL^TZ'"'"^'^''''''' '''' "-' ^ ^-^^^- ^^-^^''^ --ied to 
 « All bom at Denton except John, who was born at Nunappleton 
 Another daughter, Mary, born at Bishop-hiU in 1588, died young. 
 
CH. I.] TEE FAIRFAX FAMILY. 7 
 
 of Grace insurrection. A President and Council was then 
 formed ' for the keeping of those northern parts in quiet,' 
 with powers of oyer and terminer under the great seal, 
 within the counties of York, Durham, Westmoreland, 
 Cumberland, and ISTorthumberland. The President's official 
 residence was at the manor house by St. Mary's Tower, 
 outside the walls of York. Lord Sheffield, the President 
 from 1602 to 1619, was son of the second Lord Sheffield 
 by Lady Douglas Howard,' sister of Lord Howard of 
 Effingham the great Admiral, and was one of the most 
 distinguished of Queen Elizabeth's warrior-courtiers. In 
 July 1588 he commanded the Bea/r under his uncle, when the 
 Spanish Armada was repulsed, and received knighthood for 
 his gallantry in company with Hawkins and Probisher. He 
 was afterwards governor of Brill, one of the cautionary 
 towns delivered to Elizabeth by the States in consideration 
 of money lent in aid against the Spaniards, and finally Presi- 
 dent of the North. 
 
 Since the time when Sir William Fairfax had divided his 
 estates between his sons Thomas and Gabriel there had 
 been a feud between the branches of Denton and Steeton, 
 and divers suits were stirred up by Sir Thomas of Denton 
 against Sir Philip of Steeton, respecting the right to the 
 estate and tithes of Bilbrough.^ A reconciliation was 
 effected by Lord Sheffield, when he married his daughters 
 to the heirs of the two branches. Sir Philip Fairfax of 
 Steeton then, by a deed dated 1609, confirmed Sir Thomas 
 in all his rights to the rectory and manor of Bilbrough, in 
 order to put an end to the controversy.^ Lady Mary became 
 the wife of Ferdinando, eldest son of Sir Thomas Fairfax of 
 Denton, in 1607* (who was knighted by James I. in the 
 
 ' This unfortunate lady afterwards married the Earl of Leicester, who attempted 
 to poison her, forced her to conceal the marriage, and declared her diildren to be 
 illegitimate. Her son, Robert Dudley, after in vain attempting to establish his 
 legitimacy, retired to Italy. He married Alice, daughter of Sir Thomas Leigh, 
 who was created Duchess of Dudley in 1644 for life. She died in 1670. 
 
 ^ See documents in the custody of Mr. Metcalfe, the Eector of Bilbrough. 
 
 ' The manor and rectory of Bilbrough were first bought by Sir WiUiam Fairfax 
 in 1546. 
 
 * On September 29, 1615, in consideration of the marriage between Ferdinando 
 
8 LIFU OF TEH GREAT LORD FAIRFAX. [ch. i. 
 
 same year), while her sister Lady Frances married Sir Philip 
 Fairfax of Steeton. 
 
 At the time of the great general's birth, his parents, Sir 
 Ferdinando and Lady Mary Fairfax, were passing their 
 time between Sir Thomas Fairfax's house at Denton, the 
 manor house at York, and Lord Sheffield's seat at Normanby 
 in Lincolnshire ; but afterwards, from 1613 to 1616, they Hved 
 at Skow HaU in the parish of Fewston, where three of their 
 children were born. His uncles Charles and Henry were 
 pursuing their studies for the bar and the church, and his 
 other young uncles were already engaged in foreign service. 
 His great-uncle Edward the poet was still enjoying a green 
 old age at Fewston, and his grandfather was ruling them all 
 with a most affectionate but despotic sway from his great 
 house at Denton. He had just completed the purchase of 
 the manor of Bolton Percy from the dissolute young Sir 
 Philip Fairfax of Steeton, who was running through his 
 money recklessly. Sir Philip died in 1613, aged 27, and 
 was buried at Bolton Percy. He left a son William by 
 his wife. Lady Frances Shef&eld, and a daughter Ursula.i 
 
 Fairfax and Mary Sheffield, the fathers of the bridegroom and bride — Sir 
 Thomas Fairfax and Lord Sheffield — made the following agreement, in order to 
 secure a competent jointure to the bride out of the manors and lands of her father- 
 in-law. The trustees were the Earl of Nottingham, Lord High Admiral, the 
 Earls of Shrewsbury, Southampton, and Exeter, Sir Henry Bellasis, and Sir Thomas 
 Fairfax of Gilling. Denton, Askwith, Bilbrough, Bolton Percy, Nunappleton, 
 "Wolston Grange, Davy Hall, and Bishop-hill were transferred to them for the use 
 of Sir Thomas Fairfax for his life, and after his death Bolton Percy was to be held 
 by them for the use of Mary, the wife of Ferdinando Fairfax, for her life ; and 
 then to go to her husband and the heirs male of his body, in failure of which to 
 Henry Fairfax and his heirs male, then to William Fairfax and his heirs male, then 
 to Thomas, then to Charles, then to John, then to Peregrine, and finally to any other 
 heir male of Sir Thomas. The right is also reserved to settle Nunappleton on 
 Eleanor, the wife of Sir Thomas Fairfax, for her life. The charges on the estates 
 were five life annuities of £50 each, for Eleanor, the wife of Sir Thomas, and for 
 his sons Thomas, William, Charles, and Peregrine. A lease of lands in Askwith 
 was made by Sir Thomas (father of Sir Thomas), for sixty years, as jointure for 
 Eleanor, wife of Sir Thomas. The jointure of Mabel, wife of Sir William Fairfax 
 of Steeton, was settled on Bolton Percy and Bilbrough. With these reservations, 
 Bolton Percy is settled on Mary, wife of Ferdinando, for life, from the death of 
 her husband and father-in-law, for the payment to her of £300 a year. This 
 deed is preserved in the British Museum. 
 
 ' Afterwards married to Mr. Chalouer, one of the King's Judges. Sir William 
 Fairfax of Steeton also married a Chaloner— Frances, daughter of Sir Thomas 
 
CH. i.j THE FAIRFAX FAMILY. 9 
 
 William succeeded to Steeton and tlie remnant of his 
 father's property, and was the first cousin,' and afterwards 
 the companion in arms, of our hero. 
 
 Chaloner of Guisborough ; and in after years there was a third marriage between 
 a Fairfax and a Chaloner. In 1799 Thomas Fairfax of Steeton and Newton 
 Kyme married Theophania, a grand-daughter of Chaloner of Guisborongh. 
 
 ' Their mothers, Lady Mary and Lady Frances ShefBeld, were sisters. On the 
 Fairfax side they were third cousins, and through the Askes second cousins, so 
 that they were first, second, and third cousins to each other. 
 
10 LIFE OF THE OBFAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. ii. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 EAELY TEARS OF THOMAS FAIRFAX. 
 
 Thomas Fairfax, tlie eldest son of Sir rerdinando hj Lady 
 Mary Sheffield, was born at Denton on Friday, January 17, 
 1612. He was christened on the 25th, in the family chapel 
 attached to the house, his two grandfathers, Lord Sheffield ' 
 and Sir Thomas Fairfax, standing godfathers, and his god- 
 mother being his great-aunt, the Lady Ursula Bellasis.^ On 
 this occasion Sir Thomas presented his son Ferdinando with 
 a magnificent family Bible, with the royal arms richly 
 embroidered on the back.^ In previous and following years 
 were bom six sisters, Ursula, Ellen, Frances, Elizabeth, 
 Mary, and Dorothy,* and two brothers, one of whom died 
 young. The surviving brother, Charles, was born at Skow 
 Hall, in the forest of Knaresborough, on March 22, 1614, 
 and was christened at Fewston on the 26th, his godfathers 
 being Sir Guy Palmes and Walter Hawksworth of Hawks- 
 worth, and his godmother the Lady Douglas Sheffield. 
 
 Young Tom passed the first few years of his infancy with 
 his parents at Skow HaU. The old house stOl remaias. It 
 
 ' Lord Sheffield was not present, but his son Sir Edmund Sheffield was deputed 
 to act in his place. 
 
 ' Sister of Sir Thomas Fairfax of Denton (the first lord). She married Sir 
 Henry Bellasis of Newborough, in Yorkshire, and was the mother of Sir Thomas, 
 created Baron Falconberg in 1627. The first Lord Falconberg had two sons, Henry 
 and John, who were distinguished Royalist commanders, and five daughters, one 
 of whom married Sir Henry Slingsby. 
 
 " This Bible, with two Prayer Books, is now in the library at Newton Eyme. 
 The entries on the first leaf are in the handwriting of Ferdinando. It was given 
 for the use of the church at Newton Kyme by the sixth Lord Fairfax, in 1716. 
 
 * Ellen, born at Toulston in 1610, Ursula at Bishop-hill in 1609, Frances at 
 Denton iu December 1612, Elizabeth at Skow in 1614, Mary at Skow in 1616 and 
 Dorothy at Steeton in 1617. ' 
 
CH. II.] EARLY YEARS OF THOMAS FAIRFAX. 11 
 
 is a stone building, consisting of a hall and kitchen, each 
 with huge chimneys, an open passage between them, and 
 small chambers above. There is a fine view from the hall 
 door up the wild valley of the Washburn, with Fewston 
 church on the hill-side, and the moors beyond. The future 
 general's mother died in childbirth at Steeton in July 1619, 
 when he was only seven years old, and was buried in the 
 church at Bolton Percy. When he was eight years old, his 
 grandmother Fairfax died,' and his excitable old grandfather 
 went off to the Low Countries to see a little camp life with 
 his brave boys William and John. Tom remained at home 
 with his father, under the tuition, it may be presumed, of his 
 great-uncle Edward Fairfax the poet. 
 
 At this time, the autumn of 1620, the great Spanish 
 General Spiiiola was levying an army of 30,000 men in the 
 Netherlands to invade the Palatinate ; but James I. would 
 only provide a single regiment of English to go in aid of his 
 son-in-law. It was commanded by Sir Horace Vere, and 
 officered by many gallant gentlemen. Lords Essex, SackviUe, 
 and Wilmot, Captains Burroughs, Knightley, Markham, and 
 William and John Fairfax. The report that Spinola intended 
 to oppose the march of the little force, brought grey-headed 
 old Sir Thomas Fairfax from Denton to the British camp at 
 Eotterdam. He was received with the greatest respect by 
 his renowned companion in arms of former days, the famous 
 Sir Horace Vere, and he shared the straw bed of his boy 
 William, who declared that camp life had made his father 
 look forty years younger. But he was obliged to return home 
 after a few weeks, to use his influence in aid of Wentworth 
 and the liberals at a contested Yorkshire election. His two 
 sons marched into the Palatinate with the heroic little English 
 force, and while Vere threw himself into Manheim, Burroughs 
 with the two Fairfaxes garrisoned Frankenthal. There, 
 fighting bravely at the head of their men, both the young 
 Fairfaxes were IdUed. ' I can only sweeten the news to you,' 
 writes Burroughs ^ to their poor father, ' with this comfort : 
 
 ■ She was buried at Otley, where there is a handsome tomb to her memory. 
 = Sir John Burroughs' was one of the pupils of the ' fighting Veres.' He served 
 
12 LIFS OF TEE QBE AT LOBD FAIRFAX. [cH. ii. 
 
 they died with a general fame of honest men and valiant 
 gentlemen.' Lord Clifford added : ' Their never-dying virtues 
 of valour and Christianity came to them by descent from 
 your Christian and valiant self.' 
 
 In the same year, 1621, Thomas, -who was a merchant- 
 adventurer, died at Scanderoon ; and Peregrine, then acting 
 as secretary to the Ambassador at Paris, was mortally wounded 
 in an affray with French soldiers. Thus at one blow old Sir 
 Thomas Fairfax lost four of his sons. They were his favour- 
 ites ; he had loved a soldier's life himself, and longed to see 
 his gallant boys uphold the family name in foreign wars, so 
 that he felt this blow deeply. He looked roimd and saw his 
 steady plodding heir Ferdinando, whom in his heart he rather 
 despised, and Henry and Charles working for the learned 
 professions, but these could not make up for the brave soldier 
 boys he had lost. It is said that one day Dr. Matthews,' 
 the witty Archbishop of York, said to Sir Thomas Fairfax : 
 ' I have great reason to sorrow with respect to my sons ; one 
 having wit and no grace, another grace and no wit, and a 
 third neither grace nor wit to direct him aright.' ' May it 
 please your Grace,' rejoined old Fairfax, ' your case is sad, 
 but not singular ; I am also grievously disappointed in my 
 sons. One I sent into the Netherlands to train him up a sol- 
 dier, and he makes a tolerable country justice, but is a mere 
 coward at fighting ; ' my next I sent to Cambridge, and he 
 proves a good lawyer, but a mere dunce at divinity ; » and my 
 youngest I sent to the Inns of Court, and he is a good divine, 
 but nobody at the law.' * 
 
 Such was the old man's estimate of his surviving sons, but 
 
 with them all through the campaigns in the Netherlands, and was slain in the 
 expedition to the Isle of Ehe, on September 11, 1627, aged 41. See his life by 
 one of his captains, Eobert Markham, in the form of an elegy reprinted in 1758 
 
 ' Toby Matthews was of Christ Church, Oxford, and was translated from 
 Durham to York m 1606. He was a great hand at making puns, ' and was so 
 habited therein," says old TuUer, ' that he could as well not be as not be merry.' 
 He diedatCawoodin 1628, and was buried in York Minster. When his old friend 
 Dr. Eades was Vice-Chancellor of Oxford, he could remember 200 of the Arch- 
 bishop's puns. See Harrington's Nuga Antigum. 
 
 ' Ferdinando. » Henry. * Charles. 
 
CH. II.] EAELT TEAB8 OF THOMAS FAIRFAX. 13 
 
 lie looked at the little grandson growing up at Denton, and 
 centred his hopes upon him. A man named William Atkin- 
 son, who was afterwards gunsmith to the great general 
 during the wars, used to say that he had heard the old 
 knight call aloud to his grandchild, ' Tom, Tom, mrad thou 
 the battle ; thy father is a good man, but a mere coward at 
 fighting. AU the good I expect is from thee.' ' 
 
 At the general election of 1625, Sir Thomas Fairfax and 
 Wentworth contested the county against the Saviles of 
 Howley, who represented the court party.^ The two liberal 
 candidates used to meet at Tadcaster, ride into York, and 
 refresh the freeholders with hogsheads of wine and beer. 
 The contest was a severe one, and it ended in Fairfax being 
 defeated, and Wentworth being unseated on petition. But 
 the son and heir Ferdinando Fairfax commenced his Parlia- 
 mentary career in this Parliament (which was dissolved in 
 1626, after sitting for only twelve days) as member for 
 Boroughbridge. 
 
 At the same time young Tom attained his fourteenth year, 
 and it was thought necessary to make some better arrange- 
 ment for his education than could be managed at Denton, 
 where, however, he had had the advantage of constant inter- 
 course with his great-uncle, the translator of Tasso, who did 
 not die until 1632. Both the father and grandfather were 
 now widowers, and Tom, since his mother's death, had lived 
 with his sisters at Denton. Their grandfather seems to have 
 supported them, and at the same time to have assumed all the 
 authority of a parent. The old gentleman had some inten- 
 tion of contracting a second rich marriage in 1626, partly 
 with a view to making better provision for his son's children, 
 
 ' The Freachwg Bishop, or some Memorial of that excellent Prelate, Dr. Tobias 
 Matthews, by Henry Simpson, of London: Birch MSS. 4460, p. 137 (British 
 Museum). 
 
 * Sir Robert Savile, alias Barmston, an illegitimate son of Savile of Thornhill, 
 built a magnificent house at Howley, near Leeds. His son. Sir John Savile, was 
 the opponent of Wentworth and Fairfax, and a deadly enemy of the former. He 
 was created Baron Savile of Pontefraet in 1628. "When Strafford became a 
 powerful courtier, he procured the disgrace of his old opponent, ' who,' says 
 Clarendon, 'was sent down to Yorkshire a most abject disconsolate old man.' 
 He died in 1670. 
 
14 LIFE OF THF GBFAT LOBD FAIRFAX, [ch. ii. 
 
 and lie accused Ferdinando of having undutifully thwarted 
 him, and caused the engagement to be broken off, which the 
 son respectfully denied. 
 
 In May 1626 young Tom was brought up to London for 
 the first time by his grandfather. He matriculated at St. 
 John's College, Cambridge ; and in the following June his 
 tutor reported that he was well, and liked the place. 
 
 Old Sir Thomas, with a son in Parliament, and a grandson 
 at the University, now began to feel the weight of years, and 
 ' that the active part of his career was past, and he not un- 
 reasonably considered that his position in Yorkshire, and his 
 numerous and important public services as a soldier and 
 diplomatist, entitled him to some recognition in the shape 
 of a title of honour, which he might hand down to his de- 
 scendants. The Stuart kings had polluted that fountain of 
 honotir which had flowed so clearly in the days of the great 
 Queen. Peerages were shamelessly sold, and the new rank 
 of baronets was invented with the sordid view of making 
 money. Thus, among many other instances, John Holies 
 bought the barony of Houghton for £10,000, and by paying 
 another £5,000 he became Earl of Clare.' Sir Thomas 
 Fairfax deserved a peerage for his services and position, and 
 he deemed it to be worth his while to obtain one ; but the 
 transaction, in the days of the Stuarts, was purely com- 
 mercial. Scotch heralds came to Denton with a patent of 
 nobility; and in October 1627 they rode away to Borough- 
 bridge, on their way north, with several bags of money; 
 while Sir Thomas Fairfax of Denton became Baron Fairfax 
 of Cameron, in the Peerage of Scotland. ^ 
 
 Young Thomas Fairfax continued to study at Cambridge 
 for about four years. He was a very delicate growing lad, fond 
 
 'At about the same time Lords Cavendish, Eich, and Compton bought the 
 earldoms of Devonshire, Warwick, and Northampton, respectively, at £10,000 
 
 ^ The patent of nobility, under the great seal, is still preserved at Leeds Castle. 
 Several other Enghsh gentlemen were created peers of Scotland by the Stuai't 
 kings. Sir Henry Carey was made Viscount Falkland ; Sir Walter Aston of 
 Ti^all became Baron Aston of Forfar ; Constable of Burton Constable received the 
 title of Viscount Dunbar, and Sir Thomas Osborne that of Viscount Dumblane 
 
CH. II. J EARLY YEARS OF THOMAS FAIRFAX. 15 
 
 of acquiring knowledge, and especially devoted to the study 
 of the early history of his own country, but ambitious above 
 all to emulate the military careers of his gallant uncles. In 
 Tebruary 1630 the Earl of Clare, his mother's cousin, wrote 
 to his father to advise him to take the lad from Cambridge, 
 and send him to Sir Horace Vere's camp in the Low Coun- 
 tries, where he could practise arms, fencing, dancing, and 
 study the mathematics. The Earl's son. Lord Houghton, at 
 the same time promised to take charge of him while he was 
 there.' Old Lord Fairfax's pleasure was taken on the matter, 
 and by the following^ April young Tom was a volunteer with 
 the army in the Low Countries. 
 
 Lord Vere of Tilbury^ had been Lord General of the 
 English forces in the Netherlands since the death of his 
 famous brother Sir Francis in 1608 ; and, after a truce of 
 twelve years, the Prince of Orange had resolved to commence 
 the spring operations of 1630 by the siege of Bois-le-Duc. 
 Spinola, the able Genoese general employed by Spain, had 
 resigned, and the operations of the Court of Brussels were 
 at a standstill for want of money, while the troops were , 
 ready to mutiny. On the other hand. Prince Frederick 
 
 ' Denzil Holies of Houghton, in ITottingliamshire, married Anne, sister of Lord 
 Sheffield, and great-aunt of Lady Mary Sheffield, -who married Ferdinando 
 Fairfax. The son of this Denzil Holies by Anne Sheffield was John Holies, who 
 was created Earl of Clare in 1624. He was a first consin of the Lord Sheffield 
 who was grandfather to young Thomas Fairfax. This first Earl of Clare's eldest 
 son was Lord Houghton, who married Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Sir Horace 
 Vere, and sister of our hero's future wife. His second son was the better known 
 Denail Holies. 
 
 ^ Horace, brother of the famous General Sir Francis Vere, and grandson of the 
 Earl of Oxford, was born at Kirby Hall, in Essex, in 1565. He served under his 
 brother in the Netherlands, and was knighted for his valour at Cadiz in 1696. In 
 1600 he did good service at the battle of Nieuport, was in the siege of Ostend, and 
 signalised himself in 1 605 by his gallant retreat with 4,000 men before Spinola, who 
 had three times that number. He commanded the expedition into the Palatinate 
 in 1620, and in 1625 was created Baron Vere of Tilbury. He was Master-General 
 of the Ordnance for life, and died in 1635. He married Mary, widow of William 
 Hoby, and daughter of John Tracy of Todington, by Anne, daughter of Sir Thomas 
 Throckmorton. By this lady Sir Horace Vere had no sons, but five daughters : 
 Elizabeth married to John Holies, second Earl of Clare ; Mary married first to 
 Sir Roger Towpshend of Eaynham, and secondly to the Earl of Westmoreland 
 Catherine married first to Oliver St. John, and secondly to Lord Paulett ; Anne 
 wife of Sir T. Fairfax ; and Dorothy, Mrs. Wolstenholme. 
 
16 LIFH OF THF OBEAT LOBD FAIRFAX. [ch. ii. 
 
 Henry of Orange commanded an army numbering, with the 
 English troops, upwards of 30,000 men. With this force he 
 inv^ested the strongly fortified town of Bois-le-Duc on April 30, 
 1630, a place which was called 'the Maid of Brabant' 
 because it had never been surrendered to any enemy. It was 
 surrounded by dikes and marshes, and fortified with seven 
 strong bastions, so that it was considered almost impreg- 
 nable. Sir Horace Vere, with his English contingent, 
 watched two of the bastions, while the Prince himself fixed 
 his quarters opposite the centre of the town, and opened a 
 furious cannonade on two forts called Isabella and St. 
 Antonio. The place was defended by the gaUant Anthony 
 Schets. 
 
 Two young aspirants for military glory joined the camp 
 in April, and both afterwards fiUed the world with their 
 fame. One became General of the Parliament of England, 
 the other was the subsequently famous Marshal Turenne. 
 
 The earliest extant letter of Thomas Fairfax is one to his 
 grandfather, dated May 12, 1630, from before Bois-le-Duc. 
 He describes it as a place of great strength, with marshy 
 ground on one side, and mentions that the enemy kept up 
 a sharp fire when the siege commenced, which had since 
 slackened. Count. Henry de Berg attempted to raise the 
 siege, but was repulsed, and the place was surrendered, after 
 a gallant defence, in July. 
 
 During this service, young Fairfax's conduct gained for 
 him the approval of Lord Vere, and his acquaintance with 
 the great general's wife and daughters ripened into a friend- 
 ship which finally led to his marriage with one of the young 
 ladies some years afterwards. Owing to Lord Vere's con- 
 stant service out of England, they had passed most of their 
 lives in the Netherlands.' Though not possessed of great 
 personal attractions, they appear to have been clever firm 
 dutiful, and at the same time warm-hearted young women. 
 After the fall of Bois-le-'Duc, the campaign languished, 
 
 ' At the parliament holden at Westminster in 1624, a private act was passed' 
 to naturalise Elizabeth and Mary Vere, daughters of Sir Horace Vere. Busk- 
 worth, i. p. 151. 
 
CH. II.J HABLY YEABS OF THOMAS FAIRFAX. 17 
 
 and young Fairfax was ordered by his grandfather to leave 
 the camp and travel into France. There he remained for 
 about eighteen months, learning the language and other 
 accomplishments ; but he soon became weary of an inactive 
 life, and the heart-stirring news of the campaign of Gustavus 
 Adolphus in Germany fired young Fairfax — ' fiery young 
 Tom' as he was called in Yorkshire — with a longing to 
 serve under the banner of the great Protestant champion. 
 So in February 1632, when he was just twenty years old, he 
 suddenly arrived in London, and wrote to his grandfather, 
 hoping that his return would not appear strange, and ex- 
 plaining that his motive was an earnest desire to join the 
 army of Sweden, which of course he could not think of doing 
 without the old lord's permission. He found several warm 
 friends in London. Lord Vere was living with his family at 
 Hackney,' and he encouraged his young pupil in the art of 
 war to persevere in his intention of fighting under the 
 banner of the Protestants. Young Fairfax's grandfather, 
 the old Earl of Mulgrave, formerly Lord Sheffield and Presi- 
 dent of the North, was also passing his old age near London. 
 He had built himself a handsome house at Hammersmith, 
 which he called Butterwick, after one of his estates in 
 Lincolnshire. The entrance hall was of wainscot oak, and 
 the dining-room was also panelled in oak compartments 
 between fluted pilasters. The house was shaded by a 
 magnificent cedar of Lebanon.^ Here young Tom passed 
 much of his time with the old earl during this London 
 sojourn, and Lord Mulgrave writes of him in high terms to 
 his other grandfather, the old lord at Denton. He thus 
 
 ' Lord Vere of Tilbury died in London in 1635. On May 2 of that year he dined 
 with Sir Harry Vane at Whitehall, and, calling for fresh salmon, he reached out his 
 plate to receive it from the carver, but could not draw his arm back again, and 
 sank down in a fit of apoplexy. He died two hours afterwards, and was buried 
 in the same vault with his brother, in Westminster Abbey, with much military 
 pomp. ' No doubt but he was well prepared for death,' says old Fuller, ' seeing 
 such -v^as his vigilanoy that never any enemy surprised him in his quarters.' 
 ( Worthies, p. 331.) 
 
 = Butterwick House was pulled down in 1836, and a court of small houses was 
 built on the spot once shaded by the great cedar, which Was 15-4 feet in circum- 
 ference and 60 feet high. (Faulkner's Hammersmith, p. 300.) 
 
 
 
18' ZIFH OF THE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. ii. 
 
 speaks of tlie young man : — ' His carriage liath given me 
 such good satisfaction as I am confident lie will be a comfort 
 to us both., and a joy to his friends who shall longer enjoy 
 him.' Young Fairfax's cousin, the Lord Talconberg, also 
 saw him in London at this time, and is equally warm in his 
 praise ; he writes : — ' My cousin's sweet condition begets 
 him love of all that know him, and his well-tempered spirit 
 is inferior to none of his age and quality.'^ 
 
 At this period, when Thomas Fairfax was just entering 
 upon manhood, he was evidently a great favourite, not only 
 amongst his relations, but with such men as Lord Vere, of 
 whose good opinion any young man might well be proud. 
 Fairfax was tall and slight, with a dark complexion and brown 
 hair, and a somewhat melancholy expression when not ex- 
 cited by conversation, arising probably from very delicate 
 health. He had not completely shaken off an intermittent 
 fever caught during his service in the Netherlands, and he 
 was already suffering from the acutely painful disease which 
 never left him in life. 
 
 Notwithstanding the powerful advocacy of Lords Mul- 
 grave, and Vere, and Falconberg, he failed to obtain per- 
 mission to join the King of Sweden.' There is reason to 
 think that old Lord Fairfax had forebodings that his grand- 
 son's military talent would soon be wanted nearer home; 
 and he insisted on his returning to Yorkshire, where he 
 passed the next three years of his life in assisting his grand- 
 father in the management of his estates, and in discharging 
 the duties of his station, either at Denton or Nunappleton. 
 He was in the commission of the peace, and we hear of him 
 licensing public-houses, and performing other magisterial 
 duties.^ 
 
 ' Fairfax Correspondence. 
 
 ' Gustavus Adolphus was slain at the battle of Lutzen, on November 1, 1632. 
 
 = Calendar of State I'apers (Domestic Series), 1637-38. 
 
CH. iii.j MABBIAGE OF FAIRFAX AND ANNE VFBE. 19 
 
 CHAPTBE ni. 
 
 MAEBIAGE OP THOMAS PAIKPAX AND ANNE VEEE. 
 
 The friendship formed with the daughters of Lord Vere, 
 during the bustle of camp life at Bois-le-Duc, seems to have 
 ripened into a warmer feeling for one of them ; and in the 
 autumn of 1635, soon after the old warrior's death, negotia- 
 tions were commenced for a marriage between Thomas 
 Fairfax and Ajine Vere. The young lady's widowed mother, 
 who had abeady married three of her daughters, was living 
 in a house at Hackney ; and while young Tom came up in 
 person to press his suit, and lodged at the sign of the ' Three 
 Black Birds ' in Meet Street, the delicate pecuniary arrange- 
 ments which had necessarily to be made between the two 
 families were at first conducted indirectly on one side by 
 Sir William and Lady Constable,' and on the other by an 
 eminent physician. Dr. Wright,* who was an intimate friend 
 of Lady Vere. 
 
 The mutual affection of the young people appears to have 
 been shared by the parents and relations on both sides ; but 
 there was some reluctance on the part of Lady Vere to 
 come to any immediate settlement, owing to the embarrassed 
 state of her affairs, caused, it would seem, by the failure of the 
 King to pay money which he owed to the late lord. More- 
 over, her son-in-law. Sir Eoger Townshend of Eaynham, 
 died in the end of the year, which stiU further delayed the 
 match. Meanwhile the irritable old grandfather at Denton 
 got very impatient for the marriage to take place. He com- 
 
 ' Sir William Constable of Plamborougli married Dorothy, daughter of the first 
 Lord Fairfax. He was M.P. for Knaresborough in the Long Parliament ; was 
 one of the King's judges who signed the death-warrant, and died in 1655, without 
 surviving children, when his baronetcy became extinct. 
 
 ' Dr. Lawrence Wright, of the Charter House, was a learned and popular 
 physician, and a great friend of Governor Winthrop, of Massachusetts. 
 
 C -2 
 
20 LIFE OF T3E GREAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. iii. 
 
 plained that lie was very sick and weak, and urged that he 
 wanted his grandchildren to come and live with him in his 
 old age, and that there was nothing in the world could give 
 him more contentment. So in May, 1637, the marriage 
 settlements were drawn up, and nearly all the Yorkshire 
 estates were entailed on the issiie of the marriage.' Sir 
 Ferdinando Fairfax behaved throughout in a most liberal 
 spirit, and left everything relating to the bride's fortune to 
 the convenience of her mother, in full confidence that her 
 affection for her child would lead her to act in the way 
 which was best for the bride's interests. 
 
 At last, on June 20, 1637, Anne, daughter of Lord Vere of 
 Tilbury, was married to Thomas Fairfax, in the parish church 
 of Hackney,^ and immediately afterwards the bridegroom 
 wrote a gracefully worded letter to Lord Fairfax, thanking him 
 for his kindness and liberality in the matter of the settlements. 
 It had been intended that the wedding should be private, 
 but this was not to be ; and a great feast was given, at which 
 a gay and brilliant company assembled, consisting of rela- 
 tions on both sides, and of such lords and ladies as persisted, 
 in the face of the King's vexatious decrees, in leading a 
 London life/ 
 
 ' There is an indenture in the British 'Miiseum, dated June 6, 1637, between 
 Lord Fairfax and Sir Fardinando Fairfax of the one part, and Eiohard Aske of 
 the Inner Temple, and Thomas Widdrington of Gray's Inn, of the other : by 
 which the Yorkshire estates are handed over to the two latter, no doubt as trustees 
 of the marriage settlement. The properties enumerated are the lordships of 
 Denton, Askwith, and Eigton ; a house in Clifford ; land called "Wrey-wood in 
 Skelton ; a house in Wistow ; lands and houses formerly pait of the estate of the 
 dissolved priory at Ferry by; the manor of Bilbrough; lands and tenements at 
 Sandwith ; all the lands formerly belonging to the dissolved priory at Nnnapple- 
 ton ; lands and tenements in Appleton, Clementhorpe, Acaster, and Middlethorpe ; 
 the manor of Davy Hall, within the city of York, with the custody of the prison 
 there ; and th« houses, lands, privileges, and mansion-house in Bishop-hill-the- 
 elder by Micklegate, in York. These appear to have been all, or nearly all, the 
 possessions of Lord Fairfax in Yorkshire at this time. 
 
 2 We gather the particulars respecting this marriage from nine letters in the 
 Fairfax Correspondence, from Sir William Constable, Sir Ferdinando Fairfax, Lady 
 Vere, Dr. Wright, and old Lord Fairfax. These letters are curiously supplemented 
 by four others, which were recently discovered in the United States, and published 
 at Albany in 1S68 : two from Lady Vere, one from Dr. Wright, and one fiom Sir 
 T. Widdrington. 
 
 3 It was in 1632 that Charles I. began to annoy people who preferred passing 
 most of their time in London. He commanded those who were living in London, 
 
CH. III.] MABBIAQE OF FAIRFAX AND ANNE VEBF. 21 
 
 Lady Vere and her daughter both became derotedly at- 
 tached to the delicate young man who had become so near 
 to them, and in whom there must have been something that 
 was very loveable. A very few weeks after the marriage 
 their devotion was put to the proof, for, after a short attack 
 of his constitutional malady, young Fairfax was prostrated 
 by a return of the intermittent fever which he had caught 
 during his service in the Low Countries. On July 11, 1637, 
 Lady Vere thus writes to the bridegroom's father : — ' Dr. 
 Wright is very careful of him, and attends him every day, 
 and saith he thinks the fits will not hold him long. He is 
 now to me as my own, which is argument enough to you to 
 have confidence in me. My daughter, with watching and a 
 cold she got, is fallen into a fever, which is the more to her, 
 because she hath never had any sickness. I have myself, 
 with a great deal of affectionate care, done what I can to 
 express my love for so deserving a son, as is every way 
 worthy of it, and very dear to me.' By the end of July he 
 had nearly recovered, and went with his wife and mother-in- 
 law to visit the widowed Lady Townshend at Eaynham, in 
 Norfolk. 
 
 It was in the year of Thomas Fairfax's marriage that the 
 lawless tyranny and cruelty of Charles's government reached 
 its height. Members of the learned professions were being 
 flogged through the streets of London, and mercilessly tor- 
 tured and mutilated in the pillory ; and the highest in the land 
 were not safe from ruinous fines and illegal imprisonment. 
 
 While this cruel misrule was rampant in England, and a 
 feeble attempt was about to be made to establish a similar 
 tyranny in Scotland, Thomas Fairfax took his young wife to 
 
 spending their money in excess of apparel provided from foreign countries, and 
 consuming their time in vain delights, to resort to their several counties. He then 
 declared that it was his firm resolution to -withstand this great and growing evil 
 hy a constant severity towards the offenders. In 1635 information was given 
 against a number of persons of quality who were residing in and roimd London, 
 contrary to the King's proclamation ; among whom was the Earl of Clare, whose 
 son, Lord Houghton, had married Lady Vere's eldest daughter. {Hushworth.) 
 Many alleged, by way of excuse, that they had no country houses. William 
 Fairfax of Steeton, then living in Clerkenwell, had the King's warrant to stay in 
 town. See Calendar of State Papers (Domestic Series), 1637-38. 
 
22 LIFE OF TEE GREAT LOBB FAIRFAX, [ch. ii. 
 
 Yorkshire, during the autumn of 1637. They at first resided 
 at Denton, but old Lord Fairfax was irritable and dictatorial ; 
 and ia the following year, as they could not live comfortably 
 together, he gave them a separate establishment, and they 
 went to live at his house at Nunappleton, which was ever 
 afterwards their favourite residence. The old lord appears 
 to have taken a strange prejudice against his grandchildren. 
 At this time Charles Fairfax the lawyer, one of his younger 
 sons, tells us that one day when his father was walking up 
 and down the great parlour at Denton, he thus broke out : 
 ' Charles, I am thinking what will become of my family when 
 I am gone. I have added a title to the heir male of my 
 house, and shall leave a competent estate to support it. 
 Ferdinando vrill keep it and leave it to his son. But such is 
 Tom's pride (led by his wife), that he, not contented to live 
 in our rank, will destroy his house.' Lord Fairfax then 
 solemnly charged his son Charles to make known what he 
 told him, when be saw a probability that it might so fall 
 out; and when, long afterwards, the entail was cut off by the 
 great general, his uncle Charles repeated this speech of his 
 testy old grandfather to him. But it was altogether unjust ; 
 and although this branch of the Fairfaxes eventually did 
 pass away from Yorkshire, it was through no fault either of 
 Tom or his wife. 
 
 During 1638 the young couple lived at Nunappleton, and on 
 December 3, as we are informed by Sir Henry Slingsby, the 
 Fairfax bride stood godmother to the child of his brother-in- 
 law John Bellasis, the christening taking place in the chapel 
 at Scriven. Henry Bellasis and Sir Henry Slingsby himself 
 were the godfathers. The families of Fairfax, Bellasis, and 
 Slingsby, were all connected. They were cousins and neigh- 
 bours. But England was on the verge of a terrible civil war, 
 which was to divide cousins, and even nearer relations, against 
 each other ; so that this christening at Scriven was probably 
 the last occasion on which the families met together as 
 friends. Yet we English may justly boast that, in our great 
 civil war, although friends and relations ranged themselves 
 on opposite sides, they never forgot the duties either of 
 
CH. III.] MABBIAOU OF FAIBFAX AND ANNE VFEF. 23 
 
 kinsliip or chivalry ; and that few of those wanton devasta- 
 tions and executions which have disgraced the revolutions of 
 other countries were suffered to stain the noble contest in 
 which Englishmen engaged in the seventeenth century. 
 
 The year 1639 opened upon the Scottish troubles. Young 
 Thomas Fairfax was a scholar and a soldier, but he was no 
 politician, and circumstances, not his own desire, drew him 
 from his books and his country pursuits at Nunappleton. 
 In those days no man of any station could remain idly look- 
 ing on, and thus, in his twenty-eighth year, the public life of 
 the great general commenced. 
 
 At this time he had one daughter, Mary, boi'n at Bishop- 
 hill on July 30, 1638 ; ' and most of his sisters were married. 
 Elizabeth was the wife of Sir William Craven of Lenchwicke, 
 and Ellen of Sir William Selby of Twizell in Iforthumber- 
 land.^ Frances married Thomas Widdrington,^ at this time 
 Eecorder of York ; and the two younger sisters, Mary and 
 Dorothy, had both found husbands amongst the Yorkshire 
 neighbours. Mary was married to Henry Arthington '' of 
 Arthington in Wharfe-dale, a few miles below Denton ; and 
 Dorothy to Edward Hutton ^ of Poppleton in the Ainsty, 
 near York. Brother Charles was about to start for the tow 
 Countries to complete his education. He sailed from HuU 
 in May 1639. 
 
 ' Anthony a Wood says she was born on July 3, 1636, but this of course is a 
 mistake. The date in the text is taken from the Fairfax family Bible preserved 
 at Leeds Castle. 
 
 ^ Sir "William Selby was second sou of Sir Ealph Selby of Twizell, near 
 Berwick. He died in 1654, leaving, by his wife Eleanor Fairfax, an only daughter, 
 Dorothy, married to Sir William Forster of Bamborough. 
 
 ' Thomas Widdrington was a native of Northumberland, a time-serving lawyer, 
 who was Eecorder of York, and afterwards sat for Berwick in the Long Parliament. 
 
 * Henry Arthington was a Deputy-Lieutenant of Yorkshire, and the head of a 
 very ancient family long settled at Arthington, which is now extinct. He had 
 one son, who died in 1681, without children, and Arthington went to a cousin. 
 
 ' Edward Hutton was descended from Matthew Hutton, Archbishop of York. 
 This prelate is said to have been a foundling, and was brought up at a place called 
 Warton, in Lancashire. He became Dean of York in 1567, Bishop of Durham in 
 1689, and Archbishop of York in 1595. He was a learned but worldly man, had 
 had three wives before he became a bishop, and when he died, in 1605, he left a 
 large estate to his eldest son, Sir Timothy Hutton of Marske, in Yorksliire. The 
 second son. Sir Thomas Hutton of Poppleton, was the father of Edward who 
 married Dorothy Fairfax. 
 
24 LIFE OF TEE GBEAT LOBB FAIRFAX, [ch. rv. 
 
 CHAPTEE IV. 
 
 THE FIBST SCOTTISH OAMPAIGN. 
 
 The year 1639 opened witL. the gloomy prospect of a war 
 between England and Scotland, brouglit on by tbe feeble 
 tyranny of Cbarles and his bigoted fayonrite. The misrule 
 in England had now been endured for twelve long years ; but 
 the Scots were a less law-abiding people, and the foolish 
 attempt to misgovfern them led to those embarrassments 
 which eventually forced Charles to call a Parliament. The 
 Scots hated episcopacy, and were resolved to go to any ex- 
 tremities rather than suffer that form of religion to be forced 
 upon them. Yet, in the face of this feeling, Charles and 
 Laud made eleven out of the fourteen Scottish bishops Privy 
 Councillors, created one of them Lord Chancellor, and gave 
 State employments and gainful offices to the others. A 
 High Commission Court was introduced, like that in England ;. 
 a Book of Canons was published, and a Book of Common 
 Prayer was sent down to be read in all the churches. 
 
 The storm then broke. The Scots resolved to maintain 
 their old form of worship at all hazards, and they proclaimed 
 a Covenant onMarch 1, 1638, which was taken word for word 
 from the old Covenant of 1580, with some additions, by 
 which all innovations unlawfiiUy obtruded were abjured. 
 Before the end of April it had been subscribed by nearly all 
 the Protestants in Scotland. Then commenced an imbecile 
 alternation of threats and concessions on the part of the 
 Court, and a steady resolute onward movement on the part 
 of the Scottish nation. 
 
 The concessions of the Court were only resorted to with a 
 view to gaining time, and there was a treacherous intention 
 of withdrawing them and enforcing obedience so soon as 
 
CH. I7.J FIB8T SCOTTISH CAMPAIGN. 25 
 
 Charles was strong enough to throw off the mask. The 
 Scottish people knew this, and were prepared. 
 
 The Marquis of Hamilton was sent to Scotland as High 
 Commissioner, with orders to allow the people six weeks to 
 renounce the Covenant. He was told at Edinburgh that 
 nothing would satisfy them but the callrag of a General 
 Assembly and a Parliament, and he advised his employer 
 either to grant all their demands or to march an army into 
 Scotland. In August he received orders to call a General 
 Assembly, and in September he was empowered to with- 
 draw the Canons and Jbhe Prayer Book ; but this was simply 
 done with the object of gaining time, until his master was 
 prepared to throw aside his mask. Meanwhile the Scots 
 abolished episcopacy, and ordained that no man should be- 
 come a magistrate unless he had subscribed the Covenant. 
 The General Assembly met in November, but was almost 
 immediately dissolved, and the Scots received secret intelli- 
 gence that Charles was treacherously preparing an army to 
 enforce the measures which he had pretended to revoke. 
 
 They at once resolved to defend their rights, and gave the 
 command of the army that was rapidly organised to Leslie,' 
 who had seen much service abroad. 
 
 Thus ended a peace which had been unbroken in Great 
 Britain for two generations. The people of England were 
 themselves suffering under a galling tyranny ; and although 
 they were ready to defend the frontier from Scottish invasion, 
 they entered upon this service unwillingly, and they were 
 not prepared to do more. 
 
 In February, 1639, the King sent a circular to the nobility, 
 declaring his intention to lead an army to the North to 
 protect England against the Covenanters, and issued a pro- 
 clamation to the English, informing them of the seditious 
 practices in Scotland. At the same time a pamphlet was 
 published by order of the General Assembly, to satisfy the 
 
 ' Alexander Leslie first served under Sir Horace Vere in the Low Countries, 
 and afterwards with Gustavus Adolphns, who created him a general. In 1641, 
 •when Charles was trying to form a party in Scotland, he made Leslie Earl 
 of Leven. 
 
26 LIFE OF TEE OUFAT LOBD FAIRFAX, [ch. iv. 
 
 people of England of tlie intentions of their Scottish bretliren. 
 "Warlike stores had been busily collected at Hull and New- 
 castle by Charles's Government during the whole of the 
 previous autumn. Sir Jacob Astley had been in the Low 
 Countries buying muskets and pikes, and the stores in the 
 Tower had been shipped for the northern ports. These 
 measures prove the treacherous intentions of Charles in 
 authorising Hamilton to make concessions, by which he had 
 already resolved only to abide until his army was ready. 
 
 He was even base enoiigh to offer to the Spanish Govern- 
 ment that, if they would lend him 1,200,000 crowns, he would 
 declare war upon Holland as soon as he had subdued Scot- 
 land. Spain haughtily refused. 
 
 In January 1639 the trained bands were called out. All 
 the gentry were charged with a horse or two horses, according 
 to their incomes, and the footmen were ordered to assemble 
 at Selby by April 1. So the long peace came to an end, 
 and a period of war commenced, which was destined to last 
 for upwards of ten years. Country gentlemen in Yorkshire, 
 who did not concern themselves much with politics — such as 
 Thomas Fairfax at JSTunappleton, and Henry Slingsby at 
 Scriven — were rudely aroused from their ordinary pursuits 
 by these warlike orders, and by the news that the King was 
 himself coming to lead an army to the Scottish frontier. 
 Fairfax was called from his hunting and from his thorough- 
 breds in the paddocks of Denton and Nunappleton, to raise 
 a regiment of dragoons ; and Slingsby, with many of his 
 neighbours, was served with an order to join the royal army. 
 The coimtry gentlemen, for the most part, looked upon this 
 unnecessary war with extreme sadness, and uo small in- 
 dignation. We may probably gather the general feeling 
 from an entry in Sir Henry Slingsby's diary : 
 
 'January 3. — Out of curiosity to see the spectacle of our 
 public death, I went to Bramham Moor to see the training 
 of our light horse, for which service I myself had sent two 
 horses, by commandment from the Deputy Lieutenants and 
 Sir Jacob Astley, who is lately come down with special 
 commission from the King, to train and exercise them. 
 
CH. lY.J FIRST 8G0TTI8E CAMPAIGN. 27 
 
 These are strange spectacles to this nation in this age, 
 that have lived thus long peaceably without noise of shot 
 or drum ; and we have stood neutrals and in peace, while all 
 the world besides hath been in arms, and wasted with it. 
 It is, I say, a thing horrible that we should'engage ourselves 
 in war one with another, and with our venom gnaw and 
 consume ourselves. Our fear proceeds from the Scots, who 
 at this time are become most warlike, being exercised in the 
 Swedish and German wars. The cause of their grievance, 
 as they pretend, is matter of religion. Neither the one nor 
 the other can expectJ;o receive advantage by this war, where 
 the remedy will prove worse than the disease.' ' 
 
 Sir Ferdinando Fairfax received command of one oT the 
 Yorkshire trained bands, forming a regiment of foot ; and 
 his son Thomas called out the yeomen of Appleton, and Bolton 
 Percy, and Steeton and Bilbrough, and organised a troop 
 of 160 well-equipped dragoons, who were known as the 
 ' Yorkshire Eedcaps.' ^ 
 
 The command of the army was given to the Earl of Arundel, 
 a proud, supercilious, incapable nobleman, ' who was never 
 suspected to love anybody, nor to have the least propensity 
 to justice, charity, or compassion." The Earl of Essex, 
 who was made lieutenant-general, was a very different man. 
 He had seen service under glorious old Horace Vere in the 
 Low Countries, was the most popular man in the kingdom, 
 and one of the very few who entered upon this service with 
 real zeal and alacrity. But the Earl of Holland, who was 
 general of the horse, was another incapable, ostentatious 
 courtier. All the nobility were required to attend the King 
 at York, with such forces as their birth and position in- 
 dicated ; the members of learned professions were called upon 
 
 ' Slingsby's Biary. 
 
 ' Colonels of the Yorkshire Eegiments : — 
 
 Foot. Horse. 
 
 Sir Ferdinando Fairfax. Lord Viscount "Wentworth. 
 
 Sir William Savile. Lord Clifford. 
 
 Sir John Hotham. Thomas Fairfax. 
 
 Sir William Penniman. Colonel Bntler. 
 
 Sir Thomas Metham. 
 • Clarendon. 
 
28 LIFE OF THE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. it. 
 
 to contribute to tlie expenses of the war ; and tlie President 
 and Council of the North were ordered to collect stores of 
 all kinds for the army. 
 
 On March 27 the King left London in a coach, with the 
 Duke of Lennox and the Earl of Holland. At Tadcaster 
 bridge he was met by the Sheriff of Yorkshire, who con- 
 ducted him to York, The trained bands of the City and 
 Ainsty were drawn up outside Micklegate Bar, 600 strong, 
 dressed in buff coats, scarlet breeches with silrer lace, russet 
 boots, and black caps with feathers. Here, too, were the 
 Fairfaxes, Slingsbys, Saviles, Hothams, BeUasis, Cholmleys, 
 all still acting together, but so soon to be divided against each 
 other in the troubles already looming in the near future. 
 Thomas Widdrington,^ the Eecorder of York, delivered a ful- 
 some speech on his knees, for which he was knighted ; and 
 the King then went to the Manor House, by the ruins of St. 
 Mary's Abbey, the official residence of the Lord President of 
 the North. 
 
 Charles remained in York for a month. On the day after 
 his arrival the Fairfaxes, father and son, attended at Court 
 with the Earl of Holland ; and the King, while expressing 
 his thanks for their willingness to command regiments in 
 his service, required them to be ready to march at any 
 moment. They replied, with the other colonels of Yorkshire 
 regiments, that they were ready to march with the trained 
 bands ; but at the same time they remonstrated against their 
 own homes being left unprotected, and submitted that the 
 trained bands had never before been called upon to serve out 
 of the county. It was promised that they should begin to 
 receive the King's pay as soon as they crossed the boundary 
 of Yorkshire. 
 
 On Good Friday Charles touched 200 people for king's 
 evil; on Easter Wednesday he went to Selby to review the 
 troops that were assembling there from the southern counties ; 
 and on April 29 he set out for the North, sleeping the first 
 night at Sir Harry Vane's, at Eaby Castle, and pressing on 
 thence, by Durham and Newcastle, to the frontier. Lord 
 ' Brother-in-law of Thomas Fairfax. 
 
CH. IV.] FIRST SCOTTISH CAMPAIGN. 29 
 
 Essex and Sir Jacob Astley had already occupied Berwick, 
 and troops were pushed northwards from York as rapidly as 
 possible. 
 
 Much to his disgust, Sir Ferdinando Fairfax was ordered 
 to march with his regiment towards Carlisle, and not to join 
 the main body of the army. He received a sum of £600 to 
 pay his men, which was altogether insufficient ; and in June 
 he was encamped in the wilds of Westmoreland, where the 
 fierce gales blew the tents down, and snow was stiU lying on 
 the hills. The J500 was soon exhausted, and he found 
 himself in want of g,mmunition, food, and money. He could 
 obtain neither supplies' nor orders ; and if the campaign had 
 continued, he would have been obliged to disband his regi- 
 ment and return to Yorkshire.' 
 
 His son Thomas, with the squadron of 'Redcaps,' was 
 more fortunate. He received orders to join the King's 
 camp, near Berwick, in the last days of May, and airived 
 there with his well-equipped little regiment on June 2. Old 
 Lord Fairfax was detained at Denton by sickness and age ; 
 but he was eager for news, furnished mounts for his son 
 and grandson, and on June 12 wrote a letter of advice to 
 fiery young Tom. He says : ' Avoid private quarrels as 
 much as you can, and show your valour upon the common 
 enemy. The first wiU but show your pride and bring you 
 hatred, the second will give you honour and reputation. My 
 horses are so divided between your father and you, that I 
 have not one to spare.' 
 
 The King pitched his tent at a place called the Birks, 
 ' near Berwick, with an army amounting to 19,000 foot and 
 about 3,000 horse ; while Hamilton was sent with a fleet to 
 blockade Leith and threaten Edinburgh. The cavalry, under 
 Lord Holland, was the most brilliant arm of the service, 
 consisting almost entirely of gentlemen and substantial 
 farmers, well armed and equipped. The General of Horse 
 had his head-quarters at Twizell, the seat of Sir William 
 Selby, the brother-in-law of Thomas Fairfax : a very noble 
 house, we are told by Sir Henry SUngsby, who also had 
 
 > Additional MSS., 'British Museum, 18,979. 
 
80 LIFE OF THE GBFAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. iv. 
 
 snug quarters there, where great eutertainments were giTen 
 to the officers. Lord Holland was surrounded by a splendid 
 staff. The magnificent Earl of Newcastle had a troop of a 
 hundred gentlemen volunteers^ and carried the Prince of 
 Wales's standard. Astley, Goring, and Clifford were also 
 there, with gallant troops of horse ; and Fairfax was rapidly 
 marching up with his dragoons. The cavalry were quartered 
 at Twizell, and the foot at Hockley-on-the-Tweed. 
 
 On May 31 the news arrived that the Scottish army, 
 commanded by General Leslie, 6,000 strong, was at Dunse, 
 a town only seven miles froni the English camp. Lord 
 Holland was ordered to lead the cavalry against the enemy ; 
 but Leslie retired, and after reading the King's proclamation 
 in Dunse, the English returned to their comfortable quarters 
 at Twizell. In this march Lord Holland ordered the gentle- 
 men volunteers under Lord Newcastle to take up their 
 position in the rear. This indignity so offended the proud 
 earl, that he took the colours off the staff, and challenged 
 his general to a duel at the end of the campaign, which, 
 however, was stopped by the King. 
 
 Next day Thomas Fairfax, with his troop of York- 
 shire ' Eedcaps,' arrived at Twizell, in time to take part in 
 Lord Holland's second inglorious march across the frontier. 
 Tidings were brought that the Scots were at Kelso with 
 6,000 men, and it was decided at a council of war that the 
 General of Horse should again advance against them. It 
 was June 3, and early in the morning an English force, con- 
 sisting of 2,000 horse and 2,000 foot, forded the Tweed near 
 Sir William Selby's house. The day was one of the hottest 
 that had ever been known ; and though the foot soldiers had 
 been refreshed by wading through the river, they could not 
 keep up with the cavalry. When Lord Holland came in 
 sight of the enemy, the infantry were upwards of a mile 
 behind. A Scottish trumpeter came forward with an escort^ 
 and asked who they were that came in that warlike posture 
 into their nation. At the same time bodies of Scottish foot 
 began to appear from behind hills and hedges, on either 
 
CH. IV.] FIRST SGOTTISE CAMPAIGN. 31 
 
 flank of the Englisli horse. By pressing forward in advance 
 of the foot regiments, Holland had got his troops into a very- 
 critical position, and, by the advice of Goring and Astley, 
 he made a rapid retreat across the Tweed again.' These 
 failures discouraged the army, and neither ofiScers nor men 
 had any heart in the cause. 
 
 On the 4th there was a review of the King's own guard, 
 in the midst of which Sir John Byron pointed out to 
 Charles the whole Scottish army, marching with colours 
 flying. Lord Arundel, the general, was sent for, who threw 
 the blame on Widdrington the scout-master, and he tried to 
 shift it to the scouts. 'Have I not good intelligence,' 
 angrily exclaimed the King, ' that the rebels can march with 
 their army, and encamp within sight of mine, and I not 
 have a word of it ? ' Lord Arundel was a great man, so the 
 affair was hushed up ; but there was much murmuring among 
 the soldiers, who were disheartened by the evident inca- 
 pacity of their generals, and disgusted at the mouldiness of 
 their biscuits and the total absence of beer. 
 
 Negotiations then commenced, and Charles conceded all 
 the demands of the Scots, which were, that a General As- 
 sembly should be called, that a Parliament should assemble 
 to ratify its proceedings, and that the troops on both sides 
 should be disbanded. Thus all these mighty preparations 
 came to nothing ; but Charles was still acting in bad faith, 
 and only intended to submit until he saw a better oppor- 
 tunity of forcing the Scottish nation to obey his arbitrary 
 orders. No better opportunity was, however, at all likely to 
 arise, and his persistent treachery and imbecility merely 
 hurried on the day of retribution. 
 
 On June 24 the King's army was dismissed ; ^ and Lord 
 Essex, the only general whose services were really valuable, 
 was allowed to depart without receiving any thanks — a dis- 
 contented man, thoroughly ashamed of his share in this 
 
 ' Kushworth. 
 
 ' Clarendon tells U6 tliat the raising and disbanding of tliis army cost 
 £300,000. 
 
32 LIFE OF TEE GBEAT LORD FAIRFAX, [oh. iv. 
 
 wretchedly mismanaged campaign. The colonel of the 
 Yorkshire ' Eedcaps ' received the honour of knighthood, 
 and returned to Nunappleton as Sir Thomas Fairfax. His 
 cousin, Sir Henry Slingsby, also went home, remarking that 
 ' he had but a very short time of being a soldier, which hath 
 not lasted above six weeks,' and that ' he liked it as a com- 
 mendable way of breeding for a young gentleman.' 
 
CH. v.] SECOND SCOTTISH CAMPAIGN. 33 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 SECOND SCOTTISH CAMPAIGN, AND DEATH OF THE 
 FIRST LOED FAIRFAX. 
 
 There was no real intention on tlie part of Charles and his 
 reckless Councillors of honourably abiding by the terms 
 of the Berwick pacification. Lord Traquair, indeed, after 
 Hamilton had earnestly excused himself from accepting the 
 office, was sent to Scotland as the King's Commissioner, and 
 he opened a General Assembly, which ratified all that had 
 been done by the previous one, and was then quietly dissolved. 
 But meanwhile the English Council was busily preparing for 
 a new war. The Scotch Parliament was arbitrarily pro- 
 rogued, and the promised ratification of the acts of the General 
 Assembly was thus evaded. The Covenanters sent deputies 
 to London, to protest against the legality of the prorogation, 
 and meanwhile Leslie again assembled an army on the fron- 
 tier. The campaign of 1639 had drained Charles's treasury, 
 and he was obliged to call a Parliament to obtain further 
 supplies, which was to meet at Westminster in April 1640. 
 Sir Ferdinando Fairfax was again returned for Borough- 
 bridge, and he went up to London, where the Parliament 
 met on April 13.' Charles asked for twelve subsidies to 
 enable him to chastise his Scottish rebels, in lieu of which 
 he promised the abolition of ship money, and that griev- 
 ances should be redressed. But he was plainly told that 
 the Commons desired not the war, and he angrily dissolved 
 the Parliament on May 5. 
 
 The old Lord Fairfax had long suffered from the weakness 
 of extreme age. But though unable to take an active part in 
 
 • He -was at Denton on the 12th, so he cannot have reached London in time to 
 be present at the opening of Parliament. 
 
 D 
 
34 LIFE OF TEE GBEAT LOED FAIRFAX, [ch. v. 
 
 affairs, he was eager for news, and ever ready with advice and 
 admonitions for his son and grandson. At last, on May 1, 
 1640, he died at the good old age of eighty, and was buried 
 by the side of his wife in the church at Otley. This first 
 Lord was undoubtedly a man of great ability and considerable 
 mark in his county. He was a valiant soldier, a tolerable 
 scholar, and in later life a noble specimen of an English 
 country gentleman. His favourite occupation and great 
 pride was the breeding of horses, and his stud at Denton 
 was one of the best in England in those days. In his will 
 he left his best arms and his best horse to his grandson 
 Tom. 
 
 Ferdinando succeeded him at Denton as second Lord 
 Fairfax. It has been seen that the old lord rather despised 
 his son, considering him to be unfit for any higher occupa- 
 tion than that of a country justice. But he was mistaken. 
 Ferdinando, as a member of Parliament, proved to be a man 
 of good average ability, with great powers of application, 
 steadiness of aim, and unswerving honesty of purpose. He 
 adopted the liberal side in politics, and while in command of 
 the Parliament's army in the North, he was not deficient 
 either in skill or enterprise. Without any of the brilliant 
 gifts of his son, he was a painstaking conscientious politician 
 a,nd a brave and resolute soldier.' After his father's death 
 he was doubtless much engrossed in the arrangement of 
 family affairs at Denton, and does not appear to have taken 
 any active part in the second Scottish campaign, which was 
 more inglorious than the first. 
 
 Having dissolved the Parliament before any grants of 
 money had been voted, Charles and his Council were at their 
 wits' end for the means of carrying on the expensive war 
 agaiast the Scots. In July 1640 they' seized upon the 
 bullion in the Tower, which was deposited by Spanish and 
 other foreign merchants on the faith of its being held sacred, 
 and soon afterwards they pounced upon a large deposit of 
 pepper under the Exchange. The trained bands of aU the 
 
 > ' He was a gentleman of a noble family, of a generous and courageous spirit, 
 yet meek and eiviJ, and not given to insulting.'— JTAji-efoc/i:, p. 66. 
 
CH. v.] SBCOND SGOTTim CAMPAIGN. 35 
 
 counties were called out, and more warlike stores were for- 
 warded to Hull ; but the war was most unpopular, and 
 mutinies were reported in all directions. On July 28 the 
 principal gentry of Yorkshire signed a petition to the King, 
 in which they represented that the campaign of 1639 had 
 impoverished them to the extent of jglOOjOOO, and that they 
 were unable to bear such burdens. They also prayed that 
 the intolerable oppression of having soldiers billeted in 
 the houses of the people, contrary to the ancient laws of 
 the kingdom and the Petition of Right, might be discon- 
 tinued. The najne of Lord Fairfax appears among the 
 signatures, with those of Bellasis, Savile, Wortley, Hotham, 
 Eamsden, Cholmley, Stapleton, Legard, and Strickland.' 
 Lord Strafford told the King that for the Yorkshire gentry 
 to complain at a time when an invasion was threatened by 
 the Scots was nothing short of mutiny ; but the truth was 
 that the war was looked upon as unjust and unnecessary, 
 while the dissolution of Parliament had caused universal 
 irritation and alarm. 
 
 In distributing the commands, Lord Essex was passed over, 
 and left to brood over the slights that had been put upon 
 him. The Earl of Northumberland was appointed general, 
 but sickness, and possibly disinclination, prevented him from 
 taking the field. Strafford was made lieutenant-general, 
 and Lord Conway general of horse. The latter nobleman 
 was a son of that gallant Sir Edward Conway who com- 
 manded a regiment at the sack of Cadiz, and was afterwards 
 Governor of Brill, where his children were bom. He died in 
 1624, and his son. Lord Conway, was brought up by his uncle 
 Sir Horace Vere. Though licentious and given to excesses 
 in eating and drinking, he was well read, agreeable in con- 
 versation, and very popular, and great hopes were entertained 
 of his abilities as a commander, which were destined to be 
 disappointed. He assembled all the troops that could be got 
 together, and had advanced beyond Durham by the end of 
 July, accompanied, amongst others, by Sir Thomas Fairfax 
 
 ' Drake. Eusli worth, 
 n 2 
 
30 LIFE OF TEE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. r, 
 
 witli his squadron of well-equipped cavalry. Lady Fairfax 
 and Lord Conway were first cousins, and had been brought 
 up together, so that there must have been a close intimacy 
 between the general and the colonel of the Yorkshire 
 ' Eedcaps.' 
 
 The Scots had no intention of waiting until the cumbrous 
 and expensive, but inefficient preparations of Charles and his 
 Council, were completed ; nor even of allowing the English 
 army time to advance to the frontier. If they were to be 
 forced to raise an army in their own defence, they saw no 
 reason why they should have the expense of maintaining it 
 while the way south was open before them. So, on August 20, 
 Leslie crossed the Tweed at Coldstream, with 20,000 foot 
 and 2,500 horse, proclaiming that his only object was self- 
 defence, and loudly professing the warmest friendship for his 
 English brethren. Montrose commanded the vanguard, and 
 on the 27th the Scottish army encamped on the banks of the 
 Tyne, at Newburn, four miles west of Newcastle. 
 
 A messenger arrived in hot haste from Conway, with news 
 that the Scots were about to invade England, and Charles 
 started from London, proclaiming them to be traitors and 
 guilty of high treason, on the very day that Leslie crossed 
 the Tweed. The King arrived at York on the 23rd, and 
 the next day the gentry, still sullen and discontented at the 
 expense of this useless war, waited upon him with a second 
 petition, in which they represented that the Yorkshire trained 
 bands could not majrch unless they received fourteen days' 
 pay beforehand. Strafford replied in an insolent speech, 
 telling his countrymen that they were bound to march at 
 their own proper costs and charges in case of invasion ; that 
 it was little less than high treason for anyone to refuse, and 
 that they were no better than beasts if they held back from 
 attending on the King. So here was the favourite wrangling 
 with the Yorkshire gentry and trained bands at York, the 
 soldiers pressed into the service by the commissioners of 
 array in Essex and Dorsetshire breaking out into open 
 
 ' Their mothers wpre sisters. 
 
CH. v.] 8E00ND 8G0TTI8E CAMPAIGN. 37 
 
 mutiny on the road, and vacillation showing itself in every 
 department. Meanwhile the Scots were acting with vigour, 
 and settling the question in their own way. 
 
 Mr. Rush worth, the author of the Collections, and after- 
 wards secretary to Sir Thomas Fairfax, had posted from 
 London to York, and on August 28 he went north with a 
 special messenger, and joined Lord Conway's army. He was 
 an eye-witness of what followed, and has left us a very clear 
 account of the action at Newburn. 
 
 The Scottish camp was pitched on a hill called Heddon- 
 low, above the village of iN'ewburn, where great fires were 
 made at night, and all English visitors were welcomed 
 with expressions of love. Lord Conway encamped on some 
 low meadow ground, called Newburn or Stella-haugh, with 
 3,000 foot and about 150 horse, under Sir Thomas Fairfax. 
 The river Tyne divided the two armies, and the fords were 
 guarded to prevent the Scots from crossing. Two sconces 
 or breastworks were thrown up facing the fords, with 400 
 musketeers and four pieces of ordnance in each, under the 
 command of Colonel Lunsford. 
 
 During all the next forenoon the Scots watered their 
 horses on one side of the river and the English on the other, 
 without any angry word or act passing between them. But 
 at last a Scottish officer well mounted, having a black feather 
 in his hat, came out of one of the thatched houses at 
 Newburn, and watered his horse in the river. For some un- 
 explained reason an English soldier fired at and wounded 
 him, upon which the Scottish musketeers opened fire on the 
 English, and the fight began. Conway ordered the muske- 
 teers and artillery to direct their fire at Newburn, but the 
 hill-side was covered with hedges and underwood, and little 
 execution was done. But the Scots kept up a galling fire 
 with their cannon upon the English breastworks, where 
 there was much loss of life. The brave but undisciplined 
 soldiers saw their comrades falling round them, while no suc- 
 cour arrived from Newcastle ; and, although they were twice 
 rallied and persuaded to continue the defence by the gallant 
 Lunsford, they at last refused to hold the breastworks any 
 
38 LIFE OF TEE GHEAT LOBB FAIRFAX, [ch. y. 
 
 longer. Sixty had been killed ; and when a Scottish forlorn 
 hope of twenty-six horse, followed by two regiments of foot 
 under Lord Loudon, forded the river, Conway retreated with 
 all his forces to Durham, leaving Newcastle to its fate. Leslie 
 then encamped on Gateshead hiU, south of th« Tyne, and 
 a few days afterwards Newcastle was surrendered to the 
 Scots. Clarendon speaks most bitterly of this action, calling 
 it 'the infamous defeat at Newburn,' but consoles himself 
 with the reflection that, except on this occasion, the 
 Scottish army never gained a single action against the 
 English unless supported by English troops, but were 
 always beaten as often as they approached towards any 
 encounter. 
 
 The rout at Newburn ended the war. Quite unprepared to 
 continue operations in the field, Charles and his advisers 
 received the news with the utmost consternation. Strafford 
 had got as far as Darlington, when, on the 29th, the fatal 
 tidings met him. The King had reached Northallerton, and 
 both returned the same night to York, in deep dejection. 
 Conway's force was quite demoralised, and even Sir Thomas 
 Eairfax confessed that his legs trembled under him until he 
 had got across the Tees ; ' yet Sir Harry Vane declared that 
 the Yorkshire cavalry ' were such as no man that sees them, 
 by their outward appearance, but will judge them able to 
 stand and encotinter with any whatsoever. Sure I am that 
 I have seen far meaner in the King of Sweden's army do 
 strange and great execution.' The truth was that the war 
 was hateful and repugnant to them, and such zeal as might 
 have been inspired by a popular and able general was entirely 
 destroyed by the evident incapacity of Conway and the over- 
 bearing insolence of StrafPord. 
 
 Charles had now brought his affairs to such a pass that 
 any further attempt to continue his system of arbitrary and 
 illegal government, without a Parliament, was impossible. 
 The victorious Scots were in possession of the northern 
 counties, his own troops were mutinous and unpaid, his 
 
 ' Burnet's Own Times, i. p. 29. 
 
cu. v.] SECOND SGOTTISH OAMPAIGN. 39 
 
 treasury was empty, his credit gone, and the whole of 
 England in the last stage of exasperation. 
 
 The Yorkshire gentry now agreed to pay the trained bands 
 for two months, but at the same time they petitioned the 
 King to call a Parliament; and similar petitions poured in 
 from aU parts of England, yet Charles made one more futile 
 attempt to escape the inevitable. He summoned a great 
 Council of Peers, which met at the deanery of York on 
 September 24, and he demanded their advice as to the way 
 the rebels should be treated, and the means of maintaining 
 the army until supjjlies could be had from Parliament. In 
 the same month Sir Jacob Astley arrived at York with 
 12,000 foot and 3,000 horse, and encamped near Clifton, on 
 both sides of the Ouse, with a bridge of boats connecting the 
 camps. The army was fourteen days in arrears of victuals, 
 and £200,000 were required to keep it together for two 
 months. The Peers applied to the city of London to advance 
 the money, and opened negotiations with the Scots at Eipon. 
 There was a cessation of hostilities, but the northern counties 
 had to pay £850 a day to maintain the Scottish army. 
 
 At last writs were issued, in October, for the assembly of 
 a Parliament, and on November 3, 1640, the memorable Long 
 Parliament commenced its sittings at Westminster. Sir 
 Thomas Fairfax remained quietly at Nunappleton during the 
 eventful year and a half which followed ; but his father. Lord 
 Fairfax, was elected for the county of York, with his cousin 
 Henry Bellasis ' as a colleague. These two knights of the 
 shire were destined to take opposite sides in the approaching 
 civil war. Sir Henry Slingsby was returned for Knares- 
 
 ' Sir Henry Bellasis, who was sheriff of Yorkshire, and was created a baronet 
 in 1611, married Ursula, daughter of Sir Thomas Fairfax of Denton, and had a 
 son, Sir Thomas Bellasia, who was created Viscount Falconberg in 1627. After 
 the battle of Mar^ton Moor he left the country with Lord Newcastle, and died 
 abroad in 1652. By his wife Barbara, daughter of Sir Henry Cholmley of Whitby, 
 he had several children. Of these, Henry was Lord Fairfax's colleague in the 
 representation of Yorkshire, and had a son, who succeeded his grandfather as 
 Lord Falconberg, and married Mary, daughter of Oliver Cromwell. John was a 
 Eoyalist oflScer, of whom we shall have more to say further on. Barbara married 
 Sir Henry Slingsby ; Margaret was the wife of Sir Edward Osborne of Kiveton ; 
 Anne of Sir William Vavasour of Hazlewood ; and Frances of Thomas Ingram of 
 Temple Newsom. We hear much of these ladies in Slingsby's Diary. 
 
40 LIFE OF TEE GREAT LOBB FAIRFAX, [ch. v. 
 
 borough, Hugli Cholmley and young Hotham for Scarborough, 
 a Stapleton and a Mauleverer for Boroughbridge, and Thomas 
 Bellasis for Thirsk — a nearly equal mixture of Royalists and 
 Parliament men. 
 
 Lord Fairfax, though he seldom took part in the debates, 
 steadily supported the popular leaders, and was selected as 
 one of the Committee to present the Grand Remonstrance to 
 the King on November 30, 1641.' But his son remained in 
 Yorkshire, watching events. Though Sir Thomas Fairfax 
 had never taken an active part in politics, he had been a 
 very laborious and thoughtful student of his country's history. 
 Few men, even at this early period of his life, were more 
 versed in the antiquities and early records of England, and 
 especially of Yorkshire,' and the learned Dodsworth was 
 already receiving encouragement and substantial aid from 
 the knight of ISTunappleton, in his transcription of ancient 
 records at York. 
 
 As soon as the inglorious campaign against the Scots was 
 over. Sir Thomas had returned to the society of his wife and 
 two little girls,^ while his father went to London to take 
 part in the momentous acts of the new Parliament. The 
 younger Fairfax was, partly owing to his wife's influence, 
 opposed to episcopal church government, and from conviction 
 and education he upheld the rights of the people represented 
 in Parliament, against the arbitrary prerogative of the Crown. 
 Sir Thomas Fairfax was a man of few words, and he thus 
 simply states his opinion : — ' I must needs say my judgment 
 was for the Parliament, as the King and kingdom's great and 
 safest council.' 3 His uncle Charles, the lawyer, held the 
 same views, and he also found a warm friend and sympathiser 
 in his cousin and neighbour. Sir William Fairfax of Steeton. 
 
 But he simply watched events at JSTunappleton, while the 
 
 ■ The other members of the Committee were Henry Bellasis (Lord Fairfax's 
 colleague), Sir Simonds d'Ewes, Sir Arthur Ingram, Sir James Thynne Lord Grey 
 of Groby, Sir Christopher Wray, Sir John Corbet, Sir Richard Wynne. Sir Kalpii 
 Hopton, Sir Edward Dering, and Sir Arthur Haselrig. 
 
 ' Mary and A.nne. Mary, born in 1638, was then three years old. Anne was 
 born at Denton in 1640, and died in 1642. 
 
 ' Short Memorial, p. 94. 
 
CH. v.] 8BC0NB 800TTI8E CAMPAIGN. 41 
 
 Star Chamber and Court of York were abolished, the favourite 
 Strafford beheaded, Archbishop Laud imprisoned, the Grand 
 Remonstrance drawn up, and the arrest of the five members 
 attempted. He was a soldier and a scholar, but no politician ; 
 and though quite unfitted for parliamentary strife, the time 
 was now approaching when his high and noble qualities as 
 an enterprising and chivalrous general were to become the 
 admiration of Europe. It is unnecessary, therefore, to dwell 
 upon the famous civil contentions at Westminster, in telhng 
 the life story of our hero, and we may pass very briefly over 
 the period between Jhe meeting of the Long Parliament and 
 the arrival of the King at York in March 1642, when Sir 
 Thomas Fairfax had just completed his thirtieth year. 
 
42 LIFE OF TEE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. ti. 
 
 CHAPTEE VI. 
 
 THE EVE OP THE CIVIL "WAE. 
 
 The civil war became inevitable wben Charles obstinately 
 refused to allow the Parliament to have a voice in the nomi- 
 nation of the lords-lieutenant of counties. After his law- 
 less attempt to seize the five members, the safety and indeed 
 the very existence of the two Houses clearly depended on 
 their having some control over the militia. This appears 
 to have been inore or less evident to both sides from the first. 
 The mission of the Queen to Holland with the crown jewels, 
 had for its main object the collection of arms, to enable 
 Charles to levy war against the representatives of his people, 
 and his final departure from London was a virtual avowal of 
 his hostile intentions. But the King himself was quite 
 unequal to the great and wicked enterprise which he medi- 
 tated ; and StrafPord, the only very able man on his side, 
 was dead. Charles evidently felt this. His conduct was 
 vacillating and uncertain, and his temper more than usually 
 irritable. Both sides saw the mighty responsibility of an 
 appeal to arms, and the volumes of State papers which flew 
 backwards and forwards show the extreme anxiety both of 
 the King's advisers and of the Parliament to make out a 
 good case before the country. 
 
 Sir Thomas Fairfax was a man of action and of few words, 
 and he took no part in public affairs until Charles brought ' 
 the centre of attraction to his very door, by establishing his 
 head-quarters at York. Yet it will be necessary to cast a 
 passing glance over the rapidly developing stages of the 
 paper controversy which followed the departure of the King 
 from London, and continued with ever-increasing activity, 
 even after the war commenced. 
 
CH. VI.] EVE OF THE GIVIL WAR. 43 
 
 The Militia Bill set forth that, whereas there had been a 
 most dangerous and desperate design upon the House of Com- 
 mons, it was ordained by the Lords and Commons ia Parlia- 
 ment assembled, that certain noblemen named in the Bill 
 should be the lords-lieutenant of the several counties, with 
 power to call together, arm, and train men fit for the wars, and 
 to appoint deputy-lieutenants. In short, the Houses demanded 
 the right of seeing that the power of the sword was in the 
 hands of men on whose honour and loyalty they could rely. 
 Charles refused his assent to the Bill, and left London, fully 
 resolved upon attempifciug to destroy the Parliament, but 
 undecided and irresolute as to the means. 
 
 On March 9, 1642, a Committee from both Houses over- 
 took the King at Newmarket, and presented a declaration 
 urging him to join with his Parliament in defence of the 
 religion and public good of the kingdom, to put from him 
 his wicked and mischievous councillors, and to return to 
 London. The conduct of the weak misguided man, on this 
 occasion, was undignified and peevish. 
 
 He gave the lie to the Committee in the coarsest terms, 
 grossly insulted the Earl of Pembroke, who was one of their 
 number, and flatly refused to give up his absolute power over 
 the militia for a single day. On March 16 he continued 
 his journey northwards, and arrived at York on the 18th, 
 accompanied by the Prince of Wales, his nephew the Prince 
 Elector, and several officers of his court. On this occasion 
 he did not take up his residence at the Manor House, as 
 usual, but at the house of Sir Arthur Ingram, in the Minster 
 yard.' ' 
 
 One of Charles's principal objects in going to Yorkshire 
 was the seizure of the magazine at Hull. A very large store 
 of arms and ammunition had been sent to this sea-port 
 for the Scottish war, under the command of Captain Legge ; 
 and when the army was disbanded, the magazine had been 
 placed in charge of the mayor. The Parliament desired that 
 it should be sent back to the Tower, while Charles intended 
 to appropriate it as a means of waging war upon the two 
 
 ' Drake. 
 
44 LIFE OF THE GEEAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. ti. 
 
 otlier estates of the realm. He accordingly ordered the 
 Earl of Newcastle, -who had recently resigned his post of 
 governor to the Prince of Wales, to proceed secretly to HuU 
 under a feigned name, and get possession of the town. The 
 earl left Welbeck at midnight, and rode into HuU early next 
 morning, calling himself Sir John Savage ; but he was re- 
 cognised, and the mayor declined to deliver up his charge.' 
 
 The Houses then appointed one of their own members, 
 Sir John Hotham, governor of Hull. Sir John was a wealthy 
 country gentleman, with large estates in the East Riding ; 
 but in adopting the popular side he was influenced by personal 
 animosity, especially against Strafford, rather than by any 
 fixed principles. He and his son. Captain John Hotham, soon 
 collected a garrison of 800 men, and secured this important 
 post against any sudden assault. 
 
 When the King arrived at York, he put up his printing 
 press in the house belonging to Sir Henry Jenkins ia the 
 Minster yard, set Robert Barker the printer to work, and 
 began a paper war with the two Houses.^ 
 
 On March 26 a petition was presented to him by the Par- 
 liament, representing that his government had consisted of 
 continued and multiplied acts in violation of law, and that 
 the extremity of all these violations was far exceeded by the 
 strong and unheard-of breach of law in the accusation of the 
 five members, and the proceedings which followed ; but be- 
 seeching him to return to London and be reconciled with 
 the great council of the nation. On April 5 the gentry of 
 Yorkshire also presented a petition, praying the King to 
 adopt means to take away all misunderstandings between 
 himself and the Parliament. The reply was that the sole 
 means of reconciliation was the adoption of the King's own 
 terms respecting the militia. 
 
 On AprU 23 Charles appeared before Hull, and was refused 
 
 ' The Duchess of Newcastle tells a somewhat different story. She says that her 
 husband could easily have got possession of the magazine, had not the King 
 ordered him to observe such directions as he should receive from the Parliament. — 
 Ufe, p. 11. 
 
 ' See a list of the state papers printed at York, in the Memoir of the York Press, 
 published by Mr. Davies, the eminent York antiquary, in 1868. 
 
CH. VI.] EVE OF THE CIVIL WAB. 45 
 
 admittance by Sir Jolm Hotham, except with a small escort. 
 Baffled and enraged by this complete frustration of his plans 
 to secure a supply of arms, he proclaimed Hotham a traitor, 
 and returned to York, whence he despatched a furious com- 
 plaint of Hotham 's conduct to the Parliament, declaring that 
 Hull and its magazine were his private property. The reply 
 of the Houses was sent to York in charge of a Committee 
 consisting of four Yorkshire members : Lord Fairfax, Sir 
 Hugh and Sir Henry Cholmley, and Sir Philip Stapleton ; 
 who were directed to stay at York, and watch the proceedings 
 of the court.' . 
 
 The King commanded the Committee to return to London 
 with his rejoinder, but they replied that their orders were 
 to remain in York, which they accordingly did, Lord Fairfax 
 residing at his house in Bishop-hill, near Micklegate. 
 
 On May 12 there was a great gathering of the gentlemen 
 of Yorkshire, who had been summoned by the King. He 
 told them that his magazine at Hull had been seized, that 
 the Parliament intended to caU out the militia without his 
 
 ' The three colleagues of Lord Fairfax, on this occasion, were Yorkshire mem- 
 bers of Parliament, and his neighbours and connections. Sir Hugh Cholmley of 
 Whitby was a nephew of Mary Cholmley, who married Lord Fairfax's brother, 
 the rector of Bolton Percy. He was the intimate friend of Sir John Hotham, and 
 was active with him in procuring the abolition of the Council of the North, and 
 the impeachment of Strafford, He held Scarborough Castle for the Parliament, 
 but afti'rwards turned traitor to his party, and held it for the Royalists, sustaining 
 a siege which lasted nearly a year. He surrendered the place in 1645, and went 
 abroad, but, through the influence of his brother, was allowed to return, and died 
 in 1657. 
 
 Sir Henry Cholmley, brother of Sir Hugh, was a lawyer ; he remained true to 
 the Parliament, and was one of the Committee of the House that was sent to invite 
 Charles II. ta return in 1660. 
 
 Sir Philip Stapleton, brother of Robert Stapleton of Wighill, whose daughter 
 married William, son of Sir William Fairfax of Steeton, was a much younger 
 man. He passed his early years among dogs and horses,' according to Clarendon, 
 but after he was returned as a member of Parliament he proved to be a man of 
 vigorous understanding. He accompanied John Hampden and Lord Howard of 
 Escrick to Scotland in 164 1, when they went to watch the proceedings of the 
 King ; commanded Lord Essex's regiment of foot at the battle of Edgehill, and 
 also did gallant service at Newbury. He afterwards became one of the leaders of 
 the Presbyterian party in the House. Sir Philip married Frances, daughter of 
 Sir John Hotham, and purchased Warter Priory, in the Wolds. His son had a 
 daughter, Isabella, who married Sir William Pennington of Muncaster, and their 
 descendants now have Warter Priory. Sir Philip died at Calais, very suddenly, 
 in 1647. 
 
46 LIFE OF TEE GBFAT LOBD FAIRFAX, [ch. vi. 
 
 consent, that the treason of the Hothams was countenanced, 
 and that consequently he intended to have a guard for his 
 person. He also issued commissions of array for raising 
 troops in Leicestershire and other counties, and thus the 
 civil war began. The meeting of Yorkshire gentry split 
 into two parties. Mr. Hutton, the high sheriff, with Sir 
 Thomas and Sir William Fairfax and others, met at the 
 Deanery, and subscribed a reply to the King's speech, in 
 which they desired his Majesty to trust entirely to his Par- 
 liament, and to receive the members who had been sent to 
 attend him. The other party, which was the most numerous, 
 agreed to the raising of a guard for the defence of the King's 
 person ; and immediately afterwards a troop of 200 young 
 gentlemen was formed, with Sir Francis Wortley as colonel, 
 and a regiment of 700 foot under Sir Robert Strickland. 
 
 As soon as the Parliament received news of these proceed- 
 ings from Lord Fairfax and his colleagues, they passed a re- 
 solution that for the King to make war upon the Parliament 
 was a breach of the trust reposed in him by the people, con- 
 trary to his oath, and tending to the dissolution of his 
 government. Charles replied by a proclamation forbiddiag 
 the trained bands or militia to rise by virtue of any order of 
 the two Houses, and the rejoinder of Parliament consisted in 
 a resolution forbidding magistrates to allow arms to be taken 
 to York. 
 
 Men now began to choose sides in good earnest. The Lord 
 Keeper Littleton and thirty-six peers deserted their posts 
 and came to York,^ together with some members of the 
 Lower House, among whom was poor Sir Henry Slingsby. 
 This gallant and honourable knight had mourned over the 
 commencement of these troubles with tears in his eyes ; but 
 when he had once embarked on the side which appeared to 
 him to be right, there was no more resolute partisan in the 
 Royalist army, and, long after others had abandoned the 
 cause as hopeless, the brave Slingsby was still plotting for 
 
 ' Three of these, among whom was the Earl of Clare, disapproved of the pro- 
 ceedings of the Eoyalists, and returned to their places in the House of Lords, 
 The others were the Earls of Carlisle and Salisbury. 
 
CH. Ti.] EVE OF THE CIVIL WAB. 47 
 
 his worthless idol, and he ended his days on the scaffold, 
 sacrificing his life for his cause. "When he arrived at York 
 in May, he received the command of a regiment of foot, but 
 he acknowledged that there was great backwardness, and 
 that few or none of the men appeared in answer to the 
 summons. 
 
 On May 27 the King issued a proclamation requiring all 
 the freeholders and farmers of Yorkshire to meet him on 
 Heyworth Moor, near York, on June 3 following. Accord- 
 ingly there was a great concourse of people assembled on the 
 day appointed, and ^t about noon Charles rode on to the 
 moor, accompanied by a large body of noblemen and cava- 
 liers, and attended by two troops of horse and 800 foot 
 soldiers, completely armed. A speech was delivered which 
 few could hear, and then the King rode round the moor. 
 The accounts of his reception are very conflicting. He him- 
 self declared that it was the most cheerful concourse of people 
 that ever was beheld of one country, and that he was received 
 with universal acclamations. But Sir Henry Slingsby, him- 
 self a staunch Royalist, though a lover of truth, says that he 
 heard nothing else but a confused murmuring and noise.^ 
 
 The party which earnestly desired that Charles should re- 
 concile himself with his Parliament had resolved that a 
 petition to that effect should be presented to him on Hey- 
 worth Moor. This petition was entrusted to the resolute 
 hands of Sir Thomas Fairfax, who, accompanied by his friend 
 and cousin. Sir "William Fairfax of Steeton,' followed the 
 King about the moor, but was rudely prevented from ap- 
 proaching near enough to perform his task, by the Earl of 
 Lindsey, the infamous Lord Savile,' and other courtiers. 
 Fairfax was not a man to be turned from his purpose by any 
 such obstacles. He at last succeeded in forcing his way to 
 the King's side, and in placing the petition on the pommel 
 of his saddle. Charles rudely pressed his horse forward, and 
 
 ' Diary, p. 77. 
 
 ' Slingslry, p. 77. 
 
 ' Lord Savile of Howley, near Leeds, of an illegitimate branch of the Saviles 
 of Thornhill and Lupset. ' He was,' says Clarendon, ' a man of so ill a fame 
 that many desired not to mingle with him, and was so false, that he never could 
 
48 LIFE OF TSF GBFAT LOBB FAIRFAX, [ch. vi. 
 
 Sir Thomas narrowly escaped being trodden under foot,' but 
 he effected his object, and the reluctant Charles was obliged 
 to learn that many of the Yorkshire gentry strongly dis- 
 approved of his proceedings in raising troops. ' The House 
 is much contented with Sir Thomas's noble carriage of 
 Thursday last,' wrote Mr. Eusbworth to Lord Fairfax. 
 
 On his arrival at his lodging in the Minster yard, the King 
 found a more important and more distasteful State paper 
 awaiting his consideration. This was the nineteen proposi- 
 tions of Parliament, dated June 2, which embodied the terms 
 on which a reconciliation might still be effected. There is 
 scarcely one of them which has not been practically admitted 
 since those days,^ but Charles tui-ned a deaf ear to all pru- 
 dent advice, and replied in a wordy evasive paper, which 
 convinced men that the last slender hope of peace was gone. 
 
 Lord Fairfax had left York and gone to his seat at Den- 
 ton in the West Riding ; and Sir Thomas, after presenting 
 the petition on Heyworth Moor, returned to Nnnappleton, 
 where he and his family enjoyed the pleasures of a peace- 
 ful happy home for a few weeks longer before the war 
 broke out. In a letter to his father Sir Thomas mentions 
 that Lady Fairfax's sister, the Countess of Westmoreland,' 
 was coming to pay a visit of a few days at Nunappleton on 
 June 14. Even then he did not at all foresee how near was 
 the time when these visits and domestic pleasures were to 
 give place to the dangers and hardships of camp-life. 
 
 The presentment of the Royalist portion of the Grand 
 Jury, at the assizes in August, aroused Sir Thomas Fairfax 
 
 be believed or depended upon.' He forged the names of several lords, as agreeing 
 to join the Scots. This Lord Savile was created Earl of Sussex by Charles in 
 1644, and died in 1646. His son, the second earl, died childless in 1671. See 
 the account of Lord Savile's forgery in Burnet's Own Times, i. p. 27. 
 
 > Birch MSS. 4,460, p. 84. 
 
 2 Mr. Sandford considers them to be reasonable in the extreme, and nothing hut 
 •what the striete.st necessity absolutely demanded. Studies, p. 492. 
 
 ' Mary Vere, the second daughter. She married, first. Sir Roger Townshend of 
 Eaynham, who died in 1636, leaving two sons and five daugliters by her. Her 
 son, Horatio, was created Viscount Townshend in 1682, and is the ancestor of the 
 present marquis. Mary married, secondly, the second Earl of Westmoreland, who 
 was a widower, and died in 1665. She bore him a son, Vere, who succeeded as 
 the fourth earl, and four daughters. 
 
CH. VI.] EVJJI OF TEE CIVIL WAB. 49 
 
 once more, and brought him from Nunappleton to York. 
 This document sets forth that those who sign it consider 
 that the garrison at Hull injures their traffic, that his 
 Majesty is ■wrongfuUj'- dispossessed of his magaziae, and that- 
 the proceedings of Parliament tend to arbitrary government 
 and the destruction of monarchy. They declare that their 
 thoughts go no further than the defence of the Protestant 
 religion, of the known laws of the country, and of the King's 
 due prerogative, against the imlawful votes and ordinances 
 of the Parliament ; and they propose that there shall be a 
 muster of all the horse of the trained bands at the Manor 
 House, to be maintained for one month ; that powers be given 
 to the Earl of Cumberland ' to command, with Sir Thomas 
 Glemham as his lieutenant-general, and that all defaulters 
 be severely proceeded against. The King signified his assent 
 to all their proposals, and then finally departed from York- 
 shire in the middle of August, to set up his standard at 
 Nottingham, and carry war into the midland counties. 
 
 On July 12 the two Houses had resolved that an army 
 should be raised for their defence, under the command of 
 the Earl of Essex. 
 
 Meanwhile Sir Thomas had taken up his abode at the 
 Pairfa.x mansion in Bishop-hill, and his name headed a docu- 
 ment which was signed by those among the Yorkshire gentry 
 who adhered to the Parliament. It was a protest against 
 the presentment of the Grand Jury, which it declared to be 
 lawless and unprecedented, and the signers refused their 
 consent to forces being raised, and to money being levied for 
 their maintenance. The names of Boynton, Foulis, Darley, 
 SavUe, Eodes, Cholmley, Hotham, Lister, Legard, Hawks- 
 worth, Stapleton, and Mauleverer, at the foot of this protest, 
 witness to the falseness of Clarendon's assertion that the 
 Fairfaxes were the only gentlemen of any position in York- 
 shire who adhered to the Parliament. On September 7 the 
 
 ' Henry Clifford, fifth Earl of Cumberland, was the Lord Clifford -who was the 
 intimate friend of the first Lord Fairfax, and wrote him a sympathising letter on 
 the death of his sons at Frankenthal. He succeeded his father in 1621, and died at 
 York in Decemher 1643, when the earldom of Cumberland became extinct. His 
 only daughter was Countess of Cork and Burlington. 
 
 E 
 
50 LIFE OF THE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. vi. 
 
 House of Commons returned their most hearty thanks for 
 this protest, and expressed their satisfaction, through the 
 Speaker, at finding the affections and resolutions of the 
 county so worthily and seasonably expressed. 
 
 But, with the exception of the garrison at Hull, no steps 
 had yet been taken by the well-affected to arm men in 
 opposition to the levies that were being raised by the Earl 
 of Cumberland and Sir Thomas Glemham. The Fairfaxes, 
 and those who thought with them, had earnestly entreated 
 the King to be reconciled with his Parliament, and had pro- 
 tested against the illegality of raising forces by the commis- 
 sions of array ; but they had done nothing more. They were 
 honourable, simple-minded country gentlemen, resolved to 
 support the Parliament in its great work of putting an end 
 to the long tyranny for ever, but anxious by any means to 
 avert the horrors of war from their beloved Yorkshire. 
 
 Sir Thomas Fairfax remained at his father's house, at 
 Bishop-hill in York, until September; actively striving to 
 preserve peace, and to dissuade his cousins and acquaintances 
 from levying troops. Sir Henry Slingsby, who had married 
 his cousin, and with whom he had been intimate in happier 
 days, was one of those to whom Fairfax spoke at this time. 
 Sir Henry tells us ^ that, being in York, and riding one 
 evening to his own house, he passed Sir Thomas in the 
 street, who sent his man to say that he desired to speak with 
 his old friend. He then urged upon Slingsby the illegality 
 of raising money and troops by the commission of array, 
 and the evil consequences of keeping the county in a state 
 of fear. But the reply was, that Fairfax had nothing to 
 fear, seeing that he had not appeared in arms, and that the 
 troops were intended against Hotham, who ranged the 
 country, and would not keep in Hull. 
 
 Thus the Fairfaxes and their friends were forced most 
 unwillingly to take up arms. Early in September Sir 
 Thomas, with his wife and child, joined Lord Fairfax at 
 Denton ; and soon afterwards, hearing that there was an 
 
 ' Diary, p. 81. 
 
CH. Yi.] EVE OF THE GIVIL WAB. 51 
 
 intention on tlie part of tlie Eoyalists to arrest them,^ they 
 assembled their tenantry from Nunappleton and Wharfe-dale, 
 and took the field. Several other gentlemen followed their 
 example ; for by no other means was it possible to resist the 
 proceedings of the commissioners of array, which they 
 believed to be illegal, and knew to be subversive of the peace 
 and liberty of their countrymen. A meeting was held at 
 Leeds, at which it was resolved that Lord Fairfax should be 
 requested to command the forces that might be raised in 
 Yorkshire for the Parliament; and on September 27 the 
 proceedings of this meeting were approved by both Houses, 
 and Lord Fairfax was authorised to defend his Majesty's 
 subjects against the Earl of Cumberland or any other dis- 
 turber of the peace. At the same time the younger Hotham 
 came out of Hull, and also took the field. 
 
 Men took up arms with heavy hearts, and often with 
 feelings of doubt and perplexity. Nearly all commercial 
 men in the great towns, where the religious persecutions 
 and lawless exactions of Charles's government had been 
 most felt, were for the Parliament; and a great body of the 
 more ignorant country gentlemen in remote counties, who 
 knew little or nothing of public affairs, were naturally for 
 the King. To these two classes it is unnecessary to refer. 
 Self-interest was the sole guide of one, and stupidity of the 
 other. But the educated and cultivated classes were sorely 
 perplexed. Many desired to take the side which clearly had 
 the law with it ; but nothing could be more certain than that 
 no law was ever made which sanctioned a civil war, and 
 that, strictly speaking, both sides must be acting illegally. 
 Selden, who was the greatest lawyer of his time, most posi- 
 tively asserted the illegality of the proceedings, both of the 
 King and the Parliament. He showed that the Acts of 
 Parliament which were appealed to in justification of the 
 King's commissions of array had been repealed, and that 
 evil consequences would result from submitting to them; 
 but he as strongly inveighed against the ordinance of Par- 
 
 ' Eliot Wavburton remarks that it was perhaps fortunate for the King that this 
 scheme failed, for that the Fairfaxes were the most nohle-minded of his enemies. 
 
 E 2 
 
52 LIFE OF TRF OBFAT LOBB FAIRFAX, [ch. vi. 
 
 liament for raising tlie militia, whicli lie also declared to be 
 without shadow of law or pretence of precedent.' 
 
 A civil war was of course beyond law, and general con- 
 siderations of expediency, and the public good, were the 
 only grounds upon which a decision could honestly be 
 arrived at. Many country gentlemen who had served in 
 Parliaments, and those who were influenced by their opinions, 
 were convinced that the triumph of the King would be the 
 greatest calamity that could possibly befall the nation ; and 
 a knowledge of Charles's character, and of the nature of his 
 government before the Long Parliament met, must convince 
 aU impartial men that their opinion was based on good 
 grounds. The opinion of Sir Harbottle Grimston was pro- 
 bably that of many country gentlemen. He thought that 
 allegiance and protection were mutual obligations ; and that 
 when a legal protection was denied to one that paid a legal 
 allegiance, the subject had a right to defend himself.'^ Others 
 were willing to admit that the King's previous misrule was 
 indefensible; but they firmly believed that monarchy was the 
 only form of government that was suited for the English 
 nation, and feared that the triumph of the Parliament would 
 lead to the destruction of kingly power. With heavy hearts, 
 and in much uncertainty, the chivalry of England chose 
 sides. Nearly all wished for the preservation of the monarchy 
 in some shape or other ; but some saw their way to a settle- 
 ment through the complete submission of Charles to the wiU 
 of the Parliament, while others as honestly believed that by 
 the King's success alone could the monarchy be preserved. 
 At that time only a very few advanced thinkers dreamed of 
 a republic. 
 
 So, among those who judged for themselves, and were not 
 content to follow, fathers had to fight against sons, brothers 
 against brothers, cousins against cousins, intimate friends 
 and neighbours against each other. The noble feeling which 
 actuated these gentlemen in their sad task is thus simply 
 expressed by Sir "William Waller, the Parliamentary general, 
 
 > Clarendon, t. p. 365. = Burnet's Owji Times, i. p. 381. 
 
CH. VI.] EVE OF THE CIVIL WAR. 53 
 
 in his letter to his dear friend Sir Ealph Hopton, the 
 Royalist. ' My affections to yon are so unchangeable, that 
 hostility itself cannot violate my friendship to your person ; 
 but I must be true to the cause wherein I serve. The great 
 God, who is the searcher of my heart, knows with what 
 reluctance I go upon this service, and with what perfect 
 hatred I look upon a war without an enemy. The God of 
 peace in his good time send us peace, and in^ the mean 
 time fit us to receive it ! We are both on the stage, and we 
 must act the parts that are assigned us in this tragedy. 
 Let us do it in a, way of honour, and without personal 
 animosities.' ' 
 
 But both sides in Yorkshire were unanimous in their desire 
 to prevent bloodshed, and they resolved to make one more 
 effort to preserve their people from the horrors of a civil con- 
 flict. It was generally believed that a_ single engagement 
 would decide the war, and the Yorkshiremen considered 
 that they had contributed their share towards the result 
 and had done all that could fairly be expected of them. 
 The friends of the Parliament had put a garrison into Hull, 
 thus withholding the magazine from the King, and had sent 
 a regiment, raised by Sir William Fairfax of Steeton, to join 
 Lord Essex's army; while the Royalists had sent off two 
 regiments of foot under John Bellasis and Sir William 
 Pennyman, and two troops of dragoons under Colonels 
 Buncombe and Gower, to join Charles's army. With the 
 consent of the Earl of Cumberland on the one side, and of 
 Lord Fairfax on the other, a treaty of neutrality was there- 
 fore set on foot; and on September 29 certain articles of 
 neutrality were agreed to at a meeting held at Rothwell 
 near Leeds, and signed by Sir Thomas Fairfax, Sir Thomas 
 Mauleverer, Sir William Lister, John Farrer, W. White, 
 and J. Stockdale on the one hand ; and by Henry Bellasis 
 (Lord Fairfax's cousin and colleague in the representation 
 of Yorkshire), Sir William SavUe,^ Sir John Eamsden, E. 
 
 ' See Vindication of Sir William Waller, -written by himself (1793), p. 13 ; and 
 Clarendon State Papers, ii. p. 156. 
 
 * Sir William Savile, of Thornhill, Strafford's nephew, and head of the family. 
 His cousin Sir John of Lupsettook the other side, and joined Lord Fairfax. 
 
54 LIFE OF THE GBFAT LOBD FAIRFAX, [ch. ti. 
 
 Osborne,' Ingram Hopton, and Francis Nevile on the other. 
 It was agreed that neither the ordinance of militia nor the 
 commissions of array should be meddled with, and that both 
 sides should observe strict" neutrality in the approaching 
 contest; but Lord Fairfax distinctly stated in writing, at the 
 time, that the agreement would only be binding if it was 
 approved by the Parliament.'' 
 
 There can be no doubt that this ill-considered treaty 
 showed an extraordinary want of political knowledge and 
 practical understanding in all concerned in it ; but at the 
 same time it proves the extreme reluctance that was felt by 
 both sides to appeal to arms, and the noble anxiety of the 
 Yorkshire gentlemen to avert the horrors of war from their 
 tenantry. 
 
 As soon as the articles arrived in Westminster, the two 
 Houses passed a resolution, declaring that the parties in the 
 agreement had no authority to bind any county to neutrality ; 
 that no one county could withdraw from the assistance of 
 the rest ; and that Lord Fairfax was not bound by the agree- 
 ment, and was required to assist the Parliament in defence 
 of the common cause. ^ Lord Fairfax had only agreed to 
 the treaty in the event of the approval of Parliament, and the 
 vote of the Houses put an end to it without loss of honour 
 on either side.'' It now at last became necessary for both 
 
 ' Sir Edward Osborne of Kireton was created a baronet in 1620, and was 
 Vice-President of the North nnder Strafford. He married Margaret Bellasis, 
 Lady Slingsby's sister, and their son was Charles II.'s minister, the first Hake of 
 Leeds. 
 
 2 Eushworth, iv. p. 686. 
 
 ' Ibid. 
 
 ■■ Lord Clarendon's attempt to blacken the character of Lord Fairfax and those 
 who act-ed with him in this affair of the neutrality treaty is one ont of many 
 instances of that historian's disregard for truth in writing of those who were opposed 
 to him. He says that when the vote of Parliament was received, ' Lord Fairfax 
 himself, and all the gentlemen of that party who had signed the agreement, 
 instead of resenting the reproach to themselves, tamely submitted to those un- 
 reasonable conclusions, and, contrary to their solemn promise and engagement, 
 prepared themselves to bear a part in the war.' He adds tliat ' the King's party 
 believed that they could not serve the King if their reputation and integrity were 
 once blemished ; whilst the others exposed their honours for any temporary con- 
 veniences, and thought themselves absolved by any new resolutions of the Houses, 
 to whose custody their honour and ingenuity were committed.' (vi. 260.) Lord 
 
CH. VI.] EVU OF THE CIVIL WJB. 55 
 
 parties to gird themselves for the combat, and that York- 
 shire campaign commenced which is the most brilliant 
 episode in the life story of Sir Thomas Fairfax. 
 
 Clarendon had all the papers before him, and knew perfectly well that the treaty 
 of neutrality was agreed to by Lord Fairfax and his friends on condition that it 
 received the approval of the Parliaijient. These aspersions on the honour of 
 public men are, therefore, as dishonest as they are false. 
 
56 ■ .LIFU OF THE GEE AT LOBB FAIRFAX, [ch, vii. 
 
 CHAPTEE VII, 
 
 THE THEATEE OP WAR IN TOEKSHIEE— EQUIPMENT OP AN 
 AEMY IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTUET. 
 
 The theatre of tlie first campaign of Sir Thomas Fairfax 
 covers an area about twenty-seven miles long by twenty 
 broad, in. the centre of Torishire, extending east and 
 west from Selby on the Ouse to Bradford and Halifax, 
 and north and south from the city of York to Pomfret and 
 Eotherham. About two-thirds of this tract consists of the 
 western moorlands and river valleys, with their mineral 
 treasures, and the other third is the great central vale of 
 York, The rivers, rising in the western hiUs, sweep, in 
 their earlier courses, through deep valleys, between ranges 
 of elevated land, and finally gather together in the Ouse, 
 which flows through the York vale to the Humber. Be- 
 ginning from the north, the River Nidd rises in the moor- 
 lands of Carlton, and flows through a narrow channel of 
 limestone, then plunges into a sinuous underground course 
 two miles long, and finally enters the flat land of the vale 
 of York. It forms the northern boundary of the Ainsty, and 
 joins the Ouse close to the city. Near its banks are Bed 
 House, the seat of gallant Sir Henry Slingsby, and still 
 nearer York is Popple ton, where dwelt Master Edward Hutton, 
 the husband of Sir Thomas Fairfax's sister Dorothy. 
 
 The Wharfe rises under the brow of Cam Pell, on moor- 
 lands 1,273 feet above the sea, passes through the lovely 
 gorge of Bolton, where it narrows, at the strid, to a deep 
 rushing torrent between masses of rock only six feet across, 
 and thence flows in a broad rich vale, bordered by wooded 
 slopes, to Wetherby. On the left bank is beautiful Denton, 
 the seat of Lord Fairfax, with its woods and moorlands 
 
CH. vn.J TEE TEEATBE OF WAR iJV YOBKSEIEE. 57 
 
 above, beyond wbicli is Fewston, in tlie valley of the Wash- 
 burn, the former home of the translator of Tasso, the poet of 
 the family. Four miles below Denton is the little town of 
 Otley, and the Wharfe then passes down by Arthington 
 (whose squire married Sir Thomas Fairfax's sister Mary) 
 and Harewood, to Wetherby. The high land on each side 
 gradually sinks until it becomes an elevated plateau, and 
 finally subsides near Tadcaster into the vale of York. At 
 Wetherby limestone cliffs begin to shade the stream, which 
 winds between them through alluvial meadows to St. Helen's 
 Ford and Newton Kyme,' where Henry Fairfax, the first 
 lord's second son, was then rector, and thence to Tad- 
 caster. From Tadcaster to its junction with the Ouse at 
 Nunappleton, the Wharfe is a broad tidal river, with sides 
 covered with oozy mud called warp, and is subject to floods. 
 The low meadows along its banks, which are often under 
 water in the winter, are called ings. The country between 
 the Wharfe and the Nidd, with the Ouse as its eastern 
 boundary, is the Ainsty of York, the home of the Fairfaxes. 
 The Ainsty is nearly an island between the rivers (for 
 the Mdd approaches very close to the Wharfe at Wetherby), 
 a.nd is nine miles across from Tadcaster to York, by about 
 twelve broad. The land of the Ainsty rises gradually from 
 the Wharfe to the moors of Marston and Hessay, which over- 
 look the Mdd, and the drainage is therefore from those 
 uplands to the Wharfe. Catterton Beck receives all the 
 drainage of the western part of the Ainsty, rising in the 
 high ground about Wighill, and falling into the Wharfe at 
 Bolton Percy, while the Fleet drains the eastern meadows of 
 Copmanthorpe, Colton, and Appleton, and joins the same 
 river at Nunappleton. Along the banks of the Wharfe, and 
 on the slopes rising from them, were Walton, the ancient 
 seat of the senior branch of Fairfaxes ; Wighill, the home 
 of the Stapletons ; and Heelaugh, just above Tadcaster, the 
 abode of the Whartons. Below Tadcaster were the old 
 church of Bolton Percy, and Nunappleton, surrounded by its 
 
 ' Now the seat of Thomas Fairfax of Steeton, the sole representative of this 
 ancient family in England. 
 
58 LIFE OF TEF GBFAT LOBB FAIRFAX, [ch. vii. 
 
 woods and deer park, at the junction of Ouse and Wliarfo. 
 The road from Tadcaster to York crosses the Ainsty almost 
 on the same line as the old Roman road. A few miles be- 
 yond Tadcaster, on the right, is Steeton, the seat of Sir 
 William Fairfax ; and further on, but to the left, is the hill 
 and village of Bilbrough. On Bilbrough hUl, 145 feet above 
 the sea, there was then a great clump of trees, which was a 
 landmark for ships going up the Humber," the land rising 
 very gradually from the Wharfe at Nunappleton, and being 
 crowned by this conical grassy hill, with its leafy tuft. 
 Further on to the left are the villages of Askham and Mars- 
 ton ; to the right is Bishopthorpe on the Ouse, the palace of 
 the Archbishops, and then the old city of York is entered by 
 Micklegate Bar. The Ainsty is a well-wooded land, with 
 arable farms and pastures, and wide ings by the rivers. There 
 are some rising grounds at Bilbrough and by Wighill, be- 
 sides moors on its northern side; and though apparently 
 flat, the whole tract is undulating, and lies at the foot of the 
 higher spur which runs out between the Wharfe and Nidd, 
 from the main range of western Yorkshire hUls. 
 
 The Eiiver Aire, south of the Wharfe and flowing parallel 
 to it, springs at once a full stream from under the lofty 
 limestone cliff, 285 feet high, called Malham Cove. Its vale 
 is wider than that of the Wharfe, from which it is separated 
 by a ridge of moorland with well-wooded slopes. It receives 
 a beck coming from Bradford, which town is thus within 
 its catchment basin ; whUe Leeds, the other great cloth- 
 producing town, is in the Aire vale itself. From Leeds to 
 Castleford, where it joins the Calder, the Aire sweeps through 
 fertile meadows overlooked by wooded slopes, and the united 
 Aire and Calder fall into the Ouse below Selby. The 
 country between the Aire and Wharfe, at first an upland 
 ridge, gradually spreads out into a wider plateau, from 250 
 to 300 feet above the sea, known as Seacroft and Bramham 
 Moors, which sinks gradually into the vale of York. On 
 this high ground are Temple Newsom, the seat of the Ingrams, 
 and Hazlewood, where the Yavasours had been for centuries. 
 
 ' Drake. 
 
en. vii.] THE THEATBB OF WAB IN YOBKSHIBE. 59 
 
 On the north side Bramham Moor slopes to the Wharfe, on 
 the south it is skirted by the little river Cock, which, rising 
 on the moor by Barwick, flows through Abberford, and past 
 Saxton and Towton, to the Wharfe below Tadcaster. On 
 that fell Palm Sunday, two centuries before, it flowed with 
 blood, and the bodies of thousands of slain ar« buried by 
 Saxton church. Trom the Cook, by Abberford and Saxton 
 to the Ouse, the continuation of the vale of York is some 
 nine or ten miles across — a rich plain, subject in many 
 parts to periodical floods from the Wharfe and Ouse, 
 scattered over with pasture and arable farms, and large 
 woods. Bishop-wood by Selby is the largest in Yorkshire ; 
 and at Scarthingwell, in those days, there was a great sheet 
 of sedgy water, frequented by herons and wild duck. The 
 villages of Sherburn and Church Teuton are in the midst of 
 the plain ; while Cawood, a seat of the Archbishops, and the 
 town of Selby, stand on the banks of the Ouse. 
 
 Hereafter it may be necessary to give more detailed de- 
 scriptions of particular localities, but this will perhaps sufl3.ce 
 for a general idea of the theatre of war. 
 
 The western portion of this region, comprised in the vales 
 of Aire, Wharfe, and Calder, with the intervening high 
 moorlands, was at that time for the most part waste and 
 uncultivated ; and the increasing manufacturing towns of 
 Leeds, Bradford, and Wakefield were dependent for supplies, 
 to a considerable extent, on the farms to the eastward, 
 round Bramham Moor, and in the vale of York.' Here the 
 Fairfaxes had their main strength ; for while the yeomen of 
 Wharfe-dale flocked to the banner of the lord of Denton 
 from feudal attachment, the townspeople of Leeds and 
 Bradford joined him from the conviction that his was the 
 true cause. Many of the manufacturing citizens were 
 Puritans, and Sir Thomas Fairfax obtained some excellent 
 
 ^ ' The west part of tlie riding is partly barren land, and is replenished by 
 clothiers that have spread themselves all over the country, as -well in closes and 
 parcels of waste land as in towns.' These clothiers did not brew their own beer, 
 like the farmers ; and in 1638 as many as 2,500 public-houses were licensed for the 
 West Biding. Calendar of State Papers {Bom. 1638) p. 433. 
 
60 LIFH OF THE GEE AT LOBD FAIRFAX, [ch. vn. 
 
 officers, such as Thoresby, the antiquary's father, from among 
 the busy cloth-makers. Richard Milner of Leeds, the an- 
 cestor of Sir Thomas's successors at Nunappleton, also 
 served with his fellow-townsmen under the Fairfax banner j 
 and Captain Hodgson, from Halifax, was a very distin- 
 guished officer. 
 
 In the more eastern agricultural division of this theatre 
 of war the feelings of the -people were more divided ; and 
 the rival pretensions evoked by the King's commissions of 
 array, and the Parliament's militia ordinance, caused bitter 
 strife and confusion in the villages and homesteads. For 
 the most part the yeomen and labourers followed their 
 landlords. The farmers of Bolton, Appleton, Steeton, and 
 Colton, many of whom had served with Sir Thom.as in the 
 Scottish campaigns, were for the Parliament; while the 
 Vavasour, Eamsden, Slingsby, and Ingram tenants, were for 
 the King. 
 
 Although the trained bands had been drilled since .the 
 beginning of the troubles in 1 638, yet the mass of the people 
 had been accustomed to peaceful pursuits for so many years 
 that it was a work of time to raise and drill the contending 
 forces. Officers and Serjeants who had served in the Low 
 Coui;tries ' were eagerly sought for ; and, untU proper arms 
 and equipments could be obtained, the men were often at 
 first compelled to use scythes, and even clubs or poles ; but 
 gradually their efficiency was increased, and such men as 
 Sir Thomas Fairfax on one side, and Sir Thomas Glemham 
 on the other, were well instructed as to the standard, as 
 regards drill and armament, towards which it was necessary 
 to work. 
 
 It may be as well to aUude briefly, in this place, to the 
 nature of the arms and equipment of the various branches 
 of the military service in those days. 
 
 The bayonet was not yet invented, and the two clumsy 
 arms which its introduction converted into one efficient 
 
 ' The King made a strong efifort to obtain the services of Serjeant-Major-General 
 Skippon, an experienced old veteran of the school of the Veres, but he had already 
 been secured by the Parliament. 
 
CH. VII.] • EQUIPMENT OF AN ABMT. 61 
 
 weapon necessarily divided each infantry regiment into two 
 classes — the pikemen and shotmen. The dress of pikemen 
 consisted of a steel morion or good combe-cap, as it was 
 called, weU quilted, for the head ; gorget for the neck, a 
 pike-proof cuirass, close-joined taces for the thighs, and 
 pouldrons down to the elbows. A small ring of iron was 
 fixed to the back-piece to hang the steel cap on, which was 
 a great relief to the men on a long march. The pike was of 
 ash-wood, well headed with steel, about fifteen feet long,* 
 and armed with plates downward from the head, for at least 
 four feet. Pikemen, also wore baudricks of strong leather, 
 and broad swords. Serjeants were armed vrith halberds 
 instead of pikes. 
 
 The shotmen or musketeers wore a similar dress. Over 
 the shoulder there was a bandelier of broad leather, with a 
 dozen charges fastened to it in horn or wooden cases, which 
 were suspended by long strings, so that they could readily 
 be brought to the muzzle of the piece. The musket-barrel 
 was four-and-a-half feet long, and the stock was of walnut 
 or beech-wood. Attached to the girdle there was a bullet- 
 bag, containing moulds, bullets, worms, screws, and priming- 
 iron. The scouring-stick had a rammer of horn at one end, 
 suitable to the bore of the piece, and at the other a screw 
 for the worm. In the right hand a musketeer carried his 
 rest of ash-wood, with an iron pike at one end, to stick in 
 the ground, and a half hoop of iron for the musket to rest 
 upon at the other. There were double strings near the 
 half hoop, to hang round the arm when the rest was trailed. 
 The length of the rest was such that a man might fire his 
 musket on it without stooping. 
 
 A foot regiment was composed of equal numbers of 
 pikemen and shotmen. They were formed in solid square 
 battalions ten deep, called tertias, the pikes in the centre, 
 and the musketeers on either flank. The files were ten deep 
 because it was found that, when the front rank fired, it could 
 reload and be ready by the time nine others had come to the 
 
 ' The pike used by the Swiss, when they defeated Charles the Bold, was sixteen 
 to eighteen feet long. 
 
62 LIFE OF THE GREAT LOBE FAIRFAX, [ch. vii. 
 
 front, fired, and fallen back. A solid square of ten rant and 
 file was divided into four squadrons, each with a corporal 
 and a lanspresado ; ' and a serjeant was over the whole, to see 
 that the men formed and went through their evolutions cor- 
 rectly. The captain took his place at the head of his com- 
 pany, with the ensign carrying his colours behind him, while 
 the lieutenant's place was in the rear, except during a retreat. 
 The drums were on the flanks. 
 
 Gustavus Adolphus, the greatest soldier of the age, had, 
 more than ten years before our civil war broke out, substi- 
 tuted cartridge pouches for the bandeliers, abolished the use of 
 heavy rests for muskets, and formed his men in files only six 
 deep, instead of adopting the solid square of ten deep. But 
 in England changes were not readily approved, and the old- 
 fashioned contrivances were in use even down to the battle 
 of Naseby. The plug bayonet was substituted for the pike 
 in the English army in 1672. 
 
 When encamped there was always a piquet of some twenty- 
 five or thirty men, called the corps du gard, posted in advance 
 of the regiment, under a serjeant ; with sentries, which were 
 doubled in face of the enemy, about thirty or forty paces 
 beyond the corps du gard. 
 
 The cavalry consisted of cuirassiers, carbineers, and 
 dragooners. The cuirassiers wore a good deal of defen- 
 sive armour — cashe for the head, cuirass and back-piece, 
 pouldrons for the shoulders, gauntlets, taces, cuisses, and 
 greaves. Their arms were a sword, and a pair of pistols 
 with barrels twenty-six inches long. The carbineers were 
 armed with a gun three feet three inches long, and a 
 sword. The dragooner was a kind of mounted foot soldier, 
 first invented by Gustavus Adolphus. He wore an open 
 head-dress with cheeks, and a good buff' coat with deep 
 skirts. His piece, called a dragoon, was a short gun sixteen 
 inches long in the barrel, with full musket bore. It worked 
 on an iron swivel, attached to a leathern belt buckled 
 over the right shoulder and under the left arm, so that it 
 travelled up and down with ease. Dragoons also had a sword. 
 ' Hfence lance corporal. 
 
cii. Yii.] EQUIPMENT OF AN ABMY. 63 
 
 They formed solid squares with eleven in rank and file 
 instead of ten, because they often served on foot to defend 
 bridges or narrow roads, when the eleventh man held the 
 horses, so that each troop contained 110 men, A troop was 
 divided into three squadrons, one led by the captain, another 
 by the lieutenant, and the third by the cornet. A cavalry 
 captain wore a plume in his hat, and his trumpeter had 
 a banner with the captain's full coat of arms suspended from 
 the trumpet. The calls of the trumpet were called ' points 
 of war.'^ 
 
 Field artillery was^ much used, but the pieces were cum- 
 brous, and they appear as a rule to have done little execution. 
 In the Low Countries the largest field-gun was an enormous 
 forty-eight pounder, twelve feet long, and weighing 7,000 
 pounds, which was drawn by thirty-one horses. Lord 
 Newcastle also had two veiy large guns called ' Gog and 
 Magog,' which Lord Fairfax captured at Hull. Next to these 
 the heaviest EngUsh field-gun appears to have been a culverin 
 carrying a ball weighing seventeen pounds, requiring ten 
 horses to drag it and its heavy carriage. The demi-culverin 
 was a nine-pounder, the saker a five-and-a-half pounder, about 
 eight-and-a-half feet long, and the drake and rabanet threw 
 still lighter balls. The falconet was about six feet long, 
 carrying a ball weighing two pounds, and said to kill point- 
 blank at 280 yards. 
 
 The officers of higher rank in an army were the General, 
 Lieutenant-General, and General of Horse, the Serjeant- 
 Major-General who (as in the case of General Skippon) 
 appears to have occupied the position of the chief of the 
 staff, or Adjutant-General, of modern times ; and the Colonels, 
 Lieutenant-Colonels, and Serjeant-Majors of regiments. It 
 was the duty of the Serjeant-Major-General to draw up 
 the plan of the battje, and to see that the orders of the 
 General for the disposition of the troops were strictly attended 
 
 ' They were derived from the Spanish, viz. :— 
 
 \.Botasilla. 4. Tacquet {maxoh). 
 
 2. Monta cavallo. 6. Carga. 
 
 3. Al Estandarie. 6. Auqtiet (watch). 
 
64 LIFE OF THE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. tii. 
 
 to. There were also Quartermasters and Harbingers, who 
 looked after the lodging of officers and men, Baggage and 
 Forage Masters, Victual Masters, Scout Masters, or heads of 
 the intelligence department, and Muster Masters, whose duty- 
 it was to see that men were present, and that pay was not 
 issued to dead or absent soldiers.' 
 
 Such was the composition of an army in those days ; but 
 it was no easy matter for the officers on either side to bring 
 such a force into the field in peaceful Yorkshire, when the 
 troubles began. The officers of the Parliament could draw 
 some warlike stores from Hull ; those of the King had com- 
 munication with the Low Countries through Newcastle, and 
 the trained bands formed a nucleus for both sides. Then 
 the country gentlemen pulled down the rows of pikes and 
 swords and steel caps that were rusting on their walls, and 
 armed their tenantry ; while the townspeople came forth 
 with such weapons as they could get together. In Yorkshire, 
 during the first campaign, the King's party was far better 
 armed and equipped than the force which rallied round the 
 old Lord of Denton ; but the indomitable resolution, the 
 enterprise, and popularity of Sir Thomas Fairfax, made up 
 for all deficiencies, and enabled the cause of the people to 
 make head against fearful odds, untU the tide was ready to 
 turn. 
 
 ' There are several tooks on the armament, equipment, and drill of armies in 
 the seventeenth century. The most detailed and elaborate is The Soldier's Grammar 
 and Accidence, by &6rvase Markham. The Decades of War give an account of the 
 duties of each oiEcer. It was written by Francis Markham, who was Muster 
 Master for the trained bands of Nottinghamshire. See also Swedish Discipline, 
 London, 1632. The Markhams learnt the art of war under the Veres, a more old- 
 fashioned school than that of Gustavus Adolphus. Just before the civil war broke 
 out, another drill book was published— Military Discipline, or the Young Artillery- 
 man, by William Barifife, Lieutenant (London, 1639). It is based on Gervase 
 Markham's work. 
 
THE YORKSHli 
 
[\E CAMPAIGNS 
 
lG-12.] FAIRFAX'S QUALIFICATIONS FOB COMMAND. 65 
 
 CHAPTEE VIII. 
 
 TADCASTER FIGHT. 
 
 When he took the field, in the autumn of 1642, Sir Thomas 
 Fairfax was only thirty years old. His military knowledge 
 was deriyed from what he saw at Bois-le-Duc when quite 
 a lad, and from the two Scottish campaigns. But in training 
 his men for the latter service, he must have acquired con- 
 siderable experience ; and, though not to be compared to 
 such old hands as Skippon, King, or Leslie, he was doubtless 
 one of the best soldiers among the gentry of Yorkshire. 
 But he possessed qualities which were far more effective 
 than mere experience can ever be without them. He had a 
 quick eye for country, a good head for organisation, and a 
 warm sympathy for his soldiers, which made him exceedingly 
 beloved by them. His delicate frame and constant iU health 
 would have disabled most men from successfully conducting 
 the harassing operations of this campaign. But, though it 
 told upon him afterwards, he despised the fatigue at the 
 time. Every fresh difficulty seemed to increase his resolute 
 perseverance, and, before his judgment had been matured by 
 long service, his enterprising spirit often led him into under- 
 taking operations the audacity of which could only be 
 justified by success. Fairfax and his wife were actively re- 
 ligious. Like Lord Falkland, they were opposed to episcopal 
 church government, but the refined education and high 
 breeding of Sir Thomas preserved him from the more 
 narrow and morose forms of Puritanism. He believed he 
 was fighting in a just cause, and he drew his sword without 
 any thought but for the public good, humbly and sincerely 
 ascribing all his successes to the will of the Almighty. Lady 
 Fairfax accompanied her husband to the field, with her little 
 
66 LIFE OF THF GREAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. viii. 
 
 girl. She was ' a Vere of the fighting Veres,' as Mr. Carlyle 
 calls her, and felt that ITunappleton was no place for her 
 when her lord was camping out on the bleak moors in the 
 depth of winter. 
 
 The Fairfaxes had some consolations which were denied 
 to other families at this unhappy time. They were not 
 divided amongst themselves, but father and son, uncle and 
 cousin, all of the name, were embarked in the same great 
 cause ; though many cousins and connections, and still more 
 neighbours and old acquaintances, were arrayed on the other 
 side. 'This may be said of a Fairfax and a Sheffield,' 
 remarked a newspaper of the day, ' that there is not one of 
 either of those names in England, but was engaged for 
 the service of the Parliament.' ' Then most of 'those that 
 were near and dear to Sir Thomas Fairfax gave him their 
 sympathy. His glorious old grandfather, the Earl of Mul- 
 grave,^ now in extreme old age, heartily approved of the 
 choice that, after anxious deliberation, had been taken by 
 the gallant children of his daughters ; and that most warm- 
 hearted of mothers-in-law, the Lady Vere of Tilbury, was 
 also for the Parliament. If anything could have reconciled 
 Sir Thomas to this deplorable appeal to arms, it would have 
 been the sympathy of those who loved him. 
 
 During November Lord Fairfax and his son were in the 
 west, assembling and drilling their adherents, and calling 
 upon all loyal men to rise for the defence of the King and 
 Parliament. The manufacturing towns were on the popular 
 side, and the stubborn people of Bradford were for the cause 
 of liberty to a man. On November 23 an order from both 
 Houses of Parliament was sent to the Earl of Essex, to issue 
 a commission to the Lord Fairfax, giving him the command- 
 in-chief of all forces raised in the northern counties.^ 
 
 ' Weekly Intelligencer of September 24, 1644. 
 
 2 The old earl had himself fought for English liberty when threatened by a 
 foreign tyrant in the days of the great Qneen, and he lived to see his brave grand- 
 children fighting for English liberty when threatened by a domestic tyrant. He 
 survived to rejoice at the victory of Marston Moor, and his last letter to Lord 
 Fairfax is dated March 30, 1645. He died at the great age of eighty, in 1646. 
 
 ' Additional MSS., British Museum, 18.979. Ihe instructions of Lord Essex 
 to Lord Fairfax are dated January 21, 1642. 
 
161.2.] YOUNO HOTHAM TAKES OAWOOD. 67 
 
 The Hothams were not idle on the side of Hull. As early 
 as October young John Hotham had come out with a part 
 of the garrison, and hunted the archbishop from Cawood 
 Castle. This prelate was the same John Williams (then 
 Bishop of Lincoln) whose troubles were described by young 
 Thomas Fairfax, in a letter to his grandfather in 1637. He 
 remained in the Tower for several years, but the moment he 
 was liberated he showed his zeal for the royal prerogative 
 so diligently that in 1641 he was translated to the see of 
 York. Archbishop Williams looked forward to the enjoy- 
 ment of the dignity and wealth of the archbishopric with 
 intense pleasure. He was by nature and habit a Churchman 
 of the school of George Nevile,' and the profuse hospitality 
 of Yorkshire exactly suited his tastes. But he had scarcely 
 begun to settle his household, when, as his quaint biogra- 
 pher tells us,2 'the Hothams came forth from their den to 
 raven for a prey.' The archbishop was just going to bed in 
 Cawood Castle, late in the night of October 3, when the 
 pious Dr. Feme arrived in great consternation, with the 
 news that young Hotham would be there at five o'clock the 
 next morning. He had vowed to cut off the archbishop's 
 head for some ill words, and he was one that never promised 
 a bad turn but he paid it. So the prelate escaped at mid- 
 night without even a change of clothes, and Hotham arrived 
 next morning after the bird had flown, sacked the castle, 
 and took possession.^ Archbishop WiUiams fled away to 
 IS^orth Wales, his native land, and never saw Yorkshire 
 again. He was of a pugnacious disposition, but probably 
 thought that it would be more decent to don the steel cap 
 and buff coat amongst his native hHls than in his diocese; 
 so he fought for the King in Wales, then changed sides', 
 
 ■Brother of Warwick, the King-maker, who had '4,000 woodcocks at his in- 
 stallation feast m 1474. 
 
 ^ Hacket, p. 186. 
 
 'This affair was most absurdly exaggerated in London. It was said that the 
 Eariof CumberlandattackedHotham at Cawood, and hotly assaulted the place with 
 7,000 men ; that Lord Fairfax came to the rescue, slew 500 Eoyalists in six hours 
 and drove the rest into York; and that York could not hold out for more than six 
 or seven days. See a pamphlet entitled Most Joyful News by Sea and Land, &c., 
 IjOnaon, 1642. 
 
 F 2 
 
68 LIFE OF THE GBFAT LOBD FAIRFAX, [ch. viii, 
 
 appeared in arms for the Parliament at the storming of 
 Conway Castle,' and died in 1650. 
 
 The Eoyalist gentry held the city of York. Their nominal 
 leader, the Earl of Cumberland, was an honest loyal noble- 
 man, but without talent for command ; and all responsibility 
 feU upon his second, Sir Thomas Glemham. This of&cer 
 was a gentleman of good family, who had served for many 
 years abroad, and he showed considerable activity at the 
 opening of the campaign. On October 13 he marched from 
 York with a strong force, to establish a garrison in Pomfret 
 Castle ; and having successfully effected this object, he ad- 
 vanced into the manufacturing districts, to scatter the raw 
 levies of the Fairfaxes. It was by Sir Thomas Glemham 
 that the first blood was shed in Yorkshire. On his march 
 westward he encountered Sir John Savile of Lupset,^ going 
 with his tenants to join Lord Fairfax, and attacked him, 
 killing three of his people, and taking Sir John himself 
 prisoner.^ Glemham then passed through Leeds, and at- 
 tacked the Fairfaxes at Bradford. Sir Thomas drew up his 
 men close to the town, which is in a hollow, so that the 
 Royalists had the advantage of the ground in advancing. 
 But the Bradford Puritans held their own so well, that 
 Glemham withdrew towards evening.* Young Hotham, after 
 occupying Selby and Cawood, advanced from Doncaster to 
 threaten Glemham's rear, who retreated back to York ; and 
 Hotham, with three troops of horse, joined the Fairfaxes 
 at Leeds. 
 
 It will be seen that the Parliamentarians held HuU and 
 Selby, with the line of the Ouse, to the eastward; and the 
 manufacturing towns in the west. The Royalists had their 
 head-quarters at York, with all the country to the south open 
 
 ' EusWorth, vi. p. 279. 
 
 ^ Sir John Savile of Lupset was a son of Sir George Savile of Thornhill, the 
 first baronet, ty the Lady Mary Talbot, and uncle of Sir William Savile of 
 Thornhill. Sir John took the side of the Parliament, whilst Sir William was an 
 active Eoyalist. Sir John Savile married Elizabeth, daughter of John Armytage of 
 Kirklees. His son succeeded as sixth baronet on the death of the second Marquis 
 of Halifax, bnt died childless in 1704. 
 
 ' Lord Fairfax's Eeply to the Earl of Newcastle. Eushworth, v. p. HI. 
 
 * Short Memorial, p. 3. 
 
1642.] SKIRMISH AT WETHEBBY. 69 
 
 before them, and a garrison in Pomfret Castle. Under these 
 circumstances it was obvious to Lord Fairfax that, for several 
 reasons, his best policy was to occupy and attempt to defend 
 the line of the Wharfe. He would thus prevent the enemy 
 from marching south and overrunning the neighbouring 
 counties, while he had his own friends on either flank. It 
 was necessary also to relieve the manufacturing towns, with 
 their very limited local resources, from the whole burden of 
 maintaining the army. 
 
 Accordingly, in the end of November, Lord Fairfax, with 
 a force now increased to about a thousand men, fixed his 
 head-quarters at Tadcaster to command the bridge over the 
 Wharfe, and sent his son Sir Thomas, with 300 foot and 40 
 horse, to hold the other bridge at Wetherby. Young Hotham, 
 with a body of horse, went into the North Riding, where Sir 
 Matthew Boynton, Sir Henry Foulis, and Sir Hugh Cholmley, 
 were raising troops for the Parliament amongst the moorland 
 villages of Eichmondshire and Cleveland. 
 
 From Tadcaster Sir Thomas Fairfax's horse ranged over 
 the Ainsty, driving in the Royalist scouts and taking prisoners. 
 One of his officers rode up to the very bars of Micklegate, 
 where some soldiers were at work, and fired his pistol amongst 
 them.' At last the Earl of Cumberland sent out Sir Thomas 
 Glemham to beat up Sir Thomas Fairfax's quarters at 
 Wetherby, with a party of 800 horse and dragooners. Fairfax's 
 gentries were all asleep, for ' at the beginning of the war,' as 
 he tells us, ' men were as impatient of duty as they were 
 ignorant of it.' So Glemham approached through some 
 woods at dawn, and actually entered the town before any 
 alarm was given. Sir Thomas Fairfax was drawing on his 
 boots, intending to ride over to his father at Tadcaster. A 
 man ran up and told him the enemy was entering the town. 
 He galloped to the corj^s du gard, and found only four men at 
 their arms, two pikemen and two Serjeants. These stood up 
 with their commander just as Glemham and several Royalist 
 officers charged him. Every one of these Cavaliers had a shot 
 at Sir Thomas Fairfax at close quarters with their pistols, 
 
 ' Slingsby, p. 88. 
 
70 LIFE OF THE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. viii. 
 
 wliile he only defended Mmself by making passes with his 
 sword. The pikemen, however, advanced, and after a short 
 but sharp encounter, in which a Major Carr was slain, the 
 Eoyalists retired. At another entrance to the town a party of 
 dismounted Royalist dragooners rushed in under the com- 
 mand of a Colonel Norton. He was met by a Captain Atkia- 
 son on horseback, who fired his pistol, but missed. Norton 
 pulled him off his horse by the belt, and the dragooners 
 broke his thigh with repeated blows, of which wound he 
 died. Sir Henry Slingsby mentions that Norton and Atkin- 
 son had been neighbours and intimate friends. At this 
 moment Fairfax's magazine blew up, leading the Royalists 
 to believe that their opponents had artillery, which they had 
 previously been told was not the case. They beat a rapid 
 retreat to Tork, Sir Thomas Fairfax following them for 
 several miles, and taking many prisoners. His loss was only 
 eight or ten men, seven of whom were blown up by the ex- 
 plosion of the powder.' 
 
 This skirmish gives a most striking idea of the utter want 
 of military experience and preparation at the commencement 
 of the war. The Parliamentary detachment had no sentries, 
 and only four men in its corps du gard, so that the Royalists 
 entered their position in broad daylight, but were seized with 
 a panic, and fled away on the explosion of the enemy's 
 powder, never stopping till they got to Tork. Then we have 
 a glimpse of the consequences of such a war. Norton and 
 Atkinson were neighbours, had sat on the same bench as 
 magistrates, and were doubtless cub hunting with the same 
 hounds early in this very season, Tet before the year was 
 out they were flying at each other's throats. But this was 
 only the commencement. At Tadcaster, a few days after- 
 wards, we shall presently see that both sides had settled down 
 to their new trade after a far more workmanlike fashion. 
 
 In the end of November, when the skirmish took place at 
 Wetherby, the hostile forces in Yorkshire were about equally 
 matched; but the troops of the Parliament were better 
 
 ' Slingsby's Diar^, p. 83. Short Memorial, p. 5. 
 
K542.] THE EABL OF NEWCASTLE. 71 
 
 officered, and had the feelings of the common people with 
 them.' It was then that the Royalist nobility and gentry 
 invited Lord Newcastle to come to their assistance. 
 
 While the King was at York he had summoned the Earl 
 of Newcastle from his retirement at Welbeck. As Hull was 
 lost to him, he determined to secure the more northern port 
 of Newcastle, and commissioned the earl to proceed to 
 Northumberland with that object. Eoyalist garrisons were 
 placed in Newcastle, Tynemouth, Lumley Castle, and Hartle- 
 pool, and the earl rapidly collected a large force from among 
 the tenants of hi9» friends and adherents. He recruited 
 papists and recusants who were forbidden to bear arms, and 
 thus excited an exaggerated feeling of alarm for their religion 
 among the well-affected, who called Newcastle's levies ' the 
 popish army.' By November he had assembled upwards of 
 8,000 horse and foot, the King appointed him general in all 
 the northern counties, and he found himself in a position to 
 comply with the request of the Yorkshire Royalists. 
 
 Before marching, the Earl of Newcastle published a de- 
 claration of his reasons. He said that many gentlemen had 
 represented the sufferings they endured from Sir John 
 Hotham, his son, and many of their seditious and outrageous 
 accomplices, and had desired his aid for redressing them. 
 He therefore declared his resolution to assist his Majesty's 
 distressed subjects in Yorkshire with competent forces ; and 
 he defended the course he had taken in accepting the services 
 of popish recusants, by asserting that they were as much 
 bound to serve the King as his other subjects, and that the 
 sectarians in the army of the Parliament were as much recu- 
 sants as the papists. This might or might not be true, but 
 it is certain that the earl's employment of recusants did the 
 royal cause incredible harm, and raised a violent prejudice 
 against what was called the ' popish army ' throughout the 
 country, which was of course taken advantage of to the fullest 
 extent by the Parliament. 
 
 So the Earl of Newcastle commenced his march, and on 
 
 ' Even Sir Henry Slingsby allows this. He says that the people insulted his 
 levies at Knaresboroiigh, and knocked their hats off. 
 
72 LIFE OF TEE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. viii. 
 
 December 1 a party of horse, under young Hotham, disputed 
 his advance for several hours, at a ford over the Tees, called 
 Piercebrig. But Hotham was overpowered^ and retreated 
 to Tadcaster, while the earl continued his march. Outside 
 the gates of York the King's general was met by the Earl 
 of Cumberland, who delivered up his command,' and by Sir 
 Thomas Glemham, who brought out the keys, and the city 
 was entered in state. A Scotch officer of great continental 
 experience, named King, was afterwards appointed lieu- 
 tenant-general. Goring general of horse, and Glemham 
 governor of the city of York. 
 
