New York 
 
 State College of Agriculture 
 
 At Cornell University 
 
 Ithaca, N. Y. 
 
 Library 
 
 Cornell University Library 
 LB3531.N7 
 
 The American flag.New York state educati 
 
 3 1924 013 376 961 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK 
 
 EDUCATION DEPARTMENT 
 i9lO 
 
The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924013376961 
 
THE AMERICAN FLAG 
 
Up with our banner bright. 
 Sprinkled with starry light, 
 Spread its fair emblems from mountain to shore, 
 fFhile throui^h the sounding sky 
 Loud rings the Nation's cry, — 
 
 L^AVOA' AND Liberty.' one ei-ermorei 
 
 Oliver Wendell Holmes 
 
THE AMERICAN ELAG 
 
 NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT 
 SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT — SUPPLEMENTAL VOLUME 
 
 COMPILED AND EDITED BY 
 
 HARLAN HOYT HORNER 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK 
 EDUCATION DEPARTMENT 
 
 ALBANY 
 1910 
 
The Liberty Bell 
 
THE CALL OF THE FLAG 
 
 THE strong colors and the glorious beauty of the 
 American liag express well the overwhelming fact of 
 modern history — the evolution of the American Re- 
 public. Where\er it may be, the flag is both attractive and 
 assertne. Li the home the colors do not clash with other 
 colors. If the\" do not blend, neither do they repel. In the 
 remotest distance the flag may be seen above e\'ery other 
 obiect and distinguished from every other flag. The red and 
 \\'hite stripes standing for the original states, and the silvery 
 stars representing the Union, radiate and scintillate as far as 
 the eye can reach. Far or near, the American flag is true 
 and sure, brilliant and radiant, cordial and independent. 
 
 It IS a modern flag. There are no m\'ths or legends, no 
 ruins or heraldr\', no armour or castles about it. It expresses 
 the political independence of a plain people, the ad\ance of a 
 new nation, the self-conscious power, the confident aspirations, 
 and the unnersal good will of popular go\'ernment. 
 
 W hat has been said of the flag has largel)' been inspired 
 by war. Souls must be aflame to gne out oratory and poetry. 
 The flag has many times been at the battle front. The sight 
 of it has inspired many a boy to do and die for his country. 
 It was in the crucial campaign of the Revolution, that for the 
 possession of Xew York, beginning at Fort Schuyler, continu- 
 ing at Oriskany, and ending with the surrender of Burgoyne's 
 entire army at Saratoga, that the flag was first gi\'en to the 
 air in the face of an enemy. In this state it began to gather 
 the deep love of a free people. That lo\'e has since grown 
 deeper and yet deeper through the hail and flame, the heroisms 
 and deaths, of an hundred battles. It is sad that war had to 
 be, but for us there was no other way. Independence of 
 Britain could not come by arbitration. The Union could not 
 be saved by negotiation. P'ighting is bad business, but there 
 are times when it is better than submission. 1 he strength 
 and courage of a people are the guardians of their peace, 
 of their freedom, and of their progress. The perils, the 
 sufi^erings, and the heroisms of the country have made 
 the literature of the flag. 
 
. But the flag of the American Union, now as never before, 
 tells of toleration and of good will, ot education and ot 
 industry. It has welcomed millions from all nations ot the 
 world and has held out the equal chance to all who came 
 under its folds. Every new star added to its blue field has 
 told of a new state, and e\Try new state tells of more farms 
 cleared, more factories opened, more churches and schools set 
 in motion, and more laws and courts to regulate them all 
 and to assure the equal rights of every one. 
 
 Out of the equal chance of freemen, out of the farms and 
 forests and mines, out of the majestic rivers and charming 
 valleys and lofty mountains, and out of the bracing air that is 
 filled with sunshine, mighty public works and marvelous insti- 
 tutions of culture have sprung. Railways and roadways, 
 tunnels and aqueducts, newspapers and magazines, theaters 
 and art galleries, cathedrals and universities, have grown. 
 They are the products and the promoters of civilization and 
 they give strength and stateliness to the flag. 
 
 The American flag has looked down upon the writing of 
 more constitutions and the making of more laws than any 
 other flag in history. Some of this law-making has been 
 crude, and perhaps some of it has been mistaken, but it has 
 been both the necessary accompaniment and the stimulating 
 cause of our wonderful national evolution. 
 
 As man does so is he. All of these industrial, educational, 
 religious, and political doings have produced a new nation of 
 keen, alert, sinewy, and right-minded people who have power 
 and know it. They have the traits of a young nation. But 
 they are lacking neither in introspection, nor in imagination, 
 nor in humor. More knowledge of other peoples than their 
 fathers had and increasing responsibilities are sobering and 
 steadying them. In their dealings with other peoples they 
 intend to be just, frank, magnanimous. Their political phi- 
 losophy is only the logical outworking of the Golden Rule. 
 They have undoubting faith in democracy and would exem- 
 plify it in ways to commend and extend it. 
 
 The American flag expresses a glorious history, but it does 
 not hark back to it overmuch. It looks forward more than 
 backward. It calls upon us to do for this generation and to 
 regard all the generations that will follow after. It knows 
 that some time there will be five hundred or a thousand mil- 
 lions of people m the United States instead of one hundred 
 
millions. It expects still greater public \\orks and man}' nicjre 
 public conveniences. It sees better than any one of us does 
 how hard it will be for such a self-go\erning people to hold 
 what belongs to them in common, and to manage their great 
 enterprises without frauds and for the good of all. 
 
 The people ot the United States are not only the pro- 
 prietors ot great natural possessions ; the)' are inheritors of 
 the natural rights ot man, fought for b\' their ancestors in the 
 mother countr\-, granted in the great charters of English 
 liberty, and established in the English common law. Fhey 
 have added to this what seemed worth taking from other 
 systems of lurisprudence and from the manifold experiences of 
 other lands ; they ha\e pro\'ed their capacity to administer their 
 inheritance, and to their natural and political estates they 
 have added the experiences ot their own successful and notable 
 national career. The flag not only adjures us to guard what we 
 have in property and in law, but to train the children so that 
 the men and women of the future may administer their inherit- 
 ance better than ^^'e have ours or than our fathers did theirs. 
 
 The flag does more than emblazon a momentous and 
 glorious history; it declares the purposes and heralds the 
 ideals of the Republic; it admonishes us to uphold the inherent 
 rights of all men; it tells us to stand for international justice 
 and conciliation; and it encourages us to accept the conse- 
 quences without fear. It hails us to individual duties and the 
 cooperation which alone can maintain equality of rights and 
 fulness of opportunity in America. It insists that we set a 
 compelling example which will enlarge both security and free- 
 dom, both peace and prosperity, in all parts of the world. 
 
 A flag of glowing splendor calls to a nation of infinite 
 possibilities. It calls upon the American people to conserve 
 property, health, and morals; to preach the gospel of work 
 and protect the accumulations of thrift; to open every kind of 
 school to all manner of people; and to spare neither alertness 
 nor force in keeping clean the springs of political action and 
 in punishing venality in public life. That is the call of the 
 radiant flag of the Union to the self-governing nation of the 
 western world which is being compounded out of all the 
 nations and is creating a new manner of civilization out of all 
 the civilizations of the earth. 
 
 Andrew S. Draper, 
 
 Coniifiisstoncr of Kducation. 
 
The Fiag of Spain in 1492 
 The Personal Banner of Columbus 
 
J^' 
 
 
 
 ■ Vi'*^^- 
 
 y^..-'"^^-- 
 
 Courtc>v of The Burrows Brothers Coiiip.iny. PuMisher'- 
 CleieKind, < Hii>i 
 
 From Averv's History oftlie Unitol States 
 aiul Us People 
 
 T 
 
 The L:indin)^ ut" Columbus 
 
 THl'. MAKING OF THE FLACi 
 
 HF first flags, according to authentic record, raised 
 hy white men in America were those which Christopher 
 Columbus brought to the isFand of San Sah'ador, 
 October 12, 1492. His son thus chronicles the ceremony of 
 the landing: "Columbus, dressed in scarlet, first stepped on 
 shore from the little boat which bore him from his vessels, 
 bearing the royal standards of Spain, emblazoned with the 
 arms of Castile and Leon, in his own hand, followed by the 
 Pinzons, in their own boats, each bearing the banner of the 
 expedition, which was a white flag, with a green cross, having 
 on each side the letters F and Y, surmounted by golden crowns." 
 The last named was the personal flag of the great sailor, the 
 gift of Queen Isabella to him, the letter F standing for Ferdi- 
 nand and Y for Ysabel. The first named, composed of four 
 sections, two with yellow castles upon red and two with red 
 lions upon white ground, was the flag oi Spain in the time of 
 Columbus and during most of the succeeding years of dis- 
 covery and conquest. Illustrations of these flags are shown 
 on the opposite page. 
 
 The flag of England was first unfurled in North America 
 by John Cabot, a Venetian, who landed, probabh', on the 
 coast of Newfoundland in 1497, \\ith letters patent from 
 Henry VH of England, "to set up the royal banners and 
 ensigns in the countries, places or mainland newly found by 
 him," and "to conquer, occupy and possess the same." Under 
 date of Eondon, August 23, 1497, Eorenzo Pasqualigo writes 
 to his brothers in Venice that "Cabot planted in his new- 
 
found land a large cross, with a flag of England and another 
 of St Mark, by reason of his being a Venetian, so that our 
 banner has floated very far afield." The Venetian ensign was 
 of scarlet with a broad band of blue near the edge, perhaps 
 typifying the sea, from which rose in gold the winged lion of 
 St Mark, having in his right paw a cross. The flag of Eng- 
 land used by Cabot and by other English navigators who 
 followed him was probably the cross of St George, which is a 
 white flag with a rectangular red cross extending its entire length 
 and bight. In 1603 under James I, formerly James VI of 
 Scotland, England and Scotland were united, and St George's 
 cross was later joined with the cross of St Andrew of Scotland 
 to form what was called the King's Colors. The cross of St 
 Andrew is a blue flag with a diagonal white cross extending 
 from corner to corner. The combination of the banners of 
 England and Scotland formed, therefore, a blue flag with a 
 rectangular red cross and a diagonal white cross, the red 
 showing entirely and the white being interrupted by it. Eng- 
 land and Scotland retained their individual flags for many 
 purposes, and it is probable that the Mayflower on that mem- 
 orable journey in 1620 bore the cross of St George at her 
 masthead, for she was an English ship. 
 
 After King Charles I was beheaded in 1649, ^^^ partner- 
 ship between England and Scotland was dissolved, and the 
 national standard of England became again St George's cross. 
 In 1660, when Charles II ascended the throne, the King's 
 Colors again came into use. In 1707, when the complete 
 union of the kingdom of Great Britain, including England, 
 Scotland and Wales was established, Great Britain adopted 
 for herself and her colonies a red ensign with the symbol of 
 the union of England and Scotland in the canton. This 
 "meteor flag of England," as it was sometimes called, con- 
 tinued to be the national standard until 1801, when the cross 
 
 of St Patrick, a red diagonal 
 saltire on a white ground, was 
 united with the other crosses 
 to mark the addition of Ire- 
 land to the United Kingdom. 
 This combination has formed 
 the union in the flag of the 
 kingdom of Great Britain 
 Meteor Flag of England and Ireland dowu to the 
 
St Gzobce's Cross St Andrew's Cross 
 
 The King's Colors 
 
 Sx Patrick's Cross 
 
 The British Union Jack 
 
 13 
 
present da)'. The complete de\elopment of the British flag 
 is shown on the preceding page, the crosses ot St George 
 and St Andrew at the top with their combination in the 
 King's Colors immediately beneath, followed by the cross 
 of St Patrick and the present Union Jack of England. We 
 are not concerned directly with the present British flag, how- 
 ever, because our American flag was established earlier. 
 
 Mention should be made of the flags of other nations that 
 early came to our shores. Jacques Carrier was, perhaps, the 
 first to bring the colors of France to the New World. Under 
 royal commission he landed on May lo, 1534 at Cape Bona- 
 vista, Newfoundland, and set up a cross at Ciaspe a few weeks 
 later. Upon a second voyage a year later he set up a cross 
 and the arms of France near the site of the present cit}' of 
 Quebec. The French flag was probably blue at that time with 
 three golden fleur-de-lis. Later the Huguenot party in France 
 adopted the white flag. Over the forts and trading posts and 
 in battle in the vast region of New France, stretching south- 
 west from the St Lawrence to the Mississippi, it is probable 
 that the Bourbon flag floated during the greater portion of the 
 French occupancy. 
 
 Henry Hudson brought the Half Moon into New ^'ork 
 harbor in 1609 flying the flag of the Dutch Fast India Com- 
 pany, which was that ot the Dutch Republic — three equal 
 horizontal stripes, orange, white and blue — with the letters 
 V. O. C. A. ( Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, Amsterdam) 
 in the center of the white stripe. In 1621, when the Dutch 
 West India Company came into control, the letters G. W. C. 
 (Geoctroyeerde West-Indische Compagnie) took the place of 
 the letters V. O. C. A. With the change of the orange to a 
 red stripe between 1630 and 1650, the Dutch flag was in use 
 until 1664, when the English flag was raised, which remained, 
 save tor the temporary Dutch resumption, 1673-74, until the 
 Stars and Stripes was acknowledged. 
 
 In 1638 a party of Swedish and Finnish colonists founded 
 a settlement on the bank of the Delaware 
 river, called New Sweden, under the Swed- 
 ish national flag, a yellow cross on a blue 
 ground. This settlement flourished until 
 1655, when it was o\erpowered by the 
 . u T^ u Dutch. 
 
 Flag of the Dutch . ■ • i 
 
 West India Company i hc Settlements lu the thirteen original 
 
 14 
 
New England Colors, 
 "1686 
 
 colonies were largely English, and the ceremonial flags 
 ot the English colonies \er\ naturally took the form of 
 the English national standard in its successive periods. The 
 cross ot St George was in use in the Massachusetts Bay 
 Colony as early as 1634. In Hi^.^ the colonies of Plymouth, 
 Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut and New 
 Haven tormed an alliance under the name 
 ot the United Colonies ot New l^ngland 
 and in 1686 adopted as a common flag 
 the cross ot St George with a gilt crown 
 emblazoned on the center ot the cross with 
 the monogram ot King James II under- 
 neath. As early as 1700, howe\er, the 
 colonies began to depart trom authorized 
 English standards and to adopt flags show- 
 ing a degree of independence and distinguishing their ships 
 trom those ot England and trom those ot their neighbors. 
 The pine tree flag ot New England was a conspicuous one 
 and came into use as early as 1704. In one torm it was a 
 red flag with the cross of St George in the canton with a 
 green pine tree in the first quarter. It is thought that this 
 flag mav ha\e been displayed at Bunker Hill. Another form 
 of the pine tree flag was that ha\ing a white field with the 
 motto "An Appeal to Heaven" abo\'e the pine tree. A very 
 
 interesting banner, 
 now in the possession 
 of the Public Eibrary 
 of Bedford, Massa- 
 chusetts, is said to be 
 the oldest American 
 flag in existence. It 
 was carried by the 
 minutemen of Bed- 
 tord at the battle of 
 Concord. 1 he ground 
 IS maroon, emblazoned 
 with an outstretched 
 arm, the color of 
 silver, in the hand of 
 which IS an uplifted 
 
 Courtesy of The ButTO\^s Brothers Coumany, Piiblishers. J ^r^i • i 
 
 Cleveland, Ohio swotd. 1 h rec circu la t 
 
 From Avery's History of the United states an. 1 Its People .... 
 
 , , „ ,, , ,, figures, also in silver, 
 
 Flae of the Bedford Minutemen => 
 
 •5 
 
are said to represent cannon balls. Upon a gold scroll are the 
 words "Vince aut Morire," meaning "Conquer or Die." 
 
 The rattlesnake emblem was another fa\orite s}-mbol in 
 the colonies. It rivaled the pine tree in popularity and was 
 shown in several designs. One form, that adopted by South 
 Carolina, was a yellow flag with a rattlesnake in the middle 
 about to strike, with the words "Don't Tread on Me" under- 
 neath. Connecticut troops bore banners of solid color, a 
 difterent color for each regiment, having on one side the 
 motto "Qui Transtulit Sustinet" and on the other "An Appeal 
 to Heaven." New York's flag was a white field with a black 
 beaver in the center. Rhode Island's flag was white with a 
 blue anchor with the word " Hope" above it, and a blue canton 
 with thirteen white stars. Other flags bore the words "Liberty 
 and Union," and "Liberty or Death." The earliest flag dis- 
 played in the South was raised at Charleston, South Carolina, 
 in the fall of 1775. It was a blue flag with a white crescent 
 in the upper corner. Later, the word "Liberty" in white 
 letters was added at the bottom of the flag. Some of these 
 colonial flags are reproduced on the opposite page. 
 
 These various forerunners of our national flag are msep- 
 arably associated with its history, and yet they give us little 
 or no clue to the origin of the Stars and Stripes. Our flag 
 was an e\olution. The design of stars and stripes was not 
 
 original with us. As early as 1704 
 the ships of the English East India 
 Company bore flags with thirteen red 
 and white stripes with the cross of 
 St George in the canton. Still a cen- 
 tury earlier, the national flag of the 
 Netherlands consisted of three equal 
 horizontal stripes. It is frequently 
 suggested, though without tangible 
 evidence, that the stars and stripes 
 in Washington's coat of arms may 
 ha\e determined the original design ot 
 our flag. The celebrated standard 
 of the Philadelphia Troop of Light 
 Horse, the first known instance of the 
 American use of stripes, was made 
 in 1775. This flag is shown on page 
 55. Its stripes may have in turn 
 
 16 
 
 n A^■erv■s History nftlie United Bt.ites 
 and Its PeM|.>le 
 
 Washington's Coat of Arms 
 

 £ 
 
 AN APPEALTO HEAVEN 
 
 Colonial Flags 
 
 17 
 
suggested the flag which ^^'ashington raised at Cambridge on 
 January 2, 1776. I'his was the first distinctive American flag 
 indicating a union of the colonies. It consisted of thirteen 
 akernate red and white stripes with the combined crosses of 
 St George and St Andrew in the canton. It was a pecuhar 
 flag, the thirteen stripes standing for the union of the col- 
 onies and their re\ok against tlie mother country, and the 
 subjoined crosses representing the allegiance to her which was 
 yet partially acknowledged. It was variously designated as the 
 Union Flag, the Grand Union Flag and the Great Union 
 Flag, and is now frequently referred to as the Cambridge 
 Flag. A drawing of this flag is shown at the top of the oppo- 
 site page. It marked the real beginning of our national exist- 
 ence and continued to be the flag ot the Re^'olution until 
 the Continental Congress adopted the Stars and Stripes. 
 
 We shall never know the whole story of the origin ot our 
 national flag. The oft-repeated claim that in June 1776 
 Betsy Ross not only planned but made the first flag which 
 was adopted a year later by Congress, is pleasant tradition, if 
 not accurate history. The story runs that at that time a com- 
 mittee of Congress, whether officially or self designated does 
 not appear, consisting ot (jeorge Washington, Robert Morris 
 and Colonel George Ross, the latter an uncle of John Ross, 
 the husband of Bets}', she then being a young widow, called 
 upon her at her upholstery shop on Arch street, Philadelphia, 
 and asked it she could make a flag. She said she could try. 
 Whereupon they produced a design roughly drawn of thirteen 
 stripes and thirteen stars, the latter being six-pointed. She 
 advised that the stars should be five-pointed, showing that a 
 five-pointed star could be made with a single clip of the scissors. 
 They agreed that this would be better, and General Washing- 
 ton changed the design upon the spot and the committee left. 
 Shortly afterward, the sketch thus made was copied and 
 colored by a local artist and was sent to her, from which she 
 made the sample flag that was approved by the committee. 
 It is added that General Washington thought that the stars 
 should be placed in a circle, thus signifying the equality of 
 the states, none being the superior of another. The account 
 rests almost entirely upon Mrs Ross's own statements made 
 to members ot her family and repeated by her descendants, a 
 number of whom have made affidavits to the family under- 
 standing ot her communications. The story has been assailed 
 
Thp: Camrridgk Flag 
 Th?: First Stars and Strifes 
 
 19 
 
chiefly upon the grounds that It is unsupported contempo- 
 raneoush", that the flag was not immediately adopted and had 
 no general use prior to June 14, 1777. Nevertheless, it is a 
 pretty and fascinating story as it stands and has immense 
 vogue. The Betsy Ross house, 239 Arch street, has been 
 purchased and is cared for by the American Flag House and 
 Betsy Ross Memorial Association, as the memorial to the 
 reputed maker of the flag. 
 
 1 he authentic history of our flag begins on June 14, 1777' 
 when in pursuance of the report of a committee, the names of 
 the members of which are unrecorded, but which John Adams 
 has the credit of proposing, the American Congress adopted 
 the following; resolution : 
 
 Resolved, That the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes, 
 ahernate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white on a blue field, 
 representme; a new constellation. 
 
 Whatever may ha^•e been the actual origin of this flag, the 
 sentiment which it has conveyed for 133 years was appro- 
 priately expressed by Washington in these words: "We take 
 the star from Heaven, the red from our mother country, 
 separating it bv white stripes, thus showing that we have 
 separated from her, and the white stripes shall go down to 
 posterity representing liberty." 
 
 There was considerable delay in the public announcement 
 of the adoption of the flag, and the design was not officially 
 promulgated by Congress until September 3, 1777. This first 
 flao; showed the arrangement of the stars in a circle (see bot- 
 torn of page 19), but the arrangement was afterward changed 
 to three horizontal lines of four, five and four stars. There 
 are other claimants for the honor of first displaying the flag, 
 but the evidence is quite conclusive that the event occurred in 
 New York. The occasion was at Fort Stanwix, built in 1758 
 and renamed Fort Schuyler in 1777, the site of the present city 
 of Rome, New York. In anticipation of the descent of the 
 British forces from the north, a garrison of some 500 or 600 
 men had been placed in Fort Stanwix, under command of 
 Colonel Peter Ganse\'Oort, Jr, with Lieutenant-colonel Marinus 
 \\'il!ett second in command. On the evenino- of the 2d of August 
 the garrison was reinforced by about 200 men of the Ninth 
 Massachusetts Regiment, led by Lieutenant-colonel Mellon, 
 bringing the news of the recently enacted flag statute, and the 
 making of the flag was determined upon. It was an impro^■ised 
 

 affair and the tort was ransacked for material of which it might 
 be fashioned. It was made, according to the most trustworthy 
 account, from a soldier's white shirt, a woman's red petticoat and 
 a piece ot blue cloth from the cloak of Captain Abraham Swart- 
 wout, and raised on August 3, 1777 on the northeast bastion, the 
 one nearest the camp of St Leger who had invested the fort. 
 1 he drummer beat the assembly and the adjutant read the 
 Congressional resolution ordaining the flag of the Republic, and 
 up It \\ent; there it swung, free and defiant, until the end of 
 
 .^;>-^^.^,^ , 
 
 /n^ 
 
 5«/ i-i^T-n^' 
 
 
 j^/ 
 
 4 
 
 f-tJ ^y c^r^ '^'a ^j ^^ 
 
 
 
 y<^^^^J^ti:?^J^^^ ■ 
 
 
 ^l^' 1. 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 i'^/.-!^af)eiA«&i^-^ f^iffi^ 
 
 J 
 
 £ 
 
 '^£^t,-\f y^""^^'/ 
 
 
 J .V ^^^^^^--^^--riX,^^ 
 
 -fz---^,^ 
 
 ^^- 
 
 -<^ 
 
 0' 
 
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 >? 
 
 Abraham Swartwout's Letter to Pcti-r Gansevoort 
 21 
 
the siege on the zid of August. This account is confirmed by 
 Captain Swartwout's letter asking for cloth to replace that 
 which was taken to make the flag. This letter is in the pos- 
 session of Mrs Catherine Gansevoort Lansing of Albany, New 
 York, a granddaughter of Colonel Gansevoort, and is repro- 
 duced through her courtesy on the preceding page. 
 
 The claim has been made that the Stars and Stripes was first 
 raised in battle at Cooch's Bridge, near Wilmington, Delaware, 
 on the 3d of September 1777. The claim is based upon the 
 mere presumption that the American forces had a flag at Cooch's 
 Bridge, and local Delaware historians assert that the Fort 
 Stanwix flag was improvised and that the engagement was 
 simply a skirmish or sally. The flag was made in a hurry, but 
 It was regular and complete, and the three weeks' siege at Fort 
 Stanwix was b}- no means a mere skirmish. The honor clearly 
 belongs to New York. 
 
 1 he flag with thirteen stars and thirteen stripes remained 
 the national emblem until May i, 1795. Vermont had entered 
 the Union March 4, 1791, and Kentucky, June i, 1792, and 
 a change was thus necessitated in the fla<r. Not foreseeing the 
 growth of the flag in the addition of both a star and a stripe 
 for each new state. Congress passed the following act which 
 was approved b)' President Washington on January 13, 1794: 
 
 Br It imictt-J, etc.. That from and after the first day of May, one thousand 
 seven hundred and ninety-five, the flag of the United States be fifteen stripes, 
 alternate red and white; and that the union be fifteen stars, white in a blue field. 
 
 In this flag the stars were arranged in three parallel rows 
 of five each, as shown at the top of the opposite page, with the 
 blue field resting on the fifth red stripe. This was the national 
 flag for twenty-three }'ears. It was in use during the War of 
 1812, and in September 18 14, waving over Fort McHenry, it 
 inspired Francis Scott Key to write the Star Spangled Banner. 
 With the admission of new states it was very soon seen, how- 
 ever, that the flag of fifteen stars and fifteen stripes, would not 
 truly represent the Ll^nion, and that it would not be practicable 
 to continue adding a stripe for each new state. Eleven months 
 after the flag of 1795 was adopted, on June i, 1796, Tennessee 
 was admitted into the Union; and Ohio was admitted on Feb- 
 ruary 19, 1803, Louisiana on April 30, 1812, Indiana on 
 December 11, 1816, and Mississippi on December 10, 1817. 
 On December g, 18 16 Hon. Peter H. Wendover, a member of 
 Congress from New "^'ork city, offered a resolution "that a 
 
 22 - 
 
Thf, Flat, of Fifteen Stars and FrrTEKN Stripes 
 
 The Flag of Twenty Stars and Thirteen Stripes 
 
 23 
 
committee be appointed to inquire into the expediency of alter- 
 ing the flag of the United States." As a result of this resolution 
 an act was passed by Congress and on April 4, 1818 approved 
 by President Monroe, which fixed finally the general form of 
 our flag. The act is as follows : 
 
 An Act to Establish the Flag of the United States. 
 
 Sec. I. Be it ,-nactcJ, etc., That from and after the fourth day of July 
 next, the flag of the United States be thirteen horizontal stripes, alternate red 
 and white; that the union have twenty stars, white in a blue field. 
 
 Sec. 2. Be it further enaetcJ, That on the admission of every new state 
 into the Union, one star he added to the union of the flag; and that such addition 
 shall take effect on the fourth of July next succeeding such admission. 
 
 There was considerable debate in the House upon the bdl, 
 and to Mr Wendover belongs the credit ot pressmg it to final 
 passage. The suggestion for the form of the flag, however, 
 namely, that the original thirteen stripes should be restored 
 and that a star should be added for each new state, came 
 from Captain Samuel C. Reid of the United States navy. Leg- 
 islation has never provided the exact arrangement the stars 
 should take in the canton of the flag. Following the last 
 mentioned enactment of Congress, the first flag with thirteen 
 stripes and twenty stars was hoisted on the flagstaff of the 
 House of Representatives on April 13, 1S18. Upon the sug- 
 gestion of Captain Reid the stars were arranged to form one 
 great star in the center of the union, as shown at the bottom of 
 the preceding page. This design did not gain favor and the 
 stars were soon thereafter arranged in rows. There was much 
 confusion for many years and a great many different arrange- 
 ments of the stars were displayed. Since the flag with twenty 
 stars was established, a new star has been added on the fourth 
 of July following the admission into the Union of each of the 
 followino; states : 
 
 Ilhnois, December ^, iSiS. 
 Alabama, December 14, iSig. 
 Maine, March 15, 1S20. 
 Missouri, August 10, 1821. 
 Arkansas, June 15, 1836. 
 Michigan, January 26, 1837. 
 Florida, March 3, 1845. 
 Texas, December 2Q, 1845. 
 Iowa, December 28, 1846. 
 Wisconsin, May 2Q, 1848. 
 California, September g, 1S50. 
 Minnesota, May II, 1858. 
 Oregon, February 14, 1859. 
 
 Kansas, January 29, i86i. 
 West Virginia, June ig, 1863. 
 Nevada, October 31, 1864. 
 Nebraska, March 1, 1867. 
 Colorado, August I, 1876. 
 North Dakota, November 2, 1889. 
 South Dakota, November 2, 1889. 
 Montana, November 8, 1889. 
 Washington, November 11, 1889. 
 Idaho, July 3, 1890. 
 Wyoming, July 11, 1890. 
 Utah, January 4, 1896. 
 Oklahoma, November 16, 1907. 
 
 24 
 
The early confusion about the arrangement of the stars 
 has largely disappeared. In the absence ot direct legislation, 
 an agreement has been arrived at between the War and Navy 
 Departments on the sub]ect. Smce July 4, 1908, following 
 the admission of Oklahoma m iQoy, the arrangement of the 
 stars in the flags of the army and ensigns of the navy has 
 been in six horizontal ro\\s, the first, third, fourth and sixth 
 rows ha^ in"; eisht stars, and the second and fifth rows havin<r 
 se^"en. The present grouping oi the stars is shown in the flag 
 on the frontispiece. 
 
 Harlan Hoyt Horner 
 
 "IN GOD WE Tia'ST" 
 
 From ancient lands across the sta 
 
 Here came our fathers to be tree; 
 
 They felled the forest, plowed the field 
 
 And won the wealth the waters yield; 
 
 In mine and shop they dehed and wrought, 
 
 And bravely for their freedom fought; 
 
 They feared the Lord, naught else they feared, 
 
 As they a mighty nation reared. 
 
 From Canada to Mexico 
 
 One land, one law, one flag we know; 
 
 And far beyond the western seas 
 
 Old Glory floats in pledge of peace; 
 
 While North and South and East and West, 
 
 Above our best deserving blest. 
 
 In gratitude, as still we must. 
 
 We raise the hymn, In God We Trust. 
 
 JoSKPH B. GiLDKR 
 
 Cop\rig/!t, KjOiJj hy tile aut/icr 
 
 25 
 
NEW YORK AND THE FLAG 
 
 HIGHLY as the citizens of New York value her posi- 
 tion, possessions, history and fame, they acknowledge 
 superior allegiance to the Union and its flag; but 
 they take pride, justly, in the e\ents of national importance 
 that have occurred on her soil, in her sons who have distin- 
 guished themselves in national affairs, and in the faithful and 
 consistent service she has rendered the Republic. 
 
 New York adopted a constitution April 20, and George 
 Clinton became the first governor of the State, July 9, 1777. 
 At Fort Stanwix, August 3, the Stars and Stripes was first 
 raised in the face ot the enemy; three days afterward the 
 bloody battle of Oriskany was fought; and, on October 17, 
 Burgoyne surrendered to the flag at Saratoga at the culmina- 
 tion ot the battle which was the decisive conflict of the Revo- 
 lution. The Legislature of New York accepted, February 6, 
 1778, the Articles of Confederation adopted by Congress. 
 " Mad" Anthony Wayne accomplished one of the most brilliant 
 exploits of the war at Stony Point, Jul)- 16, 1779, and, later in 
 the same year. General John Sullivan swept with the flag 
 through the country of the Iroquois, burning their villages, 
 slaying their warriors, and effectually ending their alliance with 
 the British crown. It was on the Hudson in September 1780 
 that, through the treason of Arnold, the flag would have trailed 
 in the dust and American freedom, perhaps, have been lost, 
 save tor the New York men who were the captors of Andre. 
 In October 1781 Colonel Marinus Willett gained a victory over 
 the tories and red men at Johnstown. When the enemy was 
 broken and paralyzed in New York the operations of the war 
 were mainly confined to the South ; but it was reserved for New 
 'V'ork, on the 25th of November 1783, to witness the evacuation 
 of the land by British troops and the Stars and Stripes run up 
 in the city as the royal ensign was hauled down. The federal 
 Constitution was ratified at Poughkeepsie, July 26, 1788; New 
 ^'ork became in 17S4 the seat of the federal government and so 
 remained until 1790; and in the city on the 30th of April 1789, 
 George Washington from the balcony of Federal Hall took the 
 oath of office under the flag as President of the LTnited States. 
 
 27 
 
In the War ot 1812, owing largely to her Canadian bound- 
 ary, New York conspicuously encountered the hazards and 
 helped in the triumphs of the flag. Her northern border was 
 fighting ground, on which her mihtia bore the brunt of battle. 
 Sacketts Harbor, Lundy's Lane and Plattsburg testified to the 
 valor of her yeomen and her troops; McDonough's destruction 
 of the British fleet made the waters of Champlam forever 
 glorious. Large amounts were raised for coast defense and 
 the fitting out of privateers which swarmed the Atlantic ; and 
 the state endorsed United States treasury notes, expended in 
 recruiting and manufacturing arms. 
 
 In the Civil War, New York, then far in advance of any 
 other commonwealth in men and means, was thus enabled 
 also to be the most prominent and effective in the preserva- 
 tion of the Union and the supremacy of the Stars and Stripes. 
 She sent into the field 448,850 men for periods ranging from 
 three months to three years and was credited with 18,197 who 
 paid commutation, or a total of 467,047, over one-si.\th of the 
 Union army. Many ot her volunteer officers attained dis- 
 tinction and her regiments were among the best in the service. 
 She expended in bounties ^86,629,228 — an unparalleled munifi- 
 cence — as proof of her patriotism. 
 
 The leading place of New York in the national government 
 is well shown in the names of her sons who have had distin- 
 guished service therein. New York has given to the Union 
 some of its most illustrious servants; and, especially should be 
 named Alexander Hamilton, the greatest American construc- 
 tive statesman ; Philip Schuyler, among the greatest of Ameri- 
 can soldiers; John jay, jurist and statesman; and William H. 
 Seward, foremost among diplomatists. She has had as presi- 
 dents, Martin Van Buren, Millard Fillmore, Chester A. Arthur, 
 Grover Cleveland and Theodore Roosevelt. The following 
 have been vice-presidents: Aaron Burr, George Clinton, 
 Daniel D. Tompkins, Martin Van Buren, Millard Fillmore, 
 William A. Wheeler, Chester A. Arthur, Levi P. Morton, 
 Theodore Roosevelt and James S. Sherman. She has been 
 represented in the Cabinet by Martin Van Buren, William L. 
 Marcy, William H. Seward, Hamilton Fish, William M. Evarts, 
 Elihu Root and Robert Bacon as secretaries of state; by 
 Alexander Hamilton, John C. Spencer, John A. Dix, Charles 
 J. Folger, Daniel Manning, Charles S. Fairchild and George 
 B. Cortelyou as secretaries of the treasury; by John Armstrong, 
 
John Jay 
 
 Philip Schuyl. 
 
Peter B. Porter, Benjamin F. Butler, John C. Spencer, William 
 L. Marcy, John M. Schofield, Daniel S. Lamont and Elihu 
 Root as secretaries of war; b\' Smith Thompson, James K. 
 Paulding, William C. Whitney and Benjamin F. Tracy as 
 secretaries of the navy; by Benjamin F. Butler, William M. 
 Evarts, P^dwards Pierrepont and George W. Wickersham as 
 attorneys-general ; by Francis Granger, Nathan K. Hall, 
 Thomas L. James, Wilson S. Bissell and George B. Cortelyou 
 as postmasters-general; by Cornelius N. Bliss as secretary ot 
 the interior; and by George B. Cortelyou as secretary of com- 
 merce and labor. 
 
 John Jay (chief-justice), Brockholst Livingston, Smith 
 Thompson, Samuel Nelson, Ward Hunt, Samuel Blatchford 
 and Rufus W. Peckham have been among the justices of the 
 Supreme Court of the United States. In important diplomatic 
 positions have been John M. Francis, Frederick D. Grant and 
 Charles S. Francis as ministers to Austria; Gouverneur Morris, 
 Robert R. Livingston, John Armstrong, John Bigelow, John 
 A. Dix, Levi P. Morton, Whitelaw Reid, Horace Porter and 
 Robert Bacon as ministers or ambassadors to France; Daniel 
 D. Barnard, George Bancroft, J. C. B. Davis, Andrew D. 
 White and David J. Hill as ministers or ambassadors to Ger- 
 many; John Jay, Rufus King, George Bancroft, Edwards 
 Pierrepont, Joseph H. Choate and Whitelaw Reid as ministers or 
 ambassadors to Great Britain; Churchill C. Cambreling, Allen 
 [ . Rice and Andrew D.White as ministers to Russia; and Wash- 
 ington Irving, Daniel E. Sickles, Perry Belmont and Stewart L. 
 Woodford as ministers to Spain. Throughout, New York 
 has been most ably represented in both houses of Congress. 
 
 In 1789, when the Constitution of the LInited States was 
 adopted. New ^'ork was the fifth state in population and 
 resources, being out-classed by Virginia, Pennsyhania, North 
 Carolina and Massachusetts. Thence she forged rapidly to 
 the front, attaining in 1820 first rank in population, wealth, 
 manufactures, commerce and education. She was rightfully 
 styled the Empire State, and has since so remained, advancin 
 by great leaps and bounds. A few statistics will show her 
 primacy. Her population in 1905 was 8,067,308. Her popu- 
 lation in her large cities. New York, Buffalo, Rochester, Syra- 
 cuse and Albany, is now nearly 6,000,000. New York is the 
 second city in population in the world and will soon be the 
 first in that regard, London exceeding her by only 522,237, and 
 
 3° 
 
 Cr 
 
Paris, the third, havuig over 2,000,000 less number of inhabit- 
 ants. The world's financial center is also moving from Lon- 
 don to New York. The imports at the port of New York 
 were in 1909 valued at ^779,308,944 and the exports at $6oj,- 
 239,481. New York entered 12,528,723 and exported 11,- 
 866,415 tons of goods, exceeding London by millions in both 
 respects. The state paid ;»!28,637,349.37 of internal revenue 
 taxes to the general government, being over one-eighth ot the 
 whole amount received. The total amount expended in the 
 state for education (1908-9) was $76,696,217.48. Of this 
 amount $5,863,281.36 was paid by the state, $50,496,070.52 
 was raised by tax or otherwise locally, and $20,336,865.60 was 
 contributed by individuals or institutions. The amount ot 
 deposits in the savings banks of the state was (1909) $1,405,- 
 799, 067.62, with an average of $509.28 for each depositor, the 
 amount nearest to this being that of Massachusetts — $728,- 
 224,417.52. The total assessed valuation of real and personal 
 property in the state, estimated at 86J per cent ot its real 
 value, was $9,666,118,689. These figures are bewildering, but 
 they are the most practical expression of the supremacy ot New 
 "\'ork in the Union, and the immense stake she has in its integ- 
 rity and welfare and of her ability to protect and exalt the flag. 
 She will be true to it in the coming years, as she has been from 
 the hour when it was raised at Fort Stanwix. 
 
 'i*' h'i'l«»r*'Mik'itV« *\* v'-*'*''* '<'<''S^'. VW'**'::^'^'?'' -■'/( *<'*^^^^^ 
 
 Courtesy of Tlie Burrows Brothers Co 
 Publishers. Cleveland, Ohio 
 
 From Avery s History of Ihe Uiiiteii 
 States and its People 
 
 Colonel Peter Gansevoort's Third New York Regiment Fl.ig 
 (Made in 1778 or 1779 and carried at the siege ot Yorktown) 
 
 31 
 
(Obverse) 
 
 (Reverse) 
 The Seal of the United States 
 
 32 
 
T 
 
 THE DOMINION OF THE FLAG 
 
 HE Stars and Stripes has alwa}'s been a conquer- 
 ing emblem. It waves tO(:la\' over a magnificent 
 domain, 3,686,780 square miles, including insular 
 dependencies, and floats to the winds of every zone north 
 of the tropic of Capricorn. The following table shows the 
 various di\isions of this domain: 
 
 N.\ME Area, Square Miles 
 
 Continental United States, . 2,070,2^ (land surface only) 
 
 Alaska, 590,884 (land and water) 
 
 Hawaii, 6,449 " 
 
 Philippine Islands, .... 115,026 " 
 
 Porto Rico, 3,455 
 
 Guam, 201 " " 
 
 Tutuila (Samoa) 8l " " 
 
 Panama Canal Zone 1904, . 474 " " 
 
 It is a domain touching approximately the i8th degree 
 south and the jzd north latitude, and the 67th degree west 
 and the izid east longitude, embracing every variety of soil, 
 scener}' and production, with lofty mountain ranges, indented 
 sea-coasts, long and serMceable rivers, and multitudinous 
 mineral deposits. 
 
 This domain has been acquired by the release of the 
 colonies from the yoke of Great Britain, with the consequent 
 cessions from the mother country and from the states; by 
 war; by purchase; and by ^■oluntary annexation. When the 
 United States became a nation, it included the original thirteen 
 states, with the additional area surrendered by Great Britain, 
 the whole being bounded on the west by the Mississippi river, 
 on the south by the 31st parallel of latitude — the north line of 
 Florida — on the east by the Atlantic ocean, and on the north 
 by the British dominions. Within this area was the tract 
 known as the Northwest Territory, in which several states — 
 New York, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Connecticut and 
 Virginia — held claims and which, by the memorable ordinance 
 of 1787, was forever dedicated to freedom. The states soon 
 relinquished their rights therein to the general government and 
 from it have been carved Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, 
 Wisconsin, the eastern part (a small section) of Minnesota, 
 
 33 
 
and the northwest corner of Pennsylvania. In the territory 
 south of the Ohio ri\er, Kentucky was taken from Virginia. 
 To the remainder thereof, North Carohna, South Carohna 
 and Georgia preferred claims, but also adjusted them with 
 the general government and therem Tennessee, Alabama and 
 Mississippi were erected. In 1803 Louisiana, now compris- 
 ing Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Missouri, Kansas (except 
 as deri\'ed from Texas), Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota (west of 
 the Mississippi), North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, a 
 portion of Colorado and nearly all of Wyoming — nearly 1,000,- 
 000 square miles — was purchased from France. In 1819 
 Florida was bought from Spain for |s5,ooo,ooo which included 
 full extinction of the claims against her of certain American 
 citizens. Texas, an independent state, was annexed in 184';, 
 a portion of her area being subsequently sold to the United 
 States and now included in Kansas, Colorado and New Mexico. 
 By the cession from Mexico in 184S, as a result of the war with 
 that country, a ^'ast region, since famous for and enormously 
 profitable m its yield of mineral treasures and now resolved 
 into California, Nevada, Utah, a large portion of Colorado, 
 the lower part of Arizona, and a considerable part of New 
 Mexico, was obtained. In 1853 the Gadsden purchase of the 
 lower portions of Arizona and New Mexico was made from 
 Mexico. In 1846 Oregon, including the present states of 
 Oregon, Washington and Idaho, whose northern boundary, 
 long in dispute with Great Britain but then adjusted, became 
 incontestably an American possession. There were thirteen 
 original states; thirty-three have since been admitted and the 
 two territories. New Mexico and Arizona, soon will be. 
 