 The Earl of Newcastle ^ was a grand seigneur. Clarendon 
 calls him ' a very fine gentleman ; ' and his estimate of the 
 earl's character is thoroughly characteristic of the writer. 
 This sarcastic historian attributes all the opinions of New- 
 castle to a basis of self-interest. ' He loved monarchy, as it 
 was the foundation and support of his own greatness; the 
 church, as it was well constituted for the splendour and 
 security of the crown; and religion, as it cherished and 
 maintained that order and obedience that was necessary to 
 both. He liked the pomp and absolute authority of a gene- 
 ral well, and preserved the dignity of it to the full ; and for 
 the discharge of the outward state and circumstance of it, 
 in acts of courtesy, affability, bounty, and generosity, he 
 abounded. But the substantial part and fatigue of a general 
 he did not in any degree understand, but referred all matters 
 of that nature to his lieutenant-general.' ^ Clarendon adds 
 
 ' And died about a year afterwards at York, in one of the canon's houses. The 
 last of his race. 
 
 ^ William, Earl of Newcastle, was the son of Sir Charles Cavendish, hy Cathe- 
 rine, granddaughter of Cuthbert, Lord Ogle. He was created Viscount Mansfield 
 and Baron of Bolsover in 1620, and Earl of Newcastle in 1628. He was also Lord 
 Warden of Sherwood Forest, and his chief seat was at Welbeck in Nottingham- 
 shire. By his first wife, Elizabeth Basset, he had two sons and three daughters. 
 He married his second wife, Margaret, sister of Lord Lucas, in Paris, after he 
 fled from England. She' was a remarkable woman, and wrote a very quaint and 
 entertaining life of her lord, which I shall often have occasion to quote. 
 
 " Clarendon, viii. p. 394. Sir Philip Warwick says that Newcastle was a gentle- 
 man of grandeur, generosity, loyalty, and steady and forward courage ; but that 
 his edge had too much of the razor in it, for he had a tincture of a romantic spirit, 
 and had the misfortune to have somewhat of the poet in him. Memoirs, p. 237. 
 
1G42.] TAD0A8TEB FIGHT. 73 
 
 that lie delighted in dancing, fencing, and horsemanship, 
 and gave up the greatest part of his time to poetry and 
 music. So that the earl appears to have heen little more than 
 a magnificent ornament, and Lieutenant- General King was 
 the real commander of the Royalist army in the north. 
 General King, however, did not arrive from the Low Coun- 
 tries until March. Immediately after their arrival at York, 
 the leaders of the King's forces determined to attack Lord 
 Fairfax at Tadcaster, and drive him from the line of the 
 Wharfe. They had an army of 8,000 ' men, of whom 2,000 
 were horse and dragooners, and far outnumbered the small 
 hastily levied force of the Parliamentarians. 
 
 Lord Fairfax called in all the levies, and directed them to 
 join his head-quarters at Tadcaster. But his orders were not 
 promptly obeyed. Sir Hugh Cholmley went off to Scar- 
 borough with 700 men, and the greater part of the Eich- 
 mondshire and Cleveland men returned to their homes. 
 Toung Hotham alone came in, was appointed lieutenant- 
 general of the army, Sir Thomas Fairfax being general 
 of horse, and took command of the outpost at Wetherby. 
 Lord Fairfax now had about 900 men, consisting of 
 twenty-one companies of foot, one of dragooners, and seven 
 troops of horse, with scant supplies of ammunition. Of 
 these he was obliged to detach three companies to hold 
 Cawood and Selby, so that his force at Tadcaster and 
 Wetherby, to defend the line of the Wharfe, amounted to 
 under 800 men. 
 
 The little town of Tadcaster consisted of a main street 
 leading down to the bridge over the Wharfe, and a row of 
 houses along the river bank. The stone church, vdth its 
 clere-story and square tower, also stood by the river-side. 
 On the approach of the Koyalist army Lord Fairfax called 
 in Hotham and his son from Wetherby, and threw up a 
 breastwork for musketeers at the north end of the bridge,^ 
 
 ' Lord Fairfax says 9,000. 
 
 ' A new stone bridge was built in about 1710, but the old one seems to have 
 been a handsome structure. When Dr. Eades accompanied his friend Toby 
 
74 LIFE OF THE GBFAT LOBB FAIRFAX, [oh. yiii. 
 
 across the York road. On Tuesday, December 7, 1642, the 
 Earl of Newcastle's army came in sight, marching down the 
 York road, and across the fields on either side. The Fair- 
 faxes held a cotmcU of war, and having come to the con- 
 clusion that the town was untenable, they resolved to di-aw 
 up their little force on the crest of the rising ground, on the 
 east side of the river, beyond which was the undulating 
 country, covered with fields and hedge-rows, already occupied 
 by the Royalists. It was, however, too late to secure this 
 position, and the soldiers of Fairfax only just had time to 
 get behind the entrenchment at the head of the bridge, 
 when Newcastle's men were upon them, and the action 
 commenced at about 11 A.m.' The battle raged until 4 p.m., 
 Newcastle playing on the bridge and town with two eight- 
 pounders {demi-culverins), yvhioh he had planted on the rising 
 ground by the left bank of the river, and sending his foot to 
 attack the breastwork again and again. But the Fairfaxes 
 and their gallant yeomen stood firm, reserving their fire 
 until the enemy were close upon them, and then pouring in 
 volleys with such effect "that the Royalists were thrown into 
 confusion, and took shelter behind the hedges. They then 
 attempted to turn the flanks of the defenders of the bridge, 
 by assaulting some buildings on the river bank. At one 
 moment they actually got possession of a house which 
 commanded the line from the entrenchment to the bridge, 
 but were dislodged by Major-General Gifford with much 
 slaughter; and towards evening they were again repulsed 
 in an unsuccessful onslaught on another flanking house. 
 
 Matthews to Durham in 1610, he wrote an account of their journey in verse. It 
 was a very dry summer, and of Tadcaster he said : 
 
 ' The muse in Tadcaster can find no theme 
 But a most noble bridge without a stream.' 
 But on his return in winter the floods were out, so he added : 
 ' The verse before on Tadcaster was just, 
 
 But now great floods we see, and dirt for dust.' — Brake, p. 389. 
 ' The Duchess of Newcastle gives an exaggerated account of Fairfax's prepara- 
 tions. She says that he had broken down part of the bridge, and planted ordnance 
 upon it, and had raised a very large and strong fort upon the top of a hill leading 
 eastward from the bridge towards Yorlc. 
 
1642.] TADGASTEB FIGHT. 75 
 
 In this latter struggle fell Captain Lister, one of Lord 
 Fairfax's most promising young officers, wliom lie laments 
 as a valiant and gallant gentleman.' This was the final 
 attempt of the assailants. All through that short Decem- 
 ber day the tenants of Nunappleton and Denton, and 
 the stout citizens of Bradford and Bingley, had held that 
 bridge at Tadcaster against overwhelming odds; and as 
 night closed in the Royalists drew off and encamped about 
 Oxton, intending to renew the attack next morning. They 
 left upwards of a hundred dead and wounded in front of the 
 entrenchment. 
 
 The Duchess of Newcastle would have us believe that her 
 lord had made most skilful arrangements, displaying con- 
 summate generalship, which were frustrated owing to the 
 disobedience or incompetence of his officers. She says that 
 his plan was for his horse and dragooners, under his lieu- 
 tenant-general, to cross the Wharfe at Wetherby, and 
 attack Fairfax in rear, while he himself with the main 
 body assaulted Tadcaster bridge ; but that, either through 
 treachery or neglect, his orders were not obeyed.^ If 
 Drake's story is correct,* it was that audacious young 
 Hotham who was at the bottom of the mischief. He is 
 said to have sent off a running foot-boy to Wetherby early 
 in the morning, with a forged letter, signed Will. New- 
 castle, in which he told the Royalist lieutenant-general that 
 though his orders were to attack Lord Fairfax in the rear, 
 yet he might now spare his pains and wait until he got 
 
 ' Captain Lister's wife was Catherine, daughter of Sir Eichard Hawksworth of 
 Hawksworth, who married secondly Colonel Bright, one of Sir Thomas Fairfax's 
 most active officers. His son, passing through Tadcaster some years afterwards, 
 asked the sexton where his father had been buried. The man was digging at the 
 time, and he took up a skull which he declared to be that of Captain Lister. A 
 bullet-hole was found in it. The incident so affected young Lister that he died a 
 few hours afterwards. (Thoresby's Duoatus Lead., quoted by Drake, p. 161.) These 
 were the Listers of Thornton, in Craven, whose heiress married Sir John Kaye. 
 The brother of Captain Lister married a daughter of Sir William Fairfax of Steeton, 
 and a sister, Frances, was wife of General Lambert. 
 
 « Ufe, p. 20. 
 
 • He quotes from some MS., p. 161. 
 
76 LIFU OF THF GBBAT LOBD FAIRFAX, [ch. viii. 
 
 further orders next morning.' Tlie lieutenant-generaP was 
 completely taken in, and halted for the day at Wetherby. 
 
 This dearly bought victory was equivalent to a defeat,' 
 Lord Fairfax calculated that 40,000 musket-shots had been 
 fired during the day, besides artillery ; and his whole store 
 of bullets, match, and powder, was expended. It would 
 have been madness to await another attack in the position 
 his men had so gallantly defended, and the line of the 
 Wharfs must therefore be abandoned. The choice remained 
 between returning to the faithful towns in the West Riding, 
 and retreating to the line of the Ouse, and thus keeping up 
 communication with Sir John Hotham and the arsenal at 
 Hull, whence fresh supplies of arms and ammunition might 
 be drawn. Lord Fairfax chose the latter course. On the 
 same night he marched with his son to Selby, where he 
 fixed his head-quarters, while the younger Hotham garrisoned 
 Cawood. This forced movement left the whole country to 
 the south, and the towns in the West Riding, at the mercy 
 of Newcastle and his ' lambs ; ' but there was no help for it. 
 
 The campaign thus commenced with a very serious disaster 
 to the cause of the Parliament. The Fairfaxes, with only 
 900 men and no ammunition, were driven back to the line 
 of the Ouse, while all the country to the south of York was 
 left undefended, and the faithful manufacturing towns were 
 at the mercy of the enemy. The Royalists, on the other 
 hand, had a well-equipped army of 9,000 men, with artillery 
 and ammunition, and a port at Newcastle, through which 
 
 ' Sir Henry Slingsby says the order was really sent by Newcastle himself, when 
 his lieutenant-general had got as far as Clifford Moor, ordering him to march hack 
 to Wetherby. His advance had been retarded because he had two drakes with 
 him. Diary, p. 85. 
 
 ^ This was Mountjoy Blount, Earl of Newport (a natural son of the Earl of 
 Devonshire), who was created an earl in 1628; was a Royalist throughout the war, 
 and died in 1665. He was half-brother of the Earls of Warwick and Holland, 
 through his mother, a very disreputable woman, Penelope Devereux, daughter of 
 the first Earl of Essex. General King had not yet arrived. He was too old a 
 bird to have been caught with such chaff. 
 
 ' The account of the fight at Tadcaster is from Lord Fairfax's letter to the 
 Speaker, his son's Memorial, Slingsby's Diary, Drake's York, the Duchess of 
 Newcastle's life of her husband, and G-od in the Mount, by John Vicars, p. 230^ 
 
1642.] BETBEAT TO SELBY, 77 
 
 tliey could receive aid from Holland, where the Queen was 
 buying up stores. But the Fairfaxes were not men to be 
 daunted by difficulties. Their courage and resolution rose 
 as the dangers of their position thickened around them, 
 and they at once set about to recover the lost ground if 
 possible. 
 
78 LIFE OF TRF GBEAT LOED FAIBFAX. [ch. ix. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 SIE THOMAS PAIEFAX'S FIEST VICTOET AT LEEDS. 
 
 The Fairfaxes were at bay at Selby ; while Lord Newcastle, 
 after tbeir eTacuation of Tadcaster, advanced to Pomfret, 
 and posted detachments in Saxton, Sherbnm, Church Penton, 
 and all the intermediate villages. The manufacturing towns 
 were thus cut oif from their friends, and were, apparently, 
 at the mercy of the loyalists ; but Bradford, at least, 
 proved a tougher nut to crack than the Cavaliers had 
 bargained for. 
 
 Sir Thomas Fairfax, whose chivalrous nature could not 
 brook that his faithful friends in the west should be left to 
 face the foe single-handed, made an attempt to force the 
 Eoyalist lines a very few days after the fight at Tadcaster. 
 He marched from Selby with five companies of foot and two 
 troops of horse, but the enemy's forces were so strong on the 
 road that he could not pass, so he beat up their quarters at 
 Monk Pryston, and returned to Selby to chafe impatiently 
 and wait for a better opportunity. During this time he had 
 one brilliant little affair of outposts, which was characteristic 
 of his dashing spirit of enterprise, though it led to no per- 
 manent result. 
 
 Sir Thomas Fairfax and Captain Hotham agreed to beat 
 up the quarters of the enemy in some of the villages in the 
 vale of York on December 14. The country round Selby, 
 with the exception of two isolated hills to the south-west, is 
 quite flat, and, save where there are patches of common and 
 whin-cover, it was then, as now, divided into fields, and 
 traversed by drains, rather than streams, flowing sluggishly 
 to the Ouse. But a few miles to the north-west of the town 
 there was a very extensive plantation, called Bishop's Wood, 
 
1642.] AFFAIR OF OUTPOSTS. 79 
 
 which intervened between Selby and the village of Church 
 Fenton, while, further to the south-west, was the somewhat 
 larger village of Sherburn. At four in the morning Sir 
 Thomas started from Selby, with three troops of horse and 
 a troop of dragooners, and, galloping round the skirts of 
 Bishop's Wood, met Hotham at its north-west corner, who 
 had come from Cawood with two troops. They rode across 
 the fields to Church Fenton, each commanding his own 
 detachment, but found the enemy gone. Sir Thomas then 
 determined to make a rush at Sherburn. The country was 
 quite flat and open, and they could be seen for a long dis- 
 tance, so that the only chance was to ride as fast as possible. 
 He led his men across country, just as if he had been fox- 
 hunting, and as he approached the village he made out a 
 body of horse drawn up to dispute the passage of a lane 
 leading to the main street, which was barricaded. Sir 
 Thomas led the van, charged the enemy's horse, and drove 
 them into the village. He then dismounted the dragooners, 
 and stormed the barricade with sword and pistol. His horse 
 here received a shot in the breast, and dropped down dead, 
 just as the enemy were driven out of Sherburn. He was 
 at once mounted again, and, forming his men, he commenced 
 his retreat,^ with several important prisoners, followed by 
 General Goring with a large body of Eoyalist horse. But 
 Fairfax knew every inch of the country, and, leading his 
 troops across the fences and dikes in true sportsmanlike 
 style, got safe back to Selby that evening.' 
 
 Meanwhile the people in the west had to hold their own 
 as best they could. The officer who was chosen by Lord 
 Newcastle to enforce submission from the stubborn clothing 
 towns was Sir William Savile of Thornhill.^ This baronet 
 
 ' Short Memorial, p. 18; Slingsby's Diary, p. 87; and a pamphlet called True 
 delation of the Fight at Sherburn, -London, 1642, 4to. I was a little puzzled as to 
 the time of this skirmish, because Sir Thomas, who seldom gives any dates, places 
 it just before his march to Leeds in April. He seems to hare forgotten to mention 
 it in the proper place, and to hare written down the account of it when the event 
 recurred to his memory afterwards. But Slingsby says positively that it took 
 place ' that day se'nnight we beat them from Tadcaster.' 
 
 ^ Thornhill is in the parish of Dewshury. The park sloped down to the banks 
 of the Calder, and was stocked with venerable trees ; amongst them, the largest 
 Spanish chesnut in England. 
 
80 LIFE OF TEE GREAT LOBB FAIRFAX, [ch. ix. 
 
 was a son of Sir G-eorge Savile, by Anne, daughter of Sir 
 William Wentwortli of Woodhouse, and was therefore a 
 nephew of the Earl of Strafford. He was a hot-tempered 
 man, quick to censure and find fault, and with no idea of 
 showing respect or deference to the orders of his superiors.' 
 Sir William collected a body of foot from his estates along 
 the banks of the Calder, and, with some troops of horse, 
 advanced into the West Riding. Leeds and Wakefield sub- 
 mitted without a struggle, and he then prepared to reduce 
 the intractable people of Bradford to submission. 
 
 Bradford is in a deep funnel-shaped hollow, surrounded 
 by hills, and three streams unite in the bottom, which form 
 Bradford Beck, flowing into the river Aire at Shipley. In 
 those days the town consisted of three streets and a few 
 lanes. Approaching from the east, the road descended the 
 hiU, leaving Bowling Hall on the left, and entered the town 
 at Goodman's end. The main streets, called Ivegate^ and 
 Westgate, were in a line with Goodman's end running 
 east and west. The market-place separated them, whence 
 Kirkgate ran north-east to the fine old parish church, with 
 its great solid square tower, ninety feet high. A street called 
 afterwards Dead-lane,^ from the heaps of slain, connected 
 Goodman's end with Kirkgate near the church ; and Barker 
 end was directly in rear of Dead-lane. The people, both 
 of Bradford and of the surrounding villages, were thrivhig 
 cloth-workers and red-hot Puritans. Their ministers were 
 earnest men, who preached and prayed in season and out of 
 season. Pious Mr. Wales of Pudsey would hold forth for 
 three hours on a stretch, with only the respite of a short 
 hymn at the end of the second hour ; yet the serious people 
 of Bradford often walked out on a Sunday to sit under him. 
 But if they could pray, the Cavaliers soon found out that 
 
 = Letters of Strafford, i. p. 170. In 1639, -when the Vice-President of tlie North 
 ordered all the horse to come to York to be trained, Sir William Savile said that 
 his positively should not, but should be trained in some more convenient place. 
 His uncle Strafford rebuked him for this insubordinate conduct. Ibid. ii. p. 311, 
 and p. 215. 
 
 ' Ive-gate means steep street. 
 
 ' Now Vicar Lane. 
 
1642.] BBADFOBD FIGHT. 81 
 
 thej could fight too. The position of the town rendered it 
 almost indefensible, all aid from Lord Fairfax was cut off, 
 and their best men, with arms and ammunition, were away 
 at Selby. Yet the stout God-feariug Bradforders resolved 
 to defend their homes to the last. 
 
 Sir William Savile threatened fire and sword if they did 
 not submit, and contribute largely to the maintenance of the 
 popish army ; and, only about ten days after the fight at 
 Tadcaster, a body of 700 Royalists pitched their tents at 
 TJndercliff, on the common a mile south of Bradford. Next 
 day they advanced closer, and began firing their cannon into 
 the town. Then one of the guns burst, and a tremendous 
 snow-storm came on, which obliged the assailants to retreat 
 to Leeds. But the respite was only for a day or two. 
 
 On Sunday, December 18, Sir William Savile appeared in 
 person on the hills to the eastward, with five troops of horse, 
 six of dragooners, and 200 foot. They advanced with colours 
 flying in the air, and sounds of warlike music : ' a tremendous 
 sight, enough to make the stoutest heart tremble,' says 
 terrified Mr. Lister, who was an eye-witness.' But there 
 were stout hearts assembled in the parish church on that 
 Sabbath morning, and a resolution was at once taken to 
 defend it to the last. They would have enough to do ! The 
 Eoyalist forces advanced to Barker End, about 300 paces from 
 the church, on higher ground, and there raised a battery and 
 opened fire, while their musketeers occupied some houses 
 near. The Bradforders stationed their surest marksmen in 
 the steeple, which they strengthened by hanging woolpacks 
 round it, and disposed the rest of their men in the best 
 way they could to defend the approaches ; while messengers 
 were sent in all directions to Halifax and the villages in 
 Aire-dale, to beg for assistance. These messengers arrived 
 while the people were in church during morning service, and 
 in many places the ministers stirred up their congregations 
 from the pulpit, to hurry at once to the rescue. One came 
 to Coalley chapel, by Halifax, where the minister exhorted 
 his flock to such good purpose that bold Captain John 
 
 ' Lister's Autobiography., 
 
 a 
 
82 LIFU OF TEE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX. [cH. ix. 
 
 Hodgson and many more at once put their hands to the 
 plough. 
 
 Hodgson, with, a well-armed body of Halifax men, arrived 
 jnst as the Royalists were on the point of assaulting Bradford 
 church. He attacked them with great fury, drove them out 
 of the houses in Dead Lane, and forced them to retreat to 
 their battery. Sir William Savile and his officers were as- 
 tonished. They had expected almost immediate submission 
 from the townspeople, and, instead of that, their own dis- 
 ciplined troops were thrown into confusion. Hodgson gave 
 them no time to recover from their siu-prise. He led the men 
 of Bradford and Halifax on, and they rushed into the ranks 
 of the enemy, fighting without any order, but resolutely and 
 hand to hand. The hottest work was in the lane leading 
 from Kirk-gate to Goodman's End, since called Dead Lene. 
 Late in the afternoon the Royalists drew off, and ignomini- 
 ously retreated to Leeds, followed for some distance by the 
 hitherto despised cloth-workers. Sir William Savile himself, 
 it was said, could not keep his horse from running away with 
 him before the action was over.' The Royalists had had a 
 lesson. Captain Hodgson and his gallant companions spent 
 the night on guard, talking over the exploits of that memor- 
 able Sabbath day, and blessing God for His deliverance.^ 
 
 When the news of the extreme peril of Bradford reached 
 Selby, Sir Thomas Fairfax could no longer restrain his im- 
 patience to cast in his lot with its valiant defenders. With 
 his father's sanction he started one night towards the end of 
 December, with 300 foot and three troops of horse, passed 
 through the Royalist lines, and reached Bradford next day — 
 ' a town very untenable,' says Sir Thomas, ' but, for their 
 good affection to us, deserving all we could hazard for them.' ' 
 The news that ' The Rider of the White Horse,' as Sir Thomas 
 was called, had come to command the well-affected in the 
 west, spread like wildfire from village to village, up the vales 
 
 ' Vicars, p. 244. 
 
 2 The accounts of fins fight at Bradford are in Joseph Lister's Autobiography, 
 Captain Hodgson's Memoir, p. 9i ; the pamphlet called The Sider of the White 
 Horse ; and God in the Mount, p. 240. Lord Fairfax also mentions it in his letter 
 to the Speaker of January 2.5, 1643. See Kushworth, v. p. 125. 
 
 ^ Short Memorial, p. 1 3. 
 
1642.J BIB WILLIAM FAIRFAX OF STEETON. 83 
 
 of Aire and Wharfe, and round over tlie hills to Halifax and 
 Dewsbury. Men armed with clubs, and scythes fastened to 
 poles, came crowding into Bradford ; and valiant Captain 
 Hodgson, who was on the point of going home again to 
 Halifax, changed his mind aiid resolved to serve permanently 
 under the banner of fiery young Tom. 
 
 Yet the cause of the Parliament was almost desperate in 
 Yorkshire, and it was due entirely to that peculiarly English 
 trait of the Fairfaxes — their utter inability to understand 
 when they were beaten — that it was kept above water at all. 
 Lord Fairfax was sl^ut up in Selby, without money or means 
 of obtaining supplies ; his raw levies were undrilled and with- 
 out experienced officers ; and Newcastle, with a vastly superior 
 disciplined army, was master of the open country. It is true 
 that the Committee of both Houses for the safety of the king- 
 dom,^ which sat permanently at Derby House, and was in fact 
 the executive of the Parliament, strained every nerve to assist 
 their loyal member for Yorkshire. They used all means to sup- 
 ply his lordship with arms, and voted £20,000 for his troops ; 
 but the arrival of this aid must be a work of time, and every 
 day was of consequence. The great point now was to enable 
 young Tom to strike some effectual blow in the west, and for 
 this service a supply of experienced officers to drill and lead 
 the clubmen was the most urgent need. 
 
 Now was the time for all true Yorkshiremen to rally round 
 their knight of the shire in his great strait, and one of the 
 first who arrived at Selby was the bold nephew of Steeton, 
 who had been doing good service in the south. 
 
 We have already seen Sir William Fairfax of Steeton sup- 
 porting his cousin Tom in forcing the petition into the King's 
 hand on Heyworth Moor. He had from early youth been 
 engaged in military expeditions, serving in the navy appa- 
 rently at Rochelle,'' and elsewhere ; and it was not until 1641 
 that he had settled down at Steeton with his wife, and was 
 
 ' It consisted of five peers : Essex, Northumberland, Pembroke, Holland, and 
 Saye ; and ten commoners : Pym, Hampden, Holies, Marten, Fiennes, Pierrepoint, 
 Glynne, Waller, Stapleton, and Meyrick. 
 
 ' Fairfax Corrispondence, i. p. 141. 
 
84 MFB OF TEE GREAT LOBD FAIBFAX. [CH. ix. 
 
 placed in the commission of tlie peace for the West Riding.^ 
 He -was a thorough soldier, with a strong will and clear 
 understanding ; brave as a lion, hut never allowing his valour 
 to get the better of his judgment. He was cast in a stronger 
 and harder mould than his cousin of Nunappleton, whose 
 melancholy though excitable temperament was a contrast to 
 the plain sense and coolness of the Steeton knight. The two 
 cousins were, though so different, fast and very dear friends. 
 The portrait of Sir William, at Newton Kyme, is that of a 
 very tall man with dark eyes, thin determined lips, and square 
 firm chin. His naturally curling brown locks fall over his 
 shoulders, and his dress is that of a military oiEcer, without 
 any sign of Puritanism. When the Parliament ordered Lord 
 Essex to form an army in July 1642, and while the Yorkshire 
 gentry were stUl earnestly striving to preserve peace, the 
 soldierly Sir WilUam Fairfax raised a complete regiment of 
 foot,'' of which he was appointed colonel, and joined the army 
 of the Earl of Essex in the south. Sir Henry Cholmley, Sir 
 PhUip Stapleton, and Sir William Constable, also joined 
 Essex's army with regiments of foot from Yorkshire. At the 
 battle of Edge-hill, Fairfax and Cholmley, with the Lords 
 Wharton and MandeviUe, formed their regiments into a 
 brigade on the left of the Parliamentary line of battle ; but 
 their men all broke and fled, in spite of the efforts of their 
 commanders, at the first approach of the Royalists. Sir 
 William and his brother colonels were left to fight almost 
 alone; and, joining another brigade, they strove single-handed 
 to retrieve the honour of their regiments. On this occasion 
 Sir William behaved with extraordinary gallantry, and he 
 continued to serve with Essex for the next two months. But 
 when the news came that his uncle and cousin were at length 
 in arms, he felt that Yorkshire was his proper place, and 
 hurried to Selby with the principal officers of his disbanded 
 regiment, among whom was his cousin the brave young George 
 Tyrhwitt.3 
 
 ' Fairfax Correspondence, ii. p. 262. 
 
 ^ Armi/ List of 1642, reprinted by Hotten, p. 41. 
 
 » Sir William's grandmother, the Countess of Mulgrave, was a Tjrhwitf. 
 
1642.] FAIRFAX ATTACKS LFEB8. ■ 85 
 
 Sir William Fairfax was a host in himself, but other good 
 men and true joined Lord Fairfax in his sore need. The 
 chief of these were Sir Thomas Norcliffe,' Sir Henry Foulis," 
 Captain Mildmay, and Serjeant-Major Forbes. Lord Fairfax 
 at once determined to send these officers to command the 
 clubmen, who were hurrying to the banner of his son at 
 Bradford, where the services of experienced captains were 
 urgently needed. They rode over to Bradford one night 
 early in January, with an escort of horse and dragooners. 
 
 Sir Thomas Fairfax now had a respectable force and some 
 excellent oflScers at*Bradford ; and his opponent. Sir William 
 Savile, was at Leeds with 1,500 foot and 600 horse. There 
 were daily skirmishes between the Parliamentary and Royalist 
 horse, while Sir Thomas recruited his forces from the well- 
 affected villages, especially from Bingley, Shipley, and Mir- 
 field.* A supply of arms had arrived under escort from 
 Selby ; and at last he felt strong enough to attack Savile in 
 his quarters at Leeds. His plan was to divide his force into 
 two divisions, and, advancing down both banks of the river 
 Aire, to assault the town on two sides at once. He had six 
 
 ' Sir Thomas Noreliffe was of Langton, near Malton. He married Dorothy, 
 daughter of Viscount Fairfax of Grilling Castle, and had a deaf and dumb son who, 
 by Frances, heiress of Sir William Vavasour of Copmanthorpe, had a son, 
 Fairfax Noreliffe of Langton, who died in 1720. Of the sisters of Dorothy, Sir 
 Thomas Norcliflfe's wife, Margaret married young John Hotham, and Catherine 
 was wife of Eobert Stapleton of Wighill (brother of Sir Philip), and afterwards 
 of Sir Matthew Boynton ; all men who took a leading part on the side of the 
 Parliament in those troublous times. Sir Thomas Norcliife surviyed through the 
 wars, and died in 1666. 
 
 ' Sir Henry Foulis was the eldest son of Sir David Foulis, a Scotchman who 
 accompanied James I. into England, obtained a grant of lugleby Manor in York- 
 shire, and was created a baronet in 1619. During the tyranny of Charles I. Sir 
 David was brought before the Star Chamber in 1633, for speaking words against 
 Strafford, and for commending Mr. James Mauleverer for refusing to compound, 
 saying he was a brave spirit, and a true Yorkshireman. (Eushworth, ii. p. 215-6.) 
 For this he and his son Henry were fined ^8,500, and committed to the Fleet 
 during pleasure. Sir David died in 1642, and when the war broke out there could 
 not be much doubt on which side Sir Henry Foulis would range himself. One of 
 his dpscendants, Beatrix Foulis, married G-eneral Noreliffe of Langton, the 
 descendant of Sir Thomas Noreliffe, in 1824. 
 
 ' There is a letter extant from Sir Thomas Fairfax to the constable of Mirfield, 
 calling upon all able-bodied men to assemble and join him. &ee Notes and Queries, 
 4to series, ii. p. 149. 
 
86 LIFE OF THE OBEAT LORD FAIRFAX. [ch. ix. 
 
 troops of liorse and three of dragoonets, under the (jommand 
 of Sir Henry Foulis, and 2,000 clubmen and 1,000 musketeers 
 under the veteran Sir William Fairfax. 
 
 On Monday, January 23, 1643, Sir Thomas led his little 
 army into the valley of the Aire. A company of dragooners, 
 under Captain Mildmay, with about thirty musketeers and 
 1,000 clubmen, marched down the valley on the right bank 
 of the river, and formed on Hunslet Moor, which overlooks 
 Leeds from the south, and is about half a mile from the 
 town. The bridge over the Aire, near the ruins of Kirk- 
 staU Abbey, had been broken down, so Sir Thomas Fairfax 
 with the main body crossed the river higher up at Apperley 
 bridge, and advanced to Woodhouse Moor, about a mile 
 north-west of Leeds. He then sent a trumpet to Sir William 
 Savile, demanding the surrender of the town, to which a de- 
 fiant answer was returned. A snow-storm with a chilling 
 wind burst over the moor, and Sir Thomas, leading his men 
 down the hiU to the water-side, commenced the assault. His 
 watchword for that day was ' Emanuel.' 
 
 In those days Leeds consisted of a long broad street called 
 Briggate, leading from the stone bridge across the Aire, up 
 an easy ascent on the north side, with a few lanes at right 
 angles. 
 
 On the bridge the cloth-market was held every Tuesday 
 and Saturday, the cloth being laid on the battlements of the 
 bridge, and on benches below, and on these markei>-days the 
 clothiers could buy a pot of ale, a noggin of porridge, and a 
 trencher of roast meat, for twopence. A greece, or flight of 
 steps built of stone from KirkstaU Abbey in 1583, led down 
 to the water-side. The first turn to the left after crossing 
 the bridge was Swinegate, between which lane and the river 
 were the tenters where cloth was stretched. The first to 
 the right was a footpath known as the calls, leading through 
 orchards and gardens to the parish church. Proceeding up 
 Briggate tliere was a street on the left, called Boar Lane, 
 containing several gentlemen's houses, among which was one 
 belonging to Sir William Lowther, and another the town 
 residence of Mr. Arthington of Arthington, Sir Thomas 
 
1643.] LEEDS IN TEE OLDEN TIME. 87 
 
 Fairfax's brother-in-law. At the end of Boar Lane nearest 
 to Briggate was the old-fashioned house with a quadrangular 
 court, belonging to Mr. John Harrison, a great benefactor 
 of Leeds, who had holes cut in the doors and ceilings for the 
 free passage of cats, for which animals he had a great affec- 
 tion. About two-thirds of the way up Briggate the turn to 
 the right is Kirkgate, which leads down to the parish church. 
 Kirkgate is classic ground, for here dwelt Edward Tairfax 
 the poet before he removed to Fewston, in Knaresborough 
 forest ; and here, too, was the house of John Thoresby, who 
 was fighting under -the banner of Sir Thomas Fairfax, the 
 seventeenth house on the left-hand side going from Briggate 
 to Vicar Lane. In this house his son Ealph, the great anti- 
 quary, was born in 1658. Further on was the vicarage ; and at 
 the end of Kirkgate, quite at the east end of the town, was 
 the parish church, a fine stone building in the form of a 
 cross, with a central tower ninety-seven feet high. The 
 Moot Hall stood in the centre of Briggate ; and beyond it, on 
 the highest part of the town, a street called Head Row ran 
 at right angles. To the left of Briggate it was called Upper 
 Head Row, and ended in Lidgate, opening on the high 
 road up the Aire valley. Here was an old-fashioned house 
 built of brick by Alderman Metcalf, called Eed Hall, in 
 which Charles I. lodged for a night when in the hands of 
 the Scots. In Nether Head Row, on the right of Briggate, 
 at a corner where Vicar Lane connects it with Kirkgate, was 
 Eockley Hall, a very curious old timber house, with floors of 
 massive oaken beams instead of boards. One of the Rockleys 
 married a daughter of that Sir William Fairfax who took 
 his bride from Nunappleton, and was Sir William's executor. 
 At about this time the cloth trade of Leeds had become so 
 flourishing, and the population had increased so rapidly, that 
 the sittings in the parish church were quite insufficient for 
 the congregation. A few years before, Mr. John Harrison, 
 the wealthy citizen who was so fond of cats, had therefore 
 erected a frightful new church dedicated to St. John, at the 
 upper end of Briggate, with a square tower ; and had also 
 built a continuation of Briggate leading to the church, called 
 
88 IjIFJE of TEH GBEAT LOBD FAIRFAX. [ch. ix. 
 
 New Street. St. Jolm's was consecrated in 1634. Henry 
 Robinson, Mr. Harrison's nephew, a son of his sister Grace, 
 became vicar of Leeds in 1632, and erected the steps and 
 gateway leading to Ms uncle's new church. He was a strong 
 Eoyalist partisan, and friend of Sir William Savile. South 
 of the bridge two roads called Meadow and Hunslet Lanes 
 led through pleasant gardens and orchards, over Hunslet 
 Moor, to Wakefield. 
 
 Such was Leeds when Sir Thomas Fairfax came to dispute 
 its possession with the Royalists. Sir William Savile had 
 taken some pains to make the place defensible. He dug a 
 trench about six feet deep and wide, with a breastwork for 
 musketeers, from Mr. Harrison's new church across Upper 
 Head Row, Boar Lane, and Swinegate, to the water-side, 
 with a second inner trench at the tenters, between Swinegate 
 and the river. Two sconces or breastworks were raised near 
 the north end of the bridge, to defend the approach to Brig- 
 gate, and there was also a sconce at the head of Hunslet 
 Lane. Sir William Savile had two demi-culverins ' carrying 
 nine-pound shot, which, at the beginning of the action, were 
 planted so as to sweep the Briggate. 
 
 Sir Thomas Fairfax ordered five companies of foot, with a 
 company of dismounted dragooners, under the command of 
 Serjeant- Major Forbes, to march down to the water-side, and 
 assault the trench near the head of the bridge. Captain 
 Hodgson, the hero of Bradford, served under Forbes.'' A 
 heavy fire was opened upon this party from the lower breast- 
 work at the bridge, but the firing was high, and did little 
 harm. Sir William Fairfax and Sir Thomas Norcliffe led 
 another party to assault the trench near the new church, at 
 the end of Lidgate. Meanwhile Maitland, on the south side 
 of the river, brought his men down Hunslet Lane, drove the 
 enemy from their position at the south end of the bridge, 
 and opened fire on the lower sconce at the north end. This 
 commencement of the action was at about 2 p.m. On the 
 approach of Maitland from the south, Sir William Savile 
 
 ' Not sabers, as stated by some authorities. 
 ' Hodgson's Memoir, p. 96. 
 
1C43.] FAIRFAX'S FIBST VICTORY AT LFFBS. 89 
 
 ordered one of the demi-culverins to be brought down out of 
 Briggate, and, planting it on the bridge, opened fire on the 
 assailants. Some dismounted dragooners on the south side 
 then ran down a lane to the water, and opened such a galling 
 fire on the lower sconce, that the Eoyalists abandoned it. 
 This was not perceived by the assailants on the other side, 
 who were close under the work, until their comrades gave a 
 shout to apprise them. Then they pressed forward. Ser- 
 jeant-Major Forbes, climbing up the wall by the help of one 
 Lieutenant Horsfall's shoulder, was the first to enter the 
 abandoned work. If orsfall and the rest followed, and among 
 the first was a pious minister from Halifax, named Scholfield, 
 who immediately proceeded to praise God by singing the first 
 verse of Psalm Ixviii. : ' Let God arise, and then his enemies 
 shall be scattered, and those that hate him shall flee before 
 him.' As the verse was concluded, another ringing cheer from 
 the south side informed them that the upper sconce had 
 also been abandoned by the enemy. Forbes dashed forward, 
 followed by his men and the pious minister, and another 
 verse was sung. They then pressed forward up Briggate, 
 captured the other demi-culverin, and met Sir William 
 Fairfax, who had stormed the trench by Mr. Metcalf's Eed 
 Hall, and was entering the main street by the Head Row. 
 This was at about four in the afternoon. ' Sir Thomas 
 Fairfax was everywhere, encouraging and teaching valour by 
 his own example.' ' 
 
 The day was won. Sir William Savile,'' Mr. Eobinson 
 the Royalist vicar, and Captain Beaumont, mounted their 
 horses, and fled for dear life. Sir William and the vicar 
 swam the river Aire on their horses, and got safe to Methley, 
 but Beaumont was drowned. Sir Thomas Fairfax took 460 
 prisoners, who were discharged on promising not to serve 
 
 ' May, p. 197. 
 
 ' Sir William Savile was afterwards made Governor of Sheffield by Lord 
 Newcastle, but died at York in 1044. His son AVilliam was created Baron Eland 
 and Earl and Marquis of Halifax by Charles II. ; a noble-minded statesman, whose 
 fame has been vindicated by Macaulay. He died in 1695, and his son, the second 
 marquis, died in 1700, when the titles became extinct. There are several letters 
 from Sir William Savile, in Hunter's History of Hcdlamshire, but none of any 
 particular interest. 
 
90 LIFE OF THE GBEAT LOBB FAIBFAX. [ch. ix. 
 
 against the Parliament, besides the two demi-culverins, four- 
 teen barrels of gunpowder, and many muskets. Sir Thomas 
 lost about twenty men.' 
 
 The result of this, the first of Sir Thomas Fairfax's vic- 
 tories, was, that Wakefield was hastily abandoned by the 
 Royalists, and that Ifewcastle with his whole force returned 
 to York, leaving the country open between Selby and the 
 west. Howley Hall, the magnificent seat of Lord Savile, 
 between Wakefield and Bradford, was garrisoned for the 
 Parliament by Sir John Savile of Lupset. 
 
 During this arduous service Sir Thomas Fairfax had been 
 suffering from ill-health, and towards the end of January 
 he returned with the younger Hotham, whom he already 
 half suspected of treason,^ to his father's head-quarters at 
 Selby. 
 
 ' The best account of this action is in the contemporary pamphlet called the 
 Bider of the White Horse. Captain Hodgson tells us something in his Memoir, and 
 the notice of it in the Short Memorial is very brief. Lord Fairfax relates the 
 results of the action in his letter to the Speaker of January 25, and mentions with 
 just pride that his son allowed no pillage, although the place was taken by storm. 
 See also May, iii. chap. iv. p. 197 ; and a good account of the Leeds action in 
 Vicars, p. 261. 
 
 " See letters to his father, dated January 9 and 27, 1643. Fairfax Correspond- 
 ence, iii. p. 33-5. 
 
1643.] A PAPEB WAS. 91 
 
 CHAPTEE X. 
 
 THE PLANK MARCH TO LEEDS, AND THE EOUT ON 
 SEACEOFT MOOE. 
 
 LoED Paiefax was ^till surromided by difficulties. He liad 
 no money to pay his army or to purchase food, and though 
 many districts were willing to furnish supplies upon the 
 public faith, the occupation of all the open country by the 
 Eoyalists rendered it extremely difficult to get them in. His 
 son had retrieved the affairs of the Parliament in the West 
 Riding by his gallant capture of Leeds ; and in the north 
 Sir Matthew Boynton and Sir Hugh Cholmley had defeated 
 Colonel Slingsby at Guisborough on January 16, taking 140 
 prisoners. At Selby Lord Fairfax had rendered the place 
 more tenable by digging a trench and throwing up a breast- 
 work towards the open country, and by collecting boats on 
 the Ouse for a bridge, to keep open his communication with 
 Hull. On January 27 Lord Newcastle I'eturned with his 
 army to York, marching through Sherburn and Tadcaster 
 with two cannons and a baggage train of forty-five waggons. 
 He left a garrison at Pomfret Castle, and detachments in 
 most of the intermediate villages. It is difficult to under- 
 stand why he made no attack upon Lord Fairfax at Selby, 
 at a time when a large part of his force was detached with 
 Sir Thomas in the west. 
 
 There was a brief lull in the fighting, and the generals 
 of the two armies took advantage of it to wage a paper war, 
 which was commenced by Lord Fairfax. On February 2 
 he issued a warrant to the magistrates, setting forth that 
 the Earl of Newcastle had, contrary to the laws of the land, 
 raised a great army of papists and invaded the county, kil- 
 ling and destroying numbers of Protestant subjects, banish- 
 
92 LIFU OF TEE OBEAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. x. 
 
 ing and imprisoning ministers of the gospel, and plundering 
 goods and cattle. He therefore required all good subjects 
 to assemble with their best weapons, and to assist the forces 
 under his command to drive the popish army out of York- 
 shire. The men of the West Eiding were to rendezvous at 
 Abberford and Sherburn, and those of the East and North at 
 Stamford Bridge and ToUerton. 
 
 In reply to this warrant the Earl of Newcastle published 
 a very long declaration, or rather defence, which takes up 
 five pages of Eushworth.' He challenged Lord Fairfax to 
 show what law he had violated, at the same time admitting 
 that there were some of the Eomish communion in his army, 
 though but a handful, who were employed owing to their 
 loyalty and ability, and not for their religion. He asked 
 how it was possible that the King's forces could invade his 
 own dominions, and denied that he had killed any unarmed 
 men or imprisoned any minister. He concluded by declaring 
 that as Lord Fairfax desired all men to assemble, he the 
 Earl of Newcastle commanded them, on their allegiance, to 
 stay at home ; and that ' as his lordship talks of driving 
 me and my army out of the county, let him express himself 
 more particularly for time and place, and by pitched battle 
 determine our doubts.' 
 
 Lord Newcastle had the advantage of a printing-press in 
 Tork, while Lord Fairfax could only get a few copies of his 
 papers made by soldiers who could write ; yet he prepared 
 a short and complete answer to the declaration, and dissemi- 
 nated it as widely as his means would admit of. He pointed 
 out that Lord Newcastle had violated the law by granting 
 commissions to twelve recusants,^ that three unarmed men 
 of Sir John Sa,vile's were killed by troops under Sir Thomas 
 Glemham, and that the ministers of Knaresborough and 
 Newton Kyme had been imprisoned, and those of Ardsley 
 and Hunslet banished. With regard to the earl's challenge, 
 he replied that, without following the rules of Amadis de 
 
 1 Vol, T. p. 133. 
 
 ' Mr. Stephenson of Thornton, Mr. Trapps, Sir John Middleton, Sir Walter 
 Vavasour, Mr. Addes, Mr. Tlndall, Mr. Bretton, Sir Philip Hungate, Mr. "Waterton, 
 Mr. Thwengp, Captain Gore, and Captain Granger. 
 
1643.] EAST BIDING TRAITORS. 93 
 
 Gaul, or the Knight of the Sun, which the language of the 
 declaration seemed to affect in appointing a pitched battle, 
 he could only say that wheresoever he should find an oppor- 
 tunity to offer battle to the earl, he should take it for a great 
 honour that he could do his lordship that service ; and he 
 hoped that all men who had observed the resolution of his 
 army at Tadcaster and Leeds would easily believe him. 
 
 Lord Fairfax thus, with the last word, decidedly had the 
 best of the argument. Lord Newcastle had published a list 
 of gentlemen of Yorkshire, whom he called traitors,' which, 
 if it serves no other purpose, furnishes an additional proof 
 of the falseness of Clarendon's assertion, that the Fairfaxes 
 were almost the only men of position in the county who were 
 not Royalists. The two Houses of Parliament replied by 
 declaring that this a,ccusation of treason was a false and 
 malicious libel, and that the Earl of Newcastle, having made 
 himself head of a popish army, after a horrible and detest- 
 able manner, was the real traitor. 
 
 The forced inactivity at Selby which continued during the 
 greater part of the months of February and March 1643, 
 and this futile paper controversy, were not at all to the taste 
 of Sir Thomas Fairfax, who, now that the great question of 
 England's liberty was to be decided by wager of battle, chafed 
 at delay, and longed for a sharp and conclusive settlement. 
 
 Selby itself soon became untenable, owing to the treachery 
 of the leading Parliamentary commanders in the East Riding. 
 The Queen, who had been busily engaged during the last 
 year in buying warlike stores in Holland, embarked on Feb- 
 ruary 13, and after a very rough passage reached Burling- 
 ton on the 22nd, with a quantity of arms and ammunition. 
 Lord Newcastle went to receive her, and at the same time 
 Lord Fairfax offered to furnish an escort for her from his 
 Parliamentary army. The old lord was not much given to 
 joking, so we must suppose that he was in earnest when he 
 
 ' Lord Fairfax ; Sir Thomas Fairfax ; Sir Matthew Boynton, Bart. ; Sir Henry 
 Foulia, Bart ; Sir Tliomas Mauleverer, Bart. ; Sir E. Loftus ; Sir Kiehard Darley ; 
 Sir Christopher Wrey ; Sir Henry Anderson ; Sir John Sarile ; Sir E. Rodes ; 
 Sir John Hotham ; Sir Hugh Cholmley ; Sir T. Eemington ; William Lister ; John 
 Hotham; Sir Thomas Norcliife; Thomas Hatcher; Thomas Stockdale ; John 
 Legard, &c. 
 
94 LIFE OF TEE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX. [cH. %. 
 
 sent so important a personage as Ms nephew, Sir William 
 Fairfax, with a letter to the Queen, containing a humble suit 
 to her Majesty to refuse the service of those who had been 
 declared enemies of the State, and to be pleased to admit 
 his forces to guard her Majesty's person. The Queen declined 
 the honour, and reached York with the Earl of Newcastle on 
 March 9. 
 
 Immediately after the Queen landed, the treasonable de- 
 signs in the East Eiding began to make head. The Chohn- 
 leys and Hothams and Bushells were unprincipled, and were 
 actutited by none but personal motives ; and the history of 
 the acquisition of Scarborough by the Eoyalists comprises 
 an amount of complicated treachery which has rarely been 
 equalled. Sir Hugh Cholmley began, towards the end of 
 March, by going secretly to the Queen at York, and offering 
 to deliver up Scarborough Castle, for which he received a 
 commission as Royalist governor.' But he remembered that 
 he had some valuable property in Hull, which would be 
 seized, as he thought, by Sir John Hotham, when his treason 
 became known. For these two traitors did not then know 
 the thoughts of each other's hearts. So Sir Hugh sent his 
 cousin. Captain Brown Bushell of Whitby, to Hull in a small 
 ship ; but Hotham, rendered doubly suspicious by his own 
 guilty conscience, detained him for a time, and then sent 
 him empty away. Meanwhile Sir Hugh Cholmley announced 
 to one of his officers that he had resolved to hold Scarborough 
 for the King, and accordingly this change was proclaimed 
 on March 25. Sir Hugh then repaired to York, and his 
 cousins. Brown and Henry Bushell, again corrupted the 
 garrison, regained the castle without bloodshed, and restored 
 it to the Parliament. Sir Hugh was expelled the House, and 
 impeached for high treason. ]Srotwithstanding all this, the 
 Bushells,' some time afterwards, delivered up Scarborough 
 
 > Sir Hugh Cholmley in his Memoir (privately printed in 1787) says, ' I quitted 
 the Parliament without any diminution to my honour either as a gentleman or a 
 soldier.' He may have satisfied himself on this point, hut he did not satisfy others. 
 
 ^ Brown Bushell had not done changing. He went over again to the Parliament 
 side, and commanded a ship in Admiral Batten's fleet. One change more. He 
 mutinied at the Downs in 1618, and betrayed his trust, handing over his ship to 
 
1643.] THE FLANK MARCH TO LEUDS. 95 
 
 to the Royalists, and Sir Hugh became governor for the 
 King. The conduct of the Hothams was also becoming more 
 than equivocal. Sir Thomas Fairfax had long suspected the 
 younger one of treachery, and the father now refused aU as- 
 sistance from Hull to the army at Selby. Sir John Hotham 
 was jealous of the superior command accorded to Lord 
 Fairfax by the Parliament. He seems to have been a 
 thoroughly unprincipled and ill-conditioned man, and, as his 
 reason for taking the popular side was a personal hatred of 
 Strafford, so his motive for treason to that cause was a mean 
 jealousy of Lord Fairfax. 
 
 The Parliamentary army at Selby was thus placed in a 
 most critical position by the conduct of the East Eiding 
 traitors ; and at last, early in April, the Fairfaxes resolved 
 to undertake one of the most hazardous of military move- 
 ments — a flank march to Leeds, in presence of a hostile army. 
 
 Lord Fairfax's plan was to march direct along the more 
 southerly road, by Sherburn and Garforth, to Leeds, a 
 distance of twenty miles, with the main body of his army, 
 consisting of 1,500 men, ordnance, and baggage-waggons ; 
 while Sir Thomas, with a smaller force of horse and foot, 
 was to engage the attention of the enemy, and divert it from 
 the true object of his father's march. Lord Newcastle had 
 intelligence from his scouts that some important movement 
 was contemplated, but he was uncertain as to its object; and 
 he therefore massed his forces on both sides of the river 
 Wharfe, about Thorparch, with outposts at Walton on one 
 side and on Clifford Moor on the other. 
 
 The duty assigned to Sir Thomas Fairfax was one of great 
 difficulty and responsibility, but it was one well fitted for 
 that enterprising and gallant spirit, and it placed him where 
 he always loved to be— in the post of greatest danger. There 
 was a detachment of about 300 Eoyalist soldiers at Tad- 
 
 the Prince of Wales. At last his inevitable end came, and lie was executed 
 March 29, 1661. But the Bushells were a very honourable family of Euswarpe, 
 near Whitby, connected with the Cholmleys, and this was their one black sheep. 
 A daughter of the family afterwards married Admiral Fairfax of Newton Kyme, 
 grandson of Sir William. 
 
96 LIFE OF THF OBFAT LOBB FAIRFAX. [cH. x. 
 
 caster, and Sir Thomas inarched rapidly upon them from 
 Sherbnrn, occupying the town, while they fled along the road 
 to York. His plan was to lead the Eoyalists to believe that 
 he had the main body with him, and that his design was to 
 make an attempt upon York itself; and he succeeded for a 
 time. He remained at Tadcaster for three or four hours, as 
 if his intention was to follow the fugitives along the York 
 read, which induced Newcastle to send back General Goring 
 with a large body of horse, to get between Tadcaster and 
 York. Sir Thomas then marched towards Newton Kyme, 
 intending to lead his men on to Bramham Moor; while 
 Goring crossed the river by Tadcaster bridge, and followed 
 with vastly superior numbers of horse, he having twenty and 
 Sir Thomas only three troops. 
 
 The ascent from Newton Kyme and the banks of the 
 Wharfe to Bramham Moor is gradual, and in those days, as 
 now, it was through lanes with enclosed fields on either side ; 
 and thence the distance over the elevated country of the 
 moor to Leeds is about twelve miles. For the first five miles 
 the march was over Bramham Moor, in those days a level open 
 plain 300 feet above the sea. But at the fifth mile the moor 
 is broken by a valley, with the little Potterton beck at the 
 bottom, flowing to the Cock beck at Abberford. Here there 
 were some farm-houses and cottages, and the village of 
 Barwick, about a mile to the left. Between this valley and 
 the next is a distance of two miles, over a high open plain, 
 with a fine view to the left, then ca;lled Seacroft, but now 
 generally known as Whin Moor. Then there is the descent 
 to the village of Seacroft, built round a grassy common, with 
 a curious old Elizabethan grange at the entrance coming 
 from Whin Moor. Seacroft is just, four miles from Leeds. 
 There is a slight rise, then a descent from the watershed 
 dividing the drainages of the Aire and Wharfe, with the 
 woods and old hall of Temple Newsom to the left; then 
 another rise, and the last mile is a gradual slope down to the 
 banks of the Aire at Leeds. 
 
 Sir Thomas Fairfax ordered his foot, consisting mainly of 
 raw levies of countrymen, to march up to Bramham Moor, 
 
1043.] TEE FLANK MABCH TO LEEDS. 97 
 
 and to make the best of their way across it, while he re- 
 mained with the horse, and did what was possible to interrupt 
 the advance of the enemy along the lanes near Toulston. 
 Here there was a good deal of firing, but Goring's over- 
 powering superiority in numbers forced Sir Thomas to give 
 ground gradually. He, however, calculated that he had 
 gained sufficient time to enable the foot to get well across 
 Bramham Moor. Great, therefore, was his disappointment 
 to find them waiting for him, the enemy being close in his 
 rear, and the whole width of the moor to be crossed. He 
 divided them into two divisions, with the horse in the rear, 
 and commenced the march, the enemy following at a distance 
 of about two musket shots. Although it was only March 29,' 
 the day was very hot, and when the men came to Potterton 
 beck, many of them went into farms and road -side houses 
 to get drinks of beer. Meanwhile another large body of 
 Newcastle's army had crossed the Wharfe at Thorparch, and, 
 marching by ClifiPord, reached Whin Moor from the north 
 side. Sir Thomas's officers had some trouble in getting the 
 men out of the houses, but at last they were formed again, 
 and were close to the descent from Whin Moor to the village 
 of Seacroft, when the Royalists attacked them furiously, 
 both in the rear and on the right flank. Then there was a 
 complete rout. The countrymen threw down their arms and 
 fled, while the musketeers were either slain or taken prisoners. 
 Sir Thomas and Sir Henry Poulis escaped with the horse, 
 the latter being slightly wounded, and reached Leeds about 
 an hour after Sir Thomas's father had marched into the 
 town, unmolested, with the main body. ' So,' says our hero, 
 'the day concluded with this storm, which fell on me only.'^ 
 Captain Hodgson, who was severely wounded at Seacroft, 
 blames Sir Thomas Fairfax for losing so much time at Tad- 
 caster ; * but, on the whole, the difficult operation of protecting 
 and covering the old lord's hazardous flank march was ably 
 and successfully executed. The rout at Seacroft should have 
 
 ' Heath's Chronicle. 
 
 ' The only detailed account of this day's work was -written by Sir Thomas 
 himself.— iSAort Mem. pp. 23-28. 
 ' Memoirs, p. 97. 
 
 H 
 
98 LIFE OF TEE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX, [oh. x. 
 
 been avoided if possible, but it is not easy to see how this 
 action could have been prevented, and, at all events, it 
 effected the intended object of covering the main body. The 
 Eoyalists fully intended to have engaged the whole Par- 
 liamentary army at a disadvantage, and they were foiled by 
 the superior generalship of Sir Thomas Fairfax. 
 
1G4.3.] THE VICTORY AT WAKEFIELD. 99 
 
 CHAPTEE XI. 
 
 THE VICTOET AT ■WAKEFIELD, AND BATTLE OP 
 ADW ALTON MOOB. 
 
 Loud Taiepax had«garrisons at Leeds, Halifax, and Bradford, 
 and at Howley Hall, under Sir John Savile of Lupset ; but 
 his position was very precarious. At that time the hilly 
 districts round the manufacturing towns were for the most 
 part waste and unproductive, and provisions came chiefly 
 from the vale of York. But the enemy stopped all supplies, 
 both of corn and meat, and there was much suffering, while 
 trade was utterly ruined.' Lord Newcastle's troops had 
 seized the towns of Eotherham, Sheffield, and Wakefield, and 
 ranged all the country to the south-west, extorting heavy 
 fines from the supporters of the Parliament, pillaging the 
 villages, and committing outrages on the people.^ The wives 
 and children of the prisoners taken on Seacroft Moor im- 
 portuned Sir Thomas Fairfax to obtain their release,^ but 
 he had none to offer in exchange, and at last he conceived 
 the idea of making an attack upon Wakefield, which was 
 occupied by 3,000 Eoyalist troops. His intelligence, how- 
 ever, was that the Wakefield garrison did not consist of more 
 than 800 or 900 mSn, and he easily obtained his father's 
 sanction to lead an expedition against them. 
 
 ■ Eushworth, v. p. 269. 
 
 ' Letter to the Speaker, May 23, 1643. See also a pamphlet in the British 
 Museum, Remonstrance of the Present State of Yorkshire. 
 
 ' I must not omit to mention a good and graeipus act of Henrietta Maria during 
 her stay at York, with regard to these prisoners, which is related by Drake. 
 (I. ch. V. p. 163.) Hearing of their missrable condition, and that their wounds 
 would not heal unless they received fresh food, she sent them £20 out of her own 
 purse, and a great quantity of provisions, and got an order from the Earl of 
 Newcastle that each prisoner was to receive 3d. a day for his maintenance. Drake 
 quotes from an anonymous manuscript, the writer of which was against the 
 Royalist cause. 
 
 H 2 
 
100 LIFE OF THE GBEAT LOBD FAIRFAX, [cs. xi. 
 
 It was arranged that, on the night of Saturday May 20, 
 detachments from the Parliamentary garrisons should rendez- 
 vous at Howley Hall, the whole force consisting of 1,000 foot, 
 eight troops of horse, and three of dragooners, in all about 
 1,100 men. The foot was commanded by Serjeant-Major 
 General GifFord and Sir William Fairfax, the horse by Sir 
 Henry Foulis, and Sir Thomas commanded in chief. 
 
 The town of Wakefield, on the banks of the river Calder, 
 was just five and a half miles south of Howley Hall. At that 
 time the houses were chiefly of timber, with a few of stone. 
 Two streets, called Norgate and Wrengate, led from the 
 country on the north side to the market-place, the town 
 stretching out to the east and west. The fine parish church 
 is a good specimen of perpendicular architecture, with a tower 
 and spire of an earlier period, 228 feet high. To the south a 
 stone bridge of nine arches spans the Calder, and at its en- 
 trance is the beautiful little chapel of Our Lady, built in 
 memory of those who fought in that bloody battle in the 
 south fields near the bridge, during the wars of the Roses. 
 
 The Royalists had intelligence of the threatened attack, 
 and lined the hedges on the north side of the town with 600 
 musketeers. The streets were barricaded and commanded 
 by four cannon, and a reserve was stationed with the horse 
 in the market-place. General Goring and Serjeant-Major 
 Mackworth were in command, and they had six regiments of 
 foot containing 3,000 men, and seven troops of horse. Sir 
 Thomas Fairfax commenced his march from Howley after 
 midnight, and appeared before Wakefield at about four in the 
 morning of Whit-Sunday, May 21. What he then saw led 
 him to doubt the accuracy of his intelligence respecting the 
 numbers of the enemy, but it was too late. He led his men 
 to the charge, and soon dislodged the Eoyalist musketeers 
 from the hedges, and drove them into the town. He then 
 ordered his little force to assault the barricades at the heads 
 of Norgate and Wrengate, in two divisions. They were met 
 by well-sustained volleys both of musketry and cannon, but 
 after an hour's sharp fighting the Parliamentary foot carried 
 and cleared away the barricades. Sir Thomas Fairfax then 
 
1643.] TEE VIGTOJRY AT WAKEFIJELB. 101 
 
 dashed into Norgate at the head of his troop, followed by 
 those under Colonel Alured' and Captain John Bright.^ He 
 found the street full of Eoyalist foot, whom he routed, and 
 was then charged in his turn by General Goring at the head 
 of a body of horse. A fierce struggle ensued ; several were 
 slain on both sides, but the Eoyalists eventually gave way, 
 and Goring himself was taken prisoner by Colonel Alured. 
 Fairfax, with his usual impetuosity, had rushed into the 
 thickest of the fight, taking several prisoners ; and when the 
 Royalist horse broke, he found himself in the market place 
 entirely separated from his own men, with a regiment of the 
 enemy's foot facing him, and two Eoyalist officers, who had 
 sworn to be his true prisoners, by his side. He turned down a 
 lane with his prisoners, in the hope of getting back to his men, 
 but came upon a corps du gard of the enemy, under a Serjeant. 
 This was embarrassing. The Eoyalist officers, however, were 
 men of honour, and said not a word, . giving time to Sir 
 Thomas to put his horse at a gap in a stone wall at the end 
 of the lane, which he cleared in good style and thus rejoined 
 his own men. Meanwhile General GiffiDrd had captured the 
 enemy's guns, and, planting one of them in the churchyard, 
 threatened the Eoyalist regiments in the market-place, who 
 thereupon surrendered as prisoners of war. Most of the 
 Eoyalist horse escaped over the bridge; but Sir Thomas 
 found, at the end of the day, that he had taken 1,400 pri- 
 soners, including eighty officers, twenty-eight colours, and a 
 large quantity of ammunition. 
 
 ' Tlie Alureds were originally of Suffolk, but Thomas Alured bought the 
 Charter House at Hull in the time of Henry VIII., and married Eleanor daughter 
 of Ralph Constable. His grandson, Henry Alured of Charter House, had ten 
 children. The eldest, John, born in 1607, was the Colonel serving under Sir 
 Thomas Fairfax. He was member for Heydon in Holderness in the Long Parlia- 
 ment, was a King's Judge, and signed the death-waraant, but died before the 
 Eestoration. He married twice, and had six children. His brother Matthew, 
 with whom John is sometimes confounded, also served on the side of the Parliament! 
 
 2 John Bright of Badsworth afterwards distinguished himself at Nautwich and 
 Marston Moor as a colonel of foot. He was Governor of York during the Com- 
 monwealth, High Sheriff in 1654 and 1655, and was created a baronet at the 
 Restoration. His only son married a daughter of the Earl of Manchester, but 
 died childless. His daughter, Catherine, married Sir Henry Liddell, of Ravens- 
 worth. Sir John Bright's estate of Badsworth passed, through this daughter, by 
 inheritance, into the hands of Lord Fitzwilliam. Sir John died in 1688. 
 
102 LIFE OF TEE GBEAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. xi. 
 
 He was tlius enabled to effect exetanges for the pcJor 
 fellows who had been taken on Seacroft Moor. He was far 
 too weak to think of occupying Wakefield permanently, so he 
 returned at once to his father's head-quarters with the fruits 
 of his victory.' 
 
 Looking to the great superiority in numbers on the side of 
 the Royalists, and to the advantage they had in selecting 
 their own position, this was certainly a most brilliant feat of 
 arms. Oliver Cromwell, no ordinary judge in such matters, 
 was much struck by it ; '^ the two Houses of Parliament ex- 
 pressed their admiration in the strongest terms ; and it would 
 seem that the rising fame of Sir Thomas Fairfax as a general 
 received an impetus from his Wakefield victory, which went 
 on continually increasing until men came to the conclusion 
 that he was the of&cer that should be selected from among a 
 host of able veterans to finish the war. 
 
 Lord Fairfax stiU felt that he was quite unable to cope 
 successfully with the great army of Newcastle. He earnestly 
 begged that Colonel Oliver Cromwell might be sent to his 
 assistance from Lincolnshire, and when this was declared to 
 be impossible, he resolved to fight to the last single-handed. 
 At all events he was keeping the Popish army employed, 
 and preventing it from marching south to join the King. 
 As soon as Newcastle had escorted the Queen out of York- 
 shire, on her way to join her husband, he led his whole 
 army, numbering 10,000 men, to attack the few places 
 garrisoned by the Fairfaxes in the West Riding, and on 
 June 20 he laid siege to Howley Hall. 
 
 ' See the letters from Lord Fairfax and his son in Eushworth, v. p. 269 ; and 
 Sir Thomas's own account of the action in his Short Memorial, p. 30. See also 
 May's History of tfie Long Parliament, book iii., chap. iv. p. 199. He says, 
 ' Such a victory, against so much odds, and so many disadvantages, may serve to 
 teacli how much success may possibly crown bold attempts, and justify the old 
 saying, Audaces fortiina juvat.' Hodgson only notices the Wakefield action very 
 briefly, Memoirs, p. 98. The letters in Eushworth were also published separately 
 in a pamphlet, entitled A Miraculous Victory gained by the Right Hon. Fer- 
 dinando, Lord Fairfax, against the Army under the Command of the Earl of 
 Newcastle at Wakffiild, and sent in Tiuo Letters to the Hon. W. Lenthall, Speaker. 
 London, 1643, 4to. This pamphlet was reprinted atLeeds, by Moxon and Walker, 
 in 1853. The Duchess of Newcastle says very little about this action, p. 28. 
 
 '' Letter to the Mayor of Colchester, Carlyle, i. p. 120. 
 
1643.] SIEGE OF ROWLEY EALL. 103 
 
 Howley, the magnificent seat of Lord Savile, just half 
 way between Leeds and Wakefield, was built by Sir John 
 Savile in 1590. It was sixty yards square, with an interior 
 court, and two gateways. On the south side there was a 
 projecting centre, ornamented with columns and capitals, 
 the windows were large and divided by stone muUions, and 
 cupolas surmounted by weathercocks rose amongst the tall 
 chimneys. On the west side there was a fine bowling-gi-een, 
 on the north a parlour-garden, on the east a cheiTy-orchard 
 with many very old trees, and on the south a kitchen-garden.' 
 The house was on g, hill, and the ground sloped away to the 
 well-timbered park, on every side. The unworthy owner ^ 
 of this princely mansion was with the King at Oxford, and 
 was created Earl of Sussex in 1644. But the place was 
 garrisoned for the Parliament by his cousin. Sir John Savile 
 of Lupset, and a few musketeers, who made a gallant defence 
 against the whole Eoyalist army. Newcastle battered the 
 house for several days with his two heavy guns, and finally 
 took it by storm, ordering no quarter to be given to the 
 governor, and reprimanding the officer who had spared his 
 life. He refrained, however, from causing him to be killed 
 in cold blood.^ 
 
 The Eoyalists then advanced towards Bradford, and came 
 out upon Adwalton '' Moor, four miles south-east of the' town, 
 in the evening of June 29. Here Newcastle halted, and got 
 his artillery into position, including the heavy guns, carrying 
 thirty-six pound balls, which were known as 'Gog and 
 Magog,' or the ' Queen's pocket-pistols.' Lord Fairfax, with 
 
 ' See Whitalcer's Loidis and Elmete, and Scatcherd's Morley, p. 247. Only a 
 iew crumbling walls now remain. 
 
 ^ Not unworthy because he was a Eoyalist, but because he was a man without 
 honour, an habitual liar, and had committed forgery. 
 
 ' Mr. Scatcherd, in his History of Morley, would acquit the earl of having 
 given this barbarous order, and tries to show that the statement arose from some 
 mistake ; but Newcastle's own wife tells the story herself, without any shame. — 
 Life, p. 30. 
 
 * This is the correct spelling. At the time of the ciril war, as now, it was pro- 
 nounced Adderton and Atherton, and so it was frequently spelt. Sir Thomas 
 Fairfax and Heath {Chronicle) hare Adderton. Eushworth spells it Atherston ; 
 Hodgson and the Duchess of Newcastle have Atherton ; and Lister, who was a 
 native of Bradford, gives the correct spelling —Adwalton. 
 
104 LIFE OF THE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. xi. 
 
 only 3,000 men,' determined to marcli out of Bradford and 
 give battle to an army four times as numerous as his own ; 
 for tlie Fairfaxes never counted odds, and often commanded 
 success by the skilful audacity of their movements. On this 
 occasion, however, fortune was against them. 
 
 Adwalton Moor is about a mile across, on an elevated 
 ridge, with a somewhat steep ascent to it, along all the four 
 miles from Bradford. From the moor, looking to the north, 
 there is a glorious view, the high ridges of Tong and Pudsey, 
 and the hiUs beyond the Aire, rising one above the other ; 
 and there are also high hills to the south. But the country 
 is for the most part bare of trees, except in the bottoms of 
 the deep glens, and the stone houses and walls dividing the 
 fields give a bleak cheerless look to the scene. On that 
 warm summer's morning, however, it was clear and bright. 
 At the north-west corner of the moor, towards Bradford, 
 there is a rounded eminence called West-gate HiU, by the 
 side of which a lane, known as Hodgson's Lane, led across 
 the moor to Birkenshaw. On the south-west side another 
 country track, called Warren's Lane, along which five or 
 six men might walk abreast, opened on the moor and led 
 thence, between enclosed fields, to the village of Gomersal. 
 Adwalton itself is a hamlet to the south-east, and somewhat 
 below the ridge of the moor. Newcastle formed his army 
 in line of battle a little in front of this hamlet, and about 
 half a mile from West-gate Hill, which he occupied by an 
 advanced detachment, or 'forlorn hope,' as it was called. 
 Lord Fairfax intended to have marched out of Bradford at 
 four in the morning, with his little force consisting of the 
 garrisons of Halifax, Leeds, and Bradford, and a small 
 re-inforcement of musketeers, that had just arrived from 
 Lancashire ; but Major-General Gifford, who was afterwards 
 suspected of treachery, delayed the march by one excuse 
 and another, so that it was. nearly eight before they were 
 clear of the town. 
 
 ' Her Grace of Newcastle multiplies them to 5,000 musketeers and eighteen 
 troops of horse. Sir Thomas Pairfax, who, to superior knowledge, added a stricter 
 regard for truth, gives the number at 3,000. 
 
1613.] ADWALTON MOOB. 105 
 
 Lord Fairfax led his troops gallantly up the road, carried 
 West-gate Hill at a rush, driving the ' forlorn hope ' back on 
 the main body, and formed in line of battle across the 
 ■western skirts of the moor. Sir Thomas Fairfax commanded 
 the right wing, consisting of a thousand foot and five troops 
 of horse. He formed his men behind the enclosures, at the 
 head of "Warren Lane. The old lord commanded in chief, 
 and Gifford led the left wing down Hodgson's Lane and 
 out on the moor. Cavalry was the Earl of Newcastle's most 
 powerful arm, and he commenced the action by ordering 
 twelve troops to charge across the moor, and attempt to 
 enter Warren's Lane, where Sir Thomas's musketeers opened 
 fire from the hedges on either side, and forced them to 
 retreat, with the loss of their commander, Colonel Howard. 
 In a second charge another Eoyalist commander. Colonel 
 Heme, was slain, and Sir Thomas chased the Eoyahsts back 
 to their guns, and then returned to his former position. 
 
 In the thick of the fight four rascally soldiers managed to 
 strip the body of Colonel Heme without being observed, and 
 returned to their ranks ; but, by a curious coincidence, a 
 shot from one of Newcastle's culverins killed two of them, 
 and wounded the others, although they were not together, 
 but dispersed in different parts of their troop. Their young 
 general heard of the outrage immediately afterwards, and, 
 addressing the other men of the troop, he indignantly warned 
 them that God would punish them for such base acts, when 
 men wanted the power to do so. 
 
 Such a commander as this could not fail to excite the 
 enthusiasm of the youthful chivalry of the county. The 
 vivid picture sketched by Mr. Kiugsley, of a gallant young 
 gentleman drawing his sword against the tyrant King, and 
 in defence of the liberties of his country, is true to the life. 
 Thoresby is a type of the young warriors who flocked to the 
 standard of Sir Thomas Fairfax, and there were many such 
 who displayed their prowess on Adwalton Moor. One of 
 these was Joshua Greathed, then aged twenty-eight, who 
 behaved with extraordinary gallantry. Wherever the work 
 was hottest, on that fateful day, there was young Greathed's 
 
106 LIFE OF TEF GBFAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. xi. 
 
 sword gleaming in the sunlight ; and when at last he was 
 forced down Warren's Lane in the press of fugitives, he 
 took away with him more than one honourable wound. His 
 hat, pierced with two bullets, and with the brim literally cut 
 into shreds by cavalry swords, was long preserved by his 
 family. 
 
 The repulse of the Eoyalist horse by Sir Thomas on the 
 right, and similar success gained by Gififord's foot on the 
 left, made IS'ewcastle look upon the battle as lost, and he 
 had actually given orders for a retreat, when some unac- 
 countable change turned the fate of the day. On such 
 occasions few know exactly what has taken place, and no two 
 eye-witnesses ever tell the same story. The reverse to Lord 
 I'airfax's army took place on the left wing, far from Sir 
 Thomas's position ; but the account he afterwards heard, and 
 which he believed, was that, at the most critical moment, a 
 Eoyalist colonel, named Skirton, led a resolute charge with a 
 stand of pikes,' Gifford did not properly support his men 
 with the reserves, and the Parliamentarians gave ground 
 and broke, the rout of their left wing being completed by a 
 charge of Eoyalist horse. Hodgson says that his friends 
 were routed by the enemy's horse, and does not mention the 
 pikemen; while Lister lays the disaster at the door of 
 General GifiFord, whom he calls Jeffries, and accuses of 
 treacherously withholding ammunition from the soldiers. 
 
 The rout was complete, about 700 horse and foot were 
 slain, most of the surviving infantry were taken prisoners, 
 and Lord Fairfax fled into Bradford with the shattered 
 remnant of his army. The same night he escaped with a 
 small force, and made his way to Leeds. Meanwhile Sir 
 Thomas Fairfax, not knowing what had happened in the 
 left wing, stood his ground against repeated charges of 
 Eoyalist cavalry, until an order came for him to retreat. 
 It was then no longer possible to join his flying comrades, 
 
 ' The Duchess and Sir Philip Warwick, who hoth, no doubt, got their informa- 
 tion from Newcastle, also attribute the sudden change in the fortune of the day 
 to a charge of pikes ; as also does Slingsby, who was present. — Diary, p. 96. 
 
1643.] BBADFOBD INVESTED. 107 
 
 for the victorious Eoyalists intervened. So he marched in 
 good order down Warren's Lane to Gomersal, and thence to 
 Halifax, But fiery young Tom was not one to abandon such 
 good men and true as the bold Bradforders had proved them- 
 selves to be until the last extremity, and he managed to get 
 into the town during the night, taking command of the 
 besieged at dawn of the morning of July 1, with 800 foot and 
 60 horse.' 
 
 Newcastle occupied the next day in completely investing 
 the town of Bradford, and getting his artillery into position. 
 He fixed his head-quarters at Bowling Hall, a seat of the 
 Tempest family, consisting of two square stone towers of 
 great antiquity, connected by a fine old Elizabethan mansion, 
 which was surrounded by a park extending to the outskirts 
 of Bradford. It then belonged to one Richard Tempest, a 
 weak imprudent man — a Royalist and a gamester. The earl 
 found it unnecessary to raise batteries, as the hills, within half 
 musket shot, completely commanded the town. He posted 
 his guns in two positions and opened a heavy fire, which 
 was returned by Sir Thomas with volleys of musketry. The 
 streets were barricaded, and woolpacks were hung round 
 the church tower to protect the musketeers, but a shot from 
 the hiU cut the cord and brought them all down by the run, 
 an:idst the loud cheers of the enemy. On the night of the 
 1st Newcastle offered conditions to Sir Thomas Fairfax, and 
 sent in commissioners to treat ; but while the parley was 
 going on the Royalists treacherously assaulted the town, and 
 there was a sharp fight for nearly an hour, when the 
 assailants retreated. There was now only one barrel of 
 
 ' The Battle of Adwalton Moor is not mentioned by Lord Clarendon ; but it 
 appears that there are two pages blank in this part of his manuscript, intended for 
 transactions he was about to relate, but which he never did. — (See Oxford Edition 
 of 1849, Tol. ri. p. 417, App. 3 M.) The best account of the battle is given by Sir 
 Thomas Fairfax himself (Short Memorial, p. 37-44), which agrees exactly with 
 the brief notice in Eushworth, v. p. 279- See also the Duchess of Newcastle's 
 life of her husband, Lister's Autobiography/, Hodgson's Memoirs, Sir Philip 
 Warwick's Memoirs, and Slingsby's Diary, p. 96. Fairfax, Slingsby, and Hodgson 
 were eye-witnesses. The best topographical account of the grouud will be found 
 in Scatcherd's History of Mcrhy, p. 277, the correctness of which I have tested 
 by personal observation. 
 
108 LIFB OF TEE GBEAT LOBT) FAIRFAX, [ch. xi. 
 
 powder left, and no match. The last extremity had arrived, 
 and Sir Thomas must either cut his way through the Eoyalist 
 army or surrender with the town. There could be no doubt 
 which course he would adopt. He determined to fight his 
 way through the besieging force with about fifty horse, while 
 his infantry, under a Colonel Eogers, took a different route 
 through some narrow lanes, and beat up the quarters of the 
 Eoyalist dragoons. 
 
 During all these perils and hardships Sir Thomas Fairfax 
 had been accompanied by his noble-spirited wife, ' not from 
 any zeal or delight in the war,' as Sir Thomas simply remarks, 
 ' but through a wUling and patient suffering of this unde- 
 sirable condition,' for his sake. She was indeed a devoted 
 loving woman. His delicate frame and constant ill-health 
 increased the danger of the life of excitement and exposure 
 that he was now leading, and his wife, worthy daughter 
 and niece of the heroic Veres, had resolved to share these 
 hardships with her husband, and to face all danger by his 
 side. 
 
 Placing Lady Fairfax on a horse, behind a servant named 
 Will Hill, in the centre of his small party. Sir Thomas rode 
 out of the town a little before dawn, accompanied by Sir 
 Henry Foulis and Major- General Gifford. As the morning 
 broke they were met by three hundred of the enemy's horse. 
 Sir Thomas led a desperate charge, and fought his way 
 through, but many of his troop were slain, and the rest, 
 with Lady Fairfax, were taken prisoners. He found himself 
 alone, but clear of the enemy. By returning he would only 
 have been made prisoner too. His wife was, he well 
 knew, in the hands of gentlemen — his own neighbours and 
 cousins. He therefore turned his horse's head, and rode 
 across country to Leeds. 
 
 The foot were attacked by the Eoyalist dragoons, and, 
 retreating back into Bradford, were all taken prisoners the 
 next day, except about eighty, who seized some of the 
 dragoons' horses and, riding into Leeds, found to their great 
 joy that their beloved commander was also safe. 
 
 It is said that the Earl of Newcastle had given orders that 
 
1643.] TREASON OF THE EOTHAMS. 109 
 
 the inhabitants of Bradford should have no quarter; but 
 that, during the night, a lady in white apparel pulled his 
 bed-clothes off several times, crying out, with a lamentable 
 voice, ' Pity poor Bradford ! ' ' The room in Bowling Hall, 
 which was the scene of this ghost story, is still shown. 
 Certain it is that the final orders were that the people should 
 be spared, although many were wounded and iU-trea.ted when 
 the Royalists broke into the town, and the place was given 
 up to pillage.^ Our old friend Captain Hodgson was taken 
 prisoner and stripped to the shirt.' 
 
 Sir Thomas Pairfafic found a council of war sitting at Leeds, 
 and that a despatch had just arrived from Mr. Eaikes, the 
 Mayor of Hull, reporting the seizure of the Hothams, and 
 that the town was ready to receive Lord Fairfax and the 
 remnant of his defeated army. This was indeed good news, 
 for they were quite unable now to face the Royalists in the 
 open country ; and, besides Hull, they had not a single gar- 
 rison left in Yorkshire. 
 
 The open defection of the Hothams thus occurred at a 
 most opportune moment. Sir Thomas had long suspected 
 the younger one of treasonable designs. Notwithstanding 
 the dash and gallantry of this unprincipled soldier of fortune, 
 Fairfax was glad to be rid of him as a companion in arms. 
 In May young Hotham had joined Sir Miles Hobart and 
 Colonel Oliver Cromwell in Nottinghamshire, and his con- 
 duct became so outrageous that at last he was arrested. 
 Mrs. Hutchinson says that he had a great deal of wicked 
 wit, and would make sport of the miseries of the poor country. 
 He told her husband the colonel, who had protested against 
 his plundering the villagers, that he fought for liberty and 
 expected it in all things, and that if Colonel Hutchinson did 
 not like it he might complain to the Parliament.'' He seems 
 
 ' Lister, p. 13. 
 
 " Mr. Hailstone, of Horton Hall, has an interesting manuscript in his possession 
 relating to the defence of Bradford. It is a ' Certificate of monus paid hy John 
 Lister the father, and Joseph Lister, inhabitants of Horton, towards the expenses of 
 the Parliamentary army, at the taking of Bradford hy the Earl of Newcastle's army 
 on, July 2, 1643.' 
 
 » Memoirs, p. 100. * Memoirs, i. p. 228. 
 
110 LIFH OF TEE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX, [cs. xi. 
 
 to have looked upon the war as a mere marauding expedition ; 
 he plundered both sides alike, and even turned his guns upon 
 Cromwell himself on one occasion, owing to some quarrel 
 about feeds of corn for the horses. His father's guilt was 
 deeper. He had long corresponded with Lord Newcastle, 
 and at last some of his letters were intercepted. 
 
 Young Hotham escaped from arrest and. came to Hull, just 
 at the time when Sir John's treason was discovered. The 
 town and garrison were true to the cause, so the two traitors 
 fled to Beverley, and Sir John Hotham was stopped and made 
 prisoner by his relation Sir Matthew Boynton.^ They were 
 shipped on board the Hercules at Hull, sent to London, 
 lodged in the Tower, tried, and beheaded in January 1645, in 
 spite of the strong efforts that were made to save them.^ The 
 father was a thoroughly selfish, unprincipled man. But it is 
 impossible not to feel some pity for his son — that young 
 dare-devil who was always ready for any dashing affair 
 of outposts, who frightened the archbishop out of his bed at 
 Cawood, and who had the audacity to dispute the passage 
 of the Tees with Newcastle's whole army. But he looked on 
 the war as an opportunity for good sport and wild raids 
 rather than as a ser'ious piece of work, and he could brook 
 no superior. So he shared his father's fate. Had he lived 
 he would have made a glorious cavalry officer. 
 
 Lord Fairfax determined, while there was yet time, to 
 collect the remains of his broken force, make a rapid retreat 
 to Selby, cross the Ouse, and throw himself into Hull, where 
 he hoped to collect another army and resume the war. 
 
 ' Boynton and the younger Hotham married two sisters, daughters of the Lord 
 Fairfax of Gilling. 
 
 ' They had had no less than eight -wives between them, the father five and the 
 son three, so that their relations hy marriage were numerous and influential. 
 
1043.] CAVALRY ACTION AT SELBY. Ill 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 CAVALET ACTIONS AT SBLBT AND -WINCBBT, AND 
 SIEGE OP HULL. 
 
 In the first week of July, 1643, Lord Fairfax retreated from 
 Leeds to Hull, crossing tlie Ouse at Selby ; but this flight 
 was not effected without opposition, and before describing 
 the sharp encounter at the passage of the river it will be 
 well to give some account of Selby and its neighbourhood, 
 with a view to a clearer understanding of the nature of the 
 ground on which both this and a far more important engage- 
 ment, in the following year, were fought. 
 
 The little town of Selby gradually grew up round the 
 wealthy monastery, the head of which was the only mitred 
 abbot but one north of Trent ; so that its chief featmre 
 was the glorious Abbey Church, with its old Norman nave 
 and beautiful decorated ■ choir. The tall central tower, 
 between the two transepts, was supported by four grand and 
 massive arches, and was a landmark for miles round.' The 
 superb west front faced the market-place, and at the time 
 of the civil war the great gateway was still standing — 
 a noble arch flanked by buttresses, with a chamber above.^ 
 But all the other monastic buildings had been demolished. 
 Prom the market-place a long street called the Gowthorpe 
 led to the Leeds road, and on the north side of the Abbey 
 Church a narrow lane, known as Pinkie Street, opened on 
 Micklegate. The only other street was Ousegate, which 
 stretched along the banks of the river and continued to the 
 Cawood road. South of the Gowthorpe and the Abbey 
 Church was the ' Park ' where stood the Abbey tithe barn, 
 
 ' The tower fell in 1690, and destroyed the south transept. 
 ' It was pulled down in 1792-. 
 
112 LIFE OF THE QBE AT LOBD FAIRFAX. [cH. xii. 
 
 313 feet long by 29 wide, witli walls three feet thick, sup- 
 ported by buttresses. 
 
 A lane from the south side of the Gowthorpe led to the 
 village of Brayton, through the park, a distance of a little over 
 a mile, where there is a fine church with a lofty tower and 
 spire. From Brayton Common a narrow lane turned sharp 
 to the right, running parallel with the Selby and Leeds 
 road, and separated from it by fields and hedge-rows, on the 
 south of which are two remarkable isolated hills, the only 
 ones for miles around, called Brayton Barf and Hambleton 
 Hough. The former is overgrown with underwood and whin 
 cover, the latter with trees, and theyxare 140 feet above the 
 sea. These round hills loomed on the horizon in the view from 
 Sir Thomas Fairfax's windows at Nunappleton ; they are 
 visible from Bramham Moor, and were landmarks for ships 
 coming up the Humber. "With the exception of the two hills 
 the country round Selby is perfectly flat, the road down 
 the Gowthorpe leading through the villages of Thorpe Wil- 
 loughby, Hambleton and Monk Fryston, to Leeds, and that 
 beyond Ousegate passing north through Westow to Cawood, 
 a distance of three miles and a half. Much of the land was 
 even then under cultivation, but there were large patches 
 of whin cover, and the extensive Bishop's Wood stretched 
 away north of the Leeds road, just opposite Hambleton, which 
 is three miles from Selby. 
 
 Lord Fairfax made a rapid march from Leeds to Selby, 
 his son taking the post of danger in the rear, and following 
 with an interval of about a mile between them. His lord- 
 ship found a good number of ferry-boats at the staiths or 
 wharves along Ousegate, and was embarking his horses 
 when news came that the Eoyalist garrison at Cawood was 
 upon him. Sir Thomas received the same tidings, and 
 putting spurs to his horse, galloped up the Gowthorpe with 
 about forty troopers, just as three troops of Eoyalist horse 
 entered the town from Cawood. He drew up by the Abbey 
 gateway, and the enemy came thundering down Micklegate 
 and Finkle Street into the market-place. Sir Thomas at once 
 charged and routed them, and chased them down the long 
 
1643.] CAVALBY ACTION AT 8ELBY. 113 
 
 lane leading to Bray ton. When the fugitives reached Bray- 
 ton Common, they turned into the narrow lane that passes 
 along the foot of Brayton Barf, where they were crowded 
 together, and, mingling with their pursuers, there was some 
 hot work. Sir Thomas received a bullet through his wrist, 
 and the wound bled so profusely that he fainted, and would 
 have fallen from his horse had not his men caught him and 
 laid him on the grass, where the surgeon bound up the 
 wound. In a few minutes he was on horseback again, and 
 saw the enemy making their way across country to regain 
 the Cawood road. /This engagement enabled his father to 
 embark in safety, and cross the Ouse with the main body. 
 Sir Thomas had now been twenty hours in the saddle, and 
 as he rode back into Selby a woman brought him out a cup 
 of ale to drink, at the same time telling him to go to Tork. 
 ' You say well,' he answered, ' but I must not go thither yet.' ' 
 To add to his anxiety, his little daughter Moll, then only 
 five years old, had accompanied him in his flight, being 
 placed before her nurse on a horse, and the poor little thing 
 was nearly dead with terror and fatigue. But there was no 
 rest yet, for from some unexplained reason the ferry had 
 become impassable, and Sir Thomas was obliged to make his 
 way along the right bank as best he could. He succeeded 
 in crossing the Trent, and sent his swooning child to seek 
 shelter in a farmhouse, with small hope of seeing her alive 
 again, while he rode on to Barton in Lincolnshire, which 
 place he i-eached after having been forty hours in the saddle. 
 Here at last he tried to get a little rest ; but he had not 
 lain down for a quarter of an hour before the place was 
 attacked by a troop of Eoyalist horse, and hurrying on 
 board a ship that had come for him, with his few remaining 
 followers, he arrived at Hull with his clothes torn to pieces, 
 and covered with blood. Next day he sent a vessel up the 
 river for his daughter, and she arrived safely, having suf- 
 fered no serious consequences from her terrible day^s work. 
 Soon afterwards Lady Fairfax came to Hull in the Earl of 
 
 ' Slingsby's Diary, p. 98. 
 I 
 
114 LIFE OF THE GBEAT LOBB FAIRFAX, [ch. xii. 
 
 Newcastle's own coach, escorted by a troop of Royalist horse. 
 She had been treated with respect and civility by the courtly 
 Cavendish ; all her wishes had been attended to, and she was 
 sent back to her husband as soon as an opportunity offered. 
 Lord Fairfax was so fortunate as to be able, in some degree, 
 to requite the chivalrous courtesy of his noble antagonist, by 
 protecting and doing acts of kindness to his daughters, 
 who were left at Welbeck when Newcastle himself fled 
 from England, after the battle of Marston Moor.* 
 
 The difficulties of the Fairfaxes were fully understood by 
 the two Houses of Parliament, and their great services were 
 appreciated. When the news of the crushing defeat at 
 Adwalton reached London, the Speaker at once wrote to 
 Lord Fairfax, to assure him that the Houses would always 
 extend their utmost power and authority to support him,'' 
 and on July 22 he was formally appointed Governor of Hull. 
 Soon the scattered soldiers of the Parliament began, singly 
 or in small parties, to rejoin their beloved commanders. 
 Lord Fairfax and his son, as Mrs. Hutchinson says, headed 
 all the honest religious Englishmen that were to be found 
 in those parts;' and, before long, they found themselves in 
 command of about 1,500 foot and 700 horse ; and Sir Thomas 
 was stationed at Beverley, with the horse and about 600 foot 
 to avoid overcrowding within the walls of Hull. 
 
 The Earl of Newcastle had now conquered the whole of 
 Yorkshire, excepting Hull, and he marched into the adjoin- 
 ing counties in the belief that at last the Fairfaxes were 
 effectually crushed. He was never more mistaken in his life. 
 After taking and garrisoning the towns of Gainsborough and 
 Lincoln, he received news that Sir Thomas Fairfax was again 
 traversing the country, and that he had even threatened 
 Stamford Bridge, close to the city of York. The Royalist 
 general was urgently requested by his party to return 
 into Yorkshire, and, by the advice of General King,^ he 
 determined to lay siege to Hull, and so finally put an end 
 
 ' Fairfax Correspoiidence, iii. p. 194. 
 
 " Letter from Speaker Lcnthall to Lord Fairfax, July 19, 1643. 
 
 = Memoirs, i. p. 222. « Slingsby's Diary, p. 99. 
 
1643.] SIEGE OF HULL. 115 
 
 to all opposition north of the Trent. It is said that, had it 
 not been for this urgent requisition to return, the Earl 
 would have led his army south to co-operate with the King, 
 and the Duchess declares that if he had done so he would 
 have ended the war.' But it would seem from what Sir 
 Philip Warwick says, who was twice sent on a mission to 
 Lord Newcastle from Oxford, that his most powerful motive 
 for not joining the King was a purely personal and selfish 
 one, arising from a sense of his own importance, and a pre- 
 ference for retaining a separate command. 
 
 The Eoyalist ariify marched from York to Beverley, where 
 Sir Thomas Fairfax, with a small and totally inadequate 
 force, had been ordered to hold his ground. This was im- 
 possible, but he did his best. The enemy's force consisted 
 of 12,000 foot and 4,000 horse. Sir Thomas ordered his 
 small body of foot to retreat to Hull, while he advanced with 
 his handful of cavalry until the Royalist army was close upon 
 him, and then retreated slowly into Beverley, showing fight 
 here and there in the narrow lanes, and closed the gates. 
 This gave time for the foot to make good their retreat into 
 Hull, and Sir Thomas followed with the horse, having the 
 enemy close behind him all the way.'' On Saturday, Sep- 
 tember 2, 1643, the Earl of Newcastle's army laid siege to 
 Hull. 
 
 Kingston-upon-Hull was a strong defensible town, and 
 proved to be the Torres Vedras of the Fairfaxes. It stands 
 at the mouth of the river HuU, its southern side facing the 
 Humber, and its eastern being flanked by the Hull ; and, as 
 the Parliament commanded the sea, there was no chance of 
 its being reduced from want of supplies. The town was only 
 assailable from the 'west and north, where there was a strong 
 double wall. The fortifications commenced on the Humber 
 at a point where there was a pier called the West Jetty. On 
 
 ' lAfe, p. 36. 
 
 ' Short Memorial, p. 61. Poulson's Beverlac, p. 363..- Slingsby's Diary, p. 100. 
 Hull's Managing of the Kingdom's Cause, p. 13. In this pamphlet we are told 
 that ' there goes along with this army almost 1,000 Lloody women, many of whose 
 faces and actions do make them too much to resemble the poet's hellish harpies.' 
 
 I 2 
 
116 LIFE OF TEH GREAT LOBD FAIRFAX, [ch, xii. 
 
 the west side there were ten flanking towers ' and a gate, 
 througli which the road from Anlaby entered the town ; and, 
 at the angle of the west and north faces, there was another 
 bastion, with the Beverley gate on its eastern side. In the 
 northern face there were fourteen flanking towers, and a 
 strong block-honse, and, near where the wall touched upon 
 the river Hull, a bridge of fourteen arches was thrown across, 
 over which went the road into Holderness. Here also there 
 was a building called the Charter House, belonging to Colonel 
 Alured, which Ijord Fairfax was obliged to demolish. A 
 moat ran round the base of the walls from the Hull to the 
 Humber. The old castle was at the mouth of the Hull, 
 on the opposite bank, and the ships of the Parliament were 
 anchored in the rivers Humber and Hull. The overflowing 
 of the rivers at spring tides was provided against by raised 
 banks. 
 
 Newcastle encamped his army in the villages of Hessle, 
 Anlaby, and Cottingham, and a curved line passing through 
 them from the Humber to the Hull formed a semicircle facing 
 the west and north sides of the town. Lord Fairfax planted 
 guns on the walls, and threw up a work on the banks of the 
 Hull, near the Charter House, on which he placed a large 
 brass gun. All the servant-girls of the town helped to carry 
 earth and stones for this and the other works, yet only one ever 
 got hurt during the siege. Lord Newcastle began throwing 
 up earth-works and getting his guns into position ; but, on 
 the 14th, Fairfax caused the banks to be cut, which inun- 
 dated great part of the country during spring tides, so that 
 the Eoyalisbs ' were wet-shod in all their works,' except those 
 on the ridges of the banks. 
 
 The Parliamentary commanders in Lincolnshire, Lord 
 Willoughby of Parham and Colonel Oliver Cromwell, crossed 
 the Humber on September 26, to consult with Lord Fairfax ; 
 and it was arranged that, as the horse was of no use within 
 the besieged town, while several animals died every day for 
 want of good water, they should be sent over the river into 
 
 ' Hollar's plan. ' Hull's Managing. 
 
1643.] SIEGE OF HULL. 117 
 
 tlie neighbouring county, under the command of Sir Thomas 
 Fairfax. The now famous cavalry officer, therefore, went 
 back with his visitors on the same day. This was the first 
 time that Fairfax and Cromwell met ; and soon afterwards 
 they were both engaged in a dashing cavalry action, when 
 each was doubtless impressed with the other's military 
 capacity; 
 
 The old lord continued to conduct his successful defence 
 of Hull. On the 28th the besiegers began a work half a 
 mile from the north wall, and there were many sallies and 
 much hard fighting to prevent its erection ; but at last it 
 was finished, mounted with two brass culverins carrying 
 thirty-six pound balls, and other guns, and named the King's 
 Fort. Red-hot shot were also prepared in furnaces, and a 
 warm fire was opened upon the north wall, the Royalists de- 
 claring that they would burn the town, though they fetched 
 the fire from heU.' Lord Fairfax strengthened this part of 
 his works by adding two large culverins to the battery on 
 Charter House Fort. Finding that no impression could be 
 made on this side. Lord Newcastle commenced approaches 
 along the banks of the Humber, and planted some heavy 
 guns within half a mile of the walls ; upon which Fairfax 
 raised a fort close to the west or ragged jetty, which also 
 protected the shipping, with a half-moon work flanking it. 
 There were incessant assaults and sallies, and on October 3 
 the spring tide again overflowed the Royalist works, and gave 
 them wet lodgings ; but affairs remained in ranch the same 
 state until the 6th, when the Earl of Manchester sent a 
 reinforcement of 600 foot into the town, commanded by Sir 
 John Meldrum, an experienced and able Scot. 
 
 Four days afterwards the Royalists made a general assault 
 upon the works. Captain Strickland, a gallant young officer, 
 led a storming party to attempt the West Jetty Battery and 
 Half Moon, while another detachment attacked the Charter 
 House Fort, on the opposite side of the town. The assailants 
 were not discovered until they began to scale the West 
 
 ' Hull's Maiiaging, p. 16. 
 
118 LIFJE OF TEE GREAT LOBD FAIRFAX, [ch. xii. 
 
 Jetty Works, when they were received with, a galling fire 
 from the Half Moon. Young Strickland then wheeled his men 
 round to make a dash at that smaller work, and had reached 
 the crest of the parapet, when he was shot dead with a 
 brace of bullets in the breast. The townsmen then fell 
 upon the assailants with great fury, and very few escaped.' 
 The Royalists were equally unsuccessful on the Charter 
 House side, and they returned disheartened to their own 
 damp unhealthy lines. 
 
 It was at this time that Sir Philip Warwick paid his 
 second visit to the Earl of Newcastle. There had been 
 much rain, and finding the men ankle deep in water, he 
 suggested that those without seemed likelier to rot than 
 those within to starve. The Royalist general answered : 
 ' You hear us often called the " Popish Army," but you see 
 we trust not in our good works.' ^ This is the best thing 
 Newcastle ever said; there is nothing near so good amongst 
 the eighty-five sapient remarks that are recorded of him by 
 his adoring duchess.^ 
 
 On October 11, Fairfax and Meldrum prepared to make a 
 sally, and assault the enemy's works in great strength. A 
 body of 1,500 men, consisting of soldiers, townsmen, and 
 sailors from the ' Lion,' ' Employment,' and other ships in the 
 Humber, was assembled in two divisions, and at nine in the 
 morning they sallied out. Sir John Meldrum led one party 
 out of the Beverley Gate to attack the enemy's left wing, 
 while the second division advanced from the West Jetty, 
 and assaulted the Royalist forts on the Humber. The camp 
 of the besiegers was a quarter of a mile in rear of their 
 batteries, and in the first rush the Hull men carried all the 
 works, but reinforcements were hurried up from the camp, 
 and they were repulsed. Lord Eair/ax and Sir John rallied 
 their men under the walls of the town, and led them once 
 more to the assault. This time they charged with such 
 
 ■ Many of them died with a ' God damn me ' in the mouth.— Hull's Managir.g, 
 p. 19. 
 
 ^ Warwick's Memoirs, p. 264. s j^^j-^^ book iv. 
 
1C43.] OAVALBY ACTION AT WINGUBY. 119 
 
 fury that they captured most of the besieging batteries, and 
 turned the guns upon the flying Eoyalists. Upwards of a 
 hundred shots were fired from the cannons on the walls, and 
 the fight raged furiously for three hours. It was decisive. 
 Fairfax captured the famous cannons called ' Grog and Magog,' 
 which had done him such mischief on Adwalton Moor. They 
 weighed 6,790 pounds, and carried thirty-six pound shot. 
 He also took a demi-culverin, four small drakes on one 
 carriage, two large brass drakes, a saker, and much am- 
 munition. 
 
 Thus ended the *iege of Hull.' During the night New- 
 castle marched off and returned to York, ruthlessly pillaging 
 the unfortunate town of Beverley on his way, and driving off 
 all the cattle in the surrounding country.^ Like Massena, he 
 had found his Torres Vedras ; but he was consoled for the 
 mortification of his reverse by being created a marquis on 
 October 27, 1643. 
 
 Meanwhile Sir Thomas Fairfax and his cavalry had been 
 doing good service in Lincolnshire. Sir Thomas Henderson 
 was in command of the Eoyalists in those parts, and the 
 Earl of Manchester, who had just captured Lynn in Norfolk, 
 advanced by way of Boston to support the cause of the Par- 
 liament. Lord Willoughby, Sir Thomas Fairfax, and Colonel 
 Cromwell, met him at Kirby in the Lincolnshire Wolds or 
 highlands, about a mile from the castle of Bolingbroke, 
 where there was a Eoyalist garrison, and seven from the town 
 of Horncastle. The Eoyalists collected forces from their 
 garrisons of Lincoln, Newark, and Gainsborough, with a 
 resolution to fight Lord Manchester, advancing against him 
 with seventy-four colours of horse, and twenty-one of 
 
 ' The account of the siege is from Eushworth, the letter from Sir John 
 Meldrum to the Speaker, dated October 14, 1643, in Vicar's God's ArJc, &c. p. 39, 
 and a pamphlet published in London in 1644, entitled 'Hull's Managwg of the 
 Kingdom's Cause (King's Pamphlets, 161). There are also accounts of the siege 
 in 'iKkell's History of Hull, and in Gent's Annales Segioduni Hullini, 1735 A 
 very creditable new edition of the latter work has been published by Messrs Peck, 
 printers of Hull, in 1869. An account of the citadel and fortifications will be 
 found in a pamphlet published by Mr. Leng of Hull in 1858, and a good plan was 
 engraved by Hollar, who died in 1677. 
 
 ' Poulson's Bevcrlac, p. 363. 
 
120 LIFH OF THE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. xii. 
 
 dragoons. Manchester's foot, under Sir Miles Hobart, oc- 
 cupied the village of Bolingbroke on October 11, and next 
 day all bis cavalry was drawn up on Bolingbroke Hill. 
 
 The wolds extend along the length of Lincolnshire, from 
 the Humber to the Fens of Holland ; and from Horncastle to 
 Spilsby they are about ten miles across, consisting of grassy 
 uplands cut by deep glens or dales, which carry off the water 
 to the rivers Steeping and Witham. The road from Horn- 
 castle to Spilsby runs along the water-parting, and the little 
 hamlet of Winceby, consisting of a church and a few cottages, 
 is about half way. A mile further on is another village 
 called Lusby. Both are on the ridge of the water-shed. A 
 deep dale runs off on the north side to the Steeping, and 
 another opens out on the south to the Boston fens, with Bo- 
 lingbroke village and castle in its bottom. Bolingbroke hill 
 is the high land on the west of this dale. The Eoyalists ad- 
 vanced from Horncastle to Winceby, while the Parliamentary 
 horse marched up the ridge on the west side of the Boling- 
 broke dale towards the same point. They encountered each 
 other in a field called Lusby walk,' close to Winceby, at the 
 point where the roads to Bolingbroke and Lusby separate. 
 
 Quartermaster- General Vermuyden led a forlorn hope of 
 dragoons, Cromwell had the van, and Sir Thomas Fairfax 
 followed in support. They rode on at a trot as soon as 
 they descried the Eoyalists, the fierce troopers singing 
 psalms as they advanced. The watchword of the Parlia- 
 mentarians was ' Eeligion,' that of the Eoyalists ' Cavendish.' 
 The dragoons gave the first charge, and had a very sharp 
 encounter ; then Cromwell came on at the head of his men. 
 His horse was killed and fell over him, and as he rose on his 
 feet he was knocked down by a blow from the Eoyalist Sir 
 Ingram Hopton. He never was in greater danger, but a 
 soldier remounted him, and he again dashed into the fight. 
 The Eoyahst van fell back on the main body, and put it 
 into disorder. There was another half-hour's hand-to-hand 
 fighting, at the end of which Sir Thomas Fairfax fell upon 
 
 ' Seven Inodies were recently dug aip in this Held, one with a steel cap on the 
 slinll. They were hTiried in the churchyard. 
 
1643.] CAVALBT ACTION AT WINGEBY. 121 
 
 tlie enemy's flank and completed the rout. 'Come let us 
 fall on,' said he; 'I never prospered better than when I 
 fought against the enemy three or four to one." The 
 Eoyalists fled down a lane towards Horncastle, and were 
 chased by Sir Thomas for nearly five miles. Sir Ingram 
 Hopton and my ancestor Colonel Markham^ were among the 
 slain. The part of the lane, just beyond Winceby, where the 
 greatest executioii was done, has ever since been called 
 ' Slash Lane.' In those days a gate led from it across a field 
 called ' the Pingle ' to Hammeringham, and local tradition 
 has it that some of *the Eoyalists, attempting to escape that 
 way, were clubbed owing to the gate opening inwards, 
 and thus overtaken and slaughtered to a man. Manchester's 
 foot came up too late to join in the action. Winceby 
 fight ' took place on the same day as the great sally which 
 led to the raising of the siege of Hull, and as Sir Thomas 
 returned from the chase he could distinctly hear the boom 
 of his father's guns.* This brilliant cavalry action finished 
 the campaign, and Sir Thomas returned to Hull and went 
 into winter quarters; where, however, he was not allowed 
 long to remain, for the Parliament required his services in 
 the depth of winter for a very important operation in 
 Cheshire. Indeed, while he was stationed at Hull, he led 
 an expedition across the Humber, accompanied by Sir John 
 Meldrum, and retook Gainsborough by storm on December 20. 
 Thus ended, with the year 1643, Sir Thomas Fairfax's first 
 campaign. He and his father had to hold their ground 
 against an army which was more numerous and better pro- 
 vided, and 'it was of the first importance to the cause that 
 
 • Scottish Dove, October 20, 1643. 
 
 ' He was second in command to Colonel Charles Cavendish, who was slain 
 some little time before in a bog near the Trent ; and one account says that Colonel 
 Markham lost his life then, and not at Winceby. 
 
 ' Sometimes called .Horncastle fight. The Duchess of Newcastle splits the 
 difference by calling it Hornby, p. 38. 
 
 * There is an 'Exact Belation' of Winceby fight in the Fairfax Correspondence, 
 iii. p. 62, and another account in Eushworth, v. p. 282. John Vicars gives a ver- 
 sion in his God!s Ark overtopping the WorlcCs Waves, London, 1644, p. 42 ; and 
 there is another in the Scottish newspaper called The Dove, October 13-20, 
 1643. Sir Thomas Fairfax furnishes a short account of the fight in his Memorial, 
 p. 66. See also Ludlow's Memoirs, p. 30. 
 
122 LIFE OF TEE GREAT LOBD FAIBFAX. [ch. xii. 
 
 they should do so, for if they had been crushed Lord New- 
 castle would have been free to march south, and co-operate 
 with the King. Had this taken place — had the Fairfaxes been 
 one jot less resolute and less active — in all probability the 
 tyrant would have recovered his old irresponsible power, and 
 the fate of England would have been changed. She would have 
 had to pass, like France, through a fiercer and more terrible 
 revolution at some later period. The course of the campaign 
 may be recapitulated in a few lines. Newcastle' came from 
 the north with a large well-appointed army, having a good 
 port in his rear whence he received supplies of arms and 
 ammunition. The Fairfaxes held the manufacturing towns 
 in the west, and two posts on the Ouse, while Hull was com- 
 manded by a treacherous rival. They first attempted to 
 hold the line of the Wliarfe, to prevent Newcastle from 
 marching south. Driven from that, they fell back on the 
 line of the Ouse, and were thus separated from their friends 
 in the west. But Sir Thomas dashed across the intervening 
 country, and recovered Leeds by a brilliant assault, which 
 combined audacity with judgment. Then the treachery of Sir 
 John Hotham at Hull obliged Lord Fairfax to make a flank 
 march in face of a vastly superior number of the enemy ; 
 and again the audacity of Sir Thomas, amounting almost to 
 recklessness, enabled this hazardous movement to be effected 
 with trifling loss. The victory of Wakefield, thoroughly 
 characteristic of Sir Thomas Fairfax, was only an episode. 
 At last Newcastle marched against the Fairfaxes with his 
 whole army. They might probably have avoided a general 
 engagement by retreating into Lancashire, but this was not 
 their habit. A crushing defeat ensued, and the Eoyalist com- 
 mander was apparently master of the situation, and free to 
 end the war by overrunning the associated counties. But 
 in the Fairfaxes he had men of the true English type to 
 deal with. They retreated into Hull, at once began to rally 
 their scattered but faithful troops, and Newcastle soon found 
 that it would be impossible to leave such an enemy in his 
 rear. He sat down before Hull, and when he was forced to 
 raise the siege and retreat to York, the fruits of all his 
 
1G43.] BESULT8 OF THE CAMPAIGN. 123 
 
 successes were Tirtually gone, and the campaign had prac- 
 tically been in favour of the Fairfaxes.' They had held 
 their own, and had neutralised a powerful Eoyalist army. 
 
 The most striking quality of the Fairfaxes was a thoroughly 
 English one — the inability to understand that they had been 
 beaten. Every reverse only inspired them with fresh resolu- 
 tion to persevere, and no attempt was too daring, no odds 
 too great, for the enterprising spirit of Sir Thomas Fairfax. 
 But he also acqtiired military experience during this arduous 
 service, his judgment was matured, and he was now well 
 known to the Parliq^ent as a most distinguished OjBBcer. 
 
 After the raising of the siege of Hull Lady Fairfax and 
 little Moll went to London, to pay a visit to old Lady Vera 
 at Hackney. The brave and affectionate wife had shared 
 all her lord's dangers and hardships, and he now insisted 
 that she should have some necessary rest and relaxation. 
 Who could tell how much she might need her strength in 
 the future, which then seemed sufiaciently dark and lowering ? 
 
 ' Lord Fairfax 'doubted not but in a while to visit his dearly beloved West 
 Elding again.' — Slingsby, p. 99. 
 
124 LIFE OF THE OBEAT LORD FAIBFAX. [ch. xin. 
 
 CHAPTEE XIII. 
 
 BATTLE OF NANTWICH, AND SIEGE OP LATHOM HOUSE. 
 
 While the Fairfaxes were struggling for existence in York- 
 shire, the affairs of the Parliament were faring no better in 
 the south, and the leaders of the nation resolved to make a 
 treaty with Scotland that should produce such assistance as 
 would ensure the final success of the cause. Sir Harry Yane 
 the younger — the purest patriot and ablest statesman of that 
 age — was appointed by the Parliament to conduct the nego- 
 tiations with the Scottish nation, and he went by sea to Edin- 
 burgh in July 1643. There were four commissioners, but, 
 as Clarendon says, ' the others need not be named, since Sir 
 Harry was all in any business where others were joined 
 with him.' He had a very difficult service to perform, and 
 it required a man of his consummate ability to carry it 
 to a successful issue. The Scots were more bigoted than 
 Laud himself, they were devoted to a narrow exclusive form 
 of Presbyterianism, and they wished to make the adoption 
 of their system of church government by the English Parlia- 
 ment a condition of their assistance. Sir Harry Yane was 
 determined to secure their aid, but he was equally resolved 
 not to endorse their condition. 
 
 A Solemn League and Covenant was agreed to between the 
 three kingdoms for the reformation and defence of religion, 
 the honour and happiness of the King, and the peace and 
 safety of the kingdoms. All who subscribed it swore to 
 preserve the reformed religion in the Church of Scotland, 
 and to promote the reformation of religion in England and 
 Ireland, according to the Word of God and the example of 
 the best reformed churches. Sir Harry Yane, by insisting 
 
1643.] THE LEAGUE AND COVENANT. Vlh 
 
 upon the insertion of tlie clause ' according to the Word of 
 God,' secured freedom of conscience and liberty of judgment 
 to each subscriber. The subscribers also swore to bring the 
 churches of God in the three kingdoms to the nearest uni- 
 formity, to endeavour the extirpation of popery and of 
 church government by bishops, to preserve and defend the 
 rights and liberties of the Parliaments of the two kingdoms, 
 and the person and authority of the King, to endeavour the 
 discovery and judgment of incendiaries, and to assist and 
 defend all those who entered into the Covenant. A subsidiary 
 treaty was also negotiated, in which it was provided that the 
 League and Covenant should be subscribed in both kingdoms, 
 that a Scotch army should be levied to march into England, 
 subject to orders mutually agreed to by the contracting 
 parties, to consist of 18,000 foot, 2,000 horse, 1,000 dra- 
 gooners, and a due proportion of artillery ; that this army 
 should be paid on account by Scotland, all sums so advanced 
 being repaid on the establishment of peace ; that England 
 should also pay down £100,000 at once, and £30,000 a month ; 
 and that no peace should be made without the mutual consent 
 of both parties. 
 
 This Covenant was subscribed by the English Parliament 
 on September 22, 1643, and in January 1644 the Scottish 
 army, under the command of the Earl of Leven, crossed the 
 Tweed in a heavy snow-storm, appearing before Newcastle 
 on February 3. On receiving tidings of this invasion, the 
 Marquis of Newcastle marched into Northumberland and 
 occupied its capital, taking Sir Thomas Glemham with him, 
 and leaving Colonel John Bellasis Governor of York. Leven 
 declined the siege, but crossed the Tyne on February 28, 
 followed by the Marquis, and passing over the Wear by 
 Newbridge, near Lumley Castle, occupied Sunderland on 
 March 4. It was a severe winter, and the constant snow- 
 storms obliged Newcastle, with his army of 14,000 men, to 
 retire to Durham, enabling Leven to forage over the country 
 between Sunderland and Shields. On the 19th the Scots 
 surprised a Eoyalist detachment at Chester-le- Street, and 
 
126 LIFH OF THE GBJEAT LORD FAIRFAX. [cH. xiii. 
 
 occupied the place, upon wliicli some figliting ensued.' We 
 must leave Newcastle and Leven watching each other in this 
 position, in order to follow the events which led to their 
 htirried march into Yorkshire. 
 
 Sir Thomas Fairfax was able fully and conscientiously to 
 accept the League and Covenant in the form in which it 
 had been agreed to by Sir Harry Vane, and he signed it 
 when a fitting occasion arrived.^ But he had other work 
 cut out for him amidst the snows and floods of that severe 
 winter of 1643-4; and while Newcastle was failing to stop 
 the progress of Leven and his Scots, Fairfax was pouncing 
 down upon a Royalist army of invasion from Ireland, and 
 scattering it to the winds. 
 
 In the autumn of 1643 Charles determined to bring over 
 from Ireland the troops that had been sent to quell the in- 
 surrection of the Roman Catholics. A cessation of arms 
 for a year was therefore agreed upon between the Royalist 
 Earl of Ormond and the Roman Catholic Irish under Viscount 
 Muskerry,' on September 15, against which the two Houses 
 protested, but measures were at once taken for sending the 
 troops over to England to reinforce the Royalists. Clarendon 
 says that no Irish came with them, but this is certainly 
 untrue ; "• and at all events the troops had been brutalised by 
 service in Ireland, and their invasion of England excited just 
 indignation, even among numbers of the King's friends. It 
 alienated the affections of several peers and others, and Sir 
 Edward Dering especially published his reasons for making 
 
 ' Sir Philip Warwick says that the Sgota were reinforced ty 2,000 men from 
 Hull, many of them stout seamen, which enabled Leven to attack and gain an 
 advantage over Newcastle at a place called Hilton. — Memoirs, p. 298. 
 
 ^ Copies of the Covenant were ordered to be sent to all generals and governors 
 of towns, that it might be taken by the soldiers under their command ; and it 
 was also to be read to the people by the ministers in all churches. 
 
 " This was Donogh M'Carty, Lord of Blarney, a wild Irishman, to whom, how- 
 ever, Ormond gave his sister in marriage. He was created Earl of Clanearty 
 in 1658. 
 
 * Lord Inchiquin landed 800 Irish at Weymouth, and ' these wretches brought 
 the same savage disposition as they had discovered in their own country'; they 
 plundered and killed people in cold blood, observing neither the rules of honour 
 nor the laws of arras.' — Neal's Puritans, iii. p. 86. See also Godwin, i. p. 281, 
 note, and Whitelocke, p. 81. 
 
1644.J BYBON'8 IRISH ARMY. 127 
 
 his peace witli the Parhament on this occasion. A portion 
 of this Irish force was landed at Mostyn in Flintshire, in 
 November 1643, and placed under the command of Lord 
 Byron, or ' Bloody Byron ' as he was called, who declared, 
 with reference to the feeling against the Irish invasion, that 
 ' he knew no reason why the King should make any scruple 
 of calling in the Turks, if they should serve him.' ' After 
 taking Hawarden and Beeston Castles, they invaded Cheshire, 
 where Sir William Brereton drew together his forces to oppose 
 them. 
 
 Sir William Brereton, an able and zealous officer of an 
 ancient Cheshire family, had been sent down by the Parlia- 
 ment in the beginning of the war to secure his native 
 county, and had fortified Nantwich, which town he made 
 his head-quarters ; while the Royalists, under Sir Nicholas 
 Byron, held the city of Chester. In March 1643, Brere- 
 ton had defeated Sir Thomas Aston at Middlewich,^ and 
 Clarendon acknowledges that he ' executed his command 
 with notable sobriety and indefatigable industry,' and that 
 the common people were devoted to him, and gave him in- 
 telligence, because he paid for everything, whereas the 
 Royalists lived at free quarters. 
 
 Lord Byron's Irish army advanced into Cheshire, bragging 
 and boasting, and despising their enemy ; and, if a certain 
 Captain Byrch, whose letter is in the Ormond Collection, 
 may be taken as a type of its officers, they were puffed up 
 with insolence and self-sufficiency, and likely to collapse at 
 the first reverse. Hearing that Sir William was encamped 
 at Sandbage, a place famous for strong ale, Byron marched 
 in that direction, and afterwards fell upon Brereton's horse 
 at Middlewich, and kiUed 300. He then laid siege to Nant- 
 wich in the depth of winter, and on January 14 assaulted 
 the town in five different places, but was gallantly repulsed 
 at all points. Nevertheless he continued the siege, and the 
 affairs of the Parliament were in a very critical position in 
 
 ' Carte, i. p. 36. 
 
 ^ Onnerod gives a copy of a pamphlet entitled Cheshire's Successe, London, 
 March 25, 1643, comprising the events from the arrival of Sir 'William Brereton 
 to the affair at Middlewich. 
 
128 LIFE OF TEE GBBAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. xiii. 
 
 Cheshire, Nantwich being the only place of importance that 
 was held by their forces. 
 
 Under these circumstances, the two Houses turned to 
 young Sir Thomas Fairfax to retrieve their affairs in the 
 west. When he received orders to undertake this service 
 his men were sickly, worn out with the fatigues of the trying 
 Yorkshire campaign, and half naked. But, in spite of all 
 this, he prepared to obey his orders. He raised money on 
 his own credit, which enabled him to buy cloth sufficient 
 to clothe 1,500 men, and on December 29 he set out from 
 Falkingham in Lincolnshire, at the head of 2,800 horse and 
 600 dragoons, with power to draw together all the regiments 
 of foot in Lancashire and Cheshire. He requested Colonel 
 Hutchinson to send him the horse quartered at Nottingham, 
 who, however, refused to join him, * not out of cowardice, 
 but because they had the general fault of all the Parliament 
 party, and were not very obedient to command.' ' Passing 
 through Derbyshire and Staffordshire, he reached Man- 
 chester, where he soon increased his force by an addition of 
 3,000 foot, which enabled him at once to march to the relief 
 of Nantwich. Among these levies were some of his old 
 comrades in arms, who had been scattered after- the rout of 
 Adwalton. They were collected into companies by our brave 
 old friend Hodgson, who marched them from Craven in 
 Yorkshire to Manchester ; but they were haggard from im- 
 prisonment, and half naked, and when Sir Thomas saw them 
 he burst into tears. ^ He recognised among them many a 
 familiar face — Nunappleton tenants doubtless — who had 
 marched and fought with him ever since that first brave 
 stand on Tadcaster Bridge ; and ' Black Tom,' as they called 
 him in their loving familiarity, could not look nnmoved on 
 their destitute condition. Brave as a lion in battle, he was 
 tender-hearted as any woman where the welfare or comfort 
 of his soldiers was concerned, and their necessities were at 
 once attended to. 
 
 ' 3frs. Hutchinson, i. p. 306. 
 
 '' Memoirs, p. 101. ' The good man wept when he looked upon us,' says Captain 
 Hodgson. 
 
IC-M.] BATTLE OF NANTWICE. 129 
 
 Nantwich is in a low flat country, about twenty miles 
 south-east of Chester, on the banks of the river Wearer. It 
 was an old-fashioned place in those days, with timber houses 
 having large bay windows and projecting stories. It had been 
 surrounded by earth-works, and the garrison was commanded 
 by stout Sir George Booth. Lord Byron's army surrounded 
 the town, and was encamped on both sides of the Weaver, 
 his head-quarters being at the village of Acton, about a mile 
 north-west of Nantwich, on the Chester road. The troops 
 found quarters in Acton church, a stone edifice of richly 
 pointed Gothid^ with pinnacles and buttresses; while the 
 officers were lodged at Dorfold House, the old seat of the 
 Wilbrahams, a lofty pUe of dark brick, having bay windows 
 and groups of massy chimneys, with an avenue leading to it 
 from Acton. But these Irish invaders spread themselves 
 into the surrounding villages, robbing and plundering all 
 they could lay their hands upon. Lord Byron's army con- 
 sisted of 3,000 foot and 1,800 horse. Under Byron, a Sir 
 Michael Eamley was lieutenant-general, and his colonels 
 were Monk, Fleetwood, Butler, Gibson, Warren, his brother 
 Sir Eobert Byron, and Sir Fulk Huncks. Lord Byron ac- 
 knowledges that the country people were ill-affected, and 
 that he never could procure intelligence. 
 
 Sir Thomas Fairfax marched from Manchester on Jan. 21, 
 1644, and, forming a junction with Sir William Brereton, 
 he was able to lead 2,500 foot and twenty-eight troops 
 of horse to raise the siege of Nantwich. He had with 
 him his cousin. Sir William Fairfax, Colonels Lambert and 
 Copley, commanding regiments of horse ; and among the 
 infantry officers was Colonel Bright, who had served through 
 the Yorkshire campaign, and into whose regiment the com- 
 panies brought by Captain Hodgson were incorporated. Sir 
 Thomas encountered a party of the enemy in Delamere 
 Forest, and six miles further on they attempted to hold a 
 narrow part of the road against him with 200 men ; but he 
 dismounted some dragoons, who carried the position with 
 little loss. He then formed his army in the order in which 
 he intended to fight, and advanced towards Na.ntwich, across 
 
 K 
 
130 LIFE OF TEE GRFAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. xiii. 
 
 a country cut up by ditches and hedgerows. This was on 
 January 28. 
 
 During the previous night there had been a thaw, with 
 very heavy rain, which swelled the river Weaver, and carried 
 the ferry-boat away, so that communication was cut off 
 between the two parts of Byron's army, and the force on the 
 further side was obliged to march round for six miles before 
 it could join the main body. Lord Byron formed his troops 
 across the country a mile north of Nantwich, with his 
 brother's regiment on the left wing, Gibson's on the right, 
 and Warren's and Earnley's in the centre. Sir Michael 
 Earnley being sick, Colonel Gibson vras entrusted with the 
 arrangement of the details which formed the duty of a 
 major-general, and he stationed the regiment of Sir Fulk 
 Hunclrs in the rear, to watch the Nantwich garrison. The 
 nature of the ground made it very difficult for cavalry 
 to act. 
 
 After the action became general along the line of battle, 
 the Royalist wings forced their opponents to give ground in 
 the fields, when Sir William Fairfax opportunely dashed 
 down some flanking lanes with his horse, cleared them of the ■ 
 enemy, and thus so encouraged the foot soldiers, that they 
 rallied and drove the Royalists back from hedge to hedge ; 
 but there was some hard fighting, and the regiments of Sir 
 Robert Byron and Colonel Gibson behaved very gallantly. 
 The conduct of Byron's centre was the immediate cause of 
 his defeat. Warren's regiment, though led by the much- 
 vaunted Colonel Monk, no sooner charged than it broke, 
 was rallied by its officers, and, at the next charge, broke 
 altogether and ran away. Earnley's regiment also fled, so 
 that Sir Thomas Fairfax found his centre disengaged, and, 
 wheeling it in divisions to right and left, he fell upon the 
 flanks of the Royalist wings, and completed the victory. 
 Meanwhile the din and confusion were increased by both 
 armies being attacked in the rear. The detachment of 
 Byron's force that had been on the further bank of the 
 Weaver did not come round until the battle had commenced, 
 when they attacked Fairfax's rear, but were kept in check 
 
1644.] BATTLE OF NANTWIGE. 131 
 
 by two regiments of foot and Sir Thomas's own troop of 
 horse, under Major Eokeby. At the same time Governor 
 Booth sallied out of Nantwich with 600 musketeers to attack 
 the Royalist rear. They routed the reserve under Sir Fulk 
 Huncks, and captured the artillery in Acton churchyard. 
 
 Fairfax's victory was complete. The fight had commenced 
 at half-past three in the afternoon, and was over by six. 
 Lord Byron and the cavalry escaped to Chester, but the 
 other officers took refuge in Acton church and cried for 
 quarter, while the soldiers fled in all directions, many of them 
 taking service under the victorious general. All the Royalist 
 colonels, including the subsequently notorious Monk, 1,500 
 soldiers, six pieces of ordnance, and quantities of arms, were 
 captured ; 200 Royalists were slain, and among the prisoners 
 were found 150 wild Irish women, armed with long knives. 
 Nantwich was relieved amidst great rejoicings. It was on a 
 Thursday — St. Paul's Day — and for many years the anni- 
 versary was kept by the citizens, who wore sprigs of holly in 
 their hats in token of victory, and called it holly-holiday.' 
 
 The CQunty was thus recovered to the Parliament, and the 
 moral effect of the victory was very great, for Byron's bri- 
 gade was composed of veterans who had never before been 
 defeated. 
 
 The young conqueror's first act, after having entered 
 Nantwich, was to write to his wife, announcing his great 
 victory over the Irish army, and alluding to the hardships he 
 had undergone, marching day and night in frost and snow, 
 
 ' The accounts of the Battle of Nantwich are to be found iu Sir Thomas 
 Fairfax's official despatch to Lord Essex, dated January 29, 16i4 (Eushworth, v. 
 p. 302), and in his Short Memorial, p. 72. The original mannscript of the 
 despatch to Lord Essex is in the Tanner Collection at the Bodleian, vol. Ixii. 
 p. 528. The Eoyalist version is in Lord Byron's letter to the Earl of Ormond, 
 dated from Chester on January 30, and Sir Eobert 'Byraa's of the same date. 
 (Carte, i.pp. 36-40.) Ormerod, in his history of Cheshire, gires copious extracts 
 from a scarce pamphlet entitled Providence Improved, written by Edward Burghall, 
 the zealous Puritan Vicar of Acton, who gives a detailed account of tlie action. 
 Ormerod also quotes from 'Paxtridge's Histort/ of Nantwich. See also God's Ark, 
 by Vicars, p. 142; Whiieloc7ce's Memorials, p. 86; Echard, ii. p. 467; HodgsorCs 
 Memoirs, p. 102; Clarendon, and Bapin, ii. p. 486. Partridge and Clarendon say 
 that Byron's forces were permanently divided by the flooding of the river ; but 
 Lord Byron himself implies that this was not the case, and it appears from 
 Fairfax that the missing portion attacked his rear. 
 
 K 2 
 
132 LIFE OF. TEE GEE AT LORD FAIRFAX. [cH. xiii. 
 
 and suffering from ill-bealth, wliicli liad been aggravated by 
 tbe worry caused by bickerings and disputes amongst bis offi- 
 cers. He sent bis love to Lady Vere, to bis sister Lady 
 Craven, who was also staying at Haclrney, and to bis little 
 MoU.' He tben wrote bis modest official despatcb to tbe 
 Earl of Essex, announcing bis great success.^ 
 
 Having tbus recovered Cbesbire for tbe Parliament; Sir 
 Tbomas Fairfax returned into Lancasbire, detacbing Colonel 
 Lambert witb a small force to attempt tbe recovery of tbe 
 faitbful clotbing-towns in tbe West Riding. At tbis time 
 tbe armies of Newcastle and Leven were facing eacb other 
 near Cbester-le-Street, in Durham ; all the open country in 
 tbe East Riding of Yorkshire was overrun by Colonel John 
 Bellasis, tbe Royalist governor of Tork, and it was of tbe 
 utmost consequence that Lord Fairfax should be enabled to 
 come out of Hull and take tbe field. Tet, in tbe face of these 
 urgent considerations, Sir Tbomas, to hie great annoyance, 
 received positive orders to remain in Lancashire, and besiege 
 an unimportant country bouse, instead of at once joining bis 
 father and commencing a second Yorkshire campaign, 
 
 Latbom House, belonging to tbe Earl of Derby, had been 
 secretly garrisoned and put into a posture of defence by his 
 countess, who now defied the power of the Parliament, 
 while her husband was absent in the Isle of Man. The 
 house stood in flat boggy ground, witb hills rising all round 
 it, and was defended by a moat eight yards wide and two 
 deep, witb a strong palisade along its banks. The walls 
 were two yards thick, witb nine towers, besides a high 
 central one, called the Eagle Tower, and a strong lofty 
 gate-house.. The garrison consisted of 300 soldiers, witb ex- 
 perienced officers to command them, one of whom was Captain 
 Halsall, who wrote a diary of tbe siege, and for -artillery 
 they had six sakers and two sling pieces. But the awkward 
 part of tbis service was that tbe Countess of Derby, who was 
 a stout strong-minded Frenchwoman past forty, chose to 
 conduct tbe defence in person; and tbe fear of exposing 
 
 ' Fairfax Correspondence, iil. p. 74. 
 - Eiishworth, \. p. 302. 
 
164i..J LATEOM HOUSE. 133 
 
 this heroic lady to any danger made the work exceedingly 
 distasteful to Sir Thomas Fairfax. On February 28 he 
 sent her a letter requesting her to yield up the house upon 
 honourable conditions, and she asked for a week to consider, 
 merely wanting to gain time. Meanwhile his troops took 
 up their quarters round the house, and opened trenches. He 
 then proposed that she should leave Lathom, and go in her 
 own coach to another house of the earl's called New Park, 
 about a quarter of a mile off, where conditions might 
 be arranged. Further correspondence followed — fair and 
 honourable on fhe part of Fairfax, alternately violent and 
 equivocating on the part of the countess ; and it was not 
 uhtil March 12 that Ihe patience of the Parliamentary com- 
 mander was worn out, and the first shot fired. But before 
 that date Sir Thomas had been relieved of this irksome and 
 distasteful duty. In the first week of March he received an 
 order from the Committee of both Kingdoms to march into 
 Yorkshire and form a junction with his father,' taking with 
 him all the horse and two regiments of foot. He at once 
 joyfully obeyed, leaving the conduct of the siege in the hands 
 of his cousin Sir "William Fairfax, with Colonels Ashton and 
 Eigby under him.^ 
 
 Never had gallant knight a more disagreeable duty forced 
 upon him than the besieging of this courageous and defiant 
 lady. Sir Thomas gladly escaped to more congenial work, 
 and he was so fortunate as not only to secure the good 
 opinion and esteem of her whom he had been obliged to act 
 
 ' Letter from the Committee of botli Kingdoms to Lord Fairfax, dated March 8, 
 1644. 
 
 ' Eoyalist writers, who have described the siege of Lathom House, confuse Sir 
 Thomas with Sir William Fairfax. They say that Sir Thomas did not leave 
 Lathom until March 24, whereas he marched into Yorkshire in the first week, and 
 it was Sir William who remained until the 24th, and conducted both the siege 
 operations and the correspondence between those two dates, which have been put 
 down to Sir Thomas. On the 24th Sir William also marched into Yorlcshire, 
 leaving the siege in charge of Colonel Eigby. See the Journal of the Siege of 
 Lathom House in 1644, printed in 1823 from a manuscript in the Harleian Col- 
 lection, and the Lady of Lathom, by Madame Guizot de Witt, 1869. The siege 
 was r.iised by Prince Eupert, when he marched into Lancashire in the spring, and 
 Lathom House did not finally surrender until December 6, 1645. See Short 
 Memorial, p. 76. 
 
134 LIFE OF TRF GREAT LORD FAIRFAX. [cB. xiii. 
 
 against, but in after years to confer upon her benefits wliicb 
 excited her gratitude.' The countess was a fanatical bigoted 
 Eoyalist, and not apt to allow any merit to ber enemies, yet 
 she afterwards said of Sir Tbomas Fairfax, tbat tbougb tbere 
 were ' various opinions about bis intellect, tbere was no doubt 
 about his courage, and that be was a man of his word.' ^ 
 
 ' The Isle of Ma^ was granted to Sir Thomas Fairfax by the Parliament, and 
 he caused the revenues which would have been due to the Derby family to be 
 regularly paid to the countess. She gratefully acknowledged that she had never 
 had a better agent. 
 
 ' Lady of Lathom, p. 127. 
 
1644.] THE VICTORY AT 8ELBY. 135 
 
 CHAPTEE XrV, 
 
 THE VICTORY AT SELBT, AND SIEGE OP TOEK. 
 
 While Newcastle and Leven were facing eacTi other amongst 
 the snow-drifts of Durham, Colonel John Bellasis, the tem- 
 porary Royalist governor of York, for a short time had it all 
 his own way. He was a cousin of the Fairfaxes,' and a 
 younger brother of Henry Bellasis, who represented the 
 county with the old lord. His sisters were married to red- 
 hot Royalists — Sir Henry Slingsby, Sir Edward Osborne, Sir 
 Thomas Ingram" of Temple Nevvsam, and Sir Walter Vava- 
 sour of Hazlewood (who was a recusant into the bargain), 
 all Yorkshiremen. Colonel John had done good service at 
 Edgehill and Newbury and Bristol, and was rewarded by the 
 King with a peerage and the title of Lord Bellasis of 
 Worlaby, the patent being dated January 27, 1644. 
 
 The first expedition of the new governor was against 
 Bradford, where Colonel Lambert ' had arrived from Nant- 
 wich with his own regiment and Bright's, and the companies 
 under Captain Hodgson,^ and so had onc'e more liberated the 
 brave little town. Just as Lord Bellasis was setting out 
 
 ' It will perhaps be remembered that his grandmother, Ursula, sister of the 
 first Lord Fairfax, was godmother to our hero, as well as great-aunt. 
 
 ' He and John Bellasis were the sitting members for Thirsk in the Long Par- 
 liament, but were disabled for signing the Yorkshire petition. 
 
 ' John Lambert was descended from a long line of country squires who were 
 seated at Calton, near Malham tarn, in Craven. He was born iu November, 1619, 
 and married Mary, sister of that Captain Lister of Thornton who was slain at 
 Tadcaster fight. Lambert was a good officer, and afterwards became famous as 
 one of Cromwell's most distinguished generals. 
 
 * Here we part company with the gallant Halifax captain, who has accompanied 
 us so far, and given us mucli help to a clear understanding of the story. He after- 
 wards served with Cromwell in tJcotland, and was alive in 1683. Mr. Carlyle calls 
 him an honest-hearted, pudding-headed Yorkshire Puritan. He was honeat- 
 hearted, but certainly not pudding-headed. No Yorkshireman ever was. 
 
136 LIFE OF THE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. xiv. 
 
 from Tort, that dashing unprincipled soldier Sir. Charles 
 Lucas arrived from the south, to reinforce Lord Newcastle 
 •with a thousand horse and dragooners, which the governor 
 diverted from their destination to accompany him to Brad- 
 ford. He met with no better success than did his predecessor 
 Sir William Savile. These Bradforders fought in right 
 good earnest. They gave the Royalists such a salute with 
 shot as made them run for it, and Bellasis retreated to 
 York to try his luck, with like success, elsewhere. Lucas 
 and the cavalry next went into the East Eiding with no 
 better fortune. For old Sir William Constable of Mam- 
 borough, the brother-in-law of Lord Fairfax, had come out 
 of Hull garrison with the horse, and, as Slingsby tells us, 
 was ' making earacols upon the Wolds,' ' having been heard 
 of as far as Pickering. Suddenly he fell upon the camp of 
 Sir Charles Lucas at CoLiham, scattered the regiment of Sir 
 Walter Vavasour, and returned to Hull. 
 
 But now there was more serious work on hand. Bellasis 
 intercepted a letter, from which he learnt that Sir Thomas 
 Fairfax had received orders to abandon the siege of Lathom, 
 form a junction with his father at Selby, and march to the 
 assistance of Lord Leven and the Scots in Durham. This 
 the Governor of York thought he could prevent. So he 
 occupied Selby himself with upwards of 3,000 men (1,500 
 horse and 1,800 foot), commanded by several leading Y6rk- 
 shire gentlemen, and barricaded the streets, waiting for his 
 formidable cousins. 
 
 In obedience to the orders received from the Committee of 
 both Kingdoms, Lord Fairfax marched out of Hull at the 
 head of 2,000 horse and dragoons, and as many foot, crossed 
 the Ouse ten miles below Selby, near Goole, and met Sir 
 Thomas at Ferrybridge in the first week of April 1644. Sir 
 Thomas's instructions were to reinforce the Scots with all 
 his cavalry at once ; but it . was evidently so important to 
 finish the work at Selby first, that he remained with his 
 father. On April 10 the united forces marched from Ferry- 
 bridge, and encamped for the night at Thorpe Willoughby, 
 
 ' Viar;/, p. 103. 
 
1644.] THE VIOTOBY AT SELBY. 137 
 
 a short mile from Selby on the Leeds road, intending to 
 assault the place next morning. The Fairfaxes knew every 
 inch of the ground. They divided their foot into three 
 brigades, the first commanded by Colonel Needham, to attack 
 the barricade across Gowthorpe ; the second, under Sir John 
 Meldrum, to advance by Brayton Lane to the market-place ; 
 and the third, led by Lord Fairfax in person, to march up the 
 river bank and assault the barricade at the south end of 
 Ousegate. Sir Thomas Fairfax, in command of the horse, 
 was to second the assaulting parties. Meanwhile the 
 Eoyalists were" not idle. Colonel Strickland told Lord 
 Bellasis that, with 200 men, he would undertake to make 
 good that part of the defences which was judged to be 
 weakest, and he and his men were at work on the barricades 
 all night.' 
 