 Seven times has the Stars and Stripes flown triumphant in 
 w'ar — SIX times against a foreign and once against a domestic foe. 
 Each conflict has upheld the national honor and twice it has 
 enlarged the national domain. In chronological order (omit- 
 ting conflicts with Indian tribes) wars have occurred as follows: 
 I. With Great Britain — 1775^83 — by which independence 
 was won and the Republic assured. 
 II. With France — 1 798-1800 — by which French insults and 
 outrages were avenged. War was not formally 
 declared, but conflicts occurred on the ocean. 
 III. With Tripoli — 1801-5 — by which the capture of 
 American ships, the sale of their crews as slaves and 
 payments for their release, were amply punished. 
 
 34 
 
IV. With Great Britain — 1812-15 — because of British claims 
 to search American ships and impress seamen there- 
 from. Tlie war lasted three years, and, although 
 by it the United States acquired no territory and 
 American grievances were not in terms settled by 
 the treaty, there was no further disposition by Great 
 Britain to affront the American flag. 
 V. With Mexico — 1846-48 — by which in return 
 
 VI. 
 
 or 
 
 $15,000,000 and the assumption by the United 
 States of the claims of American citizens against 
 Mexico, that country ceded to it the territory 
 already described. 
 With the Confederate States — 1861-65. ^he differences 
 between the Northern and Southern states were 
 settled and the Stars and Stripes waved again o^"er 
 a united people. 
 
 Colors of Ninth U. S. Infantry 
 (In camp at Tampa, Fla. during Spanish War) 
 
 VII. With Spain^i898— by which Spain was^ expelled 
 from the western world and large accessions were 
 made to American territory— the Philippine Islands, 
 Porto Rico, etc. 
 
 35 
 
By means other than war the United States acquired 
 Louisiana from France in i8oj, Florida from Spain in 1819, 
 and Alaska from Russia in 1867, by purchase; Hawaii by its 
 own application in 1898; Tutuila, a Samoan island, by arrange- 
 ment with Great Britain and Germany in 1899; and some 
 small outlying Philippine islands in 1901. Sufficient has been 
 said concerning Louisiana and Florida. In 1867 Alaska 
 with its outlying islands was purchased from Russia for ^7,200,- 
 000, mainly through the efforts of William H. Seward, secre- 
 tary of state. His estimate of the value, politically and com- 
 mercially, oi a region commonly assumed to consist only of 
 treacherous bogs, glacial wastes and frozen streams, was 
 regarded as a wnld and fantastic dream. But Secretary Seward 
 was enthusiastic in its behalf, pressed the measure and esteemed 
 its adoption the crowning laurel of his long and distinguished 
 public career. It may fairly be said that his expectations have 
 been far more than realized and that the buying of Alaska has 
 turned out to be one of the best bargains that one country 
 ever made wuth another. Sweeping north far within the Arctic 
 circle, its area is equal to that of one-fifth of all the states and 
 organized territories of the Union, and, although there are 
 extensive tracts uninhabitable, desolate and sterile, and dark- 
 ness settles as a pall upon a portion of it through half the year, 
 it is very rich in forests, fisheries, fur-bearing animals, and in 
 precious metals is a real Fl Dorado. For the past decade, a 
 copious stream of gold has issued from Alaska, the production 
 for 1908 alone being $19,858,800. Even the climate of much 
 of the country, modified as it is by the tepid current of the Kuro- 
 Siwo (the Japanese Gulf Stream) is an agreeable one. The 
 isothermal line of Sitka — 57 degrees north latitude — corre- 
 sponds with that of Philadelphia — 40 degrees. 
 
 Negotiations for the annexation of Hawaii (the Sandwich 
 islands), intimate relations with which had been established by 
 American missionaries, merchants and residents, began as 
 early as 1854, but were ended by the sudden death of 
 the king. In 1876 a reciprocity treaty was made with 
 Hawaii and continued many years. American influence be- 
 came paramount. In 1893 a revolution occurred which 
 humbled the monarchy and ended in another application for 
 admission to the Union. Unacted upon by the Harrison ad- 
 ministration, it was opposed by that of Cleveland, but approved 
 by that of McKinley, the islands being given a territorial gov- 
 
 36 
 
4i 
 
 ernment and consti- 
 tuted a customs dis- 
 trict in 1S97. Their 
 importance, steadily 
 increasing, need not 
 be stated in detail. 
 Midway between the 
 Golden Gate and the 
 Manila outpost, they 
 sentinel our ships, 
 provide coaling sta- 
 tions, augment our 
 commerce, and compel 
 respect for our flag in 
 the Pacific. 
 ^^^^ - - '/ ■J'U'V' ^y ^ treaty ratified 
 
 f^^l*^^-"' M. ^^CmS ^"^^^ ^^ Republic of 
 
 JB^^^^ ^^L l^^^fS P^ii^rna, over which it 
 
 t^K 'B^^ ^^^t^ holds a protectorate, 
 
 ^^^Kf *^, ^^^^ ^^ United States on 
 
 ^^^r ' % ^^ll^^ ^^ ^^'^ °^ February 
 
 ^^^ \ mr^^ 1904 became the owner 
 
 ot a strip of land 
 known as the Canal 
 Zone, five miles in 
 width on either side of the canal now being built by our gov- 
 ernment to connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. It is a 
 stupendous undertaking, shortening the water route from New 
 York to San Francisco by 8,400 miles, upon which over 
 40,000 men are now engaged and will cost about ^500,000,- 
 000, $210,070,468 having been appropriated for it up to June 
 30, 1910. It is expected to be finished in 1915. Its com- 
 mercial, national and international benefits are beyond com- 
 putation. It is the latest and in many respects the grandest 
 expansion of the dominion of the Stars and Stripes. 
 
 One more triumph of the flag is to be noted. It has not, 
 indeed, enlarged its domain, but has signally exalted its pres- 
 tige. After numerous expeditions by the explorers of various 
 nations in search of the North Pole through 400 years, attended 
 with much of pluck, adventure, sufl^ering and death, and uni- 
 formly with disappointment, Robert E. Peary, a commander 
 of the United States navy, at last, on the 6th of April 1909 
 
 President McKinley and Admiral Dewey 
 
 (.\t the ceremonies in front of the Capitol at Washington 
 
 on October 3, 1899 when the President presented to 
 
 the .Admiral the sword voted by Congress) 
 
 11 
 
reached the pole and fixed the Stars and Stripes in its icy 
 crest. The goal so long and so \ainly striven for was attained 
 and by an American. 
 
 Although the close of the Spanish War is usually said to be 
 the time when the United States became a world power, 
 so called, such rank actually dates back to the Monroe Doc- 
 trine, declared in 1823, and since maintained inflexibly, as 
 Maximilian found to his undoing. It holds that European 
 powers shall not be permitted to extend their systems to any 
 part of the western hemisphere. And now the Stars and Stripes 
 announces unmistakably that this nation is in the afl^airs of 
 the world to stay. 
 
 The Stars and Stripes floated over a population of 84,907,- 
 156 according to the federal census of igoo, distributed as 
 follows : 
 
 United .States, proper, 75,gQ4,575 
 
 Alaska, 6:5,592 
 
 H!awaii, 154,001 
 
 Philippines, 7,635,426 , 
 
 Porto Rico, 953,243 
 
 Guam, 9,000 
 
 Samoa, 6,100 
 
 Persons m niilitari' service outside continental 
 
 United States, 91,219 
 
 Total, 84,907,156 
 
 By estimates made by the governors of the states and 
 territories for the year 1909 the population thereof was 89,770,- 
 126; and, with the island dependencies it seems probable 
 that the entire population will reach 100,000,000 by the census 
 of 1910. Only three countries, China, Great Britain and 
 Russia, have a larger population than the United States. It 
 is a population embracing all races and colors. In continental 
 United States each of the four main races of the world is rep- 
 resented in percentages as follows: white, or Caucasian, 87.9; 
 negro, or African, 11.6; red, or Indian, 0.3; and yellow, or 
 Mongolian, 0.2. Alaska is mainly Mongolian; the Philip- 
 pines, substantially Malayans; Porto Rico, nearly all African. 
 The invitation to immigration has been generous, with liberal 
 naturalization provisions, and the response prompt and ample. 
 1 he Stars and Stripes has welcomed all settlers here, those 
 wishing to better their conditions by larger reward for their 
 labor, or those fleeing from the oppressions of the Old World, 
 
all but the Mongolians, ^^•ho do not seem to be wanted here 
 and whose number the law restricts. For many years Ger- 
 mans, Irish and Scandinavians formed the bulk of immigrants; 
 but oi late the larger proportion has been Russian and Italian. 
 From 1822 until 1910 the immigrants into the United States 
 aggregated 26,852,723. 691,901 arri^'ed from Europe during 
 1908, Russia furnishing 156,71 1, and Italy, 123,503 ; and 40,524 
 came from Asia. Ot the entu'e population in 1900, 34.3 per 
 cent was wholly or partially ot foreign parentage. Thus far, 
 while there have been some ^'exatious questions to consider in 
 reference to the character of a small portion of immigrants, 
 there has been no serious difficulty in assimilating the foreign 
 element with American citizenship. It has dug our canals, 
 built our railroads, cultivated our fields, driven our looms, 
 helped to fight our battles, in no small degree participated m 
 our politics, and has loyally accepted the dominion of our flag. 
 
 The Anglo-Saxon is still the prevailing strain in American 
 nationality — in just what proportion it were too subtle an 
 analysis to determine, for there has been a constant commin- 
 gling of stocks. But the Anglo-Saxon — the Puritan of New 
 England and the Cavalier of Virginia — has been at the head of 
 the procession as it has explored and settled the continent 
 through 300 years, and still is in command. 
 
 It were a long story, impossible to tell m our allotted 
 space, of the dominion of the flag in governmental expression ; 
 in enlightened institutions; in the written American constitu- 
 tions; in the sovereignty both of the separate states and the 
 Union, "distinct like the billows )'et one like the sea"; in 
 wealth, in manufactures, in inventions, in science and in 
 popular education, dazzling in their array. Their mere men- 
 tion must here suffice. There is no reason to doubt that the 
 dominion of the flag, which has been so powerful and so 
 glorious in the past, will be equal to the call of the future, for 
 the flag with all its triumphs in territorial settlement and 
 expansion, in increasing population, in Avar and in peace, in 
 all the arts of civilization, has its crowning triumph in the 
 faith and love of the people. 
 
 Charles Elliott Fitch 
 
 39 
 
Cr.urtcsy nfO. .^-C. M 
 
New International Dictionary ofthc Iinj,'lisli l,aiii,niav;t: 
 
NEW YORK FLAG LAWS 
 
 Education Law, Article 27 
 
 Si-:c. 710. Pun-hasc and display of flag. It shall he the 
 dut}' ot the school authorities of every public school in the 
 several cities and school districts of the state to purchase a 
 United States flag, flag-staff and the necessary appliances 
 therefor, and to display such flag upon or near the public 
 school building during school hours, and at such other times 
 as such school authorities may direct. 
 
 Sec 711. Rides aud regulations. The said school authori- 
 ties shall establish rules and regulations for the proper custody, 
 care, and display of the flag, and when the weather will not 
 permit it to be otherwise displayed, it shall be placed con- 
 spicuously in the principal room in the schoolhouse. 
 
 Sec. 712. Coiiimissioner of education shall prepare pro- 
 gram. I. It shall be the duty ot the commissioner ot educa- 
 tion to prepare, for the use of the public schools of the state, 
 a program providing tor a salute to the flag and such other 
 patriotic exercises as may be deemed by him to be expedient, 
 under such regulations and instructions as may best meet the 
 varied requirements of the ditferent grades in such schools. 
 
 2. It shall also be his duty to make special provision for 
 the observance in the public schools of Lincoln's birthda}', 
 Washington's birthday, Memorial day and Flag day, and such 
 other legal holidays of like character as may be hereatter desig- 
 nated by law when the legislature makes an appropriation 
 theretor. 
 
 Sec 713. Military drill e.xcltided. Nothing herein con- 
 tained shall be construed to authorize military instruction or 
 drill in the public schools during school hours. 
 
 Penal Law, Article 134 
 Sec 1425. 16. Any person, who in any manner, for 
 exhibition or display, shall place or cause to be placed, any 
 word, figure, mark, picture, design, drawing, or any adver- 
 tisement, of any nature upon any flag, standard, color or 
 ensign of the United States of America or state flag ot this 
 
 43 
 
state or ensign, shall expose or cause to be exposed to public 
 view any such flag, standard, color or ensign, upon which 
 after the first day of September, nineteen hundred and five, 
 shall have been printed, painted or otherwise placed, or to 
 which shall be attached, appended, afiixed, or annexed, any 
 word, figure, mark, picture, design, or drawing, or any adver- 
 tisement of any nature, or who shall expose to public view, 
 manufacture, sell, expose for sale, give away, or have in pos- 
 session for sale, or to gi\'e away, or for use tor any purpose, 
 any article, or substance, being an article of merchandise, or 
 a receptacle of merchandise or article or thing for carrying or 
 transporting merchandise, upon which after the first day of 
 September, nineteen hundred and five, shall have been printed, 
 pamted, attached, or otherwise placed, a representation of any 
 such flag, standard, color or ensign, to advertise, call attention 
 to, decorate, mark, or distinguish, the article or substance, on 
 which so placed, or who shall publicly mutilate, deface, defile, 
 or defy, trample upon, or cast contempt, either by words or 
 act, upon any such flag, standard, color or ensign, shall be 
 deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be punished by a 
 fine not exceeding one hundred dollars or by imprisonment 
 for not more than thirty days, or both, in the discretion of the 
 court; and shall also forfeit a penalty of fifty dollars for each 
 such offense, to be recovered with costs in a civil action, or 
 suit, in any court having jurisdiction, and such action or suit 
 may be brought by or in the name of any citizen of this State, 
 and such penalty when collected less the reasonable cost and 
 expense of action or suit and recovery to be certified by the 
 district attorney of the county in which the offense is com- 
 mitted shall be paid into the treasury of this State; and two 
 or more penalties may be sued for and recovered in the same 
 action or suit. The words, flag, standard, color or ensign, as 
 used in this subdivision or section, shall include any flag, 
 standard, color, ensign, or any picture or representation, of 
 either thereof, made of any substance, or represented on any 
 substance, and of an^- size, evidently purporting to be, either 
 of, said flag, standard, color or ensign, of the United States of 
 America, or a picture or a representation, of either thereof, upon 
 which shall be shown the colors, the stars, and the stripes, in 
 any number of either thereof, or by which the person seeing 
 the same, without deliberation may believe the same to repre- 
 sent the flag, colors, standard, or ensign of the United States 
 
 44 
 
of America. 1 he possession by any person, other than a 
 pubhc officer, as such, of any such flag, standard, color or 
 ensign, on which shall be anything made unlawful at any 
 time by this section, or ot any article or substance or thing on 
 which shall be anything made unlawful at any time by this 
 section shall be presumptive evidence that the same is in 
 violation ot this section, and was made, done or created 
 after the first day of September, nineteen hundred and 
 five, and that such flag, standard, color, ensign, or article, 
 substance, or thing, did not exist on the first day of 
 September, nineteen hundred and five. 
 
 MiLiT.-\RV La\\", Article i 
 Sec. 19. Bureau of records of the war of the rebellion; 
 completion and preservation of the records and relics; free 
 inspection of the same and quarters in the capital. I. The 
 adjutant-general of the state shall establish and maintain as 
 part ot his office, a bureau of records of the war of the rebellion, 
 in which all records in his office relating to such war, and 
 relics shall be kept. He shall be the custodian of all such 
 records, relics, colors, standards and battle flags of New York 
 ^'olunteers now the property of the state or in its possession, 
 or which the state may hereafter acquire or become possessed 
 of, and he shall appoint a chief of this bureau who shall hold 
 office under his direction tor six years. 
 
 2. The adjutant-general of the state by all reasonable 
 ways and means, shall complete such records and gather from 
 every available source such colors, standards and battle flags 
 as were borne by New ^ ork State troops in the war of the 
 rebellion, and such statistics and historical information and 
 relics as may serve to perpetuate the memory and heroic deeds 
 of the soldiers of the state, and keep and carefully preser\e 
 the same in such bureau. 
 
 3. He is authorized to request and accept from incor- 
 porated associations of veterans of the difterent regiments, 
 statements and information duly authenticated by them, 
 descriptive of their colors, standards and battle flags, together 
 with the number and class of arms of the regiment, the date 
 and place of muster into the service of the state and also into 
 the service of the United States, the period of service, and the 
 date and place of muster out, the date of departure for the 
 seat of war, the various battles and engagements and places 
 
 45 
 
of service, including garrison duty, the time of joining brigades, 
 corps and armies, with tlie time and nature of the service, and 
 the names of colonels of such regiments, the names of those 
 killed m action, including those who died of wounds, and the 
 names of those who died of disease during their period of serv- 
 ice. He is further authorized to ask the co-operation and 
 assistance of the adjutant-general of the United States, and of 
 
 Battle Flags of New York Regiments 
 
 (Sixteen cases ot" these flags are exhibited in the Capitol at Alhanv. The cards attached 
 
 to the riags gi\ e the names and engagements ot'the regimenlsj 
 
 46 
 
the cit}', county and town authorities and officials, and of the 
 Grand Army of the Republic, the Military Order of the Loyal 
 Legion, and of organizations and persons in the State of New 
 \ ork and elsewhere in the collection of such other informa- 
 tion, relics, memorials and battle flags as is contemplated by 
 this article, m order to make as complete as possible the 
 records, history and statistics of the patriotic service of the 
 volunteer soldiers of the state during the war of the rebellion. 
 
 4. The adjutant-general of the state is directed to cause 
 to be transcribed and kept in books of record in such bureau 
 the historical facts, information and statistics as provided 
 above; and is authorized to determine a convenient size for 
 the ^■olumes in which such statistics and historical data may 
 be bound, and to ret|uest veteran associations and others pro- 
 posing to supph' such historical data and information to furnish 
 the same on printed or manuscript sheets of a uniform size to 
 correspond with the size of such volumes. 
 
 5. He IS further authorized to provide locked and sealed 
 cases with glass fronts, as nearly air-tight as practicable, in 
 which shall be kept and displa}'ed the colors, standards and 
 battle flags above mentioned, and receive placards in duplicate, 
 which incorporated regimental veteran associations are privi- 
 leged and empowered to furnish and upon which shall be 
 inscribed synopses of the historical information and statistics 
 herein provided to be furnished to such bureau by regimental 
 veteran associations, or failing to receive such data and informa- 
 tion from such veteran associations, for the preparation of such 
 placards, he may utilize the authentic information which he 
 may obtain from other sources, as herein provided, which 
 placards shall be uniform in size and color and shall be attached 
 to or conspicuously placed in proximity to the colors, standards 
 and battle flags to which they refer. If any placard or inscrip- 
 tion shall be lost, destroyed or removed, the adjutant-general 
 of the state shall at once replace it by duplicate of the original 
 on file. 
 
 The legislature shall annually make suitable appropriations 
 to enable the adjutant-general of the state to carry out the 
 provisions of this section. 
 
 6. The books, records and other property and relics 
 deposited in such bureau shall be open to inspection and use, 
 except the use of the colors, standards and battle flags, at 
 such reasonable hours and under such regulations as the 
 
 47 
 
adjutant-general of the state may determine. No battle flag, 
 book or any property placed in such bureau for the purpose 
 oi this article, shall be removed therefrom, or from the imme- 
 diate custody and control of the adjutant-general of the state 
 without an act of the legislature. 
 
 7. The trustees of the capitol are authorized and directed 
 to provide suitable and convenient quarters for the bureau of 
 records whenever the adjutant-general of the state shall require 
 
 iffiffsliiF \" 
 
 T^^TT 
 
 Itf itti 
 
 Jli^:^;:,^L ~r 
 
 
 National and State Flags Flying From tiic Capitol 
 
 and make demand therefor, and to properly fit up and prepare 
 the same for the safe-keeping of such records, books and 
 property, and for the display of such colors, standards, battle 
 flao-s and relics which shall be known and maintained as the 
 hall of military records. The several municipalities of the 
 state may deposit their record books and papers relating to 
 the war in the archives of the hall for safe-keeping, and trans- 
 
cripts theretrom shall be turnished on application by the chief 
 officer ot the municipality without cost to it. Officers or 
 soldiers may deposit therein their discharge papers, descriptive 
 lists, muster rolls or company or regimental books and papers 
 tor safe-keeping. 
 
 The interest arising from the investment of the funds 
 contributed by towns, cities and individuals for the erection of 
 a hall ot military records shall be devoted to the maintenance 
 ot the hall of military records provided in this section. 
 
 Public Buildings Law, Article 2 
 Sec. 4. Pmvers and duties of siipenntcudcnt. The super- 
 intendent shall : * * ''" * * * * * * * * * * * 
 5. Cause the flag ot the United States and the state flag 
 bearing the arms of the state, to be displayed upon the capitol 
 building during the daily sessions of the legislature and on 
 public occasions, and cause the necessary flag-statfs to be erected 
 therefor. The necessary expenses incurred thereby shall be 
 paid out of the treasury on the warrant ot the comptroller. 
 
 Public Buildings Law, Article 6 
 Sec. 81. Display of foreign fags on public buildings. It 
 shall not be lawful to display the flag or emblem of any toreign 
 country upon any state, county or municipal building; pro- 
 vided, however, that whenever any foreigner shall become 
 the guest of the United States, the state or any city, upon 
 public proclamation by the governor or mayor ot such city, 
 the flag of the country of which such public guest shall be a 
 citizen may be displayed upon such public buildings. 
 
 Election Law, Article 5 
 Sec. 124. Emblems. When a party nomination is made 
 by a state convention of a candidate or candidates to be voted 
 for by the voters of the entire state, it shall be the duty of such 
 convention to select some simple device or emblem to designate 
 and distinguish the candidates of the political party making 
 such nominations or nomination. * * * * The device 
 or emblem chosen as aforesaid may be a star, an animal, an 
 anchor, or any other appropriate symbol, but neither the coat 
 of arms or seal of any state or of the LTnited States, nor the 
 state or national flag, nor any religious emblem or symbol, 
 nor the portrait of any person, nor the representation of a 
 
 49 
 
coin or ot the currency of the United States shall be chosen as 
 such distinguishino; de\ice or emblem. 
 
 State Law, Article 6 
 
 Sec. 70. Description of the arms of the state and the 
 state fag. The device ot arms of this state, as adopted March 
 sixteenth, seventeen hundred and seventy-eight, is hereby 
 declared to be correctly described as follows : 
 
 Charge. Azure, m a landscape, the sun in fess, rising in 
 splendor or, behind a range of three mountains, the middle 
 one the highest; in base a ship and sloop under sail, passing 
 and about to meet on a river, bordered below by a grassy 
 shore fringed with shrubs, all proper. 
 
 Crest. On a wreath azure and or, an American eagle 
 proper, rising to the dexter from a two-thirds of a globe terres- 
 trial, showing the north Atlantic ocean with outlines of its 
 shores. 
 
 Supporters. On a quasi compartment formed by the 
 extension of the scroll. 
 
 Dexter. The figure of Liberty proper, her hair disheveled 
 and decorated with pearls, vested azure, sandaled gules, about 
 the waist a cincture or fringed gules, a mantle of the last 
 depending from the shoulders behind to the feet, in the 
 dexter hand a staff ensigned with a Phrygian cap or, 
 the sinister arm embowed, the hand supporting the shield 
 at the dexter chief point, a royal crown by her sinister foot 
 dejected. 
 
 Sinister. The figure of justice proper, her hair disheveled 
 and decorated with pearls, vested or, about the waist a cincture 
 azure, fringed gules, sandaled and mantled as Liberty, bound 
 about the eyes with a fillet proper, in the dexter hand a straight 
 sword hiked or, erect, resting on the sinister chief point of the 
 shield, the sinister arm embowed, holding before her her 
 scales proper. 
 
 Motto. On a scroll below the shield argent, in sable, 
 Excelsior. 
 
 State flag. The State flag is hereby declared to be blue, 
 charged with the arms of the state in the colors as described 
 in the blazon of this section. 
 
 Sec. 71. Painted devices of arms in certain public places. 
 The device of arms of the state, corresponding to the blazon 
 hereinbefore given, shall be painted in colors upon wood or 
 
canvas, and hung upon the walls of the executive chamber, 
 the court of appeals, the office of the secretary of state, and 
 the senate and assembly chambers. 
 
 Sec. 72. Prohibition of other pictorial devices. No pic- 
 torial devices other than the arms ot the state shall be used 
 in the public offices at the capitol for letter headmgs and 
 envelopes used for official business. Persons prmtmg and cir- 
 culating public documents under the authority ot the state, 
 when they use a vignette, shall place upon the title pages of 
 the documents the standard device of the state arms without 
 alterations or additions. 
 
 Sec. 73. Great seal of the state. The secretary of state 
 shall cause to be engraved upon metal two and one-half inches 
 in diameter the device of arms of this state, accurately con- 
 formed to the description thereof gi\'en in this article, sur- 
 rounded with the legend, "The great seal of the state of New 
 York." It alone shall be used as the great seal of the state, 
 and the secretary of state shall ha\e the custody thereof. 
 
 Sec. 74. Use of the great seal. All such matters as have 
 issued under the great seal of the state since March sixteenth, 
 seventeen hundred and seventy-eight, shall continue to be 
 issued under such seal, except copies of papers and records 
 certified by the secretary of state or his deputy and authenti- 
 cated under his seal of office. 
 
 S 
 
 \^ 
 
 
 -> 
 
 
 
 ^^/i Uj 
 
 
 
 Vfe>^ 
 
 W 
 
 52 
 
SOME FAMOUS FLAGS 
 
 A NUMBER of American flags, either for their beauty 
 or their association with some illustrious name or 
 notable achievement, are historically famous. Some 
 o{ these are revolutionary flags raised before the Stars 
 and Stripes was made, while others are of the regulation 
 pattern. Some are still preserved with religious care and 
 on special occasions shown to the public. Allusion to a 
 few ot them will be made here. 
 
 Flag of the Bon Hommf. Richard 
 The most famous naval flag of the Revolution was that 
 of the Bon Homme Richard, as its commander, John Paul 
 Jones, was the first of the great American sea-fighters. Born 
 in Scotland in 1747, and becoming a sailor at twelve years of 
 age, he had seen much of romance and adventure on the seas, 
 and was settled in Virginia when, in 1775, he was made a 
 lieutenant in the Continental navy. He became a captain in 
 1776 and on June 14, 1777 he was given command of the 
 Ranger, a small vessel carry- 
 ing eighteen guns. On July 
 4 he is said to have hoisted 
 the first Stars and Stripes that 
 ever flew on an American man- 
 of-war. In 1779 he trans- 
 ferred the same flag to the Due 
 de Duras, a rotten, condemned 
 East Indiaman, on which he 
 mounted forty guns of various 
 caliber and renamed her, in 
 honor of Benjamin Franklin, 
 the Bon Homme Richard, with 
 which he took many prizes in 
 English waters. On the even- 
 ing of September 23, accom- 
 panied by two Smafl vessels, courtesy or tl.e Burrows Brothers company, Publishers, 
 
 1 All* 1 1 T~)ll Cleveland. I'liio 
 
 the Alliance and the 1 alias, Fr<m, Averys instnry or tl.« united states 
 
 and Its People 
 
 he fell in with a valuable n^g of the Bon Homme Richard 
 
 53 
 
Baltic convoy off Flamborough Head, protected by two British 
 men-of-war, the Serapis and the Scarborough. The Serapis 
 was a brand-new double-headed frigate carrying fifty guns. 
 The Pallas attacked the Scarborough and after a brief engage- 
 ment compelled her surrender, while the Alliance, by 
 blundering tactics, did more harm than good. The grapple 
 \^•as between the Serapis and the Richard, and, notwithstand- 
 ing the condition and equipment of his ^'essel, Jones fought 
 one of the most desperate battles and won one of the most 
 brilliant victories in naval annals. There was no let-up from 
 beo-inning to end and the carnage was terrific. The better 
 captain won, and the better ship lost. The Richard was riddled 
 from stem to stern and was enveloped in flames and sinking, 
 but Jones kept right on pouring broadsides into the Serapis. 
 When his surrender was demanded, he replied, "I have not 
 yet begun to fight," and after several hours of the bloodiest 
 conflict It was the Serapis that hauled down her colors. All 
 hands that were left were transferred to the Serapis, her crew 
 were made prisoners, and the Richard was abandoned and 
 went to her watery grave, the dead being left with her. But 
 she went down "bows first" with her flag at the masthead. 
 Of the two cre\\-s, nearly 700 in number, 350 were killed or 
 wounded. As Paul Jones himself says, "the very last vestige 
 mortal eyes ever saw of the Bon Homme Richard was the 
 defiant waving of her unconquered and unstricken flag as she 
 went down. And as I had gi^'en them the good old ship for 
 their sepulchre, I now bequeathed to my immortal dead, the 
 flag they had so desperately defended for their winding sheet." 
 Was ever a finer tribute than this paid to the flag .? The flag 
 in the National Museum, a cut of which appears on the pre- 
 ceding page, was thought for a time to be the flag of the Bon 
 Homme Richard, but it is now conceded that the original flag 
 went down with the ship. 
 
 Flag of Philadelphia Light Horse 
 The earliest use of stripes on an American flag, as already 
 indicated, is belie^'ed to have been in 1775 on the banner of 
 the Philadelphia Light Horse Troop. The banner was pre- 
 sented to the troop by its first captain, Abram Markoe. It is 
 made of bright yellow silk, and is forty inches long and thirty- 
 four inches broad, with thirteen blue and silver stripes alter- 
 nating in the canton. Over the crest, a horse's head, are the 
 
 54 
 
letters "L.H.," Light Horse. An American Indian and an 
 angel blowing a golden trumpet support the scroll under which 
 appear the words, "For These We Strive." The troop was 
 organized in 1774. When Washington left Philadelphia on 
 
 Courtesy of The Burrows Brothers Coinpaiiv, 
 Publishers, Cle\eland, Ohio 
 
 A\ery's History of the United 
 states atid Its People 
 
 Standarci of the Philadelphia Light Horse Troop of 1775 
 
 June 23, 1775 to go to Cambridge to assume command of 
 the Colonial army, he was escorted to New York by the 
 troop, and it is believed that this banner was carried at 
 that time. It is now carefully preserved by the First Troop, 
 Philadelphia City Cavalry. 
 
 The Eut.^w Flag 
 The crimson standard, knov.-n as the Eutaw flag, tells a 
 love story of the Revolutionary times. In 1780 Colonel 
 William Augustine Washington, a relative of General Wash- 
 ington, came from Virginia to South Carolina in command of 
 a force of cavalry. He met and soon tell m love with Miss 
 Jane Elliott, who lived near Charleston. Learning one day, 
 when Colonel Washington was paying her a visit, that his 
 corps had no flag, Miss Elliott seized her scissors and cut a 
 square section from a piece of drapery and requested him to 
 accept it as his standard. He readily accepted and bore this 
 
 55 
 
simple banner upon a hickory pole until the close of the 
 war. Colonel Washington ; 
 in 1782. The Eutaw flag 
 
 war. Colonel Washington and Miss Elliott were married 
 
 O 
 
 was 
 
 Courtesy ol The I l 
 
 . Brrthcrs C mp ln^ Publishers 
 Lle\elan1 Ohio 
 From Avery s Hist r\ ot the L nitcd btites Tni Its People 
 
 The Eutaw Standard 
 
 carried at the battle of 
 C o w p e n s and at 
 that of Eutaw 
 Springs, where it got 
 its name. The ban- 
 ner was presented 
 by Mrs Washington in 
 1827 to the Washington 
 Light Infantry of 
 Charleston, and is still 
 in the possession of that 
 
 Pulaski's Banner 
 The Maryland His- 
 torical Society carefully 
 preserves at Baltimore 
 the banner of Pulaski, 
 which is reproduced on 
 the opposite page. Our 
 histories of the Revolution have not given much space to its 
 romantic story. Count Casimir Pulaski was a true soldier of 
 fortune. The son of a nobleman, he was born in Podalia, 
 Poland, March 4, 1748. After having been known as the lead- 
 ing Polish military patriot, and having been chosen commander- 
 in-chief of the Polish forces, he found himself at the age of 
 twenty-four outlawed, with his estates confiscated, and a price 
 set upon his head. He went to Turkey and thence to France, 
 and in 1777 upon the advice of Benjamin Franklm he joined 
 the American army as a volunteer. He attracted Washington's 
 attention, had a part in the battle of Germantown, and on 
 September 15, 1777 was appointed commander of the cavalry 
 with the rank of major-general. He resigned his command in 
 March 1778, and was authorized by Congress to raise and 
 organize a corps of "sixty-eight light horse and two hundred 
 foot." This was known as Pulaski's Legion. The banner 
 of the legion was made by the Moravian Single Sisters of 
 Bethlehem, Pa. It is twenty inches square and was attached 
 to a lance when borne on the field. On one side are the 
 letters "U S" and, in a circle around them, the words 
 
 56 
 
"Unitas \ irtus Forcior," meaning "Union Makes Valor 
 Stronger." 1 he letter "c" in the last word should be "t." 
 On the other side, surrounding an eye, are the words, "Non 
 Alius Regit," meaning "No Other Governs." Pulaski carried 
 this banner when he was ordered to South Carolina with his 
 troops in 1779. On October 9, when the combined French 
 and American forces attacked the British at Savannah, Pulaski 
 commanded the cavalr}' of both armies. A true soldier to the 
 last, he recened a mortal wound in this battle and died shortly 
 after having been taken on board the United States brig 
 Wasp. This brilliant Polish soldier, an exile from his own 
 country, at the age of thirty-one was consigned to a watery 
 grave in the new land for which he gave up his lite. Paul 
 Bentalon of Baltimore, one of Pulaski's captains, was with 
 him Vv'hen he fell. He secured the now famous banner and it 
 subsequently passed into the possession of the Maryland 
 Historical Society, where it now remains. 
 
 "Old Glory" 
 The Essex Institute at Salem, Massachusetts, has in its 
 possession wdiat is believed to be the first flag to receive the 
 name Old Glory. Captain AViUiam Driver, ^\•ho was born 
 in Salem, March 17, 1803, is given credit for originating the 
 title. In 1837 he remo\'ed to Nashville, Tennessee, where he 
 died on March 2, 1886. In 1831 he commanded the brig 
 Charles Doggett on the voyage in which the mutineers of 
 the British ship Bounty were rescued and returned to Pitcairn 
 island. Captain Dri\'er was presented with the flag just 
 before the brig sailed, and as it \\as hoisted it is said that he 
 christened it Old Glory. He carried his cherished flag with 
 him to his new home in Nashville and exhibited it upon many 
 occasions. When the Civil War broke out, the Confederates 
 tried to get possession of the flag, and searched his house for 
 It. He sewed it up securely in his bed covers and it was not 
 discovered. When the Federal troops entered Nash\ille on 
 February 25, 1862 Captain Driver secured permission to raise 
 his flag over the state capitol. It is said that he unfurled it 
 from the flag-stafl^ himself, and, with tears in his eyes, as it 
 swung free in the breeze remarked, "There, those Texas 
 Rangers have been hunting for that these six months without 
 finding it, and the\' knew I had it. I have always said if I could 
 see It float over that capitol I should have lived long enough; 
 
 58 
 
now Old Glor\' is up there, gentlemen, and I am read\' to 
 die." He gave the flag in 1882 to his niece, Mrs Harriet 
 Ruth Cooke, and upon his death in 1886 she presented it to 
 the Kssex Institute, where it is now carefully preserx'ed. 
 Through the courtesy ot the institute a half tone reproduc- 
 tion of the flair is shown belo\\'. 
 
 'Old Glory' 
 
 59 
 
^^ 
 
 The Conftderate Flags 
 
 60 
 
THE CONFEDERATE FLAGS 
 
 THI{ Confederate States of America, during their re- 
 volt from the Union, floated three different banners 
 successively. The first, known as the "stars and 
 bars," was adopted by the convention at Montgomery, 
 March 4, 1861, the very day on which Abraham Lincoln 
 was inaugurated president of the LTnited States. It is thus 
 described m the report of the committee which recommended 
 its adoption : 
 
 The flag ot the Confederate States of America shall consist of a red field, 
 with a white space extending horizontally through the center, and equal in 
 width to one-third the width of the flag; the red spaces above and below to be 
 of the same width as the white. The union blue, extending down through 
 the white space and stopping at the lower red space; in the center of the union, 
 a circle of white stars corresponding in number (then seven) with the states 
 ot the Confederacy. 
 
 In the selection of this flag, so similar to that of the 
 United States, and yet differing sufficiently from it, as was 
 assumed, to mark the distinction, it is e\'ident that affec- 
 tion for the Stars and Stripes carried away those who were 
 arrayed against it. Indeed, the committee candidly acknowl- 
 edged that something "was conceded to what seemed so 
 strong and earnest a desire to retain at least a suggestion 
 of the old stars and stripes." Events, however, showed 
 that the resemblance was too pronounced and occasioned 
 confusion and mistakes, and in battle it was almost wholly 
 superseded by General Beauregard's battle flag, which was a 
 red or crimson field, its bars blue, running diagonally across 
 from one corner to the other, the stars, white or gold, the 
 blue bars being separated from the red field by a white 
 fillet. The need of a change became apparent, and was 
 thus plainly stated in the Richinoiid Dispatch of December 
 7, 1861: 
 
 We knew the flag we had to fight; )'et, instead of getting as far from it, 
 we were guilty of getting as near to it as possible. \Ve sought similarity, 
 adopting a principle dramatically wrong. We made a flag as nearly like 
 theirs as could only under favorable circumstances be distinguished from it. 
 Under unfavorable circumstances (such as constantly occur in practice), the 
 two flags are indistinguishable. 
 
 61 
 
Thus, after much discussion, the second flag ot the Con- 
 federacy was estabhshed by its Congress, J\Iay i, 1863: 
 
 1 he flag of the Confederate States shall be as follows: The field to he 
 white, the length double the width of the Hag;, with the union, now used as 
 the battle fla";, to be a S(iuare of two-thirds of the width of the flair, having 
 the ground red; therein a broad saltire (St Andrew's cross) of blue, bordered 
 with white and emblazoned witli white mullets or five-pointed stars, corre- 
 sponding m number to that of the Confederate States. 
 
 The objections to this flag were that at a distance it bore a 
 close resemblance to the British white ensign and also that 
 It had the appearance of a flag of truce, and they seemed so 
 valid that it was resolved to add a broad trans\erse strip of 
 red to the end of the fly of the flag. So the third national ensign 
 of the Confederacy was adopted by its Senate on February 4, 
 1865, and IS thus officially described; 
 
 The width two-thirds of its length; with the union now used as a battle 
 flag to be in width three-fitths of the width of the flag, and so proportioned 
 as to leave the length of the field on the side of the union twice the width below 
 it; to ha\e a ground ot red and broad blue saltire thereon, bordered with white, 
 and emblazoned with mullets or five-pointed stars, corresponding in number 
 to that of the Confederate States. The field to be white, except the outer half 
 from the union, which shall be a red bar, extending the width of the flag. 
 
 This flag was short-lived. It hardly li\'ed to be born. 
 The Confederacy died at Appomatox, April 9, 1865, and with 
 It the flag. Southern loj-alt)- to the Republic was renewed 
 and Southern 1o\t for the old flag was revi\'ed. The South vies 
 with the North in the arts of peace and stands shoulder to 
 shoulder with her in the conflict of arms. Now, for both, 
 there is and exer will be one land, one gov ernment, one people 
 and one flag — the Stars and Stripes. 
 
 TH1-: liLUE AND THE GRA\- 
 Bv the flow ot the inland river, 
 
 Whence the fleets ot iron have fled. 
 Where the blades of the grave-grass quiver. 
 Asleep are the ranlcs of the dead; — 
 Under the sod and the dew, 
 
 Waiting the judgment dav; — 
 Under the one, the 13lue; 
 Under the other, the Cjray. 
 
 These m the robmgs of glory, 
 
 Those in the gloom ot defeat, 
 All with the battle-blood gory. 
 
 In the dusk of eternit\' meet; — 
 
 62 
 
Under the sod and the dew, 
 
 Waiting the jtulgnient day; — 
 Under tiie laurel, the likie; 
 
 Under tlie willow, the Ciray. 
 
 From the silence ot sorrowhil hours 
 
 The desolate mourners go, 
 Lovingly laden with flowers 
 
 Alike for the friend and the foe; — 
 Under the sod and the dew, 
 
 Waiting the )udgment da\'; — 
 Under the roses, the Blue; 
 Under the lilies, the Gray. 
 
 So, with an equal splendor 
 
 1 he mornmg sun-rays fall, 
 With a touch, impartially tender. 
 On the blossoms blooming for all; 
 Under the sod and the dew. 
 
 Waiting the judgment day; — 
 Broidered with gold, the Blue; 
 Mellowed with gold, the (jtay. 
 
 So, when the summer calleth. 
 On forest and field of grain 
 With an e(|ual murmur talleth 
 The cooling drip ot the rain; — 
 Under the sod and the dew. 
 
 Waiting the judgment day; — 
 Wet with the rain, the lilue; 
 Wet with the ram, the Cray. 
 
 Sadly, but not with upbraiding, 
 The generous deed was done; 
 In the storm of the years that are fading. 
 No braver battle was won; — 
 Under the sod and the dew. 
 
 Waiting the judgment day; — 
 Under the blossoms, the Blue; 
 Under the garlands, the Gray. 
 
 No more shall the war-cry sever. 
 Or the winding ri\ers be red; 
 They banish our anger forever 
 
 When they laurel the graves of our dead! 
 Under the sod and the dew, 
 
 Waiting the judgment day; — 
 Love and tears for the I3lue; 
 Tears and love for the Gray. 
 
 Franxis M. Finch 
 
 Judge in NiVJ I'l^rk Court r,/ ylpfcah^ fSSo-^j 
 63 
 
THE SCHOOLHOUSE AND THE FLAG 
 
 Ye who love the Republic, remember the claim 
 Ye owe to her fortunes, ye owe to her name. 
 To her years of prosperity past and in store, — 
 A hundred behind you, a thousand before! 
 
 The blue arch above us is Liberty's dome, 
 The green fields beneath us Equality's home ; 
 But the schoolroom today is Humanity's friend, — 
 Let the people the flag and the schoolroom defend! 
 
 'Tis the sclioolhouse that stands bv the flag; 
 Let the nation stand by the school! 
 'Tis the school bell that rings for our Liberty old, 
 'Tis the school boy irhose ballot shall rule. 
 