 Early next morning the attack commenced at the three 
 points, the Royalists defending their barricades with great 
 bravery during two hours. At last they were driven from 
 their position by the river-side, but the assailants could not 
 advance, owing to a dense column of horse which occupied 
 Ousegate. Then the Parliamentary foot opened right and 
 left to make room for Sir Thomas Fairfax, who, as was his 
 w^ont, turned the fortune of the day. Thundering down 
 Ousegate, between the houses and the river, at the head of 
 his troop, he met the regiment of his Royalist cousin in mid 
 career. In the first crash Sir Thomas was dismounted, and 
 separated for a minute or two from his own men, but this 
 only made them charge again with redoubled fury; the 
 Royalists broke and fied, a few across a bridge of boats and 
 the rest down the Cawood road. Finding a portion of the 
 enemy victorious in their rear, the Royalist soldiers who had 
 gallantly defended the barricades across Gowthorpe and 
 Brayton Lane up to this time, gave ground, and the Parlia- 
 mentary foot, under Meldrum and ISTeedham, poured into the 
 town. The victory was complete. Lord Bellasis himself 
 was wounded and taken prisoner in Ousegate ; and among 
 the other prisoners were Sir John Ramsden of Byrom near 
 
 ' Slingsby's Diary, p. 108. 
 
138 LIFU OF THE OBEAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. xiv. 
 
 Ferrybridge, Sir Thomas' Strickland, Captains Grimston, 
 Cholmley, Wentwortli, Lister, and Conyers (all good York- 
 shire names), besides inferior officers, and 1,600 soldiers. 
 Lord Fairfax also captured 4 brass gnns, 2,000 stand of arms, 
 500 horses, 7 barrels of powder, 16 bundles of match, all the 
 enemy's baggage, and many boats in the river.' The con- 
 sternation in York was extreme, and message after message 
 was sent to the marquis to come at once to the rescue, for 
 the main strength of the garrison was scattered, the surround- 
 ing country open to the victorious Fairfaxes, and the governor 
 a prisoner. 
 
 The victory at Selby was the immediate cause of the battle 
 of Marston Moor, and the destruction of the Royalist power 
 in the north. It at once raised Sir Thomas Fairfax to the 
 first rank among the generals of the Parliament, in the esti- 
 mation of the ruling men at Westminster ; and the two 
 Houses marked their sense of the importance of his services 
 by ordering a public thanksgiving for the victory, on April 23.^ 
 
 When the news reached Durha,m, both armies instantly 
 advanced into Yorkshire by forced marches : ISTewcastle, in 
 the greatest anxiety, fearing the worst until he was safe 
 within the walls of York, and the Scots treading close on his 
 heels and rejoicing to escape from the starvation and snow- 
 storms of the county palatine. 
 
 ' The countiymen,' says Slingsby, ' were glad that New- 
 castle came with the Scots at his back, for now they said 
 they should pay no more sessments ; which was but the hope 
 to ease a galled horse's back by shifting the saddle.' 
 
 The marquis arrived at York on the 19th, but the Scots 
 beat'him in the race southward, and got to Wetherby on the 
 
 ' We only have two accounts of this important action : one by Sir Thomas 
 Fairfax in the Short Memorial, p. 78, and the other by his father, being the official 
 report in Kushworth, v. p. 618. Slingsby says very little, p. 105. See also TAe 
 History of Selby by James Mountain {York, 1800), and The History and Anti^iuities 
 of Selby by W. Wilberforce Morrell (1867). 
 
 " Clarendon observes : ' This was the first action for which Sir Thomas Fairfax 
 was taken notice of, who in a short time grew the supreme general under the 
 Parliament,' iii. p. 321. This untrustworthy historian is very confused in this 
 part of his narrative, and places Selby fight before the battle of Kantwich. Vicars 
 merely gives Lord Fairfax's report, in his God's Ark, &c., p. 204. 
 
1644.] SIEGE OF YORK. 139 
 
 17th. The next day Lord Fairfax and his son reviewed the 
 army of the Earl of Leven on Bramham Moor, and on the 
 19th the two forces joined each other at Tadcaster, and 
 marched to York. The Scots encamped at Middlethorpe and 
 Bishopthorpe, and blockaded the part of York west of the 
 river called Micklegate Ward ; while the Fairfaxes crossed 
 the Ouse by a bridge of boats, and, quartering their men in 
 the villages of Fulford and Heslington, threatened the walls 
 of York from the Ouse to Walmgate bar. But the united 
 forces were insufficient to complete the blockade, the north 
 side of the city*being left open, and remaining so for a fort- 
 night. The united Scottish and Yorkshire forces made up 
 16,000 foot and 4,000 horse. 
 
 Sir Thomas Fairfax, accompanied by Lord Lindsay, was 
 despatched to the Earl of Manchester to request him to co- 
 operate in the siege of York, with the army of the associated 
 counties. He had just taken the city of Lincoln, and at 
 once agreed to join his forces to those of Leven and Fairfax, 
 marching by Thorne and Selby to Tadcaster, and reaching 
 the leaguer on June 2, with 6,000 foot, 100 horse, and twelve 
 field-pieces. He crossed the Ouse at Poppleton on a bridge 
 of boats, and, encamping about Clifton, completed the block- 
 ade of the city. The greater part of his horse was stationed 
 round Halifax to watch the Royalists in the west, and they 
 took Walton House, with Sir Francis Wortley in it, on the 
 same day that Manchester arrived before York. Sir John 
 Meldrum had also been despatched with a body of foot to re- 
 inforce the Parliamentarians in Lancashire ; and Newcastle 
 sent out his horse under Sir Charles Lucas, to keep open 
 communications and reduce the number of mouths within 
 the city. 
 
 Thus commenced the siege of York, then considered the 
 second town of England, and upon the preservation of which 
 Charles believed that the safety of his crown mainly de- 
 pended. The old place had been the scene of much of the 
 exciting negotiation and debate which preceded the contest, 
 and now the horrors and miseries of war had surged up to 
 its very gates. It was a memorable siege, and, for the more 
 
140 LIFE OF THE GEE AT LOBD FAIRFAX, [ch. xit. 
 
 clear understanding of it, a hasty glance at the city and its 
 defences, as they then stood, will not be out of place. 
 
 York is built on both sides of the river Ouse, and is divided 
 into four w^ards, named from its four gates : Mickle-gate on 
 the west side of the river, and Bootham, Monk-gate, and 
 Walm-gate on the east ; and besides the Minster, it contained 
 twenty-one parishes, each with its church. The circumfe- 
 rence of the walls was exactly two miles five furlongs and 
 seventy-six yards, and there were four principal entrances 
 called bars, besides six posterns. The Ouse flowed through 
 the town, and formed no part of its defences, but its tributary, 
 the Poss, skirted the city on the eastern side, and served as a 
 broad and deep moat. 
 
 Coming from Tadcaster by the great north road, the city 
 was entered through famous old Micklegate-bar, a stone 
 gateway with lofty embattled turrets. It was closed by a 
 massive iron chain and portcullis, aijd a strong double wooden 
 gate. A broad street led thence to a bridge over the Ouse, 
 and there were posterns near the river banks, where the wall 
 came down to them, called North-street Postern at the north 
 end, and Skelder-gate Postern at the south. Although this 
 western side of York contained six churches, a considerable 
 portion of its area was occupied by gardens and open spaces. 
 The Mickle-gate, running from the bar to the bridge, was 
 then a street with tall timber houses having projecting stories, 
 and richly carved corners and portals. A street called 
 Skelder-gate crossed it at right angles, with lanes leading 
 down to the staiths or wharves on the river ; but all the space 
 near the walls was occupied by the Trinity and Friar's gai'- 
 dens, and by the south wall there was an ancient artificial 
 mount called the Old Baile. South of Mickle-gate also was 
 the jiarish of Bishop-hill, where were the house and gardens 
 of Lord Fairfax, with a courtyard, ornamented by a curious 
 Roman carved altar on a pedestal. The Fairfax family 
 inherited this property of Bishop-hill, as well as Davy Hall, 
 on the other side of the Ouse, from the Thwaits heiress, the 
 fair Isabel, whom Sir William carried off from Nunappleton 
 130 years before. 
 
SIKOK ( 
 
I- YORK 
 
1644.] SIEGE OF YORK. 1-11 
 
 In those days tlie tide came up as far as York, where the 
 rise and fall averaged two feet. The old bridge, built in 
 1566, had fire arches, the centre one being eighty-one feet 
 span and seventeen high. There were several buildings on 
 it — a chapel of St. William (then used as a merchants' ex- 
 change), a council chamber of the city, and a debtors' 
 prison. 
 
 The principal part of the city, consisting of the three 
 wards of Bootham, Monk-gate, and Walm-gate, was on the 
 east side of the river. At the southern end, where the Foss 
 unites with th# Ouse, was the castle, with the ancient fort 
 called Clifford's Tower on its high artificial hill. Thence, 
 parallel to the river, led a street called, in its different parts, 
 Castle-gate, Spurrier-gate, Conyng Street, and Lendal, with 
 water lanes leading from it to the staiths or landing wharves. 
 Conyng Street, so called even before the Norman conquest, 
 was the principal street of Old York, very narrow, with high 
 wooden houses; and at its northern end stood the guild- 
 hall, a spacious room, supported by two rows of massive 
 oaken columns, each cut out of a single tree. Parallel to 
 Conyng Street, and passing through the centre of the city, 
 was another thoroughfare leading from Bootham-bar, the 
 gateway opening on the great north road, across the river 
 Foss, by a stone bridge of three arches to Walmgate-bar, 
 which opened on the road to Hull. This street was called 
 Peter-gate in its northern part, and Foss -gate and Walm-gate 
 in its southern, and divided York into two nearly equal parts. 
 The two parallel lines were connected by Stone-gate, with 
 its old timber houses, running from opposite the guildhall 
 in Conyng Street to the Minster-garth, and crossing Peter- 
 gate; and Ouse-gate leading from the bridge, dividing 
 Spurrier-gate from Castle-gate, opening into a wider space 
 called the Pavement, where stood All-Hallows Church with 
 its beautiful lantern tower, and ending at Foss-gate= In the 
 space between these four main lines, being the central point 
 of the city, were the open court called Thursday Market, and 
 several small lanes and streets. Here also was Davy or 
 Lardner Hall, which, with some of its peculiar privileges. 
 
142 LIFE OF TEE GREAT LOBD FAIRFAX, [ch. xiv. 
 
 came to the Fairfax family througli Isabel Thwaits, the 
 Nunappleton heiress. The Lardners held it by grand ser- 
 jeanty of the King from the time of the Conquest, with right 
 to take a loaf from every baker's window, a gallon of beer 
 from each brewer, meat from each butcher, and a fish from 
 every cartload sold on Foss-bridge, on every Saturday. These 
 privileges, being irksome to the citizens, were remitted for a 
 payment in money ; but still the heiress of the Lardners 
 brought extensive property within the city to the Fairfaxes, 
 both here in Davy^gate (as the street was called which passed 
 near the site of the Hall) and in Bishop-hill. 
 
 Beyond the northern walls, between the river and Bootham- 
 bar, were the precincts of the once great and wealthy Abbey 
 of St. Mary, the most important institution of the kind north 
 of Trent. 
 
 In the old times the monks and citizens had hated each 
 other bitterly, and the abbot had built a wall round the pre- 
 cincts to guard against sudden attacks. This waU, with the 
 church of St. Olave, now formed a sort of outwork which was 
 included in the city defences, though projecting beyond the 
 old waUs ; and at the north-west angle, beyond Bootham bar, 
 was St. Mary's Tower, where all the records and charters of 
 the suppressed monasteries, and other valuable documents, 
 were deposited. The Abbey Church was in ruins, but on the 
 site of the monastic buildings stood the Manor-house, which 
 was the of&cial residence for the Presidents of the North. It 
 was enlarged by James and beautified by Strafford, and had 
 a large garden, a fine bowling-green, and an orchard at- 
 tached to it, under the walls. 
 
 The yard or garth surrounding York Minster, at the 
 north-east corner of the city, was nearly three-quarters of a 
 mile in circumference, and was formerly separated from the 
 streets by a wall with bars opening on Peter-gate. The old 
 . Deanery, where several stormy meetings took place in the 
 summer of 1642, was on the south-east side of the minster 
 garth. Sir Arthur Ingram's house, where Charles lived 
 during his last visit to York, was to the north, with a large 
 garden extending to the city walls ; and that of Sir Henry 
 
164.4.] SIEGE OF YORK. 143 
 
 Jenkins, built round a quadrangle, was the old college of 
 St. William on tlie east. Here Charles set up his printing 
 press. The glorious old Minster, with its three incomparable 
 towers, rose high above the many steeples of the city, and 
 offered a tempting mark to the besiegers. 
 
 Before the civil war the suburbs of York, beyond the walls, 
 were of considerable extent. 
 
 Outside Mickle-gate, on the Tadcaster Eoad, was a large 
 stone building called St. Thomas Hospital, formerly occupied 
 by a religious guild, and beyond it there was a street of 
 houses leading tcf the Mount. Beyond Skelder-gate Postern 
 was the hamlet of Clementhorpe, the property of the Fair- 
 faxes. Along the Hull road, beyond Walmgate-bar, were a 
 street of houses, St. Lawrence's church, and the church and 
 hospital of St. Nicholas. A street led from Monkgate-bar to 
 the other bridge over the Foss, and another street of good 
 houses straggled along the north road from Bootham-bar 
 and St. Mary's Tower. 
 
 When the Marquis of Newcastle arrived at York on April 
 19, 1644, he found everything in the greatest confusion; no 
 governor, and a defsated garrison ; while the towns-people 
 were divided in their allegiance. He brought with him about 
 6,000 men to guard the walls and serve the guns ; among 
 them that gallant regiment of white-coats raised in the 
 border lands, who were nicknamed Newcastle's 'lambs' from 
 their dress. The marquis, not being able to get enough red 
 cloth, took up undyed cloth for this regiment, until he could 
 get it dyed. But the men asked to be allowed to keep their 
 coats undyed as they were, promising to dye them in the 
 blood of their enemies ; hence they were known as the ' white- 
 coats.' ' Newcastle was seconded by two very able officers. 
 General King," now Lord Eythin, and Sir Thomas Glemham ; 
 but the poet laureate. Sir William Davenant, was a strange 
 man to appoint as general of the ordnance. The truth 
 
 ' Newcastle's Life, p. 110. 
 
 2 Eliof. Warburton accuses General King of cowardice and inefficiency during 
 his service in Gerniany, but on insufficient evidence, and Sir Pliilip Warwick says 
 that during the siege of York 'he showed eminency in soldierly and personal 
 stoutness.' 
 
144 LIFE OF THE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX. [cH. xiv. 
 
 was, that tlie marquis himself cared more for poetrj than 
 for gunnery. 
 
 Heavy guns were planted round the walls and on the 
 bars ; and two outlying forts, one beyond Micklegate-bar and 
 the other in Bishop's Fields, were garrisoned and armed. 
 Clifford's Tower was in ruins in 1642, but the Earl of Cum- 
 berland had caused it- to be repaired. A deep moat was dug 
 round it, with a drawbridge, and a platform was fixed on the 
 top for guns. 
 
 Newcastle planted two demi-culverins and a saker on this 
 platform, and gave the command of Clifford's Tower during 
 the siege to Sir Francis Cobbe. York had been well stored 
 with salt meat and biscuits, and there was no want of beer 
 and other liquor, but the price of all fresh vegetables rose 
 very high. Each citizen had to support a certain number of 
 soldiers according to his means, either to fi.nd them in food or 
 in money to buy it ; and there was no remedy, for the soldier 
 knew the man that was appointed to pay him-, and if he 
 refused he was roughly laid hands on, or anything he had.' 
 
 The Scottish troops, under the veteran Earl of Leven, were 
 remarkably well officered, for nearly every colonel had served 
 in the continental wars. Their line extended round Mickle- 
 gate Ward from the Ouse below Poppleton, to the same river 
 above Bishopthorpe, each wing resting on a bridge of boats, 
 by which communication was kept up with the other be- 
 siegers.^ 
 
 The Earl of Manchester's troops of the associated counties 
 extended their line from the Ouse, along the Manor-house 
 wall, and St. Mary's Tower, to Bootham-bar, and thence by 
 Monk-bar to the Poss. Lord Manchester's second in com- 
 mand was Oliver Cromwell. His major-general was a Scotch- 
 man, named Laurence Crawford, son of Hew Crawford of 
 
 ' Slingsby's Diary, p. 108. 
 
 * These Scots were very expensive people to keep. One of the villages in which 
 they were quartered was Acaster Malbis, where they wasted all the corn, and ate 
 all the sheep, Icine, and swine, to the value of £2,000. The unfortunate landlord, 
 young Viscount Fairfax of Gilling, was obliged to forgive his Acaster tenants a 
 whole year's rents, in consequence of this visit from the Scots. Fairfax Cor- 
 rispondcnce, Hi. p. 210. 
 
1644.] 8IEGU OF YORK. 345 
 
 Jordan Hill in Eenfrewsliire, wlio had served for many years 
 under Gastavus Adolplins. He was a brave man, but self- 
 sufficient and arrogant, and had already quarrelled bitterly 
 with Cromwell, 
 
 The Fairfaxes, with their Yorkshire levies, took the line 
 from the Ouse, by Fiaher-gate Postern and Walmgate-bar, 
 to the Red Tower, while "their horse watched the two bridges 
 over the Foss. This siege of York must have brought the 
 horrors of the war home to Sir Thomas Fairfax, more almost 
 than anything he had yet witnessed. Where he was en- 
 camped by Walnf-gate, he could almost see the roof of his 
 father's house in Bishop-hill. Facing Lord Manchester's 
 leaguer was that old Manor House, with its gardens and 
 bowling-green, where he had passed many of the happiest 
 days of his childhood, in the time of his grandfather Shef- 
 field ; and the Fairfax property of Davy Hall was in the 
 centre of the city. Towering above all, too, was that glorious 
 old Minster, which he, in common with all true Yorkshire- 
 men, felt to be the chief pride and ornament of the county. 
 The siege must have been a mournful duty ; but it was most 
 fortunate for York that Sir Thomas was among the besiegers, 
 for his exertions were unceasing to prevent damage being 
 done to any of the public buildings. Hildyard even goes so 
 far as to assert that Fairfax made it death for any soldier to 
 level a gun against the Minster.' Such an order was beyond 
 his competence, but there is no doubt that he used all his 
 influence to get stringent orders against injuring the Minster 
 issued by the other generals. 
 
 The three generals — Leven, Fairfax, and Manchester — held 
 independent commands; though Leven, as the senior and 
 most experienced, usually received precedence by courtesy. 
 The siege operations were commenced on June 3. 
 
 A heavy fire was opened on the besiegers from Clifford's 
 Tower and from the walls, before they could get their guns 
 into position. On Wednesday the 5th Lord Fairfax com- 
 pleted a battery on a hill, by the side of the road to Hes- 
 
 ' In the dedication of the Antiquities of York, by Christopher Hildyard and 
 James Terr, to Admiral Fairfax, 1719. 
 
 L 
 
146 LIFH OF TEE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX. [cH. XiT. 
 
 lington, where a windmill formerly stood, and planted five 
 guns on it, wliicli played all the afternoon on Walmgate- 
 bar. The Scots assa,ulted and took the forts outside Mickle- 
 gate, and Manchester captured the houses outside Bootham : 
 so that the besiegers established themselves comfortably in 
 the suburbs, extending along all the main roads into York. 
 Seeing this, the garrison sallied out, and set the whole of 
 the suburbs on fire in the evening of the 6th. Grreat but 
 ineffectual efforts were made to put out the fires by the 
 besiegers, who wished to preserve the houses for their own 
 shelter, and there, was some hot skirmishing. Pious Mr. 
 Simeon Ash, Lord Manchester's chaplain, amongst others, 
 was burnt out of his lodging, and this brought the horrors 
 of war very forcibly home to him. He wrote word of ' a 
 lamentable fire, most doleful and dreadful to many of us, 
 who, with sad hearts, saw that fearful fruit of wasting war.' ^ 
 On the 8th Newcastle, who had news that Prince Eupert 
 was coming to his assistance from Lancashire, tried to gain 
 time by opening negotiations. He wrote letters to each of 
 the three generals, asking them their intention in besieging 
 him, and received identical answers, telling him that they 
 came to reduce the city to obedience to the King and Par- 
 liament, and begging him to submit, and thus spare the 
 effusion of innocent blood. After some correspondence it 
 was agreed that commissioners should be appointed ; two by 
 each of the besieging generals, and five by the marquis, to 
 treat for a surrender. There was to be a cessation of hos- 
 tilities during the conference, and for three hours before and 
 after. Lord Fairfax nominated Sir WiUiam Fairfax, who 
 had arrived from the siege of Lathom, and Colonel White ; 
 Manchester sent Colonels Hammond and Eussell ; and 
 Leven's commissioners were the Earl of Lindsay and Sir 
 Adam Hepburn. Newcastle sent Sir Thomas Glemham, Sir 
 William Wentworth, Lord Widdrington, Sir Eichard Hutton, 
 and Sir Eobert Strickland. On June 14 they met in a tent 
 
 ' Mr. Ash was Lord Manchester's chaplain. See a pamphlet (King's Pamphlets, 
 No. 161), entitled Particular Belation of Ocmrrenccs at the Leagrier before York, 
 from June \st to 10th, by Simeon Ash. 
 
1G41.J SIEGE OF YOEK. 147 
 
 half way between the city walls, and the lines of the be- 
 siegers, with a secretary and a guard of musketeers on each 
 side. They were unable to agree to terms, and the besiegers 
 came to the conclusion that the negotiation was only a device 
 for gaining time, 80 it was broken off on the 15th. 
 
 The three generals then resumed their operations. Lord 
 Fairfax built huts for his raen, as all the suburbs outside 
 Walm-gate had been burnt, together with the beautiful hos- 
 pital and church of St. Nicholas on the Heslington road. 
 Sir Thomas Tairfax, however, preserved the wonderfully 
 carved porch, wftich was afterwards removed to the church 
 of St. Margaret, within Walm-gate. He also saved the fine 
 peal of bells, which was eventually taken to the church of 
 St. John's by Ouse bridge. Still, in the midst of these good 
 works, he proceeded vigorously with the siege. He planted 
 two field-guns in the street, and another on a place called the 
 Dovecote, within a stone's throw of Walmgate-bar, opening 
 a heavy fire ; and also commenced mining in two places. 
 One of his shots went through the steeple of St. Sampson's 
 Church, another through that of St. Dionis; and a third 
 killed a maid in Thursday Market, went into the house of 
 Mr. Gierke the writing-master, cut the string by which some 
 dried fish were hung to a rafter, and they came down and 
 knocked old Mrs. Gierke under the table. 
 
 The Scots battered the top of Micklegate-bar doivn as 
 low as the gate, and worked hard at a mine under it, while 
 the besieged countermined, but these operations were stopped 
 by water. 
 
 Meanwhile Lord Manchester was making progress against 
 the wall round the Manor House. He opened approaches 
 towards St. Mary's Tower, worked a mine under it, and 
 raised a battery against that part of the wall behind which 
 was the orchard. By Trinity Sunday, June 16, all things 
 were ready; and early in the morning he opened fire and 
 made a breach in the wall, which the besieged endeavoured to 
 repair with sods and earth. At about noon, during morning 
 service in the Minster, General Grawford sprang the mine 
 
 l2 
 
148 LIFE OF THF GBFAT LORD FAIRFAX. [CH. xiv. 
 
 under St, Mary's 'Tower; the building tottered, and fell 
 outwards in a heap of ruins, burying the precious collection 
 of historical documents that were stored within it. The 
 rubbish formed an easy breach, and about 500 of the 
 assailants rushed into the orchard, and thence into the 
 bowling-green ; while another party got up the breach in 
 the wall by scaling ladders, and entered the Manor House. 
 The alarm was instantly given, and the besieged hurried to 
 the spot. Sir Philip Byron, leading a body of Eoyalists to the 
 breach, was killed as he opened the doors into the bowling- 
 green; but Ifewcastle's white-coats, passing out of Lendal 
 Postern and round the ruins of the abbey, occupied the 
 orchard, and thus cut the assailants off from all possibility 
 of retreat. They were surrounded, but they fought bravely 
 until their powder was spent, and then laid down their arms 
 to the number of 200, of whom 60 were wounded. The 
 orchard, bowling-green, and garden were scattered over with 
 dead bodies. 
 
 Sir Thomas Fairfax writes of General Crawford's conduct 
 with some severity, and his own countryman. Principal 
 Baillie, speaks of his foolish rashness and vanity..' No 
 notice was given to the other generals of the intention to 
 spring the mine, so that there was no concert, and Crawford 
 thus brought the whole strength of the garrison on himself. 
 His ungenerous attempt to monopolise all the h-onour in the 
 event of success was the immediate cause of the disaster. 
 The loss of the precious stores of historical and antiquarian 
 information which were buried under the ruins of St. Mary's 
 Tower might have been irreparable. But here, again, pos- 
 terity owes a deep debt of gratitude to the enlightened 
 liberality of Sir Thomas Fairfax. He had for some years 
 paid a salary to the learned Mr. Dodsworth for making 
 copies of these documents, and the laborious task was just 
 completed before York was besieged. Sir Thomas also 
 offered rewards to any soldier who rescued a document from 
 amongst the rubbish, and in that way a great number were 
 
 ' Letics, ii. p. 195. 
 
1644.] SIEGE OF YORK, 149 
 
 saved, which his uncle Charles * toot charge of a few months 
 afterwards. Charles Fairfax and Dodsworth themselves 
 searched diligentlj in the rubbish; and, amongst other 
 precious relics, they recovered the rhyming charter of King 
 Athelstan to St. John of Beverley. A certain Thomas 
 Tom son also made diligent search, and collected thirty 
 bundles of papers from the rubbish.* 
 
 After this memorable assault the Eoyalist sentries, who 
 seem habitually to have conversed from the walls with those 
 of the Parliament, had a joke which they were never tired 
 of repeating to 'them: 'Who tried to steal the King's 
 apples in the orchard, but was caught in the manor ? ' There 
 were no more sallies or assaults until the 24th, when a party 
 of 600 Eoyalists rushed out of Monk-bar at four o'clock in 
 the morning, and attacked Lord Manchester's lines, but were 
 forced to retreat after some sharp fighting. 
 
 On Sunday, June 30, news arrived that Prince Eupert was 
 marching to raise the siege with 20,000 men, including the 
 horse under Sir Charles Lucas, and that they were that 
 night at Boroughbridge, only twelve miles from York. The 
 besieging generals resolved to draw off aU their troops, and 
 by the morning of July 1 Manchester and Fairfax had 
 recrossed the Ouse, by bridges of boats at Poppleton, and 
 above Bishopthorpe, and the whole army of the Parliament 
 was formed on the moor, in the Ainsty, seven miles west of 
 York, ready to dispute the advance of Eupert. 
 
 The blockade had been so well kept that no news had 
 come, and Sir Henry Slingsby had never even been able to 
 send a messenger to Eed House to find out how his children 
 were. But during Sunday night the Eoyalist sentries were 
 surprised to find that their enemies had left off talking to 
 them, and did not answer any of their sparkling jokes. So, 
 
 ' This was grandfather Fairfax's youngest surviving son, of wliom he said, 
 ' I sent him to the Inns of Court, and he is a good divine, but nobody at the law.' 
 Nevertheless he turned out to be a successful lawyer, a ripe scholar, and an in- 
 defatigable antiquary. He wrote the Analecta Fairfaxiana, a most elaborate 
 genealogical history of his family. He commanded a regiment in Monk's army in 
 Scotland, and was governor of Hull at the time of the Restoration. 
 
 = Hunter, p. 74. Atterbury Correspondence, iii. p. 261. 
 
] 50 LIFE OF THE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. xiv. 
 
 at early dawn, Sir James Dudley, tlie commander at Walm- 
 gate-bar, sent out some troopers, who found tkat the besiegers' 
 huts were abandoned. A party, of Royalist horse then went 
 out of Fishergate Postern, and rode down the Selby road to 
 Fulford. The army of Lord Fairfax had just crossed the 
 Ouse, and half a troop of horse was covering the passage. 
 It was commanded by a brave young cornet, who, the moment 
 he saw the enemy coming down the road, ordered his trumpet 
 to sound a charge, drew his sword, and galloped headlong 
 into their midst. ' In this charge,' says Slingsby, ' we killed 
 a cornet, who they said should have married Sir Thomas 
 Norclifl'e's daughter.' The gallant youth died to delay the 
 approach of the Royalists to the bridge-head — died, that the 
 duty he was put to might be the more effectually performed. 
 His name is lost to us, but there must have been sore grief 
 up at Langton when the cruel tidings arrived that evening. 
 And so the siege of York was raised.' 
 
 ' The accounts of the siege of York by eye-witnesses are only three : Sir Thomas 
 Fairfax in his Short Memorial, Sir Henry Slingsby in his Diary, and the Eev. 
 Simeon Ash. in his Particular Belation. Mr. Ash only relates the events of the 
 first week of the siege. Mr. Eushworth laments that no diary was kept during 
 the siege. He gives a brief, but very clear account of it, nevertheless. Drake 
 copies from Eushworth, giving a few additional particulars gathered from local 
 tradition or from manuscripts that he had access to ; as also does Torr (or Hild- 
 yard?) in his little book published in 1719. 
 
1644.J BTJPEBT AT BENTON. 151 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 MAESTON MOOR — MARSHALLING OF THE AEMIES. 
 
 The allied army raised the siege, drawing up across the high 
 road from York tcf Boronghbridge, ready to dispute the passage 
 of Prince Eupert. Save the death of the poor young cornet 
 at Pulford, this hazardous operation was performed without 
 any loss, although both Manchester's and Fairfax's forces 
 had to cross the Ouse, above and below the city, on bridges 
 of boats. They formed on Marston Moor, seven miles from 
 York, and facing Skip bridge over the Nidd, which the 
 Eoyalists would have to cross, if, as was expected, they ad- 
 vanced to raise the siege by the high road. 
 
 Eupert, after having committed a horrible massacre at 
 Bolton in Lancashire, marched over the hills to Skipton 
 Castle, and thence down the valley of the Wharfe. For one 
 night he lodged at Denton Hall, the seat of Lord Fairfax, 
 and it might naturally have been expected that, in accordance 
 with his usual custom, the house of an enemy would have 
 been gutted and destroyed. But in the gallery at Denton 
 there hung a portrait of young* "William Fairfax, the gallant 
 cavalier who had shed his blood so freely at Frankenthal for 
 Eupert's mother. The Prince .may have reflected, too, that 
 not only his mutlier, but his eldest brother, the Prince 
 Elector, disapproved of his conduct ; and that, while two of 
 Lord Fairfax's brothers died fighting for his mother, the 
 queen of hearts, he had drawn his sword in a bad cause 
 without that mother's approval. He could not, for very 
 shame, bum the house of the Fairfaxes, and he gave orders 
 that it should not be injured.' The next day he halted at 
 
 ' Fairfax Correspondence, i. 1. 
 
152 LIFE OF TSE GREAT LOBB FAIRFAX. [CH. xv. 
 
 Otley, and marched thence, with about 9,000 horse and 8,000 
 foot, to Boroughbridge. But, instead of advancing down the 
 high road over Skip bridge to York, he crossed the rivers 
 Ure and Swale, and took another route along the left bank of 
 the Ouse, thus avoiding an encounter with the allied army. 
 On the evening of July 1 he entered York with a small party 
 of horse, having encamped his army in Galtres forest, a 
 few miles north-west of the city, and seized the bridge of 
 boats over the Ouse below Poppleton. 
 
 The relief was opportune ; but, at the same time, the 
 arrival of the Prince was not very welcome to the Marquis 
 of Newcastle. This grand seigneur had exercised viceregal 
 powers north of the Trent, with delegated authority to make 
 knights and to coin money, and his pride revolted at be- 
 coming second in command to the young German adventurer. 
 The Marquis was fifty-two years of age, and the Prince under 
 twenty-five. Newcastle's advice was not to give battle to 
 the allies, but to let them retreat, or, at all events, to wait 
 for the arrival of Colonel Clavering, who was marching to 
 his aid from Northumberland, with a reinforcement of 2,000 
 men. But Rupert declared that he had positive orders from 
 the King to fight at all hazards, and that fight he would. 
 He said that he had a letter to this effect, but he did not 
 show it, and the letter does not bear out his assertion.' It 
 urges him to relieve York at all hazards, even if he has to 
 fight a battle, but does not order him to fight if he can relieve 
 York without that risk. Newcastle, however, moodily ex- 
 pressed his readiness to obey the Prince ; and so the night 
 passed, and the morning of Tuesday dawned. 
 
 The allies waited on the moor all Monday, and a party of 
 Eoyalist horse crossed Skip bridge, and reconnoitred them 
 for a short time; but it soon became apparent that the main 
 body had avoided the encounter, and was on the opposite 
 side of the Ouse. Towards night the allied army marched 
 to Long Marston, where very few had either lodging or food, 
 the horse encamping on the open moor.' Next morning a 
 
 ' Clarendon. ' Asb. 
 
1644.] ALLIES BETBEAT T0WABD8 TADCASTEB. 153 
 
 party of Eoyalist cavalry appeared for a while, and then 
 ■wheeled away out of sight, which gave rise to an idea that 
 Eupert was marching to Tadcaster to cut off the retreat of 
 the allies.' A council of war was then held. The English 
 commanders were for fighting, the Scots for retreating, to 
 gain time and a more advantageous position ; and the opinion 
 of the veteran Earl of Leven prevailed.^ The foot and artillery 
 marched towards Tadcaster, by Wighill and Healaugh, while 
 the horse of the three armies, under Sir Thomas Fairfax, 
 David Leslie, and Oliver Cromwell, remained on the rising 
 ground between i^ockwith and Marston, to bring up the rear.* 
 
 Soon these officers observed parties of the enemy arriving 
 on the moor, which increased in number during the forenoon, 
 and at last there could be no doubt that the whole Eoyalist 
 army was in full march to the moor, in chase of the allies. 
 It appears that a portion had crossed the Ouse at Poppleton 
 during the night. At about noon Sir Thomas despatched a 
 hot alarum to Lord Leven, reporting that the enemy was in 
 strength on the moor,'' but that he hoped, owing to the 
 advantage of the ground, to hold his own with the cavalry 
 until the foot and artillery could return.' By this time the 
 Scots were nearly at Tadcaster, and Manchester's foot be- 
 tween Bnton and Healaugh. The whole body was ordered 
 back with all speed, and by two o'clock of that summer's 
 day the allied army was again posted between Tockwith and 
 Marston, while the entire moor to the northward was occu- 
 pied by the enemy. 
 
 Now were brought face to face the two largest masses of 
 men that had met on English soil in hostile array since the 
 wars of the Eoses. It was the first great battle in which Sir 
 Thomas Fairfax was engaged. It virtually decided the fate 
 of the war, and this memorable event will repay careful and 
 accurate study. Let us first get a clear and definite notion 
 of the ground. 
 
 The scene is in the northern part of the Ainsty — a tri- 
 angle, the base of which is the road running east and west 
 
 I Ash. ' Fairfax. " Ibid. < Ash. » Fairfax. 
 
154 LIFE OF THE GBEAT LOBE FAIRFAX, [ch. xv. 
 
 from York to Wetherby ; tlie two sides, tlie rirers Nidd and 
 Ouse ; and the apex, the junction of those rivers near poor 
 Sir Henry Slingsby's home — the Red House. In those days 
 the greater part of the western half of this triangle was 
 moor-land, overgrown in places with gorse cover, and was 
 called in its different parts Monkton, Hessay, Tockwith, or 
 Marston Moor. The Wetherby road, after passing through 
 the villages of Acomb and Eufforth, crosses Long Marston 
 village at the sixth mile, and continues west, by Bilton and 
 Bickerton, to Wetherby. The north road to Boroughbridge, 
 also leaving York at Micklegate-bar, crosses the Mdd by 
 Skip bridge, eight miles from the city. Here the roads, part- 
 ing outside Mickle-gate, have diverged three and a quarter 
 miles, the distance from Skip bridge to Bilton, and the 
 battle-field lies between them. Long Marston is a village of 
 brick and thatch cottages, built along a road crossing the 
 
 high road to Wetherby, and extends for a mile and a half, 
 with gardens and small enclosures behind the cottages. From 
 the west end of Long Marston to the hamlet of Tockwith is 
 a distance of a mile and a half. The road runs along a 
 gentle slope rising to the south. Going westward to Tock- 
 with, the hill to the left hand was unenclosed arable land, 
 covered with wheat and rye crops. The highest part — 150 
 feet above the level of the sea — where, in those days, there 
 was a clump of trees, was a mile south of the road. This 
 hill, in rear of Long Marston, forms the watershed of 
 the Ainsty, the drainage to the south finding its way, by 
 Catterton Beck, to the Wharfe, and the streams flowing north 
 across the moor — such as the Foss and White Syke Beck 
 — emptying into the Nidd and Ouse. Wilstrop wood, on 
 the other side of Marston Moor, and two miles from the 
 hill-top, is fifty feet above the sea, so that the slope is a foot 
 
1644.] DESCRIPTION OF THE BATTLE-FIELD. 155 
 
 in thirty-five yards. This is a very easy gradient, but, such 
 as it is, it was in favour of the allies. 
 
 Turn we now to the moor itself, on the north side of the 
 road. Just at the west end of Long Marston a lane branches 
 off on the right to the village of Hessay, called Atherwith 
 lane. A quarter of a mile further on there is another called 
 Moor lane, which crosses the moor to the Boroughbridge 
 road. For the first three quarters of a mile it had a ditch and 
 hedge on either side, but after that it came out upon the open 
 heath ; and the space between these two lanes was covered 
 with gorse. Where the hedges ceased there was a meeting 
 of the four lanes, those crossing Moor lane to the right and 
 left, going the one to Hessay, and the other to a square 
 enclosure in the middle of the moor, with a ditch round it, 
 called White Syke close. This spot is in the centre of the 
 battle-field, and due north of a point on the road just half 
 way between Tockwith and Marston, from which it is half a 
 mile distant. A quarter of a mile north of White Syke 
 close, again, is an extensive plantation called WUstrop wood, 
 which formed the northern extreme of the royal position. 
 The moor was then quite open, except at White Syke close, 
 though now divided into fields, and the area of the battle 
 covered a space a mile and a half long, from Long Marston 
 to Tockwith, and three quarters of a mile across from the 
 ditch to Wilstrop wood. A quarter of a mile before reach- 
 ing Tockwith a lane turned to the left, leading to Bilton, and 
 at the angle thus formed there was a large field called Bilton 
 Bream, with a rabbit warren on the other side of the lane. 
 Bilton Bream bordered on the corn-fields of Marston hill. 
 There were small gardens and enclosures behind the cottages 
 at Tockwith. Syke Beck, a little stream or drain, flowed 
 down to them from Bilton, on its way to the Nidd, receiving 
 a ditch extending between Tockwith and Marston, which 
 divided the arable land on the hill from the then unenclosed 
 moor. This deep and wide ditch, vdth a hedge along its 
 southern side, was a quarter of a mile north of the line of 
 the present road. It formed an important feature in the 
 battle. On that warm July day the com was fast ripening 
 
156 LIFE OF THF GltFAT LOEB FAIRFAX, [ch. xv. 
 
 on tlie hill-sides, and the hedges were well adapted for con- 
 cealing and aifording shelter for musketeers. 
 
 As soon as the allied army had returned to Marston fields, 
 the Earl of Leven, to whom the place of honour was con- 
 ceded by the other generals, proceeded to marshal the troops 
 for the battle.' This veteran, as Alexander Leslie, had had 
 long experience in the art of war, and was a pupil of the_ 
 great King of Sweden. He commenced his military career 
 in the Low Countries, under Sir Horace Vere, Lady Fairfax's 
 father, and afterwards served under Gustavus Adolphus. He 
 forced Wallenstein to raise the siege of Stralsund, and drove 
 the Imperialists out of the Isle of Rugen. Gustavus made him 
 a field-marshal, and had a very high opinion of his military 
 capacity ; so that when he returned home in 1639, the Scots 
 at once gave him command over their army. But he appears 
 to. have been a man of no originality. He fought his battles 
 in the way he had been taught to fight them by men of the 
 old school, and does not seem to have adopted any of the 
 innovations even of his own master Gustavus. He was the 
 oldest of the commanders on either side, his age being then 
 about fifty-five.^ 
 
 Leven had with him nine Scottish foot regiments of twenty 
 companies each, about 9,000 men in all; and he selected 
 four of these to form his centre or ' battle,' as it was called, 
 the rest serving as a reserve. He drew them up in solid 
 squares or tertias, the pikemen in the centre and the mus- 
 keteers on either flank, according to the old system of Prince 
 Maurice of Orange ; neglecting to avail himself of the improved 
 system of a reduced number of files, introduced by the great 
 Swede ; but perhaps his reason for this was the limited 
 space at his command along which to form his line of battle. 
 On the right was the Fyfe regiment, commanded by Lord 
 Lindsay, a staunch and uncompromising Covenanter. Next 
 came the regiment of Mid Lothian, under Lord Maitland, 
 then a tall red-haired young man, aged twenty-eight, with a 
 
 ' Stewart. 
 
 ' He would have been considered much too juvenile to command a modern 
 English «irmy. 
 
1644.] TEE PABLIAMENTABY ABMY. 157 
 
 tongue too big for his mouth, who afterwards, as Duke of 
 Lauderdale, achieved an infamous notoriety in the reign of 
 Charles II. The third regiment was formed of the men of 
 Kyle and Carrick, led by John Kennedy, Earl of Cassilis, 
 'the grave and solemn earl,' as he was called, a zealous 
 Presbyterian, and a virtuous God-fearing man. The fourth 
 regiment, on the left, was recruited in Annandale, and com- 
 manded by William Douglas of Kelhead, a grandson of the 
 Earl of Queensberry. This brigade of four regiments, forming 
 the ' battle,' was under the command of Lieutenant-General 
 David Baillie, of the Lamington family, a brave old officer 
 who had served in the Low Countries. Three regiments of 
 Scots foot were formed up in rear, as a reserve, commanded 
 by General Lumsdaine, another experienced officer who had 
 seen service beyond seas. They consisted of the men of 
 Glasgow, unier the Earl of Loudoun, those of Strathern 
 under James Elphinston Lord of the Abbey of Cupar in 
 Angus, and another Fyfe regiment under the Earl of Dun- 
 fermline. 
 
 Manchester's army of the associated counties was stationed 
 on the left. His foot consisted of a brigade, commanded by 
 Major-General Laurence Crawford, ' a headlong audacious 
 fighter of loose loud tongue,' as Mr. Carlyle calls him, whom 
 we saw last blowing up Sfc. Mary's Tower, and causing much 
 useless bloodshed in the Manor-house orchard. The brigade, 
 numbering 3,000 men, consisted of three regiments, led by 
 Colonels Russell, Montague, and Pickering. Young Edward 
 Montague (the future Earl of Sandwich) had embraced the 
 cause of his country against the tyrant king with chivalrous 
 fervour when only eighteen, and had raised this regiment in 
 Cambridgeshire, of which he was colonel. He was now not 
 quite twenty. John Pickering, of the Pickerings of Tich- 
 marsh, in Northamptonshire, and cousin of Dryden the poet, 
 was also an enthusiastic young champion of freedom. ' He 
 was a little man,' Sprigge tells us, ' but of great courage,' 
 and had done good service for the Parliament before the war 
 broke out, by carrying despatches between London and 
 Scotland. Colonel Pickering was connected with his brother 
 
158 LIFB OF TEE GREAT LOBD FAIRFAX. [CH. xv. 
 
 in arms, Montague's sister having married Pickering's 
 brother, Sir G-ilbert, and they afterwards stood side by side 
 on many a hard-fought field. 
 
 The Torkshiremen of Lord Fairfax, also numbering about 
 3,000 men, formed the right centre. Sir William Fairfax of 
 Steeton commanded the brigade, with three colonels under 
 him, who are already known to us. These were John Bright 
 of Badsworth, who distinguished himself at Wakefield 
 fight ; Needham, who fought so well at Selby ; and Forbes, 
 the hero of the brilliant affair at Leeds bridge. In rear 
 were stationed the two remaining Scots regiments as a 
 reserve, being the force recruited in the city of Edinburgh, 
 and led by Colonel Eae ; and the men of Tweeddale, under 
 the boy Earl of Buccleuch, then only eighteen years of age. 
 The whole of the Scots foot regiments had experienced 
 lieutenant-colonels and majors, who had served in Germany 
 or the Low Countries, except that of Lord Cassilis, though 
 none of the lords who commanded them had seen service 
 out of Scotland. 
 
 The cavalry was, according to the established rule of those 
 days, formed on the wings. The left wing consisted of 
 Manchester's horse of thirty-eight troops (about 2,280 men), 
 under Lieutenant-General Oliver Cromwell, three regiments 
 of Scots horse, containing twenty-four troops (1,440 men), led 
 by Major-General David Leslie, and the Scots dragoons on 
 the extreme left under Colonel Frizell, with William Crawford 
 of Nether Skeldon as his lieutenant-colonel. The dragoons 
 numbered about 400 men, in eight troops. Thus the whole 
 cavalry of the left wing consisted of some 4,200 men, in 
 seventy troops. David Leslie (no relation of Leven), who, with 
 Cromwell, commanded the left wing, was a son of Patrick 
 Leslie, Commendator of Lindores, and grandson of the Earl 
 of Eothes. He had served beyond seas, had risen to be a 
 colonel of horse under Gustavus Adolphus, and was an able 
 and dashing cavalry officer. 
 
 The right wing of horse was commanded by Sir Thomas 
 Fairfax. It consisted of his own faithful old regiment of 
 500 men, in five troops, of some regiments composed chiefly 
 
1644] THE PABLIAMENTABY AEMT. 159 
 
 of raw recruits under Colonel Lambert, consisting of 2,200 
 men in fifty-three troops, and ,of three Scots cavalry regi- 
 ments. The first of these were the Lancers of Ayrshire, under 
 the Earl of Bglinton. This lord, then aged fifty-three, had 
 been a leading agent in negotiating the League and Covenant, 
 and was surnamed Grey-Steel from his intrepid courage. His 
 kindred were with him. A Montgomery was his lieutenant- 
 colonel, and his gallant young fifth son Robert was his 
 major. But the eldest, Hugh, in accordance with the astute 
 policy of hedging so well known in Scotland, was serving in 
 this very battle in the Eoyalist array, in case of accidents. 
 The second' regiment was under William Lord Eamsay of 
 Dalhousie, and the third was led by Lord Balgony, Leven's 
 eldest son. The three Scots regiments numbered about 1,320 
 men in twenty-two troops ; so that the whole right wing 
 consisted of about 4,220 horse. 
 
 Sir Thomas Fairfax had been suffering from ill health 
 brought on by exposure and overwork, but his intrepid spirit 
 always overcame the weakness of his body on the day of 
 battle, and on this occasion, as Mr. Ash says, ' his heart con- 
 tinued stout and undaunted, like the heart of a lion.' He 
 had with him his young brother Charles, who had been sum- 
 moned from Holland, where he was studying, to take part in 
 the war, and had just arrived in time for this momentous 
 battle. 
 
 Leven found the whole moor occupied by the enemy up to 
 the ditch, so he was obliged to marshal his line of battle in 
 the fields some quarter of a mile south of it, where the height 
 of the corn, with some showers of rain, caused a little incon- 
 venience while the regiments were forming. Fairfax's right 
 wing was opposite the gorse-covered part of the moor between 
 Atherwith and Moor lanes, with his extreme right resting on 
 the houses of Long Marston ; while the Yorkshire foot brigade 
 was just facing the end of Moor lane. The left wing was 
 formed on Bilton Bream and the rabbit warren, with the 
 Scots dragoons on its extreme left, almost in Tockwith street. 
 The artillery, commanded by Sir Alexander Hamilton, was 
 brought to the front, while the army was forming its order 
 
160 LIFU OF THE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. xr. 
 
 of battle. The whole allied force thus numbered some 23,000 
 men; 15,000 foot and 9,000 horse, besides gunners. The 
 baggage was placed under a guard round the clump on the 
 hill- top. 
 
 Meanwhile the Royalists were making their preparations 
 on the moor itself. They were quite as late as the allies in 
 getting into position ; for not only was part of Rupert's foot 
 on the other side of the Ouse, so that it had to be brought 
 across at Poppleton, but there was great trouble in inducing 
 some of the regiments belonging to ISTewcastle's garrison to 
 come out of Tork at all. Old Fuller's excuse for them is 
 that ' soldiers newly relieved from a nine weeks' siege will a 
 little indulge themselves ; ' ' but it appears, from Mr. Trevor's 
 account, that they were in a ragiug mutiny for their pay, 
 and that both Rupert and Newcastle were ' playing the 
 orators ' to them all the forenoon, to induce them to join 
 their comrades, which they at last agreed to do, but with 
 much unwillingness.' This was not a hopeful beginning ; and 
 another disadvantage under which the Royalists laboured 
 was, that their nominal commander was an incapable self- 
 sufficient boy ; that they had no experienced officer to form 
 their line of battle, and that the commanders of the different 
 divisions were obliged to draw up their men without any 
 general plan, or any one head to arrange and organize the 
 whole. 
 
 Lieutenant-General King, now Lord Eythin,' the Marquis 
 of Newcastle's right-hand man, appears to have commanded 
 in the Royalist centre. He drew up a brigade of Newcastle's 
 foot to face the four regiments of Scots which formed the 
 ' battle ' of the allied army. It was led by Major-General 
 
 ' Worthies, p. 225. 
 
 ' Carte's Letters of Ormond, i. p. S6. 
 
 ' Sir James King of Barracht and Birness, Newcastle's lieutenant-general, had 
 been created a peer by patent dated York, March 28, 1612, with the title of Lord of 
 Eythin. The Parliament of Scotland passed a decree of forfeiture against him in 
 July 1641, directly after the battle, but an Act was passed rescinding the forfeiture 
 in 1647. The title was probably taken from the river Ytlian, in Aberdeenshire, 
 although it is spelt Eythin in the patent. It became extinct on General King's 
 death. {Douglas, p. 557.) In the list of persons to receive no pardon, in the pro- 
 positions presented to the King at Newcastle, it is spelt Itham. 
 
1644.] THE ROYALIST ABMY. 161 
 
 Porter, a son of Mr. Endyiliion Porter, of the King's Bed- 
 chamber, who accompanied Charles to Madrid. This General 
 Porter was afterwards taken prisoner in Somersetshire ; and, 
 seeing that the King's was a losing cause, he went over to 
 the Parliament in 1645. Rupert's regiment of foot, com- 
 manded by Colonel O'Neil, fronted Manchester's brigade of 
 infantry ; and Newcastle's famous white-coats formed across 
 Moor-lane, and faced Sir William Fairfax's brigade. Some 
 reserves, consisting of Irish foot under Major-General Tilyard 
 and Lord BeUasis, and a body of men called the ' Blue Eegi- 
 ment,' were in thS rear, near WUstrop wood. 
 
 The Eoyalist right wing of horse was commanded by Prince 
 Eupert in person, and consisted of about 5,000 men in three 
 brigades. These were Rupert's own life guards, led by Sir 
 Eichard Crane, a Norfolk man related to the Walpoles and to 
 John Bellasis, who had served with the Prince ever since his 
 first successful skirmish at Worcester in 1642 ; ' the Newark 
 and Irish horse under that most unlucky and imprudent 
 officer. Lord Byron; and a body of cavalry led by young 
 Lord Grandison, whose good and brave elder brother was 
 slain at Bristol the year before. 
 
 The left wing of horse, facing Sir Thomas Fairfax, also 
 numbered about 5,000 men, and was commanded by that 
 daring worthless villain Goring. In drawing a comparison 
 between WUmot and Goring, after the manner of Plutarch, 
 Lord Clarendon says that they both drank to excess, but that 
 while Wilmot kept sober in action. Goring put no restraint 
 upon himself at any time. So we shall probably not be far 
 wrong in supposing that Goring was half drunk, and, though 
 ready to lead a wild charge, quite incapable of drawing up 
 his troops or of performing any of the duties of a general. 
 His second in command was Sir William Urry, a very differ- 
 ent man. Urry was a Scotchman, and a mere mercenary 
 soldier of fortune ; but he was an excellent cavalry officer, and 
 had had much experience abroad. At the beginning of the 
 
 ' He was slain at the siege of Bristol in tie following year. Sir Eichard was 
 of Woodrising, in Norfolk. He had no children by his wife Mary, daughter of 
 Lord Widdrington, and left everything to his niece and iidopted child, Mary Bond. 
 
 M 
 
162 LIFE OF THE OBFAT LOBB FAIRFAX, [ch. xv. 
 
 war lie joined tlie Parliament, and did important service on 
 tliat side at EdgeliiU. But, considering that the Houses of 
 Parliament did not value him at the rate he set on himself — 
 no easy matter, we are told by Clarendon — he went over to the 
 King at Oxford, betrayed all their plans, and was knighted 
 for his vUlany. In the autumn after Marston Moor he got 
 tired of the King's service, deserted to the Parliament again, 
 and told Lord Manchester all Charles's plans. Finally he 
 changed sides a third time, landed with Montrose in 1649, 
 and was hanged at last. He was a licentious unprincipled 
 scoundrel, but a very able and intelligent ofBcer in the field. 
 The horse of the Marquis of Newcastle was also in the 
 Royalist left wing under Goring, and was commanded by Sir 
 Charles Lucas. This officer was of an Essex family, brother 
 of Lord Lucas and of Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle, whose 
 life of her husband has been so often quoted. He had served 
 for a short time in the Low Countries. His sister tells us 
 that he seldom hunted or hawked, and never danced, looking 
 upon such pursuits as too effeminate for a man.' He was 
 ' brave in person,' says Clarendon, and ' on a day of battle a 
 gallant man to look upon and follow. But at all other times 
 and places of a nature not to be lived with, of an ill under- 
 standing, and a rough and proud nature.' 
 
 Sir William TJrry had served under Grustavus Adolphus ; 
 and, among the generals of either side, he alone adopted one 
 of the favourite innovations of that great master of the art of 
 war, with very notable success.^ The King of Sweden had 
 invented the plan of placing musketeers, in the intervals 
 between the troops of horse and on their flanks, especially 
 when acting against lancers, with the object of checking a 
 hostile charge and doing execution among the ranks of 
 soldiers whose cuirasses were proof against pistol but not 
 against musket-balls.' Urry_ formed the left wing of the 
 Royalist army on this principle, receiving some commanded 
 
 ' True Belatwn of my Birth, Breeding, and lAfe, by Margaret, Duchess of 
 Newcastle : at the end of her tales in verse and prose. 
 2 Sir T. Fairfax, p. 85: Fuller's Worthies, p. 225. 
 ' JIart's Giistavus Adolphus, ii. p. 25. 
 
1644.] THE BOYALIST ABMY. 163 
 
 bodies of infantry from Porter's brigade for tbe purpose.' But 
 the English soldiers of those days hated all new foreign 
 fashions. One of the regiments under Urry's command was 
 ' the King's old horse,' and the troopers declared they had 
 always charged together as a whole regiment, and understood 
 no other system. There were even whispers of treachery 
 and foul play, and hints that there must be some evil design 
 in thus breaking the horse up into small bodies,^ which, in 
 soldiers who knew Urry's history, and had probably never 
 heard of Gustavus Adolphus, was, it must be confessed, not 
 altogether unnattft-al. 
 
 The Royalist foot had got possession of the line of the great 
 ditch before Leven could bring his men to the front, and they 
 not only lined it with musketeers, but planted several of their 
 cannon along its edge ; so that, as Cromwell's scout-master 
 remarks, ' their foot was close to our noses.' This ' forlorn 
 hope ' of Royalist musketeers was commanded by the brave 
 Colonel John Russell, the Earl of Bedford's younger brother.^ 
 Rupert had twenty- five pieces of ordnance, and such guns as 
 were not in use at the ditch were placed in a battery that 
 was hurriedly thrown up on the Royalist extreme right.'' The 
 Prince found it was so late when he reached the moor, after 
 his oratorical labours at York, that he resolved not to fight 
 that night, and the line of the ditch was thus strengthened 
 with guns to defend his foot against attacks until morning. 
 
 The Marquis of Newcastle, with his brother Charles 
 Cavendish, ' a man of the noblest and largest mind, though 
 the least and most inconvenient body that lived," came out 
 to the moor late in the afternoon in a coach-and-six, and in 
 an exceedingly bad humour. He applied to Rupert for 
 orders as to the disposal of his own most noble person, and 
 was told that there would be no battle that night, and that 
 he had better get into his coach and go to sleep, which he 
 accordingly did. But Rupert had not the decision in his 
 hands, and the leaders of the opposing army were fully 
 
 • In the military language of the day, commanded men were picked men taken 
 from different regiments, for a special service. 
 
 ' Fuller. ' Fuller. CoUins's Peerage. * Ludlow. ' Clarendon. 
 
 M 2 
 
164 LIFT! OF THE GBFAT LOBB FAIRFAX. [cH. xT. 
 
 resolved that, witli tlie lielp of God, there should be a battle 
 that night. 
 
 The Yulgar idea of Roundheads and Cavaliers is that one 
 side wore close-cropped hair, steeple hats, and clothes of 
 sombre hue ; while the other flaunted in dancing plumes and 
 flowing locks. But there were no such marked differences 
 in reality. A soldier could not distinguish a Parliamentary 
 from a Eoyalist ofBcer,i and it was necessary to have some 
 mark or sign. The allies wore a white handkerchief or piece 
 of paper in their hats, and the Royalist token was the absence 
 of bands or feathers. The pass-word of the Royalists was 
 'God and the King;' that of the allies, 'God with us.' 
 Altogether there were close upon 50,000 men on that 
 memorable ground, waiting for the signal to join battle ; for 
 the Royalist army, though slightly inferior in numbers to 
 that of the allies, counted about 22,000 men. 
 
 Sir Thomas Glemham remained in command at Tork with 
 his own regiment, that of Lord Bellasis, and the city bands, 
 of which Slingsby was colonel ; but both Lord Bellasis and 
 Sir Henry Slingsby, like true and brave knights as they 
 were, went out to the moor themselves to do battle for their 
 cause. 
 
 ' At the battle of Naseby Prince Eupert was mistaken for Sir Thomas Fairfax. 
 
BATTLE OF MAI 
 
 loiiiliin.Maaiiij 
 
VRSTON MOOR 
 
 jjmiUaii A C 
 
1644. J THE VANTAGE-GBOUND ON THE LEFT. 165 
 
 CHAPTEE XVI. 
 
 MAKSTOlir MOOR — THE BATTLE. 
 
 Herb, then, were the two great armies drawn up in battle 
 array ; a deep ditcn, and a strip of land covered with waving 
 corn, a few hundred paces across, alone dividing them. We 
 may picture to ourselves the long lines of horsemen, with 
 their breast-plates glittering in the afternoon sun ; the solid 
 masses of shouldered pikes, such as Yelasquez has made us 
 familiar with in his glorious picture of Las Lanzas ; and the 
 hundreds of fluttering pennons above them, of all shapes and 
 colours. The standard of Prince Rupert, with its red cross, 
 was nearly five yards long. 
 
 Between two and three, while the generals were mar- 
 shalling their armies, Sir Alexander Hamilton opened fire 
 with his artillery, which was returned from the Eoyalist 
 drakes and demi-culverins along the ditch. One of these 
 shots struck young Walton, Cromwell's nephew, on the leg, 
 and killed his horse.^ Then some commander in the Eoyalist 
 army, with a quick observant eye, detected a most important 
 post unoccupied, which would flank the ditch, and give the 
 advantage of sun and wind. It seems to have been a rising 
 ground behind the cottages at Tockwith, just where the ditch 
 joined Syke beck, flowing from Bilton. A regiment of red- 
 coats and a party of horse took ground to the Eoyalist right, 
 with a view to the occupation of this position,^ called in 
 some accounts the ' rye-hill,' which would have enabled them 
 to pour in a flanking fire when the allies attempted to carry 
 the ditch. But the old Earl of Leven was too quick for 
 them. He ordered Colonel Frizell, with his regiment of 
 
 ' Cromwell's letter to Valentine Walton. Correspondence, i. p. 152. ^ Stewart. 
 
166 LIFE OF THE OBFAT LOBD FAIRFAX, [ch. xvi. 
 
 dragoons, to beat off the Eoyalist detaclmientj and occupy 
 this post of vantage on the extreme left, which was accord- 
 ingly done. 
 
 Then, at about five in the afternoon, there was a silence — 
 no movement on either side. A fearful ominous pause.' 
 The tension of such silence, at such a moment, was more 
 than the men could endure, and soon ' in Marston corn-fields 
 they fell to singing psalms.'^ Leven paused, in the hope 
 that the Eoyalists would advance to attack him, for there 
 would be an evident disadvantage to the army that crossed 
 the ditch, as such a movement must necessarily somewhat 
 break and confuse its line. But there was no sign of any 
 such intention on the part of the enemy ; and old Leven, 
 seeing that they would not charge him, resolved, by the help 
 of God, to charge them. It was seven o'clock before the 
 order for a general advance was sounded, but a ' summer's 
 evening is as long as a winter's day," and there was time to 
 join battle before night, when a bright harvest moon would 
 give light enough for the victors to complete their work. 
 
 The whole allied line came down through the corn in the 
 bravest order,^ the solid squares of foot and masses of cavaby 
 looking like so many thick clouds.^ They joined battle with 
 their foes along the line of the ditch, and then truly the 
 silence was exchanged for a deafening noise of fire, clashing 
 of steel, and loud defiant shouts. The Eoyalists were forced 
 back at all points. Manchester's foot, led on by General 
 Crawford, drove the enemy out of the part of the ditch in 
 their front with some slaughter, capturing four drakes.^ This 
 enabled the main battle of Scots foot to pass the barrier 
 with little opposition,' the dragoons having already gained 
 the line of Syke beck, or the ' cross ditch,' as they called it.^ 
 Sir William Fairfax also, on the right centre, with his York- 
 shire foot, beat off the enemy from the hedge in his front, 
 captured a demi-culverin and two drakes, and began to lead 
 his men up Moor-lane. 
 
 Watson. 
 
 ' Sliugsby 
 
 ' Fuller. 
 
 Watson. 
 
 » Ash. 
 
 ° Ash. Stewart. 
 
 Stewart. 
 
 " Ibid. 
 
 
1644.] BATTLE OF MABSTON MOOB. 167 
 
 Thus the allies had carried the ditch, and gaiaed a position 
 on the moor along their whole line. The musketeers in the 
 ditch fell back, and the battle commenced again on a new 
 line, nearly as far north as White Syke close. 
 
 Meanwhile the wings had delivered their charges. David 
 Leslie and Cromwell fell upon the Newark horse under Lord 
 Byron close along the ditch, and, after some sharp fighting, 
 routed and dispersed them. But, as they opened to right 
 and left, the main body of the Royalist wing, consisting of 
 Rupert's life guards and Grandison's regiment, appeared in 
 the gap, ready toocharge, some few hundred yards away on the 
 moor. Here there was a check of some kind, respecting 
 which we shall never know the exact truth ; but it is certain 
 that something happened, and all we can do is to weiyh 
 probabilities. Manchester's horse, led by Cromwell, which 
 until now had been in the van, drew rein and paused. 
 Laurence Crawford, leading on Manchester's brigade of foot 
 on Cromwell's right, declared that he came up to the cavalry 
 in a great passion, reviled them for poltroons and cowards, 
 and asked them if they would stand still and see the day lost. 
 Cromwell, alleges Crawford, then came forward and answered 
 that he was wounded and was unable to charge, so Crawford 
 caused him to be led off the field, and took command himself.' 
 William Crawford of Skeldon (no relation to the other), ^ 
 who was on Cromwell's left with the dragoons, afterwards 
 declared on oath that Cromwell got a little wound in the back 
 of the neck, which made him retire, so that he was not so 
 much as present at the battle, and that his troopers were 
 led on by David Leslie.^ Sir Adam Hepburn, Lord of 
 Humbee, the Commissary-General of the Scottish army, also 
 asserted that Cromwell and his troopers were so humbled 
 that he would have fled if David Leslie had not supported 
 him.'' 
 
 ' HoUes's Memoirs, p. 15. 
 
 * Laurence Crawford was of the Jordanhill family, and had four brothers : 
 Cornelius, of Jordanhill ; Thomas and Daniel, in the Russian service/.and John, a 
 clergyman. William of Skeldon was no relation, and, being in a different army, 
 is not likely to have had much intercourse jyith his namesake. Godwin confuses 
 the two, .nnd Baillie's editor helps to increase the confusion. 
 
 ' Baillie, ii. p. 218. ' Ibid. 
 
168 LIFE OF THE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX, [en. xvi. 
 
 These three accounts differ sufficiently to show that they 
 are independent, and not derived from one ■ source, and yet 
 they all agree that there was something wrong with Crom- 
 well and his horse. Against them we have the absence of 
 any allusion to such a mishap in the account written by 
 Cromwell's own scout-master, which was to be expected ; and 
 the general reputation of Oliver's cavalry, which goes for 
 nothing against positive testimony.' 
 
 On the whole we must conclude that, from some cause or 
 other, Cromwell and his men did pause at a critical moment, 
 when David Leslie dashed on to the charge,^ and met Rupert's 
 horse in full career, giving the troopers of Manchester's 
 brigade time to recover themselves and support him. A 
 desperate conflict ensued; For some time the two bodies of 
 horse stood at swords' point, hacking one another.^ Ludlow 
 heard a story that, having discharged their pistols, they flung 
 them at each other's heads, and fell to with their swords.* 
 Young Lord Grandison received as many as ten wounds.* 
 At last the Royalists wavered, broke, and fled in irretrievable 
 rout, riding over and dispersing their own reserves of foot. 
 Yet they had bravely disputed every inch of ground for 
 nearly an hour.* They fled along Wilstrop wood side as fast 
 and thick as could be,' hotly pursued by the victorious allies, 
 who chased them down the York roa& for three miles, com- 
 mitting fearful slaughter, to which the bullets found long 
 afterwards in the heart wood of Wilstrop trees bore silent 
 
 ' Cromwell himself, in the letter to his brother-in-law, assumes the whole credit 
 of the defeat of the Eoyalist right, certainly at the expense both of truth and 
 hononr. He says: 'The left wing which I commanded, being our own horse, 
 saving a few Scots in our rear, beat all the Prince's horse. God made them as 
 stubble to our swords.' (Letter to Valentine Walton, Correspondence, i. p. 152.) 
 Now the 'few Scots' consisted of 1,920 men out of 4,200, and Cromwell's assertion 
 that they were in the rear is contradicted by every other eye-witness who mentions 
 them. Principal Baillie, who received a long account of the battle from his name- 
 sake, and had other sources of information now lost, says that David Leslie, in 
 all places that day, was Cromwell's leader (ii. p. 209). See also Somerville's 
 History of the Somervilles, where it is said that ' Cromwell disdained not to take 
 order from David Leslie.' 
 
 2 Rushworth says that Leslie's regiments behaved very well, v. p. 633. 
 
 " "Watson. Eushworth. ■* Ludlow's Memoirs. = Vicars, p. 275. 
 
 " Captain W.H. Watson. Eushworth. ' Slingsby's Diarif. 
 
1644.J BATTLE OF MABSTON MOOB. 169 
 
 testimony.^ Rupert himself would liave been taken prisoner 
 if he had not hid himself in some ' bean-lands.'^ He played 
 the ' creep-hedge,' as John Vicars spitefully puts it. The 
 brigade of Manchester's foot, under Crawford, advanced by 
 the side of the horse, dispersing the enemy's infantry as fast 
 as they charged,' and utterly routing Rupert's foot regiments, 
 under O'Neil, which formed the right of the Royalist line. 
 
 AU this time the Scots brigade, forming the centre, was 
 bearing the brunt of the action, and repulsing the assaults of 
 Porter's division, led on by Lord Eythin ; while the Fairfaxes 
 were suffering a great disaster on the right. 
 
 Sir William Fairfax, after crossing the ditch, gallantly led 
 his men up Moor-lane through a terrific cross-fire. But, 
 as they emerged on the moor in column, they were re- 
 ceived with murderous volleys from Newcastle's white-coats,^ 
 so that there was more slaughter here than on any other 
 part of the field.' They wavered, and just then large bodies 
 of their own flying cavalry, routed by Sir WUliam Urry, 
 galloped over them in wild disorder. They were thrown into 
 confusion, and, with the two regiments of Scots reserves, 
 broke and fled towards Tadcaster. 
 
 At the same time as the foot advanced up Moor-lane, the 
 engagement had commenced between the horse of Fairfax 
 and Goring on the extreme right. Sir Thomas was given 
 the most difficult ground on the whole battle-field. Besides 
 several ditches, there was a dense undergrowth of furze in 
 that part of the moor, which threw the cavalry into some 
 disorder before reaching the enemy. Notwithstanding these 
 inconveniences, he saw his right wing properly formed, and 
 then, placing himself at the head of his own regiment, 
 charged the enemy in most gallant style. ^ He was opposed to 
 
 • ' Cutting down the wood belonging to Lord Petre, on one side of Marston Moor, 
 a few years ago, the sawyers found many bullets in the hearts of the trees.' Har- 
 grove's Knaresborouffk, 1798, p. 351. 
 
 2 Ash. ' Watson. Eushworth, v. p. 633. * Ash. 
 
 » Sir T. Fairfax. 
 
 ' The sword worn by Sir Thomas Fairfax, in this charge, is preserved at 
 Farnley, the seat of Mr. Fawkes, near Otley. It is a straight sword with a basket 
 hilt inlaid with silver. It is described in Meyriek. 
 
170 'LIFE OF THE GREAT LOBD FAIRFAX, [ch. xvi. 
 
 Sir William TJrry's alternate bodies of horse and musketeers,' 
 and was a long time hotly engaged at swords' point,^ suffer- 
 ing terribly from the galling fire of the muskets ; but at last 
 he routed this part of the Royalist wing, and his regiment 
 chased the fugitives some way along the road to York. This 
 was the most desperate fight in the whole battle, and many 
 of the officers and men were killed and wounded. Sir Thomas 
 himself received a deep sabre cut across the cheek, the mark 
 of which he took with him to his grave.^ Eushworth says 
 that he carried himself with great bravery, but that he was 
 unhorsed, flung on the ground, and wounded on the head 
 and face, but rescued and carried off by a party of his own 
 regiment. His major had at least thirty wounds, of which 
 he died at Tork. The captain of his own troop was shot 
 in the arm ; his cornet had both his hands cut, which maimed 
 him for life ; and Captain Micklethwait, another of his 
 officers, ' an honest stout gentleman,' was slain. 
 
 Young Charles Fairfax, with Colonel Lambert, charged in 
 another place, and was mortally wounded. Here there was 
 a panic amongst the newly-levied regiments, who rode over 
 Lord Fairfax's infantry in their flight, and caused the rout 
 of the right wing. TJrry and Lucas, pressing hotly forward, 
 then attacked the Scots horse ; and Lord Eglinton's lancers 
 alone stood their ground. They behaved most gallantly, 
 and both the lieutenant-colonel and young Robert Mont- 
 gomery were severely wounded.* But at last they, too, were 
 broken ; so that the whole right wing was utterly defeated, 
 except Sir Thomas's regiment.^ 
 
 Sir Thomas Fairfax, like a good commander, as soon as 
 the success of his own regiment was assured, left the chase, 
 and returned to look after the other troops of his wing. But 
 
 ' Sir T. Fairfax, p. 85. 
 
 '^ Sir Thomas's note to Fuller. 
 
 ' The scar is eho-wn in the portrait by Walker at Newton Kyme, in the picture 
 at Leeds Castle, and in the miniature by Cooper. 
 
 * 'I long to hear of the cure of Eobert's wound, also of Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Montgomerie, that brave and gallant gentleman.' Principal Baillie to Lord 
 Eglinton, ii. p. 209. 
 
 " Captain W.H. Sir Thomas Fairfax. Captain Stewart. Ash. Watson. 
 Slingsby. 
 
1644.] BATTLE OF MABSTON MOOB. 171 
 
 he found that they had been hopelessly routed, and that he 
 himself was surrounded by bodies of Royalist horse. So 
 he took the white handkerchief out of his hat, and rode 
 right through the enemy without being recognised, joining 
 Manchester's horse in the other wing,' with whom he acted, 
 at the head of his victorious regiment, for the rest of the 
 day. 
 
 Old Lord Fairfax was carried off the field with the fugi- 
 tives of his brigade and of the Scots reserve, as far as 
 Tadcaster. But he returned the same night, and wrote off 
 the intelligence of the victory to the mayor of Hull, which 
 was the first that reached London, and the first that was 
 written.^ 
 
 Mr. Trevor met the fugitives as he was coming to York. 
 Horse and foot were mingled together — speechless, breath- 
 less, and full of fear : shoals of the Scots crying out, ' Wae's 
 us ! we are all undone ; ' ragged troops, consisting of four men 
 and a cornet ; foot ofiScers, without hat or sword, or indeed 
 anything but feet and so much tongue as would sufi&ce to 
 inquire the way to tVe next garrison.' ' It was a sad sight 
 to behold many thousands posting away amazed with panic 
 fears,' observes Mr. Ash, who took the fugitives severely to 
 task afterwards, in a sermon. 
 
 The left wing of the Royalists was now completely vic- 
 torious. Part of the troops galloped up the hill, and began 
 plundering the baggage round the clump of trees. The rest, 
 consisting of Newcastle's white-coats, and the cavalry led by 
 Lucas and Urry, made a furious attack upon the right flank 
 of the allied centre, which was already hotly engaged with 
 Porter's division in front. The fate of the battle now de- 
 
 ' Short Memorial 
 f ^ Lilly, who was a great liar and was then in London, says that Lord Fairfax 
 fled through Tadeaster to Cawood Castle, and that, as there were neither fire nor 
 candles, he went to hed. ' At midnight,' continues Lilly, ' news of the victory 
 arrived, and the old lord got up, procured a light, and pen and ink, with some 
 difficulty, and wrote the news to the mayor of Hull, going back to bed again as soon 
 as it was despatched.' This story bears a falsehood on the face of it ; and the 
 date of the letter to the mayor proves that it must have been written from the field 
 of battle. See Lilly's lAfe and, Times, p. 177. 
 
 ' Carte's Letters of Orntond, i. p. 56. 
 
172 LIFE OF THE GBEAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. xvi. 
 
 pended upon the valour and steadiness of this brigade of four 
 regiments of Scots foot, under General Baillie, with its 
 reserves under Lumsdaine. 'They had,' says Principal 
 Baillie, ' the greatest burden of the conduct of aU.' If they 
 could hold their own until the left wing could come to the 
 rescue, the day was won ; if not, utter ruin was inevitable. 
 
 Both sides saw this, and the struggle became desperate. 
 One eye-witness declares that there was such noise with shot 
 and clamour of shouts, that it was quite deafening, and the 
 smoke of the powder was so thick that no light could be seen 
 but what proceeded from the mouths of the guns.^ Twice 
 the Royalist cavalry charged furiously, and twice were they 
 gallantly repulsed, the Scotch regiments in alternate tertias 
 of pikes and muskets maintaining their ground for nearly an 
 hour. At a third charge they wavered, and some of the 
 reserves broke and fled. But Lumsdaine and Lord Lindsay ^ 
 rallied two or three regiments, and at that moment David 
 Leslie and Manchester's foot appeared on the scene, and the 
 day was won.^ Sir Charles Lucas's horse was killed, and 
 he himself taken prisoner when he cha.rged the third time.^ 
 
 When the reserves of the centre broke, the old Earl of 
 Leven urged them to stand their ground. " If you fly from 
 the enemy,' he exclaimed, ' at least stand by your general.' 
 But it was all in vain. They were panic-stricken, and fled ; 
 and he, thinking, like Lord Fairfax, that all was lost, fled 
 with them. We can tell the time of his flight by the direc- 
 tion he took. Instead of following Lord Fairfax to Tadcaster, 
 he turned sharp to the right, because Marston Fields were 
 already overrun by the victorious left wing of the Royalists, 
 and rode away to Wetherby, or, as some say, as far as Leeds. 
 Both Scots and English, friends and enemies, seem to have 
 taken special pleasure in retailing numerous versions of the 
 poor old veteran's mishap or mistake, not remembering how 
 
 ' Captain W.H. 
 
 ' ' Lindsay had the greatest hazard of any.' Baillie, ii. p. 204 
 = Stewart. He says, ' Our main battle all this time standing firm.' See also 
 SpaMing's Troubles, ii. p. 245. 
 •'Stewart. Aiso Letter from Hull. 
 
1644.] BATTLU OF MAB8T0N MOOB. 173 
 
 ably lie formed tlie line of battle, and how hard he strove to 
 rally the fugitiyes.' 
 
 It was at this juncture that the Marquis of Newcastle woke 
 up, got out of his coach, and proceeded to join in the com- 
 bat, followed by his brother, a page, and a few gentleman 
 volunteers. He had an independent encounter with a pike- 
 man ; and, after performing other prodigies of valour, was, 
 according to the Duchess, the last to ride off the field, leav- 
 ing his coach-and-six behind him. It was taken, with all 
 his correspondence, some of which criminated poor Sir John 
 Hotham. • 
 
 The left wing of the allies heard of the reverses on the 
 right from Sir Thomas Fairfax, when he joiaed them with 
 his regiment as they were chasing the Eoyalists along 
 Wilstrop wood side. He and David- Leslie, with Crawford 
 and Cromwell, then led the troops across the moor, to the 
 support of their centre, now sorely pressed in front and flank. 
 When the plundering Eoyalists saw their approach, they 
 hurried down from Marston Fields. For a time the renewed 
 conflict was sharp,^ but it did not last long. The Eoyalist 
 cavalry of their left wing, demoralised by success, were routed 
 by Manchester's horse ; while David Leslie and the Scots 
 dragoons charged the Eoyalist foot that still held their 
 gjound. 
 
 Newcastle's regiment of white-coats resolved to die rather 
 than submit, and retreated into White Syke close ; where, as 
 the Duchess describes it, ' they showed such extraordinary 
 valour that they were killed as they stood, in rank and file.' 
 Captain Camby, who came up with some of Manchester's horse 
 in support of Leslie, and was one of the first to enter the close, 
 describes it as ' a small parcel of ground ditched in.' For a 
 whole hour, after the day was utterly lost, did these brave 
 
 'Fuller says he ' ran away more than a mile and a wee bit ' ( Worthies, p. 225). 
 Turner {Memoirs) declares he did not draw bridle till he got to Wetherby, twenty- 
 four miles from the place of battle (Wetherby happens to be only four miles from 
 Marston). See also LiUy, p 177; Ludlow; Slingsby; BaiUie, ii. p. 204; War- 
 wick, p. 280 ; Spalding, ii. p. 286, &c. Lilly says ' Leven, the Scot, asked the 
 way to the Tweed.' The story of his having gone as far as Leeds is given in 
 Somerville's History of the Somerville Family, ii. p. 287. 
 2 Rushworth, > . p. 633. 
 
174 TjIFD of the GEEAT LOBD FAIRFAX, [ch. xvi. 
 
 border men continue to fight, repulsing the charges of the 
 cavalry, and of Colonel Frizell's dragoons, at near push of 
 pike. They would take no quarter, and when the allied 
 horse did enter the close, there were not thirty white-coats 
 alive. Captain Camby protested that ' he never, in all the 
 fights he was ever in, saw such resolute brave fellows, and 
 that he saved two or three against their wUls.' ' 
 
 Long before this the battle was won. The horse of Man- 
 chester and Leslie charged every party remaining in the field 
 until all were fairly routed and put to flight, and by nine 
 that night the field was cleared of all but prisoners and dead. 
 There would have been many more slain in the heat of the 
 pursuit, had not Sir Thomas Fairfax galloped up and down, 
 calling to the soldiers to spare their enemies. ' Spare the 
 poor deluded countrymen,' he cried, ' spare them, who are 
 misled, and know not what they do.'^ The whole Royalist 
 army fled in utter rout to York, Lord Eythin covering the 
 flight to some extent with a small body of horse. At Mickle- 
 gate-bar there was a harrowing sight. The street was 
 thronged up to the gates with wounded and exhausted men, 
 who made a pitiful outcry for help or some relief to their 
 sufferings.' 
 
 But on the battle-field the scene was still more shocking. 
 Besides wounded, there were no fewer thai] 4,150 bodies buried 
 by the country people, either in White Syke close or along 
 Wilstrop wood side. Prince Rupert's favourite dog ' Boy ' 
 was among the slain. The prisoners were Sir Charles Lucas, 
 Generals Goring, Porter, and Tilyard, about a hundred other 
 of&cers, and 1,500 soldiers. Sir Henry Slingsby lost his 
 nephew. Colonel Penwick,^ and his kinsman Sir Charles. 
 Sir William Wentworth, Sir Thomas Metham, and young 
 Lionel Carey, the Earl of Monmouth's eldest son, were 
 also killed. Sir Charles Lucas was taken to view the 
 dead bodies, but he would not say whom he knew among 
 them. There was one Cavalier, however, with a bracelet of 
 hair round his wrist, whom Sir Charles recognized. He 
 
 ' Lilly's Life and Times, p. 179. ' Vicars, p. 284. ' Slingsby. 
 
 ' Son of Sir Henry's sister Katlierine. 
 
1644.J DEATH OF GHABLB8 FAIBFAX. 175 
 
 desired the bracelet to be taken off, saying that he knew an 
 honourable lady who would give thanks for it.^ The allies 
 captured twenty-five pieces of ordnance, 130 barrels of 
 powder, many thousand stand of arms, and about a hundred 
 colours, some of which were sent to the Parliament in charge 
 of Captain Stewart, One eye-witness writes that they took 
 colours enough to make surplices for all the cathedrals in 
 England, were they white.^ 
 
 After the battle was over, the Earl of Manchester, who 
 was the senior general in the absence of Leven, rode about 
 amongst the soldJfers at eleven o'clock that night, and gave 
 thanks for their exceeding good service.^ They indeed had 
 to endure severe hardships besides the fighting. Very few 
 ate the quantity of a penny loaf from Tuesday until Saturday 
 morning ; there was actually no beer at all ; the wells had 
 been drained to the mud, and the men had to drink water 
 out of the ditches, or out of places puddled with the horses' 
 feet." 
 
 Many had to mourn the loss of friends and relations on 
 that fatal day, but few had so sad an affliction as Sir Thomas 
 Fairfax, in the death of his brother Charles. The poor lad 
 was deserted by the raw levies whom he led to the charge, and 
 received a severe wound, of which he died three or four days 
 afterwards. He was buried at Marston,' having but returned 
 to England to fall in his first battle. His grandfather, the 
 venerable Earl of Mulgrave, thus wrote to his father : — ' He 
 hath made the public cause the whetstone of his fortitude. 
 Military valour, which carrieth with it much renown, hath 
 been glorious in him ; yet but a small ray of that perfection 
 which dear Charles hath showed in his great encounter with 
 death. This I mention not to beget a sigh, but as his 
 nearness binds me to rejoice with you in the assurance he is 
 gone to Him that gives and takes at His pleasure.'® 
 
 In general estimation, at the time, the honours of the day 
 were given to Sir Thomas Fairfax, Cromwell, and David 
 
 ' Vicars, p. 276. = Two letters, &c., in King's Pamphlet, No. 164. 
 
 ' Ash. • Ibid. » Sir T. Fairfax, Short Memorial. 
 
 ° Fairfax Correspondence, iii. p. 131. 
 
176 LIFE OF THE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. xvi. 
 
 Leslie ; but Generals Baillie and Lumsdaine deserved at least 
 equal credit for their resolute and gallant conduct in com- 
 mand of tlie centre. If they had given way before the left 
 wing could come to their support, the fate of the day would 
 probably have been very different. As it was, the victory 
 was complete and decisive. The Fairfaxes, by holding out 
 through the previous year so gallantly, had led the way to 
 this result. Their victory at Selby was the immediate cause 
 of the siege of York, and the great battle of Marston Moor 
 was the crown of their patriotic exertions. 
 
 NOTE ON THE AUTHORITIES FOR THE BATTLE OF 
 MARSTON MOOR. 
 
 Several eye-witnesses wrote an account of the battle of Marston 
 Moor. I think the best is that by the Rev. Simeon Ash. Educated 
 at Cambridge, he was ejected from his living by Laud for refusing 
 to read the ' Book of Sports ' in church. When the civil war 
 broke out he became chaplain to the Earl of Manchester, and was 
 present in that capacity at the siege of Tork and at Marston. But 
 he vigorously opposed the Commonwealth, and went to Breda to 
 congratulate Charles II. on his restoration. He had an independent 
 fortune, and was a thoroughly sincere honest man. He died in 
 1662. His account of the battle, and of the events which led to it, 
 is lucid and interesting. It was published in a newspaper of the 
 day, called ' True Intelligence,' No. 5 ; and Principal Baillie, who 
 was in London at the time, says : ' For the man's known integrity, 
 Mr. Ash's every word is believed.' (' Letters,' ii. p. 209.) Mr. 
 Ash's account is bound up in King's Pamphlet No. 166, in the 
 British Museum, but is now indexed under the head of ' Periodical 
 Pablications,' E|. 
 
 Next we have a full relation of the victory by Captain Stewart, a 
 Scottish officer ; which is the authority for the operations in the 
 centre. It was published at London in 4to, on July II, 1644, and 
 is in King's Pamphlet No. 164 ; but indexed under ' Leven, ' E 54. 
 
 Leonard "Watson, Ohver Cromwell's scout-master, published 
 ' A more Exact Relation of the late Battle near York, London, 1644,' 
 which is one of the authorities for the operations on the left wing. 
 It is in King's Pamphlet No. 166. Respecting the left wing, 
 we also have Laurence Crawford's statement to Denzil Holies 
 ('Memoirs,' p. 15) ; and the accounts given to Principal Baillie by 
 
1644.J AUTHOBITIES FOB MABSTON MOOB. 177 
 
 Crawford, of Skeldon, and Lord Humbee (' Letters,' ii. p. 218). 
 Also Cromwell's own letter to Valentine "Walton (' Carlyle,' i. 
 p. 152). 
 
 There are also a ' True Relation,' published by authority, ' Two 
 Letters,' written the third day after the fight, ' A Relation of some 
 Remarkable Passages in the Fight,' in a letter from Hull ; ' The 
 Weekly Intelligencer ' of July 9, No. 62 ; and 'A Letter from a Captain 
 there present, to a Friend in London,' signed W. H. 
 
 Rushworth gives an excellent condensed account of the battle, 
 evidently based upon the narratives of Ash, Watson, and Stewart 
 (' Collections,' v. p. 632). The OflBcial Despatch of the Generals to 
 the Committee of both Kingdoms, dated from the Leaguer before 
 York, on July 6, is in Rushworth, v. p. 636 ; but it is brief, and 
 enters into no particulars. The same may be said of Lord Lindsay's 
 Ofi&cial Letter to the Committee of Estates at Edinburgh, dated 
 from York on July 6 ; which is printed in Thurloe's ' State Papers,' 
 i. p. 38. 
 
 For the operations on the right wing the chief authority is Sir 
 Thomas Fairfax's own straightforward modest account, in his 
 ' Short Memorial,' p. 84. Baillie says something touching Lord 
 Eglinton's regiment (' Letters,' ii. p. 209). Sir Henry Shngsby 
 gives a short notice of the battle, with a few local particulars 
 (' Diary,' p. 114). 
 
 The gallant stand of the white-coats is related by the Duchess of 
 Newcastle (Life of the Duke, p. 49) ; and by Captain Camby to 
 Lilly the Astrologer ('Life and Times,' p. 179). Mr. Trevor was 
 somewhere on the outskirts of the battle, and gives an amusing 
 account of the fugitives ; but his version of the battle itself is about 
 as accurate as if he had lived at the antipodes a thousand years 
 after the event. (See ' Carte's Letters of Ormond,' i. p. 66.) 
 
 General Ludlow was not at the battle, but he gives a short account 
 of it (' Memoirs,' p. 53). The version in ' Whitelocke's Memorials ' 
 contains as many mistakes as lines. 
 
 Old Puller gives a quaint version of the battle, which contains 
 two or three new points, but we are chiefly indebted to him for 
 having written it (' Worthies,' p. 226) because it gave rise to some 
 additional information from Sir Thomas Fairfax himself. The great 
 general appears to have been a little hurt at the total omission of 
 his name, and he wrote a note in the margin of his copy of ' Fuller's 
 Worthies,' giving a few more particulars respecting the operations 
 of the right wing. This note was communicated to the ' Anti- 
 quarian Repertory,' a miscellaneous collection pubhshed in 1808, 
 and is printed at p. 31 of vol. iii. The note is headed ' A Modest 
 Refutation of an Error published in Print by Mr. Fuller, in his Book 
 of Worthies.' 
 
178 LIFE OF THE OBFAT LOBB FAIRFAX. [CH. xvi. 
 
 There is notliing in. Clarendon. Vicars quotes from Mr. Ash's 
 narrative, adding a few particulars that he gathered from others. 
 (' God's Ark,' &c., p. 268.) 
 
 General Baillie wrote an account of the battle to his namesake 
 the Pi-incipal, for which the latter thanks him in a letter dated 
 July 16, and Lord Eglinton wrote a letter at large to Sir John 
 Seaton. But I have not seen these accounts of the battle, and, so 
 far as I know, they do not now exist. 
 
 Eliot Warburton, in his. ' Memoir of Prince Rupert,' has not 
 taken much pains in writing of Marston Moor, and merely describes 
 an imaginary charge of his hero on the Royalist left wing, where 
 Rupert never was. 
 
 Mr. Sandford has written an admirable account of the battle of 
 Marston Moor in his ' Studies and Illustrations of the Great Rebel- 
 lion,' 1858, p. 680, for which he has carefully studied the best 
 authorities ; but he seems to be mistaken respecting the complete 
 rout of the allied centre after the third charge of the Royalists. 
 Captain Stewart distinctly asserts that the main battle stood firm 
 all the time ; and Spalding, who was a contemporary, says that two 
 of the regiments, under Lindsay and Lumsdaine, stood their ground 
 and fought it out stoutly. 
 
 Mr. Herman Merivale, after a visit to Marston in 1862, wrote a 
 pleasant account of thq battle in ' Macmillan's Magazine.' He, 
 however, omits all mention of the gallant stand made by the Scots 
 in the centre, which is fully described by Mr. Sandford, and which, 
 whether they broke or not afterwards, was one of the principal 
 features of this memorable day's work. 
 
 Mr. Robert Lawley delivered a very interesting lecture on the 
 battle, in the school-room at Marston in 1866 ; which was afterwards 
 published by Sampson of York. 
 
 The list of Scottish oflacers in the Earl of Leven's army will be 
 found ia Rushworth, v. p. 606. 
 
1644.J FLIGHT OF BUPEBT AND NEWGA8TLE. 179 
 
 CHAPTEE XVII. 
 
 SUEEENDER OP TOEK — TICKHILL CASTLE — SIEGE OP HBLMSLBT 
 
 SIE THOMAS FAIEPAX DANGEEO0SLT WOUNDED — SIEGE OP 
 
 POMPBET DEAi;;a OP SIE WILLIAM PAIEPAX. 
 
 The yictory at Marston Moor was decisive, and the Eoyalist 
 commanders abandoned the idea of attempting to retrieve 
 the affairs of their unfortunate master. The Marquis of 
 Newcastle, seeing all the fruits of his expenditure and trouble 
 destroyed in a single day, and being utterly destitute of that 
 noble perseverance which shone forth so brightly in his op- 
 ponents when their fortunes were at their lowest ebb, resolved 
 to leave the kingdom. He asked his steward how much 
 money he had left, who answered that he had but 90Z. With 
 this sum, and escorted by a troop of horse, Lord Newcastle 
 set out for Scarborough early on the morning of Wednesday, 
 July 3. Two vessels were got ready by the governor, and, 
 sailing on the 5th, the Marquis reached Hamburg on the 
 8th, accompanied by several of the leading Royalists of 
 the north. In one ship were Newcastle himself, with his 
 brother Charles and two sons ; Dr. Bramhall, Bishop of 
 Derry, a creature of Laud's and Strafford's ; Lord Falconberg, 
 Lord Widdrington, Sir William Carnaby, and his brother 
 Francis. In the other were the Lieutenant-General Lord 
 Eythin, and Lord Carnwath. Lord Newcastle had only 901. 
 in money ; but he appears to have had credit, for he bought a 
 coach and nine horses of the Holsatian breed for IQOl. soon 
 after he landed, with which he set out for Paris ; and we 
 shall hear no more of him in this history. 
 
 Young Rupert, having entirely ruined his uncle's affairs 
 in the north, left the city of York to its fate, marching away 
 through Monkbar to Middleham, and thence into Lancashire. 
 
 N 2 
 
180 .LIFJJ! OF THF OUEAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. xtii. 
 
 So, on tlie very day after tlie battle, brave Sir Thomas Glem- 
 bam, deserted by both Eupert and Newcastle, prepared to 
 defend the town with about a thousand half- mutinous troops ; 
 and, in order to induce the garrison to stand by him, he was 
 obliged to circulate false reports that Eupert had again at- 
 tacked the allied army and routed it. As it was, a great 
 number of soldiers deserted, not liking to endtire the hard- 
 ships of another siege.' 
 
 The allied army rested in the villages near the moor on 
 the day after the battle, and resumed its original position 
 round York on Thursday, July 4.^ The approaches were 
 pushed forward with great vigour. The Scots threw up a 
 battery in Bishop-fields to the left of Micklegate-bar, while 
 the Fairfaxes prepared another between Walmgate-bar and 
 Layre-thorp Postern. By the advice of Sir Thomas Fairfax 
 it was determined that a general assault should be delivered 
 at the Layre-thorp Postern, where the wall ended, and the 
 only obstacle was the river Foss. A bridge was got ready to 
 throw across it, and a large supply of hurdles had been col- 
 lected,' when Sir Thomas Glemham offered to capitulate, and 
 commissioners were appointed to arrange the articles of sur- 
 render — namely. Sir Adam Hepburn on the part of the Scots, 
 Sir William Constable for the Fairfaxes, and Colonel Mon- 
 tague for Lord Manchester.^ 
 
 Glemhana, as he deserved, obtained most honourable terms. 
 He was to deliver up the city, with the forts, Clifford's Tower, 
 and all munitions of war, on the 16th ; he and his garrison 
 were to march out with all the honours of war, and be safely 
 conveyed to the nearest Eoyalist garrison ; no officer or 
 soldier was to be stopped or plundered on the march ; the 
 citizens were to enjoy all their privileges, and no soldiers 
 were to be quartered within the walls.* 
 
 On Tuesday, July 16, Sir Thomas Glemham, with Sir Henry 
 Slingsby, and about a thousand men, marched out of York, 
 most of the soldiers being half drunk.'' The besiegers were 
 drawn up in line on both sides of the road, extending for a mile 
 
 ' Slingsby's Biari/. ' Eushwortli, v. p. 637. ' Slingsby. 
 
 * Bushworth. ' Ibid. « God's Ark, p. 292. 
 
1644.] TOBK SUBBENDEBS. 181 
 
 from MicMegate-bar. As soon as the Royalists were clear 
 of the town, the three allied generals went to the Minster, 
 where a psalm was sung, and thanksgiving offered up by 
 Lord Leven's chaplain. No cathedral in England suffered 
 less from the ciyU war than York Minster, and this immunity 
 was due to the unceasing watchfulness of Sir Thomas Fairfax, 
 to whom Yorkshire owes a debt of gratitude for his thought- 
 ful care of her proudest monument.' 
 
 The work of the Allies in Yorkshire having been completed, 
 the armies at once marched in directions where they might 
 be more servicealffle to the cause. The Scots went north to 
 reduce Newcastle, Manchester led the army of the asso- 
 ciated counties south to reinforce Lord Essex, and Sir William 
 Brereton and Sir John Meldrum, who had arrived just too 
 late to take part in the battle, with the Cheshire forces, at 
 once returned to watch the movements of Prince Rupert. 
 They were reinforced by a body of 1,000 Yorkshire cavalry, 
 under the command of Sir William Fairfax of Steeton. 
 
 Lord Fairfax was appointed Governor of York, and the 
 only work that remained for him to do was the reduction of 
 the castles which were still held by Royalist garrisons.^ 
 Some of this work was performed by Lord Manchester during 
 his march south. From Doncaster, where he arrived on 
 July 23, he detached Major-General Crawford to invest 
 Sheffield Castle, which surrendered on August 10 ; and the 
 reduction of Tickhill Castle was entrusted to Colonel Lil- 
 burne. 
 
 Tickhill Castle was the property of the Crown, and formed 
 part of the jointure of Henrietta Maria, but it was leased to 
 the Hansby family. A broad moat and counterscarp sur- 
 rounded a hill covering an area of six acres, and within the 
 moat there was a wall, on the line of which stood the keep, 
 a solid circular tower on a mound, with sixteen buttresses 
 supporting its base. The entrance to the castle was over a 
 
 ' The famous horn of XJlphus was stolen during the siege ; hut Sir Thomas 
 rescued it, and it was restored to the Minster by his cousin Henry, fourth Lord 
 Fairfax. See the account of the horn of Ulphus by Samuel Gale {Archceologia, i, 
 p. 186). 
 
 * Lord Fairfax to Sir S. D'Ewes, Autobiography, ii. p. 306. 
 
182 LIFE OF TEE QBE AT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. xvii. 
 
 drawbridge across the moat, and tlien through, a fine old 
 gateway tower with a large chamber above, defended by four 
 doors and a portcullis. The old hall, which was standing in 
 Leland's time, was on the left side of the gate tower, and 
 there were also the chapel built by Queen Eleanor, and other 
 buildings, within the walls. 
 
 Sir Ralph Hansby garrisoned Tickhill Castle for the King 
 at the breaking out of the civil war, but he died and was 
 buried there in December 1643, and Major Monckton suc- 
 ceeded to the command. Situated on the borders of York- 
 shire and Nottinghamshire, Tickhill was well placed for 
 levying black mail. The garrison consisted of about eighty 
 musketeers and a troop of horse, and Monckton managed to 
 do much mischief by extorting heavy contributions from the 
 farmers, and interrupting the trade between the manufactur- 
 ing towns of the West Eiding and the South. The troop of 
 horse patroled the roads, and brought all the pack animals 
 laden with cloth into the castle, where they were not re- 
 leased without payment of twenty shillings per horse-load. 
 On being summoned by Lilburne, Major Monckton agreed 
 to siurender on honourable conditions. Lord Manchester, 
 attended by Generals Crawford and Oliver Cromwell, rode 
 from Doncaster on the 26th of July with a troop of horse, 
 and arrived in front of Tickhill Castle in the afternoon. The 
 drawbridge was then let down, and the garrison marched 
 out between two lines of Parliamentary dragoons ; leaving 
 behind one iron field-piece, a hundred muskets, and great 
 store of grain, salt butter, cheese, and powdered beef. Lord 
 Manchester furnished a horse to each of the wives of the 
 Royalist- of&cers, and rested one day in the castle before re- 
 suming his march.' 
 
 Some other important castles remained for the Fairfaxes to 
 reduce— Helmsley, Pomfret, Sandall, Knaresborough, and 
 Scarborough ; besides Skipton, in the hUls of Craven. 
 
 Sir Thomas Fairfax undertook the siege of Helmsley 
 
 ' In 1647 tlie Parliament ordered Tickhill, with other castles, to be dismantled 
 and rendered untenable. The haU and the old gateway remained. See Vicars and 
 Hunter's Doncaster. 
 
1644.J FAIRFAX 8EVFBFLY WOWNDFB. 183 
 
 Castle in person. This strong place, about twenty miles 
 nearly due north of York, belonged to the Duchess of 
 Buckingham, the heiress of the Earl of Eutland, and Baro- 
 ness de Roos in her own right. The Lords Boos took their 
 title from this castle of Helmsley or Hamlake. The garrison 
 was commanded by Sir Jordan Crosland, who made a most 
 resolute defence; and there were several desperate sallies. 
 In one of these Sir Thomas Fairfax was very dangerously 
 wounded, a ball passing through his shoulder, and another 
 breaking his arm. He was carried to his father's house at 
 Bishophill in York, where for a long time his life was de- 
 spaired of.' But he gradually recovered during the autumn, 
 and in October the London newspapers reported that he 
 was 'on the mending hand.'^ Helmsley surrendered on 
 November 22 ;' Knaresborough at about the same time ; and 
 on Christmas Day, long before he was properly recovered 
 from his wounds, the gallant young General invested the far 
 stronger and more formidable castle of Pomfret. 
 
 The ancient castle at Pomfret stands on an elevated rock 
 south of the town, whence there is a splendid view across 
 the valley of the Aire. It consisted of a strong wall 
 with a parapet, buUt round a castle-yard, and the wall 
 was flanked by seven tall and massive towers, called the 
 Round Tower, the Pix or Treasurer's, the Red, the Swilling- 
 ton, the Queen's, the King's, and the Constable's Towers. 
 The Round Tower at the east end was sixty-four feet in 
 diameter, and was used as a lodging for the Governor. In 
 the yard there was a trap-door over a flight of forty-three 
 steps cut out of the solid rock, conducting to a subterranean 
 chamber six yards long by three, with six recesses, used as a 
 magazine. The entrance to the castle-yard was through a 
 strong machicolated gateway with a portcullis, between 
 two towers where the corps du gard was stationed, beyond 
 which there was a barbican with a drawbridge. 
 
 ' Short Memorial, p. 89. Carte's Letters of Ormond, i. p. 61. 
 
 == Country Foot-post of October 2, 1644. 
 
 ' Additional Manuscripts, 18.979. Propositions desired by Colonel Croslatd 
 for Helmsley Castle. The only accounts of Helmsley Castle I know of wjU be 
 found in Gill's Vallis Eboracmm, and Eastmead's Historia Rievallmsis (1824). 
 
184 LIFE OF TEE GBEAT LOBD FAIRFAX, [ch. xvn. 
 
 The castle was well provisioned and garrisoned by a strong 
 force under tlie command of Sir Eicliard Lowtlier, wlio 
 refused to surrender on summons, and the siege commenced. 
 Batteries were planted round the castle, and a heavy fire was 
 opened, which was continued for several days. Sir Thomas 
 Fairfax here had another vei;y narrow escape, being slightly 
 wounded by a ball which passed between him and Colonel 
 Torbes, his old companion in arms at the taking of Leeds. 
 Soon afterwards his ill health, and weakness arising from half- 
 healed wounds, obliged him to return to York, and the 
 siege was converted into a blockade,' the conduct of which 
 was entrusted to Colonel Lambert. 
 
 Sir Thomas Fairfax had now completed his novitiate in 
 arms. His military exploits since that first affair of outposts 
 at Wetherby, only two short years before, had made his 
 name famous throughout England, and the time had arrived 
 when he was to receive the highest trust that the represen- 
 tatives of his country could confer upon him. 
 
 But just as Sir Thomas was thus called to fill the most im- 
 portant post in the kingdom, his cousin and dear friend Sir 
 William, who had fought by his side on so many battle-fields, 
 met a soldier's death. Sir William has occupied too honour- 
 able a place in this first part of our hero's life history to 
 admit of the closing- scene of his career being passed over 
 with no more than a few words. Moreover it was fated 
 that his descendants should continue the line of the Fairfaxes 
 in England to our own time. I will therefore conclude this 
 chapter with some account of his last and most glorious 
 action. 
 
 Sir William Fairfax, with a body of Yorkshire horse, was 
 engaged, with Sir John Meldrum, in the siege of Liverpool ; 
 
 ' In February Sir Marinaduke Langdale, with 2,000 horse, raised the siege, 
 Lamhert retreating before him to Ferrybridge ; but it was resumed when Langdale 
 retired again to Newark, and pressed vigorously forward by Sir John Savile of 
 Jjupset, and the Soots. Pomfret Castle surrendered on July 21, 16i5. See 
 Tetlow's Historical Account of Pontefract (1769). There is a manuscript diary of 
 the siege of Pomfret, by Nathan Drake, a gentleman volunteer, written in 1644. 
 Francis Drake, his grandson, and the author of Eboracum, desired that it might 
 never go out of the family. See also Boothroyd's Pontefract. 
 
1C44.] GALLANTRY OF SIB WILLIAM FAIRFAX. 185 
 
 and Sir William Brereton had resumed the siege of Chester. 
 Then there came a call for help from the Welsh marches. Sir 
 Thomas Middleton, who was commanding for the Parliament 
 in Shropshire, had intercepted the whole of the gunpowder 
 which the Royalists were sending from Bristol for the use of 
 Chester and Liverpool. He deposited it, with a suitable 
 garrison, in Montgomery Castle, remaining outside with his 
 horse. This was a serious blow to the Royalists ; and Lord 
 Byron, collecting the remains of Prince Rupert's horse, and 
 of the infantry sent over from Ireland by Lord Ormond, laid 
 close siege to the eastle, with the determination of recovering 
 the powder. Middleton appealed for support to the Parlia- 
 mentary commanders in Cheshire and Lancashire, and his 
 call was promptly answered. 
 
 Sir William Fairfax declared that, for the service of the 
 Parliament, he was ready to lead his Yorkshire horse to any 
 part of the kingdom ; and the united forces formed a body 
 of 3,000 horse and foot under the chief command of Sir 
 John Meldrum. They arrived before Montgomery Castle on 
 September 17, and Lord Byron retreated to the slope of a 
 mountain on one side with his besieging troops, which num- 
 bered about 5,000 men. 
 
 Next day the Royalists came down iilto the plain, and, 
 attacking their enemies with great resolution, the action 
 became general, at a time when a third of the Parliamentary 
 horse was away foraging and collecting supplies for the re- 
 victualling of the castle. Byron's pikemen advanced with 
 desperate bravery and drove back the troops of horse that 
 were opposed to them ; but Sir William Fairfax led his men 
 again and again to the charge, and at last, when a third 
 time they wavered and fell back, he dashed single-handed 
 into the thick of the enemy's ranks, his good sword flashing 
 right and left, and the plumes of his beaver waving like a 
 beacon amidst the hostile pikes and steel caps. It was a 
 deed worthy of one of Arthur's fabled knights, and it won 
 the battle. The sight of their gallant chief thus surrounded 
 by his enemies aroused the spirit of the Yorkshire yeomen. 
 Again they charged furiously upon that line of pikes. 
 
186 LIFE OF THE GBEAT LOBB FAIRFAX, [ch. xvii. 
 
 resolved to rescue tlieir beloved commander or to die. This 
 final charge was decisive. The Eoj'alists broke and fled in 
 all directions, and Montgomery Castle was relieved. But the 
 victory, important as it was, cost very dear — it cost the 
 life of one of the truest and bravest knights in England. 
 Sir William Fairfax was literally covered with wounds,' more 
 than one of which was mortal. 
 
 Sir William Fairfax lingered for sixteen hours, and died 
 covered with glory, asking Sir William Brereton, with 
 his last breath, to tell the Parliament that he thought his 
 life well bestowed in its service, and to desire them to have 
 a care for his wife and children. Sir William wore a gold 
 bracelet and a diamond ring, which were taken as perquisites 
 by the surgeons who attended him. But Sir John Meldrum 
 was determined that they should be sent to his wife ; and 
 when the greedy doctors refused to restore them, he drew 
 out a troop of horse and enforced compliance by threatening 
 to charge the whole medical department as enemies. With 
 these memorials Sir John Meldrum and Sir Thomas Middle- 
 ton sent letters of condolence to Lady Fairfax ; and all 
 the London newspapers' were full of praise of the heroic 
 valour, and regret at the untimely death of her gallant 
 husband. 
 
 Lady Fairfax, in the midst of her sorrow, was able to reply 
 to the words of comfortfrom her husband's companions in arms 
 by saying that ' she grieved not that he died in the cause, but 
 that he died so soon that he could do no more for it.' She 
 went, with her four young children, to live with her husband's 
 cousin. Lord Sheffield, in Lincolnshire,^ and Sir Thomas 
 Fairfax at once advanced her some money, while the Parlia- 
 ment, mindful of the great services of her husband, voted 
 her a sum of ^1,500 on January 11, 1647.^ As soon as her 
 affairs were brought into some order, after the pacification of 
 Yorkshire, she removed to Steeton, where she died in 1692, 
 
 ' The Weekly Intelligencer says he had twelve or thirteen wounds, Vicars says 
 fifteen, and "Whitelock eleven. 
 
 ' Fairfax Correspondence, iii. p. 141. 
 ^ Whitelocte's Memorials, p. 234. 
 
1644.] DEATE OF SIB WILLIAM FAIRFAX. 187 
 
 and was buried in Bolton Percy charcli, having been mistress 
 of the old hall for nearly sixty years.' 
 
 ' The accounts of the death of Sir William Fairfax, and of the raising of the 
 siege of Montgomery Castle, will be found in Kushworth, v. p. 747 ; Whitelocke, 
 p. 104 ; The Burning Bush, by John Vicars, p. 33 ; Carte's Ormond, i. p. 64 ; the 
 official despatches to the Committee of both Kingdoms from Sir William Brereton, 
 Sir John Meldrum, and Sir Thomas Middleton, in King's Pamphlet, No. 174; and 
 the newspapers of the day, especially the London Post, No. 5 ; Weekly Account, 
 No. 66 ; and the Weekly Intelligencer. The London Post compared Sir William 
 Fairfax to Epaminondas, in having the happiness to know he was a conqueror 
 before he died. Mr. Trevor, in his letter to Lord Ormond, says : ' My Lord Byron 
 is infinitely unfortunate, and has now finished with your Excellency, that is to say 
 made an end of all yqjir lordship's army unto a man, without any the least 
 service. And truly, my lord, people now begin to speak out, and say those forces 
 were trifled away by my Lord Byron.' 
 
188 LIFU OF THF GBEAT LOBV FAIRFAX, [ch. xviii. 
 
 CHAPTEE XVIII. 
 
 SIE THOMAS FAIEFAX COMMAFDEB-IN-CHIEP OP THE ARMIES 
 OP THE PARLIAMENT — ORGANIZATION OP THE NEW MODEL 
 ARMY. 
 
 The war had now been raging in all parts of England for 
 two years ; monming and desolation were spreading over the 
 land ; but there seemed to be no prospect of any termination 
 to a state of things which was becoming more unendurable 
 every day. The Fairfaxes alone, thanks to their indomitable 
 perseverance and enterprise, had attained any permanent 
 result in the north. In the winter of 1644-45 negotiations 
 were opened with the King at TJxbridge, but there was no 
 sincere desire to come to terms, and both the operations of 
 war and the discussions at Uxbridge were carried on in a 
 half-hearted way, which boded no present settlement. The 
 leading statesmen at Westminster clearly saw that either 
 the war must be brought to a saccessful termination 
 promptly and vigorously, or that all the great ends for which 
 it was undertaken would be lost in a disgraceful peace. 
 
 On December 9, 1644, the House of Commons took into 
 consideration the sad condition of the kingdom in reference 
 to its grievances by the burden of the war ; and Cromwell 
 spoke out from his place in Parliament, in a speech which 
 was at once emphatic and conciliatory. 'I am far from 
 reflecting on any,' he said ; ' I know the worth of those com- 
 manders, members of both Houses, who are yet in power ; 
 but, if I may speak my conscience without reflecting upon 
 any, I do conceive if the army be not put into another 
 method, and the war more vigorously prosecuted, the people 
 can bear the war no longer, and will enforce you to a dis- 
 honourable peace. But this I would recommend to your pru- 
 dence, not to insist upon any complaint or oversight of any 
 
1645.] TH£1 SELF-DENYING OBDINANGE. 189 
 
 commander, upon any occasion whatsoever ; for as I must 
 acknowledge myself guilty of orersiglits, so I know they can 
 rarely be avoided in military affairs. Therefore, waiving a 
 strict enquiry into the causes of these things, let us apply 
 ourselves to the remedy which is most necessary, and I hope 
 we have such true English hearts and zealous affections 
 towards the general weal of our mother country, as no 
 members of either House will scruple to deny themselves and 
 their own private interests for the public good.' ' A motion 
 was then proposed by Mr. Zouch Tate, and seconded by Sir 
 Harry Vane, by*which no member of either House should 
 enjoy any ofiice or command during the war. Whitelocke 
 made a long speech against the motion, grounding his 
 objection on the loss of such generals as Essex, and Denbigh, 
 and Manchester ; but on the 19th an ordinance embodying 
 Mr. Tate's motion, which was called the ' Self-denying Or- 
 dinance,' passed the House, and was sent up to the Lords, 
 who rejected it on January 13. The House of Commons 
 were, however, resolved that in some shape or other their 
 ordinance must pass, though it was set aside for the present. 
 There was a strong feeling that those who sat at Westminster 
 ought not to hold lucrative appointments in the army ; that 
 they should be above the Suspicion of profiting from the war 
 which was waged under their orders ; and that military com- 
 manders should be their servants, and not members of their 
 own body. 
 
 Meanwhile the Commons proceeded to the consideration of 
 measures for the complete reconstruction of the army on a 
 new model, as it was called. It was resolved that this new 
 force should consist of 22,000 men, divided into 6,600 horse, 
 1,000 dragoons, and 14,400 foot; the horse being formed 
 into eleven regiments of 600 men each, the dragoons into 
 ten companies of 100 men, and the foot into twelve regiments 
 of 1,200 men each, in ten companies. The army was to cost 
 ;€44,955 a month, to be raised by assessment throughout the 
 kingdom. But the most momentous question was the selec- 
 tion of a Commander-in-Chief for this new model army, 
 
 ' Eusliworth, vi. i. 
 
190 LIFE OF THE GBEAT LOBD FAIRFAX, [ch. xtiii. 
 
 whose military genius slioiild speedily put an end to the 
 disastrous civil war, and restore the blessings of peace to his 
 bleeding and distracted country. 
 
 With all the Parliament men excluded, there could not be 
 much doubt of the man — the victor of Leeds and Wakefield 
 and Nantwich and Selby; he who had scattered the Irish 
 army to the winds in one month and led the way to he 
 mighty duel at Long Marston in the next ; the gallant young 
 chief who, worn with illness and covered with wounds, was 
 still ready at the first call : he -it was that at once seems to 
 have occurred to all minds. The country needed the clear 
 head and stout heart of Sir Thomas Fairfax to save it from 
 a long and wasting war. 
 
 The first news that came down to Yorkshire was that Sir 
 Thomas was to be called up to be general of the horse in the 
 new army.' But this was short of the truth. On January 21 
 the House of Commons voted that. Sir Thomas Fairfax 
 should be Commander-in-Chief of the army of the Parlia- 
 ment ; and on February 4 the Lords passed the ordinance 
 appointing him, and agreed that the officers should be 
 nominated by the General, subject to the approval of the two 
 Houses. 
 
 It is right that his motives for accepting this great 
 appointment should be given in Sir Thomas Fairfax's own 
 simple and manly words. He says : " By votes of the two 
 Houses I was nominated to command the new modelled 
 army ; and so far from desiring it, that, had not so great an 
 authority commanded my obedience, and had I not been 
 urged by the persuasion of my nearest friends, I should have 
 refused so great a charge. But whether it was from a natural 
 facility in me," that betrayed my modesty, or the powerful 
 hand of God, I was induced to receive the command. Then 
 was I immediately voted by the Parliament to come to Lon- 
 don and take my charge, though not fully recovered of a 
 dangerous wound which I had received a little before at 
 
 ' James Chaloner to Lord Fairfax, January 14, 1645. Fairfax Correspondence, 
 in. p. 156. 
 
1645.] FAIRFAX GOUMANBEB-IN-GHIEF. 191 
 
 Helmsley. I took my journey soutliward, hoping it migM 
 be someways serviceable to the public' 
 
 Sir Thomas arrived in London on February 18 in a private 
 manner, accompanied only by his brave old uncle Sir WiUiam 
 Constable, by Colonel Alured who had fought so gallantly 
 by his side at Wakefield, and by two or three other officers. 
 His brother-in-law, Sir Thomas Widdrington, met him at 
 Ware, and rode with him to the house in Queen Street, 
 Lincoln's Lin, which had been hired for the new General 
 during his stay in London. Next day the Commons sent four 
 of their members «to wait upon him, who conducted him into 
 the House, where a chair was placed for him ; but he modestly 
 refused it, and stood bare while the Speaker spoke as he was 
 commanded, first thinking it necessary to air his learning by 
 saying something a))out Agamemnon and the ancient Romans, 
 which Bulstrode Whitelocke did not care to remember. Mr. 
 Lenthall then announced that ' the House, out of the grfeat 
 experience and confidence they had of the valour, conduct, 
 and fidelity of Sir Thomas Fairfax, had thought fit to confer 
 the great trust of commanding their armies in chief upon him; 
 and, giving him thanks in the name of the House for his 
 great services past, encouraged him to go on as he had begun, 
 assuring him of the care and protection of the Parliament in 
 the discharge of that weighty trust which the kingdom re- 
 posed in him.' 
 
 Sir Thomas Fairfax had entered upon a work of great diffi- 
 culty — one which would tax his physical powers to the utter- 
 most, while it required the full exertion of aU the great mental 
 qualities with which nature had endowed him. At the very 
 outset he had to contend against the obstacles thrown in his 
 way by 'those who were disgusted at the alterations, and 
 sought by all means to obstruct his proceedings in this new 
 charge;" and a glance at the state of parties becomes 
 necessary in order to a full understanding of the new 
 General's position. 
 
 ' In the manuscript of the Short Memorial there ia a passage which is omitted 
 in the printed copies. Sir Thomas Fairfax there says : ' When I went to take my 
 leave of a great person, he told me he was sorry I was going out with the army, 
 for he did believe we should be beaten.' 
 
192 LIFH OF TEE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. xyiii. 
 
 Since the alliance with the Scots the power of the Presby- 
 terians had become numerically very great. They desired to 
 introduce and enforce the same fanatical narrow form of 
 church government which prevailed in Scotland, to the 
 exclusion of all others, and their predominance would have 
 inaugurated a tyranny more galling and oppressive than that 
 of Laud. They had a majority in the Parliament, and the 
 support of the Scots Commissioners and of the Oity of Lon- 
 don. But the leaders of the Presbyterians were such second 
 or third-rate politicians as Sir Philip Stapleton and Denzil 
 Holies, and were no match for the brilliant representatives of 
 the liberal party, who now began to be known as Indepen- 
 dents. Sir Harry Vane, that pure and upright statesman, 
 was the greatest ornament of the Independents. He advo- 
 cated civil and religious liberty, freedom from illegal exactions, 
 and freedom for every man to worship God in his own way. 
 He was not opposed to monarchy in the abstract ; and if 
 the blessings of good government and religious freedom 
 could be secured under kingly rule he would support a king; 
 but he considered the mere form of government to be 
 secondary to its main objects, and that if monarchy was 
 found tobe incompatible with those objects, monarchy should 
 be set aside. Sir Harry Vane's friends, the Scots Commis- 
 sioners, were scandalised at these opinions. Principal BaUlie 
 writes in great consternation that, ' our most intime friend 
 is joining with a new faction to procure liberty of sects,' and 
 that 'twice at our table he hath prolixlie, earnestlie, and 
 passionatelie reasoned for a full libertie of conscience to aU 
 religions, without any exceptions.' ' 
 
 The Presbyterians wished to introduce a worse tyranny 
 than that of the Bishops ; and, if the king would have taken 
 the Covenant, and adopted their special form of intolerance 
 instead of his own, they were ready to make a disgraceful 
 peace and forego all the great and noble ends of the war. 
 The Independents were simply what every English politician 
 in these days is, or pretends to be, advocates of civil and 
 religious liberty. Perfectly willing to tolerate either episco- 
 
 ' Baillie, ii. pp. 231-5. 
 
1645.J STATU OF PABTITSS. 193 
 
 pacy or presbyterianism, they demanded at tlie same time 
 freedom to worship God in their own way. They were repre- 
 sented in the House of Commons by Sir Harry Vane, and 
 Cromwell, and St. John ; and in the army by all the earnest 
 God-fearing soldiers who preferred their bibles and the 
 praying of gifted comrades to the ministrations of clergymen 
 appointed by law. On the side of the Independents were 
 ranged all the patriotism and genius in the Parliament, and 
 all the valour and enthusiasm in the army. 
 
 The Presbyterians could count upon the numerical majority 
 in the two Houses, the fanatical zeal of many preachers, the 
 moneyed dullness of the City and other centres of respecta- 
 bility, and the Scots to a man. The two parties were now 
 united against a common enemy, but sooner or later the 
 struggle for supremacy would come. 
 
 Even while he was engaged in organizing the new army, 
 Sir Thomas Fairfax was annoyed by the envious opposition 
 of the Presbyterian party. Denzil Holies, who had com- 
 manded a regiment in the old inefficient army of Lord 
 Essex, was boiling over with venomous spite, and prophesied 
 disaster ; ' and the Lords, who were nearly all of the Pres- 
 byterian party, manifested their intolerance by inserting in 
 the New Model Ordinance a clause by which no officer or 
 man would have been able to serve in the army without 
 having taken the Covenant. The leaders of the Indepen- 
 dent party, in a conference, succeeded in modifying this 
 clause,'' and on March 18 the Lords concurred in approving 
 the appointments of officers made by Sir Thomas Fairfax. 
 On the 24th the Commons resumed the debate on the Self- 
 denying Ordinance; on the 1st of April Sir Thomas Fair- 
 fax's commission passed the Lords ; on the 2nd Lord Essex 
 and the other generals who had seats in Parliament sent in 
 their resignations ; and on the 3rd the Lords passed the Self- 
 denying Ordinance. 
 
 On April 3rd Sir Thomas Fairfax went to Windsor, 
 where a general rendezvous was appointed, and all officers 
 
 ' Memoirs, p. 30. 
 
 ' The word incapable of serving was agreed to be omitted. Eushworth, vii. p. 8. 
 
 
 
194 LIFE OF THE GBEAT LOBD FAIRFAX, [ch. xvnr. 
 
 and soldiers on leave were ordered to report themselves by 
 tlie 7th. He at once commenced diligently to organize a 
 thoroughly efficient and serviceable field force. 
 
 It has often been asserted that Cromwell was the real 
 mover in all these changes ; that the new model army was 
 his creation ; and that Fairfax was merely appointed as a 
 tool to do whatever Cromwell would have him, and to 
 further the ambitious designs of his subordinate without 
 any will of his own. The spiteful Holies insinuates that 
 such was the ease,' and he and others have done their best to 
 falsify history by imputing ambitious personal designs to 
 Cromwell, at a time when he certainly had no other aim but 
 the success of the cause in which he was embarked. The 
 truth is that writers became so wise after the event, that, 
 in order to account for Cromwell's wonderful career, they 
 must needs go back to a time when he could not, in the 
 nature of things, have conceived any wild schemes of per- 
 sonal advancement, and torture his every act and speech 
 into the manifestation of some deep design. Such an idea 
 is contrary to the facts, is utterly opposed to Cromwell's 
 character, and is unsupported by a single scrap of trust- 
 worthy contemporary evidence.^ Cromwell advocated the 
 Self-denying Ordinance because he saw that unless the 
 war was carried on with more energy the end would in- 
 evitably be disastrous. But he had nothing whatever to do 
 with the organization of the new army; he did not even 
 assist Fairfax in his labours ; he was quite ready to resign 
 his appointment as a member of the House, and fully 
 expected to have been called upon to do so ; and his subse- 
 quent continuance in the army was solely due to the appli- 
 cation of the general for his services. Sir Thomas Fairfax 
 held no divided responsibility. He was in all respects the 
 Commander-in-Chief of the new army; he selected the 
 officers, organized the regiments, and conducted the opera- 
 tions in the field. Cromwell was subsequently his very 
 
 ' Memoirs, p. 34. 
 
 ' Godwin truly says : • It wag only by slow degrees that Cromwell came to en- 
 tertain those ambitious thoughts, that in the sequel proved fatal to his own 
 character, and to the welfare of liis country.' — iii. p. 218. 
 
1645.] OENEBAL SKIPPON. 195 
 
 efficient lieutenant-general of horse, but lie was of no use 
 to him in preparing for the field, nor in making the impor- 
 tant arrangements at Windsor, where Major-General Skip- 
 pon, and not Cromwell, was Sir Thomas's right hand. 
 
 The new model army created by Sir Thomas Fairfax 
 was, considering all things, the noblest military force that 
 ever took the field. The commanding officers of regiments 
 were picked men, carefully chosen from every rank in 
 society, without regard to anything but personal valour and 
 personal efficiency ; yet the majority were men of good, 
 several of noble f*milies. As a rule they were very young. 
 The soldiers were the cream of the yeomen and skilled 
 workmen of England — men who were fighting for the noblest 
 cause in which sword was ever drawn. These were not 
 mercenary hirelings, not ' mere janissaries,' as they them- 
 selves expressed it, but citizens of a free State in arms to 
 protect and secure their liberties. There were fanatics and 
 wild enthusiasts among them, as was inevitable at such a 
 time, but few plunderers or brawlers. This noble army 
 was as deservedly famous for its strict discipline, and for its 
 excellent conduct to non-combatants, as for its irresistible 
 valour in the field. 
 
 Let us glance at the officers of the New Model. The 
 young commander-in-chief was only just thirty-three ; 
 but Philip Skippon, the serjeant-major-general, specially 
 appointed by a vote of the two Houses, was a stout old 
 veteran of the school of the Veres, who had received his 
 training in the wars of the Low Countries. He was now to 
 serve as chief of the staff under the son-in-law of his beloved 
 old commander. His military skill and experience were 
 held in such high estimation that both Charles and the 
 Parliament strove to secure his services ; but he accepted tho 
 command of the City militia, and remained faithful to the 
 cause of the people. The old man's frank hearty manner 
 made him very popular with his men. He would walk 
 along the ranks talking to them, and encouraging them 
 with shoi-t familiar speeches. ' Come, my boys ! ' he would 
 call out ; ' my brave boys ! let us pray heartily, and fight 
 
196 LIFE OF TEE GBEAT LOBB FAIRFAX, [ch. xyiii. 
 
 heartily. I will run the same fortunes and hazards with 
 you. Remember, the cause is for God, and for the defence 
 of yoiii'selves, your wives, and children. Come, my honest, 
 brave boys ! pray heartily and fight heartily, and God will 
 bless us." Thoroughly acquainted with all the details of 
 his profession, devout and prayerful, yet genial and sympa- 
 thetic, brave old Skippon was the very man for his post. 
 
 The general and major-general each had a regiment of 
 foot, and the other eight were commanded by officers care- 
 fully selected from the old armies of Lords Essex and Man- 
 chester. Of these Sir Hardress Waller, then aged forty-one, 
 was a gentleman of good family and first cousin of the 
 General Sir William Waller ; but, though active and zealous 
 in the field, he was not a man of truly stout heart, and 
 failed when the time for trial came.^ Colonel Robert Ham- 
 m.ond, second son of Mr. Hammond of Chertsey and nephew 
 of King Charles's learned chaplain, was a young m.an in his 
 twenty-fifth year, who had been educated at Oxford. He 
 commenced his military career under General Massey at 
 Gloucester, and, though a brave and good officer, was hot- 
 headed, and had got himself into a scrape by killing a cer- 
 tain Major Gray in a duel, in the previous October. His 
 lieutenant-colonel was Isaac Eure, who took a prominent 
 part in the subsequent history, and was a regicide. 
 
 Colonels Montague and Pickering, the young heroes of 
 Manchester's infantry brigade at Marston Moor, received 
 colonelcies in the new model army, for Sir Thomas had 
 witnessed their steady conduct in the great battle of the 
 ISTorth, and was glad to command such officers. Colonel 
 Ingoldsby was in his twenty-fourth year, a son of Sir Richard 
 Ingoldsby of Lenthenborough by a daughter of old Sir Oliver 
 Cromwell of Hinchinbrook. He had his first commission in 
 his cousin John Hampden's regiment, and was a joyous clever 
 dashing soldier. The other commanders of foot regiments 
 were Colonels Harley, Lloyd, and Eortescue, all three men 
 
 ' Whiteloclce. 
 
 ^ He pleaded guilty -wlion he was tried for having been one of the King's 
 judges, and was ready to say anything to save his life. 
 
1G45.J OFFIOEBS OF TEE NEW MODEL. 197 
 
 of good family, the latter hereafter to distinguisli himself at 
 the taking of Jamaica, and to die there in the service of the 
 great Protector. The lieutenant-colonel of Harley's regi- 
 ment was Thomas Pride, a man who had risen from the 
 ranks. He was a foundling in a church porch, and was a 
 drayman when the war broke out ; but his bravery and good 
 conduct obtained for him a commission from Lord Essex, and 
 Sir Thomas selected hini.fcr a lieutenant-colonelcy. He 
 soon afterwards succeeded to the command of the regiment. 
 John Hewson, the lieutenant-colonel of Pickering's regi- 
 ment, had been a cobbler in Westminster, and had also risen 
 from the ranks. Axtell, afterwards the commander of the 
 guard at the King's trial, was a captain in Pickering's regi- 
 ment. 
 
 The artillery was commanded by Thomas Hammond (uncle 
 of Colonel Eobert) as lieutenant-general of ordnance. He 
 got his colonelcy for good conduct at Edgehill, and was an 
 officer of education and resource, and with some engineering 
 skiU. Under him were Colonel Rainsborough, a brave and 
 active enthusiast, who had had some experience afloat, and 
 could manoeuvre a fleet as well as command a regiment, and 
 old Colonel Welden, who was afterwards succeeded in the 
 command by Eobert Lilburne. Desborough, Cromwell's 
 coarse brother-in-law, commanded the firelocks. 
 
 The eleven regiments of horse were all led by men of 
 family and position. There were Thomas Sheffield, the 
 general's uncle, a younger son of the old Earl of Mulgrave ; 
 Charles Fleetwood, son of Sir WUliam of Woodstock, a brave 
 and very religious young soldier ; ' Eossiter, whose troops 
 were raised in Lincolnshire and Nottinghamshii-e ; Sir 
 Eobert Pye, the brother-in-law of Hampden; Edward 
 Whalley, a cousin of Cromwell, and no longer young, who 
 ended a long life of strange vicissitudes in the forests of 
 New England ; Huntington, a very upright high- principled 
 gentleman ; and Butler, Eich, and Graves, whom even petu- 
 lant Denzil Holies acknowledges to have been gallant men 
 
 ' Clarendon, in one place, insolently calle him ' one Fleet-wood,' and says that he 
 was very popular with the praying part of the army. 
 
198 LIFE OF TEE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. xtiii. 
 
 and officers of quality. Some of the original lieutenant- 
 colonels of liorse afterwards became famous. The fanatical 
 Harrison began as Fleetwood's secoM in command. Twisleton 
 was under Eossiter, Tomlinson was Sir Robert Pye's lieu- 
 tenant-colonel, and Adrian Scroop was with Colonel Graves, 
 Henry Ireton, then in his thirty-sixth year, a graduate 
 of Trinity College, Oxford, and a barrister of the Middle 
 Temple, the cleverest and most dangerous man in the army, 
 was in Sir Robert Pye's regiment, but was afterwards ap- 
 pointed by Sir Thomas to be commissary-general of tbe horse. 
 
 The thousand dragoons were always counted the best men 
 in the army.' They were under the command of terrible 
 John Okey, 'the fierce colonel and zealous anabaptist.'^ 
 This man commenced life as a stoker in Islington, and was 
 afterwards a chandler in Thames Street. He had been major 
 of Sir Arthur Hazelrig's invincible regiment of troopers, who 
 were called ' the lobsters,' from being completely cased in 
 armour. Wood^ says that Colonel Okey was a fellow of 
 greater bulk than brains ; but he was true to his principles 
 under great temptation, died like a brave man, and would 
 bave been followed to tbe grave by thousands of true 
 mourners if the love of Charles II. for mutilating dead 
 bodies could for once have been overcome. 
 
 The scout-master-general of the army (head of the in- 
 telligence department) was our old friend Leonard Watson, 
 who gave us so capital a narrative of the battle on Marston 
 Moor. He was originally a goldsmith in Lincoln ; and after 
 the peace was with Sir Kenelm Digby in Paris, and was 
 mixed up in some of the intrigues of that extraordinary 
 man.* The Rev. Edward Bowles was chaplain to the forces : 
 'a wise and prudent man, with a clear head and warm 
 heart, an excellent scholar and a useful preacher.'^ He was 
 the intimate friend of the general, and afterwards was for 
 many years his confidential adviser during his retirement at 
 Nunappleton. Joshua Sprigge, another chaplain, was the 
 historian of the campaign. The general's secretary was Mr. 
 
 ' Froceeditiffs of the New-mouldtd Army, by Edward Wogan. Carte, i. p. 126. 
 ' Carlyle. ' Athens. * Carte's Letters, i. p, 22. » Neale, iv. p. 379. 
 
1645.] 0FFIGEB8 OF THF NEW MODEL. 199 
 
 John Rushworth, tlie diligent and painstaking author of the 
 ' Historical Collections.' He had been a barrister and assis- 
 tant clerk to the House of Commons, but he gladly accepted 
 an appointment which gave him such unequalled opportunities 
 of collecting materials for history ; and he continued to serve 
 Sir Thomas vyith intelligence and zeal until the day of his 
 resignation.' 
 
 Such was the composition of the famous new model army. 
 Holies, in his blind rage and spite, falsely declared that it 
 was officered for the most part by factious sectaries ; ^ and 
 this assertion has* often been repeated by modern writers. 
 The truth is, that out of thirty-seven generals and colonels, 
 twenty-one were commoners of good families, nine were 
 members of noble families, and only seven were not gentle- 
 men by birth. Sir Thomas Fairfax selected the best men he 
 could find, without any regard for birth or connection, and 
 this was the result. He was obliged to leave nearly aU his 
 old Yorkshire comrades in arms with his father, who stiU re- 
 quired their services.' He, however, brought with him a 
 small body of mounted tenantry which formed his lifeguard,* 
 and was commanded by Captain Charles Doyley.* Lambert 
 and Needham afterwards commanded regiments under their 
 old general ; but Foulis, Norcliffe, Forbes, Bright, Hodgson, 
 and the other Torkshiremen, never seem to have come south. 
 Sir William Fairfax, the general's dear cousin and oldest and 
 most tried comrade, had already died gloriously in the cause. 
 
 • The names of the officers, as finally arranged, are not quite the same as those 
 originally approved by the Houses. A few changes seem to have been subsequently 
 made at Windsor. Sir Michael Livesey, Middleton, Algernon Sidney, Crayford, 
 Barkley, Aldridge, and Holborne, were in the original list. Colonel Sidney was 
 made Governor of Chichester, and, probably for similar reasons, the others appear 
 to have been superseded. 
 
 ^ ' All of them, from the general (except what he may have in expectation after 
 his father's death) to the meanest sentinel, are not able to make a thousand pounds 
 a year lands ; most of the colonels are tradesmen, brewers, tailors, goldsmiths, 
 shoemakers, and the like. These to rebel against their masters !' Holies, Memoirs, 
 p. 149. 
 
 ' Many of them petitioned to be taken with him, and declared their readiness to 
 hazard their lives with him wheresoever he might be sent. Fairfax Correspondetice, 
 iii. p. 2U. 
 
 ' Fairfax Correspondence. ' Sprigge, p. 332. 
 
200 LIFE OF TEE GREAT LOBB FAIRFAX, [ch. xtiii. 
 
 During the wtole of April Sir Thomas was diligently en- 
 gaged in the work of organization. Not only had recruits to 
 be collected and drilled, but the soldiers of the old armies had 
 to be reduced into new companies and regiments, as if they 
 had been newly raised. The Presbyterian malcontents pre- 
 dicted that there would be much discontent and even mutiny 
 amongst the old troops, and especially in Lord Essex's 
 own regiment and others, stationed at Reading. But they 
 were disappointed. General Skippon went to Reading on 
 April 6, paraded the five regiments that were quartered in 
 the town, and ' delivered a speech with such grave emphasis, 
 martial courage, and prudent sweetness, as gave general 
 satisfaction and full content unto all.' ' Even Lord Essex's 
 troop of lifeguards freely volunteered, and the whole force 
 declared its readiness to live and die with Fairfax and 
 Skippon.'' The five regiments were broken up and recast 
 into the three regiments of Sheffield, Pye, and Graves. All 
 recruits received a fortnight's pay and clothes, and the pre- 
 parations at Windsor were completed by the end of April. 
 
 Fairfax had always taken precautions to prevent plunder- 
 ing, and no general has ever been more diligent in enforcing 
 discipline, and in endeavouring to make the unavoidable 
 waste and hardships of war fall as lightly as possible on the 
 people. The powers of martial law were conferred upon him 
 by the Parliament ; and strict orders were issued to prevent 
 false musters, straggling and plundering. Officers were for- 
 bidden to quarter in any house but by a ticket from the 
 quarter-master, and were ordered to pay ready money for 
 provisions according to established rates.* Teams, or horses 
 in plough or cart, were not to be taken except in case of 
 necessity, and then only by warrant of the Commander-in- 
 Chief." 
 
 When the famous campaign which was to end the war 
 
 ■ Vicars. Tiurning Bush, p. 132. 
 
 ' Whitelocke. Exishworth, vii. p. 9, who gives Skippon's speecli. 
 
 ' Eightpence a day for each trooper ; seTenpence a day for each dragoon ; 
 sixpence a day for each foot-soldier; fourpence a night for hay; fourpence a 
 peck for oats ; sixpence a peck for peas and beans ; sevenpence a peck for barley 
 and malt. Kushworth, v-i. p. 33. 
 
 * Burning Bush, p. 1 30. ' 
 
1645.] POSITION OF THE CONTENDING FOBGES. 201 
 
 commenced in May, the position of tlie contending forces 
 was as follows. The King had his head-quarters at Oxford 
 with a large force, under the command of Prince Rupert. 
 The whole of Cornwall, Devonshire, and Somersetshire were 
 in his power, with the exception of the garrisons of 
 Plymouth and Taunton, which were closely besieged, and he 
 had an army in those western counties of 14,000 men 
 under Goring and Hopton. The Prince of Wales had been 
 sent into Devonshire, to provide against the chance of the 
 King and his son being taken prisoners together.^ All 
 Wales was subject"to Charles ; and there he had a force in 
 the field commanded by Lord Gerrard. He also had garri- 
 sons in Newark, Hereford, Bristol, Bridgewater, Worcester, 
 Chester, Exeter, and in many towns and fortified houses 
 throughout the south-western and midland counties. 
 
 The Parliament, besides the new model army ready to 
 take the field at Windsor, had a small brigade commanded 
 by General Massey in the west, a force under Sir WiUiam 
 Brereton besieging Chester, a brigade of cavalry under 
 Colonels Vermuyden and Eossiter in Nottinghamshire, and 
 the troops of Lord Fairfax engaged in reducing the Royalist 
 garrisons in Yorkshire. Soon afterwards, in consequence of 
 the Self-denying Ordinance, Colonel- GeneraP Poyntz took 
 the command in Yorkshire, and Lord Fairfax came up to 
 London, and resumed his duties in Parliament. The army 
 of the Scots was in the northern counties, and, thanks to 
 the Fairfaxes, the power of the Parliament was fully esta- 
 blished north of the Trent. Northamptonshire and all the 
 eastern counties were almost entirely free from Royalist 
 invasion. Cromwell, with the Presbyterian General Brown, 
 at the head of some troops of horse, was watching the 
 movements of the King and Rupert in Oxfordshire, and 
 gained a success at Islip Bridge on April 24, which led to 
 the surrender of the Royalist garrison at Blechington House. 
 