 Frank Treat Southwick 
 
 64 
 
THE FLAG AND THE SCHOOLS 
 
 THE custom of raising the Stars and Stripes over the 
 schoolhouses of the land, especially at critical periods 
 in the history of the nation, as an inspiration to the 
 children ot America, dates back nearly a century. "1 he first 
 authenticated history oi such a ceremony is that at Catamount 
 Hill, Colrain, Massachusetts in May 1812. A monument 
 with a suitable inscription commemorative of the event has 
 been placed upon the site of the log schoolhouse at Cata- 
 mount. The custom grew with the }'ears and at the breaking 
 out of the Civil War became general in the Northern States. 
 There are several claimants for the honor ot raising the first 
 schoolhouse flag in 1861 and among these are Winchester and 
 Hillsboro Center, New Hampshire, and Lawrence, New Bed- 
 ford and Groveland, Massachusetts. Since the Civil War 
 the custom has been resoKed in many states into law. In 
 1867 flags were raised over the public schools in New York 
 city. Later came an enthusiastic movement in which edu- 
 cators, lawmakers and 
 patriotic citizens gener- 
 ally took part, for com- 
 pelling the exhibition of 
 the flag at or on school- 
 houses, and still later 
 one in favor of the ob- 
 servance of patriotic 
 exercises in the schools 
 on the 14th of June — 
 Flag day. The follow- 
 ing statutes with these 
 objects in view have 
 been passed by various 
 states. The chronolog- 
 ical order will show the 
 national scope of these 
 laws, and it will not be 
 long before every state 
 
 in the Union will fly Monument at Catamount Hill 
 
 65 
 
the Stars and Stripes o\ er its schoolhouses and seminaries of 
 learning and June 14 will be a festal occasion, if not a prescribed 
 holiday, all over the land. 
 
 North Dakota: School boards may purchase United States 
 flags to place on or in buildings. March 18, 1890. 
 
 New jersey: School boards may purchase United States 
 *-'-'"' flags to place on or in buildings. . May 5, 1890. 
 
 United States flag must be displayed on schoolhouses. 
 April 4, 1894. Fhig day, June 14, to be observed in 
 schools. April 1907. 
 
 Colorado: United States flag must be displayed on school- 
 houses. March 26, 1891. 
 
 Connecticut: United States flag must be displayed on 
 schoolhouses. June 14, 1893. 
 
 Delaware: United States flag must be displayed on school- 
 houses. January 31, 1895. 
 
 Montana: School authorities shall purchase and display 
 during school hours and at other times the United 
 States flag. February 26, 1895. 
 
 Wisconsin: United States flag must be displayed on school- 
 houses. March 29, 1895. 
 
 Massachusetts: United States flag must be displayed on 
 schoolhouses. April 3, 1895. 
 
 New ^'ork: United States flag must be displayed on school- 
 houses. April 3, 1895. 
 
 Authorities to have United States flag displayed upon 
 or near every public school during school hours; State 
 Commissioner of Education to provide program for 
 salute to flag, other patriotic exercises and observance 
 of holidays (including Flag day). April 22, iJ 
 
 Michigan : United States flag must be displayed on school- 
 houses. April 4, 1895. 
 Designating June 14 as Flag day. May 4, 1901. 
 
 Illinois : United States flag must be displayed on school- 
 houses. June 26, 1895. 
 
 Flag to be placed on schoolhouses on such days as 
 directors may determine. June 2, 1897. 
 
 66 
 
Ohio: United States flag must be displayed on school- 
 houses. March 25, i8gb. 
 
 Pennsylvania : School authorities may purchase United 
 States flags and display at discretion. July 9, 1897. 
 
 Rhode Island : United States flag to be displayed on public 
 school buddmgs; school committees to regulate time; 
 February 12 to be Grand Army Flag day; commis- 
 sioner ot public schools to prepare program. February 
 21, 1 90 1. 
 
 ^^est Virginia: Boards of education may provide for and 
 require display of United States flag over schoolhouses. 
 February 22, 1901. 
 
 ^^yoming: School district trustees to place United States 
 flags on schoolhouses. February 23, 1903. 
 
 New Hampshire: School boards to purchase flags for 
 schoolhouses at city or town expense not exceeding 
 $10 apiece. March 3, 1903. 
 
 Arizona : United States flag to be provided for each school 
 building; superintendent of public instruction to pre- 
 pare patriotic programs for holidays (including Flag 
 day). March 13, 1903. 
 
 Idaho: Schools to be provided with flags. A-Iarch 10, 
 1903. Amending act of 1899. 
 
 New Mexico : Public schools to own and display United 
 States flag; February 12 to be celebrated as Flag 
 day; daily flag salute. March 10, 1905. 
 
 Oklahoma : Misdemeanor for city board of education or 
 school district board not to display United States flag 
 in schoolhouse. March 10, 1905. 
 
 Oregon : Requiring display of LTnited States flag on school 
 buildings in clement weather during school hours. 
 February 16, 1907. 
 
 Kansas : United States flag to be displayed at public 
 schools; flag exercises daily and observance of holidays. 
 March 6, 1907. 
 
 Utah : American flag to be displayed on schoolhouses on 
 legal holidays, February 12 and Flag day. March 
 II, 1907. 
 
 67 
 
Indiana : School trustees to accept donation for United 
 States flag to be displayed on holidays. March 12, 
 
 1907. 
 
 California: School authorities to provide flags to be raised 
 over schoolhouses durmg sessions; smaller flags for 
 class rooms. March 15, 1907. 
 
 Maine: Municipalities to furnish all schools with flags. 
 March 28, 1907. 
 
 Tennessee: Requiring display of United States flag on 
 school buildings in counties of 70,000 to 90,000. April 
 15, 1907. 
 
 Vermont: Requiring display of United States flag on 
 premises ot school when m session. December 2, 
 1908. 
 
 Salute to the Flag for Schools 
 The American Flag Association, which was organized in 
 New York city in 1897, is a society of individual members, 
 and also a union of flag committees of the patriotic societies 
 of the United States. The object of the association may be 
 stated to be "the fostering of public sentiment in ta\'or of 
 honoring the flag of our country, and preserving it from 
 desecration, and of initiating and forwarding legal meas- 
 ures to prevent such desecration." The ob]ect is one to 
 which all patriotic citizens can subscribe. The association 
 has already circulated widely its suggested salute to the flag 
 for schools. This salute is not prescribed by the Education 
 Department; but is printed below for the information of 
 school officers and teachers and its use when practicable is 
 recommended. 
 
 At a given hour in the morning, the pupils are assembled 
 and in their places in the school. A signal is given by the 
 principal of the school. Every pupil rises in his place. The 
 flag is brought forward to the principal or teacher. While it 
 is being brought forward from the door to the stand of the 
 principal or teacher, every pupil gives the flag the military 
 salute, which is as follows : 
 
 The right hand uplifted, palm upward, to a line with the 
 forehead close to it. While thus standing with palm upward 
 and in the attitude of salute, all the pupils repeat together 
 slowly and distincth' the following pledge : 
 
 68 
 
I pledge allegiance to my flag and to the Republic for which 
 
 it stands, 
 One nation indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. 
 
 At the words, as pronounced in this pledge, "to my flag," 
 each one extends the right hand gracefully, palm upward, 
 toward the flag until the end of the pledge afiirmation. Then 
 all hands drop to the side. The pupils, still standing, all sing 
 together in unison the song America. 
 
 In the primary departments, where the children are very 
 small they are taught to repeat this, instead of the pledge as 
 gi\ en for the older children : 
 
 I give my head and my heart to God and my Country, 
 One Country, one Language, one Flag. 
 
 In some schools, the salute is given in silence, as an act 
 of re\erence, unaccompanied by any pledge. At a signal, as 
 the flag reaches its station, the right hand raised palm down- 
 ward, to a horizontal position against the forehead, and held 
 there until the flag is dipped and returned to a vertical position. 
 Then, at the second signal, the hand is dropped to the side and 
 the pupil takes his seat. 
 
 The silent salute conforms very closely to the military and 
 naval salute to the flag. 
 
 Principals may adopt the "silent salute" for a daily exer- 
 cise and the "pledge salute" for special occasions. 
 
 Flag Day E.xercises 
 for the grades 
 
 A suggested program for the grades, prepared by Miss Clara Walker, Principal 
 School No. 1 6, Albany, New York. 
 
 1. Choi-ius — America. 
 
 2. Exercise — The Flag of Our Country. 
 
 TWENTY FOURTH GRADE PUPILS 
 
 One pupil leads, carrying large American flag, and takes his place 
 on platform at extreme right. Nineteen children follow, each carry- 
 ing a large white letter. It is suggested that the letters forming the 
 words of the title be mounted on alternate red and blue shields, as 
 THE on red, FLAG on blue, etc. The pupil bearing the first letter 
 stands opposite the leader at extreme left, the others standing so that 
 the words may be easily read. Each pupil recites one line, except 
 the nineteenth, who recites two lines. 
 
 69 
 
There is our country's banner 
 Held by a loyal hand ; 
 Each heart holds it in honor 
 
 Floating o'er all the land. 
 Love it we shall forever, 
 And as we older grow, 
 Great hope be ours that never 
 
 Our nation's blood shall flow. 
 From ocean vast to ocean 
 
 O, may men ever be 
 United m its devotion, 
 Reliant, safe, and free. 
 
 Colors, crimson, blue and white, 
 Of these our flag is made ; 
 Unfurled, floating in the light 
 Ne'er will its glory fade. 
 Xhose white stars on field ot blue 
 Reveal the Union strong, 
 Yea, patient, stanch, sturdy, true, 
 In making right, in breaking wrong. 
 
 Leader with flag steps forward to center of the plattorm. At signal 
 the school rises and in concert gives the oath of allegiance to the 
 
 flag. (Page 69.) 
 
 3. Chorus — O, Starry Flag of Union, Hail. (Page 85.) 
 
 4. Declamation — The American Flag, by H. W. Beecher. 
 
 (Page 82.) 
 
 SIXTH GRADE BOY 
 
 5. Recitation — Captain Molly at Monmouth. (Page 98.) 
 
 FIFTH GRADE GIRL 
 
 6. Chorus — Oh, Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean. (Page 
 
 9+.) 
 
 7. Tableau — Making the Flag. 
 
 THREE BOYS AND TWO GIRLS FRO.M SEVENTH GRADE 
 
 The boys represent General Washington, Robert Morris and 
 George Ross, standing, while one girl, Bets\- Ross, is seated, sewing 
 
 70 
 
on a flag. \ er\' simple costumes will answer for this tableau. The 
 second girl, in ordinary dress, recites The Banner ISetsy Made. 
 
 8. Song — There are Many Flags. 
 
 FIR.ST YE.\R CL.^SS 
 
 Each pupil carries a small flag which is held upright during the 
 singing ot the verses, and waxed above the head while the chorus is 
 bemg sung. 
 
 9. Recitatiox — The Name of Old Glorw (Page 96.) 
 
 EIGHTH YEAR GIRI. 
 
 10. Chorus — The Schoolhouse and the Flag. {Page 64.) 
 
 11. Recitation — A Song for Flag Day. (Page 95.) 
 
 THIRD YE.\R BOY 
 
 12. Concert Recitation — God Save the Flag, (Page 96. 
 
 TEX third grade PUPILS 
 
 13. Chorus — The Flag Goes By. (Page 95.") 
 
 14. Evolution of the American Flag. 
 
 seven eighth gr.ade boys 
 
 Each bo\- carries the flag indicated b\' his description. It will add 
 interest to this exercise if the girls of the class make the flags in their 
 manual training class. Cheesecloth will serve the purpose. Ihe 
 boys may make the dowels and mount the banners. 
 
 First Bov — This is St George's cross which was planted at 
 Labrador hv Cabot in l^CfJ, to proclaim England's possessi\e right 
 to the land. It was the first English flag unfurled in America. 
 
 Second Boy — I bear the banner that first floated o\er the perma- 
 nent settlements in America. This flag was known as the King's 
 Colors, and was made by combining the white cross of St Andrew 
 and the red cross of St George, when England and Scotland were 
 united after centuries ot war. It is believed b)- many historians 
 that the ship that brought over the Jamestown colonists in 1607, and 
 also the good ship Ma}flower in 1620, carried both the cross of St 
 George and the King's Colors. 
 
 Third Boy — The Pine Tree Flag of New England, as well as the 
 Liberty Flag and the Rattlesnake Flag displayed the beginning of an 
 independent spirit among the American colonists. 
 
 Fourth Boy — The first flag of American independence was 
 unfurled over Washington's headquarters at Cambridge in January 
 1776. It was adopted by the Continental Congress, and consisted 
 of thirteen stripes, representing the thirteen united colonies, and 
 
 71 
 
retained the King's Colors as evidence that the colonists still considered 
 themselves Englishmen. 
 
 Fijth Boy — This flag must thrill every heart as we realize that 
 our fathers, assembled in Congress, June 14, 1777, nearly a year 
 after the Declaration of Independence was passed, adopted this 
 design of thirteen stripes and thirteen stars to show to all the nations 
 on earth the right of the new-born nation to a place among them. 
 
 Sixth Boy — Although Vermont was admitted into the Union in 
 1 791 and Kentucky in 1792, no change was made in the flag until 
 July 4, 1795, when by act of Congress two stripes and two stars 
 were added. In a few years it became evident that it would be im- 
 possible to continue to add a star and a stripe for each new State. 
 In 18 18, there then being twenty States, Congress enacted a law mak- 
 ing the flag of the United States thirteen alternate red and white 
 horizontal stripes, and providing that one star be added to the union 
 of the field upon the admission of each new state. 
 
 Seventh Bov — Our country's flag! Proudest emblem of our 
 nation's life! America's heroes lifted it high over Fort Stanwi.x, 
 Saratoga, Monmouth, Stony Point, ^'orktown, Gett\sburg, Vicks- 
 burg, Richmond, San Juan and IManila. It has been carried to the 
 North Pole by American hands. Wherever it goes, may it forever 
 carry peace and prosperity. 
 
 15. Semichorus — Our Flag High Above. (Page 99.) 
 
 .SEVENTH .\ND EIGHTH GR-^DES 
 
 16. Solo and Chorus — Star Spangled Banner. (Page 86. 
 
 solo by sixth gr.^de boy 
 
 17. Flag Drill. 
 
 twenty-six second grade pupils 
 
 M Rliip 
 
 RpH 
 
 M 
 
 
 Whitp 
 
 L 
 
 K 
 
 Rpd 
 
 K 
 
 J 
 
 Whitp 
 
 .7 
 
 T 
 
 Red 
 
 T 
 
 H 
 
 Whitp 
 
 H 
 
 Cr 
 
 Red 
 
 G 
 
 F 
 
 Whitp 
 
 F 
 
 F 
 
 Red 
 
 F 
 
 n 
 
 Whi+p 
 
 n 
 
 c 
 
 Rpd 
 
 r, 
 
 R 
 
 White 
 
 R 
 
 A 
 
 Red 
 
 A 
 
 This may be given by equal numbers of boys and girls, or in 
 couples to suit the personnel of the class. Couple A A are the smallest, 
 
 72 
 
M M the largest. The diagram will explain the arrangement as it 
 appears at the final figure ni the formation of the flag. Strips of 
 cheesecloth ot suitable length to make the desired width of the flag, 
 are used. The ends ot the strips are pinned to the shoulders of A A, 
 B B, etc. Couples join hands in center of strip and hold it from the 
 floor during the march. Beginning with G G the strips must be of 
 two colors sewed together: G G has red and blue, H H has white and 
 blue, etc. White paper stars pasted on the blue will enhance the effect. 
 Children enter stage in couples, A A, B B, etc., in order. March for- 
 ward, turn to left, march to back, down center. A A turn to right, 
 B B to left, C C to right, D D to left, etc. Meeting at center back, 
 couples tall into first position, B B following A A, etc. Down center, 
 separate as before, come forward from center back in double couples, 
 with space between E E F F and stand marking time. 
 
 C C D D 
 
 A A B B 
 
 The odd couple M M advance through space between the lines; one 
 turns to right, one to left, winding in and out between couples until 
 they reach position at back. The two columns move forward, A A 
 turning to the left, B B to right, C C to left, etc., until they reach 
 center back, when they fall into first position. Couples separate 
 length of streamer, thereby showing flag in position. Close up ranks 
 and march off in couples. 
 
 i8. Chorus — My Own United States. 
 
 For High Schools 
 
 A sutjgested program for high schools prepared by Supt- F. D. Boynton, 
 Ithaca, New York. 
 
 I. Chorus — The Star Spangled Banner Key 
 
 1. Declamation — The Stars and Stripes .... Sumner 
 
 3. Essay — The Evolution of the American Flag. 
 
 4. Recitation — The American Flag Drake 
 
 5. Chorus — Battle Hymn of the Republic .... Howe 
 
 6. Essay — What the Flag Stands For. 
 
 7. Declamation — The Man without a Country . . Hale 
 
 8. Chorus — Hail Columbia Hopkinson 
 
 9. Recitation — The Blue and the Gray Finch 
 
 10. Declamation — Gettysburg Speech Lincoln 
 
 11. Chorus — Tenting on the Old Camp Ground . . Smith 
 
 12. Essay — Explanation of famous sayings on page 79. 
 
 13. Salute to the Flag by the school. 
 
 14. Chorus — America Smith 
 
 73 
 
How TO Make a Flag 
 
 Prepared by Miss Grace C. Parsons, instructor in sewing and drawing, 
 Vocational School, Albany, New York. 
 
 I. Size. 9'9"x6'6". 
 
 Ihis particular size is suggested for convenience of 
 measurements. The proportions, however, are close to those 
 prescribed b)- United States Armv regulations. 
 
 II. Material. 
 
 8 yards oi red bunting. 
 
 35 yards ot blue bunting. 
 
 8 yards of white bunting. 
 
 ^ yard of canvas. 
 
 I J yards of stout muslin. 
 
 2 harness rings. 
 
 2 spools of white thread, no. 6o. 
 
 III. The Plan. 
 
 The planning of the flag can be done as a class lesson — 
 a drawing made by each pupil. 
 
 The field of the union should be 
 
 
 6", the stripes 
 /hen fin- 
 
 6" wide, and the canvas binding at back 2J" wide, 
 ished (see diagram I). 
 
 The forty-six stars are arranged in six rows, eight in the 
 
 V 3-9"^ 
 
first, se\'en in the second, eight in the next two, seven in the 
 
 next, and eight in the hist tsee diagram I). 
 
 Ihe arrangement of stars 
 will be according to diagram 
 II. 1 he length of the blue 
 field can be di\ided into eighths 
 and the depth into sixths. 
 This makes forty-eight ob- 
 longs. The rows bavin"; eight 
 stars wdl have the stars placed 
 m center of oblong, those hav- 
 mg seven stars, the center of star 
 placed on line (see diagram II ). 
 Two rings j" in diameter 
 rom the end. 
 
 * 
 
 -t- 
 
 ^ 
 
 -(- 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 -t- 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 r 
 
 - ^ 
 
 - - 
 
 - ' 
 
 - - 
 
 - - 
 
 - 
 
 4- 
 
 -1- 
 
 i- 
 
 -1- 
 
 X 
 
 4- 
 
 + 
 
 -1- 
 
 + 
 
 -1- 
 
 -i- 
 
 4- 
 
 -4- 
 
 + 
 
 -i 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 - ^ 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 + 
 
 ■+- 
 
 -(- 
 
 ~¥- 
 
 -t 
 
 ^ 
 
 +- 
 
 + 
 
 I' 
 
 are placed in the can\as strip 
 I\'. The Star. 
 
 1 he class can then make the pattern for a five-pointed star. 
 The geometric problem of constructing a pentagon within a 
 circle is the one in\olved. 
 
 Draw a 4" circle. Draw the horizontal and \ertical 
 diameters A B and C D. Make the point of intersec- 
 tion E. Bisect E B and mark the point of intersection F. 
 With F as center and C F as radius, transcribe an arc 
 cutting A E. Mark point of intersection G. With G C as 
 radius and C as center, describe two arcs on either side 
 of C cutting circumference at H and }. With H and J as 
 centers and same radius de- ^ 
 
 scribe two more arcs, cutting 
 circumference at K and L. 
 Connecting points on cir- 
 cumference gives pentagon. 
 Connect C K and C L, J L 
 and J H, and H K. This 
 will give the five-pointed star. 
 Cut this out for pattern (see 
 diagram III). 
 
 A star may be cut quickly 
 by folding as in diagram IV. 
 
 V. Cojnputing Amount of 
 Material and Cost. 
 After the drawing has 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 pA, 
 
 /\ \. / 
 
 E \ F 
 
 
 \ '^ \/ 
 
 
 
 L^\^ 
 
 __^^ 
 
 /K 
 
 been made and the stars cut. 
 
 75 
 
the class can compute the amount of material necessary 
 and the cost. 
 
 The bunting comes one yard wide. 
 
 Let the pupils find the number of stripes of red and of 
 white that can be cut from one 
 width of goods. One-half inch 
 must be allowed tor seams, 
 and one inch for hem at end 
 ot flag. Plan to have the two 
 outside red stripes selvage. 
 
 Compute amount of blue 
 needed. It will probably be 
 necessary to have a seam 
 lengthwise through the middle 
 of the blue field. 
 
 Then figure the amount of 
 muslin for ninety-two stars 
 like pattern and the amount 
 of canvas for binding. 
 
 The flag should be enforced 
 at each back corner where the 
 rings are placed, by an extra 
 piece of bunting (6" x 7") 
 stitched flat like a patch. This 
 will come on the blue field 
 and on the lowest red stripe. 
 
 VI. -The M akin a. 
 
 The two pieces which 
 strengthen the corners where 
 the rings are placed should be 
 stitched down first. 
 
 The seams are felled and made as narrow as possible 
 (tV finished). They should be carefully basted and stitched 
 on a machine. 
 