 ' Clarendon. 
 
 ' A colonel-general of foot was equivalent to a lieutenant-general of horse. 
 The serjeant-major-general and all colonels of foot regiments were under him. 
 But it was a post that does not appear to have been usually filled up. In the 
 case of Poyntz it was brevet rank. See Markhom's Decades, p. 173. 
 
202 IjIFE of tee GBFAT lord FAIRFAX, [ch. xvin. 
 
 Charles was so enraged at this check, that he caused Colonel 
 Windebank, the governor of Blechington, to be shot at 
 Oxford — a useless act of cruelty. 
 
 The executive power appointed by Parliament, in concert 
 with the Scots, was the Committee of both Kingdoms, which 
 was first established at the time the League and Covenant 
 was agreed to in February 1644. It consisted of twenty-one 
 English and four Scottish members, the chief of whom were 
 the Earls of Manchester, Northumberland, Warwick, and 
 Essex ; Lords Wharton and Saye, Sir Harry Vane, and Sir 
 Arthur Hazelrig, among the English; and Lord Loudon 
 and Johnston of Wariston among the Scots. Six formed 
 a quorum, and the Committee held its sittings at Derby 
 House, in Canon Row. 
 
 On April 28 Sir Thomas Fairfax received orders from the 
 Committee of both Kingdoms to open the campaign by 
 attempting the relief of Taunton, which was closely besieged 
 by Goring, and gallantly defended by Blake, the fature 
 Admiral. Accordingly he marched from Windsor to Read- 
 ing on Wednesday the 30th, and thus commenced the final 
 and decisive campaign which, thanks to the military genius 
 of the young general, was to restore peace to England. The 
 natural abilities and rare gifts of Sir Thomas Fairfax, and 
 his mature experience acquired in the struggle with New- 
 castle, were now to bear fruit. His modest wish to be 
 ' someways serviceable to the public ' was to be fulfilled. 
 
1645.] TEU MABOH TOWARDS TAUNTON. 203 
 
 CHAPTEE XIX. 
 
 NASEBT — PEBLIMINAET MAH-CBUYEES AND DESCEIPTION 
 OP THE GEOUND. 
 
 By the end of April the young general had his new model 
 army in readiness to take the field. He had been suffering 
 from fever and ague, and from a sharp attack of his con- 
 stitutional malady, but these bodily ailments had no power 
 to check the ardour of that active mind. The extreme 
 delicacy of his frame only enhances our admiration of his 
 ceaseless activity. When he took the field all things were 
 changed. The old disorder had disappeared ; and in its place 
 were seen prompt action, rapidity of movement, strictest 
 discipline, and consummate generalship. The country had 
 now found its deliverer — the man whose genius enabled him 
 at once to put an end to a ruinous indecisive contest by a few 
 rapid blows sent well home with unerring precision, and to 
 restore peace. 
 
 He was ordered to march to the westward and raise the 
 siege of Taunton. This movement was in opposition to 
 his own opinion, but he was glad to show his new army some 
 active service, and the march enabled it to try its wings, as it 
 were, before taking the decisive flight. He left Eeading on 
 May 1 ; at Andover he paraded the army, and, taking the 
 occasion offered by some irregularities, proclaimed that the 
 punishment of plunderers would be death ; and on the 7±h 
 he was at Blandford, in Dorsetshire. The distance is over 
 seventy miles, so that the army, with all its baggage, had 
 marched fuUy ten miles a day. Here was no loitering by 
 the way. There would be no trifling with this general, and 
 the enemy would do well to put their house in order. 
 
 On the 7th the King and Prince Rupert had left Oxford 
 
204 LIFE OF THE OBEAT LOBB FAIRFAX, [ch. xix. 
 
 and taken tlie field, marching to raise tlie siege of Chester, 
 with Cromwell and Brown following and watching their 
 movements. When this news reached London, the Com- 
 mittee of both Kingdoms sent an express ordering Fairfax to 
 retrace his steps at once and invest Oxford, detaching a 
 brigade for the relief of Taunton. 
 
 This movement was again contrary to the general's opinion. 
 But he proceeded to obey his orders promptly and effectively. 
 He formed a brigade of 6,000 men, consisting of the foot regi- 
 ments of Welden, Fortescne, Lloyd, and Ingoldsby, with a body 
 of horse under Colonel Graves, and placed the whole in com- 
 mand of Colonel "Welden as senior oflBcer. The Royalists 
 mistook this small body for the whole Parliamentary army, 
 and raised the siege, allowing Welden to relieve the nearly 
 exhausted garrison. On the very day that Fairfax received 
 his new orders at Blandford, he despatched Welden's brigade 
 to Taunton and commenced his own return march, taking 
 another route further south, partly that he might not press 
 too hardly on one line of country, and partly, being weak in 
 cavalry, to avoid the open plains of Salisbury and keep 
 amongst fields and enclosures ; for Goring's horse was on 
 the march from Oxford to the west. 
 
 An incident occurred, during the long tedious marches 
 through Hampshire, which illustrates our hero's character 
 and explains the influence he gained over his men. The 
 regiments took it by turns to have the rear-guard and bring 
 up the baggage — the most trying and fatiguing part of the 
 day's work. The general's own regiment claimed the privi- 
 lege of being always in the van ; but when the incessant 
 marching began to tell on the men, and these rear-guard 
 duties became very severe, it was thought right that all the 
 regiments should share them equally. That of the general, 
 however, claimed exemption, and the men showed unwiUing-- 
 ness even when spoken to by their ofiicers. Then Fairfax, 
 instead of punishing the malcontents, dismoimted from his 
 horse, placed himself at their head, led them to the rear, and 
 marched on foot with them for several miles. Not a whisper 
 was again heard of their privileges, and from that time they 
 
1645.] FAIRFAX IN SFABGE OF THE KING. 205 
 
 cheerfully took their turn of rear-guard with the other regi- 
 ments. 
 
 By the 14th the army was at Newbury, but the men were 
 tired, and their feet were galled with the incessant marches ; 
 BO Fairfax rested them for two days and encamped before 
 Oxford on the 19th. Here he was joined by the horse under 
 Cromwell and Brown, and the place was invested ; but the 
 artillery train was still at Windsor, and there were no means 
 of undertaking a regular siege. 
 
 Then the news arrived that the King had taken the town 
 of Leicester by storm, and was threatening to invade the 
 associated counties. Cromwell hurried to the Isle of Ely 
 with a small body of horse, and the Committee sent orders 
 to the general to leave Oxford and march against the King. 
 This was the movement which Fairfax had from the first 
 believed to be the wisest, and he executed it with vigour and 
 rapidity. A force of 2,500 cavalry, commanded by Colonel 
 Vermuyden — that bold quarter-master who, it will be re- 
 membered, led the charge at Winceby fight so gallantly — 
 had been sent to strengthen the Scottish army. This brigade 
 consisted of the regiments of Pye and Rossiter belonging to 
 the new model, and those of Algernon Sidney and John 
 Eiennes, which had not yet joined the army. It was intended 
 that the Scots should have marched south to co-operate with 
 Fairfax ; but instead of doing so they fell back into Westmore- 
 land, so that Yermuyden's brigade was at liberty to return to 
 head-quarters. The general sent orders for it to join him 
 at once, but he broke up his quarters at Oxford without 
 waiting for this reinforcement, and marched in search of the 
 King on June 5. 
 
 King Charles had an army of about 16,000 men, with 
 several experienced veterans to command them; and, after 
 the storming and pillage of Leicester, he was in high spirits. 
 He wrote to the Queen : ' I may, without being too much 
 sanguine, affirm that since this rebellion my affairs were 
 never in so hopeful a way.' But he had no settled plans, no 
 master-mind to direct his affairs, and was so infatuated as 
 to make that incompetent young adventurer Rupert com- 
 
206 LIFE OF TMF GBFAT LOBB FAIRFAX, [ch. xix. 
 
 mander-in-oliief of his army, thereby disgusting and dis- 
 obliging his best officers and most powerful friends. Above 
 all, he and his party committed that gravest of mistakes — 
 the indulgence of contempt for their enemy. They despised 
 the New Model Army, looking upon its general as young 
 and untried, upon most of its colonels as inexperienced boys, 
 and they called it in their scornful pride the 'New Noddle.' 
 The poor Mercurius Aulicus, the Royalist organ of the time, 
 was very witty over the New Model, and there was much 
 merriment at its expense in Oxford and in the royal camp. 
 Byron and his ruffianly regiments from Ireland indulged in 
 similar laughter on the eve of that frosty day when fiery 
 young Tom scattered them to the winds before the walls of 
 Nantwich. It was no time for mirth when Fairfax was in 
 earnest. 
 
 Charles should have avoided a battle, or at least have 
 waited until Goring with the western army could have joined 
 him. But he blundered on to his fate. He marched south 
 to raise the blockade of Oxford. Leaving Leicester on 
 June 4, he lodged at Mr. CoUins's house at Lubenham, near 
 Market Harborough, on the 5th, and established his head- 
 quarters at the Wheatsheaf inn at Daventry on the 7th. 
 Here he remained for some days, collecting kine and sheep 
 in the surrounding country wherewith to re-victual Oxford. 
 He encamped his army on the top of Burrow or Dane's Hill, 
 close to Daventry, where there are the remains of an ancient 
 encampment, and whence there is a glorious view over North- 
 amptonshire.' 
 
 Sir Thomas Fairfax, having marched from before Oxford on 
 June 6, encamped that night at a place called Marsh Gibbon. 
 Next day he advanced twelve miles across Buckinghamshire 
 to Great Brickhill, and on the 7th he was at Sherrington, a 
 
 = Burrow Hill, near Daventry, was the Benaventa of the Eomans. The summit 
 is a mile long from north to south, and three furlongs broad ; and the view includes 
 Northampton on one side, the spires of Coventry on the other, and Daventry just 
 below. The top abounds in springs, and was once fortified with a ditch and ram. 
 part, forming a circle two miles and a quarter in circumference, and surrounding an 
 area of 150 acres. Sir H. Slingsby says: ' Hero yet one may see the entrenchment 
 of an army, and the hill is so liigh that it overlooks a good part of the country.' 
 
16i5.] FAIRFAX G0N0FNTBATF8 EI8 F0B0E8. 207 
 
 mile east of Newport Pagnel. He was resolved to force the 
 King to a battle, and had called in all the troops that could 
 possibly reach him in time. Colonel Vermuyden arrived in the 
 afternoon of the 7th with his own regiment of horse, and that 
 of John Fiennes, Lord Saye's younger son — a very seasonable 
 reinforcement. Vermuyden had been a good oflBcer and a 
 hard fighter, but now he requested to be allowed to resign 
 his commission and go to Holland on urgent private affairs. 
 His father was Sir Cornelius Vermuyden, the great en- 
 gineer, and father and son were mixed up in aU the schemes 
 for drainage that ha(J been on hand during that century, and 
 were busy about many things. So the bold Dutchman got 
 leave to depart, and Major Huntington took command of 
 his regiment. Vermuyden was a dashing officer, yet it was 
 no bad exchange ; for Huntington was a thorough English 
 gentleman, and belonged to the good honest Fairfax school 
 of public men. 
 
 On, the same day that Vermuyden's brigade arrived, Sir 
 Thomas sent to hurry the advance of Colonel Eossiter with 
 his Lincolnshire men, and despatched Colonel Hammond to 
 Westminster with a letter to the Houses, asking to be 
 allowed to appoint Oliver Cromwell as his lieutenant- 
 general of horse. During the march Cromwell had come 
 to take leave of the general, ' being not of the new model, 
 and, as a member of the House, unable to stay longer with 
 the army.' ^ But Fairfax had seen Cromwell's style of 
 fighting at Winceby and Marston, he knew how wonderfully 
 his regiment was disciplined, and he considered it to be of 
 the utmost importance to retain his services. The House of 
 Commons promptly accorded the necessary permission that 
 there should be this exception in the working of the Self- 
 denying Ordinance, and Fairfax sent an express to the fen 
 country, ordering Cromwell to join head-quarters with his 
 regiment without an hour's delay. The general was almost 
 in sight of the enemy now, and was gathering all his avail- 
 able forces together before he delivered his blow. 
 
 On June 11, a rainy day, Fairfax advanced to Wotton, 
 ' Wogau in Carte. 
 
208 LIFE OF TEF GBFAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. xix. 
 
 and on tho 12tli he encamped at Kislingbury, only five 
 miles east of Charles's position on Burrow Hill. Diligent 
 Leonard Watson, the scout-master, reported every movement 
 of the Royalists, and he also intercepted a letter from Goring 
 to the King, urging him to avoid an encounter until he 
 could come up from the west. It was with some difficulty 
 that Sir Thomas, with his over-sensitive feelings of honour, 
 could be induced to read this letter, but when he did, he was 
 confirmed in his resolution to force the Eoyalists to fight, 
 before they could receive reinforcements. 
 
 The King, on the other hand, had no intelligence depart- 
 ment ; the people were against him, and brought him no reli- 
 able information, and he had no news of his enemy's approach. 
 So just when Fairfax was marching into Kislingbury, King 
 Charles was riding out of the Wheatsheaf inn at Daventry, 
 to hunt a buck in the deer-park of Fawsley manor, the seat 
 of Richard Knightley, a determined adherent of the Parlia- 
 ment, whose son had married a daughter of John Hampden. 
 The King was in excellent spirits. Before he went out 
 hunting, he wrote to Secretary Nicholas that ' if we peripa- 
 tetics get no more mischances than you Oxfordians are like 
 to have this summer, we may all expect a merry winter.' 
 But when he came back to his inn, there was news for him 
 that his outposts had been driven in, and that the new 
 model army was at Kislingbury. A council of war was 
 hurriedly called, and it was resolved to march away to 
 Market Harborough, and thence northward to raise the siege 
 of Pomfret, avoiding an encounter with the enemy. That 
 very night the Royalist army, with its 200 waggons, and 
 long train of carriages, and hundreds of women and camp 
 followers, was on the march to Harborough and the north. 
 
 It was a dark rainy night; and a diligent pair of eyes 
 watched those Royalist movements through the gloom. Sir 
 Thomas Fairfax was out on a careful reconnaissance during 
 the early hours. He first went the rounds in person, and at 
 three in the morning he rode alone to within a mile of the 
 village of Floore, distinctly seeing the Royalist huts on 
 Burrow Hill in a blaze, and hearing the noise of the com- 
 
1G45.J THE KING SUBPBISED. 209 
 
 bined rumble of carts and tread of men and horses. He dis- 
 covered tbat the King was marching away north, and then he 
 rode back to camp, but he had forgotten the pass-word and 
 was stopped at the first guard. He asked the sentry for the 
 word, who told him that his orders were to demand it from 
 all but to give it to none, and that if he advanced another 
 step he would shoot him. So the general of the New Model 
 Army had to wait in the rain until the officer of the guard 
 came his rounds, but the sentry was commended and 
 rewarded. 
 
 At five in the morning of the 13th Scout-master Watson 
 brought news that the enemy, surprised at Fairfax's near 
 approach, was drawing off. The general had already ascer- 
 tained this fact for himself, and now sent Major Harrison 
 with a troop of horse to Daventry, and Ireton to hang on 
 the rear of the Royalist army. During the forenoon Crom- 
 well arrived at head- quarters with his magnificent regiment, 
 and that night Sir Thomas Fairfax encamped at Guilsborough, 
 three miles south of the village of Naseby. The van and 
 main body of the Eoyalists were at Market Harborough. The 
 King had taken up his old quarters at Mr. Collins's house at 
 Lubenham ; ' a large detachment was at Lutterworth, and a 
 rear-guard of horse caroused in a house at Naseby,^ on the 
 west' side of the church, without thought of danger. 
 
 But in the middle of the night Ireton fell upon this party 
 of carousers, and took most of them prisoners. A few 
 escaped to Lubenham, and aroused the King with the alarm- 
 ing news that the army of the Parliament was attacking his 
 rear-guard. He hastily dressed himself at two in the morn- 
 ing of Saturday, and rode off to Market Harborough, where 
 Prince Eupert was quartered. The poor King sat waiting 
 in a chair in a long low room of the King's Head inn,^ while 
 his nephew dressed himself, and then there was a council of 
 war. It had become impossible to continue the retreat, with 
 
 ' This old house still remains, and the room is shown which the King used. 
 
 ^ The tahle at which they sat long remained in the house, and is now at the 
 Woolleys, the seat of Captain Ashby. 
 
 ' This house, opposite the Swans inn, is still standing, and is occupied hy a 
 draper. 
 
 P 
 
210 LIFE OF THE GREAT LOEB FAIRFAX, [ch. xix. 
 
 sucli an active general as Fairfax so close in their rear ; and, 
 contrary to tlie advice of Rupert, Charles resolved to face 
 round and march to give battle to the Parliamentary forces. 
 
 Meanwhile Sir Thomas Fairfax advanced from Guilsborough 
 at dawn of Saturday, June 14, intending to follow the enemy 
 closely, and by five in the morning he was at the village of 
 Naseby. So at last the Royalists were face to face with the 
 New Model Army, and the battle was to be fought which was 
 to decide the war. Let us now get some idea of the ground 
 on which this great issue was to be settled. 
 
 The Naseby plateau, in the northern division of Northamp- 
 tonshire, is nearly in the centre of England. It is about 600 
 feet above the sea, and forms the water-parting between the 
 streams flowing to the Severn Sea on the one hand and the 
 German Ocean on the other. In a field called Gallows-Furlong, 
 about a mile and a quarter from the village of Naseby, the 
 rain flows off to both seas ; and from the top of the church 
 tower the Boston Deeps, sixty miles away to the north-east, may 
 be seen on a very clear day. Naseby village is about half a 
 mile long, running north and south, the houses being built of 
 clayey earth, and in those days the walls were plastered with 
 coats of cow-dung, spread on them to dry for firing. Some 
 of these walls, in 1790, were near 200 years old.' The church 
 tower was commenced with the intention of surmounting 
 it with a spire, but a settlement warned the builders that it 
 would not bear the weight, so it was finished as a short 
 truncated steeple, 103 feet high. When the bells were 
 rung, the vibration caused the fissure to open and close, so 
 that the bell-ringers cracked their nuts in it while they 
 worked at the ropes.* The church stands on a high knoll, 
 
 ■ 'Many new brick cottages hare lately been built by Lord Clifden, -which will 
 quite alter the appearance of the old place. 
 
 ^ At some period after the battle one of the Ashby family fixed a huge copper 
 ball on the top of the truncated spire of Naseby church, which was capable of 
 holding sixty gallons of ale. This ball had been brought from the siege of 
 Boulogne by Giles AUington, the master of the ordnance to Henry VIII. during the 
 siege, who fixed it on the top of his house at Horseheath, in Cambridgeshire. 
 When Horseheath was dismantled, it was bought by one of the Ashbys for Naseby 
 church. About ten years ago. Naseby church underwent restoration. They built a 
 bran new spire, and pulled down the quaint old truncated steeple, and the great 
 copper ball which had been at the siege of Boulogne. 
 
1645.] BESCBIPTION OF NASUBY FIELD. 211 
 
 ■with a fine row of horse-chesnut trees round it. There are six 
 springs in the village, which are caught by artificial heads, 
 and form ponds for watering cattle. One of these, called 
 Avon-well, rises close to the church, and is the true source of 
 the Avon. Another, called Chapel-well, is the source of the 
 Nen. The Avon goes to the British Channel, while the Nen 
 finds it way across the fens to the Wash. 
 
 The Naseby plateau extends from the village, northwards, to 
 beyond Sibbertoft, where the hills slope down to the valley of 
 the Welland, a width of four miles. The plateau consists of 
 a succession of low uoUing hills with intervening valleys, like 
 stationary green waves : ' A place of little hills and vales — 
 the ground some ploughed, some champion,' as one of the 
 combatants described it.' North of the village there is 
 a slight depression, the ground rising again to Mill Hill, 
 which is a mile from the church. Thence the ground slopes 
 gently down in three successive waves, and finally rises again 
 to Dust Hill. The distance between the tops of Dust and 
 Mill Hills is about a mile, and the intervening space, called 
 Broadmoor, was the battle-field. The continuation of Mill 
 Hill to the west was then called Red-pit HiU ; ^ south of that 
 again was Fenny HiU, and the spring flowing from Avon- well 
 divides Fenny Hill from another gentle slope called Lane- 
 leys HiU. 
 
 The battle-field was thus bounded on the south by the 
 rising grounds called MUl and Eed-pit HUls, and on the north 
 by Dust Hill. It was about a mile long, and at that time was 
 partly arable and partly moor land, but all unenclosed. On 
 the west side of the position a little brook, with swampy 
 banks, flowed sluggishly along the bottom to the Avon. Here 
 a double fence, with a hedge, formed the boundary between 
 the parishes of Naseby and Sulby, along which there was a 
 series of thorn and bramble thickets, known as Lantford or 
 Sulby hedges, stretching across from the base of Dust HUl to 
 Eed-pit HiU. Some ancient thorns in a pasture still mark the 
 
 ' Letter signed ' G. B.' 
 
 ^ The soil here is red, and full of iron, and there is still a farm called ' Eed 
 pit Farm.' 
 
 p 2 
 
212 LIFH OF TSB GBEAT LOBB FAIRFAX, [ch. xix. 
 
 exact site of this part of the battle-field ; and several spots, 
 ■where the ground has sunk, appear to be the burial places 
 of men and horses. On the east the ground slopes gently 
 with the drainage going to the Nen, and in this part there 
 was a rabbit-warren, and patches of gorse cover. 
 
 North of Dust HiU there is a slight depression, whence the 
 ground rises to the village of Sibbertoft. Here a range of 
 hills, cut up by tree-covered ravines — one of which, called 
 Hell-Combe, is just to the north of Sibbertoft— slopes by 
 a rapid descent to the wide vaUey of the WeUand to the 
 northward, and marks the commencement of the lias for- 
 mation. East of Sibbertoft the villages of Clipston and 
 East Farndon are on the top of this range, with their 
 respective windmills. The river WeUand rises in the cellar 
 of Sibbertoft vicarage, and flows down the valley, past the 
 villages of Marston Trussell and Lubenham, to Market Har- 
 borough. The latter town, with its tall church spire and 
 quaint old market-place of 1614, is a little over six miles 
 NNE. of Naseby by the direct road through Clipston and Bast 
 Farndon, but somewhat more by the round taken by the 
 Boyalist army, through Sibbertoft. Gruilsborough, where 
 Fairfax passed the night, is three miles south of the village 
 of Naseby. Very soon after the army of the Parliament 
 reached Mill Hill, they saw the forces of the King appearing 
 on Sibbertoft ridge, with their coloTirs fluttering in the 
 breeze and pikes glistening in the morning sun. Then they 
 disappeared for a time in the hollow, and rose again still 
 nearer on the gentle slope of Dust Hill. It was a fine day, 
 and a fresh wind was blowing from the NW., which died 
 away as the morning advanced. 
 
BATTLE or NASEBY. 
 
 LoiLcLon.. Macmillan Sc Co. 
 
1645.] BATTLE OF NASEBY. 213 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 NASEBT — THE BATTLE. 
 
 King Charles marched from Harborough at about seven on 
 the morning of Saturday, June 14 ; but, instead of taking the 
 direct road to Naseby, he turned off at East Farndon, and 
 went to Sibbertoft, with the object of forming a junction 
 with a detachment that had been quartered at Lutterworth, 
 about ten miles to the westward. He then found himself at 
 the head of an army numbering 11,000 men. He was clad in 
 complete armour, with back-piece, breast-plate, and helmet, 
 and he held his drawn sword in his hand,' just as we see him 
 looking from the canvass of Vandyck. He rode well. Sir 
 Philip Warwick tells us, but not very gracefully. When the 
 troops halted at Sibbertoft, he rode along the line, and asked 
 the soldiers whether they were ready to fight for him. The 
 answer was ' All ! all ! ' with acclamations and ringing 
 cheers. The line of battle of the Eoyalist army was formed 
 under the direction of a foreign engineer employed by 
 Rupert, named Gomez. The main battle consisted of regi- 
 ments of infantry formed in iertias, or solid squares of pike- 
 men flanked by musketeers; under the general command 
 of Sir Jacob Astley, the same veteran ofiicer who had the 
 drilling of the trained bands on Bramham Moor in 1639, 
 when poor Sir Henry Slingsby went with a heavy heart ' to 
 see the spectacle of our public death,' as he called it. Lord 
 Clarendon describes Sir Jacob Astley as ' an honest brave 
 and plain man, and as fit for the office he exercised of major™ 
 general of foot as Christendom yielded. Very discerning 
 
 ' Evidence of witnesses at the King's trial. Eushworth, vii. p. IJIO. 
 
214 LIFE OF THE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. xx. 
 
 and prompt in giving orders, and most clieerful and present in 
 any action. In council he used few but very pertinent -words." 
 The two infantry officers who served under General Astley 
 were Sir Henry Bard in the centre, and Sir George Lisle on 
 the left of the main battle. Sir Henry Bard, a son of the 
 Vicar of Staines by Susan Dudley, was a young man just 
 returned from travels in the East, when the civil war began. 
 He received a colonel's commission immediately on joining 
 the Royalist army, was created a baronet in 1644, and 
 Viscount Bellamont in 1646. Bard was one of the Eupert 
 school — a ruthless plunderer. He proclaimed that if the 
 people did not bring in contributions they might expect a 
 ' troop of unsanctified horse, who would fire their houses 
 without mercy, hang up their bodies, and scare their ghosts.' ^ 
 Sir George Lisle, son of Cave Lisle, Esq., of Compton DarviU 
 in Somersetshire, was an older man. He had been knighted 
 for his gallantry at the battle of Newbury. He was an 
 excellent infantry officer, and, says Clarendon, ' to his fierce- 
 ness of courage added the softest and most gentle nature 
 imaginable.' He was wounded in the battle, and afterwards 
 taken prisoner at Leicester. 
 
 The cavalry, as usual, formed the left and right wings, on 
 either flank of the main battle of foot. The right was com- 
 manded by Prince Eupert, and was divided into two brigades 
 under Prince Maurice and the Earl of Northampton respec- 
 tively. The regiment on the extreme right was Eupert's 
 life-guard, led by the same Sir Eichard Crane who had fought 
 so stoutly at Marston Moor. Next came Prince Maurice's 
 life-guard under Lord Molyneux, then Eupert's regiment 
 under Sir Thomas Dallison,^ then Maurice's regiment under 
 Colonel Molesworth ; ^ while the Queen's regiment, led by Sir 
 John Campfield, was next to Astley's tertia of foot. Behind 
 
 ' Sir Jacob was created Baron Astley of Reading by. Charles I. during the 
 civil war, and died in 1651. His barony became extinct on the death of his grand, 
 son in 1688. 
 
 2 Whiteloelc. His daughter Anne was Prince Euperi's mistress. She bore 
 him a son, who was slain at the siege of Buda in 1686. 
 
 » Slain in the battle. 
 
 ■* 'Wounded and taken prisoner at Leicester. 
 
1645.] BATTLE OF NASEBY. 215 
 
 the front rank was a cavalry brigade in reserve, commanded 
 by Sir William Vaugban ; ' in wbich Colonels Sandys, 
 Howard, Leveson governor of Dudley, Bagot governor of 
 Lichfield, and Sir Richard Byron, each led troops of 100 to 
 200 men. The whole right wing numbered about 1,730 
 men,^ 850 in the front rank and 880 in reserve. 
 
 The left wing of horse was commanded by Sir Marmaduke 
 Langdale, a grave and very thin Torkshireman, with a long 
 solemn face, brave as a lion and both judicious and enterpris- 
 ing, but with an unfortunate temper which interfered with 
 his usefulness as a general. He had been engaged in trivial 
 bickerings with his officers, especially with the colonel of the 
 Newark horse, just before the battle, and his men came on 
 to the field aggrieved and discontented.* On the extreme 
 left were Lord Loughborough's* 'blue coats,' then came 
 Horatio Gary's regiment, and Sir WiUiam Blackston's troops 
 of northern horse were next to the infantry. The whole 
 left wing numbered about 2,000 men.^ 
 
 Immediately in the rear of Sir Jacob Astley's main battle 
 of foot there was a reserve of 880 horse under Colonel 
 Howard, with some foot consisting of the Shrewsbury men 
 under Colonel Smith, and the regiments of Sir John Owen and 
 Colonel G-errard. Still further in the rear was the main 
 body of the reserves under the command of Montagu 
 Bertie, Earl of Lindsey, a gallant nobleman who had seen 
 service in the Low Countries,^ and whose brave old father 
 was slain at Edgehill. This reserve force was formed of the 
 Newark horse under Sir Richard Willis,'' numbering 1,200 
 men, the Eing's life-guard led by Lord Bernard Stuart,' a 
 
 ' Taken prisoner in the battle. ' 2,000, according to Clarendon. 
 
 " Warwick's Memoirs p. 287. Iter CaroUnium. Whitelock. 
 
 * Henry Hastings, a younger son of the Earl of Huntingdon, was created Baron 
 Hastings of Loughborough by Charles I. in 1643. He died, unmarried, in 1666. 
 He was in the siege of Colchester. 
 
 " 1,600, according to Clarendon. 
 
 " He attended the King's funeral, was made a. Knight of the Garter at the 
 Eeatoration, and died in 1666. His grandson was created Duke of Ancaster. 
 
 ' Willis became insolent and mutinous to King Charles in his misfortunes, and 
 was afterwards one of Cromwell's spies. 
 
 ' Slain the same year, in a fight in Cheshire. 
 
216 LIFE OF TEE GUFAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. xx. 
 
 younger son of tlie Diike of Lennox, and tlie King's and 
 Rupert's regiments of foot. 
 
 The whole Royalist army numbered about 5,520 borse and 
 5,300 foot, in all 10,820 fighting men ; but the troops were 
 followed by many hundreds of camp-followers, consisting of 
 all the King's servants and attendants, those of the two 
 Princes and of several English noblemen, three or four 
 hundred abandoned Irish women, and a host of drivers and 
 waggoners. The artillery consisted of twelve pieces of 
 ordnance. The Royalist extreme right rested on the spot 
 now occupied by Mr. Jellaway's ferm on Dust Hill, whence 
 they took ground along the slope of the hill to the left. 
 
 Such was the army, commanded by a Grerman and mar- 
 shalled by a Spaniard, which was now to try issues with the 
 well-disciplined force led by Fairfax, and representing the 
 wUl of the people and Parliament of England. The Royalist 
 host contained many gallant gentlemen, such as Astley and 
 Lindsey and Langdale, who fought from a sense of military 
 duty, and a much smaller number who conscientiously 
 believed that the triumph of the King was a less dangerous 
 alternative than the complete success of the Parliament ; but 
 the majority of Royalist officers were mere courtiers, and the 
 soldiers were more or less demoralised by a long course of 
 license and rapine. 
 
 But it was a brave sight when the Royalists came up over 
 the brow of Sibbertoft in line of battle, with hundreds of 
 colours fluttering in the wind. The King's standard in the 
 centre was red, with a golden lion and crown ; the colours 
 of the infantry were white, with a red cross; the cavalry 
 carried the arms of their officers ; ' and the sky-blue standard 
 of Rupert waved above the rest, on the right wing. The 
 Parliamentary forces were on the northern slopes of Red- 
 pit and Mill Hills ; but as soon as the enemy appeared in 
 sight, Fairfax made a movement to the rear, in order to form 
 his line of battle in a hollow out of sight,^ behind one of the 
 rounded crests of Mill Hill. Rupert appears to have mistaken 
 
 ' One regiment had a red flowered damask banner, like a gentlewoman's petti- 
 coat. ' Slingsby's Diar^, p. 151. Sprigge. 
 
1645.] BATTLE OF NASHBY. 217 
 
 this manoeuvre for a retreat, and pushed rapidly forward 
 with the left wing in advance of the main body, thus break- 
 ing the line. He halted on open ground, partly under corn, 
 and partly swampy common,' and sent back for the rest of 
 the army to march up to him. ' Courage was only to be 
 relied on,' says Clarendon, 'where all conduct failed so 
 much.' 
 
 Meanwhile Sir Thomas Fairfax, assisted by the veteran 
 Skippon, prepared his army for the fight. The general rode 
 his favourite chesnut mare.^ His main battle of infantry 
 was formed in solict squares, as at Marston Moor, but the 
 number of files appears to have been reduced from ten to 
 five, and somewhat longer intervals were allowed between 
 the regiments, with a view to facilitating the manoeuvre of 
 bringing the reserves to the front when necessary. Fairfax 
 had also superseded the bandoliers by cartridge cases ; and 
 had introduced a lighter musket-rest of iron tubing covered 
 with leather. This new rest was convertible into a pike, by 
 touching a spring, when a short dagger, called a swine's 
 feather, sprang out.' The regiment of General Skippon was 
 placed on the left of the main battle of infantry ; * next 
 came Sir Hardress Waller, then Pickering and Montague, 
 and the general's own regiment was on the right. These 
 five formed the front line, and a forlorn hope of musketeers 
 was placed in skirmishing order about a musket-shot in ad- 
 vance, to fall back when hard pressed. The three regiments 
 of Pride, Hammond, and Eainsborough, formed a second 
 line of reserves, and faced the opening between the regi- 
 ments in advance, where the ordnance was posted.' 
 
 The left wing of cavalry was commanded by Henry Ireton, 
 
 ' Slingsby. 
 
 ^ The horse presented by Pairfax to Charles II., to ride at his coronation, -was 
 by Bridladon, out of this famous chesnut mare. 
 
 ' Musket-rests appear to have been altogether disused before the end of the 
 war. Yet we find Monk recommending an improved sort, as late as 1670. Ma/- 
 rick, iii. p. 99. 
 
 * Their position was just across the present direct road from Sibbertoft to 
 Naseby, which marks the watershed. 
 
 ' Sprigge. Eushworth. Also Letter from G. B., a Gentleman in the Army, to 
 Colonel Roe, in London. 
 
218 LIFJS OF TEE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX [ch.xx. 
 
 whom Fairfax had appointed his commissary-general of horse. 
 It was composed of five regiments, those of Butler, Hunting- 
 ton, and Ireton in the front line ; and those of Eich and Fleet- 
 wood as a reserve. Colonel Okey was ordered to line Sulhy 
 hedges with his dismounted dragoons, stationing their horses 
 in a small close in charge of the odd man of each troop.' 
 
 Fairfax entrusted the command of the right wing to 
 Lieutenant-General Cromwell, It consisted of six cavalry- 
 regiments ; those of "Whalley, Sir Eohert Pye, and Eossiter 
 being in the front line, together with Fairfax's own life- 
 guard of Nunappleton tenantry, and Cromwell's Ironsides 
 from the associated counties ; while the regiments of 
 Sheffield and Fiennes formed a second line of reserve. 
 Colonel Eossiter, with the Sedgebrook tenantry, led by 
 Henry and Anthony Markham, and the rest of the chivalry 
 of Nottingham and Lincoln, arrived on the very morning of 
 the battle, and took ground in Naseby rabbit-warren on the 
 extreme right. The regiments had pennons, bearing the 
 coats of arms of their colonels.^ 
 
 The train of waggons was placed on Fenny Hill, in rear of 
 the left wing, in charge of a body of firelock men under 
 Colonel Bartlett, who formed a circle round it in single file. 
 Here the chaplains were stationed, and Mr. Sprigge and Mr. 
 Secretary Eushworth, the historians of the battle, diligently 
 employed themselves in making notes. 
 
 Old Skippon commanded the main battle, and ' His Ex- 
 cellency the general was everywhere, as occasion required.' ' 
 The word was ' God our strength,' that of the Eoyalists 
 ' Queen Mary.' The Parliamentarians wore no special dis- 
 tinguishing mark, though some of the regiments agreed 
 among themselves to stick a bit of paper or linen in their 
 bands ; but the Eoyalists all wore bean-stalks in their hats.* 
 
 As soon as the preparations were completed, Fairfax gave 
 the order to advance over the crest of the hiU, and a mighty 
 
 ' Letter from Colonel OTcey to a Citizen of London. 
 
 ' Meyrick, iii. p. 98. 
 
 ' Letter from <?. B. to Colonel Eoe. 
 
 * Vicars. Mso Letter from a Gentleman of Fuhlic Employment. 
 
1645.] BATTLE OF NASEBT. 219 
 
 shout rang along the Parliamentary line ' when the Royalists 
 were seen marching down Dust HUl to the attack in gallant 
 style. That shout was raised by a body of Englishmen 
 which truly represented the real chivalry of their country in 
 every rank of life — men who had drawn their swords in 
 the noblest cause for which soldier ever fought. The 
 nobility were represented by such names as Sidney, Russell, 
 Montague, Herbert, Rich, Sheffield, Fairfax, Fiennes; the 
 colonels, with two exceptions,' were all gentlemen of good 
 family; the subordinate officers and soldiers were many 
 of them men of substance, all with a stake in the country ; 
 all earnest and well-disciplined, and brave, and resolved to 
 sacrifice their lives for the liberties of their native land. 
 They were opposed to hirelings who fought for plunder, 
 or at best for their masters, to support the illegal and 
 oppressive power of a traitor-king, who actually brought 
 with him into the field the evidence that he was even then 
 intriguing to increase the miseries of the country by 
 importing a foreign army of mercenaries. 
 
 The men of both sides were brave enough, but with what 
 difierent feelings must they have closed upon each other in 
 that memorable struggle ! It was between ten and eleven in 
 the forenoon when the two armies marched down to Naseby 
 field and closed in deadly strife. 
 
 Almost in a moment the roar of battle resounded all 
 along the line, and it was hard to say which wing of 
 Fau-fax's horse charged first.* A very few rounds were fired 
 from the ordnance, for Sir Thomas had seen at Marston that 
 this was but waste of time,* and the Royalists had advanced 
 so rapidly that their guns were left in the rear. 
 
 It appears that Rupert and Ireton manoeuvred for a 
 short time to get the wind of each other — a very important 
 point in the eyes of officers in those days. Then Rupert 
 charged ' with such gallantry as few in the army ever saw 
 the like.' Okey's dragoons fired upon the Royalist regi- 
 
 ' Letter /rom I. W. Letter from the Parliamentary Commissioners. 
 
 ' Pride and Okey. ^ Sprigge. 
 
 ' VicaTs. Letter from I. W. Letter to Alderman Gibbs. 
 
220 LIFE OF THE QBEAT LOBJD FAIRFAX, [ch. xx. 
 
 ments as they galloped past, and did some execution,' but 
 nothing could check that impetuous rush. For a few 
 minutes there was a deadly hand-to-hand struggle. Mau- 
 rice and Eupert each charged at the head of their regiments, 
 and Colonel Okey says that he saw the King himself, with 
 his accustomed brarery, leading on a regiment in the second 
 line.* The charge was so furious that the struggle was 
 decided in a few minutes. The men of Huntington and 
 Treton were the first to give ground. Ireton himself, with a 
 few troops, attacked the flank of the Eoyalist infantry ; but 
 his horse was shot, and he himself was run through the 
 thigh with a pike, wounded in the face with a halberd, and 
 taken prisoner. The rest of the left wing broke and fled. 
 Butler's regiment held out last; the colonel himself was 
 desperately wounded, receiving two bullets in the thigh, 
 and all would have been cut to pieces had not the dragoons 
 afforded them some assistance from Sulby hedges. Rupert's 
 horse began plundering the waggons in the rear of the 
 Parliamentary army, which gave the routed regiments time 
 to rally, and some of them returned to the fleld, and formed 
 on the ground which was occupied by Cromwell's right wing 
 when the fight began. But a great many of the panic- 
 stricken troopers went clear away to Northampton, without 
 drawing rein.' When Butler was routed, Okey and his 
 dragoons gave themselves up for lost; but instead of im- 
 proving his advantage, Eupert had led his men at a gallop 
 to the rear of the Parliamentary position in search of 
 plunder, abandoning the King to his fate. Then Okey, at 
 once seeing the German adventurer's blunder, ordered his 
 dragoons to mount, and prepared for work. 
 
 The Parliamentary right wing was led down the hill to the 
 charge by the general himself, seconded by Cromwell.'' 
 Whalley was the first to become engaged with Langdale's 
 northern horse ; the other regiments, and especially Eos- 
 siter's on the extreme right, being embarrassed by the holes 
 
 • Slingsby. ' Okey's Letter. ' Wogan. 
 
 * Letter from a Gentleman of Public Employment. Also Letter from G. B. to 
 Colonel Boe. 
 
1G45.] BATTLE OF NASEBY. 221 
 
 and furze-bushes in the rabbit-warren.' They were thrown 
 into some disorder ; but as soon as they got clear of the 
 broken ground, they delivered such a charge that Langdale's 
 division, already demoralized and discontented, turned and fled 
 up Dust Hill for a quarter of a mile beyond the Eoyalist 
 reserves, ' harder and faster than became them,' Clarendon 
 tells us. The moment Fairfax saw the result of his charge he 
 left the pursuit to Cromwell, and returned with his life-guard 
 to conduct the struggle between the infantry. In those days 
 it was necessary for the general to encourage the men by a 
 display of personal Isravery, as well as to direct the move- 
 ments of his army. On this occasion Sir Thomas's gallant 
 charge at the head of the right wing contributed in no small 
 degree to the success of Cromwell's division, but he always 
 remained cool and collected, and the moment his work was 
 done there, he hurried to another point where his presence 
 was more needed.' 
 
 While the wings of cavalry were thus engaged, the 
 main battle closed in a deadly struggle. ' The fight was 
 extreme hot for nearly an hour,' wrote one of the combatants.* 
 There was one mutual volley of musketry, and then the two 
 lines closed at push of pike, the Royalist musketeers rushing 
 furiously on with their swords and the butt- ends of their 
 muskets.* The impetuosity of the attack, gallantly led by 
 Sir Jacob Astley, was at fii-st irresistible. Even the compara- 
 tively veteran regiments of Montague and Pickering wavered, 
 and fell into disorder. At this critical moment the general 
 returned from routing Langdale's horse, at the head of his 
 life-guard, having had his helmet beat off in the thick of the 
 fight.^ In an instant he took in the position, concerted 
 
 > Sprigge. 
 
 ' ' Out general was in some danger, hazarding his own person.' Letter from I. W. 
 ' Sir Thomas Fairfax showed such courage and resolution as hath rarely been seen, 
 which did so animate the soldiers as is hardly to be expressed. Sir, if you had 
 seen him, and how his spirit was raised, it would have made an impression in your 
 mind never to be obliterated.' True Edation, &c. ' The valour that Sir Thomas 
 Fairfax manifested just upon the charge was agreat encouragement to the soldiers.' 
 Letter to Alderman Gibbs. 
 
 ' Letter from L W. * Clarendon. * Letter from Gt. B. 
 
222 LIFS OF THE GREAT LOBB FAIRFAX, [ch. xx. 
 
 measures with old Skippon, and they two led the three 
 reserve regiments of foot to the attack. The front line fell 
 back in disorder. For a moment those glorious young 
 Colonels Montague and Pickering, the flower of England's 
 chivalry, stood alone with their colours, choosing rather to 
 die fighting than to retire with their men.' Then they fell 
 in amongst the reserves, and the struggle began anew ; but 
 the soldiers of the Parliament were now fresh. Fairfax was 
 leading on the main battle in the midst of danger, bringing 
 up detachments and rallying the broken regiments. Skippon 
 was hit by a musket-ball as he led Pride's men to the front. 
 It pierced his armour, and passed through his side. The 
 general urged him to retire, but he declared ' he would not 
 stir so long as a man should stand.' ^ Both Fairfax and 
 Skippon displayed unequalled coolness and skill in bringing 
 the reserves to the front, and soon the weary Eoyalists began 
 to give ground. Cromwell, wheeling with some of his troops 
 whUe the others prevented Langdale's horse from rallying, 
 fell upon the rear of Bard's regiments ; and Colonel Okey, 
 with his mounted dragoons, seeing that Eupert had deserted 
 his post, charged across the now unoccupied groimd, and 
 attacked the hitherto unbroken tertia of Sir Jacob Astley. 
 Then the whole Eoyalist centre fell into irretrievable confu- 
 sion, and was utterly routed. Okey's dragoons alone took 
 600 prisoners and all their arms, without the loss of a single 
 man, and only three wounded.* Sir Jacob Astley himself 
 escaped with great difficulty, and wit^ the loss of his head- 
 piece.'' 
 
 One tertia or solid square of the Eoyalists, belonging to 
 the ' blue regiment ' of foot in Sir George Lisle's brigade, still 
 stood its ground on their extreme left, and resisted every 
 effort to break it,' like Newcastle's white-coats at Marston 
 Moor. At this critical moment Fairfax, who had been 
 riding bare-headed from one part of the line to another, 
 directing the operations, came up to his own life-guards. 
 Their commander. Captain Charles Doyley, ventured to tell 
 
 ' Sprigge. ^ Bush-worth. " Okey's Letter to a Citizen of London. 
 
 * Letter from a Gentleman of Public Employment, ' Vicars. 
 
1645.] BATTLE OF NASEBY. 223 
 
 him tliat ' he exposed himself to too much danger, and the 
 whole army thereby, riding bare-headed in the field and so 
 many ballets flying about him,' and he begged the general 
 to take his helmet. But Fairfax refused it, saying, ' It is 
 well enough, Charles.' Then he asked his captain whether 
 he had charged that body of blue-coats which still stood so 
 firmly. Doyley answered that he had twice charged them, 
 but could not break them. So the general ordered him to 
 charge them once more in front, while he took a commanded 
 party and fell upon their rear at the same time, adding that 
 they would meet each other in the middle. Doyley obeyed, 
 and encountered his general in the centre of the hostile 
 square, where he had just slain the ensign and taken his 
 colours. The last rallying-point was thus broken, and the 
 Royalists were beaten along the whole line. One of the 
 soldiers, who carried the captured colours, bragged of the 
 service he had done in slaying the ensign ; and when Doyley 
 rebuked him for lying, and told him how many witnesses 
 there were who saw the general do it with his own hand, 
 Fairfax said, ' I hare enough honour ; let him take that to 
 himself.' ' 
 
 Rupert and his cavalry, after routing Ireton, had galloped 
 right off the field in pursuit, over Red-pit and Fenny HiUs, 
 and even beyond the village of Naseby. In his search for 
 plunder the young adventurer himself came upon the 
 baggage-train, guarded by rdatchlock-men. The ' gentleman 
 of public employment,' who is said to have been Mr. Rush- 
 worth, tells us what followed. ' The leader of them,' he says, 
 'being a person somewhat in habit like our general, in a 
 red montero as the general had, our commander of the guard 
 of the train went, with his hat in his hand, and asked him 
 how the day went, thinking it was the general. The 
 cavalier, who we since heard was Rupert, asked him and the 
 rest if they would have quarter. They cried " No," gave fire, 
 and instantly beat him off.' Rupert did not lead back his 
 troops until too late, and the battle was lost to his master, 
 while this precious commander-in-chief was wasting his 
 ' Whitelock. p. 151. Sprigge. 
 
224 LIFE OF THE GBEAT LOBD FAIRFAX. [ch. xx, 
 
 time in parleys with the captain of a baggage-guard. When 
 at last he brought his troops back to the field, they were 
 charged on the flank by Colonel Eossiter's regiment as they 
 went by, and thrown into confusion.' 
 
 The Royalist reserve of horse, under Lindsey and Bernard 
 Stuart, now alone remained unbroken ; and the King, who 
 had shown himself to be a cool and brave general throughout 
 the action, made a gaUant attempt to retrieve the day with 
 them. But Fairfax, with all his dash and impetuosity, com- 
 bined the prudent caution of a veteran commander. The 
 cause was too momentous to be risked by any rash act at 
 the end of the day, and he kept his cavalry back until the 
 infantry had time to advance to the new position on the 
 slope of Dust Hill. The foot marched rapidly up until the 
 horse were again on either wing, a quarter of a mile in 
 advance of the scene of the action. Thus a second line of 
 battle was formed. Still the King was resolved to charge at 
 the head of his reserve. He cried out, 'Face about once 
 more ! give one charge more, and recover the day ! ' ^ and was 
 on the point of dashing forward, when the Earl of Carawath, 
 a timid Scotch courtier who rode next to him, suddenly laid 
 his hand on the King's bridle and cried out, ' Will you go 
 upon your death in an instant ? ' Before Charles understood 
 what he would have, the horse was turned round, on which 
 word ran through the troops that they were to wheel to the 
 right.^ There was a sudden panic, and the whole body of 
 Eoyalists fled at a gallop, every man shifting for himself. 
 
 Fairfax then- passed the word that no horse-soldier was to 
 dismount for plunder, but that the cavalry was at once to 
 follow the King's flying army. The order was discontentedly 
 and therefore savagely obeyed by men who were loth to 
 leave all the plunder of the field to the foot.* 
 
 The Eoyalists, most of them ignorant of the roads, fled 
 wildly in all directions. Sir Henry Slingsby and two friends 
 escaped by making a circuit round the east side of Market 
 Harborough. A few Eoyalists were overtaken, entangled 
 in the deep ravine called Hell-Combe, by Sibbertoft, where 
 
 1 Wogan. ' Viears. " Clarendon. " Wogan in Carte. 
 
1646.] RESULTS OF TEE VIOTOM. 225 
 
 they sold their lives dearly. Another party, galloping 
 recklessly along the road to Lubenham, mistook the turn at 
 Marston Trussell, and, dashing down a cul de sac, were 
 stopped at the churchyard gates. In the neit minute the 
 pursuers were upon them, and cut them to pieces.' Crom- 
 well and his Ironsides chased the main body of the fugitives 
 to within two miles of Leicester. The King never drew 
 rein until he got to Ashby-de-la-Zouch, twenty-eight miles 
 from the battle-field, and next day he went on to Lichfield* 
 He was never again able to take the field at the head of an 
 army ; but, as Sir Phflip Warwick says, was like a hunted 
 partridge, flitting from one castle to another.* 
 
 Never was victory more complete. About 1000 Royalists 
 were slain, 700 in the battle, and 300 in the pursuit; and 
 there were 4,500 prisoners taken,' besides twelve pieces of 
 ordnance, 8,000 stand of arms, 55 colours^ 40 barrels of 
 powder, 200 waggons laden with stores, twelve carriages of 
 boats with anchors and cables for bridging, the King's 
 coach with his cabinet of correspondence, and all his house- 
 hold servants. A Committee was appointed by Parliament 
 to open and report upon the King's letters- — a measure of 
 which Pairfas strongly disapproved. 
 
 A very seasonable supply of biscuit and cheeSe was also 
 captured, which refreshed the soldiers who had had no meal 
 that day, and had marched and fought on empty stomachs. 
 The victors lost about 200 men, or only 150 according to 
 'the gentleman of public employment,' who tells us that 
 ' he viewed the ground where the bodies lay.' The bodies 
 
 ' Their boneSj some buttons, and a knife, were recently found buried in the 
 clay by the chancel wall. The churchwardens' accounts haw been preserved at 
 Marston Trussell, and are now in the custody of Mr. Law, the rector. They begin 
 in 1603, and for Michaelmas 1645 there are the following entries : — ' Item. Paid to 
 Wm. Sprigge for mending the churchyard wall, 2d.' ' Hem. Paid unto Samuel 
 Neale for mending the churchyard gate, and making the catch and latch at it, Sd.' 
 The skirmish, in which the flying Eoyalists Vere Slain, may have necessitated 
 these repairs. 
 
 ' Memoirs, p. 288. 
 
 ' Eushworth says 5,000, Sprigge 4,000, and Ludlow 6j000 ; but nearly all the 
 foot must have been captured. The number given in the text is from the report of 
 Colonel Piennes, who had charge of the prisoners. 
 
 Q 
 
226 LIFE OF TEE GREAT LOBJD FAIRFAX, [ch. xx. 
 
 of the Parliamentary officers appear to have been buried under 
 the tower of Naseby Church, where some bones were recently 
 found. 
 
 No mercy was shown to the wretched Irish women with 
 'wicked countenances,' who followed the Eoyalist camp. 
 About 100 were killed, and the rest were marked on the 
 cheek or nose with a slash or cut. This unnecessary cruelty 
 was committed without the general's knowledge, and is 
 much to be regretted ; but many stories had been told of the 
 savage and infamous conduct of these harpies, and the 
 wrath of the soldiers was kindled against them. There 
 Were six coaches full of ladies, and some respectable women 
 in the waggons, who were treated with consideration. A 
 local tradition relates that many wives of Eoyalist oflacers, 
 who had come in their coaches as far as East Farndon, were 
 killed in the pursuit. But contemporary letters distinctly 
 state that these ladies were treated with consideration; 
 and the tradition is evidently founded on the massacre of the 
 Irish woment 
 
 The battle lasted about three hours, and Fairfax advanced 
 to Market Harborough on the same afternoon. But his 
 gallant old major-general had to remain in a house at 
 Naseby. An of&cer carried him up to a room, stript him, 
 saw his wound dressed, and then said, ' Sir, your wound 
 hath caused a little cloud on this glorious day." Old 
 Skippon replied, ' By no means, for it is to my honour that 
 1 have received a wound.' The two Houses of Parliament 
 were good masters. When the news arrived that the 
 liiajor-general was •v\^oundedj they sent him £200 as a pre- 
 sent, and £200 to pay his doctors' bills. It was a month 
 before he could be moved; but on July 12 he was brought 
 up to London in a litter, and many citizens wento ut to 
 meet him.^ 
 
 Sir Thoinas Fairfax sent the news to London by his 
 
 ' Letter.from G. B. 
 
 ' At Smithfield, as he passed, two butcher's dogs caused a disturbance among 
 the men carrying the Utter, and there was some suspicion that the commotion was 
 got up designedly. ' We hope it will be no damage to that noble gentleman,' says 
 the old newspaper. See also Harldan Miscellanies; iii. p. 136. 
 
1645.] GENEBAL8HIP OF FAIRFAX. 227 
 
 chaplain, Mr. Bowles ; and Colonel Jolin Tiennes was en- 
 trusted witli the duty of bringing up 4,500 prisoners and 
 55 colours. On Thursday the 19th he arrived with them 
 at St. Albans, and lodged them in the church for the night, 
 where ' they pulled down the pews,' as the old pamphlet 
 tells us, ' as men set on mischief, and indeed the whole band 
 are most desperately given to wickedness.' ' They were 
 then marched through Islington and down St. Martin's 
 lane, with the captured colours before them; guarded by 
 the green and yellow regiments of the City, and finally 
 lodged in the mews 5,t Charing-cross until further orders. 
 The news created intense excitement in London, and vast 
 crowds assembled to see the trophies arrive. A grand dinner 
 was given by the Lord Mayor to the two Houses, to cele- 
 brate the victory ; at which the Prince Elector (Rupert's 
 brother) was present. 
 
 The numbers engaged were much smaller than at Mars- 
 ton Moor; yet while the northern battle only liberated 
 Yorkshire, the great fight at Naseby decided the fate of 
 England. Fairfax displayed rare talents as a general, both 
 as regards the disposition of his army and the prompt 
 measures he took to remedy disasters. He was on the spot 
 wherever his presence was needed, and his quick eye saw 
 in a moment the weak point, while his cool presence of mind 
 at once prompted the means of strengthening it. Nor 
 was his headlong bravery in leading the charges misplaced 
 in those days, for it inspired the soldiers with enthusiasm, 
 while he himself never for a moment lost his head, and 
 always checked himself at the exact point when the necessary 
 efiect had been attained. 
 
 Before the battle it was observed that Sir Thomas Fairfax 
 was exceedingly cheerful, and talked merrily to his officers 
 and soldiers ; but after the victory a sober melancholy seemed 
 to come over him, and his countenance became grave and 
 serious.'' In truth such an event as this was an era in a 
 
 > Manner how the Prisoners are ta be, brought into London, Saturday, June 21, 
 1645. 
 * Vicars. 
 
 Q 2 
 
228 LIFH OF THE GBFAT LOBB FAIRFAX, [ch. xx. 
 
 man's life whicli could not be thouglit on lightly; and in 
 truth the humble-minded knight gave all the honour to 
 God, and took none to himself. But these terrible battles 
 had the effect of changing the character of the man, or rather 
 of deepening and strengthening it. The country gentleman 
 of 1639 could scarcely be recognised in the great general of 
 1645. In this mighty war a really earnest man, like Fairfax, 
 must have come to look. upon his cause as absolutely right, or 
 he could not have supported it with such stem resolution ; 
 and if so, how great to him must have seemed the guilt of 
 those who covered the land with mourning and desolation to 
 support tyranny and falsehood. In 1642 men who took 
 different sides could agree to differ, and to discuss a treaty of 
 neutrality in a friendly way. But after the same men had 
 fought fiercely with opposite ends for three years, they could 
 no longer view their differences with the same calmness and 
 impartiality. Sir Thomas Fairfax, in becoming a great 
 general, had also become a sterner man ; but he never lost 
 his courteous breeding, his humanity, and his single-minded 
 sense of honour and hatred of intrigue.' 
 
 NOTE ON THE AUTHOEITIES FOK THE BATTLE OF NASEBY. 
 
 Sir Thomas Fairfax wrote a brief official account of the battle 
 from Market Harborough on June 15 ; but it gives little more tlian 
 the results of the victory. Oliver Cromwell wrote another, and a 
 third was sent by the Commissioners of the Parhament. All three 
 were addressed to the" Speaker, and were published together, with a 
 list of the prisoners, by John Wright, at the sign of the Bang's Head 
 in the Old Bailey, June 1645. 
 
 But by far the best and most detailed narrative of Naseby fight 
 was written by the !&ev. Joshua Sprigge, one of Fairfax's chaplains, 
 in his ' Auglid, Rediviva,' published in 1648, with a plan of the 
 battle. A new edition of Sprigge was printed at Oxford in 1854. 
 Sprigge was son of a servant of Lord Saye and Sele, was at Oxford, 
 and afterwards became a preacher in Edinburgh. Eeturning to 
 
 • The two Houses of Parliament presented Sir Thomas Pairfax with an orna- 
 ment to -wear round his neck, in commemoration of his victory at N^sehy, which 
 will be found fully described in Appendix B. 
 
1645.] AUTHOBITIES FOB NA8EBY. 229 
 
 London he took the Covenant, and was appointed chaplain to Sir 
 Thomas Fairfax. After the Restoration he married a daughter of 
 Lord Wimbledon, and widow 6f his old master Lord Saye, and 
 died at Highgate in 1684. 
 
 Rushworth, Sir Thomas Fairfax's secretary, was also present at 
 the battle, but in the account he gives of it in his ' Historical 
 Collections,' vi. p. 4<7, he mainly copies from Sprigge, and gives the 
 same plan. 
 
 Clarendon gives a much fuller account of N"aseby than he does 
 of Marston Moor, and appears to have had access to better sources 
 of information ; but he is very untrustworthy in details. 
 
 Whitelock gives an inieresting account of the battle in his ' Me- 
 morials,' having obtained the particulars from General Skippon and 
 other officers who were present. It is on his authority that the truth 
 of the conversation between the general and Captain Doyley rests. 
 
 Ludlow was not present, and the short account in his ' Memoirs * 
 is of little value. 
 
 Sir Henry Slingsby gives us a few brief notes of what he saw, in 
 his ' Diary,' which are very valuable as far as they go. 
 
 Vicars, in his ' Burning Bash not consumed,' gives a violently 
 one-sided view of the battle ; but his account is indispensable, owing 
 to the number of details which this hot-headed but diligent partisan 
 collected, p. 160-65. Vicars copies a good deal from the ' gentle- 
 man of public employment ' referred to below. 
 
 Colonel Okey wrote an important letter to a friend in London, 
 which has fortunately been preserved. It narrates the proceedings 
 of his dragoons on the extreme left. 
 
 Six other letters were written from the field of battle, all con- 
 taining details of more or less value. (See ' King's Pamphlets,* 
 No. 212.) 
 
 1. ' A true relation of the Victory obtained between Clipston and 
 Naseby,' dated on the field. Signed I. W. 
 
 2. ' True Relation,' published by authority. 
 
 3. 'Relation of the Victory,' being a letter to Alderman William 
 Gibbs. 
 
 4. ' Letter from Market Harborough.' Signed H. M. 
 
 5. 'A more Exact and Perfect Relation,' from a gentleman in 
 Northampton. 
 
 6. ' Letter from a gentleman in the army to Lieutenant- Colonel 
 Roe, Scoutmaster- General for the City.' Signed G. B. 
 
 There is also a letter from ' a gentleman of public employment ' 
 which is valuable ; and, among other things, gives an account of the 
 affair between Prince Rupert and the captain of the parliamentary 
 baggage-guard. The supposition that the 'gentleman of public 
 employment ' was Mr. Rushworth himself rests on the fact that 
 
230 LIFE OF THE GREAT LOBB FAIRFAX, [ch. xx. 
 
 SomelDody lias written the foUowiBg sentence on a fly-leaf of tlie 
 copy in the British Museum : — ' Mr. Rushworth's letter, beinge the 
 Secretary to His Excellence.' The argument against it is that the 
 details in the letter are not embodied in the accounts ia Rush- 
 worth's ' Collections.' 
 
 Some further particulars are given in a paper headed ' Proceedings 
 of the New-moulded Army,' by Edward Wogan, an oflB.cer of the 
 army, in Carte's ' Letters of Ormond,' i. p. 126. But. Wogan's 
 testimony can only be taken with much suspicion, for he was a 
 renegade. He was a very handsome young fellow, and when quite 
 a lad he commanded a troop of horse in the army of the Parliament, 
 and was high in Ireton's favour. But, after the King's execution, 
 he joined Ormonde ia Ireland, and followed him to France. Young 
 "Wogan was slain in Scotland in 1656. See ' Clarendon ' for an 
 account of him, 
 
 Warburton gives a plan of the Royalist line of battle from an 
 original Dutch document, supposed to be that of Gomez. It differs 
 but slightly from, that given in Sprigge. 
 
 Mr. Carlyle and Dr. Arnold went over the ground together iu 
 1842. See Appendix No. 7 to Cromwell's ' Letters and Speeches,' 
 and Stanley's ' Life of Arnold,' p. 606-11-15. In 1791 was published, 
 at Cambridge, ' The History and Antiquities of Naseby, by the 
 Rev. John Mastin, Vicar of Naseby.' He gives Sprigge's account 
 of the battle verhatim, and the three oflacial despatches ; but his 
 local information is meagre and of little use. There is another 
 book entitled 'Historical Gleanings on the memorable Field of 
 Naseby,' by Henry Lockinge, late Curate of Naseby, London, 1830. 
 This is a much more pretentious but less useful work than Mr. 
 Mastin's, from which all the local notices are copied wholesale ; and 
 it is padded with much irrelevant matter. Mr. Carlyle makes short 
 work of both vicar and curate. He says : ' There are two modern 
 books about Naseby and its battle, both of them without value.' 
 
 Mr. Mastin severely censures the incumbent of Naseby at the 
 time of the battle for not having made any entry on the subject in 
 the parish registers ; ' an omission utterly inexcusable in a resident 
 clergyman,' 
 
 In 1825 John and Mary Frances Fitzgerald, Lord and Lady of 
 the Manor of Naseby, erected an obelisk with a very absurd in- 
 scription ; but it is a mile from the field of battle. 
 
164,5.] FAIRFAX'S BAPID MARCH TO THE WEST. 231 
 
 CHAPTEE XXI. 
 
 THE BATTLE OP LANGPOET AND STORMING OF 
 BEIDGEWATEE. 
 
 The main Royalist army was scattered at Naseby, but there 
 was a formidable force under Goring in the west, with 
 numerous strong garrisons, and the longed-for peace was still 
 distant until this western army had also been reduced to sub- 
 mission. Sir Thomas Fairfax, therefore, rested not on his 
 laurels even for a day; and the soldiers, in spite of their 
 long marches and of having just fought a desperate battle, 
 obeyed their general's orders with cheerfulness and alacrity. 
 Leicester surrendered on the 17th, and Fairfax then advanced 
 by rapid marches to the south, to raise the siege of Taunton, 
 where Welden's brigade was closely hemmed in by Goring. 
 Passing through Warwick and over Salisburyplain, he reached 
 Beaminster in the south of Dorsetshire on July 4, having 
 traversed 132 miles in 13 days. The rapidity of the young 
 general's movements aroused the astonishment of his con- 
 temporaries, and half paralyzed his enemies, by throwing 
 out all their calculations. Thus Goring was just beginning 
 to arrange for a junction of his forces with those of Hopton 
 and Grenville in Devonshire, and possibly with the scattered 
 remnant of the King's army, and was meanwhile lazily 
 blockading Taunton, when he was startled by the news 
 that Fairfax, of whom he had last heard far away in the 
 midland counties, was within a few miles of him. 
 
 Sir Thomas found an association of country people, calling 
 themselves neutrals, in the counties of Somersetshire and 
 Dorsetshire, who for a time caused him considerable em- 
 barrassment.' These clubmen declared that they were 
 
 ' Vicars waxes violent when he speakes of them. ' A disorderly rabble and 
 rude company of rotten-hearted nauseous neutrals.' 
 
232 LIFE OF THE GBEAT LOBB FAIRFAX, [ch. xxi. 
 
 strong enough to defend themselves against both King and 
 Parliament, that they would no longer allow their produce 
 to be seized by the soldiers of either side, and that they 
 would fight in defence of their property. They were headed 
 by some of the local gentry, but were without proper 
 organization, and were only formidable in consequence of 
 their apparent intention of stopping supplies. Fairfax told 
 the leaders of the clubmen in Dorsetshire that the soldiers 
 of his army were as much inclined to peace as any men 
 whatsoever ; that they had undertaken the war for no other 
 end but the establishing of a firm g,nd happy peace ; and that 
 it was impossible to lay down their arms at a time when the 
 King was contracting for the employment of an army of 
 10,000 foreigners to be landed on the English coast.' But 
 he promised to protect them from pillage, and to punish aU 
 soldiers guilty of plunder or violence. This appears to have 
 pacified the clubmen who had assembled in the south of 
 Porsetghire, and they returned to their homes. 
 
 At Beamiaster the news arrived that Goring had raised 
 the siege of Taunton, and was hurriedly falling back behind 
 the line of the rivers Parret and Teo, to protect the impor- 
 tant Eoyalist garrison at Bridgewater. The general sent 
 Colonel Fleetwood with a brigade of horse to watch his 
 movements, while the main body of the army advanced more 
 leisurely to Crewkeme. The weather was very hot, the 
 country was broken up by deep laues and enclosures, and 
 both men and horses were weary with the long and tedious 
 marches. But they were roused to fresh exertions by the 
 tidings that met them at Crewkerne, Goring had pulled 
 down the bridge over the Parret near South Petherton, and 
 had thrown up a breastwork on the other side ; but on the 
 approach of Fleetwood he rapidly retreated behind the Yeo, 
 and posted strong guards at all the bridges and fords. So 
 
 ' Proofs of Charles's treasonable negotiations with the Duke of Lorraine to land 
 a foreign army of mercenaries in England were furnished by hjs letters taken at 
 Naseby. (See Harleian Miscellanies, vii. p. 644.) Yet, in his declaration at 
 Newmarket, this same king had the effrontery to say : ' No sober man can believe 
 us so desperate or senseless as to entertain such designs ' (the hiring of foreign 
 troops) ' as would bury our name and posterity in perpetual scorn and infamy.' 
 
SOMERSETSHIRE CAMPAIGN 
 
 Jtanfijrdi Gm)ff^Estab?6 & 7 Owryng Iros^ 
 
 London ; MacmiUaiL Sc C? 
 
1645.] DE80BIPTI0N OF THE GBOUND. 233 
 
 Fleetwood rebuilt the Petherton bridge and advanced with, 
 bis horse until he was face to face with the enemy, the river 
 Yeo only separating them. Sir Thomas Fairfax galloped to 
 the front, posted strong detachments at Martock and 
 Petherton, thus securing the passage of the Parret, and 
 returned to pass his Sunday at Crewkerne, where he was 
 joined by Welden's brigade, which had been so long shut up 
 in Taunton.* Old Colonel Welden had conducted the 
 defence with great skill and valour, and he and his officers 
 were received with warm congratulations. General Massey, 
 the gallant defender oF Gloucester in the early part of the 
 war, also joined head-quarters at Crewkerne, with a brigade 
 of horse. 
 
 A brief description of the ground will be necessary for a 
 clear understanding of the important operations which 
 followed. 
 
 The two rivers Parret and Yeo (or Ivell) rise in the hiUs 
 of Dorsetshire, and, after winding courses of some twenty 
 miles, join each other at Langport in Somersetshire. The 
 united stream, taking the name of Parret, flows through the 
 swamps and water-meadows to Bridgewater and the Bristol 
 Channel. The Yeo rises from seven springs, called the Seven 
 Sisters, near Sherborne in Dorsetshire, flows past Yeovil, 
 where there is a bridge, Ilchester where there is another 
 bridge, under Load bridge close to the village of Long 
 Sutton on the north bank, and joins the Parret at Langport. 
 Between Ilchester and Langport a spur of the Polden hills 
 approaches very close to the north bank of the river. But 
 beyond Langport the Parret enters the flat swampy country 
 extending to the Bristol Channel, which was famous in 
 early English history as the wild place of refuge of the 
 Saxons when their land was overrun by Danish invaders. 
 The Isle of Athelney, Alfred's hiding-place, was formed by 
 the swamps at the junction of the Tone and Parret, iouv 
 
 ' Excitable John Vicars describes the position of the besieged garrison in Taun- 
 ton, in rather strong language. He says, ' The besieged were clearly set at liberty 
 from further fear and danger of those base and barbarous Wood-thirsty enemies, 
 ■who like devouring locusts had lyen long lurking about their partes and quarters, 
 in greedy gaping hope every day to have eaten them up.' — Burning Bush, p. 178. 
 
234 LIFE OF THE GREAT LOBE FAIRFAX, [ch. xxi. 
 
 miles below Langport. The Parret rises in the hiUs to the 
 south, and flows nearly due north to Langport, the two 
 rivers being about seven and a half miles apart between 
 Crewkerne and Yeovil, and about five between Petherton 
 bridge and Ilchester or Load bridge. 
 
 The country between the rivers is for the most part rich 
 pasture land, and contains the parishes of Martock, and 
 Odcombe, the latter famous as the native place of Tom 
 Corryat, who walked from Calais to Surat in India in one 
 pair of shoes. Below Langport the Parret is navigable for 
 large barges, and above that town both the Parret and the 
 Yeo continue to be considerable streams for several miles. 
 
 Goring fixed his head-quarters at Long Sutton, placing 
 garrisons in Borough, Langport, and Ilchester, with strong 
 guards at Load bridge and Yeovil. He intended thus to 
 remain on the defensive along the line of the Yeo, until he 
 could receive reinforcements from Grenville in Devonshire ; 
 but he was opposed to the most enterprising general of the 
 age, who was not at all likely to allow him to select his own 
 time for fighting. Goring, however, had chosen his line 
 of defence with great judgment, and with a larger force 
 he might have succeeded in checking the advance of the 
 Parliamentary army for a considerable time. The numbers 
 on either side were about equal. 
 
 On the 7th Sir Thomas Fairfax drew up his army on the 
 downs between Crewkerne and Petherton, and advanced him- 
 self, with a strong escort, to examine the enemy's position 
 along the banks of the Yeo. After a careful reconnaissance 
 of all the posts from Langport, by Load bridge and Ilchester, 
 to Yeovil, during which there were skirmishes all day in 
 the meadows by the river side, Fairfax took counsel with 
 Lieutenant-General Cromwell and the colonels of regiments. 
 It seemed a desperate undertaking to force the passage of the 
 Yeo in the face of a watchful enemy, who could concentrate 
 his troops upon any point that was threatened ; especially as 
 there were morasses along the river banks, owing to the 
 quantities of rain that had recently fallen. At the same 
 
1645.J 8KIBMI8E AT ILMINSTEB. 235 
 
 time a marcli round the sources of tlie river by Shierborne 
 would be long and tedious, and involve much loss of time. 
 
 Fairfax finally determined to force the passage of the river, 
 on the extreme left of the enemy's position at TeovU, leaving 
 detachments to guard the passes at Load bridge and Hches- 
 ter, and to engage Goring's troops if they attempted to cross. 
 Accordingly the army made a rapid march fi"om Crewkerne 
 to Yeovil, and got possession of the bridge without any oppo^ 
 sition, the enemy being taken by surprise. Goring at once 
 abandoned the line of the river, evacuated Ilchester and Long 
 Suttonj and concenlirated his whole force at Langport, where 
 there is a narrow pass caused by the spur of the Polden Hills 
 coming down close to the banks of the Teo. On the 8th 
 Fairfax established his head-quarters at Ilchester. 
 
 Early next morning news arrived that a large detachment 
 of Eoyalist cavalry had crossed the rivers, and was marching 
 in the directon of Taunton. It is not quite clear what object 
 was in view, but Goring was at the head of the detachment in 
 person, so that he must have attached some importance to it. 
 It was probably intended to cause a diversion, and give time 
 for the Eoyalists either to strengthen their position at Lang- 
 port, or to retreat to Bridgewater. Fairfax advanced to Long 
 Sutton, and sent a body of horse under General Massey, 
 supported by Montague's brigade of foot, to follow and if 
 possible engage the Eoyalist detachment. Massey came 
 suddenly upon the enemy when their horses were grazing in 
 some meadows near Ilminster,^ and took them completely by 
 surprise. Some of the Eoyalist soldiers were asleep, some 
 bathing in the river, and the rest carelessly walking in the 
 fields. But the gap by which Massey led his troops into the 
 meadows was so narrow as only to admit of two horses to 
 enter abreast, and most of the King's horse had time to get 
 away.^ About 600 were captured, and among them was 
 Goring's Lieutenant-General Porter, who had commanded an 
 infantry division at Marston Moor. He went to London, and, 
 making his peace with the Parliament, came over to the 
 ' Ilmore, as Vicars and Wogan have it. ^ "Wogan. 
 
236 LIFE OF THF GREAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. xxi. 
 
 winning side. Lord Goring himself only escaped to Lang- 
 port by hard riding, and received a gash on his ear. 
 
 No reinforcements had arrived either from Devonshire or 
 from the King in Wales, so Goring determined to retreat 
 behind Bridgewater. On the morning of July 10 he sent off 
 all his waggons and heavy baggage, and drew out his army 
 to defend a pass on the road between Langport and Long 
 Sutton, trusting in the strength of his position to be able 
 either to defend it or to march away at pleasure. 
 
 At early dawn Fairfax received a report of the position 
 taken up by the enemy, and immediately mounted and led his 
 army from Long Sutton to drive the Royalists from their post 
 of vantage. He had with him seven regiments of horse,* and 
 all his foot except Montague's brigade, which was still at 
 Martock, ready to support Massey. 
 
 At about a quarter of a mile east of Langport a small 
 brook, with hills rising on either side from its banks, flows 
 down a valley to the Teo, crossing the road from Long 
 Sutton. It was so swollen by the rains that the water came 
 up to the horses' bellies, and the hills on either side were 
 covered with fields divided by hedges, while the road was a 
 mere Somersetshire lane winding down between the hedges 
 and crossing the swollen brook by a ford. Goring drew his 
 army up along the crest of the hill on one side, with his horse 
 fronting the lane, and lined the hedges with about 2,000 
 musketeers. 
 
 Fairfax drew up his forces on the side of the opposite hiQ, 
 and planted his artillery in good positions, well within range 
 of the hostile army, opening a very effective fire while his in- 
 fantry charged down the lane. There wasthen a fierce struggle 
 between the Royalist musketeers who lined the hedges and 
 the Parliamentary foot led by Colonel Eainsborough, -which 
 lasted for a good hour of that hot July forenoon. The Royal- 
 ists were driven from hedge to hedge, until at last they fled 
 across the brook. Then Fairfax ordered his lieutenant- 
 general to deliver a charge of cavalry. Two forlorn hopes 
 
 ' Hia own, Cromwell's, and those of "Whalley, Graves, Huntington (formerly 
 Yermuydon), Rich, Fleetwood, and Butler ; about 2,800 in all. 
 
1645.] BATTLU OF LANGPOBT. 237 
 
 were selected, the one consisting of tliree troops under 
 Major Bethell, a brave and very promising young officer ; the 
 other, also of three troops, under Major Desborough, Crom- 
 well's brother in law. Only four men could go abreast down 
 the lane, and then they had to wade through the deep 
 and muddy water at the bottom, exposed to a fire from the 
 royalist musketry behind the hedges, on the opposite side. 
 Having crossed the brook, young Bethell got his little force 
 together, charged gallantly up the hill, and drove back two 
 divisions of horse that were opposed to him in the lane, but 
 was at last checkSd and overpowered by numbers, falling 
 back upon his reserve. Meanwhile Desborough came up to 
 his assistance, and again the two bodies of horse hurled them- 
 selves against the enemy at the lane end, and a hand-to-hand 
 fight with swords commenced. Sir Thomas Fairfax declared 
 that this charge was as bold and resolute a piece of service as 
 any he had seen performed. The Parliamentary foot followed 
 closely at the heels of the cavalry, and when they emerged 
 from the lane the whole Eoyalist army fled in confusion, 
 running through Langport street, and setting the town on 
 fire in the hope of checking the pursuit. 
 
 The general held back his cavalry from pursuing the fugi- 
 tives, who were superior in numbers, until Massey could rejoin 
 from the other side of the river. ' The troopers obeyed as 
 good soldiers should,' says Sprigge, ' though it checked their 
 sweetest pleasure.' As soon as Massey came up, Sir Thomas 
 slipped them from the leash, and Cromwell with his Ironsides 
 dashed through the street of Langport, between the rows of 
 burning houses, the flames making arches over his horses' 
 heads. About two miles beyond the town the Eoyalists made 
 a stand on a green meadow called Aller Drove ; but they 
 broke at the first charge, and the chase was continued 
 to within two miles of Bridgewater. Goring left some of 
 his men with the garrison there, and, constantly harrassed by 
 the clubmen, he continued his flight to Barnstaple, where he 
 took to drink. 
 
 About 300 Eoyalists were slain, and 1,400 taken prisoners, 
 of whom about 700 petitioned to be allowed to join the 
 
238 LIFJH OF THE GREAT LOBD FAIRFAX, [ch. xxi. 
 
 Parliamentary army. Fairfax marched five miles beyond the 
 , battle-field, and encamped at Middlezoy, near Bridgewater, on 
 the same night. 
 
 Sir Thomas appears to have looted upon the battle of 
 Langport as one of his most important successes. If Gren- 
 viUe from Devonshire, and the King from Wales, had 
 expeditiously reinforced Goring, there would have been a 
 Royalist army in the field almost equal in strength to that 
 which was defeated at Naseby. But now, thanks to the 
 genius of Fairfax, the western army was scattered to the 
 winds, and it only remained to reduce the great Eoyalist 
 strongholds before marching into Devonshire and finishing 
 the war.' 
 
 On July 11 the victorious army surrounded Bridgewater, 
 Welden's brigade being sent to the west side, while the rest 
 of the force was encamped at Chedzoy and on Weston moor ; 
 and the general carefully reconnoitred the defences, and found 
 them to be very strong. Bridgewater is built on either side 
 of the Parret, which is here a tidal river ; and a deep ditch, 
 surrounding the walls, was filled to overflowing at every tide. 
 The garrison consisted of 1,800 soldiers, there were forty 
 pieces of ordnance on the walls, and the place was well 
 stored with ammunition and victuals* The governor was 
 Mr. Edmund Wyndham, a gentleman of fortune in the 
 county, who wns closely connected with the Royal interest, 
 
 ' Sprigge, in his Anglia Bediviva, gives a full account of the battle of Langport, 
 ■which is copied by Eushworth into his Collections. But the most graphic descrip- 
 tion of the ground will be found in ' A more exact Belation of the Defeat given to 
 Goring s Army, in a Letter from Captain Blaclcwell to his Father I dated from Mid- 
 dlezoy on July 11. Sir Thomj,s Fairfax -wrote two letters on the subject to his 
 father {Fairfax Corr., iii. p. 235 & 239), and Cromwell wrote an account to a 
 member of the House of Commons, which will be found in the Appendix to Car- 
 lyle's Letters and Speeches. Major Harrison and Colonel Lilburne were despatched 
 to London with the news, and ' A more full Belation of the great BattU between Sir 
 Thomas Fairfax and Lord Goring, on Thursday last, by Lieut-Colonel Lilburne,' 
 was published by authority of Parliament. See also the Kingdom^s Weekly 
 Intelligericer, July 15, 1645, and the Farliamenfs Post of the same date; also 'Letter 
 concerning the Bouting of Goring's Army,' from a worthy gentleman with Sir 
 Thomas Fairfax to the Speaker. 
 
 Clarendon only alludes to these operations very briefly, but Vicars gives a full 
 account of the battle. Burning Bush, p. 191, 
 
1645.] THE GLUBMJEN. 239 
 
 owing to his fooKsh and petulant wife * having been nurse to 
 the Prince of Wales, and his daughter having married Tom 
 Elliot, a groom of the bedchamber and a very busy intriguer. 
 The governor's son. Sir Hugh Wyndham, Tom Elliot, and 
 several Somertshire Royalists, were in the town. 
 
 Bridgewater was a formidable place, and Fairfax delibe- 
 rated for some time whether it would be best to lay regular 
 siege to it or take it by storm. His army, meanwhile, was in 
 great want of money. The soldier's 8d, a day was just suffi- 
 cient to support him, and as all plundering was most 
 severely punished^ the army was crippled in its operations 
 unless the men were regularly paid. The Parliament strained 
 every nerve to meet this want, and a few days after the 
 battle of Langport treasure arrived from Lyme in sufficient 
 quantity to pay the horse and foot. The Somersetshire 
 clubmen assembled in great numbers round the camp, flying 
 white sheets and aprons at the ends of poles, and the general 
 rode amongst them and was addressed by a man named 
 Willis, who was deputed to speak for the rest. He represented 
 that they had no safeguard for their goods, and that the 
 war was ruining them. In reply Fairfax promised to protect 
 them from violence, and assured them that all provisions 
 brought into the camp would be paid for. They returned to 
 their homes well satisfied, and from that time there was no 
 further trouble from the clubmen, who soon found the 
 diflference between the strict discipline of the New Model 
 Army and the license of Goring's troops. 
 
 After a careful consideration of the strength of the place, in 
 a council of war, Fairfax finally resolved to take it by storm, 
 and it was settled that the attack should commence at two in 
 the morning of July 21. General Hammond, the master of the 
 ordnance, 'a gentleman of a most dexterous and ripe invention 
 for all such things," designed and superintended the construc- 
 tion of eight timber bridges, about thirty feet long, to span 
 the ditch ^ and lots were drawn for the posts to be taken up 
 by the different regiments, some to storm and others to act as 
 
 > Mary, daughter of Alderman Chamberlain. ' Sprigge. 
 
240 LIFE OF THE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. xxi. 
 
 reserves. Welden was to make a false attack on tlie west 
 side, while the true assault was delivered against the part of 
 the town called Eastover. The forlorn hope consisted of 
 600 chosen men, under Lieutenant-Colonel Hewson and 
 Major Dove. 
 
 On Saturday the general rode round the works and 
 inspected the preparations for storming; and Sunday was 
 a day of rest, Mr. Bowles, the chaplain to the forces, preach- 
 ing in the afternoon. 
 
 The attack commenced, under a heavy fire from the 
 besieged, at two o'clock on Monday morning. Ham- 
 mond's bridges were fastened to waggons, drawn to the edge 
 of the ditch by the men of the train, and thrown across, a 
 young officer named Martin losing his leg by a round shot 
 while actively superintending this service. The signal for 
 the assault was the discharge of three guns. Then Hewson 
 and Dove, followed closely by their men, rushed across the 
 bridges, and mounted the works amidst a storm of musketry, 
 beating the enemy from their guns. The drawbridge was let 
 down, and Captain Eeynolds, a valiant young gentleman, 
 galloped in at the head of a forlorn hope of horse and 
 scoured the streets. The part of Bridgewater on the east 
 side of the Parret was taken, with 500 prisoners, most of 
 them Welshmen from Pembrokeshire ; and 300 volunteered 
 to join the Parliamentary army. But the garrison on the 
 west side barricaded the gate leading to the riverj and set 
 fire to Eastover with grenades, burning it to the ground. A 
 young of&cer named Cowell, with his troop, remained 
 on guard in the street to prevent a surprise, with blazing 
 houses on either side of him, until all were consumed. The 
 house of Mr. Harvey, the lord of the manor, was burnt 
 with the rest. 
 
 The governor stoutly refused to surrender, so on the 23rd 
 Sir Thomas sent in to propose that the women, and children 
 should come out before the west side was attacked. But 
 Mrs. Wyndham replied that a Prince of Wales's nurse would 
 never surrender, and that she would hold out to the last. 
 Next day, however, she thought better of it, and came forth 
 
1645.] SUBBENDUB OF BBIBGEWATBB. 241 
 
 with a number of otlier ladies. A cannonade was opened, 
 and the town was set on fire in several places. Tom Elliot 
 then came out in great consternation, and begged for terms, 
 which were granted on condition that the town was delivered 
 up next morning, and that the garrison worked at putting 
 out the fire in the interval. There were captured with the 
 town thirtj'-six pieces of artillery, 6,000 stand of arms, 2,000 
 prisoners, four months' provisions, and a quantity of treasure. 
 Colonel Birch, of Massey's brigade, was appointed governor 
 of Bridgewater. 
 
 By the capture of' Bridgewater ' a line of posts was secured 
 from sea to sea, which blocked up and isolated Devonshire 
 and Cornwall. The council of war recommended an imme- 
 diate advance westward against Goring, but Fairfax resolved 
 first to secure his rear by the reduction of Bristol and all the 
 other Royalist strongholds between his army and London. 
 These garrisons kept the country in an unsettled state, and 
 formed centres whence the miseries of war were made to 
 radiate in all directions over the land. 
 
 Sir Thomas Fairfax marched to WeUs, detaching Colonel 
 Pickering to commence the siege of Sherborne Castle in 
 Dorsetshire, and Okey with his dragoons to get possession of 
 Bath. The latter service was successfully performed by Okey 
 with his usual mixture of cunning and audacity,* but Sher» 
 borne proved a more difficult business, and the general went 
 there to conduct the siege in person, on August 1. The 
 castle was very obstinately defended by Sir Lewis Dyves, a 
 half-brother of Lord Digby, and the siege is chiefly worth 
 remembering for the astounding Munchausen lies Sir Lewis 
 told about it afterwards, when he was safe in France.' 
 
 ' The narrative of the eiege and capture of Bridgewater will be found in Stishr 
 worth and Sprigge. See also the True Informer of July 19, 1645, for a ' Further 
 Eelation of Sir Thomas Fairfax's Proceedings before Bridgewater' ; a 'Letter from 
 Sir Thomas Fairfax to the Speaker on the Storming of Bridgewater,' dated at eight 
 in the evening of July 23 ; and a ' Fuller Kelation from Bridgewater, in a Letter 
 from a Worthy Gentleman to the Speaker.' 
 
 ' See a ' Full Eelation of the Taking of Bath on Wednesday, July 30, 1646,' in 
 King's Pamphlets, No. 218. 
 
 ' ' This knight was indeed a valiant gentleman, but not a little given to romance 
 when he spake of himself,' says Mr. Evelyn. Diary, i. p. 268. His escape from 
 
242 LIFE OF THE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. xsi. 
 
 Sherborne was taken by storm on August 16 ; and Sir 
 Tbomas Fairfax tlien resolved to invest tlie city of Bristol, 
 where Prince Eupert bad established himself with a strong 
 garrison. Excepting Oxford, the great commercial town on 
 the Avon was the last important place held by the Royalists 
 west of Devonshire ; and its reduction was a necessary pre- 
 paration for the final march into the far west, which was to 
 conclude the war and put a crown on the great services of 
 the peace-restoring general. 
 
 prison was more ■wonderfiil than his defence of Sherhorne. When guarded 
 by six musketeers he jumped from a window two stories high into the 
 Thames, in the middle of winter and in the dead of night. This was his fifth 
 escapOj and none were less miraculous. He always carried about divers broad- 
 pieces of gold, which saved his life in a battle by receiving a bullet on them. 
 
SIEGE OF BRISTOL 
 
 Sta7iiar3jt,GtoghErtdb?S Si7 Chtoviff fiwij. 
 
 London ->laaniILau & C? 
 
1645.] DESOBIPTION OF BRISTOL. 243 
 
 CHAPTEE XXII. 
 
 THE STOEMIITG OP BKISTOL. 
 
 The continuance of J;lie civil war for a whole jear after the 
 decisive battle of Naseby is a proof of the King's selfishness, 
 and of his utter indifference to the sufferings of the people. 
 All rational hope was gone, and even Rupert advised his 
 uncle to make terms with the Parliament. Yet Charles, 
 while incessantly vacillating as to his plans, persisted in 
 Retaining his garrisons, and required his adherents to sacri- 
 fice all they possessed in order to prolong a useless struggle 
 for a few months. 
 
 Bristol, therefore, was to stand a sieg«, and Charles expec- 
 ted the garrison to hold out, without an object, to the last ex- 
 tremity, entailing misery and ruin on the second commercial 
 city in the kingdom. Rupert was sent to take the command 
 there, and when the army of Sir Thomas Fairfax approached, 
 towards the end of August, he had completed his prepara- 
 tions. 
 
 The old city of Bristol stands between the river Avon and 
 its little tributary the Frome. At the point of junction there 
 ■yvas, in those days, a tract of waste land called The Marsh, 
 now occupied by Queen Square, while to the east the two 
 streams approach each other ; and here the feudal castle was 
 erected, which commanded the approach to the city. Between 
 the marsh and the castle stood the busy town, with its streets 
 of quaint old houses and many churches. On the south side 
 the river Avon was thronged with trading vessels, and 
 spanned by a bridge of five arches with two rows of houses 
 five stories high upon it, leading to the suburb of Redcliff.* 
 
 ' Pulled down in 1763. 
 B 2 
 
244 LIFE OF TBF GBEAT LOBD FAIRFAX, [ch. xxn. 
 
 On tlie north was the Prome ; and to the east a ditch, con- 
 necting the two rivers, divided the city from the castle. 
 
 The castle, built by the red Earl of Gloucester in 1220, 
 was fortified with a broad ditch, and the massive keep was 
 strengthened by a parapet wall twelve feet thick. An arm 
 of the Frome, connected with the Avon, formed the defence 
 to the eastward, beyond which was the old market, and an 
 additional outer waU faced the open country of Gloucester- 
 shire. Here was Lafford or Lawford's ' gate, with its an- 
 cient stone figures of the Earls of Gloucester in niches. 
 An old defensive wall ran from the castle along the banks of 
 the Frome, right round the city, containing seven gates ; 
 and another very strong wall and ditch, with two gates and a 
 lofty work called Tower Harratz, defended the suburb of 
 Eedcliff. Next to the castle, and facing the Erome, was New 
 Gate, opening on the main road to Gloucester ; then came 
 Pithay Gate, St. John's Gate with a church on either side of 
 it, Frome Gate, a noble structure of two arches leading to 
 a bridge, St. Giles's, St. Leonard's, and St. Nicholas's Gate 
 opening on the bridge over the Avon. On the Eedcliff side 
 were the Temple and Eedcliff Gates. 
 
 Such were the ancient defences of Bristol ; but when the 
 civil war began in 1642, the mayor and common council took 
 measures to put their city in a better posture to resist 
 attacks ; and these preparations were completed by Colonel 
 Nathaniel Fiennes,* when he became governor of Bristol for 
 the Parliament in February 1643. 
 
 The cathedral and college green are on the other side of 
 the Frome ; and beyond them a line of heights to the west- 
 ward rises towards Clifton and Durdham Down. A new 
 and outer line of defence was carried along these heights 
 from the banks of the Avon north to Prior's Hill, which was 
 the key of the position. On the edge of the rocks overlook- 
 ing the Avon was the Water Fort,' whence a double ditch 
 and rampart was taken nearly due north to Brandon 
 
 ' Saxon maford, the 'Lord's Gate,' the gate of the lord or goyernor of the 
 
 castle. 
 2 Second son of Lord Saye and Sale. 
 ' JuBt behind the present Limo-kiln Lane. 
 
1646.] BJEFENGES OF BRISTOL. 245 
 
 Hill. These ditclies were ten feet deep, and their length 
 320 yards, while midway there was a semicircular bastion. 
 The summit of Brandon Hill was a circular mound twenty 
 feet high, which was surrounded by a deep ditch, and 
 attached to it was an oblong work with a wall three feet 
 thick and another ditch. From Brandon-hill Fort the line, 
 consisting of a ditch and rampart, passed down into a 
 valley and up the other side to the strongest fort of all on 
 Windmill Hill, called the Eoyal Fort.' There were angular 
 redoubts or sconces at intervals along this part of the works, 
 and in the bottom was Essex Fort,^ about fifty yards inside 
 the line. It was at this point that the Eoyalist regiment 
 under Colonel Washington ' gained an entrance within the 
 works in 1643, and the place was afterwards known as 
 Washington's Breach. 
 
 The Eoyal Fort was a pentagon on the heights command- 
 ing the town, but a few feet lower than Brandon-hill Fort.'* 
 Thence the line passed along the top of King's Down to a 
 redoubt on an eminence since called Colston's Mount,* and 
 so to Prior's-hill Fort on Nine-tree Hill — a very strong work, 
 with high walls and two tiers of loopholes. At this point 
 the line formed a sharp angle, and was carried straight down 
 to the river Frome, and over it, by Lawford's Gate, to the 
 Avon. Thus there were two lines starting from the Avon, 
 and meeting in a point at Prior's-hill Fort, the western one 
 being strengthened by four forts, and the eastern one merely 
 having fortified gates ; but both with flanking redoubts or 
 sconces at intervals, for musketry. In the eastern line, 
 
 ' The line passed through a field called Bullock's Park, on which Berkeley 
 Square now stands. 
 
 ' Essex Fort was in the present Park Eow. 
 
 ' This was Sir Henry "Washington, son of William Washington of Packington 
 in Leicestershii'6, by a half- sister of George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham. After 
 distinguishing himself in this attack on Bristol in 16i3, he continui d to serve in 
 the Royalist army until the end of the, war. In. 1646 Charles appointed him 
 governor of Worcester, and he made a very resolute defence for three months, ob- 
 taining honourable conditions. He was nephew to John Washington who emi- 
 grated to Virginia in 1657, and first cousin of .Tohn's son Lawrence, who was 
 grandfather of George Washington, the hero of American independence. 
 
 * Mr. Tyndall's house and gardens were on the site of the Eoyal Fort. 
 
 » The line crossed the street of St. Michael's Hill, and Colston's-hill Fort was at 
 the back of the gardens in Southwell Street, on King's Down. 
 
246 LIFU OF THE GBEAT LOBB FAIBFAX. [ch. xxii. 
 
 between Prior's-hill Fort and the Frome, there was a gate 
 just nnder the fort, another about midway on the line called 
 Stoke's-croft Gate, and a,, sally-port close to the Frome. 
 Between the Avon and Frome was a wall and ditch, with 
 Lawford's Gate strongly fortified and commanded by the 
 guns from the Castle ; and the Eedcliff suburb, on the other 
 side of the Avon, was defended by a high strong wall and 
 ditch, being a portion of the old city defences. 
 
 The Royalists under Prince Eupert had besieged" Bristol 
 in July 1643, when Nathaniel Fiennes was governor, and 
 Colonel Washington led his regiment through a breach in 
 the lowest part of the line between Brandon Hill and the 
 Eoyal Fort, where Lord Grandison and Colonel Luusford 
 were slain, and John Bellasis was wounded. Fiennes 
 immediately surrendered the place, and at the time his con- 
 duct was considered so culpable that he was brought before 
 a council of war and narrowly escaped with his life.' He 
 quitted the military service, for which he was totally unfitted. 
 Since that time Rupert had been nominally governor of 
 Bristol, with Sir Ralph Hopton as lieutenant-governor, and 
 the defences had been repaired and strengthened. 
 
 Rupert arrived at Bristol, with several distinguished 
 Royalist ofBcers, in July 1646, and made up the garrison to 
 2,300 efi'ective soldiers.' He had with him Lord Lumley, 
 who had held his own castle in Durham with a strong 
 garrison during the early part of the war, and had followed 
 the fortunes of the young German siiice Marston Moor; 
 Lord Hawley, a Torkshireman ; General Tilyard, who com- 
 manded a division of foot at Marston ; Sir Walter Vavasour, 
 of Hazlewood in Yorkshire ; Sir Richard Crane, the gallant 
 knight who led Rupert's cavalry at Marston Moor; and 
 Colonel John Russell, who commanded the forlorn hope 
 in the ditch at the same decisive battle; two Sliagsbys 
 
 • Colonel Fiennes was accused of cowardice by William Prynne and Clement 
 Walker, and condemned to death by a military tribunal, but the Earl of Essex 
 pardoned him. His trial occupies 130 pages of vol. iv. oi Howell's State Trials, 
 and at the end there is a curious list of precedents of trials for cowardice. 
 
 2 On his own showing. But they really numbered about 4,000. 
 
1645.] BTJPEBT'8 PBEPABATI0N8. 247 
 
 (not Sir Henry — the Eoyalist army was full of Slingsbys ); 
 Sir Bex-nard Ashley, Sir Matthew Appleyard, and Colonels 
 Murray, Fox, and Oshorne. 
 
 These officers soon put the place into a good posture for 
 defence, and Rupert declared that he could hold it against 
 Fairfax for four months. There were seven guns planted on 
 the Water Fort, six on Brandon Hill, twenty-two on the 
 Royal Fort, seven on Colston's Mount, thirteen on Prior's- 
 hill Fort, seven at Lawford's Gate, sixteen on the Castle 
 and at New Gate, two on Frome and Pithay Gates in the 
 inner city wall ; and, on the other side of the Avon, fourteen 
 on Temple Gate and the Tower Harratz,' and jBifteen on 
 Redcliff Gate. A battery was also thrown up on The Marsh, 
 to command the passage up the river. All the cattle in the 
 surrounding country were driven into the city, and large 
 supplies of grain and beer were collected from Wales and 
 Gloucestershire. The population was about 12,500, and 
 while those who could afford it laid in provisions for them- 
 selves, 2,000 measures of corn were imported from Wales for 
 the more indigent. 
 
 Rupert, as soon as he heard of the approach of Fairfax, 
 resolved to destroy all the villages round Bristol, that the 
 enemy might have no shelter during the veiy rainy weather 
 that had set in. Bedminster and Clifton were burnt to the 
 ground ; but as soon as the general heard of these proceedings, 
 he sent a flying column under Ireton to preserve the other 
 villages from plunder and destruction ; and thus saved Han- 
 ham, Keynsham, and Stapleton from a like fate. 
 
 On August 21 Sir Thomas Fairfax arrived before Bristol 
 at the head of his army ; and, after makmg a careful recon- 
 naissance of the works, fell back to Keynsham, and passed 
 the night at Hanham. He afterwards had his head-quarters 
 for some days at Stoke, a house of the Berkeleys, near Staple- 
 ton. The country people were now actively assisting the 
 Parliamentary army. They kept the ferry over the Avon open 
 at Rownham below Bristol, and came in great numbers to 
 assist the besiegers. During the 22nd and 23rd Sir Thomas 
 
 ' This work was on the site of the present railway station. 
 
248 LIFE OF TSF GREAT LOBV FAIUFAX. [cH. xm. 
 
 was busily engaged in posting his troops round the enemy's 
 works. He had sent a despatch to Admiral Moulton, who 
 commanded the Parliament's fleet in the Irish Sea, to complete 
 the blockade at the mouth of the Avon ; and General Massey, 
 with his brigade of horse was sent to Taunton to keep Goring 
 in check. The general saw at once that Prior's-hill Fort, 
 forming the northern angle of the works, was the key of the 
 position ; and, having resolved that the main attack should be 
 at this point, he removed from Stoke, and permanently fixed 
 his head-quarters , at a farm-house on Ashley Hill, facing 
 the fort, and threw up a small battery there.* 
 
 When the siege first commenced Rupert made a' series of 
 desperate sallies in force, apparently with the object of 
 cutting his way through the beleaguering host ; but if this was 
 his intention, he invariably failed. On the 23rd the guns 
 played from the Eoyal Port and Prior's Hill, and towards 
 evening a sally was led by Sir Richard Crane, who was 
 mortally wounded. Thus fell this brave ISTorfolk knight. 
 He was a splendid cavalry ofi&cer, and had shown dash and 
 bravery in all respects equal to Rupert's on many a stricken 
 field, especially at Marston Moor, where he long held his 
 own at the head of the Royalist horse. On Sunday the 24.th 
 a large force of horse and foot sallied out of the postern by 
 Prior's Hill, the horse charging in full career, but they were 
 driven back in disorder by Rainsborough's regiment. The 
 next attempt was on the Somersetshire side, where Fairfax 
 had posted Welden's brigade at Bedminster and on Pyle 
 Hill. The besieged issued out of the Temple Gate at four in 
 the morning of the 26th, but were again repulsed, with the 
 loss of Sir Bernard Ashley, who was mortally wounded. On 
 the 27th and 29th attacks were made upon the besiegers from 
 Lawford's Bridge ; and on September 1 Rupert's troops, for a 
 sixth time, made a saUy. It was a very wet misty morning, 
 and suddenly a thousand Royalist horse, led by Sir Horatio 
 Carey ,^ appeared through the fog near the Royal Port, backed 
 
 ' This farm-house is now called Montpelier farm, and is occupied by Mr. Eossi- 
 ter. Ttpo rooms of the old building are still standing ; the rest is new. 
 ' Wogan. 
 
1645.] FAIRFAX PBFPABF8 TO STORM. 249 
 
 by 600 foot, and made a desperate attack on the lines of tlie 
 besiegers. After some bard fighting they were forced to 
 retreat; but Colonel Okey, of the dragoons, who mistook the 
 Royalists for friends in the dense fog, was taken prisoner. In 
 these six sallies there was little loss on either side, but they 
 kept the besiegers constantly on their guard. The weather 
 was very wet, the ground was saturated, and the men were 
 much tried by hardships and incessant work ; yet the spirit 
 that had been instilled into them by their young general did 
 not fail now in this time of trial, and the soldiers were ani- 
 mated with a steady and zealous resolution to prove them- 
 selves worthy champions of the great cause for which they 
 had taken up arms. 
 
 On September 2 Sir Thomas Fairfax held a council of 
 war, Admiral Moulton having landed the day before and 
 offered the services of his sailors.' It was known that the 
 garrison was well supplied with ammunition and provisions, 
 and a regular siege would be long and tedious. Such an 
 operation was not suited to the genius of our energetic young 
 general, and both Cromwell and all the commanding officers 
 of regiments concurred in his opinion that Bristol should be 
 taken by storm. 
 
 The arrangements for the storm were then carefully con- 
 sidered and decided upon. On the Somersetshire side the 
 brigade under Colonel Welden, often called the Taunton 
 brigade, because it consisted of the regiments which stood 
 the siege there, was to assault the lofty wall round the 
 Eedcliff suburb. It consisted of four regiments of foot under 
 Welden, Fortescue, Ingoldsby, and Herbert; and the horse 
 of Sir Robert Pye, Shefdeld, and Huntington. Three forlorn 
 hopes, of 200 men, were to storm at three different places, 
 with twenty ladders for each, and each musketeer was to carry 
 a faggot. Lawford's Gate and the line between the Avon 
 and Frome, were entrusted to the heroes of Naseby, under 
 gallant young Montague. His brigade consisted of his own 
 regiment, those of Pickering and Sir Hardress Waller, and 
 
 ' Colonel Welden captured the fort at Portshead Point on August 28, ■which 
 opened a way for the ships into King's Boad. 
 
250 LIFE OF THE GREAT LOBB FAIRFAX, [ch. xxii. 
 
 supports of liorse commanded by Betliell and Desborough, 
 who led the brilliant charge at Langport. The assault on 
 the Prior's-hill Fort, which Fairfax considered the most 
 important point of all, was reserved for the steady, well- 
 tried brigade of Eainsborough, and was to be delivered 
 under the personal superintendence ot the general. Part 
 of Pride's regiment threatened the Royal Fort, Okey's dra- 
 goons were to attack the lines at Washington's Breach, and 
 three cavalry regiments, under Colonel Fleetwood, ranged 
 over Durdham Down, to prevent any attempt of the Royalist 
 cavalry at escape. The sailors were formed into a naval 
 brigade to assault the Water Fort, and several thousand 
 countrymen, under Sir John Seymour of Bitton, came in on 
 the 4th to assist the army. 
 
 All things being in readiness, Sir Thomas Fairfax ad- 
 dressed an earnest and eloquent appeal to Prince Rupert to 
 surrender, and thus prevent further bloodshed. He began 
 by representing to him that the King had separated himself 
 from his Parliament and people, and that the maintenance 
 of the schism was the cause of this unhappy war. 'If,' 
 he continued, ' through your wilfulness, so great, so famous, 
 and ancient a city, so full of people, be exposed to ruin 
 and extremity of war, then I appeal to the righteous God 
 to be judge between you and us, and to requite the wrong. 
 And let all England judge whether the burning of its 
 towns, ruining its cities, and destroying its people, be a 
 good requital from a person of your family, which hath 
 had the prayers, tears, purses, and blood of its Parliament 
 and people ; and the constant grief of this people has been 
 that their desires to serve your family have been ever 
 hindered or made fruitless by the party about His Majesty, 
 whose interests you pursue in this unnatural war.' ' 
 
 This was a most just appeal, and no man in England had 
 a better right to urge it than Sir Thomas Fairfax. It is 
 quite true that the unfortunate Queen of Bohemia would 
 have been deserted by her selfish father and brother, had 
 not the people of England cried shame upon them, and 
 
 ' Niigoe Antiquee. ii. p. 321. 
 
1645.] STOBMING OF BBISTOL. 251 
 
 insisted upon an effort being made to befriend her. It was 
 indeed a base requital tliat Eupert and his brother were now 
 making, in devastating the homes of a people who had so 
 nobly stood by their mother; and the right man to tell 
 them so was the nephew of those glorious young heroes who 
 found honoured graves at Frankenthal, fighting for the queen 
 of hearts.' 
 
 Rupert may have been touched by this appeal. It may 
 account for what followed. His immediate reply was a 
 request for permission to send a messenger to the King and 
 learn his pleasure, to which Fairfax could not consent. The 
 Prince then sent propositions for surrender, of such a 
 character that it was impossible to entertain them; and 
 the Parliamentary general, seeing that he was being played 
 with merely to gain time, resolved to storm the place early 
 on the morning of September 10, in the same order as had 
 originally been arranged. 
 
 At two in the morning the signal for storming was given 
 from the general's head-quarters at Ashley farm, by lighting 
 a heap of faggots and firing four guns at the Prior's-hill 
 Fort. Montague led the heroes of Marston and Naseby 
 against Lawford's Gate, carried the wall on either side, and, 
 throwing a bridge across the ditch, the horse under Bethell 
 and Desborough galloped in, and gained the space up to the 
 castle wall, after a fierce struggle. Here young Major 
 Bethell was mortally wounded, thus closing a brief but 
 brilliant career with a soldier's death. Meanwhile Hammond 
 carried Stoke's-croft Gate; and Eainsborough, with three 
 regiments, assaulted Prior's-hill Fort, the main point of 
 attack. The fight was long and desperate. The night was 
 dark, and for near three hours the assailants again and again 
 attempted to get standing-ground on the parapet. Their 
 ladders .of thirty rungs scarcely reached the top ; and when 
 ab last they lined the parapet, they were nearly two more 
 hours fighting hand-to-hand with the garrison at push of 
 pike. Then some of Pride's men crept through the upper 
 port-holes, and the defenders retreated below and were put 
 
 ' See pages H and 151. 
 
252 LIFE OF THE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX. [cH. xxii. 
 
 to the sword. A tremendous cheer told friends and foes 
 that Prior's-hill Fort had fallen, just as the dawn appeared. 
 Among the slain was a young officer named Pugsley, who 
 was buried, by Fairfax's order, with military honours in a 
 field outside the fort. He was just married, and his bride 
 survived him for 60 years. On her death, in 1705, she was 
 buried, according to her expressed wishes, without a coffin, in 
 her wedding dress, and with girls strewing flowers and 
 fiddlers playing before her. In this way she was borne to 
 her final resting-place by the side of her husband, and the 
 place is still known as Pugsley's field. Fairfax and Crom- 
 well entered the fort soon after it was taken, and as 
 they sat together on the parapet, examining the results of 
 the storm, a round shot from the castle struck the wall 
 between them and bounded over. On the Somersetshire 
 side Welden was less successful. The walls were very high 
 and the moat deep, and his storming party was repulsed. 
 
 Four hours after the capture of Prior's-hill Fort, a trum- 
 peter arrived from Eupert, with renewed proposals to sur- 
 render, and Commissioners were appointed on either side 
 to arrange the articles.' Eupert still held the Eoyal Fort, 
 the work on Brandon hill, the Water Fort, the castle, all 
 the inner defences of the city, and the Eedclifif suburb, and 
 he was not pressed for provisions or ammunition. He 
 might undoubtedly have held out for a considerable time 
 longer. It must have been a political, not a military reason, 
 which induced him to surrender Bristol thus easily. 
 
 The Prince, his officers, and life-guards, were allowed to 
 march out vrith their arms, and were granted an escort to 
 Oxford. On the forenoon of the 11th Colonel Hammond 
 wiih his regiment was at the gate of the Eoyal Fort to 
 receive the keys and march in, while Colonels Montague and 
 EaiTisborough were in attendance to conduct the Prince to 
 Sir Thomas Fairfax. The gates were thrown open, and 
 Eupert rode forth on a gallant black Barbary horse. He 
 was gaily clad in scarlet and silver lace, with several lords 
 
 ' Colonels Montague, Pickering, and Rainsborough for Sir Tliomas Fairfax ; 
 and Colonels Wynne, Tilyard, and Vavasour for Rupert. 
 
1645.] FAIRFAX 8FEK8 BEST' AT BATH. 253 
 
 by his side, preceded by a guard of firelock men in red 
 coats, and followed by bis life-guard. The general re- 
 ceived bim beyond tbe line with an escort of horse, and 
 rode, with the Prince on his right hand and Lord Lumley 
 on his left, for two miles over Durdham Down. On taking 
 leave he granted Rupert's request to be allowed a thousand 
 muskets to defend himself against the country people, who 
 hated him for the cruelties he had committed.* 
 
 There was much sickness in Bristol, so Fairfax only left 
 one regiment there, and marched at once with the rest of 
 the army to Cavesham. Old General Skippon, who was 
 recovering from his wound, was appointed governor, and the 
 citizens were congratulated on being placed under 'this 
 real piece of valour, humility, and sincerity, who abhors all 
 self ends.' 
 
 The general himself was worn out with the hardships 
 and anxieties of the last few weeks. At every stage of his 
 military career one is astonished at the indomitable vigour 
 and resolution of that fiery spirit which worked on so. 
 gallantly, in spite of the constitutional delicacy of a frame 
 which was never strong, and was now weakened by wounds 
 and exposure. On the 17th he went to Bath to get a few 
 days' rest, and there he was joined by his faithfal wife. We 
 
 ' The King was so enraged with Rupert for surrendering Bristol tliat he deprived 
 him of all his commissions and ordered him out of the kingdom. But Rupert 
 proceeded to Newark, where the king was, treated the now fallen Charles with 
 contempt, abetted Willis and other mutinous officers, and insisted upon an enquiry 
 which resulted in his being acquitted of all but indiscretion. Rupert published a 
 Declaration, in which he entirely fails to prove his case. His statement as to the 
 shallowness of the ditch is disproved by the facts ; and his excuse that the walls were 
 thin is futile, for they were not breached, but taken by escalade. Then he says that 
 the Royal Fort was commanded by Brandon Hill, but the latter position was still in 
 his own hands. The truth is that, from a military point of view, the surrender of 
 Bristol was inexcusable, and that Rupert was influenced by other considerations. 
 He saw that the cause was lost, and the appeal of Sir Thomas Pairfax may have 
 had its effect. 
 
 The best account of the siege of Bristol is given by Sprigge. Oliver Cromwell 
 wrote a long report to the Speaker, dated September 14, 1645, which is printed in 
 Sushworth. See also King's Pamphlet, No. 226. Detailed descriptions of the 
 ground will be found in Dr. Barrett's IBstory of Bristol (1789), in the Memoir 
 of Bristol by the Rev. Saml. Seyer, 2 vols (1821), and in Evan's History of Bristol 
 (1824). See also an excellent account of the sieges of Bristol in a pamphlet by 
 Mr. Robinson of Queen's College, Oxford, printed at Bristol in 1868. 
 
254 LIFH OF THE GREAT LOBB FAIRFAX, [ch. xxii. 
 
 haTe not seen her since slie went up to her motlier before 
 the siege of Hull, and I have met with no positive record of 
 her movements in the interval.' But we need have little 
 doubt that Lady Fairfax, who shared all the dangers and 
 hardships of the Yorkshire campaign with her lord, was 
 in his sick room at Bishop-hill after the nearly fatal wound 
 received at Helmsley, and that she bore him company during 
 the anxious time of organizing the new army at Windsor. 
 She now remained with him until the end of the year, and 
 the old lord, who had given up his command in Yorkshire 
 in consequence of the Self-denying Ordinance, lived in his 
 son's town house in Queen Street, Lincoln's Inn. Father 
 and son had acted together with perfect unanimity duriag 
 the early years of the war, and now Sir Thomas kept his 
 father informed of all his movements, and constantly asked 
 his advice. When press of business made writing impos- 
 sible. Secretary Eushworth or Chaplain Bowles were com- 
 missioned to send the news to Queen Street. 
 
 Before advancing into Devonshire it was necessary to re- 
 duce the few Eoyalist garrisons that remained in the rear, 
 and they feU one after the other. The general sent 
 Colonel Eainsborough to attack Berkeley Castle, where Sir 
 Charles Lucas surrendered after a short resistance; and 
 CromweU, with Montague's brigade, reduced Devizes, Win- 
 chester, and Basing House. Sir Thomas Fairfax meanwhile 
 commenced his march with the army into Devonshire, and 
 arrived at Chard on October 6, where he waited a few days 
 for money and recruits. The counties of Somersetshire and 
 Gloucestershire, having now fally embraced the cause of the 
 Parliament, had promised 3,500 men. From Chard Sir 
 Thomas wrote to his father, complaining of sharp attacks of 
 rheumatism, and a benumbing coldness in his limbs and on 
 
 » Very cnrious eyidence of her ladyship being in attendance on her husband 
 during the western campaigns is furnished by a relic now in the possession 
 of Mr. Hailstone of Horton Hall. It is ■-■ pocket-book of 1646, full of house- 
 hold accounts relating to the general's expenditure, with several items for Lady 
 Fairfax. These accounts are in the handwriting of John Sharpe of Horton Hall, 
 who seems to have accompanied the general, and to have acted as a sort of private 
 secretary. Mr. Sharpe was presented by the Parliament with a meda of Fairfax 
 for his services. See Appendix B. 
 
1645.] FAIRFAX MAB0HE8 INTO DFVONSHIRF. 255 
 
 tlie side where he had been severely wounded at Helmsley. 
 His wife had gone on a visit to her sister Lady Panlet for a 
 few days, but returned to head-quarters as soon as they were 
 established for any time in one place. 
 
 The general's object was to confine Goring to the right 
 bank of the Exe, and for this purpose it was first necessary 
 to capture the town and castle of Tiverton. Massey was 
 sent to summon the garrison, which was commanded by Sir 
 Gilbert Talbot, a cavalier notorious for cheating at bowls 
 and cards.' At about noon on October 18 Fairfax arrived 
 in person, with about 6,000 men, having left detachments at 
 Silverton and Colomb John. Talbot refused to surrender ; so 
 the general held a council of war in Peter Blundell's school,^ 
 and gave orders to erect batteries on an eminence called Skrink 
 HOls, commanding the' castle and church, with the intention 
 of storming as soon as a breach was made. But a chance shot 
 broke the chain of the drawbridge during the forenoon of 
 the 19th, the bridge fell, and the soldiers rushed in. The 
 garrison fled from their guns, and the governor shut himself 
 in his chamber, and waved a white flag out of the window. 
 About 200 prisoners were taken, and a strange accident hap- 
 pened in the nursery. Mrs. Caricke, the nurse, was carrying 
 one of the little Talbots in her arms, when a cannon-shot 
 struck and killed her, but did not hurt the child.^ 
 
 On the 26th Fairfax marched from Tiverton to Silverton, 
 and reconnoitred the city of Exeter, which was held by a 
 very strong Eoyalist garrison, under Sir John Berkeley. 
 Goring was in the field with about 6,000 dissolute plundering 
 soldiers, and here was the last hope of the falling cause. 
 But the army of the Parliament was worn out by incessant 
 marches, there was much sickness, and the general found it 
 absolutely necessary to give his men a period of rest. In 
 order to secure the line of the Exe he established a chain of 
 garrisons, commencing from Tiverton, and including Stoke, 
 Bishop's Clyst, Poltimore House — which was cheerfully 
 
 • Flagelhim Parliameniarmm, quoted by Haiding. ' Founded in 1604. 
 
 ' For a good account of the ground see a History of Tiverton,, by Lieut.-Col. 
 Harding, Tiverton, 1845. See also Spngge, from whom Colonel Harding quotes. 
 
256 LIFE OF TEE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. xxii. 
 
 offered for the purpose by that stout Parliament man, Sir 
 John Bampfield — and other positions. The army then went 
 into winter quarters at St. Mary Ottery, and never did solr 
 diers more need some rest and refreshment. 
 
 At this time a deputation arrived from the Parliainent to 
 present Sir Thomas Fairfax with ' a fair jewel set with rich 
 diamonds of very great value,' to be hung round his neck by 
 a blue ribbon. It was a gift from both Houses, to com- 
 memorate his brilliant services at Naseby. 
 
 There was much sickness in the army at Ottery. A fever 
 of a peculiarly malignant type appears to have broken out, 
 and among its victims was Colonel Pickering,' that gallant 
 young hero who fought so bravely at Marston Moor and 
 Naseby. Fairfax, in consequence of the sickness, removed 
 the head-quarters to Tiverton on December 6, and remained 
 there until the end of the year ; having resolved to undertake 
 a winter campaign, and finish the war before the following 
 spring. 
 
 ' The colonel was a son of Sir John Pickering ty Susan, sister of Erasmus 
 Dryden, and aunt of the future poet John Dryden. The colonel's brother, Sir 
 Gilbert, who had married a sister of his companion in arms, Colonel Montague 
 (afterwards Earl of Sandwich), expressed a wish that he should be buried at 
 Pendennis Castle, and there is ii letter from Oliver Cromwell to the governor on 
 the subject. Carli/'e, App. vii. 
 
1G45.] THE ROYALISTS IN TEE WEST. 257- 
 
 CHAPTEE XXIII. 
 
 PACIFICATION OP THE WEST, AND SUEEENDES OP OXPOED. 
 
 The enemy that was ppposed to Sir Thomas Fairfax in this 
 final western campaign was the reverse of formidable. The 
 account given by Clarendon of the Eoyalist commanders in 
 Devonshire would be laughable if it was not so piteous. 
 Goring, since the battle of Langport, had been drunk every 
 night, while during the day he encouraged the men in every 
 sort of excess. He disgusted the Devonshire men by his 
 licentiousness, and enraged the people of Cornwall by patting 
 his own ruffians on the back, and swearing that one of them 
 was worth ten Cornish cowards. At last Goring threw up 
 the game, embarking at Dartmouth for Prance in November 
 1645, and left his troops under the command of Lord Went- 
 worth, eldest son of the Earl of Cleveland, with instructions 
 to obey nobody, and to take no orders from anyone but 
 the Prince of Wales himself. Wentworth was also a drun- 
 kard,' and quite as impracticable as Goring in other respects. 
 The Cornish troops were under Sir Richard Grenville, 
 brother of the brave Sir Bevil who was slain at Lansdowne, 
 but a very different man.'' He was crochetty, tyrannical, 
 self-willed, and wrong-headed ; and was also resolved to take 
 no orders from anybody. Goring and Sir John Berkeley, the 
 governor of Exeter, being his special aversions. One of his 
 crotchets was to cut a deep trench from Barnstaple to the 
 south coast, behind which he declared he would defend 
 
 ' Clarendon. 
 
 • Bevil and Richard were grandsons of Sir Richard Grenville of Stow, that 
 glorious old Elizabethan worthy who fought five Spanish ships in his little Scvenge 
 off the Azores in 1591. Sir Bevil was a nohle champion of a bad cause, which 
 found a fitter representative in his brother. 
 
 S 
 
258 LIFE OF TEE GREAT LOBB FAIRFAX, [ch. xxiii. 
 
 Cornwall against tlie world. His tyranny was sliown in the 
 advantage lie took of his military power, to enforce obsolete 
 feudal rights on his estates. At one time there were thirty 
 people in jail for refusing to grind at his mill, or for fishing 
 in his streams. He gave orders that none of Wentworth's 
 men should be allowed to cross the Tamar on any pretence 
 whatever. Sir John Berkeley was jealous both of Went- 
 worth and Grenville. 
 
 At the opening of 1646 the Eoyalists held all Cornwall, 
 were closely besieging the Parliamentary force in Plymouth, 
 and had strong garrisons at Exeter, Barnstaple, and Dart- 
 mouth. The Prince of Wales was in Cornwall, with Lords 
 Cleveland,' Capel, and Colepepper, Sir Edward Hyde, Sir 
 Ralph Hopton, and some others, as a council. The boy 
 himself was only fifteen years of age. The object of the 
 Royalists was to relieve Exeter, and hold out until reinforce- 
 ments could arrive, either from France or Ireland. 
 
 But though the Royalists, as a military force, were con- 
 temptible, the weather and the country offered formidable 
 obstacles to an advance. Fairfax's troops at Tiverton were 
 recovering from the ravages of a deadly epidemic, and were 
 terribly in want of warm clothing, though a supply of boots 
 and stockings opportunely arrived at Christmas time. The 
 new year was ushered in by heavy snow-storms, and the 
 deep Devonshire lanes, pleasant enough in spring or summer, 
 with their ferns and primrose banks, were nearly im- 
 passable. Wheeled vehicles were out of the question, and 
 the waggon-master's occupation was gone. The general 
 had to organize a transport service of pack-horses at Tiver- 
 ton, to carry all stores and provisions for the army. In 
 the midst of these absorbing cares Lady Fairfax had been 
 stricken down with that terrible Ottery fever, but before her 
 husband took the field she was in a fair way of recovery. 
 
 On January 8 the Parliamentary army marched through 
 the snow to Crediton, and on the next day the cavalry 
 
 ' Thomas 'Went-worfch, first Earl of Cleveland, created in 1625, was of Nettlested 
 in Suffolk. He died in 1667. His son, Lord "Wentworth, died before his father, 
 in 1664 leaving an only child, a daughter, who succeeded as Baroness Wentworth, 
 and was the dear friend of the Dnke of Monmouth. She and her duke died within 
 a few months of each other. 
 
1646.] LEFENOES OF DARTMOUTH. 259 
 
 surprised Lord Wentworth's brigade at Bovey Tracy. The 
 Eoyalists had placed no sentries, and the oflElcers were play- 
 ing at cards, -with verj' high stakes, in a public-house. They 
 threw their money out of the window, and escaped by a back 
 door ; but about 300 men were taken prisoners. 
 
 On the 10th Sir Thomas advanced to Ashburton, and sent 
 a brigade in the direction of Tavistock, which so terrified the 
 Royalists, who mistook this detachment for the whole army, 
 that they hastily raised the siege of Plymouth, leaving their 
 guns behind them, and fled across the Tamar into Cornwall. 
 The name of Fairfax inspired such terror that 300 Royalists 
 ran before three troopers of the Parliament. The Cornish 
 trained bands deserted in a body, and went off to defend 
 their homes from being plundered by Wentworth's fugitive 
 horse. In the retreat the troops of Wentworth and Gren- 
 ville fell foul of each other at Tavistock ; all the provisions, 
 and 300 pairs of shoes, were left behind in the confusion ; 
 and thus the demoralized fugitives, or such of them as re- 
 mained by their colours, gradually assembled at Launceston. 
 Fit defenders of such a cause ! 
 
 Sir Thomas Fairfax was at Totnes on January 16. There 
 was a sudden thaw ; and, after some consideration, he resolved 
 to reduce Dartmouth, where there was a strong and for- 
 midable garrison. This was the only Royalist seaport on the 
 south coast of Devon, by which they kept up communication 
 with the Queen in France. Secretary Rushworth wrote to 
 old Lord Fairfax that the attack on Dartmouth was ' one of 
 the greatest businesses the general hath yet undertaken.' ' 
 
 Dartmouth is built up the side of a hill rising to a height 
 of 348 feet above the water, on the western shore of the 
 beautiful little land-locked harbour. North of the town 
 there is a hiU called Mount Boone, and half a mile to the 
 north-west is the church of Townstall, with its tower 70 
 feet high. The Royalists had thrown up works round the 
 town, which rendered it capable of a long and vigorous 
 defence. Round the northern suburb, called Hardness, there 
 was a wall and ditch, and a stream with a drawbridge over 
 
 ' Additional MS8., 18.979. 
 s 2 
 
260 LIFE OF THE GREAT LOBB FAIRFAX, [cb. tls^iii. 
 
 it separated Hardness from Darmoutli proper. Eoimd Town- 
 stall church, there was a fort with ten guns, manned hy a 
 hundred men ; and to the south-west, along the height above 
 the town, was the west gate with four guns, flanked by two 
 guns in a redoubt near a mill pool, and two other works 
 called Mount-flagon and Paradise Ports. On the opposite 
 side of the harbour there was a strong fort at King's-wear 
 with twelve guns, and at the mouth of the harbour was a 
 fort and castle called the Gallant's Bower,' standing 338 feet 
 above the sea. 
 
 Sir Hugh Pollard, a stout Devonshire knight, was the 
 Eoyalist governor of Dartmouth, and several of his neigh- 
 bours were with him — Carys, Seymours, and Pulfords. The 
 Earl of Newport was also in the town, whom we last met 
 with at Wetherby, acting as Newcastle's very negligent 
 lieutenant-general on the day of Tadcaster fight. 
 
 When Sir Thomas Fairfax summoned the town. Sir Hugh 
 gave him a very defiant answer, and he prepared to take it 
 by storm ; Captain Batten with his squadron arriving off the 
 harbour at the right moment, and lending 200 seamen to 
 CO operate with the storming parties. The night of the 
 18th was fixed for the attack, and the sign by which the 
 men were to know each other was having their shirts out 
 before and behind. 
 
 Fairfax, after inspecting the works, divided his forces into 
 three brigades. Pride was stationed on Mount Boone to 
 assault Hardness ; Portescue was to attack Townstall church ; 
 Hammond was entrusted with the duty of carrying the west 
 gate and adjacent works ; and Colonel Lambert, who had 
 arrived from Yorkshire, and had received command of a regi- 
 ment, headed the reserves. The three assaults were made 
 simultaneously at eleven at night, and there was hard fighting 
 at all points, the Eoyalists only having time to fire one round 
 with their great guns before the Parliamentary troops closed 
 with them. Hammond and Pride carried all before them, 
 and met at the drawbridge dividing Dartmouth and Hard- 
 
 ' It is marked on the Admiralty chart, ' Queen's Bower; traces of ancient 
 redoubt.' 
 
1646.] SIB BALPH EOPTON. 261 
 
 ness, in the centre of the position. Tortescue, after a sharp 
 fight, took the work round Townstall church, and the town 
 was theirs. The governor jumped into a boat to go across 
 the harbour to King's-wear, but a bullet pierced the boat's 
 side, passed through the thighs of the man sitting next to 
 him in the stern sheets, and lodged in his own thigh. Sir 
 Henry Gary, who commanded at King's-wear, and the Earl 
 of Newport at the Gallant's Bower, then surrendered without 
 further resistance. Two small men-of-war were taken in the 
 harbour, besides 103 great guns and 600 prisoners.^ 
 
 On the 20th Sir Thomas Fairfax went on board Captain 
 Batten's ship, and was nobly entertained. He then returned 
 towards Exeter, and found that the whole county, grateful for 
 its deliverance, was declaring for the Parliament. Recruits to 
 the number of 3,000 came into Totnes, and were formed into 
 a regiment under Colonel Fowell ; and Powderham Castle, 
 the seat of the Courtenays, surrendered to Colonel Hammond 
 on the 25th. Exeter was then blockaded on all sides, the 
 siege being entrusted to Sir Hardress Waller, with three 
 regiments of horse and one of foot, while the general with 
 the rest of the army advanced against the remnant of the 
 Royalists in North Devon. 
 
 After raising the siege of Plymouth, the remains of the 
 Royalist army had congregated like a flock of frightened 
 sheep at Launceston. Clarendon describes it as ' a dissolute, 
 undisciplined, wicked, beaten army. As for the horse only 
 their friends feared, and their enemies laughed at them. 
 They were only terrible in plunder and resolute in running 
 away.' The prince's council urged Sir Ralph Hopton to 
 take the command in chief. He replied that it was the 
 custom of many, when they wished to excuse themselves 
 from under baking an irksome service, to say that their 
 honour would not allow them. He could not but see that 
 he could expect little honour from commanding such a force, 
 but he was ready to risk aU in the service of his king. 
 
 ' We have the best account of the storming of Dartmouth in Sir Thomas 
 Fairfax's own graphic despatch to the House of Lords, which is given by Eush- 
 worth, Sprigge, and Vicars, and was also published separately. 
 
262 LIFE OF THE GREAT LOBD FAIRFAX, [ch. xxiii. 
 
 Sir Ralph Hopton was a man of the highest character, 
 and it stands forth the more prominently owing to its con- 
 tact with the disreputable persons who formed the bulk of 
 the Royalist staff. He came of a respectable Somersetshire 
 family, and, after a short stay at Oxford, went, like the 
 young Tairfaxes, to fight for the queen of hearts. He was 
 at the Battle of Prague, and assisted in the escape of the 
 unlucky queen, who fled with the young knight-errant, 
 sitting behind him on his horse. Returning to England, 
 young Hopton was in several of Charles's early Parliaments, 
 and when he was retured for WeUs in 1640, he had acquired 
 the title of an ancient Parliament man. No politician was 
 more deeply impressed with the necessity for checking 
 Charles's shameful misgovemment. He not only was one 
 of Lord Fairfax's colleagues in presenting the Grand Re- 
 monstrance, but was the member who was selected to read it 
 to the king. When, however, the question had to be decided 
 by an appeal to arms, he saw more reason to dread the 
 complete success of the Commons than that of the King ; 
 and like Falkland and a few others, conscientiously chose 
 his side. He had since served in the west, was created a 
 baron for his success at Stratton in 1643, and was the main 
 prop of the King's cause in those parts. His age was about 
 forty-eight. 
 
 Grenville was appointed to command the foot, and Went- 
 worth the horse; but the former refused to serve under 
 Hopton, was committed a close prisoner to Launceston jail, 
 and was afterwards allowed to leave the country.' Lord 
 Capel had the command of the Prince's guards. 
 
 When Hopton assumed the command on January 15, he 
 found the remnant of the infantry to consist of 240 of the 
 guards, 500 of Digby's broken regiment, 600 of GrenviUe's 
 Cornish levies — a mutinous unreliable mob ; 400 of the two 
 regiments of Colonels Slaughter and Wise, and only 150 out 
 of the three Cornish regiments of Sir Chichester Wrey, and 
 
 ' GreDTille tells Ms own story. See Sir Richard GrenviUe's Narrative of the 
 proceedings of His Majesty's affairs in the West. Carte, i. p. 96. Sir Richard died 
 at Ghent, before the Eestoiation. 
 
1G46.] TOBBINOTON. 263 
 
 Colonels Arundel and Trelawney ; in aU 1,890 foot. The horse, 
 with the exception of the Prince's guard, was in a most dis- 
 organised and undisciplined state. It consisted of 800 life- 
 guards, and 2,300 of Wentworth's brigade.' Sir Ralph had 
 no artillery. He determined to march into North Devon, 
 and watch for an opportunity of interrupting the blockade of 
 Exeter, and on February 10 he arrived at Torrington. 
 
 Meanwhile Sir Thomas Fairfax, after snatching a few days 
 to visit his wife at Tiverton, who was just starting for 
 London, commenced his march in search of his worthy 
 antagonist, with ^ve regiments of horse, seven of foot, and 
 five troops of dragoons under Captain Wogan.'' On the 
 14th he reached Chumleigh, on the river Taw, ia a snow- 
 storm, and sent a detachment to reconnoitre as far as Ash 
 Eeigney,' on the road to Torrington. 
 
 The rivers Taw and Torridge flow parallel to each other 
 from their sources in Dartmoor to their junction at Apple- 
 dore, about six miles apart, with a beautiful country of 
 combes and hills between them. Torrington is an ancient 
 market town on the right bank of the Torridge, about five 
 miles above its port town of Bideford ; while Chumleigh and 
 Barnstaple are on the right bank of the Torr. The town of 
 Torrington stands on the top of a hill sloping down to the 
 river, and then consisted of three streets, with a church and 
 the ruins of an old castle. To the north of the town there 
 was a common, and about a mile to the east was Stevenston, 
 the seat of Mr. RoUe, where he had a deer-park and rabbit- 
 warren, and a large house at the bottom of a long easy 
 descent. 
 
 Sir Ralph Hopton saw no hope but in the event of a battle. 
 He barricaded the entrances to all the streets of Torrington, 
 stationing some of his infantry at the barricades, with small 
 parties of horse to support them, and the rest in reserve. 
 
 ' Sprigge greatly over-estimates the Eoyalist numbers. He places them at 
 5,000 horse and 4,000 foot, or 9,000 in all, whereas there were barely 5,000, all 
 told. 
 
 ' Sir Ralph Hopton, who is followed by Clarendon, numbers Fairfax's force at 
 6,000 foot, 3,500 horse, and 500 dragoons ; which is about right. 
 
 ' Called King Ash by Sir Thomas Fairfax. 
 
264 LIFE OF TEE GBFAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. xsiii. 
 
 Stevenston House was occupied by 200 dragoons ; and tlie 
 horse-guards, under General Webb, were advanced as far as 
 Burrington, near tbe left bank of the Torr; but on the 
 arrival of Fairfax at Chumleigh, they were withdrawn to 
 Eoborough, about five mUes east of Torrington. 
 
 Sir Thomas Fairfax considered that, as the weather was 
 very uncertain, and there were few villages to shelter his 
 troops, it was necessary to attack the enemy without delay. 
 He commenced his march on February 16, General Webb 
 falling back and skirmishing as he retreated. As the ad- 
 vanced guard of the Parliament approached Stevenston 
 House, the Eoyalist dragoons quitted it, and retreated to- 
 wards the town. The Parliamentary troops followed, and 
 got so far engaged that it was necessary to hurry up 
 supports ; and at last the general sent Colonel Hammond 
 with three regiments to reinforce the advanced guard. By 
 this time night had closed in, and Fairfax had no one with 
 him acquainted with the country. But Hammond sent out 
 a small party to reconnoitre at about nine in the evening, 
 which was fired upon by the Royalists on the barricades. 
 Supports were sent to the front, until at last the whole force 
 was engaged. After some very hot firing the barricades 
 were assaulted, and there was some desperate fighting with 
 the butt-ends of muskets, and at push of pike. At last the 
 barriers were carried, and their defenders fled down the 
 streets ; but the assailants were twice repulsed by charges of 
 the Royalist horse. Hopton was on horseback in the main 
 street, and when his men fled in confusion he was left with 
 one of&cer and a wounded horse, which just carried him to 
 the door of his own quarters, and then fell dead. As soon 
 as he was remounted, he found that the foot had broken and 
 run away ; and seeing that all hope was gone, he formed the 
 horse into two bodies, and fled across the Torridge, the 
 darkness and the tortuous Devonshire lanes rendering his 
 escape easy. 
 
 Several hundred Royalist prisoners were crowded into the 
 church where Hopton had deposited eighty barrels of powder ; 
 and just at the close of the action there was a terrific ex- 
 
164,G.J FLIGHT OF THE PRINCE OF WALES. 265 
 
 ploaion. The magazine had blown up, and nearly all the 
 prisoners were kiUed. Stones and masses of lead were hurled 
 high into the air, and fell in every part of the town, the 
 general having a hair-breadth escape,' and the houses were 
 shaken to their foundations. Sir Thomas spoke in the 
 highest terms of the gallantry a.nd diligence of Colonel Ham- 
 mond during the assault.^ 
 
 Sir Ralph Hopton fled into Cornwall with the remnant of 
 his force, sending the news to the Prince of Wales and his 
 council at Pendennis Castle, where the greatest conster- 
 nation prevailed. \!lolonel Colepepper was despatched to 
 Hopton to consult as to future movements, and he stopped 
 to dine with Colonel Slingsby (not Sir Henry) and other 
 Royalist officers at Penryn, where scenes occurred which 
 go far to explain the hopelessness of that falling cause. They 
 aU got very drunk ; Slingsby and Colepepper fought with 
 fists for some time, and then went out into the garden and 
 lunged at each other with swords until one tumbled over, 
 and the other danced upon him, crowing like a cock. At 
 last they were got to bed. Next morning they had herrings 
 and mustard for breakfast, and Slingsby threw a dish of 
 mustard into Colepepper's face. Then there was another 
 fight, which was stopped by the market people, and finally 
 Colepepper rode forward on his bootless errand. ' Such a 
 privy councillor,' remarks Sir Richard Grenville, ' will soon 
 finish His Majesty's business.' ^ But the Prince of Wales 
 did not wait for the result of this consultation. He embarked 
 in the evening of March 2, with most of his councillors and 
 attendants, and landed at Scilly on the 4th. 
 
 On the 25th Sir Thomas Fairfax advanced to Launceston, 
 
 ' ' I stood where great webs of lead fell the thickest.' Letter to his father in 
 Additional MSS., 18, 979. 
 
 ' We have excellent accounts of the fight at Torrington by the generals on 
 either side. Sir Thomas Fairfax wrote a long and graphic despatch to the 
 Speaker, dated from Torrington on February 1 9, which is given in Sprigge and 
 Eushworth. Lord Hopton's relation of proceedings in the West, presented to the 
 Prince on April 13, 1646, will be found in Carte's Letters of Ormonde, ii. p. 109. 
 
 ' Letter from Sir Richard Grenville to an honourable person in the city of 
 London, concerning the affairs of the West, dated from Nantes on April 9, 1646, 
 in King's Pamphlet, No. 257. 
 