 The blue field can be divided up in sections as planned 
 on drawing (diagram II). This can be marked out by stretch- 
 ing a chalked cord at opposite division points and snapping 
 it down on cloth. 
 
 To mark the centers make a pattern of one oblong and 
 punch a small hole in center. Lay pattern on each oblong 
 of cloth and chalk center. 
 
 (f) -J^aoixt^ rei/er^e of (c) 
 Qjf on dotted /me at Cf) 
 
 76 
 
Each star can be overcast with a shallow but close stitch 
 before sewing to held. It can then be basted on one side of 
 
 the field, then on the opposite side, 
 and finally stitched to the blue. The 
 stitching should be from point to point 
 through the center as in diagram V^. 
 
 In seaming the blue field to the 
 stripes, seam across the flag first, then 
 down the length in one seam. 
 
 Stitch hem on end of flag with 
 three rows of stitching and canvas 
 binding at back with two rows. 
 The harness rings can be laid on canvas an inch from the 
 end and marked tor inside circle — the goods cut from center 
 ot circle to mark in three or four places, turned back on ring 
 and buttonholed over with stout linen thread (see diagram VI). 
 The work can be divided up as it seems feasible. A group 
 of girls can sew the stripes 
 together — another group can 
 baste the stars on while a third 
 group is overcasting the edges 
 of the stars. 
 
 FROM THE LA^' OF THE EAST MINSTREL 
 
 Breathes there the man, with soul so dead, 
 Who never to himself hath said, 
 
 This is my own, my native land! 
 Whose heart hath ne'er within hmi burn'd. 
 As home his footsteps he hath turn'd, 
 
 From wandering on a foreign strand! 
 If such there breathe, go, mark him well; 
 lor him no minstrel raptures swell; 
 High though his titles, proud his name, 
 Boundless his wealth as wish can claim; 
 Despite those titles, power, and pelt, 
 The wretch, concentred all m self, 
 Living, shall forfeit fair renown, 
 And, doublv dying, shall go down 
 To the vile dust, from whence he sprung, 
 LTnwept, unhonour'd, and unsung. 
 
 Sir ^\'ALTKR Scott 
 
 77 
 
IN DEFENSE OF FLAG AND COUNTRY 
 Don't give up the ship. Capt. James Eawrhnce 
 
 Sink or swim, li\e or die, sur\i\e or perish, I give my 
 heart and m\- hand to this vote. John Adams 
 
 A star tor e\ery state, and a state for e\ery star. 
 
 Robert Charles Winthrop 
 
 See, tliere is Tackson, standing hke a stone wall. 
 
 Bernard E. Bee 
 
 I propose to fight it out on this line if it takes all summer. 
 
 Ulysses S. Grant 
 
 We have met the enemy, and they are ours. 
 
 Oliver Hazard Perry 
 
 A little more grape. Captain Bragg. 
 
 General Zachary Taylor 
 
 I am not worth purchasing, but such as I am, the king 
 of England is not rich enough to buy me. 
 
 General Joseph Reed 
 
 I know not what course others may take; but, as for me, 
 give me liberty or give me death. Patrick Henry 
 
 I have not yet begun to fight. Paul Jones 
 
 There they are, boys; we must beat them today, or this 
 night Molly Stark's a widow. Colonel John Stark 
 
 Millions for defense, not one cent for tribute. 
 
 Charles C. Pinckney 
 
 Fll try, sir. Colonel James Miller 
 
 If any one attempts to haul down the American flag, 
 shoot him on the spot. General John A. Dix 
 
 I regret that I have but one life to give to my country. 
 
 Nathan Hale 
 
 79 
 
The Story of a New York Boy 
 
 E\ LR^' boy and girl ought to know the story of Colonel 
 Elmer E. I^llsworth, a New York boy whose death in 
 defense of the flag at Alexandria, Virginia, on May 24, 1861, 
 was a tragic incident in the beginning of the Civil War. He 
 was born at Mechanicville, New York, on April 23, 1837. 
 His parents were poor and he was early thrown on his own 
 resources. As a mere boy he drifted to Troy and then to 
 New \'ork, where he worked at whatever he could find to do. 
 Always passionately fond of military tactics, he spent much 
 time in New York watching the drill of the Seventh Regiment 
 and in perfecting himself in the manual of arms. At the age 
 of twenty-two we find him a student in a law office in Chicago, 
 going hungry many times and sleeping on the floor of the 
 office. He became an expert fencer and soon was captain of 
 a company of young men known as the Chicago Zouaves. 
 Drilling his company to perfection, he challenged the militia 
 companies of the United States and made a successful tour of 
 the country in the summer of i860, surpassing many of the 
 crack companies in eastern cities. At the age of twenty-three 
 he went back to Chicago one of the most talked of men in the 
 country. Soon thereafter he entered the law office of Abraham 
 Eincoln at Springfield, and while making speeches in support 
 of Lincoln's candidacy for the presidency, he was dreaming of 
 a national bureau of militia, and more, he was making definite, 
 rational plans to that end. He accompanied the president- 
 elect to Washington, and Lincoln made him a lieutenant in 
 the army. When the war broke out he went to New York 
 and organized the New York Zouaves, a regiment of 1,100 
 men, and early in May 1861 brought his regiment to Wash- 
 ington. On the evening of May 23 he was ordered with his 
 regiment to occupy the town of Alexandria, Virginia. This 
 he did at dawn the following morning without resistance. On 
 his way with a squad of Zouaves to take possession of the 
 telegraph office he caught sight of a Confederate flag floating 
 from the summit of the Marshall House. Accompanied by 
 four soldiers he rushed into the hotel, up the stairs to the roof, 
 and tore down the flag. Coming down the stairs he was met 
 by the hotel-keeper and shot dead. The uniform he wore, 
 the sword he carried, and the Confederate flag he tore down 
 are now displayed in the capitol at Albany and are reproduced 
 on the opposite page. A monument at Mechanicville marks 
 
the last resting place of this hrilliant young New York soldier, 
 who gave up his life at the very beginning of a great civil war 
 which was to purge the country of its greatest evil and more 
 firmly establish the flag of the Union. 
 
 The American Flag 
 
 A THOUGHTFUL mind, when it sees a nation's flag, 
 sees not the flag only, but the nation itself; and what- 
 ever may be its symbols, its insignia, he reads chiefly in the 
 flag the government, the principles, the truth, the history, 
 A\hich belong to the nation that sets it forth. 
 
 When the French tricolor rolls out to the wind, we see 
 France. When the new-found Italian flag is unfurled, we see 
 resurrected Italy. When the other three-cornered Hungarian 
 flag shall be lifted to the wind, we shall see in it the long-buried 
 but never dead principles of Hungarian liberty. When the 
 united crosses of St Andrew and St George, on a fiery ground, 
 set forth the banner of Old England, we see not the cloth 
 merely; there rises up before the mind the noble aspect of 
 that monarchy, which, more than any other on the globe, has 
 advanced its banner for liberty, law, and national prosperity. 
 
 This nation has a banner, too; and wherever it streamed 
 abroad, men saw daybreak bursting on their eyes, for the 
 American flag has been the symbol of liberty, and men rejoiced 
 in it. Not another flag on the globe had such an errand, or 
 went forth upon the sea, carrying everywhere the glorious 
 tidings. 
 
 The stars upon it were to the pining nations like the morn- 
 ing stars of God, and the stripes upon it were beams of morning 
 light. 
 
 As at early dawn the stars stand first, and then it grows 
 light, and then as the sun advances, that light breaks into 
 banks and streaming lines of color, the glowing red and intense 
 white striving together and ribbing the horizon with bars 
 effulgent, so on the American flag, stars and beams of many- 
 colored light shine out together. And wherever the flag 
 comes, and men behold it, they see in its sacred emblazonry 
 no rampant lion and fierce eagle, but only LIGHT, and every 
 fold significant of liberty. 
 
 The history of this banner is all on one side. Under it 
 rode Washington and his armies; before it Burgoyne laid 
 down his arms. It waved on the highlands at West Point; 
 
 82 
 
it floated over old Fort Montgomery. When Arnold would 
 have surrendered these valuable fortresses and precious 
 legacies, his night was turned into day, and his treach- 
 ery was driven away, by the beams of light iVom this starry 
 banner. 
 
 It cheered our arm\-, drnen from New \'ork, in their 
 solitary pilgrimage through New Jersey. It streamed in light 
 over Valley Forge and Morristown. It crossed the waters 
 rollin": with ice at Trenton ; and when its stars gleamed in the 
 cold morning with ^'ictory, a new day of hope dawned on the 
 despondency ot the nation. And when, at length, the long 
 years ot war were drawing to a close, underneath the folds of 
 this immortal banner sat Washington, while Yorktown sur- 
 rendered Its hosts, and our Revolutionary struggles ended with 
 victory. 
 
 Let us then twine each thread of the glorious tissue of our 
 country's flag about our heartstrings; and looking upon our 
 homes and catching the spirit that breathes upon us from the 
 battle-fields of our fathers, let us resolve, come weal or woe, 
 we will, in life and in death, now and forever, stand by the 
 stars and stripes. They have been unfurled from the snows 
 of Canada to the plains of New Orleans, in the halls of the 
 Montezumas and amid the solitude of every sea; and every- 
 where, as the luminous symbol of resistless and beneficent 
 power, they have led the brave to victory and to glory. They 
 have floated over our cradles; let it be our prayer and our 
 struggle that they shall float over our graves. 
 
 Henry Ward Befxher 
 
 Reply to the Mayor of New York City 
 
 Februan' 20, 1S61 
 
 THERE is nothing that could ever bring me to consent — 
 willingly to consent — to the destruction of this Union (in 
 which not only the great city of New York, but the whole 
 countr\', has acquired its greatness), unless it would be the thing 
 for which the Union itself was made. I understand that the 
 ship is made for the carrying and preservation of the cargo; 
 and so lon^ as the ship is safe with the cargo, it shall not be 
 abandoned. This Union shall never be abandoned, unless 
 the possibility of its existence shall cease to exist without the 
 necessity of throwing passengers and cargo overboard. 
 
 Abraham Lincoln 
 
 83 
 
The Star Spangled Banner 
 
 THE Star Spangled Banner! Was ever flag so beautiful, 
 did ever flag so fill the souls of men ? The love of woman ; 
 the sense ot duty; the thirst for glory; the heart-throbbing 
 that impels the humblest American to stand by his colors, 
 fearless in the defense of his natixe soil, and holding it sweet 
 to die for it — the yearning which draws hmi to it when exiled 
 from it — its free institutions and its blessed memories, all are 
 embodied and symbolized by the broad stripes and bright 
 stars of the nation's emblem, all live again in the lines and 
 tones of Key's anthem. Two or three began the song, millions 
 lom in the chorus. They are singing it in Porto Rican trenches 
 and on the ramparts of Santiago, and its echoes, borne upon 
 the wings of morning, come rolling back from far away Manila; 
 the soldier's message to the soldier; the hero's shibboleth in 
 battle; the patriot's solace in death! Even to the lazy sons 
 of peace who lag at home — the pleasure-seekers whose merry- 
 making turns the night to day — those stirring strains come 
 as a sudden trumpet-call, and, above the sounds of revelry, 
 subjugated for the moment to a stronger power, rises wave 
 upon wave of melodious resonance, the idler's aimless but 
 heartfelt tribute to his country and his country's flag. 
 
 Henry Watterson 
 
 WHEN my eyes shall be turned to behold for the last time 
 the sun in heaven, may I not see him shining on 
 the broken and dishonored fragments of a once glorious Union; 
 on states dissevered, discordant, belligerent; on a land rent 
 with civil feuds, or drenched, it may be, in fraternal blood! 
 Let their last feeble and lingering glance rather behold the 
 gorgeous ensign of the Republic, now known and honored 
 throughout the earth, still full high advanced, its arms and 
 trophies streaming in their original luster, not a stripe erased 
 or polluted, nor a single star obscured, bearing for its motto 
 no such miserable interrogatory as "What is all this worth ?" 
 nor those other words of delusion and folly, "Liberty first and 
 Union afterwards"; but everywhere, spread over all in charac- 
 ters of living light, blazing on all its ample folds, as they float 
 over the sea and over the land, and in every wind under the 
 whole heavens, that other sentiment, dear to every true Ameri- 
 can heart — Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and 
 inseparable! Daniel Webster 
 
 84 
 
Our Flag 
 
 THERE is the national flag! He must be cold, indeed, 
 who can look upon its folds, rippling in the breeze, with- 
 out pride ot country. If he be in a foreign land the flag is 
 companionship and country itself, with all its endearments. 
 Who, as he sees it, can think of a state merely .? Whose eye, 
 once fastened on its radiant trophies, can fail to recognize 
 the image ot the whole nation ? It has been called a "floating 
 piece ot poetry"; and yet I know not if it has any intrinsic 
 beauty beyond other ensigns. Its highest beauty is in what 
 it symbolizes. It is because it represents all, that all gaze at 
 it with delight and re\erence. It is a piece of bunting lifted 
 in the air; but it speaks sublimely, and every part has a voice. 
 Its stripes, of alternate red and white, proclaim the original 
 union ot thirteen states to maintain the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence. Its stars, white on a field of blue, proclaim that 
 union of states constituting our national constellation, which 
 receives a new star with every new state. The two, together, 
 signify union, past and present. The very colors have a lan- 
 guage, which was oificially recognized by our fathers. White 
 is tor purity, red for valor, blue for justice; and all together — 
 bunting, stripes, stars, and colors blazing in the sky — make 
 the flag of our country, to be cherished by all of our hearts, 
 to be upheld by all of our hands. Charles Sumner 
 
 O STARRY FLAG OF UNION, HAIL! 
 O starry flag of Union, hall! 
 
 Now wave thy silken folds on high, 
 The gentle breeze that stirs each sail 
 Proclaims a broad dear treedom nigh. 
 
 Who dares haul down from mast or tow'r. 
 
 Yon emblem of Columbia's pride. 
 His life holds light in that dread hour, 
 
 Since brave men for that flag have died. 
 
 We raise no hand for strife or war. 
 
 We plead for peace tor ev'ry land; 
 But love we always each bright star. 
 
 Each color, stripe, and rain-bow strand. 
 
 Blue field, thy stars for ev'ry state; 
 
 Thy crimson stripes, thy peerless white, 
 fVave now o'er us, while our chorus 
 
 Swells our watchword, God and Right I 
 
 Charles W. Johnson 
 
 85 
 

 
 bEl'B5CE 
 
 kk BalLilin.re, in a 11.^); of ttu^.-t^ fnr ll^e pin- 
 poK uf t;'-MH(;^ rtleased tWm tin.- iii itisli HcJL 
 arriemrql his whoha/i V.' en ci-jiturpil nt. Mai'i- 
 borougli. — tJc Ivenlai far as Hip nmulh of Ihii 
 I'iatilxent, anJ wu»oolpermiUei) lo relui-u lesl 
 
 ''tbe iiitendtstl aLtuek on lialtimore rJinold be 
 
 - dSclosp.ii He WHS iherelore brguglil 0|> 'he 
 
 Bay to ttiB mouil* nf tlit PuUiiihco, wln-n; ili' 
 
 'fliig veaitil wa» kt-pi under tb.* gun 
 
 I' 
 
 at.' 
 
 and h? 
 
 Ic<! lo v.iUKis thf 
 
 b^mbar-^fnent o1 Korl M'Henry, which llie 
 Auinifil huj basted that he l^nul^J (mm-^ in 
 sifevhouit, and ihat the eiiy nuni tull. Ho 
 walclH'd llif ilJigut, the fori ibrougli llie wlntc 
 day wiUi all anxiety that can bi; belter felt 
 tlmii deicribedi until the nighi prevunL-eil liifn 
 from hfcein^ it. In the nifl.f:l lie walcfieJ ifit 
 bomb SheliB, and at earl)' da>vn his eye was 
 asain greeted by the prcudly waving flag ol' 
 bi» coontry. 
 
 7'rtne—AsAVp.r.ov is Hraten. 
 O! wy can you see by the dawn's early lighti 
 . Whftt so proiiJIy We li;uleil at the Iwilight's 
 
 last glcuming, 
 Whose broid atjiuesand bright Btan ihtHDgh 
 tlie periiinis lyht, 
 O'er '!i« ramfirts we watch'il; were so gal- 
 lantly .'■treaniiiiH ? 
 And (he lloeUeti' rei glare, the Bombs buri^t- 
 
 ing in air, 
 <3ftve proof ihraugh thfl night, that our VlaR 
 was litiil there ^ 
 O i say does Uiut itt>ar-Bpang)«d Banner- yet 
 
 O'er the Land of Ibe free, and Mie hom^ of 
 tht brive? 
 
 OitUie ^rc dimly seen through the mists oF 
 
 the deep, 
 ' Where the foe's haaghly'liont in dread li- 
 
 lence repose--, 
 IK'tiat is that which the brre^c, o'er the tow- 
 
 *-nng iteep.; 
 A» it 5iruIW blowi, half coDCeAlB,balf dit> 
 
 .■|«8« ? 
 
 Jiow it cau-hcB the glekm of the morning't 
 
 fiTit beam, 
 In rullglon,' reflecteilnou bines in lh«*tre«RiT 
 'Ti» the Oax (puigled burner, iJt Ion(; may 
 
 it wa»e 
 O'er the liind of the fir^ aod the home of 
 the bniTft, " 
 
 And wlierie fa thit btitd wbo so' vtaatlngly 
 ewore 
 'i'h at the bavoo of w tr and lire bftttie** ctui- 
 
 fuiiofl, 
 ^ home and acoaRtry.shoQld learetnoomQi^ 
 Their blrnKJ hcu wA»hed out tfioir foul footr. 
 (tcpg pullution. 
 Ko refuge could »ive the-birel4ng and slft»e, 
 From th"* terror of flight or the gioora of the 
 fcrave, 
 And ihis hJ^ai--ipftngled banner in Iriumpb 
 
 doth wijve. 
 O'er the Land of the Free, and the Home 
 of 111© Crave; - . 
 
 01 t^i»» Xft itCer when freemen 6|i»ll «t«nd*. 
 ,, Bet\«fee» their iov'tf-hBraes; Sntl''thp waf'a 
 . ■ ■ deBoTaitob, 
 
 ftest with *i«['ry md' p^^ce, tn«,y iha Hoa.r'a 
 " respond land, 
 pTBiie tba Power that liiith aa^t and pre- 
 BBrv'd ah a pdtlon f 
 ^^•^ (trynneefWE mOst, wharr oor tsuisa it i» 
 
 At'd-thli fe o4lf mot-to— 'In Gird la oarTraat' 
 And the star-tpaoglcd Banner iairiurnpfa 
 
 e>»iU wave, 
 O'er the Land of the Frw, and Urn HotDC 
 "i i»j (be Brafe- , ^ -, --; 
 
 not bfiiig mciitiunt;!! 
 
 ■ninijii the tjiory >«uri^ ^ \ 
 ^■tra nl' the irurinu ii^rps >\ 
 ■i.u.nlii 1 iDRy t-'>y, ur..i,-r ihd ey 
 ni-n, wntl ftmc ivill du yo'J jUiUi 
 jir, inv iv;-iiei( (br yo'ir spee'ly I 
 'T^'orit iiiv ".■■■f'-'cr, lo iieuta. H ;' 
 ih-.'!i, L.)n' .milI ;;:'.';lte, i-bo bJ 
 on »hal niiTiior,.t.|-! day. 
 
 I em r)r, with respect your oL 
 
 JitSIlUABAlf. 
 
 Capt. A Skvipr. 
 
 MttOiie Corpn, Wflsltii 
 
 >gton. 
 
 WA.IlliyCJTO!*, fiept. 2y 
 llolh Htius'S of Congress jtiterday fo/ 
 (I ijiiittum, and a|ij>fiinted a joint com''/ 
 In [id'nim Lh<- I'reivleiU tliat they *e/ 
 med and ready to receive a,ny conamur/ 
 he might have to make. U i» probahk ) 
 fore IImI Lhe Message will be deliverc/ 
 A',' 
 _ ^ 
 
 \Vc had yesterday no additionf.' 
 tion ofan autheiiticrliurarLerftot / 
 liorbucd ol HlaiLsburg, which is n ,' 
 tre of Lhe nioil iiueriijl'ng Dpc/ 
 
 The glofiouH licLor) obiuitiu/' 
 force on biikf ChAHtpUin is ( '' 
 of that achieved just a year' 
 Grie, andwas perhaps cquy 
 iiB consequences, Tbe bat'.. 
 iho. capture of one Brili«h at 
 the trunijuilify of our western i 
 OaitJe of Chjinpluin preceded •> 
 comulishej lhe defeat of another 
 lencd a. formidable invasion of ou 
 fron'ier, by an iiii;ur>ion into lhe I 
 loua 3t.ite in the Union, The rtrcil 
 huo every where diffused heirt-it^l 
 bLcn received with welcome oiviul | 
 long a9 hiitory prolong! lo poiterr] 
 collection ot other timci, the ii;.meji 
 and Maci'Dnoc'CII will burcmeino' 
 ther and th<-* tenth unti olevenlh of (■ 
 be recurdc-d a» fortunate days in tbij 
 of lhe Republic. — Jt. , 
 
 COAGRERS UNITETI STA' 
 
 MONDflF, BEPT 19. ' 
 
 This being Ihp day assignij by / 
 malitwi of liie President for the ' 
 CoogrcMii, lli0 Memberi a^sero*' 
 pwtmentfl prepared lor their fi 
 u the Uiir^ hnur. These ro.' 
 from be<gg aa c+immodioos ? 
 occupied be the two housi, 
 more romforlable tJun c 
 petted ff-im Lhe exl^jnor 
 building in which Jiey arc 
 beto v-ry nt^tly and expedi 
 under tbe dic^tiioa of the Suj. 
 the city. 
 