266 LIFE OF THE OBEAT LOBV FAIRFAX, [ch. xxiii. 
 
 on March. 1 his army encamped on the open moor during a 
 bitter frost, and on the 2nd he reached Bodmin ; Hopton, with 
 his broken remnant, falling back before him to Truro. Sir 
 Thomas had guards right across Cornwall, from sea to sea. 
 At this time a ship came into Padstow from Ireland, and 
 was seized by the people. The captain threw a packet over- 
 board, but it was picked up floating in the harbour, and was 
 found to contain letters from the Earl of Glamorgan,' an- 
 nouncing that he had concluded a peace with the rebel Irish, 
 and would be in a position to land several thousand of them 
 in Cornwall in the course of the spring. This discovery 
 enraged the Cornish people, and turned them against the 
 Eroyal cause almost to a man. 
 
 Sir Thomas Fairfax sent a summons to Hopton on March 6. 
 He thus wrote : ' Your forces being reduced to such condition 
 as they are not like either to have subsistence or shelter 
 long where they are, or to escape thence, nor if they could, 
 have they whither to go to have better : I have thought 
 good, for prevention of more bloodshed, and of further hard- 
 ships, to send you this summons to lay down youx arms, and 
 withal a tender of such conditions as may be better than 
 anything they can rationally expect by further standing out. 
 Tour soldiers can either go beyond sea, or to their homes, as 
 they please, giving up horses and arms. The officers will be 
 allowed horses for themselves and one servant, and twenty 
 shillings a man will be paid to the troopers for their horses.' 
 
 To Sir Ealph Hopton himself Fairfax showed that 
 generosity and anxiety to spare pain which was to be ex- 
 pected from his noble nature. 'For yourself,' he wrote, 
 ' you may be assured of such mediation to the Parliament 
 on your behalf, both from myself and others, as for one 
 whom, for personal worth and many virtues, but especially 
 
 ' Eldest son of the Marquis of "Worcester by the Lady Anne Enssell. Like his 
 father he -was a Roman Catholic, and had passed most of his time abroad before 
 the civil war. He was sent to Ireland with extraordinary powers from the King 
 in 1644, his faith being considered likely to make him popular with the rebels. 
 He succeeded to his father in December 1646 and fled from Ireland into Franco 
 in 1648. Returning at the Restoration, he published the results of his philosophi- 
 cal studies in 1663, in a work entitled A Century of Inventions. He died in 1667. 
 
1646.] EOPTON GAFITULATE8. 267 
 
 for your care of and moderation towards the country, we 
 honour and esteem above any other of your party, and whose' 
 happiness, so far as is consistent with the public welfare, we 
 should delight in, more than in your least suffering.' 
 
 Hopton acknowledged the kindness of the summons, and 
 enquired whether there was truth in the report that the 
 King had advanced in a treaty with the Parliament. If 
 there was no chance of a general peace, he was ready to 
 agree to terms of surrender. Fairfax replied that it seemed 
 unlikely that there would be a treaty, because the Parliament 
 had clear evidence ttat while his Majesty was pretending to 
 treat, he was at the same time labouring by agents to bring 
 about an invasion of England by foreign troops. 
 
 MeanwhUe Fairfax continued to advance, and on the 10th 
 he was at Truro, Hopton falling back to St. EUen's. The 
 Eoyalist officers declared, in plain English, that their men 
 would never be brought to fight ; ' and Colonel Colepepper, 
 the man who had the mustard and herrings for breakfast, 
 added that if Hopton did not consent to a treaty, the 
 soldiers would provide for themselves. The men were de- 
 serting by troops and companies, and the advanced guards 
 mingled and conversed with each other.^ Commissioners 
 met on Tressilian bridge, and the same conditions were 
 agreed to as Fairfax originally proposed. Sir Ralph Hopton 
 and Lord Capel embarked at Pendennis, and joined the 
 Prince of Wales at Scilly on April 11. Hopton never re- 
 turned to England, dying at Bruges in 1652, in honourable 
 poverty. After the surrender, a petition was presented to 
 the general by Captain Vivian of St. Colomb, in the name 
 of the people of Cornwall, rejoicing at the success of his 
 army, and at the restitution of their liberties so long 
 violated. 
 
 The army at once marched back to Exeter, by way of 
 Launceston, while the general went aside to visit Plymouth, 
 and inspect the works there. He was received with great 
 
 ' Clarendon. 
 
 ' Sir Ealph Hopton says, ' Our horse were 'breaking up every day more and 
 more ; so at last I could not set out my guards but a great part of them did 
 intermix with the enemy, many going over in whole troops.' 
 
268 LIFJE OF THE QBE AT LOBD FAIRFAX, [ch. xxiii. 
 
 entliusiasin by the garrison, and a salute of 300 guns was 
 ■fired in his honour. On March 21 he arrived with his army 
 before Exeter, and, in reply to his summons, the goyemor. 
 Sir John Berkeley, professed himself ready to treat for a 
 surrender. The Commissioners met at Poltimore House on 
 April 3, and honourable conditions were granted to the 
 besieged.' They marched out on the 18th with drums beating 
 and colours flying, and the city was given up, with Eouge- 
 mont castle and all its forts. There were two notable persons 
 among the besieged. One was the little princess Henrietta, 
 for whom fit carriages were provided to pass to any part of 
 England she. chose, with her nurse. ^ The other was quaint 
 Thomas Fuller, the future author of the 'Worthies of 
 England,' who recorded the curious fact that, during the 
 siege, the largest flock of larks arrived that had ever been 
 known, like quails in the wilderness, of which, he tells us, he 
 was both an eye and a mouth-witness.' 
 
 On the 10th the general marched to Barnstaple, and the 
 governor. Sir Allen Apsley, obtained the same generous 
 terms as had been granted to Exeter. Sir Allen was brother- 
 in-law to Colonel Hutchinson, and their friendship was never 
 interrupted by the war ; so that, after surrendering Barn- 
 staple, he found a welcome and a home with the Hutchinsons 
 in the Parliamentary garrison at ISTottingham. This is 
 another instance of two friends choosing opposite sides. 
 Like Sir Thomas Fairfax and Sir Henry Slingsby, or Sir 
 William Waller and Sir Ealph Hopton, Colonel Hutchinson 
 and Sir Allen Apsley never allowed their political differences 
 to interupt the affection and respect they had first felt for 
 each other in happier days. 
 
 The great work was now nearly completed. The city of 
 Oxford, so long the head-quarters of the King, and where aU 
 the insignia of government were deposited, still held out. 
 
 ' Lord Paulct, whose son had married a sister of Lady Fairfax, -was one of the 
 besieged Royalists. Sir Thomas Fairfax succeeded in getting him admitted to a 
 moderate composition. Tanner MS8., Tol. 69, p. 813. 
 
 ' Princess Henrietta was born at Exeter on June 16, 1644, and the queen left 
 her there on July 1, embarlsing at Falmouth for France. Oliver, p. 115. 
 
 » He adds tliat they were as fat as plentiful, and sold for twopence a dozen. 
 
1646.] FAIBFAX BUSIHaSS OXFORD. 269 
 
 It had been made very strong, and its reduction was likely 
 to be a formidable operation. Sir Thomas Fairfax prepared 
 to face this final difficulty with his usual skill and rapidity of 
 movement. Ireton and Eich had already been despatched 
 with their cavalry, and on April 18 the general left Devonshire 
 with the rest of the army. He arrived before Oxford on 
 May 1, the King having fled in disguise to the Scottish army 
 before Newark on April 27 ; and the troops were quartered 
 in Hedington, Marston, and other neighbouring villages. On 
 the 3rd Sir Thomas reconnoitred the works, and found them 
 to be very strong, while several places, such as Farringdon 
 and Wallingford, formed so many outworks. Branches of 
 the Isis passed round the west side of the walls of Oxford, 
 and on the east was the Cherwell, which had been made to 
 overflow the meadows, so that the place was surrounded by 
 water, and unapproachable except on the north, where there 
 is higher ground. The garrison numbered 5,000 veteran 
 soldiers, and there were plentiful supplies of provisions and 
 warlike stores. 
 
 The general saw at once that Oxford could only be reduced 
 by a regular siege. He decided upon throwing up a large 
 work on Hedington Hill to the north, which he entrusted to 
 old General Skippon, who had now recovered from his wounds. 
 A bridge was made over the Cherwell close to Marston ; 
 the line was to be drawn from the great fort at Hedington, 
 round St. Clements, and beyond Magdalen bridge; and 
 various parts of the siege works were entrusted to Lambert, 
 Rainsborough, and Herbert. Sir Robert Pye was sent to 
 blockade Farringdon, Large supplies of siege tools and of 
 tents for the soldiers were ordered from London, and mean- 
 while a heavy fire was kept up from the great guns of the 
 Royalists on the working parties. 
 
 Our old friend Sir Thomas Glemham — that valiant defender 
 of besieged cities — was in command. After his gallant de- 
 fence of York he had endured a long siege from the Scottish 
 army at Carlisle, and now he was again to face his generous 
 foe of the old Yorkshire days. On the 11th Fairfax sent 
 him a summons, saying that he very much desired the pre- 
 
270 LIFE OF TEE GREAT LOBJ) FAIBFAX. [ch. xxiii. 
 
 servation of a place so famous for learning from ruin. But 
 tlie Royalist demands were so higli that the Parliament 
 ordered the siege to be proceeded with ; and it was not until 
 the 30th, after good progress had been made with the works, 
 that Glemham consented to treat upon the articles offered 
 by Fairfax. The negotiations took place at Mr. Crook's 
 house ia Marston. The general had his head-quarters at 
 Lady Whorwood's house at Holton, a village five miles east 
 of Oxford. Here he was joined by Lady Fairfax ; and here 
 his commissary- general, Henry Ireton, was married to 
 Bridget, the eldest daughter of Oliver Cromwell, his lieu- 
 tenant-general of horse, on June 15.^ 
 
 Oxford was impregnable, but the cause was hopeless. The 
 last Royalist force in the field under Sir Jacob Astley and Sir 
 Charles Lucas had been utterly routed at Stow in the Wold on 
 March 23, by Sir William Brereton. The soldiers brought the 
 grey-headed old veteran. Sir Jacob, a drum to sit and rest 
 upon, and he said : ' Gentlemen, you may now sit down and play, 
 for you have done all your work, if you fall not out among 
 yourselves.' So Sir Thomas Glemham agreed to surrender 
 Oxford. He and his oflcers were allowed to march out with 
 colours flying to some place fifteen miles from the city, 
 where the soldiers were to lay down their arms and go to 
 their homes; and all officers who desired it were to have 
 passes to go abroad, on condition that they never again 
 served against the Parliament. Sir George Lisle surrendered 
 Farringdon on the same terms. It is important that this 
 should be borne in mind ; and also that, as the war was over, 
 Sir Charles Lucas can never have been exchanged after he 
 was taken prisoner at Stow in the Wold. 
 
 On June 24 the Oxford garrison marched out, and with it 
 all the great officers of state. On this day Charles ceased 
 to have the semblance of an executive, and his reign may be 
 considered to have ended. Princes Rupert and Maurice, the 
 
 ' Young Mrs. Ireton was afterwards on a visit to Lady Fairfax at the general's 
 head-quarters at Cornbury House. Her father wrote to her there, and ended his 
 letter thus : ' My service and dear aifections to the general and generaless. I 
 hear she is very kind to thee ; it adds to all other obligations.' Carlyh, i. p. 213. 
 
1646.] SURBENBEB OF OXFORD. 271 
 
 Duke of York, the lord keeper,' the lord treasurer,* the lord 
 chamberlain,* the secretary of state,^ the chief Eoyalist 
 peers," the great seal, aU the other seals,^ and the sword of 
 state, were surrendered with Sir Thomas Glemham and the 
 garrison. The German princes embarked at Dover soon 
 afterwards, and the country was well rid of them. The 
 Eoyalists knew the most notorious of the two as Prince 
 Eupert of Cumberland ; ' but the people all oyer England, 
 whose homes he had burnt, and whose hearths he had made 
 desolate, long execrated the memory of the cruel foreign 
 adventurer, whom ihey always called Prince Eobber of 
 Plunderland. 
 
 The first care of Sir Thomas Fairfax, after the surrender 
 of Oxford, was to take measures for the security of the 
 public buildings and libraries. He especially set a strong 
 guard of soldiers to preserve the Bodleian library, to which 
 he was himself eventually so great a benefactor. ' Fairfax 
 was a lover of learning, and had he not taken this special 
 care, that noble library had been utterly destroyed.' * 
 
 A very few scattered garrisons still held out. Colonel 
 WhaUey was sent to reduce Worcester, where Sir Henry 
 Washington surrendered on July 19; Wallingford was taken 
 on the 22nd, and a Colonel Morgan besieged the venerable 
 Marquis of Worcester in Eagland Castle, who had a garrison 
 of 800 men. Sir Thomas and Lady Fairfax — one suffering 
 from ague and over work, the other from the effects of fever — 
 went to Bath to recruit, and in the hope of getting a few 
 weeks of complete rest. But it was not to be. The old 
 marquis held out obstinately at Eagland, and on August 7 
 Sir Thomas arrived before the place, where the approaches 
 were well advanced, in order to prevent the poor old nobleman 
 from being handled too roughly. The truth was, that the 
 
 ' Sir Eichard Lane. ' Lord Cottington. » The Earl of Dorset. 
 
 * Sir Edward Nicholas. 
 
 ' The Marquis of Hertford, the Earls of Southampton and Chichester. 
 
 ' The seals were brought up to AVestminster, and broken to pieces at the bar of 
 the House of Lords, in presence of the Commons. 
 
 ' Charles created him Earl of Cumberland. 
 
 ' Aubrey's Lives, in letters by eminent persons, ii. p. 346, quoted in the Annals 
 of the Bodleian Library, by Eev. W. Dunn Macray. 
 
272 LIFE OF TSJE GREAT LOBB FAIRFAX, [cf. xxnr. 
 
 marquis had invested so heavily on the chance of Royalist 
 success, that the turn things had now taken made his affairs 
 look very unpleasant. He began to date his letters from ' my 
 poor cottage at Eagland,' and in reply to Sir Thomas's advice 
 that he should surrender the castle, he said that he was over 
 £20,000 out of purse upon His Majesty's promise, and that " 
 if he did anything displeasing to his debtor he feared he 
 might lose it aU. He declared that if he could quietly 
 receive his means of subsistence, he would quickly quit 
 himself of his garrison, which he had no great cause to 
 delight in. Then he appealed to the general's feelings. ' If 
 you knew,' he wrote, ' how well I was known to your noble 
 grandfather at York, I am sure I should receive favour at 
 your hands.' As if such an appeal as that was necessary to 
 induce Fau-fax to act with generosity and consideration ! 
 
 After much correspondence a treaty was at last concluded, 
 in which the poor old marquis was treated with as much 
 tenderness as possible, and the castle was surrendered on 
 August 19.' Sir Thomas had a long conference with the 
 venerable nobleman, and, passing that night at Chepstow, 
 returned to his wife at Bath.'' This was almost the last 
 operation ' of the campaign — a campaign which has seldom 
 been equalled m the rapidity and skill with which it was 
 conducted, and in the generosity with which, on aU occasions, 
 the vanquished were treated. Sir Thomas Fairfax had per- 
 formed a great service. He had restored peace to his country, 
 after four years of desolating war. 
 
 ' The Marquis of Worcester died in the following December, at the great age of 
 
 eighty-four. .„»■■,. 
 
 ' In October Fairfax had his head-quarters at Cornbury House in Oxforoshire, 
 having been engaged, with Ireton, in disbanding Massey's brigade at Devizes. 
 The same month Parliament voted him £6,000 a year for his services ; and on the 
 22nd he was in Loudon to attend the funeral of the Earl of Essex, for two or 
 three days. Whitelock, ii. p. 79. 
 
 » Pendennis and a few castles in North Wales held out a short time longer. 
 
1646.] BEOEPTION OF FAIRFAX IN LONDON. 273 
 
 CHAPTEE XXrV. 
 
 THE PARLIAMENT AND THE AEMT. 
 
 In restoring peace to his country, Sir Thomas Fairfax had 
 performed a great service. During four years the length and 
 breadth of England had been desolated by war, and, as the 
 waves of battle surged hither and thither, scarcely a town or 
 village had escaped. At last the misery of the people had 
 become so unbearable that they rose, in the south and west, 
 to defend their fields and homesteads from both sides alike ; 
 and yet there seemed no hope of any end to the miserable 
 conflict. Then it was that the Parliament summoned young 
 Fairfax from Yorkshire, and the whole face of affairs was 
 changed as if by magic. In one month he had ofganizied 
 and disciplined a new army, in another he had broken the 
 enemy's force in a great battle. Then followed a series of 
 rapid marches and decisive blows, which form a campaign of 
 almost unequalled brilliancy ; and, within a year, the war was 
 at an end. 
 
 Fairfax was hailed as a benefactor to his country. Wten 
 he came to London on November 12 he was met by the City 
 militia, and dense crowds poured out to welcome the restorer 
 of peace. He was conducted to his house in Queen Street, 
 Lincoln's Inn, amidst deafening cheers and the ringing of 
 beUs ; and was received at the door by his wife and his father 
 the old lord, with his new bride.' The Queen Street of 
 those days consisted of a row of handsome houses facing to 
 
 ' Old Lord Fairfax had taken to himself a second wife in the previous Septem- 
 ber. She was a widow, Ehoda, daughter of a Mr. Chapman of London, and 
 formerly wife of Thomas Hussey, eldest son of Sir Edward Hussey, Bart., of Hon- 
 ington in Lincolnshire. Sir Edward's daughter Eebeeca married Sir Bobert 
 Markham of Sedgebrook, whose brother Henry was at the battle of Naseby, in 
 EoBsiter's regiment, and was well known to Sir Thomas Fairfax. Sir Eobert's son 
 married a daughter of Sir Thomas Widdrington and granddaughter of Lord Fairfax. 
 
 T 
 
274 LIFE OF TEE OBFAT LORD FAIBFAX. [ch. xxit. 
 
 the nortli, and extending from Drury Lane to Lincoln's Inn, 
 with, a view over St. Pancras fields. They were built by Webb, 
 a pupil of Inigo Jones, in 1629, and named after Henrietta 
 Maria. In one of these houses Sir Thomas Fairfax received 
 the almost unprecedented honour of a congratulatory visit 
 from both Houses of Parliament, on November 14. 
 
 The Lords arrived first in a long train of coaches, and 
 their Speaker, the Earl of Manchester, congratulated the 
 young general in the name of their lordships' House. As 
 soon as they were gone, the Commons were introduced, 
 and Speaker Lenthall addressed the hero of the peace as 
 follows : — 
 
 ' It was the custom of the ancient Eomans, after a glorious 
 and successful Prince, to devise his name to posterity in 
 memory of his virtues, as after that great Prince Julius 
 Csesar his successors retained the name of Csesar. Thus 
 hereafter all famous and victorious succeediiig generals in 
 this kingdom wiU desire the addition of the name of Fairfax. 
 The world wUl admire your Excellency's worth, posterity will 
 honour your name, and the whole House of Commons, in the 
 name of the Commons of England, doth return you thanks 
 for your faithful and memorable service.' To this Sir Thomas 
 made a modest reply, accounting it his greatest happiness, 
 under God, to be in the least kind instrumental for the 
 kingdom's good.' 
 
 But there was no peace yet for the hard- worked general ; 
 and he had but a few days to enjoy the society of his wife 
 and child, and of the brave old father from whom he had 
 been so long separated. There was much work before him. 
 The army had to be established in winter quarters, arrange- 
 
 Lord Fairfax thus announced his marriage to his brother Henry, the Eector 
 of Bolton Percy, in a letter dated from Queen Street, October 20, 1646 : — 
 ' My Bolitary condition and want of help in managing household affairs made 
 me think of a gentlewoman for assistance and comfort. Her virtue was the chief 
 thing drew my affections, which was much commended by the parents and friends 
 of her former husband. She was the widow of Mr. Hussey, in Lincolnshire, and 
 daughter of Mr. Chapman, of Hertfordshire, whose father was a citizen. She has 
 five children, but provided for in such manner as I hope will not be burden- 
 some. I heartily wish I could have had the advice of children, brothers, and near 
 friends, but I hope the course I have taken will not be cause of offence.' Fairfax 
 Correspondence. ' Eushworth, vi. p. 388. 
 
1647.] BISGIPLINJE OF THE ABMY. 275 
 
 ments to be made for tlie payment and disbanding of the 
 regiments, and the convoy of money for paying the Scotch to 
 be despatched. This money was due by the terms of the 
 League and Covenant negotiated by Sir Harry Vane in 1644, 
 by which £200,000 was to be paid on the evacuation of all 
 towns in English territory, while the future payment of a 
 second £200,000 was secured on the public faith. Fairfax 
 despatched this money to JN"ewcastle on December 13 in 
 thirty-six carts, with a large convoy, under the command of 
 General Skippon ; while he himself went to Northampton on 
 the 18th to settle tBe army in winter quarters, and establish 
 rules for the payment of all provisions and lodgings. 
 
 In the orders promulgated at this time great care was 
 taken to cause as little inconvenience as possible to the 
 households in which soldiers or officers were quartered. All 
 soldiers were to content themselves with such ordinary diet 
 as the families with whom they lodged usually afforded 
 themselves ; anyone attempting to force his landlord to pro- 
 vide dainties was to be punished, and a fair tariff of prices 
 was established.' In truth this N'ew Model Army was as 
 remarkable for its strict discipline in time of peace as for its 
 valour in war, and, when we consider its enormous power at 
 this time, and the temptations that surrounded the men, 
 some idea may be formed of the value to the country of its 
 general's services, and special aptitiide for command. 
 
 Sir Thomas was joined at Northampton by Lady Fairfax, 
 and, on their way to Nottingham, they passed the night of 
 February 2 at Leicester, where they were received with great 
 enthusiasm by the people. The mayor and aldermen met 
 the general outside the town, and many of the inhabitants 
 waited on him to give him thanks for favours. Next morn- 
 ing their wives presented Lady Fairfax with oysters, great 
 cakes, wine and bouquets. The general and his wife fixed 
 " See King's Pamphlets, No. 296, which contains ' The orders established by 
 his Excellency Sir Thomas Fairfax for regulating the army, and for the soldiers' 
 paying of quarters and fair behaviour in the country. Published by special com- 
 mand of his Excellency, January 16, 1647.' OfScers were to pay as they could 
 agree with their landlords, but the sums for men and non-commissioned officers 
 were fixed at lOd. a day for a mounted trooper, 9d. for a dragoon, and 6d. for a 
 foot soldier. This is-somewhat higher than the scale adopted in April 1645. No 
 doubt provisions had become dearer. 
 
 T 2 
 
276 LIFE OF THF GREAT LOBD FAIRFAX, [ch. xxrv. 
 
 their head- quarters at ISTottingham, where they were the fre- 
 quent guests of Colonel and Mrs. Hutchinson. It has often 
 been said that Lady Fairfax exercised an undue influence 
 over her husband, but the only foundation for the statement 
 appears to be that at one time they were not quite agreed on 
 the subject of their chaplains. 
 
 Bfis Excellency was an Independent both in politics and 
 religion, and found pleasure in the religious teachings of such 
 men as Mr. Bowles ; but latterly Lady Fairfax had taken an 
 aversion to the Independent preachers, and had become a 
 strong Presbyterian. The gentle and affectionate disposition 
 of bhe general makes it likely that he would yield to his wife's 
 wishes in aU household arrangements, while he retained his 
 own opinions. It appears, however, that at Nottingham, 
 where Presbyterians had got possession of the pulpits to the 
 exclusion of the army chaplains. Sir Thomas invited the Inde- 
 pendent preachers to come to his own house, and that a great 
 concourse of people flocked there to hear them ; so that on this 
 occasion Lady Fairfax had to defer to the wishes of her 
 husband.' 
 
 On February 11, 1647,^ Sir Thomas Fairfax rode out of 
 Nottingham to meet the King, who was on his way from 
 Newcastle to Holdenby House in Northamptonshire, ac- 
 companied by the Parliamentary Commissioners. Charles 
 stopped his horse, and Fairfax alighted and kissed the 
 King's hand. He then mounted, and they rode side by side, 
 conversing, into the town. Charles afterwards observed to 
 one of the Commissioners that Sir Thomas was a man of 
 honour, and kept his word with him.^ The last time they 
 had met was on Hey worth Moor, in July 1642, when the King 
 rudely pushed his horSe forward, as the young knight 
 presented the petition beseeching him not to embark in this 
 wretched war. Now they met again, when that war was 
 over, having been gloriously fought out and finished by the 
 very man whose warning Charles had so insolently and 
 wantonly rejected. 
 
 As soon as the King was established at Holdenby House, 
 
 ' Mrs. Hutchinson's Memoirs, p. 270. ^ ' Iter CaroUninm. 
 
 s Whiteloch, ii. p. 115. 
 
1647.] THE PBESBYTEBIAN LEADERS. 277 
 
 Sir Thomas moved tlie head-quarters of the army to Saffiron 
 Walden, in the north-west corner of Essex, and on his way 
 he visited his old haunts at Cambridge, in March. The 
 University gave him a most flattering reception. A Fellow 
 of Trinity, who had served in his regiment, delivered him a 
 Latin oration, he was presented with a suiiptuous bible in 
 chapel, entertained with a banquet in haU, and made a 
 Master of Arts in the schools.' 
 
 Now commenced the struggle between the Parliament and 
 the army, or rather between the Presbyterians and Indepen- 
 dents, the two patties being at first represented by the 
 parliamentary majority and the military politicians. At 
 first the dispute was confined to the settlement of army claims, 
 and Sir Thomas Fairfax had an anxious and wearisome, but 
 at the same time a perfectly straightforward and definite 
 course to pursue in striving to reconcile the two parties. It 
 was not until some months later — when the officers and men, 
 goaded on by the foUy of the Presbyterian leaders, were 
 emboldened to interfere in politics — that the general's diffi- 
 culties and perplexities began. 
 
 The Presbyterian leaders in the House were men of very 
 second-rate ability, and were devoid of that patience, tact, 
 and occasional reticence which, in their position, were essen- 
 tial to the attainment of their ends. They had a majority 
 in the House, the aldermen and common council of the 
 City were at their beck and caU, and they could count on the 
 help of the Scots. With these advantages they might have 
 carried everything before them with a little prudence and 
 discretion. But instead of at once satisfying the claims of 
 the army, and treating it with that respect and deference 
 which was due to the conquerors in a great war, they allowed 
 their rancour and jealously to overcome all motives of policy, 
 and attempted to treat the soldiers with injustice while they 
 publicly insulted the army as a body. Their object was to 
 disband the army as soon as possible without paying the men, 
 and then to make a settlement with the King on condition 
 that he agreed to abolish episcopacy, and conformed to the 
 narrow bigotry of the Presbyterians. Having gained that 
 
 ' WUfelock, ii. p. 120. 
 
278 LIFE OF THE QBE AT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. xxiv. 
 
 oae point, they would have betrayed the cause, and sacrificed 
 all the objects of the war. 
 
 The two leading men of this party were Denzil HoUes and 
 Sir Philip Stapleton' — the former a hot-headed venomous 
 politician, whose memoirs are more like the scolding of an 
 old woman than the writings of a statesman ; the latter a less 
 violent but an equally imprudent man. With them were 
 associated three soldiers of the old army of Essex, who could 
 not conceal their jealous spite against the New Model ; 
 although one of them commanded a regiment in it when it 
 was first formed. These were Sir William Waller, General 
 Massey, and Colonel Harley. A narrow-minded but very 
 clever lawyer, Glynn, the Recorder of London, also followed 
 the lead of HoUes and Stapleton; and five other politicians. Sir 
 John Clotworthy, Sir William Lewis,^ Sir John Mayna.rd,' 
 Anthony McoU,* and Walter Long, were busy members of the 
 party. Long appears to have been their whipper-in. 
 
 These politicians had succeeded in establishing Presby- 
 terianism throughout England by law, to the exclusion of all 
 other forms of worship ; and they now proceeded to attempt 
 the disbanding of the army with contumely and injustice, 
 which they found a somewhat more difficult matter. It was 
 resolved that eleven regiments should be sent to Ireland,* a 
 few retained for home service,^ and the rest disbanded ; and 
 a Commission, consisting of Sir William Waller and Sir John 
 Clotworthy, was sent to head-quarters at Saffron Walden, to 
 confer with the ofilcers and arrange the details. The two 
 Commissioners arrived on March 20, 1647, and Sir Thomas 
 Fairfax called a convention of officers to meet them in the 
 church on the following day. They naturally met with a 
 strong spirit of resistance. The officers demanded full infor- 
 mation as to the settlement of arrears, and the guarantees 
 
 ' For a notice of Stapleton see a note at p. 45. . 
 
 2 Sir William Lewis, Bart., of Llangorse, co. Brecon, was M.P. for Petersfield. 
 
 » Not the lawyer, but a brother of Lord Maynard. 
 
 ' This NicoU afterwards, in 1654, tendered his devoted services to his Highness 
 the Protector. Thurloe, iii. p. 227. 
 
 « 12,600 men. 
 
 « The home establishment was to have consisted of 5,400 horse, 1,000 dragoons, 
 and no foot except for garrison duty. 
 
1647.] THE COMMONS INSULT TEH ABIIY. 279 
 
 for payment. Waller and Clotworthy tlien took their leave, 
 but not before they had had some gossip with the men, and 
 had found out that a petition was in course of signature, 
 for presentation to the general. Sir Thomas had not heard 
 of it when they told him, or more probably he did not choose 
 to listen to their tale-bearing. 
 
 They came back to Westminster with an alarming story 
 about the petition, and the Speaker was ordered to write 
 to the general to prevent its presentation. But these in- 
 capable politicians would not stop there. They proceeded to 
 insult the army bypassing a vote which declared that the 
 petitioners were enemies of the State, and disturbers of the 
 peace. Holies declared that for an army to petition, when 
 their superiors required any duty to be performed, was 
 mutiny, and that the authors were punishable by death.' 
 Very late on the night of March 29 he and his friends 
 moved the declaration against the petition, Holies rapidly 
 writing out the motion on his knees,^ and thus this unwise 
 measure was forced through a very thin House. Waller 
 acknowledges these circumstances, but urges that the fault 
 was not in the lateness of the hour, but in members having 
 gone to bed too soon.^ Be this how it may, the unjust 
 reflection on the army caused the most violent indignation 
 among the soldiers, and it was unfortunately the interest of 
 many of their officers to keep this feeling alive. 
 
 The petition to the general, about which there had been 
 all this unnecessary discussion, simply prayed for payment 
 of arrears, indemnity for acts done during the war, freedom 
 from forced service, and provision for widows and wounded. 
 
 On April 2 General Skippon was appointed to command 
 the army destined for Ireland, with the title of field-marshal, 
 and Massey was to be his lieutenant-general; and on the 
 13th a second parliamentary Commission, consisting of the 
 Earl of Warwick— a very popular nobleman with a persuasive 
 address— Sir William Waller, Sir John Clotworthy, and 
 General Massey, was sent to head-quarters. 
 On April 17 the Earl of Warwick addressed about 200 
 ' Memoirs, p. 77. ' Ludlow. » Vindication, p. 63. 
 
280 LIFE OF TRE GBEAT LOBD FAIBFAX. [ch. xxiv. 
 
 officers in the clmrcli at Saffron Walden, urging them to 
 encoui'age the men to volunteer for service in Ireland. 
 Lambert, who was the spokesman for his brother officers, 
 replied by again asking what security there was for the 
 payment of arrears, and what indemnity for past acts. The 
 Commissioners could only reply that no provision had yet 
 been made for settling the claims of those gallant fellows 
 who had braved so many dangers for their country; but 
 Fairfax assured the Commission that he would express a 
 wish that the officers should volunteer for Ireland. Waller 
 then signified to the general that he should not express 
 desires, but commands ; and Fairfax replied that the language 
 was the same he had ever used to his own officers, and which, 
 upon aU occasions, had found a ready obedience.' If the 
 result was different on this occasion, it would be the fault of 
 the Parliament, not of the general. 
 
 Sir Thomas Fairfax, who had been tasked far beyond his 
 strength, was suffering from a severe attack of ague. He 
 had had a few days' rest in the end of March, at the seat "of 
 his mother-in-law the Lady Vere, at Kirby; ^ but on April 21 
 he was obliged to go up to London for medical advice.^ 
 Cromwell, Ireton, Fleetwood, and Eainsborough, who had 
 seats in the House, were also at Westminster, and many 
 other officers were on leave. 
 
 On May 21 the general returned to his onerous duties at 
 head-quarters. Eushworth, his zealous secretary, wrote to 
 old Lord Fairfax that ' were it not for the good of the 
 kingdom, were he as the general, he would scorn to hold the 
 command an hour longer ; but truly the general's patience is 
 great ; yet he wishes he had a fair opportunity of giving it 
 over.'^ At this time Sir Thomas was most anxious to 
 resign the command of the army, and he only retained it in 
 consequence of the earnest solicitations of friends.* It was 
 
 ' Vindication, p. 86. ' Near Castle Hedingham, in Essex. 
 
 ' ' Sir Thomas Fairfax came to London upon pretence of taking physic, that the 
 soldiers might he left to themselves to run up to extremes,' says spiteful Denzil. 
 Memoirs, -p. 84. 
 
 * May 18, 1647. By this time old Lord Fairfax had gone home to Denton. 
 
 » iShort Memorial, p. 105. 
 
1647.] TEE ABMY REFUSES TO BE DISBANDED. 281 
 
 well known that he was perfectly honest and single-minded, 
 and that personally the soldiers were devoted to him. His 
 resignation would have been a national calamity. 
 
 Cromwell and his son-in-law had made such strong pro- 
 testations of their zeal for the Parliament, and of their 
 desire that the army should show due subordination,, that 
 they were actually appointed as Commissioners, with Skippon 
 as a colleague, to communicate to the officers the votes of 
 the House for auditing the arrears and passing a bill of 
 indemnity. But it was no intention of these military poli- 
 ticians to allay 4he discontent of their comrades ; and the 
 answer of the officers was, that the men would not be dis- 
 banded without payment of arrears, and that satisfaction 
 must be given them for the insulting declaration passed by 
 Holies and his party. 
 
 Meanwhile the House of Commons voted that the regi- 
 ments should be disbanded forthwith at their different 
 quarters, commencing with that of the general, which was 
 to march to Chelmsford for that purpose on the 25th, and 
 receive two months' pay.' On May 28 the general removed 
 the head-quarters of the army to Bury St. Edmunds, and 
 called a meeting of all his officers, to whom he com- 
 municated the votes of the House. There were about 
 200 officers present on this occasion, and nearly the whole 
 body^ declared that, as fifty-six weeks of arrears were 
 due, it was no satisfaction to the soldiers to offer them eight 
 weeks, that no security was given for eventual payment, and 
 that the men required redress for having been declared 
 public enemies. The soldiers had elected two men from 
 each regiment to represent their interests, whom they called 
 adjutators or agitators, and these men, at the same time, 
 presented a petition to the general, praying hun to appoint 
 a rendezvous of the army, where the soldiers might declare 
 their grievances. The officers expressed an opinion that 
 their men were likely to refuse to obey orders unless their 
 
 ' Whitelock tells us tlint he urged upon Holies and his party the impolicy of 
 these riolent measures, but in vain. 
 ' There were five dissentients. 
 
282 LIFE OF THE GBFAT LOBD FAIBFAX. [ch. xxiy. 
 
 request was granted, and Fairfax had no alternative but 
 compliance. It was from no want of judgment or fault on 
 his part that the army had been brought into this state. It 
 was due solely to the folly and injustice of the majority in 
 the House of Commons. 
 
 He could not obey the orders of the House with reference 
 to disbanding, but he resolved to make an earnest appeal to 
 the common sense of members, and on May 30 he addressed 
 a letter to the Speaker with this object. ' I entreat you,' he 
 wrote, 'that there may be ways in love and composure 
 thought upon. I shall do my endeavours, though I am 
 forced to yield to something out of order, to keep the army 
 from disorder. I desire you to take some speedy resolution 
 for the composure of things; for the effecting whereof I 
 should be content to be a sacrifice, as the last service you can 
 have from me.' • 
 
 The general, having yielded to the prayer of the adjutators, 
 appointed a rendezvous of the army to be held near Kenford, 
 about six miles from Bury. Here seven regiments of foot 
 and six of horse were drawn up on June 4, and when Sir 
 Thomas Fairfax appeared on the ground he was received 
 with loud cheers and acclamations. His personal influence 
 was as firm as ever. The soldiers had followed him in many 
 a weary march, and into the thick of many a deadly fight, 
 and would again follow whithersoever he chose to lead. But 
 these men were not ordinary soldiers. They were citizens who 
 had taken up arms in a great cause, and who could think and 
 act for themselves, and they would be persuaded by no man, 
 not even by their beloved commander, to submit to insult 
 and injustice. Fairfax went to each regiment separately, 
 and addressed the men with judgment and moderation, 
 while every regiment cheered him loudly as he concluded his 
 speech. But the men remained unsatisfied. They represented 
 that eight weeks' arrears were a very mean reward for all 
 their labours, hardships, and hazards, and a very slender 
 supply to carry them to their homes, and set them up again 
 in their trades and callings. They were convinced, moreover, 
 ' Caiy, i. p. 217. Original among the Tanner MSS. 
 
1647.] SEIZURE OF THE KING. 283 
 
 tliat the leaders of the parliamentary majority were their 
 mortal enemies, and, in short, they had resolved to measure 
 strength with them. The general passed nearly the whole 
 night personally superintending the provision of quarters for 
 the army, and did not go to bed himself, but rested for a 
 few hours in his clothes, at a house in Kenford.' 
 
 While Fairfax was fruitlessly labouring to reconcile the 
 army with the Parliament, Cromwell and Ireton, fearing 
 that Holies and his party intended to bring the King up to 
 London, and make a separate treaty with him, planned an 
 audacious countef move. On the very day of the rendezvous, 
 Cornet Joyce, with a party of horse, appeared suddenly at 
 Holdenby House, and carried off the person of the King. 
 Charles passed two days at Colonel Montague's house at 
 Hinchinbrook, and was then taken on to the house of Sir 
 John Cutts at Childersey, near Cambridge. The moment 
 this news reached the general, he despatched Colonel 
 Whalley with two regiments to intercept Joyce, and convey 
 the King back to Holdenby ; but Charles positively refused 
 to return, and declared his resolution to remain in the hands 
 of the army. It is quite certain that Tairfax had no 
 previous knowledge of this seizure of the King ; and when 
 he attempted to call Joyce to account, he found that the 
 council of officers would not act with him, and that the 
 general feeling in the army was in favour of the insubordi- 
 nate cornet. This state of things was entirely due to the 
 unwisdom of the politicians at Westminster, and Fairfax 
 could no longer check or control, but could only strive to 
 guide and moderate, the demands of the army.^ 
 
 The House of Commons, when it was too late, became 
 
 ' Eushworth. 
 
 ^ Waller says : ' For the General (who was hut too innocent), I am clearly of 
 opinion that he was a stranger to this design.' Vindication, p. 128. 
 
 Fairfax himself tells us that when Colonel Whalley desired that the King would 
 return to Holdenby, his Majesty refused, and said positively he would not go back ; 
 so the colonel pressed him no further, as Fairfax had given him special directions 
 to use all tenderness and respect. The general then called for a council of war 
 to proceed against Joyce for this breach of the articles of war; but theoflScers, 
 &om fear of the distempered soldiers, or from a secret allowance of what had been 
 done, made all his endearours ineffectual.' Short Memorial, p. 116. 
 
284 LIFE OF THE GBEAT LOBD FAIRFAX, [ch. xxit. 
 
 alarmed, and began to make concessions wliicli only served 
 to sliow its weakness without conciliating tlie offended 
 soldiery. On June 3 and 5 votes were passed for auditing 
 the army accounts, for paying all arrears, for devoting ^10,000 
 to the satisfaction of present necessities, and for erasing the 
 declaration against the army out of the journals of the House. 
 A new Commission, consisting of the Earl of Nottingham,^ 
 Lord Delaware,^ Sir Harry Vane, Field-marshal Skippon, 
 and two other members, was sent down to announce these 
 conciliatory votes ; and it was arranged that this should be 
 done at a grand rendezvous of the army on Triplow Heath, 
 near Cambridge. 
 
 Charles remained at the house of Sir John Cutts for a 
 few days, where the general visited him on the 7 th. The 
 interview took place in Lady Cutts's garden. Fairfax kissed 
 the King's hand, expressed a desire to be of service to him, 
 and urged him to return to Holdenby with the parliamentary 
 Commissioners, but Charles positively refused ; and when the 
 general took his leave, he said to him, ' Sir, I have as good 
 interest in the army as you.' ' By which,' says Fairfax, ' I 
 plainly saw the broken reed he leaned on.'^ On the 8th the 
 King was removed to Newmarket at his own request, and 
 Fairfax took care that he should be treated with all possible 
 indulgence consistent with safe custody. On the same day 
 the general's quarters were at Cambridge. 
 
 The army was drawn up on Triplow Heath on June 10, 
 and formed a very gallant body of horse, foot, and artillery. 
 The general, accompanied by the Commissioners, first rode 
 along the line, and then the votes of the House were read 
 to the general's own regiment. An officer replied that his 
 comrades desired that an answer might be returned after 
 perusal of the votes by selected officers and adjutators. On 
 
 ■ Sir Charles Howard, third Earl of Nottingham, was a son of the great admiral, 
 and first cousin of Sir Thomas Fairfax's mother. He died childless in 1681, when 
 the earldom became extinct. 
 
 2 Henry West, fifth Lord Delaware, was grandson of the lord who was governor 
 of Virginia. He was quite a young man, only just of age, when he came down to 
 Triplow Heath, but lived until 1687. 
 
 ^ Mr. Hallam remarks on this that Fairfax had for once found a man less dis- 
 cerning of the times than himself. Const. Hist,, ii. p. 284 (note). 
 
1647.] DIFFICULTIES OF THE GENERAL. 285 
 
 being asked whether the whole regiment agreed to this, 
 there was a general cry of ' All ! all ! ' and ' Justice ! justice ! ' 
 The other regiments made the same answer. This was very 
 ominous. A storm had been raised which could not easily 
 be allayed ; and, in all matters relating to their differences 
 with the Parliament, the army was no longer under the 
 control of its general.' 
 
 It would be impossible to exaggerate the difficulty of the 
 position in which Sir Thomas Fairfax was thus placed. A 
 consummate general, a cultivated gentleman, the very soul of 
 honour and strai^tforward dealing, he yet had no talent for 
 politics. The wordy contention and finesse of a statesman's 
 life were distasteful to him, and to engage in any intrigue or 
 in any business which was not open as noonday was to him 
 an impossibility. In the posture which affairs had assumed 
 after the Triplow Heath rendezvous, every mere personal 
 consideration would have led him to resign his commission 
 at once. He strongly disapproved of any attempt on the part 
 of the army to dictate to the House of Commons. At the 
 same time he was naturally indignant at the injustice and 
 contumely with which Holies and his party had attempted 
 to treat the gallant fellows whom he had so often led to 
 victory. Had he simply consulted his own ease, or his fame 
 in the eyes of the world, he would have retired. But Fairfax 
 was a man who had, through life, followed whither his sense 
 of duty had called him, regardless alike of his personal 
 interest and of the world's opinion. In this he was a true 
 Englishman of the best type. He had drawn his sword in 
 defence of his country's liberties, had fought a good fight, 
 and had been victorious. It now remained for politicans to 
 complete the work. If they so mismanaged affairs as to pro- 
 duce mutiny in his army, to make his soldiers uncontrollable, 
 and to allow his officers to negotiate with them on affairs of 
 state, as equals, let them see to it. His duty appeared to 
 Tiim to be clear. He would not desert his post, though sorely 
 tempted to do so. He would continue to command, so far as 
 
 ' At this time the soldiers refused to be called common soldiers, and insisted on 
 the title of private soldiers ; and this is, I belieTe, the origin of that term. 
 
286 LIFE OF THE GBFAT LORD FAIRFAX, [oh. xxiv. 
 
 was possible, in strictly military matters, and would do tis 
 utmost to prevent collisions, and to further the public service 
 — thankless *nd distasteful work, but it was his duty, and he 
 would not shrink from it. At the same time he resolved to 
 abstain from participation in the political interferences of 
 the army ; and he acted upon this resolution until the break- 
 ing out of the insurrection in the following year.' 
 
 During the next ten months the State papers signed by all 
 the field officers, and with the general's name attached, were 
 documents which he had never signed, and of which he 
 disapproved. Of course this statement does not apply to 
 letters or petitions on purely military subjects.^ But the 
 political acts of the army in that interval, apart from strictly 
 military administration, were done in defiance of the 
 general. It was hard to retain his post under such circum- 
 stances. Yet no man can accuse Fairfax of personal or 
 interested motives. The course he adopted, whether wisely 
 or unwisely, was the one which appeared to him to be best 
 calculated to further the public service, and he sacrificed his 
 own inclinations for what he believed to be his duty. 
 
 On the very day after the rendezvous on Triplow Heath the 
 army advanced to St. Albans; and before they marched 
 Cromwell wrote a letter to the Lord Mayor in great haste, 
 and in his worst style, to which the general's name was 
 
 ' He tells us that, ' from the time they declared their usurped authority at 
 Triplow Heath, I never gave my free consent to anything they did. But being 
 yet undischarged of my place, they set my name in way of course to all their 
 papers, whether I consented or not, and to such failings are all authorities sub- 
 ject.' Short Memorial, p. 125. This statement is made by Fairfax without any 
 qualification, both in the foul and fair manuscript copies of his memorial. These 
 copies are preserved at Leeds Castle, and are in the general's own handwriting. 
 But he never intended the memorial for publication, and he had never given it 
 any final corrections. Had he prepared it for the press he would, we cannot 
 doubt, have given the dates within which the above statement is applicable. 
 After the siege of Colchester, Fairfax certainly did consent to the presentation of 
 the army's Large Eemonstrance, and to the publication of the subsequent Declara- 
 tion, when he marched to London. Brodie suggests that the passage is an inter- 
 polation, but this is not so. It is simply a hastily-written, uncorrected sentence, 
 without the required qualification which it would certainly have received if it had 
 been published under the author's own eye. 
 
 2 For instance, on the very day that the officers put his name to a political 
 manifesto addressed to the Lord Mayor (June 11, 1647), the general wrote to the 
 Speaker, urging the payment of his men. He said, ' It is very well known how 
 
1647.] TEE BEOLABATION OF THE ARMY. 287 
 
 attached, and which was signed by Cromwell and Hammond 
 and eight colonels.' In this letter Cromwell openly claimed 
 for the army an equal right with the Parliament to settle 
 the government of the country. He says, ' We have as much 
 right to demand a happy settlement as we have to our 
 money ; ' and adds that, to attain its desires, the army is 
 approaching near the City, and that if the citizens take up 
 arms in hindrance of the just undertakings of the army they 
 must take the consequences.^ The Lord Mayor and alder- 
 men sent a somewhat defiant answer from Guildhall. 
 
 Fairfax remained with his head-quarters at St. Albans from 
 June 11 to 25, 'in tolerable health,' his secretary says, 
 'but overtoiled with business.'* A very able State paper 
 was drawn up at St. Albans, probably by Ireton, assisted by 
 Lambert, who had been brought up as a lawyer, and by 
 Harry Marten. It professed to be a declaration of what had 
 hindered the disbanding of the army, but also claimed a right 
 to a voice in settling the kingdom. Then follows a fine 
 passage. 'We are not a mere mercenary army hired to 
 serve any arbitrary power, but called forth to the defence of 
 our own and the people's just rights and liberties ; and so 
 we took up arms in justice and conscience to those ends, 
 and have so continued.' This declaration contained eight 
 demands: namely, that corrupt members be removed; that 
 such members as are enemies to the army be disabled; that a 
 time be fixed for the dissolution of the Parliament; that future 
 Parliaments be not dissolved at the King's pleasure; that the 
 right of petitioning be allowed; that the arbitrary powers of 
 
 long the soldiers have been without pay, and how can it be expected that either I 
 or my officers should have that influence upon them that is meet, considering the 
 straits they are put into for want of pay ? The private soldier is not ignorant that 
 you have money hy you, and certainly the knowledge of that doth not a little 
 heighten them in their discontents.' Tanner MSS., printed in Cary, i p. 228. 
 
 ' None of Fairfax's specially selected officers signed this document, except 
 Lambert. The names of Butler, Grraves, Fortescue, Pye, Sheffield, Huntington, 
 Eossiter, Montague, and Herbert, are absent. These men deserted their old general 
 in his great need, and many of them threw up their commissions. In their places 
 we find relations of Cromwell, such as Hammond, Desborough, and Ireton ; and 
 fanatics like Harrison, Rainsborough, Lilburne, Rich, and Pride. 
 
 ' Carlyle has no doubt that Cromwell drafted this letter. 
 
 ' Letters to the old Lord of June 15 and 25. 
 
288 LIFE OF THE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. xxiv. 
 
 committees of counties be withdrawn ; that an account be 
 given of the expenditure of public money ; and that, after a 
 few examples hare been taade, there be an act of oblivion. 
 
 The name of Fairfax was put to this document without his 
 consent, and it was signed by Cromwell and all the colonels. 
 The council of officers now acted against the advice of their 
 general, and conducted their correspondence with the 
 Parliament without his sanction. A strong sense of duty 
 alone could have induced him to retain the command under 
 such circumstances. But he stUl possessed that amount of 
 influence which the personal attachment of all ranks, and 
 their absolute confidence in his military talent, necessarily 
 gave him. The prudent use of this influence as occasion 
 offered, and the mere presence of a man in whose honour and 
 patriotism all parties had unbounded trust, at the head of 
 the array, was a great public advantage. 
 
 The counsels of the officers were mainly guided by the 
 genius of Cromwell, and the great ability of Ireton both as 
 an adviser and a penman. It appeared to these military 
 statesmen that, as Holies and the Presbyterians only com- 
 manded a bare majority, the objects of the army would be 
 gained by preferring charges against the heads of the party, 
 which would lead to at least a temporary suspension of their 
 sitting in the House, and consequently of their powers of 
 mischief. Accordingly a general charge against the eleven 
 leading members of the Presbyterian party was presented to 
 the House of Commons on June 16, with an announcement 
 that specific charges were in course of preparation, and a 
 demand that in the meanwhile the accused should be sus- 
 pended. Little notice was taken of this letter, so on the 
 24th another was presented, containing a distinct threat that 
 unless the eleven members were suspended from sitting in 
 the House the army would put things to a speedy issue. 
 Fairfax moved his head-quarters to Berkhampstead on the 
 25th, and to Uxbridge on the 26th, and on the latter day 
 Denzil Holies and his friends consented to absent themselves 
 from the House, at the same time demanding a speedy trial. 
 
 On July 6 the specific charges against the eleven members 
 
1G47.] 0HABGE8 AGAINST THE ELEVEN MEMBERS. 289 
 
 were presented at the bar of tlie House by a number of 
 officers, with Colonel Adrian Scroop as spokesman. Some 
 of the charges were general, others referred to the conduct 
 of one of the eleven members, or of two or three together. 
 There were twenty-five charges. All the eleven were accused 
 of secret correspondence with the Queen, with a view to 
 making their own terms ; of inviting the Scots to invade 
 England, and assist them in their designs ; and of injustice to 
 the army. Holies and Stapleton were specially accused of 
 treacherous communications with the enemy ; -Clotworthy of 
 embezzling publw money ; Glynn of taking bribes ; McoU of 
 having been unduly elected ; and Long of standing at the 
 door of the House and interfering with the freedom of 
 members, so that he was commonly called 'the Parliament 
 driver.' He appears in short to have been the whipper-in of 
 the Presbyterian party. 
 
 On July 10 the charges were read, and on the 19th the 
 impeached members delivered their answer, which was for 
 the most part a flat denial of the truth of the accusations ; 
 and Mr. Long did not neglect the obvious rejoinder that the 
 army deserved the name of Parliament driver much more 
 than he did. They, however, offered to absent themselves 
 from the House for six months, after which time, ' when the 
 great and weighty affairs tending to a settlement of the 
 kingdom were arranged,' they demanded a trial. 
 
 The council of officers had no desire to push matters to 
 extremities against their opponents, and this voluntary 
 retirement effected their object, which was to gain such a 
 majority in the House as would give some prospect of a final 
 settlement of the questions to be considered. 
 
 Meanwhile the Parliament had consented to treat with the 
 army on the settlement of the kingdom as equals, and Com- 
 missioners were appointed on both sides. This was a great 
 relief to Sir Thomas Fairfax. His council of officers was 
 now recognised by the Parliament as a body entitled to 
 discuss political questions, and he was relieved of further 
 responsibility, and left to attend to his duties as commander- 
 in-chief which were quite sufficient to occupy his whole 
 
 u 
 
290 LIFE OF THE GREAT LOBD FAIRFAX, [ch. xxit. 
 
 time. He nominated Ireton, Sir Hardress Waller, Kicli, 
 Lambert, and Desborongli, as tlie army Commissioners, 
 witli Mr. Eusbwortli's assistant, William Clarke, as 
 their secretary. The parliamentary Commissioners were 
 the Earl of Nottingham, Lord Wharton,' Field-marshal 
 Skippon, Sir Harry Vane, Sir Thomas Widdrington,^ Colonel 
 White, Mr. Scawen, and Mr. Povey, with George Pyke as 
 their secretary. On June 29 Fairfax moved his head- 
 quarters from Uxbridge to Wycombe ; and, after the forms 
 of proceeding had been amicably arranged, the Commis- 
 sioners had their first meeting there, in the Catherine Wheel 
 inn, on July 2. Next day the general again moved to Read- 
 ing, and the Commissioners continued their labours on the 
 5th and succeeding days. Mr. Eushworth wrote from 
 Uxbridge to the old lord, that ' the general hath had a hard 
 game to play, in managing a matter so much out of method 
 and rule.' 
 
 One of the happy results of the seizure of Charles at 
 Holdenby House was a great improvement in his condition. 
 The Parliament had deprived him of access to his friends and 
 chaplains, and refused even to allow him to see his children. 
 But Fairfax was too generous and magnanimous to tolerate 
 such unnecessary harshness. The King was at Newmarket 
 while the army remained at St, Albans; but when head- 
 quarters were removed to Wycombe, Charles became the 
 guest of the Earl of Salisbury at Hatfield, and by Fairfax's 
 order his favourite chaplains, Drs. Sheldon and Hammond, 
 and his friend the Duke of Eichmond, were admitted to live 
 with him. 
 
 The general also insisted upon the royal prisoner being 
 allowed to see his children. On July 8 he thus wrote to the 
 Speaker from Eeading : — ' I conceive that to avoid all harsh- 
 ness, and afford all kind usage to his Majesty's person, is the 
 most Christian, honourable, and prudent course. I further 
 
 ' Philip, fourth Baron Wharton, was born in 1613, and died in 1696. His 
 
 mother was Lady Frances Clifford, daughter of the Earl of Cumberland. Lord 
 
 Wharlon was a hard-working politician, a staunch Parliament man, and a groat 
 friend of Cromwell. ' Fairfax's brother-in-law. 
 
1647.] FAIRFAX'S KINDNFSS TO THE KINO. 291 
 
 think that tender, equitable, and moderate dealing, Isoth 
 towards his Majesty, his royal family, and his late party, 
 is the most hopeful course to take away future feuds amongst 
 ourselves and our posterity, and to procure a lasting peace 
 and agreement in this now distracted nation. I find this to 
 be the clear sense of the generality, or at least of the most 
 considerable part, of the army." 
 
 In consequence of Sir Thomas Fairfax's authoritative 
 intercession, the royal children left St. James's in charge of 
 the Earl of Northumberland,^ to meet their father at Maiden- 
 head, on July tS. They arrived at ten in the forenoon, the 
 people strewing boughs and flowers before them, and, after 
 dining at the Greyhound inn, went with the King to Lord 
 Craven's seat at Cavesham, and stayed with him for two 
 days before returning to London. Two troops of Whalley's 
 horse guarded the royal party. The general also insisted 
 upon Charles's friends having free access to him. Such 
 permission was granted to Lord Capel, and to the Earl of 
 Ormond, who had lately arrived in England, after surrender- 
 ing Dublin to the Parliament. Eoyalists arrived from abroad, 
 ■who were allowed to live with the King, and act as his agents. 
 Such were Sir John Berkeley, who had been governor of 
 Exeter, Mr. Asbburnham, and Captain Legge. Everything 
 that Fairfax could do, was done, to render Charles's position 
 as comfortable as possible, and to facilitate his means of 
 obtaining advice and assistance in negotiating with the 
 victorious party. 
 
 While the head-quarters were at Eeading the Elector 
 Palatine, Eupert's eldest brother, dined with the general, and 
 received a salute of twenty-one guns. This German Prince 
 was waiting upon events, in the expectation of being wanted as 
 a constitutional king. He was ready for any baseness — any 
 change of religion or principle — so long as he could get two 
 chickens for his dinner instead of one, as his uilcle Charles 
 pointedly put it. Meanwhile he had a pension of £8,000 a 
 
 ' Eushworth, vi. p. 610. 
 
 ' They had been, for a short time previously, under the care of Lady Vere, the 
 general's mother-in-law. 
 
 u 2 
 
292 LIFE OF THE GBBAT LOBD FAIRFAX, [ch. xxiT. 
 
 year from the Parliament, and lodgings in Whiteliall. But an 
 article of this kind was not then in demand. When it was 
 wanted, sixty-seven years afterwards, it was easily found in 
 the person of this man's nephew, George I. 
 
 Sir Thomas Fairfax had his wife and little daughter 
 Moll with him at Reading ;' but on the 20th the head-quar- 
 ters were removed to Aylesbury, and on the 24th to Bedford, 
 while the King became the guest of the Earl of Bedford at 
 Woburn Abbey. The army and parliamentary commis- 
 sioners had been working hard, and Major Huntington^ was 
 employed to submit the proposals of the army for the settle- 
 ment of the kingdom to Charles at Woburn. These pro- 
 posals were very moderate, and the army commissioners 
 debated the whole subject with the King, and even struc 
 out several things that he disliked. 
 
 It appears that episcopacy was not only to be tolerated, 
 but to be the religion of the State, so long as bishops had 
 no coercive powers, and the other provisions were only such 
 as we have now long enjoyed. Had Charles accepted them 
 honourably and unreservedly, he would have been restored to 
 the throne as a constitutional king. But honour and truth 
 were unknown to him. At that very moment he was in- 
 triguing with the Scots through Lauderdale, and with the 
 Presbyterians in London, and he had intelligence that the 
 latter were on the point of an outbreak which he thought 
 might be successful. He therefore contemptuously rejected 
 the proposal of the army, and treated the officers with such 
 haughtiness that his own agent, Berkeley, remonstrated at 
 his folly and intemperance. 
 
 Yes ; Holies and his hot-headed friends did not yet under- 
 stand their position. They were about again to measure 
 swords with the army, with what result we shall see in the 
 next chapter. 
 
 ' Letter to the old lord, dated from Eeading, July 1 8. 
 ^ Thurloe. State Papers. 
 
1G47.] TUMULT AT WESTMINSTER. 293 
 
 CHAPTEE XXV. 
 
 THE PAELIAMEITT AND THE AKMT (continued) DEATH OP 
 
 FBEDINANDO, SECOND LOED PAIEPAX. 
 
 The eleven statesmen of the Presbyterian party had bowed 
 to the storm by pretending to consent to retire from the 
 House for six months ; but, far from intending to do any- 
 thing of the kind, they at once began to arrange with their 
 friends in the City to attempt an open and armed resistance 
 to the army and its Independent allies in Parliament. After 
 their retirement their tools had been removed from the com- 
 mand of the City militia, which had been placed under 
 Independents. This was the pretext for violence. As soon 
 as the House met on Monday July 26, the Common Council 
 came with a petition for the militia to be replaced in the 
 hands of the Presbyterians. Both Lords and Commons 
 replied that they would adhere to their former decision. Then 
 a mob of apprentices, disbanded soldiers, and watermen, 
 surrounded the Houses, and began throwing stones in at the 
 windows. They broke into the House of Lords, cried out 
 that they would call the Earl of Manchester to account, and 
 frightened their Lorships into recalling their vote about the 
 militia. Then, at about two in the afternoon, they forced 
 their way into the House of Commons. Message after 
 message was sent to the Lord Mayor for protection, but no 
 help came. Clearly the assertion of Holies and his friends 
 that this was an undesigned movement was false. The 
 apprentice-lads were obeying orders from their masters, who 
 were the tools of HoUes and Stapleton. The rioters declared 
 that the members should not stir out of the House until they 
 had voted a repeal of the militia ordinance. About fifty 
 noisy lads were actually within the doors and a thousand 
 
294 LIFE OF THE GMFAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. xx?. 
 
 more crowded in tlie passages. Ludlow, and some other 
 members, drew their swords and kept the mob out for a time, 
 but soon the foremost were forced in by those behind. At 
 first the House was firm, but after the supper hour, as the 
 mob still kept the door and cried ' Vote ! vote ! ' the majority 
 yielded to violence and hunger, and rescinded their militia 
 ordinance. They were then allowed to go home, when it was 
 nearly nine at night. 
 
 Open and brutal violence had thus been put upon both 
 Houses, and, Westminster was no longer safe. The Earl of 
 Manchester, whopresided in the House of Lords, and Lenthall, 
 the Speaker of the Commons, resolved to take refuge at the 
 head-quarters of Sir Thomas Fairfax. They were followed 
 by fourteen Peers, and about a hundred Commoners, includ- 
 ing Sir Harry Yane, Ludlow, St. John, and Hazelrig ; and 
 soon afterwards the Serjeant of the House, to the inex- 
 pressible relief of Speaker Lenthall, arrived at head-quarters 
 with the mace. 
 
 The Houses may be said to have adjourned to the army. 
 Those who remained at Westminster in no sense composed 
 a House of Commons ; but HoUes and his friends immediately 
 resumed their seats, in spite of their engagement to absent 
 themselves for six months, and a certain Mr. Pelham was 
 voted into the chair. Preparations were then commenced in 
 the City to raise troops and resist the advance of the army. 
 The Lord Mayor and aldermen appointed General Massey as 
 their commander-in-chief and Sir William Waller as general 
 of horse ; and aU reformados, as unattached officers and 
 soldiers were called, were invited to muster in St. James's 
 fields. Colonel General Poyntz, whom Fairfax had found it 
 necessary to supersede in Yorkshire by Lambert,' was also 
 active in promoting the sedition. This General Poyntz was 
 a man of violent temper. He had caused a mutiny in York 
 by his tyranny ; and when the people of Southwark came to 
 the Guildhall unarmed, to petition the Lord Mayor not to 
 enter upon a second war, Poyntz rushed in amongst them and 
 hacked and hewed them savagely with his sword. The men 
 
 ' Tanner MSS., vol. Ivi. p. 1. 
 
1647.] BJEVIEW ON EOUNSLOW BEATS. 295 
 
 of this party were unequal to the occasion; and neither 
 Holies and Stapleton as politicians, nor Massey and Waller 
 as soldiers, were capable of conducting a great movement. 
 London was simply in a. state of anarchy until the army 
 should arrive. 
 
 The duty of Sir Thomas Fairfax was quite clear. The 
 members of both Houses of Parliament had appealed to him 
 for protection, and he had no hesitation as to the course that 
 he should take. He resolved to assemble his army, march to 
 Westminster with the members, see them again seated in 
 their places, and ensure to them free deliberation and pro- 
 tection from violence in future, so long as he retained his 
 power. 
 
 On August 2 the general fixed his head-quarters at Mr. 
 Wilson's house near the bridge at Colnebrook, and the King 
 removed to Stoke Poges, near Windsor. Fairfax issued a 
 declaration of the reasons for his march to London, and a 
 grand rendezvous of the army was fixed to take place on 
 Hounslow Heath on the 3rd. Accordingly the whole force 
 was drawn up there, in a line extending for a mile and a 
 half, and numbering 20,000 horse and foot, with a train of 
 artillery. It was a grand sight, and when the general 
 appeared at the end of the line at about noon, a deafening 
 cheer resounded over the heath. Sir Thomas was attended 
 by such a staff as no general has ever been honoured by, 
 either before or since. It was no less a body than the Lords 
 and Commons of England, headed by their Speakers. Here 
 were the Earls of Northumberland, Denbigh, Kent, Sahsbury 
 and Mulgrave, Lords Grey of Warke, Wharton, Saye, and 
 some half-dozen other Peers, Speaker Lenthall, stout old 
 Sir William Constable of Flamborough, the impetuous 
 Hazelrig, the stern incorruptible Ludlow, Harry Vane ' yet 
 young in years but in sage counsels old," and about a 
 hundred more members. As the brilliant cavalcade, headed 
 by his Excellency the general, rode along the line, it was 
 received with enthusiastic cheers and cries for a free Parlia- 
 ment. Soon afterwards the Elector Palatine came on the 
 
 ' Milton. 
 
296 LIFE OF THF GBFAT LOBD FAIRFAX, [ch. xxv. 
 
 field and was welcomed by tlie general. In the afternoon 
 the people of Southwark sent a deputation to say that they 
 were opposed to the proceedings of the City, and desired 
 protection; and Eainsborough, with a brigade of three 
 regiments, was sent over Kingston bridge to occupy the 
 Surrey suburb, which he did without opposition. That night 
 the general slept at Isleworth, and the army was quartered 
 in and about Brentford and Hammersmith. 
 
 On the 6th the general was at Hammersmith, and 
 August 6 was the day appointed for him to bring the Houses 
 back to Westminster. The Lord Mayor and aldermen had 
 already expressed abject submission and repentance, to the 
 inexpressible rage of Holies and his friends, who loudly com- 
 plained of the cowardice of the cockneys.' In the forenoon 
 Sir Thomas Fairfax met the Lords and Commons at Holland 
 House, in Kensington, where they expressed approval of his 
 march to London. A double line of soldiers three deep was 
 formed from Holland House to the line of defences by Hyde 
 Park, and at about noon the procession set out. First came 
 Colonel Hammond's regiment of foot, then Rich's horse, then 
 Cromwell's Ii-onsides, then his Excellency the general on 
 horseback, followed by his life-guards. Behind Fairfax were 
 the Lords and Commons in coaches, and Colonel Tomlinson's 
 regiment of horse brought up the rear. Every soldier had a 
 branch of laurel in his hat. The Lord Mayor and aldermen 
 met the general in Hyde Park, and humbly congratulated 
 him.^ At Charing-cross the Common Council stood in a 
 line, and bowed low as he passed ; and when he reached New 
 Palace Yard he dismounted and went into the house of Sir 
 Abraham Williams, while the Lords and Commons proceeded 
 
 ' Holies says they had eight regiments of foot, some of them 1,800, and the 
 weakest 800 strong, all well-armed, besides 6,000 horse with r./ormado officers. 
 Memoirs, p. 1 84. 
 
 ' The line of London defences, consisting of forts connected by a trench, passed 
 across Hyde Park at Tyburn road, where the Marble Arch is now. There were 
 two redoubts, one on each side of the road. The trench thence ran straight to 
 Hyde Park Corner, and thence across TothiU-fields to the river. Fairfax and his 
 procession probably passed through the strong double fort at Hyde Park Corner. 
 See a good description of the London defences by William Lithgow — ' lying Lith- 
 gow,' as he was called — in the Somers Tracts, in. p. 534. 
 
1647.] FLIGHT OF THE ELEVEN MEMBERS. 297 
 
 to their respective Houses. An ordinance was passed 
 appointing Fairfax Constable of the Tower, and later in the 
 day he was sent for, and received . the thanks of both 
 Houses, delivered by the Earl of Manchester and Speaker 
 Lenthall. At the bars both of the Lords and Commons 
 chairs were placed for him, and he was addressed sitting. 
 
 The army then marched through the City, preserving a 
 perfect state of discipline, and the general proceeded with his 
 life-guards to take formal possession of the Tower as Con- 
 stable. After inspecting the magazines, he went up into the 
 White Tower, aild remained for some time enjoying the view. 
 Then a Committee of aldermen waited upon him, and after 
 giving him an invitation to dinner, on the part of the City, 
 which he declined, their spokesman. Alderman Gibbs, an- 
 nounced that they were preparing a basin and ewer of beaten' 
 gold worth £1,000, to present to his Excellency. That 
 night Fairfax went to Lord Paulet's' house on Turnham 
 Green, where he rested with his family for two or three 
 days. 
 
 The Presbyterian leaders were for the present completely 
 checkmated. Glynn and Maynard were impeached, and sent 
 to the Tower. NicoU was under arrest at the army head- 
 quarters. Poyntz and Massey went into Holland. Denzil 
 Holies, Stapleton, Waller, Lewis, Clotworthy, and Long, fled 
 to Margate, hired a fly-boat, and put to sea. But a valiant 
 and watchful seaman, named Captain Lamming, thought 
 they looked suspicious, and determined to overhaul them. 
 He also put to sea, but a stern chase is always a long one, 
 and he did not come up with the fugitives until they were 
 within six miles of Calais. Bold Captain Lamming then 
 plied them with small shot until they hauled down their 
 sails ; and, to their great rage and indignation, brought 
 them back on board Admiral Batten's flag-ship in the Downs. 
 But the admiral reproved the Margate skipper's officiousness, 
 and dismissed the angry Parliament men. Stapleton died 
 immediately after landing at Calais, killed, as Waller de- 
 clared, by the inconveniences of the journey, and the rest 
 
 ' The Lord Paulot's eldest son had married Lady Fairfax's sister. 
 
298 LIFT) OF THE GBEAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. xxv. 
 
 went on to Mnsliing, very sad at the sudden death, of their 
 colleague.' 
 
 On August 11 the general fixed his head-quarters at 
 Kingston, and on the 24th the King was established at 
 Hampton Court, where he was treated with all possible 
 respect, allowed all reasonable liberty, and where his party 
 had free access to his presence. His children either visited 
 him there, or he went to dine with them at the Earl of 
 Northumberland's house, at Sion. On the 28th, owing to 
 the great crowds of persons assembled at Kingston to visit 
 the King, Fairfax removed his head-quarters to Putney, where 
 he remained for nearly three months. ' The house in which 
 he lived has only recently been pulled down.^ Here he was 
 visited by the Marquis of Ormond ; and the two famous 
 warriors, though they had fought on opposite sides, greeted 
 each other most cordially, and formed a friendship based on 
 mutual respect.' Fairfax received several letters from the 
 King thanking him for many acts of kindness and civility, 
 and especially for the care the general took to ensure frequent 
 interviews between Charles and his children. 
 
 But Fairfax adhered to his resolution to keep as much as 
 possible aloof from politics; and the obscure intrigues in 
 which Cromwell and Ireton actively engaged with the King's 
 agents, Ashburnham and Berkeley, have no place in a life of 
 the great general. He devoted his time to his duties as 
 commander-in-chief, and to earnest and zealous endeavours 
 to further the public service. In this he was so successful 
 that, in spite of the injustice of the Parliament and the 
 
 ' We have versions of the struggle tetween the eleven members and the army, 
 from two of their number. The Memoirs of Senzil HoUes, 1641-48, addressed to 
 Oliver St. John and Oliver Cromwell, the two Grand designers of the Euin of the 
 Three Kingdoms, dated from St. Mere Egilde, Normandy, February 14, 1648, was 
 published in 1699. It is a scurrilous, intemperate, untruthful party pamphlet. 
 The Vindication of Sir William Waller) written hy himself was published from 
 the original manuscript in 1793. See also Howell's State Trials, as well as Eush- 
 ■worth and Whiteloek. 
 
 " See Notes and Queries, ix. 452. 
 
 ' ' A month in England, and by Sir Thomas Fairfax, his leave and favour 
 almost a week near, and sometimes at Court ; yet I cannot give any probable con- 
 jecture how the present disorders will be reconciled.' Marquis of Ormond to 
 Lord Byron, Kingston, September 8, 1647. 
 
1647.] POLITICAL VIEWS OF FAIRFAX. 299 
 
 mutinous spirit engendered by tlie political intrigues of the 
 officers, he was able to report to the Speaker, early in 
 September, that 6,000 foot and 2,000 horse were ready for 
 the Irish service, provided that justice was done in the matter 
 of pay and arrears. 
 
 Yet it was not possible that the state of the country should 
 not occupy the mind of the general; and although he con- 
 sidered it to be the duty of professed statesmen, and not of 
 soldiers, to arrange the details of a settlement, he had him- 
 self formed a definite opinion on the subject. Evidence of 
 this is furnished*by a sort of rough draft for a treaty, which 
 was long preserved at Leeds Castle. From this document 
 we learn that, after taking secure guarantees for the rights 
 of Parliament and the most complete liberty of conscience, 
 the two great points in defence of which he had drawn his 
 sword, Fairfax would have restored the King to his throne, 
 and the bishops to all their former privileges. He would 
 also have stipulated for all edicts and pleadings being in the 
 English language, and for other law reforms. Had Charles 
 thrown himself unreservedly and honestly upon Fairfax and 
 his soldiers, all England would probably have rallied round 
 them, and all might have been well. But the King was so 
 perfidious — so bent upon betraying and deceiving all with 
 whom he treated, whether the army, the Parliament, or the 
 Scots — that a settlement was quite hopeless. 
 
 The intrigues of CromweU and Ireton with the King gave 
 rise to a suspicion among the soldiers that their officers 
 were about to betray them. A mutinous spirit spread from 
 regiment to regiment, which was fostered by several officers 
 who also looked with a jealous eye upon the secret negotia- 
 tions between the royalist agents and Cromwell. Early in 
 November a paper, entitled' The Case of the Whole Army,' was 
 presented to the general, who decided that there should be 
 three assemblies or rendezvous of the army, where he would 
 address the regiments, repress mutinous tendencies, and 
 restore discipline.' The first took place in Corkbush-field, 
 
 ' ' I have appointed a rendezvous, and the officers will repair to their several 
 charges and improve their utmost endeavours with the several regiments for 
 
300 LIFE OF THE GBEAT LORD FAIBFAX. [ch. xxt. 
 
 between Hertford and Ware, on Monday, November 13. Here 
 Fleetwood's, Eich's, and Twistleton's (Rossiter) regiments 
 of borse, and Hammond's and Pride's foot regiments, were 
 ordered to assemble, togetber witb Fairfax's own of borse 
 and foot. But Harrison's borse and Lilbume's foot also came 
 unbidden to tbe rendezvous, in a most mutinous spirit, witb 
 papers stuck in tbeir bats inscribed ' England's freedom and 
 soldiers' rigbts.' Tbe danger was imminent, and very prompt 
 measures of repression were evidently necessary. Fairfax 
 addressed eacb regiment separately, assuring tbem tbat tbey 
 bad been misled, and warning tbem to return to tbeir duty. 
 Probably tbere was not a man wbo bad for a moment 
 doubted tbeir bonest straigbtforward general. Tbey all 
 declared tbeir resolution to obey bim. Harrison's men, after 
 receiving a severe reproof, expressed penitence, and tore tbe 
 papers out of tbeir bats ; and it was only necessary to put a 
 few officers under arrest. But Lilbume's regiment continued 
 mutinous, and as it was to Cromwell's intrigues tbat all tbis 
 disaffection was due, tbe general ordered bim to quell tbe 
 mutiny among Lilbume's men. Tbis was not effected before 
 one soldier, named Arnold, bad been sbot at tbe bead of bis 
 regiment. Tbe otber two rendezvous, wbicb took place at 
 Kingston and Windsor, passed off quietly ; and for a time 
 order was restored in tbe army. 
 
 Meanwbile tbe King bad fled from Hampton Court, and 
 gone to tbe Isle of Wigbt, after rejecting tbe proposals of 
 tbe Parliament. Fairfax never saw bim again. Tbe Houses 
 sent four bills to tbe Isle of Wigbt for tbe King's assent, as 
 a basis for a final settlement ; but he rejected them, and at 
 last tbe Parliament voted that no more addresses should be 
 sent to him, and resolved to proceed with a settlement of the 
 kingdom without the King. The army fully eoncuiTed in 
 tbis resolution. Indeed it was clear tbat no treaty could 
 possibly be entered into witb a man so devoid of honour, 
 and so heartlessly selfish. Tbe motives for his apparently 
 
 the quieting of them, and recovering the ancient discipline of the army.' Sir T. 
 Fairfax to t!te Speaker, Putney, November 8, 1647, Tanner MSS., vol. viii., p. 
 670. 
 
1648.] FAIRFAX SAVFS THE BOUSES. 301 
 
 aimless rejection of all tlie proposals that were submitted to 
 him soon became evident. While treating with the Parlia- 
 ment at Hampton Court, he had all the time been arranging 
 another treaty with the Scots, and urging the Royalists to 
 plunge the country into a second civil war. In the Isle of 
 Wight, as soon as he had rejected tho four bills and thus 
 finally broken with the English Parliament and army, he 
 signed the Scottish treaty by which he bound himself not only 
 to make Presbyterianism the established religion, but to pro- 
 hibit episcopacy and all other forms of worship. It is, 
 therefore, absurdly false to talk of Charles as a martyr to the 
 Church of England. His aim now was to enter upon a 
 second civil war with the help of the Scots. At the very 
 time that he was urging the ill-fated Lord Capel to assemble 
 his friends and prepare for a rising, he was solemnly declar- 
 ing to Fairfax that he ' always has and does abhor any design 
 of making war against the Parliament.' 
 
 On November 20 Fairfax removed his head-quarters from 
 Putney to Windsor, and while there the council of officers 
 resolved to march to London, and expel all members from 
 the House who, in their view, obstructed a settlement of the 
 kingdom. Then it was that the importance of retaining the 
 services of Sir Thomas Fairfax became apparent. His in- 
 fluence, much strengthened by his prompt action at the 
 Ware rendezvous, was still sufiicient to prevent this revolu- 
 tionary violence. Cromwell and others urged him to sign 
 orders for marching, but he remonstrated and delayed until 
 the outbreaks occurred in Wales and Kent, and, as he says, 
 ' diverted this humour of the army from being statesmen to 
 their more proper duty as soldiers.' Thus the general saved 
 the House of Commons from violence for another year.' 
 
 On January 29, 1648, Fairfax came to his house in Queen 
 Street with an escort of his life-guards, the head-quarters 
 still remaining at Windsor, and on February 4 the Lord 
 Mayor and aldermen entertained him at a grand banquet. 
 He was also invited to dinner by his Lieutenant of the 
 
 ' Short Memorial, p. 110. 
 
302 LIFE OF THE GREAT LOBB FAIRFAX, [oh. xxt. 
 
 Tower, where lie inspected the magazines and artillery.' 
 The position of public affairs was now most critical. The 
 Scots were hostile, and were preparing to invade England. 
 The great Presbyterian party, though defeated for the 
 moment, was only watching for an opportunity to renew the 
 struggle, the Royalists were preparing to rise, and the army 
 had just been on the verge of mutiny. At last, in the spring of 
 1648, the storm burst. Cromwell was despatched in May to 
 quell an outbreak in South Wales, while the general himself 
 prepared to put down a formidable rising in Kent and Essex. 
 There was plenty of work cut out for the summer, and the 
 army would have for a time to abandon politics and return 
 to its proper duties, under its able and brilliant leader. 
 
 In March, just before the insurrection broke out, the old 
 Lord Fairfax died. After the passing of the Self-denying 
 Ordinance, he had handed over his command in Yorkshire to 
 Poyntz, and had come up to London to attend to his Par- 
 liamentary duties, living at his son's house in Queen Street. 
 Here, in the autumn of 1646, he had married his second 
 wife Ehoda, and here he had joyfully received his gallant 
 son, when he returned in triumph from his famous campaign 
 which restored peace to his country. Father and son had 
 always lived on terms of the warmest affection and most per- 
 fect confidence. The general had never neglected an oppor- 
 tunity of writing to the old lord during their separation, and 
 their short companionship in Queen Street in the winter of 
 1646 was a source of unmixed pleasure to both. They never 
 met again. Lord Fairfax and his wife returned to Yorkshire 
 in the spring of 1647, and lived at Denton. In the end of Feb- 
 ruary 1648, his second wife gave birth to a daughter, named 
 Ursula, who afterwards married Mr. Cartwright of Aynho, 
 and ten days afterwards the old lord was on the point of death. 
 It appears that he had received a blow on his foot where a 
 corn was growing, which festered and turned to a gangrene.'* 
 The accident brought on a fever, of which he died on 
 
 ' Narrative of his Excellency coming to his House at Queen Street, and his 
 Dinner in the Tower, February 2, 1648, K. P. No. 349. 
 ■' Whitelcck, ii. p. 234. 
 
1648.] DEATH OF THE SECOND LOBD FAIRFAX. 303 
 
 March 14, at Denton,' 'much lamented,' says Whitelock. Feel- 
 ing the approach of death, he drew up certain deeds and signed 
 his win, which is all in his own handwriting, having probably- 
 been prepared some time before. All the estates had been 
 entailed upon his son, but he managed to make proper pro- 
 vision for his second wife and her little girl, and left remem- 
 brances to all who were near and dear to him.^ He desired 
 to be buried by the side of his dear wife, the Lady Mary, 
 and this wish was attended to by his executors, who were 
 his sons-in-law Sir Thomas Widdrington and Mr. Arthing- 
 ton. The following is the entry in the register at Bolton 
 Percy church : — ' Fferdinando Lord Ffairfax Baron of 
 Cameron dyed att Denton March y^ 13. Brought to the 
 Parish Church of Bolton p-cie, and there buried in Brokett 
 Quire within the said church. The xOth day of y° same 
 1647.' ^ A handsome tomb was erected to the second lord's 
 memory in Bolton Percy church, with a long Latin inscription, 
 which we shall not be very far wrong in ascribing to his son 
 in-law, the erudite Sir Thomas Widdrington.'' Perdinando 
 
 ' I give the date and place from the entry in the old Family Bible, in the hand- 
 writing of his brother Charles. The parish register at Bolton Percy gives the 
 13tli as the date of his death, -which is followed by Eushworth and Whitelock, 
 who also say that he died at York (vii. p. 1030). 
 
 ' The will is dated March 12. He desired to be buried by the side of his dear 
 wife at Bolton Percy. To his son Thomas he left all plate, books, household stuffs, 
 stallions, brood mares, and foals. To his daughter-in-law. Lady Fairfax, he left 
 a jewel of gold, wherein were set one emerald, two rubies, and four little diamonds ; 
 to his grandchild Mary (she being otherwise provided for), £100 to buy a jewel 
 withal ; to all his daughters, to his brothers Henry and Charles and their children, 
 to his brother-in-law Sir William Constable, to his nephew Michael Wentworth 
 of Woolley, and his cousin Eichard Aske, :£10 apiece to buy remembrances. To 
 Lady Constable £100, to the Eev. Thomas Clapham £100, and to his servant 
 Charles Harpour £20. He conveyed the lands he had bought in Otley, Oulston,' 
 and Hartlington, to trustees, for the use of his wife during her life, and after her 
 death to be sold, and the money divided amongst his grandchildren. To his little 
 daughter Ursula £2,000. To his Aunt Brook a legacy of £20, with a request that 
 his son will be good to her, and afford as much out of the tithes at Bilbrough 
 yearly as she had been accustomed to receive. The executors were Sir Thomas 
 Widdrington, Mr. Henry Arthington, and the Eev. Thomas Clapham. 
 
 » Old style. 
 
 ' The inscription is very pompous. Lord Fairfax is called Humanitatis Eipumi- 
 cator, which smacks strongly of Widdringtonian erudition. Laborious Thomas 
 Gent of York, in his history of Eipon, gives a very quaint English version of this 
 inscription. 
 
304 LIFJE OF TEE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. xxv. 
 
 Lord Tairfax was a thorouglily honest statesman of moderate 
 abilities, an energetic persevering commander, and an ex- 
 cellent clear-headed man of business. His correspondence 
 bears witness to his amiability and warmth of heart, for the 
 distressed and impoverished of both parties always seem to 
 have turned to the old lord for advice and assistance. He 
 was just sixty-three years of age when he died. 
 
 So Sir Thomas Fairfax succeeded to Denton, Nunappleton, 
 Bishop-hill, and all the Yorkshire estates ; and became the 
 third Lord Fairfax, Baron of Cameron. Hard at work day 
 and night with the business of the army, it was more than 
 two years before he could spare time to attend to his private 
 affairs, or to enjoy the society of relations and old friends. 
 Meanwhile his uncle Charles, the lawyer, living at Menston 
 near Otley, looked after the estates, and superintended the 
 building of the new house at Nunappleton. 
 
1648.] TEE KENTISH IN8UBBEGTI0N. 305 
 
 CHAPTEE XXVI, 
 
 INSUEBECTION IN KENT — MAIDSTONE FIGHT DESCRIPTION 
 
 OP COLCHESTER, AND MARSHALLING OF THE BESIEGED AND 
 BESIEGING FORCES. 
 
 The last campaign of Lord Fairfax offered special opportuni- 
 ties of displaying the most salient points in his military 
 genius. Never was he more rapid in his marches, more 
 quick to strike a decisive blow at the right moment, more 
 prompt in taking advantage of an enemy's blunder. In spite 
 of disease and physical suffering, that brave undaunted spirit 
 was as active and vigilant as ever. 
 
 The Kentish insurrection was commenced by Royalist 
 partisans, and the presentation of a petition to Parliament, 
 praying that the army might be disbanded, was used as a 
 pretext for raising a large body of men. All who intended to 
 accompany the petition were invited to meet at Blackheath 
 on May 30, 1648, and the petitioners seized the arms at Ash- 
 ford and Peversham, summoned Dover Castle, and got posses- 
 sion of Deal and Sandown. Colonel Rainsborough, during 
 the previous autumn, had been appointed vice-admiral of the 
 fleet,' in place of Admiral Batten, and was in command in the 
 Downs. Directly the rebellion broke out, the ships mutinied, 
 and put Admiral Rainsborough on shore, who went up to 
 London. The main body of the insurgents, some 12,000 
 strong, occupied Rochester, Maidstone, and the line of the 
 Medway ; and the old Earl of Norwich, our drunken friend 
 Goring's father, was declared general. The other ringleaders 
 were Sir George Lisle, Sir William Compton, and Colonel 
 Culpepper. The mass of the rebel force consisted of Kentish 
 
 ' His father had been an experienced seaman, and he himself had been brought 
 up to the sea. 
 
 X 
 
306 LIFE OF THE GBEAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. xxti. 
 
 labourers, who were tempted from their villages by false 
 representations and equally false promises. 
 
 The Eoyalist plot, planned between the King, Lord Capel, 
 and the treacherous Scottish Commissioners in the previous 
 autumn, was carefully laid. Almost simultaneously with the 
 Kentish rising, there were insurrections in Hertfordshire and 
 Essex under Lord Capel and Sir Charles Lucas, in South 
 Wales and Devonshire, while the Scottish army led by the 
 Duke of Hamilton and joined by malcontents under Sir 
 Marmaduke Langdale, overran the northern counties. 
 
 The danger was extreme. Fairfax had already despatched 
 a large force under his lieutenant-general to put down the 
 rebellion in Wales, when it becam.e necessary for him to take 
 the field in person to quell the Kentish insurrection. The 
 country had now enjoyed the blessings of peace for nearly 
 two years. The great duel had been fairly fought out and 
 decided. After a desolating war, which had ravaged almost 
 every district in England, and which had lasted for four 
 years, the people were beginning to settle down again to 
 peaceful pursuits, and trade was slowly reviving. There was 
 something peculiarly selfish and wicked in again plunging 
 the unfortunate country into all the horrors of a second civil 
 war, and sharp measures of repression were not only justifi- 
 able but imperative. Lord Fairfax, the restorer of peace, felt 
 this very strongly ; he fully approved of the ordinance of Par- 
 liament declaring that the ringleaders of the insurrection 
 should be proceeded against as traitors, and he entered upon 
 his work with a stern resolve to trample out the sparks of 
 insurrection with a firm, unwavering tread. 
 
 The management of the affairs of Kent was placed, by the 
 Parliament, wholly in the hands of the lord general, and by 
 May 29 he had got together seven regiments of horse and foot 
 on Blackheath." The same day he commenced his rapid march 
 to the Medway. Next day he passed through Dartford, the 
 insurgents retreating and occasionally skirmishing in his 
 front, and on the 31st he quartered at Mepham, the soldiers 
 encamping in the surrounding fields. All the villages were 
 
 ' Eushworth to the Speaker. Tanner MSS., vol. Ivii. p. 119. 
 
1648.] MAIDSTONE FIGHT. 307 
 
 deserted by the men, who had joined the insurrection ; and 
 their wives and children were in extreme anxiety for their 
 fate, ' making sad moan,' one correspondent says, ' fearing 
 the ill success of their husbands.' The general repressed all 
 attempts at plunder, and the defenceless people had no cause 
 to complain of the soldiers of this strictly disciplined army.' 
 On June 1, Fairfax pressed on towards MaidstonCj detaching 
 Major Husbands with a commanded party to dislodge the 
 insurgents from a bridge near Gravesend : a service which 
 was ably and expeditiously performed." The insurgent leaders, 
 uncertain where* the blow would fall, had divided their 
 force. About 3,000 men occupied Maidstone, and the rest 
 were encamped with old Lord Norwich on Aylesford hill, 
 between Maidstone and Rochester. They seem to have ex- 
 pected that the attack would take place at one or other of 
 these towns, after a few days of reconnoitring. They little 
 knew their antagonist. He took in the position at a glance, 
 by a rapid movement to his right he secured Farleigh bridge, 
 three miles above Maidstone, crossed it with his whole force 
 at seven o'clock the same evening, and, Without an hour's 
 delay, proceeded to take the town by storm. 
 
 Lord Fairfax was suffering from a sharp attack of gout, and 
 his officers entreated him not to expose his person to dangerw 
 But he mounted on horseback with one foot wrapped in 
 bandages, led on his men, and was foremost in the action 
 throughout the night. Maidstone was defended by 3,000' 
 men and eight cannon, under Sir William Brockman. Their 
 watchword was ' ^ing and Kent,' that of the army 'truth.' 
 
 The action was commenced by a troop of parliamentary 
 dragoons, which soon became so deeply engaged that it was 
 necessary to send up supports of horse and foot. The night 
 was very dark, and desperate fighting continued for several 
 hours at the barricades which were thrown across the streets 
 at intervals. Every street was gained by inches. Colonel 
 Hewson led on his regiment with great gallantry, and a^ 
 
 ' The Lord Generals Proclamation against plundering the inhabitants of Kent^ 
 May 30, 1648. King's Pamphlets, No. 369. 
 ^ News from Kent, King's Pamphlets, No. 369. 
 
 X 2 
 
308 LIFE OF THE GREAT LOBB FAIRFAX, [ch. xxvi. 
 
 deserving young officer named Price was slain.' But when 
 at last, after midnight, the insurgents broke and fled, they 
 left 300 dead and 1,300 prisoners in Maidstone streets, while 
 many more were captured next day, concealed in the hop 
 gardens. Most of the fugitives returned quietly to their 
 homes.^ 
 
 By this masterly movement and the capture of Maidstone, 
 the rest of the insurgents on Aylesford hill, who had been 
 kept in check by a strong detachment during the action, 
 were completely out-flanked. Norwich and Compton led 
 them across Rochester bridge, and through Dartford to 
 Blackheath, in the hope that they would be joined by mal- 
 contents from the City, with whom they had been in corre- 
 spondence. The general despatched Colonel Whalley after 
 the Blackheath party, while Colonels Rich and Hewson 
 were sent to relieve Dover, and reduce Deal and Sandown. 
 Lord Fairfax himself marched to Canterbury, where he pro- 
 claimed a complete amnesty, except for deserters and such 
 Royalists as had broken their parole of honour ; and in two 
 or three days he completed the pacification of Kent. On 
 June 10 he was at Gravesend, preparing to cross the river 
 and put down the insurrection which was spreading over 
 Essex. 
 
 Lord Norwich and Sir WiUiam Compton meanwhile led 
 their rabble rout to Greenwich Park, followed by Colonel 
 Whalley. Here Norwich heard that there were 2,000 insur- 
 gents at Bow, on the Essex side of the river ; so he crossed 
 over by himself in a ferry boat, leaving Compton in charge of 
 the Kentish men, who managed to get a supply of beer, bread 
 and cheese brought into the park and served out to them 
 But no friends appeared from London, Norwich did not 
 
 ' The House voted that his arrears,' and :e200 in addition, ehonld be paid to 
 Captain Price's widow. 
 
 ' The best accounts of the fight at Maidstone are Lord Fairfax's official despatch 
 to the Earl of Manchester, dated from Maidstone on June 2, and Secretary Eush- 
 worth's to Speaker Lenthall. They were published at the time. In Eushwort 
 there is a ' letter from a person of credit,' also dated from Maidstone on June 2, 
 which gives a good account of the action (vii. p. 1136). See also Whitelock's 
 Memorials, ii. p. 323. 
 
1648.] TEE IN8UBGENTS OCCUPY COLCHJESTEB. 309 
 
 return, and their condition seemed desperate. On Whalley's 
 approach there was a cry of ' Shift for yourselves.' Many 
 •went back to their homes, but a few crossed the river to the 
 Isle of Dogs, and joined Norwich at Stratford. Here the 
 magistrates assembled and told the ringleaders they were 
 not wanted in Essex, while the proclamation of a complete 
 amnesty to the common people induced many more to go 
 back to their villages. 
 
 Norwich then led his party to Chelmsford, where he was 
 joined by Lord Capel, Lord Loughborough, and Sir Charles 
 Lucas with lar^ reinforcements. The insurgents seized 
 ten parliamentary Commissioners at Chelmsford, and on 
 Saturday, June 10, they marched northward at the head of 
 nearly 4,000 men. Late on the afternoon of Monday the 
 12th, they were within six miles of Colchester, and, hearing 
 that the citizens intended to resist their entrance in arms, 
 Lucas and a few others set spurs to their horses, and galloped 
 down the Lexden road, which leads direct to the south-west 
 gate of the town. They found the gate closed, and a body of 
 armed and mounted citizens drawn up across the road. 
 Lucas sent back to hurry up the main body, while his com- 
 panions drew their swords, kept on their speed, and forced 
 their waj'' through the obstructing citizens. One man was 
 shot and fell dead. The gates were then thrown open, and 
 the insurgents took possession of Colchester without further 
 opposition. They were just in time. Within twenty-four 
 hours the lord general, with his advance guard, was 
 thundering at the gates. The insurgent leaders intended 
 only to remain a night or two at Colchester to raise recruits, 
 and then to march away into the midland counties, and once 
 more spread the horrors of war over the length and breadth 
 of England. But it was impossible to do this with Lord 
 Fairfax close in their rear, and there was nothing left for 
 them but to defend themselves in the unfortunate town they 
 had got possession of. They were fairly entrapped. 
 
 The ancient town of Colchester, on the site of an important 
 Roman station, stands on the top and side of a steep hill 
 looking to the north and east, with the river Colne forming 
 
310 LIFE OF THE GBEAT LOBB FAIRFAX, [oh. xxti. 
 
 a circuit round its northern and eastern sides, and tlien flowing 
 south to the sea. The walls of the town formed a parallelo- 
 gram 3,077 yards round, enclosing 118 acres. They were 
 seven to eight feet thick, built of large flints imbedded in 
 lime, with three or four courses of Eoman bricks, the whole 
 having become, in the course of centuries, one solid mass. 
 They were the work, no doubt, of the Normans, but built out 
 of Eoman materials. Most of the western wall is still stand- 
 ing, and extends down the steep side of the hill to withia a 
 few hundred yards of the banks of the Colne. In its centre 
 there was, and is still, a semicircular bastion called the 
 halkon, built on Eoman brick arches, and supposed to be on 
 the site of jolly old King Cole's castle. The north wall, 
 running along the base of the hill, which rises from the Colne 
 valley, was of the same massive character, and portions of 
 the eastern half of it still remain. The east wall, especially 
 the southern part, also survives ; and it had small semi- 
 circular flanking towers, intended for musketeers or for light 
 ordnance.' All traces of the south wall have disappeared. 
 According to Cromwell's plan part of this wall also had 
 flanking bastions. A ditch was carried along the swampy 
 meadows at the foot of the north wall, and up the western 
 hill side. There were four gates and three posterns in the 
 walls. Near the western comer of the south wall was Head- 
 gate {Porta capUalis), which, judging from a date with 
 the arms of the town in the wall of a house where it stood, 
 appears to have been demolished in 1763. Prom Head-gate 
 a lane, turning sharp to the west, called Crouch- street, leads 
 to the London road over Lexden common. In front of the 
 gate another lane went south to Maldon. Near the centre 
 of the south wall was the Scherde-gate postern, whence a 
 lane led to St. John's gate-house. At the east end of the 
 south wall was St. Botolph's gate, pulled down in 1820. It 
 opened on Magdalen street. In the centre of the east wall 
 
 • Carter, tlie quartermaster -general of the Royalists, states that ' the walls had 
 only one flanker and that very bad too, called the old fort.' He means the balkon 
 on the west wall. It is impossible that he could hare been ignorant of the existence 
 of the flankers in the east and south walls. He makes this assertion, to exaggerate 
 the difficulties of the defence. This man was clearly an unreliable authority. 
 
1648.] DESOBIPTION OF COLGHESTEB. 311 
 
 was East-gate, whence the roads, crossing the river, led to 
 Harwich and Ipswich. It fell down in 1651. In the north 
 wall were the North-gate at the foot of the steep hill opening 
 on the road over the bridge, and leading across Horkesley 
 common to Suffolk, by Neyland bridge ; and the Eye-gate ' 
 postern leading to a ford over the Colne, and a water-mill 
 called King's or Middle-mill. There was also a postern in 
 the west wall, opening on St. Mary's churchyard. The walls 
 were much thicker near the gates and posterns than at any 
 other part. 
 
 A street near the^vestern wall, and parallel with it, crosses 
 the town from Head-gate, on the south, to North-gate. Its 
 southern half, on the level top of the hill, is called Head 
 Street, and its northern part, where it descends the steep 
 hill to North-gate, is known as North-hill. Just where 
 the descent commences, the High-street branches off at 
 right angles from Head-street, and traverses the length of 
 the town to East-gate. A narrow slip of ground is thus en- 
 closed between the west wall on one side, and Head-street 
 and North-hill on the other. In the southern corner of this 
 quarter, overlooking the walls, was the residence of Sir 
 Harbottle Grimston, on the site of the former house of the 
 crouched friars. Sir Harbottle was a wealthy and influential 
 Parliament man, and afterwards Speaker of the healing Par- 
 liament, and the friend and patron of Bishop Burnett. On 
 the highest part of the town, overhanging the west wall, was 
 the church of St. Mary's-at-the-walls (ad muros) with a 
 strong square tower of the same materials as the town walls 
 themselves, having massive buttresses at its angles. North 
 of it was the parsonage ; and the principal inn of those days, 
 with the sign of the King's head, stood within the halhon. 
 The rest of this quarter was, and is, covered with gardens 
 and orchards, the spreading boughs of the trees over-shadow- 
 ing the walls. 
 
 In the High Street was the old Moot-hall, and near 
 the East-gate was the church of St. James on one side, and 
 
 ' More correctly Ehce or Eea-gate, that is ' the river gate.' It was taken dowa 
 in 1659. 
 
312 LIFE OF THE GEFAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. xxvi. 
 
 an open space called Friar's-yard on the other. Colcliester 
 contained six other churches. Among them were St. Eon- 
 wald's in the middle of the High-street, St. Peter's at the 
 top of North-hill with a conspicuous red brick tower, Trinity 
 with its Roman bricks and curious western door, and St. 
 Martin's, now a ruinous little place nearly smothered with 
 ivy. The splendid old castle, built in 1076, is one of the finest 
 specimens of an old Norman keep in England. Its massive 
 walls of rough stone, with courses of Eoman bricks, are twelve 
 feet thick, and have square towers at the angles. The castle 
 stands on a green or bailey, on the north side of High-street, 
 whence there is a fine view of the valley of the Colne and 
 the hills beyond. In 1648 it was used as the county jail. 
 
 The Colne approaches the walls at the foot of North-hill, 
 so that the bridge was within a few hundred yards of the 
 North-gate, and it continues almost to wash the walls as far 
 as Rye-gate postern. But beyond this point the river takes 
 a wide circuit round some low meadows, and on the east 
 side of the town its ba.nks are nearly a quarter of a mile 
 from the walls. Here there was a water-mill, and the east 
 bridge, over which the road led up East-hill to East-gate. 
 Beyond the river the hills rise again, and were crowned 
 with windmills, and the old Chapel of St. Anne's. The 
 Magdalen street led from St. Botolph's-gate for a mile 
 down the hill to the port of Colchester, called the Hythe, 
 on the river Colne. Here all the trade of the town was 
 carried on, vessels of 100 to 150 tons came up to load and 
 unload, and goods were stored ready for shipment. Here too 
 was the church of St. Leonard's, with its quaint old porch 
 having a chamber above it ; and on a rising ground beyond 
 the river was the church of Greenstead, now replaced by a 
 modern building. The gardens and enclosures round the 
 south-east corner of the walls, between Magdalen street and 
 East-hill were called Berry Fields. 
 
 The Scherde-gate postern, in about the centre of the 
 south wall, opened on a lane leading into a slight dip or 
 valley, and then up a hill to the extensive grounds once occu- 
 pied by the Benedictine Abbey of St. John's, whence there is 
 
1648.] THE LUCAS FAMILY. 313 
 
 a fine view of the town. The gate-house of flint, with per- 
 pendicular dressings and courses of hewn stone, is about 200 
 yards south of the town walls, and is still standing. It is a 
 beautiful old ruin, with a tower, and massive crocketted 
 pinnacles at each angle, walls with richly carved canopied 
 niches, and a chamber over the great doorway. The othei^ 
 buildings have long since disappeared, but the ancient walls, 
 enclosing the monastery garden and other precincts, remain. 
 After the dissolution the site was sold to John Lucas, the 
 town clerk of Colchester,' who built himself a house with ex- 
 tensive gardens. The breezy common on one side is called 
 St. John's Green. The shabby little church of St. Giles's, 
 with its flint walls and wooden tower, stands on the old 
 abbey walls to the east of the gate-house, and here was the 
 vault of the Lucas family. 
 
 The people of Colchester had always been staunch Par- 
 liamentarians, and hitherto Essex had, with the other asso- 
 ciated counties, escaped almost entirely from the misery of 
 being the theatre of war. In 1642 the House of Commons had 
 granted £1,600 for repairing the walls of the town of Col- 
 chester, and in 1644 the zealous townsmen had seized the 
 Royalist Lord Lucas, elder brother of Sir Charles and great 
 grandson of the town clerk, and destroyed his house on St. 
 John's Green. They even broke open the family vault in 
 St. Giles's church, and desecrated the remains of Lady Lucas 
 and her daughter Lady Killigrew. The brother. Sir Charles 
 Lucas, now had an opportunity of wreaking fearful vengeance 
 on the people of his native town, of which he did not fail 
 to avail himself. A company of Flemings had settled in 
 Colchester during the reign of Elizabeth, who had introduced 
 
 ' John Lucas, town clerk of Colchester, who bought the site of St. John's Abbey, 
 had a son, Sir Thomas Lucas, who was recorder of Colchester in 1575. His son, 
 also Sir Thomas, by Elizabeth, daughter of John Leighton of London, his wife, but 
 previously his mistress, had three sons and a daughter. The eldest was born 
 before marriage. The second, John, was created Lord Lucas by Charles I. in 
 1644; and his only child and heiress, -Mary Lucas, married Anthony Grey, Earl of 
 Kent, from whom descends the present Countess Cowper and Baroness Lucas in 
 her own right. The third son was Sir Charles Lucas, who inherited an estate 
 called Brewood Hall, in the parish of Great Horkesley, about four miles north of 
 Colchester. The youngest daughter, Margaret, the second wife of the Duke of 
 Newcastle, is the lady from whose life of her husband we have so often quoted. 
 
314 LIFE OF THE GREAT LOBB FAIRFAX, [ch. xxvi. 
 
 the cloth manufacture of hays and says, and at this time there 
 were upwards of a thousand of their descendants iu the town, 
 living chiefly in the parish of St. Peter's, and bay and say 
 making was a flourishing trade. 
 
 Such was the town which was occupied by the insurgents 
 on that fatal June 12, 1648. Their principal leader, George 
 Goring, Earl of Norwich, ■■ was an elderly man with little 
 military experience, having been in attendance on Queen 
 Henrietta Maria, during the civil war, as her vice-chamberlain. 
 He was of a jocose disposition, and a better man than his son, 
 who, after ruining the King's affairs in the west, had now 
 finally rid England of his presence. But that is not saying 
 much. Lord Capel, the second in command, was a man of 
 very high character, brave, faithful, and honourable. He had 
 escaped from Cornwall when Sir Ralph Hopton capitulated, 
 but had recognised the new Government afterwards, by com- 
 pounding for his estates. Yet he had never been a prisoner 
 of war, and therefore had a perfect right to risk his life by 
 joining the insurrection, so far as his own honour was con- 
 cerned. Charles, with his usual disregard for the interests of 
 his friends, had exacted a promise from him to engage in 
 this unfortunate rising.^ We have already made the acquaint- 
 ance of Sir Charles Lucas at Marston Moor, and of Lord 
 Loughborough and Sir George Lisle at Naseby. The other 
 leaders were Sir William Compton from Kent, an Italian 
 adventurer named Bernardo Guasconi, Colonel Earre a de- 
 serter from the army, and Colonels Sir William Campion, 
 Slingsby,^ Culpepper, Tilly, Tuke, and Bard. Matthew Carter, 
 their quartermaster-general, afterwards became the historian 
 of the siege from the insurgents' point of view. They num- 
 bered 4,000 men, of whom 3,400 were foot and 600 cavalry. 
 
 ' He was created Lord Goring in 1628, and Earl of Norwich in 1646. He 
 married Mary Nevile, daughter of Lord Abergarenny, by whom he had George 
 the drunken general, Charles the second earl, and four daughters, of whom 
 Catherine, the youngest, married a Mr. Scott. 
 
 ' Sir Arthur Capel was M.P. for Hertfordshire in the Long Parliament, and 
 was created Lord Capel in August 1641. He married the heiress of Sir Charles 
 Morrison of Cashiobury, and his son was created Earl of Essex in 1661. 
 
 = Not our old friend Sir Honry. 
 
1648.] THE ESSEX VOLUNTEEBS. 815 
 
 The ten parliamentary Commissioners, seized at Chelmsford, 
 were still retained as prisoners, to be m.ade use of as occa- 
 sion might suggest.^ The garrison was at first sufficiently 
 strong not only to man the walls of the town and serve the 
 guns they found there, but also to occupy St.- John's-gate 
 and the ruins of Lord Lucas's house, the Hythe, where they 
 fortified St. Leonard's church, and other points beyond the 
 walls. 
 
 But they had little time for preparation. Colonel Whalley, 
 after dispersing the rioters in Greenwich Park, had crossed 
 the river by Londfin-bridge, and marched into Essex. That 
 county had ever been loyal to the Parhament, and, as soon 
 as the insurrection broke out, parliamentary levies were 
 quickly raised, consisting of Essex volunteers, who assembled 
 at Coggeshall to the number of 2,000 horse and foot. They 
 were commanded by gallant old Sir Thomas Honywood of 
 Charing,' who had reached his sixty-second year ; and Colonel 
 Whalley lost no time in joining them with his regiment of 
 horse. Volunteers for the Parliament had also assembled in 
 Suifolk, and occupied Neyland bridge and the other passes 
 over the Stour. 
 
 On Sunday, June 11, Lord Fairfax, having collected a suffi- 
 cient number of boats, with much difficulty, at Gravesend, 
 crossed the river with his troops, and advanced to Billericay, 
 about five miles east of Brentwood, on the London and Col- 
 chester road. Leaving the main body to follow, the general 
 galloped across the county to Coggeshall with an escort of 
 ten men ; and on June 13, only a day after the arrival of the 
 
 ' The principal commissioner was Sir William Masham of Otes, member for 
 Essex, a venerable and influential Parliament man. The other nine were Sir 
 William Eowe, John Eden, Thomas Ayloff, Eobert Crane, Samson Sheffield a 
 friend of Lord Fairfax and relation of the Earl of Mulgrave, John Langley of 
 Colcliester, Timotliy Middleton, Eobert Smith, and Arthur Barnardiston. All ten 
 belonged to the Parliamentary Committee for Essex. 
 
 ' Sir Thomas Honywood was grandson of liobert Honywood of Charing, whose 
 brother John was the ancestor of the present Sir Courtenay Honywood. Sir 
 Thomas was one of the Committee for Essex in 1648, and was on the Commission 
 for trying the King, but refused to act. He commanded a regiment of Essex men 
 at the battle of Worcester, and was one of Oliver's lords. Sir Thomas died at the 
 house of his son-in-law, Sir Eobert Cotton, near the Houses of Parliament, in 1666, 
 aged 80 
 
316 LIFE OF TEE GREAT LOBB FAIBFAX.lca. xxvi. 
 
 insurgents, lie marched along the London road across Lexden 
 common, and summoned Colchester to surrender. 
 
 At first Lord Fairfax had only a very small force, which 
 gave time to the insurgents to complete their defences, but 
 reinforcements continued to arrive, and eventually he had a 
 besieging army of about 3,000 men, besides volunteers, . 
 consisting for the most part of portions of regiments. Of 
 regular horse there were four troops of the general's own, 
 commanded by Major Desborough, six troops under Colonel 
 Whalley, five troops of Fleetwood's regiment under Major 
 Coleman, three troops under Commissary-General Ireton, and 
 two troops of dragoons — in all about 1,200 cavalry. The foot 
 consisted of a complete regiment of ten companies under. 
 Colonel Barkstead, seven companies under Colonel Needham, 
 the general's old companion in arms at Selby and Marston 
 Moor, some companies of Ingoldsby's regiment, and half a 
 regiment commanded by Admiral Eainsborough, who had 
 been driven from his fleet in the Downs by the mutineers. 
 On the 18th Colonel Eure arrived, with four companies of 
 foot, fresh from the taking of Chepstow Castle. This brought 
 up the number of regular infantry to nearly 3,000 men, be- 
 sides the Essex levies under Sir Thomas Honywood, and the 
 Sufiblk volunteers. 
 
 Three new colonels, whose names are not included in the 
 list of commanders of regiments of the New Model Army, as 
 originally constituted by Fairfax, appear in the history of the 
 siege of Colchester, namely Needham, Barkstead, and Eure. 
 Colonel Needham is an old Yorkshire friend. John Bark- 
 stead was a goldsmith in the Strand, and acquired his mili- 
 tary experience with the city train-bands under Colonel Venn. 
 He had only recently received a colonelcy in the regular 
 army.' Isaac Eure was a gentleman of a very ancient family, 
 and cousin of Lord Eure, a Eoyalist slain at Marston Moor. 
 
 ' Colonel Barkstead was a regicide, Lieutenant of the Tower, and Steward of tlie 
 Household to the Lord Protector. At the Restoration he fled to Hanau in Germany, 
 was betrayed by a scoundrel named Downing, basely given up by the Dutch, and 
 butchered at Tyburn in 1662. This Downing was created a Baronet in 1663, as a 
 reward for his infamy, and became a Commissioner of Customs. 
 
1648.] COLONEL EXrEH. 317 
 
 Colonel Isaac was a riolent fanatic, but an able soldier. 
 When the New Model Army was organised, he was lieutenant- 
 colonel of Hammond's regiment.' 
 
 Thus commenced the memorable siege of Colchester. 
 
 ' He was a regicide, but died before the Eestoration. 
 
318 LIFE OF THE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. xsvii. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVII. 
 
 THE SIEGE OP COLCHESTEK. 
 
 Lord Fairfax, marching along tlie London road towards 
 Head-gate -with a small advanced brigade, consisting of the 
 regiments of Needham and Barkstead, Whalley's horse, and 
 some Essex volunteers, arrived on Lexden or Stanway heath 
 at midnight, and sent a trumpeter to summon Lord Norwich 
 to surrender, in the foreinoiofl of June 13. The old Wit sent 
 back an insolent answer, bidding the trumpeter tell the 
 general that ' he heard he was ill of the gout, but that 
 Goring would cure him of aU diseases.' The soldiers were 
 naturally enraged at this affront being put upon their gen'eral, 
 and immediately assaulted Head-gate with gteat fury. The 
 Royalists, led by Colonel Farre, came out to defend the 
 approaches, and there was a fierce hand-to-hand fight, which 
 lasted several hours. At last the insurgents feU back, 
 abandoning the ground they had occupied, called Slioland 
 and Boroughfield, and retreating within Head-gate and the 
 Scherde-gate postern, closely pressed upon by Barkstead's 
 men. There was a desperate struggle to close the Head-^ate, 
 Lord Capel leading on his men on foot, pike in hand, and 
 finally fastening the gates for the moment with his own 
 cane. Many of Colonel Farre's men were shut out and taken 
 prisoners; and the assailants still continued to fire under 
 and over the gates.' It was late at night before th,ey with- 
 drew, leaving several hundred slain under the walls ; among 
 whom was that gallant Torkshireman, Colonel Needham. 
 Lord Fairfax, considering the great strength of the be- 
 
 ' An account of this action was written from the field on the night of the 13th, 
 tut it is not of much use. — The Lord Goring beaten at Colchester : A Letter from 
 the Army. King's Pamphlets, No. 371. 
 
1648.] SIEGE OF G0LGHE8TEB. 319 
 
 sieged, and the doubtful result of an assault, resolved to 
 take the place by a regular siege.' He accordingly fixed his 
 head-quarters at Lexden, and threw up a work in the Sholand 
 called Essex fort,^ facing St. Mary's church. His plan was 
 first to open ground along the west side of the town from 
 Essex fort to the river near North-bridge ; then to occupy 
 the points along the left bank of the river, and on the south 
 side of the town, as soon as he was sufSciently reinforced ; 
 and finally to close in on all sides. Several weighty con- 
 siderations led him to adopt this course. The numerical 
 superiority of the' insurgents rendered the result of an 
 assault doubtful and a heavy loss of life certain. In the 
 then critical state of the country it was most important to 
 avoid all risks of even a temporary reverse, while the shutting 
 up of so large a number of leading Eoyalists tended to 
 prevent any rising elsewhere. 
 
 Accordingly the general at once commenced his operations, 
 breaking fresh ground every night, and running his trenches 
 from one small sconce or redoubt to another, until he had 
 completely closed up all the approaches to the town from the 
 west, between the river and the Lexden road. Meanwhile 
 the insurgents continued to throw up defences. They 
 showed great want of enterprise in not coming out and 
 giving battle to the besiegers while they had the superiority 
 in numbers ; but we are told by their quartermaster-general 
 that their reason for this inaction was that ' we thought to 
 ruin our enemy by long delays.' The left bank of the Colne 
 was still left open, and the insurgents took advantage of the 
 respite to make raids into the country, and bring cattle and 
 grain into the town. Several foraging parties traversed the 
 Tendring hundred, and one successful dash was made across 
 the North-bridge, into the parish of Great Horkesley. But 
 this only lasted until the general was joined by the rest of 
 
 ' Short MemoridI,, p. 122. 'Ireton compared the town and^tliose therein to a 
 great ewarm of bees, and our army to a small swarm of bees sticking on one side 
 of it.' Ludlow, p. 109. 
 
 ^ This fort was eight rods long and three hroad. It was filled up and levelled 
 at Michaelmas, 1742. Morant. 
 
320 LIFE OF THE GBFAT LOBD FAIRFAX, [ch. xxtii. 
 
 his force. Meanwhile great store of corn, wine, fish, and 
 gunpowder was found in the warehouses at the Hythe, and 
 removed into the town. 
 
 At the commencement of the siege the insurgent leaders 
 rejected all terms of surrender, and went so far as to offer 
 pardons to the soldiers of the Parliament, and to intercede 
 with his Majesty for the officers. With Lords Norwich and 
 Capel the general could treat, but some of the subordinate 
 leaders were deserters, or had broken their parole of honour 
 as prisoners, and with these no direct communication could 
 be held. Sir Charles Lucas was told by Lord Fairfax, in 
 reply to a proposal for exchange of prisoners, that ' he had 
 forfeited his parole, his honour, and faith, being a prisoner 
 on parole, and therefore was not capable of command or 
 trust in martial affairs." He replied that, since he gave 
 his parole, he had compounded for his estates ;' which, instead 
 of being any excuse, rather aggravated the offence. But it 
 will be necessary to treat more fully of this matter when we 
 consider the reasons for Sir Charles's military execution. 
 
 After the general had been about ten days before the town, 
 the Flemish hay and say makers petitioned to have free trade 
 with London during the siege. This was, of course, out of the 
 question, but Fairfax, with his usual anxiety to cause as little 
 suffering as possible to non-combatants, permitted them to 
 hold a market on Lexden-heath with freedom to sell or take 
 their goods back as the case might be. 
 
 By June 20 the works on the west side of the town were 
 completed, and operations were commenced against the north 
 and south walls. Colonel Eure, with his companies of foot 
 fresh from the storming of Chepstow, crossed the Colne near 
 a hamlet called the Shepen, and threw up a work in front of 
 North-bridge, which was called Fort Ingoldsby. An attack 
 upon it was easily repulsed, and the besiegers thus gained 
 a footing on the left bank of the river. They were joined 
 by 2,600 Suffolk volunteers, who encamped on Mile-end 
 heath. 
 
 ' Eusli-wortli, vii. p. 1160. Whiteloek, ii. p. 336. 
 ' Fanfax Correspondence. 
 
1648.] 8IE0E OF GOLGHESTEB. 321 
 
 At tlie same time Colonel Barkstead was ordered to throw 
 up a redoubt across the lane to Maldon, facing the south 
 wall at Head-gate ; and here the insurgents made desperate 
 attempts to hinder the progress of the work. On the 26th 
 they sallied out in force, but were driven back beyond their 
 own guard-house, where the hour-glass for setting their 
 watches was captured, and carried off in triumph. On the 
 28th a heavy fire was opened upon Barkstead's men from 
 the windows of Sir Harbottle Grimston's house, which over- 
 looked the south-west angle of the wall; and the general 
 was obliged to bring^some artillery to bear, which soon riddled 
 the building and rendered it untenable. 
 
 By the end of the month Lord Fairfax was strong enough 
 to extend his operations, and occupy the chief positions on 
 the left bank of the Colne ; and on July 1 Colonel Whalley 
 took Greenstead church, opposite the Hythe, and erected a 
 strong battery in the churchyard. The Suffolk volunteers 
 also seized a water-mill at East-bridge, and thus blocked up 
 the approaches on that side. 
 
 Finding themselves nearly surrounded, the insurgent 
 leaders resolved to ma,ke a sally in great force from the East- 
 gate. On the morning of July 6 Lucas and Lisle, with 200 
 horse and 600 foot, marched out of East-gate and down the 
 long hill to the bridge. The Suffolk men fired upon them 
 from behind a breastwork at the bridge-head as they 
 advanced; but their position was carried by a rush, and 
 Lucas led his men across the river, some running over the 
 bridge and others wading through the water.* Flushed with 
 success, and unsatisfied with the substantial advantage they 
 had gained, they then charged up the hills towards St. Anne's 
 chapel and the windmills, where they were met by Whalley's 
 horse, and thrown into confusion. Sir George Lisle was for 
 a moment taken prisoner, but was rescued by his own men. 
 The insurgents then fled back into the town, losing many 
 killed and wounded, and the position at East-bridge was 
 recovered. In this affair Colonel Shambrooke, who had suc- 
 ceeded to the command of Needham's regiment, was wounded 
 
 ' This was easy, as most of the water is here taken off by the millstream. 
 
 Y 
 
322 LIFE OF THE GBFAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. xxvii. 
 
 by a ball wbicli bad been poisoned by boiling it in copperas.' 
 Snch barbarous acts, contrary to the usages of civilised war- 
 fare, gave rise to a very bitter feeling in the army against 
 tbe insurgents. On tbe 14tb Colonel Wballey, with some 
 Suffolk volunteers, took tbe Hytbe with little opposition, and 
 niade prisoners of tbe garrison, whicb consisted of eigbty 
 Kentish insurgents. 
 
 Having secured these positions on the eastern side, the 
 general proceeded to complete his leaguer by driving the 
 enemy out of Lord Lucas's house, St. John's gate, and their 
 other advanced posts beyond the south wall. He also raised 
 hornworks and redoubts along the north side, by the river- 
 banks, where Admiral Eainsborough commanded, and, plant- 
 ing several guns in a fort on the Warren, opened a heavy 
 fire on the Middle-mill. The other water-mill at East-bridge, 
 and all the windmills, bad already been seized by Colonel 
 WhaUey. 
 
 But before continuing his operations. Lord Fairfax, anxious 
 to prevent further suffering, sent an offer of complete amnesty 
 to aU the insurgents below the rank of captain, the ring- 
 leaders surrendering at discretion. The reply was that if 
 another proposal was sent to the soldiers separately, exclud- 
 ing their officers, the messenger would be hanged. This was 
 on July 15. If the ringleaders continued the defence after 
 this offer, it would be for the sole object of securing their 
 personal safety, respecting which they showed extreme 
 anxiety. Regardless of the sufferings around them, and 
 with the one selfish thought of making good their escape, 
 they prolonged the defence from day to day; watching 
 anxiously for a chance of breaking through the besieging 
 force, and of leaving their humbler comrades to shift for 
 themselves. Horses were kept ready saddled every night 
 for Lucas, Lisle, and the other leaders, and many attempts 
 were made to escape. On the very night of the 15th Lucas 
 and Lisle forded the river at Middle-mill, intending to make 
 for Neyland-bridge, and so get away into Suffolk. But their 
 guides, who were to have opened a way for them through the 
 ' Eiishworth. Whitelocb, ii. p. 533. 
 
1648.] 8IEGE OF G0LGHE8TEB. 323 
 
 hedges to Boxted, ran away, and they were obKged to go 
 back into the town by the Rye-gate postern. On the 18th they 
 made another attempt to get away, and repeated the experi- 
 ment on several other nights, until the suspicions of their 
 own followers were aroused. 
 
 After the mills were captured, the besieged set to work 
 with horse ' and hand mills, and constructed a rude windmill 
 on the top of the castle, which was, however, knocked over by 
 a shot from Eainsborough's fort. But soon scarcity began to 
 be felt, and on July 20 the garrison commenced the eating 
 of horse-flesh. Bj^way of entering upon this new diet with 
 cheerfulness, a horse was roasted whole at the corps du gard 
 near the North-gate, and the dismounted troopers were 
 armed with scythes fixed to poles. Lord Capel marched on 
 foot, with a halberd on his shoulder. 
 
 The operations on the south side were commenced in the 
 middle of July. The first thing was to silence a saher which 
 had been planted on a platform in the frame of the bells at 
 the top of St. Mary^s tower, and which, flanking the trenches 
 near Barkstead's fort, caused considerable annoyance. A one- 
 eyed marksman had also stationed himself amongst the bells 
 of St. Mary's, and had picked off many soldiers. At last 
 two demi-culverins were brought to bear upon the tower, and 
 aftgr about sixty rounds one side was breached, and there 
 was an end of the sah&r and the one-eyed marksman.^ Having 
 abated this nuisance, the general ordered the posts at St. 
 John's to be taken by storm. The house of Lord Lucas had 
 been demolished, but the garrison occupied two enclosures 
 containing ruined buildings, and were strongly posted in the 
 gate-house. Fairfax, after effecting a breach in the outer 
 waU with two culvex'ins, led Barkstead's regiment to the 
 assault, and carried both enclosures, driving their defenders 
 into the gate-house. Here they made an obstinate stand, 
 
 ' Or house-mills, as it is printed in Carter, p. 67. 
 
 ' The tower was built up to its former height with bricks in 1729, and the line 
 between the old and the new work is very clearly marked. The church was rebuilt 
 in 1714. 
 
 . V 2 
 
324 LIFE OF THE GREAT LOBB FAIRFAX, [ch. sxvii, 
 
 and repulsed several assaults. At last eight guns were 
 brought up against the building, under cover of which a 
 storming party advanced, placed ladders, and effected an 
 entrance. There was then a sharp fight with swords and 
 the butt-ends of muskets, which ended in the retreat of the 
 surviving defenders into the town through Scherde-gate 
 postern. St. Griles's church was also taken, and the insur- 
 gents were now confined closely within the walls of the town.' 
 Many a Parliamentary veteran was lying stiff and stark on 
 St. John's Oreen through that terrible night, and the paths 
 round the gate-house were thickly strewn with Royalist 
 dead. 
 
 Lord Fairfax now advanced his trenches close up to the 
 south wall of the town, and threw up redoubts in Berry 
 fields, between Magdalen Street and East Hill. A determined 
 sally of the besieged from St. Botolph's gate to interrupt 
 these works was steadily repulsed, but Lord Fairfax had a 
 very narrow escape. One of the insurgent leaders had watched 
 him riding towards a redoubt near East-gate, took a careful 
 aim with a cl/rake, and the baU struck the ground so near him 
 that he was covered with dirt. As soon as the siege works 
 were completed the general removed his head-quarters from 
 Lexden to the Hythe, and caused a heavy fire to be opened 
 upon the walls from Head-gate to the Colne. Before storm- 
 
 > Matthew Carter (p. 71) accuses the Parliamentary soldiers of having hroken 
 open the Lucas family vault under St. Giles's church on this occasion, and desecrated 
 the remains of the dead. He states that he got his information from an eye- 
 witness. This conduct, natural enough in Boyalist vultures— such as insulted the re- 
 mains of departed genius and heroism and virtue after the Restoration— is very unlike 
 what might be expected from the strictly disciplined and God-fearing warriors of 
 the New Model army. And the accusation, grossly improbable as it is, is capable 
 of disproof. It appears that when the citizens of Colchester seized Lord Lucas and 
 demolished his house on St. John's Green in 1642, they also violated the repository 
 of his ancestors' ashes in St. Giles's church. (See Cromwell's Colchester, i. p. 91.) 
 No doubt Carter, a violent and unscrupulous partizan, got hold of this story and 
 used it to slander the besiegers. The author of the LoycU Sacrifice, an equally 
 unreliable authority, asserts that this desecration tools place after the siege, when 
 Sir Charles Lucas was buried. These statements contradict each other, but both 
 are false, and both are doubtless derived from the same story,, respecting the 
 conduct of the townspeople in 1642. It is necessary to put this story in its true 
 light because Lady Theresa Lewis has adopted Carter's version without question. 
 
1648.] SIEGE OF GOLOEESTEB. 325 
 
 ing, he intended to send for all women and children to come 
 out of the town.' 
 
 As August set in, the suflferings of the besieged became 
 very severe. There was nothing to eat but horse-flesh and 
 cats and dogs, and the leaders had difficulty to preserve the 
 horses by means of which they still hoped to desert their fol- 
 lowers and escape. Soldiers reserved the scraps of ammunition 
 loaf from breakfast and walked the streets in search of dogs. 
 If one was found, a bit of bread was dropped to decoy him 
 within reach, and the hungry soldier then knocked his brains 
 out with the butt-dhd of a musket. The side of a small dog 
 was sold for six shillings.'' At this time, on August 10, Lady 
 Catharine Scott, a daughter of Lord Norwich, got permission 
 to have an interview with her father respecting some family 
 affairs, at one of the posterns. The besieged entertained her 
 there with a collation of horse-flesh, and a bottle or two of 
 wine. The wretched townspeople were even worse off than 
 the soldiers. Women and children lay about the door of 
 Norwich's quarters, howling and crying on the ground for 
 bread, and the unfeeling old joker of jokes told these heart- 
 broken mothers that, if they were hungry, they had better eat 
 their children. When the sentries beat them off, they bid 
 them fire, saying they would rather be shot than starved.* 
 Relief was now absolutely impossible, and the prolongation 
 of the misery of these poor people, with the purely selfish 
 object of getting a chance to escape, was utterly indefensible 
 conduct on the part of the ringleaders of the insurrection. 
 But the citizens of Colchester were exposed to still greater 
 horrors. Their houses were ruthlessly burnt down, and the 
 brutal soldiery committed unspeakable atrocities on their 
 wives and children, in which Sir Charles Lucas set them an 
 infamous example.'' 
 
 ' Rushworth, vii. p. 1193, 
 
 2 Carter, p. 77. 
 
 ' The reply of a soldier to one -vpretclied woman who was crying for food for her 
 child was, ' God damn me ! that child would make a good deal of good meat well 
 boiled.' Colchester's Teares, p. 11. 
 
 * Colchester's Teares, p. 11. 
 
326 LIFE OF TUB GBEAT LQED FAIRFAX, [ch. xxvii. 
 
 On August 11 arrows were sliot into the town, with papers 
 attached to them announcing the total defeat of the Scots bj 
 Cromwell, and offering terms to the soldiers. The stores 
 were now nearly empty, the magazine would not maintain a 
 two hours' fight, and the clamours of the townspeople for a 
 surrender began to be echoed by the soldiers. Negotiations 
 were attempted, but Lord Fairfax sternly adhered to the 
 terms which he had resolved to enforce — quarter for the sol- 
 diers, but their leaders must surrender at discretion. Lucas, 
 Lisle, and other officers now resolved to make another attempt 
 to escape ; and to put the men at the North-gate in good 
 humour, they gave them ' sact, burnt claret, raisins, prunes, 
 and good words.' ' They intended to break through on the 
 night of August 25, and leave the men to shift for them- 
 selves.^ 
 
 But the soldiers naturally became mutinous when they 
 discovered the intention of their officers to desert and leave 
 them to their fate. They agreed among themselves not to 
 let any of their officers go, and declared they would kUl them 
 if they attempted to stir. Then the clamour for a surrender 
 increased, and the men swore that if conditions were not 
 agreed to, they would make them for themselves. 
 
 So at last commissioners were sent out to accept such con- 
 ditions as Lord Fairfax would offer.' Before he would agree 
 to any treaty, the genera! insisted that the nine Parliamen- 
 tary committee men must be released, which was accordingly 
 done. Sir William Masham had been exchanged some weeks 
 before. Articles were then agreed to, and signed at the 
 Hythe at about ten at night of August 27. They were that 
 all horses, with saddles and bridles, should be collected at St. 
 Mary's churchyard and delivered over at nine the next morn- 
 ing ; that all arms and colours should be deposited in St. 
 James's church by ten ; thab all soldiers and officers under 
 the rank of captain should have fair quarter, surrendering in 
 
 1 Eushworth, vii. p. 1241. 
 
 2 Carter, p. 87. 
 
 3 The original submission, signed by Norwich, Capel, and Lucas, is among the 
 Tanner MSS., vol. Ivii. p. 246. 
 
1648.] SUBBBNDEB OF C0LGHE8TEE. 327 
 
 Friar's yard by tlie East-gate at ten ; that all superior officers 
 should assemble at the King's Head Inn by eleven, and sur- 
 render to mercy ; that all guards be withdrawn by eight ; 
 that powder and waggons be given up at ten; that the 
 wounded should be cared for ; that cannon should be left on 
 the platforms ; and that there should be a cessation of arms.' 
 In reply to enquiries, it was clearly explained in writing that 
 'fair quarter ' insured to the soldiers their lives, clothing, 
 and food while they were prisoners ; and that ' surrendering 
 to mercy ' signified surrender without any assurance of quar- 
 ter, the general being free to put some to the sword at once, 
 and to leave others to be dealt with by Parliament.^ The 
 town was to free itself from plunder by paying a sum of 
 £14,000. Lord Fairfax afterwards remitted £4,000, and 
 £5,000 was levied on Eoyalists throughout Essex ; so that 
 Colchester got off with £5,000, of which sum £2,000 was 
 given to the Essex volunteers, who had left their homes at 
 great inconvenience, £1,000 to the poor of the town, and the 
 rest, with the fine levied on the Essex Royalists, to the 
 besieging, force. 
 
 At about two o'clock in the afternoon of August 28, after 
 a siege which lasted for seventy-five days. Lord Fairfax 
 entered the town of Colchester, and rode round it, to view 
 the works of the besieged garrison.* He then went to his 
 quarters at the Hythe, and a council of war immediately met 
 at the Moot-hall. 
 
 The court-martial, sitting at the Moot-hall, condemned 
 Sir Charles Lucas, Sir George Lisle, Colonel Farre, and the 
 Italian Guasconi to be shot. Farre had escaped, and 
 Guasconi was pardoned by the general ; but the two knights 
 were executed on the green on the north side of the castle 
 
 ' The total munber that surrendered was 3,471. Of these 3,067 were common 
 soldiers, 324 subordinate officers, 65 officers' servants, and 75 superior officers. 
 
 ' Eushworth, vii. p. 1247. 
 
 ' Eushworth to the Speaker, Tanner M8S., vol. Ivii. p. 249. He says that the 
 general found the place to be very strong in all its parts. He adds, ' It was a sad 
 spectacle to see so many fair houses burnt to ashes, and so many inhabitants made 
 so sickly and weak with living on horses and dogs.' Dated Colcliester, August 28, 
 1648. 
 
328 LIFE OF THE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX, [on. x^yn. 
 
 at about seven o'clock in the evening. Their bodies were 
 interred under the north aisle of St. Giles's church. 
 
 The execution of these two knights has usually been 
 looked upon as a dark spot on the character of Lord Fairfax. 
 The facts were so unscrupulously concealed and perverted by 
 the vile crew that did the carrion work at the Eestoration, 
 and strove to blacken the great names of those who opposed 
 the tyranny of the Stuarts, that many modern writers have 
 been mystified and misled. I think, however, that an im- 
 partial consideration of all the circumstances will tend to 
 show that on this occasion Lord Fairfax did not belie that 
 character for justice and integrity which he had acquired by 
 his whole previons career. 
 
 The terms of the surrender were that the general should 
 be free to put some of the superior officers to death at once, 
 and leave others to be dealt with by the Parliament. This 
 was distinctly understood by both parties to the treaty. In 
 his Short Memorial, Lord Fairfax confines himself entirely 
 to answering ' some who have questioned the just per- 
 formance of the articles. '^ In this he is of course completely 
 successful. The executions involved no infringement of the 
 terms of surrender. It is worthy of remark, however, that 
 the accusations against the general, during his own lifetime, 
 should have referred to this question of the fulfilment of the 
 articles, rather than to the actual motives for the subsequent 
 severity; which is at least negative evidence that the 
 reasons for the general's decision were so unanswerable that 
 the friends of the condemned knights thought it safer to 
 raise a false issue than to attempt a discussion of the real 
 points. 
 
 But, though the executions were justifiable under the terms 
 of the treaty, it must be conceded that those terms would be 
 rightly considered, under ordinary circumstances, to be ex- 
 ceptionally harsh and cruel. Let us, therefore, examine the 
 grounds upon which Lord Fairfax felt it to be his duty to 
 enforce such terms, and thus to deviate from the merciful 
 
 ' Short Memorial, p. 122. 
 
1648.] EXECUTION OF LUCAS AND LISLE. 329 
 
 concessions wliicli military commanders in those days, as in 
 ours, usually granted to a defeated and helpless enemy. 
 
 The reasons which induced Lord Fairfax to confirm the 
 sentence of the court-martial are stated in his official despatch 
 to the Earl of Manchester,' dated from the Hythe on August 
 29, 1648. They are— 
 
 1. ' The satisfaction of military justice.' 
 
 2. ' Avenge for the innocent blood they have caused to be 
 spilt, and the trouble, damage, and mischief they have brought 
 upon the town, this county, and the kingdom.' ^ 
 
 We will now examine how far these charges are borne out 
 by facts in the case of each knight. 
 
 Sir Charles Lucas was taken prisoner with old Sir Jacob 
 Astley at Stow-in-the-Wold, the last action in the war ; and 
 he therefore can never have been exchanged. He was a 
 prisoner to the commander-in-chief, and had given his 
 parole of honour not again to serve against the Parliament 
 until exchanged. Sir Charles fully admits this in his letter 
 of excuse,^ in reply to the general's declaration that he had 
 forfeited his honour and faith, being a prisoner on parole. 
 But he makes the excuse that he had compounded for his 
 estates, and that this payment freed him from his engage- 
 ments with the general. The excuse is obviously untenable. 
 The composition was in fact a fine for having fought on the 
 losing side, and those who were allowed to pay it acknow- 
 ledged the existing Government and engaged to live as 
 peaceable subjects under it. It was open to all Royalists to 
 refuse to compound, and to remain as open enemies of the 
 new rSgime. Far from cancelling his parole of honour, the 
 composition to which Sir Charles Lucas was admitted in- 
 creased rather than diminished his obligations. It bound 
 him to keep the peace as regards the civil Government, on 
 
 '■ Then Speaker of the House of Lords. 
 
 ' Eushworth, vii. p. 1243. The original letter is amongst the Tanner MSS., 
 vol. Ivii. p. 252. 
 
 ' Fairfax Correspondence, iv. p. 56. Mr. Morant asks when Lucas was ever a 
 prisoner on parole, and observes that it behoves the admirers of Lord Fairfax to 
 explain his reply to Sir Charles. Sir Charles Lucas's own letter, since published 
 in the Fairfax Correspondence, answers this question. 
 
330 LIFE OF TEE GREAT LOBB FAIRFAX, [ch. xsvji. 
 
 pain of being proceeded against as a traitor, while his en- 
 gagement to the general as a prisoner on parole continued 
 in full force. 
 
 In joining the insurrection, therefore, he committed treason 
 to the de facto Government, which he had acknowledged by 
 paying his composition; and he also broke his parole of 
 honour, and might justly be put to death by sentence of a 
 court-martial whenever taken in arms. 
 
 The case of the other condenmed knight was analogous. 
 
 Sir George Lisle was governor of Farringdon, and he sur- 
 rendered on the same terms as the Oxford garrison, solemnly 
 engaging not again to bear arms against the Parliament. 
 Having dishonourably broken his word and joined the insur- 
 rection, he might also be justly sentenced to death wherever 
 found in arms. 
 
 With regard to the second charge, the two Houses had 
 passed an ordinance on June 20 declaring that all who made 
 war against the Parliament were traitors, having been so- 
 adjudged by two Acts of Parliament (2 Eichard II. and 1 
 Henry rV.), and ordering that they should be proceeded against 
 as such. Both Lucas and Lisle had done all in their power 
 to bring the miseries and horrors of war upon their country : 
 they had cruelly prolonged the siege, with the selfish object 
 of securing their own personal safety ; they had allowed the 
 most horrible atrocities to be committed by their soldiers on 
 defenceless women and children ; ^ and Lucas at least had set 
 his men an infamous example. 
 
 It must be borne in mind tibat, although the fact has no 
 bearing on the abstract rights of the case, the Eoyalists had 
 no just cause to complain of proceedings which were infinitely 
 more justifiable than those that had been adopted by them- 
 selves. In the early part of the war a Parliamentary officer 
 was hanged in cold blood by the Royalist Governor of Exeter, 
 with the full approbation of a Eoyalist judge, not because 
 he was accused of breaking his parole or of infringing any 
 article of a treaty by which he was bound, but solely lon the 
 
 ' For full details see Colchester's leares. 
 