 .The Vi.ce Prftftjdunt not having ai\ 
 Hon. Jobn G!»i(|«,nl, -f S-mthCar^ 
 flumed the Chair aa Freiidont joj-o tet 
 of the Senat-;. J 
 
 The roll having-been called, it/ 
 tliat the followioK membem were ef 
 
 From New-/hm)'skire~'SU. ' 
 
 MassaoAuseiis—^r. Vamoin 
 
 /i/Md« Is/and — M/- Howeli. 
 
 Vermont — Mr, Robiiiton. 
 
 I'ev.nrijl-oania-^^sb.iXK L ' 
 berls. 
 
 Di'ldirarr — Mr, Honey. 
 
 firt,'PT.^((— Mes»ra. Brent 
 
 iW^rtJf Circitna—Mr. Tui 
 
 Georgia— Mr. Tail. V 
 
 . A'tn/^itiy— Mr. BMyj-^^'" 
 TentUisca — Mcmi-t, -«'^**''''^ 
 too. - ' 
 
 OAio~y ■- " 
 
 The Star Spangled Banner 
 
 (Reproduced from Baltimore American of September 2i, 1814) 
 
THE STAR SPANGLED BANNER 
 
 THE Star Spangled Banner has not been formally 
 adopted as a national anthem, because it relates to a 
 special war incident and does not meet all the require- 
 ments of a national song. It is, however, generally acclaimed 
 as one of the noblest and most inspiring of American lyrics 
 and, under army and navy regulations, is played at morning 
 and evening "colors." It is more frequently recited and sung 
 on patriotic occasions and in the schools than any American 
 song, with the exception, perhaps, ot America. The circum- 
 stances under which it was written gi\e it peculiar interest. 
 Its author was Francis Scott Key, a lawyer who practised in 
 Maryland and Washington. He was born in Frederick county, 
 Maryland, August i, 1779, and died in Baltimore, jan 
 uary 11, 1843. ^ large national flag floats over his 
 grave in Mount Olivet cemetery in Frederick and 
 is never lowered, except to be replaced by a new 
 one. A volume of his poems was published 
 in 1856, but the Star Spangled Banner 
 alone makes his name immortal. Mr 
 Key was in custody on the British frigate 
 Surprise during the attackon Fort McHenry, 
 September 13, 1814, and the poem vividly 
 describes what he then witnessed. From the 
 vessel he anxiously watched the flag on the 
 fort during the day and through the night, by 
 " the rockets' red glare," and to his joy saw in 
 the morning the "broad stripes and bright 
 stars" still "gallantly streaming" and the I • 
 British beating a retreat. He began to write 
 on the ship and upon his release completed | 
 the stanzas at a hotel in Baltimore. A fac- 
 simile of the poem as it was originally pub- 
 lishedon September 21, 1814 in the Baltimore 
 American appears on the opposite page. 
 The flag that floated over Fort McHenry 
 is now preserved in the National Museum 
 at Washington. 
 
 R:.SPAN( 
 
 tHE'-BOMBARDMENTiX 
 
 6r.t ^c ;hen;M 
 
 ■pTEMBER iS'ial 
 
 ^ROM, A POLE OCOJPVTWC- 
 
 Bronze Memorial Tablet 
 
 Erected hv the United States Government 
 
 at Fort McHenry, June 1909 
 
 87 
 
THE AMERICAN FLAG 
 
 When Freedom from her mountain height 
 Unfurled her standard to the air, 
 
 She tore the azure robe of night, 
 And set the stars of glory there. 
 
 She mingled with its gorgeous dyes 
 
 The milky baldric of the skies. 
 
 And striped its pure celestial white 
 
 With streakings of the morning light; 
 
 Then from his mansion in the sun 
 
 She called her eagle bearer down, 
 
 And gave into his mighty hand 
 
 The symbol of her chosen land. 
 
 Majestic monarch of the cloud! 
 
 Who rear'st aloft thy regal form 
 To hear the tempest trumpings loud, 
 And see the lightning lances driven, 
 
 When strive the warriors of the storm, 
 And rolls the thunder-drum of heaven! 
 Child of the Sun! to thee 'tis given 
 
 To guard the banner of the free. 
 To hover in the sulphur smoke. 
 To ward away the battle stroke. 
 And bid its blendings shine afar, 
 Like rainbows on the cloud of war. 
 
 The harbinger of victory. 
 
 Flag of the brave! thy folds shall fly, 
 The sign of hope and triumph high; 
 When speaks the signal trumpet tone, 
 And the long line comes gleaming on. 
 Ere yet the life-blood warm and wet. 
 Has dimmed the glistening bayonet. 
 Each soldier's eye shall brightly turn 
 To where thy sky-born glories burn ; 
 And, as his springing steps advance. 
 Catch war and vengeance from the glance. 
 And when the cannons' mouthings loud 
 Heave in wild wreaths the battle shroud. 
 And gory sabers rise and fall 
 Like shoots of flame on midnight's pall. 
 Then shall thy meteor glances glow, 
 
 And cowering foes shall sink beneath 
 Each gallant arm that strikes below 
 
 That lovely messenger of death! 
 
Flag ot the seas! on ocean wave 
 Thy stars shall glitter o'er the bra\'e; 
 When death, careering on the gale, 
 Sweeps darkly round the bellied sail, 
 And frighted waves rush wildly back 
 Before the broadsides reeling rack, 
 Each dying wanderer at sea 
 Shall look at once to Hea\en and thee, 
 And smile to see thy splendors fly 
 In triumph o'er his closing eye. 
 
 Flag ot the free heart's hope and home 
 
 By angels' hands to valor given; 
 Th\- stars have lit the welkin dome, 
 
 And all thy hues are born in Heaven. 
 Forever float that standard sheet! 
 
 Where breathes the foe but falls before us, 
 With Freedom's soil beneath our feet, 
 
 And Freedom's banner streaming o'er us. 
 
 Joseph Rodman Drake, the author of 
 The American Flag was born in New 
 York city on August 7, 1795. He was a 
 poet from boyhood, his earliest poem, 
 The Mocking Bird, being written when he 
 was a mere child. In 1819, together with 
 Fitz Greene Halleck, he began contribut- 
 ing verses to the New Tork Evening Post 
 under the title of The Croakers. The 
 American Flag first appeared in this series 
 in the issue of May 2g, 1819. The last 
 four lines of the poem were written by 
 Halleck, at Drake's request, because he 
 was not satisfied with his own concluding 
 lines. Culprit Fay, a widely known poem, 
 has its scene in the highlands of the Hudson 
 river. Drake died on September 21, 1820, 
 and was buried at Hunt's Point, Westchester 
 county, N. Y. His death prompted his 
 friend Halleck to write the familiar lines : 
 Green be the turf above thee, 
 
 Friend of my better days! 
 None knew thee but to love thee, 
 
 Nor named thee but to praise. 
 

 
 tyr-dHf^ icy -^ "5^ ch^,^ ii^ 
 
 Rcproduceil from Preble's History of the Flag 
 90 
 
T 
 
 1895. 
 
 THE AUTHOR OF AMERICA 
 
 HE REV. FRANCIS SMITH D.D., the author of 
 America, was horn in Boston on October 21, 1808. He 
 died at Newton Centre, Massachusetts, No\'emher lb. 
 He graduated at Har\ard College with the famous class 
 ot 182Q, and IS the subject of Holmes's familiar lines: 
 
 "And there's a nice \oungster of excellent pith; 
 hate tried to conceid him h\' naniinp; hini Smith." 
 
 He was an editor, preacher and poet. He wrote more 
 than 100 h\mns. He is best known, of course, by the national 
 h\'mn America. The circumstances under which it was writ- 
 ten will be shown best in Dr Smith's own words in a letter 
 written in 1872, to Captain Preble of the United States navy. 
 
 "The origin of m^- h^-mn, 'Ah' Country 'tis of Thee,' is 
 briefly told. In the year 1831, Mr William C. Woodbridge 
 returned from Europe, bringing a quantity of German music- 
 books, which he passed o\er to Lowell Mason. Mr Mason, 
 with whom I was on terms of friendship, one day turned them 
 over to me, knowing that I was in the habit of reading German 
 works, sa\'ing, 'Here, I can't read these, but they contain 
 good music, which I should be glad to use. Turn over the 
 lea^'es, and, if \'ou find an\thing particularly good, give me a 
 translation or imitation of it, or write a wholh' original song — 
 anything, so I can use it.' 
 
 "Accordingly, one leisure afternoon, I was looking over 
 the books, and fell in with the tune of 'God Save the King,' and 
 at once took up m}' pen and wrote the piece in 
 question. It was struck out at a sitting, without the 
 slightest idea that it would ever attain the popular- 
 ity it has since enjoyed. I think it was written in 
 the town of Andover, Mass., in February, 1832. 
 The first time it was sung publicly was at a 
 children's celebration of American independence, 
 at the Park Street Church, Boston, I think, July 
 4, 1832. If I had anticipated the future of it, 
 doubtless I would have taken more pains with 
 it. Such as it is, I am glad to have contributed 
 this mite to the cause of American freedom." 
 
 / J.L^i 
 
 91 
 
HAIL COLUMBIA ■ 
 
 Hail Columbia — happy land, 
 Hail }'e heroes — heaven-born band, 
 Who fought and bled in Freedom's cause, 
 Who fought and bled in Freedom's cause, 
 And when the storm of war was done, 
 Enjoyed the peace your valor won — 
 Let Independence be our boast, 
 Ever mindful what it cost; 
 Ever grateful for the prize. 
 Let its altars reach the skies. 
 Firm, united, let us be. 
 Rallying round our Liberty, 
 As a band of brothers joined, 
 Peace and safety we shall find. 
 
 Immortal Patriots, rise once more, 
 Defend your rights, defend jour shores; 
 Let no rude foe with impious hand, 
 Let no rude toe with impious hand. 
 Invade the shrine, where sacred lies. 
 Of toil and blood, the well-earned prize. 
 While offering Peace, sincere and just, 
 In Heaven we place a manly trust. 
 That Truth and Justice will prevail. 
 And every scheme of bondage fail. 
 Firm, united, let us be. 
 Rallying round our Liberty, 
 As a band of brothers joined. 
 Peace and safety we shall find. 
 
 Sound, sound the trump of fame. 
 Let Washington's great name 
 Ring through the world with loud applause, 
 Ring through the world with loud applause, 
 Let every clime to Freedom dear, 
 Listen with a joyful ear; 
 With equal skill, with godlike power, 
 He governs in the fearful hour 
 Of horrid war; or guides with ease 
 The happier times of honest peace. 
 Firm, united, let us be, 
 Rallying round our Liberty, 
 As a band of brothers loined. 
 Peace and safety we shall find. 
 
 92 
 
Behold the chief, who now commands, 
 Once more to serve his country stands, 
 The rock on which the storm will beat, 
 The roclc on wiiicli the storm will bear, 
 But arni'd in virtue, hrm and true, 
 His hopes are hxed on Heaven and }'ou. 
 When hope was sinking in dismay, 
 And clouds obscured Columbia's day, 
 His steady mind, from changes free, 
 Resolved on DcatJi or Lihcrtv. 
 Firm, united, let us be. 
 Rallying round our Liberty, 
 As a band of brothers joined, 
 Peace and safety we shall hnd. 
 
 Joseph Hopk'Ixsox. the author of Hail 
 Columbia was born at Philadelphia, Pa., on 
 November 12, 1770. Francis Hopkinson, 
 his father, was one of the signers of the 
 Declaration of Independence. He was a 
 lawyer, representative to Congress, judge in 
 a United States District Court, vice-presi- 
 dent of the American Philosophical Society, 
 president of the Philadelphia Academy of 
 Fine Arts, and a writer on legal, educa- 
 tional and ethical subjects. He is best 
 known, however, as the author of our 
 famous national song, which was written 
 in the summer of 1798, when the American 
 people were taking sides in the contest 
 bi-tween England and France. The object 
 of the poem was ''to get up an American 
 spirit which should be independent of, and 
 above, the interests, passion, and policy of 
 both belligerents, and look and feel exclu- 
 sively for our honor and rights." Judge 
 Hopkinson died at Philadelphia on January 
 15, 1842. 
 
 9.1 
 
'frf'U'i^ ^V /iA-iru^%r i:ffu. ^lixt, Amu ^tO^jC' CAJa^j ^ 
 
 f/tiXij CHi^ uJiJ-^iolM <^w*i n-a-vC' unrny -Ptz^ct urCTfuX' 
 vZirl^ -tni/ JZoA- <r/ ~tTtui- (■Ott/t fi^trui oCut^t^ . 
 
 iJu^lhl^ ~tv utuA: C<rtcrviA^ /iAy(rv& 'tuity'^ 
 OHZ' CtU^n^. a^u^ /tAi/Z /-CrV Cn/eA^, 
 
 Reproduced from Preble's History of the FJag 
 
 94 
 
A SONG FOR FLAG DAY 
 
 Your Flag and my Flag! 
 
 And how it flies to-day 
 In your land and my land 
 
 And half a world away! 
 Rose-red and blood-red 
 
 The stripes forever gleam; 
 Snow-white and soul-white — 
 
 The good forefather's dream; 
 Sky-blue and true blue, with stars to gleam aright — 
 The gloried guidon of the day; a shelter through the night. 
 
 Your Flag and my Flag! 
 
 And, oh, how much it holds — 
 Your land and my land — 
 
 Secure within its folds! 
 \ our heart and my heart 
 
 Beat quicker at the sight; 
 Sun-kissed and wind-tossed. 
 
 Red and blue and white. 
 The one Flag — the great Flag — the Flag for me and you — 
 Glorified all else beside — the red and white and blue! 
 
 "^ our Flag and my Flag! 
 
 To every star and stripe 
 The drums beat as hearts beat 
 
 And fifers shrilly pipe! 
 Your Flag and my Flag — 
 
 A blessing in the sky; 
 \our hope and my hope — 
 It never hid a lie! 
 Home land and far land and half the world around, 
 Old Glory hears our glad salute and ripples to the sound! 
 
 Wilbur D. Nesbit 
 
 THE FL.'iiG GOES BY 
 
 Hats nff ! 
 Along the street there comes 
 A blare of bugles, a ruffle of drums, 
 A flash of color beneath the sky: 
 
 Hats off' 
 The flag is passing by! 
 
 Blue and crimson and white it shines 
 Over the steel-tipped, ordered lines. 
 
 Hats off! 
 The colors before us fly; 
 But more than the flag is passing by. 
 
 .Sea-fights and land-fights, grim and great, 
 Fought to make and to save the state : 
 Weary marches and sinking ships; 
 Cheers of victory on dying lips; 
 
 Days of plenty and years of peace; 
 March of a strong land's swift increase. 
 Equal justice, right, and law. 
 Stately honor and reverend awe. 
 
 Sign of a nation, great and strong 
 To ward her people from foreign wrong. 
 Pride and glory and honor, — all 
 Live in the colors to stand or fall. 
 
 Hats off ! 
 Along the street there comes 
 A blare of bugles, a ruffle of drums; 
 And loyal hearts are beating high: 
 
 Hats off! 
 The flag is passing by! 
 
 Henry Holcomb Bennett 
 
 95 
 
GOD SAVE THE FLAG! 
 
 Washed in the blood ot the brave and the bloomin?. 
 
 Snatched from the altars of insolent foes, 
 Burning with star-fires, but never consuming, 
 
 Flash its broad ribbons ot lily and rose. 
 
 Vainly the prophets of Baal would rend it, 
 
 Vainly his worshipers pray for its fall; 
 Thousands have died for it, millions defend it. 
 
 Emblem of justice and mere}' to all; 
 
 Justice that reddens the sky with her terrors, 
 Mercy that comes with her white-handed train. 
 
 Soothing all passions, redeeming all errors. 
 Sheathing the sabre and breaking the chain. 
 
 Borne on the deluge of old usurpations. 
 
 Drifted our Ark o'er the desolate seas, 
 Bearing the rainbow of hope to the nations. 
 
 Torn from the storm-cloud and flung to the breeze! 
 
 God bless the Flag and its loyal defenders. 
 
 While its broad folds o'er the battle-field wave, 
 
 Till the dim star-wreath rekindle its splendors, 
 Washed from its stains in the blood of the brave! 
 
 Oliver Wendell Holmes 
 
 THE NAME OF OLD GLORY 
 1898 
 Old Glory! say, who, 
 By the ships and the crew. 
 
 And the long, blended ranks of the Gray and the Blue, — 
 Who gave you, Old Glory, the name that you bear 
 With such pride everywhere. 
 As you cast yourself free to the rapturous air. 
 And leap out full length, as we're wanting you to .^ — 
 Who gave you that name, with the ring of the same. 
 And the honor and fame so becoming to you .' 
 ^'our stripes stroked in ripples of white and of red. 
 With your stars at their glittering best overhead — 
 By day or by night 
 Their delightfulest light 
 
 Laughing down from their little square heaven of blue! 
 Who gave you the name of Old Glory — say, who — 
 
 Who gave you the name of Old Glory ? 
 
 The old banner hjted, and faltering then 
 
 In vague lisps and whispers fell silent again. 
 
 96 
 
Old Calory, — speak out! We are asking about 
 
 How you happened to "fa\or" a name, so to say, 
 
 That sounds so famiHar and careless and gay 
 
 As we cheer it, and shout in our wild, breezy way — 
 
 // 1 the croivJ, ever\' man of us, calling you that — 
 
 //(, 1 oni, Dick, and Harrv, each swinging his hat 
 
 And hurrahing "Old Glory!" like you were our kin, 
 
 When Lord I — we all know we're as common as sin! 
 
 And )et It just seems like you humor us all 
 
 And waft us your thanks, as we hail you and fall 
 
 Into line, with you o\er us, waving us on 
 
 ^\ here our glorified, sanctified betters have gone. 
 
 And this is the reason we're wanting to know 
 
 (And we're wanting it so! 
 
 \\ here our own fathers went we are willine: to eo) 
 
 W ho ga\e )ou the name of Old Glory — O-ho! — 
 
 Who gave you the name of Old Glory ? 
 
 The oht flag unjurh-d ivith a billoirx thrill 
 
 For an instant: then uistfull\ sighed and was still. 
 
 Old Glor\-; the stor^- we're wanting to hear 
 
 Is what the plain facts of ^'our christening were, — 
 
 hor \"our name — )ust to hear it, 
 
 Repeat it, and cheer it, 's a tang to the spirit 
 
 As salt as a tear: 
 
 And seeing you fly, and the boys marching by, 
 
 There's a shout in the throat and a blur in the eye. 
 
 And an achmg to live tor you always — or die, 
 
 If", dving, we still keep \'0U waving on high. 
 
 And so, by our \o\e 
 
 For vou, floating above, 
 
 And the scars of all wars and the sorrows thereof, 
 
 A\ ho gave }ou the name of Old Glory, and why 
 
 Are we thrilled at the name of Old Glory? 
 
 TJien the old banner leaped, like a sail in the blast, 
 And flittered an audible answer at last. 
 
 And it spake, with a shake of the voice, and it said : — 
 Bv the driven snow-white and the living blood-red 
 Of my bars, and their heaven of stars overhead — 
 By the symbol conjoined of them all, skyward cast, 
 As I float from the steeple, or flap at the mast. 
 Or droop o'er the sod where the long grasses nod, — 
 My name is as old as the glory of God. 
 
 So I came by the name of Old Glory. 
 
 James Whitcomb Riley 
 
 Ccpjri^ht, jSgS, h the author 
 
 97 
 
CAPTAIN MOLLY AT MONMOUTH 
 
 On the bloody field of Monmouth flashed the guns of Greene and Wayne; 
 Fiercely roared the tide of battle, thick the sward was heaped with slain. 
 Foremost, facing death and danger, Hessian horse and grenadier. 
 In the vanguard, fiercely fighting, stood an Irish cannoneer. 
 
 Loudly roared his iron cannon, mingling ever in the strife, 
 
 And beside him, firm and daring, stood his faithful Irish wile; 
 
 Of her bold contempt of danger, Greene and Lee's brigade could tell. 
 
 Every one knew "Captain Molly," and the army loved her well. 
 
 Surged the roar of battle round them, swiftly flew the iron hail; 
 Forward dashed a thousand ba)onets that lone battery to assail; 
 From the foeman's foremost columns swept a tunous fusilade, 
 Mowing down the massed battalions in the ranks of Greene's brigade. 
 
 Faster and faster worked the gunner, soiled with powder, blood, and dust; 
 English bayonets shone before him, shot and shell around hmi burst; 
 Still he fought with reckless daring, stood and manned her long and well. 
 Till at last the gallant fellow dead beside his cannon fell. 
 
 With a bitter cry of sorrow, and a dark and angry frown, 
 Looked that band of gallant patriots at their gunner stricken down. 
 "Fall back, comrades! It is folly to strive against the foe." 
 "Not so!" cried Irish Molly, "we can strike another blow!" 
 
 Quickly leaped she to the cannon in her fallen husband's place, 
 Sponged and rammed it fast and steady, fired it m the foeman's face. 
 Flashed another ringing volley, roared another from the gun; 
 "Boys, hurrah!" cried gallant Molly, "for the flag of Washmgton!" 
 
 Greene's brigade, though shorn and shattered, slain and bleeding half their men, 
 When they heard that Irish slogan, turned and charged the foe agam; 
 Knox and Wayne and Morgan rally, to the front they forward wheel, 
 And before their rushing onset Clinton's English columns reel. 
 
 Stdl the cannon's voice in anger rolled and rattled o'er the plain. 
 Till there la\' in swarms around it mingled heaps of Hessian slain. 
 "Forward! charge them with the bayonet!" 'twas the voice of Washington; 
 And there burst a fiery greeting from the Irishwoman's gun. 
 