1648.] EXECUTION OF LU0A8 AND LISLE. 331 
 
 ground that lie had been taken in arms.' This act was not 
 disapproved by the King or his advisers. Royalist com- 
 manders too, notably Lord Byron in Cheshire, had slaught- 
 ered their enemies in cold blood who had surrendered at 
 discretion on more than one occasion. One of the Parlia- 
 mentary soldiers took occasion to remind Sir Charles Lucas 
 of this when he complained of his sentence. 
 
 In the cases of Sir Charles liucas and Sir George Lisle 
 there is no necessity for a resort to recrimination. They had 
 both forfeited their words of honour as soldiers, and might 
 justly be put to d^th in ' satisfaction of military justice ; ' 
 and they had brought misery and desolation upon the 
 country in defiance of the obligation they were under to 
 refrain from bearing arms against the Government. 
 
 Their execution, then, was strictly just, and was a penalty 
 which any military commander would be justified in exacting 
 for a similar offence against the laws of honour. But 
 although the justice of the general's sentence may be esta- 
 blished, it may yet be asked whether there was any necessity 
 for exacting the full penalty, and whether this was not a case 
 for a display of generosity on the part of the conqueror. It 
 may safely be answered that never was there a time when 
 one or two severe examples were more urgently called for ; 
 and when, how much soever the general might wish to show 
 mercy, he was more bound to perform what to him must 
 have been a very painful duty. The state of the country was 
 most critical. Lisurrections were threatened or had actually 
 broken out in all directions ; and veteran Royalist officers 
 were showing a total disregard to their engagements not 
 again to bear arms against the Parliament. It is true that 
 that glorious old warrior Sir Jacob Astley, and others of his 
 stamp, would have sooner died than have forfeited their 
 
 ' In July 1644 Captain Turpine, of the Parliamentary army, was taken prisoner 
 near Exeter. The sole charge against him was that he was in arms for the Par- 
 liament. Chief Justice Heath held an assize at Exeter, and condemned Turpine to 
 death. The sheriff properly refused to commit this murder. Sir John Berkeley, 
 the Royalist Governor of Exeter, at Heath's suggestion, then hainged the unfortunate 
 officer. See Campbell's Lives of the Chief Justices, i. p. 418, quoting from 
 Whitelock. 
 
332 LIFE OF THE GREAT LOBE FAIRFAX, [ch. xxvii. 
 
 honour. They made no sign.' Yet Sir Charles Lucas and 
 Sir George Lisle were not the only ones who showed a differ- 
 ent spirit. It is lamentable to find that Sir Thomas Glem- 
 ham, the gallant defender of cities, who was equally bound 
 to refrain,^ was equally criminal ; and others were following 
 his evil example. If honour would not restrain them, it 
 was necessary to furnish some other motive, aiid it became 
 an imperative duty to make one or two examples of the 
 ringleaders. 
 
 No great general was ever more distinguished for gene- 
 rosity and forbearance towards his enemies than Lord 
 Fairfax, throughout his military career; and we may feel 
 sure that an imperious sense of duty alone induced him to 
 authorise these executions, and that no act of his public life 
 ever gave him more pain than his approval of the sentence 
 of the Colchester court-martial. 
 
 After the executions the other officers were assured of fair 
 quarter as prisoners of war ; and Lords ISTorwich, Capel, and 
 Loughborough were sent to Windsor Castle. The latter 
 escaped.^ In November a resolution of both Houses decreed 
 the banishment of the insurgent Lords, but this resolution 
 ■was revoked in December, and in February 1649 they were 
 tried for their lives before a Higb Court of Justice in 
 Westminster Hall. Although it will slightly anticipate 
 the course of events, it will be well to relate here the 
 connection that Lord Fairfax had with these trials, and so 
 take leave of this painful subject. 
 
 Lord Capel, at his trial, declared that he had free quarter 
 given him at Colchester, and that aU the gowns in the world 
 had nothing to do with him.* But the words of the articles 
 do not warrant Lord Capel's construction. Lord Fairfax, 
 
 1 Sir Jacob was exactly in Sir Charles Xiicas's position. Taken prisoner at the 
 same time, he also was released on parole, and had compounded for his estate. 
 But he was a man of honour, and could not, therefore, join this insurrection. 
 
 2 By the articles of Oxford. 
 
 * ' 'March 16, 1619. My Lord Loughborough is safely landed at Eotterdam.'. 
 Carte, i. p. 231. 
 J Whiteloclc, ii. p. 530. 
 
1648.] EXEGTJTION OF LORD GAPEL. 333 
 
 at the earnest request of Lord Capel's friends,' attended at 
 the Court, and stated the meaning of the articles, as explained 
 in writing before the surrender. Those who received quarter, 
 he said, were to be free from military execution at the time, 
 but not from the judicial proceedings of a Civil Court.^ The 
 unfortunate Lord appears to have thought that the clause 
 providing that he might be proceeded against in a Civil Court 
 referred only to his liberty and estate, and not to his life. 
 There is no such reservation in the words of the articles, 
 though he certainly ought to have had the benefit of the 
 doubt. The judges .ungenerously overruled his plea, and 
 condemned both Norwich and Capel to death, but their fate 
 was referred to the House of Commons. Lady Capel 
 petitioned for her husband's life, and Lord Fairfax also 
 addressed a letter to the House 'touching the Lord Capel," 
 which unfortunately has not been preserved. But we cannot 
 doubt that its purport was on the side of mercy. All was of 
 no avail. The casting vote of the Speaker saved the life of 
 Norwich, but the good and noble Capel was condemned by 
 a majority of three or four and beheaded.^ His execution 
 was cruel and unnecessary ; and the guilt rests with that 
 bare majority of the House of Commons.' 
 
 Return we now to less painful events. As soon as the 
 prisoners had been dismissed, a grand review was appointed 
 to be held of the besieging army and all the Essex and 
 Suffolk volunteers, on Wednesday, August 29. Unluckily it 
 
 ' Short Memorial, p. 12 i. He liid in the previous October fully explained his 
 views respecting the articles of surrender, in a letter to the Speaker. See Eush- 
 worth, vii. p. 1303. 
 
 ^ Clarendon says that Lord Fairfax excused himself from attending at the Court 
 in person on the plea of indisposition, and that when his testimony was sent for in 
 writing he boggled so much in his answer that they misunderstood him. Both 
 these statements are incorrect. He did attend at the Court in person, and he did 
 not boggle, whatever that elegant expression may mean. He made a plain and 
 clear statement of the facts. 
 
 ' Common^ Journals, vi. p. 159. 
 
 * Godwin says there was no division. 
 
 • Lady Theresa Lewis, in her notice of Lord Capel, has stated the whole ques- 
 tion with great fairness, and draws an interesting parallel between his case and 
 that of Marshal Ney. See her Lives of the Friends and Contemporaries of Lord 
 Chancellor Clarendon, ii. p. 108. 
 
334 LIFE OF THE QBBAT LOED FAIRFAX, [ch. xxtii. 
 
 was a very rainy day, but tlie soldiers and volunteers shook 
 tands with each other, volleys were fired as salutes, and the 
 volunteers returned to their homes. No part of England is 
 richer in Eoman remains than the neighbourhood of 
 Colchester. Their study had been the favourite and one of 
 the earliest pursuits of the general, and he now gave himself 
 a few days of relaxation while investigating aU that was 
 worthy of notice in this part of Essex, especially at Maldon. 
 He then went to Harwich and crossed to Landguard fort, 
 where he was saluted by the ships in the harbour, and on 
 September 7 he arrived at Ipswich. Mr. Edgar the bailijBf, 
 with the magistrates, met him a m.ile outside the town, 
 presented him with a long address, and gave him a 
 sumptuous entertainment. Prom Ipswich he went, by 
 Aldborough, to Yarmouth, where the ships fired a salute of 
 a hundred guns in his honour. On the 13th he was the guest 
 of Sir John Wentworth at Lovingland, and he went thence 
 to Norwich, the Mayor and Aldermen coming out to meet 
 him in scarlet gowns, at the head of the trained bands. 
 Finally, after making this tour through the eastern counties, 
 where he was enthusiastically received as having once more 
 restored the blessings of peace, he fixed his head-quarters at 
 Bury St. Edmunds, and on September 22 removed them to 
 St. Albans. 
 
 NOTE ON THE AUTHORITIES FOR THE SIEGE OF 
 COLCHESTER. 
 
 The best account oC the siege of Colchester by an eyewitness 
 was written by the Quartermaster-General of the Eoyahsts. It is 
 entitled A True Relation of that Honourable, though Unfortunate, 
 Expedition of Kent, Essex, and Colchester, ly Matthew Garter, Quarter- 
 master-Oeneral in the King's Forces. I have quoted from the fourth 
 edition, Colchester, 8vo, 117 pages. 
 
 This is the iasurgent soldier's story. The people of Colchester 
 have a very difiPerent account to give, which will be found in Col- 
 chester's Tea/res, affecting and afflicting City and Country, dropping 
 from the sad face of a new war, threatening to hury in her own ashes 
 that wofwl Town, faithfully collected, draivn out into a moderate rela' 
 
1648.] AUTH0EITIE8 FOB G0LGEE8TEB SIEGE. 335 
 
 tion and debate, hy several persons of quality. John Bellamy, Three 
 Oolden Lions, near the Exchange. 1648. This curious tract was 
 reprinted at Colchester in 1843, by W. Wire, a -watclimaker. 
 
 There are also : Bloody News from Colchester, concerning the 
 late Fight on Tuesday last between the Town, vmder the convmund of 
 Sir Charles Lucas, and the SuffolJe Forces, near the East Gate. 
 1648. A pamphlet entitled A true and Exact Melation of the 
 Taking of Colchester, sent in a Letter from an Officer of the- Army 
 to a Member of the House of Commons. 1648. And A Perfect 
 BiMrnal of all the Passages and Proceedings betwixt the Lord General's 
 and Colonel Goring's Army, since Ms Excellency first marched into 
 Essex, Saturday, 10th June, to Tuesday, 20th June. London, 1648. 
 
 Very little information will be found in the very dull, but spiteful 
 and pedantic little book entitled The Loyall Sacrifice presented in 
 the Lives and Deaths of those two Eminent aaid Heroich Patternes 
 for Valour, Discipline, and Fidelity, the generally beloved and 
 bemoan'd Sir Charles Lucas and Sir George Lisle, Kmghts. Printed 
 in the year 1648. 
 
 The particulars of the siege from a Parliamentary point of view 
 may be gathered from the pages of Rushworth ; and Whitelock 
 gives a few additional facts. 
 
 The best modern account of the siege of Colchester wUl be found 
 in the History and Antiquities of Essex, by the Rev. Philip 
 Morant, 2 vols, folio, London, 1768, vol. i. pp. 67-69. Mr. Morant 
 was rector of St. Mary's in Colchester, and was possessed of accu- 
 rate local information. There is another account, derived from^ the 
 same sources, in the History of Colchester, compiled by Mr. Ben- 
 jamin Strutt, Colchester, 2 vols., 1803-; and another in the History 
 of Colchester, by Thomas Cromwell, 2 vols., 1825. The latter is 
 mainly copied from Morant's Essex. 
 
 Lady Theresa Lewis has also given an excellent account of the 
 siege of Colchester, in her notice of Lord Oapel in the Lives of the 
 Friends and Contemporaries of Lord Ghancellor Clarendon, vol. ii. 
 pp. 67-87. 
 
 Clarendon himself was so ignorant concerning the whole trans- 
 action that he actually says that Colchester was not fortified. 
 
336 LIFJE OF TEE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. xxvni. 
 
 CHAPTEE XXVIII. 
 
 EXEOUTIOIT OF THE KING. 
 
 No sooner had the great general put down the insurrection 
 than again he found himself surrounded by the same haras- 
 sing cares and perplexities which had proved far more trying 
 to him than the fiercest battles, after the end of the first 
 civil war. While the army was engaged in the field, all the 
 mischievous brood of Presbyterians had once more flocked 
 to Westminster. Holies had hurried over from Prance; 
 Lewis, Massey, Clotworthy, and Waller had come from 
 Holland ; and again the enemies of the army, and of the 
 great and good cause for which the army had fought, counted 
 a majority in the House. If their evil work was to be done, 
 it must be done quickly. They knew that full well. They 
 repealed the ordinance of no-addresses on August 17, opened 
 negotiations with the King at the Isle of Wight, and pressed 
 a treaty rapidly forward by which episcopacy would have 
 been abolished, a narrow intolerant system enforced, liberty 
 of conscience destroyed, and all the objects of the war 
 abandoned. . 
 
 Colonel Ludlow, in great alarm, hurried down to Colchester 
 during the siege, and represented the danger to Lord Fair- 
 fax. He showed the general that the design of the treaty 
 was to render aU his victories useless, and that, even if this 
 were not so, the King when free would not account himself 
 bound by anything he might promise while under restraint.' 
 When the army was established at St. Albans, both ofi&cers 
 and soldiers were enraged to find that all the progress that 
 had been made towards a settlement had been undone by 
 
 ' Ludlow, p. 709. 
 
1C48.] OBIEVANOES OF THE ABMY. 337 
 
 their enemies, while they were fighting the battles of the 
 Parliament; and the persistent folly of Holies and his 
 friends in refusing to make any arrangement for paying the 
 troops, and in thus forcing them to live at free quarters on 
 the people, threw the great mass of the army into a dangerous 
 humour, such as enabled the ambitious or fanatical leaders 
 among the officers to fashion it as they chose. 
 
 Early in October 1648 Lord Fairfax wrote to the Speaker, 
 complaining of the almost unendurable burden under which 
 the people groaned, in having to support the troops at free 
 quarters. Complaints came to him from the people in every 
 direction, and he did all in his power to satisfy them. But 
 many regiments had not received a penny for eighteen 
 weeks, and the men were sullen and discontented. The 
 general prayed that a speedy course might be taken to pay 
 the army and take off the oppression of free quarters ; and 
 the House voted that ways be considered for paying the 
 arrears, but no step was taken. The pohticians, mindful of 
 nothing but their own intrigues at Carisbrook, were neglect- 
 ing their simplest duties, and allowing a sense of injustice to 
 rankle in the breasts of the soldiers until they were ready, 
 as one man, to follow those who promised them redress. 
 Soon the army became as an irresistible torrent, which the 
 general had no power to stem — if he could not, it is very 
 certain that no other man in England could. 
 
 Then there came a stern cry from the soldiers for justice on 
 all delinquents. The King even must answer for his misdeeds, 
 they declared. This ominous threat was first heard in the 
 middle of October, when the men had already been kept for 
 months without pay. Petitions began to pour in upopi the 
 general, showing a spirit that could not be mistaken. The 
 men of Ireton's regiment prayed that the same fault might 
 have the same punishment in the person of the King as in 
 that of the poorest commoner; and the language of In- 
 goldsby's regiment was even plainer and stronger. 
 
 The feelings of Lord Fairfax himself had undergone a 
 change. A year ago he was anxious to see the King and 
 the bishops restored, so long as secui-e guarantees were 
 
 z 
 
338 LIFE OF THE GBFAT LOBB FAIBFAX. [ch. xxvm. 
 
 taken for civil and religious liberty. But the King's 
 treacherous conduct had now convinced him that no trust 
 could be placed in his word, that he would consider no 
 promise as binding, no treaty as sacred. The conclusion 
 was inevitable. A treaty with the King woidd be equivalent 
 to a betrayal of England's liberties, and of the good cause for 
 which Fairfax and his army had fought and bled.' The 
 treaty, therefore, must not be suflPered to be completed. 
 The Parliament, which the general had restored to freedom 
 in August 1647, must again be made free. The peace of 
 the kingdom must be settled without the King, as had been 
 decided by the Parliament, with the full concurrence of the 
 army, before the insurrection broke out. The King must be 
 brought to trial and deposed, to make way for a successor 
 with whom a settlement might be possible. It is clear that 
 this was the opinion at which Lord Fairfax had now arrived, 
 though he was still as reluctant as ever to mix actively in 
 politics or to step beyond the sphere of his duties as Com- 
 mander-in-Chief of the army. ' 
 
 Meanwhile the council of officers, led by Ireton, and in- 
 spired to some extent by Marten and Ludlow, had prepared a 
 ' Large Remonstrance,' which was so far countenanced by the 
 general that he sent it to the House of Commons, with a 
 covering letter to the Speaker, entreating the House to 
 take it into timely consideration. It was presented by 
 Colonel Eure and Lieutenant-Colonel Axtell on November 20, 
 1648. This Eemonstrance demanded that furtherv proceed- 
 ings in the treaty with the King should be set aside, that 
 there should be a return to the vote of no more addresses, 
 that the King be brought to justice, that a day be fixed for 
 the Princes to come in on pain of being declared incapable 
 of government, and that the arrears of the soldiers be paid. 
 It is evident, from the allusion to the Princes' succeeding to 
 the government on certain conditions, that at this time the 
 
 1 Ludlow says : ' The question between the King's party and ns being, as I 
 apprehended, whether the King should govern as a god by his will, and the nation 
 be governed by force lilce beasts ; or whether the people should be governed by 
 laws made by themselves, and live under a government derived from their own 
 consent.' Menwirs,^. Hi. 
 
1(348.] FAIRFAX MAliGHFS TO LONDON. 339 
 
 deposition of the King was contemplated as the result of his 
 being brought to justice, and not his death. Men who in- 
 tended to kill the father could never have proposed to hand 
 over the government to his sons under any circumstances ; 
 nor would Fairfax have for a moment countenanced a pro- 
 posal to put the King to death. 
 
 The general removed his head-quarters to Windsor on 
 November 26, and, as the House seemed resolved to take no 
 notice of the ' Large Remonstrance ' of the army, he yielded 
 to the urgent solicitations of the council of officers, and con- 
 sented to march to Ijpndon. A declaration was accordingly 
 published, setting forth the grounds on which His Excellency 
 had come to this determination. In this document it was 
 argued that the evident intention of the majority of the House 
 of Commons was to delay the consideration of the army's Re- 
 monstrance until the treaty with the King had been con- 
 cluded.' This conduct was attributed to a treacherous apo- 
 stacy of the Presbyterian majority from the public trust 
 reposed in them, and an appeal was made from them to the 
 judgment of the people. A hope was expressed that the 
 House would reject the corrupt members who injured the 
 public interests, and proceed to the execution of justice 
 and the settlement of the kingdom. If this could not be, 
 then the lapright members were urged to protest, and to 
 withdraw from those who persisted in guilt ; and the army 
 promised to look upon them as having the chief trust in the 
 kingdom. For this end the general declared that he was 
 marching to London. Notice was also given to the Lord 
 Mayor and aldermen, with a demand that they should ad- 
 vance £40,000 for the present necessities of the army, on 
 security of the arrears 5^ and on December 2 the general 
 aiTived with several regiments of horse and foot, which were 
 quartered in Whitehall, St. James's, the Mews, and in the 
 surrounding villages. The strictest discipline was preserved. 
 
 In consentiDg to these measures, Lord Fairfax probably 
 
 ' On November 3 the Hoxise resolved not to take the Eemonstrance of the army 
 into consideration, by a majority of ninety. Whitelock, ii. p. 463. 
 
 ' The original of this letter is among the Tanner MSS., vol. Ivii. p. 44:6. 
 
 ■i 2 
 
340 LIFE OF THF GREAT LOBD FAIRFAX, [ch. xxviii. 
 
 expected that some such movement would take place as 
 occurred in July 1647, when the Lords and Commons threw 
 themselves upon his protection. He thought that in this 
 way the Houses would be weeded of the obstructive members ; 
 and he marched to London with the object of strengthening 
 the hands of the well affected. He never contemplated the 
 use of violence,' and it was not until unwarrantable acts had 
 been committed by officers under his command, but without 
 his authority, that he found how completely the army had 
 taken the bit into its mouth, and that for the time he was 
 absolutely powerless. He would there and then have re- 
 signed, had he not been urged by all the moderate politicians 
 to remain at his post, where he might, if not at once, still 
 eventually guide and restrain a body whose love and respect 
 he possessed in no ordinary degree. Every personal con- 
 sideration would have led him to throw up his command. 
 A sense of duty to his country alone induced him to remain. 
 The interest of the story now centres round the classic 
 ground at Westminster ; but everything is so altered that no 
 idea can be formed of the place as it then was, without a few 
 words of description. Lord Fairfax had taken up his abode 
 at his ovra house in Queen Street, Lincoln's Inn; the 
 head-quarters being at Whitehall, where he went every 
 day to transact business. The cavalry were qiiartered at the 
 Mews, which covered the whole space occupied by Trafalgar 
 Square. The road thence to Westminster is altered out of 
 all recognition. The Mews opened on Charing Cross, whence 
 a street led to Whitehall Gate, a lofty turreted building with 
 an archway and chamber over it, designed by Holbein. 
 Thence to King Street Gate,° a similar buildiag, flanked with 
 round turrets, there was a wider roadway, with Whitehall 
 Palace, the banqueting house, and gardens on the left ; and 
 Wallingford House (where the Admiralty now stands), the 
 tilt-yard, and cockpit on the right. The only way to West- 
 
 ' • "We do not insist upon the things declai-ed or propounded as for our own -will or 
 judgment, but for the reason or righteousness that is in them, aiid as they are for 
 the public interest and the safety of the nation.' Sir T. Fairfax to the Speaker, 
 Westminster, December 3. Tanner MSS./vol Ivii. p. 45 J. 
 
 ' Demolished in 1723. 
 
1C48.] DESCJiJPTION OF WESTMTNSTEB. 341 
 
 minster was down King Street, a narrow lane with such deep 
 ruts that it was necessary to fill them with faggots to enable 
 carriages to pass. Parliament Street did not then exist, its 
 site being covered with wretched courts and alleys, opening on 
 King Street. At the south end of King Street a turn to the left, 
 called Union Street, led to the High Gate, built in 1484,' which 
 opened on New Palace Yard on the west side. 
 
 New Palace Yard was then a court surrounded by 
 buildings on all four sides. On the south was Westminster 
 Hall, with lean-to houses built up against it ; to the east, with 
 their backs faciug the river, was a row of Elizabethan build- 
 ings, one of which was the famous Star Chamber, erected in 
 1602, a fine old wainscoted room, with an oak ceiling carved 
 in an elaborate pattern. An arched gateway of the time of 
 Henry III. in the north-east corner led to Westminster 
 stairs. There was no bridge. On the west side was a row 
 of houses, and the High Gate at the northern corner. In the 
 centre of the north side, exactly opposite to the doors of 
 Westminster Hall, was the lofty clock tower, with the clock 
 on its south side, arched windows above, and a pointed tile 
 roof. The gateway under it led across the Wool Staple to 
 Canon Eow, a street extending up to the wall of Whitehall 
 privy gardens. In this street stood Derby House with a 
 garden down to the river, where the Executive Committees 
 of the Houses had transacted business since the civil war 
 began, and where the Council of State of the Commonwealth 
 was hereafter to sit. On either side of the clock tower there 
 was a row of private houses, with their quaint gables facing 
 the yard, one of which was the residence of Sir Abraham 
 Williams, where Fairfax had alighted when he brought the 
 Houses back to Westminster in triumph, in August 1647. 
 In front of the clock tower stood a fountain, with a domed 
 canopy supported on arches and light piUars. A narrow 
 street called St. Margaret's Lane, with a gate-house at each 
 end, led from Union Street, just outside the High G^te, to 
 Old Palace Yard. On the right there was a wall separating 
 it from St. Margaret's churchyard, and on the left were the 
 ^ Pulled down in 1706. 
 
342 LlFH OF THE OBEAT LOBD FAIRFAX, [ch. xxyiii. 
 
 Exchequer Chambers, and a number of private houses built 
 up against the west wall of Westminster Hall. A famous 
 public-house, called Hell,^ then kept by a Mr. Duke, was 
 under the Exchequer Chambers, and communicated by a 
 passage to a door opening into Westminster Hall at the 
 north-west corner. In Old Palace Yard were the NahedBoy 
 and Star public-houses on the south side, the Hall on the 
 north with the gate-house leading to St. Margaret's Lane, 
 the Court of Requests on the east, and Henry VII. 's chapel 
 on the west. 
 
 The interior of Westminster Hall was much as it is now, 
 and as it has stood for centuries ; but the south end was 
 fitted up for the sittings of the Courts of Chancery and 
 King's Bench, with a passage between leading to a door 
 opening on the lobby. On the left of the lobby was the door 
 of the House of Commons, the venerable chapel of St. 
 Stephen; and in front another door led to the Court of 
 Requests. The latter was a chamber 120 feet long and 38 
 feet broad, in a line with Westminster Hall, with three 
 Norman windows ornamented with the zigzag pattern at 
 the south end.^ Another chamber of the ancient palace stood 
 at right angles with the south end of the Court of Requests, 
 and parallel with St. Stephen's chapel. This was the Painted 
 Chamber, 80 feet long by 26, and 31 feet high, with two 
 Gothic windows at the east end, and two at the sides. The 
 ceiling was ornamented with gilded and painted tracery of 
 the time of Henry III. ; and frescoes representing the battles 
 of the Maccabees, St. John as a pilgrim presenting Edward 
 the Confessor with a ring, and the canonization of Edward, 
 with seraphin, were painted on the walls, together with black- 
 letter texts of Scripture.' These wall-paintings were of the 
 time of Edward I., who also built St. Stephen's chapel. A 
 
 ^ Demolished in 1793. 
 
 ^ After the fire tlie Court of Requests was used as a temporary House of Com- 
 mons. 
 
 ' In the time of Charles II. the painted walls were concealed hy tapestry 
 hangings, five representing the siege of Troy, and one a garden with fountains. 
 They were taken down in 1800; and before the fire the Painted Chamber was used 
 as a place of conference for the Lords and Commons. Afterwards Smirke fitted it 
 up as a temporary House of Lords in 1 835. 
 
lots.] PRIDE'S PUnOE. 343 
 
 passage along tlie east wall of tlie Court of Requests led 
 from the lobby of the House of Commons to the Painted 
 Chamber; and the old House of Lords extended at right 
 angles from the east end of the Painted Chamber, with walls 
 seven feet thick. At the back of these ancient buildiugs 
 stood Sir Robert Cotton's house, with its precious library, 
 in the middle of a garden extending to the banks of the 
 river. A lane led from Old Palace Yard, along the south wall 
 of Sir Robert Cotton's garden, to the Parliament stairs. 
 
 Such were the localities in which the great events occurred 
 that changed England from a monarchy to a republic.' The 
 last act of the king's life commenced when, in the night of 
 December 6, six men met in a chamber at Whitehall. Three 
 were officers in command of regiments, and three were 
 members of Parliament. Ireton and Ludlow were certainly 
 two, and, if a guess is allowable. Lord Grey of Groby, Harry 
 Marten, Sir Hardress Waller, and Colonel Pride were the 
 other four. They agreed amongst themselves that troops 
 should occupy the palace of Westminster, and that none 
 should be permitted to enter the House of Commons but 
 such as had continued faithful to the public interests.^ Ludlow 
 and his friends drew up a list of the unfaithful, going care- 
 fully over every name, and this list was delivered to Colonel 
 Pride. Ireton then went away, stating that he was going to 
 inform the general of this extraordinary way of proceeding.' 
 But he either said this to deceive his friends, or he changed 
 his mind on reflecting that the general was sure to refuse his 
 consent ; for no report of this intended violence was ever 
 made to Lord Fairfax, and he was kept in ignorance until 
 the revolution, for such it was, had been accomplished.'' 
 
 ' See History of the Palace of Westnibistcr, by Brayley and Britton (1836), aud 
 tlie Antiquities of Wisiininstcr, \>y Smith (1807). See also the smaller -work by 
 Mr. Walcot. 
 
 '•■ Ludlow, p. 116. ' Ludlow. 
 
 * Lord Fairfax says : ' To prepare a way for the trial of the King, the council of 
 officers did first remove all out of the Parliament who were like to oppose them, 
 and carried it on with such secrecy as I had not the least intimation of it till it 
 was done, as some of the members of the House can witness, with whom I was at 
 that very time upon special business when that attempt was made by Colonel 
 Pride upon the Parliament, which I protest I never had any knowledge of till it 
 
344 LIFE OF THE GREAT LOBB FAIRFAX, [ch. xxvnr. 
 
 Instead of going to tlie general in Queen Street, Ireton 
 went to tlie Mews and St. James's to give the necessary 
 orders to the commanding officers. Accordingly, early next 
 morning Colonel Eich got his regiment of horse under arms 
 at the Mews, and rode down to Whitehall, where he was 
 joined by the foot regiments of Sir Hardress Waller and 
 Colonels Hewson and Pride. Rich's regiment then occupied 
 New Palace Yard, while the foot soldiers lined Westminster 
 Hall, the Court of Requests, and the lobby of the House of 
 Commons. Lord Grey of Groby and Colonel Pride stood at 
 the door of the House, and as the members appeared during 
 the forenoon Lord Grey pointed out those whose names 
 were on the list, and Pride ordered them to be arrested and 
 taken to the Hell public-house, there to be entertained by 
 Mr. Duke. Denzil Holies had already departed, but five out 
 of the original eleven impeached Presbyterian leaders appear 
 in the list of forty-one members that were sent to HelU 
 This tavern proving inconveniently small, they were removed 
 during the night to more comfortable quarters at the King's 
 Head and Swan inns, in the Strand. 
 
 By this act of lawless violence the party of the army in the 
 House of Commons obtained a majority, and for a time the 
 House was simply a record office for registering the decrees 
 of the council of officers. Lord Fairfax found that the great 
 body of the army sternly 'and resolutely supported their 
 officers in these and subsequent measures. A year ago he 
 had saved_ the Parliament from similar violence ; but now, 
 thanks to the treachery and injustice of the Presbyterian 
 leaders, his power was gone. He continued to command in 
 
 was done. The reason why it was so secretly carried that I shonld have no 
 notice of it was, because I always prevented those designs when I knew them.' 
 Short Memorial, p. 120. 'VVhiteloek incidentally furnishes evidence of the cor- 
 rectness of Lord Fairfax's memory, by mentioning that on that morning Sir Thomas 
 Widdrington, Sir John Eyelyn, and other members were sent for, to go ou business 
 to the general. Memorials, ii. p. 470. Clarendon also says, ' Fairfax knew 
 nothing of it,' iv. p. 613. 
 
 ' Namely Sir William "Waller, General Massey, Sir John Clotworthy, Sir 
 William Lewis, and Colonel Harley. On January 1 8 Massey escaped from St. 
 James's, where he was confined, went to Holland, and became an active agent for 
 the Prince of Wales. 
 
1048.] THE GOUNGIL OF OFFIOEBS. 345 
 
 all strictly military matters, but on political questions the 
 council of officers took their own course, in direct opposition 
 to the general, though with the full concurrence of their men. 
 Yet he continued to hold his commission. He did not 
 desert his post. It was strongly represented to him that 
 the public interests would suffer if he retired at this critical 
 moment; and, in spite of his own strong inclination, in 
 spite of the certainty that his motives would be misrepre- 
 sented, he resolved to continue at the head of the army. 
 No feeling of personal ambition, no thought of advantage 
 to himself, had any influence with him. His whole career 
 proves this beyond possibility of dispute. It is unjust, 
 therefore, to withhold from Lord Fairfax the acknowledg- 
 ment that his course of action, whether mistaken or not, 
 was prompted solely by the desire to do his duty as a public 
 servant ; and surely this is the highest praise that could be 
 bestowed upon him. 
 
 Cromwell had taken no part in these transactions. He 
 was absent in the north ; but he returned on December 7, 
 and declared that, though he had not been acquainted with 
 the design, he was glad of it. He took up his quarters at 
 Whitehall, and lay in one of the King's rich beds.' Ireton, 
 Harrison, and other officers were also lodged in the palace. 
 
 The officers then devoted their time to the discussion of 
 political questions, while the general was fully occupied 
 with the details of military administration. He found it 
 necessary to station troops at certain posts in the city, in 
 order to enforce the payment of a sum, with the army 
 arrears for security, by means of which the cruel hardships 
 of free quarters might be averted from the people. He also de- 
 manded beds for the soldiers from the rich citizens, and as soon 
 as they were supplied he removed all his men from private 
 houses, and quartered them in York House and other large 
 empty buildings. The council of officers, leaving these 
 arrangements to the general, was busy with a document 
 entitled the ' Agreement of the People,' which contained a 
 detailed scheme for the settlement of the kingdom, by 
 
 1 Whitelock. 
 
346 LIFU OF THB GREAT LOBD FAIRFAX, [ch. xxviii. 
 
 means of annual Parliaments, universal suffrage, liberty of 
 conscience, and equality of all men before tbe law. It was 
 agreed to by the officers on December 29, and presented to 
 the House by General Hammond on January 20. 
 
 Meanwhile the House of Commons resolved^ on January 4, 
 that they had the supreme authority in the nation, and 
 passed an ordinance for the erection of a High Court of 
 Justice for the trial of the King. The commissioners of this 
 High Court, 135 in number, were named in the bodj"- of the 
 ordinance. They included Viscount Lisle, Lords Monson, 
 Grey of Groby, and Fairfax, three serjeants-at-law, and five 
 barristers. The landed gentry were represented by eleven 
 baronets, eleven knights, and over eighby other members of 
 Parliament. There were also some aldermen of the city, and 
 the principal officers of the army. The various ranks and 
 interests in the kingdom were thus fairly represented. 
 Among the relations of Lord Fairfax, his brother-in-law, 
 Henry Arthington, was one of the members arrested by 
 Colonel Pride. His other brother-in-law. Sir Thomas Wid- 
 drington, then one of the Commissioners of the Great Seal, 
 hurried into the country, with his colleague Bulstrode White- 
 lock, to be out of the way. But his uncle — brave old Sir 
 WiUiam Constable — thought it his duty both to sit in 
 judgment and to sign the death-warrant; and his cousin, 
 Richard Aske, was one of the counsel. Indeed the York- 
 shire gentry were well represented among the King's judges. 
 Besides Sir William, there were Sir Thomas Mauleverer, 
 Francis Lascelles of Stank (ancestor of the Earl of Hare- 
 wood), Isaac Pennington of the Muncaster family, Richard 
 Darley, Chaloner of Guisborough, Colonel Alured, and 
 others of less note. 
 
 Lord Fairfax, it would seem, had been convinced that 
 there was no hope of a permanent peace under the present 
 King, and he was therefore prepared to approve his trial 
 and deposition. This is clear from his having countenanced 
 the ' Large Remonstrance,' and the subsequent 'Declaration.' 
 He, therefore, when he found himself placed at the head of 
 the Commission, was too brave and too honest to shrink 
 from the responsibility. The first informal meeting of 
 
1040.] FAIBFAX BEFUSES TO SIT IN JUDGMFNT. 3 47 
 
 the commissioners took place in the Painted Chamber on 
 January 8. There, in that grand old hall, with the colossal 
 Maccabees — those ancient destroyers of another tyrant — 
 looking down upon them from the walls, fifty-three of the 
 commissioners were assembled, and among them was the 
 lord general. The business was merely formal,' but Fairfax 
 heard enough to conyinoe him that the great majority of 
 the commissioners were sternly resolved to go to the ex- 
 tremity of putting Charles to death. He looked upon the 
 contemplated act as so utterly unjustifiable that he resolved 
 not only to withdraw from the commission, but to do every- 
 thing in his power to prevent the perpetration of a deed 
 which he considered to be wicked in itself, and subversive of 
 that monarchical form of government to which he was 
 sincerely attached. From that day he retired from all con- 
 nection with the proceedings of the High Court, and strove 
 to save the King's life. Some of his old officers, such as 
 Major-General Skippon, Overton, Lambert, and Desborough, 
 followed their general's example. 
 
 But he found that his power for good was, for the moment, 
 lost. Scarcely a regiment would have followed him in 
 forcibly opposing the officers ; and nearly all his own school, 
 the warriors who had led his regiments to victory, had now 
 deserted him. The New Model, which he organized at 
 Windsor, and which won the fight at Naseby, was gone. 
 Pickering, Lloyd, and Eainsborough were dead ; Montague 
 had retired to Hinchinbrook ; Sir Robert Pye and Harley 
 were actually among the members who were arrested by 
 Colonel Pride ; Sheffield, Portescue, Graves, Eossiter, and 
 Butler had retired; and Huntington, in throwing up his 
 commission, presented his reasons to both Houses of Par- 
 liament, which were that Cromwell and Ireton were selfish 
 intriguers, and that he feared 'the success of the army 
 would be made use of for the destruction of all that power 
 for which we first engaged.' ^ 
 
 ' Aske, Dorislaus, Steele, and Cook were appointed counsel ; John Phelps and 
 Greaves to be clerks ; and Walford, Powel, King, Payne, and Hall to be mes- 
 sengers. Ko other business was done, and the meeting was adjourned to the 10th. 
 
 " This paper will be found in Eymer's Fadera, xx. p. 558 ; and in Thurloe's 
 State Papers, i. p. 94. It is also printed in Maserc's Select Tracts, ii. p. 397. 
 
348 LIFH OF THE GREAT LOBD FAIBFAX. [ch. xxviii. 
 
 Yet these original colonels of the New Model should have 
 rallied round their old general in his great need. If Fairfax 
 had allowed personal inclination to influence him, he too would 
 have long ago retired to his hooks and flowers at Nunappleton. 
 The officers whom he had trained to victory had fallen off 
 from him. In their places the energetic lieutenant-colonels 
 and majors, unequalled in the posts where Fairfax originally 
 stationed them as subordinate regimental officers, now com- 
 manded the regiments, and led them as they pleased. Sir 
 Hardress Waller, Okey, Whalley, Ingoldshy, Eich, and 
 Ham.mond alone remained of the orginal New Model 
 colonels. The new men were fanatics, with little or nothing to 
 lose : — Barkstead, Eure, LUbume, Tomlinson, Pride, Hewson, 
 Harrison, and Scroop. Following the lead of Cromwell 
 and Ireton, these men had excited the soldiers of their 
 regiments to a pitch that enabled their officers to undertake 
 the perpetration of the momentous act which Fairfax was 
 powerless to prevent. 
 
 The general resolved to keep entirely aloof; but Lady 
 Fairfax, feeling even more strongly than her husband on the 
 subject of the King's execution, could not refrain from 
 witnessing the scene at Westminster Hall. She and a 
 friend named Mrs. Nelson were escorted by Sir Purbeck 
 Temple ' to a house in St. Margaret's Lane, which was built 
 up against the west wall of Westminster Hall. This house 
 belonged to a certain Mr. Griffith Bodurdoe, a Welshman, 
 who afterwards got a commissionership of the Wine Office 
 during the Protectorate, was rather -a frequent speaker in 
 Cromwell's Parliaments of 1656-58 as member for Anglesea, 
 and made himself disgracefully conspicuous after the Re- 
 storation as an over-zealous witness against the regicides. 
 A door from the parlour of Mr. Bodurdoe's house opened on 
 to a gallery in Westminster Hall, just over the seats of the 
 
 " Sir Purbeck Temple, of Edgcombe Place, in Surrey, was the fourth son of Sir 
 John, and grandson of Sir Thomas Temple of Stowe, whose wife Esther lived to 
 see 700 of her own descendants. Sir Peter Temple, Bart, of Stowe, uncle of Sir 
 Purbeck, was appointed one of the King's judges, but never sat. Sir Purheck was 
 an old bachelor, and died childless in 1695. Mrs. Nelson was his sister. See 
 Herald and Geiiealog'si, iii. p. 543. 
 
1649.] LADY FAIRFAX AT THE KING'S TRIAL. 349 
 
 judges, with a light wooden staircase leading down to the 
 floor of the hall. Mr. Bodurdoe himself says : — ' I had a 
 conveniency out of my house into a gaUery that was some 
 part of it over the court.' ' 
 
 Lady Fairfax, Mrs. Nelson, Sir Purbeck Temple, and Mr. 
 Bodurdoe took their seats in this gallery, before the pro- 
 ceedings commenced, on Saturday, January 20. There was 
 another reserved position for spectators, called Mr. Squibb's 
 gallery, but the mass of the people stood on the floor of the 
 hall; and the back door, leading from the Hell public- 
 house, was ordered to be closed. The guard, in red coats, 
 under Colonel Axtell, was ranged along one side of the 
 hall, near the foot of the stairs leading to Mr. Bodurdoe's 
 gallery. After the King had taken his seat, the proceedings 
 were commenced by reading over the names of the com- 
 missioners. When the name of her husband was called. 
 Lady Fairfax, a ' Vere of the fighting Veres ' as she was, 
 could not restrain her indignation. She rose, and, address- 
 ing the court in a loud voice, declared that the Lord Fairfax 
 was not there in person, that he would never sit among 
 them, and that they did him wrong to name him as a sitting 
 commissioner.^ 
 
 Afterwards, when the President interrupted the King while 
 he was speaking, and required his answer to the charge ex- 
 hibited in the name of the Commons of England assembled 
 in Parliament and the good people of England, Lady Fairfax 
 again interrupted the proceedings. She rose up, with Mrs. 
 Nelson, and cried out, 'It is a lie — not half the people. Where 
 are they and their consents ? Oliver Cromwell is a traitor.' 
 Colonel Axtell required silence, and Mr. Dendy, the Serjeant 
 of the court, came up into the gallery to enquire who it was 
 
 ' Trial of Cook. 
 
 '' This is Eushworth's account, vii. p. 1395. Whiteloek merely says that Lady 
 Fairfax did not forbear to exclaim aloud against the proceedings of the High 
 Court, without giving the words she used. Ludlow does not mention the cir- 
 cumstance. Clarendon says that she cried out, 'He has more wit than to be 
 there.' But Clarendon was abroad at the time, and Eushworth was on the spot. 
 The account of the latter must therefore be taken as the correct one. Eapin does 
 nor mention the circumstance either, but Echard, Hume, and most modern writers 
 quote the words invented by Clarendon. 
 
350 LIFE OF THE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. xxviii. 
 
 that had made the disturbance; but the ladies had been 
 persuaded to retire into Mr. Bodurdoe's parlour, and they 
 did not come out into the gallery again.' 
 
 Lord Fairfax did all in his power, first to prevent, and then 
 to delay Charles's execution, and his feelings were so publicly 
 expressed that Cromwell accused him of an intention to 
 rescue the King. The aversion of Lord Fairfax and General 
 Skippon to the execution of Charles on any grounds was the 
 talk of the town for some days before the perpetration of that 
 famous act.^ 
 
 During the last few days the general entirely absented 
 himself from the council of officers. At one time he thought 
 of attempting to prevent the execution at the head of his 
 own regiment ; ^ but he saw that this would only cause con- 
 fusion and bloodshed, without attaining the desired end ; and 
 latterly he exerted himself to get the execution postponed for 
 a few days. But all his efforts were fruitless. On the night 
 of Monday, the 29th, some of the general's friends proposed 
 to attempt a rescue of the King on his way to the scaffold, 
 saying that 20,000 volunteers would join him. Fairfax 
 replied that he was ready to venture his own life, but not the 
 
 ' The words used by Lady Fairfax, when she spoke the second time, are given 
 by the witnesses at Colonel Axtell's trial. They all say ' not half the people.' 
 Clarendon turns this into ' No, nor the hundredth part of them ; ' but this is a 
 slight exaggeration for him. Hume, without giving any authority, says, ' Not n, 
 tenth part of them.' Echard follows Clarendon. When they decided upon 
 butchering poor Colonel Axtell, after the Restoration, one of the accusations against 
 him was that he ordered the soldiers to shoot Lady Fairfax. The witnesses 
 against him were Sir Purbeck Temple, Mr. Bodurdoe, and Edward Cook. Temple 
 deposed that AxteU ordered his men to shoot the ladies ; Bodurdoe only said that 
 he gave orders to fire if they spoke one word more ; and Cook did not assert that 
 the soldiers were told to fire at all. In his defence Colonel Axtell said, ' Silence 
 was required, and that was all that was done.' The Lord Chief Baron, interrupting 
 him, said, ' You said shoot too.' Axtell answered, ' No, my lord ; I said not any 
 such word, or anything like it. I heard there was an officer went up and entreated 
 the lady to be silent.' Any impartial person who reads the trial will, I think, 
 come to the conclusion that the brave and honest New Model soldier spoke tho 
 truth, and that the over-zealous witnesses perjured themselves. See Howeir.s 
 State Trials, v. p. 1146. It must be remembered that Colonel Axtell knew that 
 lie was to be slaughtered, and that the trial was only a form, so that he had no 
 motive for concealing anything. 
 
 - Carte's Letters ofOrmond, i. p. 210, 212. 
 
 ^ Herbert's Memoirs, p. 194. 
 
1649.] FAIRFAX MEETS TEE KING'S BODY. 351 
 
 lives of others, against tlie army now united in their stern 
 resolve.' 
 
 In the afternoon of the fatal January 30 the lord general 
 came as usual to transact business at head-quarters, and after 
 attending prayers in Colonel Harrison's room, which was at 
 the end of the gallery looking towards the privy gardens, ho 
 came out to go to his office. In traversing the long gallery 
 he met Bishop Juxon and Mr. Herbert, following the King's 
 coffin, which was covered with a black velvet pall. The 
 general stopped, and Mr. Herbert, understanding him to ask 
 how the King did, supposed that he did not know what had 
 passed. In reality the question, put nervously and with 
 much agitation, must have referred to Charles's carriage in 
 his last moments. Fairfax knew too well what had taken 
 place. Herbert adds that the general had all that morning 
 been using his power and influence to get the execution 
 deferred for some days. Having misunderstood this qvies- 
 tion, Herbert naturally mistook the agitation of Lord Fairfax 
 for a feeling of surprise.^ 
 
 ' Brian Fairfax's Lifs of Buckingham. 
 
 " Herbert's Memoirs, p. 194. Hume tells n story, tliat Fairfax intended to 
 attempt the rescue of the King, but that Cromwell and Ireton urged him to seek 
 direction from Heaven by prayer, concealing from him that they had already 
 signed the death-warrant. Harrison was the person appointed to join iu prayer 
 with tlie general, and, by agreement, he prolonged his doleful cant till intelligence 
 arrived that the fatal blow was struck. He then rose from his knees and insisted 
 with Fairfax that the event was a miraculous answer which Heaven had sent to 
 their prayers. History of England, vii. p. 145, ed. 1793. Anthony a Wood also 
 gives this story about Harrison. (Bliss, iv. p. 150.) 
 
 For this absurd story, in which Harrison is represented as a lying knave, and 
 Fairfax as a born idiot, Hume quotes Herbert, who says nothing of the kind. 
 
 Godwin characterizes the story as inexpressibly the most absurd of all the 
 stories which have been told respecting Charles's execution. History of the Com- 
 monwealth, ii. p. 681. 
 
 Hume falsely refers to Herbert, because he was ashamed of his real authority. 
 The solo authority for the story, whom Hume quotes almost word for word, 
 though he gives a false reference, is a wretched hireling scribbler of the Restoration , 
 named Perrinchiefe. But even he prefaces the fabrication with ' as is credibly 
 reported,' which Hume omits. The story will be found iu what the author is 
 pleased to call a life of Charles I. (prefixed to the Eikon BasUike, and other 
 writings ascribed to the King), which is signed Eichard Perrinchiefe. ( Works of 
 Charles I., 2nd edit., folio, 1687.) Brodie has a long note on the subject, in bis 
 History of the British Empire, iv. p. 212-17. 
 
 Herbert is a most trustworthy authority, and I think that every word of his 
 may be implioity relied upon as the honest impression of the writer. 
 
852 LIFH OF THE GBEAT LOBD FAIRFAX, [ch. xxviii. 
 
 Tlie general had no reason to look back with regret on any 
 part of the personal intercourse that had taken place between 
 himself and the unfortunate King. It commenced ten years 
 before, when Charles knighted the fiery young leader of the 
 Nunappleton ' Eed-caps ' on the field near Berwick. When 
 the tyrant King was at the height of his power, young Tom 
 boldly forced a petition into his hand on Heyworth Moor, 
 imploring him to refrain from plunging the country into 
 civil war; and when they next met, the good fight had 
 been fought and the battle was won. Then the great general 
 dismounted in the road near Nottingham, and respectfully 
 kissed the hand of the fallen King. Again they met in Lady 
 Cutts's garden near Cambridge, and for some months after- 
 wards their intercourse consisted in a series of thoughtful 
 attentions and acts of kindness on the part of Fairfax, which 
 were fully acknowledged by Charles. After the fiight from 
 Hampton Court, they never met again ; and the general was 
 at last reluctantly convinced that there could be no settle- 
 ment of the kingdom with Charles as King. But he exerted 
 aU his power and influence to save the King's life,' and 
 sincerely deplored his untimely death. Lord Fairfax wrote 
 the following lines on the King's execution : — 
 
 Oh let that day from time be blotted quite, 
 And let belief of 't in next age be waved. 
 In deepest silence th' act concealed might, 
 So that the kingdom's credit might be saved. 
 But if the Power Divine permitted this. 
 His will's the law, and ours must acquiesce," 
 
 ' ' My earnest endeavours to prevent it will sufficiently testify my dislike and 
 abhorrence of the act.' Short Memorial, p. 121. 
 
 2 MS. in the Bodleian. It is headed ' On the Patal Day, January 30, 16i8 ' 
 P. 600. 
 
1649.] THE GOMMONWEALTH. 353 
 
 CHAPTBE XXIX. 
 
 EESIGNATION OF LOBD FAIRFAX. 
 
 The kingly office and the House of Lords having been abo- 
 lished, a republican form of government was adopted, with the 
 supreme power vested in the House of Commons. A Council 
 of State, consisting of forty-one members, to administer 
 the executive, was nominated on February 1 3 ; and thus the 
 Commonwealth of England was established. Rarely has so 
 large a number of men distinguished for talent and genius 
 been brought together to administer the government of this 
 country as was to be found in that Council of State. It 
 consisted of four Peers — the Earls of Denbigh, Mulgrave, 
 Salisbury,' and Lord Grey of Warke ; and two eldest sons of 
 Peers — Viscount Lisle and Lord Grey of Groby. The law 
 was represented by the two Lord Chief Justices, the Lord 
 Chief Baron, and the Commissioners of the Great Seal ; the 
 army by Lord Fairfax, Generals Cromwell and Skippon, and 
 Colonels Hutchinson and Ludlow; the City by Alderman 
 Pennington ; the country gentlemen by Sir WiUiam Con- 
 stable, Sir William Masham, and other members of Parlia- 
 ment ; while one of the ablest administrators that has ever 
 served this country. Sir Harry Vane the younger, success- 
 fully conducted the affairs of the navy. Walter Frost was 
 Secretary to the Council, and John Milton the poet was 
 Secretary for Foreign Tongues. 
 
 Lord Fairfax had drawn his sword in defence of the 
 threatened liberties of his country. He fought to secure a 
 free Parliament and the rights of his fellow-countrymen, 
 
 ' The Earls of Denbigh and Salisbury became members of the House of 
 Commons. 
 
 A A 
 
354 LIFE OF THE OBFAT LOBD FAIRFAX, [ch. xxix. 
 
 under a constitutional King. He was personally attached to 
 a kingly form of gOTernment, and opposed to a Common- 
 wealth. He did not, howeyer, hesitate to serve his country 
 under whatever form of government the ruling powers might 
 introduce, and in this patriotic resohition he was followed 
 by Admiral Blake, young Montague (the future Earl of 
 Sandwich), Sir Matthew Hale, and all politicians who were 
 worthy the name of Englishmen. Lord Fairfax accepted a 
 seat in the Council of State ; but he firmly refused to sign 
 a declaration which was presented to the Councillors on 
 taking office, by which they would have been made to express 
 approbation of the abolition of kingship and of the House of 
 Lords. He, with the peers, judges, and General Skippon, 
 declared that they were now ready to serve their country, as 
 represented by the new Government, with their lives and 
 fortunes ; but they declined to approve of the acts which had 
 led to the establishment of a republic. Their objections 
 were allowed, and they took their seats without signing.' 
 Lord Fairfax thus became a Councillor of State ; in the same 
 month he was elected for Cirencester, and took his seat for 
 the first time in the House of Commons f and on March 31 
 he was appointed Commander-in-Chief of all the forces of 
 the Commonwealth of England. 
 
 Mr. Godwin, the historian of the Commonwealth, thus sums 
 up his character : — ' He was a most accomplished general. 
 The English army, revived under him in 1645, was a body of 
 a totally different construction and character from what it 
 had been before that period. He led them on to assured 
 victory. In the field of battle he was collected and vigilant, 
 seeing everything. He was a man of eminent virtue. He 
 was inaccessible to the impulses of a crooked ambition, and 
 was consequently the fittest man in the world to be at the 
 head of a newly constituted republic." 
 
 The ambitious designs of the council of officers, which 
 could not be concealed from the men, together with the 
 suppression of the adjutators appointed by the regiments and 
 
 ' Twenty -two Councillors, out of the forty-one, refused to sign this declaration. 
 ' Elected February 7, 1649. » Godwin, iii. p. 218. 
 
1649.] THE LEVELLEB8. 355 
 
 the curtailment of tlie right of petition, caused a widespread 
 feeling of discontent in the army, which eventually led to 
 open mutiny. The soldiers believed that their officers had 
 simply made use of them for their own purposes and then 
 thrown them aside, and that the agreements made on 
 Triplow Heath had been broken as soon as the officers had 
 gained their own ends. John Lilburne, * free-born ' John as 
 he loved to be called, a brother of Colonel Eobert Lilburne, 
 did all in his power to foster the dangerous spirit in the 
 army. This troublesome firebrand was absolutely imprac- 
 ticable, declared every measure to be wrong, every govern- 
 ment to be tyranny ; but he was at the same time utterly 
 fearless, and his popularity among the common people was 
 unbounded. On March 1 five troopers presented a mutinous 
 complaint of the opposition that was offered to the right of 
 the soldiers to petition, and they were tried by court-martial 
 and cashiered. John Lilburne published an account of this 
 affair, with a quaint but suggestive title.' His next produc- 
 tion was entitled ' England's New Chains,' which was voted 
 treasonable by the House of Commons, and he was safely 
 locked up in the Tower. But the seed he had sown in the 
 army soon began to bear fruit, and the mutinies in several 
 regiments placed the country in a most critical position. 
 The firm, yet gentle hand of the Lord General once more 
 steered the ship of state through the perils that surrounded 
 it, into a safe harbour. 
 
 A certain Captain Thompson, generally known as ' Thomp- 
 son the Great,' mutinied at Banbury on May 6, at the head 
 of 200 horse, and published a manifesto entitled ' England's 
 Standard Advanced.' ^ He and the other mutineers were called 
 ' levellers,' because it was said that they aimed at the levelling 
 of all ranks. But this is a mistake : they merely claimed 
 that all men should be equal before the law. Thompson 
 declared his resolution to redeem the magistracy of England 
 
 ' The title of this pamphlet was Hunting of the Foxes from Newmarket and 
 Triplow ffeath to Whitehall, h/ fivi small beagles. Somer's Tracts. 
 
 ' England's Standard Advanced An Oxfordshire. A declaration from Mr. 
 William Thompson and the oppressed people of this nation now under his conduct. 
 May 6, 1649. K. P. No. 421. 
 
 A A 2 
 
356 LIFE OF THE GREAT LOBD FAIRFAX, [ca. xxix. 
 
 from tlie power of the sword, and swore tliat if one liair of 
 John Lilburne's head was injured he would avenge it seven 
 times sevenfold upon the tyrants. He demanded a new 
 Parliament and the restoration of the office of adjutators in 
 the regiments, and pronounced Richard Arnold, who was shot 
 at Ware on November 15, 1647, for mutiny, to be a martyr. 
 Colonel Reynolds encountered and dispersed this body of 
 mutineers at Banbury, and Thompson fled into Northamp- 
 tonshire. 
 
 But the danger was not over. Immediately afterwards 
 portions of Scroop's and Ireton's regiments mutinied at 
 Salisbury. An insubordinate feeling was spreading through 
 the army. ' Nearly every regiment was tainted with it. The 
 danger was extreme, and everything depended on the 
 general's conduct ; but this was in itself a host. 
 
 Lord Fairfax, impressed as he was with the necessity for 
 prompt and vigorous action, yet felt that there were excuses 
 for these poor mutineers. The example of insubordination, 
 not only to the Parliament, but to the general, had been set 
 them by their officers ; they merely imitated a bad example, 
 while they thought with some reason that they had been 
 used as tools and then thrown aside. 
 
 The general collected his most reliable troops, among 
 whom were Colonel Okey's famous dragoons, and marched 
 to Alton, and thence to Andover. Meanwhile the mutineers 
 went from Salisbury to Wantage, a thousand strong, where 
 they were joined by two troops of Harrison's regiment. 
 Fairfax sent Major White to them with offers of pardon on 
 submission.' But they continued their march, and were 
 attempting the passage of the Isis at Newbridge, when they 
 received a check from Colonel Reynolds. They then turned 
 off to Parringdon, where they swam and forded the river, 
 occupying the town of Burford that night. 
 
 Everything now depended on the promptitude of the 
 
 ' Declaration of Sis Excellency concerning the 'present distempers of part of 
 Commissary- General Ireton and Colonel Scroop's Eegiments. Alton, May 12, 1649. 
 K. P. No. 421. This is a detailed expostulation with the miitineer,s. 
 
1649.] THE LEVELLEBS. 357 
 
 general's movements. A day lost might give time for the 
 contagion of mutiny to spread and gather head, until it 
 became a formidable rebellion. Fairfax was equal to the 
 occasion. He made the most wonderful march, on that 
 Sunday in May, that had been accomplished since the war 
 began. He rode nearly fifty miles, reached Burford the 
 same night, rested his men and horses for a couple of hours, 
 and attacked the town at midnight. The mutineers could 
 scarcely believe their senses. Even they, accustomed as they 
 were to march with Fairfax, could hardly credit the possibility 
 , of such a day's,work. They were utterly taken by surprise ; a 
 few shots were fired from windows and behind walls, and then 
 340 mutineers surrendered, and were confined in the church. 
 They at once expressed sorrow and contrition for their con- 
 duct, declared they had been cozened by lies and pretences, 
 and entreated the general to forgive them. 
 
 Four were adjudged to die — Cornets Dean and Thompson, 
 the latter a brother of Thompson the Great, and two cor- 
 porals named Church and Perkins. But Dean, owing to his 
 previous good character, was pardoned, and only three suf- 
 fered. Dean wept bitterly. He declared that he had bought, 
 his winding-sheet, and that he was not worthy of such mercy. 
 He said, ' I am more ashamed to live than afraid to die.' 
 He afterwards published a temperate and well-written ac- 
 count of the various causes which had combined to give rise 
 to the mutinous feeling in the army.' The other misguided 
 men expressed contrition and were pardoned. 
 
 Thompson the Great, fled to Wellingborough, in North- , 
 amptonshire, closely pursued by a troop of horse. He 
 was well mounted and retired into a wood, where he refused 
 to surrender, charged his pursuers three times, and, after 
 receiving several wounds, was at last shot down by a corporal, 
 who loaded his piece with seven bullets. He had sworn that 
 he would never be taken alive, to be tried and executed.^ 
 
 ' Levellers' Designe Discovered ; or. The Anatomie of the Late Unhappie Muiinie, 
 written by Henry Dean, an actor in the tragedie. London, May 2i, 1649. 
 
 " Thompson the Great Kild ; or, A Perfect Narrative of the Total Bontiiig of the 
 Levellers near WelUnghoroiigh, towards Rutlandshire, with the desperate death of 
 
358 LIFE OF THE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. xxix. 
 
 The wliole army was thus brought back to a sense of duty, 
 partly by the combined firmness and clemency of their 
 general, and in some degree by the influence that the vigour 
 and ability of his movements had upon men vyhom he had so 
 often led to certain victory. Their old feeling of respect and 
 love for their brave leader returned to them in fuU force. 
 Fairfax now completely regained all the power with his men 
 that had been impaired by the insubordination of their offi- 
 cers and the unhealthy excitement of political discussion. 
 After the Burford affair they would have followed him any- 
 where, even to rescue the King. But it was too late. 
 
 As soon as the mutinies were quelled. Lord Fairfax went 
 to Oxford, whither he had been invited by the University to 
 receive an honorary degree. The grand old place had been 
 nearly ruined by the Eoyalists. The college plate had been 
 melted down, the principal edifices appropriated to the use of 
 the court, the schools turned into granaries and magazines, and 
 the scholars debauched and brutalized by contact with the 
 dissolute soldiery of Eupert's teaching. In April 1649 the 
 Earl of Pembroke was appointed Chancellor, and a thorough 
 reform was effected. The new system had already been 
 introduced when the general arrived on May 17. He was 
 lodged in the house of the Warden of All Souls', on the 18th 
 he was waited upon by the Heads of Colleges, and on the 
 19th he was entertained by the President of Magdalen, and 
 afterwards received the honorary degree of D.C.L. in the 
 Convocation House. Cromwell and several of the chief 
 officers of the army received honorary degrees at the same 
 time. 
 
 Cromwell then proceeded to take command of the army in 
 Ireland ; and Lord Fairfax made a tour of inspection to the 
 
 Captain Thompson, being a full relation of all the proceedings between His 
 Excellency and the Levellers. London, 1649. 
 
 See also, for further particulars respecting the mutineers. Narrative of the 
 Proceedings of His Excellency the Lord General Fairfax in the Eeducing of the 
 Btvolted Troops, together with the humble petition of the sad and heavy-hearted 
 prisoners remaining in the church of Burford. May 23, 1649. K. P. No. 422. 
 Also Full Narrative of Proceedings between His Excellency- the Lord General and 
 the Mutineers. Burford, May 16, 1649. 
 
1650.] RESIGNATION OF LOBB FAIRFAX. 359 
 
 Isle of Wight, Portsmouth, and Southampton, being received 
 everywhere with enthusiasm, and on his return in Jime he 
 reviewed several regiments near Guildford. A mutiny broke 
 out at Oxford in Ingoldsby's regiment, which was easily 
 suppressed in the following September, and the year ended 
 without the occurrence of any other event of importance. 
 The Council of State was elected for one year, but on 
 February 18, 1650, it was again installed with only four 
 alterations. It was divided into five committees for the 
 administration of different departments of public business. 
 Sir Harry Vane was again at the head of the navy, and Lord 
 Fairfax of the army. The other committees were for Ireland, 
 Foreign Affairs, and Law Business. The Commonwealth 
 continued to prosper, and never had the affairs of the nation 
 been transacted with such efficiency, economy, and public 
 spirit. 
 
 The invitation to Charles by the Scots, and his arrival in 
 Scotland, led to the resignation of Lord Fairfax. On May 31, 
 1650, Cromwell returned from Ireland, and on June 24 the 
 Council of State debated the question of invading Scotland. 
 It was supposed that the Scots, with their new King, in- 
 tended to invade England, and it was suggested, in Council, 
 that it would be wiser to carry the war into the enemy's 
 country than to wait till this invasion took place. It was 
 finally resolved to make war upon Scotland, but Fairfax 
 demurred to the justice of such a measure, and hesitated to 
 conduct a campaign which appeared to him to be unjusti- 
 fiable. He said that if the Scots invaded England, he was 
 ready to lay down his life in opposing them, but he refused 
 to march into Scotland and make war upon a people between 
 whom and the English there still existed a Solemn League 
 and Covenant. Ludlow and others of the Council laboured 
 hard to overcome his scruples, but unsuccessfully. Cromwell, 
 ' filled with admiration at the high and beautiful qualities of 
 Fairfax,' as Godwin says,' declared that he would rather 
 serve under his old general than command the greatest armj' 
 in Europe.' All moderate politicians were in despair at the 
 
 ' Godwin, iii. p. 216. ■ Ludlow, p. 135 ; Hutchinson, p. 315. 
 
360 LIFE OF THE GREAT LORB FAIRFAX: [ch. xxix. 
 
 threatened resignation of Fairfax: — tlie one absolutely unsel- 
 fish public man in England. In the same night Colonel 
 Hutchinson and several other members of Parliament went to 
 his house and earnestly strove to dissuade him, but in vain.' 
 Next day the Council of State appointed a ' committee, 
 consisting of Cromwell, Lambert, Harrison, St. John, and 
 Whitelock, to wait upon the general in a room at Whitehall, 
 and endeavour to satisfy him of the justice of an aggressive 
 war upon Scotland.. The Lord Fairfax first stated his objec- 
 tion. He said, 'I think it doubtful whether we have a 
 just cause to make an invasion upon Scotland. We are 
 joined with, the Scots in the National League and Covenant, 
 and for us, contrary thereunto, and without sufficient cause 
 given us by them, to enter their country and make war upon 
 them, is that which I cannot see the justice of.' To this 
 Cromwell replied that the invasion of England by the Duke 
 of Hamilton in 1648 had freed her from her obligations 
 as regarded the League and Covenant, and that the Scots 
 were giving such cause of suspicion that it would be justi- 
 fiable to attack them. But Lord Fairfax's clear and honest 
 understanding was not to be blinded by such sophistry. He 
 reminded the committee that the Scottish Parliament had 
 disowned the invasion by Hamilton, and that his miscon- 
 duct could not justify an equally gross breach of faith on 
 the part of England. ' What my conscience yields unto as 
 just and lawful,' he concluded, ' I shall follow ; and what 
 seems to me to be otherwise I will not do. My conscience 
 is not satisfied, and therefore I must desire to be excused.' ^ 
 
 The conversation lasted for some time longer, and Crom- 
 well urged every argument he could think of, but Fairfax 
 
 ' Mrs. Hutchinson's Memoirs. She says that Lord Pairfax ' exprest that he 
 heliev'd God lay'd him aside, as not being worthy of more, nor of that glory which 
 ■was already given him.' It is not improhable that he may have said something of 
 the kind, in his conversation with her husband, for he was the most difiBdent and 
 humble-minded of men. 
 
 The unsupported gossip of "Whitelock, Ludlow, and Mrs. Hutchinson, that 
 Lord Fairfax acted under the influence of his wife is quite unworthy of credit. 
 It is on a par with Clarendon's suggestion that the Colchester executions were 
 due to to the influence of Ireton. Lord Fairfax is well a,ble to bear the responsi- 
 bility of his own acts, nor would he sufifer any one to induce him to act otherwise 
 than as his conscience prompted. 
 
 ■■' The whole conversation is given by Whitelock, iii. p, 207. 
 
1650.] RESIGNATION OF LOBD FAIRFAX. 361 
 
 remained firm. Ludlow and Whitelock thought at the time 
 that Cromwell was in earnest ; but afterwards, judging from 
 subsequent events, thej came to a different conclusion. 
 Mrs. Hutchinson is more just, and seems to have been con- 
 vinced of Cromwell's sincerity. He it was that suggested 
 the appointment of a committee to wait upon the general, 
 and he himself ui-ged the point most persistently and with 
 the most persuasive arguments. Assuredly this was a 
 strange way of securing the general's resignation ; but no 
 absurdity is too gross when the object is to fix a charge 
 of dishonesty ^ hypocrisy on the greatest of England's 
 sovereigns. 
 
 Lord Fairfax was ever ready to shed the last drop of his 
 blood for his country, either in opposing a domestic tyrant 
 or a foreign invader ; and he was willing to serve her under 
 any foi-m of government. But it was not for England's 
 honour, he conceived, that her army should be led to an 
 aggressive war, by a general who, in his conscience, believed 
 that war to be unjust. Such was his position now, and he 
 accordingly resolved to lay down his commission. 
 
 On June 25, 1650, Lord Fairfax resigned his commission, 
 sending it by his secretary, John Eushworth, to the door of 
 the House of Commons. The next day an Act was passed 
 for repealing the ordinance whereby his Lordship was 
 appointed Commander-in-Chief of all the forces of the Com- 
 monwealth ; and on the same day another Act was passed, 
 appointing Cromwell to succeed him. Here we part company 
 with diligent John Rushworth, without whose aid our road 
 would have been far more difficult and toilsome. He 
 afterwards served under Cromwell in Scotland, and lived, 
 unhappily for himself, to extreme old age.' 
 
 ' John Eushworth was born near Berwick, of Yorkshire parents, and it is said 
 that he was related to Lord Fairfax, though I have not been able to make out 
 how. He began life as a barrister, but devoted all his time to making notes of 
 the speeches and proceedings in Parliament, and eventually he became assistant- 
 clerk to the House of Commons. He carried despatches from Westminster to the 
 King at York, in 1640 and 1642, riding post, and often going over the distance of 
 150 miles in twenty-four hours. On one of these occasions he pushed on further 
 north, and was present at the action with the Scots at Newburn. On the appoint- 
 ment of Fairfax as Commander-in-Chief of the New Model army, Eushworth 
 became his secretary, and continued to act zealously and efficiently in that 
 capacity, until his Lordship's resignation, in June 1650. Afterwards he was in 
 
362 LIFE OF THE GBEAT LOUD FAIRFAX, [ch. xxix. 
 
 It would be difficult to find a character in history whose 
 public career was so entirely without taint of self-seeking as 
 that of Lord Fairfax. He deroted all the energies and 
 resources of his mind, aU the powers of his body, to the 
 service of his country, without one thought of personal 
 aggrandizement. He retired covered with wounds, but with 
 no rich grants of money to dim the lustre of his fame. He 
 sheathed his swordj with his knighthood as pure and un- 
 sulUed as when he first drew it ten years before. He was 
 never known to use his power for the furtherance of his own 
 affairs. But he never allowed the services of his officers to 
 be overlooked. The widow and the orphan were safe to find 
 in him a firm and persistent advocate, and many were the 
 Royalist gentlemen who were saved from ruin by the gene- 
 rous intercession of the Lord General.' 
 
 Milton addressed a sonnet ' To My Lord Fairfax ' during 
 the siege of Colchester, celebrating his services : — 
 
 Fairfax, whose name in arms through Europe rings, 
 
 Filling each mouth with envy or with praise, 
 
 And aU her iealous monarchs with amaze 
 And rumours loud, that daunt remotest kings ; 
 Thy firm unshaken virtue ever brings 
 
 Victory home, though new rebeUions raise 
 
 Their Hydra heads, and the false North displays 
 Her broken league to imp their serpent- wings. 
 yet a nobler task awaits thy hand, 
 
 (For what can war but endless war still breed?) 
 
 Till truth and right from violence be freed. 
 And public faith cleared from the shameful brand 
 
 Of public fraud. In vain doth Valour bleed. 
 While Avarice and icapine share the land. 
 
 Parliament, and on a law commission, but latterly he became involved in debt 
 and died, in extreme old age, in the King's Bench prison in 1690. He left only 
 datighters, one of whom, named Hannah, was the wife of Sir Francis Fane, 
 ancestor of the Earl of Westmoreland. 
 
 His historical collections, published after his death in seven folio volumes, are 
 far and away the most valuable contributions to the history of the civil war. 
 
 ' See his statements of the claims of General Lambert, Colonel Legard, Sir 
 William Constable, and many others; his urgent recommendations in favour of 
 the widow and children of Colonel Eainsborough, of Hopkinson the waggou- 
 master-general, and of reduced oificers in Yorkshire ; and his intercessions for Lord 
 Paulet, Sir John Acland of Colomb John, Sir Charles Trevanion, Mr. Edge- 
 combe, Mr. Coryton, Mr. Glanvllle, and several Cornish gentlemen. Tanner MSS. 
 
ssf' 
 
 ^*r' ^. 
 
 ,^^ '- — _^r iLf-*. — - 
 
 NUNAPPLBTON (tHB SEAT OF LOKD FAIEFAX). 
 
 CHAPTEE XXX. 
 
 RETIREMENT AT ITUNAPPLETON. 
 
 Lord Fairfax retired to Nunappletoii with his wife and 
 daughter, and at length obtained that rest which he so much 
 needed, and had so well earned. Worn out with the toils of 
 many severe campaigns, and by the still more harassing 
 duties of administering the affaii-s of the army after the war 
 was over, and suffering from the effects of his wounds, and 
 from diseases brought on by exposure and overwork, he was 
 no longer able to enjoy those sports of the field which had 
 been his favourite amusements before the war began. But 
 he was not a man of one resource. He found constant and 
 unfailing pleasure in the pursuits of literature, in the educa- 
 tion of his child, in collecting books and medals, in his 
 garden, and in his unrivalled stud. Many old friends 
 
364 TjIFE of the GBEAT LOBD FAIRFAX, [ch. xxx. 
 
 gathered round him, and Nunappleton hospitality became 
 famous, even in Yorkshire. 
 
 He retired with clean hands. He might have obtained 
 any grants of land he pleased for the asking ; but he had no 
 money or land but what he inherited from his father. Par- 
 liament had voted him J4,000 a year on several occasions, 
 but they had never paid it ; and at last they granted him the 
 estate of Helmsley in Yorkshire, and York House in the 
 Strand, being part of the confiscated property of the young 
 Duke of Buckingham, in lieu of his pension. Fairfax was 
 not a man to take what did not belong to him, or to benefit 
 by the misfortunes of another. He merely held this property 
 in trust, until an opportunity offered of restoring it to its 
 rightful owner; and this opportunity occurred sooner than 
 at first seemed likely. His country owed him a deep debt of 
 gratitude for having restored the blessings of peace. He owed 
 his country nothing. 
 
 On October 15, 1651, the Parliament granted Lord Fairfax 
 the seignory of the Isle of Man, ' in public gratitude of his 
 high deserts, and not as the issue of his own desires.' This 
 grant furnishes another instance of the noble disinterested- 
 ness of the great general. He appointed Mr. James Chaloner, 
 barrister and member of Parliament, who had married 
 Ursula, sister of his cousin Sir William Fairfax of Steeton, 
 to be his commissioner to settle the affairs of the island ; ' 
 and associated with him a Mr. Erobert Dyneley, and the Rev. 
 Joshua Witton, a Yorkshire clergyman.^ These three repre- 
 
 ■ James Chaloner had married Ursula Fairfax, -while his sister was the wife of her 
 brother, Sir William Fairfax of Steeton. Chaloner sat as a King's judge, but was 
 not present when the sentence was pronounced, and did not sign the death-warrant. 
 He was a scholar and an antiquary. While acting as Lord Fairfax's commissioner 
 he wrote 'A Short IVeaiine of the Me of Man, Digested into Six Chapters, by James 
 Chaloner, one of the commissioners for settling the affairs in the Isle of Man in 
 1652, and afterwards Governor of the Island from 1658 to 1660.' It was dedicated 
 to Lord Fairfax, and first published in 1656, as an appendix to ' King's Vale Eoyal 
 of England, or the County Palatine of Chester, Illustrated! It has been reprinted 
 by the Manx Society in their volume for 1858. Mr. Chaloner also collected 
 materials for the county history of Shropshire. He died in 1660. The story 
 that he poisoned himself is an invention of the carrion vultures of the Re- 
 storation. 
 
 2 Joshua Witton, born in 1613, was at Cambridge, and entered Holy Orders. 
 He was chaplain to Ferdinando Lord Fairfax, who made him rector of Thornhill, 
 
1C51.] NUNAPPLETON. 365 
 
 sentatives of the Lord Fairfax did their work ably and 
 honestly, and were very popular in the island. He ordered 
 them to set apart the whole of the proceeds from the seques- 
 trated bishopric to increase the incomes of the inferior 
 clergy, and for the establishment of grammar schools at 
 Douglas, Castletown, Peel, and Eamsay, the four principal 
 towns in the island. He also, with a kindness and generosity 
 which has not often been equalled in history, caused the 
 whole of the rents of the Isle of Man to be regularly paid to 
 his fair antagonist at Lathom Hbuse, the Countess of Derby. 
 This was done with such scrupulous honesty that the countess 
 confessed she ha3 never received her rents with such regularity 
 from her own agents.' She was better off in having such a true 
 knight as Lord Fairfax for an enemy, than in counting all the 
 cavaliers who ever fled before him as her friends. 
 
 Nunappleton had always been the favourite residence of 
 Lord and Lady Fairfax, since the first year of their marriage. 
 In those days their grandfather had commenced the building 
 of a new house, to take the place of the smaller and older 
 one where uncle John was born, who fell so gloriously at 
 Frankenthal. The long civil war had checked the progress 
 of all work of this kind, but uncle Charles had since actively 
 superintended his nephew's interests, and when the general 
 at length returned to Yorkshire, the house was nearly or 
 quite finished. On entering it. Lord Fairfax wrote the fol- 
 lowing lines ' Upon the New-built House at Nunappleton' : — ■ 
 
 Think not, man ! that dwells herein, 
 This house 's a stay, but as an inn 
 Wliich for convenience fitly stands 
 In way to one not made with hands ; 
 But if a time here thou take rest, 
 Yet think eternity the best.^ 
 
 It was a picturesque brick mansion with stone copings and 
 
 but he refused to conform at the Eestoration, and retired to York, where he 
 passed the rest of his life. Calamy says : ' He was a man of an excellent 
 temper, of great integrity, and unusual capacity, a good scholar, and blessed with . 
 a plentiful estate.' He died on June 1, 1674, leaving by his wife Elizabeth, 
 daughter of Tempest Thornton, Esq., a son, Richard VVitton, a lawyer, who was 
 Lord Fairfax's agent. 
 
 ' Brian Fairfax's Life of Buckingham. ^ MS. at the Bodleian Library.. 
 
366 LIFE OF THE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. xxx. 
 
 a higli steep roof, and consisted of a centre and two wings 
 at riglit angles, forming three sides of a square facing to the 
 north. The great hall or gallery occupied the centre, between 
 the two wings. It was fifty yards long, and was adorned with 
 thirty shields in wood, painted with the arms of the family.' 
 In the other rooms there were chimney pieces of delicate 
 marble of various colours, and many fine portraits on the 
 walls. The central part of the house was surmounted by a 
 cupola, and clustering chimneys rose over the two wings.* A 
 noble park, with splendid oak-trees,' and containing 300 head 
 of deer,* stretched away to the north ; while on the south side 
 were the ruins of the old nunnery, the flower garden, and 
 the low meadows called ings, extending to the banks of the 
 Wharfe. In this flower garden the general took especial de- 
 light. The flowers were planted in masses— tulips, pinks, and 
 roses each in separate beds, which were cut into the shape of 
 forts with flve bastion's.' General Lambert, whom Fairfax 
 had reared as a soldier, also loved his flowers, and excelled 
 both in cultivating them and in painting them from nature. 
 Lord Fairfax only went to Denton, the favourite seat of his 
 grandfather, when the floods were out over the ings at Nun- 
 appleton ; and he also occasionally resorted to his house at 
 Bishop Hill ia York. 
 
 He was surrounded in his retirement by many dear friends 
 and near relations. His uncle Henry Fairfax was minister 
 of the parish church at Bolton Percy. The rector was sixty- 
 three years of age in 1650, a warm-hearted and scholarly old 
 
 ' Thoresby. 
 
 ^ The orders for the servants of the household of Lord Fairfax are very 
 curious. But I am not quite confident whether they were drawn up by the first lord 
 or by the great general. They are printed in the Excerpta Antiqua, York, 1796, 
 from a manuscript in the possession of George William Fairfax of Toulston, 
 great-grandson of the fourth lord ; and also by Bishop Percy in the Antiquarian 
 Bepertory, iv. p. 309, 1808. G-. W. Fairfax says they are by Thomas Loi-d 
 Fairfax of Denton, called 'Black Tom,' and the bishop also says they were for 
 the third lord's household, 'after the civil wars.' On the other hand, Brian 
 Fairfax, who is a higher authority than either of the other two, enumerates the 
 Orders for the Hotise and Bemembrances for Servants among the writings of the 
 first Lord Fairfax. They appear to be more for the times of Elizabeth than of the 
 Commonwealth. This doubt prevents me from giving them here. 
 
 ' Brian Fairfax. * Thoresby. * Marvell. 
 
1G52.] MARY FAIEFAX. 367 
 
 clergyman. He had lost Ms dearly loved wife, Mary, daughter 
 of Sir Henry Cholmley of Whitby, in the previous year ; but 
 was rearing his two boys — Henry, then just twenty, who 
 became the fourth Lord Fairfax,' and Brian, who was seven- 
 teen when his great cousin came to live at Nunappleton.* At 
 Steeton, in the same parish, lived the widowed Lady Fairfax, 
 whose heroic husband had fallen so gloriously at Montgomery 
 Castle, bringing up- her two sons and two daughters. Most 
 of the general's sisters were also his neighbours. Lady 
 Widdrington had died in the previous year, but her husband 
 Sir Thomas had a home for his three blooming daughters in 
 Lendal, at York, though he himself was generally busily en- 
 gaged on public affairs in London. Mrs. Hutton still lived 
 at Poppleton, and the home of Mrs. Arthington was on the 
 direct road from Nunappleton to Denton. Uncle Charles 
 Fairfax was the genealogist of the family, carefully preserving 
 the records, making entries in the family Bible, and prepar- 
 ing his ' Analecta Fairfaxiana.' He was bringing up a family 
 of fourteen children at Menston,^ close to Denton, but took 
 a keen interest in public affah-s, and, though an active and 
 successful lawyer, now held a colonel's commission under the 
 Parliament. Mrs. Wolstenholme, one of the sisters of Lady 
 Fairfax, lived at Nostell Priory, near Wakefield ; and her aged 
 mother. Lady Vere, as well as her other sisters, paid frequent 
 visits to Nunappleton. 
 
 The general's only daughter, little Moll as he called her', 
 was just twelve years old in 1650 ; and young Andrew 
 Marvell, the son of the rector of Winestead in Holderness, 
 who had passed four years on the Continent and was also a 
 good classical scholar, was engaged to teach her languages. 
 He appears to have remained at Nunappleton for about two 
 years, and to have left in the autumn of 1652.* He formed 
 a devoted admiration for the great man whose child it was 
 
 ' Born at Ashton on December 20, 1631. 
 
 ' Born at Newton Kyme on October 6, 1633. 
 
 ' Part of the house at Menston is still standing. The gates hare been 
 removed to Farnley, the seat of Mr. Fawkes. 
 
 * See a letter from Milton to Bradshaw, in the JAfe of Andrew MarveH, by 
 Hartley Coleridge, 
 
368 LIFE OF THE GREAT LOBD FAIBFAX. [ch. xxx. 
 
 his duty to instruct, and wrote two poems, one on ISTunapple- 
 ton and one on Bilbrough Hill, a favourite resort of the retired 
 general.' Great pains were also taken by her parents in the 
 religious education of Mary Fairfax, and they all three appear 
 to have been in the habit of taking notes of the sermons they 
 heard. Mr. Bowles, the former chaplain of the forces, had 
 the church of AE Hallows in York, and was constantly at 
 Nunappleton, but Mr. Stretton appears to have been the 
 domestic chaplain.^ 
 
 Lo.rd Fairfax made a large and very valuable collection of 
 engravings, medals, and coins, which afterwards came into 
 the possession of Thoresby the antiquary, whose father had 
 served under fiery young Tom in the first Yorkshire cam- 
 paign. But literature was the general's favourite pursuit. 
 He was a good Latin scholar, and both spoke and wrote 
 French and Italian. The results of his more serious literary 
 labours were a translation of the five books on Roman dis- 
 cipline by Flavins Vegetius, a favourite classic author in 
 those days ; a history of the Church from our Saviour's 
 time to the Reformation, in a large folio, all in his own . 
 handwriting ; and Mercurius Trismegistus, with a commen- 
 tary, translated from the French. He composed a short 
 treatise touching the breeding of horses.' He wrote a 
 complete metrical version of the Psalms, of the Song of 
 Solomon, and of the songs of Moses, Deborah, Hannah, 
 Hezekiah, Simeon, Zachariah, and David's lament for Jona- 
 than. These are all preserved, in his own handwriting, in a 
 volume which he called ' The Employment of my Solitude.' 
 The great general's version of the Psalms, though rugged 
 and sometimes halting, possesses merits of its own, and 
 Archdeacon Cotton, a good judge, pronounces it to have 
 considerable nerve and vigour.'' Lord Fairfax also wrote 
 
 ' Marrell's works. 
 
 ' In Thoresby's library at Leeds were Noifs of Sermons preached by Mr. 
 Wales, Mr. Stretton, Mr. Tcpham, and Mr. Barrett, writ by Lord Fairfax, Lady 
 Pairfax, imd their daughter. See Bucatus Leod, p. 92. 
 
 » A manuscript copy of this treatise is in the collection of Mr. Hailstone of 
 Horton Hall, in the handwriting of old Mr. Hardy, grandfather of the late- 
 Home Secretary. 
 
 ' In his list of the editions of the Bible, Archdeacon Cotton gives the 137th 
 
1654] THE LIBBABY AT NUNAPPLETON. "369 
 
 many poems and short pieces, whicli he called ' The Eecrea- 
 tions of my Solitude.' The first is headed ' Honey Drops,' 
 and consists of 170 epigrammatic sayings in couplets. Then 
 there is a poem entitled ' The Solitude,' which, if it has no 
 other merit, at least shows how thoroughly the old warrior 
 appreciated the beauties of nature and the pleasures of a 
 country life. ' The Christian Warfare ' is another noble 
 poem. He also wrote several hymns, translations from the 
 Laura of Petrarch, and verses on ' Beauty,' on ' A Young 
 Virago,' on •* An 111 Husband,' on Envy, Anger, Virtue, 
 Patience and Tgnperance, Nature and Fortune, on the Short- 
 ness of Life, on Impartial Pate, and 155 couplets which he 
 calls ' Vulgar Proverbs.' 
 
 I have given specimens of Lord Fairfax's poems in an 
 Appendix ; and I think it will be seen that they at least 
 show some sprightliness and wit, a lively imagination, and a 
 warm kindly nature in their author. It must in fairness 
 be remembered, too, that they are the mere recreations of 
 leisure hours, uncorrected and hastily written, and not pre- 
 pared for publication. 
 
 Lord Fairfax was an extensive and careful reader, and he 
 had several rare and precious editions in his library. Among 
 these was a beautiful manuscript copy of Gower's ' Confessio 
 Amantis,' which had once belonged to his great-grandmother • 
 the fair Isabel Thwaites, and others of Wickliffe's Bible, 
 of Chaucer, of Jerome's works, and of Sir John Mandeville's 
 travels.' In August 1654, on the death of that indefatigable 
 antiquary Eoger Dodsworth, the whole of his vast collection 
 of manuscripts became the property of Lord Fairfax, and 
 was deposited in the library at Nunappleton. His lordship 
 had allowed Dodsworth an annuity of £40 a year, to enable 
 
 Psalm from the yersion of Lord Fairfax, p. 18 (note). The copy in the Bodleian was 
 once in Thoresby's library at Leeds. Subsequently it belonged to the Duke of 
 Sussex, and afterwards to Dr. Bliss, at the sale of whose library the Bodleian 
 bought it for £36 10s. Another copy of Lord Fairfax's version of the Psalms is 
 in the possession of Mr. Cartwright of Aynho ; and the 18th, 24th, 30th, and 
 8oth are at the end of the original manuscript of the Short Memorial at Leeds 
 Castle. 
 
 I He left these and twenty-six others to the Bodleian Library, where they may 
 now be seen. 
 
 B B 
 
370 LIFE OF TEE GBEAT LOBB FAIRFAX, [ch. xxx. 
 
 tim to prosecute Ms researches. It was by this means that 
 copies of most of the records blown up in St. Mary^s Tower 
 during the siege of Tork had preyiously been taken by Dods- 
 worth, and thus preserved to posterity. These Dodsworth 
 manuscripts, consisting of copies of deeds, charters, and 
 other records illustrating the family and ecclesiastical history 
 of Yorkshire, were bound up in eighty-six Tolumes,' 
 
 Among the other manuscripts in the Nunappleton library 
 were a copy of the Commentaries of Sir Francis Vere, which 
 was lent to Dr. Dillingham to collate with other copies when 
 the Commentaries were printed in 1657 ; " and a curious 
 volume containing songs set to music by Robert Fairfax, the 
 musical composer of the family in the time of Henry VII., 
 now preserved at Oxford.' 
 
 Thus the great general employed his time. He refrained 
 entirely from any interference with public affairs, as he 
 strongly disapproved of the establishment of Cromwell's 
 Protectorate, and desired to see the restoration of the 
 monarchy. He was elected for Yorkshire in Cromwell's Par- 
 liament of 1654, but never appears to have taken his seat. 
 His opinions were well known, and many idle reports did 
 Secretary Tburloe receive of the secret correspondence be- 
 tween Lord Fairfax and the exiled Stuarts.* But Cromwell 
 knew well that his old general was absolutely incapable of 
 intrigue, and that if he ever opposed the new government, 
 his every act would be public and open as the noonday. 
 
 ' Lord Fairfax bequeathed the Dodsworth manuscripts to the Bodleian Library. 
 They were taken from Nunappleton to Oxford in June 1673, and got wet on the 
 road ; so that Anthony a Wood had a month's labour to dry them on the leads 
 adjoining the school tower. They are more used by students than any other 
 collection in the Bodleiaui so that in procuring their transcription and bequeathing 
 them to that library Lord Fairfax has done a permanent service to literature! 
 For some account of Dodsworth and his labours see Tkree (Jatahgtiep descrynng 
 the contents of the Sed Boole of the Exchequer, ^p., \)y Rev. Joseph Hunter. 
 London, 1836. p. 64. 
 
 " See Vere's Commentaries. Epietle to the Eeader. 
 
 ^ See Sir John Hawkins, mstory of Miisio. 
 
 ' See Thurloo's State Papery, vol. vi. pp. 706 and 809, vol. i v. pp. 302 and 364, vol. v. 
 pp. 169 and 319. Ambassador Lockhart, a spy at Cologne, and other agents employed 
 by Thurloe, kept reporting tljsit Lord Fairfax was in commiuiioation with Charles 
 Stuart. 
 
1657.] THE DUKE OF BUOKINGHAM. 371 
 
 In 1657 the young Duke of Buckingham arrived in England, 
 and appeared as a suiix)r for the hand of Mary Fairfax, who 
 was then just nineteen, while he was thirty. He was born 
 in 1627, and he and his brother Francis were sent to Trinity 
 College, Cambridge, where they formed a friendship with 
 Abraham Cowley, the future poet. The mother of these 
 two fatherless boys was a great heiress, the only child of 
 the Earl of Rutland, and Baroness de Eoos in her own 
 right. She sent thenj from Cambridge to the Royalist 
 garrison at Oxford, and they served under Rupert at the 
 storniing of I^chfield Close. But soon afterwards they 
 went abroad, and remained in Italy, at Rome or Florence, 
 until the war was over. The Parliament generously refrained 
 from confiscating their estates or even exacting a fine, in 
 consideration of their youth ; but in 1648 they returned to 
 England, and engaged in the insurrection headed by Lord 
 Holland in Surrey. Toung Lord Francis Villiers, then only 
 nineteen, was slain near Kingston, fighting with extra- 
 ordinary valour, ' and, refusing to take quarter, he received 
 nine wounds in hjs beautiful face and body.' The duke 
 escaped abroiadj a'Hd his estates, worth £25,000 a year, were 
 confiacated. His precious collection of pictures, made by his 
 father, amongst which wa* the Ecce Homo of Titian,' was 
 sent to him by a faithful servant, and he lived on the proceeds 
 of their sale. He went with Charles to Scotland, was at 
 the battle of Worcester, escaped to France, and afterwards 
 served with distinction as a volunteer in the French army, 
 at the sieges of Arras apd Valenciennes. He seldom went 
 near the dissolute court of the exiled Charles. 
 
 In 1657 young Buckingham was not the abandoned 
 reprobate he afterwards became. He had suffered many 
 misfortunes, had seen much military service, was handsome, 
 winning, and accomplished. Lord Fairfax, as well as his 
 daughter, was impressed with all this, and liked the young 
 man. The general remembered that he too was descended 
 from the Lords Manners of Roos, the two sons of Sir Guy 
 Fairfax having married two ladies of that family. The 
 
 ' It fetched £5,000. 
 B B 2 
 
372 LIFE OF THE GREAT LOED FAIRFAX, [ch. xxx. 
 
 young duke's suit was favoured by the venerable Lady Vere 
 of Tilbury, and wben the proposal was made by Mr. Robert 
 Harlow, a mutual friend, the consent of the parents was 
 obtained. The young lady already loved her suitor, and she 
 never wavered in that love through all his erring, unfaithful 
 career. It was arranged that the wedding should take place 
 at Nunappleton, and thither went old Lady Vere in her 
 family coach, with several chaplains, Abraham Cowley the 
 poet as the bridegroom's best man, and many friends and 
 relations. 
 
 Lord Fairfax restored York House and the manor of 
 Helmsley to the duke, and by a subsequent deed of settle- 
 ment, dated April 23, 1666, he gave !N"unappleton to the 
 duke and duchess for their respective lives, and to the heirs 
 of her body, but if she had no heirs, then to the heirs male 
 of the first Lord Fairfax. The arrangements were made by 
 Mr. Witton, his lordship's man of business, son of his com- 
 missioner in the Isle of Man. 
 
 There was a gay and brilliant wedding at Bolton Percy 
 Church on September 15, 1657,' attended by all the families 
 in the neighbourhood, and Cowley, the duke's best man, 
 wrote the following sonnet in honour of the occasion : — 
 
 Now blessings to thy noble choice betide, 
 
 Happy and happy making bride ! 
 
 Though thou art of a victorious race. 
 
 And all their rougher victory dost grace 
 
 With gentle triumphs of thy face, 
 
 Permit us in this milder war to prize 
 
 No less thy yielding heart than thy victorious eyes. 
 
 Nor doubt the honour of that field 
 
 Where thou didst first o'ercome ere thou didst yield. 
 
 And though thy father's martial name 
 
 Has fill'd the trumpets and the drums of fame, 
 
 Thy husband triumphs now no less than he. 
 
 And it may justly question'd be 
 
 Which was the happiest conqueror of the three.' 
 
 ' The entry in the Bolton Percy Parish Eegister is as follows : 
 
 • George Villiers Duke of Buckingha" and Mary y daughter of Thomas lord 
 fairfax, Baron of Cameron, of Nun-apleto» w^in this parish of Bolto°-Percy were 
 maryed the fifteenth day of September an" Dm 1657.' 
 
 The same date is given in the Pairfiix Family Bible, now at Leeds Castle 
 Brian Fairfax, in his Life of Buckingham, gives September 7 as the date. 
 
 « To the Duke of BucMngham, upon his Marriage with the Lord Fairfax his 
 Daughter. Cowley's works, p. 135 (ed. 1700, folio). 
 
X659.] ABBE ST OF BUGKINGEAM. 373 
 
 Tlie Protector's Government meditated proceedings against 
 the young duke as soon as it was known that lie was in 
 England ; and it appears that Lord Fairfax took some steps 
 to avert them. The following minute of the Council at 
 Whitehall was entered on November 17, 1657 : — 
 
 ' His Highness having communicated to the Council that 
 the Lord Fairfax hath made addresses to him with some 
 desires on behalf of the Duke of Buckingham, ordered that 
 the resolve and Act of Parliament in the case of the said 
 duke be communicated to the Lord Fairfax, as the grounds 
 of the Coungirs proceedings touching the said duke ; and 
 that there be withal signified to the Lord Fairfax the 
 Council's civil respects to his Lordship's own person, that the 
 Earl of Mulgrave, the Lord Deputy Fle'jtwood, and the 
 Lord Strickland be desired to deliver a message from the 
 Council to the Lord Fairfax to the effect aforesaid.' ' 
 
 This message was resented by Lord Fairfax as a marked 
 slight." His wishes were not attended to, and it was not 
 long before his son-in-law was apprehended by order of the 
 Protector. 
 
 In the following year the new-married pair went up to 
 London, and lived at York House with Lord and Lady 
 Fairfax ; but one day, as the duke was returning from 
 Cobham, where he had been to visit his sister,^ he was seized 
 and imprisoned in the Tower, on August 24, 1668. Lord 
 Fairfax was both alarmed and annoyed. He went in person 
 to Whitehall, and remonstrated strongly with the Protector 
 against this arbitrary arrest ; but Cromwell refused the last, 
 and probably the first favour his old general ever asked from 
 him. Lord Fairfax was very angry. His young cousin 
 Brian was with him, and says, ' He turned abruptly from 
 the Protector in the gallery at Whitehall, cocking his hat, 
 
 ' Thurloe's State Papers, vi. p. 616. Original MS. in the Bodleian. 
 
 ' ' It was said that the Lord Fairfax had laid this usage up and would re- 
 member it when there was occasion.' Raielinson MS8., vol. Ixi. December, 1667 ■ 
 and Thurloe, vi. p. 618. , 
 
 ' The duke's only sister, Lady Mary Villiers, married the Duke of Eiehmond 
 and Lennox, and had a son Esme Stuart, the fifth duke, who died young in 1660, 
 and a daughter Mary, married to Eichard Butler, Earl of Arran, who died 
 childless in 1667. 
 
374 IIFH OF TBF OBEAT LOUD FAIRFAX, [ch. xxx. 
 
 and throwing his cloak under his arm, as lie used to do 
 when he was angry.' They never met again.' Ten days 
 afterwards the great Protector was lying dead at Hampton 
 Court. 
 
 Eichard Cromwell called a Parliament to meet on January 
 27, 1659, and Lord Fairfax was again elected for Yorkshire. 
 He took his seat on February 3, with the object of obtaining 
 the release of his son-in-law, and was warmly welcomed by 
 the members. Sir Arthur Hazelrig said, in speaking of the 
 petition for the duke's release, ' I bless God that the noble 
 Lord who sits by me, having received so maiiy wounds, is here 
 on my right hand.' Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper (afterwards 
 Earl of Shaftesbury) said, ' Let it not be thought that we 
 have ingratitude to that person that offered the petition. 
 The care that his Lordship will have of the duke in his 
 family will be beyond all security you can eate for. You 
 may well trust him.' ^ Sir Harry Vane also urged the House 
 to grant the request of Lord Fairfax, and it was finally 
 resolved that his son-in-law should be released on under- 
 taking to demean himself peaceably for the future. After 
 Cromwell's death, he had been removed to Windsor Castle, 
 where he had the society of his friend Cowley and of his wife ; 
 but on his release the whole family returned to Nunappleton. 
 The next year (1659) was the happiest in the duke's life. 
 He lived regularly and soberly with his wife and her parents, 
 had plenty of fox-huntjng in the autumn and winter, and in- 
 dulged in no folly or extravagance. Many a time during his 
 brilliant but wretched after-career he must have looked 
 back with regret on the peaceful happy days passed at Nun- 
 appleton with the grand old warrior and his gentle loving 
 daughtero 
 
 When the year 1659 came to a close Lord Fairfax once 
 more found important duty cut out for him, and he prepared 
 to perform it with all his old zeal and energy. 
 
 ' Brian Fairfax's Life of Btickingham. ' Burton. 
 
1659.] THlil COMMONWEALTH BESTOBUD. 375 
 
 CHAPTEE XXXI. 
 
 THE EESTOKATIOlSr. 
 
 Aftee the death of the great Protector the country fell into 
 a state of absolute anarchy, and Lord Fairfax came to the 
 conclusion that the only hope was in a restoration of the 
 monarchy. There was' no successor to Cromwell, for such a 
 man only appears once in the course of several generations, 
 and the Commonwealth statesmen had been tried and found 
 wanting. The great general conceived it to be his duty to 
 take measures for the election of a free Parliament, with a 
 view to the restoration, and, as he had never been known to 
 count odds when his mind was once made up, he was sure to 
 declare his views without much delay. But it was abso- 
 lutely necessary to watch the course of events for a few 
 months. 
 
 On April 22, 1659, Eichard Cromwell dissolved his Parlia- 
 ment. Then the council of officers invited Speaker Lenthall 
 and the Long Parliament to meet again, Eichard was dis- 
 missed by a vote passed on May 21, and a Council of State 
 was formed, at the head of which was placed the revered 
 name of Thomas Lord Fairfax. His cousin. Sir Horatio 
 Townshend, Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper, Sir Harry Vane, 
 Bulstrode Whitelock, Generals Lambert, Fleetwood, and 
 Ludlow, and twenty-three others were associated with him. 
 Monk, who commanded the army in Scotland, sent in his 
 adhesion to this new form of government ; but Lord Fairfax 
 conceived the state of affairs in Yorkshire to be so critical 
 that he did not come up to London to take ofiBce. In August 
 a Eoyalist insurrection, headed by Sir George Booth, broke 
 out in Cheshire and Lancashire, and General Lambert 
 marched from London with a small but well-equipped force 
 
376 LTFJE OF THE GREAT LOBB FAIRFAX, [ch. xxxi. 
 
 to suppress it. He had scattered tlie insurgents and taken 
 Booth prisoner before the end of the month, and on Septem- 
 ber 20 he returned to London. It has been alleged that 
 during the time of Booth's rising Lord Fairfax opened a 
 communication with Monk in Scotland.' 
 
 In October it became clear that the ambitious leaders of 
 the army intended once more to dissolve the Parliament and 
 usurp the supreme power. The House of Commons boldlj, 
 but rather precipitately, passed an Act against any money 
 being raised without consent of Parliament, and discharged 
 ten of the principal officers, including Lambert, from their 
 employments. On October 13 the officers forcibly prevented 
 the House from sitting. They elected Fleetwood to be Com- 
 mander-in-Chief, and nominated a new supreme Council, 
 which they called the Committee of Safety. Monk wrote 
 from Scotland that he and his army were dissatisfied with 
 the proceedings against the Parliament in England, and 
 assumed a threatening attitude towards the Committee of 
 Safety. He advanced to the banks of the Tweed with about 
 7,000 men, while Lambert went to York with 10,000 men 
 to oppose him, and Colonel Robert Lilburne, as Lambert's 
 second in command, occupied Newcastle. Lambert left 
 London on November 3, and on the 23rd he was at New- 
 castle, while the council of officers busied themselves in 
 framing a new constitution. 
 
 There was now, in fact, no Government at all, and Lord 
 Fairfax felt that the time had come for taking some ener- 
 getic step. Monk was a coarse, unprincipled renegade, but 
 luckily he thought that his selfish interests would be ad^ 
 vanced by supporting Lord Fairfax in his cry for a free 
 Parliament. The first negotiations between them were 
 managed by Mr. Bowles, his old chaplain, on the part of 
 Lord Fairfax, while Monk employed his rascally brother-in- 
 law Dr. Clarges. Mr. Bowles was a tall handsome man, an 
 excellent scholar and preacher, and a devoted friend to Lord 
 Fairfax. He had great influence in York, and had married 
 Jilizabeth Hutton, sister of Lord Fairfax's brother-in-law, 
 
 ' Memcirs of Movie, by Hon. J. $tiiart AVortley, p. 122. 
 
1660.] FAIRFAX BE SOLVES TO TAKE THE FIELD. 377 
 
 Eicliard Hutton of Poppleton. The reverend negotiator was 
 satisfied witli the promises sent by Monk through Clarges, 
 and his report led Lord Fairfax to decide upon taking the 
 field. His brother-in-law, Mr. Arthington, Sir Henry 
 Cholmley, Colonels Bethell and Smithson, and the old 
 veteran of .Lincolnshire, Colonel Eossiter, promised to join 
 him. Then General Morgan, who was Monk's second in 
 command, and had been left at York with an attack of the 
 gout, came to Nunappleton with a Dr. Troutbeck, and told 
 Lord Fairfax that Monk desired his co-operation. The old 
 warrior repliq^, ' If General Monk has any other design 
 than to restore Parliaments to their ancient freedom, and 
 settle the nation upon its ancient government, I will oppose 
 him; but otherwise I will heartily join with him.'' Dr. 
 Troutbeck and General Morgan immediately posted to Scot- 
 land with this reply, and Monk wrote a letter to Lord Fair- 
 fax, which is not extant, but the purport of which seems to 
 have been that he was ready to act with the great general 
 against Lambert. Then Fairfax resolved to take the field. 
 
 There is something heroic in this fearless determination of 
 the old Lord. He had not a single soldier, he was oppressed 
 with illness, and was suffering intense pain, yet he at once 
 decided upon taking the field against Lambert, who was at the 
 head of a disciplined army of 10,000 men. 
 
 It was now December. Fairfax had resolved to commence 
 operations on January 1, 1660, and it was necessary to 
 despatch a messenger with this news to Monk, in order that 
 he might co-operate against Lambert. The service was 
 hazardous and difiicult, Lambert's army being posted between 
 Nunappleton and Coldstream on the Tweed, where Monk 
 was encamped. Colonel Lilburne was at York, anxiously 
 watching the movements at Nunappleton, for the one man 
 there was more feared than Monk and all his army. One 
 December evening young Brian Fairfax tells us that he was 
 sent for into my Lord's private study at Nunappleton, where 
 he found the general, the Duke of Buckingham, and Mr. 
 Arthington sitting together. As he opened the door the 
 
 ' MS. at Leeds Castle. 
 
378 LIFS OF TEE OBFAT LOBD FAIBFAX. [ch. ixxi. 
 
 general exclaimed, 'Here is toy cousin Brian ; I wiUnndertake 
 he shall do this business.' He then explained the urgent 
 necessity of a message being taken to Monk, and an answer 
 returned before January 1 ; and Brian declared his readiness 
 to do this service with all his heart. The message was a 
 verbal one, and Mr, Arthington undertook to see the spirited 
 young messenger well on his way. He was to tell Monk 
 that Lord Fairfax Intended to take the field, with such 
 gentlemen of the county as were willing to join with him, on 
 January 1 ; and to desire that, in case Lambert fell back into 
 Yorkshire to attack his Old general, Monk should advance to 
 his assistance. 
 
 It was a severe winter, and on December 21, when Brian 
 started, there was a hard frost and the snow was lying thick 
 on the ground. Buckingham undertook the duty of dis- 
 guising his wife's cousin, as his Grace had had many 
 occasions to use disguises himself. So Brian was dressed as 
 a young country clown ; but the most serious thing was, that, 
 to keep up the character, he was obliged to go unarmed, 
 and thus to cross the border-country of the moss-troopers, 
 ' the most cruel and merciless sort of banditti in the world,' 
 says Brian. His brother Henry, however, gave him a sword- 
 stick ; and the keeper of Nunappleton park provided a 
 capital horse. They would not let the young messenger go 
 to bid his father farewell at Bolton Percy, for fear the old 
 gentleman should object to the expedition ; but sent him off 
 the same night to York, where he had an hour's conference 
 with Mr. Bowles, who advised him to change his name. 
 Brian at first adopted the name of Malbis, with reference to 
 a family which had intermarried with the Fairfaxes in 
 ancient times; but he found it difiicult to remember, and 
 being suddenly asked his name on the borders of Yorkshire, 
 he answered Green. 
 
 On the morning of December 21 he went from York to 
 Mrs. Hutton's at Poppleton, with his brother Henry and 
 Mr. Arthington. Here Henry Fairfax parted with him and 
 returned to Nunappleton, whence he was sent by the old 
 Lord with an important message to Colonel Overton at Hull. 
 
1669.J BRIAN'S ABVENTUBES. 379 
 
 It was decided that, to avoid Lambert's army, whicli was 
 on the great north road, Brian should make a ronnd by the 
 wild hills of Westmoreland and Cumberland, a severe journey 
 in the depth of winter, Mr. Arthington went with him as 
 far as Sir Eobert Strickland's house at Thornton Bridge, and 
 then the young fellow set out by himself, with a letter from. 
 Sir Eobert to his steward at Sisergh near Xendall in West- 
 moreland, a man named Thomas Shepherd, who was to act 
 as a guide to Scotland. Shepherd accompanied Brian to 
 Penrith, where they were Stopped by some of Lambert's horse, 
 but they had ajiswers ready to all questions, and were allowed 
 to go on to Brampton in Cumberland. Here there were more 
 of Lambert's troopers, who were told that the two countrymen 
 were on their way to my Lady Graham's at Netherby, and 
 that one was a farrier. Pressing onwards, they reached 
 Castleton, the first Scottish town, at about midnight, where 
 Shepherd's horse unluckily fell dead lame. 
 
 They were forced to go into a house, and enquire for any 
 one who would act as a guide to Coldstream, about thirty 
 miles over the hills. There was a smoky fire in the middle 
 of the room, and while they were drinking a pot of ale before 
 it, a lusty fellow came in and offered his services as a guide. 
 He then began to boast of his valour and to show his wounds, 
 but honest Shepherd took young Brian aside and entreated 
 him not to put himself in the power of such a ruffian. Brian 
 replied that he could not sit there by the fireside when every 
 hour was of consequence, and he set out with this very 
 doubtful character. After they had gone about three miles, 
 the fellow suddenly turned his horse and seized hold of 
 Brian, who closed with his antagonist and threw him to the 
 ground. The horse galloped back to Castleton, and Brian 
 followed, to the great joy of Thomas Shepherd, who had found 
 out in the interval that the fellow was a notorious moss- 
 trooper and murderer named Tony Elliot. He was after- 
 wards hanged at Carlisle. 
 
 Brian and Shepherd then wandered over the snow-covered 
 hills all night, and arrived at Kelso next day, where they found 
 General Morgan, who gave them a guide to Coldstream. 
 
380' LIFE OF TBE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. xxxt. 
 
 Brian reached the camp late the next night, and found 
 Monk quartered in a little thatched house. The general 
 took him into a private room, where he delivered his message 
 and received the answer. It was, ' Tell Lord Fairfax that I 
 will watch Lambert as a cat watches a mouse.' Monk then 
 sent for his butler, and caused a bottle of sack and some cold 
 roast beef to be set before the weary traveller. Brian then 
 went to see his uncle Charles Fairfax the lawyer, who was 
 commanding a regiment in Monk's army, and returned next 
 morning to Kelso. The way was very dangerous, the steep 
 sloping banks of the Tweed being covered with slippery ice ; 
 but this peril was soon passed, and Brian made the best of 
 his way back to Nunappleton, arriving before he was expected. 
 His Jiorse died three days afterwards. 
 
 The next day was January 1, 1660. Lord Fairfax was very 
 ill with gout and other ailments, but nothing could daunt 
 that heroic spirit. He had told Monk that he would take the 
 field on that day, and no one could persuade him to delay for 
 an hour. He set out for Arthington in his family coach. 
 Henry Fairfax and Mr. Arthington were with him in the 
 coach, while Brian, Sir Thomas Widdrington, a certain Tom 
 Morley, and a few servants acted as an escort. At Oglethorpe, 
 close to Newton Kyme, the old Lord became so ill that he 
 was obliged to stop for an hour at the paper mill there.' 
 Near Harewood they met about twenty troopers of Colonel 
 Lilburne's regiment, and two of them rode up to the coach 
 side. Lord Fairfax bade his cousin Henry give him his 
 pistols; and the men, seeing who was in the coach, and that 
 he intended to defend himself, rode off, only asking whither 
 my Lord was going. The answer was, to his house at Denton. 
 Soon afterwards they arrived at Arthington, the seat of his 
 Lordship's sister, where they were joined by Sir Thomas 
 Slingsby ^ and about fifty men. The Duke of Buckingham 
 
 ' On the stream, still called ' Paper Mill Beck,' which flows down from Clifford 
 Moor to the Wlarfe. 
 
 2 Our poor zealous old friend Sir Henry Slingshy had heen beheaded by the 
 Protector's Government on June 8, 1658, for distributing; commissions signed by 
 Charles Stuairt among the ofBcers in the garrison at Hull. This Sir Thomas 
 Slingsby was his eldest son. 
 
1660.] THE IRISH BBIOABE. 381 
 
 had been sent to Knaresborough, to meet the levies under 
 Sir Henry Cholmley,' and Colonels Bethel, Smithson," and 
 Strangeways, who had aU declared for Fairfax. 
 
 Lord Fairfax went to bed very ill soon after he arrived at 
 Arthington, and, sending for Brian, said to him, ' Cousin, 
 you are unacquainted with these things. We have here 
 some honest country gentlemen that are willing to venture 
 their lives ; but what could we do if any part of Lambert's 
 army came upon us ? If I had such a troop as I had at the 
 beginning of the war ' I would not fear him, for I would 
 venture to go with them all the world over.' Then he con- 
 sulted with his friends and decided to go next morning to 
 Denton, and defend himself there until Monk, according to 
 his promise, should advance into Yorkshire. 
 
 They then sent Brian to bed, for he had not been between 
 sheets since he set out from Nunappleton on his Scotland 
 journey. But before he was asleep there was a loud knock- 
 ing at the gates, and a gentleman desired an interview with 
 Mr. Brian Fairfax. He turned out to be an old college chum 
 at Cambridge, who was then an officer in what was called 
 the Irish brigade of Lambert's army. He said he came with 
 a message from Colonel Redman and the rest of the officers, 
 to the effect that the whole brigade, 1,200 strong, in the rear 
 of Lambert's army, was ready to join the Lord Fairfax next 
 day on Marston Moor. Of course the design of going to 
 Denton was abandoned, and the old Lord countermarched to 
 the scene of the memorable battle. 
 
 When Lord Fairfax arrived on the moor, the brigade ten- 
 dered a paper to him, declaring in favour of a Commonwealth 
 and against any government by a single person. The in- 
 trepid old warrior fired up at once, tore the paper to pieces, 
 and placed himself at the head of his raw Yorkshire levies, 
 which were drawn up near Poppleton, facing the Irish 
 brigade. This heroic resolution had an almost magical 
 effect. The men, a few minutes before stubbornly enforcing 
 
 ' Sir Henry Cholmley we have met before as colleague with Ferdinando Lord 
 Fairfax at York. He was then an elderly man. 
 
 " Hugh Smithson of Stanwick, ancestor of the Duke of Northumberland. 
 ' His Nunappleton ' Eed-caps.' 
 
382 LIFH OF TEE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. xxxi. 
 
 their own views, came over in squads and took ground beside 
 their belovsd old general, ready to obey him in all things. 
 Eegiment after regiment followed their example, until Lam- 
 bert found himself almost deserted, and was obliged to seek 
 safety in flight. 
 
 That day decided the fate of England, and secured the 
 restoration of the monarchy. It was January 3, 1660, and 
 Lord Fairfax, having gained this memorable but bloodless 
 victory, went to pass the night at the house of his widowed 
 sister, Mrs. Hutton, at Poppleton. Monk was thus anabled 
 to advance to York without opposition. Lord Fairfax having 
 already occupied it.' Had the general remained neutral at 
 Nunappleton, Lambert, with his superior force, would pro- 
 bably have defeated Monk.^ Had he joined Lambert, Monk's 
 soldiers would have come over to their old commander, just 
 as Lambert's did. In either case the course of events would 
 have been changed. The overthrow of the Committee of 
 Safety, and the assembling of a free Parliament which re- 
 called Charles, is due directly to the actijon taken by Lord 
 Fairfax. He it was who, whether for good or for evil, re- 
 stored the monarchy. 
 
 Monk did not arrive in York until January 11, when 
 Lord Fairfax dined with him privately at his lodgings ; and 
 the same night Mr. Bowles fully explained the old Lord's 
 views, and went so far as to urge Monk to proclaim the King 
 at once.^ On the 12th Lord Fairfax entertained Monk and 
 
 ' Brian Fairfax wrote a lively account of his journey to Monk's camp at 
 Coldstream, and of the subsequent operations, which he called Iter Boreale, 
 headed with this mgtto — Qui va et vim fait ton voyage. The original manuscript, 
 in his own handwriting, in a quarto vellum-covered book, is preserved at Leeds 
 Castle. Another version of the Iter Boreale is printed in the Fairfax Corre- 
 spondence, vol iv. p. 151, with a different motto ^t the head — Hiee olim meminisse 
 juvabit. From internal evidence I judge that the Leeds Castle version was the 
 original, and that the printed one was written afterwards. The latter is more 
 carefully composed, but d,o.es not contain so many details. 
 
 On January i Brian was despatched to London with a letter to Speaker 
 Lenthall reporting these events, which was signed by Lord Fairfax, Sir Henry 
 Chelmlpy, and Mr. Arthington. 
 
 2 ' Without my Lord Fairfax his engaging in Yorkshire, Lambert's army had 
 never quitted him, nor the Duke of Albemarle marched out of Scotland.' Buck- 
 ingham to Charles. 
 
 ' Skinner's life of 3f.nlt, p. 188. Masere's Celeci Tracts, ii. p; 752. 
 
1660.] MONK AT NUNAPPLUTON. 883 
 
 his officers in tlie gallery at Nunappleton, at a jnagmfieent 
 banquet. Monk offered to give up the command of the army 
 to Lord Fairfax on this occasion, who declined it ; but in 
 a subsequent conversation in the old Lord's private study the 
 open-hearted Fairfax told Monk what he ought to do. He 
 said that there could be no settlement in England but by a 
 free Parliament and upon the old foundation of monarchy, 
 and that a free Parliament must be called.' Monk was a 
 selfish schemer, with no thought but for his own interests. 
 He was not yet quite clear what course to pursue ; and his 
 answers were S0 shuffling and unsatisfactory that they roused 
 the suspicions even of the single-minded old general. 
 
 Monk and his officers returned from Nunappleton to York 
 the same night. The next day was a Sunday, and Mr. Bowles 
 preached to them in the Minster, and on the 15th they com- 
 menced their march to London. 
 
 In consequence of the doubtful conduct of the renegade 
 Monk, an address was prepared in Yorkshire, declaring that 
 g, free Parliament niust be called, and that no t9.xes would 
 be paid until after the elections. Fairfax headed the list of 
 signatures, and his name was followed by those of Sir John 
 Paunay and all the principal Yorkshire country gentlemen. 
 Young Brian, who had fairly earned the credit of being a good 
 horseman, wag ?igain gent up to London with this address. 
 
 The policy of Lord Fairfax was adopted. In February an 
 order for the election of members for a free Parliament was 
 issued, and the Lords and Commons met on April 25, the. 
 Earl of Manchester being chosen Speaker of the Lords, and 
 Sir Harbottle Grimston of the Commons. Lord Fairfax was 
 elected member for Yorkshire, with Sir John Daunay ^ as 
 his colleague. In May, Sir John Grenville' and Lord 
 Mordaunt ^ presented letters from Charles to both Houses, 
 and it was resolved that he should be invited to return. A 
 
 ' Iter Boreate. 
 
 ■ Created Viscount Downe in 1680. 
 
 " Eldest surviving son of Sir Bevil Grenville, and nephew of Sir Eiehard, who 
 ruined the Eoyalist cause in Cornwall. He was created Earl of Bath at the 
 Bestoration. 
 
 ' John JTordaunl-, younger brother of the Earl of Peterhorough, was created 
 
384 LIFE OF TRE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. Xxxi. 
 
 commission consisting of six Peers and twelve members of 
 the House of Commons was appointed to convey this invita- 
 tion to Charles at the Hague, and Fairfax's gallant young 
 colonel, Edward Montague, then in command of the fleet, 
 provided a squadron of ships to convey them to Holland. 
 The House of Commons appointed the Lord Fairfax, to 
 whom, and not to Monk, the restoration was due, to head 
 the commission. He was accompanied by his chaplain, 
 Mr. Bowles, and by young Brian; and his principal col- 
 leagues were his cousin Sir Horatio Townshend, Sir Anthony 
 Ashley Cooper, Sir Henry'Cholmley, Sir George Booth, and 
 troublesome Denzil Holies. They set out on May 18, and 
 the great general was received by Charles at the Hague 
 very graciously, as well he might be.' But the some- 
 what insulting form was gone through of giving Lord 
 Fairfax a full pardon under the Great Seal.^ They aU re- 
 turned to England on May 26. 
 
 Lord Fairfax provided the horse on which Charles rode 
 at his coronation, from his splendid stud at Nunappleton. 
 He was by Bridladon out of the chesnut laare ridden by 
 Fairfax at Naseby. The old Lord wrote four couplets on 
 the occasion, which, however, appear to have been intended 
 to celebrate the horse quite as much as its rider.^ 
 
 ■ Viscount Mordaunt of Avalon at the Eestoration. His son Charles was the" 
 great Earl of Peterborough, and his grandchild Elizabeth married Sir 'William 
 Milner, Bart, of Nunappleton. 
 
 ' ' His Majesty sent my Lord Gerard to compliment him particularly, and to 
 conduct him to the Court.' Brian Fairfax. 
 
 ^ This document is preserved at Leeds Castle. 
 
 " ' Upon the Horse which His Ma"» Eode upon at his Coronation. 1660.' 
 
 ' Hence then despair, my hopes why should it bury, 
 Since this brave steed bred first was in my query. 
 Now thus advanc'd w"" highest honors laden, 
 Whilst his that bred him, on, by most men troden. 
 But 'tis no matter seeing thou hast got tho advance. 
 Then please the Eoyal rider with thy prance. 
 Soe may thy fame much rayse thy praises higher 
 Thau chesnut that begott thee or Brid-la-don » thy Sire.' 
 
 Horace Walpole, who had evidently never seen these lines, waxes very facetious 
 in alluding to them. He says : 'But of all Lord Fairfax's works, by far the most 
 remarkable were some verses which he wrote on the horse on which Charles the 
 • Brid-ladon : AngUce, QoWen Bridle. 
 
1660.] THE BE8T0BATI0N. 385 
 
 The restoration of tlie monarchy was thus effected, and in 
 producing this great change Fairfax acted with perfect con- 
 sistency and good faith. He first engaged in the war to put 
 an end to the lawless tyranny of Charles I., and to secure 
 liberty of conscience and the rights of the people through a 
 free Parliament, under the sway of a constitutional king. 
 To this end all his efforts were directed up to the time of the 
 King's execution. Fairfax was a great general, and his mili- 
 tary operations were completely successful. He was no 
 statesman, and is not answerable for failures at the council 
 board. Whei^^ a Commonwealth was established, he chose 
 the part of a true patriot, and served his country zealously 
 and faithfully, though he disliked the form of government 
 which had been adopted by the ruling party. But when the 
 war was made upon Scotland, which he believed to be unjust, 
 he refused to be responsible for a measure of which he con- 
 scientiously disapproved, and retired into private life. So. 
 long as the country was steadily and efficiently governed 
 under the Commonwealth and the Protectorate, the true- 
 hearted warrior frankly and honestly acknowledged the rulers 
 adopted by his countrymen, but personally disapproved by 
 himself. When, however, absolute anarchy broke out after 
 the death of Cromwell, Lord Fairfax saw his duty once more 
 clear before him. He insisted upon securing the objects for 
 which he had originally drawn his sword — a free Parliament 
 and liberty of conscience under a constitutional king. Thus 
 was the Restoration brought about, while the adherents of 
 absolutism had been taught a lesson by the sword of Fairfax 
 which rendered a permanent return to the old tyranny im- 
 possible. The renegade Monk, a very suitable companion 
 for Charles, was loaded with honours. The great Lord 
 Fairfax returned to Ms retirement at Nunappleton, with the 
 proud consciousness of having done good service to his 
 country, a higher reward than any king could give. 
 
 Second rode to the coronation, and which had been hred and presented to the 
 King by his Lordship. How must that merry monarch, not apt to keep hia 
 countenance on more serious occasions, have smiled at this awkward homage 
 from the old victorious hero of Eepublicanism and the Covenant ! ' Boyal and 
 Noble Authors. Wgrks, v. p. 110. 
 
 C 
 
386 LIFE OF TEE OBBAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. xxxii. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIL 
 
 1)BATH OP THE GREAT GENEEAL- 
 
 ThE consciousness of liaving acted honourably and faithfully 
 throughout his long public career was very necessary to 
 sustain the great general in his retreat. For there was 
 much in the public events during the years that followed the 
 Restoration which was calculated to shake the faith of the 
 firmest adherents of monarchy in the wisdom of that measure. 
 England was never disgraced by a viler and baser govern- 
 ment ; and though we know that our hero was supported by 
 a firm faith that his life had not been lived in tain, and that 
 God in His own good time would make the right prevail, yet 
 one cannot but regret that he was not spared, like Lord 
 Wharton and old G-eneral Ludlow and a few others, to behold 
 the final triumph of the good old cause. As soon as Charles 
 and his friends were safely established they began their 
 carrion work. The condemned regicides were executed,* while 
 the new King gloated over the sight from a window. The 
 excuse of indulging a thirst for vengeance on his father's 
 murdeteM fails him, because Dick Ingoldsby, whose t-egi- 
 ment had been the first to call for Charles's death^ who signed 
 the death-'-Warrant, and who excused himself by telling a 
 particularly base lie, was honoured by being made a baronet 
 and a knight of the Bath at the coronation. So that Charles II. 
 did not hate his father's judges as such. He murdered Sir 
 Harry Vane, one of England's ablest and purest statesmen, 
 in the face of a solemn promise made by both himself and 
 Clarendon to the Parliament that they would refrain from com- 
 mitting that crime. The hirelings who tried the illustrious 
 victim avowedly acted as the tools of their employers. ' We 
 
 ' Among them our gallant old Mend Colonel Okey of the Duagoons. 
 
1660.] ATBOGITIES AT THE BB8T0BATI0N. 387 
 
 do not know how to answer him,' they said, ' but we know 
 what to do with him.' There was indeed a cynical contempt 
 for even the outside pretence of justice in these proceedings. 
 Vengeance in its vilest form, as it would be. understood by the 
 lowest savage, was the openly avowed motive. The Lords 
 who were most nearly related to the peers condemned in 1649 
 were actually invited to select their victims. Lord Denbigh, 
 the nearest relation to the Duke of Hamilton, refused with 
 disgust to be mixed up in these barbarous proceedings. 
 
 Then Charles and his advisers began to desecrate the graves 
 of departed genius and valour. The remains of England's 
 most distinguished statesmen, of her bravest admirals, and 
 of some of her most learned writers and lawyers ' were thus 
 insulted ; nor were even the virtues and graces of noble 
 women any safeguard from this sacrilege. The work was so 
 shockingly indecent, and excited such popular odium, that 
 at last the new rulers of England were frightened from their 
 occupation. 
 
 Lord Fairfax heard the news of these enormities with feel- 
 ings that we can easily understand. When he was told of the 
 proceedings against the victims, he openly and indignantly 
 exclaimed that * if any man must be excepted, he knew no 
 man that deserved it more than himself, who was the general 
 of the army at the time.'* The Earl of Northumberland also 
 spoke out as a Percy should do, declaring that, though he had 
 no part in the death of the King, he was against questioning 
 those who had been concerned in making an example which 
 woidd be useful to posterity, and profitable to future kings. 
 Honour to the two brave noblemen who thus spoke out fear- 
 lessly and generously at a moment when all other public men 
 were prostrating themselves in the dust before the perpe- 
 trators of these atrocities ! 
 
 ' The bodies of the Protector, of President Bradshaw, and of Lord Deputy 
 Ireton were draped to Tyburn ; while those of Admirals Blake and Popham, of 
 John Pym, of William Strode, of Sir William Constable, of Sir John Meldrum, of 
 Thomas May the historian of the Long Parliament, of Dennis Bond, of Dr. 
 Twiss, of Crotowell's mother, and of Lady Claypole were torn from their coffins 
 and thrown together naked into a pit, near the back door of one of the pre- 
 bendaries' houses at Westminster. 
 
 * Ludlow, p. 380. 
 
 c c a 
 
3S'8 LIFE OF TEE GREAT LOUD FAIRFAX, [ch. xxxit. 
 
 Mr. Bowles, Lord Fairfax's chaplain and chief adviser, was 
 equally indignant at the base conduct of Monk ; and at the 
 executions, acts of sacrilege, and treacherous persecutions 
 which were the results of the Restoration. Before re- 
 turning to York, he went to Monk and said, 'You have 
 given up your opportunities to do your country service, for a 
 feather in your cap and a little trifling honour. But the 
 Lord says of you as he did of Coniah, " Write this man child- 
 less, a man that shall not prosper in his days ; for no man of 
 his seed shall prosper." Your title wiU be mentioned as a 
 reproach to yourself, and after your son has had it a little 
 while it will go out in a snuff.' As for me, I have buried the 
 good old cause, and am now going to bury myself.' At Don- 
 caster, on his way north, he was met by several clergymen, to 
 whom he bewailed the hand he had had in the Restoration. 
 The non- conforming clergy were to be expelled on St. Bar- 
 tholomew's Day 1662. Mr. Bowles was offered the deanery 
 of York if he would conform, but he refused. ' As the day 
 approached he grew sick of the times, died in the flower of 
 his life aged 49, and was buried at York on St. Bartholomew's 
 Eve.' ^ 
 
 Sorrows and anxieties of a private nature also clouded the 
 last years of Lord Fairfax, as dear friends dropped off one by 
 one, and his fears increased for the happiness of his only 
 child. The Duke of Buckingham was made Lord Lieutenant 
 of Yorkshire and master of the horse. He became one of 
 the gayest and most dissolute of the courtiers, and plunged 
 into every kind of dissipation and excess. His fortune was 
 very large, but no estate could stand the drain which was 
 caused by Buckingham's wild and lavish expenditure. Brian 
 Fairfax, who became his agent, found himself powerless 
 either to control or restrain his employer ; but the reckless 
 duke only ruined himself. He charged his debts on his 
 estates, and left enough to pay them all at his death. He 
 
 ' Monk died in 1670. His vile wife, Anne Clarges, daughter of a farrier in the 
 SaToy, had been his washerwoman, and married him while her own husband was 
 still alive. Their son, the second Duke of Albemarle, died childless in Jamaica 
 in 1688. 
 
 ^ Neale's Puritans, iv. p. 379. 
 
1665.] TEE DUCHESS OF BUGKINGEAM. 389 
 
 was always kind and affectionate to his wife, and had a 
 profound respect and friendship for his father-in-law. The 
 poor duchess loved him to the end, in spite of his neglect. 
 She bore patiently with all his faults, and 'was a most 
 virtuous and pious lady in a vicious age and court.'' 
 
 She was the first lady in England, next to the Eoyal 
 Family ;" and, from a similarity in their unhappy circum- 
 'stanoes, the Duchess Mary and Queen Catharine of Braganza 
 formed a close intimacy.* Mary, in her dreary splendour, 
 derived some innocent pleasure from the Queen's sympathy, 
 and from a ^w of the usual occupations of ladies in those 
 days. The old Viscountess de Longueville described the 
 duchess as much such another in person as the Queen, 'a 
 little round crumpled woman very fond of finery ;' and she 
 remembered paying her a visit, when she found her lying on 
 a sofa with a kind of loose robe over her, all edged or laced 
 with gold. Madame Dunois ra,ther contradicts this descrip- 
 tion. She says, in her Memoirs, ' The duchess has merit 
 and virtue. She is brown and lean; but had she been the 
 most beautiful and charming of her sex, the being his wife 
 would have been sufficient alone to have inspired the duke 
 with dislike.''' 
 
 Lord Fairfax's uncle Henry, the beloved Eector of Bolton 
 Percy, was looked upon as intrusive at the Restoration. 
 He was induced to resign to Mr. Wickham, and retired to his 
 private estate at Oglethorpe, near Newton Kyme, where he 
 died on April 6, 1665, aged seventy-eight. His former 
 parishioners were so devoted to his memory, and he was so 
 respected by the new rector, that they buried him within the 
 altar rails of Bolton Percy church. His two sons, Henry, the 
 heir presumptive to the barony, and Brian, continued to be 
 frequent visitors at Nunappleton. In 1664 Sir Thomas 
 
 ' Brian Fairfax's Life of Buckingham. 
 
 ' The dukedom of Norfolk was not restored until 1 664, and the then duke was 
 unmarried. 
 
 ' The Eoyal Family of Portugal had a high respect and admiration for Lord 
 Fairfax. See a letter from the Princess Anne, dated September 5, 1660. Fairfax 
 Correspondence, i. p. 112. 
 
 ' Memoirs of Count Grammont, p. 405 (Bohn's ed. 1853). 
 
390 LIFB OF THE GBEAT LOBD FAIRFAX, [oh. xxxii. 
 
 Widdrington,* Lord Fairfax's brother-in-law, died, leading 
 four daughters, who lived in their father's house at Lendal 
 in York until their marriage.^ Thus friends and relations 
 were fast dropping away, and the great blow of aU was not 
 long withheld. 
 
 On October 16, 1665, the old Lord's true and faithful wife 
 during all the dangers and hardships of the war, died at 
 Nunappleton of a short Ulness. Lady Fairfax was a woman 
 of strong mind and energetic will, devoted to her husband, 
 and making his interests her sole object in life. She shared 
 all the perils and toils of the Yorkshire campaign with him, 
 nursed and attended him in his constant attacks of fever and 
 when prostrated by wounds received in battle, and was his 
 supporter and adviser in the perplexities and difficulties of 
 the years following the end of the war. It has been said 
 that she exerted undue influence over him to induce him to 
 resign his command. The assertion is based on mere 
 gossip, but if it be true, as the act was one of the noblest and 
 most disinterested in the general's public life, she only 
 proved herself to be a true and wise counsellor. She was 
 
 ' Thomas Widdrington, of Chisbourne Grange in Northumberland, was a 
 barrister of Gray's Inn and Recorder of York. He was knighted by Charles on 
 April 1, 1639, for reading to him a most fulsome address. He was elected M.P. 
 for Berwick on April 13, 1640, and again in the Long Parliament on November 3. 
 He took the Covenant, but when the Presbyterian party lost ground he became 
 an Independent, and one of the Commissioners of the Great Seal in March 1647. 
 Opposing the King's trial, he retired from the commissionership, but was again 
 sworn a commissioner on April 5, 1654, elected M.P. for York in 1666, and 
 chosen Speaker of the House of Commons. In that capacity he invested Oliver 
 Cromwell as Lord Protector on June 26, 1657, and the next year he became Chief 
 Baron of the Exchequer. In January 1659 he was appointed a Councillor of 
 State, and was elected M.P. for York on April 25, 1660, and for Berwick again in 
 1661. He wrote a description or survey of the city of York, which was never 
 published, but from which Drake got much of his material. His wife Prances, 
 sister of Lord Fairfax, died in London on May 4, 1649, leaving four daughters. 
 .Sir Thomas died on May 22, 1664. 
 
 Sir Thomas Widdrington was a faithful and generous friend, but as a public 
 man he was a trimmer, and was fussy, pedantic, obsequious, and full of small 
 ambition. 
 
 ^ Of the four daughters, Prances was married to Sir John Legard, Katherjne to 
 Sir Eobert Shafto, Ursula to the Earl of Plymouth, and Mary to Sir Eobert 
 Markhara. There is an interesting account of the death and burial of Lady 
 Markham, by her husband _Sir Eobert, in a pocket-book now in the British 
 Museum. 
 
1065.] 
 
 DEATH OF LADY FAIRFAX. 
 
 391 
 
 the daughter and the wife of two of England's greatest 
 generals : — 
 
 A Vere — a Fairfax — honour's honour she.' 
 
 Lady Fairfax was buried in the south choir of Bilbrough 
 church. 
 
 During the last seven years of his life the old Lord was 
 bowed down by diseases, the results of exposure and wounds. 
 The gout took from him the use of his legs, and he was 
 
 LOKD FAIKFAXS CHAIE. 
 
 confined to a chair of peculiar construction on wheels, which 
 he could move about at pleasure. It was long preserved in 
 the chapel at Steeton, and is stUl in existence.^ Brian Fairfax 
 thus describes his cousin at this time : — ' He sat like an old 
 Eoman, his manly countenance striking awe and reverence 
 
 ' Ekgi/ on Lady Fairfax, by Lady Carey. MS. at the Bodleian. 
 2 It was for some years at Farnley, and is now in the house of Miss Fairfax at 
 Newton Kyme, to whose kindness I am indebted for the drawing whence tha 
 
392 LIFE OF THE GREAT LORD Z4IBJMX [ch. xxxii. 
 
 into all that beheld him, and yet mixed with, so much, 
 modesty and meekness as no figure of a mortal man ever 
 represented more. Most of his time lie did spend in religious 
 duties, and mucli of the rest in reading good books, which 
 he was well qualified to do in all modem languages, as 
 appears by those he hath, writ and translated.' 
 
 He preserved his mental faculties to the last, in spite of 
 bis bodily sufferings. We see this iu his annotations on the 
 account of Marston Moor in his copy of EuUer's Worthies; ' 
 and in his re-writing and improving his metrical version of 
 some of the Psalms,^ which he had composed sev€iral years 
 before. It was also during the last year or two of his life 
 that he wrote the two Memorials which have been published. 
 
 The first is entitled a ' A Short Memorial of the Northern 
 Actions in which I was engaged, during the war there, from the 
 year 1642 to the year 1644.' It was not intended for any eye 
 but his own, and was written that he might not be deprived 
 of the comfort of the ' remembrance of God's mercies ; but 
 not in that methodical and polished manner as might have 
 been done, being intended only for my own satisfaction and 
 help of my memory.' It is much to be regretted that he 
 jdid not begin this work earlier, and write it carefully with a 
 view to publication. His admirable and lucid despatches 
 after the storming' of Dartmouth and the fight at Torrington 
 prove that he could use his pen to good efi'ect if he chose. 
 But such as it is, the ' Short Memorial of the Northern 
 Actions' is indispensable for a knowledge of the Yorkshire 
 campaigns, which comprise, perhaps, the most interesting 
 portion of this great man's life-story. 
 
 The second is called ' Short Memorials of some things to 
 be cleared during mj command in the army.' It consists of 
 notes hastily jotted down, and is full of mistakes and in- 
 above woodcut has been taken. The great Lord Fairfax's walking-stick is in 
 the collection of Mr. Hailstone of Horton Hall. It is a long ebony staff with a 
 silver ferule and head. The Fairfax crest, arms, supporters, and baron's coronet 
 are engraved on the top. Some subsequent owner has engraved the following 
 inscription round the side : — Manus hceo inimica tyrannis ense petit placidam sub 
 ibertate quietem. 
 
 ' Antiquarian 'Repertory, 1808, vol. iii. 
 
 * At the end of the MS. copy of the Memorials at Leeds Castle. 
 
1670.] THE SHORT MEM0BIAL8. 393 
 
 accuracies, having been written from memory, to show to a 
 few friends, but without any idea of publication. The 
 ' things to be cleared,' upon which he touches, are the causes 
 which induced himself and his father to take up arms for 
 the Parliament, his appointment to command the New Model 
 army, the mutinous spii-it of the army fostered by the ad- 
 jutators, the seizure of the King at Holmby, the purging of 
 the House by Colonel Pride, the execution of Lucas and 
 Lisle and of the King, and the writer's reasons for retaining 
 the command, while the council of officers acted in oppo- 
 sition to his views and contrary to his orders. He left these 
 two Memorials in manuscript, and they were preserved by 
 his successors in the library at Denton, until Brian Fairfax 
 published them in 1699. He did this with the best in- 
 tentions ; but he should have printed the manuscripts exactly 
 as they stood, instead of omitting many passages for fear of 
 offending ultra-Royalists. In thus garbling the originals, 
 he did not act as a true friend to the memory of his famous 
 cousin.' 
 
 ' There are two manuscript copies of these Memorials preserved at Leeds 
 Castle, both in the handwriting of Lord Fairfax. The first is in a small quarto 
 book, with metrical versions of Psalms 18, 24, 30, and 85 at the end. This 
 appears to have been the first foul copy. The second is the fair copy. It has the 
 following inscription on the first page : — Presinted by Sir Peter Thompson to the 
 Hon. Robert Fairfax, 1760. MS. bought at Mr. Changer's sale on January 22, 
 1733. The undoubted handwriting of Sir Thomas Fairfax. Mr. Brian Fairfax 
 wanted it mtich, but Sir Peter could not then make up his mind to part with it. 
 The Brian Fairfax here mentioned was the son of the Brian who published the 
 Memorials in 1699. There is a third manuscript copy of the Memorials at Leeds 
 Castle, in the handwriting of the elder Brian, in a. folio book, with several 
 passages erased and altered. This is evidently the one that was prepared for 
 publication. 
 
 In 1699 the Memorials were published in a small book, of 128 pages, with a 
 preface by Brian Fairfax. In this preface he states that they were never intended 
 by the old Lord for publication, but to remain for the satisfaction of his own 
 relations. The reason for not observing the wishes of the departed hero is stated 
 to be that a copy had been surreptitiously obtained and was about to be published. 
 Brian states that the Memorials are sent to the press without any material 
 alterations from the original. This is a matter of opinion. He should have 
 made no alterations. The version of Brian Fairfax was reprinted in the Somers 
 Tracts, v. p. 374, and in Masere's Select Tracts, ii. p. 409. 
 
 In the beginning of this century another copy of the Memorials was taken 
 ' from the original manuscript in Leeds Castle, and obligingly communicated by 
 Edmund Lodge, Lancaster Herald,' to the Antiquarian Bepertory, where it was 
 printed in 1808, at the beginning of the third volume. This version is complete, 
 
394 LIFE OF TEE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch.xxxii. 
 
 One of tlie last letters of Lord Fairfax is to his son-ia- 
 law, giving valuable advice respecting the organization and 
 officering of troops, in the event of disturbances, vrhich 
 appear to have been expected in 1663.' A few years later 
 there appears to have been some idea of persuading the 
 grand old warrior once more to emerge from his retirement 
 and superintend the organization of troops. 'Old Black 
 Tom,' as he was called, would, it was still believed, scare 
 away all insurgents by the very terror of his name. But 
 his infirmities rendered active service impossible for him.'' 
 
 His latest letters are on the subject of his daughter, who 
 was a constant source of anxiety to him, owiug to the 
 
 and has no alterations or omissions. It is, therefore, the one that should always 
 be used by students, instead of the garbled version of Brian Fairfax reprinted in 
 the Somers Tracts. Three local editions have been printed in Yorkshire — one at 
 Leeds in 1776, with some astounding woodcuts ; a second at Knaresborough, by 
 Hargrove in 1810 ; and a third by Hoboyd at Bradford a few years ago. There 
 are also three manuscript copies in the British Museum. Sarleian MS8., Nos. 
 1786, 2315, and 6390. 
 
 Internal evidence, such as mistakes in dates, careless writing, and the placing of 
 events out of their regular sequence, lead to the conclusion that the Memorials 
 were written quite at the close of the great general's life. Other considerations 
 go far to prove the correctness of this conclusion. The version of the 18th 
 Psalm in the manuscript book at the Bodleian Library is rugged and abrupt. The 
 version of the same Psalm at the end of the manuscript of the Memorials at 
 Leeds Castle is evidently a corrected and improved edition, composed afterwards. 
 Here they are, side by side : — 
 
 Bodleian Veesion. 
 
 Lord, I should ingrate in hiest nature 
 
 prove. 
 Not thee, my rock, my fort, salvation, 
 
 love ; 
 To give thee thanks how much am I 
 
 engag'd, 
 By mercy sav'd, foes being high enrag'd. 
 
 Leeds Castle Version. 
 
 If thee, my Lord, I should neglect, 
 
 I must ungrateful prove ; 
 The rock and fort of his elect. 
 
 What saint enough can love ? 
 
 To prayse him how am I engag'd 
 Whose worth transcends all prayse ; 
 
 He when my foes was most enrag'd. 
 My sinking heart did raise. 
 
 Now, the Bodleian manuscript contains an elegy on Lady Fairfax's death, and 
 cannot therefore have been finished until after that event. The Leeds Castle 
 manuscript, containing the new version of the 1 8th Psalm and the rough copy 
 of the Memorials, must have been written after the Bodleian manuscript, contain- 
 ing the old version of that Psalm. This places the date of the rough copy of the 
 Memorials after that of Lady Fairfax's death, or quite at the close of the great 
 general's life, between 1665 and 1671 ; but probably nearer the latter date. 
 
 ' To the Du/ce of Buckingham, October 13, 1663. 
 
 ' See letter from the Kimbolton library, dated January 20, 1667, and another 
 
1671.J DEATH OF WED FAIRFAX. 395 
 
 conduct of her husTjand. The latest extant, dated August 6, 
 1670, is preserved at Leeds Castle. It is not addressed, but 
 is supposed to be to Lady Clinton, and, afber touchingly 
 alluding to his helplessness and his infirmities, anxiously en- 
 quires after his daughter — his little Moll whom he had borne 
 through that desperate fight at Selby so many years before — 
 his good and gentle, but iinhappy child. He had heard she 
 was going to Calais,' a mere garrison of soldiers, and could 
 not understand it. God comfort the good old man. His 
 release was very near. In these last years Mr. Stretton 
 acted as his secr^ary and domestic chaplain, and his widowed 
 sister Ellen, Lady Selby, came to live with him. But she 
 died on March 17, 1670, and was buried next day at Bolton 
 Percy.^ In the last days of all, Henry and Brian Fairfax, 
 his faithful cousins, and Mr. Stretton the chaplain, with his 
 wife, were in attendance on the old general. 
 
 Lord Fainfas died ©f a fever, after a short illness, at 
 Nunappleton, on November 12, 1671. On the last morning 
 of his life lae called for a Bible, saying his eyes grew dim. 
 He read the forty-second Psalm — ' As the hart panteth for 
 the water-brooks.' Then, perceiving his end approaching, 
 he said that he had already arranged his affairs. He settled 
 Denton, Askwith, Eigton, and Bilbrongh on his cousin 
 Henry, who succeeded as fourth Lord Fairfax; and Nun- 
 appleton, Bolton Percy, and Bishop HUl in York on his 
 daughter the Duchess Mary, for her life and her heirs male, 
 and if she had none, then on his cousin and successor, Henry 
 Fairfax. His will is dated 1667, with a long codicil dated 
 November 11, 1671. 
 
 There was grief and mourning in Yorkshire when the 
 news spread abroad. The good old Lord was dearly loved by 
 his Nunappleton tenantry, whose fathers had followed him 
 in his conquering progress from Berwick to the Land's End. 
 He was buried by the side of his wife, under a very hand- 
 some altar tomb, in the choir on the south side of Bilbrough 
 
 without date, given in a communication signed W. W. S. in Notes emd Queries, 
 vol. xii. p. 296. 
 
 ' Probably to accompany the duke on his embassy to Prance. 
 
 = Parish Eegister at Bolton Percy. Family Bible at Leeds Castle. 
 
396 LIFE OF THE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. xxxii. 
 
 clrarch. 
 simple :- 
 
 The inscription, on a slab of black marble, is very 
 
 HEBE LYE THE BODIES OF THE EIGHT HON"" 
 
 THOMAS LORD FAIRFAX OF DENTON, 
 
 BABON OF CAMERON, 
 
 WHO DYED NOTEMBEK Y' XII. 1671, 
 
 IN THE 60" YBAEE OF HIS AGE ; 
 
 AND OF ANNE HIS "WIFE, DAUGHTER AND CO-HEIR OF 
 
 HORATIO lOBD VEBE, 
 
 BABON OF TILBURY. 
 
 THEY HAD ISSUE 
 
 MARY DUCHESS OF BUCKINaHAM 
 
 AND ELIZABETH. 
 
 THE MEMORY OF THIi JUST IS BLESSED. 
 
 TOMB OF LORD FAIEFAX, IN EILBEOUGH CHUECH. 
 
 (From a sketch by Rev. J. P. Metcalfe.) 
 
 The little church of Bilbrough is absolutely devoid of 
 architectural interest, and contains nothing but the Fairfax 
 tomb and that of John Norton. In 1492 the Lord of the 
 Manor was this John Norton, who built a choir on the south 
 side of the church, and was buried under a tomb beneath the 
 arch dividing the nave from the new choir. Norton left six 
 marks towards the maintenance of Sir William Drj-^ver, 
 chantry priest, and his successors for ever, ' that he and they 
 should sing and occupy the service of God for the souls of the 
 said John Norton and his family.' This sum is still paid to 
 the rector. 
 
1671. J 
 
 GEABAGTEU OF LOBD FAIBFAX. 
 
 397 
 
 In 1546 Sir William Fairfax bought the estate and tithes 
 of Bilbrough ; and the great Lord Fairfax, who had gene- 
 rously given the tithes to Mr, Topham the clergyman during 
 his life, left them in his will for the use of the preaching 
 minister of Bilbrough for ever. The Fairfax tomb is in the 
 south choir, called the chapel of St. Saviour, between John 
 Norton's tomb and the wall. The black marble slab is seven 
 feet six inches long by four feet six inches, and six inches thick. 
 At the west end of the slab is a coat of arms, Fairfax impaling 
 Vere, with the motto pare fac. Then follows the inscrip- 
 tion. The sides are three feet six inches high, of a lighter 
 stone. Shields of arms are carved between pilasters, on 
 which there are military trophies. At the west end is a shield 
 with Fairfax quartering Malbis Etton and Thwaites, and Vere 
 on a scutcheon of pretence, with helmet, baron's coronet, 
 crest, and supporters. On the north side are two shields 
 with helmet, coronet, crest, and mantle — one Fairfax, and the 
 other Fairfax impaling Vere. The east and south sides, 
 being close to the wall, are blank. 
 
 SHIELD AT THE WEST END 
 OF THE TOMB. 
 
 ON THE TOMB OF lOED FAIRFAX. 
 
 (Fairfax impaling Vere.) 
 
 Bilbrough church is now in a dilapidated condition, and 
 no worthier monument could be raised to one of the noblest 
 of Yorkshiremen than a new church to cover his tomb. He 
 himself munificently endowed the living ; and something is 
 due to the memory of the great Christian warrior who saved 
 York Minster, and cast such unsullied lustre upon the annals, 
 of his county. 
 
398 LIFE OF THE GBBAT LOEB FAIRFAX. [CH. xxxii. 
 
 The faneral sermon of Lord Fairfax was preached by his 
 chaplain, Mr. Stretton. ' 
 
 The IKike of Buckingham wrote a very noble epitaph, 
 as he called it,, on his father-in-law : — 
 
 tJnder this stone doth lie 
 
 One born for riotorf. 
 Fairfax the valiant, and the only He 
 Who ere for that alone a conqueror would be. 
 
 Both sexes' virtues Were in him combin'd : 
 He had the fierceness of the manliest mind, 
 And all the meekness too of womankind. 
 
 He never knew what envy was nor hate ; 
 
 His soul was flll'd with worth and honesty, 
 And with another thing besides, quite out of date, 
 
 Call'd modesty. 
 
 When all the nation he had won. 
 
 And with expense of blood had bought 
 
 Store great enough, he thought, 
 Of fame and of renown, 
 He then his arms laid down, 
 
 With full as little pride 
 
 As if h' ad been oth' conquer'd side, 
 Or one of them could be that were undone. 
 
 VII 
 
 He neither wealth nor places sought. 
 For others, not himself, he fought. 
 
 He was content to know. 
 
 For he had found it so, 
 That when he pleas'd to conquer he was able, 
 And left the spoil and plunder to the rabble. 
 
 ' Eichard Stretton was born at Claybrook,in Leicestershire, in 1632, of an ancient 
 family. He was M.A. of New College, Oxford, and was ordained by the^Preebytery 
 on October 26, 1658. He had a benefice in Sussex, but refused to conform in 1662, 
 though he was offered a prebend by Dr. King, the Bishop of Chichester. A Mr. 
 James Nalton introduced him to Lord Fairfax, who was then in want of a chaplain, 
 and he continued to reside at Nunappleton until the great general's death. He 
 married, and his wife and children lived there with him. After his patron's death 
 he removed to Leeds, and thence to London, where he had a dissenting congrega« 
 
1671.] GHABAGTEB OF LOBB FAIRFAX. 399 
 
 He might hare been a king, 
 
 Bat that he understood 
 How much it is a meaner thing 
 
 To be unjustly great than honourably good. 
 
 This from the world did admiration draw, 
 And from his friends both lovo and awe, 
 Eememb'ring what he did in fight before. 
 
 Nay, his foes loved him too, 
 
 As they were bound to do, 
 Because he was resolv'd to fight no more. 
 
 So blest of all he died, but far more blest were we 
 
 If we were sure to live till we could see 
 
 A man as great in war, as just in peace as he. 
 
 There are few names in history so spotless as that of the great 
 Lord Fairfax. Hireling slanderers literally swarmed at the Re- 
 storation, yet not one of the brood has dared even to hint at a 
 blemish on the private character of the Parliamentary general. 
 An attempt was made to fix a charge of cruelty upon him, with 
 reference to the executions at Colchester, His whole career 
 proclaimed its absurdity ; but that question has already been 
 disposed of. Only one more attempt to depreciate his merits 
 has ever been made ; and that was aimed against his judg- 
 ment, not against his honour. It has been urged against 
 him that he was the tool of CromweU. The unscrupulous 
 Clarendon and the spiteful Denzil Holies first originated this 
 charge; and they have been followed by modem writers. 
 By calling one man the tool of another it is, I suppose, 
 intended that he, whether knowingly or unknowingly, far- 
 thered the designs of him who used the tool. When did 
 Fairfax do this for Cromwell ? Was it when he organized 
 the New Model army ? Cromwell had nothing to do with 
 its organization, was only at Windsor for one day to take his 
 
 tion. He died on July 3, 1712, aged 80, and was buried at Bunhill. An extract 
 from his funeral sermon on Lord Fairfax's death is preserved at Leeds Castle. 
 Lord Fairfax left Mr. Stretton the tithes of Bilbrough for sixty years, 'provided that 
 he supply the office of preachingminister there, or find one to do it ; ' and afterwards 
 the tithes were left to the use of a minister nominated by the Lords Fairfax. 
 
400 LIFH OF THE GREAT LOBB FAIRFAX [ch. xxxii. 
 
 leave wliile Fairfax was forming the army ; and tlie majority 
 of the colonels, appointed by Fairfax, were opposed to the 
 extreme views of Cromwell and Ireton. Was it during the 
 victorious campaign which was the result of Fairfax's labours? 
 Cromwell was then Fairfax's lieutenant-general or tool, not 
 Fairfax Cromwell's. Was it during the course of the troublous 
 year that followed 9 Fairfax then openly opposed the schemes 
 of Cromwell, and on one occasion, when Cromwell wanted to 
 march to London and purge the House of Commons, he suc- 
 cessfully thwarted them. Was it when Cromwell procured 
 the execution of the King ? Fairfax exerted all his influence 
 to prevent it. Was it when Cromwell persuaded the Council 
 to declare war upon Scotland ? Fairfax positively refused to 
 approve of this measure, and resigned his commission. Thus 
 the charge that Fairfax acted as the tool of Cromwell is 
 without foundation ; and it is quite time that its absurdity 
 should be laid bare. Fairfax may have been unsuccessful in 
 his opposition to the measures of Cromwell, but that is just 
 the opposite to being his tool. 
 
 The great general's want of success as a politician is due 
 to the absence of all suspicion or capacity for intrigue in his 
 disposition. He had no finesse, little insight into character, 
 was disposed to believe and not to suspect. These very 
 deficiencies, if they may be so called, ma.inly account for his 
 marvellous success in the field. His open-hearted frankness, 
 straightforwardness, and generosity obtained for him the 
 love of his men ; and with that love he acquired a power 
 over them which made his army invincible. He was the 
 terror of cowards or traitors, for he hesitated not to punish, 
 and that severely. But all true soldiers knew that their 
 general was their best friend ; and his dauntless courage, his 
 accurate calculation, the promptness of his decisions, and the 
 rapidity of his movements gave them a confidence in his 
 judgment which inspired them to foUow him with the assur- 
 ance of success, and made victory certain. 
 
 But the noblest phase in his character was that which 
 exposed him to the charge of being a tool. It was his sense 
 
1671. J OHABAOTEB OF LORD FAIRFAX. 401 
 
 of duty, his resolution to place the service of his country 
 above his own interests or wishes, that led him to retain the 
 command of the army while his officers were mutinously dis- 
 regarding his orders, and plunging into political intrigue. 
 There is something very noble in his proud determination to 
 keep aloof from these intrigues, and in his long and earnest 
 endeavours to keep himself and the army in subordination to 
 the Parliament. The cause was a great and good one ; but 
 it was for the army to secure its success by victories in the 
 field, and for the legislators to form a happy settlement 
 of the kingdom, as the result of those victories. Fairfax 
 strove to keep each power in the State to its proper duty. 
 Had he succeeded we might have been saved the most 
 disgTaceful page in our history, which includes the period 
 from 1660 to 1688. His failure is the fault, not of the 
 upright and disinterested Fairfax, but of those who worked 
 upon the passions of the soldiers, already goaded to de- 
 speration by injustice, in order to further their own ambitious 
 views. 
 
 No general ever strove more earnestly to mitigate and 
 soften the evils of war. Ever generous to a defeated foe, 
 Fairfax did not confine his kind offices to the concession of 
 exceptionally honourable terms on the field. Many a poor 
 Eoyalist gentleman had to thank the Lord" General for inter- 
 feruig on his behalf to obtain an easy composition, and thus 
 save him from ruin ; while the widows and orphans of his 
 own men found in Fairfax an advocate who would spare 
 himself no trouble, and would not be denied. He never 
 forgot a friend, and never allowed the services of a deserving 
 officer to be overlooked. 
 
 Thomas Fairfax was a true and spotless knight from his 
 youth upwards. He drew his sword in a great and good 
 cause, and he never lost faith in its justice. The last sen- 
 tence in his Memorial proves this. It was omitted m the 
 printed edition by his cousin Brian. It will fitly con- 
 clude this imperfect history. He says : ' I hope that God 
 will one day clear this cause we undertook, so far as con- 
 
 D D 
 
40'2 LIFE OF ■ TEE QBEAT LORD FAIRFAX, [oh. xxxii. 
 
 cerns His honour, and tlie integrity of such as faithfully 
 served Him. For I cannot believe that such wonderful suc- 
 cesses have been given in vain, and, though cunning and 
 deceitful men must take shame to themselves, the purposes 
 and determinations of God shall have happy effect, to His 
 glory and the comfort of His people. Amen.' 
 
 FACSIMILE OF THE MONOBBAM SIGNATURE OP THOMAS THIED LORD FAIRFAX. 
 
CH. xxxiii.] THE FAIRFAXES. 403 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIII. 
 
 CONCIiUSIOlC. 
 
 Some readers who have followed the career of the great 
 general to the last scene in Bilbrough church will like to 
 know what befell those whom he left behind. Wh.en he died 
 there were two Cousins round his bedside, other cousins very 
 dear to him at Steeton, and his daughter far away in London 
 or at Calais. His favourite house at Nunappleton, with its 
 beautiful gardens and deer park, was untouched by ruin or 
 decay ; his other houses at Denton and Bishop Hill were still 
 intact. What has time left of all this ? What has been the 
 fate of the house rendered classic by having been the abode 
 of our hero ? Are his kindred still to be found in the Ainsty, 
 where they had flourished for so many centuries ? The 
 history of Lord Fairfax would be incomplete unless it 
 furnished an answer to questions which are sure to occui* to 
 most readers of the general's life. 
 
 I. 
 
 Nunappleton. 
 
 The Duke and Duchess of Buckingham inherited Nunapple- 
 ton, Bolton Percy, and Bishop Hill, in York, for their lives. 
 These properties were to descend to the issue of the Duchess ; 
 but if she had none they were to revert to the issue of the 
 first Lord Fairfax, represented on the death of the third 
 Lord by his cousin, Henry Fairfax the fourth Lord, eldest 
 son of the Rector of Bolton Percy. By the settlement, dated 
 May 13, 1637, on the mamage of the great general and 
 Anne Vere, all landed property whatever, including Nun- 
 appleton, was settled on the heirs male of the marriage ; but 
 if there were none, then on the heirs male of the first Lord, 
 a provision of £5,000 being matde for daughters of the 
 
 una 
 
404 LIFE OF THE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. xxxiii. 
 
 general. But on November 2, 1650, tlie third Lord levied a 
 fine on all land comprised in the settlement to his use ; and 
 this fine barred the entail, and vested an estate in fee on the 
 third Lord. He then, by a deed of settlement dated April 
 23, 1666, gave Nunappleton, Bolton Percy, and Bishop Hill 
 to the Duke and Duchess and their issue, and, failing issue, to 
 the fourth Lord and his heirs male ; and Denton, Askvrithj 
 Eigton, and Bilbrough to the fourth Lord and his heirs. 
 
 The Duke and Duchess of Buckingham occasionally came 
 to Nunappleton after the old Lord's death ; and at one time, 
 when the Duke was in disgrace at court, he lived at Bishop 
 HOI, in York, where he built a laboratory and made chemical 
 experiments, in hopes of discovering the philosopher's stone. 
 On the death of Charles II. the Duke went to his manor of 
 Helmsley, and passed his time in fox-hunting and entertain- 
 ing his friends. He caught cold by sitting on the ground after 
 a splendid run, and died after three days' illness, in the house 
 of one of his tenants at Kirby Moorside, on April 16, 1688. 
 .He died in the best room of the best house in the place, and 
 not in an inn, so that Pope's description of the Duke's death 
 is entirely fictitious.' The day before his death he was so 
 much better that he wrote to Brian Fairfax to get a room 
 ready for him at Bishop Hill. His friend the Earl of Arran, 
 Brian Fairfax, a Mr. Gibson, and a clergyman were with him 
 when he died. He was buried in the vault with his father 
 and brother in Henry VII. 's Chapel. 
 
 The Duchess survived him many years, living generally in 
 London. She was much harassed by the violent proceedings of 
 the Duke's creditors, and at last, in 1700, she agreed to sell 
 Nunappleton for their benefit, on the condition that £2,500 
 were reserved to pay her own debts ; but she could not do 
 this owing to the reversionary rights of the Lord Fairfax her 
 cousin. A certain Lady Ash was the intending purchaser. 
 The fourth Lord had died in 1688, and had been succeeded by 
 his son Thomas, fifth Lord Fairfax, who was in possession 
 of two documents (the marriage settlement of May 13, 1637, 
 and the great general's deed of settlement dated April 23, 
 
 ' The original letter giving an account of his death is preserved at Leeds 
 Castle. 
 
en. xxxiti.] DEATH OF THE BUGHE8S MABY. 405 
 
 1667) whicli effectually prevented the alienation of the Nun- 
 appleton estate. Brian Fairfax, however, was afraid that 
 there might be fines or recoveries passed by the Duke and 
 Duchess, which would bar the settlements. When, therefore, 
 the Duchess wrote to Lord Fairfax, asking for these docu- 
 ments, he civilly declined to part with them, asserting his 
 reversionary right to the estate. On October 13, 1700, 
 the Duchess wrote from Pall Mall that the opinion of her 
 counsel was that Nunappleton was entirely subject to the 
 Duke's debts, and that Lord Fairfax was totally barred from 
 all manner of claiip to the estate. This opinion seems to 
 have been founded on the extraordinary notion that though 
 she could not sell if she had no children, because the estate 
 was then settled on Lord Fairfax, yet she could if she was 
 in a possibility of having children. She was then a widow 
 past sixty. 
 
 In order to bring the question to an issue. Lord Fairfax, 
 on ISTovember 11, 1700, made claim on the manors of Nun- 
 appleton, Appleton, and Bolton Percy, by occupying a parcel 
 of ground in each, as right heir male after the death of the 
 Duchess (viz.. Horse-close Wood in Nunappleton, New-close 
 in Appleton, and Hall-garth in Bolton Percy). He did this 
 in presence of Brian Fairfax his uncle, Barwick Fairfax of 
 Toulston his brother, and Admiral Eobert Fairfax of Newton 
 Kyme. This effectually frightened away Lady Ash, and all 
 other intending purchasers, and the Duchess made no 
 further attempt to seU Nunappleton during her life. 
 
 Mary Duchess of Buckingham died at St. James's on 
 October 20, 1 704, aged &Q, and was buried in the vault of the 
 Villiers family in Henry VII.'s Chapel.^ 
 
 ' The inscription on the coffin-plate is as follows : — 
 
 THE I30DT OF THE MOST ILLUSTRIOUS 
 
 PEINCESS MAET, DUCHESS OP BUCKINGHAM, 
 
 EELIOT OF GEORGE TILLIEES DUKE OP BUCKINGHAM, 
 
 DAUGHTER AND SOLE HBIRB TO THE R* HON**^* THOMAS LORD FAIREFAX, 
 
 BARdN OF CAMEROON IN SCOTLAND, BY ANN HIS 'WIFE, 
 
 FOURTH DAUGHTER AND ONE OF Y* COHEIRS OF Y* R* HON*"^** HORATIO 
 
 LORD VERB OF TILBURY. 
 
 •fl'HO DIED 20» OCT'' 1704, IN Y" 67"" YEARE OF HER AGE. 
 
 See Stanley's Westminster Abbey, p. 624. 
 
406 LIFE OF TEE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX, [cii. xxxni. 
 
 Thomas the fifth Lord Fairfax died in January 1710. His 
 widow was a great Kentish heiress, and during her son's 
 minority she sold all his Yorkshire estates to pay off the debt 
 on Leeds Castle and her other estates in Kent. Bilbrough 
 was bought by Admiral Fairfax of Newton Kyme in 1716. 
 The Buckingham creditors, taking advantage of the igno- 
 rance or negligence of this managing mother, once more 
 determined to attempt the sale of Nunappleton, in spite of 
 the bad title and the rights of the infant Lord Fairfax. The 
 great general's man of business, who drew up the settlement 
 of 1666, was Mr. Witton, son of the old Lord's commissioner 
 in the Isle of Man, the Rev. Joshua Witton ; and his son, 
 Richard Witton of Lupset, succeeded to his business, and 
 became acquainted with all the intricacies of the Nunappleton 
 question. The title was very doubtful, but it was a fine 
 estate, and the badness of the title would materially reduce the 
 price. This Mr. Witton was engaged to be married to Jane 
 Milner, daughter of worthy Alderman William Milner of 
 Leeds. He recommended the purchase to his future father- 
 in-law, and arranged it so well for him that the estates of Nun- 
 appleton and Bolton Percy were bought for £8,000 less than 
 they were worth, and the payment of £3,600 of the purchase- 
 money was excused on allowing interest at 5 per cent, till 
 paid. Lady Fairfax, the mother, permitted the completion of 
 the purchase without making any protest, although both 
 her Yorkshire agent, Mr. Robert Clayton, and aftenvards 
 Brian Fairfax, explained all the circumstances to her, and 
 urged her to put forward the claim that had been so 
 successfully enforced by her husband in 1700, and not to 
 neglect the interests of her infant son. She was busy with 
 the affairs of her estate in Kent, and would take no steps. 
 This was in February 1710. 
 
 Alderman Milner took possession of Nunappleton in 1711, 
 accompanied by Ralph Thoresby the antiquary, and Lawyer 
 Witton his future son-in-law. All three were closely con- 
 nected with the great Lord Fairfax, not by blood, but by 
 service ; and they must all have felt a more than ordinary 
 interest in their fii-st visit, and a special veneration for the 
 
CH. XXXIII.] MILNEB8 OF NUNAPPLETON. 407 
 
 former dwelling-place of one so revered and beloved in York- 
 shire. Milner was the grandson of that Eichard Milner of 
 Leeds who had served under ' fiery young Tom ' ia his first 
 Yorkshire campaign. Thoresby was the son of John Thoresby, 
 one of Fairfax's officers, while he himself felt a special reve- 
 rence for the old Lord's memory on account of his services to 
 literature and archaeology. Witton was the son of the gene- 
 ral's man of business, and grandson of his friend and chap- 
 lain. All three must have been familiar with the great and 
 good deeds of Yorkshire's noblest worthy from their childhood, 
 and have heard his praises from parents who had known and 
 loved him. Alderman Milner reverently searched for relics 
 of his great predecessor, and found the basket hilt of one of 
 his swords, inlaid with silver, which he gave to his friend 
 Thoresby.' Mr. Milner found that the house was too large 
 for his wants. He pulled down the two wings in 1712, 
 added a lower south front, and left the old north front 
 standing, where the gallery was, which he divided into rooms. 
 But the alderman was lost in a country house. He returned 
 to his old home at Leeds, giving up Nunappleton to his eldest 
 son. Sir WiUiam Milner, who was created a baronet by 
 George I. in 1717. There has been a Sir William Milner at 
 Nunappleton ever since, the place descending from father to 
 son, and the present possessor being the sixth baronet. Con- 
 siderable additions have lately been made to the west end of 
 the house, but the old north front, though altered, is still 
 standing. Thus a portion at least of the house rendered 
 classic as the abode of a great Englishman has survived 
 the ravages of time, and may still be seen. 
 
 And surely whon the after age 
 Shall hither come in pilgrimage, 
 These sacred places to adore, 
 By Vere and Fairfax trod before, 
 Men will dispute how their extent 
 Within such dwarfish confines went. 
 And some will smile at this, as well 
 As Eomulus his bee-like cell. 
 
 Andrew Marvell. 
 
 ' Ducat. Lead. 
 
408 LIFE OF THE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX, [en. xxxiii, 
 
 11. 
 
 Denton. 
 
 Of the two sons of Henry Fairfax, the good Eector of 
 Bolton Percy, the general's uncle, Henry succeeded to Den- 
 ton as fourth Lord Fairfax, and Brian was well known in his 
 day as a man of letters. 
 
 Brian Fairfax was bom at Newton Kyme on October 6, 
 1633. He was educated at Cambridge, and we have seen 
 how zealously he served his great cousin in the events pre- 
 ceding the Restoration. He became the friend and agent of 
 the Duke of Buckingham, accompanied him on his embassies 
 to Holland and France in 1673, and wrote his life, which was 
 printed at p. 24 of Vertue's catalogue of the Duke's pictures, 
 in 1758.' He was afterwards equerry to the King, and finally 
 acted as secretary to Archbishop Tillotson. Latterly he lived 
 at Bishop Hill, in York, and devoted himself to literary pur- 
 suits. He translated the life of Philip Mornay, Seigneur du 
 Plessis, and wrote a lament on the felling of the oaks at 
 Nunappleton, and many other poems, now in the British 
 Museum. (Additional MSS. 22,582.^) His son, also named 
 .Brian, was educated at Westminster School, and was for 
 many years Commissioner of Customs. He was an antiquary 
 and a man of letters, and left most of his pictures and 
 papers ^ to his cousin, the Hon. Robert Fairfax of Leeds 
 Castle. 
 
 Henry fourth Lord Fairfax was 'born at Ashton on 
 December 30, 1631. He succeeded to Denton and to the 
 title on the death of the great general, and married Frances, 
 
 1 It was reprinted in the edition of The Eehearsal, edited by Mr. Arber, and 
 published in 1868. 
 
 ^ Purchased by the British Museum at Dr. Bliss's sale. 
 
 ' Mr. Child bought the whole library of Brian Fairfax, after a catalogue had 
 been drawn up for its sale by auction. A catalogue of the library of Mr. Child of 
 Asterley House was made by Dr. Morrell in 1771. This library at Asterley was 
 inherited by the Earl of Jersey. 
 
cii. XXXIII. J THE AMERICAN FAIRFAXES. 409 
 
 the heiress of Sir Robert Barwick of Toulston near Thorp- 
 arch. He was M.P. for Yorkshire, and died in April 1688. 
 At his funeral, says Thoresby, ' there was the greatest ap- 
 pearance of the nobility and gentry that ever I had seen.' 
 
 The fourth Lord left, with other children, two sons — 
 Thomas, who succeeded as fifth Lord, and Henry, whose son 
 WUliam settled in Virginia and is the ancestor of the 
 American Fairfaxes.' This American branch has not de- 
 generated, and in the gallant struggle of Virginia for inde- 
 pendence, its scions showed that they had inherited the 
 chivalrous bravery «of the Yorkshire stock. When a senator 
 of New York remarked to young Eandolph Fairfax that he 
 would not like to have a name already so famous if he could 
 add nothing to it, the boy replied, ' It is the name of my 
 ancestors, and if they have made it famous, I at least will try 
 to do nothing to impair its brightness.' He did more, he 
 added to its lustre, and, after a life of unsullied purity, he 
 found a hero's death at the battle of Fredericksburg in 1862. 
 His cousin Eugene Fairfax was slain at Williamsburg, and 
 two other Fairfaxes were wounded in the battles of Virginia.* 
 
 The fifth Lord was elected M.P. for Yorkshire in 1688, 
 to succeed his father, and sat until 1707. He took an 
 active part in promoting the Revolution, and died in Ja- 
 nuary 1710. His wife Catherine was daughter and heiress 
 of Thomas Lord Culpepper, on whose death she succeeded 
 to Leeds Castle in Kent, to the proprietary right of the north- 
 ern neck of Virginia, and to an estate of 300,000 acres in the 
 Shenandoah Valley. Her mother was Marguerite de Hesse. 
 Lady Fairfax sold Denton and all the Yorkshire property 
 to pay off the debts on her estates in Kent. She did this so 
 recklessly that the price given for Denton was covered by the 
 value of the timber. It was bought by a Leeds merchant of 
 the name of Ibbetson, whose successors buUt a great modern 
 house, and there is not now a vestige of the old Fairfax 
 
 ' William's son Brian, the friend of "Washington, succeeded as eighth Lord 
 Fairfax, and his descendants all live in America. 
 
 ' Sketch of the Life of Eandolph Fairfax, by the Rev. Philip Slaughter. (Rich- 
 mond, 1864.) 
 
410 LIFE OF THE OBFAT LORD FAIRFAX, [ch. xxxm. 
 
 TOansion. Nunappleton, as has been seen, she allowed to slip 
 out of her hands without an effort to enforce the rights of 
 her infant son, to whom the estate belonged. She had two 
 sons— Thomas sixth and Eobert seventh Lord Tairfax— and a 
 daughter Frances, married to Denny Martin, Esq. By her 
 will, dated April 22, 1719, she left Greenway Court, the estate 
 in Virginia, to her son Thomas sixth Lord Fairfax; and estates 
 in Kent and the Isle of Wight to the sixth Lord and his 
 heirs, then to Eobert and his heirs, and then to her daughters 
 in succession. 
 
 When Thomas sixth Lord Fairfax came of age he was in- 
 dignant to find that all his Yorkshire estates had been sold. 
 He had been forced to cut off the entail of Denton, by 
 threats of depriving him of the northern neck of Virginia. 
 He appointed his cousinWilliam Fairfax his agent in Virginia, 
 and eventually settled there himself. A most interesting 
 account of this patriarchal old bachelor will be found in 
 Dr. Burnaby's. travels in America (1759-60). He died in 
 1782, and was succeeded by his brother Eobert, to whom 
 he had long before given up Leeds Castle, and who died 
 there in 1 793, leaving his property to his nephew, the Eev. 
 Denny Martin, who was followed by his brother. General 
 Martin. 
 
 When General Martin died, in 1821, he left Leeds Castle 
 to Fiennes Wykeham, Esq., his second cousin through the 
 Martins, but who was not connected with the Fairfaxes. The 
 Fairfax estate in the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia had 
 been sold by Dr. Martin for ^20,000. Mr. Wyk§ham died 
 in 1840, and was succeeded by the present Charles Wykeham 
 Martin, Esq., M.P., of Leeds Castle.' 
 
 All the Fairfax papers, pictures, and relics were removed 
 to Leeds Castle when Denton was sold. Such as remain are 
 carefully preserved by Mr. Wykeham Martin, their present 
 owner, who thoroughly appreciates these precious treasures. 
 
 ' See the interesting and beautifnlly illustrated account of Leeds Castle pub- 
 litihed by Mr. Wykeham Martin in 1869. Besides a description and history of 
 the old royal residence itself, this ivork contains full details respecting the families 
 that have owned it since it whs sold by the crown. 
 
GH. xxxiii.] FAIRFAXES OF 8TEET0N. 411 
 
 There are the patent of nobility of the first Lord, a pardon 
 to the first Lord, a grant of free warren on the manor of 
 Askwith, the pardon under the Great Seal of the third Lord, 
 the MSS. of the ' Short Memorials,' the MS. of the ' Iter 
 Boreale ' of Brian Fairfax, the Family Bible', a buff leathern 
 doublet, white embroidered waistcoat, and white kid shoes of 
 the great general ; his miniature by Hoskins ; and twenty 
 Fairfax pictures. 
 
 III. 
 
 » 
 
 Steeton. 
 
 Thus it came to pass that the Denton and Nunappleton 
 branch of the Fairfaxes became extinct or left the country ; and 
 the ancient name is now solely represented by the descendants 
 of Sir William Fairfax of Steeton, the dear cousin and 
 companion in arms of the great general, the peerless knight 
 who fell so gloriously at Montgomery Castle. 
 
 His widow Frances was a daughter of Sir Thomas Chaloner 
 of Guisborough, and by her he had four children, who were 
 brought up by their mother at Steeton. The eldest, William, 
 succeeded to Steeton. The second, Thomas, was a general 
 in Queen Anne's reign. Evelyn, who once travelled in his 
 company, speaks of him as ' a soldier, a traveller, an excellent 
 musician, a good-natured and well-bred gentleman." He 
 died in 1712, and there is a fine picture of this General 
 Fairfax, in flowing wig and cuirass, at Leeds Castle. Of the 
 two daughters, Catharine was married first to Sir Martin 
 Lister and secondly to Sir Charles Lyttleton of Hagley, 
 who went out as Governor of Jamaica,, where she died in 
 ] 662 ; and Isabella was the wife of Nathaniel Bladen, Esq. 
 of Hemsworth, by whom she had six children. Old Lady 
 Fairfax died in January 1692, after having been mistress of 
 Steeton for sixty years. She was buried with her daughter 
 Mrs. Bladen at Bolton Percy. 
 
 William Fairfax succeeded his gallant father. Sir William, 
 
 ' Diari/, ii. p. 115. 
 
412 LIFH OF TRF GBEAT LOBD FAIRFAX, [ch. xxxiir. 
 
 at Steeton, and married Catharine daughter of Eobert 
 Stapleton of Wighill, and niece of Sir PhUip Stapleton of 
 Warter Priory, the great Presbyterian leader. They had 
 thirteen children, but only one surviyed early youth — namely 
 Robert the future admiral. 
 
 Robert Fairfax was baptized in Steeton Chapel in February 
 1665, and was nearly seven years old at the time of the great 
 general's death at Nunappleton, whom he might just have 
 remembered as Brian Fairfax describes him, sitting, like a 
 grand old Roman, in his invalid chair. Robert was a very 
 distinguished naval officer. He fought several gallant actions, 
 and commanded a ship at the taking of Gibraltar, for which 
 service Queen Anne presented him with a silver cup, still 
 preserved at Newton Kyme. He became a vice-admiral 
 in 1707, and was elected member for York in 1713. He was 
 also one of the Commissioners of the Admiralty under Prince 
 George of Denmark. Admiral Fairfax built the house at 
 Newton Kyme, to which he removed the coats of arms carved 
 in stone over the doorway at Steeton. He also planted two 
 rows of young trees, raised at Denton, from the hall door at 
 Newton Kyme to the Tadcaster road, which is now a noble 
 avenue. So Steeton was deserted, and Newton Kyme became 
 the seat of the Fairfaxes. The old chapel at Steeton, conse- 
 crated by Archbishop Rotherham 400 years ago, is still 
 standing, but is given up to bats and pigeons. The last 
 baptism performed there appears to have been that of a 
 young Bladen in 1672. Admiral Fairfax married Hester, 
 daughter of Robert Bushell, of an old Whitby family, con- 
 nected with the Cholmleys, and had a son Thomas, and a 
 daughter Catharine. The admiral died on October 6, 1725. 
 There are two portraits of him at Newton Kyme, one as a 
 young man, and the other as a dignified Lord of the Admi- 
 ralty, resting a pair of compasses on a globe. 
 
 Thomas Fairfax of Newton Kyme succeeded his father the 
 admiral, and was the head of the family from 1725 to 1774. 
 His father recovered Bilbrough from the wreck of the Denton 
 catastrophe, and he made good his claim to Bishop Hill, in 
 York. He loved all country pursuits, and was the author of 
 
CH. xxsiii.] FAIRFAXES OF NEWTON EYMK 413 
 
 a work entitled ' The Complete Sportsman, or Country Gen- 
 tleman's Recreation,' published in 1760. By his wife Eliza- 
 beth, daughter of John Simpson, Esq. of Babworth, he had a 
 son and successor, Robert, a most kind-hearted and amiable 
 old bachelor, who was head of the family at Newton Kyme 
 from 1774 to 1803;' another John, who continued the line; 
 and a third, Gruy, the Rector of Newton Kyme, who died while 
 performing the service, in 1794.'' John Fairfax of Newton 
 Kyme succeeded his brother Robert in 1803, and died in 
 1811, leaving an only child, named Thomas Lodington 
 Fairfax, by his mfe Jane, daughter of George Lodington 
 Esq. of Bracebridge. 
 
 Thomas L. Fairfax, Esq., then of Lotherton, near Abber- 
 ford, married Theophania, daughter of Edward Chaloner 
 Esq., in Sherburn Church, on August 12, 1799. She was 
 descended from the brother of Frances Chaloner, the wife of 
 the gallant Sir William Fairfax and ancestress of her hus- 
 band. They had three daughters, and a son Thomas, born 
 at Bilbrough on November 2, 1804, who is the present 
 Thomas Fairfax, Esq. of Newton Kyme and Steeton, the 
 head of this most ancient and distinguished family. 
 
 There is one more event to record. It will be remembered 
 that in the first chapter it was related how young Fairfax, 
 the heir of Steeton, wooed and won a maiden of Nimappleton 
 in the days of bluff King Hal, how they were married at 
 Bolton Percy church in 1518, and how there was an old 
 Yorkshire saying referring to this auspicious wedding. On 
 April 14, 1869, another daughter of Nunappleton, herself the 
 descendant of Sir William Fairfax and Isabel Thwaites, was 
 married in Bolton Percy church to the heir of Steeton,^ and 
 this was the sixth Fairfax wedding that had been celebrated 
 
 ' See a very intereating account of Mr. Eobert Fairfax of Newton Kyme, the 
 old bachelor, in the Gentleman's Magazine, vol. Ixxiii. Pt. i. p. 193 ; and a notice 
 of his kindness to a most deserving labourer, named Britton Abbot, who was 
 visited by Sir Thomas Bernard, to whom he related the story of his own thrift 
 and his landlord's generosity, in the same periodical, vol. Ixxxvi. Pt. ii. p. 585. 
 
 ' A notice of the Eev. Guy Fairfax will be found in the Gentleman's Magazine 
 for 1794, September 7. 
 
 » See the Yorkshire Gazette, April 17, 1S69 ; the Yorlc Herald, April 17, 1869 ; 
 and the Yorhshire Times, April 17, 1869. 
 
414 LIFE OF THE GREAT LOED FAIRFAX, [ch. xxxiii. 
 
 in that grand old chancel. Thus the old stock is still 
 flourishing in the Ainsty, and, though there is no direct 
 descendant of the great general, the heii'S of his brave 
 cousin and companion in arms still perpetuate this ancient 
 name in the county where it has been known and honoured 
 for so many centuries. 
 
APPENDIX A. 
 
 SELECTIONS FROM THE POEMS OF THOMAS THIRD 
 LORD FAIRFAX, 
 
 [T/ie 18/A Psalm from the MS. at Leeds Castle; the rest from the MSS. in the 
 • Bodkian Library. '\ 
 
 THE EMPLOYMENT OF MY SOLITUDE. 
 
 THE PKEFAOE TO THE PSALMS. 
 
 Vainb fancy, whither dar'st thou now aspire 
 
 With smoky coales to light the holy fire ? 
 
 Could'st thou indeed, as with the Phenix, btirne 
 
 In perfum'd flames, and into ashes tnrne, 
 
 Thou mightest hope (vaine hope) yet once again 
 
 To rise with purer notions in thy braine. 
 
 But 'twould not serve, for they would still be darke 
 
 Till from thyn altar, Lord ! I take a sparke. 
 
 I need not then ascend up any higher, 
 
 In offering this, to fetch another fire. 
 
 Inspired thus, may on my Muse distill 
 
 Dewes nott from Pamass, but sweet Hermon's hUl. 
 
 PSALM XVIII. 
 
 That I chuse this 18 Psalm let none thinke I arrogate anything to 
 myself, for farr be it from me to aplie it otherwise than as David's 
 triumph over his enemies ; but my liumble acknowledgment for 
 those many mercies and deliverances God vouchsafed me in these 
 troublesome and dangerous Times. 
 
 Ip Thee, my Lord, I should neglect, 
 
 I must ungrateful prove ; 
 The rock and fort of His elect. 
 
 What saint enough can love ? 
 
4 1 6 LIFE OF THE OBEAT LOBD FAIRFAX. [ap)>. a. 
 
 To prayse Him how am I engag'd, 
 Whose worth transcends all prayse ; 
 
 He, when my foes was most enrag'd, 
 My sinking heart did rayse. 
 
 When death, the king of terrors, had 
 
 With fears beset me round. 
 The sons of Belial, too, did add 
 
 Afflictions to ixxj wound. 
 
 Hell laid for me a deadly snare, 
 
 But I on Thee did call : 
 In mercy, Lord, Thou bow'dst Thyn ear 
 
 And didst prevent my fall. 
 
 Th' earth's massy pillows all did reele. 
 
 The hills for fear they shooke; 
 Such strange commotions did they feele 
 
 When once Thy wrath did smoke. 
 
 The crystal vault did loAvly bend, 
 
 Its lamps did vaile their light, 
 When He did from His throne descend : 
 
 Beneath Him all was night. 
 
 Upon a glorious cherub there 
 
 Triumphantly he rode ; 
 The wind his chariot wheels to bear 
 
 Did spread its wings abroad. 
 
 The gloomy clouds His tent beset 
 
 Wherein He kept His state. 
 And darkness was His cabinet 
 
 Where He in counsel sat. 
 
 Thence sent He storms of hail and fire, 
 
 Which vanished as it shone : 
 Its transcent brightness did retire 
 
 When He put glories on. 
 
 His mighty waves rent heaven's frame, 
 Whence angry lightnings broke ; 
 
 His arrows never missed their aim ; 
 He kill'd at every stroke. 
 
App. A J POEMS OF LOBD FAIRFAX. ' 417 
 
 His nostrils' breath the waters cleft ; 
 
 Their blasts so potent -were 
 That floods, heap'd in their chanels, left 
 
 The earth's foundation bare. 
 
 Bless Him, my soul, who took thee out 
 
 Of troubles vastly great. 
 Whose kindness compass'd thee about. 
 
 Whose arms were my retreat. 
 
 From evil when my heart withdrew 
 
 He tooke the will for deed. 
 The iflercys to me He did shew 
 
 Wefe measured by my need. 
 
 The merciful His mercy find. 
 
 Pure with the pure He lives. 
 He's fro ward to the fro ward mind, 
 
 But the meek soul relieves. 
 
 When darkness did my spirits damp 
 
 Thy grace sustained me. 
 Thy light reviv'd my fainting lamp, 
 
 Thy strength hath set me free. 
 
 By Thee amidst the armed throng 
 I charged through and through ; 
 
 And whilst I seated bulwarks strong 
 I found Thy promise true. 
 
 For strength, my soul, there's no retreat, 
 
 No rock so sure as He ; 
 Of all the gods, there's none so great 
 
 As He that saved me. 
 
 Girt by Thy strength, then so was I 
 
 As th' nimble-footed hind. 
 That to the shady mountains fly. 
 
 Where safety they do find. 
 
 . Thou gav'st me skill in war. My thanks 
 To Thee I ever owe, 
 That bows of steel and ordered ranks 
 Protected not my foe. 
 
418 LIFE OF THE GEE AT LORD FAIRFAX. [jlpp. a. 
 
 But me Thy mighty shield did save, 
 
 Thy favour made m.e great, 
 Though slippery standing here I have, 
 
 Thou staid' st my sUding feet. 
 
 My foes I chas'd in full career, 
 
 That they ne'er raUied more, 
 Nor till they all consumed were 
 
 Gave I the purpose o'er. 
 
 Though still their minds uncoHquer'd be, 
 
 Yet can they not arise, 
 And I (Thy strength assisting me) 
 
 Their weak attempts despise. 
 
 Thou mad'st their necks to me to bow. 
 
 Till aU my foes were slain : 
 Help ! help ! they cried, if ever, now, 
 
 But Help ! they cried in vain. 
 
 They cried to God ; no answer came ; 
 
 Then, into atoms crusht. 
 As mire that's trampl'd on, became 
 
 Before the wind as dust. 
 
 In people's strife me He did aid ; 
 
 I gave the strangers law ; 
 My fame they heard, and me obeyed. 
 
 Whose face they never saw. 
 
 The Lord henceforth will owne my right. 
 
 He will my cause maintain, 
 And (spite of their united might) 
 
 My person will sustain. 
 
 The Lord doth His anointed head 
 
 With great salvation crown : 
 To David and his royal seed 
 
 He will entail the throne. 
 
APP. A.J POEMS OF LOBD FAIRFAX. 419 
 
 HONNT DROPPS. 
 
 A PEOUD man noe man loves : the reason's this, — 
 That he loves no man that a proud man is. 
 
 If by the hand some good thing to thee come, 
 Examine well thy hearte if 't be well done. 
 
 Bt sinfal laughter as the heart's made sad, 
 So godly sorrow maketh it as glad. 
 
 Good works thou must not soe much live unto. 
 As so to live that thou good works may do. 
 
 To merit honour, and yet have it not. 
 Is better than to have 't and merit not. 
 
 As faithless works the Lord will not regard. 
 So workless faith the Lord wiU not reward. 
 
 Better hazard credit, and conscience save. 
 Than hazard conscience, and yet credit have. 
 
 In all thou undertak'st be careful stiU 
 That none of thee can speake deserved ill ; 
 And soe when that is done thou need'st not care 
 For ill men's censure — 'tis the common fare. 
 
 THE SOLITUDE. 
 
 Oh how I love these solitudes, 
 And places silent as the night, 
 There where no thronging multitudes 
 Disturb with noise their sweet delight. 
 Oh how mine eyes are pleased to see 
 Oaks that such spreading branches bear, 
 Which, from old time's nativity 
 And th' envy of so many years. 
 Are still green, beautiful, and fair 
 As at the world's first day they were. 
 
 E K 2 
 
4^0 LIFJH OF TSE GREAT LOBD FAIRFAX. , [app. a. 
 
 II. 
 
 Naught but the highest twigs of all, 
 
 Where Zephyrus doth wanton play, 
 
 Do yet presage their future fall, 
 
 Or shew a sign of their decay. 
 
 Times past fawns, satyrs, demi-gods. 
 
 Hither retired to seek for aid. 
 
 When heaven with earth was at odds, 
 
 As Jupiter in rage had laid 
 
 O'er all a deluge, these high woods 
 
 Preserved them from the swelling floods. 
 
 There under a flowry thorne along 
 
 (Of Spring's delightful plants the chief), 
 
 Sad Philomela's mournful song 
 
 Doth sweetly entertain my grief. 
 
 And to behold is no less rare 
 
 These hanging roots and precipices, 
 
 Which to the wounds of sad despair 
 
 Are so propitious to give ease. 
 
 When, so oprest by cruel fate. 
 
 Death's sought for at another gate. 
 
 IV. 
 
 How pleasant are the murmuring streams 
 In shady valleys running down, 
 Whose raging torrent as it seems 
 
 Then gliding ilnder th' aAot'd banks, 
 As winding serpent in the grass. 
 The sportfull naides play their pranks 
 Upon the wat'ry plains of glass, 
 The christal elements wherein 
 These wat'ry nymphs delight to swim. 
 
 v. 
 
 Thd quiet marsh I love to see 
 That border' d is with willows round, 
 With sallow, elm, and poplar tree. 
 Which iron yet hath giv'n no wound. - 
 
APP. A.] POEMS OF LOBD FAIRFAX. 421 
 
 The nymphs that come to take fresh air 
 Here rocks and spindles them provide. 
 A hundred thousand fowles here lye, 
 All voyd of fear making their nest : 
 No treacherous fowler here comes nye 
 With mortal gins to break their rest. 
 Some, toying in the sun's warm beams, 
 Their feathers busily do plume. 
 Whilst others finding love's hot flame 
 In waters also can consume. 
 And in all pastimes innocent 
 Are pleased in this element. 
 'Mongst sedge and bulrush we may heare 
 The lepinge frogge : see where they hide 
 Themselves for fear when they espye 
 A man or beast approaching nye. 
 
 VI. 
 
 How pleasant is it to behold 
 
 These ancient ruinated towers, 
 
 'Gainst which the giants did of old 
 
 With insolence employ their powers. 
 
 Now satires here their sabath kepe. 
 
 And spirits which our sense inspire 
 
 With frighting dreames whilst we doe sleep. 
 
 In thousand chinkes and dusty holes 
 
 Lye ugly bats and scritchinge owles. 
 
 These mortal augurs of mischance 
 
 Who funeral notes as music makes. 
 
 The goblins singe, and skipp, and dance 
 
 In vaults o'erspred with toads and snakes. 
 
 There, on a cursed beame might see 
 
 The horrid skeHton of some poore lover, 
 
 Which for his mistress' cruelty 
 
 Hanged himselfe, since naught could move her, 
 
 And with a glance not once to daine 
 
 To ease him of his mortal pain. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 The marble stones here strewed about 
 Of caracters have yet some sign, 
 But now are almost eaten out 
 By teeth of all-devouring time. 
 
422- LIFE OF T3F GREAT LOBD FAIRFAX, [app. a. 
 
 The planks and timber from above 
 Downe to the lowest vaults are fall'n, 
 Wlier toads and vipers 'mongst tbem move, 
 Leavinge tlier'on tbeir deadly spawne ; 
 And hartlis, that once were used for fires, 
 Now shaded o'er with scratcMnge bryers. 
 
 IX. 
 
 Tet lower an arched vault extends, 
 
 Soe hiddeous, darke, and deepe doth sinke 
 
 That did the sun therein descend 
 
 I think he scarce could see a winke. 
 
 Slumber that there from heavy cares 
 
 With drowsiness enchants our sense, 
 
 Lul'd in the armes of negligence, 
 
 And on her back in sluggish sort 
 
 Upon the payement lye and snort. 
 
 When from these ruins I do goe 
 
 Up an aspiringe rock not farre, 
 
 Whose topp did seeme as 'twere to know 
 
 Where mist and storms engender'd are, 
 
 And then desending at my leisure 
 
 Down paths made by the storming waves, 
 
 I did behold with greater pleasure 
 
 How" they did work the hollow caves — 
 
 A worke so curious and rare 
 
 As if that Neptune's court were there. 
 
 X. 
 
 'Tis a delightful sight to see. 
 Standing on the murmuring shore, 
 When calmer seas begin to bee. 
 After the storms which raging roar. 
 How the blue tritons do appear 
 Upon the rolling, curled waves. 
 Beating with hideous tunes the air 
 With crooked trumpets seamen brave. 
 All whose shrill notes the winds do seeme 
 By keepinge still to bear esteem. 
 
 XI. 
 
 Sometimes the seas with tempests roar. 
 Fretting they can rise no higher, 
 
APP. A.j P0EM8 OF LORD FAIRFAX. 423 
 
 Eouling o'er the flinty shore 
 Throws them up, again retire. 
 Sometimes through its devouring jawes, 
 When Neptune's in an angry moode, 
 Poor mariners find his cruel lawes, 
 Made for his finny subjects foode. 
 But diamonds, amber, and the jett 
 To Neptune they do consecrate. 
 
 Sometimes so cleare and so Serene 
 It seems as 'twere a looking glass, 
 And to cffiir views preventing seem 
 As heavens beneath the water was. 
 The sun in it's so clearly scene 
 That, contemplating this bright sight, 
 As 'twas a doubt whether itt had beene 
 Himselfe or image gave the light, 
 AU first appearing to our eyes 
 As if he had fal'n from the skyes. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 Thus Aloidon, whose love injoines 
 To thinke for thee noe labor paine, 
 Receave these rustick shepheard's lines, 
 That's from their livinge objects ta'en, 
 Since I seeke only desert places. 
 Where, all alone, my thoughts doe muse, 
 No entertainement but what pleases 
 The genius of my rural muse. 
 But noe thought more delighteth mee 
 Than sweet remembrances of thee. 
 
 THE CHRISTIAN WARFARE. 
 
 (Fxtraots.) 
 
 TflE marke of note Grod's children here do beare 
 Is from the world's a difierent character. 
 He to the one for portion heare beneath 
 Doth losses, shame, and poverty bequeath. 
 Tet happy those afflictions we account 
 That to the State eternal do amount. 
 
424 LIFH OF THE GBEAT LORD FAIRFAX, [app. a. 
 
 The worldly brood if we do caractrize, 
 They've no afflictions, live in Paradise, 
 Their riches here, as they desire, augment. 
 Their houses too increase to their content. 
 But as a dream these honors vanish soon, 
 And an eternal woe shall take their room ; 
 As fat of lambs away shall they consume, 
 Their honor vanish into smoke and fume. 
 
 Why do we envy, then, aspiring m.en ? 
 
 With storms the valleys are less troubled than 
 
 The lofty hills ; and humble shrubs below 
 
 Less danger 're in than oaks that highest grow. 
 
 See we not how the straightest poplar tree, 
 
 And spreading elm, as they ungrateful be 
 
 For nourishment, to barrenness incline ; 
 
 Whilst prostrate on the ground the crooked vine 
 
 Abundance yields ; or have we not seen 
 
 From highest plenty men in want have been ? 
 
 How many kings, fallen from their regal seat. 
 
 Have crack't their crowns, the royal sceptre break. 
 
 All you with heavenly marks of God endued. 
 
 Arm for the fight — show virtue, fortitude. 
 
 As rocks 'gainst which the raging billows roar 
 
 Keep firm their station on the threaten' d shore. 
 
 So let our soules be firm and constant still 
 
 Against the threats this world doth make of iU. 
 
 Or as a diamond 'mongst the dust doth dart 
 
 The beauty more in its resplendent sparke, 
 
 In midst of troubles so let us demean 
 
 As countenances be pleasant, soules serene. 
 
 Eemember 'tis from high afflictions fall. 
 
 From Providence divine, that govern^ all. 
 
 Who, when He please, in turning of an eye 
 
 Turns wrath to mercy, sorrow into joy. 
 
 'Tis He who made the fertile earth produce 
 
 Her annual fruit, most meet for human use ; 
 
 He both the rose and violet did cloth ; 
 
 'Tis He beauty and odors gave to both ; 
 
 'Twas His Almighty power did make fall 
 
 At Israel's siege the Jerichonian wall. 
 
 Shall we, then, those His wonders now less prize, 
 
 Or think His power abates, or He less wise ? 
 
 No ; He's as able still, nor shall He want 
 
 Victory or standard's glory on their front. 
 
APP. A.] POEMS OF LORD FAIRFAX. 425 
 
 LIFE AND DEATH COMPARED. 
 
 Such vulgar thoughts the world do fill ! 
 
 To think life good, death only ill. 
 
 Than life ill-lived, no evil's 'worse ; 
 
 Death (dying well) relieves the curse ; 
 
 And 'tis for certain truth men tell 
 
 He ne'er dies ill that- liveth well. 
 
 Ill lives do but their ills increase, 
 
 But dying well makes evils cease. 
 
 Bad men hate death, but not so much 
 
 That it is ill, as they are such. 
 
 Moral men teach us in their books 
 
 That we should despise death's grim looks. 
 
 'Tis common sense that doth inspire 
 
 Their fears of that good men desire. 
 
 Nor can we truly death define 
 
 By making odious what's sublime. 
 
 Consider 't in the effect, and so it will 
 
 Plead much for death, be't good or ill. 
 
 Say it be ill, yet here's the good, 
 
 To greater ills it gives a period. 
 
 In life what one good thing is there 
 
 To keep our passions regular ? 
 
 The many ills each day are done 
 
 Makes death less fear'd but once to come. 
 
 But rather thank death that's the cause 
 
 Our ills are not immortal laws. 
 
 SHORTNESS OF LIFE. 
 
 In rosy morn I saw Aurora red ; 
 But when the sun his beams had fully spread 
 She vanish't. I saw a frost, then a dew, 
 'Twixt time so short as scarce a time I knew. 
 
 This stranger seem'd when in more raised thought 
 I saw death come, how soon a life he'd caught, 
 Wherein in turning of an eye he'ad done 
 Far speedier execution than the sun. 
 
426 LIFE OF TEE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX, [app. a. 
 
 OP BEAUTY. 
 
 Beauty's a frail and brittle good, 
 
 Which sickness, time, and age do blast : 
 
 The rose and lily in face that bud 
 Hardly are kept and seldom last. 
 
 What has she, then, to boast of, save 
 
 A fragile life and timely grave ? 
 
 Beanty, where sweat graces fail, 
 
 May be compared unto this : 
 A goodly ship without her sail, 
 
 A spring her fragrant flowers do miss, 
 A day wants sun, OTirorcitits light, 
 A shrine wants saint, or starless night. 
 
 But how doth nature seem to smother 
 
 The virtues of this lovely flower ! 
 Who is of wanton lust the mother. 
 
 Of toying vanity a bower, 
 Enemy of peace, the fount where pride doth swim. 
 The incendiary of strife, of passion th' magazine. 
 
 UPON A PATCH PACE. 
 
 NoE beauty spots should ladyes weare : 
 They but the spots of beauty are. 
 Who knowes not this (save foolish sotts), 
 That beauty ought to have no spots? 
 Some note a spot that Venus had. 
 Admit it were in one so badd. 
 Tet should not shee have spots upon her 
 That would be held a maid of honor. 
 
 UPON AN ILL HUSBAND. 
 
 All creatures else on earth that are, 
 
 Whether they peace afiect or warre, 
 
 Males their female ne'er opress. 
 
 By the lyon safe lyes the lyoness, 
 
 The beares their mates no harme procure. 
 
 With wolfe she-wolfe lyes secure. 
 
APP. A.] POEMS OF LORD FAIRFAX. 427 
 
 And of the bull, the earth which teares, 
 The tender heifer has no feares. 
 But men than these more brutish are 
 Who with their wives contend and jarre. 
 
 PROVERBS. 
 
 ViKTUE shows the greater grace 
 Smiling from a beauteous face. 
 
 Paedon give to every one, 
 But t^ thyself allow none. 
 
428 LIFE OF TUB GREAT LOUT) FAIRFAX, [app. b. 
 
 APPENDIX B. 
 
 PICTUEES, ENGRAVINGS, MEDALS, ETC., OF THE GKEAT LOED 
 FAIEFAX AND HIS KINDEED. 
 
 I. Sir Thomas Fairfax of Denton {Father of the first Lord). 
 
 A bust, painted on panel, 27 in. by 23 in. Apale, melancboly face, 
 ■with pointed beard, and a gorget trimmed with, yellow and red leather, 
 scalloped. It is at Leeds Castle, and has beeii photographed by 
 the Arundel Society, and for Mr. Hailstone's ' Torkshire Worthies.' 
 
 II. Thomas first Lord Fairfax. 
 
 Half-length, 30 in. by 24 in. A fine, open face, with pleasant, 
 honest expression ; white hair, high over the head, and square white 
 beard and moustache. A ruff, white doublet, and black sash. Two 
 pictures, repetitions of each other — one at Newton Kyme, and the 
 other at Leeds Castle. This portrait has been photographed by the 
 Arundel Society, and for Mr. Hailstone's ' Torkshire Worthies.' 
 
 III. Ferdinando second Lord Fairfax. 
 
 A fine life-size portrait, as an old man, to below the knees, 42 in. 
 by 64 in. In a loose gown, with armour laid aside ; rays of the 
 sun descend upon the armour, with the words Mine ilia. It is signed 
 '"Bower ad fecit,' with the date 1646. This picture, painted by 
 Bower, derives special interest from its having been the subject of 
 the following letter from the second Lord to his son, a copy of 
 which is preserved at Leeds Castle. The date of the letter iden- 
 tifies the picture : — 
 
 ' Por Sir Thomas Fairfax, General of j" Army, 
 ' Sonne, 
 
 ' T^ good leasure I have found in this place, and ability of the 
 workman who was servant to Anthony Vandike, made me and some 
 others patient under his hand a few hours. The bearer, Mr. Covell 
 
APP. B.] PORTRAITS AND ENGRAVINGS. 429 
 
 (looking at you some few mimites wlien you were here), went home 
 to Bristol and fancied a picture not much unlike, which I intend to 
 have if I can get no other, and therefore I do heartily pray you let 
 him take it more exactly. I do very earnestly desire my daughters 
 also, which I entreat you to solicit for me. I hope the times here- 
 after will permit a better preserving of such monuments than this 
 of late, and he a motive to bless God in contemplation of his favors 
 and mercies. 
 
 ' I remain 
 
 ' Tour very affectionate father, 
 ' Fek. Fairfax. 
 ' Bath, this 30 of June, 1646.' 
 
 Nothing was known of the personal history of Bower, but this 
 letter informs us that he was a servant of Vandyck. The portrait 
 is at Newton Kyme. It is said to have been engraved by Hollar ; 
 and it has been photographed for the Arundel Society, and for Mr. 
 Hailstone's ' Yorkshire Worthies.' 
 
 There is a fine life-size portrait, to below the knees, at Leeds 
 Castle : artist unknown. The face emaciated, with an anxious, 
 drawn look, nose aquiline, hands thin and long. The figure in 
 armour, holding a baton. Waves of the sea as background, to 
 indicate (it is said) the troublous times. 
 
 Engravings. — One published by Woodburn in 1811, in mezzotint, 
 said to be ' from an original picture, formerly in Lady Hyde's 
 collection, now in the possession of Mr. R. Gtrove.' A fat, youngish 
 man, with short straight nose, and certainly not Lord Fairfax. 
 Another, published in 1795, said to be ' Lord Fairfax, from an original 
 of Cooper's, in the collection of George Scott, Esq.' A bad print, 
 but it may be him. A print was engraved by Thomas Worlidge in 
 about 1760. There are two or three execrable things certainly not 
 him — one a fuU-length, sold by Henry Docken ; and another pub- 
 hshed by W. Eichardson in 1800. There is a head in Josiah 
 Ricrafl's ' Survey of England's Champions,' 1647. 
 
 Medals. — Simon executed two medals in honour of Ferdinando 
 Lord Fairfax — one of silver, oval, with an embossed border of 
 fohage ; a bust in armour ; on the reverse the Fairfax arms. The 
 second is also silver, but smaller. Head and laced scalloped band. 
 On the reverse the Fairfax arms, and ' Ferd. Lord Fairfax, Lord 
 General of the North.' Both have been engraved by Vertue. 
 
430 LIFE OF THE GBEAT LORD FAIRFAX, [app. b. 
 
 IV. WiUiam Fairfax {Brother of Ferdinando second Lord 
 Fairfax). 
 
 It is not known by whom this portrait was painted ; bnt it is 
 historical, because when Prince Rupert saw it at Denton he ordered 
 the house to be spared for the sake of gallant young Wilham Fairfax, 
 who died fighting for the Queen of Hearts at Trankenthal (see 
 p. 11). A very young man, with one eye. Steel gorget. 
 
 It was engraved by Droeshout, who settled in England in 1623, 
 
 ■ and did the first known engraving of Shakespeare. There is an 
 
 engraving from another picture, by Robert Gay wood, a pupil of 
 
 Hollar, who flourished in 1660. This engraving was copied by 
 
 Richardson for Granger in 1799. Changer, ii. p. 100. 
 
 Gaywood's engraving, dated 1656, is inscribed ' Generoaissimus 
 Gnilielmus Fairfax.' 
 
 V. Charles Fairfax {Brother of Ferdinando second Lord 
 Fairfax) . 
 
 There is a good portrait of Colonel Charles Fairfax of Menston, 
 half-length, life-size, in armour, in the library at Newton Kyme. 
 
 VI. Thomas third Lord Fairfax. 
 
 The great general's portrait was painted by most of the leading 
 artists of his day — ^by Dobson, Bower, Walker, and the miniature- 
 painters Hoskins and Cooper.' 
 
 Dobson. — This is a portrait of Sir Thomas and Lady Fairfax, and 
 must have been done soon after their marriage, as Dobson took the 
 Royalist side on the breaking out of the civil war, and died in 1646. 
 He was a pupil of Vandyek, and was called — very inaptly — by 
 Charles I. the English Tintoretto. Lady Fairfax is seated. Her 
 husband stands beside and leans towards her. The likeness does not 
 appear to be good. This picture is at Gilling Castle. It has been 
 photographed by the Arandel Society, and for Mr. Hailstone's 
 ' Yorkshire Worthies.' 
 
 Bower. — An equestrian full-length; I am not aware where it 
 now is. The figure in armour and bare-headed, with a sash round 
 the waist and ends flying in the wind ; hanging round the neck is 
 the medal set in diamonds which was presented to the great general 
 
 ' The picture, alleged to be of Sir Thomas Fairfax, by Gerard Zoest (1656), of 
 which there is >• print at the 'beginning of the Fairfax Correspondenoe, is not 
 authentic. It may be some Dutchman. It is certainly not Sir Thomas Fairfax. 
 
APP. B.J POBTRAITS AND JENGBAVINGS. 431 
 
 after the battle of Naseby ; the Fairfax arms on the horse's breast- 
 plate ; the horse with human eyes, and prancing like one of Titian's 
 horses ; a battle in the background. This picture must have been 
 painted before 1647, for it was engraved in that year ; it must have 
 been painted after 1645, for the medal presented to the general in 
 the winter of that year is round the neck ; it must therefore have 
 been painted in 1646, and is thus almost certainly the picture which 
 his father asked the general to sit for, in the letter from Bath given 
 above. 
 
 Engra/umgs. — It was first engraved by W. Marshall in 1647, and 
 this print forms the frontispiece of the first edition of Sprigg's 
 ' England's Recovery.' Marshall was the engraver who did the 
 second known engraving of Shakespeare. Horace Walpole says 
 that Bower's picture was also engraved by Hollar. Marshall's 
 engraving was copied by Engleheart for the ' Antiquarian Repertory ' 
 in 1808, and there is another print by J. Byfield. 
 
 Walkee. — The great painter of the Parliamentary generals took 
 the portrait of Sir Thomas Fairfax certainly three times. 
 
 The portrait at Newton Kyme is Ufe-size, to below the knees, in 
 armour, 60 in. by 40 in. There is another, nearly the same, also by 
 Walker, at Althorpe. The two are repetitions of each other as to 
 position ; but Mr. Scharf considers the Newton Kyme one to be the 
 best, and the hands better drawn. Strongly-marked brows, thick 
 imperial and moustache, but no other hair on the face, which is thin 
 and sallow ; the nose slightly aquiline ; the wound received at Mars- 
 ton Moor on the left cheek. In black armour, with blue silk sash ; 
 helmet in the background, in one picture with white plumes, in the 
 other not. The Newton Kyme picture has been photographed by 
 the Arundel Society, and for Mr. Hailstone's 'Yorkshire Worthies.' 
 There is another portrait attributed to Walker, belonging to Matthew 
 Wilson, Esq., of Eshton HaU, in Torkshire. 
 
 The fine portrait at Leeds Castle is attributed to Walkerj Life- 
 size to below the knees, with the Marston Moor wound on the left 
 cheek. The expression is fierce, such as he might have worn in 
 battle, but which was not his habitual look ; the head is thrown a 
 Uttle upwards, so that the defects of the mouth seem exaggerated. 
 The hair is very dark, and complexion swarthy ; the armour well and 
 carefully painted, and helmet, with large plume of white feathers, 
 in the background. There is a bronze bust from this picture, also at 
 Leeds Castle. 
 
 The Duke of Portland has a small picture at Welbeck, 8 in. by 
 6| in. Miniature-size to below the knees, in armour. 
 
 There was also a full-face portrait,, in armour, to the wajst, by 
 Walker, from which most of the engravings have been taken ; but 
 1 do not know where it now is. 
 
432 LIFE OF THE GBEAT LORD FAIRFAX, [app. b. 
 
 Engravings. — In this paragraph I propose to notice the iiiiscella- 
 neous engravings of Fairfax, besides those from pictures by Walker. 
 The last-named picture by Walker was first engraved by Hollar, in 
 1648 : a bad print, which has often been copied. The light is 
 thrown on the right side. Sebastian Furck made an execrable copy 
 of this bad print in 1649, with eight Dutch lines. There is another, 
 equally bad, with an anagram round it, ' Tomas Fairefax, Fax erit 
 famosa ; ' and another with high shoulders, out of drawing. Bal- 
 thazar Moncornet published a good print in Paris in about 1650, with 
 a battle in the distance. But this portrait by Walker is best known 
 through the excellent engraving of William Faithorne, an engraver 
 who kept a shop near Temple Bar from 1650 to 1680. This en- 
 graving has often been copied. It is placed by Horace Walpole in 
 the second or middling class of Faithome's works. There is a bad 
 copy of it by H. Cooper, dated 1738 ; and a better one by Bocquet, 
 which was used for Horace Walpole's work, and was published 
 by Scott in 1807. This print is also copied for the edition of 
 Chaloner's ' Isle of Man " printed for the Manx Society. There 
 is an execrable thing with Peter Stent's name, a printseller who 
 kept a shop in London from 1640 to 1663, but it is probably 
 only published by him ; and another by Robert Streeter, a painter 
 of some merit, who lived from 1624 to 1680. This is an etching 
 in an oval of palms, in his large print of the battle of Naseby. 
 Thomas Worlidge published one in 1795. An Italian print, with 
 ' Tomaso Fairfax,' is in the collection of Mr. Hailstone. It is a 
 copy of the Faithorne print. There is also a curious print by the 
 Dutch engraver Solomon Savry ; the figure in profile, with hat on, 
 holding a sword and papers. A hideous and most monstrous cari- 
 cature. Savry was born in 1601. Michael Vandergucht, the master 
 of George Vertue, did the exceedingly bad copy from Faithorne's 
 engraving, which is bound up in one of the editions of ' Clarendon.' 
 No one would recognize it as intended for the same person. The 
 head in Faithorne's engraving has hair falling on the shoulders, 
 strongly-marked brows, and a firm expression. There is a French 
 print by Drevet, with ' Wander Werffpinxit ' in the corner. Wander 
 Werff was bom only eleven years before the general died, so that 
 he certainly never painted an original portrait. But he was a good 
 deal employed to copy pictures, and this engraving by Drevet is 
 probably from a copy by Wander Werfi" of the same Walker which 
 Hollar and Faithorne engraved. Another in Larrey's ' History of 
 England.' There is a curious and very scarce old print of Fairfax 
 presiding at a council of war. A copy of it is at Farnley, and another 
 in Mr. Hailstone's collection. 
 
APP. B.] PORTRAITS AND ENGRAVINGS. 433 
 
 Vandtck. — A full-lengtli portrait (cabinet size), in the. house of 
 Dr. Orlando Fairfax of Alexandria, Virginia, has been handed down- 
 in the family as a Vandyck. 
 
 Unknown. — A half-length portrait, in armour, in the style of 
 Walker, at Apethorpe Hall in Northamptonshire, the seat of the 
 Earl of Westmoreland, There is a sketch, copied from this picture, 
 in the collection of Mr. Fawkes, at Famley. 
 
 Unknown. — A portrait with uncurled hair, and a ring on one of 
 the fingers, painted late in life ; now in the possession of Edward 
 Peacock Esq., of Bottesford Manor, in Lincolnshire. This picture 
 came from Normanby, the seat of the Sheffields, Fairfax's maternal 
 relations. 
 
 Unknown. — A remankable portrait to below the waist, from which 
 engraYings have been taken. I cannot trace the picture, and only 
 know it from the engraving. The general is in a leathern doublet, 
 with sash, gorget, and large falling collar. The Naseby medal hangs 
 round his neck, and there is the Marston Moor wound on the left- 
 cheek. No judgment can be formed of the likeness, from the hard 
 coarse engraving. An army and a fleet in the background. 
 
 Engravings. — There is a curious old engraving of this picture, 
 very dark and coarse, with the following inscription, but no name 
 of the engraveV : — ' His Excellencie the Lord Fairfax, Generall of 
 the forces raised by Parliament. npD HIS lOD- ^^ BngHsh, "His 
 integrity hath broken the wilde ass." ' The words are ' Timimo 
 Pha/ra Phakkah ' (' His integrity tho wild ass has destroyed '), in cor- 
 rupt Rabbinical Hebrew. It is evidently a forced attempt to give a. 
 meaning to the general's name in Hebrew. There is a similar at- 
 tempt to make a Hebrew sentence out of the two words 'Ferdinando 
 Fairfax,' in a curious broadsheet on the death of the second Lord, 
 in the collection of Mr. Fawkes, at Farnley. George Vertue also 
 engraved this picture ; and more recently a soft and ^ inaccurate 
 print, signed ' T. Greig,' was done from the old print, for Cromwell's 
 ' Colchester,' in 1824 
 
 Cooper. — This famous artist painted a miniature of the great_ 
 general, to the waist, in armour, with hair falling over his shoulders. . 
 Here are the strongly-marked eyebrows, moustache, and imperial, 
 and no beard as in the Walker portraits ; Marston Moor wound 
 on the left cheek. The expression is stem. Lord ArundeU of 
 Wardour also has a miniature of Lord Fairfax by Cooper at' 
 Wardour Castle. 
 
 Engravings. — The Cooper miniature, belonging to Brian Fairfax 
 tbe younger, was engraved by Jacob Houbraken in 1738, and ' 
 published in Birch's ' Heads of Illttstrious Persons.' A mezzotint, , 
 by R. Earlom, published by Woodburn in 1811, is said to be from' 
 
 ■ P P 
 
434 LIFH OF TEE OBEAT LORD FAIRFAX. [app. b. 
 
 a miniattire belonging to H. Constantine Jennings Esq. ; but it is 
 certainly not Fairfax. Another, engraved by J. Chapman from a 
 Cooper miniature, was published in 1798. 
 
 HosKiNS. — This miniature-painter, the uncle and master of 
 Cooper, painted a very excellent miniature of the great general 
 in 1650. It is a head ; and shoulders in armour. The hair is 
 brown, and falls in masses on the shoulders, and there is the 
 gentle balf-smile which was the habitual expression of Sir Thomas 
 Fairfax. The reddish tint, which is the characteristic of miniatures 
 by Hoskins, is observable. It is signed with the initials 'I. H.' This 
 miniature is in the possession of 0. Wykeham Martin Esq., of Leeds 
 Castle. I consider it to be decidedly the best likeness of the great 
 general. Horace Walpole says of Hoskins, ' There is great truth 
 and nature in his heads, but the carnations are too bricky, and want 
 a degradation and variety of tints.' 
 
 Engravings. — Through the kindness of Mr. Wykeham Martin, I 
 am enabled to give an engraving, by Mr. Jeens, of the Hoskins minia- 
 ture ; as a frontispiece to this work. It has been engraved from a 
 photograph. The Hoskins miniature was formerly in the possession 
 of Brian Fairfax the younger, and was engraved by James Hulett, 
 a very indifferent English engraver, for Peck's 'Life of Cromwell,' 
 in 1739. It is in vol. i. of "Woodbum's ' Rare Portraits.' Under the 
 print is ' Original by Heywood.' This is an absurd blunder, which 
 misled Horace Walpole. There was no such painter as Heywood. 
 It should be Hoskins. There is another larger and very faint 
 engraving from the same miniature, with ' Thomas 1/ Fairfax, 
 Baron of Cameron, Ob' 1671, ^tat. 60,' round it; but no name of 
 engraver, This print is scarce. 
 
 MEDALS, 
 
 Simon the great medallist struck five medals in honour of 
 the Lord General : — 
 
 1. Silver; a head with plain short bands; on the reverse the 
 Fairfax arms, and ' Sir Thomas Fairfax, Knt. for King and Pari.' 
 Border of leaves. The head is full-face^ and no likeness. 
 
 2. Silver ; head in profile ; inscription round : ' Tho. Fairfax. Miles. 
 Milit. Pari. Dux. Gen. ; ' on the reverse, in the middle, ' Meruisti;' 
 and round, 'Post.hac meliora, 1645.' Oval. A copy of the two 
 sides of this medal is stamped on the side of the present volume. 
 
 3. Gold; the same; head in a smallef oval, with no circumscrip- 
 tion ; but the same legend on the reverse. 
 
 4. Round medal. Excellent likeness, and ' Gener. Tho. Fairfax. 
 Miles. Milit. Parli. Dux.' Reverse, ' Meruisti ' and ' Post hac 
 meliora.' This is very faintly strtick. 
 
IPP. B.] LOBD FAIRFAX'S SEAL. 435 
 
 6. Silver ; on the obverse ' General Fairfax,' and the head in 
 profile ; on the reverse ' Olivar. D. G. Ang. Sco. Hib. Prot.,' and 
 Cromwell's head. 
 
 Four of these medals have been engraved by Vertue, in his works of 
 Simon. All bnt No. 1 are remarkable hkenesses, and were struck for 
 the purpose of giving them as rewards to officers or soldiers who 
 distinguished themselves. One was presented by the Parliament to 
 John Sharpe of Horton for his faithful service under Fairfax in 1645. 
 (See p. 264, note.) Two were bought by the Bishop of Hereford 
 (Lord James Beauclerk) at Thoresby's sale in 1764. There are four 
 in the British Museum. 
 
 T&E NASEBY ENAMELS. 
 
 The sum of 700^. was voted by the Parliament for ' the jewel,' as 
 it was called, which was presented to Sir Thomas Fairfax after the 
 battle of Naseby. Sprigge mentions its presentation at Otteiy in 
 November 1645. (See p. 256.) Its execution was entrusted to 
 Pierre Bordier, the famous painter on enamel. Petitot and Bordier 
 brothers-in-law, have never been equalled in enamel painting. They 
 worked at Geneva, went thence to Italy, and afterwards to England. 
 Petitot is said to have executed the heads and hands, and Bordier 
 the hair and diuperies of their portraits. But Petitot went to France 
 at the breaking out of the civil war, so that the Naseby enamels 
 must have been entirely the work of Bordier. The ' jewel ' was a 
 locket consisting of two enamel plates, with the intervening sides 
 set with diamonds. 
 
 On the death of Lord Fairfax the enamel plates were sold to his 
 old companion in arms John Thoresby, whose son was the famous 
 Leeds antiquary. In 1764 Thoresby's museum was sold by auction 
 in London, and the enamels were bought by Horace "Walpole for 
 101. 10s. At the Strawberry Hill sale (11 ^7i day, lot 41) they 
 were bought by John P. Beavan for 21Z. They are now at Melton 
 Constable in Norfolk, and belong to Lord Hastings. 
 
 They are gold and one and a half inches in diameter, both con- 
 cave, but one more so than the other. Walpole took them to be the 
 case of a watch, but this is evidently a mistake, or the fact would 
 have been mentioned by Sprigge. They were simply the two sides 
 of a locket, to be hung round the neck by a blue ribbon. On the 
 outside of the more concave one is the portrait of Fairfax on his 
 famous chesnut marO) in enamel) with metl engaging in the distance. 
 Walpole says, ' The figure and horse are after Vandyck, but with a 
 freedom and richness of colour perhaps surpassing that great master.' 
 Under the horse is, P. B. fecit ; on a scroll Sic radiant fdeles. 
 On the outside of the less concave plate is the House of Commons in 
 
 pf2 
 
436 LIFE OF THE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX, [app. b. 
 
 enamel, as on the Great Seals of Simon. Walpole says, ' Nothing 
 can be more perfect than the figures ; in some even the countenances 
 are distinguishable.' On the inside is the battle of Naseby, and 
 Non, nobis on a scroll. 
 
 Thoresby says of these enamels, ' The metal, though gold, is but 
 as dross compared mth the ■workmanship.' 
 
 SEAL OF THE THIED LORD FAIEEAX. 
 
 The seal used by Fairfax was engraved with his crest, a lion's 
 head erased sable, and his motto, Fare Fac — one word on one side of 
 the head, and the other on the other. Round the crest is another 
 motto as a circumscription : — Mon Dieu,je servirai tant queje vivrai. 
 The former is the Fairfax motto, and the latter is probably a per- 
 sonal motto, adopted by the great general. Many of the letters in 
 the Tanner MSS. are sealed with this seal, and a correspondent, 
 signing himself 'P. A. L.,' in 'Notes and Queries' (fourth series, i. 
 p. 303), mentions being in possession of an impression of this seal, 
 on a military pass. 
 
 There was evidently some confusion about the Fairfax crest in 
 those days. In the Herald's visitation of 1666 Henry Fairfax of 
 Oglethorpe, the Rector of Bolton Percy, gives as his crest a lion's 
 head erased sable, as on the great general's seal. But his brother, 
 Charles Fairfax of Menston, gives a lion passant gardant sable. In 
 the visitation of 1584< Sir William Fairfax of Steeton (son of Gabriel) • 
 has a crest, a lion's head erased sable and ducally crowned or, with 
 three bars gemelles or. But his descendants, the present Fairfaxes 
 of Newton Kyme, use a Kon passant gardant sable. The latter crest 
 is also above the tomb of the second Lord Fairfax in Bolton Percy 
 church, and on the west end of the third Lord's tomb at Bilbrongh. 
 But on the north side of the latter tomb the lions are passant only, 
 an evident blunder of the sculptor. The Fairfaxes of Gilling used a 
 lion passant sable. The Fairfaxes of Cumberland, a branch of the 
 Walton liae, had a lion's head erased sable, with three bars gemelles 
 gules. 
 
 VI 1. Lady Fairfax {Antie Vere, Wife of Thomas third Lord 
 Fairfax). 
 
 Besides the picture by Dobson, with her husband,- at Gilling- 
 Castle, there is a portrait of Lady Fairfax by Mary Beale, the pupil 
 of Lely, 29 in. by 24 in. It is the property of E. Wood Esq., and 
 has been photographed by the Arundel Society, and for Mr. Hail- 
 stone's ' Yorkshire Worthies.' 
 
 There is an engraving of Lady Fairfax in Woodbiirn's ' Rare~ 
 
APP. B.] FAIRFAX POBTBAITS: 437 
 
 PortraitB,' vol. i. (1816), but with no name of painter ; ' and an 
 old engraving from the Beale picture. 
 
 VIII. Mary Fairfax {Duchess of Buckingham). 
 
 A portrait, half-length, without the painter's name, 31 in. by 62 in. 
 Painted in 1662, when she was twenty-four. A stout young woman, 
 with a plain good-natured face. This is a very clever picture. It 
 is at Leeds Castle, and has been photographed by the Arundel 
 Society, and for Mr. Hailstone's 'Yorkshire Worthies.' There is 
 also a miniature of the Duchess at Leeds Castle, and another of her 
 husband. Artist unknown. 
 
 There was a miniature by Cooper at Strawberry Hill, now in the 
 possession of the Dulse of Buccleuch. It is engraved in Thane's 
 * British Gallery,' with an autograph. 
 
 Sir Peter Lely painted the Duchess of Buckingham ; and a copy 
 of his picture by Russell is at Hampton Court. It is almost a 
 profile. A. good-looking young woman, with a pearl necklace. It 
 is engraved by E. Scriven, in ' Grrammont's Memoirs.' 
 
 In the picture-gallery at "Woburn Abbey there is a well-painted 
 half-length picture of the Duchess, life-size. She wears a dark slate 
 satin dress, with a crimson scarf, and pearls in her head. It is in 
 the style of Lely, but attributed in the catalogue to Walker. 
 
 The Queen bought a miniature of this Duchess of Buckingbam, 
 by Lewis Crosse, a year or two ago. 
 
 It is impossible that Lord Lyttleton's picture of a middle-aged 
 woman, attributed to Vandyck, can be this Duchess of Buckingham, 
 for she was born in 1638, and Vandyck died in 1641. 
 
 IX. Henry fourth Lord Fairfax. 
 
 A picture of this Lord was brought to England from America a 
 few years ago by Mrs. Cary (Monimia Fairfax), who allowed copies 
 to be taken for Mr. Wykeham Martin of Leeds Castle, and for Colonel 
 Akroyd. The head and bust of a handsome young man in armour, 
 cabinet size. 
 
 X. Thomas fifth Lord Fairfax. 
 
 A half-length, in wig and armour, and lace cravat tied in two 
 knots, with date 1684, 31 in. by 26 in. The portrait is at Leeds 
 Castle, and a photograph has been taken from it, which is in Mr. 
 Hailstone's ' Yorkshire Worthies.' A handsome face of a young 
 man, but with thick lips. 
 
 ' The print in the Fairfax Correspondence, alleged to be from a picture by 
 Gerard Zoest, is some old Dutch lady ; certainly not Lady Fairfax. 
 
438 LIFE OF TEE GBFAT LORD FAIRFAX, [app. b. 
 
 XI. LaAy Fai/rfax {Wife of the fifth Lord Fairfa/x).- 
 
 This Lady Fairfax was the daughter and heiress of the second 
 Lord Culpepper of Leeds Castle. A very handsome lady. Another 
 of her when she was a child. Also portraits of her father and 
 mother, the second Lord Culpepper and Marguerite de Hesse. 
 All at Leeds Castle. 
 
 XII. Brian Fairfax the Younger. 
 
 A half-length, in wig and blue coat, at Leeds Castle, where there 
 are also portraits of his mother, Charlotte Cary, and her father, Sir 
 Edmund Cary. 
 
 Xm. Robert seventh Lord Fairfax. 
 
 A half-length, a young man in breastplate, and crimson velvet 
 coat. Also portraits of his two wives, and of Anthony Collins, the 
 father of one of thorn. AH at Leeds Castle. 
 
 FAIRFAXES OF STEETON AND NEWTON KYME. 
 
 XIV. Lady Frances Fairfax {Daughter of the Earl of 
 Mulgrave, amd Wife of Sir Philip Fairfax) , ' 
 
 A small half-length, at Newton Kyme. There is also a portrait 
 there of her father, the Earl of Mulgrave. 
 
 XV. Sir William Fairfax. 
 
 A full-length portrait of the heroic Sir William Fairfax, the 
 cousin and companion in arms of the great general; at Newton 
 Kyme ; 82 in. by 52 in. ' A strange picture, well, freely, and 
 clearly paiuted,' says Mr. Scharf. Hair dark, moustache light 
 brown ; breastplate and steel gauntlets, and a broad black sash over 
 the shoulder, and tied in a bow on the thigh. Yellow leather coat, 
 and white boots with three flaps. A mole at the corner of the right 
 eye. Battle in the distance ; armour on the ground. This picture 
 has been photographed by the Arundel Society, and for Mr. Hail- 
 Btone's ' Yorkshire Worthies.' Lord Lyttleton has a picture of Sir 
 
APP. B.J FAIRFAX PORTBAITS, 439 
 
 William Fairfax at Hagley (kit-cat size), which is attributed to 
 Hanneman. Here is the mole on the right cheek, as in the Newton 
 Kyme picture. 
 
 There is a miniature of Sir William Fairfax at Newton Kyme in 
 the style of Hoskins, with the mole at the corner of the eye. 
 
 XVI. Catharine Fairfax {Wife of Sir Gha/rles Lyttleton). 
 
 A portrait at Hagley by Sir Peter Lely (kit-cat size). This is a 
 picture of a young lady, very meek and demure, and rather pretty. 
 She was a daughter of Sir William Fairfax of Steeton. 
 
 XVn." General Thomas Fairfax. 
 
 A general in Queen Anne's reign, second son of Sir William Fairfax 
 of Steeton. A fine half-length portrait, with flowing wig and 
 breastplate. This picture is at Leeds Castle, as well as a well- 
 painted miniature of the same general, in a fur cap. 
 
 XVIII. Admiral Robert Fairfax^ 
 
 Grrandson of Sir William Fairfax. There are two portraits of 
 him at Newton Kyme — one the head of a handsome young man ; 
 the other a portrait, 50 in. by 40 in., in wig, with a pair of compasses 
 resting on a globe. The latter has been photographed for Mr. 
 Hailstone's ' Yorkshire Worthies.' 
 
 There is also a miniature of Admiral Fairfax at Newton Kyme. 
 
 XIX. Mrs. Fai/rfax {Elizabeth Simpson). 
 
 Wife of Thomas Fairfax of Newton Kyme, the admiral's son. A 
 large portrait with a dog. 
 
 XX. 
 
 A portrait of the two children of Admiral Fairfax — Thomas and 
 Catharine. 
 
440 LIFE OF THE GBFAT LOBD FAIRFAX. [app. e. 
 
 APPENDIX C. 
 
 WILL OF THOMAS THIRD LOBD FAIRFAX. 
 
 (Extracted from the Eegistry of the Exchequer Coiirt of York.) 
 
 In the Name op God Amen I Thomas Loed Fairfax Baron of 
 Camroone being somethinge infirme in body but of pfect memory 
 (blessed bee God) doe make and ordaine my last Will and Testa- 
 ment in maner & forme foUowinge First I committ my soule 
 •onto AUmiglity God wbo created itt but it being by original] 
 corrupacon made an unfitt offeringe for bis pure & divine Ma*"® 
 I hope tbrougb the mercyes and by the meritts of the Scions blood 
 of Jesus Christ my onely Saviour and Redeemer (in vrhom I trust) 
 hee mil make mee a fitt gtaker of that glorious Inheritance which 
 hee hath ppared for all those that believe in him And I desire with 
 all humble and hearty acknowledgm*^ to expresse my great thank, 
 fulnesse unto God for the many pservaoons I have had in- those 
 hazardous imployments and dangerous encounters I have mett with 
 in the course of my pilgrimage in this troublesome world which I 
 ought and desire for ever to praise him for and my body I comitt 
 to the earth and desire (if it cann conveniently be) that itt may bee 
 buryed neare unto the body of my most honoured and deare wife in 
 the Parish Church of Bilbrough in such a manner as may be con- 
 venient and decent rather then pompous And for my worldly 
 estate I dispose of itt in the followinge manner And first whereas 
 I formerly made a Settlement of divers of my manno" lands and 
 tenem*' I doe hereby confirme that Settlement and doe also give 
 the said manno''^ lands & tenements to such pson and psons for 
 such estate & estates and acoordinge to such lymitacons as are 
 menconed and appointed in and by the said Settlem* And whereas 
 I am now seized in fee of the manno'' of BUbrough ia the County of 
 the Cittie of Torke and the manno"" of Rigton in the County of 
 Torke with their appurtenances and of divers lands tenem'^ & 
 hereditaments in Bilbrough Rigton Clifford Steeton and Sandwath 
 
APP. c] WILL OF LORD FAIRFAX. 441 
 
 in the County of Torke and in the County of the Cittie of Yorke 
 I doe give & devise the said manners of Bilbrough and Rigton 
 and the lands tenem** & hereditam*' thereto belonginge except such 
 lands tenem*' & hereditam*' as I shall in this my will give unto my 
 execute" in such manner and forme as I shall herein devise the 
 same for & towards the payment of my debts unto my deare and 
 onely daught^ the Lady Dutches of Buckingham for the terme of 
 her naturall life and after her decease to the heires males of the 
 body of Thomas Lord Fairfax my late Gfrandfather deceased Item I 
 give to my said Daught^ the said Lady Dutches of Buckingham All 
 the furniture and houshold stuffe in my house at Nun Appleton 
 Item my mind & will is and I doe hereby devise that M"^ Richard 
 Stretton the Lessee ^f my Capitall messuage in Bilbrough his 
 execut^' admo^' and assignes shall use and injoy the goods & 
 houshold stuffe w"*" shall bee at the tyme of my death in the said 
 Capitall messuage duringe the continuance of his Lease Item my 
 minde and will is that all my just and reall debts shall bee truly 
 paid by my exec^' and I doe nominate & appoint and make Henry 
 Arthington of Arthington ' in the County of Torke Esq' Henry 
 Fairfax of Oglethorpe ^ in the said County Esq"^ and Thomas Hutton 
 of Popleton ^ in the County of the Citty of Yorke Esq' the Execdtoes 
 of this my last WUl and Testament and I doe give unto them all 
 my goods and chattells whatsoever except the household stuffe at 
 Nun Appleton and such of my horses as the Duke and Dutches of 
 Buckingham shall make choise of for their owne use not exceedinge 
 the number of six and except the goods and household stuffe in my 
 Capitall messuage at Bilbrough and because it may fall out that my 
 debts legacies & funerall charges may bee more then my goods & 
 chattells will extend to satisfie therefore the better to inable my 
 said exec''* to pay and discharge my debts legacies & funerall 
 charges and such other charges and expences as my said executors 
 shall bee att in or about the execution of this my wiU I doe give unto 
 my said three executors their heires and assignes for ever all my 
 lands tenements and hereditaments in Clifford in the County of 
 Torke and in Steeton & Sandwath in the County of the Citty of 
 Yorke the manno' or Lordshipp of Rigton aforesaid and aU my lands 
 tenem** and hereditaments in the said mannor or Lordshipp of 
 Rigton aforesaid Upon trust that my said executors and the 
 survivors & survivor of them his and their heires & assignes 
 shall out of the rents issues and profitts of the said lands and tenem*^ 
 soe to them devised or by sale of the same or any part thereof raise 
 
 ' His brother in-law, who died a few months afterwards, on June 19, 1671. 
 Mr. Arthington's will precedes that of Lord Pairfax in the Eegistry at York. 
 ' His cousin, who succeeded as fourth Lord Fairfax. 
 " Son of his sister Dorothy. 
 
442 LIFE OF TEE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX. [app. c. 
 
 and levy such sume and sumes of money as shall pay and satisfie 
 my said debts legacies and funeral charges together with such 
 other charges and expences as my said exec" shall hee putt to in or 
 aboute the execucon of this my will All which charges & expences 
 my minde and will is shall bee allowed nnto my said exec" the 
 survivors & survivor of them upon their or his account before my 
 supvisors hereafter named And likewise upon this further trust 
 and confidence that ymediately from & after the payment & satis- 
 faccon of my said debts legacies & funerall charges and other 
 charges as aforsaid my said executors the survivors & survivor of 
 them and his & their heires & assignes shall stand seized of all the 
 rest & residue of the said lands tenements & hereditaments soe to 
 them^ devised as aforesaid which shall remaine after the said debts 
 legacies and charges paid as aforesaid in trust for my said deare 
 daughter the Dutches of Buckingham for the terme of her naturall 
 life and from & after her decease then in trust for the heires males 
 of the body of Thomas Lord Fairfax my late Grandfather deceased 
 And my will is that my said Executors the survivors & survivor of 
 them & his & their heires and assignes and every of them shall upon 
 request convey the said remaininge lands' & tenem*^ accordinge to this 
 trust Item I give to every one of my Servants who attend on mee 
 and shall bee of my family att the tyme of my death halfe a yeares 
 wasres more then what shall then bee due to each of them Item I 
 give nnto twenty poore ministers the sume of One hundred pounds 
 the said twenty poore ministers to be nominated unto my Executors 
 by M' Thomas Calvert • & M"" Joshua Witton^ of Torke M"" Eichard 
 Stretton ' of Nun Appleton & M'' John Gunter * of Healeygh or any 
 two of them this legacie I appoint to bee paid within twelve monthes 
 after my death Item I doe name my Honored friends Gilbert 
 Barle of Glare ^ and Horatio Lord Townsend ^ and the survivor of 
 them the Supvisors of this my will desiringe them to bee att the 
 trouble to take my executors accounts and thereupon to make my 
 
 ' Thomas Calvert, a native of York, was M.A. of Sidney College, Cambridge. 
 After the battle of Marston Moor he was appointed one of the four ministers at 
 York. He was ejected in 1662, and for some time took refuge in the house of 
 Lady Barwick, at Toulston, but returned to York, and died there in 1679, aged 73. 
 
 ^ For a notice of the Kev. Joshua Witton see a note at page 364. 
 
 ' See a note at page 398 for some account of the Eev. Richard Stretton. 
 
 * John Grunter was a native of Berkshire, and was educated at Eton, Queen's 
 College, Cambridge, and St. John's, Oxford. He was a Fellow of New College, 
 and afterwards chaplain to the Company of Merchant Adventurers at Hamburgh. 
 The Protector made Mr. Gunter one of his chaplains, and afterwards appointed 
 him minister of Bedale, in the North Riding. In 1662 he was ejected, and retired 
 to Healaugh, where he managed Lord Wharton's affairs. He died in 1688, and 
 was buried at Healaugh. 
 
 ' Brother-in-law of Lady Fairfax, " Nephew of Lady Fairfax. 
 
APP. c] WILL OF LORD FAIRFAX. 443 
 
 said executors allowances of their charges as aforesaid and the 
 accounts beinge approved by my said Daughter the Dutches of 
 Buckingham and signed with her hand and soe allowed by my said 
 su,gvisors or one of them shall bee good and effectuall for the dis- 
 charge of my said Executors In Witnesse whereof to these presents 
 I have putt my hand and seale the Eight day of November in the 
 nynteenth yeare of the Kaigne of our Soveraigne Lord Charles the 
 Second King of England &<= and in the yeare of our Lord God one 
 thousand six hundred sixty & seaven THOMAS FAIRFAX — 
 Sealed Signed and published in the psence of Thomas Rookbbt — 
 Tobias Biedsall — John Hill — William Towet. 
 
 In the Name or God Amen Whereas I Thomas Loed Faiefax Baron 
 of Camroone have formerly made my last Will and Testament dated 
 the eight day of November in the nyneteenth yeare of the Baigne of 
 our Soveraigne Lord Charles the Second King of England etc : and 
 in the yeare of our Lord God one thousand six hundred sixty and 
 seaven I the said Thomas beinge now infirme in body but of pfect 
 memory doe add thereunto and by way of Codioill ordaine as followeth 
 First I give to my deare daughter the Dutches of Buckingham my 
 fifty Ginnys in Gould Item I give to my Uncle Charles Fairfax ' of 
 Menston Esq : and the heires males of his body the sume of Fifty 
 pounds p annu out of these farmes foUowinge. In my manner of 
 Erigton in the County of Yorke (that is to say) out of one Farme 
 oaUed the Spoute farme now in the tenure or occupacon of Francis 
 Ingle and also out of one Farme in Rigton aforesaid called Mawsons 
 farme now in the tenure or occupacon of Thomas Topham or his " 
 assignes out of one other Farme called Hardistyes farme now in the 
 tenure or occupacon of Richard Hardistye or his assignes and alsoe 
 out of the other Farme in Rigton belonginge to William Smith 
 and alsoe the Warrant upon the Common there Item I give to 
 Charles Fairfax* the youngest sonne of my said Uncle Charles 
 Fairfax All my land in Clifford in the County of Torke now in the 
 tenur e or occupacon of^ Richardson his assignee or 
 
 assignes duringe the terme of his the said Charles the Tounger his 
 naturall Hfe and the remaind^ in fee I give to Henry Fairfax of 
 Oglethorpe in the County of Torke Esq" Item I give to my three 
 Sisters the Lady Craven M" Arthington & M" Hutton the sume of 
 
 ' Charles Fairfax survived his nephew, and died on December 22, 1673. 
 
 ^ Born at Menston on February 9, 1644. He was a very gallant naval officer, 
 and was in the great battle with the Dutch on June 3, 1665, serving under 
 Admiral Lawson. ' Original so. 
 
444 LIFJiJ OF TEE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX. [app. c. 
 
 Twenty pounds apeece to buy them mourninge Item I give to my 
 neece Mrs. Dorothy Hutton the sume of One hundred pounds 
 Item I give to my neece M" Mary Arthington the sume of Fifty 
 pounds Item I give to my neece M" Frances Arthington the sume 
 of Thirty pounds Item I give to my Neece M""^ Anne Arthington 
 the sume of Twenty pounds Item I give to my youngest Sister 
 M" Ursula Cartwright the sume of Tenn pounds towards the 
 buyinge of mourninge Item I give to my Cozens M' Bryan Fairfax 
 and M"" John Rushworth each of them Tenn pounds apeece to buy 
 them mourninge Item I give to M'' Richard Stretton my Dome- 
 sticke Chaplain All my Tythes of Bilbrough and Sandwath in the 
 County of the Cittie of Torke for and duringe the terme of Three- 
 score yeares if hee the said Richard Stretton doe soe longe live 
 Provided hee doe supply the office of a preachinge Minister there or 
 procure one to doe itt and afterwards the remaind^ in fee of the 
 said Tythes I give to Henry Fairfax of Oglethorpe aforesaid and his 
 heirs and assignes for ever To the use andbehoofe of a preachinge 
 minister there to be nominated by the said Henry Fairfax and his 
 heires Item I give to M"" Richard Stretton aforesaid one sett of 
 the great polyglott Bibles, Item I give to Thomas Stretton sonne of 
 the Said Richard Stretton the sume of Tenn pounds Item I give 
 to M' Matthew Poole' the sume of Tenn pounds towards the 
 carryinge on of his Synopsis of the Creticks etc : Item I give to 
 John Hill the Sonne of Robert Hill of Oxton towards his mainte- 
 nance at the UniVsity Tenn pounds Item I give to my Servant 
 Richard Smith the sume of Tweniy pounds over and above the 
 halfe yeares wages alreddy given to him by will Item I give to 
 my Servant Mary Sanderson the sume of Fourty pounds Item I 
 give to my Servant Robert Hill besides his halfe yeares wages the 
 sume of five pounds Item I give to Richard Harpham my Servant 
 over and above as aforesaid the sume of five pounds And whereas 
 I have alreddy given to my Daughter the Dutches of Buckingham 
 my manner of Bilbrough in the County of the Citty of Torke for 
 the terme of her naturall life and after her decease to the heires 
 males of the body of Thomas Lord Fairfax my late Grandfather 
 deceased my will notwithstandinge is that the Farme of Christopher 
 
 ' Matthew Pool, son of Kiehard Pool, by the daughter of alderman Toppins, of 
 York, was born at York in 1623. He had a, property of lOOZ. a, year at Drax. 
 He was M.A. of Emanuel College, Cambridge.' He was fourteen years minister 
 of St. Michael's Quern, but was ejected in 1662. His great work, the Synopsis 
 Criticorum, was undertaken by the advice of Bishop Lloyd, and ir&s patronised 
 by Tillotson. After ten years of labour, it was published in five folio volumes. 
 Pool is said to have been very facetious in his conversation, very true to his 
 friends, very strict in his piety, and universal in his charity. He retired to 
 Amsterdam, from fear of assassination, and died there in October, 1679, aged 56. 
 
APP, c] WILL OF LOBD FAIRFAX. 4:4:0 
 
 Wright pcell of the said mannor be charged with the aimiiall pay- 
 ment of Six pounds unto M" EUinor Bankes of Bilbrough duringe 
 her naturall life And further whereas I have alreddy settled my 
 mannor of Boulton Percy in the County of the Citty of Torke upon 
 my daughter the Dutches of Buckingham and for that John Denonley 
 my late Servant haveinge received a maime in my Service dis- 
 ableinge him to eame his liveinge hath a little Farme of Fourty 
 shillings and also one widdow Lambert one other Farme of some 
 fifty shillings p annu or thereabouts in Boulton aforesaid Itt is 
 my will and request therefore that the said John Denonley and his 
 wife Elizabeth Denonley may enioy his said Farme rent free duringe 
 the lives of them the said John Denonley and Elizabeth his now wife 
 and also that the said Widdow Lambert enjoy her said Farme rent 
 free duringe her naturall life And my will is likewise that Thomas 
 Taite ' my Servant doe hold and enioy my ferry called Nunn ferry 
 (rent free) during his life And in case this happen not to bee 
 pformed as I have willed to John Denonley and Elizabeth his wife, 
 To Widdow Lambert and Thomas Taite aforesaid, then my will is 
 that they receive, yearely out of the rents of the mannor of Bilbrough 
 aforesaid the value of their severall rents respectively duringe their 
 lives Item I give to my said Servant Richard Smith all my weare- 
 inge appell and clothes except one suite which I give to Robert 
 Hill aforesaid Item I give to William Burton, Thomas Geldart 
 and Robert Garter my Servants each of them respectively the sume 
 of five pounds Item my will is that all- my Servants have decent 
 mourninge suiteable to their places and offices in my family Item 
 I give to John Mawson my Bailiffe at Rigton the annuall sume of 
 Five pounds duringe his life the same to bee paid him out of Wilham 
 Ingles Farme in Rigton aforesaid Item my will is that such of my 
 Family as cannot psently dispose of themselves and bee minded to 
 stay shall have liberty and conveniency of lodgeinge and dyett in 
 my house for one halfe yeare after my decease assistinge my executors 
 in the managem* of household affaires or other service as formerly 
 Item I give to Henry Fairfax aforesaid Esq^ my Advowson and 
 right of presentacon to the Rectory of Newton in the County of 
 Yorke and to his heires and assignes for ever And also I give unto 
 him all my right and intrest of two Leases of the Royaltyes of the 
 Forest of Knarsbrough in the County of Yorke Item my will is 
 that my executors shall have my bookes at Appleton (except those 
 manuscripts of M' Dodsworths collectinge and other manuscripts 
 at Appleton aforesaid which I give to the Univsity of Oxford to bee 
 kept in the Univsity Library there) the better to enable them to 
 
 ^ This, no doubt, is the old servant with whom Thoresby conversed in 1712 ; 
 only he mistook the Christian name. See Diary ii. p. 174. 
 
446 LIFE OF TEE GBEAT LOED FAIRFAX. [app. c. 
 
 pay the legacies and funerall expences hereby and charged upon 
 them Item I give to my executors each of them one horse or 
 maire such as themselves shall chose after the Duke or Dutches of 
 Buckingham have chosen out six horses as by my said will is given 
 them In Witnesse whereof to these presents I have.putt my hand 
 and seale the eleaventh day of November in the three & twentieth 
 yeare of the Raigne of our Soveraigne Lord Charles the Second 
 King of England etc : and in the yeare of our Lord-God one 
 thousand six hundred seaventy & one — Item my will alsoe is that 
 M™ Bankes above named doe also enioy the house and Garth where 
 shee now lives for her naturall life without payinge any thinge 
 therefore THOMAS FAIRFAX— Sealed Signed & published as 
 a Codicill inthe psence of T Wickham' — T Hewlbt — Robeet Smith — 
 William Hall — Edward Walkee — Richard Smith. 
 
 This Will with a Codicil thereto was proved in the Exchequer 
 Court of York 8* December 1671 by the Oaths of Henry Fairfax 
 then Baron of Camroone and Thomas Hutton Esquire the Executors 
 to whom Probate was granted having been first sworn duly to 
 Administer. 
 
 ' Dr. Tobias Wiekham, Rector of Bolton Percy. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 ABE • 
 
 ABERFOED, its position, 59. Een- 
 
 ■^ dezvous for Fairfax's troops, 92, 
 On the Eiver Cock, 96 
 
 Acaater Malbis, expense of keeping the 
 Scots quartered at, 144, note 
 
 Acaster Selby, Fairfax property at, 20, 
 note 
 
 Acton, Lord Byron's head-quarters, 1 29. 
 Royalists in the church at, 131 
 
 Adjutators (or Agitators) in the army, 
 281. Their restoration demanded, 356 
 
 'Agreement of the People,' presented 
 to Parliament, 345 
 
 Ainsty of York, the country of the Fair- 
 faxes, 2. Description of, 57 
 
 Aire Eiver, the course of the, de- 
 scribed, 58 
 
 Alton, advnnce of Lord Fairfax to, 
 against the Levellers, 356 
 
 Alured, Colonel, his conduct at Wake- 
 field. Notice of, 101, note. His house 
 at Hull demolished, 116. Goes to 
 London with Sir 'Thomas Fairfax, 
 191. One of the King's judges, 346 
 
 AndoTer, Fairfax's proclamation against 
 plundering at, 203 
 
 Anlaby, Newcastle's army encamped at, 
 116 
 
 Appleton (See Nunappleton), tenantry 
 of, form a troop of dragoons under 
 Sir T. Fairfax, 27. Tenantry for the 
 Parliament, 60 
 
 Appleyard, Sir Matthew, Eoyalist, at 
 Bristol, with Eupert, 247 
 
 Apsley, Sir Allen, Eoyalist governor of 
 Barnstaple, 268 
 
 Army, equipment of, in the 17th cen- 
 tury, 60. Pikemen and shotmen; 
 their dress, arms, and formation, 61. 
 Cavalry, dragoons, 62. Artillery, 
 63. Officers, authorities, 64. Works 
 on military discipline, 64, note. New 
 
 ART 
 
 Model, rendezvous at Windsor, 
 193. Its character, 195. Notices 
 of officers in, 196-99. Spiteful 
 remark of Denzil Holies on, 199, 
 iiote. Organization of, by Sir T. 
 Fairfax, 200. Excellent discipline 
 of, 200. Takes the field, 203. De- 
 spised by the Eoyalists, 206. Face to 
 face with the Eoyalists at Naseby, 
 210. Established in winter quarters ; 
 rules for payment of provisions, 275. 
 Head-quarters at Saffiron Walden, 
 277. Declaration of the House 
 against, 279. Discontent of. Election 
 of adjutators, 281. Rendezvous at 
 Kenford,282. At Triplow Heath, 284. 
 Head-quarters at St. Albans, 286. 
 Demands of, 287. Impeachment of 
 the eleven members by, 288. Com- 
 missioners of, to treat with Parlia- 
 ment, 289. Grand rendezvous of, on 
 Hounslow Heath, 295. Eendezvous 
 at Ware, 300. Grievances of; de- 
 mand for justice on the King, 337. 
 ' Large Eemonstrance' of, presented to 
 Parliament, 338. March to London, 
 339. Eesolved to support the council 
 of officers, 344. Council of, draw up 
 the ' Agreement of the People,' 345. 
 Most of the original colonels retire, 
 347. Discontent; mutiny of the 
 Levellers, 355 
 
 Arnold, Richard, shot for mutiny at 
 Ware, 300. Declared to be a martyr 
 by the Levellers, 356 
 
 Arnold, Dr., visits Naseby field, 230 
 
 Arthington, Lord Fairfax takes the 
 field, and goes to, 380 
 
 Arthington, Henry, of Arthington, 
 marries Mary Fairfax, 23. His seat 
 in Wharfedale, 67. Arrested by 
 Colonel Pride, 346. Mrs., 367. 
 
448 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Promises to join Lord Fairfax in 
 1660, 377. Fits out Brian Fairfax 
 for his journey to Scotland, 378. In 
 the coach with Lord Fairfax, 380. 
 Executor in Lord Fairfax's will, 441. 
 Legacies to his daughters, in Lord 
 Fairfax's will, 4-13 
 
 Artillery. See Army 
 
 Arundel, Earl of, commands the army 
 for the invasion of Scotland, 27. His 
 inefficiency, 31 
 
 Ash, Ee7. Simeon, laments the- burning 
 of York suburbs, 146. His notice of 
 Sir T. Fairfax at Marston Moor, 159. 
 Eebukes the fugitives, 171. Notice 
 of; his account of Marston Moor, 
 176 
 
 Ash, Lady, in treaty for the purchase 
 of Nunappleton, 404 
 
 Ash Eeigney, on the road to Torrington, 
 263 
 
 Ashburnham, Mr., allowed to attend on 
 the King, 291. Intrigues with Crom- 
 weU, 298 
 
 Ashburton, Sir T. Fairfax advances to, 
 259 
 
 Ashford, Eoyalist insurgents seize arms 
 at, 305 
 
 Ashley, SirBernard, Eoyalist, at Bristol, 
 with Eupert, 247. Mortally wounded, 
 248 
 
 ^shton, Colonel, at siege of Lathom 
 House, 133 
 
 Aske, John of Aughton, marries Ursula 
 Fairfax, 5. Ellen, married to Sir 
 T. Fairfax ; marriages of, 6, note. 
 Eichard, counsel at the King's trial, 
 346 
 
 Askham, position of the village of, 58 
 
 Askwith, Isabel Thwaites, heiress of, 4. 
 Fairfax property at, 8, note, 20, note. 
 Left to the 4th Lord Fairfax, 396 
 
 Astley, Sir Jacob, buying up arms in 
 the Netherlands, 26. Training ca- 
 valry on Branham Moor, 26. Occu- 
 pies Berwick, 29. Advises Lord 
 
 , Holland to retreat from Kelso, 31. 
 Encamped outside York, 39. In com- 
 mand of Eovalist infantry at -Naseby, 
 213. Notice of, 213. Gallantly 
 leads Eoyalists to the attack, 221. 
 Charged and routed by Okey's dra- 
 goons, 222. Defeated at Stow-in-the- 
 Wold, 270. His honourable conduct, 
 331 
 
 Aston, Sir Thomas, defeated by Sir W. 
 
 Brereton at Middlewich, 127 
 Atherwith Lane. See Marston Moor 
 
 BAB 
 
 Atkinson, Captain, killed in a skirmish 
 at Wetherby, 70 
 
 Atkinson, William, gunsmith to Sir T. 
 Fairfax, an anecdote related by, 1 3 
 
 Avon, source of the, at Naseby, 211 
 
 Axtell, Captain, an officer in the New 
 Model army, 197. 'Large Eemon- 
 strance' of the army presented by, 
 338. On guard at the King's trial, 
 349. Evidence respecting Lady Fair- 
 fax, at his trial, 350 
 
 Aylesbury, head-quarters of the army 
 at, 292 
 
 Aylesford hill, Kentish insurgents on, 
 307 
 
 BAGOT, Eoyalist governor of Lich- 
 field, at Naseby, 215 
 
 Baillie, General, commands in the Scots 
 centre at Marston Moor, 157. Wrote 
 an account of the battle, 178 
 
 Baillie, Principal, censures the vanity 
 of General Crawford, 148. His state- 
 ment as to the Scots centre at Marston 
 Moor, 172. His testimony as to the 
 trustworthiness of Mr. Ash, 176. 
 Hears particulars respecting Lord' 
 Eglinton's regiment, 177. His con- 
 sternation at the liberal views of Sir 
 H. Vane, 192 
 
 Balgony, Lord, commanding a regiment, 
 at Marston Moor, 159 
 
 Bampfield, Sir John, for the Parliament, 
 255 
 
 Banbury, mutiny at, 355 
 
 Bard, Sir Henry, commands a Eoyalist 
 brigade at Naseby. Notice of, 214. 
 His brigade charged by Cromwell in 
 rear, 222 
 
 Bard, Colonel, at Colchester, 314 
 
 BarifiFe, William, his work on militaiy 
 discipline, 64, note 
 
 Barker, Eobert, King's printer at York, 
 -44 
 
 Barkstead, Colonel, at the siege of Col- 
 chester. Notice of, 316. At Uie attack 
 on Head-gate, 318. Eepulses a sally 
 from Colchester, 321. One of the, 
 iew colonels, 348 
 
 Barnstaple, Goring's flight to, 237. 
 Eoyalist garrison in, 258. Surren- 
 ders to Fairfax, 268 
 
 Bartlett, Colonel, in charge of the Par- 
 liamentary baggage train at Naseby, 
 218 
 
 Barton-on-Humber, Sir T. Fairfax em- 
 barks at, for Hull, 113 
 
INDEX. 
 
 449 
 
 BAB 
 
 Barwick, river Cock rises near, 69. 
 A village near Bramham Moor, 96 
 
 Bath, taken by Colonel Okey , 241 . Fair- 
 fax seeks rest at, 253-271 
 
 Batten, Captain, arrives with his fleet 
 at Dartmouth, 260. Entertains Sir 
 T. Fairfax on board his ship, 261. 
 Dismisses the fugitive members, 297. 
 Superseded by Eainsborougb, 305 
 
 Eeaminster, Fairfax encamped at, 231- 
 
 . 232 
 
 Bedminster, burnt by Eupert, 247 
 
 Bellasis, Sir Henry, marries Christiana 
 Fairfax, 5 
 
 Bellasis, Henry, elected foi^jYorkshire 
 in the Long Parliament, 39. Signs 
 the neutrality treaty, 53 
 
 Bellasis, John, marohe& to join Charles's 
 army, 53. Made Governor of York, 
 126. Overrunning Yorkshire, 132. 
 Created a peer; his services for the 
 King, 136. Attacks Lambert at Brad- 
 ford, 136. Occupies Selby, 136. De- 
 feated and taken prisoner at Selby, 
 137. At Marston Moor, 161-164 
 
 Berkeley Castle, surrendered by Sir 
 Charles Lucas, 254 
 
 Berkeley, Sir John, Governor of Exeter, 
 267-268. Agrees to surrender Exeter, 
 268. Allowed to attend on the King, 
 291. Remonstrates with King for 
 his folly, 292. Intrigues with Crom- 
 well and Ireton, 298 
 
 Berkhampstead, head-quarters of the 
 army at, 288 
 
 Berwick, occupied by Lord Essex and 
 Sir Jacob Astley, 29. Pacification at, 
 31 
 
 Bethell, Major, leads a forlorn hope at 
 the battle of Langport, 237: In Mon- 
 tague's brigade at the siege of Bristol, 
 249. Mortally wounded, 261 
 
 Bethell, Colonel, promises to join Lord 
 Fairfax in 1660, 377 
 
 Beverley, Sir John Hotham seized at, 
 40. Stand made at, by Sir T. Fair- 
 fax, 48. Pillaged by the. Eoyalists, 
 119 
 
 Bilbrough, manor house at, residence 
 of the Fairfaxes, 5. Feud respecting, 
 settled, 8. Position of. Hill a land- 
 mark, 68. Hill, favourite resoit of 
 Lord Faiifax, 368. Tomb of Lord 
 Fairfax at, 396-397. Bought by 
 Admiral Fairfax, 406. Tithes of, 
 bequeathed to the minister by Lord 
 Fairfax, 444 
 
 Billericay, Fairfax advances to, 318 
 
 BOL 
 
 Bilton, Manchester's foot retreating by, 
 183 
 
 Bilton Bream. See Marston Moor 
 
 Birch, Colonel, made governor of 
 Bridgewater, 241 
 
 Bishop Hill, in York, Isabel Thwaites, 
 heiress of, 4. Mary Fairfax born at, 
 23. Sir Thomas Fairfax residing at, 
 49. House and garden of Lord 
 Fairfax at, 140. Sir T. Fairfax 
 brought to, when wounded, 183. 
 Occasional residence of Lord Fairfax, 
 366. Left to the Duchess of Buck- 
 ingham, 403. Duke of Buckingham 
 lives at, 404. Recovered by T. Fair- 
 fax Esq. of Newton Kyme, 412 
 
 Bishopthorpe, position of, 58. Scots 
 besieging York, encamped at, 139, 
 Bridge of boats at, 144 
 
 Bishopwood, largest wood in Yorkshire, 
 69. Sir T. Fairfax"joins Hotham at 
 north-west corner of, 79 
 
 Blackheath, Eoyalist insurgents invited 
 to assemble at, 305. Fairfax assem- 
 bles his forces on, 306. Kentish in- 
 surgents at, 308 
 
 Blackston, Sir William, commanding 
 Eoyalist northern horseatNaseby,215 
 
 Bladen, Nathaniel, marries Isabel Fair- 
 fax, 411 
 
 Blandford, Fairfax reaches, with his 
 army, 203 
 
 Blechington House, surrendered to 
 Cromwell by Captain Windebank, 201 
 
 Bodleian Library at Oxford, care of 
 Fairfax to protect it from injury, 
 271. Lord Fairfax bequeaths ma- 
 nuscripts to, 370, notes 
 
 Bodurdoe, Mr. Griffith ; Lady Fairfax 
 passes through the house of, to see 
 the King's trial, 348 
 
 Bois le Due, Thomas Fairfax at siege 
 of, 15 
 
 Bolingbroke occupied by Sir Miles 
 Hobart, 120 • 
 
 Bolton Percy, manor of, left to Gabriel 
 Fairfax of Steeton, 4. Bought by 
 Sir T. Fairfax of Denton, 8. Lady 
 Mary Fairfax buried at church of, 
 11. Tenantry of, form a troop of 
 dragoons under T. Fairfax, 27. 
 Position in the Ainsty, 67. Ferdi- 
 nando second Lord I'airfax buried 
 at, 303. Henry Fairfax rector of, 
 366. Marriage of Mary Fairfax to 
 Duke of Buckingham at, 372. Mar- 
 riage in church of on April 14, 1869, 
 413 
 
 G G 
 
450 
 
 INBEX. 
 
 BOO 
 
 Booth, Sir George, governor of Nant- 
 wich, 129. Sallies out with the 
 garrison, 131. Eoyaliet insurrection 
 headed by, 375. On the commis- 
 sion to inyite Charles to England, 
 384 
 Borrington, Eoyalist horse under Gene- 
 ral Wehb at, 264 
 Bovey Tracy, Koyalists surprised at, 
 259 
 
 Bowles, Eer. Edward, chaplain to the 
 forces in the New Model, 198. Takes 
 the news of Naseby victory to Lon- 
 don, 227. Preaches to the army, 
 before the storming of Bridgewater, 
 240. Corresponds with Ferdinando 
 Lord Fairfax, 256. Religious teach- 
 ing of, 276. Officiates at All Hal- 
 lows church, in York, 367. Fre- 
 quently at Nunappleton, 36S. Ne- 
 gotiates between Fairfax and Monk, 
 376. Confers with Brian Fairfax as 
 to his journey to Scotland, 378. 
 Urges Monk to proclaim the King, 
 382. Preaches to Monk and his 
 officers, 383. His last interview with 
 Monk ; his death, 388 
 
 Bowling Hall, head-quarters of New- 
 castle, description of, 1 07. A ghost 
 appears to Lord Newcastle at, 108 
 
 Boynton, Sir Matthew, defeats Colonel 
 Slingsbyat Guisborough, 9V. Seizes 
 Sir John Hotham at Beverlay, 110 
 
 Bradford dependent for supplies on the 
 Vale of York, 59. The town staunch 
 for the Fairfaxes, 59. Sir Thomas 
 Glemham repulsed at, 68. Descrip- 
 tion of the town, 80. Attacked by 
 Sir George Savile ; gallant defence, 
 81. Sir T. Fairfax comes to the 
 rescue of, 82. Invested and taken 
 by the Royalists, 106-108. Attacked 
 by Bellasis and defended by Lambert, 
 135. Eepulse of Bellasis at, 136 
 
 Bramhall, Dr., leaves .England with 
 Lord Newcastle, 171 
 
 Bramham Moor, Sir Jacob Astley, train- 
 ing cavalry on, 26. Position de- 
 . scribed, 58. Description of, 96. Re- 
 treat of Sir T. Fairfax across, 97. 
 Scottish army reviewed on, 139 
 
 Brayton Barf, hill near Selby, a land- 
 mark, 112. Flight of Eoyalist ca- 
 valry along foot of, 113. 
 
 Brayton Lane, near Selby, Sir T. Fair- 
 fax wounded in, 113 
 
 Brereton, Sir William, commands for 
 the Parliament in Cheshire) 127 
 
 BUR 
 
 Forms a junction with Fairfax, 129, 
 Arrives too late for Marston Moor, 
 181. Marches to raise the siege of 
 Montgomery Castle, 185. Besieging 
 Chester, 201. Defeats Sir Jacob 
 Astley at Stow-in-the-Wold, 270 
 Brickhill, Great, Fairfax encamped at, 
 206 
 
 Bridgewater, Eoyalist garrison, 232. 
 Invested by the Parliamentary army, 
 238. East side taken by storm, 240. 
 Surrender of, 241 
 
 Bright, Colonel John, his gallantry at 
 Wakefield. Notice of, 101, note. In 
 Fairfa.'c's force for the relief of Nant- 
 wich, 129. AtBradford, with Colonel 
 Lambert, 135. Commands a regiment 
 at Marston Moor, 158. Does not go" 
 south with Fairfax, 199 
 
 Bristol, description of, 243. Account 
 of the defensive works round, 245. 
 Eupert's preparations for the defence 
 of, 247. A series of sallies from, by 
 Eoyalist garrison, 248. Arrange- 
 ments for the storming of,. 249. 
 Storming of the outer works, 251." 
 Rupert surrenders the town to Fair- 
 fax, 252. General Skippon made 
 governor of, 253 
 
 Brockman, Sir William, in command of 
 insurgents at Maidstone, 307 
 
 Brown, Major-General, with Cromwell, 
 watching the King at Oxford, 201. 
 Follows the King's army, 204, Joins" 
 Fairfax before Oxford, 205 
 
 Buccleuch, Earl of, commands a regi" 
 ment at Marston Moor, 158 
 
 Buckingham, Duke of, estates of, 
 granted to Lord Fairfax, 363. Arrives" 
 in England. Notice of, 371. Marriage 
 with Mary Fairfax, 372. Arrested 
 by Cromwell, 373. Eeleased and re- 
 tires to Nunappleton, 374. Disguises" 
 Brian Fairfax for his Scotland jour- 
 ney, 378. Sent to meet the levies at 
 Knaresborough, 381. His excesses 
 and extravagance, 388. His epitaph 
 on Lord Fairfax, 398. Hjs death, 
 404 
 
 Buckingham, Duchess of, See Fairfax, 
 Mary. Nunappleton settled on, 441- 
 442 
 
 Burlington, Queen lands at, 93-94 
 
 Burford, town occupied by the Levellers, 
 surprised by Sir T. Fairfax, 357 
 
 Burroughs, Sir John, serving with Sir 
 Horace Vere, 11. His letter on the 
 death of the young Fairfaxes, 1 1 
 
INDEX. 
 
 451 
 
 BDR 
 
 Burrow Hill, near Daventry, Eoyalist 
 army encamped on, 206 
 
 Bury St. Edmunds, head-quartera at, 
 281, 334 
 
 Bushell, Captain Brown, his compli- 
 cated treachery at Scarborough, 94 
 
 Bushell, Hester, marries Admiral Fair- 
 fax, 412 
 
 Butler, — , a Royalist colonel in Byron's 
 army, 129 
 
 Butler, — , colonel of cavalry in the 
 New Model, 197. His regiment in 
 the left wing at Naseby, 218. Se- 
 verely wounded, 220. Eetired, 347 
 
 Byrch, captain in Byron's Ij^sh army, 
 boasting letter from, 127 
 
 Byron, Sir John, points out the Scottish 
 army to Charles at Berwick, 3 1 
 
 Byron, Lord, commands the Irish army 
 in Cheshire, 127. Besieges Nant- 
 wich, 127. His head-quarters at 
 Acton-on-the-Weaver, 129. Want of 
 discipline in his army, 129. Forms 
 his order of battle outside Nantwich, 
 130. Defeat and flight of, 131. 
 Commands horse at Marston Moor, 
 161, Eouted by David Leslie and 
 Cromwell, 167. Besieges Montgo- 
 mery castle ; defeated, 185. Slaugh- 
 tered his enemies in cold blood, 331 
 
 Byron, Sir Nicholas, holds Chester for 
 the King, 127 
 
 Byron, Sir Philip, killed at York siege, 
 148 
 
 Byron, Sir Richard, in Eoyalist cavalry 
 at Naseby, 215 
 
 Byron, Sir Eobert, colonel in Lord 
 Byron's army, 129 
 
 f'ALVERT, Rev. Thomas, a trustee in 
 ) Fairfax's will. Notice of, 442 
 
 Cambridge, reception of Sir T. Fairfax 
 at, 227 
 
 Camby, Captain, his account of the 
 gallantry of the white-coats at Mars- 
 ton Moor, 167 
 
 Campfield, Sir John, commanding the 
 Queen's horse at Naseby, 214 
 
 Campion, Sir William, a Eoyalist at 
 Colchester, 314 
 
 Capel, Lord, with the Prince of Wales 
 in Cornwall, 258. Commands the 
 prince's guard, 262. Embarks at 
 Pendennis for Scilly, 267. Allowed 
 to attend on the King, 291. Urged 
 by the King to head another insurrec- 
 tion, 301. Leads an insurrection in 
 
 CHA 
 
 Essex, 306. At Chelmsford with the 
 insurgents, 309. Notice of, 314. 
 Defends the Head-gate at Colchester, 
 318. Marches on foot with a halberd, 
 323. Sent prisoner to Windsor, 332. 
 His trial and execution, 333 
 
 Carey Lionel, Lord Monmouth's eldest 
 son, slain at Marston Moor, 174 
 
 Carey, Sir Henry, Eoyalist, at Dart- 
 mouth, 261 
 
 Carey, Sir Horatio, commanding a regi- 
 ment at Naseby, 216. Leads a sally 
 at Bristol siege, 248 
 
 Carlyle, Mr., visits Naseby field with 
 Dr. Arnold, 230 
 
 Carnaby, Sir William, leaves England 
 with Lord Newcastle, 179 
 
 Carnwath, Lord, leaves England with 
 Lord Newcastle, 179. His poltroonery 
 at Naseby, 224 
 
 Carr, Major, slain in the skirmish at 
 Wetherby, 70 
 
 Carter, Matthew, Eoyalist quarter- 
 master at Colchester, 314. His ac- 
 count of the siege, 334 
 
 Cartwright, Mr., of Aynho, marries 
 Ursula Fairfax, 302 
 
 Oary. See Carey 
 
 Cassilis, Earl of, commands a regiment 
 at Marston Moor, 157 
 
 Catterton drain, its position and 
 course, 67, 144 
 
 Cavalry. See Army 
 
 Cavendish, Charles (Lord Newcastle's 
 brother), at Marston Moor, 163 
 
 Cavesham, the King at, with his 
 children, 290 
 
 Cawood Castle, position of, 69. Sur- 
 prised by young Hotham. Flight of 
 the archbishop, 67. Eoyalist horse 
 from, attack the Fairfaxes at Selby, 
 112. 
 
 Chaloner, James, marries Ursula Fair- 
 fax ; family of, 8, note. Letter from, 
 to Lord Fairfax, 190, note. A King's 
 judge, 346. Commissioner in the 
 Isle of Man, 364. Notice of his death, 
 364, note 
 
 Chaloner, Frances, marries Sir William 
 Fairfax of Steeton, 411 
 
 Chaloner, Theophania, marries Thomas 
 L. Fairfax of Newton Kyme, 413 
 
 Chard, Fairfax at, advancing into 
 Devonshire, 254 
 
 Charles I, tyrannical government of, 
 21. Declares his intention of in- 
 vading Scotland, 25. Leaves London 
 for the Scottish frontier, 28. His 
 
452 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 CHA 
 
 reception at York ; the Fairfaxes 
 presented to, 28. Anger of, at teing 
 surprised by the Scots at Berwick, 
 31. Concedes the demands of the 
 Scots, and dismisses his army, 31. 
 Shifts of, for raising money, 34. 
 Leaves London for York. Receives 
 petitions from the gentry, 36. Ad- 
 vances to Northallerton, but returns 
 to York, 38. Petitions to, for a 
 Parliament, 39. His rejection of 
 the Militia Bill renders a civil war 
 inevitable, 42. Overtaken by a com- 
 mittee of the Houses at Newmarket, 
 43. His design upon Hull, 44. Re- 
 fused admittance into Hull. Sum- 
 mons the gentry of Yorkshire, 45. 
 Issues Commissions of Array, 46. For- 
 bids the trained bands toobeytheorders 
 of Parliament, 46. Summons York- 
 shire freeholders to meet him on Hcy- 
 worth Moor, 47. Eeceivesthe nineteen 
 propositions ; his reply, 48. Leaves 
 Yorkshire, 49. His misgovernment 
 justified resistance, 52. Brings over 
 troops from Ireland, 126. Position 
 of his affairs at the opening of the 
 campaign of 1646, 201. Shoots 
 Captain Windebank' for surrendering 
 Blechington, 202. Takes the field, 
 203. Marches to rai,se the siege of 
 Chester, 204. Takes Leicester by 
 storm, 205. In excellent spirits, 205. 
 His head-quarters near Daventry, 206, 
 Goes out hunting. Falls back to 
 Market Harborough, 208. Surprised 
 at Lubenham. Holds a council of 
 war, 209. Eesolves to offer battle 
 to Fairfax, 210. Addresses his army 
 at Sibbertoft, 213. Colonel Okey's 
 account ofthe King's charge atNaseby, 
 219. His gallant resolve to make a 
 final stand at Naseby, 224. His 
 flight from Naseby, 226. His un- 
 necessary continuance of the war, 
 243. Leaves Oxford, and goes to 
 the Scottish army, 269. The sur- 
 render of Oxford terminates his reign, 
 270. Interview with Fairfax, on his 
 way to Holdenby House, 276. 
 Carried off by Cornet Joyce, 283. 
 Interview with Fairfax at Sir John 
 Cutts's house, 284. Improved con- 
 dition of ; at Hatfield, 290. Rejects 
 proposals of the army at Woburn, 
 292. At Stoke Pogis, 296. At 
 Hampton Court ; thanks Fairfax 
 for .kindness and civility, 298. 
 
 CLA 
 
 Flight to the Isle of Wight ; rejects 
 the four Bills, 300. His treachery and 
 falsehood, 301. The House re-opens 
 negotiations with, 336. Parliament 
 resolves to bring him to trial, 346. 
 Lord Fairfax meets the body of, 351. 
 Personal intercourse of, with Lord 
 Fairfax, 352 
 
 Charles II. See Prince of Wales. 
 Invited to come to Scotland, 359. 
 His restoration, 383. Atrocities 
 sanctioned by, after his restoration, 
 387 
 
 Charles Louis. See Elector Palatine 
 
 Chedzoy, near Bridgewater, Parlia.- 
 mentary army encamped at, 238 
 
 Chelmsford, troops to be disbanded at 
 281. Royalist insurgents at, 309 
 
 Cheshire. See Nantwich, Brereton, 
 Byron 
 
 Chester, held by the Royalists, 127. 
 Besieged by Sir William Brereton, 
 201. 
 
 Childersey, the King at Sir John 
 Cutts's house at, 283 
 
 Cholmley, Captain, RoyaHst, taken 
 prisoner at Selby, 1 38 
 
 Cholmley, Sir Henry, sent to watch the 
 King at York. Notice of, 45, note. 
 At Edge Hill, 84. Promises to 
 join Lord Fairfax in 1660, 377. His 
 levies at Knaresborough, 381. On 
 the commission to invite Charles to 
 England, 384 
 
 Cholmley, Sir Hugh, elected for Scar- 
 borough in the Long Parliament, 40. 
 Sent to watch the King at York. 
 Notice of, 45, note. Garrisons Scar- 
 borough, 73. Defeats Colonel Slings- 
 by at Guisborough, 91. His treason 
 at Scarborough, 94 
 
 Chumleigh, in Devonshire, Sir T. 
 Fairfax at, 263 
 
 Church, Corporal, shot for mutiny, 
 357 
 
 Church Fenton, position of described, 
 59. Fairfax and Hotham at, 79 
 
 Cirencester, Lord Fairfax elected mem- 
 ber for, 354 
 
 City of London. See London 
 
 Civil War, Seldeu's opinion of the 
 legality of, 51. Considerations ia 
 choosing sides, 52 
 
 Clare, Earl of, advises that Thomas 
 Fairfax be sent to the Low Countries, 
 15. Married to Elizabeth Vere, 15. 
 Mentioned in Lord Fairfax's will, 
 442 
 
INDEX. 
 