 Monckton falls; against his columns leap the troops of Wayne and Lee, 
 And before their reeking bayonets Clmton's red battalions flee; 
 Morgan's rifles, fiercely flashing, thin the foe's retreating ranks, 
 And behind them, onward dashing, Ogden hovers on their flanks. 
 
 Fast they fly, those boasting Britons, who in all their glory came, 
 With their brutal Hessian hirelings to wipe out our country's name. 
 Proudly floats the starry banner; Monmouth's glorious field is won; 
 And, in triumph, Irish Molly stands beside her smoking gun. 
 
 WiLLi.\M Collins 
 98 
 
OUR FLAG 
 
 High above! High above, 
 Floats the standard that we love. 
 Starry emblem of our might. 
 Proudly borne in many a fight, 
 On the land and on the sea, 
 Borne along to victory. 
 Tyrants tear it, freemen cheer it. 
 
 As it floats! As it floats! 
 Its gay stripes liglith- streaming. 
 And its stars brighth' gleaming 
 From the sky of its blue, 
 Mark the banner of the true. 
 
 HIGH ABOVE 
 
 Should a foe! Should a foe! 
 In his pride his strength to show, 
 On our shore presume to land, 
 Firm, undaunted, we will stand. 
 Shouting loud our freeman's cry. 
 Our proud standard waving high. 
 We will fight him, we will smite him, 
 
 Till he fly! Till he fly! 
 tor stout hearts yield them never, 
 And strong arms conquer ever, 
 In defense of their sires. 
 And their altars, and their fires. 
 
 Let it wave! Let it wave! 
 'Neath its folds no cowering sla\e. 
 Ground to earth bv t\Tant power. 
 Waits the dawn of happier hour; 
 Under it ah men are free. 
 Breathing air of liberty 
 AVe revere it, let us cheer it. 
 
 Cheer its stripes! Cheer its stars! 
 For its stripes breathe defiance, 
 And its stars speak alliance, 
 While its red and its white. 
 With the blue of truth unite. 
 
 Fling it from mast and steeple. 
 
 Symbol o'er land and sea 
 Of the life of a happy people, 
 
 Gallant and strong and free. 
 Proudly we view its colors, 
 
 p'lag of the brave and true. 
 With the clustered stars and steadfast 
 bars. 
 
 The red, th( 
 blue. 
 
 lite, 
 
 and the 
 
 May it stand! May it stand! 
 Guardian o'er the happy land. 
 Where our sires forever broke 
 Haughty despot's iron yoke. 
 Flag of might and flag of right. 
 Patriots hail it with delight. 
 High we rear it, loud we cheer it, 
 
 Cheer its red, blue, and white! 
 For the North and South united. 
 And the East and West are plighted. 
 To be one evermore. 
 From the center to the shore. 
 
 P. H. McQu.^DE 
 
 OUR FLAG 
 
 Flag of the fearless hearted. 
 
 Flag of the broken chain. 
 Flag in a day-dawn started. 
 
 Never to pale or wane. 
 Dearly we prize its colors, 
 
 With the heaven light breaking 
 through. 
 The clustered stars and the steadfast 
 bars. 
 
 The red, the white, and the blue. 
 
 Flag of the sturdy fathers, „ 
 
 Flag of the loyal sons, 
 Beneath its folds it gathers 
 
 Earth's best and noblest ones. 
 Boldly we wave its colors, 
 
 Our veins are thrilled anew; 
 By the steadfast bars, the clustereil stars. 
 
 The red, the white, and the blue. 
 
 Margaret E. Sangster 
 
 99 
 
NOTHING BUT FLAGS 
 
 Nothing but flags — but simply flags 
 
 Tattered and torn and hanging in rags; 
 
 Some waliv by them with careless tread, 
 
 Nor think of the hosts of patriot dead 
 
 That ha^e marched beneath them in days gone by, 
 
 With a burning cheek and a kindhng eye. 
 
 And have bathed their folds with their life's young tide. 
 
 And, dying, blessed them, and, blessing, died. 
 
 Nothing but flags — yet, methinks, at night 
 They tell each other their tale of fright; 
 And spectres come, and their twin arms twine 
 'Round each standard torn, as they stand in line, 
 As the word is given, they charge; the\- form! 
 And the dim hall rings with the battle's storm! 
 And once again, through smoke and strife, 
 These colors lead to a nation's life. 
 
 Nothing but flags — \'et, bathed with tears. 
 They tell of triumphs, of hopes, of fears; 
 Of earnest prayers for the absent men. 
 Of the battlefield and the prison pen; 
 Silent, thev speak; and the tear will start 
 As we stand before them with throbbing heart. 
 And think of those who are not forgot; 
 Their flags came hither — but they came not. 
 
 Nothing but flags — vet we hold our breath 
 And gaze with awe at these types of death; 
 Nothing but flags — yet the thought will come. 
 The heart must pray though the lips are dumb. 
 They are sacred, pure, and we see no stain 
 On those loved flags, which came home again; 
 Baptized in blood of our purest, best. 
 Tattered and torn, the\' are now at rest. 
 
 Moses Owen 
 
 The good ship Union's voyage is o'er, 
 
 At anchor safe she swings. 
 And loud and clear with cheer on cheer 
 
 Her ]oyous welcome rings: 
 Hurrah' Hurrah! it shakes the wa\e. 
 
 It thunders on the shore, — 
 One flag, one land, one heart, one hand. 
 
 One Nation evermore. 
 
 Oliver Wendell Holmes 
 
 100 
 
SOME OFFICIAL UNITED STATES FLAGS 
 
 THE national flags hoisted at camps or forts are of the 
 toUowmg three sizes: The storm and recruiting flag, 
 measuring eight feet in length by four feet two inches 
 in width; the post flag, measuring twenty feet in length by ten 
 feet in width; the garrison flag, measuring thirty-six feet in 
 length by twenty feet in width (this flag is hoisted only on 
 holidays and great occasions). The union is one-third of the 
 length of the flag, and extends to the lower edg-e of the fourth 
 red stripe from the top. 
 
 Color and Flags for the President of the United States 
 
 Arm}' regulations pro\ide for the President of the 
 United States a silken color six feet six inches fl}' and tour 
 feet on the pike ele\en feet long. The head to consist of a 
 globe two inches in diameter, surmounted by an American 
 eagle alert about fi\e and three-eighths inches high. 
 
 A five-pointed white star in each of the four corners, one 
 point upward; in the center of the color is placed a large fifth 
 star, also ot fi\'e points; inside of this large star is placed a 
 parallel star, separated from it by a band of white one and 
 one-half inches wide. 
 
 This inner star forms a blue field upon \\'hich is placed the 
 oflicial coat of arms ot the United States. 
 
 On the scarlet field, around the larger star, are other white 
 stars, one tor each state. 
 
 There is also pro\ ided a flag ot blue bunting, to be attached 
 to halliards fourteen and forty one-hundredths feet fly and ten 
 and twenty one-hundredths feet hoist, bearing in the center 
 the official coat of arms of the United States. 
 
 A launch flag, made of blue bunting, three and six-tenths 
 feet hoist, by five and thirteen one-hundredths feet fly, made 
 of blue bunting, and bearing in the center the ofl'icial coat ot 
 arms of the L'nited States, is also provided. 
 
 Color and Flags for the Secretary of War 
 The arm}' regulations pro\'ide for a color tor the Secretar}' 
 of War, made of scarlet banner silk, five feet six inches fl\' 
 
and four feet four inches on the pike, having embroidered in 
 each corner a ii\e-pointed white star, one point upward, and 
 bearing in the center, embroidered in colors, the official coat 
 of arms of the United States. A similar flag, of scarlet bunt- 
 
 '■mn. nimmsA 
 
 rill- Battleship New York 
 
 ing, to be attached to halliards, measuring twelve feet fly and 
 six feet eight inches hoist, is also prescribed. 
 
 A launch flag, of scarlet bunting, bearing similar designs, 
 and measuring three and six-tenths feet by five and thirteen 
 one-hundredths feet, is also provided. 
 
Similar colors and flags, except that they shall be made of 
 white banner silk and white bunting with scarlet stars, re- 
 spectively, are provided for the Assistant Secretary of War. 
 
 National Colors axd Standards 
 
 The national colors carried b}' regiments of infantry, the 
 coast artillery corps (for h. cp of each artillery district), 
 and battalions oi engineers, in battle, campaign, or occasions 
 ot ceremony, are made of silk and are h\e feet six inches fly 
 and iour teet tour inches hoist, mounted on pikes nine feet 
 long. 1 he official designation of the organizations carrying 
 the same are engra\ed upon a silver band placed on the pike. 
 
 The field ot the color is thirty inches long (trom the pike 
 casing) and extends to the lower edge of the fourth red stripe 
 from the top. 
 
 The national standards carried b}' ca\alry and field artillery 
 regiments in battle, campaign, or occasions ot ceremony are 
 also made ot silk and are tour teet fly and three teet hoist, 
 mounted on lances nine feet six inches long. 
 
 The field ot the standard is twenty-two inches long trom 
 the lance casing and extends down to the lower edge of the 
 fourth red stripe from the top. The official designation of the 
 organizations carrying the same are engraved upon a siber 
 band placed on the lance. 
 
 "Service" national colors and standards made of bunting (or 
 other suitable material) and of the same dimensions as above 
 are also furnished for similar commands for use at drills and 
 on marches, and on all service other than battles, campaigns, 
 and occasions of ceremony. 
 
 The "ser\"ice"' national color is also prescribed tor bat- 
 talions ot Philippine scouts, for use on all occasions. 
 
 Pi.AG OF THE Secretary of the Navy 
 The flag of the Secretary of the Navy is made in four 
 sizes, size No. i being fourteen and forty one-hundredths feet 
 fly and ten and twenty one-hundredths teet on the pike. It 
 has a blue field with a fi\e-pointed white star in each ot the 
 four corners, one point upward, and a white anchor in the 
 center. The flag of the Assistant Secretary of the Na\y 
 simply reverses the colors, ha\ing a white field wnth blue 
 stars and a blue anchor. 
 
 103 
 
THE AMERICAN FLAG 
 
 A REFERENCE LIST 
 
 BOOKS 
 
 Books of interest to school children arc starred. 
 Valuable books of reference for teachers arc double starred. 
 
 *Campbell, Robert A. Our flag; or, The evolution of the 
 Stars and Stripes. Chicago, Lawrence, 1890. o. p. 
 Canby, George, and Balderston, Lloyd. Evolution of the 
 American flag. Philadelphia, Ferris & Leach, 1909. $1. 
 Champion, Mrs Sarah E. Our flag, its history and changes, 
 1620-1896. 2d ed. New York, Turtle, 1896. 75c. 
 **Fallows, Samuel (ed.). Story of the American flag, with 
 patriotic selections and incidents. Chicago, Educational 
 Publication Company, 1905. 40c. 
 **Fow, John H. True story of the American flag. Philadel- 
 phia, Campbell, igo8. 50c. 
 Hale, Edward Everett. Man without a country. Various 
 
 editions. 
 Hamilton, Schuyler. History of the national flag of the 
 United States of America. Philadelphia, Lippincott, 
 1852. o. p. 
 **Harrison, Peleg D. The Stars and Stripes and other Ameri- 
 can flags, including their origin and history, army and 
 navy regulations concerning the national standard and 
 ensign, flag making, salutes, improvised, unique and 
 combmation flags, flag legislation, and many associations 
 of American flags including the origin of the name "Old 
 Glory," with songs and their stories. Boston, Little, 
 Brown, 1906. $3. 
 *Holden, Edward S. Our country's flag and the flags of 
 foreign countries. New York, Appleton, 1898. 80c. 
 **Hulme, Frederick E. Flags of the world; their history, 
 blazonry, and associations. New York, Warne, 1897. $2. 
 "'*Preble, George H. History of the flag of the United States. 
 Boston, Houghton, Mifflin, 1893. $5. The standard 
 history of the flag. 
 *Smith, Nicholas. Our nation's flag in history and incident. 
 Milwaukee, Young Churchman Company, 1903. $1. 
 
 106 
 
United States Equipment Bureau. Flags of maritime nations. 
 
 Washington, Government Printing Office, 1899. o. p. 
 Weaver, A. G. Story of our flag, colonial and national, with 
 
 a historical sketch of the Quakeress, Betsy Ross. Ed. 2. 
 
 Chicago, The Author, 1898. $1. 
 
 MAGAZINE ARTICLES 
 
 The American flag. Outlook, February 25, 1899. 61 : 479. 
 Champion, Mrs Henry. American flag — the ensign of liberty. 
 
 Journal of American History, January iQoy. 1:9-16; 
 
 Connecticut Magazine, January 1907. 11: ^-ii- 
 Dwight, Theodore W. American flag and John Paul Jones. 
 
 Magazine ot American History, October 1890. 24: 269-72. 
 Ellicott, John M. What the flags tell. St Nicholas, March 
 
 1895. 22:403-9. (Describes the international signal 
 
 code.) 
 Geare, Randolph E Historic flags. New England Magazine, 
 
 August 1903. 34:702-10. 
 Griffis, William E. Where our flag was first saluted. New 
 
 England Magazine, July 1893. 14:576-85. 
 Hamilton, Schuyler. Our national flag, the Stars and Stripes, 
 
 its history for a century. Magazine of American History, 
 
 July 1877. I : 401-28. 
 Stars in our flag. ALigazine ot American Histor\', 
 
 February 1888. 19: 150-53. 
 Hammond, Harold. Honors to the flag. St Nicholas, July 
 
 1906. 33: 771-76- 
 McEadden, Parmalee. Origin ot our flag. St Nicholas, July 
 
 1903. 30:805-8. 
 Morgan, M. M. How "Old Glory" was named. A sketch of 
 
 the New England sea-captain who thus christened the 
 
 American flag. Harpers Weekly, December 18, 1909. 
 
 53:13- 
 Ogden, H. A. Our flag's first engagement. St Nicholas, July 
 
 1907- 34:831-34. 
 Tuffley, Edward W. Origin ot the Stars and Stripes. St 
 
 Nicholas, November 1883. 11 : 66-71. 
 Varney, George |. Stars and Stripes, a Boston idea. New 
 
 England Magazine, July 1902. 32:539-48. 
 Wheelan, F. H. A house that was saved by the flag. St 
 
 Nicholas, July 1908. 35: 791-93. (How the flag saved 
 
 a house from burning in the San Francisco fire, 1906.) 
 
 107 
 
Wilcox, H. K. W. National standards and emblems. Har- 
 pers Magazine, July 1873. 47:171-81. 
 
 Zeh, Lillian E. How the flags for our battleships are made. 
 Van Nordens Magazine, February 1908. i: 123-28. 
 
 POEMS AND STORIES OF THE FL.AG 
 
 COLLECTIONS 
 
 Carrington, Henry B. Beacon lights of patriotism. New 
 York, Silver, Burdett, 1894. 72c. 
 
 Columbian selections. Philadelphia, Lippmcott, 
 
 1892. 75c. 
 
 Kggleston, G. C. American war ballads and lyrics. 2\ 
 
 New York, Putnam, 1889. $1.50. 
 Matthews, J. Brander. Poems of American patriotism. New 
 
 York, Scribner, 1882. 50c. 
 Paget, R. L. Poems of American patriotism. Boston, Pao;e 
 
 1898. $1.25. 
 Scollard, Clinton. Ballads of American bravery. New York 
 
 Silver, Burdett, 1900. 50c. 
 Stevenson, Burton E. Poems of American history. Boston 
 
 Houghton, Mifflin, 1908. S3. 
 and Elizabeth B. Days and deeds : a book ot 
 
 verse. New York, Baker & Taylor, 1906. $l. 
 White, Richard Grant. Poetry of the Civil War. New York, 
 
 American News Company, 1866. o. p. 
 
 INDU-IDUAL POEMS 
 Poems in collections listed above are referred to by compiler and page only. 
 
 Bennett, Henry H. The flag goes h\. See Paget, p. 45- 
 
 46- ... " 
 Boyle, Virgmia F. The apron flag. Lee Harrison, p. 405-6. 
 
 Banner, Henry C. The old flag. See his Poems, p. 92-93 ; 
 also abridged in Paget, p. 22. 
 
 Butterworth, Hezekiah. Festal day has come. See Shoe- 
 maker's best selections, number 20, p. 154-57. 
 
 Flag the emigrants cheered. See Carrington, 
 
 Columbian selections, p. 261-63. 
 
 Song of the flag. See Carrington, Columbian 
 
 selections, p. 260-61. 
 Carleton, Will. Language of the flag. See his Poems for 
 
 young Americans, p. 59-60. 
 Cawein, Madison. Under the Stars and Stripes. See Paget, 
 
 p. 246-47. 
 
 108 
 
The Confederate flag. See White, p. ^25-26. 
 
 Curtis, George W. American flag. See Fallows, p. 79-80. 
 
 Dorr, Henry. Spirit of the flag. See Scribner's Magazine, 
 
 June IQ03. ^] : 700. 
 Drake, Joseph Rodman. American flag. See Matthews, 
 
 p. loi-5. 
 Guiterman, Arthur. Call to the colors. See Stevenson, Poems 
 
 ot American historw p. bzy-iH; Paget, p. 297-09. 
 Holmes, Oliver Wendell. Union and liberty. See his Poems 
 
 (Camb. ed.), p. igS. 
 The flower of liberty. See his Poems (Camb. ed.l, 
 
 p. 196-97-^ 
 
 (lod sa\e the flag. See his Poems (Camb. ed.), 
 
 P- 1Q+- . , , . 
 
 Howe, jidia \\'ard. The flag. See her Later l}-rics, p. 
 
 24-28. 
 
 Irving, Mmna. Bets\'"s battle flag. See Stevenson, Poems ot 
 American histor}% p. 191-92. 
 
 Ke\% Francis Scott. Star spangled banner. See Eggleston, 
 p. 138-40; Matthews, p. 87-89; Paget, p. 85-87. 
 
 King;, Horatio. Our beloved flag. See Magazine ot American 
 History, August 1890. 24: 137-38. 
 
 Larcom, Lucy. The flag. See her Poems, p. 10^ ; also Steven- 
 son, Days and deeds, p. 156-57. 
 
 Long, John D. The flag. See Harrison, Stars and Stripes, 
 
 Mapes, \ictor. A story ot the flag. St Nicholas, July i8q2. 
 
 19:643-46. (Adventures of two American flags in Paris.) 
 Mitchell, S. Weir. Song of the flags on their return to the 
 
 States of the Confederacy. See Ste\enson, Poems ot 
 
 American history, p. 655. 
 Nesbit, Wilbur D. Your flag and m)- flag. See Sindelar, J.C., 
 
 Lincoln day entertainments, p. 26-27. 
 One beneath Old Glory. See Paget, p. 313. 
 Owen, Moses. Nothing but flags. See Campbell, p. 121-22. 
 Parker, Hubbard. Old flag. See Stevenson, Days and 
 
 deeds, p. 160-61. 
 Proctor, Edna D. Columbia's banner. See her Songs of 
 
 America, p. 6-10. 
 
 The Stripes and the Stars. See Paget, p. 128. 
 
 Raymond, George L. Hail the flag. See his Ballads and 
 
 poems, p. 160-62. 
 
 109 
 
Raymond, R. W. Banner of" the stars. See Paget, p. 1+0-41 
 Reid, Thomas Buchanan. Flag of the constellation. See 
 
 Eggleston, p. 186-87. 
 Richards, Laura E. Our colors. See George, Marian M-> 
 
 The plan book. Spring-intermediate, p. 1294. 
 Riley, James Whitcomb. Name of Old Glory. See his Home 
 
 folks, p. 4-7. 
 M. W. S. The flag. See Paget, p. ^J-^^S. 
 Shaw, David T. Columbia the gem of the ocean. See Paget, 
 
 P- 4-5- 
 Smith, Dexter. Our national banner. See Ste\enson, Poems 
 
 of American histor}', p. 578. 
 Smith, Samuel Francis. America. See his Poems of home 
 
 and cotmtry, p. 77-78. 
 Wave the flag on high. See his Poems of home 
 
 and coimtry, p. 156. 
 Stanton, Frank L. Old flag forever. See Paget, p. 36. 
 Street, Alfred B. Return of the flags of the \'olunteer regi- 
 ments to their states. See Campbell, p. 125-26. 
 Stryker, M. W. Every star a story. See Smith, N., p. 186-87. 
 Thompson, Maurice. An incident of the war. See Scollard, 
 
 p. 99-101. 
 Trowbridge, John T. The color-bearer. See his Poetical 
 
 works, p. 38-39. 
 Wells, Mary. For the flag. St Nicholas, July 1908. 
 
 35:771-76. 
 Whittier, John Greenleaf. Barbara Frietchie. See his 
 
 Poetical works, various editions. 
 Wilder, John N. Stand by the flag. See Bellamy, B. W. & 
 
 Goodwin, M. W., Open sesame, 2 : 4-5. 
 Woodman, Horatio. The flag. See W^hite, p. 5-6. 
 
'T'HE original drawings for the cover 
 design, for the lining pages and for 
 the illustrations on pages lo, 12, 13, 17, 
 19, 23 and 60 in this hook were made 
 by Mr Royal Bailey Farnum of the State 
 Education Department. 
 
 'T*HE typography, engravings, presswork 
 and binding were executed jointly by 
 The Matthews-Northrup Works, of Buf- 
 falo, and the J. B. Lyon Company, of 
 
 Albany. 
 
^GAYLA: :' 
 
 , PAMPHLET 3(N0£R 
 
 i ^Janvfactund hv 
 jeAYLORD BROS. I„c 
 
 ', Syracuse, N. Y. 
 
 I Stockton, Calif,