 453 
 
 CLA 
 
 CUrendon, Lord, liis severe remarks on 
 Lord Arundel's eharacter, 27. Bitter 
 feflling against the Scots, 38. His 
 dishonest attack upon the 2nd Lord 
 Fairfax, 54, note. His damaging 
 character of Lord Savile, 47, tiote. 
 
 , Falseness of his assertion that the 
 Fairfaxes were the only gentlemen of 
 position in Yorkshire who were not 
 Eoyalists, 49-93. His sneering 
 notice of the Earl of Newcastle, 72. 
 His damaging characters of Goring 
 and Sir Charles Lucas, 161-162. His 
 account of Marston Moor useless, 
 178. His characters of Sir Jacob 
 Astley and Sir George Liiile, 213- 
 214. His sneering remark on 
 Eupert's advance at Naseby, 217. 
 His account of Naseby, 229. His 
 disparaging account of the Boyalists 
 in the west, 257. With the Prince 
 of Wales in Cornwall, 258. His 
 description of the Royalist army in 
 Cornwall, 261 
 
 Clarges, Dr., brother-in-law of Monk, 
 376 
 
 Cliivering, Colonel, advancing with 
 reinforcements for the Royalists be- 
 fore Marston Moor, 162 
 
 Clementhorpe, near York, property of 
 the Fairfaxes at, 20, note 
 
 Cleveland, Earl of, with the Prince of 
 Wales in Cornwall, 258 
 
 Clifford, near Bramham, Newcastle's 
 lieutenant-general halts at, 76, note. 
 Eoyalists mass tlieir troops near, 
 95-97 
 
 Clifford's Tower, fortified by the Earl 
 of Cumberland ; Sir F. Cobbe in com- 
 mand of, 144 
 
 Clifford, Lord, his letter on the death of 
 the young Fairfaxes, 12. See Cum- 
 berland, Earl of 
 
 Clifton, near York, Sir Jacob Astley, 
 encamped at, 39. Manchester's array 
 encamped at, 139 
 
 Clifton, near Bristol, burnt by Rupert, 
 247 
 
 Glotworthy, Sir John, a leader of the 
 Presbyterian party, 278. Commis- 
 sioner to the army, 280. Accused by 
 the army, 289. His flight to Calais, 
 297. Returns to his seat in the 
 House, 331. Arrested by Pride, 
 3-14, note 
 
 Clubmen, or Neutrals, in Somersetshire 
 and Dorsetshire, 231. Addressed by 
 Fairfax, 232. Near Bridgewater, 239 
 
 CON 
 
 Cobbe, Sir Francis, in command of 
 Clifford's Tower at York, 144 
 
 Cock beck, its course described, 59 
 
 Colchester, occupied by Royalist insur- 
 gents, 309. Defences of, 310. De- 
 scription of, 311: Royalist com- 
 manders at, 314. Parliamentary 
 forces for the siege of, 316. Besiegers 
 attack the Head-gate at ; siege com- 
 mences, 318-19. Siege of, 320-26. 
 Surrender of, 327. Authorities for 
 the siege of, 334 
 
 Coldham, Sir W. Constable surprises 
 Sir C. Lucas at, 136 
 
 Coldstream, Monk advances to, 376. 
 Brian Fairfax delivers Monk a mes- 
 sage at, 380 
 
 Coleman, Major, at the siege of Col- 
 chester, 316 
 
 Colepepper, Lord, with the Prince of 
 Wales in Cornwall, 258 
 
 Colepepper, Colonel, sent to consult 
 with Hopton ; disgraceful conduct of, 
 265. His insolence to Hopton, 265. 
 . A ringleader of the Kentish insur- 
 gents, 305. At Colchester siege, 314 
 
 Colepepper, heiress of, marries the 5th 
 Lord Fairfax, 409 
 
 Collins, Mr. See Lubenham. 
 
 Colnebrook, head-quarters of the army 
 at, 295. 
 
 Colton, position of, 67. Tenantry of, 
 for the Parliament, 60 
 
 Commissions of Array, issued by 
 Charles, 46. Selden's view as to 
 legality of, 61 
 
 Commission for the trial of the King, 
 346. To invite Charles to England, 
 384 
 
 Committees. See Parliament. See 
 Council of State. 
 
 Committee of both kingdoms, sitting at 
 Derby house, 202. Principal mem- 
 bers of, 203 
 
 Commonwealth. See Council of State of 
 
 Compton, Sir William, a ringleader of 
 the Kentish insurgents, 305. Leads 
 the insurgents to Greenwich Park, 
 308. At Colchester siege, 314 
 
 Constable, Sir William, Marries Do- 
 rothy Fairfax, 6. Negotiates mar- 
 riage of T. Fairfax and Anne Vere, 
 19. At the battle of Edge Hill, 84. 
 Surprises Sir C. Lucas in the Wolds, 
 136. Commissioner for the sur- 
 render of York, 1 80. Goes to Lon- 
 don with Sir T. Fairfax, 191. At 
 the review on Hounslow Heath, 295. 
 
'454 
 
 INDHX. 
 
 CON 
 
 Signs the King's death-warrant, 346. 
 On the Conncil of State, 363. His 
 body dug up, at the Eestoration, 387, 
 note 
 Conway, Lord, general of horse in se- 
 cond Scottish campaign ;his character, 
 
 36. Fights the -Scots at Newburn, 
 
 37. Eetreats to Durham, 38 
 Conyer, Capt., Eoyalist, taken prisoner 
 
 atSelby, 138 
 
 Cooper, Sir Anthony Ashley, his speech 
 in support of Lord Fairfax's motion, 
 374. On the commission to invite 
 Charles to return, 384 
 
 Copley, Colonel, in Fairfax's force for 
 the relief of Nantwich, 129 
 
 CornwaU,Royalists in possession; Prince 
 of Wales in, 256. People of, rejoice 
 at the success of Fairfax, 267 
 
 Cottingham, Newcastle's army en- 
 camped at, 116 
 
 Council of State of the Commonwealth, 
 its composition, 353. Divided into 
 committees, 359. Committee of, sent 
 to dissuade Lord Fairfax from resign- 
 ing, 360 
 
 Council of Officers. See Army 
 
 Covenant, taken by the Scots, 24. 
 League and, negotiated by Sir H. 
 Vane ; its provisions, 124-125. Diffi- 
 culty about officers taking, 193. 
 Payment of the Scots, under the 
 terms of, 274 
 
 CoweU, Captain, guards the streets of 
 F.ridgewater with Parliamentary 
 horse, 240 
 
 Cowley, Abraham, the poet. His popm 
 on the marriage of Mary Fairfax," 
 372. "With the Duke of Buckingham, 
 374 
 
 Crane, Sir Richard, commanding Eoyal- 
 ist horse at Marston Moor, 161. At 
 Naseby,214. With Eupert at Bristol, 
 246. Mortally wounded, 248 
 
 Craven, Sir William, marries Elizabeth 
 Fairfax, 23 
 
 Craven, Lady, message to, from her 
 brother after the battle of Nantwich, 
 132 
 
 Crawford, Laurence, Lord Manchester's 
 major-general at siege of York. 
 Notice of, 144-145. Springs a mine 
 under St. Mary's Tower, 147. Com- 
 mands Manchester's foot at Marston 
 Moor, 157. His brigade carries the 
 ditch, 166. His story of Cromwell's 
 conduct, 167. Sheffield Castle sur- 
 renders to, 181 
 
 CEO 
 
 Crawford, William, of Nether Skeldon, 
 with Scottish Dragoons at Marston 
 Moor, 158. His story of Cromwell's 
 conduct, 167 
 
 Crediton, Parliamentary army marches 
 to, 258 
 
 Crewkerne, Sir T. Fairfax encamped at, 
 232 
 
 Cromwell, Bridget, married to Ireton, 
 270 
 
 Cromwell, Oliver. Unable to come to 
 the help of the Fairfaxes, 102. Comes 
 to Hull to confer with Lord Fairfax, 
 116. First meets Sir Thomas Fair- 
 fax, 117. Charges at Winceby, and 
 is unhorsed, 120. Second in com- 
 mand under Manchester at siege of 
 York, 144. His quarrel with Greneral 
 Crawford, 145. Eemains on Marston 
 fields to watch the Eoyalists, 153. 
 Commands Manchester's horse at 
 Marston Moor, 158. Eouts Byron's 
 horse. Stories of his conduct, 167. 
 Leads the troops across the moor to 
 complete the victory, 173. Speeciion 
 the Self-denying Ordinance, 188. 
 Had no hand in the organization of 
 the New Model army, 194. Watch- 
 ing the King at Oxford, 201. Follows 
 the King's army, 204. Joins Fairfax 
 before Oxford. Goes to the Isle of 
 Ely, 206. Appointed by Fairfax his 
 lieutenant-general, 207. Joins Fair- 
 fax's army, 209. Fairfax places him 
 on the right wing at Naseby, 218. 
 Seconds Fairfax in the charge of the 
 right wing, 220. Charges rear of 
 Eoyalist infantry, 222. Writes an 
 account of Naseby, 228. At a coun- 
 cil of war in Somersetshire, 236. 
 Chases the Eoyalists through Lang- 
 port, 237. Advises Fairfax to storm 
 the Bristol defences, 249. Narrow 
 escape of, 251. His account of the 
 siege of Bristol, 262, note. Sent to 
 reduce Devizes and other garrisons, 
 254. Sent as a commissioner to the 
 army, 281. His Ironsides march to 
 Westminster, 296. His intrigues 
 with the Royalists, 298. Mutinous 
 spirit in the army due to his intrigues, 
 300. Urges Fairfax to march to 
 London, 301. Sent to queU the in- 
 sun'ection in South Wales, 302. 
 Ignorant of Pride's exclusion of the 
 members, 345. Accuses Fairfax of 
 a plot to rescue the King, 360. On 
 the Council of State of the Common- 
 
INDEX. 
 
 455 
 
 CRO 
 
 wealth, 363. Goes to Ireland, 358. 
 His desire to continue to serve 
 under Fairfax, 359. His arguments 
 to persuade Lord Fairfax not to re- 
 sign, 360. His sincerity, 361. Last 
 interview with Lord Fairfax, 373. 
 
 Cromwell, Eichard, calls a Parliament 
 and dissolves it, 375 
 
 Crosland, Sir Jordan, Eoyalist governor 
 of Helmsley Castle, 183 
 
 Culpepper. &e Colepepper 
 
 Cumberland, Earl of, to Taise troops for 
 the King at York, 49, Eaising levies, 
 60. Agrees to the proposed treaty of 
 neutrality, 53. Character of, 68. 
 Eesigns his command toj-the Earl of 
 Newcastle, and dies, 72, note 
 
 Cupar, Lord, commands a regiment at 
 Marston Moor, 157 
 
 Cutts, Sir John, the King at the house 
 of, at Childersey, 283 
 
 D ALLISON, Sir Thomas, commanding 
 Eupert's regiment at Naseby, 214 
 
 Darley, Eichard, a King's judge, 346 
 
 Eartford, Lord Fairfax marches through, 
 306 
 
 Dartmouth, Eoyalist garrison at, 258. 
 Description of the defences of, 259. 
 Taken by storm, 260. 
 
 Daunay, Sir John, elected for York- 
 shire in 1660, 383 
 
 Davenant, Sir William, Newcastle's 
 master of the ordnance, 143 
 
 Daventry, the King encamps near, 206. 
 The King retreats from ; Major Harri- 
 son sent to, 209 
 
 Davy Hall, in York, Isabel Thwaites 
 
 . heiress of, 4. Position of, 141 
 
 Deal Castle, seized by Eoyalist insur- 
 gents, 305, 308 
 
 Dean, Cornet, condemned to death for 
 mutiny, but pardoned; writes an 
 account of the mutiny, 367 
 
 Delamere Forest, Fairfax repulses an 
 attack of the Eoyalists in, 129 
 
 Delaware, Lord, sent as commissioner 
 to the army, 284 
 
 Denbigh, Earl of, at the review on 
 Hounslow Heath, 295. On the Council 
 of State, 353 
 
 Dendy, Mr., Serjeant of the court at the 
 King's trial, 349 
 
 Denton, Isabel Thwaites heiress of ; T. 
 Fairfax inherits, 4. Stud of the 
 first Lord Fairfax at, 34. Thomas, 
 third Lord Fairfax, bom at, 10. 
 
 DUD 
 
 Thomas Fairfax, brought up at, 13, 
 Second Lord Fairfax goes to, 48. 
 Lord Fairfax joined by his son at, 
 60,. Its position in Wharfedale, 86. 
 Tenantry of, defend Tadcaster bridge, 
 76. Spared by Eupert, for the sake 
 of a picture, 161. Second Lord 
 Fairfax dies at, 302-303. Lord 
 Fairfax resolves to defend himself at, 
 against Lambert, 381. Sold by Lady 
 Fairfax, 409. New house built by 
 the Ibbetsons, 409. 
 
 Derby House (Canon Eow), committee 
 of both kingdoms sits at, 202. 
 Council of State of the Commonwealth 
 sits at, 341. 
 
 Derby, Countess of, garrisons and 
 defends Lathom Housoj 132. Her 
 opinion of Sir Thomas Fairfax, 136. 
 Generosity of Lord Fairfax to, 364. 
 
 Desborough, Colonel, commanding the 
 firelocks in the New Model, 197. 
 Leads a forlorn hope at the battle of 
 Langport, 237. In Montague's 
 brigade at the siege of Bristol, 249. 
 Gallops through Lawford's gate at 
 storming of Bristol, 251. Commis- 
 sioner to treat with the Parliament, 
 290. Commands troops of horse at 
 Colchester siege, 316. Opposed to 
 the execution of the King, 346 
 
 Devonshire, position of the Eoyalists in, 
 267. People declaring for the Parlia- 
 ment, 261 
 
 Dives, Sir Lewis. See Dyves 
 
 Dodsworth the antiquaiy, employed by 
 Sir T. Fairfax, 40. Sir T. Fairfax's 
 liberality to, 148. Searches for 
 papers in the ruins of St. Mary's 
 Tower, 149. His manuscripts at 
 Nunappleton, 369-370, note. Manu- 
 scripts of, left to the Bodleian Library 
 by Fairfax, 446 
 
 Dorfold House, seat of theWilbrahams. 
 Lord Byron's officers quartered at, 
 129 
 
 Douglas of Kelhead, commands a regi- 
 ment at Marston Moor, 157 
 
 Dove, Major, in the forlorn hope at 
 Bridgewater, 240 
 
 Doyley, Captain Charles, commands 
 Fairfax's lifeguards, 199. Expostu- 
 lates with Fairfax on his rashness at 
 Naseby, 222 
 
 Dragoons. See Army ; Gustavus Adol- 
 phus ; Okey, Colonel 
 
 Dudley, Sir James, discovers that the 
 siege of York is raised, 160 
 
450 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 DUE 
 
 Duke, Mr., keeper of the Hell public- 
 house, 342. EntertainB the arrested 
 members, 346 
 
 Buncombe, Colonel, joins the King's 
 army, 53 
 
 Dunfermline, Lord, commands a regi- 
 ment at Marston Moor, 157 
 
 Dunse, advance of the English to, 30 
 
 Durdham Down, near Bristol. Fleet- 
 wood in command of cavalry on, 250. 
 Fairfax rides with Prince Eupert 
 and Lord Lumley on, 211 
 
 Dust Hill, north side of Nasehy battle- 
 field, 211 
 
 Dynely, Mr. Robert, commissioner in 
 the Isle of Man, 364 
 
 Dyves. Sir Lewis, defends Sherborne 
 Castle, 241 
 
 EAENLEY, Sir Michael, lieut.-gene- 
 ral of Byron's army, 129. Too ill 
 to take part in the battle of Nant- 
 wich, 130 
 
 Eastover, east side of Bridgewater 
 {which see) 
 
 Ee-linton, Earl of, commands Ayrshire 
 Lancers at Marston Moor ; Mont- 
 gomeries with him ; his sons on 
 opposite sides, 159. His regiment 
 behaves well ; his son wounded, 170. 
 Wrote an account of the battle, 178. 
 
 Elector Palatine, at the dinner given to 
 the Houses after Naseby, 227. Dines 
 with Fairfax. Notice of, 291. At 
 the review on Hounslow Heath, 295 
 
 Elliot, Tom, a Boyalist intriguer, at 
 Bridgewater, 239. Comes out to 
 ask for terms, 241 
 
 Essex, Boyalist insurrection in, 302. 
 Insurgents seize Parliamentary com- 
 missioners, 309, 316, note. Loyal 
 to the Parliament ; volunteers raised, 
 315, 181. Volunteers reviewed and 
 sent home, 333 
 
 Essex, Earl of, serving with Sir Horace 
 A'^ere, 11. Lieut. -general of the 
 army, to invade Scotland, 27. Oc- 
 cupies Berwick, 29. Discontent of, 
 at his treatment, 31. To command 
 the army of the Parliament, '49. 
 Sends a commission to Lord Fairfax 
 to command northern forces, 66. 
 Fairfax's despatch to, after Nantwich 
 fight, 132. Heaigns his commission, 
 193. Member of the committee of 
 both kingdoms, 202. His funeral, 
 272, note 
 
 Eure, Isaac, lieutenant-colonel in the 
 New Model, 196. At the si^e of 
 Colchester. Notice of, 316. Throws 
 up a fort at the north bridge, Col- 
 chester, 320. Presents the 'Large 
 Remonstrance' to Parliament, 338. 
 One of the new colonels, 348 
 
 Eythin, Lord. See King, G-eneral 
 
 Exe, Fairfax forms a chain of garrisons 
 along the line of the, 255 
 
 Exeter, position of, reconnoitred by Sir 
 T. Fairfax, 256. Sir John Berkeley, 
 governor of, 258. Blockaded by Sir 
 Hardress Waller, 261. Surrendered 
 to Fairfax, 268 
 
 EAIRFAX, meaning of the word, 2. 
 Established for centuries in the 
 Ainsty of York, 2. All of the name 
 engaged for the service of the Par- 
 liament, 66. Newton Kyme branch, 
 4, 412-14. Denton branch, 408. 
 American branch, 409. Portraits and 
 engravings of, 428 et seq. Of Walton, 
 afterwards of Grilling, 2 
 
 Fairfax, Anne, marries Sir G. Went' 
 worth, 6 
 
 Fairfax, Brian, son of the Rector of 
 Bolton Percy, 366. Sent by Lord 
 Fairfax with a message to Monk, 377. 
 His adventures, 378-80. Roused 
 at Arthington by officers wishing to 
 join Lord Fairfax, 381. Accompanies 
 Lord Fairfax to Holland, 384. Pub- 
 lishes the 'ShortMemorials,' 393. With 
 Lord Fairfax when he died, 395. 
 Tries to prevent the sale of Nunap- 
 pleton, 406. Notice of, 408 
 
 Fairfax, Brian, his son. Notice of, 408. 
 Portrait of, 437 
 
 Fairfax, Brian, succeeds as 8th Lord in 
 America, 409, note 
 
 Fairfax, Catharine, marries Sir Charles 
 Lyttletoii, 411 
 
 Fairfax, Charles, brother of 1st Lord, 
 slain at Ostend, 5 
 
 Fairfax, Charles, brother of 2nd Lord, 
 studying for the law, 8. Conversa- 
 tion with his father, 22. For the 
 Parliament, 40. Searches for papers 
 at St. Mary's Tower, 149. Notice of, 
 367. In command of a regiment with 
 Monk, 380. Portrait of, 430. He 
 and his son in Lord Fairfax's will, 
 443 
 
 Fairfax, Charles, brother of 3rd Lord, 
 borii at Skow Hall, 10. Goes to the 
 
INDEX. 
 
 457 
 
 FAI 
 
 Netherlands, 23. At Marston Moor, 
 169. Mortally-wouuded, 170. Buried 
 at Marston, 17S 
 
 Fairfax, Christiana, married toSir Henry 
 Bellasis, 5. Godmother to Thomas 
 3rd Lord Fairfax, 10 
 
 Fairfdx, Dorothy, sister of 2ud Lord, 
 married to Sir W. Constable, 6 
 
 Fairfax, Dorothy, sister of Srd Lord, 
 married to E. Button of Poppleton, 
 23. Lord Fairfax at the house of, 
 381. See Hutton 
 
 Fairfax, Edward, the poet, translator of 
 Tasso; lived at Fewston, 5. Edu- 
 cated his nephews, 6. And great 
 nephew, 13 • 
 
 Fairfax, Elizabeth, married to Sir W. 
 Selby of Twizell, 23. Her death at 
 Nunappleton, 395 
 
 Fairfax, Ellen, married to Sir W. Craven, 
 23. See Craven 
 
 Fairfax, Eugene, slain at Williamsburg, 
 in Virginia, 409 
 
 Fairfax, i"erdinando 2nd Lord, his birth, 
 6. Marries Lady Mary Sheffield, 7. 
 Lives at Skow'hall, 8. His father's 
 opinion of him, 8. Elected M.P. for 
 Boroughbridge, 13. Liberal conduct 
 respecting his son's marriage, 20. 
 Commands a regiment in the Seottisla 
 campaign, 27. Sent with his regi- 
 ment into Westmoreland, 29. Elected 
 M.P. for Boroughbridge again, 33. 
 Succeeds as 2nd Lord ; his character, 
 34. Elected M.P. for Yorkshire in 
 the Long Parliament, 39. Presents 
 the ' Grand Eemonstrance' to the 
 King, 40. Sent to watch the King 
 at York, 45. Leaves York, and goes 
 to Denton, 48. Appointed to com- 
 mand the northern forces, 51. His 
 proposed treaty of neutrality, 54; 
 Drilling and assembling troops in the 
 AVest Riding, 66. Eesolves to defend 
 the line of the Wharfe, 69. His force 
 at Tadcaster attacked by Newcastle, 
 73-74. Eetreats to Selby, 76. His 
 difficulties at Selby, 83. Requests 
 the Queen to come to his army, 94. 
 Paper war with the Earl of Newcastle, 
 91-93. Resolves to make a flank 
 march to Leeds, 95. Routed on Ad- 
 walton Moor, 104-106. Retreats 
 from Leeds to Hull, 111. Crosses 
 the Ouse at Selby, 112. Made go- 
 vernor of Hull, 114. His kindness 
 to Lord Newcastle's daughters, 114. 
 Defends Hull against Newcastle, 117. 
 
 FAI 
 
 Review of his first campaign, 122. 
 Forms a junction with his son at 
 Ferrybridge, 136. Gains a victory 
 over the Royalists at Selby, 137. 
 Reviews the Scottish army on Bram- 
 ham Moor, 139. Position of his troops 
 atthesiegeof York, 139, 145. Builds 
 huts for his men ; attacks Walmgate 
 bar, 147. Position of his forces at 
 Marston Moor, 168. His infantry 
 routed, 1 69. Carried off the field as 
 far as Tadcaster, 171. Resigns his 
 command to General Poyntz, 201. 
 Corresponds with his son, 254. His 
 second marriage, 273, note. Death 
 of; buried at Bolton Percy, 302- 
 303. His character, 304. His will, 
 303, note. Portraits and medals of, 428 
 
 Fairfax, Lady Frances, wife of Sir Philip, 
 death of, 8. Portrait, 438 
 
 Fairfax, Frances, married to Sir Thomas 
 Widdrington, 23. See Widdrington 
 
 Fairfax, Gabriel, Steeton left to; an- 
 cestor of the Newton Kyme branch, 4 
 
 Fairfax, Sir Guy, founder of the Steeton 
 branch ; builds Steeton, 3 
 
 Fairfax, Guy, son of Sir Guy,- Nun- 
 appleton surrendered to ; his name 
 carved on a bridge at Nunappleton, 4 
 
 Fairfax, Guy, Rev., Rector of Newton 
 Kyme; death of, 413 
 
 Fairfax, Henry, studying for the Church, 
 8. Rector of Newton Kyme, 57. 
 Rector of Bolton Percy, 366. Death 
 of, 389 
 
 Fairfax, Henry 4th Lord, 366. Sent 
 witJi an important message to Hull, 
 378. In the coach with the general, 
 380. Notice of; his death, 408. 
 Portrait, 437. Presentation and ad- 
 vowaon of Newton Kyme left to, 445 
 
 Fairfax, Isabella, marries Nathaniel 
 Bladen, 411 
 
 Fairfax, John, slain at the siege of 
 Frankenthal, 11 
 
 Fairfax, John, of Newton Kyme, 412 
 
 Fairfax, Lady Mary, wife of Ferdinando, 
 7. Dies, and is buried at Bolton 
 Percy, 11 
 
 Fairfax, Mary, married to Henry Ar- 
 thington, 23. See Arthington 
 
 Fairfax, Mary, daughter of Thomas 
 Fairfax, born at Bishop Hill, 23. Her 
 danger at Selby ; left in a farmhouse 
 near the Trent, 113. Her father 
 sends his love to, after Nantwich fight, 
 132. At Reading with her father, 
 292. Taught by Andrew Marvell ; 
 
458' 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Takes notes of sermons, 367. Mar- 
 lied to the Duke of Buckingham, 372. 
 Notices of, 389. Wishes to sell Nun- 
 appleton, 404. Death of, 405. Por- 
 traits, 436 * 
 
 Fairfax, Sir Nicholas, Knight of Ehodes, 
 2 
 
 Fairfax, Peregrine, slain in France, 12 
 
 Fairfax, Sir Philip, of Steeton ; feud 
 respecting Bilbrough settled by, 7. 
 Marries Lady Frances Sheffield, 8. 
 Death of, 8 
 
 Fairfax, Randolph, his bravery and 
 death, 409 
 
 Fairfax, Robert, the musical composer, 
 
 - 370 
 
 Fairfax, Robert 7th Lord, 410. Por- 
 trait of, 438 
 
 Fairfax, Robert, Admiral, vf Newton 
 Kyme; buys Bilbrough, 406. No- 
 tice of; builds the house at Newton 
 Kyme, 412. Portraits of, 439 
 
 Fairfax, Robert, of Newton Kyme, 412 
 
 Fairfax, Thomas, Nunappleton surren- 
 dered to, 4. Inherits Denton and 
 Nunappleton, 4. Account of, 5. Por- 
 
 . trait of, 428 
 
 Fairfax, Sir Thomas, grandfather of the 
 general, 5. Account of; his mar- 
 riage and children, 6. Godfather to 
 his grandson, 10. Joins his son at 
 Rotterdam, 11. Complaint of the 
 Archbishop of York to, as to his sons, 
 12. Contests the county, 13. Created 
 Baron Fairfax, 14. Unfair judgment 
 of, respecting liis grandson, 22. Ad- 
 Tice to his grandson, 29. His death 
 and character, 33. Portraits of, 428 
 
 Fairfax, Thomas 3rd Lord, born at 
 Denton, 10. First years passed at 
 Skow Hall, 10. Loses his mother, 
 11. His grandfather's exhortation to 
 him, 13. Goes to Cambridge, 14. 
 Joins Sir Horace Vere in the Low 
 Countries, 16. At siege of Bois le 
 Due, 16. In France ; returns to 
 London, 17. Returns to Yorkshire, 
 18. Comes to London to press his 
 suit for Anne Vere, 19. Marries 
 Anne Vere at Hackney, 20. Takes 
 his wife to Yorkshire, 21. They 
 lived at Nunappleton ; at a christen- 
 ing at Scriven, 22. Raises a troop of 
 cavalry for the Scottish campaign, 
 26. Organizes a troop of dragoons 
 from his tenantry, 27. Introduced to 
 the King by Lord Holland, 28. 
 Ordered to join the King at Berwick, 
 
 PAI 
 
 29. Arrives at Frizell with his 
 tenantry, 30. Is knighted by the 
 King, 22. Commands horse in 
 second Scottish compaign, 35. At 
 the action at Newburn, 37.- In re- 
 tirement at Nunappleton, 39, 40, 
 His views on public affairs, 40. 
 Prays the King to trust his Parlia- 
 ment, 46. Presents a petition to the 
 King on Heyworth Moor, 47. At 
 home at Nunappleton for a few 
 weeks, 48. At York again ; protests 
 against the presentment of the Grand 
 Jury, 49. His appeal to Sir Henry 
 Slingsby, 50. Joins lord Fairfax at 
 Denton, 50. Assembles his tenantry 
 and takes the field, 61. Signs the 
 articles of neutrality at Rothwell, 63. 
 His qualifications for command, 65. 
 His relations united in the same 
 cause, 66. Repulses Sir Thomas 
 Glemham at Bradford, 68. Attacked 
 at Wetherby, 69. Fails in an attempt 
 to reach Bradford, 78. Brilliant affair 
 of outposts at Sherburu, 79. Goes 
 to the rescue of Bradford, 82. Re- 
 solves to attack Leeds ; his plans, 
 85. His dispositions for the attack 
 on Leeds, 88. Takes Leeds by storm, 
 89. Returns to Selby ; his suspicions 
 of Hotham, 90. Covers his father's 
 march to Leeds, 95. Marches to 
 Tadcaster and Bramham Moor, 96. 
 Defeated on Seacroft Moor, 97. Re- 
 solves to attack Wakefield, 99. 
 Wakefield fight, 100-101. At the 
 battle of Adwalton, 104. Throws 
 himself into Bradford, 107. Fights 
 his way through the Royalists to 
 Leeds, 108. Cavaliy action at Selby; 
 wounded, 113. Goes into Lincoln- 
 shire ; first meets Cromwell, 117. 
 At Winceby fight, 121. Retakes 
 Gainsborough, 121. Review of his 
 first campaign, 122. Takes the 
 Covenant, 126. Ordered to take com- 
 mand in Cheshire, 128. Marches to 
 relieve Nantwieh, 129. Announces 
 his riotory at Nantwich, 132. Ordered 
 to besiege Lathom House, 132. 
 Marches back to Yorkshire, 133. 
 Joins his father at Ferrybridge, 136. 
 Charges down Ousegate, at Selby, 
 1 37. Sent to ask Lord Manchester to 
 come to York, 139. At siege of York; 
 his exertions to save the Minster, 
 145. Censures General Crawford ; 
 his liberality to Dodsworth, 148. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 45'J 
 
 FAI 
 
 Eecalls the retreating army to Mar- 
 ston, 153. Commands the right wing 
 at Marston Moor, 168. Charges at 
 the head of his regiment, 169. Rides 
 through the Royalist army, and joins 
 the left wing, 171. Leads the left 
 wing to complete the victory, 173. 
 Urges his men to spare the fugitives, 
 174. His account of Marston Moor, 
 and remarks on Fuller's Worthies, 
 177. Severely wounded at Helmsley 
 Castle, 183. At siege of Pomfret 
 Castle, 184. Appointed Commander- 
 in-Chief of the army, 190. Comes to 
 London ; addressed by the Speaker 
 at the bar, 191. Goe*to Windsor to 
 organize the New Model army, 194. 
 Absurdity of the idea that Cromwell 
 had undue infliience over, 1 94. His 
 selection of officers for the New 
 Model army, 199. His organization 
 of the New Model army, 200. 
 Ordered to raise the siege of Taunton, 
 202. Takes the iield with the New 
 Model army, 203. His marches ; 
 anecdote of, 204. Encamps before 
 Oxford ; concentrates his forces 
 205. Marches through Buck- 
 inghamshire, 206. Resolved to 
 force the King to a battle, 207. 
 Reconnoitres Royalist position, 208. 
 Stopped by a sentry ; advances to 
 Gruilsborough, 209. Arrives at Nase- 
 by, 210. Forms his line of battle at 
 Naseby, 217. Leads the right wing to 
 thecharge, 220. His gallant conduct at 
 Naseby, 221. His charge into the 
 last Royalist teriia, 222. Advances 
 to Market Harborough, 226. His 
 generalship at Naseby, 227-228. 
 Marches to the west, 231. Addresses 
 the clubmen in Dorsetshire, 232. 
 Reconnoitres Goring's position, 233. 
 Advances to Long Sutton, 235. Wins 
 the battle of Langport, 236. Invests 
 Bridgewa'ter, 238. Marches to Wells 
 and Sherborne, 241. Posts his troops 
 round Bristol, 247. Head-quarters 
 on Ashley Hill, 248. Resolves to take 
 Bristol by stbrm, 249. His appeal 
 to Prince Rupert, 250. Narrow escape 
 of, 251. Rides over Durdham Down 
 with Rupert, 252. Goes to Bath to 
 recruit his health, 263. Advances 
 into Devonshire, 264. At Ottery ; 
 receives a jewel from the Houses, 
 255. Removes head-quarters to Ti- 
 verton, 266. Prepares for the Devon- 
 
 FAI 
 
 shire campaign, 268. Takes Dart- 
 mouth by storm, 260. Advances 
 against Hopton, 263. Attacks Hop- 
 ton at Torrington, 264. Sends a 
 summons to Hopton, 266. Visits 
 Plymouth, 267. Exeter and Barns- 
 taple surrender to, 268. Besieges 
 Oxford, 269. Oxford surrendered to, 
 270. Seeks rest at Bath ; at Rag- 
 land, 272. His reception in London, 
 273. His rules for payment of sup- 
 plies, 275. Interview with the King 
 near Nottingham, 276. Reception at 
 Cambridge, 277. Anxious to resign 
 his command, 280. Addresses the 
 regiments at Kenford rendezvous, 
 282. Inten-iew with the King at Sir 
 John Cutts's, 284. Difficulties of his 
 position, 286. His kind treatment of 
 the King, 290. Review on Hounslow 
 Heath, 295. Brings back the mem- 
 bers to Westminster, 296. Receives 
 thanks of both Houses; made con- 
 stable of the Tower, 297. At Putney; 
 keeps aloof from political intrigues, 
 298. His views as to the settlement 
 of the kingdom, 299. At the Ware 
 rendezvous, 300. Saves the Houses 
 from the violence of the army, 301. 
 Succeeds his father as third Lord 
 Fairfax, 304. His resolution to put 
 down the Royalist insurrection, 306. 
 Crosses the Medway and defeats the 
 insurgents, 307. Restores peace to 
 Kent, 308. Crosses into Essex, 315. 
 Summons Colchester, 318. Com- 
 mences the siege of Colchester, 319. 
 Offers an amnesty to insurgents, 322. 
 Narrow escape at Colchester siege, 
 324. His execution of Lucas and 
 Lisle, 328-332 His conduct at the 
 trial of Lord Capel, 333. His pro- 
 gress through the eastern counties, 
 334. Remonstrates at the troops not 
 being paid, 337. Approves the 'Large 
 Remonstrance' of the army, 338. 
 Marches to London ; his reasons, 
 339. Kept in ignorance of the plot 
 to exclude members, 343. Continues 
 at his post, though deprived of power, 
 3i6. On the commission to try the 
 King, 346. Opposed to the King's 
 execution, 347. Exerts all his influ- 
 ence to save the King, 360. Meets 
 the King's body; absurd story re- 
 specting, 351, note. His personal 
 intercourse with the King, 362. On 
 the Council of State of the Common- 
 
460 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 FAI 
 
 ■wealth, 353. Elected M.P. for Cirea- 
 cester; character of, by Goodwin, 
 354. Takes the field to suppress 
 mutiny of Levellers, 356. His rapid 
 march to Burford, 367. Eeceives an 
 honorary degree at Oxford, 358. 
 Refuses to invade Scotland, 359. 
 Keasons for his resignation, 361-62. 
 Sonnet by Milton to, 362. Eetire- 
 ment at Nunapplefon, 363. Isle of 
 Man granted to ; his government of, 
 364. His literary pursuits ; poems 
 by, 368. His last interview with 
 Cromwell, 373. Takes his seat in E. 
 Cromwell's Parliament, 374. Again 
 placed on the Council of State, 375. 
 Demands a free Parliament to settle 
 the nation, 376, 383. Determines to 
 take the field, 377. Sends a message 
 to Monk, 378. Takes the field, 380. 
 At Arthington ; Ks decisive action 
 on Marston Moor, 381. Secures the 
 restoration of the Monarchy, 382. 
 Elected member for Yorkshire, 383. 
 His motives for restoring the Mo- 
 narchy, 385. His indignation at the 
 atrocities at the Restoration, 387. His 
 invalid chair,391, ' Short Memorials ' 
 by. Critical notice, 392. Anxiety 
 respecting his daugliter, 395. His 
 death, 395. His tomb at Bilbrough, 
 396. Epitaph on, by the Duke of 
 Biickingham, 398. His character, 
 400-402. Poems by, 415. Portraits 
 and engravings of, 430-33. Medals 
 in honour of, 434. His seal, 435. His 
 will, 440 
 Fairfax, Lady, wife of third Lord ; her 
 marriage, 20. Goes to Yorkshire, 21. 
 Lives at Nunappleton, 22. Goes to 
 Denton with her husband, 50. Taken 
 prisoner outside Bradford, 108. Sent 
 to Hull in Lord Newcastle's coach, 
 114. Goes to her mother at Hackney, 
 123. Letter to, from her husband, 
 announcing the Nantwich victory, 132. 
 Joins lier husband at Bath, 253. On 
 a visit to Lady Paulet, 254. At- 
 tacked by fever in Devonshire, 268. 
 Visited by her husband at Tiverton, 
 263. Joins her husband before Ox- 
 ford, 270. Goes to Bath with her 
 husband, 271. Her reception at Lei- 
 cester, 275. Her religious views, 276. 
 At Reading with her husband, 292. 
 Resolves to witness the King's trial, 
 348. Interrupts the court, 349. 
 Words used by, 350, note. Death of, 
 
 FAI 
 
 390. Portraits and engravings of, 
 436 
 
 Fairfax, Thomas, son of first Lord ; a 
 merchant adventurer ; died at Scande- 
 roon, 12. 
 
 Fairfax, Thomas fifth Lord; his claim 
 to Nunappleton, 406. His death, 
 406. Notice of, 409. Portrait of, 437 
 
 Fairfax, Thomas sixth Lord ;■ settles 
 in America, 410, 
 
 Fairfax, Thomas, General ; Evelyn's 
 account of, 411. Portraits of, 438 
 
 Fairfax, Thomas, of Newton Kyme; 
 notice of, 412-413 
 
 Faii'fax, Ursula, marries John Aske of 
 Aughton, 5 
 
 Fairfax, Ursula, marries James Chalo- 
 ner, 8, note 
 
 Fairfax, Ursula, marries Mr. Cartwright 
 of Aynho, 302 
 
 Fairfax, Sir William, of Steeton ; a 
 judge, 3. Marries Isabel Thwaites, 
 3. His wiU, 4. 
 
 Fairfax, Sir William, of Steeton ; suc- 
 ceeds to Steeton, 9. Holds the same 
 views as his cousin Sir Thomas, 40. 
 With his cousin on Heyworth Moor, 
 47. Joins Lord Essex's army, 63. 
 Joins Lord Fairfax at Selby. Notice 
 of, 84. At the storming of Leeds, 
 88-89. Sent with a letter to the 
 Queen, 94. In the attack on Wake- 
 field, 100. At the battle of Nant- 
 wich, 130. Conducts the siege of 
 Lathom House, 133. A commissioner 
 at the siege of York, 146. Commands 
 a brigade at Marston Moor, 168. 
 Carries the ditch at Marston Moor, 
 166. His brigade routed, 169. 
 Marches into Lancashire, 181. Besieg- 
 ing Liverpool, 184. His gallant 
 conduct before Montgomery Castle, 
 186. Hisdeath, 186, 187. Grant to 
 his widow, 186. Family now repre- 
 sented by descendants of, 411. Por- 
 traits of, 438 
 
 Fairfax, Lady, wife of Sir William, of 
 Steeton, living at Steeton, 366. Vote 
 of money to, by the Parliament, 386. 
 Her death, 411 
 
 Fairfax, Williani, son of first Lord, slain 
 at Frankenthal, 11. Denton spared 
 by Rupert for the sake of, 151. 
 Engi-avings of, 430 
 
 Fairfax, William, settled in Virginia, 
 409. Agent to the sixth Lord, 410 
 
 Fairfax, William, of Steeton, marries 
 Catharine Stapleton, 411 
 
INDEX. 
 
 461 
 
 FAL 
 
 Fakonberg, Lord, his letter about 
 Thomas Fairfax, 18. Leaves Eng- 
 land with Lord Newcastle, 179 
 
 Farleigh Bridge. See Maidstone 
 
 Farndon, East, near Naseby battle-field, 
 212. The King alters the direction 
 of his march at, 213 
 
 Farre, Colonel, a deserter with the 
 insurgents at Colchester, 316. De- 
 fends the Head-gate against the 
 besiegers, 318. Condemned to be 
 shot, but e-capes, 327 
 
 Farringdon, blockaded by SirKobertPye, 
 
 269. Surrendered by Sir GeorgeLisle, 
 
 270. Levellers cross the river at, 366 
 Fawltes.Mr., of Farnley. Sword ofFair- 
 
 fax in collection of, 169 (note). En- 
 gravings in collection of, 433 
 
 Fawsley Manor, seat of Richard Knight- 
 ley ; the King hunts at, 208 
 
 Fenny Hill, near Naseby, 211 
 
 Fenton. See Church Fentoh 
 
 Feme, Dr., warns Archbishop Williams 
 to escape from Cawood, 67 
 
 Ferrybridge, the Fairfaxes form a 
 junction at, 136 
 
 Ferryby, Fairfax property at, 20, note 
 
 Fwersham, Koyalist insurgents seize 
 arms at, 305 
 
 Fewston, Edward Fairfax the poet lived 
 at, 5 
 
 Fiennes, John, Colonel ; ordered to 
 join Fairfax, 205. Joins Fairfax's 
 ■army, 207. In reserve on the right 
 wing at Naseby, 218. Takes Naseby 
 prisoners to London, 227 
 
 Fiennes, Nathaniel, governor of Bristol, 
 244 
 
 Fleet, the, a beck flowing into the 
 Wharfe at Nunappleton, 57 
 
 Fleetwood, a Eoyalist colonel in Byron's 
 army, 129 
 
 Fleetwood, Charles, a colonel of horse 
 in the New Model; notice of, 197. 
 On reserve on the left wing at 
 Naseby, 218. Sent to watch Goring's 
 movements, 232. In command of 
 cavaliy on Durdham Down, 250. His 
 regiment at the Ware rendezvou.s, 
 300. Troops of his regiment at 
 Colchester siege, 316. On the 
 Council of State in 1659, 375. Made 
 Commander-in-Chief, 376 
 
 Floore, Fairfax approaches village of, in 
 his reconnaissance, 208 
 
 Forbes, Serjeant-Major, joins Lord 
 Fairfax ; is sent to Bradford, 85. 
 Storms the bridge at Leeds, 88. 
 
 GLB 
 
 Commands a regiment at Marston 
 Moor, 158. At the siege of Pomfvet 
 Castle, 184. Does not go south with 
 Fairfax, 199 
 
 Fortescue, Colonel of foot in the New 
 Model, 196. In the brigade for the 
 relief of Taunton, 204. In Welden's 
 brigade at the siege of Bristol, 249. 
 Assaults the defences at Dartmouth, 
 260. Retired, 347 
 
 Foulis, Sir Henry, joins Lord Fairfax, 
 85, note. Wounded on Seacroft 
 Moor, 97. At the attack on Wake- 
 field, 100. Attempts to escape through 
 Royalist army, 108. Does not go 
 south with Fairfax, 199 
 
 Fowell, Colonel, raises a regiment of 
 Devonshire men, 261 
 
 Frankenthal, young Fairfaxes slain at) 
 siege of, 1 1 
 
 Frizell, Colonel, commands Scottish 
 dragoons at Marston Moor, 168. Oc- 
 cupies a post b. hind Tockwith, 165. 
 Charges the 'white-coats,' 174 
 
 Frost, Walter, Secretary to the Council 
 of State, 363 
 
 Fulford, Lord Fairfax's men quartered 
 at, 139. Death of a young cornet 
 engaged to Miss Norcliffe at, 150 
 
 Fuller, Thomas ; remarks of Fairfax 
 on his account of Marston Moor, 177. 
 In Exeter during the siege, 268 
 
 GAINSBOROUGH, taken by Lord 
 Newcastle, 114. Retaken by Fair- 
 fax, 121 
 
 Galtres Forest, Rupert's army encamped 
 in, 152 
 
 Gerrard, Lord, commanding for the' 
 King in Wales, 201. 
 
 Gerrard, Colonel, with the Royalists at 
 Naseby, 216 
 
 Gibson, Royalist colonel in Byron's 
 array, 129. His position at the 
 battle of Nantwich, 130 
 
 GiflFord, Major-General, his defence of 
 the position at Tadcaster, 74. At 
 the attack on Wakefield, 100. Com- 
 mands the right wing at Adwalton, 
 105. Suspected of treachery, 106. 
 Tries to cut his way out of Brad- 
 ford, 108 
 
 Gilling Castle, 2 
 
 Glamorgan, Earl of, his despatches cap- 
 tured at Padstow. Notice of, 266, note 
 
 Glemham, Sir Thomas, lieut.-general 
 of Royalist forces in Yorkshire, 49. 
 Raising levies, 50. Draws the first 
 
462 
 
 index: 
 
 GLB 
 
 blood; attacks Bradford, 68. At- 
 tacks Fairfax at Wetherby, 69. 
 Made governor of York, 72. Goes 
 into Northumberland, 125. Eesumes 
 the governorship of York, 143. One 
 of Newcastle's commissioners to nego- 
 tiate, 146. At York during the battle 
 of Marston Moor, 164. Surrenders 
 York, 180. Governor of Oxford, 269. 
 Surrenders Oxford, 270. Breaks his 
 parole, 332 
 
 Gl3'nn, Recorder of London, a leader 
 of the Presbyterian party, 278. 
 Accused by the army, 289. Sent to 
 the Tower, 297 
 
 Gomez, a foreign engineer, forms the 
 Royalist army at Naseby, 213 
 
 Goring, Lord. See Norwich, Earl of 
 
 Goring, General, serving in thf Scottish 
 campaign, 30. Advises Lord Holland 
 to retreat from Kelso, 31. General 
 of horse in Newcastle's army, 72. 
 Follows Fairfax after his attack on 
 Sherbm-n, 79. Follows Fairfax across 
 Bramham Moor, 96. In commaoid at 
 Wakefield, 100. Commands Royalist 
 right wing at Marston Moor, 161. 
 Taken prisoner, 174. In command 
 in the western counties, 201. Eis 
 letter to the King intercepted, 208. 
 . Besieging Welden in Taunton, 231. 
 Raises the siege of Taunton, 232. 
 His position on the line of the Yeo, 
 234. Surprised by Massey near II- 
 minster, 235. His position at Lang- 
 port, 236. His flight to Barnstaple, 
 237. Leaves England, 257 
 
 Gower, Colonel, joins theKing's army, 53 
 
 Grandison, Lord, commands Royalist 
 horse at Marston Moor, 161. Severely 
 wounded, 168 
 
 Graves, colonel of cavalry in the New 
 Model, 197. His regiment formed 
 out of those at Reading, 200. In the 
 brigade for the relief of Taunton, 204. 
 Retired, 347 
 
 Gravesend, defeat of insurgents near, 
 307. Lord Fairfax crosses the 
 Thames at, 315 
 
 Greathed, young, his gallantry at the 
 battle of Adwalton, 105 
 
 Greenwich Park, Royalist insurgents at, 
 308 
 
 Grenville, Sir Richard, Royalist com- 
 mander in Cornwall. Notice of, 257. 
 Mutinous ; _ sent to jail ; leaves Eng- 
 land, 262. His opinion of Royalist 
 officers in Cornwall, 265 
 
 Grey, Lord, of Groby, agrees to the ex- 
 clusion of members, 343. On the 
 commission to try tlie King, 346. 
 On the Council of State, 353 
 
 Grey, Lord, of Warke, at the review on 
 Hounslow Heath, 295. On the Coun- 
 cil of State, 353 
 
 Grimston, Captain, Royalist taken 
 prisoner at Sdby, 138 
 
 Grimston, Sir Harbottle, his views as 
 to the right of resisting tyranny, 52. 
 House of, at Colchester, 311,221. 
 Speaker of the Healing Parliament, 
 383 
 
 Guasconi, Bernardo, an Italian adven- 
 turer at Colchester siege, 314. Con- 
 demned to be shot, but pardoned, 327 
 
 Guilsborough, Fairfax encamped at, 209 
 
 Guisborough, Colonel Slingsby defeated 
 at, 91 
 
 Guisborough, Chaloners of, 8, note 
 
 Gustavus Adolphus ; desire of young 
 Fairfax to serve under, 17, 18. Earl 
 of Leven served under, 25, 156. In- 
 novations of ; he invents the arma- 
 ment of dragoons, 62. General Craw- 
 
 • ford served imder, 158. Sir William 
 Urry served under, 162. His plan of 
 placing musketeers between troops of 
 horse, 162 
 
 Gunter, Rev. John, a trustee in Lord 
 Fairfax's will ; notice of, 442 
 
 HACKNEY, house of Lady Vere at, 
 19. Thomas Fairfax married to 
 Anne Vere at, 20 
 
 Hailstone, Mr., of HortonHall. Manu- 
 script relating to the defence of Brad- 
 ford, in collection of 109, {note). Fair- 
 fax relics in possession of, 25i{note), 
 392 (note), 432 
 
 Halsall, Captain, writes a diary of 
 the siege of Lathom House, 132 
 
 Hambleton Hough. Hill near Selby, 112 
 
 Hamilton, Marquis of, sent to Scotland 
 as High Commissioner, 25. Blockades 
 Leith, 29. Declines to serve again 
 as Commissioner, 33 
 
 Hamilton, Duke of, invadesEngland,306 
 
 Hamilton, Sir Alexander, commands 
 the artillery at Marston Moor, 159. 
 Opens fire with his artillery, 165 
 
 Hammersmith, Lord Sheffield's house at, 
 17. Fairfax passes a night at, 296 
 
 Hammond, Dr., King's chaplain; ad- 
 mitted to attend him, 290 
 
 Hammond, Robert, colonel in the New 
 Model. Notice of, 196. His regi- 
 
INDEX. 
 
 463 
 
 HAM 
 
 mentin reserve at Naseby, 217. At 
 Ihe storming of Bristol. 251. Receives 
 the keys of Bristol, 262. Assaults 
 the west gate at Dartmouth, 260. 
 Powderham Castle surreuders to, 
 261. Gallant conduct at Torrington, 
 264. His regiment marches to 
 Westminster, 296. Hegiment at the 
 Ware rendezvous, 300. Eetains his 
 command at the time of the King's 
 death, 348 
 
 Hammond, Thomas, one of Lord Man- 
 chester's commissioners at York, 146. 
 Lieutenant-general of ordnance in the 
 New Model, 197. Hij preparations 
 for storming Bridgewatef, 239. Pre- 
 sents the ' Agreement of the People' 
 to Parliament, 346 
 
 Hampton Court, the King at, 298. The 
 King's flight from, 300 _ 
 
 Hanham, village near Bristol ; saved 
 from being bxirnt by Ireton, 247 
 
 .Hansby, Sir Ralph, governor of Tickhill 
 Castle; dies there, 182 
 
 Harley, colonel of foot in the New 
 Model, 196. A leader of the Presby- 
 terian party, 278. Impeached by the 
 army, 289. Arrested by Pride, 344, 
 note, 347 
 
 Harrison, colonel in theNew Model, 198. 
 Sent with a troop of horse to Daventry, 
 209. Regiment of, mutinies at the 
 Ware rendezvous, 300. His quarters 
 .nt Whitehall, 345. One of the new 
 colonels, 348. Absurd story con- 
 cerning, when the King was executed, 
 351 , note. Part of his regiment joins 
 the Levellers, 356. On the committee 
 to persuade Fairfax not to resign, 360 
 
 Harvey, Mr., lord of the manor of 
 Bridgewater; his house burnt, 240 
 
 Harwich, Lord Fairfax at, 334 
 
 Hatfield, the King at, 290 
 
 Hawley, Lord, a Royalist, with Rupert 
 at Bristol, 246 
 
 Hazlerig, Sir Arthur, member of the 
 committee of both kingdoms, 202. 
 Takes refuge with the army, 294. 
 At the review on Hounslow Heath, 
 295. Welcomes Fairfax to his seat 
 in Parliament, 374 
 
 Eazlewood, seat of the Vavasours ; 
 position described, 58 
 
 Head-gate at Colchester. See Colchester 
 
 Healaugh, in the Ainsty, seat of the 
 Whartons ; position of, 57. Allied 
 army retreatsthroiigb, before Marston 
 
 Moor, 1.^3 
 
 HOD 
 
 Hell, public house. See Mr. Duke 
 
 Hell-combe, a ravine overlooking the 
 valley of the Welland, 212. Slaughter 
 of Royalists in, 224 
 
 Helmsley Castle, siege of ; Sir Thomas 
 Fairfax severely wounded at, 183. 
 Granted to Lord Fairfax, 363 
 
 Henderson, Sir Thomas, commands 
 Royalists in Lincolnshire, 119 
 
 Henrietta Maria, Queen ; sent to 
 Holland to buy arms, 43. Lands at 
 Burlington, 93. Kindness to prisoners 
 taken on Seacroft Moor, 102, note. 
 Leaves Yorkshire to join her husband, 
 102 
 
 Henrietta, Princess, in Exeter during 
 the siege, 268 
 
 Hepburn, Sir Adam, Lord Humbee ; a 
 commissioner at York siege, 146. 
 His story of Cromwell's conduct at 
 Marston Moor, 167. Commissioner 
 for the surrender of York, 180 
 
 Herbert, Mr., with the King's body; 
 meets Lord Fairfax, 351. His 
 memoirs falsely referred to by Hume, 
 351, note 
 
 Herbert, Colonel, in Welden's brigade 
 at the siege of Bristol, 249. At the 
 siege of Oxford, 269 
 
 Heme, Colonel, Royalist, slain and- 
 stripped at Adwalton, 105 
 
 Heslington, Lord Fairfax's troops' 
 quartered at, 139 
 
 Hessay. See Marston Moor 
 
 Hessle, Newcastle's army encamped at, 
 116 
 
 Hewson, John, lieutenant-colonel in 
 the New Model ; notice of, 197- 
 Leads the forlorn hope at Bridge- 
 water, 240. His gallant conduct at 
 Maidstone, 307. Sent to relieve 
 Dover, 308. His regiment occupies 
 Westminster Hall, 344. One of the 
 new colonels, 348 
 
 Heyworth Moor, freeholders of York- 
 shire assembleon, toraeettheKing, 47 
 
 Hinchinbrook, the King at, 283. - 
 Colonel Montague retires to, 347 
 
 Hobart, Sir Miles, occupies Bolingbroke, 
 120 
 
 Hodgson, Captain, of Halifax ; an 
 officer under Fairfax, 63. Comes to 
 the rescue of Bradford, 82. Joins 
 Sir Thomas Fairfax's army, 83. At 
 the storming of Leeds, 88. Wounded 
 on Seacroft Moor, 97. Stripped by 
 the Royalists at Bradford, 109. 
 Rejoins Fairfax at Manchester, 128. 
 
464 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 HOD 
 
 In Colonel Briglit's regiment at tlie 
 relief of Nantwich, 129. At Brad- 
 ford with Lambert ; notiee of, 136, 
 note. Does not go south with Fair- 
 fax, 199 
 
 Holdejiby House, the King on his way 
 to, 276. Cornet Joyce carries oif the 
 liing from, 283 
 
 Holland House, Fairfax meets the Lords 
 and Commons at, 296 
 
 Holland, Earl of, general of horse in 
 the army for invading Scotland, 27. 
 Travels with the King; introduces 
 the Fairfaxes to the King, 28. En- 
 camped with his cavalry at Twizell, 
 29. Quarrels with Newcastle ; his 
 failure in the Kelso afiair, 30 
 
 Holies, Denzil. Notice of the family 
 of, 15, note. A leader of the Presby- 
 terian party, 192, 278. His jealousy, 
 193. t'orces a motion against the 
 army through a thin House, 279. 
 Accused by the army, 289. Excites 
 a mob to attack the Houses, 293. 
 Furious at the cowardice of the Cock- 
 neys, 296. Escapes to France, 297. 
 Notice of his Memoirs, 298. note. 
 Returns to his seat in the House, 
 336. Again absents himself, 344. 
 On the commission to invite Charles 
 to England, 384 
 
 Honywood, Sir Thomas, commands 
 Essex volunteers. Notice of, 315, 
 note 
 
 Hopton, Sir Ingram, signs articles of 
 
 ' neutrality at Eothwell, 53. Slain at 
 "Winceby fight, 121 
 
 Hopton, Sir Ealph. See Waller, Sir W. 
 lu command of Eoyalists in the west, 
 ,201. With the Prince of Wales in 
 Cornwall, 258. Takes command of 
 the Eoyalist forces, 261. Notice of, 
 262. At Torrington ; retreats acioss 
 tlie Torridge, 264. Falls back into 
 Cornwall, 265. At Truro, 266. Ca- 
 pitulates and leaves the country; his 
 death, 267 
 
 Horkesley, Great, foray of Eoyalists 
 from Colchester into, 319 
 
 Homcastle. See Winceby. 
 
 Horsfall, Lieutenant, at the storming of 
 Leeds, 88 
 
 Hotham, Sir John, governor of Hull ; 
 raises troops, 44. Refuses to admit 
 the King into Hull, 45. His treason ; 
 seized and sent to London, 110. Cri- 
 minated by lett ers taken in Newcastle's 
 coach at Marstou Moor, 173 
 
 HUT 
 
 Hotham, John, elected M.P. for Scar- 
 borough in the Long Parliament, 44. 
 Takes the field, 51. Hunts Arch- 
 bishop Williams out of Cawood Castle, 
 67. Joins the Fairfaxes, 68. Dis- 
 putes the advance of Newcastle at 
 Piercebrig, 72. Joins Fairfax at 
 Wetherby, 73. His stratagem at 
 Tadcaster, 75. At Cawood; in the 
 affair of outposts with Sir T. Fairfax, 
 79. Suspected of treason, 90. Out- 
 rageous conduct in Nottinghamshire, 
 109. Arrested and beheaded, 110 
 
 Houghton, Lord, takes charge of young 
 Fairfax in the Low Countries, 15 
 
 Hounslow Heath, grand rendezvous of 
 the army at, 295 
 
 Howard, Colonel, Royalist, slain at Ad- 
 walton, 105. At Naseby, 216 
 
 HowleyHall. SeeSaviles. Garrisoned 
 for the Parliament by Sir John Savile, 
 90. Rendezvous at, before the at- 
 tack on Wakefield, 100. Besieged by 
 Royalists ; description of, 103 
 
 Hull, warlike stores collected at, for the 
 Scottish campaign, 26. Design of 
 Charles to seize the magazine at, 43. 
 Lord Newcastle's failure at ; Sir John 
 Hotham made governor, 49. Garri- 
 soned for the Parliament, 53. Mayor 
 of, reports the treason of the Hothams 
 to Lord Fairfax, 109. Besieged by 
 Lord Newcastle, 115. Description of 
 its defences, 115-116. Works of the 
 besiegers, 116. Defended by Lord 
 Fairfax and Sir John Meldrum, 117. 
 Repulse of a n assault by the besiegers, 
 117. Newcastle raises the siege, 119 
 
 Huncks, Sir Fulk, Royalist colonel in 
 Byron's army, 129. Stationed to 
 watch the Nantwich garrison, 130 
 
 Huntington, Major, an officer in the 
 New Model, 197. Receives command 
 of Vermuyden's regiment, 207. In 
 the left wing at Naseby, 218. In 
 Welden's brigade at the siege of 
 Bristol, 249. Presents the proposals 
 of the army to the King, 292. Reasons 
 for his resignation, 347 
 
 Husbands, Major, dislodges Kentish in- 
 surgents from a bridge near Graves- 
 end, 307 
 
 Hutchinson, Colonel, governor of Not- 
 tingham; expostulates with Hotham, 
 109. Unable to reinforce Sir T. Fair- 
 fax, 128. The Fairfaxes the guests 
 of, at Nottingham, 278. On the 
 Council of State, 353 
 
INDEX. 
 
 465 
 
 HUT 
 
 Hutton, Edward, of Poppleton, marries 
 Dorothy Fairfax, 23, note. High 
 Sheriif ; prays the King to trust his 
 Parliament, 46. His seat at Pop- 
 pleton, 56 
 
 Hutton, Mrs. , of Poppleton, 366. Brian 
 Fairfax rests at the house of, 378. 
 Lord Fairfax passes a night at house 
 of, 882. See Fairfax, Dorothy 
 
 ■Hutton, Thomas, of Poppleton, executor 
 to Lord Fairfax's will, 441 
 
 Hutton, Dorothy, legacy left to, in Lord 
 Fairfax's will, 444 
 
 Hutton, Sir Richard, one of Newcastle's 
 commissioners at York siege, 146 
 
 Hyde, Sir Edward. See Clarendon 
 
 Hyde Park, the Lord Mayor meets 
 Fairfax in, 296 
 
 Hythe, the, port of Colchester, 312. 
 Stores seized by the Royalists at, 320. 
 Taken by Colonel Whalley, 322. 
 Lord Fairfax's head-quarters at, 324. 
 Articles for surrender of Colchester 
 signed at, 326 
 
 ILCSESTER, Fairfax encamped at, 
 235 
 
 Ilminster, Massey routs Goring near, 
 235 
 
 Independent party, their views and aims, 
 193 
 
 •Ingoldsby, Richard, colonel in the New 
 Model; notice of, 196. In the bri- 
 gade for the relief of Taunton, 204. 
 In Welden's brigade at the siege of 
 Bristol, 249. Companies of his regi- 
 ment at Colchester siege, 316. His 
 regiment demands justice on the King, 
 337. Retains his command at the 
 time oftheKing'sdeathi 348. Mutiny 
 in his regiment at Oxford, 359. Re- 
 warded at the Restoration, 386 
 
 Ingrams, their seat at Temple Newsam, 
 58. Their tenantry on the Royalist 
 side, 60 
 
 Ingram, Sir Arthur, King lodges in his 
 house at York, 43. Position of his 
 house, 142 
 
 Ingram, Sir Thomas, marries a sister 
 of John Bellasis, 1 36 
 
 Ipswich, Lord Fairfax at, 334 
 - Ireton, Henry, in the New Model. No- 
 tice of, 198. Surprises Royalist rear- 
 guard at Naseby, 209. Appointed 
 Commissary-general of Horse, 217. 
 Severely wound«d at Naseby, 220. 
 Preserves villages round Bristol from 
 
 H 
 
 being burnt, 247. Sent towards Ox- 
 ford with cavalry, 269. Marries 
 Bridget Cromwell, 270. Sent as a 
 commissioner to the army, 281. De- 
 claration of the army drawn up by, 
 287. Commissioner to treat with 
 the Parliament, 290. His intrigues 
 with the Royalists, 298. At the siege 
 of Colchester, 316. His regiment 
 demands justice on the King, 338. 
 Council of oiBcers led by, 338. Agrees 
 to the exclusion of members by Pride, 
 343. His quarters in Whitehall, 
 345. Part of his regiment mutinies, 
 356 
 
 Irish army. See Byron 
 
 Irish brigade joins Lord Fairfax in 1660, 
 381 
 
 Islip Bridge, success gained by Crom- 
 well at, 201 
 
 JOHNSTON, of Warriston, member 
 of the committee of both kingdoms, 
 202 
 Joyce, Cornet, seizes the King at Hol- 
 
 denby House, 283 
 Juxon, Bishop, with the King's body, 
 meets Lord Fairfax, 351 
 
 TZELSO, Lord Holland advances to 
 
 IV attack the Scots at, 30 
 
 Konford, rendezvous of the army at, 
 282 
 
 Kent, insurrection breaks out in, 301. 
 Insurgents occupy the line of the 
 Medvray, 305. Affairs of, settled by 
 Lord Fairfax, 308 
 
 Kent, Earl of, at the review on Houns- 
 low Heath, 295 
 
 Keynsham, village near Bristol, saved 
 by Ireton, 247. Fairfax passes a 
 Bight at, 247 
 
 King, Lieutenant-General, second in 
 command of Newcastle's army, 72. 
 Advises Newcastle to besiege Hull, 
 114. Created Lord Eythin ; at 
 siege of York, 143. Commands 
 Royalist centre at Marston Moor, 
 160. Leads an attack, 169. Covers 
 the Royalist flight to York, 174. 
 Leaves England, 179 
 
 Kingston, head-quarters at, 298 
 
 Kirby, Sir T. Fairfax joins Lord Man- 
 chester at, 119 ■ . J. 
 
 Kirby, Lady Vere receives a visit from 
 Fairfax at, 280 
 
466 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 KIS 
 
 Kislingbiiry, Fairfax arrives at, with 
 
 his army, 208 
 Knightley, Captain, serving with Sir 
 
 Jriurace Vere, 11 
 Knightley, Eichard {See Fawsley), 208 
 
 LAMBERT, Colonel, in Fairfax's 
 force for the relief of Nantwich, 
 129. Sent to recover the towns of 
 the West Eiding, 132. Defends 
 Bradford. Notice of, 135, note. 
 Commands a regiment at Marston 
 Moor, 159. Charges with his regi- 
 ment, 170. Blockading Pomfret 
 Castle, 184. Commands a regiment 
 in the New Model, 199. At the 
 storming of Dartmouth, 260. At 
 the siege of Oxford, 269. Spokes- 
 man for officers at Saffron Walden, 
 280. Assists ill drawing up the 
 ' Declaration of the Army,' 287. 
 Commissioner to treat with the Par- 
 liament, 290. Appointed to com- 
 mand in Yorkshire, 294. Opposed 
 to the King's execution, 347. On 
 the committee to persuade Fairfax 
 not to resign, 360. Fondness for 
 flowers, 366. On the Council of 
 State of 1659, 375. Puts down the 
 insurrection in Cheshire, 375. 
 Marches to oppose Monk, 376. His 
 troops desert to Fairfax, 381 
 
 Lamming, Captain, a Margate skipper, 
 chases the fugitive members, 297 
 
 Langdale, Sir Marmaduke, raises the 
 siege of Pomfret, 184, note. Com- 
 mands Royalist left wing at Naseby, 
 215. His cavalry routed, 220. Joins 
 the insurrection in 1648, 306 
 
 Langport, battle-field in Somersetshire, 
 '■ description of surrounding country, 
 233. Goring concentrates his forces 
 at, 235. Battle of, 236. Set on fire 
 by the Royalists, 237. Authorities 
 for the battle of, 238, note 
 
 Langton, Anna, last Prioress of Nun- 
 appleton, 4 
 
 Lantford Hedges. See Sulby Hedges 
 
 Laseelles, Francis, one of the King's 
 judges, 346 
 
 Lathom House, garrisoned by Lady 
 Derby, 132. Siege of, 133 
 ' Lauderdale, Lord {See Maitland), in- 
 trigues with the King, 292 
 
 Launceston, Eoyalist forces assemble 
 at, 259 
 
 LIL 
 
 Lawley, Honourable Robert, his lecture 
 on the battle of Marston Moor, 178 
 
 Leeds, dependent for supplies on the 
 Vale of York, 59. Description of, in 
 the olden time, 86-88. Taken by 
 storm by Sir Thomas Fairfax, 88-89. 
 Lord Fairfax retreats to, 97. Council 
 of war at, 109 
 
 Leeds Castle in Kent, the fifth Lord 
 Fairfax married to heiress of, 406, 
 Fairfax pictures and relics at, 410 
 
 Leicester, taken by the King, 205. 
 Surrenders to Fairfax, 231. Recep- 
 tion of the Fairfaxes at, 275 
 
 Leuthall, Speaker, his speeches to Sir 
 Thomas Fairfax,, 191-274. Takes 
 refuge with the army, 294. At the 
 review on Hounslow Heath, 295. 
 Invited to resume his place in 1659, 
 375 
 
 Leslie, General {See Leven), commands 
 the Scottish army, 25. With his 
 army at Dunse and Kelso, 30. As- 
 sembles another army on the frontier, 
 33. Advances to Newburn, 36. Oc- 
 cupies Newcastle, 38 
 
 Leslie, David, commands Scottish ca- 
 valry ; remains on Marston fields, 153. 
 At Marston Moor. Nolice of, 158. 
 Charges with his cavalry, 167. Comes 
 to the help of the Scottish centre, 
 172 
 
 Levellers, mutiny of, 355. Punish- 
 ment of ringleaders, 357 
 
 Leven, Earl of, crosses the Tweed, op- 
 posed by Lord Newcastle, 125. His 
 army faces the Royalists at Chester- 
 le-Street, 132. Advances into York- 
 shire, 138. Receives precedence 
 from the other generals, 145. For 
 retreating, before Marston Moor, 1 53. 
 Notice of, 156. Begins the battle of 
 Marston Moor, 153. .Flight of, 172 
 
 Leveson, Eoyalist governor of Dudley ; 
 at Naseby, 215 
 
 Lewis, Sir William, a leader of the 
 Presbyterian party, 278. His flights 
 to Calais, 297. Arrested by Pride, 
 344, note 
 
 Lexden, head-quarters of Lord Fairfax 
 at, 311. Bay and Say makers of 
 Colchester allowed to trade at, 320 
 
 Lilburne, John, an incendiary, impri- 
 soned, 355 
 
 Lilburne, Robert, sent against TickhiU 
 Castle, 181. Lieut.-colonel in the 
 New Model, 197. His account of the 
 battle of Langport, 238, fioie. His 
 
INDEX. 
 
 467 
 
 hit 
 
 regiment mutinous at the Ware ren- 
 dezvous, 300. One of the new 
 colonels, 348 
 
 Lilly, the astrologer, his lie respecting 
 Lord Fairfax, 171, note 
 
 Lindsay, Earl of, sent to ask Lord Man- 
 chester to come to York, 139. A 
 commissioner at the si ege of York, 146. 
 His regiment in the centre at Marstou 
 Moor, 156. Eallies his regiment, 1 72. 
 His official account of the battle, 177 
 
 Lindsey, Earl of, commanding Royalist 
 reserves at Naseby, 215 
 
 Lisle, Sir George, commands a Eoyalist 
 brigade at Naseby. Notice of, 214. 
 One of his regiments hcJIds its ground, 
 222. Surrenders Farringdon, 270. 
 A ringleader of the Kentish insur- 
 rection, 305. With the Eoyalist in- 
 surgents at Colchester, 314. Sallies 
 from the East-gHte, 321. Attempts 
 to escape from Colchester, 322, 326. 
 Oondeijmed to be shot, 327. Justice 
 of his sentence, 328, 332 
 
 Lisle, Viscount, on the commission to 
 try the King, 346 
 
 Lister, Sir William, signs articles of 
 neutrality at Eothwell, 63. 
 
 Lister, Captain, slain at Tadcaster. 
 Notice of, 75, note 
 
 Lister, Captain, a Eoyalist taken pri- 
 soner at Selby, 138 
 
 Littleton, Lord Keeper, comes to the 
 King at York, 46 
 
 Lloyd, colonel of foot in the New Model, 
 196 
 
 Lockinge, Eev. H., his account of 
 Naseby, 230 
 
 London, City of. Militia, taken out of 
 hands of Presbyterians, 293. Lord 
 Mayor prepares to resist the army, 
 294. Lord Mayor submits to Fairfax, 
 296. Aldermen present Fairfax with 
 a gold ewer, 297. Aldermen entertain 
 Fairfax at a banquet, 301. Army 
 marches to, 339. See Tower of 
 
 LoDg Sutton. See Sutton 
 
 Long, Mr. Walter, whipper-in of the 
 Presbyterian party, 278. Accused by 
 the army, 289. His flight to Calais, 
 297 
 
 Loudoun, Lord, his regiment fords the 
 Tyne at Newburn, 38. Commands 
 a regiment at Marston Moor, 157. 
 Member of the committee of both 
 kingdoms. 202 
 
 .Loughborough, Lord, at the battle of 
 Naseby, 216. Joins Eoyalist insur- 
 
 LTT 
 
 gents at Chelmsford, 309. With the 
 insurgents at Colchester, 314. Es- 
 capes abroad, 332 
 
 Lubenham, King Charles lodging in 
 Mr. Collius's house at, 206. Charles 
 aroused at, and rides off to Market 
 Sarborough, 209. In the valley of 
 the Welland, 212 
 
 Lucas, Sir Cliarles, in command of 
 cavalry in Yorkshire, 136-139. Ad- 
 vancing to York with Eupert, 149. 
 At Marston Moor. Notice of, 162. 
 Attacks the allied centre, 171. Taken 
 prisoner, 172. Taken to view the 
 dead ; his remark, 174. Surrenders 
 Berkeley Castle, 254. Taken pri- 
 soner at Stow-in-the-Wold, 270. 
 Eingleader of an insurrection in 
 Essex, 306. Enters Colchester, 309. 
 Account of the family of, 313, note. 
 With the Eoyalist insurgents at Col- 
 chester, 314. Lord Fairfax refuses 
 to treat with, 320. Sally of, from 
 East-gate, 321. Attempts to escape 
 from Colchester, 322, 326. Atrocities 
 committed by, 325. Condemned to 
 be shot, 327. Justice of his sentence, 
 328, 332 
 
 Ludlow, Edmund, account of Marston 
 Moor in his Memoirs, 177. His 
 account of Naseby, 229. Eesists the 
 invasion of the House by a mob, 294. 
 At the review on Honnslow Heath, 
 295. Warns Lord Fairfax of the 
 designs of the Presbyterians, 336. 
 Council of officers inspired by, 338. 
 Agrees to the exclusion of members 
 by Pride, 343. On the Council of 
 State, 353, 359. Tries to persuade 
 Lord Fairfax not to resign, 359. 
 Survives to see the triumph of the 
 good old cause, 386 
 
 Lumley Castle, garrisoned by the 
 Eoyalists, 71. Leven and the Scots 
 attack Chester-le-Street, 125 
 
 Lumley, Lord, with Prince Eupert at 
 Bristol, 246. Eides by the side of 
 Fairfax over Durdham Down, 252 
 
 Lumsdaine, General, commands Scottish 
 reserve at Marston Moor, 157. Eallies ■ 
 the wavering regiments, 172 
 
 Lunsford, Colonel, in command of 
 musketeers at Newburn, 37 
 
 Lutterworth, detachment of the Eoy- 
 ali:t army at, 209. Troops from, 
 join the King at Sibbertoft, 213 
 
 Lyttleton, Sir Charles, of Hagley, 
 marries Catharine Fairfax, 411 
 
 H H 2 
 
468 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 MAC 
 
 MAS 
 
 MACKWOKTH, Boyalist serjeant- 
 major, in command at Wakefield, 
 100 
 
 Maidenhead, the King meets his 
 children at, 291 
 
 Maidstone, seized by Eoyalist insur- 
 gents, 305. Fight at, 307 
 
 Maitland, Lord, commands a regiment 
 at Maraton Moor. Notice of, 156 
 
 Man, Isle of, granted to Lord Fairfax; 
 his government, 364 
 
 Manchester, Sir T. Fairfax raises troops 
 at, 128 
 
 Manchester, Earl of, sends reinforce- 
 ments to Hull, 117. Advances into 
 Lincolnshire, 119. Marches to the 
 siege of York, 139. Position of his 
 troops before York, 144. Attacks Boot- 
 ham Bar, 147. His army at Marston 
 Moor, 157. Addresses the troops 
 after the battle, 175. Marches to re- 
 inforce Lord Essex, 181. Member 
 of the committee of both kingdoms, 
 202. Congratulates Fairfax in the 
 name of the Lords, 274. Takes re- 
 fuge with the array, 296. Speaker of 
 the Lords, in the Healing Parliament, 
 383 
 
 Manners, Lord, sister marries Sir 
 William Fairfax, 3 
 
 Manor House, at York, residence of the 
 presidents of the north, 7. Sir 
 Ferdinando and Lady Mary Fairfax 
 reside at, 8. King Charles at, 28. 
 Description of, 142. Manchester's 
 army besieged York on side of, 1 44. 
 Besiegers repulsed at, 148 
 
 Market Harborough, the King resolves 
 to march to, 208. Eoyalist army at ; 
 council of war, 209. Description of, 
 212. The King marches from, 213. 
 Fairfax advances to, 226 
 
 Markham, Anthony. At the battle of 
 Naseby, 218 
 
 Markham, Francis, his work on the 
 duties of oflBcers, 64, note 
 
 Markham, Gervase, on the drill and 
 equipment of an army, 64, note 
 
 Markham, Colonel, slain at Winceby 
 fight, 121 
 
 Markham, Henry, in Eossiter's regi- 
 ment at Naseby, 218, 273, note 
 
 Markham, Captain Eobert, serving with 
 Sir Horace Vere, 11. His life of Sir 
 John Burroughs, 12, Twte 
 
 Markham, Sir Eobert, marries a sister- 
 in-law of Lady Fairfax, 273, note 
 
 Markham, Sir Eobert, marries a 
 
 • daughter of Sir Thomas AViddringtou, 
 390, note 
 
 Marsh Gibbon, Fairfax encamped at, 206 
 
 Marston village, negotiations at, for 
 the surrender of Oxford, 270 
 
 Marston, Long, description of, 58, 154 
 
 Marston Moor, its position, 57. Victory 
 at Selby leads to the battle of, 138. 
 Allied army encamped on, 152. The 
 two armies face to' face, 153. De- 
 scription of the surrounding country, 
 154. Of the Moor itself, 155. White 
 Syke Close; Wilstrop Wood; po- 
 sitions on, 155. Allies form their 
 order of battle, 156. Position of the 
 allied army, 159. Formation of the 
 Eoyalist army on, 160. Eoyalist 
 foot occupy the line of the ditch, 163. 
 The ' Eye Hill' occupied by Scottish 
 dragoons, 165. The battle commences, 
 166-167. Eout of Eupert and his 
 right wing, 168. Lord Fairfax's 
 foot routed,- 169. Eoyalist left wing 
 victorious, ~ 171. Gallant* stand of 
 the Scottish centre, 172. The battle 
 won by the allies, 172. Numbers of 
 the dead, 174. Various accounts of 
 the battle, 176. Lord Fairfax joined 
 by the Irish Brigade on, 381 
 
 Marston Trussall, near Naseby battle- 
 field, 212. Slaughter of Eoyalists at, 
 225 
 
 Marten, Harry, council of oiBcers in- 
 spired by, 338. Agrees to the ex- 
 clusion of members by Pride, 343 
 
 Martin, Capta,in, a young Parliamentary 
 ofEcer wounded at Bridgewater, 240 
 
 Martin, General, nephew of Lord Fair- 
 fax, succeeds to Lijeds Castle,' 410 
 
 Martin, Mr. Wykeham, of Leeds Castle, 
 416 
 
 Martock, in Somersetshire, Parliamen- 
 tary detachment at, 233 
 
 Marvell, Andrew, teaclies Mary Fairfax 
 at Nunappleton, 367 
 
 Masham, Sir William, commissioner in 
 Essex, seized by the Eoyalists, 315, 
 note. Eeleased, 326. On the Council 
 of State, 353 
 
 Massey, General, commanding a brigade 
 in the west, 201. Joins Fairfax at 
 Crewkerne, 233. Surprises Goring 
 near Ilminster, 236. Kejoins Fairfax 
 at Langport, 237; Stationed at 
 Taunton to watch Goring, 248. 
 Summons Tiverton, 264. A leader 
 of the Presbyterian party, 278. To 
 be Lieutenant-General of the army 
 
INDEX. 
 
 469 
 
 MAB 
 
 in IrelaniJ, 279. Appointed to oom- 
 mand the city forces, 294. Escapes 
 to Holland, 297. Returns to his seat 
 in the House, 336. Arrested by 
 Pride ; escapes, 344, note 
 
 Hastin, Rev. J., his account of Naseby, 
 230 
 
 Miitthews, . Dr. Toby, Archbishop of 
 York ; complains of his sons, 12 
 
 Mauleverer, Sir Thomas, signs articles 
 of neutrality at Eothwell, 53. One 
 of the King's Judges, 346 
 
 Maurice, Prince, at Naseby, 214. Leaves 
 England, 271 
 
 Maynard, Sir John, ajeader of tlie 
 Presbyterian party, 278. Sent to 
 the Tower, 297 
 
 Medway, line of the, occupied by Kentish 
 insurgents, 305. Crossed by Fairfax 
 at Farleigh bridge, 307 
 
 Meldrum, Sir John, sent by Lord Man- 
 chester to Hull,- 117. Assaults the 
 works of the besiegers, 119. Com- 
 mands a brigade at Selby fight, 137. 
 Sent into Lancashire, 139. ArriTestoo 
 late for Marston Moor, 181. Marches 
 to raise the siege of Montgomery 
 Castle, 185. Sends relics of Sir 
 William Fairfax to his widow, 187 
 
 Mepham,Lord Fairfax encamps at, 30 
 
 Merivale, Mr. Herman. His account of 
 Marston Moor, 181 
 
 Mctham, Sir Thomas, slain at Marston 
 Moor, 174 
 
 Micklcgate Bar, at York; approach by 
 the Tadeaster road, 68. feception 
 of the King at, 28. One of Fairfax's 
 officers rides up to, 69. Description 
 of, 140. Battered by the Scots, 147. 
 Scene at, after Marston Moor, 174. 
 Royalist garrison marches out by,180 
 
 Micklethwait, Captain, slain at Marston 
 Moor, 170 
 
 Middlethorpe, property of the Fairfaxes 
 at,, 20. Scots quartered at, 139 
 
 Middleton, Sir Thomas, at the raising 
 of the siege of Montgomery Castle,185 
 
 Middlewick, Sir T. Aston and the 
 Royalists defeated at, 127 
 
 Middtezoy, near Bridgewater; Fairfax 
 encamped at, 238 
 
 Mildmay, Captain, joins Lord Fairfax, 
 85 
 
 Mile-end Heath, near Colchester, Suf- 
 folk volunteers encamped on, 320 
 
 Militia Bill, provisions of, 43; of the 
 City of London. Placed under Inde- 
 pendents, 293 
 
 MOU 
 
 Mill Hill, a rising ground, north of 
 Naseby, 21 1 
 
 Milner, Richard, of Leeds, serves 
 under Sir Thomas Fairfax, 60 
 
 Milner, Alderman, buys Nunappleton, 
 406 
 
 Milner, Jane.marries Richard Witton,406 
 
 Miiners, of Nunappleton, 407 
 
 Milton, John, Secretaiy for foreign 
 tongues to the Council of State, 363. 
 His sonnet on Lord Fairfax, 362 
 
 Molesworth, Colonel, Royalist at Nase- 
 by, 214 
 
 Molyneux,Lord, Royalist atNassby, 21( 
 
 Monckton, Major, surrenders Tickhill 
 Castle, 182 
 
 Monk, Fryston, Fairfax beats up Royalist 
 quarters at, 78, 112 
 
 Monk, George, Royalist Colonel in 
 Byron's army, 129. His regiment 
 runs away at Nantwich fight, 130. 
 Taken prisoner in Acton church, 131. 
 Sends in his adherence to the Council 
 of State of 1659, 375. Advances to 
 Coldstream, 376. Receives a message 
 from Lord Fairfax, 380. Arrives at 
 York ; interview with Mr. Bowle.s, 
 382. Dines at Nunappleton ; conver- 
 sation with Lord Fairfax, 383. His 
 last interview with Mr. Bowles, 388 
 
 Monson, Lord, on the commission for 
 trying the King, 346 
 
 Montague, Colonel Edward (afterwards 
 Earl of Sandwich). Notice of, 157. 
 Commissioner for the surrender of 
 York, 180. Colonel in tlie New- 
 Model, 196. Position of his regi- 
 ment at Naseby, 217. His regiment 
 wavers, 221. His brigade sent 
 against Goring, at Ilminster, 235. 
 Commands a brigade at siege of 
 Bristol, 249. Carries Lawford's gate 
 by assault, 251. Conducts Prince 
 Rupert to Fairfax, 262. Reduces 
 Devizes and other garrisons, ?54. 
 The King at his house, 283. Retired 
 to Hinchinbroot, 347. In command 
 of the fleet in 1660, 384 
 
 Montgomery, Robert. See Eglinton 
 
 Montgomery Castle, gallantry and 
 death of Sir William Fairfax at, 183 
 
 Morgan, Colonel, besieges Ragland 
 Castle, 271 
 
 Morgan, General, sent by Monk to Lord 
 Fairfax, 377. Gives Brian Fairfax a 
 guide to Coldstream, 379 
 
 Moulton, Admiral, assists at the siege of 
 Bristol, 247. Land? with his sailors,249 
 
470 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Mulgrave, Earl of. {See Sheffield, Lord, 
 notice of, 66, note.) His letter on the 
 death of Charles Pairfax, 175. At 
 the review on Honnslow Heath, 295. 
 On the Council of State, 353 
 
 Musketeers. See Army 
 
 "VTANTWICH, fortified by Sir W. 
 1.1 Brereton for the Parliament, 127. 
 Description of, 129. Fairfax marches 
 to raise the siege of, 129. Battle of, 
 130. Authorities for the battle, 131, 
 note 
 Naseby, Ireton surprises Royalist rear 
 guard at, 209. Description of the 
 battle-field and surrounding country, 
 210-212. Eoyalist army at, 213-216. 
 Parliamentary army at, 217-218. 
 The battle commences, 219. Eout of 
 the Parliamentary left wing, 220. 
 The infantry encounter each other, 
 221. Defeat and flight of the 
 Eoyalists, 222-224. Flight of the 
 Eoyalists, 22i. Eesults of the vic- 
 tory, 225. Authorities for the battle, 
 228. Description of enamels pre- 
 sented to Fairfax by the Parliament, 
 to commemorate the victory, 434 
 Needham, Colonel, commands a brigade 
 at Selby fight, 137. Has a regiment 
 at Marston Moor, 168. In the New 
 Model, 199. At the siege of Col- 
 chester, 316. Slain in the attacli: on 
 Head-gate, 211 
 Nelson, Mrs., accompanies Lady Fair- 
 fax to the King's trial, 348 
 Nen, source of the, at Naseby, 211 
 Neutiality, Lord Fairfax's proposed 
 
 treaty of, 53-54. See Clubmen 
 Nevile, Francis, signs articles of neutra- 
 lity at Eothwell, 54 
 Now Model. See Army 
 Newburn, advance of the Scots to, 36. 
 
 Action at, 37 
 Newbury, Fairfax's army at, 205 
 Newcastle, Earl of, commands gentle- 
 men volunteers in Scottish campaign ; 
 his quarrel with the Earl of Holland, 
 30. Fails in an attempt on Hull, 
 44. His reasons for invading York- 
 shire, 71. Notice of, 72. Attacks 
 the Fairfaxes at Tadcaster, 74. Ad- 
 vances to Pomfret, 78. Paper war 
 with Lord Fairfax, 91-93. Goes to 
 receive the Queen at Burlington, 94. 
 Watching Fairfax at Thorparch, 95. 
 Advances to attack Lord Fairfax at 
 Bradford, 102. Halts on Adwalton 
 
 NOR 
 
 Moor, 103. Despairs of victory at 
 Adwalton, 106. A ghost appears to 
 him at Bowling Hall, 109. Sends 
 Lady Fairfax back to her husband, 
 114. Besieges HuU, 115. A witty 
 saying of, 118. Eaises siege of Hull ; 
 made a marquis, 119. Marches into 
 Northumberland, 125, 132. Eeturns 
 to York, 138. His regiment of white- 
 coats, 143. Proposes negotiations, 
 146. Eesigns the command to Prince 
 Eupert, 152. Arrives on Matston 
 Moor, 163. Wakes up in his coach, 
 173. Leaves England, 179 
 
 Newcastle, Duchess of, her version of 
 the fight at Tadcaster, 75. Her ver- 
 sion of the fight at Adwalton, 104- 
 106. Her account of Marston Moor, 
 177, note 
 
 Newmarket, King at, 43 
 
 New Model. See Army 
 
 Newport, Earl of, at Wetherby, 76, note. 
 At Dartmouth. Surrenders the Gal- 
 lants' Bower, 260, 261 
 
 Newton Kyme, branch of the Fairfaxes 
 at, 4, 412, 413. Its position. Henry 
 Fairfax, rector of, 57. Minister of, 
 imprisoned by the Earl of Newcastle, 
 92. March of Sir T. Fairfax towards, 
 96. House at, built by Admiral 
 Fairfax, 412. Presentation and ad- 
 vowson of living left to the fourth 
 Lord Fairfax, 445 
 
 Neyland bridge, occupied by Suffolk 
 volunteers, 315 
 
 Nicholas, Secretary, the King's cheerful 
 letter to, 208. Surrenders at Oxford, 
 271, note 
 
 Nicholl, A., a leader of the Presbyterian 
 party, 278. Under arrest at head- 
 quarters, 297 
 
 Nidd river, course of the, 56 
 
 Norcliffe, Sir Thomas, joins Lord Fair- 
 fax. Notice of, 85, note. At the 
 storming of Leeds, 88. A cornet 
 slain who wasengsigedto his daughter, 
 150. Does not go south with Fair- 
 fax, 199 
 
 Northampton, Sir T. Fairfsix at, 275 
 
 Northampton, Earl of, at Naseby, 214 
 
 Northumberland, Earl of, evades" taking 
 command of army to invade Scotland, 
 35. Member of the committee of 
 both kingdoms, 202. In charge of 
 the King's children, 291-298. At 
 the review on Hounslow Heath, 295. 
 Speaks out respecting the atrocities 
 at the Kestoration, 387 
 
INDEX. 
 
 471 
 
 NOE 
 
 Norton, Colonel, kills Captain Atkinson 
 at Wetberby, 70 
 
 Norwich, Lord Fairfax at, 334 
 
 Norwich, Earl of, loads the Kentish in- 
 surgents, 305. Marches to Black- 
 heath. Crosses into Essex, 308. 
 Goes to Chelmsford, 309. Notice of; 
 in command at Colchester, 314. In- 
 solent reply to Fairfax's summons, 
 318. His insensibility to the suffer- 
 ings of the people, 328. Sent pri- 
 soner to Windsor, 332. Pardoned 
 by the House of Commons, 333 
 
 Nottingham, King goes to set up his 
 standard at, 49. The Fairfaxes at, 
 276. See Hutchinson* 
 
 Nottingham, Earl of, sent as com- 
 missioner to the army, 284-290 
 
 Nunappleton, Isabel Thwaites carried 
 off from, 3. Surrendered to the 
 Fairfaxes, 4. Sir Thomas and Lady 
 Fairfax living at, 22. Visit of the 
 Countess of Westmoreland to, 48. 
 Tenantry of, assemble and take the 
 field under Fairfax, 61. Position of, 
 in the Ainsty, 57. Tenantry of, for 
 the Parliament, CO. Defence of Tad- 
 caster bridge by tenantry of, 75. 
 Tenantry join Fairfax at Manchester, 
 128. View of hills near Selby, from 
 windows at, 112. Tenantry of, at 
 the battle of Naseby. 218. Lord 
 Fairfax retires to, 363. Description 
 of, 366. Poem by Andrew Marvell 
 on, 367. Library at, 369. Settled 
 on the Duke and Duchess of Bucking- 
 ham, 372-,403. Monk and his ofScers 
 dine at, 383. Death of Lady Selby 
 at, 396. Death of Lord Fairfax at, 
 395. Claimed by the fifth Lord 
 Fairfax, 406. Bought by Alderman 
 Milner, 406. Alterations in the 
 House at, 407. A daughter of, mar- 
 ries the heir of Steeton, 413. Settled 
 on the Duchess of Buckingham, 441 
 
 OGLETHOEPE, Lord Fairfax taken 
 ill at, 380. Death of the Hon. 
 and Eev. Henry Fairfax at, 389 
 Okey, colonel of dragoons in the New 
 Model. Notice of, 198. Lines Sul- 
 by hedges with dragoons, at Naseby 
 fight, 218. His dragoons fire on the 
 Boyalist cavalry, 219. Mounts his 
 dragoons and prepares to charge, 220. 
 Charges the Eoyalist infantry, 222. 
 His account of the battle of Naseby, 
 
 PAB 
 
 229. Captures Bath, 241. Taken 
 prisoner at Bristol, 250. Eetains his 
 command at the time of the King's 
 death, 348. His dragoons march 
 against the Levellers, 366. But- 
 chered at the restoration, 386 
 O'Neil, Colonel, commands Rupert's foot 
 at Marston Moor, 161 
 
 Orange, Prince Frederick Henry of, 
 besieges Bois le Due, 16 
 
 Ormond, Earl of, allowed to be in at- 
 tendance on the King, 291. Makes 
 the acquaintance of Sir T. F'airfax, 
 298 
 
 Osborne, Sir Edward, of Kiyeton, mar- 
 ries Margaret Bellasis, 39, note. 
 Signs the articles of neutrality at 
 RothweU, 54 
 
 Otley Church, tomb of first Lord Fair- 
 fax and his wife at, 11, note, 34. 
 Eupert baits at, 152 
 
 Ottery St. Mary, Fairfax's army in 
 winter quarters at ; much sickness, 
 255 
 
 Overton, Colonel, opposed to the King's 
 executicm, 347. Henry Fairfax sent 
 to Hull, with a message to, 378 
 
 Owen, Sir John, with the Eoyalists at 
 Naseby, 21o 
 
 Oxford, the King and Eupert at, 201. 
 The King leaves, and takes the field, 
 203. Invested by Fairfax, 205. The 
 King collecting supplies for, 206. Be- 
 sieged by Fairfax, 269. Fairfax's 
 care to protect the public buildings 
 at, 271. Lord Fairfax receives a 
 degree at, 358. Mutiny of In- 
 goldsby's regiment at, 369. Lord 
 Fairfax bequeaths his manuscripts 
 to, 370, note 
 
 PADSTOW, EoyaUst despatches cap- 
 tured at, 266 
 Parliament, called in 1640, and dis- 
 solved, 33. Meeting of the Long 
 Parliament, 39. Yorkshire mem- 
 bers of, 39, 40. Committee of, over- 
 takes the King at Newmarket, 43. 
 Petition to the King, to return to 
 London, 44. Committee sent to 
 watch the King at York, 45. Eeso- 
 lution against the King's making 
 war, 46. Approves Sir T. Fairfax's 
 ' noble carriage ' at Heyworth, 48. 
 Eesolves to raise an army under 
 Essex, 49. Disallows the treaty of 
 neutrality, 64. Committee of both 
 
472 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PAE 
 
 Houses sends aid to Lord Fairfax, 
 83. TJnpromising condition of aifaira 
 of, 124. Vote a grant to the widow 
 of Sir W. Fairfax, 186. Appoint 
 Sir T. Fairfax Commander-in-chief, 
 190. Speaker addresses Sir T. 
 Fairfax from the bar, 191. Position 
 of their affairs, at the opening of the 
 campaign of 1645, 201. Permit 
 Cromwell to serve under Fairfax, 
 207. Committee of, to report on 
 letters taken at Naseby, 225. Pre- 
 sent Fairfax with a 'jewel ' for his - 
 services at Naseby, 265. The two 
 Houses pay a congratulatory visit to 
 Fairfax, 274. Commencement of the 
 struggle with the army, 279. Vote 
 for disbanding the army, 281. Tardy 
 concessions to the army, 284. Pres- 
 byterian leaders impeached by the 
 army, 288. Commissioners to treat 
 with the army, 289. Attacked by a 
 mob from the city, 293. Members 
 take refuge with the army, 294. 
 Lords and Commons review the army 
 on Hounslow Heath, 295. Brought 
 back to Westminster by Fairfax, 
 
 296. Flight of the Presbyterian 
 leaders, 297. Vote of no more 
 Eiddresses to the King, 300. Ke- 
 opens negotiations with the King, 
 336. Impolitic neglect of the claims 
 of the army, 337. ' Large Remon- 
 strance ' of the army presented to, 
 338. List made out of members to 
 be excluded, 343. Members arrested 
 by Colonel Pride, 344. Eesolve to 
 bring the King to trial, 346. Eichard 
 Cromwell's, 374-375. Long Parlia- 
 ment restored, 375. Committee of 
 Safety, 376. A free Parliament 
 called, 383 
 
 Paulet, Lord, married to Lady Fair- 
 fax's sister Catharine, 15, note. Sir 
 T. Fairfax visits, at Turnham Green, 
 
 297. Lord Fairfax obtains an easy 
 composition for, 362, note 
 
 Peerages, sale of, 14 
 
 Peers, Great Council of, meet in the 
 
 Deanery at York, 39. Several join 
 
 the King at York, 46 
 Pelham, Mr., voted into the chair, by 
 
 the members remaining at Westmiu- 
 
 ster, 294 
 Pembroke, Earl of, insulted by the 
 
 King at Newmarket, 43. Cbaneellor 
 
 of the University of Oxford, 358 
 Pendennis Castle, Prince of Wales at,265 
 
 Penningtons inherit Warter Priory, 45, 
 note 
 
 Pennington, Isaac, one of the King's 
 judges, 346. In the Council of 
 State, 353 
 
 Pennyman; Sir W., joins Charles's army, 
 53 
 
 Penryn, disgraceful brawl among Eoy- 
 alist officers at, 265 
 
 Perkins, Corporal, shot for mutiny, 357 
 
 Petherton, South, bridge over the 
 Parret at, 233 
 
 Pickering, Colonel, commands a regi- 
 ment at Marstou Moor. Notice of, 
 157. Colonel in the New Model, 
 196. Position of his regiment at 
 Naseby, 217. His regiment wavers, 
 221. Sent to besiege Sherborne 
 Castle, 241. In Montague's brigade 
 at ihe siege of Bristol, 249. Death 
 of, atOttery, 255,347 
 
 Pike, George, secretary to the Parlia- 
 mentary Commissioners, 290 
 
 Pikemen. See Army 
 
 Plymouth besieged by the Eoyalists, 
 258. Siege raised, 259. Visited by 
 Sir T. Fairfax, 267 
 
 Pollard, Sir Hugh, Eoyalist Governor of 
 Dakmouth, 260. Is wounded, 261 
 
 PoltimoreHouse.Parliamentary garrison 
 at, 255. Commissioners for surrender 
 of Exeter meet at, 268 
 
 Pomfret garrisoned for the King, 68. 
 Description of the castle; siege, 183, 
 184 
 
 Pool, Eev. Matthew, legacy of Lord 
 Fairfax to, 444 
 
 Poppleton (see Hutton), bridge of boats 
 at, 139, 144, 149. Boats at, seized 
 by Eupert, 152. Eoyalists cross the 
 river at, 163, 160. Lord Fairfax 
 passes the night at, 381 
 
 Porter, Major-General, in Eoyalist 
 centre at Marston Moor, 161, 171. 
 Taken prisoner, 174. Goring's lieu- 
 teinant-general ; goes over to the Par- 
 liament, 236 
 
 Potterton Beck, Fairfax's troops halt 
 at, 96, 97 
 
 Povey, Mr., commissioner to the army, 
 290 
 
 Powderham Castle surrenders to Colonel 
 Hammond, 20 
 
 Poyntz, Colonel-General, in command 
 in Yorkshire, 201. Active in pro- 
 moting sedition in the city, 294. 
 Escapes to Holland, 297 
 
 Presbyterian party, their numerical 
 
INBUX. 
 
 473 
 
 PEE 
 
 superiority and objects, 192, 193. 
 Prophesy evil of the New Model, 200 
 
 Presbyterian leaders, policy of, 277. 
 Impeached by the army, 289. Pre- 
 pared to resist, 293. Plight of, 297. 
 Return to their seats in (he House,336 
 
 Price, Captain, officer slain at Maid- 
 stone, 308 
 
 Pride, Colonel, lieutenant-colonel in 
 New Model army. Notice of, 197. 
 His regiment in reserve at Naseby, 
 217. At the siege of Bristol, 250. 
 Assaults a suburb of Dartmouth, 260. 
 At the Ware rendezvous, 300. Ex- 
 clusion of members by, 343,344. One 
 of the new colonels, 348 
 
 Pugsley, officer slain at Bristol. Ee- 
 markable funeral of his widow, 252 
 
 Putney, head-quarters at, 298 
 
 Pye, Sir Eobert, colonel of horse in the 
 New Model, 197. His regiment 
 formed out of those at Eeading, 
 200. Ordered to join Fairfax, 205. 
 On the right wing at Naseby, 218. 
 In "Welden's brigade at siege of 
 Bristol, 249. Blockades Parringdon, 
 269. Arrested by Colonel Pride, 347 
 
 QUEEN. See Henrietta Maria 
 Queen Street, Lincoln's Inn, house 
 of Sir T. Fairfax at, 191. Occupied 
 by his father, 254. Arrival of Sir T, 
 Pairfax at, 255. Fairfax receives the 
 two Houses at, 256. Fairfax comes 
 to his house at, 301, 340 
 
 EAE, Colonel, commands the Edin- 
 burgh regiment at Marston Moor, 
 158 
 
 Eagland Castle besieged, 271 
 
 Eainsborough, Colonel, in the New 
 Model. Notice of, 197. His regi- 
 ment in reserve at Naseby, 217. 
 Leads the foot at the battle of Lang- 
 port, 236. Commands a brigade at 
 the siege of Bristol, 250. Assaults 
 Prior's Hill Fort, 251. Conducts 
 Prince Eupert to Fairfax, 252. Takes 
 Berkeley Castle, 254. At the siege 
 of Oxford, 269. Occupies Southwark, 
 296. In command of the fleet ; put 
 on shore by mutineers, 305. Com- 
 mands north attack at siege of Col- 
 chester, 322. Dead, 347. Lord 
 Fairfax's efforts in favour of his 
 widow and children, 362, note 
 
 Eamsay, Lord, commands a regiment at 
 Murston Moor, 159 
 
 EOS 
 
 Eamsdens, their tenantry, for the 
 Eoyalist cause, 60 
 
 Eamsden, Sir John, signs articles of 
 neutrality at Eothwell, 53. Taken 
 prisoner at Selby fight, 137 
 
 Eaynham. See Townshend 
 
 Eeading, regiments at, addressed by 
 General Skippon, 200. Fairfax 
 marches to, 202. Head-quarters at, 
 290 
 
 Eecntants, Lord Newcastle's reason for 
 employing, in his army, 71. List of, 
 in Lord Newcastle's army, 92, note 
 
 Eed House {see Slingsby), near junc- 
 tion of Ouse and Nidd, 1.54 
 
 Eed Pit Hill,on Naseby battle-field, 211 
 
 Eedman, Colonel of the Irish Brigade. 
 Eeady to join Lord Fairfax, 381 
 
 Eestoratioii, secured by Lord Fairfax, 
 382 
 
 Eeynolds, Captain, enters Bndgewater 
 with forlorn hope of horse, 240 
 
 Eeynolds, Colonel, defeats the Levellers, 
 356 
 
 Eich, colonel of cavalry in the New 
 Model, 197. In reserve on the left 
 wing at Naseby, 218. Sent towards 
 Oxford with his cavalry, 269. Com- 
 missioner to treat with the Parlia- 
 ment, 290. His cavalry marches tb 
 Westminster, 296. Eegiment at the 
 Ware rendezvous, 300. Sent to re- 
 duce Deal and Sandown Castles, 308. 
 His regiment occupies Palace Yard, 
 344. Eetains his command at time 
 of King's death, 348 
 
 Eichmond, Duke of, allowed to attend 
 on the King, 290 
 
 Eigby, Colonel, at siege of Lathom 
 House, 133 
 
 Eoborough, in Devonshire, Eoyalist 
 horse at, 264 
 
 Eochester, occupied by Kentish insur- 
 gents, 305 
 
 Rokeby, Major, in Fairfax's army; 
 keeps Eoyalists in cheek at Nantwich, 
 131 
 
 Eossiter, colonel of cavalry in the New 
 Model, 197. Commanding troops in 
 Nottinghamshire, 201. Ordered to 
 join Fairfax, 205. Express sent to 
 hurry his march,207. On theright wing 
 at Naseby, 218. Impeded by the 
 rabbit-warren, 220. Charges and 
 routs Eupert's cavalry, 223. Eegi- 
 ment at the Ware rendezvous, 300. 
 Eetired, 347. Promises to join Lord 
 Fairfax in 1660,377 
 
474 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 EOT 
 
 Eotherham, Archbishop, consecrates 
 Steeton chapel, 3 
 
 Eothwell, meeting of Yorkshire gentry 
 at, to discuss neutrality, 63 
 
 Eupert, Prince, coming to raise the 
 siege of York, 146. Spares Denton 
 for the sake of a picture, 161. Ar- 
 rives at York, 152. Harangues muti- 
 nous troops, 160. Commands Royalist 
 right wing at Marston Moor, 161. 
 His troops routed ; he hides in a 
 bean field, 168. His dog killed, 176. 
 Abandons York, 179. In command 
 of the King's forces at Oxford, 201. 
 Takes the field with the King, 203. 
 Made Commander-in-chief, 205. At 
 Market Harborough ; King rides over 
 to, 209. In command of Eoyalist 
 right wing at Naseby, 214. His ad- 
 vance with the right wing, 217. His 
 successful charge at Naseby, 219. 
 Parley with captain of baggago guard, 
 223. Arrives at Bristol, 246. Prepa- 
 rations for defence of Bristol, 247. 
 Makes a series of sallies from Bristol, 
 248. Appealed to, by Sir Thomas 
 Fairfax, 250. Surrenders Bristol ; his 
 defence, 252, note. Leaves England, 
 271 
 
 Eushworth, John, joins Lord Conway's 
 army, near Newburn, 37. His ac- 
 count of Fairfax at Marston Moor, 
 170. His version of the battle of 
 Marston Moor, 177- Secretary to Sir 
 Thomas Fairfax, 199. Taking notes 
 at Naseby, 218. His account of 
 Naseby, 229. Correspondence with 
 Ferdinando Lord Fairfax; 254, 269, 
 280, 296. Sent with Fairfax's re- 
 signation. Notice of, 361, note. Le- 
 gacy to, in Lord Fairfax's will, 444 
 
 Eussell, Colonel, one of Lord Man- 
 chester's commissioners at York, 146. 
 Commands a regiment at Marston 
 Moor, 167 
 
 Eussell, John, Eoyalist colonel at 
 Marston Moor, 163. With Eupert at 
 Bristol, 246 
 
 Eyder, of Eyder, marriage with Sir Guy 
 Fairfax, 3 
 
 SAFFRON WALDEN, head-quarters 
 of the army at, 277, 280 
 St. Alban's, head-quarters at, 286, 334 
 St. Mary's Tower at York. Blown up 
 by Manchester's army, 148. Search 
 for papers in the ruins of, 149 
 
 SCO 
 
 Salisbury, mutiny of troops at, 356 
 
 Salisbury, Earl of, receives the King at 
 Hatfield, 290. At the review on 
 Hounslow Heath, 295. On the 
 Council of State, 353 
 
 Sandford, Mr., admirable account of 
 the battle of Marston Moor, by, ] 78 
 
 Sandown Castle, seized by the Royalist 
 insurgents, 305 
 
 Sandys, Colonel, with Eoyalist cavalry 
 at Naseby, 216 
 
 Saviles of Howlcy contest the county-, 
 13 
 
 Savile, Lord, rudeness to Fairfax on 
 Hey worth Moor, 47 
 
 Savile, Sir John, of Lupset ; his men 
 killed by Sir T. Glemham, 68, 92. 
 Garrisons Howley Hall, 90. Defends 
 Howley against the Royalists, 103 
 
 Savile, Sir William, ordered to reduce 
 the West Riding. Notice of, 80. 
 Attacks Bradford, and is repulsed, 81. 
 In command at Leeds, 86. Measures 
 for defence of Leeds, 88. Flight from 
 Leeds. Notice of, 89, note 
 
 Saxton, position of, 59 
 
 Saye, Lord, member of the Committee 
 of both Kingdoms, 202. At the re- 
 view on Hounslow Heath, 295 
 
 Scanderoon, young Thomas Fairfax dies 
 at, 12 
 
 Scarborough. See Cholmley and Bu- 
 shel! 
 
 Scarthingwell, the mere at, 59 
 
 Scawen, Mr., commissioner of the army, 
 290 
 
 Scholfield, Mr., sings psalms at the 
 storming of Leeds, 88 
 
 Scilly Isles, Prince of Wales at, 266 
 
 Scottish peerages. See peerages 
 
 Scots, resist the introduction of Epis- 
 copacy; take the covenant, 24. 
 Charles concedes all their demands, 
 31. Arbitrary prorogation of their 
 Parliament, 33. They advance to 
 Newburn, 37. Cessation of hostihties 
 with, 39. Cross the Tweed under 
 Leven, 125. Position near Chester- 
 le-Street, 132. Advance into York- 
 shire, 138. Reviewed by Lord Fair- 
 fax on Bramham Moor, 139. Encamp 
 before York, 139. Well officered; 
 position at the siege of York, 144. 
 Attack Micklegate Bar, 147. For 
 retreating, before Marston Moor, 153. 
 Foot form the centre at Marston 
 Moor, 156. Attacked by Royalists 
 under Lord Eythin, 169. Flight of 
 
INDEX. 
 
 475 
 
 SCO 
 
 reserves; gallant stand of centre, 
 172. March to lay eiege to New- 
 castle, 181. Despatch of money for 
 payment of, 275. Intrigues of the 
 King with, 292, 301. Army of, inr 
 vades England, 306 
 
 SeriTBn. See Slingsby 
 
 Scroop, Adrian, lieutenant-colonel in 
 the New Model, 198. Presents the 
 charges against the eleven members, 
 289. One of the new colonels, 348. 
 Part of his regiment mutinies, 356 
 
 Seacroft Moor, position of, 58. Defeat 
 of Fairfax on, 97. Exchange of pri- 
 soners taken at, 102 
 
 Selby, infantry for Scottish campaign 
 to assemble at, 26. Position of, 39. 
 Head-quarters of Lord Fairfax at, 77. 
 Becomes untenable, 93. Detailed 
 description of. 111. Cavalry action 
 at, 112. Battle at, 136, 137 
 
 Selby, Sir William, of Twizell marries 
 Ellen Fairfax, 23. Entertains Lord 
 Holland and his officers at Twizell, 
 29 
 
 Selby, Lady, death of, 395 
 
 Selden, his views as to the legality of 
 raising troops, 51 
 
 Self-denying Ordinance, moved by 
 Zouch Tate ; rejected by the Lords, 
 189. Speech of Cromwell on, 188. 
 Passes both Houses, 193. Cromwell 
 excepted from, 207 
 
 Seymour, Sir John, of Bitton, brings 
 "countrymen to join Fairfax before 
 Bristol, 250 
 
 Shambrooke, Colonel, wounded at the 
 siege of Colchester, 321 
 
 Sharpe, John, of Horton, with Fairfax 
 in the western campaign, 253. Pre- 
 sented with a medal, 435 
 
 Sheffield, Loid, President of the North. 
 Notice of, 6. His daughters married 
 to Fairfaxes, 7. Godfather to his 
 grandson Thomas Fairfax, 10. Created 
 Farl of Mulgrave; his house at 
 Hammersmith, 17. His letter about 
 young Thomas Fairfax, 18. See 
 Mulgrave, Earl of 
 
 Sheffield, Thomas, colonel of horse in 
 the New Model, 197. His regiment 
 formed out of those at Beading, 200. 
 In reserve, on the right wing, at 
 Naseby, 218. In Welden's brigade 
 at siege of Bristol, 249. Retired, 347 
 
 Sheffields, all of the name for the Par- 
 liament, 66 
 
 Sheffield Castle surrenders, 181 
 
 SLI 
 
 Shelden, Dr., King's chaplain, admitted 
 to attend on him, 290 
 
 Sherborne Castle besieged and taken, 
 241 
 
 Sherburn, position of, 59. Eendezvous 
 for Lord Fairfax's levies, 92. Affair 
 of outposts at, 79. Lord Fairfax 
 retreats to Leeds by, 95 
 
 Sherrington, Fairfax encamped at, 
 206 
 
 Sibbertoft, on the Naseby plateau, 211. 
 Eiver "Welland rises at, 212. The 
 King addresses his army at, 213 
 
 Sidney, Algernon, Colonel, Governor of 
 Chichester, 199, note. Ordered to 
 join Fairfax, 205 
 
 Silverton, Sir T. Fairfax at, 255 
 
 Sion House, the King visits his children 
 at, 298 
 
 Skip bridge, over the Nidd ; avoided by 
 Eupert, 162. Its position, 154 
 
 Skippon, Major-General, Fairfax's right 
 hand. Notice of, 195. His manage- 
 ment of the regiments at Beading, 
 200. Assists Fairfax to form the 
 line at Naseby, 217. At Naseby, 
 218. Leads up the reserves, 221. 
 Severely wounded, 222. Grant of 
 money to, 226. Made Governor of 
 Bristol, 252. At siege of Oxford, 
 269. In command of convoy of 
 money for the Scots, 275. To com- 
 mand the army destined for Ireland, 
 279. Sent as Commissioner to the 
 army, 281, 284, 290. Opposed to the 
 King's execution, 347, 350. On the 
 Council of State, 353 
 
 Skirton, Eoyalist colonel, his charge of 
 pikes at Adwalton, 106 
 
 Skow Hall, near Fewston, residence of 
 Sir Ferdinando Fairfax, 8. Descrip- 
 tion of, 11 
 
 Slingsby, Sir Henry, a christening at 
 his house at Scriven, 22. Called 
 upon to serve in the Scottish cam- 
 paign, 26. His view of the quarrel, 
 26, 27. Entertained by Sir W. Selby 
 at Twizell, 29. Eeturns home, 32. 
 Elected M.P. for Knaresborough, 39. 
 Joins the King at York. Notice of, 
 46. Fairfax appeals to, to refrain 
 from raising troops, 50. His seat at 
 Eed House, 66. His tenantry for the 
 Eoyalist cause, 60. His account of 
 the action at Wetherby, 70. Married 
 to a sister of John Bellasis, 135. 
 His remark, on the Scots entering 
 Yorkshire, 138. Unable to commu- 
 
476 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 SLI 
 
 nicata with Eed House from York 
 149. Notices the death of a young 
 cornet at Fulford, 150. At Marston 
 Moor, 164. Nephew slain, 174. His 
 account of Marston Moor, 177. 
 Marches out of York, 180. His 
 escape from Nasety, 224. His ac- 
 count of Naseby, 229 
 
 Slingsby, Sir Thomas, joins Lord Fair- 
 fax iu 1660, 380 
 
 Slingsby, Sir Charles, slain at Marston 
 Moor, 174 
 
 Slingsby, Colonel, defeated at Guis- 
 borough, 91. In Cornwall, engaged 
 in a brawl, 265. At Colchester siege, 
 314. "With Eupert at Bristol, 246 
 
 Smith, Colonel, commanding Eoyalist 
 Shrewsbury men at Naseby, 215 
 
 Smithson, Colonel, promises to join 
 Lord Fairfax in 1660, 377. His 
 levies at Knaresborough, 381 
 
 Southwark, people of, opposed to the 
 sedition in the city, 294. Occupied 
 by Colonel Eainsborough, 296 
 
 Spinola, General, about to invade the 
 Palatinate, 11 
 
 Sprigge, Eev. Joshua, chaplain in the 
 New Model, historian of the cam- 
 paign, 198. Taking notes at Naseby, 
 218 
 
 Stamford bridge, a rendezvous for Lord 
 Fairfax's levies, 92, Sir T. Fairfax 
 at, 114 
 
 Stapleton, village near Bristol, saved by 
 Ireton, 247 
 
 Stapleton, Sir Philip, elected M.P. for 
 Boroughbridge, 40. Sent to watch 
 the King. Notice of, 45, note. At the 
 battle of Edge Hill, 84. A leader of 
 the Presbyterian party, 192, 278. 
 Accused by the army, 289. His flight 
 to Calais, and death, 297 
 
 Stapleton, Catharine, marries William 
 Fairfax of Steeton, 411 
 
 Steeton built by Sir Guy Fairfax, 3. 
 Chapel consecrated by Archbisbop 
 Eotherham, 3. Left to Gabriel Fair- 
 fax, 4. Position of, 58. Tenantry 
 of, for the Parliament, 60. Lady 
 Fairfax living at, 366. Chapel now 
 in ruins, 412. The heir of, marries 
 ■a, daughter of Nunappleton, 413 
 
 Stevenston, seat' of Mr. Eolle, near 
 Torrington, 263. Eoyalist dragoons 
 retreat from, 264 
 
 Stewart, Captain, sent to London with 
 colours taken at Marston Moor, 175. 
 His account of the tattle, 176 
 
 TEM 
 
 Stoetdale, Mr., signs articles of neutra- 
 lity at Eothwell, 53 
 
 Stow-in-the-Wold, defeat of the Eoyal- 
 ists at, 270 
 
 Strafford, Earl of, contests the county, 
 11, 13. Accuses the Yorkshire 
 gentry of mutiny, 35. Insolence at 
 York, 36 
 
 Straugeways, Colonel, his levies at 
 Knaresborough in, 1660, 381 
 
 Stretton, Eev. Eichard, domestic chap- 
 lain to Lord Fairfax, 368. With 
 Lord Fairfax when he died, 395. 
 Preaches the funeral sermon. Notice 
 of, 398, note. In Lord Fairfax's will, 
 442, 444 
 
 Strickland, Sir Eobert, raises a regiment 
 at York for the King, 46. One of 
 Lord Newcastle's commissioners at 
 siege of York, 146. Assists Brian 
 Fairfax in his journey to Scotland, 
 379 
 
 Strickland, Captain, slain in the assault 
 on Hull,- 117, 118 
 
 Strickland, Sir Thomas, at Selby; taken 
 prisoner, 137 
 
 Stuart, Lord Bernard, commands King's 
 life-guards at Naseby, 215 
 
 Suffolk Volunteers occupy Neyland 
 bridge, 315. Encamp on Mile-end 
 Heath, 320. At Colchester siege, 
 321. Eoviewed by Lord Fairfax, 
 333 
 
 Sulby hedges, on the west side of Nase- 
 by battle-field, 211. See Okey, 
 Colonel 
 
 Sutton, Long, in Somersetshire, Gor- 
 ing's head-quarters at, 234. Fairfax 
 encamped at, 235 
 
 TADCASTEE, head-quarters of Lord 
 Fairfax, 69. Description of, 73. 
 
 Account of the fight at, 74. Occupied 
 
 by Sir T. Fairfax in his retreat, 96. 
 
 Allied army retreats towards, before 
 
 Marston Moor, 153 
 Talbot, Sir Gilbert, Eoyalist governor 
 
 of Tiverton, 254 
 Taunton, Fairfax ordered to raise the" 
 
 siege of, 202. Brigade formed for 
 
 the relief of, 204. Welden besieged 
 
 by Goring in, 231. Siege of, raised, 
 
 232. Brigade, See Welden 
 Tavistock, Eoyalists fall foul of each 
 
 other at, 259 
 Temple, Sir Purbeck, accompanies Lady 
 
 Fairfax to the King's trial, 318 
 
INDEX. 
 
 477 
 
 TEM 
 
 Temple Newsam, Beat of the Ingrama ; ' 
 
 position described, 38, 96 
 Tendring Hundred, forays of Koyalists 
 
 from Colchester into, 259 
 Thompson, Captain, leads the Levellers, 
 
 355. His defeat and flight, 356. 
 
 His death, 357 
 Thoresby, John, father of the antiquary ; 
 
 serves under Fairfax, 60 
 Thoresby, Rp.lph, the antiquary; goes 
 
 with Alderman Milner to Nunapple- 
 
 ton, 406. Sale of his Museum, 435 
 Thorparch, Earl of Newcastle masses 
 
 his troops round, 95. Royalists cross 
 
 the Wharfe at, 97 
 Thorpe Willoughby, pos*ion of, 112. 
 
 Fairfaxes encamped at, 136 
 Thwaites, Isabel, Heiress of Denton ; 
 
 married to Sir W. Fairfax, 3, i. A 
 
 manuscript of Grower's ' Confessio 
 
 Amantis,' belonging to, 369 
 Tickhill Castle, description of; it is 
 
 surrendered, 181, 182 
 Tilyard, Major-General, Eoyalist ; has 
 
 a command at Marston Moor, 161. 
 
 Taken prisoner, 174. With Eupert 
 
 at Bristol, 246 
 Tiverton, summoned by General Massey, 
 
 254. Taken by storm, 255. Fair- 
 fax removes his head-quarters to, 256. 
 
 Preparations for a campaign at, 258 
 Tookwith, near Marston Moor, 153 
 Tollerton, rendezvous for Lord Fairfax's 
 
 levies, 92 
 Tomlinson, lieutenant-colonel in the New 
 
 Model, 198. His regiment marches 
 
 to Westminster, 296. One of the 
 
 new colonels, 348 
 Tomson, Thomas, searches for papers in 
 
 the ruins of St. Mary's Tower, 149 
 Torrington, Sit EalphHopton advances 
 
 to, 262. Description of the country 
 
 round, 263. Battle of, 264. Explo- 
 sion in the church, 265 
 Totnes, SirT. Fairfax advances to, 259. 
 
 Eecruits for the Parliament assemble 
 
 at, 261 
 Toulston, Fairfax retreats through lanes 
 
 near, 97 
 Tower of London, Fairfax made con- 
 stable of, 297. Inspector of, by Sir 
 
 T. Fairfax, 302 
 Townshend, Sir Eoger, death of, at 
 
 Eaynham, 19 
 Townshend, Lady, visited at Eaynham 
 
 by the Fairfaxes, 21 
 Townshend, Sir Horatio, on the Council 
 
 of State of 1659, 375. On the Com- 
 
 VAV 
 
 mission to invite Charles to England, 
 
 384. Mentioned in Lord Fairfax's 
 
 WiU, 442 
 Towton, position described, 59 
 Traquair, Lord, sent as the King's 
 
 Commissioner to Scotland, 33 
 Trevor, Mr., meets the fugitives from 
 
 Marston Moor, 171 
 Triplow Heath, rendezvous of the army 
 
 at, 284 
 Troutbeck, Dr., sent by Monk to Lord 
 
 Fairfax, 377 
 Truro, Sir Ealph Hopton capitulates at, 
 
 267 
 Tuke, Colonel, with the EoyalisfB at 
 
 Colchester, 314 
 Turenne, Marshal, at the siege of Bois 
 
 le Due, 16 
 Twistleton, lieutenant-colonel of cavalry 
 
 in the New Model, 198. His regi- 
 ment at the Ware rendezvous, 300 
 Twizell {See Selby), Lord Holland and 
 
 his cavalry at, 29 
 
 UKEY, Sir WillianS, commanding 
 Eoyalist cavalry at Marston 
 Moor. Notice of, 161. His method of 
 forming cavalry, 162. Receives the 
 charge of Sir T. Fairfax, 170. His 
 wing victorious, 171 
 Uxbridge, failure of negotiations at, 
 188. EendezvouB of the army at, 
 288 
 
 YANE, Sir Harry (the elder), his 
 opinion of the Yorkshire cavalry, 
 38 
 
 Vane, Sir Harry (the younger), nego- 
 tiates the league and covenant, 125. 
 A leader of -the Independents. His 
 views, 192, 193, Member of the Com- 
 mittee of both Kingdoms, 202. Sent 
 as commissioner tothe army, 284, 290. 
 Takes refuge with the army, 294. 
 At the review ou Hounslow Heath, 
 295. In charge of the navy during 
 the Commonwealth, 353, 359. Urges 
 tlie House to accede to Lord Fairfax's 
 motion, 374. On the Council of 
 State of 1659, 375. His murder by 
 Charles and Clarendon, 386 
 
 Vaughan, Sir W., commanding the 
 Eoyalist reserve at Nasoby, 215 
 
 Vavasours, their seat at Hazlewood, 58. 
 Their tenantry for the Eoyalist cause, 
 60 
 
■478 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 TAV 
 
 Vavasour, Sir Walter married to a 
 sister of John Bellasis, 135. His regi- 
 ment scattered by Sir W. Constable, 
 136. With Rupert at Bristol, 246 
 
 Vere, Sir Francis, 5 
 
 Vere, Sir Horace, commands the army 
 to defend the Palatinate, 11. Created 
 Lord Vere. Notice of, 15, note. At 
 siege of Bois le Due. His daughters, 
 16. His good opinion of young 
 Fairfax, 18. His death, 17, fiofe 
 
 Vere, Lady, living at Hackney, 19. 
 Negotiations for her daughter's mar- 
 riage, 19. Her letter bn young 
 Fairfax's illness, 21. For the Par- 
 liament, 66. Message from Sir T. 
 Fairfax to, at Nantwich, 132. Sir 
 T. Fairfax visits, at Kirby, 280. Has 
 charge of the King's children, 291 , 
 note. Visits Nunappleton, 367 
 
 Vere, Anne {See Lady Fairfax); her 
 mafriage at Hackney, 20 
 
 Vere, Catharine, married to Lord 
 Paulet, 15 
 
 Vere, Dorothy, married to Mr. Wol- 
 stenholme of Nostell, 15 
 
 Vere, Elizabeth, married to the Earl of 
 Clare, 15 
 
 Vere, Mary, married to Sir Eoger 
 Townshend of Eaynham, 15 
 
 Vere, Mary, Countess of Westmoreland, 
 48, note 
 
 Vermuyden, Colonel, at Winceby fight, 
 120. In command in Nottingham- 
 shire, 201. Ordered to join Fair- 
 fax, 205. Resigns his commission. 
 Notice of, 207 
 
 Vicars, John, his accounts of Marston 
 Moor and Naseby, 178, 334 
 
 Vivian, Captain, of St. Colomb. Con- 
 gratulates Fairfax on his success, on 
 the part ofthe people of Cornwall, 267 
 
 Volunteers (See SuflTolk, Essex), re- 
 turn to their homes, 334 
 
 WAKEFIELD, dependent for sup- 
 plies on the Vale of York, 59. 
 Description of; attacked and taken 
 by Sir T. Fairfax, 100. Estimate of 
 the victory at ; accounts of the fight, 
 102, mote 
 
 Wales, Prince of, sent into Devonshire, 
 201. In Cornwall ; his council, 
 258. Leaves England, and lands at 
 Scilly, 265 
 
 Waller, Sir Hardress, colonel in the 
 New, Model. Notice of, 196. His 
 regiment in the centre, at Naseby, 
 
 WEL 
 
 217. In Montague's brigade at 
 Bristol siege, 249. Entrusted with 
 the blockade of Exeter, 261. Com- 
 missioner to treat with the Parlia- 
 ment, 290. Agrees to the exclusion 
 of the members by Pride, 343, 344 
 
 Waller, Sir William, noble senti- 
 ments of, in a letter to Sir Ralph 
 Hopton, 53. A leader of the Pres- 
 byterian party, 278. Commissioner 
 to the army, 280. Takes command 
 of city forces, 294. His flight to 
 Calais, 297. His ' vindication,' 298, 
 note. Returns to his seat in the 
 House, 336. Arrested by Pride. 
 Escapes abroad, 344, note 
 
 Wallingford, taken by Fairfax's troops, 
 271 
 
 Walton, seat of the Fairfaxes, 2. Posi- 
 tion of, 57. Newcastle masses his 
 troops round, 95 
 
 Walton, Young, Cromwell's nephew, 
 wounded at Marston Moor, 165 
 
 Wantage, advance of mutineers to, 356 
 
 Warburton, Elliot, his remark on the 
 design to arrest the Fairfaxes, 61, 
 note. On the battle of Marston 
 Moor, 165 
 
 Ware, Sir T. Widdrington meets Sir T. 
 Fairfax at, 189. Rendezvous of the 
 army at ; mutiny quelled, 300 
 
 Warren, Royalist colonel in Byron's 
 army, 129 
 
 Warter Priory, bought by Sir Philip 
 Stapleton. Now possessed by the 
 Penningtons, 45, note, 412 
 
 Warwick, Earl of, member of the com- 
 mittee of both kingdoms, 202. Sent 
 as commissioner to the army, 279 
 
 Warwick, Sir Philip, visits Newcastle's 
 army before Hull, 118 
 
 Washington, Sir Henry, Royalist, at 
 first siege of Bristol, 245, 246. Sur- 
 renders Worcester, 271 
 
 Watson, Leonard, scout master; his 
 accountof Marston Moor, 176. Scout 
 master to the New Model. Notice of, 
 198. Intercepts Goring's letter, 208. 
 Reports the enemy's withdrawal from 
 Daventry, 209 
 
 Weaver river, Nantwich on ; Lord 
 Byron's army on both sides of, 129. 
 A flood separates Byron's army, 130 
 
 Webb, General, in command of Royalist 
 cavalry in Devonshire, 264 
 
 Welden, Colonel, in the New Model, 
 1 97. Commands the brigade for the 
 relief of Taunton, 204. Besieged in 
 
INBEX. 
 
 479 
 
 WEL 
 
 Taunton by Goring, 231. Joins 
 Fairfax at Crewkerne, 233. His 
 brigade on the west side of Bridge- 
 water, 238. At the siege of Bristol, 
 on the Redeliffe side, 248-249 
 Wells, Sir T. Fairfax marches to, 241 
 
 "Weutworth, Sir Godfrey, marries Anne 
 Fairfax, 6 
 
 Wentworth, Sir John, Lord Fairfax the 
 guest of, 334 
 
 Wentworth, Sir William, one of Lord 
 Newcastle's commissioners at York, 
 146. Slain at Mdraton Moor, 174 
 
 Wentworth, Captain, Royalist, taken 
 prisoner at Selby, 138 
 
 Wentworth Lord, in •command of 
 Eoyalist horse in Devonshire, 257. 
 Surprised at Bovey Tracy, 259 
 
 West Eiding, description of rivers in, 
 57, 59. Towns in, dependent for 
 supplies on Vale of York, 59. Main 
 strength of the Fairfaxes in, 59. 
 Manufacturing towns of, for the 
 . Parliament, 66. Lambert sent to 
 recover towns in, 132 
 
 Westminster, flight of the Lords and 
 Commons from, 294. Members 
 brought back to, by Fairfax, 296. 
 Description of, 340, 343 
 
 Westmoreland, Countess of, visits 
 ^ Nunappleton, 49. See Vere, Mary 
 
 Westow, village of; position, 112. 
 Fairfax property in, 20, note 
 
 Wetherby, on the Wharfe ; action at, 
 69. Scottish army arrives at, 138 _ 
 
 Whalley, Edward, colonel of horse in 
 the New Model, 197. His regiment 
 on the right wing at Naseby, 218. 
 First engaged at Naaeby, 220. Sent 
 to reduce Worcester, 271. Sent to 
 intercept Cornet Joyce, 283. Com- 
 mands the guard over the King, 291. 
 Sent in pursuit of Kentish insurgents, 
 308. Marches into Essex, 315. 
 Commands horse at the siege of 
 Colchester, 316. Erects a battery 
 at Colchester siege, 321. Retains his 
 command at the time of the King's 
 death, 348 
 
 Wharfe river, course of, described, 56 
 
 Wharton, Lord, his seat at Healaugh, in 
 Yorkshire, 57. Member of the Com- 
 mittee of both Kingdoms, 202. Com- 
 missioner to the army, 290. At the 
 review on Hounslow. Heath, 295. 
 Survives to see the triumph of the 
 good old cause, 386 
 
 Whin Moor {See Seaeroft Moor), 96 
 
 Will 
 
 White Syke Close {See Marston Moor), 
 
 the dead buried in, 174 
 White Coats, regiment of, raised by 
 Lord Newcastle, 143. They repulse 
 an attack at the siege of York, 148. 
 Face Lord Fairfax's foot at Marston 
 Moor, 161. Their attack on Sir W. 
 Fairfax's brigade, 169. Attack the 
 allied centre, 171. Are cut to pieces, 
 173 
 White, Colonel, one of Lord Fairfax's 
 commissioners at the siege of York,146 
 White, William, signs articles of neu- 
 trality at Rothwell, 53. Commis- 
 sioner to the army, 290 
 AVhite, Major, sent to offer terms to 
 
 the Levellers, 356 
 Whitelock, Bulstrode, his useless ac- 
 count of Marston Moor, 177. His 
 speech against the Self-denying 
 Ordinance, 189. Does not care to 
 remember the Speaker's speech to 
 Fairfax, 191. His account of 
 Naseby, 229. Commissioner of the 
 Great Seal ; goes into the country, 
 346. On the committee to persuade 
 Fairfax not to resign, 360. On the 
 Council of State of 1659, 37S 
 Whitton. See Witton 
 Wickham, Mr., succeeds Henry Fair- 
 fax as rector of BiJton Percy, 389. 
 Witness to Lord Fairfax's will, 446 
 Widdrington, Lord, one of Lord New- 
 castle's commissioners at York, 146. 
 Leaves England with Lord Newcastle, 
 179 
 Widdrington, scout-master in the first 
 Scottish campaign ; his negligence, 31 
 Widdrington, Sir Thomas, letters of, 
 respecting marriage of T. Fairfax, 
 20, naie. Marries Frances Fairfax, 
 23. Knighted by the King at York, 
 28. Meets Sir T. Fairfax at Ware, 
 189. Commissioner to the army, 
 290. Commissioner of the Great 
 Seal, 346. Death of his wife; 
 daughters, 366, note. Accompanies 
 Lord Fairfax to Arthington, 380. 
 Death of; marriages of his daughters, 
 390. note 
 Wighill, its position ; seat of the 
 Stapletons, 57. The allied army 
 retreats through, 153 
 Wight, Isieof,King'sflight to, 300. Lord 
 
 Fairfax's tour of inspection in, 359 
 Williams, Archbishop of York ; hunted 
 out of Cawood Castle, 67. His sub- 
 sequent caretr, 68 
 
480 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 WIL 
 
 .Williams, Sir Abraham, Fairfax dis- 
 mounts atliis house iuPalace Yard,296 
 •■Willis, Sir Eiehard, commanding 
 
 Royalist horse at Naseby, 215 
 -Willis, a leader of the Clnbmen, 239 
 
 Willoughby, Lord, of Parham ; comes 
 
 . to Hull to confer with Lord Fairfax, 
 
 116. Joins Lord Manchester, 119 
 
 Wilstrop Wood {See Marston Moor), 
 flight of the Eoyalists along, 168 
 
 Winoeby fight, description of the 
 ground, 120. The fight; charge of 
 Sir T. Fairfax ; the chase, 121 
 
 •Windebank, Captain, shot by Charles I. 
 for surrendering Blechington, 202 
 
 •Windsor, Sir T. Fairfax goes to ; 
 rendezvous of the New Model Army, 
 193. Preparations at, 200. New 
 Model Army marches from, ' 202. 
 Head-quarters at, 301, 339 
 
 Witton, Kev. Joshua, Lord Fairfax's 
 commissioner in the Isle of Man, 
 364. Noticeof, 364, no^g. Mentioned 
 in Lord Fairfax's will, 442 
 
 Witton,Eichard,LordFairfax'sagent,364 
 
 Witton, Richard, of Lupset, advises 
 Alderman Milnerto buy Nunappleton; 
 marries Jane Milner, 406 
 
 Woburn, the King at, 292 
 
 ■Wogan, Edward, his account of Naseby. 
 NoticI of, 230 
 
 Wogan, Captain, commands Parlia- 
 mentary dragoons in N. Devon, 263 
 
 .Wolstenholme, Mr., of Nostell, marries 
 Dorothy Vere, 15, note. Mrs., of 
 Nostell Priory, 367 
 
 Worcester, surrendered to Colonel 
 Whalley, 271. Marqiiis of, besieged 
 in Eagland Castle, 271. Surrenders, 
 272. See Glamorgan, Earl of 
 
 Wortley, Sir Francis, raises a body of 
 volunteers for the King, 46. Taken 
 prisoner at Walton House, 139 
 
 Wotton, Fairfax encamped at, 207 
 
 AVright, Dr., negotiates the marriage of 
 T. Fairfax and Anne Vere, 19. At- 
 tends young Fairfax in his illness, 21 
 .Wycombe, parliamentary and army 
 commissioners meet at, 290 
 
 Wyndham, Edmond, Royalist Governor 
 of Bridgewater, 238. His wife the 
 Prince of Wales's ■ nurse, 239. His 
 wife refuses to surrender, but thinks 
 better of it, 240 
 
 YARMOUTH, Lord Fairfax at, 334 
 Yeovil, Fairfax crosses the Yeo at, 
 235 
 
 TOK 
 
 York (See Bishop Hill, Davy Hall, 
 Manor House, Micklegate, St. Mary's 
 Tower). Archbishops of {See Mat- 
 thews, Rotherham, Williams). Re- 
 ception of the King at, 28. The King 
 arrives at, 36. Council of Peers at the 
 Deanery, 39. The King lodges in the 
 Minster yard, 43. The King leaves 
 York, 49. Held by Royalists under 
 the Earl of Cumberland, 68. The 
 Earl of Newcastle enters ; Glemham 
 made governor, 72. John Bellasis 
 left governor of, 125. Governor 
 taken prisoner; Earl of Newcastle 
 returns to, 138. The siege com- 
 mences, 139. Description of the city, 
 140. Arrangements for 'the siege, 
 144. Progress of the siege, 145, ISO. 
 Prince Rupert arrives at, 162. Siege 
 resumed, 179. Surrendered, 180. 
 Lord Fairfax made governor of, 181. 
 Monk arrives at, 382 
 
 York Minster, exertions of Sir T. Fair- 
 fax to prevent injury to, 146, 181, 
 Thanksgiving in, for the victory at 
 Marston Moor, 181 
 
 York, Vale of, supplies the West Riding 
 towns with provisions, 69 
 
 Yorkshire, petition of the gentry against 
 the Scottish war, 35. Insolence of 
 Strafford to gentry of, 36. Sir Harry 
 Vane's opinion of the cavalry of, 38. 
 Gentry of, petition for a parliament, 
 39. Lord Fairfax and Henry Bel- 
 lasis elected for, 39. Gentry of, 
 petition the King to be reconciled to 
 his Parliament, 44. Gentry split into 
 two parties, 46. Freeholders of, 
 summoned to meet the King on 
 Heyworth Moor, 47. Grand jury, 
 presentment of the Royalist portion, 
 49. Protest of the Parliamentary 
 portion, 49. Proposed treaty of neu- 
 trality for, 53 Description of the 
 theatre of war in, 56-60. People of, 
 choose sides, 60. Scottish army 
 marches into, 138. Review of the 
 results of the campaign in, 122. 
 List of gentlemen of, on the side of 
 the Parliament, 49, 93. Many York- 
 shiremen volunteer to go south with 
 Fairfax, 199. General Poyntz suc- 
 ceeds Lord Fairfax to command in, 
 201. Poyntz superseded by Lam- 
 bert, 294. Lord Fairfax and Sir 
 John Daunay elected for, 383. Fourfh 
 and fifth Lords Fairfax members 'for, 
 408, 409 
 
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